UNIVERSAL PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER: CONTAINING TOPOQEAPHICAL, STATISTICAL AND OTHER INFORMATION, OF ALL THE MORE IMPORTANT PLACES IN THE KNOWN WORLD, FROM THE MOST RECENT AND AUTHENTIC SOURCES. BY THOMAS BALDWIN, 0/ thiU ASSISTED BY SEVERAL OTHER GENTLEMEN. TO WHICH IS ADDED AN" APPENDIX, r of L_jKaT CONTAINING MORE THAN TEN THOUSAND ADDITIONAL NAMES, CHIEFLY OF THE SMALL TOWNS AND VILLAGES OP THE UNITED STATES AND OF MEXICO., A SUPPLEMENT, GIVING THE PRONUNCIATION OF NEAR TWO THOUSAND NAMES, BESIDES THOSE PRONOUNCED 01 THE ORIGINAL WORK: FORMING IN ITSELF A COMPLETE VOCABULARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL PRONUNCIATION. ft Jieto IStrttton, OTarefuUg Iftebteetr, POPULATION INSERTED ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 1850, AND ENRICHED WITH MANY NEW AND EXTENSIVE ARTICLES ON CALIFORNIA, OREGON, MINNESOTA, NEW MEXICO, UTAH^ AUSTRALIA, FRANCE, Etc PHILADELPHIA: LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO. 1854. G/oZ /8S4. t ^jHered ^according to -Act of Congress, in the year 1852 by V ': : ..:Th\>&*as Baldwin, in the clerk's office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Extern District of Pennsylvania. B. M. DUSENBERY, STEREOTYPER. C. SHERMAN, PRINTER. ADVERTISEMENT TO THE REVISED EDITION. The general interest felt in our new states and territories, towards which emigration is flowing from all points of the com- pass, and especially towards California, has induced the authors to give much fuller articles on that state, Oregon, Utah, New Mexico, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Texas, than comports with the general plan of the work. Here the emigrant, the man of business, or the tourist, may, without searching many volumes, find a synopsis of the prominent points of interest in regard to them; such as their surface, soil, climate, productions, rivers, lakes, minerals, &c, compiled from the most recent and best authorities known. In regard to regions so imperfectly known, they cannot hope to have made no misstatements; but they have used laborious and careful research to make them as few as possible. The articles on the United States, on New York city, on France, on Australia, and on some other cities and countries, have been much enlarged, and the information concerning them is in ac- cordance with the latest data accessible in this country. In all the states and counties, and in over one hundred and fifty towns of the United States, the populations have been given according to the census of 1850. The populations in Europe and the British possessions have been given according to the censuses taken at various periods between 1845 and 1851. But little of the latter census, how- ever, has reached this country in an available form. SI90348 ADVERTISEMENT TO THE EIGHTH EDITION. The extraordinary and increasing favour with which the Universal Pronouncing Gazetteer has been received, has induced the authors to prepare, at great labour and expense, a new edition, intended to supply what has been felt by all, as a serious defect in the former editions of the work ; namely, its want of fulness with respect to the number of names. When the first edition of the Gazetteer was pre- pared, it was absolutely impossible for the authors to obtain any reliable information respecting a multitude of foreign names, of which, therefore, if they gave any pronunciation at all, they must give one based on the most vague and uncertain conjecture. They were reduced to the alternative of choosing between the defect of incom- pleteness and that of inaccuracy. Theje was of course 116 room for hesitation. They believed that to ascertain and fix the pronunciation of a few hundred difficult names would be a greater service to the cause of education, than to give the pronunciation of ten times the number at random, or upon mere conjecture. They were sensible, moreover, that without accuracy they could not hope to inspire that confidence which is so essential to the permanent reputation and success of a work of this kind. In the seven years which have elapsed since the first publication of the work, many new sources of information have been opened, not to mention the assistance which greater experience, and the habit of investigating everything which could throw any light upon the sub- ject of geographical orthoepy, must necessarily confer. Availing themselves of these new facilities, the authors have at length under- v vi ADVERTISEMENT TO THE EIGHTH EDITION. taken to remedy, as far as possible, the unavoidable deflciences occur- ring in the former editions of the Gazetteer. A Supplement has been added, giving the pronunciation of from 1500 to 2000 additional names. For the convenience of reference, all the difficult names contained in the Gazetteer, and those now added for the first, are given together in the Supplement, each in its alphabetical place. Hence, as a mere pronouncing vocabulary, the Supplement will be found to be complete in itself. It should be observed that the Appendix has been added chiefly for the purpose of giving the small towns, &c, of the United States. The pronunciation of the names, in this portion of the work, has rarely been given, partly because the larger number of them can readily be pronounced by any one who knows how to read, and partly on account of the insuperable difficulties inherent in the task itself. (See Preface to the Supplement, p. 649-50.) It has been the aim of the authors to concentrate, in the Appendix, a large amount of information, into the smallest possible compass. By the employment of small-sized type and a few additional abbreviations, they have generally been able to condense the notice of the smaller places into a single line, so that, without greatly increasing the size of the work, there has been a most important and extensive addition to its matter. JgggF* If the inquirer seeks the pronunciation of any difficult name, let him look for it in the Supplement, where it will be found if it occurs in the book at all. If he is desirous of obtaining any other information re- specting the town, river, &c, and should not find a brief notice in the Supplement, he must refer to the body of the work — unless the name has an asterisk prefixed, in which case he will find it in the Appendix. J$gf°* The attention of teachers is particularly invited to the Table at the end of the Introduction, exhibiting the diversity which prevails in the mode of writing geographical names ; — also to the List of geographi- cal names most frequently mispronounced, at the end of the Supplement. PREFACE. In offering to the public a book like the present, which, as respects some of its more important characteristics, is quite new, the authors feel themselves called upon to explain briefly the object and nature of the work, as well as the motives which induced them to undertake it. They had themselves often felt the want of a geographical dictionary, to which they might refer for the pronunciation of the names, as well as for the description, of places. They were also convinced by the concurrent testimony of a number of teachers of the highest respectability and of great experi- ence, that the want of such a work was extensively felt ; the absence of any standard of geographical pronunciation, ren- dering it extremely difficult to determine the proper mode of pronouncing many names which are found in the elementary works used in our schools. On inquiring more particularly among persons of different classes and occupations, they were led to the belief that a pronouncing gazetteer, if properly executed, would be generally acceptable to the community. To fix upon the most eligible system of pronunciation, was a point of the highest importance, but it did not appear to be one of extraordinary difficulty. They determined, in accord- ance with what they believed to be the prevailing sense of the more intelligent, and the prevailing practice of the better educated, to give the pronunciation of all geographical names, as nearly as possible, as they are pronounced by the well educated people of the respective countries to which they Vlll PREFACE. belong, with the exception of those well known foreign names which appear to have acquired a fixed English pronunciation, as Paris, Naples, &c. In these cases, it has been their aim to give the English pronunciation according to the usage of the best speakers: at the same time the pronunciation of the people of the country has been added, for the satisfaction of those who might feel any curiosity on the subject. Thus they have given Par'-is, as the proper mode for an Englishman or an American to pronounce this name, at the same time adding the name as spoken by the French, which might be written Par-ree : and so with respect to most other well known names in foreign countries. It is admitted that cases not unfrequently occur, in which it is impossible to convey, with any great degree of precision, the native pronunciation of other countries by means of Eng- lish letters ; but something is undoubtedly gained by such an approximation to the true sound, as would enable one more readily to understand, and to be understood by, those who are familiar with the names of places as spoken by the inhabitants themselves. Some have indeed maintained the propriety of pronouncing foreign names as they are written, giving to every letter its proper English sound. But this system appears to be attended with greater difficulties than any other, since different persons would differ with regard to the proper English sound of many letters or combinations of letters. Thus the river Seine might be pronounced seen or sane ; — we have heard those, we think, unacquainted with French, more frequently call it seen, and it is doubtful whether, even among the better educated,* there is one in fifty who could say without some reflection, to which pronunciation the scale of analogy would incline, A few probably would call it sine, and others might pronounce the final e This one instance out of a multitude may perhaps serve to PREFACE. IX show the endless diversity and confusion into which such a system, or rather want of system, must of necessity lead. But this is not all ; there are innumerable cases wherein it is very difficult, if not impossible, to pronounce the names of other countries according to the English sound of the letters, e.g., CZERNIGOW, CSONGRAD, SzEGEDIN, LjUSNE, &C, while there is no difficulty whatever, in pronouncing them according to the native sound. Many instances also occur, in which the English manner of pronouncing names, though not difficult, is far less euphonious than that of the inhabitants of the country to which such names belong. Minho (meen'-yo,) a river, and Batalha (ba-tar'-ya,) a town of Portugal, and Bacchiglione (bak-keel-yo -na,) a river of Italy, may serve as examples. As a further confirmation of the propriety of the system which we have adopted, it may be remarked that it agrees (as will be seen from the first part of the Introduction,) with the mode of pronunciation generally employed by all our most distinguished poets. Nothing in their mental culture is perhaps so important to be taught early to children, as a habit of correct pronuncia- tion. It need not occupy any additional time, since a faulty pronunciation is no more easily learned in the first instance, than a correct one, but when once acquired it can be changed only with the greatest difficulty. Erroneous habits, — as those engaged in the business of education well know — are far more difficult to eradicate than erroneous opinions. In order, how- ever, to teach pupils to pronounce correctly, a system of pronunciation is indispensable. Most persons who have reflected at all upon the subject, will doubtless admit, that it is highly desirable that there should be some fixed mode of pronouncing geographic names, as well as ordinary English words, in which all should at least generally agree. If this be conceded, and the scholar be required to conform to a system at all, it appears clear, PREFACE. that that system should be preferred, which, without placing any serious difficulty in the way of the learner, approaches most nearly to the usage of those, who, whether natives or travellers, seem entitled, by their superior knowledge of places, to determine the proper manner of speaking their names. It may be remarked that the recently increased facilities of com- munication, and consequent increase of intercourse between different parts of the world, render an acquaintance with the native geographical names of other countries, at the present time, additionally important. Particular pains have been taken in the present work, with the European, and the better known of the Asiatic languages, not only to give the accent correctly, but also to notice all important peculiarities of pronunciation. In performing this, it has been our anxious aim to consult, in every instance, the very best authorities in each of the different languages. We flatter ourselves that in this aim we have been singularly suc- cessful ; and esteem ourselves most fortunate in being able to cite in our list of authorities, the names of so many gentlemen of distinguished reputation in their respective departments. In our Introduction we have thought it proper to state the general principles of pronunciation of each of the more important European languages, as well as to explain the mode of writing and pronouncing the geographical names of Asia, Africa, &c. With respect to the four great languages of conti- nental Europe, viz : the French, German, Italian, and Spanish, it seemed requisite to treat the subject somewhat more fully, both on account of their intrinsic importance, and because it has been found convenient to employ them as standards of comparison, to which other languages less known might be referred. It may be proper to state, that in the present work the adjective, and the appellation of the inhabitants, derived from PREFACE. XI the names of countries, cities, &c, have been added, whenever these appeared to be sanctioned by common usage, or by the authority of some writer of established reputation. Thus from Denmark are derived the adjective Danish, and the noun Bane designating the inhabitant of the country ; — from Swe- den, Swedish and Swede ; &c. In most instances the adjective and inhabitant are expressed by the same word, as Algerine, Neapolitan, &c. These have never been given, that we are aware of, in any former gazetteer, and it is hoped they will form no unimportant addition to the value of the present work, at least as a school book. While we have dictionaries of almost every description, and adapted to every stage of intellectual development, to which the pupil may refer for the definition, correct spelling, and pronunciation, of ordinary English words, it is somewhat remarkable, that there has hitherto been no work of any authority which one might consult respecting the proper mode of spelling and pronouncing this numerous class of words, the use of which, with the progress of geographical knowledge, is daily becoming more extensive. It may be further stated, that the ancient Greek or Roman names of places on the old continent, and occasionally their signification, have been carefully given from the best authori- ties. This we trust will be found useful and interesting, not only to the classical scholar, but likewise to the ordinary reader, more especially as in many instances it points out the derivation of the present name, and at the same time, perhaps, associates it with some important historical or topographical fact, as in the case of Tripoli, Trapani, Maestricht, [Jtrecht, &c. We have also given the signification of modern foreign names, or those of foreign origin, whenever it seemed that this would teach or impress any useful fact, as Porto Bello, i. e.," beautiful port ;" Bombay, i. e., "good harbour;" Innspruck, (originally Innsbriicke) i. e. y the " Bridge of the [nn," &c. Xll PREFACE. Independently of the advantage, whatever it may be, resulting from this work, considered merely as a system of orthoepy, another may be mentioned, which, it is hoped, will be found not an unimportant one, viz : Such a pronouncing gazetteer would dispel the perplexity and error into which the learner is constantly liable to fall, in consequence of the diversity which prevails in the mode of spelling many foreign, especially oriental, names. There is a town of some note in Upper Egypt, which is usually spelled in our gazetteers after the French manner, Aboutige, while on some of our maps it is written Abootish, which is the English mode of expressing the same sound. Abootizh, however, would represent it more exactly. Is it probable that any mere English scholar, however well educated, would know, unless he were expressly taught, that by these two words was indicated one and the same place ? or that Tchernigoff, and Czernigow, are but different spellings of the same name, and represent, in fact, the same sound ? We find the capital of Afghanistan frequently spelled in three different ways, usually Cabul, according to the German, Italian, and Portu- guese, more seldom Cabool, after the English, and Caboul, after the French mode. Oorfa, an important town of Asiatic Turkey, is often written in works of the highest character, Urfa, and Ourfa, the first being the English, the second the Italian or German, and the last the French mode Innumerable instances of a similar kind might be adduced. As might be expected, this diversity in spelling geo- graphical names frequently leads to important errors. In some of our gazetteers we find the same name introduced twice, the authors naturally supposing the different spellings to represent the names of different places. We may cite a single instance, which occurs in one of our most popular geographical dictionaries. Schirvan (more properly Schir- wan,) the German, and Shirvan, the English spelling of the PREFACE. Xul name of a Persian province, are given under different heads, as designating two distinct territories. It happens, also — probably in consequence of a discrepancy in the works from which the compilation was made — that the boundaries, as well as the latitude and longitude, are laid down differently, so that it is impossible that any one should know, without referring to some other work, that Schirvan and Shirvan, are properly one and the same name. It will be seen, from the fifteenth section of our Introduc- tion, that the plan which we have pursued, precludes the possibility of any mistakes of this kind, at the same time that it furnishes an easy clue to the labyrinth of perplexity, into which the various modes of writing the same geographical names, must, of necessity, lead the inexperienced reader. With regard to the descriptive, statistical and historical portions of this gazetteer, it may be remarked, that we have endeavoured to consult, on every subject, the best authorities with which we are acquainted. We have aimed to make, as far as practicable, Balbi's celebrated Abrege de Geographie (last edition — 1842,) a production of unequalled merit, the basis of our work. We have, also, drawn largely from the geographical department of the Penny Cyclopaedia, which, at least, so far as regards the correctness of the information it conveys, is unquestionably the best work on geography in the English language. McCulloch's New Geographical Dic- \ionary, Malte Brum's Geography, and the Edinburgh Gaz- etteer, have likewise been extensively consulted. In a work so limited as the present, when so much must be omitted, and so little, comparatively speaking, could be inserted, it has been a point of the highest importance to make a judicious selection of matter. Without claiming to have made such a selection, we may, as an act of justice to ourselves, affirm, that it has been our sincere endeavour, to XIV PREFACE. comprise the greatest possible amount of useful information in a small compass; and should it appear that some impor- tant subjects are omitted, while to others of less consequence, a place has been given in our dictionary, we doubt not that the candid reader will bear in mind, that there must always be some difference of judgment in matters of this kind, and that even among the most intelligent and enlightened, per- haps no two individuals can be found, who will assign to a number of different subjects, the same relative importance. It will be seen that a smaller proportion of names belonging to our own country, is inserted in this work, than is usual in gazetteers published in the United States. We admit that, generally speaking, it is more important to possess information about places in our own country, than those in distant parts of the globe, but as in this instance the great object has been to give the pronunciation of geographical names, it seemed proper, in a book of so limited a compass, to prefer the difficult names of foreign countries, to those of our own which might be readily pronounced without the aid of a dictionary. AUTHORITIES. To the following gentlemen we are chiefly indebted for our information respecting the pronunciation of the names of places in foreign countries, as well as for the general princi- ples of pronunciation of the different foreign languages noticed in our Introduction. Justice, however, requires us to state distinctly, that these gentlemen are in nowise responsible for any errors that may occur in our gazetteer ; it being impossi- ble in a work like the present (in which the names of each country are scattered through the entire volume), to avail our- selves of the benefit which might result from their revision. George R. Gliddon, Esq., ) Formerly United States consul for Cairo. $ ARABIA AND EGYPT - Dr. A. Bournonville, ) ^^„ ■ DENMARK. \ Graduate of the University of Copenhagen. M. Felix Drouin, ) Formerly professor of rhetoric in the University of £ FRANCE. France. \ Prof. C. MlNNIGERODE, Professor of ancient languages in William and Mary College, Va. J. C. Oehlschlager, Professor of modern languages in Philadelphia. G. A. Perdicaris, Esq., Formerly United States consul at Athens. C. S. Buxton, Esq., ) Many years an officer in the British service in India. ) ' L. S. De BlBORY. HUNGARY. John McIntyre, Esq. Ireland. PlERO MARONCELLI, -j Profpssor of Italian in New York. G. C. L. Abate Minichini, Professor 01 modern languages in Philadelphia. J 2* GERMANY. > GREECE. XVI AUTHORITIES. PERSIA. AND THE ISL- PORTUGAL. SOUTH AMERICA. John C. Delprat, Esq. John C. Zimmerman, Esq., £ Netherlands. Consul of the Netherlands at New York. A. B. Engstrom, Esq., Norway. Josiaii Harlan, Esq., Nearly twenty years a resident of that country. Henry Kalussowski, Formerly professor in St. Paul's College, Long I. \ P0LAND AND RUSSIA « Horatio Hale, Esq., 1 Polynesia "hilologist to the U. States Exploring Expedition. I "' W. S. W. Ruschenberger, M. D. f ££ IN THE EASTER " Of the United States Navy. J Chevalier J. C. De Figaniere e Morao, Minister Resident of Portugal. The late Marmaduke Bur rough, M. D. Dr. William Colesberry, Many years a resident in different parts of that continent. J Felix Merino, Esq., ) Formerly professor of Spanish in the University of r SPAIN. Pennsylvania. } Richard Seldener, Esq., Consul of Sweden at Philadelphia. William B. Hodgson, Esq., / turkey and the barbary Formerly acting consul at Algiers and lately drago- £ STATES man or oriental interpreter at Constantinople. ) For the pronunciation of names of Great Britain and of the various colonies of the British empire, as well as of the anglicized forms of well-known foreign names, and for other important information of a more general character, we cannot forbear to express our great obli- gations to William A. Dobbyn, Esq., Formerly an officer in the British service The Rev. William P. Hinds. William Peter, Esq., Her Britannic Majesty's consul for the State of Pennsylvania. We should do injustice to our feelings, did we not express oui warmest thanks to John K. Townsend, Esq., for his valuable inform ation respecting the names of Oregon and of the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi, and other subjects noticed in the Appendix. SWEDEN. INTRODUCTION It is proposed, in this portion of our work, to set forth more fully some of the arguments alluded to in the preface, by which the propriety of our system of pronunciation is supported, as well as to explain the particular method in which this system has been carried out, in the dictionary before us. I. It has already been intimated, that not only the present practice of the best speakers, but the usage of our more distinguished poets, is clearly in favour of the system which we have chosen. If any might be allowed to pronounce foreign names without regard to the peculiar sounds of the letters, or to the accents, which prevail in other coun- tries, this privilege might surely be claimed by the poets, who, in the use even of English words, are considered to enjoy a special license. It is very evident, however, — as every one who will take the trouble to examine the works of the better class of them, must admit — that, as a body, they have neither claimed nor used this privilege. On the contrary, our more distinguished poets have usually exhibited a classi- cal — we might almost say a punctilious — accuracy, in the employment of foreign names, whether of places or persons. To illustrate by exam- ples,— Granada,* and GENOA,f are pronounced by all the great poet* *"In Lithuania had he served and Russe; No Christian man so oft of his degree. At Algezi'ras, in Granada, he Had joined the siege ; " — Chaucer. "The Moorish king rides up and down Through Granada's royal town " " And Granada must be won And thyself with her undone." — Byron. " Granada caught it in her Moorish hall, Galicia bade her children fight or fall." — Scott. u There was crying in Granada when the sun was going down,"— — " Farewell, farewell, Granada, thou city without peer." — Lockhart t " Signior Baptista may remember me Near twenty years ago, in Gknoa, where We were lodgers at the Pegasus." — Shakspeare. 2* m 20 ; INTRODUCTION. who use" 'these name's, trofri Chaucer and Shakspeare down to the present ' tim (ywitti 1 fhe native ^ accentuation ; that is, Granada has the accent on t^e r p6nuUi|na ( land 'Gfroa on the antepenultima, though the generality of English — or at least of American — speakers, who have not heard these names pronounced, but merely follow. analogy, or their own notions of propriety, reverse the accentuation, making Granada rhyme with Canada, and Genoa with boa. No poet, perhaps, employs foreign names so frequently as Byron, and yet — though he often writes very carelessly — it would be difficult, in all the poetry he has written, to point out half a dozen instances where he has not conformed to the foreign accentuation, excepting always, those few well known names which have acquired an estab lished English pronunciation, and in these cases he appears invariably to adopt the pronunciation of the best English speakers. The same may be said of Scott ; though he writes with great freedom, he rarely, if ever, violates the strictest rules of geographical pronuncia- tion. In the poetry of Rogers, Southey, Moore, Campbell, and Montgomery, we have met with scarcely a solitary example of departure from the native accentuation of names, which does not properly come within the exception above stated. Wordsworth takes the liberty of changing the accent in a single instance — Chamouny — but acknowledges the authority of the law by apolo- gizing in a note for its violation, (see Descriptive Sketches of a Tour among the Alps.) What has already been said respecting the usage of the poets, refers principally to accentuation, which, for the most part, can be readily determined by the metre of the poetry. Their manner of pronouncing the letters of a foreign name, is far less easily ascer- tained, since it can only be known when the name ends a line in rhyme, and even then it is often extremely uncertain, as they appear to consider themselves entitled, in such cases, to much greater license than in the accentuation of words. Thus we often see associated in rhyme, words which correspond but very imperfectly in sound, as "Were Genoa's galleys riding in the port, "— Byron. ''How quick they carved their victims and how well, Let Saxony, let injured Genoa tell." — Moore. "That noble haven, where, when Genoa reigned, A hundred galleys sheltered " — Rogers. " My native Genoa, if with tearless eye Prone in the dust thy beauteous form I see," — Montgomery INTRODUCTION. 21 enemy and lie, mourn and burn, &c. Nevertheless, by comparing a number of examples, and especially by observing the usage of those poets who are most remarkable for the correctness of their rhymes, we shall frequently be enabled to ascertain the true pronunciation of a word or name. Now it will be found that the system which we have adopted, is supported by the practice of the poets in this respect also. In other words it will be found, that while foreign names that are in familiar use in our own language, have an English pronunciation, those not very well known are generally pronounced with the native sound of the letters, as will be seen from the following passages : ■ Not now to while an hour away, Gone to the falls in Valombre'," — " 'T is Jacqueline f 't is Jacqueline," Her little brother laughing cried, ** I know her by her kirtle green, She comes along the mountain side." " De Courcy, lord of Argentiere i Thy thirst for vengeance sought the snare." — Rogers . " Winding between Alpine trees ; Spiry and dark around their house of prayer, Below the icy bed of bright Argentiere" — Wordsworth. . . " Sure there never was hero so civil — he Saw us safe home to our door in Rue Rivoli." — Moore, 1* And though to-morrow's tempest lower, 'Tis calmer than thy heart, young Giaour." *' This circumstance may serve to give a 'notion Of the high talents of this new Vauban,* But the town ditch below was deep as ocean, The rampart higher than you 'd wish to hang." — Byron *• For many an age remembered long Shall live the towers of Hougomont,* And fields of Waterloo."— Scott. ft would be easy to cite a multitude of such examples : but these will perhaps be sufficient to illustrate our position. *In these names the letter n is similar in sound to ?ig. The I at the end of Hougomont is silent. The rhymes, however, are not quite perfect; the o in the last syllable of Hougomont should be sounded like o in wsonH. The latter syllabic of Vauban sounds like bong. — Vauban was a noted French military engineer, who flourished in the reign of Louis XIV. 22 INTRODUCTION. On the other hand we shall find the poets pronounce foreign names of some celebrity, such as Nile, Paris, Lyons, Cadiz, Poitiers or Poictiers, &c, with the English sound of the letters, as may be seen from these and similar examples : " Deep in those solitary woods Where oft the genii of the floods, Dance round the cradle of their Nile And hail the new-born Giant's smile." — Moore. * Oh never talk again to me Of northern climes and British ladies ; It has not been your lot to see Like me, the lovely girl of Cadiz." — Byron. " And Courtenay's pride and Percy's fame — Blazed broader yet in after years At Cressy red and fell Poitiers." — Scott. " So the shaft Of victory mounts high and blood is quaffed In fields that rival Cressy and Poictiers — Pride to be washed away by* bitter tears." — Wordsworth. II. Instead of saying that the poets conform to the native accentuatioi of proper names, except in cases when these are well known, we might, perhaps, with more propriety say, that they merely follow the prac- tice of the best speakers, of which their own may generally be regarded as the written representation. With this view of the subject, we have occasionally cited in the body of our work, passages from the poets in support of the pronunciation there given. These citations, for the most part, are not intended to be decisive of any doubtful question, but rather to illustrate and confirm what is believed, on other grounds, to be the correct pronunciation. The supreme tribunal to which we would on all occasions appeal, is the authority of the best speakers* in England and this country. To the former we generally give the preference when the question relates to names belonging to the old continent — to the latter when it relates to those of America. But since it is impossible to produce oral evidence in a book, we have availed ourselves of the authority of the poets, as the only one at our *By this phrase, we do not mean those who, from their superior knowledge and judgment on general subjects, may be presumed to be qualified to decide questions of orthoepy. In order to deserve a place among the best speakers, it is not enough that one should have what is commonly termed a good education and good sense, he must have paid particular attention to the subject of pronunciation, unless he has been surrounded during the whole period of his education with none but correct speakers, which is seldom or never the case, at least in this country INTRODUCTION. 23 command, to prove or illustrate what we have, in all cases, studiously- endeavoured to learn by actual hearing, from those who are considered best qualified to determine questions of orthoepy. III. It may be further observed, that all those works (so far as we are acquainted) which attempt to give the pronunciation of geographi- cal names, show at least a tendency towards the system that we have adopted. The Penny Cyclopaedia, which gives the accentuation of a considerable number of proper names, appears always to follow the native mode. In the list of geographical names appended to Worces- ter's "Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary — Boston, 1841" — which is certainly one of the most creditable and suc- cessful attempts towards supplying the deficiency in this important department of orthoepy that has ever been made — the native pronuncia- tion of names not extensively and familiarly known, is almost invaria- bly given. Stewart's " Compendium of Modern Geography — seventh edition — Edinburgh, 1843," gives the pronunciation of the principal geographical names on the globe, and though the work contains many errors,* it is evident that it aims generally to conform to the native accentuation of the names of other countries, and frequently to the native sound of the letters. Several other works, of less importance, exhibit the same general tendency. IV. There is one difficulty in carrying out the system of geographi- cal pronunciation adopted by us, which it may be proper to notice here, viz : that of drawing the line between foreign names which are, and those which are not, well known. With respect to the more obvious in each division there cannot be the slightest hesitation ; but the two classes meet and pass into each other by imperceptible gradations, so that sometimes the question whether they should be pronounced ac- cording to the foreign, or the English mode, can only be settled by arbi- trary decision. In these doubtful instances, we have spared no pains in order to ascertain the prevailing practice of the best speakers, as well as the usage of the poets: when these have been found unsatis- factory, nothing has remained for us but to decide according to the best of our ability. We have, in these cases, usually given both the pro- nunciations, placing that first, which, in our judgment, is to be pre- ferred. * This remark is intended to apply to the pronunciation only. In other respects, this " Compendium" appears to be an accurate and highly valuable little work 24 INTRODUCTION. V. It should be observed, that though we have endeavoured to gir& the native pronunciation of the names of other countries, with minute accuracy, yet, in accordance with the advice of a number of our most intelligent and judicious friends, ice have been careful to avoid as much as possible, on all occasions, the use of sounds which cannot readily be uttered by the mere English scholar — more especially in the pronunciation of those geographical names which are commonly taught in schools. VL In those cases where it is impossible to express the sounds of other languages by means of English letters, we have endeavoured to employ a mode of indicating those sounds, which, if it does not afford any effectual assistance to the mere English scholar, may at least be in no danger of embarrassing or leading him astray. Thus we have represented the sound of the German ch by k, distinguished by being a small capital. Perhaps a strongly aspirated h — which might be in- dicated by hh — would convey a nearer idea of the German sound, but it seemed less eligible than the other mode, both because persons might differ in the pronunciation of it, or, perhaps, be at a loss to pronounce it at all, and because the established mode of anglicizing the German ch, seems to be to change its sound to that of h, as in the instances, Blumenbach, Metternich, &c. The Scotch and Dutch sounds of ch , so similar to the German, when anglicized assume invariably, if we mistake not, the sound of k. The ordinary mode of pronouncing the Greek X tends to the same result. We have not, however, represented the sound of the German g at the end of a syllable in the same manner as the ch, though it has precisely the same sound, because it is not customary to anglicize it by k, except in a few instances. Were the pronunciation of such a word as berg, represented by berK, it would have the effect to lead the English scholar to pronounce it differently from the ordinary mode, while he would be in no respect nearer the German than those who pronounce the word according to the English sound of the letters. Another consideration may, perhaps, be allowed to have some weight, viz., that though the more approved mode of German pronunciation requires that g, when it does not begin a word, should be pronounced like ch, yet in some parts of Germany it is pro- nounced in every case like g hard in English. In a similar manner, and for similar reasons, we have usually represented the German w by a w distinguished as a capital, and not by a v, though this is nearer the sound of the German letter. INTRODUCTION. 25 VII. With regard to French names, however, a different plan has been pursued, both because it is less easy, so to speak, to anglicize the French letters, and because, from the circumstance of this being far more studied than any other foreign language, it is much more usual to adopt all the peculiar sounds of the letters, in pronouncing French words or names. Even here, however, it will be found that very few, if any, of those geographical names which are taugiit in our common schools, will require the use of sounds that cannot readily be pro- nounced by the mere English scholar. VIIL In giving the pronunciation of the geographical names con- tained in the present work, we have adhered, in the main, to the method of Walker, not only from a desire to avoid all unnecessary innovation upon a system which has been so generally received, but also, because we regard it, on the whole, as superior to any other sys- tem which has hitherto been given to the public* As, however, a multitude of instances occur, wherein the ordinary spelling of geo- graphical names indicates very nearly the proper manner of pronouncing them, it has been thought unnecessary, in these cases, to give a differ- ent spelling in order to show the exact pronunciation. At the same time, that no part of the work might be incomplete, it has been requi- site to assign to some of the letters, sounds, which Walker has not attributed to them. Thus, in giving the pronunciation of such names as Boston, Pennsylvania, &c, we have not re-written them, as Walker would have done — pen-sil-va/-ne-a, bos'-tun, or bos-t'n, but merely given Bos'-ton, Penn-syl-va'-ni-a ; the point under the vowels in the final syllable of each name, denoting that these have an obscure sound like short w, or like e in the word battery ; while the two points under the i in the latter name indicate that this is to be sounded like e. In like manner Berks is written Berks — the e in this name approxi- mating the sound of short u. This mode of marking the pronunciation, is recommended by other considerations than that of brevity. As some •It may not be improper to observe, that with respect to actual pronunciation we have differed from Walker in a number of particulars. Thus, we pronounce Asia, a'-she-a, according to the practice of the best English speakers, though Walker gives a'-zhe-a as the true pronunciation. (See Principles of Pronunciation, 453.) In a few instances we have departed from his practice in the accentuation of classical names, e. g., we have, with the sanction of the highest authorities of the present day, given the name of the ancient capital of Egypt with the accent on the penultima, thus — Alexandria — though Walker accentuates the antcpe- nultima, as we do, in pronouncing the modern Alexandria. (See Alexandria, in the body of this work.) 26 INTBODUCTIOI*. of our most celebrated orthoepists make a decided distinction between the sounds of e and u in a syllable ending with r,* it might be deemed improper to represent the pronunciation of Berks by burks. On the other hand, were we to follow the method of Walker in similar cases, \nd pronounce it berks, we should be still wider from the mark. The mode adopted by us will, it is hoped, be found sufficiently definite, at the same time that it obviates both of the difficulties just mentioned. IX. With a view to simplify as much as possible, we have rejected Walker's second and third sounds of o (the former being equivalent to oo, the latter to au), and his third sound of u (corresponding with oo in good, a sound which we have represented by oof). From the same motive we have dispensed with the figured vowels, whenever their use has not appeared to bo necessary in order to avoid ambiguity. Thus we write simply Til'-sit, and not — Tilsit, tll'-slt, — as Walker would have done. All marks or figures which are not needed, in order to indicate the exact pronunciation, must tend rather to embarrass than to aid the learner. X. In the pronunciation of names belonging to England, or to those countries where the English language is spoken, a ending a syllable with the accent, should always have its first sound ; in an accented syl- lable before a single r it usually takes the second, and before rr, or any other consonant, the fourth sound. Accordingly, in giving such names as Pennsylvania, Sa'rum, Far'mington, Car'roll, Manchester, it has been deemed unnecessary to mark the a in the accented syllables, as scarcely any one in the least acquainted with the principles of English pronunciation, could mistake its true sound. In all cases which depart from these simple and general rules, it has been thought best to mark the sound, as Dal'ton, Mal'wah, Par'is, &c. XL The Latin names of foreign countries are nearly always to bt, pronounced with the English sounds of the letters. Thus, in Bavaria, Bulgaria, Lusa'tia, and Transylva'nia, the accented a should have its first sound. * Walker says that "Derby is pronounced nearly as if written Durby" — and that "fir, a tree, is perfectly similar [in sound] to the first syllable in fer- ment, though often corruptly pronounced like fur, a skin." (See Principles of Pronunciation, 100 and 109.) t We have, however, retained his third sound of a, (though precisely similar to au), in order to indicate the broad sound of the c in such names as Daltdn, Caldkr, &c., without writing the pronunciation separately. INTRODUCTION. 27 Obs. In Prussia, and Russia, however, the u instead of being 1 pro- nounced short, as it would unquestionably have been done in ancient Latin names of this kind, is usually sounded like oo, assuming in these instances the character of the German or Russian u. In like manner the first syllable of Bulgaria is to be pronounced bool and not bul. XIL In the anglicized forms of foreign names, and in most well known names of foreign countries, the same rules of pronunciation, generally speaking, obtain, as in genuine English words, e. g., Spain, Italy, Naples, &c Obs. 1. At the same time, we may observe a general tendency to adopt those sounds of the English vowels, which approach most nearly to the foreign sounds : thus the -a in the first syllable of Aoriatic, and Paris, has its fourth sound, which is much nearer to the French a«d Italian a, than its iirst sound, though this would probably be given to these names by the mere* English scholar, who should be guided by analogy solely. In like manner the i in Milan is made short, so as nearly to correspond to the Italian i, which is like our e. Obs. 2. In the pronunciation of foreign names that have become thoroughly anglicized, it is interesting to observe the tendency of our language, to throw the accent as far as possible from the termination. Thus Paris is pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, though the French appear to place it on the last, and the Germans, who have not the same aversion to the ultimate accent, that we have, lay the stress of voice distinctly on the final syllable, thus Par-is'. Hanover, which might be pronounced with the native accentuation (Hano'ver,) without the slightest offence to the genius of our tongue,* has become irrecover- ably Hanover. Thus, also, we pronounce Andalusia, (in Spanish Andalucia,) Ar'agon (in Spanish Aragon'), &o. So in our own coun- try, the old Niaga'ra has become unalterably fixed as Niagara; and Huron', though still sometimes heard, is fast giving place to Hu'ron. XIII. It may be observed that with respect to foreign names, not only in the French, Italian, and other languages that are written in the Roman letters, but also in Germanf and Greek, (the characters of which may be readily converted into corresponding Roman letters), it is generally customary in English to retain the literal spelling, e. g., Anspach, (German ^trt^pacfy), Konigsberg, (German ^oni^^Bcr^j Chios, (Greek Xtos,) &c, excepting a very few well known names, as Lyons, (French Lyon), Naples, (Italian JS'apoli,) Munich, (German S8£u!tcf)CIt), Dantzic, (German &an;$t$,) Leipsic, (German fieip- $t(0; — we often find, however, the last two names spelled literally Danzig and Leipzig, * We have a multitude of words similar in accent, as promoter, devotion, &c. t It is, perhaps, scarcely necessary to remark, that Roman letters are not unfre quently employed in writing and printing German. 3 28 INTRODUCTION* XIV. On the other hand, names in languages of which tne charac- ters cannot he readily converted into .Roman letters, or which are bo* little known as written languages, are usually spelled according to their sound in some well known European tongue. Thus the name of one of the cities of Persia is written in English, Shooster or Skusler, in German Schuster, and in French Chouster, precisely the same sound being expressed by these different spellings. We find in English works of the highest character, these various modes of writing oriental and other names, employed indiscriminately. Thus in McCulloch's Geographical Dictionary, under the article Snu~ ster, we find within the space of eight lines Khuzisian, (Khoozistan), Karoon and Dezj>houl f (Dezfool) ; the first name being, as regards the sound of the vowels, German or Italian, the second English, and the third French. On the map of Persia, published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, names written according to these three different modes, occur promiscuously in almost every part. Even the same name is frequently spelled differently in different parts of the same work. Thus on the map just mentioned Oorfa is written " Or/a or Ourfa," while on another of the same set it is spelled Urfa. In the Penny Cyclopaedia, we find Boossa and Boussa, Soodan and Sudan, Toorkistan and Turkistan, &c. McCulloch gives Shumla (Shoomla) under its proper head, but mentioning the town in another place writes it Schumla: in the same article, Africa, he has both Soodan and Soudan, each occurring several times : under Mogadore he gives Shwera (more properly Sioeera) as the Moorish name of tins town ; afterwards, in enumerating the principal fortified and garrison towns of Morocco, he gives Suira (pronounced Sweera}, without so much as mentioning the name of Mogadore. As neither Schumla nor Suira are to be found in his gazetteer, under their respective heads, it is scarcely possible that any one unacquainted with the different modes of writing these names, should know what places arc meant by them, or in what part of his work to look for information respecting them. XV. In order to avoid the perplexity and confusion resulting from tiie diversity which prevails in the mode of writing oriental names and others of the same class, we have made it a point always to spell them afler the English manner, except in a few instances where a different spelling appears to have become thoroughly established by usage. Accordingly we have given Oorfa, Soodan, Toorkistan, &c, as INTRODUCTION. *» the preferable mode of writing such names ; at the same time, under the heads of Ourfa and Urfa, Soudan and Sudan, and Turkistan, the reader will find a reference to the names as spelled in the English manner, to which he must look for a description of those places. By adopting this plan, it is believed that the correct pronunciation of oriental name3 will be taught in the simplest and easiest manner ; the perplexity and error into which the prevailing inconsistent mode of writing such names, has sometimes led even well-informed geogra- phers,* will be avoided ; and the apparent contradictions which are so often met with in our most popular geographical works, will be ac- counted for and reconciled. * The reader may be referred to the case of Sckirvan and Shirvan, already men- tioned in the Preface. There can be little doubt, that the practice which prevails among the English, of writing oriental names after the manner of other European nations, has sometimes led geographers of the highest character into error. Thus Manlckeo, the name of a tribe of Tartars, inhabiting the north part of the Chinese ■empire, is written by some ofthe most respectable authorities, Manchow. It is pro- bable, that in the first place some English writer or writers, spelled it Mantchou after the French manner, and that others supposing it to be English, and wishing to adopt a mode of spelling less equivocal, wrote it Manchow. It may be, how- ever, that the latter indicates the true pronunciation, and that the name was originally written correctly Mantchou, the ou having its genuine English sound ; and that some English writer, naturally supposing it to be French, (for many, if not most of the English, appear to prefer the French mode of spelling such names, to their own,) without investigating the subject, converted the name, as they thought, into English, by writing it Mantchoo. As Mantchooria (the country of the Mantchoos) is rarely visited by Europeans, this question may long remain unde- cided. At present, Mantchoo appears to have become almost universal. In one of the earlier numbers of the Penny Cyclopaedia, (article China,) we find it written Manchow, but in other parts of the work Mandshoo, which does not differ mate- rially ha sound from Mantchoo. Had the English uniformly adopted the practice of writing oriental names according to the sounds of their own language, it is pro- bable that Cabul would never have lost its native sound (Ka'-b'l), so far as to be generally pronounced by the English and French, Cabool or Caboul, (see Cabool, in the body of this work.) It is true that it was formerly written correctly in Eng- lish works Cabul or Caubul; but the practice of spelling oriental names according to the German or Italian mode, is so common among English writers, that analogy would naturally lead us to adopt or confirm that pronunciation of Cabul, which appears to be now so thoroughly established. Had it been the uniform practice of English travellers and geographers to write such names as Surmul, Dezful, (01 Dezphoul), according to the sounds of their own tongue, viz., Soormool and JJezfool, no English reader would have thoughtof pronouncing the u in Cabul like oo. The erroneous pronunciation of a single name may, perhaps, justly be regarded as of little moment, but the embarrassment and error into which the prevailing practice of English writers on geography, is continually liable to lead both the ignorant and the learned, appear to us to involve considerations of the highest importance to the interests of geographical science. From a sincere wish to add as much as possible to the utility ofthe present work, we have had recourse to the system of writing oriental names, which has already been explained. It may be remarked that though this system is frequently at variance with common usage, it is sane tioned by the example of the most distinguished French geographers, as well as ef several English writers of the highest character. 30 INTRODUCTION XVI. In giving the pronunciation of this class of geographical names, to represent the accent correctly, is the principal difficulty to bs encountered. Those acquainted with French, are aware that this lai> guage has no accent in the sense in which we employ the term. Th» same may be said of the Hungarian, and perhaps also of the Arabic, Turkish, and Persian. At all events,, those best acquainted with thes® languages,, are not unfrequently at a loss, when they wish to represent accurately in English, the accentuation of Arabic, Turkish, and Per- sian words. Nevertheless it will be found, that here, as in the French and Hungarian, there is something analogous to our accent, which will generally serve to guide us in marking in Engiish r the accentuation of names in these languages. The different syllables of oriental names, however, like those of French words, are not unfrequently pronounced with a stress of voice so nearly equal, that it has been deemed proper in a number of instances, to use the secondary aceents in order to indi- cate more precisely the true pronunciation. (See Remarks on the French accent, Section XIX.) Obs. 1. It may not be improper here to remind the reader, that th& accents which we often see upon oriental names, are by no- means to be understood as always indicating the manner in which an Englishman should accentuate these names in pronunciation, as they are often employed to denote some particular sound in the vowels over which they are placed. Thus some authors place an accent upon a, whea they wish merely to signify that this letter has the clear full sound of a in far. In the same manner an accent is placed upon u, in order tc*- show that it has the Italian or German sound, or in other words,, is to be pronounced like oo. Obs. 2. The sound of a in several of the oriental languages is often very broad, approaching nearly to that of au, in English. Hence we often see Afghaun instead of Afghan, Cauvery instead of Cavery, sultaun instead of sultan, &c. In writing Nepaul and Bhopaul, the improper diphthong au appears to be almost universally employed by the English. The French indicate the same sound, by using a with a circumflex, e. g., Nepal, Bhopal, &e. This method is, perhaps, preferable to ours, the sound of a. being intermediate between that in the English word far and that in falL Obs. 3. The Arabic article al or el, is often changed in pronuncia- tion, so as to correspond with the initial consonant of the word to which it is prefixed, thus, El-Rasheed (Rashid), El-Sham, (the Arabic name of Syria), and El-Sioot, are pronounced and should be written in Eng- lish, Er-Rasheed, Esh-Sham, Es-Sioot. The vowel sound of the article also varies considerably, sometimes approaching that of o&, thus the " Country of Dates," is usually pronounced Beled'661 Jer-eed '., So Es-Sioot (or Sioot, without the article,) is sometimes written As syout and OsiooU INTRODUCTION. 31 Obs. 4. Gh in the Arabic and some other oriental tongues, is not merely a hard g, as in the Italian, nor an aspirate like the German ch, as in the Irish language, but a harsh guttural, bearing the same rela- tion to the German ch that g bears to k. As it has no equivalent in any European language, we have not attempted to distinguish it in pronunciation, having represented it merely by a hard g. Kh is equivalent to ch in German, and accordingly has been repre- sented by k, distinguished as a small capital. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION OF THE MORE IMPORTANT EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. It may perhaps be proper to remark that this brief exposition of the peculiar sounds of the different European languages, has been prepared solely with reference to the work before us. The object has been two- fold : first, to enable the reader more fully to understand the system of geographical pronunciation adopted in this gazetteer : secondly, to furnish some general hints for the proper pronunciation of those European names which are not found in the present work. Some explanation of the kind has been deemed indispensable ; and imperfect as this may be, it is hoped that it will be found to answer, in a great measure, the particular object proposed. BOHEMIAN. [See Observation at the end of Section XXV.] DANISH. XVII. 1. A is pronounced generally as in the English word far, though it frequently approaches the sound of a in fat. 2. E at the end of an accented syllable usually has a sound like that of i in pin ; in other cases it is sometimes like e in met, and sometimes like e in battery. 3. I is like ee, or like i in pin. 4. O " " the English o. 5. U« " oo. 6. Y is equivalent to the French u or li. 3* 32 INTRODUCTION. 7. Aa sounds like o. 8. Ae " " a in fate. 9. Ie " " ee in English. 10. Oe or 6 is the same as in German. 11. The consonants b, c, /, h, k, I, m, n, p, q, f, t, x, z, are like the English. 12. D, between two vowels, or at the end of a syllable in which it follows a vowel, sounds like th in this ; in other situations it is usually the same as in English. 13. G is always hard; at the end of a word it is sounded very slightly so as to resemble h ; e. g. Aalborg is pronounced nearly ol'-bor'h. 14. J is like the English y (consonant). 15. R is similar to the German. 16. V is usually like the English, but it sometimes appears to have a vowel sound ; thus, havn is pronounced almost Jioun. 17. W has a sound similar to the German. DUTCH. XVIII. 1. The vowels a, e, i, o, and u, are similar to the French. 2. Y is like long i in English, as in nigh. Obs. Ij is sometimes made use of instead of y : thus, Overyssei. ia , before a, o, and u, sounds like s; thus, go, go, gw, are pronounced sa, so, su. t See Bolmar's Fables— Remark on the letter h, page 4. , INTRODUCTION. 35 answer nearly to the sound of Hi in million, the sound of I in such cases being blended with that of y (consonant) ; e. g. papillon is pronounced pa'-peer-y6N / ; Chantilly, shlis'-teer-ye', &c. It should, however, be observed that, according- to the present practice of the more polite French speakers, the sound of I is scarcely beard at all in such words, so that their pronunciation might rather be indicated thus — pa v -pe N - )-6n'; shaN v -te v -ye'. 19. M and N, when followed by a vowel, or when double, have the same sound as in English ; but when at the end of a word (not imme- diately followed by another word beginning with a vowel), or when followed by another consonant in the middle of a word, they have what is termed the nasal sound, which resembles that of ng, as in long, pang, &c., but is somewhat softer ;* thus, m and n are nasal in such words as comparer, contexte, but have their natural sound in such as commune, connu. Melun, before a consonant, or standing by itself, would be pronounced almost mHung ; but if followed immediately by a vowel, as in the sentence, Melun a six mille habitans, " Melun has six thousand inhabitants," the final n is sounded distinctly like nn : the pronoun sien, when not followed immediately by a vowel, is pronounced nearly se-nng'; but when it takes the feminine termination, the n being doubled, has the same sound as in English, so that sienne is pro- nounced se-enn'. 20. M or n, nasal, when preceded by e, usually causes this vowel to assume the broad sound of a: thus, dents, sens, are pronounced like the French words dans and sans, almost as if written in English, dong and song. 21. In, im, ain, aim, ein, oin, and en preceded immediately by i, when nasal, have a sound nearly resembling that of ang in the English word pang. In such cases in, im, ain, aim, ein, and en, are pro- nounced alike, faig ; the o in oin has the sound of our w, so that loin and soin are pronounced almost living, swing. 22. In om and on, nasal, the o is long, as in won't. Obs. The French nasal sound is represented in the present work by n or m distinguished as a small capital, e.g. Chaumont, sho'-mON'; Quimper, kaM'-paRe'. 23. Q or qu, in French, always sounds like k ; e. g. quel is pro- nounced kel ; qui, kee, &c. * In uttering this sound, care should be taken not to press the back part of the tongue against the palate, as is done in pronouncing the English ng. 36 INTRODUCTION. Obs. Q, in French words, (except when terminal, as in coq and cinq,) is always followed by u, though it is sometimes employed with- out this letter, in writing certain foreign names. Thus Balbi and several other authors, both French and English, write Qene for Keneh ; Qoum for Koom, &c. In such cases, q is used to denote a sound like that of k, but somewhat more guttural. 24. R is like the English, but is trilled more strongly, especially when it precedes another consonant, or stands at the end of a word, as in veRtu, puniR : in similar cases the English r is but very slightly sounded. This sound is indicated by a small capital r. 25. S, when single and between two vowels, sounds like z ; in other cases, it is the same as in English. 26. X generally has the same sound as in English, but is sometimes sounded like s ; e. g. in six, pronounced seece, and Bruxelles (Brussels), pronounced bru v -sell'; and occasionally like z, as in dixieme, d£-z£-ame'. 27. Ch is like sh in English :th is like t. 28. Gn (the same as in Italian), has a sound which blends that of n and y (consonant), or in other words is equivalent to the sound of ni in minion. Thus, AviGNon is pronounced a'-veen v -y6N / . Obs. This sound is represented in Spanish by fi, and bears the same relation to n that the liquid I (l) does to the ordinary I. In Hungarian it is expressed by ny, and in Portuguese by nh. When it occurs in the middle of a word, we have represented it by n and y, as in the example above given ; but when it stands at the end of a word, as it cannot then be expressed by any letter or combination of letters in English, it has been indicated by the Spanish n : accord- ingly the French pronunciation of such names as Cologne and Bou- logne, are thus given — koMofi', booMorV. SILENT LETTERS. 29. The vowel e at the end of a word, when not marked with an accent, is invariably mute, e. g. in parle, contente* &c. 30. The French consonants, when occurring at the end of a word are generally not pronounced, unless they are immediately followed by a word beginning with a vowel ; e. g. in content, Bordeaux, and dents. If, however, they are followed by a mute e, or any other vowel, they must always be articulated, e.g. in contente, dente, &c. * The particles le, we, and the pronouns je, me, le, &c„ are perhaps, strictly speaking, exceptions: but. though the e in these words is not always absolutely mute, it is very often so ; thus, the sentence vous me trouverez le meme, is pronounced room troov rel mame, the vowel in me and ne being entirely suppressed, and the consonants attached to the preceding words. INTRODUCTION. 37 Obs. 1. The letters c, /, I, and r, are, when final, very often pro- nounced ; e. g. in avec, neuf, il, and punir. Obs. 2. The French articulate the final consonants in almost all foreign and classical names ; e. g. in Amsterdam (w not nasal) Venus, &c. REMARKS ON THE FRENCH ACCENT. It may be observed that the French language has no accent in the sense in which we employ this term. The marks called accents, that are placed over the different vowels, serve only to indicate some par- ticular sound of these letters, and not that peculiar impulse of the voice, which characterizes an accented syllable in the English and most other European tongues. Thus, the accent over the e in parti serves to show that this vowel has its first French sound, and at the same time distinguishes it from parle, another form of the same verb, in which the c is mute. The circumflex imparts to the vowels over which it is placed, a longer and deeper sound than ordinary ; e. g. in hkte, tempete, g\te, and apotre. It is commonly said, that the French pronounce all the syllables of a word with an equal stress of voice, but that they seem to an English ear to accentuate the last, because, in our language, the universal ten- dency is to throw the accent towards the beginning of the word. (See XII. Obs. 2.) Others, on the contrary, maintain that in pronouncing words of a number of syllables, the voice of a native French speaker almost invariably rises and dwells on the last, and that this peculiar terminal intonation is very analogous, and nearly equivalent, to our accent. This last opinion appears to us to be not without a real foun- dation. But, however the question may be settled, the fact that the English, who have learned the pronunciation of names from hearing them spoken by the French themselves, almost invariably throw the accent on the final syllable, furnishes, in our judgment, sufficient ground for establishing a general rule on this subject. Accordingly, in the present work, we have, with very few exceptions, placed the principal accent on the last syllable of French geographical names ; at the same time, it has been thought proper to mark the others with secondary accents, in order to prevent them from being pronounced too slightly or indistinctly, as is usually the case with unaccented syllables in English. The pronunciation of Orleans, for example, has been thus given — 0R x -la x -aN'. Obs. Particular care, however, should be taken not to break such c 38 INTRODUCTION. names into as many isolated sounds as there are different syllables , but, while pronouncing- these syllables with a stress of voice nearly equal, to let each glide smoothly into that which follows it. It may be observed, that the French, in uttering short sentences, usually make the different words run into each other, as if they were parts of the same word. * GERMAN. XX. 1. A, in German, usually sounds as in the English word far, though sometimes approximating the a in fat. 2. E, when long, sounds like a in fate ; when short, like e in met: frequently, however, it has an obscure sound, like e in battery. 3. I, long, sounds like i in marine (or ee in English) ; i, short, like t in pit. 4. O, long, is like that in no; o, short, like that in on. 5. 17, long, is like oo in cuckoo ; u, short, like oo in good. 6. Y sounds like the German i. 7. Ae, or a, is similar to the German e, or to the English a in fate. 8. Oe, or 6, nearly resembles the eu in French, but has no parallel sound in English ; the sound in our language nearest to it is that of e in her, or u in /wr;the German poets often rhyme it with e (a or e). 9. Ue, or ii, is like the French u. 10. Au is equivalent to the English ou in our. 11. Au and eu resemble in sound the English oi, as in oil. 12. Ei and ey have the sound of i in mine, as pronounced by the Americans (the English draw the corners of the mouth farther back). 13. At is similar to the preceding, but somewhat broader. Obs. It may be observed, that ai and au, in German, as well as in several other languages, are proper diphthongs, the vowels preserving their distinct and proper sound ; thus, ai is equivalent to a'-e, and au to a'-oo, in English. 14. Ui sounds like oo-e. 15. Ie is equivalent to ee in English. 16. The consonants/, k, I, m, n, p, q, t, and op, are pronounced as in English. 17. B and d, at the beginning of a word, have the same sound as in English; at the end of a word, b is pronounced like js, and d like t. INTRODUCTION. 39 18. C, before a, o, and u, sounds like it; before e, i, and y, like ts. 19. Ch has a sound unknown in our language, and which, conse* quently, can be learned from an oral instructer only. It somewhat resembles that of our h, with a strong aspiration ; after a, o, and u, it is guttural ; tor example, in the word ach* When it follows e, i, a, 6, ii, aw, or eu, it seems to be sounded more in the palate, as in ich* We have represented this sound in the present work by k, distinguished as a small capital. Obs. Ch, before s, radical, (i. e. forming a part of the root of the word,) has the sound of k ; e. g. Ochs is pronounced oks ; Sachsen, sak'-sen, &c. 20. G, at the beginning of a word, sounds as in the English word get. In other situations, it should be pronounced like the German ch. In some German dialects, however, it is sounded, in all cases, nearly like g hard, in English. 21. H is pronounced only when it begins a word. Obs. 1. When g and h occur in the middle of a compound word, they have the same sound as when they are initial, provided they begin any part which is a complete word in itself; thus, in the participle gegeben (given), the latter g has the same sound as the former, because it begins the verb geben (to give), from which that participle is derived. It is sounded in like manner in aufgeben (to give up), and vergeben, (to forgive), &c. H, in similar instances, is pronounced ; e. g. in gehabt, aufhalten, &c. Obs. 2. G and h, occurring after a vowel, lengthen its sound ; e. g. in Tag, ZaJil, Floh, &c. 22. J" has the sound of the English y (consonant). 23. Q is only used before u, and sounds as in the English word quit. 24. R is pronounced like rr in the English word terror, but some- what more strongly. (See XIX, 24.) Obs. Care should be taken to pronounce the r, in German, distinctly and forcibly. In such words as berg and iverth, the learner should be particularly on his guard against allowing the e to become like short m, as in similar words in English. The e, in such cases, should have the same sound as in our word merit, so that berg should be pronounced almost as if written bairg (not burg) ; werth, as Wairt (not Wurt), but somewhat shorter. * Those who have no opportunity of acquiring this sound from a German, might, perhaps, learn it from a Scotchman, as the Scotch ch is essentially the same with the German, though pronounced somewhat more strongly. 4 40 INTRODUCTION. 25. S, at the beginning" of a word, or between two vowels, is like z ; in other cases it is sharp, as in this. Ss is always sharp. 26. Sch sounds like the English sh; sz like ss. 27. Th is pronounced like t. 28. V sounds like/ in English, except when between two vowels; it is then usually pronounced like our v. 29. W resembles our v, but in pronouncing it, the upper teeth should not be allowed to touch the lower lip, as is done in uttering the Eng- lish v. This sound is indicated by a capital w. 30. Z and tz sound like ts. GREEK (MODERN). XXI. 1. A a (alpha) is like a in far. 2. E c (epsilon) " a in fate. 3. H rj (eta) " ee in English. 4. I i (iota) " e in me, or i in pin. 5. O o (omicron) " o in English. 6. T v (upsilon) is nearly like the French' u (or u). 7. o w (omega) is like o in English, there being no difference between this and omicron in prose ; in poetry « is longer. 8. At is like a in fate. 9. Et and ot sound like ee in English. 10. Ov is like our oo. 11. B S (beta) is like v in English. 1 2. r y (gamma) " g, hard, as in get. 13. A 8 (delta) " thin this. 14. z £ (zeta) " the English *. 15. © 9 (theta) " th in thin. 16. K x (kappa) «• &. 17. A -K (lambda) " Z. 18. M fi (mu) " m. 19. N v (nu) " n. 20. g £ (xi) « x. INTRODUCTION. 41 21. n rt (pi) is usually like the English p\ but after ju. (m), it is like b ; e. g. tfiTtopo^ is pronounced em'-bo-ros. 22. P p (rho) is similar to the German r. 23. 2 a 5 (sigma) is like the English s. 24. T t (tau) is usually like the English t ; after v (n), however, it is sounded like d ; e. g. ivt6$ is pronounced en-dos'. 25. T v (consonant) when before a vowel, or the liquids I, m, n, r, is like our v ; e. g. ovEp'Jto is pronounced au-a-rw'-o, avhos, hi-los', aupiov, hi'-re-on : in other cases it is like/; e. g. AwxaSla (Leucadia) is pro- nounced lef-ka-Tne'-L 26. eia (Philadelpheia). 64 ALG— ALG Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, not ; do, as in goad; empire, Alexandria scarcely lost any of its splendour. It was consi- dered second only to Rome, and still engrossed, as it bad done before, the trade of India : goods being brought up the Red Sea, landed at Berenice, and carried across to the Nile, were conveyed down the river and through a canal to the city. After it was reduced by Omar, in 640, and subjected to the Saracen yoke, the caliphs transferred the seat of government to Cairo, and Alexandria was no longer the capital even of Egypt. The discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, by turning the commerce of India into a different channel, completed its downfall. Lat. 31° 13' N., Lon. 29° 55' E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.>— Adj. and inhab. Alexan/brian. (Arab. Skan-der-a/-nee.) Algarve, al-gar^-va, or Al-gar'-bi-a, once an independent kingdom, now the most southern province of Portugal; bounded on the W. and S. by the Atlantic, E. by Andalusia, N. by Alem-Tejo. Length. 85 m. ' 9 greatest breadth, about 30 m. Algeria. See Algiers. Alg-ez-i/-ras or Algeciras, (Sp. pron. al-Ha-thee^ras,) a town of Andalusia, Spain, on the Gulf of Gibraltar. Lat. 36° & N., Lon. 5° 26" W. Pop. about 9,900. (P. C.) Algiers, al-jeerz',or Al-ge'-rj.-a (Arab. AkFez-air,) a territory of northern Africa, forming one of the principal of the Barbary States, between 34° and 37° T N. Lat, and 8° 40' E. and 2° W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Tunis, SI by the Atlas, which separates it from the Beled-ool-Jereed, or Country of Dates, and on the W. by Morocco, from which it is divided by the desert of Angrab. It comprehends the greater part of the Numidia and Mauri- tania Tingitana of the ancients. In the sixteenth century, the cele- brated corsair, Barbarossa, took possession of Algiers, and became its ruler. The utmost efforts of the emperor, Charles V., proved abortive against the power thus founded ; and Algiers, under enterprising chiefs, became a great naval state, which continued for three centuries the terror of Christendom. More recently, however, from a want of intel- ligence in the rulers, and from not sharing in the rapid improvements of the European states, she had lost much of her relative importance and power; and finally, in the year 1830, was conquered by the French army, under Marshal Bourmont, and subjected to the dominion of France. — Adj. and inhab. Algerine, al-jer-een*. Algiers, a celebrated city, and cap. of the country of the same name, is situated on the coast of the Mediterranean, upon the declivity of a hill, on which the houses rise gradually in the form of an amphi- theatre, and terminate nearly in a point at the summit. It is not above a mile and a half in circuit. The largest street is said to be 1200 paces long, and not more than 12 feet wide. The population, previous to the French conquest, had been variously estimated, from 80,000 to 200,000, and even 300,001) ; but it is probable that even the first estimate was much beyond the truth. According to a census taken by the French in 1833, the whole number of inhabitants, exclu- sive of the garrison, amounted only to 23,753. (R) Lat. 38° 49' N- Lon. 3° 25' E. ALH— ALL 65 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Alhama, al-ha/-ma, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 25 m. S. W. of Gra- nada, celebrated for its baths. Pop. 6,300. (B.) Alicante, al-e-can'-ta, or Al v -i.-cant', a seaport and commercial t. of Spain, in Valencia, with a strong citadel. It is 78 m. S. of Valen- cia Lat. 38° 20' N., Lon. 0° 28' W. Pop. 25,000. (B.) Alicata, a-le-ka/-ta, a fortified t. on the S. coast of Sicily, 20 m. E. S. E. of Girgenti. Lat. 37° 5' N., Lon. 13° 55' E. Pop. 13,465. (M.) Alkmaar, alk-mar', a well-built and strongly fortified t. of Holland, 20 m. N. N. W. of Amsterdam. Lat. 52° 38' N., Lon. 4° 45' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) Allahabad, alMa-ha-badf, (i. e. " city of God,") an ancient city of Hindostan ; cap. of a prov. of the same name. At the distance of about two miles from the town, is situated, at the junction of the rivers Ganges and Jumna, the celebrated fortress of Allahabad, founded by the emperor Akbar, in the year 1583, one of the most esteemed places of Hindoo worship and ablution. Every summer multitudes of pilgrims resort thither from all parts of India, and, encamping on the sands be- tween the two rivers, perform their purifications and other ceremonies for nearly two months. This fortress stands in Lat. 25° 27' N., Lon. 81° 50' E., being, by the course of the Ganged, 820 m. from the sea. Pop. 20,000. (B.) Alle, alMefr, a r. of Prussia, which flows into the Pregel, about 30 m. E. of Konigsberg. Al v -le-ghV-ny* Mountains, a chain of mountains, stretching from Maine to the N. part of Georgia. In New England they are less than 100 m. from the Atlantic coast, but gradually diverge as they advance southward, so that near their southern extremity, they are more than 300 m. from the sea. They divide the waters which flow into the Atlantic from those that flow into the Mississippi. Some writers on geography describe the Alleghany mountains as commencing in Georgia and terminating at the Hudson. But there appears to be no sufficient reason why the Green Mountains of Vermont, and White Mountains of New Hampshire, should not be included under the same general appellation with the rest of this chain. They are also sometimes called the Ap v -pa-la^-chi.-an Mountains. Alleghany, a r. which rises in Pa., and after making a circuit into N. Y., returns again into Pa., and, uniting with the Monongahela at Pittsburg, forms the Ohio. Alleghany, a co. in the W. part of Pa., surrounding the mouth of the Alleghany r. Pop. 138,290. Co. t. Pittsburg. Alleghany, a co. in the S. W. part of N. Y., bordering on Pa. Pop. 37,808. Co. t. Angelica. * We regret to perceive that it is becoming customary, even in works of a respectable character, to write this name Allegheny. It is difficult to conceive of any sufficient motive for departing from the ordinary spelling, which gives the true pronunciation, in order to adopt another, which contradicts the pronunciation. We are compelled, therefore, to place this in the list of retrograde innovations. 6* 66 ALL— ALP Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, m£t ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; do as in good, Alleghany, a co. forming the W. extremity of Maryland. Pop. 22,769. Co. t. Cumberland. Alleghany, a co. in the central part of Virginia, near the source of James r. Pop. 3,515. Co. t. Covington. Ai/-len, a co. in the S. part of Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, a little W. of the Cumberland r. Pop. 8,742. Co. t. Scottsville. Allen, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ohio, on the Miami Canal. Pop. 12,109. Co. t. Lima. Allen, a co. in the N. E. part of Indiana, intersected by the Maumee r. Pop. 16,919. Co. t. Fort Wayne. Allier, aF-le'-a/, a r. of France, flowing into the Loire, 3 m. below Nevers. Allier, a dep. in the E. central part of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 309,270. (B.) Capital, Mod ins. Al'-lo-a, a seaport of Scotland, in Clackmannan co., on the N. bank of the Forth, 27 in. W. N. W. of Edinburgh. The harbour is safe and commodious. Lat. 56° 7 N., Lon. 3 G 46' W. Pop. 5,434. Almaden, al-ma-den', a t. of Spain, in New Castile, 55 m. N. of Cordova. Its mines of quicksilver are regarded as the richest in Europe. Pop. about 10,000. The mines of Almaden have been long known, and are supposed to have been wrought by the Romans ; a few- years ago they yielded, annually, about 22,000 quintals of mercury. (B.) Almansa, al~man/-sa, a t. of Spain, 60 m. S. W. of Valencia. Pop. 5,030. (M.)^ Almeida, al-ma^e-da, one of the strongest fortresses in Portugal, situated in the prov. of Beira, on the Spanish frontier. Lat. 40° 37' N., Lon. 6° 52' W. Pop. 1,150. (P. C.) Almeria, al-ma-ree'-a, a rich maritime t. of Spain, in the prov. of Granada, near the mouth of the r. Almeria, 77 m. S. E. of Granada, with a good harbour. Lat. 36° 44' N., Lon. 2° 31' W. Pop. 19,000. (B.) Almunecar, al-moo-na-car^, a small seaport t. of Spain, with a good harbour and a castle, 38 m. S, of Granada. Lat. 36° 42' N., Lon. 3° 47' W. Alnwick or Alnewick, an'-nik, a t. of England, in the co. of North- umberland, 32 m. N. by W. of Newcastle. At the N. entrance of the town stands Alnwick Castle, a magnificent mansion, belonging to the duke of Northumberland. The original building is supposed to have been a stronghold in the time of the Romans. Lat. 55° 25' N., Lon. 1° 42' W. Pop. 4,945. Al-pe^-na (Anamickee), a co. in the N. E. part of Mich., bordering on L. Huron. Alps, alps, mountains of Europe, which divide Italy from France, Switzerland, and Germany. Their general form resembles that of » crescent. Beginning near the mouth of the Var, on the Gulf of Genoa, they terminate, after many windings, near the Gulf of Trieste, on the Adriatic. The highest summit is Mount Blanc. (See Blanc, Mount.) Alps, Lower, (Fr. Basses-Alpes, bass alp,) a dep. near the S. Jfi. ALP— *MA 67 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. extremity of France, bordering on Italy. Pop. 159,045. (B.) Capital, Digne. Alps, Upper, (Fr. Hautes-Alpes, ote zalp,) a dep. in the S. E. part of France, N of, and bordering on the preceding. Pop. 131,162. (B.) Capital, Gap. Alsace, al'-sass', a former prov. of France, now divided into the deps. of Upper and Lower Rhine. Als, als, usually, though improperly, written Alsen, aF-sen, a fertile island in the Baltic, lying between Fiinenand the E. coast of Sleswick. It is about 20 m. long and 8 broad. Pop. about 15,000. (P. C.) Alta'1 al-ta'-e or al-ti', mountains of Asia, which commence near the sea of Aral, and terminate at East Cape, on the Pacific Ocean, in the 170th degree of W. Long. They traverse, under different names, an extent of near 5,000 miles. The highest part of the chain is computed at 11,512 feet (1,800 toises) above the level of the sea. (B.) Altamaha, aur-ta-ma-hauf, a r. of Georgia, formed by the union of the Oconee and Ocmulgee. It runs S. E., and empties into the sea about 60 m. S. W. of Savannah. It is navigable for vessels of 30 tons as far as Milledgeville, on the Oconee branch, about 300 m. from the sea. Altamura, al-ta-moo'-ra, a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Bari. Lat. 40° 47' N., Lon. 16° 33' E. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.) Altenburg, al'-ten-burg\ (Ger. pron. alM;en-booRG\) a t. of Ger- many ; cap. of the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, on the Pleisse, with seve- ral important literary institutions. Lat. about 51° N., Lon. 12° 30' E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) Alton, auF-ton, a flourishing t. of 111., in Madison co., on the Missis- sippi, 3 m. above the mouth of the Missouri. A railroad 63 m. long connects it with Springfield. Pop. 3,875. Altona or Altena, afr-ton-a\ a city of Holstein, the second town of the Danish dominions, as regards industry, commerce, and population; on the Elbe, about 2 m. W. of Hamburg. It is a free port, and con- tains a mint, besides several important literary and scientific institu- tions. The Observatory is in Lat. 53° 32' 51" N., Lon. 9° 56' 50" E. Pop. estimated at above 27,000. (B.) Altorf, al x -toRf, or Altdorf, (i. e. " Old Village,") the cap. of the Swiss canton of Uri, about 2 m. from the S. E. extremity of the lake of Lucerne. Here the tyrant Gessler proceeded to those indignities which, through the patriotism of William Tell, laid the foundation of Swiss independence. Lat. 46° 53' N., Lon. 8° 38' E. Pop. about 1,500. (B.) Altzey or Alzey, alt/-si, a t. in the grand duchy of Hesse-Darm- stadt, 14 m. N. W. of Worms. Pop. 3,600. (B.) Amager, a'-ma-ger, a small island in the Baltic, lying opposite to Copenhagen, with which it is connected by two bridges. It is about 9 m. long, and, on an average, 3 broad. It supplies the neighbouring town with garden vegetables, milk, butter, and cheese. A part of Copenhagen, called Christiansb.avn, is built on this island. 68 AMA— AMB Fate, far, fall, fat ; m£, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in good ,- Amalfi, a-mal'-fe, a t. of Naples, 10 m. S. W. of Salerno. It was quite celebrated in the middle ages, and possessed no inconsiderable commerce. Present pop. scarcely 3,000. (B.) Lat. 40° 38' N., Lon. 14° 35' E. Amarapoora. See Ummerapoora. Amasia or Amasieh, a-ma^-see'-a, (Anc. Amasi^a or Amassei^a,) a t. of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on the Yesheel (Ycshil) Ermak, 390 m. E. of Constantinople. It is an extensive and populous place, but the streets are narrow and dirty. The greater portion of the houses are of wood, though many are built of stone and covered with tiles. The river here is large and rapid, and the water is raised in buckets by means of large wheels turned by the stream. These buckets empty themselves into reservoirs, whence the water is conveyed to the baths and fountains of the city. This town was the birth-place of the famous geographer, Strabo. Pop. 60,000 or 70,000. (E. G.) Lat. 40° 30' N., Lon. 36° 25' E. Amasera, a-ma/-ser-a, or Amasreh, (Anc. Ames^tros,) a t. of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on a point of land projecting into the Black Sea, 150 m. E. N. E. of Constantinople. Lat. 41° 46' N., Lon. 32° 24' E. Am'-a-zon, (Sp. Mararion, ma-ran-yone': called by the Indians Am-as'- so-na, i. e. " boat destroyer,") a r. of S. America, the largest in the world, formed by the union of the Tunguragua and Ucayali. It empties itself into the Atlantic, under the equinoctial line, after a course of more than 4,000 m. The mouth of this river is 180 m. wide, and it flows into the ocean with such violence that it carries its own waters unmixed into the sea to the distance of 80 leagues. In the freshets, the country, for several hundred miles, is laid under water. This river is also called the Orellana (o-rel-ya'-na). Am-a-zo'-ni-a, a region in the central part of S. America, discovered in 1539, by Francisco Orellana, who sailed down the Amazon to the Atlantic. Observing, as he states, companies of women in arms on its banks, he called the country Amazonia, and the river Amazon.* Amberg, am'-beRG, a t. of Bavaria, 32 m. N. of Ratisbon. It has a castle, arsenal, and mint, and various manufacturing establishments. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Lat. 49° 25' N., Lon. 11° 50' E. Ambert, ain'-baiR', a t. of France, in the dep. of Puy de Dome, on the Dore, possessing above 100 paper-mills, besides various other manufactories. Lat. 45° 33' N., Lon. 3° 48' E. Pop. 8,016. (M.) Amboise, aMb v -waz', (Anc. Amba'cia,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Indre and Loire, 14 m. E. of Tours. Lat. 47° 24' N., Lon. 0° 58' E. Pop. 4,695. (M.) Am-boy', a small t. of Middlesex co., N. J., at the mouth of the Raritan, about 30 m., in a straight line, S. W. of New York, with an excellent harbour. It is a port of entry. Am-boy'-na, an island of Malaisia, intersected by the parallel of * It is not improbable that the Indian name of the river may have suggested this account of the armed women. AMB— AMI 69 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. 3° 40' S. Lat., and the 128th meridian of E. Lon. It is the chief of the Moluccas, all the others being dependent on its jurisdiction. Length about 55 m. The vegetable productions are numerous, but the clove tree is the principal object of attention. — Adj. and inhab. Am-boy-ne^e'. Amboyna, the cap. of the above, is situated on a large bay, which divides the island into two unequal peninsulas. It is neat and regularly built, though its streets are unpaved. Lat. 3° 40' S., Lon. 128° 15' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Ameland, a'-mel-ant x , a small island belonging to Holland, off the coast of Friesland." Lat. 53° 27' N., Lon. about 5° 50' E. Am-e^-lj-a, a co. of Va., on the Appomattox r., S. W. of Richmond. Pop. 9,770. Seat of justice, Amelia c. h. Amelia, an island on the coast of Florida, about 50 m. N. of St. Augustine. It is 13 m. long, and 2 broad ; is very fertile, and has an excellent harbour. Am-er'-j-ca, one of the five grand divisions of the globe ; bounded on the E. by the Atlantic, which separates it from Europe and Africa ; and on the W. by the Pacific, which separates it from Asia. Towards the N. its limits are but imperfectly known. At the S. it termi- nates in a point called Cape Horn. It is more than 9,000 m. long, and, on an average, about 1,500 broad, and extends from about 35° to 168° W. Lon., and from 71° N. to 56° S. Lat. According to Hassel, it contains about 16,500,000 sq. m. America is remarkable for the size and grandeur of its mountains, lakes, and rivers. A range of moun- tains runs from N. to S. through its whole length. This continent is divided by the isthmus of Panama into North. and South America. — Adj. and inhab. Am-er'-j.-can. Amersfort or Amersfoort, a'-mers-fbrt/, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Holland, in the prov. of Utrecht, on the navigable r. Eem (aim), which flows into the Zuyder Zee, 25 m. E. S. E. of Am- sterdam. Lat. 52° 12' N., Lon. 5° 22' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) Amiiara, am-fnV-ra, a general division and kingdom of Abyssinia, comprehending the provinces W. of the Tacazze. Its cap. is Gondar. — Adj. Amharic, am-ha'-ric. Am/-herst, a co. in the central part of Va., N. of, and bordering on, James river. Pop. 12,699. Seat of justice, Amherst c. h. Amherst, a township of Hampshire co., Mass., 76 m. W. of Boston, with a flourishing college, founded in 1821. Am'-herst-burg\ the cap. of Essex co., Upper Canada, on L. Erie, near the mouth of the Detroit r. There is a safe and commodious har- bour, with a good anchorage, in 3s fathoms water. Lat. 42° 5' N., Lon. 83° 5- W. Am^-j-ens, (Fr. pron. a N -me v -aV,) formerly the chief t. of Picardy, and now the cap. of the dep. of Somme, on the r. Somme, 40 m. from the sea, and 75 m. N. of Paris. It has a number of literary and scientific institu- tions, and various manufactories. Amiens was the birth-place of Peter the Hermit, and the astronomer Delambre. Lat. 49° 53' N., Lon. 2° 17 E. Pop. 45,000. (B.) 70 AMI— AND Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine ; pin ; n6, n&t ; 66 as in good. Amite, am-eet', a co. near the S. W. extremity of Miss., bordering on La. Pop. 9,694. Co. seat, Liberty. Amlwch, amMook, a seaport t. of Wales, in the N. E. corner of Anglesey. There are extensive copper-mines in the vicinity. Pop. of parish, 6,217. Am v -mon-oo'-suck, Upper and Lower, two rivers of N. H., rising in the White Mountains, and flowing into the Connecticut. Amoo or Amu. See Oxus. Am-oor' (Amur or Amour), called also the Saghalian, sag-MFe-an, i large r. in the E. part of Asia, formed by the union of the Argoon and Shilka, in about 53° N. Lat. and 121° E. Lon. Its general course is easterly, and it empties itself into the Gulf of Saghalian, between the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, in Lat. 52 3 30' N., Lon. about 140° E. Entire length, including the Argoon, its principal branch, above 2,000 m. Amretsir, am v -ret-seer^, or Um-rit-seer' (the pool of immortality ', an important commercial t. of Hindostan, in Lahore, on the high road between Cabool and Delhi, Cashmere and the Dekkan. The name is derived from a sacred basin, immersion in which is supposed by many tribes of the Hindoos to cleanse from all sin. Pop. 100,000. (B.) Lat. 31° 33' N., Lon. 74° 50' E. Am^-ster-dam v (Dutch pron. am'-ster-dam'), the largest, richest, and most populous city of the Netherlands, situated on the Y. It was, in former ages, a simple village, meanly built, and inhabited by fisher- men, having first acquired the name of a commercial town about the year 1370 ; it was encompassed with walls and other fortifications in 1482, and in the 17th century arose to the first rank among the trading cities of Europe. The river Amstel divides it into the old or eastern, and new or western towns. It is intersected throughout by canals, which cross each other in a thousand different ways. The name is said to have been derived from Amsteldam, i. e. " dam or dyke of the Amstel," which was afterwards softened into Amsterdam. Lat. 52° 22' N., Lon. 4° 53' E. Pop. above 201,000. (B.) An-a-deer^ (Anadir), a r. in the E. part of Siberia, which flows into a gulf of the same name, near 64° N. Lat, and 178° E. Lon. Ancona, an-co^-na, a seaport t. in the Papal state, and the cap. of a delegation or prov. situated on a point of land running into the Adriatic Sea. It is the most commercial place in the Papal state. In 1732 it was declared a free port, and became the rival of Venice. Lat. 43° 38' N., Lon. 13° 29' E. Pop. about 30,000. (B.) Andalusia, an-da-lu^-she-a, or Vandalusia, (Sp. Andalucia, an-da- loo-thee'-a,) a prov. or division of Spain, comprising the four Moorish kingdoms, Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and Granada. It is bounded on the N. by La Mancha and Estremadura, E. by Murcia, S. by the Mediter- ranean, the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Atlantic, and W. by Portugal. Length, from E. to W., 300 m. : greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 150 m. The name, it is supposed, was given to it by the Vandals, wha AND— AND 71 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. established themselves here about the beginning- of the 5th century. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Andalusian, an-da-lu'-she-an. An-da-man' Islands, a group on the E. side of the Bay of Bengal, consisting of four large islands and several small ones. Three of these are almost contiguous, being separated only by very narrow straits, so that they are usually regarded as one island, and named the Great Andaman. The other of the four is called the Little Andaman. The former, including all its parts, is about 150 m. in length, and 20 in breadth. The latter, lying 30 m. S. of it, is 28 m. long, and 17 broad. Lat. from 10° 30' to 13° 40' N., Lon. about 93° E. Andelys, Les, laze aNdMe^, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Eure, on the right side of the Seine, about 50 m. N. W. of Paris. It consists properly of two towns, the Great (Grand), and the Little (Petit) Andely. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Andernach, an'-der-naK, (Anc. Antunacum,) a small t. of Rhenish Prussia, on the left bank of the Rhine, 10 m. W. N. W. of Coblentz, with a considerable trade in millstones and trass, a substance which, when pulverized and mixed with water, becomes as hard as stone. Anderson, a co. in the N. central part of Ky. Pop. 6,260. Co. t. Lawrenceburg. Andes, an^-diz, (called by the Spaniards Cordillera de los Andes, koR-deel-ya/-ra da loce anodes,) the southern portion of the mountain chain which, under various names, extends through the whole length of the American continent. The principal ridge follows, in general, the windings of the Pacific coast, from which it is distant from 50 to 150 m. The highest peaks of the Andes are the Nevado de Sorata, the Nevado de Illimani, and Chimborazo. (See Sorata, Illimani, and Chimeorazo.) Andorra, an-d(V-ra, a little republic of Catalonia, Spain, under the protection of France, intersected by the parallel of 42° 30' N. Lat. and the meridian of 1° 30' E. Lon. Area, 192 sq. m. Pop. 15,000. (B.) Andorra, the cap. of the above, has a pop. of about 2,000. An'-do-ver, a t. of Essex co., Mass., 20 m. in a straight line N. of Boston, on the railroad which connects this city with Portland, in Maine. A Theological Seminary, under the direction of the Congre- gationalists, was established here in 1808. It is richly endowed, and enjoys a high reputation. Phillips' Academy, of this place, is one of the best endowed and most flourishing institutions of the kind in the country. Pop. 6,945. An'-drew, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Mo. Pop. 9,433. An'-drews, St., an ancient city of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on tne German Ocean, 31 m. N. E. of Edinburgh. The University of St. Andrews is the oldest in Scotland, having been founded in 1411. It is attended by about 800 students, and has a library of 40,000 vols. Lat. 56° 20' N., Lon. 2° 48' W. Pop. 3,959. Andro, an/-dro, (Anc. AnMros,) an island of the Grecian Archipelago, about 8 m. from the S. E. extremity of EubcBa. It is 25 m. long, and S broad, and contains a pop. of about 18,000. (P. C.) An v -dros-cog'-gin, a r. of Maine, which, rising from Umbagog Lake, 72 AND— ANG Fate, f ar, fail, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pm ; n6, n5t ; 66, as in good , after passing into N. H., returns into Me., and empties itself into the Kennebeck, about 18 m. from its mouth. Anduxar or Andujar, an-doo^-HdR, a t. of Andalusia, Spain, on the Guadalquivir, 18 m. N. W. of Jaen. Lat. about 38° N., Lon. 4° W. Pop. 10,000. (B.) angermanland, ong'-er-man-land\ a prov. of Sweden, bordering on the Gulf of Bothnia. Angers, an'-jerz or aN v -zhy, formerly sometimes written Angiers, an'-jeerz*, (Anc. Juliom'agus, afterwards Andeca'vi,) a t. of France ; cap. of the dep. of Maine and Loire, formerly of the prov. of Anjou, on the Mayenne, 165 m. S. W. of Paris. In the neighbourhood are exten- sive slate quarries, which give employment to 3,000 workmen, and furnish annually 80,000,000 slates. Lat. 47° 28' N., Lon. 0° 33' W. Pop. 35,900. (B.) Anglesey or Anglesea, an^-g'l-se v , an island and co. of Wales, in the Irish Sea. It is about 27 m. long, and 17 broad. Pop. 50,890. AN-GO''-L.\,t a country on the W. coast of Africa, extending from the r. Danda, in about 8° 20', to the r. Coanza, in 9° 20' S. Lat. The name Angola is often used to comprehend the whole extent of coast from Cape Lopez Gonsalvo, in Lat. 0° 44' S., to S. Felipe de Benguela, Lat. 12° 14' S. The chief, and almost sole object for which it is visited, is the trade in slaves. An-go'-ra or An-goo^-ra, (Anc. Ancy^ra, Turk. En-goor',) a city of Asiatic Turkey, noted for its manufactures, particularly of shawls, made from the hair of a species of goat, which derives its name from this town. Opium is extensively cultivated in the neighbouring terri- tory. Ancyra was an important place under the Roman empire, and afterwards fell successively into the possession of the Persians, Arabs, and Turks. For some time it was the cap. of the Turkish dominion, but was lost in the celebrated battle fought between Tamerlane and Bajazet, in 1402. Mohammed I. recovered it in 1415, and since that period it has always belonged to the Ottoman empire. Lat. 39° 52' N., Lon. 32° 46' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 35,001) or 40,000. Angostura, Sn-gos-too'-ra, a t. of S. America, in Venezuela, on the Orinoco, about 240 m. from its mouth. Lat. 8° 8' N., Lon. 63° 55' W The pop. in 1807 amounted to more than 8,000, but is said at present not to exceed 3,000. (P. C.) Angoul^me, aN v -gooMame', a t. of France : cap. of the dep. of Cha- rente, on the r. Charente, 65 m. N. E. of Bordeaux. Lat. 45° 39' N., Lon. 0° 10' E. Pop. 16,910. (B.) Angra, an'-gra, the cap. of Terceira, one of the Azores, situated on *" You men of Angiers, open wide your gates — " " And lay this Angiers even with the around. " King John, Act II., Scene 2. t "Undamped by time the generous instinct glows, Far as Angola's sands or Zembla's snows." Rogers' Pleasures of Memory. ANG— ANS 73 oa, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. in inlet on the S. coast. From this situation the town derives its name, angra signifying- " inlet' 1 in Portuguese. It is fortified and well built. Lat. 38° 38' N., Lon. 27° 13' W. Pop. about 13,000. (B.) Anguilla, &n-ghilMa, (Sp. Anguila, an-gheeMa,) or Snake Island (so called from its figure), one of the Antilles, about 20 m. long, and 6 broad. Lat. 18° 10' about N., Lon. 63° 20' W, Angus. See Forfarshire. Anhalt, an^-halt, an ancient principality of Germany, enclosed almost on every side by the Prussian territories, being bounded N. by Brandenburg, EL by Prussian Saxony, S. W. by the county of Mans- feld, and N. W. by Brunswick, Halberstadt, and Magdeburg. It is now divided into the duchies Dessau, Bernburg, and Ccethen. Between 51° 35' and 52° 6' N. Lat, and 10° 55' and 12° 36' E. Lon. An holt, an'holt, a small island in the Cattegat, belonging to Den- mark. Lat. about 56° 40' N., Lon. 11° 35' E. Anjou, an/-joo,* (Fr. a.N v -zhoo',) formerly a prov. of France, now dis- tributed among the deps. of Maine and Loire, Sarthe, Mayenne, and Vienne. Anklam, JuV-klam, a small commercial t of Pomerania, 21 m. S. E. of Greifswald. Lat. 53° 50' N., Lon. 13° 48' E. Pop. 6,286. (P. C.) An-ko^-ber, a t. of Abyssinia ; cap. of the fertile prov. of Efat (Ifat), near 10° N. Lat., and 40° E. Lon. Annaberg, an'-ni-beW, a t. in the Erzgebirge (ore-mountain district), in the kino-dom of Saxony, 2,800 ft above the level of the sea, and about 48 m. S. W. of Dresden. Pop. 5,500. (P. C.) An-nam. See Cochin China. An-nap'-o-lis, the cap. of the state of Maryland, and of the co. of Ann Arundel, on the S. bank of the Severn, 25 m. S. by E. of Balti- more. It is a port of entry. Lat. 38° 58' 35" N., Lon. 76° 33' W. Pop. 4,198. Annapolis, a t. of Nova Scotia ; the seat of the provincial govern- ment until 1750, when Halifax was founded, and became the cap, of the prov. Lat. 44° 40' N., Lon. 65° 37' W. Ann Arun'-del, a co. of Maryland, on the W. side of Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 32,393. Co. t. Annapolis. An'-ne-cy or ann v -se', a t. of Savoy, on the N. bank of L. Annecy,22 m. N. N. E. of Chambery. It is the principal seat of manufacturing industry in Savoy. Lat. 45° 54' N., Lon. 6° 10' E. Pop. between 5,000 and 6,000. (P. C.) An v -no v -nav', a t. of France ; the busiest and most populous in the dep. of Ardeche, 34 m. N. of Privas, celebrated for its manufacture of paper, which is esteemed the best in France. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Anspach, ans'-paK, or Ansbach, a t. of Bavaria ; cap. of a circle of * This accentuation of Anjou, when anglicised, is sanctioned by the authority af Shakspeare and other poets, as well as by the genius of our language. "Command in Anjou what your honour pleases." '• Upon condition I may quietly Enjoy mine own, the county Maine and Anjou." Henry VI., Part First, Act V., Scene 3d 74 ANS— ANT Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good, the same name, at the confluence of the Rezat with the Holzbach (holts'-baK), about 30 m. S. VV. of Nuremberg. Lat. 49 3 20' N., Lon, 10° 28' E. Pop. between 16,000 and 17,000. (P. C.) An'-son, a co. of N. C, bordering on the Yadkin r. and S. C. Pop. 13,489. ' Co. t. Wadesborough. Antequera, an-ta-ka/-ra. a t. of Andalusia, Spain, 30 m. N. N. W, of Malaga. Lat. 37° 9' N., Lon. 4° 35' W; Pop. estimated al 20,000. (B.) Antibes, aN x -teeb/, (Anc. Antip'olis,) a fortified t. and port of France, in the dep. of Var, on the Mediterranean, near the frontier of the Sar- dinian dominions. Lat. 43° 33' N., Lon. 7° 7' E. Pop. about 5,000. (P. C.) Anticosti, an-te-cos'-te, an island lying in the mouth of the St. Lawrence, above 120 m. long, and about 30 m. broad. It is unculti- vated and uninhabited, with the exception of two families, who have been established here for the purpose of assisting persona cast away on the coast. (P. C.) Antigua, an-tee^-ga, one of the Caribbee Islands, belonging to Eng- land, about 20 m. long, and 12 m. broad. St. John, the cap., is in Lat. 17° 10' N., Lon. 61° 57' W. Total pop. of the island, 35,714. (P. C.) Antilles, an-teeF, a name given to certain West India islands. The Greater Antilles comprehend Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico ; the Lesser Antilles, all the Caribbean group, with those lying along the coast of S. America. Antioch, anM"e-ok, (Anc. AntioehVa, Turk. Antakia, an-tV-kee x -a,) a decayed city of Syria, on the S. bank of the Orontes, 46 m. W. of Aleppo. It was founded by Seleucus Nicator, who named it Antiochia, in honour of his father, Antiochus. It became the residence of the Syrian monarchs, and grew to be one of the largest cities in the world. Lat. 36° 8' N., Lon. 36° 12' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 10,000. Antioquia, an-te-o-kee^-a, a prov. of New Granada, in the dep. of Cundinamarca. Also, a small t of this prov. Antisana, an-te-sa'-na, a summit of the Andes, in Quito, the highest volcano in the world, having an elevation of 19,130 feet. Also, a vil- lage on the side of the above mountain, formerly regarded as the high- est inhabited place on the globe, being 13,450 feet above the level of the sea ; but it is now ascertained to be some hundred feet lower than the highest parts of the mining region, near Potosi. (B.) See Thibet. An'-trim, a co. forming the N. N. E. extremity of Ireland. Pop. in 1831, 323,306. (P. C.) Antrim, a t. of the above co., near the N. E. extremity of Lough Neagh, and about 15 m. N. W. of Belfast. ' It was once a place of great importance, but in 1831 had a population of only 2,655. (P. C.) Antrim (Megissee), a co. in the N. N. W. part of Mich., bordering on an arm of L. Michigan. Ant'-werp, (Dutch, Antwerpen, ant'-wer-pen, Fr. Anvers, aN v -vaiR^,) a t. of Belgium, on the right bank of the Scheldt, 36 m. JN". of Brussels. It is strongly fortified on the land side, and has a large citadel on the ANZ— APU 75 o\x, a.s Invar; th, a-s in £&*»,• th, as in this ; n, nearly like rag*. 8. The commerce of Antwerp is still considerable, though but the shadow of what it was in the 16th century, when its population amounted to more than 200,000, and when, if we may believe the con- current testimony of different writers worthy of credit^ 500 vessels daily entered its port, and about 2,500 ordinarily lay at anchor there. It is estimated that this great emporium put into circulation every year 500,000,000 florins, and that the annual receipts from the imposts amounted to 2,000,000. (B.) Lat, 51° 14' N., Lon. 4° 22' E. Pop. in 1831, 77,199, (P. C.) Anzin, aN'-zaN^, a village of France, near Valenciennes, in the dep. of Nord, and the seat of the most extensive collieries in the kingdom. The number of pits amounts to 40, and some of them have been sunk to the depth of 1,476 feet (450 metres); 16,000 workmen are em- ployed here. (B.) Pop. of the village, 4,000. (P. C.) An-zoo-an/ (Anzuan or Aajouan), commonly called Jo-han'-na, the first in importance, though the second in size, of the Comoro Islands. The most southern point is in 12° 25' -S. Lat. ; the most eastern, 44° 34 E. Lon. Its eircumference is estimated at from 70 to 80 miles. The pop., much reduced of late, was formerly rated at 100,000. (P. C.) Aosta, a-os'-ta, a t. of Piedmont ; cap. of a duchy of the same name, situated nearly 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, and about 65 m. S. E. of Geneva. Lat. 45° 45' N., Lon. 7° 16' E. Pop. 5,500. (P. C.) Ap^-en-nine.s\, the general name for the great mountain system of Italy. This chain, beginning near Mount Appio, in the territory of Genoa, traverses Italy in its whole length. When near the end of its course, it divides into two branches, one of which runs S. E. towards the Capo di Leuca, while the other advances S. to the Strait of Mes- sina. Mount ^Etna, which may justly be regarded as forming a part of the Apennine system, and Mount Corno, in Abruzzo Ultra, are the highest points of the chain; the former having an elevation of about 10,870 feet (1,700 teises), the latter of 9,520 feet (1,489 toises). (B.) Ap-i\WiACH-j-co^LA, a r. formed by the union of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, in Ga. : it flows through Florida into a bay of its own name, communicating with the Gulf of Mexico. Length, 70 m. Appalachicola, a port of entry of Florida, cap. of Franklin co., at the mouth of the above r. Appenzell, ap v -pent-selK,a canton in the E. N. E. part of Switzerland. Area, 153 sq. m. Pop. 55,000. (B.) — Infeab, Afpenzeller, ap N -pent- eelMer. Appenzell^ a t of the above canton, on the Sitter, 40 m. E. by S. of Zurich. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Ap'-pung, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., S. of, and bordering on tho Aitamaha. Pop. 2,949. Seat of justice, Appling c. h. Ap'-po-mat^-tox, a r. in the S. E. part of Va., flowing into James r. Apt, apt, (Lat Ap'ta Jo'lia,) an ancient t. of France, in the dep. of Vaucluse, about 30 m. E. by S. of Avignon. Lat. 43° 53' N., Lon. 5°25'E. Pop. 5,433. (M. B.) Apure, a-poo'-ra, a r. of S. America, in Venezuela, which flows into 76 AQU— ARA Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, asr m g'CfOil, the Orinoco, Length estimated at 650 m. It is navigable through nearly the whole of its course, Aqui, a/-que, a t. of the Sardinian states, 47 m. E, S. E„ of Turin, noted for its warm sulphurous baths. Pop. 6,700. (IVL) Aquila, a'-que-la, a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Abruzzo Ultra, 57 m. N. E. of Rome. It is surrounded by walls, which are above 3 m. in extent, but a great portion of the enclased space is now occupied by gardens. This town holds a conspicuous place in history, and was long considered as the first city of the kingdom,, after Naples. Daring- the acme of its prosperity it could muster, it is said, 15,(100 armed men at the sound of the alarm belL The period of its greatest glory may be reckoned from about the middle of the 13th, to the beginning of the 16th century. Lat. 42° 20' N., Lon. 13° 28' E. Present pop, about 8,000. (B.) Aquino, a-quee'-no, (Ane. Aqui'num,) a decayed t. of Campania, in the kingdom of Naples. It was a large and populous city in the time of Strabo; the Via Latina passed through it. Juvenal, the Roman poet, was born in or near Aqwinum. This town suffered greatly from the invasions of the barbarians, on the fall of the Roman empire, and was at last utterly destroyed, during the wars of the emperors Conrad and Manfred against the popes. At present it contains scarcely 1,000 inhabitants. Lat. 41° 33' N., Lon. 13° 40' E. Aa-A^-Bj-A, an extensive country in the S.W. part of Asia, bounded on the N. by Syria and the river Euphrates, E. by the Persian Gulf, Si by the Indian Ocean, and W. by the Red Sea. Length from the north- ern extremity, on the Euphrates, to Cape Babelrnandel, about 1,500 m. ; breadth on the southern coast, from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf, 1,200 m. ; from Basrah to Suez, 900 m. It is commonly divided into three parts, Arabia Felix, or happy ; Petrsea, or stony ; and Deserta, or desert, Arabia Felix borders on the Persian Gul£ the Indian Ocean, and the S. part of the Red Sea ; Arabia Petrcea lies on the Red Sea, N. of Arabia Felix ; Arabia Deserta includes all the northern part of the country. Among the Arabians, these names are not known. They call Arabia Deserta, Nedjcd or Nej'd \ Arabia Pe- tresa, Hedjaz; Arabia Felix is divided into Yemen, Hadramaut, Oman, and Lahsa ; which will be treated of under their respective heads. This vast country contains but two rivers worthy of the name, the Mei'dam (ma N e-dam'), and the Shabv which descend from the plain of Yemen into the Indian Ocean. All the other streams either entirely disappear in summer, or descend from the mountains and are dried up before reaching the sea. (B.) Arabia has long been celebrated for the abundance of its odoriferous plants. Coffee, of a superior quality, is cultivated in Yemen. Grapes, maize, wheat, barley, beans of differ- ent kinds, tobacco, &c, are produced in this country. The gum Ara- bic is obtained from an indigenous tree called by naturalists the acacia vera. Arabia is remarkable in history for having almost uniformly main- tained its independence against the different conquering powers which ARA— ARA Tt ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. in ancient or modern times, have successively extended their sway over the neighbouring kingdoms. For this independence it has been chiefly indebted to those peculiar means of defence, with which it has been fur- nished by nature. Its vast and parching deserts have stood as a " wall of fire" against the encroachments of foreigners; at the same time the general sterility of the soil has afforded no sufficient motive for under- taking the conquest of a country, in which so many formidable, not to say insurmountable, difficulties must be encountered. This country is also remarkable as the birth-place of Mahomet, and the cradle of the Moslem religion, which, in a few years, extended its dominion over a large portion of Asia, the northern regions of Africa, and thence over the greater part of Spain. — Adj. Ar-a'-bj(-an, Arabic, ar'-a-bik, and Ara- besque, aY-a-besk/. — Inhab. Arab, aV-ah, and Arabian. Aracan. See Arracan. Arad, GV-od\ the name of two small towns of Hungary, situated in a county of the same name. Old Arad, (Ger. Alt- Arad, alt a'-rat ; Hung. C Arad ;) is on the r. Marosch. Lat. about 46° 10' N., Lon. 21° 20' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) New Arad, (Ger. Neu-Arad, noi a/-rat; Hung. Uj Arad, oo-e 6r-6d ;) an important fortress, on the opposite side of the Marosch, 2| m. from the old town. Aragon, aV-a-gon, (Sp. pron. aR-a-gone',) a large prov., formerly a kingdom of Spain, bounded on the N. by the Pyrenees, E. by Catalonia and a part of Valencia, S. by Valencia, and W. by Navarre and Old Castile. Length, from N. to S., about 200 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W., about 130 m. — Adj. and inhab. Ar'-a-gon-esV. Araguay, ar-a-gwi', a r. in the central part of Brazil, which flows into the Tocantins. Aral (aV-al), Sea of, a great inland lake of Asia, situated E. of the Caspian Sea, between the 43d and 47th degrees of N. Lat., and the 58th and 62d of E. Lon. Its length is about 290 m. from N. to S., its breadth varies from 130 to 250 m. The southern extremity is studded with innumerable small islands, at the mouth of the r. Amoo ; and from this circumstance it has received the name Aral, which, in the Tartar language, signifies island. It has no communication with the ocean, and though it receives several rivers, among which are the Amoo and Sihon, the level of this lake is constantly lowering. The waters are saline, but the exact proportion of salt has not been ascertained. (P. C.) Aranjuez, a-ran-nweth/, (Lat. A'ra Jo'vis, "altar of Jove,") a t. and royal palace of Spain, on the Tagus, 25 m. S. by E. from Madrid. It is the residence of the court ordinarily from Easter till the end of June. Permanent pop. about 4,000. (B.) Lat 40° 2' N., Lon. 3° 36' W. Ararat, aV-a-rat\ a celebrated mountain of Armenia, situated to the S. W. of the t. of Erivan, about 5 m. from the river Aras. It rises from the midst of a great plain, in two conical peaks, one of which ascends far above the limit of eternal snow, its height being about 17,260 feet above the level of the sea. It does not, however, rise to this great elevation, immediately from its base, but stands on the table land 'of 7* 78 aRA— ARD. Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met \ pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in good ; Armenia, which is stated by Ritter to be 7,000 feet above the level of the sea. The smaller cone is separated from the greater by a plain of considerable extent, and is much lower. The surrounding people regu- late their agricultural operations by the melting of the snow on the little Ararat, from the summit of which it entirely disappears in summer. Aras, ar^-as, (Anc. Arax^es), a r. of Armenia, which rises about 20 in. S. of Erzrcom, and, flowing easterly, empties itself into the Koor (Kur). Length estimated at above 500 m. Ar-au-cV-ni-ans, a nation of Indians of S. America, inhabiting a country bounded on the N. by the r. Bio-bio, E. by the great Cordillera of the Andes, S. by Valdivia, and W. by the Pacific Ocean ; extending along the coast about 180 m., with a breadth, from the sea to the crest of the Andes, of perhaps 150 m. They are a brave and hardy people, very jealous of their honour, hospitable, honest, grateful, generous, and humane ; but when not at war, indolent, haughty, and addicted to intoxication. The Araucaniarrs have sustained an almost uninter- rupted war against the Spaniards from the first invasion in 1537, until the present time. Their independence was formally acknowledged by Spain in 1773, and they were allowed to send an ambassador, who should reside at Santiago de Chili. (P. C.) Arbe, auMJa, an i. in the Gulf of Venice, containing an area of about 29 sq. m., and between 3,000 and 4,000 inhabitants. Also, a small t. on the above island. Lat. 44° 45' N., Lob. 14° 50 / E. (P. C.) Arbroath. See Aberbrotiiock. Archangel, ark-ane^-jel, (Russ. pron. aRK-angf-gel,) a prov. the most northern and the most extensive of Russia in Europe. Its super- ficial extent is estimated at 300,000 sq, m. Pop. perhaps 280,000. (P. C.) Archangel, an archiepiscopal t. ; the cap. of the above, on the Dwina, with a fine harbour, which, however, is ordinarily free from ice only from July to September. It was the only town in Russia of any commercial importance, previously to the founding of St. Petersburgh, in 1703; since which time its trade has diminished, though it is still the depository of foreign merchandise destined for Siberia. Pop. 19,262. (B.) Lat. 64° 32' N., Lon. 40° 43' E. Ar v -cot / , a decayed city of Hmdostan; the Mahometan cap. of the Carnatic. It is a place of great antiquity, and was once an important Indian fortress. Lat. 12° 54' N., Lon. 79° 22' E. Ardkche, aR v -daish/, a small r. of Franee, which flows into the Rhone, Ardeche, a dep. in the S. E. of France, W. of, and bordering on thts Rhone. Pop. 353,752. (B.) Capital, Privas. Ardennes, aR N -denn',* (Lat. Arduen'na Sil'va,) a celebrated forest of France, which gives name to the dep. of Ardennes. * In the works of some of the poets r this name is spelled Arden r in which caaa it is to be accentuated on the former syllable. "Beyond old Arden, in his sister's home" — ** The warrior who from Arben's fated fount Drank of the bitter waters of aversion." Southky's Joan of Arc, Books I and IV ARD— ARK 79 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Ardennes, a dep. in the N. of France, bordering on Belgium. Pop. 306,861. (B.) Capita], Mezieres. Ar'-drab, a small kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Guinea. — Also, the cap. of the above. Lat. near 7° N., Lon. 2° 30' E. Pop. estimated at 20,0U0. (B.) Arequipa, ar-a-kee'-pa, cap. of a prov. of the same name, and, after Lima, the largest and finest city of Peru, near the r. Quilca (keeF-ka), about 50 m. from the sea. It was founded by Pizarro, in 1539. The houses are built chiefly of stone ; low and very substantial, with a view to resist the shock of earthquakes. Its manufactures and trade are considerable. Pop. estimated at above 30,000. (B.) Arezzo, a-ret'-so, (Lat. Arre'tium,) an ancient and still considerable t. of Tuscany, 40 m. S. E. of Florence. Arretium was one of the most wealthy and populous cities of ancient Etruria, and has ever since held an important place in the history of Italy. Arezzo is remarkable for having been the birth-place of many distinguished men, among others, Guido, the first restorer of modern music, and the celebrated Petrarch. Lat. 43° 28 N., Lon. 11° 52' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Argent an, aR'-zhais N -taN^, a t. of France, in the dep. of Orne, 23 m. N. of Alencon. Lat. 48° 44' N., Lon. 0° V E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) Argenteuil, aR v -zhaN v -tm / , a t. of France, in the dep. of Seine and Oise, on the right bank of the Seine. Lat. 48° 56' N., Lon. 2° 14' E. Pop. 4,700. (P. C.) Argenttere, aR x -zhaN N -te-aiR^, a small t. of France, in the dep. of Ardeche, 20 m. S. W. of Privas. It derives its name from the mines of silver (argentum), wrought here in the 12th century. (M.) Argoon or Argun. See Amoor. Argostoli, ar-gos^-to-le, the chief t. of Cephalonia, with the best harbour in the island, and considerable commerce. Lat 38° 10' N., Lon. 20° 30' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Arg-yle' (often written Argyll), a shire in the W. of Scotland, bor- dering on the sea. Pop. 97,371. Argyro-Castro, ar'-ghe-ro-casf-tro, (Mod. Gr. ArgunZ-kastron, Turk. Ergree Kastree,) an inland t. of Albania. Lat. 40° 1' N., Lon. 20° 13' E. Pop. estimated at from 15,000 to 20,000. (P. C.) Arica, a-ree^-ka, a seaport t. of Peru, once a flourishing and popu- lous place, but now a miserable village. It has suffered much from earthquakes, particularly in 1608. During the war of independence, it was entirely desolated. Present pop. not above 400. (P. C.) Ariege, a v -re-aizh', a small r. of France, tributary to the Garonne. Ariege, a dep. in the S. of France, on the sources of the above r., and bordering on Spain. Pop. 260,536. (B.) Capital, Foix. Ar-kan^-sas or Ar^-kan-saw\ a r. of N. America; next to the Mis- souri, the largest affluent of the Mississippi. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, and, after a course of more than 2,000 m., flows into the Mississippi, in Lat. 33° 54' N., Lon. 91° 10' W. It is navigable almost 10 its source. Arkansas, one of the U. S., between 33° and 36° 30' N. Lat., and 80 ARK— ARM Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; 116, not ; 66 as in good , 89° 50' and 94° 40' VV. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Missouri, E. by the Mississippi r., which separates it from Tennessee and the state of Mississippi, S. by Louisiana, and W. by the Indian Territory ; and divided into 51 counties.* Length, from E. to W., 264 m. ; breadth, from N. to S., about 240. Area estimated at 54,500 sq. m. Pop. 209,639; of whom 162,068 are whites, 589 free coloured persons, and 46,982 slaves. Arkansas was admitted into the Union in 1836. Little Rock is the seat of government. Arkansas, a co. in the E. part of Arkansas, intersected by the Ar- kansas r. Pop. 3,245. Co. t. Arkansas. Ar-kee'-ko (Arkiko), a seaport on the W. coast of the Red Sea. Though a small and miserable place, it is the point through which all the maritime intercourse of Abyssinia is carried on. (P. C.) Lat. 15° 38' N., Lon. 39° 37' E. Arles, arlz, (Fr. pron. aid ; Lat. AreWte,) an ancient t. of France, on the left bank of the Rhone, about 50 m. W. N. W. of Marseilles. It formerly held a conspicuous place among the cities of Europe, but has fallen greatly to decay. The numerous existing ruins attest its former magnificence, and constitute its principal claims to our attention. Lat. 43° 40 N., Lon. 4° 38' E. Pop. 13,342. (M.) Armagh, ar v -ma^, an inland co. in the N. of Ireland. Pop. in 1831, 220,651. (P. C.) Armagh, a city of Ireland, and cap. of the above co. In the middle centuries it was celebrated as a place of learning, and, according to the Irish historians, had, at one time, 7,000 students at its college. At present it possesses several establishments for education, an observa- tory, a lunatic asylum, and a fever hospital. Armagh is the residence of an English archbishop, who is styled Primate of all Ireland. The Observatory is in 54° 21' 12" N. Lat., and 6° 38' 52" W. Lon. Pop. in 1834, 10,764. (M.) Armagnac, aR v -man N -yak^, formerly a county of Gascony, in France ; now chiefly comprehended in the dep. of Gers. — Adj. and inhab. Ar- magnac. Ar-me'-ni-a (Turk. Ermineetyeh), a country of Asia Minor. It is not defined by any permanent natural boundaries. In the course of its history, we find its limits exposed to continual changes. In its widest application, it may be said to embrace the country from L. Ooroomeeyeh (Ourmiah), and the junction of the rivers Koor and Aras, on the E., to the upper course of the Kizil Ermac, on the W. ; and from the upper course of the rivers Tchorak and Koor, on the N., to the Taurian Mountains, in the direction of Beer, Mardeen and Nisibis, on the S. The country, in general, is mountainous, and, owing to its height • Arkansas, Ashley, Benton, Bradley, Carroll, Chicot, Clarke, Conway, Craw- ford, Crittenden, Desha, Drew, Francis St., Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Hemp- stead, Hot Spring, Independence, Izard, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Lafayette, Lawrence, Madison, Marion, Miller, Mississippi, Monroe, Montgomery,Newton, Phillips, Pike, Poinsett, Polk, Pope, Prairie, Pulaski, Randolph, Saline, Scott, Searcy, Sevier, Union, Van Buren, Washington, Washita, White, Yell. ARM— ARR 81 ou, as in our , th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. above the level of the sea, is colder than might have been expected from its geographical position. (See Ararat.) The principal produc- tions are wheat, barley, cotton, hemp, tobacco, and manna, besides va- rious fruits. Many of the Armenians are engaged in trade, and bear a high character for integrity in their dealings. They form the chief class of traders in the Persian empire, and are found scattered ovei various other parts of the world. Their religion is a species of Chris- tianity. — Adj. and inhab. Ar-me'-ni-an. Armentieres, aR x -maN x -te-aiR', a t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, near the Belgian frontier, on the Lys, 10 m. N. N. W. of Lille. Lat. 50° 41' N., Lon. 2° 52' E. Pop. 7,700. (M. B.) Armstrong, a co. in the W. part of Pa., N. E. of Pittsburg, and intersected by the Alleghany r. Pop. 29,560. Co. t. Kittaning. Arn'-hem (supposed to be the Roman Arenacum), a fortified city of the Netherlands ; cap. of Guelderland. It was formerly one of the Hanse towns. Lat. 52° N., Lon. 5° 52' E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) Ar'-no (Lat. Ar'nus), the principal river of Tuscany, rises in the Apennines, and, passing through Florence and Pisa, flows into the sea, about 5 m. W. of the latter town. Length about 150 m. It is naviga- ble to Florence. Arnsberg, aRns'-btRG, or Arensberg, a t. of the Prussian States ; cap. of a circle of the same name ; the largest of the three circles which form the prov. of Westphalia. Lat. 51° 24' N., Lon. 8° V E. Pop. 3,200. (B.) Arnstadt, aRn^-statt, a t. of Saxonv, on the Gera, 11 m. S. of Erfurt. Lat. 50° 49' N., Lon. 10° 57' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Ar-oos'-took, a co. forming the N. E. part of Maine. Pop. 12,535. Co. t. Houlton. Arpino, aR-pee'-no, (Anc. Arpi'num,) a city of Naples, near the con- fines of the kingdom, about 60 m. S. E. of Rome. It is celebrated as the birth-place of Cicero and Marius, to which circumstance it was once indebted for its preservation. In the wars between the houses of Anjou and Aragon, for the possession of the kingdom of Naples, Arpino took part with the French against the Aragonese and the Pope. The pontiff (Pius II.) generously commanded Orsini, his successful captain, to " spare Arpino for the memory of Caius Marius and Marcus Tullius." It has manufactories of parchment, leather, paper, and of the best cloth made in the kingdom. Lat. 41° 41' N., Lon. 13° 37' E. Pop. esti- mated at above 8,000. (B.) Ar v -ra-can^ or Aracan (called by the natives Rakhamg), a country of Chin-India, lying along the E. shore of the Bay of Bengal, between 17° and 21° 30' N. Lat, and 92° 20' and 94° 30' E. Lon. It formerly belonged to the Burmese empire, but in 1826 became one of the pos- sessions of the East India Company. Its extreme length, from N.N W. to S. S. E., is, perhaps, 230 m., and its average breadth about 50 m. (P. C.) Arracan, the ancient cap. of the above prov., on a small river of the same name. It was once a flourishing and populous city, so that the 82 ARR— ASH Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in good , number of its inhabitants was estimated at above 100,000, but at pre- sent it does not probably amount to a third of that number. (B.) Lat. 20° 43' N., Lon. 93° 25' E. Au^-ran, a mountainous and romantic i. on the W. coast of Scotland, forming a part of Buteshire. It is more than 20 m. long, and about 12, wide. Pop. 6,241. Ar'-ras (Fr. pron. ar'-ras^), a fortified and important t. of France ; formerly the cap. of Artois, and now of the dep. of Pas de Calais^ on the S. bank of the river Scarpe, which begins here to be navigable, 108 m. N. by E. of Paris. It was the cap. of the ancient Atreba'tes, from which it derives its name, and was a manufacturing t. in the time of St. Jerome, about the beginning of the 5th century. Robespierre was a native of Arras. Lat. 50° 17' N., Lon. 2° 46' E. Pop. 23,485. (B.) Arroe. See JEroe. Ar'-ta (Anc. Ambra'cia, Turk. Nar^-da), a t. of Albania, on a river of the same name. It was a few years since a flourishing place, with a population estimated at above 9,000, (B.) ; but it suffered greatly in the struggle for Grecian freedom. Lat. 39° 13' N., Lon. 21° 4' E. Artois, aR v -twa^, a former prov. of France, now comprehended in the dep. of Pas de Calais. It takes its name from the Atreba'tes, a nation of the ancient Gauls, who inhabited this region, and from whose name Arras is also derived. Arundel, aV-un-del, a t. of England, on the Arun, in the co. of Sus- sex, 50 m. S. S. W. of London. Lat. 50° 51' N., Lon. 0° 33' W. Pop. 2,624. Asaph (az'-af) St., an ancient city of Wales, in Flintshire, about 5 m. from the sea. Pop. of the parish, 3,338. Ascension, as-sen'-shun, an i. in the S. Atlantic, between Africa and Brazil. It is 7| m. long, and 6 m. wide. It owes its name to the cir- cumstance of its having been discovered on Ascension-day, in 1501. It was then barren and entirely uninhabited by men. In 1815 the British took possession of the island, as a military station, and established a garrison there. Lat. of the fort, 7° 56' N., Lon. 14° 24' W. Ascension, a parish in the central part of Louisiana, lying on both sides of the Mississippi. Pop. 10,752. Seat of justi.ce, Donaldsonville. Asch-af^-fen-burg x or a-shaf /-fen-bo 6 rg\ a principality of Germany, now belonging to Bavaria. — Also, a t in the above principality, 25 m. S. E. of Frankfort. Lat. 50° V N., Lon. 9° T E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Aschersleben, ash v -ers-laM)en, a t. of Germany, in a circle of the same name, 18 m. S. E. of Halberstadt. Lat. 51° 46' N., Lon. 11° 27 E. Pop. 9 ? f :0. (B.) Ascoli, Ss'-ko-le, (Lat. As'culum), a t. of the Papal State, 15 m. N. W. of Teramo. It was a place of importance in the time of the Romans, and we find it often mentioned both in ancient and modern history. Ascoli is one of the best built and most pleasant towns in the Papal State. Lat. 42° 50' N., Lon. 13° 37' E ; Pop. 12,000. (P. C.) Ash-an^-tee, a powerful kingdom of Africa, on the Gold Coast, .(bunded during the last century, by Sai Tootoo. Little is known to ASH— ASS 83 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Europeans respecting the internal geography of this country ; along the coast, it is considered as extending from the r. Volta, or Aswada, which separates it from Dahomey on the E., to the r. Assinee on the W. But its actual extent, including the tributary kingdoms, appears to be somewhat greater. The Ashantees are a brave, and, to a consi- derable degree, may be regarded as a civilized people. Their military enterprises have been attended with the most wonderful success; and a multitude of different states, amounting to near fifty, according to ono writer, have been either incoporated into the empire or reduced to the condition of tributaries. Even the English, on the coast, were at ono time compelled to purchase, with liberal presents, the peace of this warlike and powerful nation. — The Ashantees have schools, where the pupils are taught to read and write Arabic, and appear also to possess some skill in sculpture and other arts. They manufacture cloths of cotton, and sometimes of cotton and silk interwoven. Many of these cloths are of great fineness of texture, and their colour of the highest brilliancy. They also make earthenware, tan leather, and work in iron. The pop. of the empire of the Ashantees is estimated by Balbi at 3,C00,000. The capital is Coomassie. Ashe, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of N. C. Pop. 8,777. Co. t. Jeftersonton. Ashtabula, ash x -ta-buMa, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Ohio, bordering on Lake Erie. Pop. 28,766. Co. t. Jefferson. Ash'-tcn-under-Lyne, a manufacturing t. of Eng. in Lancashire, 6^ m. E. of Manchester. It is a well built and rapidly increasing town. The pop. in 1831 exceeded that in 1821 by more than 5,000, and the last census gives 7,841 more than that of 1831. This great increase is attributed, in part, to the employment of labourers on the Sheffield and Manchester railroad. Present pop. 22,678. Asia, a^she-a, one of the five grand divisions of the globe, bounded on the N. by the Black Sea and the Frozen Ocean, E. by the Pacific, S. by the Indian Ocean, W. by the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, the Archipelago, the Sea of Marmora, the Black Sea, the river Ural, the Ural Mountains, and lastly, by the river and sea of Kara. The most northern point of this continent is Northeast Cape, near 78° N. Lai, and 104° E. Lon. : the most southern is formed by the extremity of the Malay Peninsula, which extends to about 1° 20' N. Lat. Cape Baba, in Asia Minor, in Lat. about 39° 30' N., Lon. 26° 5' E., forms its west- ern, and East Cape, in 66° 5' N. Lat. and Lon. 169° 40' W., its eastern extremity. The extreme length of this continent, from the Isthmus of Suez to Behring's Strait, is above 7,000 m. ; the greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 5,300. The area is estimated by Hassel, at about 16,700,000 sq. m. Pop. estimated by Balbi, at above 525,000,000.— Adj. Asiatic, a x -she-atMk, and Asian, a'-she-an (poetical). Inhab. Asiatic. As v -sam^, a country of Asia, lying beyond the Ganges, bounded on the N. by the mountains of Bootan and Thibet, E. by the countries tri- butary to Ava and China, S. by the Garrow Mountains, and W. by F 84 ASS— AST Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pm; n6, not; 66 as in good; Bengal. Of the early history of Assam, little is known. It has more recently been under the dominion of the Burmese, till in 1824, when they were expelled by the English, and it is now a dependent of the East India Company. Present pop. estimated at 200,000. (P. C.) Assen, as'-sen, a little t. of Holland ; cap. of the prov. of Drenthe, 15 m. S. of Groningen. Pop. 1,200. (B.) Assisi, as-see'-se, (Anc. Assi'sium,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal State and prov. of Umbria. Lat. 43° 4' N., Lon. 12° 35' E. Pop. estimated at 4,000. (B.) Assouan or Assuan. See Asswan. Assumption, as-sump'-shun, a parish in the central part of Louisiana, W. of New Orleans. Pop. 10,538. Seat of justice, Assumption c. h. Assumption (Sp. Asuncion, a-soon-the-one' or a-soon-se-one/), the cap. of Paraguay, in South America, situated on the E. bank of the r. Para- guay. Lat. 25° 22' S., Lon. 57° 40' W. Pop. estimated at 12,000. (B.) As-swan' (Assuan or Assouan), a small t. of Upper Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, remarkable for its commerce, its picturesque situation, and the monuments of antiquity which are found in its neighbourhood. Close to it, on the south, may be seen the ruins of the town built by the Arabs, on the site of the ancient Syene. Lat. 24° 5' N., Lon. 32° 55' E. — Adj. and inhab. As-swAn'-ee. Asterabad, as N -ter-a-kW, or Astrabad, a small prov. in the N. E. part of Persia.— Also the cap. of above. Lat. 36° 50' N., Lon. 54° 35' E. Pop. estimated at 40,000. (B.) Asti, as'-te, (Lat. Ast'a,) a t. of Piedmont, cap. of a prov. of the same name on the N. bank of the Tanaro, on the high road from Turin to Alexandria. This place has been distinguished both in ancient and modern historv, and is remarkable as being the birth-place of the great Italian poet, Alfieri. Lat. 44° 57 N., Lon. 8° 12' E. Pop. 22,000. (P. C.) Astorga, as-toR^-ga, (the Astu'rica Augusta of the Romans,) a t. of Spain, in Leon. It was once the capital of Astu^res, and is called by Pliny a magnificent city. It contains some interesting remains of anti- quity. Lat. 42° 27 N., Lon. 6° 10' W. Pop. 4,000. (M.) As-to'-rj-a, a settlement at the mouth of the Columbia r., made by the" American Pur Company, so called from Mr. Astor, of New York. Lat. 46° 14' N., Lon. near 126° W. As v -tra-ki_ian', (Russ. pron. as-tra-K'W,) a t. of Russia, in Europe, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an island formed by the Volga at its entrance into the Caspian Sea. It has a fine citadel, called Krem, or Kremlin, and numerous churches, with steeples and minarets ; but the houses are generally of a mean appearance, and built of wood ; the streets unpaved, irregular and dirty. Astrakhan is remarkable for its manufactures as well as its commerce; its harbour is the most fre- quented of any on the Caspian. It is the seat both of an Armenian and Russian archbishopric. Lat. 46° 21 N., Lon. 48° 3' E. Permanent pop. about 40,000. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. As'-tra-khan-epe'. Asturias, as-too'-re-as, a prov. in the N. of Spain ; bounded on the N. by the Bay of Biscay, E. by Old Castile, S. by Leon and W. by ATA— ATH 86 ou, as ill our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. Galicia. Length, from E. to W., about 150 m. ; breadth, from N. to S., 50 m. — Adj. and inhab. Asturian, as-too'-re-an. Atacama, at-a-ca7-ma, a district of S. America, belonging to Bolivia, and comprehending all the country of that republic which lies between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. It is bounded on the N. by the r. Loa, between 21° and 22° S. Lat., and on the S. by the Salado, near 26° S. Lat. ; so that it extends along the coast perhaps 250 m., while its breadth is from 25 to 40 m. It is divided into the Upper and Lower country. The latter is in almost every part an uninhabited desert. No rain ever falls on this coast, but in some places the soil is occasionally refreshed by mists and dews. (P. C.) Atchafalaya, ach-af-a-li'-a, (an Indian word, signifying "lost wa- ter,") a large bayou in La., which detaches itself from the right bank of the Red r., near its confluence with the Mississippi ; and, after re- ceiving the waters of L. Chetimaches and the r. Plaquemines, flows into Atchafalaya Bay. Its whole course is about 200 m. Atch-een', or Aciieen, a kingdom on the N. W. part of the island of Sumatra. Also, the chief city of the above kingdom. Lat. 5° 36' N., Lon. about 95° 20' E. It contains about 8,000 houses, built chiefly of bamboo. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Atch-in-e§e'. At'-fe', sometimes written Atfih, (Anc. Aphroditop^olis, or "city of Venus,") a town of Egypt, on the right side of the Nile, 45 m. S. of Cairo. Lat. 29° 28' N., Lon. 31° 28' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) Ath or A ath, alt, a commercial t. of Belgium, in the prov. of Hain- ault, on the Dender, 32 m. W. S. W. of Brussels. Lat. 50° 42' N., Lon. 3° 46' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Ath-a-pes^-c6w or Athabasca, the name of a river and lake in the N. W. part of N. America. The river rises near the Rocky Moun- tains, and flowing, for the most part, in a northerly direction, falls into the lake of the same name, by several channels. Athapescow Lake, also called the Lake of the Hills, is situated about 170 m. S. E. of the great Slave Lake ; it is nearly 200 m. long, but its average width is not more than 20 in. Fort Chipewyan, at the W. S. W. extremity of the lake, is in Lat. 58° 42' N., Lon. 111° 18' W. Ath-boy', a t. of Ireland, in Meath, 30 m. N. W. of Dublin. Ath'-ens, (Lat. Athe'nse, Gr. Afloat,) a celebrated city of Greece, the capital of ancient Attica, founded, according to common account, by Cecrops, about 1550 B. C. It is situated about 5 m. from the sea- coast ; the little river Ilissus flows near the city, on the S. E., and the Cephisus on the N. W. — Passing over the well-known epoch in which Athens was the most powerful and most illustrious of all the Grecian states, we shall briefly mention that it was captured by the Romans under Sylla (86 B. C). This was the first time the fortifications of Athens had been forced by an enemy. After remaining several centu- ries in a state of inglorious repose, it shared the fate of the rest of the empire, in being ravaged and plundered by the barbarians. Soon after the fall of Constantinople, in 1453, it was completely incorporated with the Turkish dominions; in which condition it remained till the late 8 86 ATH— ATR Fate, far, fall, fit ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 55, as in good, successful struggle for Grecian freedom. Notwithstanding all the vicissitudes which Athens has undergone, there still remain ample monuments to attest its former grandeur. The ruins of the temple of Theseus, the arch of Hadrian, and the buildings of the Acropolis, espe- cially the Parthenon, may be mentioned as among the most remarkable. The walls of this once magnificent city are entirely demolished, but their foundations have been traced, by late travellers, under the shrubs which cover the plains. Athens is situated in Lat 37° 58' N., Lon. 23° 46' E. The pop., before the late insurrection which threw off the Turk- ish yoke, was estimated from 12,000 to 15,000, but, at the termination of the war, did not probably amount to a third of the number. (B.) In 1834, it was declared the capital of the new kingdom of Greece, and it seems likely to recover, in time, some share of its former importance. P. 1845 27,800. Adj. and inhab. Ath-e'-ni-an. Athens, a t. of Ga., in Clark co., on the Oconee, 92 m. W. N. W. of Augusta : it is the seat of the University of Georgia. Pop. 3,795. Athens, a co. in the S. E. part of Ohio. Pop. 18,215. Athens, a small t. of Ohio, cap. of the above co., with a college called the University of Ohio, founded in 1821. Athens, New, a small place in Ohio, 18m. N. W. of Wheeling: it is the seat of Franklin College. Ath-lone', a borough of Ireland, on the Shannon, being partly in the co. of West Meath, and partly in that of Roscommon, about 70 m. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 11,406. (P. C.) Ath'-os, Mount, (It. Monte Sacro, Gr. Hagion Oros, i. e. Holy Moun- tain, so called from the number of monasteries, chapels, &c, on its sides,) a celebrated mountain of Macedonia, on a peninsula W. of the island of Lemnos, and rising abruptly from the sea to the height of 6,349 feet. Lat. 40° 9' N„ Lon. 24° 20' E. Athy, ath-i', a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Kildare, about 38 m. W.S. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,494. (P. C.) Atina, a-tee'-na, an ancient t. of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 10 m. N. of Aquino. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) It is mentioned under its present name by Virgil (iEneid. Lib. VII. 630), as at that time an im- portant city. At-lan'-tic Ocean, that part of the ocean which separates the old from the new world : it washes the eastern shore of America and the western shores of Europe and Africa. Its width may be estimated at 3,000 m. The name was given on account of its vicinity to the Atlas mountains. Atlantic, a co. in the S. E. part of N. J., bordering on the sea. Pop. 8,961. Co. t. May's Landing. At^-las, a chain of mountains running through the north-western part of Africa, and separating the cultivated country from the great desert. The highest summits are estimated to be 2,000 toises (B.), or about 12,790 English feet above the level of the sea. Atooi. See Atui. Atri, a'-tre, (anciently Hat/ria Pice'na,) a t. of Naples, in the prov ATT— AUG 87 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. of Teramo, about 4 m. from the coast of the Adriatic, and 12 m. S. E. of Terarno. Hatria was once a place of considerable importance, but the present town is a small and poor place, and partly in ruins. At'-ta-la, a co. in the central part of Miss. Pop. 10,999. Co. seat, Kosciusco. Attigny, at'-teen x -ye', a small t. of France, in the dep. of Ardennes, on the Aisne, 31 m. N. E. of Rheims, anciently one of the summer resi- dences of the kings of France. At x tock/, or Attock Benares (ben-a^-rez), a city and fortress on the E. bank of the Sinde or Indus, belonging- to Lahore. Lat. 33° 52' N., Lon. 72° 10' E. Atui, a-too-I^ one of the Sandwich islands, in Lat. 21° 57' N., Lon. 100° VV. Aube, obe, a small r. of France, flowing into the Seine. Aube, a dep. in the N. E. central part of France, intersected by the above r. and by the Seine. Pop. 253,870. (B.) Capital, Troyes. Au^burn, the chief t. of Cayuga co., N. Y., about 170 m. W. of Al- bany, on the outlet of the Owasco lake, a fine stream, with numerous mill seats. It is incorporated, and contains a theological seminary, founded by the Presbyterians in 1821. It is chiefly remarkable for the state prison established here, and conducted on a peculiar system of prison discipline. Pop. 9,548. Aubusson, 6 v -bu.s v -soNf, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. o Creuse, on the r. Creuse, 23 m. S.E. of Gueret. Pop.'above 4,000. (P.O.; Auch, osh, an archiepiscopal t. of France ; cap. of the dep. of Gers, on the r. Gers. Among its buildings the ancient cathedral deserves to be mentioned. Lat. 43° 38' N., Lon. 35' E. Pop. 10,461. (B.) Aude, ode, (Anc. A'tax,) a r. in the S. of France, rising in the Py- renees, and flowing into the Mediterranean. Aude, a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by the above r., and bordering on the Mediterranean. Pop. 281,088. (B.) Capital, Car- cassone. Auerback, ou'-er-MK, a i. of Saxony, 70 m. W. S. W. of Dresden, famous for its manufacture of a metallic composition, called Rodeivisch, which employs about 2,500 persons from the neighbouring villages. Pop. 3,000. (B.) Augs^-burg (Ger. pron. ougsM)66rg), the cap. of the circle of the Upper Danube, in Bavaria, at the confluence of the Wertach and Lech. It has numerous scientific and literary institutions, and is distinguished for its works in gold and jewelry, its manufactures of clocks and watches, and of philosophical and mathematical instruments. Lat. 48° 21' N., Lon. 10° 54' E. Pop. 34,000. (B.) The Roman emperor Augustus planted a colony here about 12 years before the Christian era, which was called Augusta Vindelico'rum. Augsburg appears to be a contraction of August-burg ; i. e. the " castle of Augustus." Augusta. See Agosta. Au-gus'-ta, the cap. of the state of Maine, and of Kennebeck co., on 88 AUG— AUS Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good, the r. Kennebec, about 52 m., in a direct line, N. N. E. of Portland. Lat. 44° 19' N., Lon. 69° 50' W. Pop. 8,225. Augusta, a t. of Ga., on the right bank of the Savannah r., aboul 80 m., in a straight line, E. of Milledgeville. Lat. 33° 28' N, Lon. 81° 54' W. Pop. 9,559. Augusta, a t. of Ky. : cap. of Brecken co. It has a college, under the direction of the Methodists, founded in 1825. Augusta, a co. in the centre of Virginia. Pop. 24,610. Co. t. Staunton. Augustine, St., sent au -gus-teen^, a city and port of entry of Florida; cap. of St. John's co., on an inlet about 2 m. from the main ocean. The harbour is defended by a fort. This place is much resorted to during winter, by invalids from the northern states. Lat. 29° 48' 30" N., Lon. 81° 35' W. Pop. 1,934. Aurungabad, 6-rung'-ga-Md', a prov. of Hindostan, situated in the Dekkan. — Also, the cap. of the above, formerly called Gurka, but, becoming a favourite residence of Aurungzebe (pronounced 6-rung- zeeb'), it received from this circumstance its present name. The palace of that monarch, now in ruins, covers an extensive space. The whole city is rapidly falling to decay, but in 1825 was said still to con- tain a population of 60,000. (P. C.) Lat. 19° 54' N., Lon. 75° 33' E. Aus'-ter-litz^ (Ger. pron. ous^-tcr-lits), a t. of Austria, in Moravia, about 13 m. E. of Briinn, celebrated for a great victory obtained by Napoleon over the emperors of Austria and Russia, in 1805. Pop. about 2,000. (B.) Australasia. See Oceanica. Aus-tra'-li-a. (See Int. XI.) A term sometimes employed like Aus- tralasia, to designate the fifth grand division of the globe, but more generally restricted to that portion of Oceanica which is situated imme- diately S. and S. E. of Malaisia, between 1° N. 55° S. Lat, and 110° and 180° E. Lon., including New Holland, (the Australian continent,) the islands of New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, the Solo- mon Islands, New Britain, New Ireland, Papua or New Guinea, besides many smaller islands. — Adj. Aus-tra^-lj-an. Australian Continent, or New Holland, is situated in the South Sea, between 10°30 / and 39° S. Lat. and 113° and 153° 20 / E. Lon. Length from E. to W. about 2400 miles, greatest breadth from N. to S., near 2000 miles. Area estimated at 3,500,000 sq. miles. The form of this continent is very compact, having only two large indent- ations, the Gulf of Carpentaria on the N. and Spencer's Gulf on the S. It is distinguished from all other parts of the globe by the general character of its plants and animals, as well as the nature of the coun- try. Perhaps the most remarkable feature of this " land of anomalies" is the absence of permanently navigable rivers. The Murray, which, with its affluents, drains a surface of 400,000 square miles, discharges its waters into the sea by a mouth so miserably small that it was over- looked by the first explorers of the coast. The central regions of Australia are entirely unknown, and the AUS— AUX 89 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. coasts have been only partially explored, except the eastern, on which the first settlement was made. There are mountains whose summits are covered with perpetual snow ; but a large portion of the country appears to be flat land, which is sometimes marshy and flooded with water, and at other times so parched as to be a perfect desert. A chain of mountains extends nearly parallel with the eastern coast, at a distance which varies from 50 to 80 miles. Different parts of this range have received the names of the Warragong and the Blue Mountains. The most fertile soil is confined to the higher regions, which are separated from each other by extensive sandy deserts. Lying to the south of the equator, its seasons are the reverse of ours. One-third lies within the torrid and two-thirds in the temperate zone. The climate of the latter is subject to great vicissitudes of tem- perature and moisture. A year of complete drought is sometimes followed by a year of floods ; but here the hot is generally the dry season — a circumstance favourable to health. The heat of December rises to 112° Fahrenheit, and the forests and grass have been known to take fire spontaneously. (M. B.) The aboriginal inhabitants are classed in the same grand division of the human race with the African negro, but appear to be decidedly inferior, both in their physical constitution and in their intellectual and moral faculties. They are the only people of whom we have any knowledge that go completely naked. Of 5440 species of plants which have been discovered, only 270 are indigenous in the other divisions of the globe. The forests consist entirely of evergreens, and ferns and grasses in some cases attain the size of trees. A species of acacia which bears no leaves is very numerous, and gives a singular aspect to the forests. They also contain the cedar, rosewood, and a kind of mahogany, (Eucalyptus.) The palms are not very abundant, and are confined to the intertropical regions. There is a remarkable deficiency of useful native fruits and alimentary plants. Animal life in Australia assumes a form still more anomalous than that which marks its vegetation. Among 58 species of quadrupeds which exist here, 46 are peculiar to this conti- nent ; and 33 of these belong to the order of Marsupials, including the kangaroo, which is the largest animal of the country. The singu- lar Ornithorhyncus paradoxus, is found only here, an oviparous quad- ruped which is covered with fur, but has webbed feet and a bill like a duck. The dogs, it is said, never bark, and the swans are entirely black. The mineral resources of Australia are extremely great. Immense coal-fields occur in the Blue Mountains, and on the eastern coast, and copper is found in abundance. In May, 1851, a gold mine, which is said to rival those of California in richness, was discovered near the Macquarrie river. The locality is in a hilly and barren region, 33 m. W. from Bathurst, and 148. m. from Sidney. Before the end of the year, another rich deposit was found, 40 or 50 miles from the town of Geelong, on the southern coast. These discoveries, of course, 90 . AVA— AVI Fite, far, fall, fat; me, met ; phie, or pine, pin ; no, n6t; oo as in good; produced a prodigious excitement in the colony. Before five months had elapsed, 10,000 persons had collected at this " Ophir of the Anti- podes/' and hundreds were arriving daily. The ships in the ports were deserted by their crews, and ordinary business was paralysed. The Australian journals estimate that the increase of population in 1852, will not be less than 100,000, which will raise that of the continent to half a million. See New South "Wales. Aus^-tri-a (Ger. Oestreich, ostf-riKe), an empire of Europe, lying" between 42° and 51° N. Lat., and 8° 30' and 26° 50' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. W. and N. by Saxony and Prussia, N. E. and E. by the re- public of Cracow and by the Russian and Turkish provinces, S. by Turkey, the Gulf of Venice, the territories of the Pope, Modena, and Parma, and W. by the Sardinian States, Switzerland, and Ger- many. The length is estimated at 870, the breadth at 690 m. The superficial extent, according to Balbi, is about 259,300 sq. m. The pop. in 1848 amounted to 37,850,000. The empire of Austria is composed of the kingdoms of Bohemia, Galicia, Hungary, Ulyria, Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia, and the governments of Lower and Upper Austria, Styria, Trieste, Tyrol, Transylvania, the Military Frontier, and Austrian Italy, or the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, besides some smaller districts, such as Great and Little Cumania, &c. These will be treated of under their respective heads. The name Oest- reich, which signifies " eastern empire," arose from this territory having been the eastern part of the dominions of Charlemagne. The area of Austria at that time scarcely exceeded that of the present archduchy. Vienna is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Aus'-trj-an. Austria, Archduchy of, which constitutes the principal part of the hereditary dominions of the house of Austria, is bounded on the N. by Bohemia and Moravia, E. by Hungary, S. by Styria, Ulyria, and Tyrol, and W. by Tyrol and Bavaria. Area about 14,881 sq. m. It is divided into Lower and Upper Austria. The former occupies the eastern, the latter the western portion of the archduchy. Au-tau'-ga, a co. in the central part of Ala., N. of, and bordering on the Alabama r. Pop. 15,023. Co. t. Washington. Autun, o^-Uin', a city of France, on the r. Arroux, in the dep. of the Saone and Loire, 164 m. S. E. of Paris. This town existed before the Roman conquest under the name of Bibrac'te ; after the time of Au- gustus, it was called Augustodu'num, of which Autun is a corruption. A number of interesting ruins may be seen here. Lat. 46° 57' N., Lon. 4° 18' E. Pop. 10.0H0. Auvergne, 6 v -vern' or 6 v -vaiRrV, formerly a prov. of France, now di\uded into the deps. of Cantal and Puy de Dome. The name is derived from the Arverni, an ancient nation who inhabited this part of Gaul. Auxerre, o v -sahV, (Anc. Autissiodu'rum,) a city of France: cap. of the dep. of Yonne, on the r. Yonne, 92 m. S. E. of Paris. Lat. 47° 48 N , Lon. 3° 34' E. Pop. 10,989. (B.) Auxonne, ox'-onn^, or Aussonne, 6 x -sonn', a fortified t. of France, in AVI— AVI 91 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. the dep. of C6te d'Or, on the Saone, 19 m. S. E. of Dijon. Pop. in 1832, about 5,000. (P. C.) Ava. See Birma. Avallon, a'-var-loN 7 , a t. of France, in the dep. of the Yonne, 120 m, S. E. of Paris. Pop. above 5,000. (P. C.) Aveiro, a-va^e-ro, a city of Portugal, in the prov. ©f Beira. Lat, 40° 38' N., Lon. 8° 38 / W. Pop. 4,000. (B.) Avella, a-velMa, a t. in the kingdom of Naples, 20 m. N. E. of the capital. Near to it are the ruins of the ancient Abel'la, from which its name has been derived. Pop. 5,000. (M.) Avellino, a-vel-lee'-no, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Naples ; cap. of the prov. of Principato Ultra, 30 m. E. by N. of Naples. Lat 40° 55' N., Lon. 14° 45' E. Pop. 13,001). (B.) Avenches, a x -vaNshf, (Lat. Aven'ticum,) a little t. of Switzerland, about 3 m. from the Lake of Morat, and 20 m. W. S. W. of Bern, remarkable for the Roman antiquities found in its vicinity. Averno, a-veR/-no, (Anc. Aver'nus,) a celebrated lake in the vicinity of Naples, about 2b m. N. W. of Pozzuoli. It is circular, and about 1£ m. in circumference. Aversa, a-viR'-sa, a t. in the kingdom of Naples, 12 m. N. by W. of the capital. It contains a large foundling hospital, and a lunatic asylum, which ranks among the best establishments of the kind in Europe. Lat. 40° 57' N., Lon. 14° 11' E. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B j Avesnes, a v -vain^, a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, 123 m. N. E. of Paris. Pop. about 4,000. (P. C.) Aveyron, a N -va N -r,| a fortified city and port of Spain, the cap. of Catalonia, on the Mediterranean, in the midst of a delightful and highly cultivated country. It is well built, and contains eight colleges, besides several other scientiic and literary institutions. Lat. 41° 21' N., Lon. 2° 10' E. Pop. 12>,0O0. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Bar-cel-o^-ni-an. Barcelona, a t. of S. America, in the republic of Venezuela, and cap. of a province of the same name. Lat. 10° 6' N., Lon. 64° 44' W. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Bareilly, bar-aMe, a t. of Delhi, Hindostan, and cap. of a district of the same name. Lat. 28° 23' N., Lon. 79° 16 E. Pop. above 66,000. (B.) Bar^-gain-town.\ a small village and port of entry of N. J., in At- lantic co., about 4 m. from Great Egg Harbour. Bari, ba'-re, (Anc. Ba/rium,) an arebiepiscopal t. of Naples, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, with a harbour on the Adriatic. Lat. 41° 8' N., Lon. 16° 55' E. Pop. 19,000. (B.) Barinas. See Varinas. Barletta, baR-letf-ta, a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Bari, on the coast of the Adriatic, 112 m. E. N. E. of Naples. Lat. 41° 20' N., Lon. 16° 18' E. Pop. estimated at above 18,000. (B.) Barnaul, bar s -noul', an important mining t. of Russia, in the govern- ment of Tomsk. Lat. 5S° 20' N., Lon. 83° 26' E. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.) Barns'-ley, a t. of England, in the co. of York, 13 m. N. of Sheffield. Pop. of the chapelry, with an area of about 6sq. m., 12,310. Barn^-sta-ble, a co. of Mass., comprising the whole peninsula of Cape Cod, the Elizabeth and some other islands. Pop. 35,276. Barnstable, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., on a little bay to which it gives its name. Lat. 41° 42' N., Lon. 70° 19' W. Pop. of the township, 4,901. Barn^-sta-ple, a seaport 1 of England, in North Devon, 34 m. N. W. of Exeter. ' Lat. 51° 5' N., Lon. 4° 4' W. Pop. 7,902. Barn'-well, a dist. in the S. W. part of S. C, bordering on the Savau* nah r. Pop. 21,471. Seat of justice, Barnwell c. h. BAR— BAT l«?r. ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in tfds ; n, nearly like'ft^." Baroach, ba-roch', a city of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of same namo in the prov. of Guzerat, on the Nerbudda r., 25 m. from its mouth. Lat. 21° 46' N., Lon. 73° 14' E. Pop. in 1812, 32,716. (P. C.) Ba-ro^-da, a fortified city of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of the same name, in the prov. of Guzerat. Lat. 22° 21' N., Lon. 73° 23' E. Pop. estimated at above 100,000. (B.) Barreges, bar'-raizb/, a village of France, in the dep. of the Upper Pyrenees, celebrated for its warm mineral springs. It is 4,259 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 42° 53' N., Lon. 0° 4' E. Bar^-ren, a co. in the S. central part of Ky. Pop. 20,240. Co. t Glasgow. Bar^-row, a r. in the S. E. of Ireland, which flows into St. George's Channel. Bar'-ry, a co. in the south-westerly part of Mich., a little N. of the Kalamazoo r. Pop. 5,072. Co. t. Hastings. Barry, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Mo., bordering on Ark. Pop. 3,467. Bar-thoi/-o-mew, a co. in the S. central part of Ind. Pop. 12,428. Co. t Columbus. Basel, b&'-zel, (Fr. Bale or Basle, bal,) a canton in the N. of Switzer- land, bordering on the Rhine. Area 185 sq.m. Pop. in 1826, 54,000. (B.) Basel or Bale, the largest t. of Switzerland, cap. of a division of the above Canton, on the Rhine, by which it is divided into two parts. It has a university, which is by far the oldest in Switzerland, having been founded in 1460, and several other important literary institutions. Lat. 47° 34' N., Lon. 7° 35' E. Pop. including the suburbs, 22,204. (B.) Bassano, bas-sa^-no, a manufacturing and trading t. of Austrian Italy, in the prov. of Vicenza, on the E. bank of the Brenta, 24 m. N. by W. of Padua. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Basseterre, bass v -tahV, the cap. of St. Christopher's, in the West Indies, situated on the S. side of the island. Lat. 17° 19' N., Lon. 62° 49' W.— Also, a t. on the W. side of Guadaloupe. Lat. 15° 59' N M Lon. 61° 45' W. Bassora, bas/-so-ra, or Basra, a fortified city of Asiatic Turkey, situated on the right bank of the Shatt-el-Arab. Lat. 30° 25' N., Lon. 47° 35' E. Pop. estimated at about 60,000. (B.) Bastia, bas-tee^-a, the largest and most commercial t. of the island of Corsica, of which it was formerly the cap. ; on the E. coast. Lat. 42° 41' N., Lon. 9° 26' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) Ba-ta'-vj-a. (See Int. XI.) A city and seaport of Java, on the N» coast. It is the cap. of all the Dutch possessions in the East Indies, and the first commercial t. of all Oceanica. (B.) Lat. 6° 12' S., Lon. 106° 53' E. Pop. in 1824, 53,861. (P. C.) Batavia, the cap. of Genesee co., N. Y., on the Albany and Buffah- railroad, 30 m. W. S. W. of Rochester. Pop. of the township, 4,401. Bates, a co. in the W. part of Mo., bordering ^n the Indian Ter- ritory. Pop. 3,669. Bath, the chief city of Somersetshire, and one of the most beautiful 9* 102 BAT— BAY ^atc, ; faryfa.ll. fat; jne 1 , m£t ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t; oo as in good; towns in England, on the Avon, about 108 m. from London. It has long been celebrated for its hot mineral springs, which attract hither multitudes of strangers. This place appears to have been known to the Romans under the name of Aquae Calida3. An interesting collection of Roman remains, found in this town and its vicinity, is deposited in the Bath Literary and Scientific Institytion. Lat 51° 22' 32" N., Lou. 2° 21' 30" W. Pop. 38,304. Bath, a port of entry, in Lincoln co., Me., on the Kennebec, 16 m. from the sea. Pop. of the township, 8,020. Lat. 43° 54' N., Lon. 69° 47 / W. Bath, a co. in the central part of Va. Pop. 3,426. Co. t. Bath. Bath, a co. in the N. E. part of Ky., bordering on the Licking r. Pop. 12,115. Co. t. Qwingsville. Baton Rouge (bat'-on roozh), East, a parish of La., on the left side of the Miss. Pop. 11,977. Heat of justice* Baton Rouge. Baton Rouge, seat of justice of the above co., and cap. of the state of La., is on the Miss, r., about 90 m. TV. N. TV. of New Or- leans. Pop. 4,000. Battaglia or La Battaglia, la but-taV-ya, a t. of Austrian Italy, 10 m. S. by W. of Padua, celebrated for its sulphurous baths. Perma- nent pop., 2,700. (B.) Bautzen, boutf-sen, a t. of Saxony, situated on the Spree; cap of the circle of Upper Lusatia. Lat. 51° 12' N., Lon. 14° 25' E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) Ba-va'-ri-a (Ger. Baiern, by-era), a kingdom of Germany, consisting of two distinct portions. The one situated to the E. of the Rhine, con- stituting above seven-eighths of the whole kingdom, and commonly called the territory of the Danube and the Main, extends from 47° 18' to 50° 41' N. Lat, and from about 9° to 13° 46' E. Lon., and is bounded on the N. and N. W. by the principalities of Reuss and the states of Ducal Saxony, N. E. by the kingdom of Saxony, E. by Bohemia and Austria, S. by Tyrol and Vorarlberg, W. by Wiirtemberg, Baden, Hesse Darm- stadt, and Hesse Cassel. The other portion of the Bavarian dominions, the territory of the Rhine, is situated on the W. bank of that river, and is completely disjoined from the preceding by the territories of Baden and Hesse Darmstadt. It extends from 48° 57' to 49° 50' N. Lat, and from 7° 6' to 8° 31' E. Lon. The total area of Bavaria is 29,493 sq. m. Pop. in 1833, 4,187,390. (P. C.) Munich is the capi- tal. — Adj. and inhat>. Ba-va'-ri-an. Bayazid, bV-a-zeed/, a t. of Armenia, at the base of Mount Ararat Lat 39° 28' N., Lon. 44° 13' E. Pop. estimated at above 15,000. (B.) Bayeux, ba'-yu^, a t of France, in the dep. of Calvados, 17 m. W. by N. of Caen. Lat. 49° 17' N., Lon. 0° 42' W. Pop. in 1832, 9,954. (P. C.) Bayonne, ba v -yonn', a fortified and commercial t of France, in the dep. of Lower Pyrenees and Landes, at the junction of the Adour and Nive, 2 or 3 m. above their entrance into the Bay of Biscay. The weapon called bayonet derived its name from this town, where it was first made. Lat. 43° 29' N., Lon. 1° 28' W. Pop. 14,000. (B.) BAY— BEE 103 on, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Bayou, bi'-oo, or more usually W-o, a term confined chiefly to the state of Louisiana, signifying properly any stream which is derived from some other stream, or from a lake ; in other words, any stream which is not fed by fountains. The word is supposed to be a corruption of the French boyau — a derivation which is rendered more probable by the prevalent pronunciation, bi'-o. Bearn, ba'-aa', formerly a prov. of France, now forming apart of the dep. of Lower Pyrenees. Beaufort, bu'-furt, a co. in the E. part of N. C, intersected by the Pamlico r. Pop. 13,816. Co. t. Washington. Beaufort, a dist. forming the S. extremity of S. C. Pop. 38,805. Seat of justice, Coosa watchie. Beaufort, a port of entry ; cap. of Carteret co., N. C, on the Atlan- tic coast, with a good harbour. Lat. about 34° 50' N., Lon. 76° 50' W. Beaufort, a port of entry of S. C, in the dist. of Beaufort, on a small arm of the sea called Port Royal r. Beauley, boMe, a small r. of Scotland, in Inverness-shire, flowing into Murray Frith. — Also a village at the mouth of the above r. Beaumaris, bo-ma/-ris, a small t. of Wales ; cap. of the co. of An- glesea, on a bay to which it gives its name, 3s m. from Bangor. Pop. 2,299. Beaune, bone, a t. of France, in the dep. of C6te d'Or, famous for its wine. Lat. 47° 2' N., Lon. 4° 50' E. Pop. in 1832, 9,272. (P. C.) Beauvais, bo v -va/, (Anc. Bellov'acum, and Csesarom^agus,) a t. of France; the cap. of the dep. of Oise, 41 m. N. by W. of Paris. Lat. 49° 26' N., Lon. 2° 5' E. Pop. above 13,000. (B.) Beaver, a co. in the W. of Pa., bordering on Ohio, and intersected by the Ohio r. Pop. 26,689. Co. t. Beaver. Bec^-cles, a t. of England, in the co. of Suffolk, 98 m. N. E. of Lon- don. Pop. of the parish, 4,086. Bed^-ford, a t. of England ; cap. of Bedfordshire, on the r. Ouse, 48 m. N. N. W. of London. Pop. of the borough, with an area of above 3 sq. m., 9,178. Bedford, a co. in the S. part of Pa., bordering on Md. Pop. 23,052. Co. t. Bedford. Bedford, a co. in the S. central part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 24,080. Co. t. Liberty. Bedford, a co. in the S. central part of Tenn. Pop. 21,512. Co. t Shelbyville. Bed'-ford-shire, an inland co. of England, N. N. W. of London. Pop. 107,936. Bedouin, bed^-66-in, or Bed'-o-ween\ (Arab. Bed'-a-wee'.) The Bedouins are tribes of wandering Arabs, dispersed over Arabia, Egypt, and Barbary. Bee^-der, a t. of Hindostan ; cap. of a prov. of the same name, now much decayed, and chiefiv interesting for its magnificent ruins. Lat 17° 55' N., Lon. 77° 34' E. 104 BEH— BEL Fite, far, fall, fat; me, met ; pine or pine, pin; n6, ndt; oo as in good ; Be'-hring's Strait, a strait which connects the Pacific with the Polar Ocean, situated between Asia and America. In the narrowest part it is about 50 m. wide. Lat. between 65° 30' and 66° 30' N., Lon. between 168° and 170° W. Beira. See Beyra. Beja, kV-zha, an ancient t. of Portugal, in Alentejo; cap. of a dist of the same name. Lat. 38° 5' N., Lon. 7° 40' W. Pop. about 5,001). (B.) Be'-ja-poor^, formerly written Visiapour, a considerable prov. of Hindostan, lying between 15° and 18° N. Lat., and 73° and 76° E. Lon. — Also, a t, the former cap. of the above prov., now in ruins. Beith, beeth, a small t. of Ayrshire, Scotland, 8 m. N. of Irvine. Bel-ed'-el-Jer-eed' (often written Beled-el-Jerid, or -Djeryd), usually pronounced bel-ed'-ool-jer-eed', "the country of dates," a name given to a region of N. Africa, lying S. and E. of the Atlas Moun- tains. Bel-fast', a seaport, the principal t. of the N. of Ireland, on the bay of Carrickfergus, about 88 m. N. by E. of Dublin. It has a college and several other institutions for" the promotion of learning. Belfast has increased very rapidly during the last half century. The census of 1831 gave a pop. greater than that of 1821 by more than 16,000. Lat. 54° 38' N., Lon. 5° 56' W. Pop. in 1851 90,660. Belfast, a port of entry ; cap. of Waldo co., Me., at the mouth of the Penobscot. Belfort, bcT-foR^, more usually Befort, M v -foR^, a t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Rhine. Lat. 47° 39' N., Lon. 6° 50' E. Pop. in 1832, 4,537. (P. C.) Belgium, beF-je-um, (Fr. La Belgique, la beP-zheek/,*) a kingdom of Europe, situated between 49° 32' and 51° 28' N. Lat, and between 2° 36' and 6° 6' E. Lon., bounded on the N. by the prov. of Limburg, North Brabant, and Zealand, E. by the grand- duchy of Luxemburg and that of the Lower Rhine, S. and S. W. by France, and N. W. by the North Sea. Its length is 170 m. ; its greatest breadth 110 m. Area estimated at 11,000 sq. m. Population in 1846 4,335,319. The territory which forms the present kingdom of Belgium, previously to 1830, belonged to the crown of Holland. In the month of August of that year, a revolution began at Brussels, which resulted in establish- ing the independence of Belgium as a limited monarchy. The choice of the national representatives fell upon prince Leopold, of Saxe Co- burg, who ascended the throne in July, 1831. — Belgium is divided into 9 provinces ; viz., Antwerp, Brabant (South), East and West Flanders, Hainault, Liege, Limburg, Luxemburg, and Namur. — Adj. and inhab. Bel'-gl-an. * ft may be proper to observe, that French is spoken by the educated Belgians generally. The language of the lower classes is, for the most part, either Flemish, or a corrupt dialect of the French. BEL— BEN 105 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Bel' -grade'* (Lat. Singidu'num, Turk.Bil-graad), an ancient, fortified t. of European Turkey, cap. of the principality of Servia, at the junc- tion of the Save and Danube, on the right bank of both of these rivers. It is one of the strongest places in Europe, and has long been renowned in the military annals of Turkey. Belgrade is the principal entrepot between Constantinople and Salonica on the one side, and Vienna and Pesth on the other. Lat. 44° 50' N., Lon. 20° 32' E. Pop. estimated at about 30,000. (B.) Bei/-knap, a co. in the S. central part of N. H., on L. Winnipisseo- gee. Pop. 17,721. Co. t. Guilford. Bel-lin-zo^-na, a small t. of Switzerland, cap. of the Canton of Ti- cino, on the r. Ticino, 14 m. N. of Lugano. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Belluno, bel-loo'-no, a t. of Austrian Italy, 55 m. N. N. E. of Padua. Lat. 46° 10' N., Lon. 12° 20' E. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.) Bel-mont', a co. in the E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 34,600. Co. t. St. Clairsville. Beloochistan, bel-oo v -chis-tanM a country in the S. of Asia, border- on the Indian Ocean, between 24° 50' and 30° 40' N. Lat., and 47° 50" and 69° 10' E. Lon. Area estimated at 150,000 sq. m. Pop. 2,000,000. (B.) A large portion of this country is mountainous or desert. It is estimated that less than one-tenth of the whole is fit for pasture, and that not one-hundredth part is actually under cultivation. Few portions of it can be said to be well watered, as nearly all the streams, none of which are very large, become dry during the heat of summer. The Beloochees are for the most part pastoral in their mode of life, though some of them are engaged in agriculture. In character, they are hospitable, and generally faithful to their promises, but avaricious, rapacious, and revengeful. The prevailing religion is Mahometanism. The government is a confederacy of several small territories, each having its own chief. All the others recognise the supremacy of him who resides at Kelat. — Adj. and inhab. Bel-oo'-chee. Benares, ben-a/-rez, a large city of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of the same name, on the N. bank of the Ganges. It is celebrated as having been in ancient times the seat of Brahminical learning, and hence has been styled the Athens of India. It may also be regarded as the Hindoo Rome, or the ecclesiastical metropolis of this vast country. The fame for sanctity which it possesses, draws hither annually a mul- titude of pilgrims from different parts of India. Lat. 25° 18' N., Lon. 83° 1' E. Pop. estimated at above 630,000. (B.) * " In that day of desolation, Lady, I was captive made, Bleeding for my Christian nation, By the walls of high Belgrade." — Campbell. t We are informed, on good authority, that the native pronunciation of tti'w name is bel-oo^-khis-tan'.but general usage appears to have affixed to the ch its soft sound : even the French pronounce the name in this manner. Balbi writei- it Bt- loulchistan. 106 BEN— BER Fite, far, fill, fat; m&, met; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t; oo as in good ; Benevento, ben-a-ven'-to (Lat. Beneven^tum), an archiepiscopal t, of Italy, belonging to the Papal State, though situated within the limits of the kingdom of Naples. This town held an important rank ai the middle ages, when it was the seat of a dukedom. After the time of Charlemagne, the duchy of Benevento maintained itself, for a consi- derable period, as an independent state, and its dukes assumed the title of princes. Lat. 41° T N., Lon. 14° 43' E. Pop. about 14,000. (B.) Ben-gAi/, a large prov. of Hindostan, between 21° and 27° N. Lat. and 86° and 93° E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Nepaul and Bootan, E. by the Burmese empire, S. by the Bay of Bengal and Orissa, and W. by Bahar. Its length, from E. to W., may be estimated at 350 m., its average breadth at near 300 m. Area estimated at 97,244 sq. m. The soil of Bengal is very fertile, and the country is intersected in every direction by navigable streams ; among others, the Ganges and Brah- mapootra. The annual inundations occasioned by the swelling of the rivers in the rainy season, leave a deposit of decayed vegetable matter, and thus renew the productiveness of the soil. This province is the seat of the supreme government in British India. Pop. in 1822, esti- mated at 23,358,750/ (P. C.) Capital, Calcutta.— Adj. Ben v -gA-lese/ and Ben-gAi/-ee. Inhab. Bengalese. Benguela, ben-gaMa, a district on the W. coast of Africa, S. of Angola. Benin, ben-een^, a kingdom on the W. coast of Africa, in Nigritia. — A r. of this country, flowing into a gulf of the same name. — Also, a t. ; the cap. of the kingdom of Benin. Pop. estimated at 15,000. (B.) Ben'-ning-ton, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Vt. Pop. 18,589. Co. towns, Bennington and Manchester. Bensheim, bensMiime, a small t. of Hesse Darmstadt, 8 m. S. of Darmstadt. Pop. 4,000. (B.) Bentheim, bentMiime, a small district of Germany, comprised within the limits of Hanover, with a t. of the same name. Ben'-ton, a co. in the N. E. part of Alabama, bordering on Ga. Pop. 17,163. Co. t. Jacksonville. Benton, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ark. Pop. 3,710. Co. t. Osage. Benton, a co. in the N. W. part of Tenn., W. of, and bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 6,315. Benton, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ind., bordering on 111. Pop. 1,144. Benton, a co. in the S. W. central part of Mo., intersected by the Osage r. Pop. 5,015. Seat of justice, Benton c. h. Berar, bWar/, a prov. in the S. of Hindostan, between 17° and 23° N. Lat, and 75° and 81° E. Lon. Berat, ber-at', an important t. of European Turkey, in Albania. Lat. 40° 48' N., Lon. 19° 52' E. Pop. 9,(00. (B.) Beresina or Berezina, ber-ez-ee^-na, a r. of Russia, flowing into the Dnieper. Ber-ez-of' (Berezow), a small t. of Siberia; cap. of a ciicle of the game name. Lat. 63° 56' N., Lon. about 67° E. Pop. about 1,500. (P. C.) BER— BER 107 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin : th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Bergamo, bi'R^-ga-mo, (Anc. Ber/gomum,) a t. of Austrian Italy, in a prov. 6f the same name, 27 m. N. E. of Milan. It possesses several scientific and literary institutions ; among others, a public library of 45,000 vols. Lat. 45° 42' N., Lon. 9° 40' E. Pop. 32,000. (B.) Bergen, beRg'-en, an ancient and commercial t. of Norway, situated on a bay of the North Sea. Lat. 60° 24' N., Lon. 5° 21/ E. Pop, 21,000. (B.) Berg/-en, a co. in the N. E. part of N. J., bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 14,725. Co. t. Hackensack. Berg-op- Zoom, d^rg^ op zome', (Berg on the Zoom,) sometimes incorrectly written Bergen-op-Zoom, a fortified t. of Holland, in N. Bra- bant, on the little river Zoom, and near the E. branch of the Scheldt, 19m. N. by W. of Antwerp. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) Bergues, bf 2 Rg, a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, about 5 m. S. E. of Dunkerque. Lat. 50° 58' N., Lon. 2° 24' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,962. (P. C.) Berkeley, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., on the Potomac r. Pop. 11,771. Co. t. Martinsburg. Berks, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., intersected by the Schuylkill. Pop.' 77,129. Co. t. Reading. Berk/-shire, formerly written, and still often pronounced Barkshire, an inland co. of England, S. of, and bordering on the Thames. Pop. 161,147. Berkshire, a co. forming the western extremity of Mass. Pop. 49,591. Co. t. Lennox. Ber'-lin (Ger. pron. beR-leen'), the cap. of the Prussian dominions, and, next to Vienna, the largest and finest city of Germany, situated on the banks of the Spree, in the prov. of Brandenburg. The part called New Town (Neu Stadt, noil statt), is built with great regular- ity. The streets are wide, and adorned with a multitude of magnify cent buildings, both public and private. The royal palace is one of the finest in Europe. Berlin is celebrated as a seat of literature, science, and the arts ; among the multitude of institutions for the promotion of which, may be named — the University, founded in 1810, which is one of the first in Europe ; it has 121) professors, and about 1,700 students : the Royal Library, containing more than 400,000 vols., besides manu- scripts : and the new Museum, with a superb collection of paintings, coins, and other works of art. In trade, extent, and population, it sur- passes every other city of the Prussian dominions. The old Observa- tory is in 52° 31' 13" N. Lat, and 13° 23' 52" E. Lon. P. in 1846 including the garrison 408,500. Berlin, a t. of Conn., in Hartford co., 11 m. S. of Hartford, remark- able for its tin manufactures. Pop. of the township, 3,411. Bermudas, ber-moo^-daz,* or Sommers' Islands, are situated in the * This name, in Shakspeare's time, appears to have been pronounced after the Spanish mode, Bermoothes, as we find it thus written in the Tempest, Act I Scene 2 (See Int. XXVII., 7.) 108 BER— BEV Fate, far, fS.ll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; oo as in good; N. Atlantic, 645 m. N. E. of Atwood's Keys, the nearest of the W. India Islands, and 580 m. from Cape Hatteras, in North Carolina. These islands are very numerous: the principal are St. George's, St. David's, Long Island (or Bermuda), Somerset, and Ireland. They belong to Great Britain. The climate of the Bermudas is that of perpetual spring. The name is derived from the supposed discoverer, Bermudez, a Spaniard who is said to have touched here in 1522. Wreck Hill, the western part of the group, is in 32° 15' N. Lat., and 64° 50' W. Lon. Total pop. in 1832, 12,228. (P. C.)— Inhab. Bermudian, ber-moo'- de-an. Bern or Berne (Ger. and Fr. pron. b(W), the most populous and next to the largest canton of Switzerland, is situated in the central part of this country. Area 2,577 sq. m. Pop. in 1831, 380,000. (P. C.) —Adj. and inhab. Ber-nese'. Bern, the cap. of the above, on a peninsula formed by the r. Aar. Its trade is considerable, and it possesses several good establishments for education, with a richly endowed museum of natural history, and a public library of 30,000 volumes. Lat. 46° 57' N., Lon. 7° 25' E. Pop. of the town, with its environs, 20,000. (B.) Bern'-ard, St., a mountain pass between Switzerland and Italy, on which the celebrated Hospice or monastery of St. Bernard stands, at the height of about 7,963 feet, being the most elevated fixed habitation in Europe, and close upon the limits of perpetual snow. Above it, tre- mendous rocks rise to the height of 4,240 feet, or about 12,200 feet above the level of the sea. Bernard, St., a parish in the S. E. part of La., bordering on Lake Borgne'. Pop. 3,802. Ber'-ri.-en, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of the state of Mich., lying on L.' Michigan. Pop. 11,417. Co. t. St. Joseph. Ber-tie', a co. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on the Roanoke. Pop.' 12,851. Co. t. Windsor. Berwick, usually pronounced ber'-rick,a seaport and garrison t. of the co. of Northumberland, Eng., on the road from London to Edinburgh, on the N. bank of the Tweed, about half a mile from its mouth, and 48 m. E. by S. from Edinburgh. Lat. 55° 46' N., Lon. about 2° W. Pop. of the parish, including an area of 8 sq. m., 8,484. Berwickshire, ber^-rik-shir, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Scotland. Pop. 34,438. Besanqon, bez-aV-soN' or b'zaN x -sx-an. Can-e'-a, pronounced by the Turks Ha~nee^-a, a t. in the i. of Candia, on the site of the ancient Cydo'nia. Lat. 35° 28' N., Lon. 24° 2' E. Pop. estimated at 12,000. (B.) Cannes, kann, a small commercial t. of France, in the dep. of Var, on the Mediterranean, 16 m. N. E. of Frejus. Pop. in 1832, 3,720, (P. C.) Can'-non, a co. near the centre of Tenn. Pop. 8,982. Can'-ons-burg\ a t. of Pa., in Washington co., the seat of Jefferson College, which was incorporated in 1802. Cantal, kaN x -taK, a dep. in the S. central part of France, bordering on the r. Dordogne. Pop. 262,117. (B.) Capital, Aurillac. Canterbury, kan'-tef-ber v -re, a city of Kent, and the metropolitan see of all England, on the Stour, 56 m. from London. Lat. 51° 17 N., Lon. 1° 5' E. Pop. including an area of 5sq. m., 15,435. Cantire. See Cantyre. Can n -ton', a city of China, in the prov. of Quang-tong, of which Canton is a European corruption. It is situated on the Choo-kiang (ke-ang/), or Pearl River, 32 m. from its mouth. Like other Chinese towns, it is divided into two distinct parts, separated by a wall, called the Chinese or Old City, and the Tartar or New City. The streets of Canton are paved, and ordinarily very clean, but very narrow. The houses have but one story, and are built mostly of brick. This town is remarkable for having been, till recently, the only emporium of mari- time commerce in China, to which Europeans were admitted. It is * Several works on geography, of high character, describe this island as the largest of the Canaries. The epithet Grand may have been given to it, before the relative size of the different islands was accurately known. Teneriffe exceeds it in superficial extent by nearly 150 sq. m„ and in population hy above 16,000. CAN— CAP 145 ou, as in our ; th, as in tJdn ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. still the principal port for foreign trade, Lat. 23° 8' N., Lon. 113° 2' E. Pop. estimated at 5t)0,000. (B.) Can-tyre' or Can-tire'* sometimes written also Kintyre, a penin- sula in the S. W. part of Scotland, forming the southern extremity of Argyleshire. Cape Breton, kape britf-on, an i. of British N. America, E. of Nova Scotia, between 45° 27' and 47° 4' N. Lat., and 59° 45' and 61° 38' W. Lon. Its length is about 100 m.; its greatest breadth, 85 m. The area is about 3,125 sq. m. Pop. in 1827, 18,700. (P. C.) Cape Coast Castle, a t, and fortress of Africa; the cap. of the Bri- tish possessions on the Gold Coast. Lat. 5° 6' N., Lon. 1° 14' W. Pop. estimated at 8,000. (B.) Cape Cod, a peninsula of Mass., on the S. side of Massachusetts Bay. It lies S. and E. of a bay of the same name. Cape Fear, the S. extremity of Smith's Island, situated at the mouth of Cape Fear r. Cape Fear River, the largest and most important r. in N. C, rises in the N. part of the state, and, flowing south-easterly, falls into the Atlantic, in about 33° 55 N. Lat., and 78° 5 W. Lon. Its whole length is near 300 m. It is navigable for steamboats to Fayetteville, about 90 m. Cape Girardeau ( je v -rar-do'), a co. in the S. E. part of Mo., border- ing on the Mississippi r. Pop. 13,912. Co. t. Jackson. Cape of Good Hope, at the S. extremity of Africa, was discovered in 1493, by Diaz, the Portuguese navigator, who called it Cabo Tor- mentoso, or Cape of Storms. On his return home, the king of Portu- gal-gave it the name of Cape of Good Hope, as an omen that the Por- tuguese had now a fair prospect of reaching India, the great object of their maritime expeditions. It is in Lat. 34° 22' S. — A colony in S. Africa takes its name from the above cape. It belonged originally to the Dutch, but was formally ceded to Great Britain in 1815. The cli- mate of this region is subject to great extremes; though the country is deluged with rains during the cold season, in the hot months nearly all the springs are dried up. The rivers are two shallow, or their current is two rapid for purposes of navigation. Nearly two- thirds of the land is destitute of vegetation, during the greater part of the year. The country, however, contains spots of extraordinary fertility. The prin- cipal productions are wheat, barley, and wine. Cape Town, the cap. of the colony, founded by the Dutch, in 1650, is situated on Table Bay, and has a castle of considerable strength. Lat. 33° 55' S., Lon. 18° 21' E. Pop. in 1834, 19,387. (P. C.) Cape Hai'-ti-en, (Fr. Cap Haitien, kap T-te-aV,) once an import- ant seaport t. of St. Domingo, the cap. of the former kingdom of Haiti. It was entirely destroyed, May 7, 1842, by an earthquake, in which * " Lest, rounding wild Cantire, they meet The southern fbeman's watchful fleet," — Scott's Lord of the Isles. Canto IV 13 14G CAP— CAR Fate, far, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, not ; 56, as in gowi; 7,000 persons are supposed to have perished ; but it has sinee been par- tially rebuilt. Lat. 19° 46' N., Lon. 72° 16 y W. Pop. formerly esti- mated at near 10,000. (B.) Cape Horn, a cape regarded as the S. extremity of America. It is* however, not a part of the continent, but the most southern point of a small island belonging to the group commonly called Terra del Fuego. Lat. 55° 58' 30" S., Lon. 67° 21' W. Cape May, a co. forming the S. extremity of N. J. Pop. 6,433* Seat of justice, Cape May e. h. Cape Pal'-mas, a cape of W. Africa, on the coast of Guinea, near 4° 20' N. Lat., and 7° 40' W. Lon. Here is a missionary station. Cape Verd Islands (Uhas Verdas, eel^-yas ven'-das), so called by the Portuguese, because the sea to the W. of them is covered with gulf- weed, so as to present some resemblance to extensive meadows. This group xjp> about 300 m. from the W. coast of Africa, between 14° 17' and 17° 19 N. Lat., and 22° 10' and 25° 30' W. Lon. There are 14 islands ; 9 of them are inhabited, of which Sam-Tiago, S. Nieolao, Boa Vista, and S. Antao are the most important. They belong to Portugal. Cape Vin'-cent, a village and port of entry of N. Y., in Jefferson co., on the St. Lawrence, near the N. E. extremity of L. Ontario. Capri, ka/-pre, (Anc. Ca'prea?,) a beautiful rocky island in the Medi- terranean. 8 or 9m. in circuit, and about 20 m. due S. from Naples. Among other curiosities, it contains a singular and romantic grotto, which appears to have been a favourite resort of the emperor Tiberius, who resided a long time in Caprese. This cave can be entered only from the sea, by a very narrow opening. For a full description of it, we would refer the reader to No. 147 of the Penny Magazine. Lat. 40° 32' N., Lon. 14° 14' E. Pop. about 3,000. (P. C.) Cap'-u-a, or ka/-poo-a, a strongly fortified archiepiscopal t of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, situated on the left bank of the Volturno, 15 m. N. W. of the capital. The modern Capua does not occupy the same site as the ancient, but that of a much inferior t, called by the Romans Casilinum. The ruins of the ancient Capua are to be seen in the neighbourhood. Lat. 41° 7N., Lon. 14° IP E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Caqueta. See Japura. Car-ac'-as or ka-ra'-kas, the cap. of Venezuela, S. America, is dis- tant 20 m. by the road, from its port, La Guayra, on the Caribbean Sea. In the early part of the present century, the pop. of this t. was esti- mated at 50,000 ; but the great earthquake of 1812, in which 12,000 persons are said to have perished, and the subsequent war and civil dis- sensions, have so reduced the number of the inhabitants, that it doe3 not probably, at present, much exceed 30,000. (P. C.) Lat. 10° 31 N„ Lon. 67° 4' 45" W. Car-a-ma^-nj-a or Karamania, an extensive territory in tne S. part of Asiatic Turkey, which reaches from the Gulf of Scanderoon, along the Mediterranean, to the Gulf of Macri. It is upwards of 400 m. in length : but the limits do not appear to be accurately defined. Accord- ing to Captain Beaufort, the appellation Caramania is neither i.sed by CAR— CAR 147 tBS, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. the present inhabitants nor recognized at the seat of government. It Beems to be derived from Raraman, who founded a kingdom here in the middle ages, which was conquered by the Turks, about 1485. — Adj. and inhab. Car-a-ma'-nj-an. Car^-bon, a co. in the E. part of Pa., intersected by the r. Lehigh. It abounds in coal. Co. t. Mauch Chunk. Pop, 15,686, Carcassonne, kaR v -ka,s v -sonR^, (Lat. Car/caso,) an ancient, manufac- turing and commercial city of France, cap. of the dep. of Aude, on the r. Aude and the Southern Canal (Canal da Midi), which unites the Garonne with the Mediterranean. Lat. 43° V& N., Lon. 2° 22' E. Pop. 17,000. (B.) Car'-biff or Caerdsff, a commercial t. of Wales, formerly the cap. of Glamorganshire, situated on a canal of its own name. Lat. 51° 28' N., Lon. 3 J 10' W. Pop. 10,077. Car'-dj-gan, a seaport t. of Wales, cap. of Cardiganshire. Lat. 52° 5' N., Lon. 4° 38' W. Pop. 2,925. Car'-dj.-gan-shire, a co. of S. Wales, bordering on Cardigan Bay. Pop. 68,766.' Car x -ib-be'-an Sea., that part of the Atlantic which lies between the principal W. India Islands and S. America. Car/-ib-bee v Islands, are a series of small islands, extending from Porto Rico to Trinidad, which is included. The name is derived from the CarMbs or Carf-ib-bees\ a tribe of S. American aborigines, who, when Columbus discovered America, were in possession of the smaller W. India Islands; from which, however, they have been nearly extir- pated by the Europeans. Car-in/-th7.-a, (Ger. Karnthen, kahinf-ten,) a country in the S. part of the Austrian empire, intersected by the r. Drave. It is about 120 m. in length, and 40 m. in breadth. — Adj. and inhab. Car-in'-thx-an. Carlisle, kar-luV, an ancient city and port of England, cap. of Cum- berland co., on the little r. Eden, 260 m. N. N. W. from London. It is connected, by a ship canal, with Bowness (bo-ness') on Sol way Frith, by which vessels of 100 tons can come up to the town. It communi- cates also with Newcastle by a railroad. Pop., including an area of 10 sq. m., 23,012. Carlisle, a t. of Pa., the cap. of Cumberland co., and the seat of Dickinson College, founded in 1783. Pop. 4,500. Car^-low, an inland co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster. Pop. in 1831, 81,649. (P. C.) Carlow, a t. of Ireland, cap. of the above co., 43 m. S. S. W. of Dublin. Pop. 10,612. (P. C.) Carlowitz or Karlowitz, karMo-vits, (Hung. Karlovacz, kaR-lo- vaats,) an archiepiscopal t. of the Austrian empire, in the military fron- tiers of Slavonia. Lat. 45° 12' N., Lon. 20° 3' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Carlsbad or Karlsbad, kaRls'-bat, a t. of Bohemia, celebrated for its warm springs and baths, said to have been founded about the year 1370, by Charles IV., whence its name, which signifies " Charles's bath." Lat. 50° 13' N., Lon. 12° 52' E. Permanent pop. about 2,600. (B.) 148 CAR-CA& Fkte, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; no, n5t; 06 as in good, Oarlscrona, karls-kroc/-na, frequently written in English Carls- croon, a fortified seaport t. of Sweden ; cap. of the district (or Ian) of Blekingen (blek/-ing-en), remarkable for its admirably built citadel, its extensive dry-docks, and its fine harbour, which is the station of the Swedish navy. Lat. 56° 10' N., Lon. 15° 30' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) Carlsruhe or Karlsruhe, kaids^-roo, the cap. of the grand-duchy of Baden, Germany, situated about 4 m. from the E. bank of the Rhine, It has nourishing manufactures and considerable commerce. Among' its numerous literary institutions is a public library of 70,000 vols. Lat. 49° N., Lon. 8° 27' E. Pop. above 20,000. (B.) Car-natAic, a prov. in the S. of Hindostan, between 8° and 16° N. Lat., and 77° and 81° E. Lon. It borders on the Bay of Bengal, and extends along the coast 560 m. Car-nj.-o'-la (Ger. Krain, krine% formerly a duchy in the S. part of the Austrian empire, N. E. of, and bordering on the Gulf of Venice. — Adj. Car-nj.-o'-lan and Car/-nicv — Inhab. Carniolan. Carolina, kar-o-Ii/-na, the name of a colonial settlement in N. Ame- rica, made by the English, about the middle of the 17th century. North and South Carolina originally constituted but one colony ; they were, however, ^divided in 1729, and since the Revolution have formed two separate states. — Inhab. Car-chlin'-i-an. North Carolina extends from 33°' 50' to 36° 30' N. Lat., and from 75° 25' to 84° 30' W. Lon, It is bounded on the N. by Virginia, E. and S. E. by the Atlantic, S. by South Carolina and Georgia, and W. by Tennessee, and divided into 79 counties.*' Extreme length, mea- suring from Cape Hatteras on the E., about 500 m. ; greatest breadth, 180 m. The area is estimated at 50,000 sq. m. Pop. 868,903, of whom 553,295 are whites, 27,196 free coloured persons, and 288,412 slaves. Raleigh is the seat of government. South Carolina extends from 32° to 35° 8" N. Lat., and from 78° 24' to 83° 30' W. Lon. It is bounded on the N. and N. E. by North Carolina, S. E. by the Atlantic, S. W. and W. by Georgia, and divided into 29 districts.f Length about 260 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S. y 215 m. Area estimated at 33,000 sq.m. Pop. 668,507, of whom *Anson, Ashe, Beaufort, Bertie, Bladen, Brunswick, Buncombe, Burke, Cabarras, Caldwell, Camden, Carteret, Caswell, Catawba, Chatham, Cherokee, Chowan, Cleveland, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Currituck, Davidson, Davie, Duplin, Edgecombe, Franklin, Gates, Granville, Greene, Guilford, Halifax, Haywood, Henderson, Hertford, Hyde, Iredell, Johnson, Jones, Lenoir, Lincoln, Macon, Martin, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Moore, Nash, New Hanover, Northampton, Onslow, Orange, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Person, Pitt, Randolph Richmond, Robeson, Rockingham, Rowan, Rutherford, Sampson, Stanly, Stokes Surry, Tyrrel, Union, Wake, Warren, Washington, Alamance, Alexander, For- syth, Gaston, Watauga, Wayne, Wilkes, Yancey. f Abbeville, Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Charleston, Chester, Chesterfield, Colleton, Darlington, Edgefield, Fairfield, Georgetown, Greenville, Horry, Ker- shaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborough, Newberry, Orange- burg, Pickens, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, Williamsburg, York. CAR— CAR 149 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. 274,623 are whites, 8,900 free coloured persons, and 384,984 slaves. Columbia is the capital. Caroline, a co. in the E. part of Md., bordering on Del. Pop. 9,692. Co. t. Denton. Caroline, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Rappahan- nock. Pop. 18,456. Co. t. Bowling Green. Car-pa/-thj-an Mountains, a chain which bounds Hungary on the N. W.,N., and'N. E., and Transylvania on the N. E., E., and S. E. Mount Ruska (roos^-ka), in that branch of the chain, which separates the above countries, is the highest of the Carpathian system, and has an elevation of 1,550 toises, or 9,913 English ft. (B.) Carpentras, kaR N -paN v -tras^, a walled city of France, in the dep. of Vaucluse. Lat. 44° 3' N., Lon. 5° 4' E. Pop. 6,294. (P. C.) Carrara, kar-ra/-ra, a small t. and territory in the N. of Italy, bor- dering on the Mediterranean, which belongs at present to the Duke of Modena. It is important on account of its extensive and valuable mar- ble quarries. Car^-rick-on-Suir (-shure), a t. of Ireland, situated on the r. Suir, partly in the co. of Tipperary, and partly in that of Waterford, about 85 m. S. S. W. from Dublin. Pop. 9,626. (P. C) Car'-rick-fer^-gus, the cap. of the co. of Antrim, Ireland, on the W. side of the little bay called Belfast Lough, 9 m. N. N. E. of Belfast. This town, together with its liberties, forms what is called the county of the town of Carrickfergus. The castle stands on a rocky penin- sula, whence the name, which signifies the "rock of Fergus" — an Irish king, who was drowned there. Pop. of the co. in 1831, 8,706. (P. C.) Car^-roll, a co. in the E. part of N. H., "bordering on Me. Pop. 20,150. Co. t. Ossipee. Carroll, a co. in the N. part of Md., bordering on Pa. Pop. 20,616. Co. t. Westminster. Carroll, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Va., bord'gon N. C. p. 5,909. Carroll, a co. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on Ala. and the r. Chattahoochee. Pop. 9,357. Co. t. Carrollton. Carroll, a co. in the N.W. central part of Miss., on the Yalabusha r. Pop. 18,491. Co. seat, Carrollton. Carroll, a parish forming the N. E. extremity of La. Pop. 8,789. Carroll, a co. in the N. W. part of Ark., bordering on Mo. Pop. 4,614. Co. t Carrollton. Carroll, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., a little W. of the Ten- nessee r. Pop. 15,967. Co. t. Huntingdon. Carroll, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 5,526. Carroll, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Sandy and Beaver Canal. Pop. 17,685. Co. t. Carrollton. Carroll, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ind., intersected by tha Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 11,015. Co. t. Delphi. 31* 150 CAR— CAS Fate, far, f all, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in gooa ; Carroll, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the r. Mis- souri. Pop. 5,441. Co. t. Carrollton. Cartagena, kar-ta-jV-na, (Sp. pron. kaR-ta-Ha/-na, Anc. Cartha/go No^va,) a fortified seaport t. of Spain, in Murcia, with one of the finest harbours on the Mediterranean. Lat. 37° 36' N., Lon. 1° W. Pop. estimated at 37,000. (B.) Cartagena, a seaport in the republic of New Granada, on the north- ern coast of S. America, with one of the safest and most convenient harbours in all America. The entrance is so narrow that only one vessel can come in at a time. It is defended by two strong castles. Among the institutions for education, may be mentioned a university, a school of navigation, and a college. Its commerce is considerable, though less than it was before the war of independence. Lat. 10° 25' 48" N., Lon. 75° 30' W. Pop. about 18,000. (B.) Carter, a co. near the N- E. extremity of Tenn., bordering on N.,C Pop. 6,296. Co. t. Elizabethtown. Carter, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ky. Pop. 6,241. Co. t. Grayson. Car'-ter-et, a co. in the S. E. part of N. C, bordering on the sea. Pop. 6,803. Co. t. Beaufort. Casale, ka-saMa, a fortified t. of the continental Sardinian states ; cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the S. bank of the Po, 35 m. E. of Turin. Pop. 16,000. (P. £.) Casal Maggiore, ka-seuV mad-jV-ra, a t. of Austrian Italv, on the left bank of the Po, 20 m. E. S. E. of Cremona. Lat. about 45° N., Lon. 10° 26' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Cas/-bin* or Kazbin (Pers. pron. kas v -been^ whence the name is sometimes written Casbeen), a manufacturing and commercial city of Irak, Persia, situated in the midst of a country rendered very fertile by an extensive system of irrigation, which is carried on by means of sub- terranean aqueducts. The grapes of Casbin are considered to be the finest in Persia. Lat. 36° 12' N., Lon. 49° 33' E. Pop. 60,000. (B.) Caserta or Caserta Nuova, ka-seR^-ta nwo/-va, a t. of Naples, with a royal palace, one of the most magnificent in Europe, and a superb aqueduct, 27m. long. It is 17 m. N. by E. of Naples. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Ca'-sey, a co. in the central part of Ky., intersected by Green r Pop. 6356. Co. t. Liberty. Cash^-el, an ancient city of Ireland, in the co. of Tipperary, 108 ra S. W. of Dublin. It was formerly the residence of the kings of Mun ster. Pop. in 1831, 6,971. (P. C.) * " And Casein's luscious grapes of amber hue." Southey's Thaldba. Book VI. " With grapes of gold, like those that shine On Casbin's hills". Moore's Lalla Rookh. CAS— CAS 151 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Cash-mere'* or Kashmire, an extensive valley in the southern part of Asia, surrounded by high mountains of the Himalaya range, between 33° 20' and 35° 40' N. Lat., and 74° 30' and 77° E. Lon. This coun- try is remarkably well watered and productive. As it is 6,000 or 7,000 feet above the level of the sea, the climate is cool for the latitude. Cashmere was not long since in the possession of the Afghans, but more recently formed a part of the extensive dominions of Runjeet Sing, the sovereign of the Seiks. (See Lahore.) The chief t. is Sirinagur. — Adj. and Inhab. Cash-me'-rj-an. Cas'-pj-an Sea (the Kaff^ta 0caale$e/ or Cingalese, and Ceylonese, sil x -o-neze^. The former is more properly applied to the primitive inhabitants, and to that portion of the island which is at present occupied by them; the latter to the inhabitants and the island, in general. Chalons-sur-Marne, shaMerz, a co. in the E. part of Ala., bordering on the Chattahoochee r. Pop. 23,960. Co. t. La Fayette. Chambersburg, ehameMserz-burg^ a thriving t. of Pa.; cap. of Franklin co., 46 m. S. W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 4,270. Chambery, sham^-ber-re, or shaM x -ba'-re^, an archiepiscopal town, the most important in all Savoy, and the cap. of Savoy proper, is situ- ated about 12 m. from the left bank of the Rhone. Among its public institutions we may mention the Royal College, and the Academy of Sciences, called the Academy of Savoy. Lat. 45° 39' N., Lon. 5° 53' E. Pop. about 11,000. (P. C.) Chambly, sham'-ble, or So-relle', a r. of Lower Canada, which forms the outlet of L. Champlain. Length above 80 m. It is navigable for river barges through its whole course. Chamouny, sha/-moo-ne\ sometimes written Chamonix, (Fr. pron. sha v -moo v -ne/,) a celebrated and romantic valley of Savoy, situated at the foot of Mont Blanc, and containing a village of the same name. Lat. 45° 56' N., Lon. 6° 47' E. Champagne, shaM N -parV, a former prov. of France, now divided into the deps. of Aisne, Ardennes, Aube, Marne, Upper Marne, and Yonne. Champaign, sham-pane', a co. in the W. central part of Ohio. Pop. 19,762. Co. t. Urbana. Champaign, a co. in the E. part of 111., on the sources of the Kaskas- kia r. Pop. 2,649. Co. t. Urbana. Champlain, sham x -plane', a lake of the U. S., lying between New York and Vermont. Length 128 m.; greatest breadth about 20 m. The superficial extent is between 600 and 700 sq. m. Its outlet is the Chambly r. Chandeleur (shan x -del-oor0 Islands are situated off the S. E. coast of La., and separated from the main land by Chandeleur Bay. Chantilly, shaN x -teer-ye' or shaNMe v -ye' (see Int. XIX., 18), a small t. of France, in the dep. of Oise, 23 m. N. of Paris. Chap'-el Hill, a t. of N. C, in Orange co., 27 m. W. N. W. of Raleigh, the seat of the University of North Carolina, founded in 1789. Charente, sha'-RaNt', a r. in the S. W. of France, which flows into the Bay of Biscay, opposite the i. Oleron. Its whole length is 184 m. Charente, a dep. of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 365,126. (B.) Capital, Angouleme. Charente, Lower (Fr.Charente-Inferieure,sha x -raNtf aV-fa v -re-UR0, a dep, of France, adjoining the above, and bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 449,649. (B.) Capital, La Rochelle. Chariton, chaV-re-tpn, a co. in the N. part of Mo., bordering on the r. Missouri. Pop. 7,514. Co. t. Keytesville, keets'-vill. Charkow. See Kharkof. Charles, a co. in the S. W. part of Md., bordering on the Potomac Pop. 16,162. Co. t. Port Tobacco. CHA-CHA 157 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Charles City, a co. in the E. part of Va., N. of, and bordering on James r. Pop. 5,200. Seat of justice, Charles City c. h. Charles River, in Mass., flows into Boston harbour. Charles, St., a parish in the S. E. part of La., W. of New Orleans, and bordering on L. Pontchartrain. Pop. 5,120. Charles, St., a co. in the E part of Mo., on the N. side of the Mis souri r., at its mouth. Pop. 11,454. Co. t. St. Charles. Charles'-ton, a dist. of S. C, S. of the Santee r., bordering on th& sea. Pop. 72,805. Charleston, a port of entry, and the largest city of S. C. ; cap. of the above dist, on a tongue of land between the rivers Ashley and Cooper, which unite immediately below the town, and form a spacious harbour, communicating with the ocean at Sullivan's Island, 7 m. be- low. The town is regularly built, and many of the streets present a handsome appearance. Charleston is connected with Hamburg, on the Savannah, by a railroad, 135 m. in length. Among the numerous charitable establishments of Charleston, may be cited the Orphan Asy- lum, which is amply endowed, and is one of the most remarkable buildings in the place. Of the literary institutions, we may mention the Charleston College, founded in 1795, and the Charleston Library, which contains about 20,000 vols. The citizens of Charleston are dis- tinguished for their hospitality and refinement, and perhaps no place in the United States affords more agreeable society. In winter this city is particularly pleasant as a residence, and is much resorted to by per- sons from other parts of the Union. Lat. 32° 46' N., Lon. 79° 57' W. Pop. 42,985. Charles'-town, a t. of Middlesex co., Mass., near Boston, with which it is connected by three bridges. It may not improperly be regarded as a suburb of that city. Pop. 17,216. Here is a U. S. navy yard. Charleville, shaRl v -vil', a t. of France, in the dep. of Ardennes, in the immediate vicinity of Mezieres. Pop. in 1832, 7,400. (P. C) Charlevoix, shar v -le-voi', (Kishkawkee,) a co. of Mich., bordering on L. Michigan, near its N. extremity. Charlotte, sharMot, a co. in S. part of Va., bordering on Staunton r Pop. 13,955. Seat of justice, Charlotte c. h. Charlottesville, sharMots-vil , a t. of Va. ; the cap. of Albemarle ca., and the seat of the University of Virginia, founded in 1819. Thii institution was planned by Jefferson, and is munificently endowed bj the state. Distant 86 m. W. N. W. of Richmond. Chartres, shaRtr, (Lat. Au'tricum,) an ancient city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Eure and Loire, situated on the Eure, 46 m. S. W. by W. of Paris. Its cathedral is the largest in France, and one of the most magnificent gothic edifices in Europe. The spire rises to the height of 378 French ft., or 402 English ft. from the ground. Lat. 48 4 21' N., Lon. 1° 29' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) Ciia-tau'-que, a co. on L. Erie, forming the S. W. extremity of N Y. Pop. 47,975 Co. t. Mayville. 14 358 CHA— CHE Kite, f ar, fill, fat ; me, m£t ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 65, as in good , Chateauguay, shat s -6-gay', a small r. which rises in N. Y., and joins the St. Lawrence in Lower Canada. Chateaudun, sha\t6'-duN^, a t. of France, in the dep. of Eure and Loire, on the r. Loire. Lat. 48° 5' N., Lon. 1° 18' E. Pop. in 1832, 6,46L (P. C.) Chateau-Gonthier, sha N -to N -g6N x -te x -a/, a t. of France, in the dep. of Mayenne, on the r. Mayenne. Lat. 47° 50' N., Lon. 0° 41 W. Pop. in 1832, 6,143. (P. C.) Chateauroux, sha N -to x -roo/, a t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Indre, on the r. Indre. Lat. 46° 48' N., Lon. 1° 40' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) Chat-el- Arab. See Shatt-el-Arab. Chatellerault, sha x -teir-ro', a t. of France, in the dep. of Vienne, on the r. Vienne, celebrated for its manufactures of cutlery. Lat. 46° 50' N., Lon. 0° 32' E. Pop. in 1832, 9,437. (P. C.) Chat'-ham, a t. of England, in Kent, about 30 m. E. by S. from Lon- don. In that part called Brornpton (brump'-ton) are extensive naval and military establishments, with an immense arsenal, and a dock-yard nearly a mile in length, and capable of receiving vessels of the largest size. Pop. of the t, including Brornpton, 21,431. Chatham, a co. in the central part of N. C, on the head streams of the Cape Fear r. Pop. 18,449. Co. t. Pittsborough. Chatham, a co. forming the E. extremity of Ga., between the Sa- vannah and Ogeechee rivers, and bordering on the sea. Pop. 23,901. Co. t. Savannah. Chat v -ta-hoo'-chee, a r. of Ga., which joins the Flint river, to form the Appalachicola. Its whole course is 450 m., and it is navigable for steamboats about 300 m. Chat-too^-ga, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ga., bordering on Ala. Pop. 6,815. Chaudiere, sho x -de x -ahV, a r. of Lower Canada, which joins the St Lawrence on the right, a few miles above Quebec. Near its mouth there is a beautiful fall, stated to be more than 100 ft. in height. Chaumont, sh6 v -m6i^, the cap. of the dep. of Upper Marne, in France, situated on the Marne. Lat. 48° 7' N., Lon." 5° 8' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Chaumont, commonly pronounced sh6 N -mo^, a village of N. Y., in Jef- ferson co., on a bay of the same name, on L. Ontario. Chelms^-ford, the cap. of the co. of Essex, England, 28 m. N. E. by E. from London. Entire pop. of the parish, 6,789. Chelsea, chel'-se, formerly a village, but now constituting a portion of the suburbs of London, is situated on the N. bank of the Thames. Here is the Royal Hospital for invalid soldiers. Cheltenham, chelt'-num, a beautiful t. of England, in Gloucester- shire, 88 m. W. by N. from London, celebrated for its mineral springs. Pop. of the parish, with an area of 6 sq. m., 31,411. The increase, since 1831, is upwards of 8,000. CHE— CHE 159 ou, as in our , th, as in thin , th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Chemnitz, Kem'-nits, an important manufacturing t. of Germany, m Saxony. Lat. 50° 50' N., Lon. 12° 52' E. Pop. 23,000. (B.) Chemung, she-mung/, a co. in the S. part of N. Y., intersected by the Tioga r., and bordering on Pa. Pop. 28,821. Co. t. Elmira. Chenango, she-nang'-go, a co. in the S. central part of N. Y., inter- sected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 40,311. Co. t. Norwich. Chep^-stow, a commercial t. and port of England, in Monmouth- shire, on the Wye, 110 m. W. of London. Pop. of the parish, 3,366. Cher, shaite, a dep. nearly in the centre of France. Pop. 276,853. (B.) Capital, Bourges. Cherbourg, sher/-burg, or shaRe x -booR^, a fortified city and seaport of France, on the N. coast of the dep. of Manche, and one of the princi pal stations of the French navy. Lat. 49° 38' N., Lon. 1° 40' W. Pop. above 18,000. (B.) Cher x -o-kee', a co. forming the W. extremity of N. C. Pop. 6,838. Cherokee, a co. in the N. part of Ga., intersected by the Etowah r. Pop. 12,800. Co. t. Canton. Cherokee, a co. in the N. E. part of Ala., bordering on Ga. Pop. 13,884. Cher x -o-kee.s/, a noble and once powerful tribe of Indians, who for- merly possessed the southern portion of the Appalachian mountains and a large tract of country on both sides of this range. In 1809 their number amounted to 12,359 ; but it had since considerably diminished, when, at length, in 1838, all the Cherokees who were in Georgia, con- stituting a large majority of those who still remained, were removed to the W. of the Mississippi, by the order of the U. S. government. The Cherokees have been considered the most civilized of all the American Indians. They have a written language; the alphabet, which was invented by a native Cherokee, consists of 85 characters. Previously to their expulsion from Georgia, some of them are said to have become excellent and thriving farmers, so as to bear an advantageous compari- son with the most skilful and industrious of this class, in the south- western states. Cherry Valley, a village of Otsego co., N. Y., 53 m. W. by N. from Albany. Cherso, keR^-so (Anc. Crepea) and Osero, o^-sa-ro, (Anc. Absorus,) two islands in the Adriatic, belonging to Illyria, situated between 44° 28' and 45° 12' N. Lat., and 14° 16' and 14° 32' E. Lon. United area, 95 sq. m. Pop. 14,000. (M.) The two islands are connected by a bridge. Ciies'-a-peake, a large bay situated in the E. part of Md. and Va. It is nearly 200 m. in length ; its average breadth is perhaps about 18 m. The Susquehanna enters it at the N. extremity, and the Potomac about 70 m. from its junction with the Atlantic. Cheshire, a co. in the W. of England, celebrated for the excel- lence of its cheese. The name is an abbreviation of Chester shire, or county of Chester. Pop. 395,660. 160 CHE— CHI Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; Cheshire, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of N. H. Pop. 30,144. Co. t. Keene. Ches'-ter, an ancient walled city of England, the co. t. of Cheshire, situated on the Dee, near its mouth. It was probably an important military station, under the Romans, as a great many Roman remains have been discovered here. The name is derived from the Latin, Cas- tra, a " camp," and there is reason to conclude that the present fortifica- tions rest upon a Roman basis. Lat. 53° 11' N., Lon. 2° 53' W. Pop., including an area of above 4 sq. m., 23,115. Chester, a co. in the S. E. part of Pa., bordering on the Schuylkill and on Maryland. Pop. 66,438. Co. t. Westchester. Chester, a dist. in the N. part of S. C, on the Catawba r. Pop. 18,038. Seat of justice, Chester c. h. Ches^-ter-field\ a t. of Derbyshire, England, 132 m. N. by W. from London. Pop. of the parish, 6,212. Chesterfield, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Appo- mattox and James rivers. Pop. 17,489. Seat of justice, Chesterfield c. h. Chesterfield, a dist. in the N. E. part of S. C, W. of and border- ing on the Great Pedee r. Pop. 10,790. Seat of justice, Chesterfield c. h. Che-sun^-cook, a lake of Maine, communicating with the Penob- scot r. Che v -tim-ach^-es, or shet x -mash^, a lake in the S. part of La., above 30 m. in length, communicating with the Atchafalaya r. Cheviot, chiv^-e-ot. The Cheviot Hills run from N. E. to S. W., and form part of the boundary between Scotland and England. The highest summit is 2,658 ft. above the sea. Chiari, ke-a'-re, a t. of Austrian Italy. Lat. 45° 32' N., Lon. 9° 55 E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Chicago, (she-kau'-go,) the most populous city of 111., and cap. of Cook co. on L. Michigan at the mouth of Chicago r. 204 m. N. E. from Springfield. Lat. 42° N., lon. 87° 35' W. It is at the head of navi- gation on the lake, and the terminus of the Illinois canal, which cir- cumstances have rendered it the most commercial city of the State, and perhaps the greatest lumber-market in the Union. The quantity of lumber received here in 1851 was more than 210 million feet. Chicago is connected by railroad with Detroit, Toledo, and Galena. Founded in 1831. Pop. in 1840, 4,470 ; in 1850, 29,963. Chich'-es-ter, an ancient walled city of England, the cap. of the co. of Sussex, 56 m. S. W. by S. from London. The name is said to be a contraction of Cissanceaster, the city or castle of Cissa, an Anglo- Saxon chief who repaired and partly rebuilt it, after it had been de stroyed in a siege. Pop. 8,512. Chtck x -a-sawJ a co. in the N. part of Miss., intersected by the Oktib- bewha r. Pop. 16,368. Co. seat, Houston. Chickasaws, a tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the northern part of Miss, and Ala., who have made considerable progress towards civilization. CHI— CHI 161 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Chicot, shee^-ko, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Ark. Pop. 5,115. Co. t. Columbia. Ciiiem See, Keem sa, a lake in the S.E. part of Bavaria, 45m. E.S.E. of Munich. It is about 10 m. in length. Chieti, ke-a'-te, an archiepiscopal t. of Naples, the cap. of Abruzzo Citra, on the Pescara. Lat. 42° 22' N., Lon. 14° 9' E. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Chihuahua, che-vva'-wa, a large and handsome t. of Mexico, the cap. of a state of the same name< with a nourishing military academy. Lat. 28° 37' N., Lon. 105° 4' W. Pop. about 30,000. (B.) Chili, chilMe, (Sp. Chile, cheeMa,) one of the new republics of S. America, lying along the coast of the Pacific, between 25° and 42° S. Lat. ; but the archipelago of Chiloe, which belongs to it, extends about two. degrees farther S. It is bounded on the N. by the desert of Ata- cama, which belongs to Bolivia, E. by the republic of La Plata, from which it is divided by the Andes, and on the S. by Patagonia. But the southern limit of Chili, properly speaking, is the r. Bio-bio, by which it is separated from Araucania, which is still independent. Length near 800 m.; breadth varying from 90 to 200 m. Area esti- mated at 130,000 sq.m. Pop. 1,400,000. (B.) The climate of the central part of Chili may, with respect to temperature, be compared to that of Italy; though it varies much in different districts, it is every- where healthy. This country, however, is subject to strong periodical gales. In the beginning of the rainy season (May and June), the wind often blows with great violence from the N. W. During eight or nine months it blows from the S., and frequently with great force, espe- cially in autumn, that is from February to April. The vegetable pro- ductions of Chili do not, for the most part, materially differ from those of other countries within similar latitudes; the extreme dryness, how- ever, of the air in the northern districts is unfavourable to the sugar- cane and to most intertropical plants. Probably no country is more subject to earthquakes than this. In the northern district slight shocks are felt almost every day ; they occur more frequently along the coast than in the interior. This republic became independent in 1818. The cap. is Santiago. — Adj. and inhab. Chil/-i.-an. The Spanish appella- tion Chilenos, che-la/-noce, is also employed by some English writers to designate the inhabitants. Chil-h-coth'-e, the cap. of Ross co., Ohio, situated on the Scioto r. and the Ohio and Erie Canal, 85 m. E. by N. from Cincinnati. Pop. 7,098. Chiloe, cheel-o-a^, almost chil-way^, an i. on the W. coast of S. America, belonging to Chili, between 41° 48' and 43° 50' S. Lat., and 73° 20' and 74° 30' W. Lon. Its length is about 120 m. ; its greatest breadth 60 m. Chimborazo, cheem-bo-ra/-so, a mountain in Ecuador, till recently regarded as the highest in S. America ; but it is now ascertained that the Nevado de Sorata exceeds it by nearly 4,000 ft. The Chimborazo is about 3,350 toises, or 21,426 English ft. above the level of the sea. Lat. about 1° 30' S., Lon. 79° 5' W. 14* 162 CHI Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 66 asmgood Chi/-na, an extensive country in Eastern Asia, bordering on the Pacific, and constituting the principal portion of the Chinese empire. It lies between 18° and 41° N. Lat, and 98° and 124° E. Lon. Its length, from S. E. to N. W., is above 1,400 m. ; breadth from 900 to 1,3.0 m. The area is estimated at about 1,298,000 sq.m. On the northern frontier, China is inclosed by the great wall, about 1,400 long, and 20 ft. high ; it is believed to have been built about 200 years before the Christian era. Before the arrival of Europeans, the norther portion of China was called by the neighbouring nations of central Asia, Cath-ay', under which name it became known to the Russians, while the inhabitants of India called the southern part Chin, whence is de- rived the ordinary European name. The Chinese name it Chon-Koo, or the "centre of the world." The climate of this country diifers greatly from that of Europe within the same latitudes. The mean tem- perature is considerably lower, while the extremes of heat and cold in the different seasons are much greater. In this respect, the climate of China may be considered as bearing a general resemblance to that of the United States. If the difference in temperature in the same lati- tudes between the E. and YV. coast of N. America, is less striking* than between China and the western part of Europe, it may, perhaps, be attributed to the greater breadth of the eastern continent, in conse- quence of which, those influences that cause the western sides of continents to be warmer than the eastern, manifest themselves in their fullest force. The gulf stream, also, in all probability contributes something towards moderating the temperature of our climate, espe- cially along the coast. The soil of China is, in general, productive, and some parts are extremely fertile. The country is watered by nu- merous rivers. The Imperial Canal, a work which excites the admira- ration of travellers, commences in about 30° -N. Lat., at Hang-tcheoo- foo, and extending, in a northerly direction, perhaps 700 m., terminates at Lin-tchin-cheoo. It appears to have been constructed both for the purpose of internal navigation and of draining, and irrigating some parts of the adjacent country. The vegetable productions of China are highly interesting ; among them we may mention a superior species of orange, which, when ripe, has a deep crimson rind, quite detached from the fruit; the Nelumbium, a beautiful flower, of which the seeds resemble, in form and size, acorns without their cups, and have the fla- vour of nuts, while the root is sliced and eaten as fruit; and the tallow tree, the Croton sebiferum, from the seeds of which the vegetable oil is obtained ; it is like wax, and, in its natural state, is of snowy white- ness. Silver mines are abundant in China, but are little worked ; gold is obtained from the sands of some of the rivers, but no gold or silver money is coined. (M. B.) The government of China is an absolute despotism. The emperors of the present or Mantchoo dynasty, sprung from a union of the eastern Tartars and Mongols, have been in posses- sion of the sovereignty since the year 1644. Of the population of this great country, the estimates vary exceedingly. According to a census which is stated to have been taken by the Chinese government in 1812, CHI— CHR 163 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n. nearly like ng. the entire population of the empire amounted to more than 360.000,000. Balbi estimates it-at 170,000,000. The Chinese empire comprises, besides China proper, Chinese Tar- tary, including the countries of Mongolia and Mantchooria, Little Bucha- ria, Thibet, and the peninsula of Corea. Peking is the capital of China proper, and of the whole empire. — Adj. and inhab. Chi-nese' and Gath- ay'-an (poetical). Chin India, a name given to the region situated between China and Hindostan, comprehending the Birman empire, the kingdoms of Ton- quin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos, Siam, and the peninsula of Ma- lacca. It is often called the Peninsula beyond the Ganges. Little is known of these countries, and their political divisions and boundaries are very uncertain. Chinchilla, chin-cheeV-ya, a t. of Spain, in the prov. of Murcia. Lat. 38° 56' N., Lon. 1° 47' W. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Chippenham, chip'-num, a small t. of England; in Wiltshire, 86 m. W. from London. Chippewa, chip^-pe-wa\ a large co., forming the N. extremity of Mich., and bordering on L. Superior. Pop. 898. Co. t. Sault St. Mary. Chip/-pe-way\ a r. of Wisconsin Territory, flowing into the Mis- sissippi. Chippeways, written also Ojibbeway, a numerous tribe of Indians, chiefly inhabiting Wisconsin. Chiquitos, che-kee'-toce, a tribe of S. American Indians, inhabiting the E. part of Bolivia. Chit/-ten-i>en, a co. in the N. W. part of Vt., bordering on L. Cham- plain. Pop. 29,036. Co. t. Burlington. Choc'-taw, a co. in the N. central part of Miss., intersected by the Big Black r. Pop. 11,402. Co. seat, Greensborough. Choc'-taws, a tribe of Indians, formerly inhabiting the middle por- tion of Miss., on both sides of the river Yazoo. They have made con- siderable progress towards civilization. Cholula, cho-looMa, a t. of Mexico, about 20 m. from Puebla. Lat. 19° 2' N., Lon. 98° 15' W. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.) Chor'-ley, a t. of Lancashire, England, 22 m. N. W. from Manches- ter. Pop. of the parish, with an area of above 4 sq. m., 13,139. Cho-wan', a r. of N. C, formed by the union of the Nottaway, Me- herrin, and Black water rivers, which falls into Albemarle Sound. Chowan, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on Chowan r. and Albemarle Sound. Pop. 6,721. Co. t. Edenton. Christian, a co. in the S. W. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop 19,580. Co. t. Hopkinsville. Christian, a co. near the centre of 111. Pop. 3,202. Christj.-an-'-a Creek, in the S. E. part of Pa., flows into the Dela- ware, below Wilmington. Christiania, kris-te-an'-e-a, the cap. of Norway, situated in a prov. of the same name, on Christiania Fiord (fe-ord'), a bay which extends L 164 CHR— CIR Fate, fir, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66 as in good about 60 m. inland. It is the seat of a university, founded in 1811, which has a library of 10,000 vols., and about 500 students. Lat. of the Observatory, 59° 54' 5" N., Lon. 10° 44' 57" E. Pop. above 21,000. (B.) Christiansand, kris/-te-an-sand\ a t. of Norway, situated on the N. coast of the Skager Rack. Lat. 58° 10' N., Lon. 8° 20' E. Pop. in 1826, 7,488. (P. C.) Chuquisaca, choo-ke-saMd, formerly called La Plata, the cap. of Bolivia, situated in a plain at an elevation of 9,300 ft. above the sea. Lat. about 19° S., Lon. 64° 40' W. Pop. 13,000. Cienfuegos, se-en'-foo-&/-g6s, or fwa/-goce, a flourishing- t. on the S. coast of Cuba, on a bay called Xagua (Ha'-gwa), which forms one of the finest harbours in the world. It was founded about the year 1818, and named in honour of Cienfuegos, who was then captain-general of Cuba. Lat. about 22° 15' N., Lon. near 81° W. Pop. 3,500. Cincinnat'i* the metropolis of the State of Ohio, and capital of Ha- milton Co., is situated on the Ohio i\, about 500 m. from its mouth, 116 S. W. from Columbus, and 497 m. from Washington. Lat. 39° 6' N. Lon. 84° 27 / W. It is the most populous city of the Western States, and the fifth in population in the whole Union. During the last forty years its growth has been extremely rapid. In 1800 it contained 750 inh.; in 1840, 46,338; and in 1850, 116,108 ; exclusive of the suburbs on the left bank of the river. It is beautifully situated near the extremity of a valley, enclosed on the north by hills, which rise gently to the height of 300 feet, and present from their summits delightful views of the city and the river, which is here about 800 yards wide. The town is built on two pla- teaus, the highest of which is about 50 feet above the other, and 108 feet above low-water mark. The average difference between high and low water here is about 50 feet. The shore is supplied with floating wharves, adapted to the rise and fall of the water, which render the landing at all times convenient. The corporate limits include about 4 sq. miles. The city is well built, a large portion of the houses being of brick or stone. The streets cross each other at right angles, and are wide, straight, and well paved. Among the principal buildings may be mentioned the court-house, the edifice of the Franklin and Lafayette Banks, built on the model of the Parthenon ; the Cincinnati College, with a marble front of the Doric order ; and several fine churches. The Observa- tory has one of the best telescopes in the country. The Catholics have a college with a library of 6300 volumes. Lane Seminary, a Presbyterian institution, two miles from the city, has a library of 10,500 volumes; and the Mercantile Library contains over 10,000 volumes. Among the charitable institutions are two orphan asy- lums, a hospital, and a lunatic asylum which will accommodate 250 patients. * This is frequently pronounced, contrary to all principles of correct pronun- ciation, sin-sin-atf-tu'h, an error which cannot be too carefully avoided. CIN— CIR 165 cm, as in our; th, as in thin; Tn, as in this; n, nearly like tiff. Cincinnati possesses great facilities for communication with the surrounding country. Besides the Ohio river, which is the main thoroughfare between the Atlantic States and the Mississippi valley, the Miami canal connects it with Lake Erie, and several lines of rail- road are already completed, which extend to Columbus, Cleveland, and Sandusky. Others are in progress which will connect it with St. Louis, Pittsburg, and the Atlantic seaports. This is the greatest pork-mark&t in the Union. The value of the pork received here in a single year is about 4,000,000 dollars. During the year ending Sept. 1, 1851, 233 steamboats were employed in the commerce of Cincinnati, and the number of steamboat arrivals in that year was 3,698. The manufactures are various and important. It contained in 1851, 5 cotton-factories, 9 paper-mills, 44 iron-foundries and engine- shops, which produce annually $3,676,000 ; 34 oil and stearine fac- tories, product $3,015,000 ; 33 pork and beef establishments, product $5,760,000 ; 40 wine manufactories ; 62 tobacco factories, product $931,000; 12 publishing offices, product $1,246,000; and 7 boat- yards, in which 31 steamboats were built in that year. In ordinary seasons, the navigation is open all winter, though par- tially obstructed by floating ice. The river was frozen over in 1838-9, and again in the winter of 1851-2, when it remained closed for 9 successive days, and the mercury sank to 10° below zero. The mean annual temperature is 53°. The climate is adapted to the production of the finest fruits of the temperate regions, with which the market is abundantly supplied. The grape especially is cultivated extensively in this vicinity. Cinque Ports, sink ports, ports on the S. eastern coast of England, which, in return for the enjoyment of certain peculiar privileges, were to furnish a certain number of ships, equipped and manned, to be at the disposal of the sovereign in any emergency. As their name implies, there were originally but five; viz., Dover, Sandwich, Hithe, Romney, and Hastings. To these, Rye, Winchelsea, and Seaford, were after- wards added. Cin'-tra or seen'-tra, a small t. of Portugal, 15 m. W. N. W. of Lisbon, celebrated for its fine air and beautiful situation. It is a place of great resort in summer for the citizens of the capital. Many of the nobility and wealthy merchants have villas in the vicinity of Cintra. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) Cir-cars/, Northern, a large maritime prov. of Hindostan, between 15° and 20° N. Lat., and 80° and 86° E. Lon., extending along the W. side of the Bay of Bengal. Circassia, sir-kash'-e-a, (Russ. TchtR-kas^-ca,) is situated along the N. declivity of Mount Caucasus, and comprehends the whole of this tract, from the Black Sea to the vicinity of the Caspian. It belongs nominally to Russia. The beauty of the Circassian women is much celebrated. — Adj. and inhab. Circassian, sir-kash'-e-an. Cirencester, commonly pronounced sis'-e-ter, a t. of England, in 166 CIT— CLA Fite, far, fill, fit; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n&t ; oo as in good; Gloucestershire, 17 m. S. E. of Gloucester. Pop. of the parish, with an area of above 9 sq. m., 6,014. Cittadella, chit-ta-delMa, a t. of Austrian Italy. Lat. 45° 37' N., Lon. 11° 50' E. Pop. above 6,000. (B.) Ciudad Real, the-oo-DaD/ ra-aV, a t. of Spain, in New Castile, the cap. of La Mancha. Lat. 38° 57' N., Lon. 3° 49' W. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Ciudad Rodrigo, the-oo-DdD^ roD-ree'-go, a fortified t. of Spain, in the prov. of Salamanca. Lat. 40° 31' N., Lon. 6° 26' W. Pop. 4,300. (B.) Civita Vecchia, chee^-ve-ta vek^-ke-a, a fortified t. and seaport of Italy, in the Papal State, 36 m. N. W. of Rome. Lat. 42° 5' N., Lon. 11° 45' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Clack-man^-nan-shire, a small co. in the E. part of Scotland, bor- dering on the r. Forth. Pop. 19,155. Clagenfurth or Klageinfurth, kla/-gen-fboRt\ a t. of the Austrian empire, in Carinthia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, with seve- ral important institutions for education. Lat. 46° 36' N.., Lon. 14° 20 E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Clai^-borne, a co. in the S. W. part of Miss., bordering on the Big Black and the Mississippi rivers. Pop. 14,941. Co. seat, Port Gibson. Claiborne, a parish in the N. part of La., bordering on the Red r. Pop. 7,471. Seat of justice, Russelville. Claiborne, a co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., bordering on Va. and Ky. Pop. 9,369. Co. t. Tazewell. Clair, St., a lake between Mich, and Upper Canada, about 27 m. long, with a mean breadth of perhaps 15 m. It receives the waters of L. Huron by the r. St. Clair, and discharges itself into L. Erie by the Detroit r. The r. St. Clair is about 40 m. long, f m. wide, and is navi- gable for large vessels. Clair, St., a co. in the N. E. central part of Ala., W. of and bor- dering on the Coosa r. Pop. 6,829. Co. t. Ashville. Clair, St., a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., bordering on the r. and L. St. Clair. Pop. 10,420. Co. t. Palmer. Clair, St., a co. in the S. W. part of 111., on the Kaskaskia and Mis- sissippi rivers. Pop. 20,181. Co. t. Belleville. Clair, St., a co. in the W. S. W. part of Mo., intersected by the Osage r. Pop. 3,556. Clamecy, klam N -se^, a t. of France, in the dep. of Nievre. Lat. 47° 27' N., Lon. 3° 30' E. Pop. about 5,000. (P. C.) Clare, a co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster, bordering on the Atlantic. Pop. in 1831, 258,322. (P. C) Clarke, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., intersected by the Shenan- doah. Pop. 7,352. Clarke, a co. in the N. central part of Ga., on the Oconee r. Pop. 11,119. Co. t. Watkinsville. Clarke, a co. in the S. W. part of Ala., bordering on the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers. Pop. 9,786. Co. t. Clarkesville. CLA— CLE 167 cm, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like Tig. Clarke, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 5,477. Co. seat, Quitman. , Clarke, a co. in the S. part of Ark., intersected by the Washita r. Pop. 3,995. Co. t. Greenville. Clarke, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 12,683. Co. t. Winchester. Clarke, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ohio, a little E. of the Great Miami r. Pop. 22,178. Co. t. Springfield. Clarke, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 15,828. Co. t. Charlestown. Clarke, a co. in the E. part of 111., bordering on the Wabash. Pop. 9,532. Co. t. Marshall. Clarke, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Mo. Pop. 5,527. Co. t. Alexandria. Clarke's River, in Oregon, rises in the Rocky Mountains, and flows into the Columbia r. Its length is about 460 m. Clausthal or Klaustiial, klous'-taal, a t. of Germany, in Hanover, remarkable for the silver and lead mines in its vicinity. It is the seat of administration for the mining districts of Hanover. Lat. 51° 48' N., Lon. 10° 20' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) The mines of Clausthal yield annually about 160,000 ounces of silver, 2,400 tons of lead and litharge, and 4 tons of copper. They employ upwards of 2,000 work- men. Clay, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., on the S. E. fork of the Ken- tucky r. Pop. 5,421. Co. t. Manchester. Clay, a co. in the W. part of Ind., intersected by the Eel r., and a little E. of the Wabash. Pop. 7,944. Co. t. Bowling Green. Clay, a co. in the S. E. part of 111., intersected by the Little Wa- bash. Pop. 4,289. Co. t. Maysville. Clay, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 10,332. Co. t. Liberty. Clay'-ton, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 3,873. Clear'-field, a co. in the W. central part of Pa. Pop. 12,586. Co. t. Clearfield. Cler-mont', a co. in the S. W. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 30,455. Co. t. Batavia. Clermont-Ferrand, klaiR x -m6N' it j r N -rW, (Anc. Augustonemetum, afterwards Clarus Mons,) the cap. of the French dep. of Puy-de-dome, and formerly, of the prov. of Auvergne. It contains a number of lite- rary and scientific institutions; among which we may mention the Academie Universitaire and the Royal College. Lat. 45° 46' N., Lon. 3° 5' E. Pop. 28,000. (B.) Cleve'-land, a port of entry of Ohio, the cap. of Cuyahoga co,, situ- ated on L. Erie, at the termination of the Ohio canal. Pop. 17,034. Cleves, (Ger. Kleve, kW-veh ; Fr. CI eves, klave,) a walled t. of the Prussian dominions, the cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 51° 47' N., Lon. 6° 7 E. Pop. 7,400. (B.) L68 CLI— COB Fate, far, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, ndt ; oo as in good ; Clifton. See Bristol. Clinch, a r. of Tenn., which unites with the Holston to form the Tennessee. Clin'ton, a co. occupying the N. E. extremity of N. Y. Pop. 40,047. Co. t. Plattsburg. Clinton, a co. in the N. central part of Pa., on the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 11,207. Clinton, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 4,889. Clinton, a co. in the S. W. part of Ohio, N. E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 18,838. Co. t. Wilmington. Clinton, a co. in the S. central part of Mich. Pop. 5,102. Clinton, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ind., a little S. E. of the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 11,869. Co. t. Frankfort. Clinton, a co. in the S. W. part of 111., intersected by the Kaskas- kia r. Pop. 5,139. Co. t. Carlyle. Clinton, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., a little E. of the Missouri r Pop. 3,786. Co. t. Plattsburgh. Clinton, & co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 2,822. Clinton, a village of N. Y., in Oneida co., about 9 m. W. S. W. of Utica. It is the seat of Hamilton College. Clitheroe, kliTH^-er-6\ a small t. of England, in Lancashire, 21 m S. E. of Lancaster. Pop. of the township, 6,765. Clogher, kloH'-Her, a small t. of Ireland, in the co. of Tyrone, 22 m. W. by N. of Armagh. Cloghnakilty, klon v -na-kiF-te, or Clon'-a-kil'-ty, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Cork, situated on a bay of the same name. Lat. 51° 38' N., Lon. 8° 51' W. Pop. in 1831, 3,807. (P. C.) Clon-mell', the chief t. of the co. of Tipperarv, Ireland, situated on the r. Suir. Lat. 52° 19' N., Lon. 7° 43' W. Pop. in 1831, 15,134. (P.C.) Clyde, a r. of Scotland, which rises in the S. part of Lanarkshire, and, flowing in a north-westerly direction, enters the Frith of Clyde. Its whole course is upwards of 70 m. Though the third in magnitude, it is, as respects navigation, the most important river of Scotland. Co-a-hV-ma, a co. in the N. W. part of Miss., bordering on the Mis- sissippi r. Pop. 2,780. Cobb, a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoochee. Pop. 13,843. Co. t. Marietta. CW-lentz,* (Ger. Coblenz, ko^-blents ; Fr. Coblence, ko v -blaNce',) a * We often hear Coblentz accentuated on the last syllable, but this is contrary to the tendency of our language, (see Int. XII., Obs. 2,) as well as to the native pronunciation. Byron is right, as usual — " By Coblentz, on a rise of gentle ground, There is a small and simple pyramid." Childe Harold, Canto III. COB— COD 169 oa, as m our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. i. of the Prussian states, cap. of a circle of the same name, and of the whole prov. of the Lower Rhine ; situated at the confluence of the Mo- selle and Rhine, whence the city obtained its ancient name, Confluens or Confluentes, of which Coblenz is probably a corruption. This place is strongly fortified, and is an important military post. (See Ehren- BREiTSTEtN.) Lat. 50° 21/ N., Lor. 7° 30' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, above 12,000. (B.) Co'-burg (Ger. prcn. ko'-booRG) or Saxe-Cobtjrg, the most southern of the independent principalities of Saxony, forming a part of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg Gctha. and situated between 50° 9' and 50° 24' N. Lat. and 10° 40' and 11° 15' E. Lon. Its area is about 200 sq. m. Pop. 38,000. (P. C.) Cgburg, the cap. of the above, is a walled t, and has about 8,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat 50° 15' N„ Lon. 10° 58' E. Cochabamba, ko v -cha-bamf-ba, a t of Bolivia, the cap. of a dep. of the same name. Lat 17° 25' S., Lon. 65° 50' W. Pop. estimated at 30,000 (B.); by others, at 20,000. Cochin, ko-cheen', a prov. on the S. W. coast of Hindostan, between 10° 10' and 10° 50' N. Lat Co'-chin China, or the empire of An-nam, is situated in Chin-India, of which it forms the eastern portion. It extends from 8° 40' to about 23° N. Lat, and from 102° to 109° 20' E. Lon. Its length, from N. to S., is about 980 m.; its breadth varies from 100 m. to 300 m. Area estimated at 147,000 sq. m. The name Cochin China is unknown to the inhabitants, having been bestowed by the Portuguese. The natives call it Drang-Trong, f. e. " the central country.*' This appellation, how- ever, is restricted to Cochin China Proper; Tonkin is called the " ex- ternal country." These two countries are named by the inhabitants An-nam or Anam. Tonkin occupies the northern, and Cochin China Proper the southern region; the boundary line between them is in about 19° N. Lat. The most southern portion of Cochin China Proper once formed a separate country, under the name of Tsiampa, tse-am'-pi or Chiampa. The empire of An-nam comprehends a part of Cambodja and several other territories. Little, however, is known respecting them. The pop. is estimated, by Balbi, at 12,000,000. The inhabit- ants of Cochin China belong to the same race as the Chinese and Mon- gols. They have made some progress in most of the arts of civilized life, and, in their mode of living and general character, appear to resemble the Chinese. They are said to excel in naval architecture, and the lacker-ware made at Tonkin is considered by some as preferable to that of Japan. Hue is the cap. of Cochin China and of the whole empire. Adj. and inhab. Cochin Chinese, which, however, should be restricted to Cochin China Proper. An-nam-ese' or Anamese is the more gene- ral appellative. Cocrr, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., bordering on N. C. Pop. 8,300. Co. t. Newport. ^ Codogno, ko-done'-yo, a t. of Austrian Italy, in the prov. of Lodi, 15 170 COF— COL F&te, far, f&U, fat \ me, me.t; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t ; oo as in qood ; 35 m. S. E. of Milan, noted as a market for the Parmesan cheese. Fop. above 8,000. (B.) Cof'-fee, a co. in the S. central part of Term., on the head waters of Duck r. Pop. 8,351. Cognac, kone x -yak>, a t of France, in the dep. of Charente, on the r. Charente, famous for its manufacture of brandy. Lat. 45° 42' N., Lou. 0° 19' W. Coim n -b.\-toor' or Coimbatore, a prov. in the S. of India, about the 11th degree of N. Lat., S. of, and bordering on Mysore. — Also the cap, of the above, containing about 2,000 houses. Lat. 10° 52" N,, Lor*. 77° 5' E. Co-im^-bra or ko-eem^-bra, a t. of Portugal, in Beira, of which it is considered the cap., situated on the right side of the r. Mondego, about 120 m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. It has a richly endowed university, with the faculties of theology, law, and medicine, besides the academical department. The lectures are generally gratuitous. The average number of academical students is said to be about 1,200. The palace of the university, once the residence of the kings, is one of the finest buildings in the place. — ConimHsrica, the ancient Coirobra, was situated at some distance from the site of the present town. Lat. 40° 12' 30" N., Lon. 8° 24' W. Permanent pop. about 15,000. (B.) Coire, kwaR, (Ger. Chur, koor,} a t. of Switzerland, cap. of the canton of Grisons, near the right bank of the Rhine. Lat. 46° 51' N., Lon. 9° 31' E. Pop. 4,750. (P. C.) Colberg, koF-beRG, a seaport and fortress of Prussia, in Pomerania, situated on the Persante (peR-san'-tc/i), about a mile from its entrance into the Baltic. Lat. 54° 9 y N., Lon. 15° 34' E. Pop. nearly 6;0(X). (B.) Coe/-chks-ter, a t. of England, in the N. E. part of the ca of Essex, 51 m. N. E. by E. from London. Pop. of the borough and liberties, 17,790 ; that of the town may be estimated at about 14,000. Cole, a co. in the central part of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 6,696. Co. t. Jefferson city. Coles, a co. in the E. part of 111., intersected by the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 9,335. Co. t. Charleston. Colleton, a dist. in the S. E. part of S. C, intersected by the Edisto r. Pop. 39,505. Seat of justice, Walterborough. Col-lump/-ton, a small t. of England, in Devonshire, 11 m. N. N. E. of Exeter. Colne, a r. of England, in Hertfordshire, which flows into the Thames. Cologne, ko-lone^, (Fr. pron. koMoiV, Ger. Koln,) an archbishopric of Rhenish Prussia, the cap. of a government of the same name, and of the prov. of the Rhine, situated on the left bank of the Rhine. It is enclosed by a lofty wall, about 6 m. in circuit, defended by 83 tow- ers, and surrounded with ramparts and deep ditches, and has 24 gates. Cologne was a Roman station, and afterwards a colony named Colonia Claudia Agrippineyisis. From Colonia the modern name is derived. Co- logne was formerly one of the most wealthy and powerful cities of the COL— COL 171 Wl, tis in mar; th, as in thin ; tit, as in this ; y, nearly like ng. Hstnseatic league, when its pop. amounted to 150,000. It ceased to be s. free town in 1792. A bridge of boats, 1,250 paces .in length, con- nects Cologne with Deutz (doits), which is regarded as one of its suburbs. The town has been declared a free port, and carries on an active commerce. Besides other articles, it manufactures, on a very -extensive scale, the aromatic water which bears its name, Lat. 50° 55' N., Lor. 6° 55' E. Pop., including that of Deutz and the military, 78,500. Adjective and inhab. Colognese, koP-o-neze^. Colombia, ko-lom'-be-a is the name which was adopted by the north- ern countries of S. America in 1819, when New Granada and Vene- zuela united, and established one central government, for the purpose of resisting the power of Spain. In 1829, Venezuela renounced the union, and constituted itself a separate republic. After the resignation of Bolivar, in 1830, it again joined New Granada, but this union lasted only a shoTt time. In November, 1831, a new separation took place : at the same time it was decided that the former prov. of Quito should con- stitute a separate government, under the name of Ecuador. Thus Co- lombia was divided into the three republics, Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador. Cg-lom'-bo or Columbo, the cap. of the i. of Ceylon, situated on the W. coast. It is, for the most part, well built, and resembles a European rather than an Indian town. Though its harbour is very insecure •during some seasons of the year, it is the centre of the foreign com- merce of the whole island. Lat. 6° 59' N., Lon. 79° 55' E. Pop., ac- cording to the census of 1832, 31,519. (P. C.) CoiZ-on-sa or Col'-on-say\ a small i. on the W. coast of Scotland, N. of Isla. Coloraoo, koT-o-r&'-do, a r. of Mexico, which flows into the N. ex- tremity of the Gulf of California. Its length, according to Humboldt, is 230 leagues, or about 640 English miles, but the quantity of water carried down its channel, during the dry season, is extremely small. It is called Rio Colorado, or Red River, because, owing to the fall of rains upon a soil of red clay, its waters often assume that colour. Colorado or Cobu ko-boo', a r. of S. America, in the republic of La Plata, which flows into the Atlantic, near 40° S. Lat., and 62° W. Lon. Its length is above 600 m. Colorado (Texas). See Rio Colorado. Co-lum'-bj.-a, District of, a tract, situated on the north side of the Potomac, 120 m. from its mouth. It is the seat of the federal government, and under the particular jurisdiction of Congress. This district was till recently divided into two counties, Washington and Alexandria. It was ceded to the general government by the states of Maryland and Virginia, in 1790. Pop. 51,070. Alexandria city and county, including the whole of that portion of the District lying on the right side of the Potomac, were retraced ed to Virginia, during the Congress of 1845-6. Columbia, a co. in the E. S. E. part of N. Y., E. of, and bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 43,073. Co. t. Hudson. Columbia, a co. in the N. E. central part of Pa., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 17,710. Co. t. Bloomsburg. 172 COL— COM Tate, far, fall, f&t; me, m£t; pine of pine, pin; n&, not; oo as in good} Columbia, a co. in (he E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 11,961. Co. t. Applingville. Columbia, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on the Suwanee r. Pop. 4,808. Columbia, the cap. of S. C, and seat of justice of the dist. of Rich- land, situated at the confluence of the Broad and Saluda rivers. It is the seat of the South Carolina College, founded in 1804. Lat. 33° 57 N., Lon. 81° T W. Pop. 4,340. Columbia River. See Oregon. Co-lum-bj-an'-a, a co. in the N.E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 33,621. Co. t. New Lisbon. Co-lum'-bus, a co. in the S. part of N. C, bordering on S. C. Pop, 5,909. Co. t. Whitesville. Columbus, the co. t. of Franklin co,, Ohio* anxl the cap. of the state. It is situated on the Scioto r., about 100 m., in a straight line, N, E. of Cincinnati, and 350 m. from Washington. Lat. 39° 57 N., Lon. 83° & W. Pop. 18,183. Columbus, the cap. of Muscogee co., Ga., situated on the Cattahoo- chee, close at the head of steamboat navigation. It is a flourishing and rapidly increasing town. The Muscogee R. R.>, 70 m. long, con- nects it with the South-Western R. R. Pop. 5,942. Comayagua, ko-rni-a'-gwa, called also New Valladolid, the cap. of the state of Honduras, in Central America. It has a edlege, and about 18,000 inhabitants. (B„) Lat. 14° 32' N., Lon. 87° 35' W. Co^-mo (Lat. Co^rnum), a manufacturing and commercial t. of Aus- trian Italy, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated at the S. W. extremity of the Lake of Como, 22 m. N. by W. of Milan. Its cathe- dral, built in the middle ages, is regarded as one of the finest churches in the N. of Italy. Comum was the birth-place of the two Plinys. Lat. 45° 48' N., Lon. 9° & E. Pop., including that of the suburbs, 16,000. (B.) Como, Lago di, la'-go de ko^-mo, or Lake of Como, (Anc. La'rius,) a lake in the N. of Italy, intersected by the 46th parallel of N. Lat It is long, narrow, and of very irregular and tortuous shape. Com / -o-rin v Cape, the S. extremity of Hindostan. Lat. 8° 4' N., Lon. 77° 37' E. Co'-morn or Komorn (Hung. Kornarom, ko-maa-roro,) a royal free t. and fortress of Hungary, the cap. of a co. of the same name, situated on the i. of Scbiitt, at the entrance of the Waag into the Danube. Lat 47° 45' N., Lon. 18° 8' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Com'-o-ro Islands are situated in the channel of Mozambique, be- tween 11° 20' and 13° 10' S. Lat., and 43° 10' and 45° 30' E. Lon. They are four in number, of which Comoro is the largest. The most important, and the only one visited by European vessels, is Anzooan, which see. Compiegne, koM x -pe-ain/, a t. of France, in the dep. of Oise; on the r. Oise, 43 m. N. N. E. of Paris, with a magnificent royal chateau. Lat. 49° 25' N., Lon. 2° 47' E. ^ Pop. in 1832, 8,879. (P. C.) Compostela, Santiago de, san-te-a/-go da kom-po-staMa, an archi- CON— CON 173 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. episcopal t. of Spain, cap. of Galicia. Its university ranks among the first in Spain. Lat. 42° 49' N., Lon. 8° 21' W. Pop. 28,000. (B.) Concan, konk'-kan, a dist. of Hindostan, extending along the Mala- bar coast, between 15° 50' and 20° 15' N. Lat., and divided into North- ern and Southern Concan. Conception, con-sep/-shun, (Sp. Concepcion, kon-thep-the-one^,) a t. of Chili, situated about 7 m. from the shores of an extensive bay of the same name. In 1835 the whole town was laid in ruins by an earth- quake. Previously to this catastrophe, the pop. was estimated at above 10,000. (B.) Lat. 36° 49' S., Lon. 73° 5' W. Concord, kong'-kord, the seat of justice of Merrimack co., N. H., and the cap. of the state, is situated on the W. bank of the Merrimack r., 62 m. N. N. W. of Boston. Lat. 43° 12' 29" N., Lon. 71° 29' VV. Pop. 8,576. Con-cor'-dx-a, a parish in the N. E. part of La., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 7,758. Seat of justice, Concordia. Conde, kon'de or k6N v -dy, an important fortress on the northern frontier of France, in the dep. of Nord, situated on the Escaut (Scheldt), 124 m. N. N. E. of Paris. Lat. 50° 28' N., Lon. 3° 35' E. Pop. in 1832, 3,498. (P. C.) Conecuh, ko-nee^-kah, a co. in the S. part of Ala., intersected by a river of the same name, and bordering on Florida. Pop. 9,322. Co. t. Sparta. Congaree, kong v -ga-ree', a r. of S. C, formed by the union of the Saluda and Broad rivers, which unites with the Wateree to form the Santee. Congleton, kongf-g'1-ton, a t. of England, in Cheshire, 30 m. E. of Chester. Pop., including an area of about 4 sq. m., 9,222. Congo, kong/-go, a name which, in its most extensive application, comprehends the whole region lying along the W. coast of Africa, including Loango, Congo Proper, Angola, and Benguela. Congo Pro- per extends from the r. Congo, in about Lat. 6° S., to the r. Dando, in Lat. 8° 20' S. Its interior limits are not known. The climate of this country, though sometimes very fatal to the European constitution, ap- pears not to be subject to great extremes of temperature. The soil, in some parts, is represented as very fertile, and produces yams, maize, sugar-cane, and other tropical plants. Congo, otherwise called the Zaire, za-ee'-ra, a large r. in the S.W\ part of Africa, flowing into the Atlantic, in about 6° S. Lat. It was partially explored by Captain Tuckey in 1816. Its breadth, for some distance from the sea, is not less than 5 or 6 m.; at the mouth, no bot- tom was found in the middle of the stream with a line of 160 fathoms. He ascended it to the distance of about 280 m., and was surprised to find that it did not receive the water of any other stream in the whole distance along which the survey extended ; he was inclined to believe that there must be some under-ground communication, by which it waa supplied with water. Connaught, kouf-naut, a prov. in the W. of Ireland, comprising the 15* 174 CON— CON Fate, far, fall, fat; me, m£t ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6fc ; oo as in good; counties of Galway, Mayo, Roscommon, Leitriro, and Sligo. Pop. in 1831, 1,340,914. (P. C.) Connecticut, kon-netf-e-kut, the largest r. of New England, rises on the borders of Canada, and, running S., divides New Hampshire from Vermont, then passing through Massachusetts and Connecticut, flows into Long Island Sound. Its whole length is about 400 m,; it is navigable for sloops to Hartford, about 50 m. Connecticut, one of the thirteen original states of the Union, situ- ated between 41° and 42° 3' N. Lat., and 71° 55' and 73° 50' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode Island, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New York; and divided into 8 counties.* Its length, from E. to W., is about 93 m. ; its greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 68 m. Area, 4,664 sq. m. Pop. 370,791. The seat of go- vernment is divided between Hartford and New Haven. Con'-stance, (Ger. Constanz, kon'-stasts ; Lat. Constan^tia T ) an an- cient fortified t. in the S. of Germany, belonging to Baden, situated on the S. bank of the Lake of Constance. It was a very important place in the middle ages, but is now much decayed. The name is derived from Constantius (father of Constantino the Great), bv whom it is said to have been founded. Lat. 47° 36' N., Lon. 9° & E. " Pop. 5,300. (B.) Constance or Constanz, called also Bodensee, bo'-den-sa/,i. e. the lake or sea of Bodmann, (an ancient castle on its banks,) a large lake lying between Switzerland and Germany, extending from 47° 28' to 47° 47' N. Lat., and from 9° 2' to 9° 45' E. Lon. Its length is about 45 m.; its greatest breadth about 13 m. It is 1,283 ft. above the level of the sea, and its greatest depth is stated at 964 ft. It was anciently called La'eus Briganti^nus, from the Brigand tii who dwelt on its banks. There was a Roman station near the S. E. extremity of the lake, called Bri- gantium or Brigantia ; the modern name is Bregenz (bra/-gents). Con-stan-tx-ng/-ple, (Turk. Stain-boo)/ in common language, an<3 Constantinieh, kon-stan-te-nee'-e/i , in documentary writing; Gr. Kwv- o-tavT?tvo7to*.i$ ; Lat. Constantinop'olis; i. e. the "city of Constantine ;") a great and celebrated city, the imperial seat of the Ottoman govern- ment, situated between the Euxine and the Sea of Marmora, on a trian- gular promontory which projects from Europe into the Bosporus. Its situation combines the advantages of great strength as a fortress, with great convenience and security as a seaport, and is, at the same time, healthy and beautifully picturesque. Constantinople is built upon the site of the ancient Byzantium, having been founded about the year 328, by Constantine the Great, who made it his own residence and the cap. of the Eastern Empire. It was taken by the Turks, under Mahomet II., in 1453, since which time it has been the cap. of the Ottoman dominions. Among a great number of magnificent edifices which this city contains, the Mosque of St. Sophia is perhaps the most deserving * Fairfield, Hartford, Litchfield, Middlesex, New Haven, New London, Tot land, Windham. CON— COP 175 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. notice. It was a church, founded, more than 13 centuries ago, by the emperor Justinian, but afterwards, when the Turks acquired possession of Constantinople, was converted into a mosque. It is an immense building-, and will conveniently contain, it is said, 100,000 persons. Its cupola has served as a model for those which have since been erected at Venice, Pisa, and Rome. The mosque, however, of the sultan Ahmed surpasses that of St. Sophia, both in beauty and grandeur, and is regarded as altogether the most magnificent structure in the Turkish metropolis. Constantinople is protected on the land side by walls, which are so lofty, that from the road, which passes under them, the eye can scarcely catch a glimpse of the mosques and minarets of the city. On this side there are six gates. The town was formerly de- fended, it is said, by 180 towers, of which not more than 120 are now standing. The harbour of Constantinople, called the port of the Golden Horn, is safe, capacious, and beautiful. It is formed by an arm of the Bosporus, which projects on the European shore, between the city and its suburbs, Galata (gaMa-ta), and Pera (pa'-ra). The Mosque of St. Sophia is in Lat. 41° 1'27" N., and Lon. 28° 55' 24" E. Pop. esti- mated by Balbi at 600,000. — Adj. and inhab. Con-stan-ti-no-poi/-i.- tan, Byzantine, and Byzantian. (See Byzantium.) (Turk. StanV- bool-lee/.) Constantinople, Strait of. See Bosporus. Con'-way or Con'-wy, a r. of Wales, which flows into the Irish Sea, at Aberconway, in Lat. 53° 18' N., Lon. 3° 50' W. Conway, a co. in the N. part of Ark., bordering on the Arkansas r. Pop. 3,583. Co. t. Lewisburg. Cooch Bahar (ba-har/), a principality of Hindostan, occupying the N. E. extremity of the prov. of Bengal. Cook, a co. in the N. E. part of 111., bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 43,385. Co. t. Chicago. Coo-mas'-sie, a large t. in the W. of Africa, cap. of the empire of Ashantee. It is nearly 4 m. in circuit. The streets are wide, regular, and very clean, but the houses are for the most part built of reeds. Lat. 6° 51' N., Lon. 1° 42' W. Pop. estimated by the Ashantees at above 100,000, but this is probably an exaggeration. (P. C.) Cooper, a co. in the W. central part of Mo., bordering on the Mis- souri r. Pop. 12,950. Co. t. Booneville. Coos, a co. forming the N. extremity of N. H. Pop. 11,$53. Co. t. Lancaster. Coo'-sa, a r. of Ala., which unites with the Tallapoosa to form the Alabama r. Coosa, a co. in the E. central part of Ala., bordering on the r. Coosa. Pop. 14,543. Co. t. Rockford. Co-pen-ha'-gen (Dan. Kjobenhavn, ky6M)en-houn'; Lat. Haf ^nia) ; the metropolis of Denmark,* is situated partly on the E. coast of the i of Zealand, and partly on the N. coast of the i. of Amager. This por- tion is called Christianshavn (kris'-te-ans-houn'). That on the i. of Zealand, called Kjobenhavn, or Copenhagen proper, is divided into the 176 COP— COR Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n&, n6t ; oo as in good; Old and New Town. The latter, named also Frederikstad, is truly superb, and may be compared to the most magnificent portions of the finest capitals of Europe. Among the multitude of remarkable build- ings which Copenhagen contains, we may cite the royal palace of Christiansborg, equally extraordinary for its architecture and its vast dimensions. It contains a magnificent palace-church, the royal galle- ries of paintings, natural history, &c, and a library of 400,000 vols. Among the great number of literary and scientific institutions, for which the Danish capital is distinguished, may be mentioned its cele- brated university, one of the most richly endowed and most flourishing in Europe. It is attended on an average by 700 students. Copenha- gen is well fortified, being surrounded by ramparts and ditches, and defended by 24 bastions, besides outworks, and on the side towards the sea by a very strong citadel. It has an admirable harbour which is the great naval station of Denmark, and is capable of containing above 500 ships. Kjobenhavn signifies "buying or trading port;" this place, however, no longer possesses that commercial distinction which for- merly rendered its name so appropriate. Its general trade has much declined of late, principally in consequence of Altona being a free port, which Copenhagen is not. The observatory of the university is in Lat. 55° 40' 53" N., Lon. 12° 34' 57" E. Pop. above 115,000. (B.) Co-pi'-ah, a co. in the S. W. part of Miss., bordering on Pearl r. Pop. 11,794. Co. seat, Gallatin. CV-pj-a-po', a t. in the N. part of Chili, with rich copper-mines. Lat. 27°* 20' S., Lon. 70° 30' W. Copper Mine River, a r. of N. America, which flows into the Arctic Ocean, in Lat. 65° 50' N., Lon. near 116° W. Coquet, kok'-et, a small r. of England, in Northumberland, which rises on the Scottish border, and flows into the German Ocean, oppo- site a little island of the same name. Coquimbo, ko-keem'-bo, a commercial t. of Chili, cap. of a prov. of the same name. It is sometimes called La Serena (la sa-ra/-na). Lat. 29° 55' S., Lon. 71° 19' W. Pop. estimated from 7,000 to 12,000. (B.) Cor-dil/-ler-as or koR-deel-ya/-ras, the name given to the Mexican portion of the great mountain chain which traverses the American con- tinent from N. to S. The highest summits are Popocatepetl and the peak of Orizaba, which see. CoR^-Dp-VA* (Sp. Cordova or Cordoba, koR^-do-va; Anc. Cor'duba the resal seat Of Abdalazis, ancient Cordoba." till they saw The temples and the towers of Cordoba Shining majestic in the light of eve." Southey's Roderick Book V. ' And strangers were received by thee Of Cordova the chivalry." Byron. COR— COR 177 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. and Colo'nia Patricia, or simply Patricia) ; an ancient and celebrated city of Spain, in Andalusia, on the N. bank of the Guadalquivier,180 m. S. S. W. of Madrid. While in the possession of the Moors, from 755 to 1234, it was a distinguished seat of learning, and the terror and ad- miration of Europe. It then contained 300,000 inhabitants. It was also the centre of an extensive trade, and noted for the preparation of the goat skins called cordoban* Since the expulsion of the Moors, Cordova has fallen into decay, though it still ranks among the impor- tant places of Spain. Corduba was the birth-place of the two Senecas, andofthepoetLucan. Lat. 37° 52' N., Lon. 4° 45' W. Pop. 57,(100. (B,) — Adj. and inhab. Cor n -do-ve,se'; and Cor v -du-bese', when the ancient town is referred to. Cordova, an important t. of S. America, nearly in the centre of the republic of La Plata ; cap. of a prov. of its own name, on the r. Primero (pre-ma/-ro). It is the centre of an extensive trade. Lat. about 31° 20' N., Lon. 64° W. Pop. estimated at 15,000. (B.) Co-re'-a, a large peninsula on the E. coast of Asia, whose sovereign is tributary to the emperors of China and Japan, but otherwise inde- pendent. The country subject to the sovereign of Corea extends from about 34° to 43' N. Lat., and from 124° to 134° E. Lon. Its length, from N. to S., is near 630 m. ; the average breadth may be about 150 m. Kingkitao (king-ke-ta'-o), the cap., is said to be a large city. Lat. about 37° 15' N., Lon. 127° 25' E.— Adj. and inhab. Co-re'-an. Corfu, kor N -foo' or kor'-fu, (Mod. Gr. Kop$ot, korphoi, pronounced kor-fee'; Anc. Gr. Kopxvpa; Lat. Corey ^ra ;) an i. which lies off the coast of Albania, extending from 39° 51' to 39° 21' N. Lat, and 19° 36' to 20° 8' E. Lon. The length is about 38 m. ; greatest breadth nearly 20 m. The area is about 227 sq. m. Corfu, the cap. of the above, as well as of the whole Ionian repub- lic, is situated on a promontory, on the E. side of the island. It is surrounded with walls, and strongly fortified. This town is the resi- dence of an archbishop, and the seat of a university, first opened in 1824, with the four faculties of theology, law, medicine, and philosophy, and fourteen professors. The lectures are given in modern Greek. The harbour of Corfu is one of the best in the Levant. Lat. 39° 38 N., Lon. 19° 56' E. Pop. of the town and suburbs, 15,800. (P. C.) Cor'-inth, (Anc. Corin^thos,) a small t. of Greece, near the isthmus which connects the Morea with the main continent. In the early part of the present century, its population and commerce were considerable, but it was almost destroyed during the war. A few scattered ruins are the only relics of that magnificence which was once the admiration of the civilized world. Lat. 37° 56' N., Lon. 22° 53' E.— Adj. and inhab. Cor-in'-thx-an. Cork, a co. occupying the S. extremity of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster. Pop. in 1831, 703,716. (P. C.) * This word has been corrupted into our cordtoain, whence shoemakers in Eng land derived their old name or cordtoainers, and in France that of cordonniers. 178 COR— COS Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; nd, n6fc ; oo as in good ; Cork, one of the most commercial cities of Ireland, cap. of the above co., on both sides of the Lee, 4 m. from its entrance into Cork harbour, and 138 m. S. W. of Dublin. Lat. 51° 54' N., Lon. 8° 30' W. Pop. in 1831, including the liberties, 107,016. (P. C.) Corn'-wall,* a co. occupying the S. W. extremity of England. Pop. 341279. — Adj. Cor'-nish; inhab. Cor'-nish-man. Cor n -o-man/-del, a name applied to the E. coast of Southern Hindos- tan, extending from Point Calimere, in 10° 18' N. Lat., to the mouth of the r. Krishna, in 15° 45' N. Lat. Correze, kor v -raze^, a dep. in the S. central part of France, which derives its name from the r. Correze, a branch of the Vezere, which is a tributary of the Dordogne. Pop. 302,433. (B.) Tulle is the capital. Cor'-rib, a L. of Ireland, in the co. of Galway, 22 m. in length, con- taining numerous islands. Cor/-si-ca, (Fr. Corse,) an i. in the Mediterranean, between Sardi- nia and the Genoese coast, extending from about 41° 21' to 43° 1' N. Lat., and from 8° 32' to 9° 34' E. Lon. Its length is 116 m. ; its great- est breadth about 51. Area about 3,380 sq. m. Pop. 207,889. (B.) The i. of Corsica forms one of the departments of France. Ajaccio is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Cor^-si-can. Corte, koR^-ta, a t. of Corsica, nearly in the centre of the i., which, during the short period of Corsican independence, about the middle of the last century, was the seat of government. Lat. 42° 18' N., Lon. 9° 9' E. Pop. in 1832, 3,282. (P. C.) Cort^-land, a co. in the central part of N. Y., S. W. of Utica. Pop. 25,140. Co. t. Cortlandville. Cortona, koR-to'-na, (Anc. Cor^ytum,) a t. of Italy, in Tuscany, re- markable for its public and private collections of Etruscan antiquities. Corytum was one of the principal cities of ancient Etruria. Lat. 43° 17 N., Lon. 11° 59' E. Pop. 3,500. (B.) Co-run'-na (Sp. Corufia, ko-roon'-ya; Anc. Adro^bicum and Con/- nium), a fortified commercial and manufacturing t. of Spain, in Galicia, at the entrance of the Bay of Betanzos, near the N. W. extremity of the Spanish peninsula. The name is said to be derived from the ancient columna, or tower of Hercules, which still exists, having been, in 1791, converted into a light-house. The harbour of Corunna is spacious, and one of the best in Spain. Lat. 43° 23' N., Lon. 8° 20' W. Pop. about 23,000. (B.) Cor^-vo, the smallest i. of the Azores, situated near 40° N. Lat., and intersected by the 31st meridian of W. Lon. Length only about 5 m. Cosenza, ko-sen^-za, an archiepiscopal t. of Naples, the cap. cf Cala- bria Citra. Lat. 39° 20' N., Lon. 16° 16' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Ccsh-oc'-ton, a co. in the E. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 25,674. Co. t. Coshocton. * Corrupted from Cornu Gallia?, i. e. the "the horn or extremity of Gaul." In like manner, Wales (called Grilles by the French) is derived from Gallia ; the Welsh nation being a remnant of the ancient Gauls. See page 232 : note. COS— COV 179 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this : n, nearly like ng. Coslin, Coeslin or Koslin, kos-leen', a walled t. of Prussia, in Po- merania, the cap. of a circle of the same name, and of the principality of Cam in (ka-meen/). Lat. 54° 13' N., Lon. 16° 12' E. Pop. near 6,(KJ0. (B.) Cosne, kone, (Anc. Conda'te,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Nievres, remarkable for its manufactures in iron. Lat. 47° 24' N., Lon. 2° 56' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,123. (P. C.) Cos^-sacks, a people inhabiting the southern parts of the Russian empire, particularly those bordering on Poland, Turkey and Tartary. The name is supposed to be derived from the Tartar word Kasak, or Kaisak, signifying light-armed mercenary horsemen. They are very warlike, and are extensively employed in the Russian military service. They are said to be, in general, very honest and hospitable. Cosseir, kos-sare', a small t. of Egypt, on the Red Sea, with exten- sive storehouses, where the caravans which trade with Arabia deposite their goods. Lat. 26° 7' N., Lon. 34° 13' E. Costarica, kos'-ta-ree'-ka, or "rich coast," the most southerly of the united states of Central America. Its territory borders on New Gra- nada. S. Jose is the capital. Cote d'Or, kote doR, a dep. in the E. part of France, intersected by the r. Saone. Pop. 385,624. (B.) Capital, Dijon. Cotes du Nord, kote dii noR, (?*. e. literally " coasts of the north,") a dep. in the N. W. of France, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 605,563. (B.) Capital, St. Brieux. Cotopaxi, ko-to-pax'-e or ko-to-pa'-He, a celebrated volcanic moun- tain of S. America, in the territory of Ecuador, nearly 40 m. S. by E. from Quito. In 1738, the flames rose 900 metres (nearly 3,000 Eng- lish ft.) above the sides of its crater ; and, in 1748, its roaring was heard at Honda, in New Granada, at the distance of near 500 m. Heioht, 2,950 toises, or 18,868 English ft. (B.) Lat. 0° 44' S., Lon. 78° 40' W. Cottbus or Kottbus, kott'-boos, a walled t. of Prussia, on the Spree, cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 51° 45' N., Lon. 14° 22' E. Pop. 6,600. (B.) CoURLAND. See KOORLAND. Courtray or Courtrai, kooR x -tra/, (Flem. Kortryk, kort^-rike,) a fortified manufacturing t. of W. Flanders, cap. of a dist. of the same name, situated on the r. Lys, 25 m. S. of Bruges. This town existed in the time of the Romans, under the name of Cortoriacum. Lat. 50° 50' N., Lon. 3° 16' E. Pop. nearly 19,000. (B.) Coutance, koo N -taNce^, (Lat. Constan^tia,) a city of France, in the dep. of Manche. This town is said to have been built by the emperor Constantius, (father of Constantine the Great,) and called after his own name, Constantia, of which Coutance is a corruption. Lat. 49° 3' N. Lon. 1° 26' W. Pop. in 1832, 8,957. (P. C.) Coventry, kuv'-en-tre, a city of England, situated within the limits of Warwickshire, but constituting, with several adjacent vil- lages, a separate county, called the County of the City of Coventry ; the 180 COV— CRA Kite, far, fS.ll, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; nd, not; oo as in good; area of which is above 23 sq. m. The town is situated nearly in the centre of the kingdom, 10 m. N. N. E. of Warwick. Coventry has been the seat of two parliaments, one held during- the reign of Henry IV., in 1404, the other in the time of Henry VI., in 1459. Pop. of the city, with an area of 8 sq. m., 30,743 ; that of the co., exclusive of the city, 30,664. Covington, kuvMng-ton, a co. in the S. part of Ala., bordering on Florida. Pop. 3,645. Co. t. Montezuma. Covington, a co. in the S. part of Miss., a little E. of Pearl r. Pop. 3,338. Co. seat, Williamsburg. Cowes, kouz, a seaport t. of England, in the Isle of Wight, on the W. side of the r. Medina, at its mouth, with a safe and commodious harbour. It is sometimes called West Cowes, to distinguish it from a hamlet on the opposite side of the Medina. Lat. 50° 46' N., Lon. 1° 18' W. Pop. 4,107. Covv-e'-ta, a co. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoo- chee r. Pop. 13,635. Co. t. Newman. Cracow, knV-co, a republic of Europe, formerly constituting a part of the kingdom of Poland. Its existence, as an independent state, dates from the congress of Vienna, in 1815, when the three great powers, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, not being able to agree to which of them it should be assigned, determined to form it into an independent repub- lic, under their joint protection, guaranteeing to it perpetual neutrality and inviolability of its territory, except in the case of its affording an asylum to deserters, or offending against any of the three protecting powers. It lies on the northern bank of the Vistula, and contains an area of about 490 sq. m. Pop. 114,000. (B.) Cracow (Polish, Krakow, kra'-koof ; Lat. Craco^via) ; the chief t. of the above, is situated on the Vistula, at its confluence with the Radeva (ra-da'-va). This ancient capital of Poland received its name from Kracus, duke of the Poles and Bohemians, who is said to have founded it, about the year 700. Formerly the limits of the city were much more extensive than now, and the pop. amounted to thrice the present number. The most striking of its ancient monuments is the cathedral, the finest in Poland. Here the kings of Poland were crowned, and here are the tombs of most of the Polish monarchs and heroes ; among others, we may mention those of Sobieski and Kos- ciusko. Lat. of the Observatory, 50° 3' 49" N., Lon. 19° 58' 6" E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Cra-co'-vi.-an. Cra'-ven, a co. in the E. part of N. C, intersected by the Neuse. Pop. 14,709. Co. t. Newbern. Craw'-ford, a co. in the N. W. part of Pa., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 37,849. Co. t. Meadville. Crawford, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ga., intersected by the Flint r. Pop. 8,984. Co. t. Knoxville. Crawford, a co. on the western border of Ark., intersected by the Arkansas r. Pop. 7,960. Seat of justice, Crawford c. h. CRA— CRO 181 . ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Crawford, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, intersected by the San- dusky r. Pop. 18,177. Co. t. Bucyrus. Crawford (Shawano), a co. in the N. or N. central part of Mich. Crawford, a co. in the S. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 6,524. Co. t. Fredonia. Crawford, a co. in the E. part of 111., bordering on the Wabash r. Pop. 7,135. Co. t. Palestine. Crawford, a co. in the S. E. central part of Mo., intersected by the Maramec r. Pop. 6,397. Co. t. Steelville. , , Crawford, a co., or rather territory, in the N. central part of Wis- consin. Pop. 2,498. Creek Indians, formerly a numerous and powerful tribe dwelling in Ga. and Ala. Their number was much reduced by the war of 1814 ; and of those who survived, most have removed beyond the Mississippi. Some of them have made considerable progress in civilization. Crefeld, kra'-felt, a walled t. of Germany, belonging to Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name. It is a handsome and nourishing place, and has extensive manufactories. Lat. 51° 20' N., Lon. 6° 32' E. Pop. about 19,000. (P. C.) CREMA,kra/-ma, a commercial t. of Austrian Italy, 25 m. E. S. E. of Milan. Lat. 45° 21' N., Lon. 9° 42' E. Pop. near 9,000. (B.) Cre-mo'-na (It. pron. kra-mo'-na), an ancient t. of Austrian Italy, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the N. bank of the Po, and surrounded by walls, flanked with towers. This town was known to the ancient Romans under its present name, and is mentioned by Virgil in his Bucolics (Eclogue IX.) It was the birth-place of the poet Vida, who flourished during the reign of Leo X. Lat. 45° 8' N., Lon. 10° 2' E. Pop. about 27,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Crem n -o- nese'. Creese, kruz, a dep. in the S. central part of France, deriving its name from the r. Creuse, a small stream which rises near the S. border, and, flowing through almost the whole length of the dep., falls into the Vienne. Pop. 276,234. (B.) Capital, Gueret. Creutznach. See Kreuznach. Crim-e'-a (Russ. Krim; Anc. Chersone^sus Tau'rica); a four-sided peninsula in the S. E. part of European Russia, formed by the Black Sea and the See of Azof, between 44° 22' and 46° 10' N. Lat., and 32° 36' and 36° 30' E. Lon. Its extreme length is -above 190 m. ; its great- est breadth about 130. The area is estimated at 8,600 sq. m. Pop. estimated at near 300,000. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Crim-e'-an. Crit^-ten-den, a co. in the E. part of Ark., bordering on the Mis- sissippi r. Pop. 2,648. Co. t. Marion. Crittenden, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 0,351. F h Croatia, kro-a/-she-a, (called by the natives Horvath Orszag, hoR- vaat 0R-saag.) a country of Europe, belonging to the empire of Austria, and constituting the S. W. division of Hungary. It lies between 44° 5' and 46° 25' N. Lat., and 14° 20' and 17° 25' E. Lon. The Croatians are a rude and warlike people, but are said to possess great fidelity 182 CRO— CUL Fite, far, fill, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t; oo as In good; towards their sovereign. — Adj. Croatian, kro-a'-she-an. -Inbab. Croa- tian and Cro/-at. Croix, St. See Santa Cruz. Croix, St., sent-kroi', or Pas v -sa-ma-quod^-dy, a r. which forms a part of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. Croix, St., a co. in the N. part of Wisconsin, on a river of the same name, which flows into the Mississippi. Pop. 809. Crom^-ar-ty, a co. of Scotland, formed of several detached portions within the co. of Ross, which see. Cromarty, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of the above, on the S. side of a frith of the same name, about 16 m. N. N. E. of Inverness. Pop. 1,938. Cronstadt, kron'-statt, or Kruh^-nen, the largest and most commer- cial t. in Transylvania, and the cap. of a co. of the same name. It is well built and strongly fortified, being surrounded with towers, walls, and ditches. Lat. 45° 41' N., Lon. 25°33 / E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.) Cronstadt, a town, fortress, and port of Russia, situated on an island in the Bay of Cronstadt, about 20 m. W. by N. of St. Petersburg. It is the great naval station of the Russian fleet ; and vessels which are too large to ascend to St. Petersburg, here unload their cargoes, to be transported in smaller craft. Lat. 60° N., Lon. 29° 49' E. Pop., during the summer, upwards of 40,000, (P. C.) ; but the town seems almost deserted in winter. Crooked Lake, a small lake in the W. central part of N. Y., situ- ted in the counties of Steuben and Yates. Crouton, a r. of N. Y., which rises on the borders of Conn., and, running south-westerly, fells into that part of the Hudson which is called the Tappan Sea. The waters of this stream have been recently employed for supplying the city of New York. (See New York.) Croy^-don, a manufacturing t. of England, in the co. of Surrey, 10m. S. of London. Pop. of the parish, 13,627. Csaba, chob'-b6&\ a large and flourishing market t. of Hungary, 63 m. S. S. W. of Debreczin. Pop. above 20,000. (B.) Csongra'd, chon-graauV, a t. of Hungary, formerly cap. of the county of this name, 31 m. N. of Szegedin. Pop. 10,613. (M.) Cu'-ba (Sp. pron. koo'-M), the largest of the West India islands, is situated'between 19° 47' and 23° 9' N. Lat., and 74° and 85° W. Lon. Length, following the curve of the island, about 790 m.; greatest breadth 127 m. The area is computed at 42,212 sq. m. Cuba was dis- covered by Columbus, on his first voyage, in 1493 ; in 1511 the Spaniards made their first settlement, since which time it has remained in their possession. Population in 1841, 1,007,624. Havana is the chief t., and seat of government. — Adj. and inhab. Cu^-ban. (Sp. Cubano, koo- ba'-no.) Cuenca, kwen'-ka, a walled t. of Spain, in New Castile, the cap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat. 40° 4' N., Lon. 2° 12' W. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Culm, koolm, a walled t. of West Prussia, cap. of a circle of the 15* CUL— GUM 183 OU, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. same name, situated near the riffht bank of the Vistula. Lat. 53° 21 N., Lon. 18° 25' E. Pop. 5,300. (B.) Cui/-pep-per, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., on the head waters of the Rappahannock. Pop. 12,282. Seat of justice, Culpepper c. h. Cul-ross', a small t. of Scotland, on the N. shore of the Frith of Forth, 5 m. W. of Dunfermline. Cumana, koo-ma-na', a fortified t. of S. America, in the republic of Venezuela, cap. of the dep. of Maturin. It is situated above a mile from the sea, at the entrance of the Gulf of Cariaco, with a capacious and safe harbour. Lat. 10° 28' N., Lon. 64° 9' W. Though it is much decayed, its pop. still amounts to near 10,000. (B.) Cu-ma^-n-ia, Great, (see Int. XI.) or Rumania, (Hung. Nagy Kunsag, nody* koon-shaag,) an independent dist. of Hungary, in the prov. " beyond the Theiss," between 47° and 47° 40' N. Lat., and 20° 30' and 21° 10' E. Lon. (P. C.) The area is about 424 sq. m. The whole surface is a low plain, and rendered so swampy by the inundations of the rivers, that nearly one-half of Cumania is a mere bog. There are here no large land proprietors or feudal lords, as in most parts of Hungary ; the people have an independent jurisdiction of their own, and send representatives to the Hungarian diet. The Cumanians are a robust, athletic race, and very fond of rural pursuits, and are altogether a rich, happy, and independent people. The pop. amounts to about 43,000, of whom 37,000 are Protestants. Great Cumania contains one market town, Kardzag-uj-Szallas (koRd-zog-oo-e-saal-laas). Lat. 47° 20' N., Lon. 20° 55' E. Pop. 11,100. (P. C.) Cumania, Little, (Hung. Kis Kunsag, kish koon-shaag,) \ dist. of Hungary, in the prov. " this side the Theiss." It consists of several detached portions of land, with an aggregate area of about 1,000 sq. m., so that it is more than twice as large as Great Cumania. f Pop. about 53,000. (P. C.) The general character of the country, as well as of the inhabitants, corresponds with that given under the head of Great Cumania. Their largest town is Felegyhaza (fa-lady*-haa-zo/i). Lat. about 46° 43' N., Lon. 19° 54' E. Pop. 12,970. (P. C.)— Adj. and inhab., relating to both districts, Cu-ma'-njl-an. Cum'-ber-land (Lat. Cumbria), a co. in the N. of England, bordering on Scotland and Solway Frith. Pop. 178,038. — Adj. and inhab. Cum'- BRJ-AN. Cumberland, a co. in the S. W. part of Me., bordering on the sea. Pop. 79,549. Co. t. Portland. Cumberland, a co. in the S. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Dela- ware Bay. Pop. 17,189. Co. t. Bridgetown. Cumberland, a co. in the S. part of Pa., bordering on the Susque- hanna r. Pop. 34,327. Co. t. Carlisle. * See Introduction, XXII., 16 and 17. t The origin of the distinctive epithets of Little and Great, as applied to these districts, is not known. The relative size of the two territories may possibly have changed since the names were first bestowed. 184 CtfM— CITY Fate, far, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, n6t ; oo as in good ; Cumberland, a co. in the S. E. central part of Va., on the Appomattox and James r. Pop. 9,751. Seat of justice, Cumberland c. h. Cumberland, a co. in the central part of N. C, intersected by Cape Fear r. Pop. 20,610. Co. t. Fayetteville. Cumberland, a co. in the S. part of Ky., intersected by the Cumber- land r., and bordering on Tenn. Pop. 7,005. Co. t. Burkesville. Cumberland Mountains, a chain which extends along the S. E. border of Kentucky, forming a part of the boundary between that state and Virginia, and afterwards running across Tennessee, terminates near its southern border. It divides the state into two sections, called E. and W. Tennessee. Cumberland River rises in the Cumberland Mountains of Ky., and, passing into Tenn., makes a circuit, and, returning into Ky., empties itself into the Ohio. It is about 600 m. in length, and is navigable for steamboats of the largest size to Nashville. Small boats can ascend 300 m. further. Cupar, koo'-per, a t. of Scotland, the cap. of Fifeshire. Lat. 56° 19' N. f Lon. 3° W. Pop. 3,567. CuRAgOA commonly pronounced in English, ku v -ra-so'; (Sp. Curasao, koo-ra-sa^-o) ; an i. in the Caribbean Sea, situated in Lat. about 12° 6' N., and Lon. 69°JW. Its length is 35 m. ; its greatest breadth 6 m. Curacjoa was originally settled by the Spaniards, but at present it be- longs to Holland. Curische Haff. See Kurische Haff. Cur^-rx-tuck, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of N. C Pop. 7,236. Co. t. Currituck. Curzola, koord-zoMa, an i. in the Adriatic, belonging to Dalmatia. The area is about 231 sq. m. : the pop. 6,500. Curzola, the chief town, is in 42° 57' N. Lat, and 16° 50' E. Lon., and has about 1,800 inhabi- tants. (P. C.) Custrin or KiIstrin, kus-treen', a t. and fortress of Prussia, in Bran- denburg, the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated at the con- fluence of the Wart/m and Oder, and encompassed on all sides by marshes and water. Pop. 4,700. (B.) Cutch, a principality in the W. part of Hindostan, between 22° and 25° N. Lat., and 68° and 72° E. Lon., and bordering on a gulf of the same name. Cut n -tack/, (from the Sanscrit Catak, a " royal residence,") a t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of Orissa, cap. of a dist. of the same name. Lat. 20° 25' N., Lon. 85° 51' E. Pop. in 1822, 40,000. (P. C.) Cuxhaven, k66x N -haMen, a small t. of Germany, belonging to the free city of Hamburg, situated on the left bank of the Elbe, at its entrance into the German Ocean. It is chiefly important on account of its secure and capacious harbour. It has, by means of packets and steamboats, regular communication with England. Lat. 53° 52' N., Lon. 8° 43' E. Pop. about 800. (B.) Cuyahoga, ki-a-hc/-ga, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, bordering on J.. Erie. Pop. 48,099. ' Co. t. Cleveland. CITZ— DAC 185 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Cuzco, koos'-ko, an ancient t. of S. America, in Peru, about 250 m. from the coast of the Pacific. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, it was the cap. of the extensive empire of the Inca-s, and is said to have been built by the founder of the empire, Manco Capac, in the 10th or 11th century of our era. Upon a lofty hill, a little N. of the city, are the ruins of a great fortress erected by the Incas, for the protection of their capital. Many parts of it are still in a state of perfect preserva- tion. They consist of stones of extraordinary size, placed one upon another, without cement, but fitted with such nicety as not to admit the insertion of a knife between them. It would appear that Cuzco exceeds Arequipa in population, though some of the most respectable geographers call the latter the second town of Peru. It is the seat of a university. Lat. 13° 33' S., Lon. 72° 4' W. Pop. above 40,000. (P. C.) Cy^-prus, (Gr. Kv7t£o$; Turk, Kib x -ris',) a large i. in the Mediterra- nean, situated near the coasts of Syria and Asia Minor, between 34° 32' and 35° 44' N. Lat., and 32° 16' and 34° 41' E. Lon. Its length is about 140 m. ; its greatest breadth about 56 m. In 1571, Cyprus was wrested from the Venetians by the Turks, in whose possession it has remained ever since. Two-thirds of the inhabitants are Christians, who are cruelly oppressed by their Turkish masters ; under whom, Cyprus, from being one of the most fertile and beautiful spots in the world, has been converted almost into a desert. Pop. estimated at above 60,000. (E. G.) — Adj. and inhab. Cyp^-ri-an and Cyp^-ri-ot\ The former should be employed only when ancient Cyprus is referred to. Czernigow. See Tchernigof. Czernowice, clifcR'-no-vitf-seA, or Tschernowitz (cheRMio-Wits*, sometimes improperly written Czernorvicz), a t. of Austrian Galicia, cap. of a circle of the same name, on the Pruth. Lat. 48° 15' N., Lon 26° 10' E. Pop. about 7,300. (P. C.) Czirknicz or Zirknitz, teeeakZ-nits, a small t. of Illyria, near a lake of the same name about 20 m. in circumference, and intersected by the parallel of 45° 45' N. Lat., and the meridian of 14° 23' E. Lon. Thia lake is remarkable for the great variation in the height of its waters. The bottom, which is formed of limestone rock, is full of clefts and fis- sures, through which the water passes at about forty different openings, into subterraneous channels and caverns, and goes to supply the neigh- bouring streams. Frequently, during the dry season, the bottom of the lake is covered with luxuriant herbage, which is made into hay. Some parts are sown with millet and buckwheat. The depth of the Lake of Czirknicz, in the deepest part, is only about 56 ft. In Jan., 1834, the waters left the lake, and did not return till March, 1835 ; an occur- rence which, for the long cessation of the waters, is said to be unpre- cedented. Dac'-ca, a large manufacturing t. of Hindostan, formerly the cap. of Bengal, on a branch of the Ganges, called Booree Gunga or Old Gan- ges. Lat. 23° 44' N., Lon. 90 d 29' E. Pop. estimated by Hamilton 16* 186 DAD— DAN Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met ; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good ; at 200,000 ; but the Missionary Register, of 1828, states it at 150,000. (B.) Dade, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Ga. Pop. 2,680. Dade, a co. occupying the S. E. extremity of Florida. Pop. 159. Dade, a co. in the S. W. part of Mo., a little S. of the Osage r. Pop. 4,246. Dahomey or Dahomay, dah/-Ho-ma\* a celebrated and formerly pow- erful kingdom of W. Africa, situated inland from that part of the coast of Guinea called the Slave Coast. It is separated from the kingdom of Ashantee on the W. by the r. Volta. — Adj. and inhab. Dah^-o-man. Dahl, dal, a r. of Sweden, which flows into the Gulf of Bothnia, in Lat. about 60° 40' N. Dale, a co. in the S. E. part of Ala., bordering on Florida. Pop. 6,346. Seat of justice, Dale c. h. Dalecarlia, da-le-karMe-a, or Dalarne, daMar-na, a prov. of Swe- den, lying between 60° 55' and 62° 12' N. Lat., and bordering on Nor- way. (P. C.) — Adj. Dal-e-cah^-h-an, inhab. Dalecarlian, Dal/-e- carl\ Dal'-las, a co. in the S. central part of Ala., intersected by the Ala- bama r. Pop. 29,727. Co. t. Cahawba. Dalmatia, dal-ma'-she-a, a kingdom belonging to the crown of Aus-. tria, situated between 42° and 45° N. Lat., and 14° 30' and 19° E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Hungary, N. E. and E. by Turkey, and S. W. by the Adriatic. The area is estimated at 5,098 sq. m. Pop. 320,000. (P. C.) Zara is the seat of government. — Adj. and inhab. Dalmatian, dal-ma^-she-an. DAl'-ton, a small t. of England, in Lancashire, about 18 m. W.N.W. of Lancaster. Da-mas'-cus, (Arab. Sham-el-Kebeer, i. e. Damascus the Great,) a celebrated city of Syria, cap. of a pashalic of the same name, situated in the fertile plain at the E. base of that chain of mountains called the Antilibanus Mountains, about 190 m. S. by W. from Aleppo. It is one of the most ancient towns in the world, having existed in the time of Abraham (Gen. xiv. and xv.). Besides the title ofkebeer (great), that of sher-eefr (venerable or holy) is sometimes given to it.f Its ancient name was Damesk. Damascus is celebrated for the number of its orchards, and the abundance of exquisite fruits which they produce ; whence the Arabs regard it as one of their four terrestrial paradises. * " Rash adventurer, bear thee back, Dread the spell of Dahomay, Fear the race of Zaharak, Daughters of the burning day." Scott's Bridal af Triermain, Canto III. This, as we are informed, corresponds to the native accentuation, t In this and similar cases, the article el is changed in sound to es, so as to cor- respond with the initial letter of the word to which it is prefixed ; accordingly, Sham-el-Shereef is to be pronounced sham-es-shereef. When Sham is used to designate the country of Syria, the article is usually employed, e. g., El Sham, pro- pounced es-sham. DAM— DAN 187 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. The streets are well paved and famished with foot-walks on each side. The houses, though plain externally, being built of earth or of brick, often exhibit great magnificence within, and nearly all of them are refreshed by fountains. Damascus is the residence of a Greek patri- arch. Lat. 33° 33' N. ; Lon. 36° 20' E. Pop. estimated at above 140,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Dam v -as-cene> (Arab. Sha'-mee). Dam-j-et^-ta, (Arab. Da-mj-at/ or Dum-yat^,) a t. of Lower Egypt, on the right bank of one of the principal branches of the Nile, about 6 m. above its mouth. The name is derived from Thamiatis, which was a small town under the Byzantine emperors. After the conquest of the Saracens, it was surrounded with strong walls, and became one of the most commercial and wealthy towns of Egypt. It was thrice taken by the Christians in the middle ages, (once by Roger, of Sicily, and twice by the crusaders,) and as often recovered. At last, to prevent any other attacks from this quarter, the sultans of Egypt razed it to the ground and removed the inhabitants about 4 m. further inland. Hence arose New Damietta. This place, though much decayed, is one of the best built towns in Egypt; and its manufactures and commerce are still considerable. Lat. 31° 26' N., Lon. 31° 50' E. The pop. is esti- mated by Balbi at about 20,000, though many others make it much higher. Dam'-pier's Bay or Shark Bay is situated on the W. coast of New Holland, near 25° S. Lat., and 114° E. Lon. D anbury, dan^-ber-re, a t. of Conn., in Fairfield co., 29 m. in a straight line W. by N. of New Haven, noted for its manufacture of hats. Pop. of the township, 6,9G2. Dane, a co. in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Wisconsin r. Pop. 16,041. Co. t. Madison. Dant^-zic, (Ger. Danzig, dant'-sia ; Polish, Gdansk,) a city of Prus- sia, the cap. of a large circle of the same name, situated on the left bank of the principal arm of the Vistula, about 3§m. from the shores of the Baltic. Dantzic is the seat of a number of literary and scien- tific institutions, among which we may mention the academical gymna- sium, with seven professors, and the public library, which contains 30,000 vols. Its manufactures are considerable. It is one of the strongest fortresses, and is the first emporium of maritime commerce in the Prussian dominions. Lat. 54° 21' N., Lon. 18° 38' E. Pop. above 62,000. (B.) Dan'-ube or Dan'-aw, (Gr. Itftfpoj; Lat. Danubius and Ister; Ger. Do- nau, do'-nou ; Hung. Duna, doo-noft ;) a large r. of Europe, second only to the Volga. It originates on the E. declivity of the Black Forest (Schwarzwald), about 24 m. from the banks of the Rhine, in 48° 6' N. Lat., and 8° 9" E., at an elevation of near 3000 ft. above the level of the sea. Its general course, to near Waitzen, in Hungary, is easterly , from Waitzen to the influx of the Drave (Lat. 45° 33' N., Lon. 18° 58 E.) it is almost due S. ; thence nearly E. by S. till it reaches the 28th degree of E. Lon., where it suddenly changes its direction to the N., and, after a course of about 90 m., again flows easterly and empties 188 DAR— DAR Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t; po as in good ; Itself into the Black Sea, by several mouths. Its whole course is esti- mated at about 1,770 m. It is navigable for large ships as far as Silis- tria ; but there are rapids near New Orsova, where it leaves the Austrian dominions, which it is impossible for any vessel to ascend, although those drawing not more than 2 2 ft. water may sometimes descend. The navigation is also impeded in the upper part of its course, by a great number of rocks, and, lower down, by sand banks. This river is re- markable for its winding course and for the multitude of its islands. " The Danube"—" winds from realm to realm, And like a serpent shows his glittering back, Bespotted with innumerable isles." Wordsworth's Excursion, Book VII. Dar n -dan-elles'. The Dardanelles are fortifications erected on each side of the Hellespont, which is called, from them, the Strait of the Dardanelles. These fortifications originally consisted of four castles, two on each side of the strait, but, since the beginning of the present century, they have been improved and increased in number. Some of the guns are very large; one of them takes, for a single charge, 330 lbs. of powder. The name Dardanelles is in all probability de- rived from Dardanus or Dardania, an ancient town near the Hellespont, built by Dardanus, the ancestor of Priam. The Strait of the Dardanelles or Hel'-les-pont\ which con- nects the Sea of Marmora with the iEgean Sea, is above 50 m. in length, and from 2 to 10 m. in breadth. Dar'-foor / (Darfur), a country of central Africa, situated between 10° and 16° N. Lat., and between 26° and 30° E. Lon. Its extent and real boundaries are very imperfectly known. It may be considered as a large oasis, lying in the S. E. part of Sahara. Foor appears to be the proper name, as dar, in the native language, signifies country in gene- ral. Darfoor, however, seems to be established by universal usage. — The inhabitants are negroes ; in religion they are Mahometans. The government is a despotism. Cobbe is the capital, and has a pop. of about 6,000. (B.)— Inhab. Foor'-x-an (Furian). Darien (da'-re-en), Gulf of, the most southern portion of the Ca- ribbean Sea, between 7° 56' and 10° N. Lat., and 76° and 78° W. Lon. Darien, a small but flourishing t. and port of entry of Ga., cap. of Mcintosh co., on the N. side of the Altamaha, about 12 m. from the sea. Darien, Isthmus of. See Panama. Darke, a co. in the W. part of Ohio, bordering on Ind. Pop. 20,274. Co. t. Greenville. Dar/-ling-tqn, a t. of England, in the co. of Durham, 17 m. S, of Durham. Pop. including the hamlet of Oxneyfield, 11,033. Darlington, a dist. in the N. E. part of S. C., W. of, and bordering on the Great Pedee r. Pop. 16,830. Seat of justice, Darlington c. h. Darmstadt, daRm^-statt, a walled t. of Germany, the cap. of the grand- duchy of Hesse and of the prov. of Starkenburg, is situated on the DAB— DEA 189 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. banks of the small r. Darm. It contains a number of institutions for education, and a library of about 100,000 vols. Lat. 49° 56' N., Lon. 8° 35' E. Balbi gives about 20,000 for its pop., but the P. C. states it at '24,500. Dart'-mouth, a seaport t. of England, in Devonshire, situated on the coast at the mouth of the r. Dart, 30 m. S. by W. from Exeter. Pop. 4,417. Da.r/-war\ a fortified t. of Hindostan, in Bejapoor, cap. of a dist. of the same name. Lat. 15° 28' N., Lon. 75° 8' E. Dau'-phin, a co. in the S. E. central part of Pa., bordering on the Susquehanna r. Pop. 35,754. Co. t. Harrisburg. Dauphine, dc^-fe'-na', formerly a prov. of France, bordering on the S. E. frontier. It now forms the three deps., Isere, Drome, and the Upper Alps. . Davids, St., an ancient city of Wales, in the W. extremity of Pem- brokeshire, situated near a rocky promontory, called St. David's Head, 21 m. N. VV. of Pembroke. It was once large and populous, but it now presents the appearance of a poor village. Da^vid-son, a co. in the W. central part of N. C, bordering on the Yadkin. Pop. 15,320. Co. t. Lexington. Davidson, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Tenn., intersected by the Cumberland r. Pop. 38,881. Co. t. Nashville. Da'-vie, a co. in the N. VV. central part of N. C, on the Yadkin. Pop. 7,866. Co. t. Mocksville. Da^-viess, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio and Green rivers. Pop. 12,362. Co. t. Owensborough. Daviess, a co. in the S. VV. part of Ind., between the E. and W. forks of the White r. Pop. 10,352. Co. t. Washington. Daviess, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., intersected by a branch of the Grand r. Pop. 5,298. Co. t. Gallatin. Da'-vis's Strait, between Greenland, on the E., and Cumberland Island, on the W., unites Baffin's Bay with the Atlantic. In the nar- rowest part it is about 200 m. wide. Dax, dax, (Anc. A'quse Augus^tse,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Landes, on the Adour, celebrated for its warm springs, the tempera- ture of which is above 180° Fahrenheit; but they appear to possess no medicinal virtues. They are sometimes used for washing clothes. In the middle ages the town was called Civitas Akensis or Aquensis ; i. e. the " city of Aquge," whence the French Ville cVAcqs (town of Acqs), or simply d'Acqs, d'Ax, or Dax. Lat. 43° 43' N., Lon. 1° 4' W. Pop. 4,776. (M.) Day'-ton, a t. of Ohio, the cap. of Montgomery co., situated on the Miami r., 46 m., in a direct line, N. by E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 10,976. Dead Sea (Anc. La'cus Asphalti'tes; Arab. Bahr Loot; i.e. the " Sea of Lot") ; is situated in Palestine, between 31° 8' and 31° 47' 30" N. Lat, and 35° 25' and 35° 38' 30" E. Lon. Its length is about 45 m. ; its greatest breadth 12 m. The towns of Sodom and Gomorrha are said to have been on its western bank, wb^ere some few ruins occur. 190 DEA— DEK Fate, far, fill, fit; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t; oo as in good; The waters of the Lake Asphaltites are pungent and bitter. Asphal- tum floats upon its surface, and covers the whole extent of its shores. The Jordan flows into it at its N. extremity, but the lake has no out- let. Near the southern portion of the Dead Sea is a low mountain ridge, about 150 feet high, which is one mass of solid rock-salt, covered with layers of soft limestone and marl. Several of the streams which flow into the sea in this part, are salt as the saltest brine. It appears from the researches of a late writer, Russegger, that the Dead Sea is 1,341 French, or 1,429 English feet below the level of the Mediterra- nean ! (P. C.) Deal, a t. and seaport of England, in the co. of Kent, 15 m. S. E. of Canterbury. Pop. 6,688. Dear/-born, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. and the state of Ohio. Pop. 20,166. Co. t. Lawrenceburg. Debreczin, da-brets'-in, (Ger. Debretzin,) a royal free t. of Upper Hungary, the cap. of the co. of Bihar, and with the exception of Pesth, the largest t. in the kingdom. It is situated in the centre of an exten- sive sandy plain, which being almost destitute of stone, the streets are unpaved, and the foot-passenger is obliged to wade either through mud or sand, according to the season of the year, with the aid of a few planks laid down for crossing the streets. Debreczin is the first manu- facturing town in Hungary ; it is also a place of considerable trade. More than nineteen-twentieths of its inhabitants are Protestants. Its Protestant college, with a library of 20,^00 vols., is the principal insti- tution of the kind which the Calvinism possess in the Austrian empire. Lat.47°32 / N.,Lon.21°36 / E. Pop. 45,370. (P. C.) De-ca/-tur, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Ga. Pop. 8,262. Co. t. Bainbridge. Decatur, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., W. N.W. of Cincinnati. Pop. 15,107. Co. t. Greensburg. Deccan. See Dekkan. Dee, a r. in the N. part of Wales, flowing into the sea, about 10 m. S. W. of Liverpool. De Kalb, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga., on the sources of the Ocmulgee. Pop. 14,328. Co. t. Decatur. De Kalb, a co. in the N. E. part of Ala., bordering on Ga. Pop. 8,245. De Kalb, a co. in the N. central part of Tenn., bordering on the Cumberland r. Pop. 8,016. De Kalb, a co. in the N. E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 8,251. De Kalb, a co. in the N. part of III, a little E. of Rock r. Pop. 7,540. Dek'-kan or Deccan (from Daks-hina, i. e. " the south"), was an- ciently understood to comprehend the whole of the peninsula of India S. of the r. Nerbudda, and the southern boundaries of Bengal and Bahar. At present it comprises those countries which lie between the limits just mentioned and the r. Krishna. DEL— DEL 191 OU, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Del'-a-ware, an important r. of the U. S., which rises in N. Y., on the western declivity of the Catskili Mountains, and afterwards, flow- ing in a general southerly direction, forms the boundaries of the states of N. Y. and N. J. on one side, and Pa. and Del. on the other, and emp- ties itself into Delaware Bay, about 40 m. below Philadelphia. Its whole course is about 300 m. It is navigable for ships of the largest size to Philadelphia, and for steamboats to Trenton. Delaware Bay, a bay of the U. S., situated between the states of N. J. and Del. Its entrance is about 20 m. wide, from Cape May to Cape Henlopen ; its length is above 60 m. Delaware, the smallest of the U. S., excepting Rhode Island, bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, E. by the Delaware r., Bay, and the Atlantic, S. and W. by Maryland. It lies between 38° 28' and 39° 50' N. Lat., and 75° and 75° 45' W. Lon. Length 96 m.; greatest breadth 37 m. Area 2,120 sq. m. Delaware is divided into three coun- ties; viz., Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex. Pop. 91,535, of whom 2,289 are slaves, and 17,957 free coloured persons. Dover is the seat of go- vernment. Delaware, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., bordering on the r. Del- aware. Pop. 39,834. Co. t. Delhi. Delaware, a co. occupying the S. E. extremity of Pa., bordering on the Delaware r. Pop. 24,679. Co. t. Media. Delaware, a co. in the centre of Ohio, N. of Columbus. Pop. 21,817. Co. t. Delaware. Delaware, a co. in the E. part of Ind., on the White r. P. 10,843. Delaware, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, a little W. of the Missis- sippi. Pop. 1,759. Delawares, a once numerous and powerful tribe of Indians, whose territory occupied a portion of New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. They are now almost extinct. Delft, an ancient t. of S. Holland, situated on the high road between Rotterdam and the Hague, near the canal of Schie (sKee). It is noted as the seat of the manufacture of a species of pottery, to which it has given its name. Delft was the birth-place of the celebrated Grotius. Lat. 52° N., Lon. 4° 21' E. Pop. 15,000. (P. C.) Delhi or Dehli, deP-le, a prov. of Hindostan, lying between 28° and 31° N. Lat., bounded on the N. by Lahore, E. by Oude and North- ern Hindostan, S. by Ajmeer and Agra, and W. by Ajmeer and Lahore. Delhi, the cap. of the above, is situated on the Jumna. According to tradition, it was founded 300 years before the Christian era, by Delu. It was formerly much larger than at present; its pop., at the close of the 17th century, is said to have amounted to two millions, and the ex- tent of the ruins seems to justify, in a great degree, this estimate. Among these ruins, there are a number of beautiful mosques and mag- nificent mausolems, in good preservation. Lat. 28° 40' N., Lon. 77° 16' E Pop. estimated at 200,000. (P. C.) Dkl/-ta, a triangular portion of Lowe Egypt, comprised between 192 DEL— DER Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, n&t ; oo as in good; the two main branches of the Nile ; so called from its resemblance to the Greek letter (a) of this name. It is also applied to similar tracts of country at the mouths of other rivers, as the Ganges, Indus, &c. DelZ-vi-no, a t. of European Turkey, in Albania, cap. of an inferior pashalic of the same name. Lat. about 39° 55' N., Lon. 20° 10' E. Pop. estimated, a few years ago, at 8,000. (P. C.) Dem'-be-a, a large L. of Abyssinia, in a prov. of the same name. Its length is about 65 m. Demarara, dem-er-a'-ra, a r. of S. America, in English Guiana, which falls into the Atlantic, in about 6° 50' N. Lat., and 58° 7' W. Lon. Its length is above 200 m. Denbigh, den^-be, the cap. of Denbighshire, Wales. Lat. 53° 11' N., Lon. 3° 24' W. Pop. of the parish, 3,405. Den'-bjgh-shire, a co. in the N. part of Wales, bordering on the sea. Pop. 88,866. Den'-der-ah, (Anc. Ten^tyra,) a ruined t. in Upper Egypt, celebrated for its temple, which is the best preserved and one of the most splendid in all Egypt. Here was discovered the celebrated zodiac which led several of the French savans to suppose that the temple must have been erected at a period immensely remote ; not less, according to Du- puis, than 15,000 years ago! (See Esne.) Dendermonde, Jen x -der-m6n'-de/i, or Dendermond, den N -der-m6nt^, (Fr. Termonde, teR v -m6Nd',) a fortified t. of Belgium, in the prov. of E. Flanders, on the Scheldt, 16 m. E. of Ghent. Lat. 51° 36' N., Lon. 3° 58' E. Pop. 7,652. (M.) Denis, Saint, often called, in English, sent den'-ne, (Fr. pron. saN d'nee,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Seine, about 5 m. N. of Paris. It dates its rise from the erection of a church over the tomb of St. Denis (Dionysius), supposed to have been built by Dagobert, in the 7th cen- tury. Pop. in 1832, 9,686. (P. C.) Den'-mark (Dan. Dan'-e-mark^), a kingdom of Europe, between 53° 20' and 57° 45' N. Lat., and 8° 5' and 12"° 46' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by the Skager Rack, N. E. by the Cattegat, S. E. by the Baltic, S. by Liibeck, Hamburg, Mecklenburg and Hanover, and W. by the N. Sea. It comprises continental Denmark, which may be termed the north-western peninsula of Germany, and the large islands of Zealand and Fiinen, besides several smaller ones lying near them. The length of the continental portion is about 304 m. ; greatest breadth about 106 tn. The entire area of the kingdom is computed at 21,472 sq.m. Pop. 1,950,000. (B.) Capital, Copenhagen. — Adj. Da'-nish; inhab. Dane. Deptford, ded'-ford, a t. of England, in the co. of Kent, on the Thames, 4 m. S. E. of London, remarkable for its fine docks and royal dock-yard, and its numerous buildings for the manufacture and preser- vation of naval stores. Pop. 23,165. Der v -bend' or dcW-bend', a t. of the Russian empire, in Georgia, on the W. coast of the Caspian Sea. It is defended on the W. by a precipi- tous mountain ridge, on the N. and S. by massive stone walls, not less DER— DET 193 twa, us m vur ; th, as in thin ,• th, as in this ; n, nearly like n?. than 30 ft. high, and, in many places, 10 ft. thick, which are continuous to the sea. There are two large gates, (through which the road passes along the shore of the Caspian,) that may be shut at pleasure. Hence the name of the town, which signifies the "shut-up gates." Lat. 42° 12' N., Lon. 48° 20' E. Klaproth supposes it to contain 4,000 families (B.), but others estimate the population much lower. Der'-by or dar/-be, (the latter pronunciation w 7 as formerly universal,) the cap. of Derbyshire, England, on the r. Der/-went, an affluent of the Trent, 114 m. N. N. W. of London. Pop, 32,741*. Derbyshire, der/-be-shir, a co. in the N. central part of England. Pop. 272,217. Derr, dv'R, a t. of Africa, in Lower Nubia, -of which it is regarded as the capital, on the right bank of the 1 Nile. Lat. 22° 47' N., Lon. 32° 2-0' E. Estimated pop. 3,-000. (B.) In the vicinity are the ruins of an Egyptian temple, cut in the rock, the construction of which Champol- lion attributes to Sesostris. De Ruyter, de-rioter, a township of Madison co., N. Y. Desaguadero. dts-a-gwa-oV-ro, L e. "outlet," a r. of Bolivia, which forms the only outlet of L. Titicaca. After traversing a long valley of its own name, it loses itself, by evaporation, in a small rake called Lago del Desaguadero, or sometimes the L. of Ullagas (ool-ya'-gas), Desha, desh-a', -a co. in the S. E. part of Ark., at the mouth of the Arkansas r. Pop. 2,900, Des Moines, de-moin^, a r. of Iowa, which flows into the Missis- sippi r, Des Moines, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Missis- sippi r. Pop. 12,987. De So'-to, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Miss. Pop. 19,042. Co. seat, Hernando. Des'-sau, (Ger. pron. des'-sou,) a t. of Germany, the cap. of the duchy of Anhalt-Dessau, on the Mulde, two miles above its junction with the Elbe. De?sau is well supplied with institutions for public instruction; among which, we may mention its college for young iadies, its admira- ble gymnasium or high-school, and its school for the education of Jews, which is much celebrated. Lat 51° 48' N. t Lon. 12° 17' E. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) Detmold. See Lippe. De-troit', (Fr. Detroit, da^-trwa', i. e. ** strait" or ** narrow pass* age,") a name given by the French to the river which connects L. St. Cilair with L. Erie, and forms a part of the boundary between Mich, and Canada. It is 28 m. long, and is navigable for large vessels. Detroit, cap, of Wayne co. and formerly of the state of Mich, is situ - atcd on the Detroit r., from which it takes its name. By its position on the great chain of lakes, and by means of the connecting rivers and canals, it has a ready communication, by water, with all the more irn< portant places in the union. As might be expected, its growth has recently been very rapid. Its pop. in 1819, was only 1,110; in 1830, about double that number; in 1850, it amounted to 21,019. Detroit was 17 194 PEU— BIJ Fate, far, fall, fat; me, mU; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; voas in good; founded by the French, in 1670, and has ever since been a military post. It is also a port of entry. Lat. 42° 24' N., Lon. 82° 56' W. Deutz, doits, (the Tui'tium of the Romans,) a village on the right bank of the Rhine, connected, by a bridge ©f beats, with Cologne, of which it may be regarded as a suburb. Pop. 3,700. (B.) Deux-ponts, dug'-poi^, (Ger. Zweibnicken, tswi-briiy-ken,) a t. of Germany, the cap. formerly of a dachy, now of a bailiwick of the same name, in the Bavarian prov. of the Rhine T about 50m, W. ©f 8peyer (Spire). The French name Deux-ponts, and the German Zweibruck- en, signifying "two bridges," are derived from the circumstance of its old castle being situated between two bridges, Lat. 49° 10' N., Lon. 7° 20 / E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Deventer or Dewenter, da'-ven-ter, a fortified t of Holland, in the prov. of Overyssel, on the r. Yssel, about 54 m. 25. by S. from Am- sterdam. Pop. 10,00a (B.) De-vV-zes, a t. of England, in Wiltshire, 16 m. E, by S, from Batb. Pop. 4,631. ' Dev^-on-p6rt\ a fortified seaport t of England, with a royal dock- yard, in Devonshire, 1| m. W. of Plymouth, at the mouth of the river Tamar. The dock-yard, one of the finest in the world, comprises an area of 71 acres. Pop.^ including Stone-house parish, 43.532. Dev^-on-shire, a co. in the S. W. part of England, bordering on the English and the Bristol channels. Pop. 533,460. De Witt, a co. near the centre of 111. Pop. 5,002. Dhawalaghiri, da-woPa-gher'-re. See Himalayas. Diabbekir, dee-ar x -bek-eer^, or Di-ar'-bekr, a walled t. of Asiatic Turkey, in Mesopotamia, on the right bank of the Tigris. It was for- merly much more flourishing than at present, and carried on an exten- sive commerce with India, through Bagdad, and with Europe, through Aleppo Lat. about 37° 55' N.^Lon. 39° 54' E. Pop. estimated at above 60,000. (B.) Dick/-son, a co. m the N. N. W. part of Teno.. bordering on the Cumberland r. Pop. 8,404. Co. t. Charlotte. Die or Djez, Saint, sSn de*-a', a small t. of France, in the dep. of Vosges. Lat. 48° 17' N., Lon. 6° 57' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,560. (P. C.) Dieppe, dyepp, orde-epp/, a seaport t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, on the coast of the English channel (La Manche), 92 m. N. W. of Paris. It has a fine establishment for sea-bathing. Lat. 48P 55' N., Lon. 1° 5' E. Pop. 16,000. (B.) Diest, deest, a t. of Belgium, in S. Brabant, 32 m. E. N. E. of Brus- sels Pop. 6,000. (B.) Djone, deen (Anc. Dinia), a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Lower Alps, with a college. In its vicinity are warm mineral springs, which yearly attract to this place many strangers. Lat. 44° 5" N., Lon. 6° 14' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.) Dijon, de N -zh«., as in. ®vcr ? th, as in thin j tk, as in this; n, nearly like «^. has feag been eruinent for the cultivation of literature and science. Il has an acadhme imiversit&iFC^ with the Faculties of law, science, and literature; also a ffittseaoi of painting, and a tetanic garden. Lat. 47 a 10' N., Lsn. 5° 2' E. Pop, 36,000. "(B.) Di&'-r*XNG~£N, a t of Bavaria, on the Danube. Lat 48° 34' N. f Lon. 10°3G'E. Pop, 3,300. (B.) Dinan, de v -naN^ a t of Prance, in the dep. of Cotes du Nord, on the r. Ranee, at the entrance of the canal of the Ille and Ranee, 200 m. W. by a from Pada Lat 48° 2?' N., Lon, 2° 4' W. Pop. in 1832, 6,044. (P. C.) D*nant, de^-n'M, or de-nant^, an ancient t of Belgium, in the prov. of Narnur, on the Me«se, aboat 12 m. S. fey E. of the city of Namur. Its name is supposed to be derived from a temple dedicated to Diana, which once st«od en this spot Lat 50° 15' N., Lon. 4° 54' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) Dingle, ding^gle, a seaport t of Ireland, in Kerry co., on a bay of the same name, Lat 52° 9' N„ Lon. 10° 16' W. Pop. in 1831, 4,327. (P.C) Din-wis^-ste, a co. in the ?3. E. part of Va., bordering on the Appo- mattox r. Pop. 26,118. Seat of justice, Dinwiddie c h. Dismas, Swamp, a tract of marshy land, between Virginia and North Carolina. It is about 30 m. long and 10 m. broad. In the centre is DrummoncPs Pond,15 m. in circumference, in about 36° 35' N. Lat, and 76° 30' W. Lon. Dixmude, dix v -muoV, (Fleni. Dixmuyden, dix-moi^-den or dix-moi'- de£,) a fortified t of Belgium, in W. Flanders, 20 ra. S. W. of Bruges. Lat 51° 2 N., Lon. 2° 52 E. Pop. 3,189. (P.C.) Dizxee, Saint, saw de^-re-a^, a t of France, in the dep. of Upper Marne, situated on the r. Mame, which, at this place, begins to be na- vigable. Lat 48° 38' N., Lon. 4° 56' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,957. (P. C.) Djidba. See Jidda. Dnieper, nee'-per, (Russ. pron. dnyep^-er, or dne-a^-per ; Anc. Borysf- thenes,) one of the largest rivers of European Russia, which rises in the N. part of the government of Smolensk, and, Sowing in a general southern direction, unites with the Bog, and forms a large liman (le-man') or swampy lake at the N. N. W. extremity of the Black Sea, nearly 50 m. long, and from 1 to 6 broad. The whole length of the Dnieper is perhaps 1,^)0 m. Dniester, neesUer, (Russ. pron. dnyes'-ter or dne-ace'-ter : Anc. Ty'ras, afterwards Danas'tris,) an important r. of European Russia, which commences from a small lake in Austrian Galicia, in about 49° N. Lat, and 23° E. Lon., and, flowing in a general south-easterly direc- tion, enters the Black Sea by a broad liman (see Dnieper), about 19 m. long and 5 m. wide. Its whole length is not less than 510 m. Doab or Dooab, doo-euV, signifying "two waters," is employed in flindostan, to denote any tract of land included between two rivers, and is equivalent to the Greek Mesopotamia. There are several Doabs in India, but the dist. to which the name is most generally applied, is situ- N 196 DOD— DON Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met; pine or pine, p$n ; n&, n6t ; ooas in gsod / ated between the Ganges and the Jumna. This tract is above 500 m. long-, and, on an average, about 55 m. broad. Dodge, r. co. in the S. E. part of Wisconsin. Pop. 19,1 3&, DoFRAFIELD. See DoVREFIELD. Dole, a t. of France, in the dep. of Jura, on the r. Doubs and the canal which connects the Rhone with the Rhine. It has a college and several other scientific and literary institutions. Lat. 47° 7' N. T Lon. 5° 28' E. Pop. in 1832, 7,304. (P. C-) Do5xjell¥, dol-gethMe, the largest t. of Merionethshire, in Wales, I.at. 52 Q 44' N., Lon. 3° 51' W. Pop. of the parish, 3,695. Doi/-e.\rt, a small gulf, situated in the N. extremity of Holland, at the mouth of the r. Ems. Domingo, Saint. See Haytj. Dominica, dom N -in-ee'-ka, or, more usually, d©m x -in-eek', one of the W. India Islands belonging to the English. It is intersected by the parallel of 15° 18' N. Lat., and the meridian of 61° 2& W. Lon., and is 28 m. long. The area is computed at 260 sq.m. Pop. in 1833, 18,660. (P. C.) Don, (Anc. Tan'ais ; Tartar Doo^-na ; Calmuck Ton-gool',) a r. of European Russia, which rises from a small lake in the government of Toola, in about 54° N. Lat., and, flowing in a general southerly course, empties itself into the N. E. extremity of the Sea of Azoph, by several mouths, its whole length is estimated at 900 m. Don'-Cos^-sacks. The territory of the Don-Cossacks is a free coun- try, which acknowledges the Russian sovereign as its chief, but is not reduced to the condition of a province, or organized as a government, like other parts of the empire. It lies between 46° 5' and 51° 12' N. Lat, and 37° 23' and 44° 42' E. Lon. Agriculture, c ttle-breeding, the fisheries, and the cultivation of the vine, constitute t ie principal occu- pation of the Don-Cossacks. Their mode of life is in- general vevy simple and frugal, and the enjoyment of civil freedon has given them an independence of mind, which places them far big ler in the social scale than the abject Russian. They are proverbial y hospitable and cheerful, but violent when excited, and, although ti ey consider the plunder of their enemy lawful in war, theft is almost unknown among them. Pop; 529,083. (P. C.) New Tcherkask is their capital. Lat. 47° 24' N., Lon. 39° 57' E. Pop. between 11,000 and 12,000. (P. C.) Donaghadee, don v -a-Ha-dee', a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Down, cm the coast of the Irish Channel, where packets are established for the conveyance of the mails to and from Port Patrick, in Scotland, which is 21 m. distant. Lat. 54° 38' N., Lon. 5° 34' W. Pop. in 1831, 2,986. (P. C.) Donc'-as-ter, (Lat. Damnum ; Saxon Dona Ceaster,) a handsome t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, on the Don, a branch of the Aire, 32 m. S. by W. of York. Pop. 10,455. Don s -e-gal/, a co. in the prov. of Ulster, occupying the N. W. ex- tremity of Ireland. Pop. in 1831, 289,149. (P. CA DON— DOU 107 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Donegal, a t. of the above co., situated near the head of a bay of the same name. Lat. 54° 39' N., Lon. 8° 6' W. Don'-go-la, a prov. of Upper Nubia, extending along the banks of the Nile, from about 18° to 19° 30' N. Lat. (P. C.) Its length is about 150 m. ; its breadth may be considered as extending no farther than the strip of productive land on each side of the river, which is from 1 m. to 3 m. wide ; beyond this is the desert. The principal town is Mar-agf- ga or New Dongola* in Lat. 19° 9' N. Old Dongola is farther S. ; it was formerly a considerable town, but is now almost deserted. Dor'-ches-ter, (called by the Romans Durnovaria and Durinum ; Saxon Dornceaster, probably a corruption of Durini Castra, i. e. the " Station of Durinum,") a t. of England, cap. of Dorsetshire, 112 m. S. by W. from London. Lat. 50° 43' N., Lon. 2° 26' W. Pop., including an area of 3 sq. m., 3,249. Dorchester, a co. in the S. E. part of Md. t bordering on the Chesa- peake Bay and state of Del. Pop. 18,877. Co. t. Cambridge. Dor-dogne', (Fr. pron. doR s -don7,) a r. in the S. of France, which rises in the dep. of Puy de Dome, and, flowing in a general westerly direction, unites with the Garonne, at Bourg (door), about 15 m. below Bordeaux, to form the Gironde. Its whole length is nearly 250 m., for more than 130 of which it is navigable. Dordogne, a dep. in the S. W. part of France, deriving its name from the above river, by which it is intersected. Pop. 487,502. (B.) Capital, Perigueux. Dordrecht, doRt^-reKt, or Dort, an ancient city of S. Holland, on an i. formed by the Meuse, 12 m. S. E. of Rotterdam. It was the birth- place of Gerard Vossius and the brothers Dewit Lat. 51° 49' 3Y., Lon. 4° 40' E. Pop. estimated at 17,000. (B.) Dornoch, dorf-noK, a small t in the N. of Scotland, in the co. of Sutherland, on a frith of the same name. Lat. 57° 52' N., Lon. 4° 2' W. Dorpat, doR'-pat', or Dorpt, a t. in the Russian government of Li- vonia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, on the Great Embach (em'-baK), which is navigable from this place to its entrance into the Peipus. It has several institutions, among which may be cited its flourishing university, attended by about 580 students, and possessing a library of near 60,000 vols. Lat. 58° 22' N., Lon. 26° 43' E. Pop. in 1833, 10,802. (P. C.) Dor'-set-shire, a co. in the S. of England, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 175,043. Douai or Douay, doo'-a', an ancient fortress and commercial t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the r. Scarpe, a branch of the Scheldt, and on a canal, by which it communicates with the principal places of the dep. and of the Low Countries. It has an academie universitaire, a royal college, and several other institutions for education. Lat. 50° 21' N., Lon. 3° 4' E. Pop. 19,000. (B.) Doubs, doobz, a r. in the E. of France, which rises in the dep. to 17* 198 DOU— DOW Fate, far, fall, fat; m&, met; pine or pine, pin; no, n6fc; oo as in good; which it gives its name, and, after a very circuitous course of about 210 m., falls into the Saone, at Verdun. Doubs, a dep. in the E. part of France, on the above r., and border- ing on Switzerland. Pop. 276,274. (B.) Capital, Besangon. Doug^-las, a seaport, and the largest t. in the Isle of Man, on the S. E. coast! Lat. 54° W N., Lon. 4° 26' W. Pop. 8,647. Douro, doo'-ro, (Port. pron. do^-Ro; Sp. Duero, doo-a/-ro; the Du^- rius of the ancient Romans ;) one of the principal rivers of the Spanish peninsula, which rises in the N. part of the prov. of Soria, in Old Cas- tile, and flowing, for the most part, in a westerly direction, passes through Portugal, and empties itself into the Atlantic, in about 41 5 10' N. Lat. Its whole course is nearly 500 m. Do'-ver (Lat. Du^bris; Saxon, Dwyr; Fr. Douvres, doom); a t. of England, and one of the Cinque Ports, situated in the co. of Kent, 72 m. E. S. E. of London. From its proximity to the continent, Dover has long been the usual port of embarkation or landing, for persons going to, or coming from France. (See Calais.) Lat. 51° 8' N., Lon. 1° 1&* E. » Pop. 13,872. Dover, the cap. of Strafford co., N. H., on the Coche'co r., an affluent of the Piscataqua, 12 m. N. N. W. of Portsmouth. Lat. 43° 13' N., Lon. 70° 54' W. Pop. 8,186. Dover, the cap. of the state of Delaware, on Jones's Creek, about 9m. from its entrance into Delaware Bay. Lat. 39° 10" N., Lon. 75° 30' W. Dover, Strait of. See English Channel. Do'-vre-fi-eld^ (Norw. Daavrefield, d6 x -vre-fyeld0, a ridge of moun- tains in Norway, situated between 62° and 63° N. Lat. Commencing on or near the boundary between Norway and Sweden, it runs south- westerly, and, along with another chain, divides Norway into North and South. The name is derived from Daavre (do^-vrefr), a small vil- lage, near 62° N. Lat, and 9° 20' E. Lon., &ndjield or fj 'eld, a "moun- tain ridge." The appellation of Dovrefield is often incorrectly applied to the whole chain of mountains which divide Norway from Sweden. The highest peak of these mountains, the Skagstols Tind, has an ele- vation of about 8,400 ft. above the level of the sea. Dowlatabad, douMa-ta-Md', a strongly fortified t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of Aurungabad. The fort consists of an enormous insulated mass of granite, standing a mile and a half from any hill, and rising to the height of 500 ft. The passage into the fort is cut out of the solid rock, and can be entered by only one person at a time, in a stooping posture. From this entrance, the passage, still cut throug-h the rock, is winding and very narrow, and is obstructed by seve" \ doors. Al- together, the place is so strong, that a very small numoer of persons within, might bid defiance to a numerous army. Lat. 19° 54' N., Lon. 75° 5' E. Down, a co. in the N. E. part of Ireland, bordering on the sea. Pop, in 1831, 352,012. (P. C.) DOW— DRO 199 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Down-pat'-rick, a t. of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., 72 m. N. by E. of Dublin. Lat. 54° 19' N., Lon. 5° 43' W. Pop. in 1831, 4,784. Draguigjvan, dra'-gheen'-yaV, a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Var, about 60 m. E. N. E. of Marseilles. Lat. 43° 32 N., Lon. 6° 30' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Drammen, dram^-men, a seaport t. of Norway, situated on a broad and impetuous r. of the same name, which discharges its waters into the Gulf of Christiania. It has an extensive trade in timber, and a greater number of vessels enter its port than any other in Norway. (B.) Lat. 59° 44' N., Lon. 10° 12' E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) Drave (Lat. Dra/vus ; Ger. Drau, drou ; Slavonian, Drava, dra^-va); a r. of the Austrian empire, which rises in the eastern part of Tyrol, and, flowing south-easterly, falls into the Danube, about 13 m. below Eszek, in Croatia. Its whole length is near 400 m. Drenthe, dren'-teh, a small prov. in the E. part of Holland, border- ing on the kingdom of Hanover. Dres^-den, the cap. of the kingdom of Saxony, and one of the hand- somest towns of Europe, is situated on both sides of the Elbe, about 225 m. N. N. W. of Vienna, in the midst of a rich and delightful coun- try. It is divided into three parts; on the left bank of the Elbe is Dresden Proper, or the Old Town (Alt-stadt), and Fredericstown (Frie- derichs-stadt), separated from it by the Weiseritz (wi'-zer-its), a small stream which flows into the Elbe at this place : the New Town (Neu- stadt), stands on the right bank of the river, which is here 480 ft. wide. Among the remarkable buildings which Dresden contains, may be men- tioned the new Catholic church, which is regarded as the finest edifice in the place, and one of the handsomest churches in Germany. Dres- den is distinguished by the number and character of its institutions for the promotion of the arts, sciences, and literature. The gallery of paintings, in this city, is one of the most extensive and most costly in the world; and the Royal Public Library contains more than 220,000 vols. There is also a college of medicine and surgery, founded in 1816; an academy of painting and architecture; a superb collection of precious stones, pearls, works in jewelry, &c, which is valued at nearlv a million sterling; and a collection of ancient and modern wea- pons,' &c. Lat. 51° 3 / N., Lon. 13° 43 / E. Pop. according to Balbi, 70,000. By the census of 1843, it was 90,200. Dreux, druft, (Anc. Durocas'ses, afterwards Dro'ca?,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Eure and Loire, 41 m. W. by S. from Paris. Lat. 48° 43' N., Lon. 1° 21' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,166. (P. C.) Drin, dreen, or Drtno, dree'-no, a r. of Albania, which flows into a gulf of the same name, on the S. E. coast of the Adriatic, in Lat. 41° 42' N. Its length is about 150 m. Drogheda, droh^-He-da, a seaport t. near the E. coast of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster, situated on the Boyne, about 30 m. N. of Dublin. The town, with its liberties, forms what is called the county of the town of Drogheda. It was formerly a place of considerable importance, and many of the Irish parliaments were held here, particularly during the 200 DRO— DUB Fite, far, fill, fat; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; 60 as in good; 15th century. The pop. of the co., which contains an area of above 9 sq.m., was, in 1831, 17,365. (P. C.) Drohobicz, dro'-ho-bich\ or Dro'-ho-vitsch\ a flourishing 1 1. of Aus- trian Galicia, with extensive salt-works. Lat. 49° 22' N., Lon. 23° 35' E. Pop. in 1826, 11,290. (B.) Droitwich, droitMcb, a small t. of England, in Worcestershire, 6 m, N. N. E. of Worcester, important on account of its salt springs. A canal, 6 m. in length, connects it with the Severn. Drome, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, bordering on the Rhone, and intersected by a small stream of the same name. Pop. 305,499. (B.) Capital, Valence. Drontheim, dront'-im, (Norw. Troniem, tro^-ne-em, and Trondhiem or Trondjem, tr6nd^-yem,) a city of Norway, formerly cap. of a prov. of the same name, and once the residence of the Norwegian kings, on the bay of Trondhiem, by which it is almost surrounded. The houses are chiefly built of wood. Drontheim has a college, a royal academy of sciences, a public library, &c. Lat. 63° 26' N., Lon. 10° 23' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) Dru'-ses (Arab. Do-rooz'), a people who inhabit the chain of Libanus, in Syria, being under the government of their own chiefs, and possess- ing a religion peculiar to themselves. Their vernacular tongue is Arabic. Little is known of their religion, as many of its doctrines and rites are kept profoundly secret. Should any one of the Druses reveal the mysteries of his religion, he would incur the penalty of death. All agree in representing these people as industrious, brave, and hos- pitable. Dub'-lin, a co. of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster, and bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, exclusive of the city, 176,012. Dublin, (Anc. Ebla^na), the chief city of Ireland, forming, by itself, a county, called the county of the city of Dublin. It is situated on both sides of the r. Liffey, at its entrance into the Bay of Dublin. This town may be ranked among the handsomest in the United Kingdom, both as regards the character of its buildings and its situation, which is in a high degree picturesque. Among the various scientific and literary institutions of Dublin, may be mentioned the University, which is one of the most richly endowed in Europe ; the number of students on the books in 1838, was about 2,000: the School of Natural Sciences, in which six different professors give gratuitous lectures on various scien- tific subjects : and the Royal Hibernian Society of painting, sculpture, and architecture. There are few cities in which charitable institutions are more numerous, or better supported, than in Dublin. Besides the various establishments for the relief of the sick and indigent, there are 199 charitable schools, in 34 of which the scholars are lodged, boarded, clothed, &c. Dublin is the seat of an archbishopric both of the church of Rome and of England. Lat. of the Observatory 53° 23' 13" N., Lon. 6° 20' 30" W. Pop. in 1851 254,850. Di'GxVo, doob'-no, a t. of European Russia, in Volhynia, the cap. of a BUB— DUM 201 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th. as in this ; n, nearly like ng. circle of the same name. Lat. 50° 25' N., Lon. 25° 40' E. Pop. about 5,700, of which a great number are Jews. (P. C.) Du-bois', a co. in the S. part of Ind., bordering on the E. fork of the White r. Pop. 6,321. Co. t. Jasper. Du Buque, du book^, [oo as in moon,'] a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 10,841. Co. t. Dubuque. Duck River, a r. in Tenn., which flows into the Tennessee r. from the E. Dud'-ley, a t. of England, in Worcestershire, 26 m. N. N. E. of Wor- cester. This town derives its origin and name from Dodo, a Saxon prince, who built here a strong castle, about the year 700. The prin- cipal occupation of the inhabitants consists in the smelting and working of iron ore, with which the whole neighbourhood abounds, as well as with coal. Pop. 17,077. Duisburg, doo'-is-b66RG x , a t. belonging to the kingdom of Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated near the right bank of the Rhine, which once washed its walls. It is said to derive its name from the Teutones, who had a camp on this spot ; it was called, by the Romans, Castrum Deusonis. A forest, in the vicinity, is mentioned by Tacitus, under the name of Saltus Teutoburgensis. Duisburg has recently been declared a free port. Lat. 51° 26' N., Lon. 6° 46' E. Pop. 4,400. (B.) Duke's, a co. of Mass., comprising Martha's Vineyard and the adja- cent islands. Pop. 4,540. Co. t. Edgartown. Dulce, Rio, ree^-o dool^-sa, or dool'-tha, a r. of S. America, in the re- public of La Plata, which flows into the Lake of Porongos, in about 30° 10' S. Lat., and 62° W. Lon. The name Dulce (sweet) is given to it in contradistinction to the neighbouring salt rivers, the Saladoand Saladillo (which see). Dulcigno, dool-cheen^-yo, sometimes written Dolcigno, (Anc. Olcin^- ium ; Turk. OP-goon') a seaport t. of Albania, situated on the coast of the Adriatic. Lat. 41° 55' N., Lon. 19° 12' E. The pop., according to Balbi, is about 2,000, but some other writers estimate it much higher. Dulwich, dulMch, a village of England, in the co. of Surrey, 5 m. S. E. of London, remarkable for a college founded by Edward Allen, a comedian, in the reign of James I., which was opened in 1619. A costly collection of pictures was added to the college in 1810, by the bequest of the late Sir Francis Bourgeois. , Dum-bar'-ton, a t of Scotland, the cap. of Dumbartonshire, is situ- ated at the confluence of the Leven with the Clyde, 14 m. W. N. W. of Glasgow. It is defended by a strong castle, which is garrisoneu, Pop. 3,782. Dum-bar^-ton-shire, a maritime co. in the W. of Scotland, consist ing of two detached portions. Pop. 44,296. Dumfries, dum-freece^, a co. in the S. W. part of Scotland, border- ing on Solway Frith. Pop. 72,830. Dumfries, a t. of Scotland, cap. of the above co., and the seat of a 202 DUN— DUR Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; oo as in good; presbytery and synod, is beautifully, situated on the r. Nith, about 9 m. from its inliux into Sohvay Frith. Pop. 10,069. Dun-bar/, a seaport t. of Scotland, in the co. of Haddington, situated at the mouth of the Frith of Forth, 27 m. E. by N. of Edinburgh. It has a secure harbour, which is defended by a battery. The name sig- nifies the " Castle of Bar," and originated from its having been be- stowed, in the 9th century, by Kenneth, king of Scotland, on Bar, a vdiant captain who had signalized himself in the war against the Picts. Pop. 3,013. Dun-dalk', a seaport t. of Ireland, the cap. of the co. of Louth, on a bay of the same name, 46 m. N. of Dublin. Pop. 10,078. (M.) Dun-dee', a seaport t. and royal burgh of Scotland, in the shire of Forfar, situated on the N. side of the Frith of Tay,* about 36 m. N. by E. of Edinburgh. This town is the chief seat of the British linen manufac- ture ; the business commenced about the middle of last century, from which time to the present, its increase has been astonishing. Lat. 56° 27' N., Lon. 2° 58' W. Pop. 60,553, exceeding that of 1831 by more than 15,000. Dunfermeline, dum-ftV-lin, a manufacturing t. of Scotland, in Fife- shire, 15 m. N. W. of Edinburgh, and 2£m. N. of the Frith of Forth. Pop. of the parish, 20,217, of which 7,865 belong to the town. Dun-gan'-non, a t. of Ireland, in Tyrone co. Lat. 54° 31' N., Lon. 6° 46' E. Dunkeld, ordinarily pronounced dun-kelK, a small t. of Scotland, in Perthshire, situated on the N. bank of the r. Tay, about 25 m. W. N. W. of Dundee. It is said to have been the capital of ancient Caledonia. Pop. 1,096. Dun'-kirk, (Fr. Dunkerque, diiN v -keRk',) a seaport t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, about 150 m. N. of Paris. It is said to owe its origin to a chapel founded by St. Eloi, which, from its situation among the sandy downs of the coast, took the name of Dun-kirk, i. e. the "church of the downs." This place was declared a free port in 1816, which has con- siderably increased its commercial prosperity. By means of the canal of Furnes, it communicates with the several canals which intersect Belgium. Lat. 51° 2' N., Lon. 2° 23' E. Pop. 25,000. (B.) Du Page, a co. near the N. E. extremity of 111., W. of Chicago. Pop. 9,290. Du'-plin, a co. in the S. E. part of N. C, intersected by the N. branch of Cape Fear r. Pop. 13,514. Co. t. Kenansville. Durance, dii v -raNce', (Anc. Druen'tia,) a r. in the S. E. part of France, which flows into the Rhone a little below Avignon. Durango, doo-rang'-go, a t. of Mexico, the cap. of a state of the same name, situated in a wide plain. Lat. about 24° 28' N., Lon. 105° W. Pop. estimated at 25,000. (B.) * The name is not improbably a corruption of Dun-Tay, or the "Castle of the fay." Buchanan calls it, in Latin, Taodunum, which is equivalent to Dun-Tay. DUR— EAS 203 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Durazzo, doo-rat'-so, or Duras, doo-ras', (Anc. DyrraclVium,) a t. on the coast of Albania, in European Turkey. Lat. 41° 19s' N., Lon. 19° 27' E. Pop. estimated at 5,000. DD/-ren, formerly called Mark-DiIren, (the Marcodu'rum of the Romans,) a walled t. in the Prussian prov. of the Rhine, cap. of a circle of the same name, with flourishing' manufactures. Lat. 50° 46' N. f Lon. 6° 30' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.) Dur'-ham, a co. in the N. E. part of England, bordering on the sea Pdp. 324,284. Durham, a city of England, the cap. of the above, on the banks of the r. Wear, 67 m. N. N. VV. of York. It is the seat of a university. Lat. 54° 46' N., Lon. 1° 34' W. Pop., including an area of 16 sq. m., 14,151. Durlach, dooRMaii, a t. of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Baden, cap. of a circle of its own name, formerly the residence of the Mar- graves of Baden, is situated about 4 m. S. E. of Carlsruhe. Lat. 48° 59' N., Lon. 8° 30' E. Pop. 4,400. (B.) Dus'-sel-dorf\ a t. of Germany, belonging to Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, and, formerly, of the grand-duchy of Berg, is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, at the point where the Diissel flows into that river, whence the name Diisseldorf, i. e. "village of the Diissel." It was raised from the rank of a village to that of a munici- pal town, by Adolphus V., duke of Berg, in 1288. It is one of the best built and handsomest towns on the Rhine, and possesses a number of literary and scientific institutions, besides a public library, containing about 30,000 vols. Lat. 51° 14' N., Lon. 6° 47 E. Pop. above 24,000. (B.) Dutch'-ess, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., E. of and bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 58,992. Co. t. Poughkeepsie. Du-vai/, a co. in the N. E. part of Florida, bordering on the sea. Pop. 4,539. Co. t. Jacksonville. Duyveland, doi'-vel-ant, a small i. of Holland, forming a part of the prov. of Zealand, E. of Schouwen. Dwi'-na, (Russ. Dzwina or Dzvee'-na,) a large r. in the N. of Rus- sia, which rises in the government of Vologda, and, flowing north- westerly, empties itself into the White sea, below Archangel, by several mouths. Its whole length is computed at 736 m. ; it is navigable fcr 240 m. Dy^er, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 6,361. Co. t. Dyersburg. Dyl, generally written, and always to be pronounced, Dyle, a r. of Holland, which flows into the Scheldt, about 9 m. above Antwerp. Early, erMe, a co. in the S. W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chat- tahoochie r. Pop. 7,246. Co. t. Blakeley. East Indies. See India. East'-on, the cap. of Northampton co., Pa., situated at the influx of the Lehigh r. into the Delaware, opposite to the termination of the 204 EAS— ECU Fate, far, fill, fat; me, m£t; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; oo as in good ; Morris canal, about 50 m. in a straight line N. from Philadelphia. Pop. in 1840 4,865, it is now probably above 8,000. East^-port, a port of entry of Maine, on the W. side of Passama- spioddy Bay, near its junction with the sea. Lat. 44° 54' N., Lon. 6(5° 56' W. East River. See Long Island Sound. East'-ville, a port of entry of Va., cap. of Northampton co., 85 m. in a straight line E. by S. from Richmond. Eat^-on, a co. in the S. part of Mich., bordering on Grand r. Pop. 7,058. Co. t. Bellevue. E'-bro, (Sp. pron. a'-bro ; Lat. Ibe^rus,) a r. of Spain, which rises at the foot of the Asturian mountains, in Old Castile, and, flowing in a south-easterly direction, falls into the Mediterranean, in about 40° 42' N. Lat, and 0° 52' E. Lon. Its whole course is above 400 m. Eccloo, ek-klo', a t. of E. Flanders, 13 m. N. W. of Ghent. Pop above 7,000. (B.) Ecija, a'the-Ha, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, situated on the r. Genii (Ha-neel/), a branch of the Guadalquivir, about 40 m. E. N. E. of Seville. Pop. 34,000. (P. C.) Ecuador, ek-wa-doRe', (i. e. " Equator," so named from its situation, being intersected, through its whole length, by the equinoctial line,) one of the three republics which, previously to 1831, constituted the repub- lic of Colombia. (See Colombia.) It is situated between 1° 36' and 4° 55' S. Lat., and 70° 20' and 81° W. Lon.* ; bounded on the N. by New Granada, E. by Brazil, S. by Peru, and W. by the Pacific. The area is calculated at 360,000 sq. m. The climate of Ecuador, as might be expected, varies considerably in different regions. In the valley of Quito the seasons are scarcely distinguishable. The mean temperature of the day, all the year round, is between 60° and 67°, and that of the night between 48° and 52° of Fahrenheit. The winds blow continu- ally, but never with great violence. During the whole morning, till 1 or 2 o'clock, the weather is generally delightful, and the sky serene ; but, after this, the vapours begin to rise, which are followed by dreadful tempests of thunder and lightning, with torrents of rain. At sunset, the weather usually clears up, and the nights are as serene as the mornings. Sometimes, however, the rain continues several days. The season between September and May is called the winter, and the re- mainder of the year the summer. The winter is only distinguished by a somewhat greater quantity of rain, and the summer by a greater number of fine days. The valley of Quito has a mean elevation of about 9,600 ft. above the sea, which may account for the climate being comparatively so cool. In those parts of Ecuador, which lie near the sea, the thermometer ranges much higher. The animal and vegetable productions of this country do not appear to differ from those of the * The limits of this country appear not to be accurately defined. We have given the latitudes and longitudes according to the maps published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. EDE— EDI 205 OU, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this : n, nearly like ng. neighbouring regions of S. America. The most common fruit-trees are cherimoyers,* pine-apples, and papayas. There are also extensive plantations of sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco, and cocoa. Among the forest-trees is the cinchona, which yields the Peruvian bark. The pop. of Ecuador is stated, by Balbi, at 630.000. Quito is the capital. E'-den-ton, a port of entry of N. C, cap. of Chowan co., near the mouth of the Chowan r., at the head of a small bay to which it gives its name. Ed'-foo, (Anc. Apollinop^olis Mag'na,) a small t. of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, remarkable for its temple, which is one of the finest and best preserved in Egypt. Lat. 25° N., Lon. 32° 52' E. Ed/'-gar, a co. in the E. part of 111., bordering on Indiana. Pop. 10,692. Co. t. Paris. Ed'-gar-ton. a port of entry of Mass., cap. of Duke's co., on the E. side of Martha's Vineyard. Edgecombe, ej'-kum. a co. in the N. E. centra] part of N. C, inter- sected by the Tar r. Pop. 17,189. Co. t. Tarborough. Edge'-field, a dist. in the S. W. part of S. C, bordering on the Sa- vannah r. Pop. 39,262. Seat of justice, Edgefield c. h. Edinburgh, edMn-bur v -uft, the metropolis of Scotland, is situated in the northern part of a co. of the same name, about 11 m. from the Frith of Forth, and 337 m. N. by W. from London. Edinburgh is divided, by a valley, into two parts, the Old and the New Town. The former is irregularly built, the streets are narrow, and some of them are very dirty. In this part, the houses have sometimes 12 and even 14 stories. The New Town, on the other hand, is built with great regu- larity, with wide and handsome streets, and will bear a comparison with the finest capitals of Europe. Among the remarkable edifices of Edinburgh, we may mention the palace of Holyrood, the ancient resi- dence of the Scottish kings; and the castle, situated at the western extremity of the Old Town, on a rugged rock which rises on three sides, from a level plain, abruptly, to a height varying from 150 to 200 ft. In some parts, the precipice is perpendicular, and even over- hangs its base. The summit is crowned with military works, which, contrasted with the sublime and rocky scenery beneath, give an aspect to the whole inexpressibly grand and romantic. The castle, with its works, occupies an area of 7 acres, and is separated from the town by an open space nearly 300ft. square. Edinburgh has several noble charita- ble institutions, among which may be cited the Royal Infirmary, Heriot'a Hospital, the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Asylum for the Blind. The multitude of its learned societies, its celebrated uni- versity, one of the first in Europe, the various and important publica- tions which are continnally issuing from its presses, and its numerous * The cherimoyer is the anona cherimolia of naturalists, a downy-leaved species of anona, said to bear a great resemblance to the custard-apple of the West Indies. 18 206 EDI— EGY Fite, far, fell, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; do as in good; periodicals, among which the "Edinburgh Review" is especially dis- tinguished, appear fully to justify the appellation of " the modern Athens." which has frequently been bestowed upon the Scottish capi- tal. The name of Edinburgh is supposed by some to be derived from Edwin, a king of Northumberland, in the time of the Heptarchy. This derivation is supported by the fact that the town was anciently called Edwinesburg or Edwinesburch. The castle of Edinburgh was long called by the name of Castellum or Castrum Puellarum. i. e.. the " maidens' castle," in consequence, it is said, of its having been the residence of the daughters of the Pictish kings. Lat. of the Observa- tory, 55° 57' 23" N.. Lon. 3° 10' 54" W. Pop. of the city and suburbs in 1841 ; 138,182 ; in 1848 about 190,000. Edinburgh or Mid-Lothian, mid-lo'-THe-an, a co. in the S. E. cen- tral part of Scotland, bordering on the Frith of Forth. Entire pop. 225,454. Ed'-is-to, a r. of S. C, which flows into the Atlantic, through two channels, called the S. and N. Edisto inlets. The former, which is the principal one, joins the sea in Lat. 32° 27' N. Edisto Island is situated between these two arms of the r. Edisto. Ed'-mond-son, a co. in the S, W. central part of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop. 4,088. Co. t. Brownsville. Ed'-wards, a co. in the S. E. part of 111., intersected by the Little Wabash.' Pop. 3,524. Co. t. Albion. Ef^-fing-ham, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Ogeechee and Savannah rivers. Pop. 3,864. Co. t. Springfield. Effingham, a co. in the S. E. central part of 111., intersected by the Little Wabash. Pop. 3,799. Co. t. Ewington. Eg'-er (Ger. pron. a/-Ger), a r. of Bohemia, which flows into the Elbe. Eger (in Bohemian Cheb, Keb). the third t. in point of pop. in the kingdom of Bohemia, on the right bank of the river of the same name. It contains a gymnasium, and several other institutions for education. About 3 m. from this place are some warm mineral springs, and an establishment for bathing, which are much frequented during summer. Many thousand bottles of the water are annually exported. The cele- brated Wallenstein was assassinated in Eger, in 1634. Lat. 50° 5' N., Lon. 12° 24' E. Pop. above 9.000. (B.) E/-gypt (Gr. Aiyvrttof; Lat. iEgyp'tus; Hebrew, Mizr or Mizraim ; Arab. Masr or Musr ; Coptic, Cham or Khem) ; a country occupying the N. E. part of Africa, situated between 24° 8' and 31° 32' N. Lat, bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, E. by the little r. El Arish, on the border of Palestine, the desert of Idumea and the Red Sea, S. by Nubia, its southern limit, from the oldest time, having been fixed at the cataracts of Asswan (Assouan), and W. by the Libyan desert. Its length, from N. to S., is about 520 m. ; its breadth is difficult to deter- mine ; if it be considered to extend from the Red Sea to the most west- erly of the oases belonging to Egypt, it will amount to between 300 EGY 207 on, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in tJiis ; n, nearly like ng. and 400 m. Egypt may be regarded as essentially consisting of the valley of the Nile and the Delta, as these are the only parts, except the oases, where there is a settled population. Following the windings of the river, the length of the valley of the Nile, from Asswan to the southern extremity of the Delta, is about 500 m. The breadth varies considerably, but it is seldom more than ten miles, and in many places, especially in Upper Egypt, is not two, including the breadth of the river, which varies from 2,000 to 4.000 ft. This valley is bounded on both sides by a ridge of rocky hills, which rise in some places more than 1.000 ft. above the level of the river. The cultivable land does not extend on either side of the Nile to the base of this ridge. Between the narrow tract, which is fertilized by the overflowing of the river, or by artificial irrigation, and the neighbouring mountains, there is a strip of drifting sand, which, in many places, appears to encroach upon the cultivated ground. The mountain ridges, which enclose the Nile, as above described, separate near Cairo ; the eastern one leaves the valley first and, turning off abruptly, runs towards the N. extremity of the Red Sea. Afterwards the r. enters a wide and low plain, which, from its triangular form, received from the Greeks the name of Delta. (See Delta.) Here the Nile divides into two branches, that of Roscttaand that of Damiat. Anciently the right side of the Delta was formed by the Pclusiac branch, which detaching itself from the river higher up, flowed to Pelusium, at the E. extremity of Lake Menzaleh. This branch is now, in a great measure, choked up. though it still serves partly for purposes of irrigation. The river at Rosetta is 1,800 ft. wide, and at Damietta (Damiat), about 800. The extreme length of the Delta, from N. to S., is about 100 m. ; the distance from Rosetta to the Damiat mouth is about 84 m. The Delta, however, must be re- garded as extending in breadth considerably beyond these limits, and may properly.be said to include all that tract below the termination of the valley of the Nile, which is irrigated by that river, or by the various canals which are connected with it. Egypt is commonly divided by geographers of the present day into three regions ; viz., Bahari (baH'-ree), or Maritime, Vostani (vos-ta^- nee), or Wustanee, or Middle, and Said (sa'-eedO; or Upper Egypt. Bahari corresponds with the division ordinarily called Lower Egypt, which comprises the whole of the Delta, including Cairo and its envi- rons. Vostani or Middle Egypt is understood to extend from the neigh- bourhood of Cairo to near 27° 30' N. Lat. ; while Said comprehends all the remainder of the country, as far S. as the cataracts of the Nile. The entire area of that portion of Egypt which is susceptible of culti- vation, is computed at 17.000 sq.m. The climate of this country, during the greater part of the year, is salubrious. The exhalations however, which rise from the soil after the inundations, render the latter part of autumn less healthy than the other seasons of the year. Rain is a very uncommon occurrence in Middle and Upper Egypt; the only supply of water for the animal and vegetable kingdoms which can be relied on, being derived from the Nile. In Lower Egypt, along the 208 EHR— EIC Fate, far, fall, fat; m6, met; pine or pine, pin ; no, n6t; oo as in good; Mediterranean coast, showers are not unfrequent during the winter season. Without attempting to give even an outline of the history of this country, the most ancient abode of civilization respecting which we have any distinct and satisfactory information, and which holds so im- portant a place in the history of all the more powerful nations of anti- quity, we will merely state, that Egypt was conquered by the Saracens, under the caliphate of Omar, about the year 638 ; afterwards, in 1517, it fell into the hands of the Turks, to whom it was subject, at least nominally, till the French invasion in 1798. Bonaparte took posses- sion of the country, under the pretence of delivering it from the tyranny of the Memlooks. These constituted a sort of military aristocracy, formidable to their Turkish rulers, and most oppressive towards the common people. After the French were expelled by the English, in 1801. Egypt again came into the possession of the Turks, and again the Memlooks displayed their insubordination, and exercised their tyranny. At last the present pasha, Mehemet Ali, contrived to collect most of the beys, with their principal officers, within the citadel of Cairo, under pretence of an entertainment, where he had them all mas- sacred, in March, 1811. The power of the present ruler, though founded in perfidy and violence, has, on the whole, been exercised with justice and wisdom. That ambition and those abilities which have raised him to the independent sovereignty of Egypt and the neighbour- ing parts of Asia, have been laudably directed towards the political and intellectual amelioration of his people. He is said to administer impar- tial justice to all his subjects, without regard to race or religion. He has established regular judicial courts and a good police, has done away with torture and other barbarous punishments, and has promoted instruction, by establishing schools and colleges for the arts and sciences, and for military and naval tactics. He has endeavoured, with some success, to remove the prejudices of his subjects against the arts and learning of Europe, and to introduce the European improve- ments in manufactures and machinery. The government of Egypt, however, is still absolute, in the strictest sense of the word, though the present pasha has chosen to govern, for the most part, according to forms and regulations which he himself has established. The pop. is estimated at 2,000,000. (P. C.) Cairo is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Egyptian, e-jip'-shun; (Arab. Mus'-ree.) Ehrenbreitstein, a/-ren-brite'-stine, an important and celebrated fortress of Germany, in the Prussian prov. of the Lower Rhine, situated on the right bank of th $ Rhine, opposite to Coblentz, on the summit of a rugged and precipitous rock, which rises 772 ft. above the level of the river. At its base stands the little t. of Thal-Ehrenbreitstein (taal a N -ren-brite'-stine) ; i. e. the " Ehrenbreitstein of the valley," with a pop. of 2,400. (B.) Ehrenbreitstein is connected with Coblentz, by a bridge of boats, and is usually regarded as one of the suburbs of that city. Eichstadt, iKe'-stett, a walled t. of Bavaria, situated on the Alt- BIL— ELB ' 209 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like nq. muhl. It is said to have been founded in the middle of the eighth cen- tury, by St. Willibald, who, in order to erect the cathedral and the adjacent dwellings for his clergy, cleared an area covered with oaks; whence the name of Eichstadt, or Oaktown. Lat. 48° 53' N., Lon. 11° 10' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Eilenburg, iMen-booRG x , a t. of Germany, belonging to Prussia, situated on the Mulde (modl'-de/*). Lat. 51° 28' N., Lon. 12° 37' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Eimbeck, ime'-bek, a walled t. of Germany, in Hanover. Lat. 51° 48' N., Lon. 9° 51' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Eisenach, i'-zen-aK, a walled t. of Germany, cap. of a principality of the same name, belonging to the grand-duchy of Saxe- Weimar : it has a gvmnasium and several other institutions for education. Lat. 50° 59' N., 'Lon. 10° 20' E. Eisenstadt, i'-zen-statt\ (Hung. K is- Mar tony, kish maaR-tofi,) a royal free t. of Hungary, about 26 m. S. E. of Vienna, remarkable for the handsome palace of Prince Esterhazy, and for its magnificent botanic garden, one of the finest in the world. Lat. 47° 50' N., Lon. 16° 32' E. Pop. about 3,000. (B.) Eisleben, iceMa-ben, a t. of Prussian Saxony, formerly the cap. of the earldom of Mansfeld, situated about. 40 m. W. N. VV. of Leipsic. Luther was born here, in 1483, and died here, in 1546 ; but neither his parents nor himself had a permanent residence in this place. Lat. 51° 33' N., Lon. 11° 32' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Ekatarinburg, ek-a/-ta-reen-booRg\ (Catharine's burg,) an important t. of Russia, in the government of Perm, founded by Peter the Great, in 1723, and named in honour of his consort. It is on the high road from Russia into Siberia. In the neighbourhood of this town are situated a great number of gold mines, which, together with those of the govern- ment of Orenburg, yield a greater quantity of this precious metal than the mines of any other country in the known world. (B.) Considerable quantities of platinum are also found in these regions. Ekatarinburg is fortified and regularly built, though the houses are mostly of wood; it has several literary and scientific institutions, and a number of hand- some stone edifices. Lat. 56° 50' N., Lon. 60° 48' E. Pop. about 11,000. (P. C.) Ekatarinoslaf, ek-a^-ta-reen^-os-laf, an archiepiscopal t. of Russia, cap. of a government of the same name, situated on the right bank of the Dnieper. The first stone was laid by the empress Catharine II., in 1787. Lat. 48° 27' N., Lon. 35° E. Pop. 1 2,000. (P. C.) Elatma, el-at'-ma, or Yel-at'-ma, a t. of Euro pean Russia, in the go- vernment of Tambof, situated on the r. Oka. la its vicinity are exten- sive iron works. Lat. about 54° 50' N., Lon. 41° 20. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) El/-ba (the IFva of the Romans), an i. in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Tuscany, situated between 42° 43' and 42° 52' N. Lat., and between 10° 6' and 10° 27' E. Lon. Length about 18 m. ; great- est breadth about 10 m. This island is remarkable for having been the 18* 210 ELB— ELI Fite, far, fill, fat; m6, met ; pine or pine, pin ; nd, n&t; oo as in good; residence of Napoleon, after his first abdication, from May, 1814, to February, 1815. Elba belongs to the grand-duchy of Tuscany. The pop. is about 13,500. (P. C.) Porto Ferrajo (fer-ri'-o), on the N. coast, the cap. of the island, is a strongly fortified town, and has about 2,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 42° 49' N., Lon. 10° 20' E. Elbe (Gerpron.elM3e/&; Anc.AVbis),ar. of Germany, which rises in the Riesengebirge or Giant Mountains of Bohemia, and, flowing in a gene- ral north-westerly direction, falls into the North Sea, in about Lat. 54° N., and Lon. 8° 40' E. Its whole length is about 710 m., and it is navigable about 470 m. The average breadth is computed at 900 fit. ; near its mouth, however, it is several miles wide. Elberfeld, eF-ber-felt', the cap. of a circle of the same name, and one of the most flourishing manufacturing and commercial towns in the Prussian dominions, is situated on the Wupper, a tributary of the Rhine, 25 m. N. by E. from Cologne. Among its public institutions, we may mention a gymnasium, a museum, a societv of the arts and sciences, &c. Lat. 51° 15' N., Lon. 7° 10' E. In the" middle of the last century, Elberfeld was an insignificant place ; at present it contains a pop. of about 24,200. (P. C.) El'-bert, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 12,959. Co. t. Elberton. Elbeuf, eP-buf , a t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, on the r. Seine. Lat. 49° 17 N., Lon. 0° 59' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) El/-bing, a commercial t. of W. Prussia, cap. of a circle of the same name, is situated on the r. Elbing, about 6 m. S. of its entrance into the Frische See, and 32 m. E. S. E. of Dantzic. This town was founded by the Teutonic knights about the year 1229; and in the 14th and 15th centuries it was a member of the Hanseatic league. Lat. 54° 9' N., Lon. 19° 23' E. Pop. above 20,000. (B.) Elche, eV-cha, (Anc. Il'ici,) a t. of Valencia, Spain. Lat. 38° 15' N.. Lon. 0° 44' W. Pop. 19,000. (B.) El-e-phan'-ta, a small i. on the W. coast of Hindostan, between Bombay and the Mahratta shore, remarkable for a colossal image of an elephant, cut out of the solid rock. This image has been split in two, apparently by means of gunpowder. At some distance from it, a cave has been discovered, which is, in fact, a temple cut out of the rock. At what time, or by whom these works were executed, is not known. Elg^-in, a t. of Scotland, cap. of Elginshire, situated near the little r. Lossie, about 5 m. above its influx into the German Ocean. Lat. 57° B9' N., Lon. 3° 22' W. Pop. 3,911. Elg'-in-shire or Morayshire, a co. in the N. E. part of Scotland, bordering on Moray Frith. Pop. 35,012. Elisabetgrad, a-liz'-a-bet-grad', or Yel-is N -a-vet-grad/ 7 a t. of Eu- ropean Russia, in the prov. of Kherson, cap. of a circle of the same name, important on account of its fortifications and arsenal. Lat. 48° B0' N., Lon. 32° 28' E. Pop. about 12,000. (P. C.) ELI— EMS 211 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Elizabeth City, a co. in the E. part of Va., on the Chesapeake Bay, at the mouth of James r. Pop. 4,586. Co. t. Hampton. Elizabeth City, a port of entry of N. C, cap. of Pasquotank co., on Ihe r. Pasquotank, 20 m. from its mouth. Elk, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Pa., on the sources of the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 3,531. Elk/-hart, a co. in the N. part of Ind., bordering on Michigan. Pop. 12,690. Co. t. Goshen. Ells'-worth, a port of entry of Maine, cap. of Hancock co., on Union r., at the head of tide water, 22 m. in a straight line N. E. of Castine. El v -sin-ore^ or Elsineur (Dan. Her-sing-6/-er), an important seaport t. of Denmark, in the N. E. part of the island of Zealand, at the nar- rowest part of the strait between the Cattegat and the Baltic. It is at this place that the Danish government collects certain dues on every vessel passing through the sound. Lat. 56° 2' N., Lon. 12° 33' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) El'-vas, a fortified t. of Portugal, in Alentejo, about 11 m. W. of Badajoz, in Spain. Lat. 38° 53' N. 3 Lon. 6° 57 W. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) E^-ly, a small t. named the City of Ely, in Cambridgeshire, England, in a fenny district called the Isle of Ely,* 16 m. N. N. E. of Cambridge. E-man'-u-el, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Ogeechee r. Pop. 4,577. Co. t. Swainsborough. Em^-brun v or aM'-bruN^, (Anc. Ebrodu'num,) a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Alps. Before the French revolution, it was the seat of an archbishopric. Lat. 44° 34' N., Lon. 6° 26' E. Pop. in 1832, 2,392. (P. C.) Em'-den or Embden, a fortified and walled t. of Hanover, a little below the entrance of the Ems into the Dollart, a bay of the German Ocean, and connected with that river by a canal two miles long, called the Delf canal. It is the principal commercial place in Hanover. Among its literary and scientific institutions, may be mentioned a gym- nasium and a society of natural history. Lat. 53° 22' N., Lon. 7° 11' E. Pop. about 12,500. (P. C.) Emesa. See Homs. Emmerich, enV-mer-iK, or Emrich, a walled t. of Germany, belong- ing to Prussia, on the Rhine. It was formerly in the Hanseatic league, and has recently been declared a free port. Lat. 51° 50' N., Lon. 6° 15' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Emmet (Tonedagana), a co. at the N. extremity of the southern peninsula of Mich. Ems, a r. in the N. W. part of Germany, which flows into the Dollart. Its whole length is estimated at 210 m. * The name island appears to have formerly been applied to any spot elevated above the general level of the fens, in this and other parts of England. O 212 ENG— ERF Kite, far, fill, fat; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, n6t; So as in good ; Enghien, &N x -ghe x -aN, a t. of Belgium, in the prov. of Hainault, 22 m. S. W. of Brussels. Pop. near 4,000. (B.) England, ing'-gland, (originally, Engla-land, i. e. the land of the Angles, Aengles, or Engles,) the S. part of the island of Great Britain, situated between 55° 47' and 49° 57i' N. Lat., and between 1° 46' E. and 5° 42' W. Long. ; bounded on the N. by Scotland, N. E. and E. by the North Sea, S. by the English Channel, and W. by the Atlantic, Wales, and the Irish Channel. Its length, from N. to S., from Ber- wick to St. Alban's Head, is about 368 m. ; its greatest breadth, from Land's End to the most eastern part of Kent, is about 311 m. The area amounts to 50,387 sq.m. The pop., according to the census of 1841, was 14,995,138. England is divided into 40 counties. The capi- tal is London. (See Great Britain.) — Adj. English, ing^-glish : inhab. Eng^-lish-man. English Channel, the narrow sea which separates England from France. It is above 300 m. long; at its narrowest part, in the strait of Dover, it is only about 20 m. wide ; its greatest breadth is near 140 m. Enkhuizen, enk-hoi^-zen, a t. of Holland, on the W. shore of the Zuyderzee. Lat. 52° 43' N., Lon. 5° 17' E. The inhabitants, amount- ing to 7,000, are engaged, for the most part, in the herring fishery. (B.) En x -nis-cor/-thy, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Wexford, about 60 m. S. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 5,955. (P. C.) En v -nis-ktl'-len, the cap. of the co. of Fermanagh, in Ireland, situ- ated on an island in the narrow channel which connects the upper and lower lakes of Lough Erne, 89 m. N. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 6,056. P. C.) Ens, a r. of Austria, which flows into the Danube. Ens, the provinces of the, a name sometimes given to the arch- duchy of Austria. (See Austria, Archduchy of.) Entre Douro e Minho, en'-tra do-ro (or doo^-ro) a meen'-yo, i. e. " between the Douro and the Minho," a prov. in the N. W. part of Por- tugal, named from its situation, being bounded on the N. by the Minho, and S. by the Douro; length 73m.; greatest breadth 46m. It is sometimes simply called " the province of the Minho." Eperies, a-p(V-e-es, (Hung. pron. a-per-e-esh,) a fortified royal free t. of Upper Hungary, cap. of the circle "on this side of the Theiss and of the co. of Saros (shM'-rosh"). In its vicinity is a celebrated opal mine. Lat. 48° 58' N., Lon. 21° 15' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Epernay, a x -peR x -na^, a handsome t. of France, in the dep. of Marne, situated on the r. Marne, 73 m. E. by N. of Paris. The ancient name is said to have been Aquse Perennes, which was first corrupted into Aixperne, and afterwards into Epernay. Pop. in 1832, 5,318. (P. C.) Ephesus. See Ayasoolook. Erfurt, iR'-fooRt, a fortified t. of Prussian Saxony, cap. of a circle of the same name, and formerly of Thuringia, situated on the Gera. It has a number of literary and scientific institutions, among which we may mention a Catholic and a Protestant gymnasium, a high-school for girls (hohere Tochterschule), a royal academy of sciences, and a public ERI— ERZ 213 OU, as in our; th, as in thin; th~, as in this; n, nearly like ng. library of about 50,000 vols. Lat. 50° 59' N., Lon. 11° 4' E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.) Ericht, er/-iKt, a narrow lake of Scotland, in Perthshire, about 14 m. long-. E'-rie, a lake of N. America, situated between 41° 25' and 42° 55 N. Lat., and 78° 55' and 83° 34' W. Lon. Its extreme length is about 245 m. ; its greatest breadth is near 60 m. The circumference is com- puted at 658 m. The surface of the lake is 565 ft. above the level of the sea, and its greatest depth is about 100 ft. It is connected, by the r. Detroit, with L. Huron, and by the Niagara, with L. Ontario. Erie, a co. in the W. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 100,993. Co. t. Buffalo. Erie, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Pa., and bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 38,742. Erie, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., is situated on L. Erie, with a good harbour. Pop. 5,850. Erie, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 18,568. Co. t. Sandusky city. Erivan, er-e-van', a fortified t. in the Russian government of Georgia, formerly belonging to Persia, near the frontiers of Persia and Turkey, situated on the Zanga or Zengin, the outlet of Lake Erivan, which flows into the river Arras. Lat. 40° 5' N., Lon. 44° 30' E. Pop. esti- mated at 14,000. (B.) Erlangen, eRMang-en, a walled t. of Bavaria, with a celebrated protestant university, founded in 1743. There are, connected with this, an ecclesiastical seminary, a polytechnic school, a fine chemical labo- ratory, a library of above 100,000 vols., besides other literary and sci- entific establishments. The newer portion of Erlangen may vie with the best-built towns of Germany. Lat. 49° 36' N. ; Lon. 11° 4E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) Erlau, 6rMou, (Hung. Egf-er; Lat. Ag^ria,) a fortified archiepisco- pal t. of Upper Hungary, cap of the co. of Heves (hev-esh), is situated in the midst of a beautiful and richly- cultivated country, rather more than 70 m. N. N. E. of Pesth. Lat. 47° 55' N., Lon. 20° 23' E. Pop. above 17,000. (B.) Erne, Lough, 16h em, a L. of Ireland, situated principally in the co. of Fermanagh. It is usually considered as divided into the Upper and Lower Lake. The two are connected by a narrow channel, per- haps 7 m. long, which might properly be called the river Erne. The lower lake is about 10m. long and 5m. wide; the other is not above lb m. long. Erzroom (Erzrum) or Ardz-Room; i. e. the "land of Rome,"* an * The name was probably given by the Turks, in contradistinction to other con- quests made near the same time, among nations who had no connexion with Rome. It will be recollected that the Byzantine empire, from which this part of Asia was wrested, was originally a portion of the great Roman empire; and it ap« pears to have been still regarded in that character by the surrounding nations. 214 ERZ— ESN Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; no, n6t; oo as in good; important commercial t. of Turkish Armenia, cap. of a pasbalic of the same name, situated in an extensive and fertile plain, not far from the Kara Soo, or W. branch of the Euphrates. In the early part of the pre- sent century, the pop. of this city was estimated at 100 ; 000, but, after being 1 occupied by the Russians, a few years ago, it was almost deserted by its inhabitants. Since its restoration to the Turks, however, it has been gradually recovering its population and prosperity. Lat. 39° 57' N., Lon. 41° 15; E. Erzgebirge, tRts^-ga-beeV-Geh, i. e. u ore mountains," a chain of mountains in Germany, which extend along the boundary line between Bohemia and Saxony. It is rich in metals of almost every kind. Sil- ver is obtained in considerable quantities : lead and cobalt are abundant. The tin mines of Saxony, in this region, are the most valuable on the continent of Europe, and yield annually 140 tons. Arsenic, antimony, bismuth, manganese, calamine, copper, and mercury, are found here. Gold, also, occurs, but in very small quantities. The length of the chain is about 100 m. Es-cam'-bj.-a, a r. which rises in Ala., and, passing into Florida, joins the Conecuh. The river thus formed, falls into Pensacola Bay. It is usually called the Escambia, though above the junction the Conecuh is the principal stream. Escambia, a co. forming the W. extremity of Florida, bordering on the above r. Pop. 4,351. Co. t. Pensacola. Escurial, es-koo-re-al', a small t. of Spain, situated in the kingdom of Toledo, 27 m. N. W. of Madrid, remarkable for a vast and magnifi- cent edifice, founded by Philip II., in commemoration of the victory g-ained over the French, at St. Quentin, in 1557. It is laid out in the form of a gridiron ; the royal residence forms the handle, which is at- tached to a rectangle 640 ft. long, and 580 wide : in this part the ave- rage height, to the roof, is 60 ft. At each angle, there is a square tower, 200 ft. high. The whole number of windows in the establish- ment is not less than 4,000. The Escurial comprises a royal residence, a monastary, a college, a rich library, and a noble church, of which the dome is 330 ft. in height, besides several other minor compartments. It was built in the form of a gridiron, it is said, because St. Lawrence, o'A whose anniversary the victory was won, suffered martyrdom on an instrument of that kind. Lat. 40° 36' N., Lon. 4° 8' W. Esnje, es!-neh s or es'-na^, (Anc. Latop^olis,) a commercial t. of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, remarkable for its ruins, especially for those of an ancient temple, with a supposed representation of the Zo- diac, which (as the position of the constellations therein figured does not at all correspond to the present appearance of the heavenly bodies) has led some philosophers to infer, that it must have been constructed at an extremely remote epoch. One celebrated savant, M. Dupuis, came to the conclusion that this temple, as well as that of Denderah, could not be less than 15,000 years old. It was, however, supposed that the Zodiac of Esne was the more ancient by several centuries. But M. Champollion, who is so justly distinguished for having- unlocked ESQ— EST 215 CM, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. the mysteries so long- concealed in the Egyptian hieroglyphics, consi- ders himself authorized, by a number of facts, to infer that this, on the contrary, is the newest of all the ancient temples which still exist in Egypt. " It is probably not 2,000 years old. Lat. 25° 19' 39" N., Lon. 32° 34' 30" E. Pop. estimated at 4,000. (B.) Esquimaux, es'-ke-mo\ a nation consisting of various tribes, who inhabit the northern portions of America. They differ greatly from the other savage tribes of this continent, both in language and personal ap- pearance. In stature they are diminutive, seldom exceeding five feet. Their faces are broad, and approach more to the rounded form than those of Europeans. They have high cheek bones, large mouths, and thick lips. They are said not to be deficient in mechanical ingenuity. Es'-sen, a t. of the Prussian states. Lat. 51° 28' N., Lon. about 7° E. Pop. 5,300. (B.) Es'-sex, a co. in the E. part of England, N. of, and bordering on the Thames. Pop. 344.979. Essex, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Vt. Pop. 4,650. Co. t. Guildhall. Essex, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Mass. Pop. 131,300. Co. towns, Salem, Newburyport, and Ipswich. ' Essex, a co. in the N. E. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Champlain. Pop. 31,148. Co. t. Elizabeth town. Essex, a co. in the N. E. part of N. J., bordering on the Passaic r. Pop. 73,950. Co. t. Newark. Essex, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Rappahannock. Pop 10,206. Co. t. Tappahannock. Es-Sioot. See Sioot. Ess'-ling-en, a manufacturing t. of Wurtemberg, in Germany. Lat 48° 44' N., Lon. 9° 19' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Es'-te or es'-ta (Anc. Ates'te), a t. of Austrian Italy, 15 m. S. W. of Padua. This little place, the pop. of which does not exceed 9,000, (B.), is chiefly remarkable for having given its name to the house of Este, whose princes subsequently resided at Ferrara, and acted so conspi- cuous a part in the history of Italy during the middle ages. Es-tho'-nj-a, a prov. of European Russia, bordering on the Gulf of Finland, the Baltic, and Lake Peipus. — Adj. and inhab. Es-tho'-nj.-an. Es'-till, a co. in the E. part of Ky., intersected by the Kentucky r. Pop. 5,985. Co. t. Irvine. Estremadura, es-tra-ma-doo^-ra, a prov. in the W. part of Spain, bounded on the N. by Salamanca, E. by New Castile, S. by Andalusia, and W. by Portugal. Its length, from N. to S., is about 180 m.; its average breadth about 90 m. Badajoz is the capital. The name Es- tremadura is said to be derived from the Latin extrema ora (extreme region), it being the farthest and latest conquest of Alonzo IX. over the Moors, in the 13th century. — Adj. and inhab. Es-tre-me'-nj.-an. The Spanish EsTREMEfios, es-tra-mane'-yoce, is also sometimes employed by English writers to designate the inhabitants. Estremadura, a prov. of Portugal, bounded on the N. by Beyra, E. 216 EST— EUR Fite, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine orpine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; by Beyra and Alentejo, S. by Alentejo, and W. by the Atlantic. Length, from N. to S. about 140 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W. 85 m. Capital, Lisbon. Estremoz, es N -tra-moze^, one of the strongest fortresses in Portugal, situated in Alentejo. Lat. 38° 54' N., Lon. 7° 24' W. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Eszek, es^-sek. (Anc. MWsa or Mur^sia,) a royal free t., the cap. of Austrian Sclavonia, on the right bank of the Drave, a little above its entrance into the Danube. Mursia was founded in the year 125, by the emperor Adrian. The present town is regularly. fortified, and has barracks and casemates, capable, it is said, of lodging 30,000 persons. Lat. 45° 34' N., Lon. 18° 42' E. Pop. 10.000. (B.) Etampes, a v -taMp'. a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Seine and Oise, 28 m. S. W. of Paris. Pop. in 1832, 8,109. (P. C.) Etienne, Saint, sa.Nt et v -e-enn^, an important t. of France, in the dep. of Loire. Its increase, of late years, has been very great. The town owes its prosperity to its situation in the coal district, though the colliers belong rather to the neighbourhood, than to the t. itself. The coal is abundant, and of good quality. St. Etienne has some important manufactures, especially in hardware. Fire-arms are made here on a more extensive scale than in any other town in France. Lat. 45° 26 s N., Lon. 4° 23' E. Pop., including that of the suburbs, 52,000. (B.) Et^-o-wAh (generally called HI^-tow-ah, and sometimes written Hightower), a r. in the N. W. part of Ga., one of the branches of the Coosa. Eu, vh } a t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, 91 m. N. N. W. of Paris. In the middle ages it was a strong and flourishing place, but it has since sunk into decay. The massive ruins of the walls and towers still remain. Pop. in 1832, 3,356. (P. C.) Eupen, oi'-pen, (called Neau, na'-6', by the French), a flourishing t. in the Prussian prov. of the Lower Rhine. Lat. 50° 39' N., Lon. about 6° E. Pop. about 11,300. (P. C.) Euphrates, u-fra-tez, (Turk. Frat,) a large r. of W. Asia, which is formed near 39° N. Lat., and 39° E. Lon., by the union of two rivers, to both of which the name of Frat is occasionally applied ; viz., the Moorad (Murad), or S. branch, and the Kara Soo (Su), or N. branch of the Euphrates. The Kara Soo. or the Frat, properly speaking, rises N. of Erzroom, in about 40° 30' N. Lat., and 41° 30' E. Lon. The upper portion of the Euphrates has a very circuitous course, but its general direction is about S. E. It joins the Tigris in about 31° N. Lat., and 47° E. Lon., to form the Shatt-el-Arab. Its whole length is estimated at 1.360 m. One of the steamers in the Euphrates expedi- tion of 1836, 7, and 8, ascended as far as Beer (Bir), about 37° N. Lat, and 38° E. Lon. Eure, ure, or itr, a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on f he Seine, and intersected by the Eure, one of the tributaries of that r. Pop. 424,762. (B.) Capital, Evreux. Eure and Loir (Fr. Eure-et-Loir, UR-a-lwaR), a dep. in the N. W. EUR— EXE 217 fla, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. central part of France, on the sources of the Eure and the Loir, a tribu- tary of the Sarthe. Pop. 285,058. (B.) Capital, Chartres. Europe, u'-rup, one of the grand divisions of the globe, forming the north-western part of the old continent, of which it occupies a little more than two-seventeenths. It is bounded on the N. by the Frozen Ocean ; the boundary between it and Asia is formed by the r. Kara, the Uralian Mountains, the r. Ural, the Caspian Sea, Mount Caucasus, the Black Sea, the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmora, the Strait of the Dardanelles, and the Grecian Archipelago; on the S. it is bounded by the Mediterranean, which separates it from Africa; and on the W. by the North Atlantic, which divides it from North America. The most northern point of the European continent is Cape Nord Kyn, in Lat, 71° 6' N. : Cape North, in 71° 10' N. Lat, commonly regarded as the nortliera extremity of Europe, is en the island Mageroe. The most southern is the point of Tarita, in Spain, Lat. 30° 2' N. ; the most east- ern is on the Uralian Mountains, W. of Ekatarinburg, Lon. 60° 20' E.; and the most western is Cape Roca, in Portugal, Lon. -9° -30' W. Its extreme length, from Cape St. Vincent, in Spain, to the mouth of the r. Kar$, dees not much exceed 3,000 m. A line drawn from Cape Mutapan, in Greece, to Cape Nord Kyn, would measure 2,400 in. The whole area of this part of the globe is computed at 3,708,871 sq, m.; the pop. at 252,589,972. Adjective and inhab. Eu-ro-pe'-an. Eutin, oi-teen', a small t. of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Olden- burg, on a Jake of the same name. Lat. 54° 8' N., Lon. 10° 39' E. Pop. 2,700. (B.) EuxiNE. See Blacjk Sejl. Eve.s/-ham, a t of England, in Worcestershire, 15 m. S. E. of Wor- cester. Pop., including an area of above 3 sq. m., 4,245. Ev'-o-ra, or -i/-vo-ra (Anc. Eb'ora), an archjepiseopal t. of Portugal; in Alente^o, interesting for its antiquity and historical remembrances. Lat. 38° 38' N., Lon. 7° 58' E. Pop. 9.000. (R) Evreux, ts^-rvh' (Anc. Medie4a'num, afterwards Eburovices,) a t of France, the cap. of the dep. of Eure, 57 m, W. by N. of Paris. I>, was anciently the capital of the Aulerci Eburovices, whence it was afterwards called Eburovices and Ebroicse, from which the present name is derived. Here are the remains of an ancient aqueduct, and some otl>er Roman antiquities, Lat. 49° 2' N., Lon. 1° T E. Pop 10,000. (B.) Ex'-e-ter (Anc. Is'ca), a city of England, the cap. of Devonshire, situated on the little r. Ex, 44 m. N. E. of Plymouth. It appears to have been a Roman station of some importance. In the reign of i\lfred it was called Exan-cestre (the castle of the Ex), of which the present name is a corruption. Before the Norman conquest, this place w T as the residence of the West Saxon kings, Exeter forms a county of itself. containing only 1,800 acres, Lat. 50° 44' N., Lon. 3° 32' W. Pop. 31,312. Exeter, a t. of N. H., in Rockingham co., 12 m. S. W, of Ports- 19 218 EYA— FAL Fite, far, fill, fat; me, met ; pine or pine, p!n ; no, not ; oo as In good ; mouth, on a river of the same name, which flows into the Piscataqua, Lat. 42° 58' N., Lon. 70° 55' W. Pop. 3,329. Eyalet, I-ya7-let, ^sometimes written ejalet 7 ) a Turkish name, equiva- lent to a principality, used to designate a pashalic of the most extensive kind. Faenza, fa-en'-za, (Anc. Faven/tia) a t. of Italy, in the Papal State, 19 m. W. S. W. of Ravenna, connected by a naviglio (na-veey-yo), or navigable canal, with the southernmost branch of the Po. Among its various manufactures, we may mention a species of coloured and glazed earthenware, formerly in great repute, called by the French Faience T from the name of this town. Lat. 44° 17' 30" N. ; Lon. 11° 52' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) Fahlun. See Falun. FiEROE (fV-ro, or fa'-ro-e) Islands, a group of small islands, about 200 m. N. W. of the Shetland Isles, between 61° and 63° N. Lat.. and 6° and 8° W. Lon. There are in all 22, with an aggregate area of about 494 sq. m. Pop. about 58,000. (P. C.) Fa'j(oom, f i-oom^, a prov. of Egypt, between 29° and 30° N. Lat. , bounded on the E. by the Valley of the Nile, and on the N.W. by- Lake Birket-el-Keroon. Fair/-fax, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the District of Columbia. Pop. 10,682. Seat of justice, Fairfax c. h. Fair'-field, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Conn., bordering on Long Island Sound. Pop. 59,775. Co. towns. Fairfield and Dan- bury. Fairfield, a port of entry and seat of justice of the above co., is pleasantly situated on Long Island Sound, 21 m. W. S. W. of New Haven. Pop. 3,614. Fairfield, a dist. in the N. central part of S. C, bordering on the Broad and Wateree rivers. Pop. 21,404. Co. t. Winnsborough. Fairfield, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 30,264. Co. t. I^aneaster. Falaise, fa'-laze', a manufacturing I. of France, in the dep. of Cal- vados. Lat. 48° 53' N., Lon. 0° 14' W. Pop. 9,419. (P. C.) Fal'-kirk, a t. of Stirlingshire, Scotland, 24 m. W. by N. of Edin- burgh. Pop. 8,209. Falk'-land Islands are situated in the S. Atlantic, between 51° 10' and 52° 25' S. Lat., and 57° 40' and 61° 20' W. Lon. There are two large ones, and, it is said, above 90 smaller ones. They are in posses- sion of the English. Fall River, a port of entry of Mass., in Bristol co., on Fall r., at its entrance into an arm of Narragansett Bay. Pop. 13,200. Fal'-mouth, a seaport t. of Cornwall, England, situated at the mouth of the r. Fal or Fale, whence it derives its name. Lat. 50° 8' N., Lon. 5° 3' W. Pop. 4,844. Fal'-ster, a fertile i. in the Baltic, belonging to Denmark. It lies FAL— FAY 219 Oft, %s m ®ur ; tb,, as in tlim ,• tk, as in #iw ; n, nearly like w^r. S. of Zealand, between 54° 30' and 54° 58' N. Lat.. and 11° 45' and 12° 11' E. Lon. It is about 25 m. long and 16 m, wide. Area 177 sq. m. Pop. about 17,500. (R C.) Falun or Fahlun, faMoon, a t. of Sweden, the cap. of the prov. of Dalecarlia. In the middle of this town is the famous copper-mine of Falun, which is an immense abysS, 1.200 ft. across, and as many in depth. The daylight from above is sufficient for the operations of the (miners, se that they are not obliged to use lamps or -candles, as in other deep mines. Not only copper, but also silver and gold are obtained here. Lat. 60° 35' N., Lon. 15° 35' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) Fano, t¥-no, a seaport t of Italy, on the Adriatic, with an extensive commerce. Lat 43° 51' N., Lon. 13° E. Pop. 15,000. (B.) Faro, fa'-ro, a seaport t. at the S. extremity of Portugal, in the prov. of Algarve. Lat. 36° 59' N., Lon. 7° 5i' W. Pop. above 8,000. (BO Faro. See F^eroe. Fars or Farsistan, fars N -is-tan', a prov. in the S. W. part of Persia, bordering on the Persian Gulf Shiraz is the chief town. Fauquier, feu-keer', a co. in the N. E. oart of Va., VV. of Washing- ton. Pop. 20,868. Co, t. VVarrenton. Fayal, f i-iVj one of the Azores, intersected by the parallel of 38° 35' N. Lat., and the meridian of 28° 40' W. Lon. It is about 15 m long, and nearly as broad. Its chief town, Horta, sometimes, but im- properly, called Fayal, is in 38° 31' N. Lat., and 28° 42' W. Lon., and has near 10,000 inhabitants. (B.) Fav-ette', a co. in the S. W. part of Pa., bordering on Va. Pop. 39,112. Co. t Union. Fayette, a co. in the W. part of Va., on the Great Kanawha r. Pop. 3,955. Seat of justice, Fayette c. h. Favette. a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga.. on the sources of Flint r. Pop. 8,709. Co. t. Fayette ville. Fayette, a co. in the N. W. part of Ala., bordering on Mississippi Pop. 9,681. Seat of justice, Fayette c. h. Fayette, a co. in the S. VV. part of Tenn., bordering on Mississippi. Pop. 26,719. Co. t. Somerville. Fayette, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 22,735. Co. t. Lexington. Fayette, a co. in Ohio, S. W. of Columbus. Pop. 12,726. Co. t. Washington. Fayette, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Ind., intersected by the White W T ater r. Pop. 10,217. Co. t. Connersville. Fayette, a co. in the S. central part of I11. 7 intersected by the Kas- kaskia r. Pop. 8,075. Co. t Vandalia. Fayette, a co. in the E. part of Iowa, a little W. of the Missis- sippi r. Pop. 825. Fay'-ette-ville x , a flourishing t. of N. C, the cap. of Cumberland co., situated on Cape Fear r., near the head of navigation, about 50 m. S by W. of Raleigh. Pop. about 6,000. 220 FAY— FEZ F&te, far, fall, fat; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n&t , oo ag m good ; Fayoum or Fyum. See Fajqom. Feejee Islands. See Fiji. Feliciana, fe-lis'-se-an'-a, East, a parish in the N. E. part of La,> bordering- on Mississippi. Pop. 13,598. Seat of justice, Jackson. Feliciana, West, a parish of La.,, in the N. E. part of La., lying W. of the above, and bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 1-3,245, Seat of justice, St. Francisville. Fem'-ern, a small i. of Denmark, in the Baltic, opposite to the coast of Holstein, intersected by the parallel of 54° 30' N. Lat, and the meridian of 11° 10^ E. Lon. Pop. 7-600. (E. G.) Fen^-tress, a co. in the N. N. E, part of Tenn., bordering on Ken- tucky. Po. 4454. Co. t. Jamestown. Fere la, la faRe, a fortified 1 of France, in the dep. of Aisne, on the Oise, with an ancient school of artillery, and an arsenal. Lat. 49° 40' N.. Lon. 3° 20' E. Fer-man'-agh, an inland co. in the N. of Ireland, in the S. W. part of the prov. of Ulster. Pop. 149,763. (P. C.) Fermo, fcR^-mo, an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, in the Papal State, built near the site of the ancient Firmnm, with a university and 7,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 43° 10' N., Lon. 13° 42' E. Fer-moy^, a t. and military station of Ireland, in the co. of Cork, situated on the Blackwater r. Lat. 52° 8' N., Lon. 8° 18' W. Pop., including the garrison, 6,976. (P. C.) Ferrara, fer-ra'-ra, the most northern prov. of the Papal State, bor- dering on the Adriatic. Pop. 205,000. (P. C.) Ferrara, a fortified archiepiscopal t. of Italy, the cap. of the above prov., is situated on an arm of the Po. Among its scientific and lite- rary establishments, the university, with its library of above 80,000 vols., deserves particular mention. Here are reposited the autographs of Ariosto, Tasso, and Guarini. The first of these celebrated poets was born in this town. Ferrara was formerly the residence of the inde- pendent princes of the house of Este, and was one of the most distin- guished seats of literature in Italy. Its population then exceeded 60,000. Lat. 44° 50' N., Lon. 11° 36' E. Present pop. about 24,000. (B.) Fer^-ro (Sp. Hierro, yeV-ro), a small i. belonging to the group of Canaries, with an area of about 10 sq, leagues. It is important from the circumstance that longitudes were formerly reckoned from a meri- dian drawn through its western extremity. At present, however, what is called the meridian of Ferro, is placed about 30' E. of the island of Ferro, and 20° W. of the meridian of Paris. Lat. of the centre of the island, about 27° 45' N., Lon. 18° 10' W. Ferrol, fer-role', a seaport t. of Spain, in Galicia, on an arm of the bay of Betanzos. This place is one of the three royal dock-yards of Spain. The entrance of its harbour, which is one of the finest in Eu- rope, is defended by strong batteries. Lat. 43° 29' 30" N., Lon. 8° 15 W. Pop. about 13,000. (B.) Fez or Fas. a kingdom in the N. W. part of Africa, subject to Mo- FEZ— FIN 221 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; tii, as in this; n, nearly like ng. rocco. Also the cap. of the above, the most important t. in the empire of Morocco, situated on a branch of the r. Seboo (Sebou). The houses are mostly of brick ; the streets are paved, but narrow, crooked, and very dirty. Its schools are much celebrated. The river Seboo is navigable for boats to the neighbourhood of Fez. Lat. 34° 6' N., Lon. 5° 1' W. Pop. estimated by Balbi, at 80,000. Fezzan, fez-zan', a prov. of N. Africa, belonging to Tripoli, situated between 24° and 31° N. Lat., and 12° and 18° E. Lon. It consists of an assemblage of oases, which present the largest population of any part of the Great Desert Moorzook is the capital. — Inhab. Fez v - ZAN-EER^. Fichtelgebirge, fiKMel-ga-beeV-Ge&,(i. e. Pine Mountains) an irre- gular mountain mass, situated principally in the N. E. part of Bavaria. Fiesole, fyes'-o-la* (Anc. Fse^sulse,) a small t. of Italy, in Tuscany, 4 m. E. of Florence, remarkable for its magnificent view of the Val d' Arno, and for its remains of antiquity. Fife'-shire, a co. in the E. part of Scotland, between the Frith of Forth and the Frith of Tay. Pop. 140,140. Fur, pronounced, and often written, Fee'-jee, but called, by the natives, Viti, vee'-tee. The Fiji Islands are a group in the Pacific, situated between 16° and 20° S. Lat. and near the 180° meridian ; the largest is the Sandalwood Island. These islands abound in fruits and timber. The inhabitants, who are of mixed races, are represented as perfidious and daring. Finistkre, fin'-is'-taRe^, a dep. occupying the W. extremity of France, lying N. of the Bay of Biscay. The name is from the Latin finis terrcB, which is equivalent to the English " Land's-end." Pop. 546.955. (B.) Capital, Quimper. Finistere, (Sp. Finistierra, fm-is-te-er'-ra,) a cape forming the W. extremity of Spain. Lat. 42° 54' N., Lon. 9° 16' W. The name Fi- nistere is French, and should be pronounced like that of the above department. Fin'-land, a country in the N. W. part of Russia ; bounded on the S. by the Gulf of Finland, and on the W. by the Gulf of Bothnia. The Russian government of Finland extends considerably beyond the limits of Finland proper, and includes a part of Lapland. — Adj. Fin-nish and Fin'-nic : inhab. Fin, and sometimes Fin'-lan-der. Finland, Gulf of, an arm of the Baltic, ' which extends in an easterly direction. It is about 260 m. long ; its greatest breadth is about 75 m. * " And let us from the top of Fiesole, Whence Galileo's glass, by night observed, The phases of the moon, look round below, On Arno's vale — ." Rogers' Italy, Part First, XXII. Milton writes it Fesole. See Paradise Lost, Book I., line 289. 19* 222 FIN— FLO Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; oo as in good ; Fin'-mark, a prov. occupying the N. extremity of the Scandinavian peninsula. Fish River, Great, a r. in the S. E. part of Africa, which flows into the Indian Ocean, in Lat. about 33° 26' S., Lon. 27° 4' E. Fiume, fyoo'-ma, a t. and free port of the Austrian empire, in Illyria, the cap, of a circle of the same name, is situated at the entrance of the Fiumara (fyoo-ma'-ra) into the Gulf of Quarnaro, in the Adriatic. Lat. 45° 20' N., Lon. 14° 26' E. Pop. above 9,000. (B.) Flan'-ders, (Fr. Flandre, flaNdr,) a country of Europe, constituting the western portion of the kingdom of Belgium, and divided into two provinces, East and West Flanders. The latter borders on the North Sea. It contained, in 1836, 615,904 inhabitants. Bruges is the chief town. East Flanders is E. of the above, and bordering on it; its popu- lation, in 1832, was 742,793. Capital, Ghent. — Adj. Flem'-ish, inhab. Flem'-ing. Fleming, a co. in the N. E. part of Ky., bordering on the Licking r. Pop. 13,914. Co. t. Flemingsburg. Flens^-burg or Flensborg, flensMxmg, a seaport t. of Denmark, situated on an arm of the Baltic, near the centre of the duchy of Sles- wig. Its manufactures and commerce are more flourishing than those of any other town in Jutland. Lat. 54° 47' N., Lon. 9° 28' E. Pop. about 16,000. (B.) Flint River, a r. of Ga., which unites with the Chattahoochee to form the Appalachicola. It is about 300 m. long, and is navigable for boats about 50 m. Funt'-shire, a co. occupying the N. E. extremity of Wales, and bordering on the r. Dee. Pop. 66,919. Flor'-ence, (It. Firenze, fe-ren'-za, or Fiorenza, fe-o-ren^-za : Anc. Floren'tia.) an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, the cap. of the grand-duchy of Tuscany, is situated on both sides of the r. Arno, in the midst of the delightful and highly cultivated Valdarno (or Val d' Arno, i. e. " Vale of the Arno"), about 145 m. N. by. W. from Rome. It is, on the whole, one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, though many of the streets are narrow, and the architecture of several of its palaces reminds one of the fortresses built in the middle ages. The churches of Florence are among the most magnificent in Christendom ; Santa Maria del Fiore, (sanM,a ma-ree^-a del fe-o'-ra) called also the Duomo,* (doo-o^- mo,) deserves particular mention. Its dome will bear a comparison with that of St. Peters, at Rome, and actually served as a model to Michael Angelo for erecting the magnificent cupola of that far-famed cathedral. The Tuscan capital contains numerous institutions for the promotion of the arts, sciences, and literature, among which we may cite the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, the Medical and Surgical College attached to the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova (nooV-va), and the gallery of paintings and the library, in the palace Pitti (pit'-te), * i e. " cathedral.' FLO— FLO 223 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. the residence of the grand-duke. This library contains 70,000 printed vols, and 1,500 manuscripts; among others, the correspondence of Ma- chievelli and Galileo. There is another library in the Palazzo Vech- chio* (pa-lat'-so vek'-ke-o) or the town-house, which was anciently the seat of the government of the*Florentine republic, containing 150,000 printed vols, and 12,000 manuscripts. In the same building there is contained one of the richest existing collections of sculptures, paint- ings, medals, and other works of art. Florence holds a conspicuous place in the history of modern Italy. It was founded by a colony of soldiers, sent out by Octavius, afterwards the first Roman emperor. It does not appear to have attained to any very great importance till in the early part of the 12th century, when, like the other towns of Tuscany, it began to govern itself as an independent republic. Soon after it became distinguished as the principle theatre of the famous contest between the Guelphs and Ghibelines. It remained in the enjoyment of a precarious and turbulent liberty, interrupted occasionally by tem- porary subjection to some of the more powerful neighbouring states, till about the year 1434, when the house of Medici began to exercise the chief authority in the commonwealth. The republican forms, however, continued to be respected during the administration of the first house of Medici ; but the foreign wars, which desolated Italy in the 16th cen- tury, at length effected the fall of the Florentine republic; and the first line having become extinct, a member of a lateral branch of the Medici was placed by Charles V. as duke of Florence. The Observatory of Santo Giovanni (san'-to jo-van'-ne) is in 43° 46' 41" N. Lat, and 11° 15' 54" E. Lon. The pop. of Florence, including the whole commune, amounts to 106,890. Adjective and inhab. Flor'-en-tine, (It. Fioren- tino, fe-o-ren-tee^-no). Fix/-res, an i. belonging to the Azorian group, intersected by the parallel of 39° 36' N. Lat., and the meridian of 31° 7' W. Lon. It is about 13 m. long, and 7 m. wide. Its name is derived from the multi- tude of flowers with which it abounds. Flores, sometimes called En'-de, an i. of Malaisia, situated between 8° and 9° 20' S. Lat., and 119° 30' and 123° E. Lon. It is above 200 m. long, and about 50 m. wide. Little is known to Europeans respecting the aboriginal inhabitants. The coast is mostly colonized by the Bugis and Malays. Flour, Saint, s3n x Aoor^, (rhyming with poor,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Cantal. Lat. 45° 2' N., Lon. 3° 6' E. Pop. in 1832, 5,813. (P. C.) Flor'-x-da, lately a territory, but admitted during the present session of Congress (1844-5) into the Union as a sovereign state, is situated between 24° 40' and 31° N. Lat., and 79° 56' and 87° 46' W. Lon. , bounded on the N. by Alabama and Georgia, E. by the Atlantic, and * Literally, the " old palace." 224 FLO— FON Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, n6t; oo as in good; S. and W. by the Gulf of Mexico ; it contains 28 counties.* Its length, from N. to S., from Cape Sable to the mouth of St. Mary's r. 5 is about 400 m.; breadth of the northern part, 354 m. ; greatest breadth of the peninsula, 172 m. The area is estimated at 55,000 sq. m. Pop. 87,401, of whom 47,167 are whites, 925 free coloured, and 39,309 slaves. Ponce de Leon discovered this country in 1512, on Palm Sunday (called in Spanish Pasqua Florida), and from this circumstance bestowed upon it its present appellation. During a great part of the 16th century, the name was applied indefinitely to the S. E. coast of N. America, but was finally restricted to what now constitutes the state of Florida. That portion which lies W. of the r. Appalachicola, was formerly de- signated West Florida; the remainder, including the peninsula, East Florida. Floyd, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Va., bordering on the Blue Ridge. Pop. 6,458. Seat of justice, Floyd c. h. Floyd, a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., bordering on Alabama. Pop. 8,205. Co. t. Rome. Floyd, a co. near the E. extremity of Ky., intersected by the W. Fork of the Sandy r. Pop. 5,714. Co. t. Prestonsburg. Floyd, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 14,875. Co. t. New Albany. Flush'-ing (Dutch Vlis'-sing-en), a fortified seaport t. of Holland, in the prov. of Zealand, on the S. side of the i. of Walcheren, remark- able for its harbour, its extensive dock-yards, and its fine basins, one of which is sufficiently deep to receive the largest ships of war. Lat. 51° 27' N., Lon. 3° 35' E. Pop. above 6 ; 000. (P. C.) Flu-van^-na, a co. in the E. central part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 9,487. Co. t. Palmyra. Fohr, or Fosr^-de, a Danish i. on the W. coast of Sleswick. with an area of 25 sq. m. and 5,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) Foggia, foj 7 -j-a, an important commercial t. of Naples, the cap. of the prov. of Capitanata, situated in the midst of a vast plain, 78 m. N. E. of Naples. Lat. 41° 27 N., Lon. 15° 30' E. Pop. about 21,000. (B.) Foix, fwa, a t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Ariege, and the ancient residence of the counts of Foix, is situated on the r. Ariege. Lat. 42° 58' N., Lon. 1° 36' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Fond du Lac. a co. in the E. part of Wisconsin, at the S. extremity of L. Winnebago. Pop. 14,468. Fondi, fon'-de, (Anc. Fun'di,) a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Terra di Lavoro, remarkable for its antiquities. Parts of the pavement of the celebrated Appian Way (via Appia), which forms the principal street of Fondi, are here preserved in their primitive state. Lat. 41° 21' N., Lon. 13° 25' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Fontainebleau, f6N v -tane N -bl6' ? a t. of France, in the dep. of Seine * Alachua, Benton, Calhoun, Columbia, Dade, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Hamilton, Hillsborough, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, St. John's, Leon, Levy, Lucia St., Madison, Marion, Monroe, Nassau, Orange, Putnam, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton, Washington. TON— FOR 225 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in tliis ; n, nearly like ng. and Marne, 35 m. S. S. E. of Paris, situated in the midst of a noble forest, (called, from the name of the town, the Forest of Fontainebleau,) which occupies an extent of more than 41,000 acres. Here is a mag- nificent royal chateau, erected by Francis I., and considerably embel- lished by succeeding princes. Lat. 48° 24' N., Lon. 2° 42' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Font Arabia, fon N -ta-ra/-be-a, (Sp. Fuenterabia, fwen^-ta-ra-bee^-a,) a small fortified t. of Biscay, in Spain, situated at the mouth of the river Bid-as-so'-a, which forms a part of the boundary between France and Spain. It is chiefly interesting on account of its historical associa- tions. Lat. 43° 22' N., Lon. 1° 47' W.— Adj. Fon-ta-ra'-bj-an. Fontenay, foNt N -n-y, the largest and most commercial t. in the dep. of Vendee, in France, is situated on the r. Vendee. Lat. 46° 29' N., Lon. 0° 47' W. Pop. in 1832, 6,388. (P. C.) Foo^-lah (or Foulah). The Foolahs are a nation widely spread along the W. coast of Africa, occupying the countries N. of C. Palmas as far as the banks of the r. Senegal. Their principal kingdoms are Foota Toro f Bondoo, Fooladoo, Kaarta Ludamer, and Casson. The Foolahs, especially those who inhabit the countries which border on the Moorish territories, approach nearer to Europeans in their complexion and general features, than any of the other tribes of W. Africa, except the Moors. Those of Bondoo are described as being of the middle size, well made, and very active, with hair less short and woolly than that of the negroes. In speaking of the negro nations, they always rank themselves with the white people. For'-far, a t. of Scotland, cap. of Forfarshire, situated in the great valley of Strathmore, 15 m. N. by E. from Dundee- Lat. 56° 39' N., Lon. 2° 50' W. Pop. 8,362. For'-far-shire, a co. in the E. part of Scotland, bordering on the sea and the Frith of Tay. Pop. 170,520. Forli, foR-lee', (Anc. Folium Liv/ii,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal State, cap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat. 44° 13' N., Lon. 12° 3'E. Pop. 16,000. (B.) Formentera, foR-men-t&/-ra, (Anc. Ophiu^sa,) one of the Balearic islands, lying S. of Ivica, from which it is separated by a channel 5 m. broad. Its length is about 14 m. For-mo^-sa (called, by the Chinese, Tai'-wan or Taywan, ti-w&n'), a large i. in the Chinese Sea, lying between 21° 50' and 25° 30' N. Lat, and 120° 20' and 122° E. Lon. Its length is about 250 m.; its greatest breadth about 70 m. It is important, on account of its fine harbours, its timber, and other productions. On the W. coast is the Chinese town of Tai-wan ; the eastern part is inhabited by independent savages. Forsyth, for-sim', a co. in the N. part of Ga., bordering on the Chat- tahoochee. Pop. 8,850. Co. t. Gumming. FORTAVENTURA. (See FUERTA VENTURA.) Forth, a r. of Scotland, which rises in the mountains between Loch Katrine and Loch Lomond, and, flowing in an easterly direction, falls 226 FOR— FRA Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n&t; oo as in good; into the Frith of Forth. Its length, following- all its sinuosities, is stated to be above 60 m. Forth. Frith of. After the r. Forth is joined by the Devon, on the N. it begins to widen, and gradually assumes the appearance of a bay. This bay, called the Frith of Forth, is about 50 m. long, and, where "widest, is near 15m. broad. Fossano, fos-sa'-no, a walled t. of Piedmont, situated near the r. Stura, on the Naviglio Nuovo (na-veel^yo noo-o^-vo). or new canal, which connects the Stura with the Po. It has a royal academy of Belles Lettres. Lat. 44° 36' N., Lon. 7° 51' E. Pop. 12,500. (P. C.) Fougeres, fbo v -zhaRe^, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Ilk and Vilaine, 160 m. VV. by S. of Paris. Pop. in 1832, 7,446. (P. C.) Foulah. See Foolah. Foun'-tain, a co. in the W. part of Ind., bordering on the Wabash r. Pop. 13,253. Co. t. Covington. Fourche. See La Fourche. Fowey, foy, sometimes written Fawey, a small r. of England, in Cornwall, which flows into the sea. Fowey, a fortified seaport of Cornwall, situated on the above r., near its mouth. It was anciently a place of much greater importance than at present. Fowey furnished more ships to the fleet of Edward III., when he was besieging Calais, than any other port in England. Lat. 50° 20' N., Lon. 4° 37' W. Pop. 1,643. Fox Islands. See Aleutian Islands. Foyers, often written, and always pronounced Fy^-ers, a small r. of Inverness-shire, in Scotland, which flows into Loch Ness, remarka- ble for its stupendous fall of 207 ft. in perpendicular height. From the top of the adjoining rocks to the surface of the water in the abyss be- low the fall, the depth is 470 ft. Foyle, Lough, 16h foil, a bay on the northern coast of Ireland, about 15 m. long, and 8 m. wide in the middle, which is connected with the sea by a strait, less than a mile in breadth. The r. Foyle, which flows into its southern extremity, is navigable for vessels of 400 tons as far as Londonderry. France (Anc. Gal'lia or Gaul ; Fr. La France, la fraNce) ; one of the largest and most powerful countries of Europe, occupying the W. part of the continent, is situated between 42° 20' and 51° 5' N. Lat., and 4° 49' W. and 8° 16' E. Lon. Bounded on the N. W. and N. by the English Channel and the kingdom of Belgium, E. by Germany, Swit- zerland, and the Sardinian states, S. by the Mediterranean and the Pyrenees, which separate it from Spain, and W. by the Bay of Bis- cay and the Atlantic. Its extreme length, from S. E. to N. W. is about 680 m. ; its greatest breadth, from N. E. to S.W. is about 630 m. The area is computed at 200,925 sq. m., and if we include the- Island of Corsica, which is now incorporated with France, it will amount to about 204,711. The entire population, according to the census of 1846, was 35,401,700. France is divided into 86 departments or prefectures, which are again divided into 363 sub-prefectures or arrondissements ; 19 FRA— FRA 227 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. these are still further sub-divided into cantons and communes. Each de- partment is under the administration of an officer called a prefect (pre- fet, praMa') ; the arrondissements are under sub-prefects (sous-prefets, soo v -pra v fa / ). Paris is tb,e seat of government. The surface of France is very diversified. The northern and western regions are occupied by a plain of vast extent, interrupted only by small elevations. There are several chains of mountains near the eastern border, among which are the Vosges, Mt. Jura, and the Cottian Alps. The highest mountain of France is one of the latter group, which has an altitude of 2,163 toises, or 13,700 feet, above the level of the sea. (B.) In the south, the Cevennes extend along the western side of the basin of the Rhone. The soil is generally fertile and the climate affords in perfection the finest fruits of the temperate zone. The principal productions are wheat, rye, maize, oats, potatoes, and the grape. ^ The olive is extensively cultivated in the south, and the rearing of silk-worms forms an important branch of industry. Among the indigenous trees are the apple, pear, chestnut, oak, ash, elm, beech, poplar, and fir. The forests occupy scarcely one-seventh part of the surface. There is probably no country in which the landed property is divided into smaller parcels. Manufacturing industry has made great progress in France, and the arts are brought to a high state of perfection. The most important productions of this department are cotton, silk, and woollen stuffs, hardware, jewelry, porcelain, and chemical substances. The French excel particularly in the manufacture of broadcloth, silks, paper, and fancy articles. Considered in relation to commerce, France is the second state of Europe. In 1850 the value of the imports was $151,162,880, and that of the exports, $217,509,600. Among the chief articles of export are silks, muslins, woollens, wine, brandy, madder, and leather. The products of the soil and of manufactures supply the objects of an immense in- ternal trade, which is facilitated by numerous canals and railways. The aggregate length of the latter, in 1850, was more than 1800 miles. A large majority of the people are Roman Catholics, but there is no religion established by law. The government, which for many years has been very unsettled, is at present nominally a republic, but in reality a self-constituted dic- tatorship. The last monarchy ended on the 24th of February, 1848, when a revolution occurred by which Louis Philippe was compelled to abdicate the crown. A provisional government was formed, of which Lamartine and Arago were prominent members, under whose auspices a republic was proclaimed, and a national assembly convened by universal suffrage. The union of church and state was dissolved, and titles of nobility abolished. A constitution was adopted by which the legislative power was vested in a single chamber of deputies. Louis Napoleon, in December, 1848, was elected president for four years ; and, according to the constitution, was not eligible for a second term. On the second of December, 1851, the president, by the aid of a venal soldiery, and by a flagrant act of usurpation, dissolved the legislative assemblv, imprisoned and banished manv of the members, and as- r 228 FRA— FRA Fate, far, fill, fat; me, met: pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; Burned the part of absolute dictator. The freedom of the press and of speech were suppressed, and hundreds were massacred in the streets of Paris. A new constitution has since been imposed on the nation, which retains some republican forms, but subverts the founda- tions and chief defences of public liberty. The legislative power is exercised jointly by the president, the senate, which is appointed by him, and the legislative body, the members of which are elected for six years, and receive no salary. The president alone appoints to all offices, has the initiative of all laws, declares war, concludes treaties, and claims the right to designate the citizen whom he thinks most worthy to succeed him. The name of France is derived from the Franks, (i.e. freemen,) a confederacy of various German nations, who overran Gaul, on the decline of the Roman power, and who after- wards were united under one head by Clovis, about the beginning of the 6th century. — Adj. French ; inhab. French'man. France, Isle of, (Fr. He de France, eel Aeh fraNce ;) formerly a prov., is now divided into the deps. Aisne, Oise, Seine, Seine and Oise, and Seine and Marne. It received its appellation from the cir- cumstance of its being- almost surrounded by the rivers which give name to the above deps., and by some other smaller streams. France, Isle of. See Mauritius. Francis, St., a r. which rises in the K S. E. part of Mo., and, flow- ing" southerly into Ark., joins the Mississippi, near 34° 40' N. Lat. Francis, St., a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ark., bordering on the above r. Pop. 4,479. Co. t. Madison. Francis, St., a co. in the E. S. E. part of Mo., on the sources of the r. St. Francis. Pop. 4,964. Co. t. Farmington. Fran-cis'-co, St.. a large r. of S. America, in Brazil, which rises near 20° S. Lat., and 47° W. Lon., and, flowing at first south-easterly, and then easterly^ falls into the Atlantic, in about 10° 30' N. Lat, and 36° 20' W. Lon. Length above 1,300 m. It is navigable to Caninde (ca-neen^-da), more than 150 m. from its mouth ; above this point there are a number of falls, the most considerable of which is said to be 50 ft. in perpendicular height. Franche Comte, fraNsh k6N v -ta', or Upper Burgundy, a former prov. of France, now divided into the deps. of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone. Fran-co'-nj-a (Ger. Franken and Frankenland, frank'-en-land\ i.e. the " land of the Franks"), formerly a circle of the German empire, intersected by the r. Main. Nearly the whole of it has been trans- ferred by various treaties to the crown of Bavaria. Franeker, frW-ek-er, a manufacturing t. of Holland, in Friesland, on the canal from Leeuwarden to Haarlingen, formerly the seat of a university, which was suppressed some years since, and replaced by an athensoum, or high school. Lat. 53° 11' N., Lon. 5° 30' E. Pop. 4,200. (P. C.) Frankenstein, frank'-en-stine\ a walled t. of Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 50° 36' N., Lon. 16° 50' E. Pop. 5,500. (B.) Frankenthal, frank^-en-taar, a t. in the Bavarian circle of the FRA— FRA „ 229 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Rhine, 16 m. N. by W. from Speyer. A small canal connects it with the Rhine. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Frank'-fort (Ger. Frankfurt, frank'-fboRt,) on the Main, a cele- brated city of Germany, the cap of a small republic of the same name, and of the whole Germanic confederation, is situated about 270 m. W. S. W. from Berlin, and 50 m. E. by S. from Coblentz. It stands on the right bank of the r. Main, across which there is a bridge, connect- ing it with Sachsenhausen (sak'-sen-hou'-zen), one of its suburbs. Among the more remarkable edifices of Frankfort, may be mentioned the ancient cathedra], where the German emperors were formerly crowned ; and the Roemer (now usually written Romer), in which is contained the Wahlzimmer (Waal'-tsim'-mer), or Hall of Election, where the electors were wont to assemble for the purpose of electing the emperors of Germany : next to the Wahlzimmer, is the Kaisersaal (ki'-zer-sair), or Imperial Hall, in which the emperor, after his elec- tion, held his public dinner. Frankfort possesses a medical institute, founded in 1763, by the liberality of Dr. Senkenberg, to which is at- tached a botanic garden ; the Senkenberg Society of Naturalists, with an extensive museum, is united to the above institution : a philosophi- cal society : Stcsdel's Institute of the Fine Arts, which contains a choice collection of paintings : a public library, of 60,000 vols., &c. The ter> ritory of the republic of Frankfort contains an area of about 91 sq. m. The entire population is estimated at about 60,000 (B.) ; that of the town 51,000, if we include the suburb of Sachsenhausen, with its 5,000 inhabitants. Lat. 50° 7' 30" N., Lon. 8° 36' E. Frankfort or Frankfurt on the Oder, a walled t. of Prussia, cap. of a circle of the same name, about 48 m. S. E. of Berlin. It possesses a gymnasium, and several other institutions for education. Lat. 52° 22' N M Lon. 14° 33' E. Pop. 22,000. (B.) Frankfort, the cap. of the state of Kentucky, and the seat of justice of Franklin co., is situated on the Kentucky r., 64 m., in a direct line, S. by W. from Cincinnati. The railroad which connects Lexington with the Ohio, at Louisville, passes by Frankfort. Lat. 38° 14' N., Lon. 84° 40' W. Pop. about 4,000. Franklin, a co. in the W. N. W. part of Me., bordering on Canada. Pop. 20,027. Co. t. Farmington. Franklin, a co. in the N.W. part of Vt., bordering on L. Champlain and Canada. Pop. 28,586. Co. t. St. Albans. Franklin, a co. in the N. W. part of Mass., intersected by the Con- necticut r., and bordering on Vt. and N. H. Pop. 30,867. Co. t. Green- field. Franklin, a co. in the N. E. part of N. Y., bordering on Canada. Pop. 25,102. Co. t. Malone. Franklin, a co. in the S. part of Pa., S. W. of Harrisburg, and bor- dering on Md. Pop. 39,904. Co. t. Chambersburg. Franklin, a co. in the S. part of Va., on the head waters of the Staunton r. Pop. 17,430. Co. t. Rocky Mount. 20 230 FRA— FRE Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good; Franklin, a co. in the N. N. E. part of N. C, intersected by the Tar r. Pop. 11,713. Co. t. Louisburg. Franklin, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., on the head waters of the Savannah. Pop. 11,513. Co. t. Carnesville. Franklin, a co. in Florida, at the mouth of the Appalachicola. Pop. 1,561. Co. t. Appalachicola. Franklin, a co. in the N. W. part of Ala., bordering on the state of Mississippi and the Tennessee r. Pop. 19,610. Co. t. Russellville. Franklin, a co. in the S. W. extremity of Miss. Pop. 5,904. Co. seat. Meadville. Franklin, a port of entry of La., cap. of St. Mary's parish, on the W. side of Bayou Teche. Franklin, a co. in the N.W. part of Ark., intersected by the Arkan- sas r. Pop. 3,929. Franklin, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop. 13,768. Co. t. Winchester. Franklin, a co. in the N. part of Ky., intersected by the Kentucky r. Pop. 12,462. Co. t. Frankfort. Franklin, a co. in the S. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Scioto r. Pop. 42,910. Co. t. Columbus. Franklin, a co. in the S. E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 17,968. Co. t. Brookville. Franklin, a co. in the S. part of 111., about equidistant from the Mississippi and Wabash rivers. Pop. 5,681. Co. t. Frankfort. Franklin, a co. in the E. part of Mo.. S. of, and bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 11,021. Co. t. Union. Frascati. fras-ka'-te, (Anc. Tus'culum,) a small but delightfully situated t. of Italy, in the Papal State, 12 m. S. E. of Rome. It is much resorted to in the hot season by the nobility of the capital. Permanent pop. about 4,300. (M.) Frauenburg, frou'-en-bo6Rg\ a small t. of Prussia, remarkable as containing the tomb of Copernicus, who died here in 1543. Lat. 54° 21' N, Lon. 19° 4L E. Pop. 2,000. (B.) Fraustadt, frou'-statt, a manufacturing t. of Prussia, in the grand- duchy of Posen. 46 m. S. S. W of Posen. Pop. 5,800. (B.) Fred'-er-ick, a co. in the N. part of Md., bordering on Pa. and the r. Potomac. Pop. 40,987. Frederick, formerly Fredericktown, a city of Md., the seat of jus- tice of the above co., is 43 m., in a straight line, N. N. W. of Washing- ton. It is a pleasant and regularly built town ; its commercial pros- perity will doubtless be considerably promoted by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which passes near it, and with which it is connected. Lat. 39° 24' N., Lon. 77° 18' W. Pop. about 6,028. Frederick, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., a little to the left of the Shenandoah r. Pop. 15,975. Co. t. Winchester. Fred'-er-icks-burg, the cap. of Spottsylvania co., Va., situated on the Rappahannock, about 50 m.. in a straight line. N. of Richmond, FRE— FRE 231 ou, as in our / th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. with which it is connected by a railroad. Lat. 38° 34' N., Lon. 77° 38 VV. Pop. 4,062. Fred'-er-ic-ton, the cap. of New Brunswick, situated on the r. St. John, at the head of sloop navigation. It is the seat of the College of New' Brunswick. Lat. 46° 3' N., Lon. 66° 45' W. Pop. about 3,000. (P. C.) Freiberg, friZ-btRG, a walled t. of Germany, cap. of the Saxon cir- cle of Erzgebirge, or Ore-mountains, and the centre of administration for the Saxon mines. It is situated near the east branch of the r. Mulde (mool'-de/i), about 1,200 ft. above the level of the sea. Frei- berg has a mining academy of considerable celebrity, with a museum, which takes its name from the illustrious Werner, by whom it was founded, and a most valuable collection of models relative to the art of mining. Lat. 50° 55' N., Lon. 13° 19' E. Pop. 12,000. (B.) In 1540 it is said to have amounted to 40.000. (P. C.) Frei'-burg or fri'-booRG, an archiepiscopal t. of Germany, in the grand- duchy of Baden, cap. of the circle of the Upper Rhine, and the seat of a celebrated university, is situated about 100 m. S. W. of Carlsruhe. One of the most remarkable objects in this town is the Miinster, or Cathedral, probably the most beautiful and perfect specimen of Gothic architecture in Germany. Freiburg contains a great number of lite- rary and scientific institutions, and several charitable establishments. Lat. 48° N., Lon. 7° 53' E. Pop. 15,000. (B.) Freising, frizzing, or Freisingen, fri^-zing-en, a t. of Bavaria, about 20 m. N. N. E. of Munich, chiefly remarkable on account of its school for the blind, and other institutions for education. Lat. 48° 24' N., Lon. 11°45 , E. Pop. 3,200. (B.) Freistadt, fri'-statt, a t. of Upper Austria, important on account of its position on the railroad which connects Gmund with Budweis, in Bohemia. Lat. 48° 29' N., Lon. 14° 22' E. Pop. 2,000. (B.) Frejus, fra v -zbiice', (Anc. Fo'rum JVlii,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Var, situated on the coast of the Mediterranean, near the mouth of the r. Argens (aR^-zha^). In the time of Augustus it was a large and handsome city, and was then the ordinary station of the Roman fleet in Gaul. There are some remains of the ancient ramparts, which ap- pear to have enclosed a site five or six times as large as that occupied by the present town. Two of the Roman gates still remain, besides many other ruins. The name, Frejus, is a corruption of Forum Julii; in the dictionary of Expilly, published in the middle of the last century, it is spelled Frejuls. Lat. 43° 26' N., Lon. 6° 44' E. Present pop. about 2.500. In the time of the first Roman emperor it amounted to 100,000. (B.) French Broad River, one of the sources of the Tr--. lessee, rises in N. C, and, passing into Tenn., unites with the Holston, a few miles above Knoxville. Freyburg. See Freiburg. Freyburg, fri^-booRG, in French Fribourg, fre v -booR^, a canton in 19* 232 FRE-FRI Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 66 as in good; the N.W. part of Switzerland, bordering on the L. of Neufchatel. The area is computed at 588 sq. m. Pop. in 1834, 89,192. (P. C.) Freyburg or Fribourg, the cap. of the above, situated on the Sarine (sa v -reen'), or Saane (sW-neh), a tributary of the Aar^ about 17 m. S. W. of Bern. A part of the town is built upon a steep declivity of rock, where the roofs of several houses serve as a pavement for the street above. There is an iron suspension bridge over the Sarine, 885 ft. in length, and 170 ft. above the level of the river. It was erected in 1834, and is one of the finest in the world. Among the scientific and literary institutions of Freyburg, the Lyceum with a pro- fessorship of common and civil law ; the Gymnasium ; the College of the Jesuits ; the Public Library ; and the Cabinet of Natural Historv ; mav be mentioned. Lat. 46° 48' N., Lon. 7° 9' E. Pop. in 1834,' 8,535. (P. C.) Freystadt. See Freistadt. Friedland, freedMand or freetMant, a small t. in the N. extremity of Bohemia, from which the celebrated Wallen^tein took the title of duke. Lat 50° 57' N., Lon. 15° 8' E.— Also, a town of E. Prussia, on the Alle, remarkable for a victory gained by Bonaparte over the Russians and Prussians, in 1807, which led to the peace of Tilsit. Lat.' 54° 26' N., Lon. 21° 1' E. Friendly or Tonga (tongf-a) Islands, a group in the Pacific, situ- ted between 18° and 23° S. Lat, and 173° and 176° W. Lon. The inhabitants belong to the Malayan race. They are represented as an industrious, ingenious, and brave, but treacherous people'. Their num- ber is estimated at 200,000. (P. C.) The name of these islands was bestowed by Cook, because the inhabitants received him in so friendly a manner, though it is now known that they intended to kill him, and seize his vessels. Friesland, freezMand, or Vriesland, or Friesia, free^-zhe-a, a prov. occupying the N. N. W. extremity of Holland. It is sometimes called, though not by Hollanders, West Friesland, in order to distinguish it from East Friesland, in Hanover. The area of Friesland is about 1,030 sq. m. The pop. is estimated at 221,000. (P. C.) Leeuwarden is the chief town. — Adj. Friesic, free^-zik, and Friesian or Frisian, free^- zhe-an ; inhab. Fries'-land-er, and Frisian* or Friesian. Friesland, East, or Aurich, ou^-riK, a principality in the N. W. part of Hanover. Emden is the chief town. Frio, free'-o, a cape on the S. E. coast of Brazil. Lat. 22° 54' S. Lon. 41° 36' W. * Frisian properly relates to the nation who formerly inhabited this and th«j neighbouring regions, and who are mentioned by Tacitus under the name of Frisii. They appear to have been a tribe of Germans. Those of their descend ants who are settled among the small islands on the western coast of Sleswick, preserve not only the name of Frisians, but many vestiges of their customs and dress. The Friesic language, which is quite distinct from the Dutch, in many points bears a striking resemblance to the English. FRI— FUN 233 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Frische Haff, frisW-eh naff, i. e. " fresh bay ;" or Frische See (.say), i.e. "fresh sea," an arm of the Baltic, lying- between 54° 14' and 54° 43' N. Lat., and 19° 10' and 20° 30' E. Lon. Its length is near 60 o. ; its greatest breadth is about 13 m. A number of rivers fall into this Haffj among- which are two arms of the Vistula. It is connected with the sea by a strait called the Gatt, only about 12 ft. deep, and 3,000 ft. wide, and is separated from the Baltic by a strip of land called the Frische Nehrung- (nV-roong). Its name appears to have been given to it on account of the freshness of its waters — the necessary con- sequence of its receiving so many considerable streams, while the pas- sage by which it communicates with the Baltic is so limited that it is impossible for the salt waters of that sea to be mingled with the con- tents of the Frische Haft' to any considerable extent. Friuli, fre-ooMe,* (It. pron. free'-oo-le,) the most eastern prov. of Northern Italy, forming a part of the Venetian territory. Friuli ap- pears to be derived from the ancient Forum Julii, a Roman colony said to have been founded here by Julius Csesar. Frome or Frome Selwood, a t. of England, in Somersetshire, on the r. Frome, a branch of the Avon. 93 m. YV. by S. from London. Pop. of the parish, with an area of 10 sq. m., 11,849. Fuertaventura, fwcR x -ta-ven-too^-ra, one of the Canary Islands, intersected by the parallel of 28° 30' N. Lat., and by the 14th meridian of W. Lon. It is about 60 m. long, and contains an area of 79 sq. leagues. Pop. 13,885. (P. C.) Fulda, fodl'-da, a t. of Germany, in Hesse Cassel, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the little r. Fulda, a branch of the Weser. It has a lyceum, and several other establishments for education. Lat. 50° 34' N., Lon. 9° 44' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) Fulton, fool'-ton, a co. in the E. or E. central part of N. Y., N. W. of Albany. Pop. 20,171. Co. t. Johnstown. Fulton, a co. in the N. part of Ind., a little N. of the Wabash r. Pop. 5,982. Co. t. Rochester. Fulton, a co. in the N. W. part of 111., bordering on Illinois r. Pop. 22,508. Co. t. Lewistown. Funchal, foon-shal', the cap. of the i. of Madeira, is pleasantly situ- tted on the S. coast, and defended by several forts. Lat. 32° 37' N., Lon. 16° 56' W. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) Its commerce is ex- tensive, but unfortunately it has no harbour, and its road is unsafe in winter. Fun^-dy, Bay of, situated between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, is about 180 m. long ; its greatest breadth is above 50 m. It is remark- able for the height to which its tide rises, which sometimes amounts to 70 ft. Fe'-NEX (Dan. Fyen, fu/-en), a fertile i. in the Baltic, belonging to Of glory streams along the Alpine height Of blue Friuli's mountains."— Childe Harold. Canto IV. 20* 234 FUN— GAL Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in good ; Denmark, situated between 55° 2' and 55° 40' N. Lat., and 9° 40' and 10° 51/ E. Lon. Its length is about 50 m. ; its greatest breadth near 40. The area is about 1,176 sq. m. Pop. about 144,000. (P. C.) Odense is the capital. FOnfkirchen, fiinf-keeV-Ken. (Hung. Pecs, paich,) an ancient t. in the S. W. part of Hungary, 105 m. S. by W. from Buda. Lat. 46° 5' N., Lon. 18° 16' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Furnes, fiiRn, a small t. of YV. FJanders, situated at the termination of a canal, to which it gives its name. Lat. 51° 4' N. ; Lon. 2° 40' E. Pop. in 1830, 4,253. (P. C.) Furruckabad, fur x -ruk-a-bad', a t. of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of the same name, which lies between the Jumna and the Ganges. ~~ Lat. 27° 24' N., Lon. 79° 27' E. Pop. estimated at about 67,000. (B.) Forth, fuRt, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Germany, in Bavaria, cap. of a circle of the same name, with a Jewish university, about 4 m. N. W. of Nuremburg. Lat. 49° 29' N., Lon. 11° V E. Pop. estimated at 17,000. (B.) Fyne, Loch, Iok fine, a small bay on the W. coast of Scotland, in Argyleshire, communicating with the Frith of Clyde. Gads^-den, a co. of Florida, E. of and bordering on the Appalachi- cola r. Pop. 8,783. Co. t. Quincy. Gaeta, ga-a/-ta, (Anc. Caieta,) a strongly fortified seaport t. of Na- ples, in the prov. of Terra di Lavoro. Lat. 41° 13' N., Lon. 12° 34' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, 3,000. (B.) Gaillac, ga/i v -yak^, a t. of France, in the dep. of Tarn, situated on the r. Tarn, 31 m. N. E. of Toulouse. It is celebrated for its wines. G aillon, ga/i'-y6N', a t. of France, in the dep. of Eure, 50 m.VV. N.W. of Paris, remarkable for its once magnificent palace, belonging to the archbishops of Rouen, which is now converted into a prison. Gairloch, gareMoK, a bay on the W. coast of Ross-shire, Scotland, which gives name to a parish lying on it. Ga-le'-na, a small t. near the N. W. extremity of 111., the cap. of Jo Daviess co., remarkable for the rich lead mines in its vicinity. The name is taken from galena, a species of lead ore. Pop. 6,004. Galicia, gal-ish'-e-a, (Ger. Galizien, ga-litf-se-en,) the kingdom of, forms the N. E. portion of the Austrian dominions, being situated be- tween 47° and 50° 50' N. Lat., and 18° 54' and 26° 37' E. lon. Its length, from E. to W., is about 350 m. ; its greatest breadth, from N. to S., near 230 m. The area is computed at 32,949 sq. m. Pop. about 4,600,000. (P. C.) Lemberg is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Galician, gal-ish^e-an. Galicia, (Sp. pron. ga-lee^-the-a : Anc. Gallae/cia,) a prov. occupying the N. W. extremity of the Spanish peninsula. Its greatest length, from N. to S., is about 125 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W., 120 m. — Adj. and inhab. Gal-le'-gan (from the Spanish Gallego, gal-la'-go) and Galician. GAll, Saint, (Fr. pron. sSn gall ; Ger. Sancte Gallen, sank'-te^-gaV- GAL— G AN 235 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. len,) a canton in the N. E. part of Switzerland, bordering on the Rhine and Lake Constance. Area computed at 780 sq. m. Pop. in 1831, 165,740. (P. C.) Gall, St., an important manufacturing and commercial t. of Switzer- land, cap. of the above canton, situated about 7 m. S. W. of Lake Con- stance. It contains numerous literary institutions. Lat. 47° 26' N., Lon. 9° 22' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Gal'-la-tin, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 5,137. Co. t. Warsaw. Gallatin, a co. in the S. E. part of 111., bordering on the Ohio and Wabash rivers. Pop. 5,448. Co. t. Equality. Gal'-lx-a, a co. in the S. E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 17,063. Co. t. Gallip'-olis. Gallipoli, gal-lip'-o-Ie, (Anc. Callip'olis,) an important t. of Eu- ropean Turkey, situated at the entrance of the Hellespont, about 130 m. in a direct line, W. by S., from Constantinople. It is interesting in history, as the first place in Europe where the Turks acquired domi- nion. Lat. 40° 26' N., Lon. 26° 38' E. The pop. is variously esti- mated from 17,000 to 80,000. According to the P. C, it somewhat exceeds 20,000. Gallipoli, a fortified seaport t. of Ttaly, in Terra di Otranto. Lat. 40° 2' N., Lon. 17° 57' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Gal'-lo-way, a dist. in the S. W. of Scotland, comprising the shire of Wigtown and parts of some other shires. The small horses known by the name of Galloways, are bred here. Gal'-ves-ton, the largest t. in Texas, situated on an island of its own name. Its commerce is represented as very flourishing. Lat. 29° 10' N., Lon. 94° 50' W. Pop. about 6,000. Galveston Bay, a considerable bay in the S. E. part of Texas, N. of the island of Galveston. GAl'-way, a co. in the W. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Connaught, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, exclusive of the co. of the town of Galway, 381,564. (P. C.) Gal way, the co. of the town of, lies in the above, and contains an area of near 36 sq. m, The town of Galway, which is the cap. of this, as well as the preceding country, is situated on the outlet of Lough Corrib, near its entrance into Galway Bay. Its harbour is large, but not deep. It has a pretty extensive trade ; its chief manufacture is flour. Entire pop. of the co. in 1831, 33,120. (P. C.) The pop. of the town is stated, by the Edinburgh Gazetteer, to be above 15,000. Gam'-bl-a, a r. of W. Africa, which flows into the Atlantic, between 13° and 14° N. Lat, and near 16° W. Lon. Its upper course has not been explored by Europeans, but, from information obtained from the natives, it is probable that its whole length exceeds 500 m. It is navi- gable to near Medina (med-ee'-na), in about 14° W. Lon., a distance, by water, of perhaps 250 m. from its mouth. Gand. See Ghent. Ganges, gan'-jez, (Hindoo Gun'-ga,) a large r. of India, the two 236 GAP— GAR Fate, far, fill, fat ; me, met ; p'ne or pine, pin ; no, not ; 66 as in good , principal branches of which rise in the Himalaya Mountains, near 31° N. Lat, and between 78° 30' and 80° E. Lon. One of these, the Bag- haret'tee, which is considered the true Ganges, rises from the side of a mountain 13,800 ft. above the level of the sea. In the first part of its course it runs south-westerly, but gradually changes towards the S. E., and, after its union with the Jumna, in about 25° 20' N. Lat., and 82° E. Lon., it flows easterly, and continues in this direction to near 88° E. Lon., when it again changes to the S. K, and falls into the Bay of Bengal, by many mouths. The whole length of the Ganges is estimated at near 1,500 m. It is navigable, for small boats, almost to its source, during the rainy season, and the greater portion of it is navigable all the year round, but not for vessels of the same size. Even some of the principal branches are impassable for large boats during six months of the year. — Adj. Gangetic, gan-jetMk. Gap, gap, a city in the S. E. part of France, cap. of the dep. of Upper Alps. It had, in the 16th century, more than twice its present number of inhabitants. Lat. 44° 34' N., Lon. 6° 5' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Gard, gaR, a dep. in the S. of France, bordering on the Mediterra- nean and the r. Rhone. Pop. 366.259. (B.) Capital, Nimes. Garda, gaR^-da, Lake of, (Anc. Bena'cus,) the largest lake in Italy, situated between 45° 26' and 45° 56' N. Lat., and 10° 32' and 10° 50' E. Lon. Its length is about 35 m.; its greatest breadth about 10 m. The r. Mincio forms its outlet. A steamboat plies between Desenzano (da-sen-za^-no) on its S. coast, and Riva (ree'-va) at its N. extremity, in Tyrol. Gardon, gaR x -d6jy', a small r. in the S. of France, which intersects the dep. of Gard, and flows into the Rhone. Over the valley of this stream is the celebrated Pont du Gard (p6n dii GaR), a magnificent Roman aqueduct, 895 ft. long, and about 160 ft. above the waters of the river, which was constructed for the purpose of supplying the ancient Nemausus (now Nimes) with water from the fountain of Aure. Gard'-tner, a flourishing t. of Maine, in Kennebeck co., situated on the r. Kennebeck, about 8 m. S. of Augusta. Pop. of the township, 6,486. Garfagnana, gaR-fan-ya'-na, a highland dist. of the northern Apen- nines, situated on the borders of the states of Tuscany, Genoa, and Modena. Garigliano, ga-reel-ya^-no, a small r. of Naples, which flows into the Mediterranean, about 10 m. E. of Gaeta. Gar x -onnf/ (the GarunVna of the Romans), a r. in the S. W. part of France, which rises a little beyond the frontier, in the kingdom of Spain, and, flowing in a north-westerly direction, unites with the Dor- dogne, about 15 m. below Bordeaux, to form the Gironde. Its length is about 360 m. It is navigable above 200 m., though there are many impediments in the upper part of its course. Garonne, Upper, (Fr. Haute Garonne, ote ga v -ronn',) a dep. in the GAR— GEL 237 Ott, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; Q like./. S. of France, intersected by the r. Garonne. Pop. 454,727. Capital, Toulouse. Gar'-rard, a co. in the E. central part of Ky., bordering on the r. Kentucky'. Pop. 10,237. Co. t. Lancaster. Gar'-rows, a mountainous dist. bordering on the N. E. frontier of Bengal, tributary to the British. Gas v -co-nade', a r. of Mo., which flows into the Missouri r. Gasconade, a co. in the E. central part of Mo., intersected by the above, and bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 4,996. Co. t. Mount Sterling. Gas'-co-ny, (Fr. Gascogne, gas x -con7,) formerly a prov. in the S.W. part of France, now constituting thedeps. of the Upper Pyrenees, Gers, and Landes, and part of the Lower Pyrenees, Upper Garonne, Lot and Garonne, and Ariege. — Adj. and inhab. Gas'-con. Gaspe, gas v -pa', a co. of Lower Canada, surrounding a bay of the same name in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lat. of the latter, about 48° 47' N., Lon. 64° 20' W. Gates, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on Va. and the Chowan r. Pop. 8,426. Co. t. Gatesville. Gateshead. See Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Ga'-za, an ancient t. of Palestine, situated near the borders of the desert which separates this country from Egypt, about 3 m. from the Mediterranean. Lat. 31° 27' N., Lon. 34° 27' E. Pop. between 3,000 and 4,000. (P. C.) Qe-au/-ga, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ohio. Pop. 17,827. Co. t. Cbardon. Geel, gheel, (Dutch pron. Hale,) a t. of Belgium, in the prov. of Ant- werp, remarkable for the great number of persons afflicted with in- sanity, who are sent thither from the surrounding country, to board in private families. The inhabitants, generally speaking, appear to pos- sess great skill in the treatment of this malady, which forms the prin- cipal part of their occupation. Lat. 51° 10' N., Lon. 4° 58' E. Pop. about 7,000. (P. C.) Gefle, yevMa, a seaport t. of Sweden, situated at the mouth of a little stream which flows into the Baltic, important on account of its commerce, its dock-yards, and the number of its merchant vessels. It is regarded as the third seaport of Sweden. Here is a celebrated gymnasium. Lat. 60° 40' N., Lon. 17° 8' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Gei/-der$ or Guelders, (Dutch, Geldern, Hel'-dern,) called also Gei/- der-land, a prov. in the E. part of Holland, bordering on the Prussian dominions. The area scarcely exceeds 2,000 sq. m.. Pop. in 1824, 279,226. Capital, Arnhern. The ancient duchy of Gelders was con- siderably larger than the present province. One division of it, called Upper Gelders, remained subject to Spain after the successful revolt of the maritime provinces of the Netherlands; and a part of this, in- cluding the town of Gelders, now belongs to Prussia. Gelders or Geldern, a small t. and once an important fortress of the Prussian dominions, in the circle of Diisseldorf, 48 m. N. W. of 238 GEN— GEN Fate, far, f 411, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not; 66 as in good; Cologne. From it the above-mentioned duchy took its name. 'Lat. 51° 31' N., Lon. 6° 19' E. Pop. 3,600. (B.) Qen'-e-see', a r. which rises in Pa., and, flowing across the W. part of N. Y., empties itself into L. Ontario. Its whole length is about 125 m. Genesee, a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., a little to the W. of the above r. Pop. 28,488. Co. t. Batavia. Genesee, a co. in the S. E. central part of Mich., S. of Saginaw Bay. Pop. 12,031. Co. t. FJint. (^ en v -es-e^-o, the seat of justice of Livingston co., N. Y., situated on the r. Genesee, about 25 m. S. by W. of Rochester. (^en-e^-va, (Ger. Genf, ghenf ; Fr. Geneve, zhen-ave' ; It. Ginevra, jin-a/-vra,) a celebrated city of Switzerland, the cap. of a canton of the same name, situated on both sides of the Rhone, where it issues from L. Leman. The larger part of the town is on the S side, but a por- tion is built on an island in the river, which is joined to the two banks by bridges. A smaller island, at the very point where the Rhone issues from the lake, is planted with trees, and forms a public prome- nade. A handsome suspension bridge has recently been thrown across the river. The town is regularly fortified, with ramparts, ditches, and bastions. As a seat of learning, Geneva holds a distinguished rank among the European cities. Its academy, or rather university, founded by Calvin, has the four faculties of theology, law, science, and belles lettres, with forty professors. The Botanic Garden is considered as the first establishment of the kind in Switzerland. Our limits will not permit us to mention even the principal among its numerous literary and scientific institutions ; yet we may briefly notice the various collec- tions in the sciences of mineralogy, entomology, botany, &c, especially the botanical library, and the magnificent herbarium of M. De Can- dolle, which contains not less than 58,000 different species, and may be regarded as the finest collection of the kind which has ever been made. The manufacturing industry of Geneva is chiefly directed to the con- struction of clocks and watches, and to works in jewelry. It would be difficult to name another town of equal size which has produced so many distinguished persons as Geneva ; among these may be mentioned Saus- sure, Rousseau, Madame de Stael, and Sismondi. Geneva is one of the oldest cities in Western Europe, and is mentioned under its present name, in Csesar's Commentaries on the Gallic war. (Lib. I., 7 and 8.) After the reformation, it became, under the auspices of John Calvin, one of the principal rallying points of the reformed communion, so as to be styled by some " the Rome of the Protestants." Much of its pre- sent moral and intellectual elevation must be ascribed to the strong impression which Calvin stamped upon it three centuries ago. The Ob- servatory is in 46° IF 59" N. Lat., and 6° 9' 22" E. Lon. Pop. in 1834, 27,177. (P. C.)— Adj. and inhab. Q!en v -e-vese'. Geneva, Canton of, occupies the S. W. extremity of Switzerland. The area is computed at about 93 sq. m. The entire pop. in 1834 GEN— GEO 239 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; Q like^;. amounted to 56,655. (P. C.) This is the smallest canton of the Swiss confederation. Geneva, Lake of. See Leman. Geneva, a village of N. Y., beautifully situated at the N. end of Seneca Lake, on the R. R. between Albany and Buffalo. Genevieve (jen v -e-veev/) St., a co. in the E. S. E. part of Mo., bor- dering on the Mississippi. Pop. 5,313. Co. t. St. Genevieve. (JJen'-o-a* (the Gen'ua of the ancient Romans; It. Genova, jen'-o-va; Fr. Genes, zhain) ; an archiepiscopal city in the N. W. part of Italy, formerly the cap. of the celebrated republic of this name, situated at the foot of the Northern Apennines, in the recess of a wide gulf on the Mediterranean, to which it gives its name. It is strongly fortified on the land side, being enclosed by a double line of fortifica- tions. Though, in general, irregularly and badly built, it contains many fine edifices; the palace Durazzo, and that of Andrew Doria are among the most remarkable. Genoa has several important lite- rary and scientific institutions; the University, with its twenty-nine professors, the Academy of Fine Arts, and the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, are perhaps the most deserving notice. The territory of the old republic now forms a part of the kingdom of Sardinia, under the name of the duchy of Genoa. The climate of this region is healthy, and the atmosphere remarkably pure. The Genoese are a shrewd, active, frugal, industrious, and still eminently commercial people. The town is in Lat. 44° 25' N., Lon. 8° 58' E. Population about 100,000. Adj. and inhab. Qen v -o-ese'. George, Lake, a lake in the E. N. E. part of N. Y., situated between the counties of Washington and Warren ; it is 33 m. in length, and about 2 in breadth. Its outlet, which is 3m. long, flows into Lake Champlain. It is studded with small islands, and its waters are re- markably pure and transparent : these circumstances, together with the wild and lofty hills by which it is surrounded, render it almost un- equalled for picturesque and romantic beauty. George, St., (Port. Sam Jorge, soung zhonZ-zha,) an i. of the Azores, intersected by the parallel of 38° 30' N. Lat., and the 28th meridian of W. Lon. Length above 30 m. ; mean breadth only 4 or 5 m. George'-town, formerly Stabroek (sta'-brook), the cap. of British Guiana, situated near the mouth of the r. Demerara. It formerly be- longed to the Dutch. Lat. about 6° 48' N., Lon. 58° 7' W. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) Georgetown, a dist. in the S. E. part of S. C, intersected by the Great Pedee r., and bordering on the sea. Pop. 20,647. Co. t. George- town. Georgetown, a port of entry, cap. of the above situated on Win- yaw Bay, at the mouth of the Great Pedee r. Lat. 33° 21' N., Lon 79° 17' W. Pop. estimated at above 3,000. * See Introduction, I. 240 GEO— GER Fate, far, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in good ; Georgetown, a t. and port of entry of Washington co., in the Dist. of Columbia, situated at the confluence of Rock Creek with the Poto- mac, 24 m. above the capitol. Pop. 8,366. Georgia, jor'-je-a, (called by the Russians Grusia, groo'-se-a,) a con- siderable country of Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Cas- pian, and extending from 38° 18' to 43° 52' N. Lat., and from 39° 43 to 50° 14' E. Lon. These, however, are to be understood as the limits of the Russian prov. of this name. Georgia Proper is considerably less extensive. There is some diversity among geographers respecting its boundaries ; but it appears to have included originally nearly the whole of the southern declivity of the Caucasus, from the Caspian to the Black Sea. The origin of the name is unknown: some derive it from the r. Koor (Kur), which intersects nearly the whole extent of this fine coun- try. The Persians call it Goorgistan. The climate of Georgia is mild and, in general, very healthy. The Georgian girls, like those of Cir- cassia, are celebrated for their beauty, though their complexion is said to be less delicate, and their figure less graceful. This country pro- duces many excellent fruits, among which are peaches, apricots, and figs. The vines are abundant, and of a good quality ; the wine that is made from them is mostly sent to Persia. The pop. of Georgia Proper is estimated at 300,000. (M. B.) Capital, Tiflis.— Adj. and inhab. Geor'-gi-an. Georgia, one of the thirteen original U. S., between 30° 21' and 35° N. Lat., and 81° and 85° 50' W. Lon ; bounded on the N. by North Carolina and Tennessee, N. E. by South Carolina, E. and S. E. by the Atlantic, S. by Florida, and W. by Alabama; and divided into 94 counties.* Length, from N. to S., about 300 m. ; greatest, breadth, from E. to W., near 250 m. The area is estimated at 62,000 sq. m. Pop. 905,999, of whom 521,438 are whites, 2,880 free coloured, and 381,681 slaves. Milledgeville is the seat of government. Gera, ga'-ra, a t. of Germany, the seat of government for the Reuss principalities, which are on the W. border of Saxony. It is also the seat of a Protestant consistory. Lat. 50° 53' N., Lon. 12° 4' E. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) (^er-main^, Saint, (Fr. pron. sIn zhcR v -maN0, a town of France, in the dep. of Seine and Oise, situated on the left bank of the Seine, about 14 m. W. by N. from Paris, with which it is connected by a rail- * Appling, Baker, Baldwin, Bibb, Bryan, Bullock, Burke, Butts, Camden, Camp- bell, Carroll, Cass, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clarke, Cobb, Columbia, Coweta, Crawford, Dade, Decatur, De Kalb, Dooly, Early, Effingham, Elbert, Emanuel, Fayette, Floyd, Forsyth, Franklin, Gilmer, Glynn, Green, Gwinnett, Ha- bersham, Hall, Hancock, Harris, Heard. Henry, Houston, Irwin, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jones, Laurens, Lee, Liberty, Lincoln, Lowndes, Lumpkin, Macon, Madison, Marion, Mc Intosh, Meriwether, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Mur- ray, Muscogee, Newton, Oglethorpe, Paulding, Pike, Pulaski, Putnam, Rabun, Randolph, Richmond, Scriven, Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Taliaferro, Tatnall, Telfair, Thomas, Troup, Twiggs, Union, Upson, Walker, Walton, Ware, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wilkes, Wilkinson, Gordon. GER— GER 241 «tt, as In our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; Q 7 like j. road. It was formerly a favourite residence of the French kings. The forest of St. Germain, in the vicinity, is still a frequent resort of the royal family, with their hunting parties. To distinguish, it from other places of this name, the town is often called St. Germain en laye (te la), i.e. "m the lane or passage," probably referring to its position on ^-< one of the roads leading to the forest. Pop. in 1831, 10,671. (P. C.) German Ocean. See North Sea. Qer-ma-ny (Lat. Germa^nia; Ger. Deutschland, doichMant; Fr. Allemaene, air-marl'); an extensive country of Europe, situated be- tween 45° SO' and 55° 50' N. Lat., and 4° 45' and 22° 54' E. Lon. These limits have reference to all the territories comprised in the Ger- manic confederation, including some districts which do not belong to Germany Proper; e.g. Luxemburg, and Friuli. According to the more strict application of the name, Germany is bounded on the N. by the Baltic, E. by Poland, Gaiieia, and Hungary, S. hy Croatia, Illyria, Italy, and Switzerland, and YV. by France, Belgium, and Holland. Ita length, from the Netherlands 'to the E. part of Prussia, is upwards of 700m.; its 'breadth is very unequal; measuring from N. to S., from the Baltic to the southern limit of Tyrol, it amounts to near 600 m. The area is stated at 284,000 sq.m. Before the French Revolution, the German empire was divided into nine circles; namely, those of Austria, Bavaria, and Suabia, in the S. ; Franconia, Upper Rhine, and Lower Rhine, in the middle ; and Westphalia, Upper Saxony, and Lower Saxony, in the N.- Other countries, however, were considered as forming parts of the empire, of which the principal were Bohemia, Silesia, Mora- via, and Lusatia. The present Germanic confederation, as established by an act of the Congress of Vienna, on the 8th of June, 1815, consists of thirty-eight independent states. The central point and organ of the confederation is the Federative Diet, which sits at Frankfort on the v Main. It exercises its authority in a double form : 1st, as a general assembly, termed Plenum ; and,2dly, as a minorcouncil, called the Fede- rative Diet Ordinary. The Plenum meets only when an affair relating to all the confederation is to be decided. It has seventy votes, of which four belong to Austria, and as many to each of the five German king- doms; the other states, according to their respective importance, have three, two or one vote each. The Federative Diet Ordinary possesses in all seventeen votes, cut of which eleven principal states have each a single vote, and the remaining twenty-seven only six joint votes. Austria presides in both assemblies, and decides in case of equality. The objects of the Germanic confederation are mutual defence against a common enemy, and the preservation of internal security and peace among the confederated states, which have no right to declare war on each other, but must submit their differences to the decision of the Diet. The following is a list of the states, with the number of votes which each possesses in the general assembly. I States having each four votes : %\ 1. Austria, 2. Prussia, 3. Bavaria, 4. Saxony, 5. Hanover, 6. Wiirtemberg. 242 GER Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, r not ; 66, as m gocd f II. States having each three votes: 7 Baden, 8 The electorate of Hesse, 9. The grand-duchy of Hesse, III. States having each two votes : 12. Brunswick, 13. Mecklenburg-Sehwerin, IV. States having each one vote : 15. Saxe- Weimar, 16. Saxe-Coburg, / 17. Saxe-Meiningen, 18. Saxe-Hildburghausen, 19. Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 20. Holstein-Oldenburg, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Ccethen, Seh warzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, IIohenzollern-Hechingen, 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 10. Holstein and Lauenburg, 11. Luxemburg. 14. Nassau. 27. Lichtenstein, 28. Hohenzollern-Sigmaringea 29. Waldeck, 30. Reuss, elder branch, 31. Reuss, younger branch, 32. Lippe-Schauenburg, 33. Lippe-Detmold, 34. Hesse-Hornburg, 35. Liibeck, 36. Frankfort, 37. Bremen, 38. Hambursf. The following is a list of the Austrian, Prussian, Dutch, and Danish possessions comprised in the Germanic confederation: Austrian. — The archduchy of Austria, the duchies of Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Austrian Friuli, the territory of Trieste, the county of Tyrol, with Vorarlberg, the kingdom of Bohemia, the margraviate of Moravia, and Austrian Silesia. Prussian. — The provinces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia, Prussian Saxony, Westphalia, and the provinces of the Rhine. Dutch. — The grand-duchy of Luxemburg. Danish. — The duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg. Nothing is known of the early history of Germany, except what we derive from the Romans. In the time of Julius Caesar, the Germans (Germani) were regarded as the most formidable and warlike of all the European barbarians. To this character they appear to have been indebted for the appellation by which they were known among the sur- rounding nations. Wehrman, i.e. "war-man," was changed by the Romans into German, as they probably had no other mode in which they could indicate more nearly the sound of the barbarian name.* In the early part of the third century the Alemanni or Al.emanni ap- pear as one of the most conspicuous and powerful of the German na« * It is curious to observe how often w, in a Teutonic language, is changed tc g-in a Romanic. Among many other instances, we may cite the following: Ger. wekr, Sp. guerra, Fr. guerre ; Eng. ward, Sp. guarda, Fr. garde ; Eng. waste, Sp guastar, Fr. gater (originally gasler) ; Eng. wager, Fr. gager ; Eng. warrant, Fr garantir. (See note to Cornwall, page lG9;"also, Int. XXVII., 10.) GER— GIIE 243 ©a, as in our; th, as in Jfttn ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; (^, likej. ?.k>ns, if they were not rather a union of various nations, as their name (Allemannen, all men, or all sorts of men\ would seem to imply. Though often defeated, the Allemanni harassed almost continually the Roman frontier on the side of Germany, during the decline of the Western empire. But having 1 , in a sanguinary battle, been utterly routed by tlve Franks, under Clodwig, in 496, they were afterwards united to the Suevi, and with them consolidated into a dukedom, called the Duchy of Allemannia. From the Allemanni the French and Spa- nish names of Germany, Aliemagne and Alemania, are derived. The Germanic empire dates from the time of Charlemagne, by whom it was founded, in the latter part of the 8th century. Conrad, the first duke of Franconia, was elected emperor about the year 911, from which time the crown of Germany remained elective till 1806, when Francis II. abdicated the imperial crown of Germany, and declared the dissolution of the Germanic empire. After the dethronement of Napoleon, in 1815, the new system of general government, called the Germanic confedera- tion, was established, as already explained. — Adj. Ger'-man and Qer man'-ic; inhab. German. Gerona, Ha-ro'-na, a t. of Spain, in Catalonia., the cap. of a dist. of the same name, and formerly important on account of its fortifications. Lat. 42° 2' N., Lon. 2° 47' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Gers, zhaRe, a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by a small r. of the same name, which flows into the Garonne, Pop. 312,882. (B.) Capital, Auch. Gex, zhex, a small t. of France, near the frontiers of Switzerland, 11 m. N. by W. from Geneva, in a dist. of the same name, which forms a part of the dep. of Ain. Ghadamis, gha-da'-mis, or gha-dams', a commercial t. of N. Africa, in an oasis of the same name, which is tributary to Tripoli. It is a rendezvous for caravans travelling from Tripoli to Timbuctoo. Lat. about 29° 50' N., Lon. near 11° E. Ghauts, Mountains of Hindostan, which are usually divided into the Western and the Eastern Ghauts. The Western Ghauts extend along the W. coast of Hindostan, from the r. Tapty, on which Surat stands, to about 11° N. Lat., and form the boundary of the table land of the Dekkan on the side towards the Indian Ocean. The Eastern Ghauts, which separate the table land of the Dekkan from the low and level, country along the Bay of Bengal, extend from about 12° to 18° N. Lat. To another mountain ridge, which bounds the table land of the Dekkan on the S., and which has only been explored within the last twenty-five years, the name of Southern Ghauts has recently been applied. The word Ghaut literally signifies a u mountain pass." Gheel. See Geel. Ghee'-zeh (Gizeh or Jizeh), a smaW t. of Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, chiefly remarkable for its vicinity to the pyramids. Lat. 30° 2' N., Lon. 31° 15' E. Ghent, (Flem. Gent or Gend, nent ; Fr. Gand, gaN,) a city of Belgium, cap. of E. Flanders, situated at the confluence of the Lys with the 244 GHO-GIB Fate, far, f a]}, fat ; me, met ; puie or pine, pin ; no, not ; 65 as in gmd Scheldt, 31 m. VV. S. W. from Antwerp, and 30 m. N. W. from Brus sels. It is intersected by a great number of navigable canals, through which it communicates with most of the important towns of the Low Countries. The Sas-van-Ghent Canal (first opened for use in 1828), which runs towards the N. into Zealand, connects Ghent with the W. Scheldt, and allows vessels from the sea, drawing 18 ft. of water, to fcnter the city. In the centre of the town a magnificent basin hag lately been excavated, which is connected with the above canal, and is capable of containing 400 vessels, of 900 tons each. Ghent is a handsome and well-built city, and is surrounded by walls with seven gates. This town appears to have existed as early as the 5tb century. It was formerly much more populous than at present. During the reign of the emperor Charles V., who was born here, Ghent con- tained 175,000 inhabitants (P.. C.) Towards the end of the 13th cen- tury, it is said to have exceeded the capital of France, in extent and population. Besides the University and the College, Ghent possesses a royal academy of drawing, sculpture, and architecture; a royal society of agriculture and botany ; and various other establishments for the promotion of literature, science, and the arts. Lat. 5-1° 3' N., Lorn a° 44' E. Pop, 84,000. (R) Ghool-ghoo'-ia, a valley in Afghanistan, 30 or 40 m. N. W. of Ca- bool, remarkable for two rude colossal statues, one of a male, about 120 ft. m height; the other of a female, about 70 ft . Gibraltar, je-brauV-ter, (Sp. pron. He-bral-taR^: Anc.CaFpe,)a for- tified rock in the S. extremity of Spain, which is connected with the gontinent by an isthmus of low sand, and almost surrounded by the waters of the Mediterranean, forming a promontory, 3 m. in length, from N. to S., and from 1,200 to 1,400 ft. fh height. Towards the S., it terminates in what is called Europa Point. In the early part of tb* 8-th century, an army of Saracens, under the command of Tarif, landed here, and erected a castle on the shoulder of the roek, which was called by the invaders Gibel-Tarif (i. ft the "mountain of Tarif"), whence, in all probability, the present name is derived. The ruins of the Moorish castle are still to be seen. At present, Gibraltar is perhaps the strongest and most remarkable fortress in the world. Besides other fortifications, of extraordinary strength, there are two excavations, called galleries, wrought in the solid rock, which are sufficiently capa- cious to contain the whole garrison in time of siege. They are nar- row, and extend from two to three miles in length. Along these galleries, at intervals of every twelve yards, are port-holes, bearing on the isthmus and bay. Gibraltar is a free port, and forms a convenient entrepot for merchandise destined for the neighbouring provinces of Spain and Africa. The Bay of Gibraltar, lying W. of the promontory, is commodious, and secure from all the more dangerous winds. It is near 8m. in length; its greatest breadth is about 5 m.; its depth, in the centre, exceeds 100 fathoms. The town of Gibraltar is situated near the foot of the hill, at its N. W. side. Lat. 36° 6' 30" N., Lon. 5° 19' W. Pop. estimated at about 16>000. (P. C.) GIB— GLA 245 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; Qr likej. Gibraltar, Strait of, situated between Spain and Africa, and con- necting the Mediterranean with the Atlantic Ocean. In the narrowest place, its breadth does not exceed 12 m. Its length, from Cape Trafal- gar to Europa Point, is near 40 m. Gib'-son, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., a little E. of the Missis- sippi r. Pop. 19,548. Co. t. Trenton. Gibson, a co. in the S. W. part of Ind., bordering on the Wabash and White rivers. Pop. 10,771. Co. t. Princeton. Giessen, ghees^-sen, a t. of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Hesse, about 33 m. N. of Frankfort on the Main. It has a university, attended by about 400 students. Lat. 50° 34' N., Lon. 8° 34' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Gihon or Jihon. See Oxus. Gijon, He-Hone', a small t. of Spain, on the coast of Asturia, re- markable for its college or high-school, called the Instituto Asturiano Lat. 43° 35 N., Lon. 5° 45' W. Gila, HeeMa, a r. of Mexico, which flows into the Colorado. (^iles, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., intersected by New River Pop. 6,570. Co. t. Parisburg. Giles, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop. 25,949. Co. t. Pulaski. Gil'-mer, a co. in the N. part of Ga., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 8,440. Co. t. Ellejay. Gilolo, je-lo'-lo, the largest of the Molucca islands, between 1° S. and 2° 10' N. Lat., and 127° and 129° E. Lon. In shape, it somewhat resembles a bird's foot; consisting of four lobes, of which the northern is considerably the largest. Its length, from N. to. S., is about 220 m. ; the greatest breadth of the northern lobe is near 50 m. Like the other Moluccas, it is dependent on the Dutch. (See Moluccas.) Girgeh, jeeV-jeh (written by the French, Djirdjeh), a considerable t, formerly the cap. of Upper Egypt, situated on the left bank of the Nile. Lat: 26° 22' N., Lon. 31° 55' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Giroenti, jeeR-jen^-te (Anc. Agrigen'tum), a t. of Sicily, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated near the S. W. coast, about a mile from the ruins of the ancient Agrigentum. Lat. 37° 19' N., Lon. 13° 34' E. Pop. about 15,000. (B.) On the site of the ancient town, called, by the present inhabitants, Girgenti Vecchio (vek'-ke-o) or Old Girgenti, are to be seen a great number of interesting ruins; the tem- ple of Concord, having been converted into a Christian church, is still almost entire. Gironde, je-rond', (Fr. pron. zhe v -r6Nd'), a r. or estuary of France, formed by the union of the Garonne and Dordogne, flowing into the Bay of Biscay. Its length is about 45 m.; its breadth varies from about 2 to 7 m. Gironde, a dep. in the S. W. part of France, lying on both sides of the r. Gironde, and bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 555,809. (B.) Capital, Bordeaux. Gizeh. See Giieezeh. Glad'-win, a co. in the E. part of Mich., W. of Saginaw Bay. 21* 246 G1,A— GRO Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; n6; not; 66 as in good; Glam-or/-gan-shire, a co. in S. Wales, bordering on the sea. Pop. 171,188. Glar/-us, in Fr. Glaris, gla v -reece', a canton in the E. part of Swit- zerland, bordering on the lake of Wallenstadt and the Linth Canal, which connects the above lake with the lake of Ziirich. The area is about 469 sq.m. Pop. 28,000. (B.) Glarus, the cap. of the above canton, is situated on the r. Linth, which flows into the lake of Wallenstadt. It contains a Protestant col- lege, and about 4,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) Lat. 47° 2' N,, Lon. 9° 2'E. Glas'-gow, a city of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, situated on the N. bank of the Clyde, 43 m. W. by S. from Edinburgh. In extent and population, as well as in commerce and manufactures, it is the first town of Scotland. Three different canals terminate in Glasgow; through one of them, the Forth and Clyde Canal, it has communica- tion with Falkirk, Grangemouth and Edinburgh. The town is, in general, regularly and handsomely built; the streets are large, clean, and well paved, and adorned with a number of fine edifices, both pub- lic and private. The ancient cathedral stands in the highest part of the city, and is considered as the finest specimen of Gothic architecture among the churches of Scotland. Among the various scientific and literary institutions of Glasgow, we may mention the University, which was attended, in 1826-7, by 1,027 students; the Hunterian Museum, with a superb collection of anatomical preparations, and the institu- tion founded by Professor Anderson, of which it is the object to fur- nish, at a very moderate expense, a regular course of instruction, by popular lectures, to persons not wishing, or not able, to enter any of the universities. Glasgow exhibits an astonishing augmentation in the number of inhabitants, of late years. The pop. of 1841, which, in- cluding the suburbs, amounted to 274,324, exceeded that of 1831 by more than 72,000. In 1780, the town contained only 42,832 inhabi- tants. (E. G.) The Observatory is in Lat. 55° 51' 32" N., Lon. 4° IT 54" W. (P. C.) Port-Glasgow is situated in Renfrewshire, on the Frith of Clyde, about 20 m. below Glasgow. The citizens of the latter town having experienced great inconvenience from the want of a seaport, founded a harbour here in 1668, and afterwards obtained a charter from the crown, constituting it a free port. Pop. 6,973. Glatz (Polish, Klodz'-ko), a fortified t. of Prussian Silesia, cap. of a circle of the same name on the Neisse (x\V-cch). It is surrounded by a double wall. Lat. 50° 25' N., Lon. 16° 37' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, 6,400. (B.) .Glauchau, glouMvou, a t. of Saxony, in the co. of Schonburg, 6 m. N. of "Zwickau. Pop. 5,300. (B.) Glogau, glo'-gou, a circle of Prussian Silesia, S. of Posen. Gross-Glogau, groce'-glo'-gou (i. e. Great Glogau), the chief town of the above, is a strong fortress, situated on the Oder. Lat. 51° 40* N., Lon. 16° 7 E. Pop., exclusive of the garrison, 11,000. (B.) GLO— GbL 247 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; (jr, like^ Glommen, glum'-men, the largest r. of Norway, rises in the high mountains to the S. E. of Drontheim, and flows into the Skager-Rack It traverses several small lakes in its course. Gloucester, glos'-ter, (the Gle'vum of the Romans; Saxon, Gleau Cester, whence the present name is derived,) a city in the W. of Eng- land, the cap. of Gloucestershire, is situated on the left bank of the Severn, 90 m. W. N. W. from London. There are two stone bridges, each of a single arch, over the two channels of the Severn. Glouces- ter is remarkable for its superb cathedral, and for its immense manu- facture of pins, which, however, was formerly much more extensive than at present. Lat. 51° 52' N., Lon. 2° 16' W. The city forms a little co. of itself, with an area of only 680 acres. Pop. 14,152. Gloucester, a port of entry of Essex co., Mass., on the S. side of the peninsula of Cape Ann, about 27 m., in a straight Jine, N. E. of Boston. It has a commodious harbour, and carries on extensive fish- eries. Pop. 7,786. Gloucester, a co. in the S. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Dela- ware r. Pop. 14,655. Co. t. Woodbury. Gloucester, a co. in the E. part of Va., at the mouth of York r. Pop. 10,527. Seat of justice, Gloucester c. h. Gloucestershire, glos'-ter-shir, a co. in the W. of England, inter- sected by the r. Severn. Pop. 431,383. Gluckstadt, gluck'-statt, a t. and free port of Denmark, cap. of Holstein (see Kiel), situated on the Elbe. Lat. 53° 48' N., Lon. 9° 27 E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Glynn, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the r. Altamaha and the sea. Pop. 4,933. Co. t. Brunswick. Gmund, gmoont, or GmuV-den, a small t. of Upper Austria, import- ant on account of its salt-works, and the railroad which connects it with Linz and Budweis. Gmund, gmiint, a t. of Germany, in Wurtemberg, 28 m. E. of Stutt- gart, with an institute for the deaf and dumb, and for the blind, and other establishments for education. Gnesen, gna^-zen, (Polish, Gniesno, gne-es'-no,) a t. of Prussian Poland, 30 m. by E. by N. from Posen, considered as the most ancient town in all Poland. Pop. 5,600. (B.) Go'-a, the cap. of the Portuguese possessions in India, situated in the prov. of Bejapoor, on an island formed by the r. Mandova. The ancient city is now almost deserted. The new town, which stands 5 m. nearer the sea, is called Pandjim (pan-jeem'). (P. C.) Lat. 15° 31' N., Lon. 73° 45' E. Pop. estimated at from 18,000 to 20,000. God avery, go-da'- ver-e, a large r. of India, which rises in the Western Ghauts, and flowing, at first easterly, and afterwards south- easterly, empties itself into the Bay of Bengal, by several mouths. Its length is estimated at 640 m. Goes, nooce, a seaport t. of Holland, on the island of S. Beveland Lat. 51° 30' N„ Lon. 3° 53' E. Pop. 4,500. (B.) Gol-con'-da, an ancient and decayed t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of 248 GOL— GOO Fate, far, fall, -fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 asing-oo^; Hydrabad, celebrated for its diamond mines. It appears, however, that these mines, mentioned so frequently by geographers as well as others, have never had an existence. The "diamonds of Golconda" are thus designated, from having been wrought in this town, which was, for many centuries, distinguished for its traffic in those precious stones. (B.) Golconda is situated a few miles to the W. of the city of Hydra- bad. Lat. 17° 23' N., Lon. 78° 26' E. Goldberg, goltf-beRG, a manufacturing t. of Prussian Silesia. Lat. 51° 4' N., Lon. 15° 56' E, Pop. 6,400. (B.) Gold Coast, a part of Guinea, the limits of which are not exactly defined. In its most extensive application, the name comprises a mari- time tract extending from the little r. Assinee (about 3° 20' W. Lon.) to the eastern mouth of the r. Lagos, (4° 20' E. Lon.) That portion, however, which lies E. of the r. Volta, is often called the Slave Coast. Some writers describe the Gold Coast as limited on the W. by Cape Three Points (about 2° 10' W. Lon.) ; others make Cape Apollonia the western boundary. Of all parts of Guinea, and indeed of the African coast, this is the one where European settlements and trade have been carried to the greatest extent. Its name sufficiently indicates the cause. It appears, however, that the gold for which this region formerly en- joyed an exaggerated celebrity, was chiefly procured from other por- tions of Africa. Golnow, gol'-nov, a t. of Prussia, in Pomerania, 18 m. N. E. of Stet- tin. Pop. 3,600. (B.) Gom-broon', called, also, Bun'-der Ab-bas^-si., a t. of Persia, situated at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, opposite to the far-famed island of Ormuz. Formerly it carried on an extensive trade, and its population is said to have amounted to 30,000 ; it is now reduced to 3,000 or 4,000. (P. C.) According to Balbi, it is still populous during the winter sea- son. Lat. about 27° 12' N., Lon. 56° 3' E. Gomera, go-ma'-ra, one of the Canarv Islands, situated between 28° and 28° 13' N. Lat., and 17° 15' and *17° 35' W. Lon. It is about 20 m. long, and contains an area of 10^ sq. leagues. Pop. 11,742. (P. C.) GonaKves, Les, la go N -nive^, a small seaport t. of Havti, cap. of the dep. of Artibonite. Lat. 19° 20' N., Lon. 72° 30' W. Gon^-dar, a city of Abyssinia, formerly the cap. of the whole empire ; at present the chief town of the kingdom of Amhara, is situated in a plain between 20 and 30 m. N. of Lake Dembea. The houses are mostly covered with straw ; they are isolated, so that the city occupies a large space in proportion to the number of inhabitants. Lat. about 12° 30' N., Lon. 37° 32' E. Pop. 6,000 (B.) ; others, however, have estimated it much higher, but have probably been deceived by the ex- tent of ground which the town occupies. Gooch'-iand, a co. in the E. central part of Va., N. of, and border- ing on James r. Pop. 10,352. Seat of justice, Goochland c. h. Goold^-sha (Guldscha), called, also, Ili, (eeMe), an important com- mercial t. of Central Asia, situated in Chinese Toorkistan. It is said GOO— GOT 249 oo, as in our , th, as in thin ; th, as in this % w, nearly like ng ; Qr, like j. to be well built, and to be surrounded by mud walls, with six gates ; and is estimated to contain 10,000 houses. (B.) Lat. about 43° 30'N. 5 Lon. 82° 30' E. Goom^-ty, a r. of Hindostan, which flows into the Ganges. GorZ-kum, a fortified t. of S. Holland, situated on the Merwe. Lat. 51° 50' N., Lon. 4° 58' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Gor/-litz, a fortified t. of Prussia, in Upper Lusatia, situated on the Neisse (ni'-ceA). It has a gymnasium and several other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 51° 9' N., Lon. 15° V E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Gortz (It. Gorizia, go-rid'-se-a), an archiepiscopal t. of the kingdom of Illyria, cap. of a large circle of the same name. It has an academi- cal gymnasium, a public library, and various other institutions. Lat. 45° 57' N., Lon. 13° 29' E. Pop. 9,700. (P. C.) Gos'-lar, an ancient t. of Hanover, in Hildesheim, celebrated for its mines of silver, lead, and copper, which are possessed in common by the king of Hanover, and the duke of Brunswick. Lat. 51° 54' N., Lon. 10° 26' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.) Gos'-port, a fortified seaport t. of England, in Hampshire, situated on the W. side of Portsmouth harbour, 68 m. S. by W. from London. Pop. of the chapelry, 8,862. S. of the town stands the Royal Hospital of Haslar, containing accommodations for more than 2,000 patients. Gosport. See Norfolk. Gotha, goM/a, a handsome t. of Germany, formerly the cap. of the duchy of Saxe-Gotha, now of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, is situ- ted 78 m. W. by S. from Leipsic. Among its numerous literary and scientific institutions, may be mentioned the Gymnasium, one of the best in Germany ; the National Library, with 60,000, and the Ducal Library, with 20,000 vols. ; and the celebrated collection of coins, one of the finest in the world, contained in the palace of Friedenstein (free^- den-stine), besides various collections in natural history and in the arts. Pop. 12,000. (B.) The Observatory of Seeberg (sa'-beRG), in the vicinity of Gotha, is in Lat. 50° 56' 5"jv:, Lon. 10° 44' 6" E. Gotha, Principality of. See Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Gotheborg, go'-te-borg, or Got'-hen-burg, an important t. of Swe- den, on the Gotha-elf (or "Gotha River"), about 3m. from its entrance into the Cattegat. The river widens at this place to near a mile, and forms an excellent harbour. The Royal Academy of Sciences, the Gymnasium, and the School of Navigation, may be noticed among the literary and scientific institutions of Gotheborg. With respect to com merce, manufactures, and population, this town is the second in the kingdom. Lat. 57° 42' N., Lon. 11° 58' E. Pop. 27,000. (B.) Goth'-land (Sw. Gotaland, yo'-ta-land, or Gothland, yotMand, the u land of the Goths ;" Lat. Go'thia) ; a name formerly applied to the southern portion of Sweden, which was divided into East, West, and South Gothland. None of these appellations, however, are recognised in the recent distribution of Sweden into provinces. (E. G.) Goth'-land, or more properly, GotV-land, (i. e. " good land,") an i. in the Baltic, situated between 56° 55' and 58° N. Lat., and 18° 1C 250 GOT— GRA Fate, far, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in good • and 19° 13' E. Lon. It is near 80 m. in length ; its greatest breadth is above 30 m. The area is computed at 1,118 sq.m. The pop. in 1833 was estimated at 39,800. (P. C.) Gottingen or Gcettingen, get'-ting-en, a celebrated city of Germany, in Hanover, the cap. of a principality of the same name, situated on the New Leine QV-neh), a canal derived from the river Leine, an af- fluent of the Aller. It is chiefly remarkable for its university, founded by George II., of England, in 1734, which is justly regarded as one of the very first in Europe, and which contains a library of above 300,000 vols., considered the richest in the world with respect to modern litera- ture. Among the numerous other literary and scientific institutions of Gottingen, we may mention the Royal Society of Sciences; the Bo- tanic Garden, one of the finest in Europe; the Academical Museum ; and the Veterinary School. Lat. of the Observatory, 51° 31' 48" N., Lon. 9° 56' 37" E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Gou'-da or How/-da, a t. of Holland, on the Yssel, 12 m. N. E. of Rotterdam. The church of St. John, of this place, is a handsome edi- fice ; its painted windows are esteemed among the finest in Europe. Gouda, though not regularly fortified, is surrounded by wide and deep ditches; and, by means of sluices, the surrounding country can be laid under water in a few hours. Lat. 52° N., Lon. 4° 43' E. Pop. esti-: mated at 12,000. (B.) Goyaz, go N -yaz^, a large prov. in the central part of Brazil, extending from about 6° to 21° 40' S. Lat. Goyaz, called, also, Vil'-la Bo^-a, the cap. of the above, is situated on the r. Vermelho (veR-meF-yo), near its source, about 170 m., in a straight line, from its entrance into the Araguay. Lat. about 16° 20' S., Lon. 50° 30' W. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Gozzo, got'-so, (Anc. Gau'dus,) an i. in the Mediterranean, situated N. W. of Malta, to which it belongs. It is intersected by the parallel of 36° N. Lat., and by the meridian of 14° 15'*E. Lon. The area is near 40 sq. m. Pop. 15,000. Gozzo, the principal town, contains about 3,000 inhabitants. (P. C.) Gracias a Dios, gra/-se-as a dee^-oce, a cape on the E. coast of Cen- tral America. Lat. about 14° 55' N., Lon. 83° 12' W. Graciosa, gra-se-o^-sa, one of the Azores, intersected by the 39th parallel of N. Lat., and 28th meridian of W. Lon. It is only about 20 m. in circumference. Pop. 7,500. (P. C.) Gradisca, gra-dis'-ka, a small t. in Austrian Italy, important on ac- count of its fortifications. Lat. 45° 53' N., Lon. 13° 25' E. Grmta. See GrXTZ. Graf'-ton, a co. of N. H., bordering on the Connecticut r. Pop 42,343. Co. towns, Haverhill and Plymouth. Grammont, gra v -m6iv', a t. of E. Flanders, situated on the r. Dender, 18 m. S. S. E. of Ghent. Lat. 50° 41' N., Lon. 3° 50' E. Pop. in 1834, 7,349. (P. C.) Cram'-pi-an Hills, a chain of mountains in Scotland, which stretches like a mighty wall along the southern front of the Highlands, GRA— GRA 251 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng ; Q, likej. Tunning from Argyleshire, on the Atlantic, across the island, into Aber- deenshire, on the German Ocean, and then forming another ridge in a north-westerly direction, extends to the county of Moray, and the bor- ders of Inverness. There appears, however, to be considerable diver- sity among geographers respecting the application of the name Gram- pian. The term is not used by the natives of that part of Britain. It is derived from the Mons Grampius, mentioned by Tacitus in his Agricola. In its most extensive application, it appears to comprehend all the mountain ranges N. of a line drawn from the Frith of Clyde to the Frith of Tay, thus including all the higher mountains of Scotland. Ben Ne'vis, in Inverness-shire, is the highest of the Grampian system, and of all the mountains in Great Britain, rising 4,368 ft. above the level of the sea. Ben Mac Dhu, situated in the W. part of Aberdeen- shire, is second only to Ben Nevis, having an elevation of 4,305 ft. above the sea ; Ben Cruachan (croo'-Kan), in Argyleshire, S. of Loch Etive, is 3,669 ft. high. Ben Lo'-mpnd, in Stirlingshire, is perhaps the best known of the mountains of Scotland, on account of its forming the southern extremity of the Highlands. It rises 3,197 ft. above the level of the sea. Ben Ven-u', in Perthshire, extends along the south- ern shores of Loch Katrine, and presents the most striking features in the picturesque scenery for which that lake is so remarkable. Ben Vorlich (vorMiK) or Voirlich, in Perthshire, is second only to Ben Venu, among all the mountains of Scotland, for wild and variegated scenery. Gran, gran, (Hung. Esztergom, es-teR-gom,) an archiepiscopal and royal free t. in the central part of Hungary, cap. of a co. of the same name, is situated on the right bank of the Danube. At the foot of the castle, which stands on an island in the river, connected with the town bv a flying bridge, is an establishment for warm baths. Lat. 47° 47' N., Lon. 18° 45' E. Pop. about 10,950. (P. C.) Granada, gran-;V-da,* (Sp. pron. gra-na/-Da,) a kingdom or prov. of Spain, in Andalusia, bordering on Murcia and the Mediterranean. It is sometimes called Upper Andalusia. Granada, an archiepiscopal city of Spain, the cap. of the above, is situated near the river Genii (Ha-neelO>in the midst of a plain cele- brated for its fertility and for its delicious climate. This town was built by the Saracens, in the 10th century. After the overthrow of the kingdom of Cordova, Granada became, in 1238, the cap. of the new kingdom and the last bulwark of the Moslems in Spain. Towards the close of the Moorish* dominion, its population amounted to 400,000 (B.), and, in 1491, its walls were defended against the armies of Ferdinand and Isabella, by 100,000 men ; but. it was at last reduced, on the second day of the year 1492. The Alhambra, formerly the palace and fortress of the Moslem kings, an edifice of almost unequalled magnificence, is * This accentuation not only corresponds with the Spanish, but is supported by the usage of nearly all our best poets (see Int. T.) ; nevertheless, in the "carefully revised" edition of Stewart's Modern Geography, published at Edinburgh in 1843, the name is thrice given with the accent on the first syllable. 252 GRA— GRA Fate, far, fall, fat ; me\ met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, not ; 06 as in good ; justly regarded as the finest existing- monument of Moorish architec- ture. Granada possesses a number of literary institutions, among which the University stands pre-eminent. Lat. 37° 17' N., Lon. 3° 50' W. Pop. computed at 80,000. (B.) Granada, New. See New Granada. Grand Isle, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Vt. Pop. 4,145. Co. t. North Hero. Grand River. See Ottawa. Grand River, a r. of Mich., which flows into L. Michigan. Grand River, a r. which rises in Iowa, and, flowing through the N. part of Missouri, falls into the r. Missouri. Granger, grane'-jer, a co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., between the Holston and Clinch rivers. Pop. 12,370. Co. t. Rutledge. Grant, a co. in the N. part of Ky., a little E. of the Kentuckv r. Pop. 6,531. Co. t. Williamstown. Grant, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ind., a little S. of the Wa- bash and Erie Canal. Pop. 11,092. Co. t. Marion. Grant, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Wisconsin. P. 16,170. Grant^-ijam, a t. of England, in Lincolnshire, about 100 m., in a straight line, N. by W., from London. Pop. of the parish, 4,683. Gran'-ville, a co. in the N. part of N. C, bordering on Virginia. Pop. 21,249. Co. Oxford. Granville, graN v -vilK, an important seaport t. of France, in the dep. of Manche. Lat. 48° 50' N., Lon. 1° 36' W. Pop. in 1832, 7,350. (P. C.) Grasse, grass, a t. of France, in the dep. of Var, with a college and some other institutions. Lat. 43° 39' N., Lon. 6° 55' E. Pop. in 1832, 7,552. (P. C.) Gratiot, grash/-e-ot, a co. in the S. central part of Mich. Gratz, grets, the cap. of Styria, as well as of a circle of its own name, is situated on the r. Mur (moor), a branch of the Drave, about 90 m. S. S. W. of Vienna. This place holds a distinguished rank among the towns of Austria, as a seat of literature and science. Among its institutions may be mentioned the University, attended by from 300 to 350 students; the Public Library, one of the richest in the empire; and an institution called the Johanneum, named in honour of the Archduke John, by whom it was founded in 1811. Lat. 47° 4' N., Lon. 15° 27 E. Pop.^ above 40,000. (B.) Graudenz, grou'-dents, a t. and fortress of Prussia, situated on the Vistula, 60 m. S. of Dantzic. It has a progymnasium and a large house of correction, serving for the whole of W. Prussia. Pop., ex- clusive of the military and the prisoners, 5,500. (B.) Gravelines, gravMeen', a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the r. Aa, near its mouth. Lat. 50° 59' N., Lon. 2° 8' E. Graves, a co. near the W. extremity of Ky., bordering on Tennes- see. Pop. 11,397. Co. t. Mayfield. Graves v -end', a t. of England, in Kent, on the right bank of the Thames, about 20 m. E. of London. It is the common landing place GRA— GRE 253 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; (^, like j, for seamen and strangers, in their passage to the metropolis. Here every outward-bound vessel must come to anchor, to be examined and obtain its clearance ; in like manner, every vessel coming up the river must be examined by the custom-house officers, a number of whom are constantly stationed here. Pop. 6,414. Gra.y'-son, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., intersected by New River, and bordering on North Carolina. Pop. 6,677. Seat of justice, Gray- eon c. h. Grayson, a co. in the W. central part of Ky., a little N. of Green River. Pop. 6,837. Co. t. Litchfield. Great Brit'-ain, (Anc. Albion, afterwards Britannia or Britannia Major — major, i. e. "greater," being added, in order to distinguish it from Brittany, which was also sometimes called Britannia or Britannia Minor, i. e. " Lesser Britain,") the largest island of Europe, containing the coun- tries of England, Wales, and Scotland. Lizard Point, the most southern part, is in Lat. 49° 57' 30" N; Dunnet Head, in Caithness, the most northern point, in Lat. 58° 41' N. The most eastern point is Lowest- oft, on the coast of Norfolk, 1° 46' E. Lon. The most western, Aird- namurchan Point, in the N. part of Argyleshire, Scotland, is in 6° 13' W. Lon. The distance from Lizard Point to Dunnet Head, is about 608 m. The greatest breadth of the island, from Land's-end to the most eastern part of Kent, is about 311 m. Area 83,827 sq. m. The pop., according to the census of 1851. amounts to 20,919,531. Great Britain contains, in all, 84 counties, of which 40 belong to England* 12 to Wales,f and 32 to Scotland.]: Great Britain and Ireland form together what is termed the United Kingdom, of which London is the capital. The government is a limited hereditary monarchy. The legislative power is vested in the parliament, consisting of the king, the house of lords, and the house of commons. The king is regarded as the fountain of justice and the supreme head of the church. He is the commander-in-chief of all the forces of the empire, both on land and sea. To him belongs the exclusive prerogative of granting par- dons and of commuting punishments. The house of lords consists of the temporal peers of England, who are hereditary, the elective peers of Scotland and Ireland, the bishops of England, and four Irish lords * Bedford, Berks, Bucks (or Buckinghamshire), Cambridge, Chester (or Che- shire), Cornwall, Cumberland, Derby, Devon. Dorset, Durham, Essex, Gloucester, Hereford, Hertford, Huntingdon, Kent, Lancaster (or Lancashire), Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Monmouth, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Not- tingham, Oxford, Rutland, Salop (or Shropshire), Somerset, Southampton (or Hampshire), Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick, Westmoreland, Wilts, Worcester, York. t Anglesey, Brecon (or Brecknockshire). Cardigan, Caermarthen, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Glamorgan, Merioneth, Montgomery, Pembroke, Radnor. t Aberdeen, Argyle (or Argyll), Ayr, Bnnff, Berwick, Bute, Caithness, Clack mannan, Dumbarton, Dumfries, Edinburgh, Elgin (or Moray), Fife, Forfar, Had ding ton, Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Kirkcudbright, Lanark, Linlithgow, Nairn, Orkney and Shetland, Peebles, Perth, Renfrew, Ross and Cromarty, Roxburgh, Selkirk, Stirling, Sutherland, Wigtown. 22 254 GRE-GRE Fate, far, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, not ; 66, as in good, spiritual. The house of lords is also the supreme court of appeal for Great Britain and Ireland. The house of commons consists of men elected by the different counties, cities, boroughs, and universities, to represent them in parliament. It is required by law that the candi- dates be possessed of a certain amount of property, excepting the sons of peers, and those who are to represent the universities. The number of members of the house of commons, at present, amounts to 658, of whom 471 are chosen by England, 29 by Wales, 53 by Scotland, and 105 by Ireland. — Adj. Brit'-ish ; inhab. Brit'-on. Greece, (Anc. Gf. 'E%&a$, Hellas ; Lat. Gra^cia,) a country in the S. E. part of Europe, once distinguished above all others as the seat of civilization, learning, and the arts. Passing over that period of Grecian history which was so brilliant, and is so well known, we will merely observe that, after undergoing various vicissitudes, during the decline of tjje Roman power, Greece at last became permanently incor- porated with the Ottoman empire, on the fall of Constantinople, 1453, and remained in this condition till 1821, when the last successful strug- gle for Grecian freedom commenced. After a long and sanguinary contest, through the interference of England, France, and Russia, the independence of Greece was at length recognised by the Turkish sultan, in 1829. The present kingdom of Greece is situated between 36° 23' and 39° 14' N. Lat, and 20° 43' and 24° 35' E. Lon., including the island of Negropont. The northern boundary of the continental portion extends, in a somewhat tortuous line, from the Gulf of Volo, on the E., to the Gulf of Arta on the W. A considerable part of it is formed by the mountain ridge called Othrys, which runs nearly E. and W., a little N. of the 39th parallel. All the principal islands of the iEgean Sea lying W. of the 26th meridian of E. Lon., with the exception of Crete, belong also to the kingdom of Greece. Area estimated at 18,500 sq. m. Pop. 700,000. (B.) The government is a limited hereditary monarchy., under the protection of England, France, and Russia. Athens is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Greek and Grecian, gree'-shun. Green, a co. in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois. Pop. 933. Green Bay, a large bay on the W. side of L. Michigan, above 100 m. long, and from 15 m. to 35 m. broad. Green Mountains, a range which commences in Vt., near the Canada line, and running S., through the western part of this state, Massachu- setts, and Connecticut, terminates at West Rock, near New Haven. Those portions situated within Massachusetts and Connecticut are not usually called by the general name. Green River, a r. of. Ky., which rises in the E. central part of the state, and, flowing westerly for more than half of its course, and after wards in a general north-westerly direction, empties itself into the Ohio r. It is navigable, for boats, about 200 m. Green'-bri-er, a r. in the W. part of Va., flowing into New River. Greenbrier, a co. in the W. part of Va., intersected by the above, and bordering on New River. Pop. 10,022. Co. t. Lewisburg. GRE— GRE 255 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; Q, like^. Greene, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., W. of and bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 33,126. Co. t. Catskill. Greene, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Pa. Pop. 22,136. Co. t. Waynesburg. Greene, a co. in the N. E. central part of Va., bordering on the Blue Ridge. Pop. 4,400. Greene, a co. in the E. central part of N. C, a little to the N. of Neuse River. Pop. 6,619. Co. t. Snow Hill. Greene, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oconee. Pop. 13,068. Co. t. Greensborough. Greene, a co. in the W. part of Ala., intersected by the Black War- rior, and bordering on the Tombigbee. Pop. 31,441. Co. t. Erie. Greene, a co. in the S. E. part of Miss., bordering on Alabama. Pop. 2,018. Co. seat, Leakeville. Greene, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ark., bordering on the St. Francis. Pop. 2,593. Greene, a co. near the E. extremity of Tenn., bordering on North Carolina and the French Broad r. Pop 17,824. Co. t. Greenville. Greene, a co. near the centre of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop. 9,060. Co. t. Greensburg. Greene, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ohio, a little to the E. of the Miami r. Pop. 21,946. Co. t. Xenia. Greene, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Tnd., intersected by the W. Fork of the White r. Pop. 12,313. Co. t. Bloomfield. Greene, a co. in the W. part of 111., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 12,429. Co. t. Carrollton. Greene, a co. in the S. W. part of Mo. Pop. 12,785. Co. t. Spring- field. Greene-land, (Dan. GronMand or Groenland, being the same in sia-ni- fication with the English name.) It appears to be now ascertained that Greenland is not, as was formerly supposed, a peninsula of the new continent, but an insular group, consisting of two or three large islands, surrounded by several other smaller ones. (B.) That portion which is the best known is situated between Iceland and the American conti- nent. The most southern point is Cape Farewell, Lat. 59° 49' N., Lon. 43° 54' W. A large portion of the eastern, as well as the whole northern coast, is still unexplored. The whole country may be re- garded as one enormous mass of rocks ; in many places it rises close to the water's edge into precipitous and lofty mountains, crowned with inaccessible cliffs. The climate, as might be expected, is extremely cold, but is considered very healthy. Generally speaking, July is the only month in which there is no snow. Graah observes that, on the eastern coast, S. of 65° N. Lat, in 1830, the *sea every night was co- vered with a crust of new ice, as early as the close of August. He 6tates, however, that in February, the thermometer did not sink lower than 6° below the zero of Fahrenheit. Vegetation must, of course, be very scanty in such a country and climate. It appears that no kind of grain succeeds here. Potatoes are planted only towards the most 256 GRE— GRE Fate, far, fill, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not; 66 as in goody southern extremity. The only domestic animal of the Greenlanders is the dog, which is used to draw the sledges. Rein-deer, hares, foxes, and white bears appear to be the only wild animals among quadrupeds. Land-birds are not numerous, but sea-fowl are exceedingly abundant, as are also many kinds of fish. Greenland belongs to the crown of Denmark. — Inhab. Green'-land-er. Green'-ock, an important manufacturing and commercial t. of Scot- land, in Renfrewshire, on the S. side of the Frith of Clyde, 21 m. W. by N. from Glasgow. The harbour has sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels, and good anchorage. Steamboats run daily from this town to Belfast, in Ireland. Lat. 55° 58' N., Lon. 4° 44' W. The pop., according to the last census, amounts to 36,135, exceeding that of 1831 by more than 9,000. Greens/-ville, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., intersected by the Meherrin i\, and bordering on N. C. Pop. 5,639. Co. t. Hicksford. Green'-up, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Ky. Pop. 9,654. Co. t. Greenup. Greensville, a dist. in the N. W. part of S. C, bordering on N. C. Pop. 20,156. Seat of justice Greenville c. h. Greenwich, grin'-idge, a t. of England, in Kent, situated on the right bank of the Thames, 5 m. E. S. E. of London. Here is a hospital for disabled seamen, which is considered one of the finest in the world, containing accommodations for about 3,000 persons. The money re- ceived from visiters and from other sources is appropriated to the sup- port of a school, in which about 200 of the children of the inmates are instructed in those branches which relate to a seafaring life. Green- wich is also distinguished as the seat of the Royal Observatory, from the meridian of which, English astronomers and geographers com- pute the longitude. Lat. 51° 28' 39", Lon. 0° 0' 0". Pop., including an area of about 3sq. m., 29,755. Greifswalde, grifs'-Wal'-deft, formerly Gripeswold, a t. of Prussia, in Pornerania, situated near a little bay which projects from the Baltic. Here is a university, the buildings of which constitute the chief orna- ment of the town. It has thirty professors, and a library of above 32,000 vols. Lat. 54° 4' N., Lon. 13° 33' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Grenada, gren-a'-da, one of the Lesser Antilles, about 20 m. long and 9 m. broad. It is intersected by the 12th parallel of N. Lat., and by the meridian of 61° 45' VV. Lon. Pop. in 1834, 25,422. (P. C.) Gren x -oble^, a fortified city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Isere, and formerly of Dauphine, on the r. Isere, 296 m. S. S. E. of Paris. This place is famous for the manufacture of gloves, which, according to official documents, amounts to 3,600,000 pair annually. Among the various literary and scientific institutions of Grenoble, may be men tioned the Academie Universitaire, the College Royal, and the Society of Science and Arts. In the time of the Romans this town was known by the name of Cularo, which was afterwards, in the fourth century, changed, in honour of the emperor Gratian, to Gratianopolis, of which GRI— GRU 257 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng ; Q, likey. the modern Grenoble is a corruption. Lat. 45° 12' N., Lon. 5° 44' E. Pop. 26,000. (B.) Grindelwald, grin^-del-Walt\ a village of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Berne, situated in a romantic valley of the same name, which is intersected by the parallel of 46° 39' N. Lat., and the 8th meridian of E. Lon. In the vicinity is the immense glacier of Grindelwald. Grisons, gre N -z R Pop. above 28,000. (D.) Hanover, a t. of Grafton co., N. H., the seat of Dartmouth College, which was founded in 1770, and received its name from the Earl of Dartmouth, one of its principal patrons. It has a library of 16,500 vols. ; number of students, 340. The New Hampshire Medical School, founded in 1797, is connected with the above. Hanover, a co. in the E. part of Va., N. of Richmond, Pop. I5,152L Seat of justice, Hanover c. h. Hanse Towns, called also the Hansa and Hanseatic Leauue, a celebrated commercial confederacy, which derives its name from the ancient German word Hanse, signifying an "-association for mutual support." In the middle ages, Hamburg, Liibeek, and after- wards Brunswick, Dantzic, Cologne, Bremen, and a great number of other towns, entered into an alliance, in order to defend their com- merce against the numerous banditti and pirates, who then infested Germany and the neighbouring seas. This alliance was termed the Hanseatic League. The confederated or Hanse towns, were each bound to contribute towards maintaining ships and soldiers for their mutual protection, not only against pirates and robbers, but also against the encroachments, oppression, or rapacity of the neighbouring nobles and kings. The number of towns composing the league fluctuated ; at one time it is said to have amounted to 85, among which were Ber- gen in Norway, Berlin, Konigsberg, and Cracow. This powerful con- federacy formed the first systematic plan of commerce known in the middle ages. The cities enjoyed in England the privilege of exporting goods duty free, and in Denmark, of importing them duty free. Their alliance was coveted, and their hostility feared, by the greatest powers. Several kings were defeated, and one (Magnus of Sweden) was de- posed by them. Liibeek was the place of assemblage, and was regarded as the capital of the league, and issued the summons for the regular assemblies of 4he deputies from all the cities, which were held once in three years; and also for the extraordinary assemblies generally helc once in ten years. The epoch of the dissolution of the confederacy may be stated at 1630. However, Hamburg, Liibeek, and Bremen, still constitute an association of a similar character, and, with Frankfort on the Main, are called the free Hanseatic cities of the Germanic con federation. — Adj. Hanse and Han'-se-at'-ic. Hants. See Hampshire. HAR— HAR 267 on, as in ow,* th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Har'-di-man, a co. in the S. W. part of Tenn., bordering on Miss. Pop. 17,456. ' Co. t. Bolivar. Har'-din, a co. in the S. W. part of Tenn., intersected by the. r, Tennessee, and bordering on Miss, and Ala, Pop, 10,328. Co. t. Savannah. Hardin, a co. in the N. or N. W, central part of Ky., S. of Louis- ville. Pop. 14,525. Co. t. Elizabethtown, Hardin, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ohio, on the sources of the Sciota r. Pop. 8,251. Co. t. Kenton. Hardin, a co. in the S. E. part of 111., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 2,887. Hard'-wjck, a village and port of entry of Ga., in Bryan co., on the W. side of the Ogeechee r. Har^-dy., a co. in the N. part of Va., intersected by the S. branch of the Potomac. Pop. 9,543. Co. t. Moorfield. Harfleur, haR N -fluR', a small t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, about 4 m, E, of Havre de Grace, with which it is connected by a canal. Har'-fcrd, a co. in the N. E. part of Md., W. of, and bordering on the Susquehanna and Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 19,356. Co. t. Bel-Air. Har'-lan, a. co. in the -S. E. part of Ky., bordering on Va. Pop. 4,268. Co. t. Mt. Pleasant. Hariris, a co. in the W. part of Ga~, bordering on the Chattahoo- chee r. Pop. 14,721. Co. t. Hamilton. Har'-ri-s-burg, the cap. of the state of Pa., and seat of justice of Dauphin co., is situated on the E. bank of the Susquehanna, about 94 m., In a straight line, nearly W. from Philadelphia. It stands on the Penn- sylvania Canal, and, by means of various railroads, is connected with Chambersburg, Hagerstown, Lancaster, York, Baltimore, and Phila- delphia. Lat. 40° 16; N., Lon. 76° 50' W. Pop. 8,173. Har'-ri-son, a co. in the N. W. part of Va., on the head waters of the Monongahela. Pop. 11,728. Co. t. Clarkesburg. Harrison, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Ky,, intersected by the Lick- ing r. Pop. 13,064. Co. t. Cynthiana. Harrison, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, a little W. of the Ohio r. Pop. 20,157. Co. t. Cadiz. Harrison, a co. in the S. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 15,286. Co. t. Corydon. Har'-row-gate, a village of England, in the W. Riding of York- shire, celebrated for its mineral springs, situated about 20 m. nearly W. from York. This place is much resorted to, both on account of its sul- phurous and its chalybeate springs. The former are regarded as the strongest sulphurous waters in England. Hart, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop. 9,093. Co. t. Munfordsville. Hart^-ford, a co. in the N. part of Conn., intersected by the Con- necticut r. Pop. 69,966. Hartford, the cap. of the above co., and one of the seats of govern* 268 HAR— HAV Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; r*5, not; 6a asmgwi; ment of the state of Conn., is situated on the Connecticut r., at the head of sloop navigation, in the midst of a beautiful and fertile country. Among the institutions of this city, we may mention a retreat tor the insane, a deaf and dumb asylum (regarded as the first institution of the kind in the U. S.), and the Washington College, founded in 1824, The State House is in 41° 45' 59" N. Lat., and 72° 40' 45" W. Lor* Pop. of the city and township, 17,851 ; of the city alone, 13,555. Harvard* University, See Cambridge. Harwich, usually pronounced har/-ridge, a seaport t. of England, in the co. of Essex, 66 m. E. N, E. of London, with a good harbour and a light-liouse. The name is derived from two Saxon words, here, signifying " army," and wic, a " fortification ;" whence it is inferred that it was once the station of a Saxon army. At present the town appears to be on the decline. Pop., including an area of 3sq. m., 3,829. Hasselt, has'selt, a t. of Belgium, in the prov. of Limburg, 15 nx VV. N. W. of Maestricht. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Hastings, haste'-ings, an ancient seaport town of England, in the co. of Sussex; 54m. S. S. E. from London. It is one of the Cinque Ports, in importance second only to Dover. In the neighbourhood of this place, Harold IT. was defeated by William the Conqueror, in the year 1066. Lat. 50° 52' N„ Lb*. 0° 31' E. Pop. 11,617. Hav-an'-a (Sp. pron. a-va'-na), the cap. of Caba, is situated on the N. coast of the island. Its harbour, which is very spacious and one of the most secure and commodious in the world, communicates with the sea by a channel rather more than half a mile in length, and from 300 to 350 yards wide, with a depth varying from 8 to 10 fathoms. This channel is protected by two strong fortresses, and a series of fortifica- tions along both shores. The harbour itself is surrounded by heights which shelter it from every wind Seen from the entrance of the port, Havana presents a beautiful and charming spectacle, but the interior of the town is far from fulfilling the expectations excited in the travel- ler by the external view. The streets are narrow, crooked, and gene- rally unpaved ; and, in the rainy season, they are full of mud. The town is defended by numerous fortifications, which, with the advantage of its natural position, render it one of the strongest fortresses in the world. Havana possesses a university, a botanic garden, and various other literary and scientific institutions. In one of the churches of this town are deposited the remains of Christopher Columbus. Lat. 23° 9* N.. Lon. 82° 23' W. The pop., including that of the suburbs, was, in 1827, 112,023. (B.) It is now about 150,000. HaV-er-ford-west', chief t. of Pembrokeshire, Wales. Lat. 51° 47' N., Lon. 4° 56' W. Pop. 5,941. Haverhill, commonly pronounced ha^-ver-il, a flourishing and handsome t. of Mass., in Essex co., situated on the N. bank of the Merrimack, at the head of sloop navigation, about 28m., in a straight line, N. of Boston, and on the railroad which runs from the Lowel Rail- road to Portland, in Maine. Pop. of the township, 6,000. Havre de Grace, havV de/t gras, or simply Le Havre, \eh hav'r, » HA V— HAY 269 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. fortified seaport t, and, after Marseilles, the most important commer- cial t. of France (B.), is situated on the right bank of the Seine, at its mouth, in the dep. of Lower Seine, about 110 m. W. N. W. of Paris. Before the time of Louis XII., it was a mere fishing town, with a small chapel, dedicated to Notre Dame de Grace (our Gracious Lady), and was hence called Le Havre de Grace, or the " haven of grace." Loui3 laid the foundation of the importance of the place, since which time it has been gradually advancing to its present distinguished rank among the towns of France. Le Havre is the principal port of Paris ; it has regular communication by packets with Southampton, Hamburg, Lisbon, New York, Vera Cruz, and Bahia. Steamboats ply between Le Havre, Rouen, and Paris. This place contains a public library, a museum of natural history, and various other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 49° 29' N., Lon. 0° T E. Pop. in 1836, 25,618. (P. C.) Havre de Grace, hav N -er-de-grass', a small t. in Hartford co., Md., situated at the head of Chesapeake Bay, on the railroad between Phila- delphia and Baltimore, about 34 m., in a straight line, E. N. E. of the latter city. Hawaii, ha-wV-ee, also written Owhyhee, the largest of the Sand- wich islands, situated in the Pacific, between 18° 50' and 20° 20' N. Lat., and 154° 45' and 156° 10' W. Lon. Its length is about 100 m. ; its greatest breadth, about 90 m. The pop. in 1850 was 27,294. For the character and present condition of the inhabitants, see Sandwich Islands. — Adj. and inhab. Hawaiian, ha-wi'-yan. Haw'-kins, a co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., intersected by the Clinch and Holston rivers, and bordering on Va. Pop. 13,370. Co. t. Rogersville. Hayti or Haiti, ha/-te, (Fr. Haiti, a N -e v -te^,) called also St. Do- mingo (do-ming^-go) and His-pan-j-o^-la, next to Cuba the largest of the W. India Islands, is situated between 17° 41' and 19° 59' N. Lat. and 68° 25' and 74° 34' W. Lon. Its extreme length, from E. to W., is about 410 m. ; its greatest breadth, from N. to S., is near 160 m. The area is computed at about 25,000 sq. m. The pop. in 1826 was, ac- cording to Balbi, 800,000, but some others estimate it considerably higher. Hayti is justly considered the most fertile island in the West Indies. There are several mountain ranges in the interior, {he eleva- tion of which has not been ascertained, but it is supposed the highest, summits do not fall short of 8,000 feet. This island was discovered by Columbus, in his first voyage, and from him received the name of Hispanola (is-pan-yo'-la), i. e. " Little Spain." It was called, afterwards, St. Domingo, from the town of this name, which was one of the first settlements made on the island. The name of Haiti was given to it by Dessalines, after he had expelled the French in 1803. It is said to be the original Indian name of the island, and to signify " mountain- ous." Hayti, till recently, formed a republic, with a president chosen for life, and assisted by a legislature, consisting of two houses, a senate and a house of representatives. But on the expulsion of the late presi- dent Bover, the eastern or Spanish portion of the island separated itself 270 HAY— HEL Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, not ; 66, as in good , from the former government, and now constitutes the independent re- public of St. Domingo. Port au Prince is the capital of the old, and St. Domingo, of the new republic. — Adj. and inhab. Hai/-tj-an. Hay'-wood, a co. in the W. part of N. C, bordering on Tenn. Pop. 7,074. Co. t. Waynesville. Haywood, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., near the Mississippi r. Pop. 17,259. Co. t. Brownsville. Hazebrquck, az'-brook', a handsome t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, 135 m. almost due N. from Paris. Lat. 50° 43' N., Lon. 2° 32' E. Pop. 7,674. (P. C.) Heard, hurd, a co. in the W. part of Ga., intersected by the Chatta- hoochee, and bordering on Ala. Pop. 6,923. Co. t. Franklin. * Hebrides, heb'-rid-ez, or the Western Islands, are scattered in the Atlantic, along the W. coast of Scotland, between 55° 35' and 59° N. Lat., and 5° and 8° W. Lon. Their whole number amounts to nearly 200, but more than one-half are so small or so sterile as not to be inhabited. — Adj. and inhab. Heb-rid'-e-an (Scott). Hechingen, heii^-ing-en, a small t. of Germany, cap. of Hohenzol'ern- Hechingen. Lat. 48° 21' N., Lon. 8° 59' E. Pop. about 3,000. (B.) Hecla. See Iceland. Hedjaz, hej v -az', sometimes written Hedsjaz, a country of Arabia, extending along the Red Sea, from Mount Sinai to the frontier of Yemen. Heidelberg, hi/-de]-beRo\ an ancient city in the grand-duchy of Baden, on the Neckar, in one of the most beautiful portions of Ger- many. Over the river there is a covered stone bridge, 702 tt. long, and 30 ft. wide, which rests upon nine arches. This town has, among other institutions, a celebrated university, founded in 1386, the oldest in Germany, except that at Prague. Its library is said to contain 120,000 vols. The pop. of Heidelberg, though at present increasing, is much less than it was formerly. Lat. 49° 24' N., Lon. 8° 43' E. Number of inhabitants, about 12,000. (P. C.) Heilbronn, hlle-bronn', a t. of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, said to have been founded by Charlemagne, and named by him Heilbronn or the "spring of health," from a medicinal spring in the vicinity. Lat. 49° f N., Lon. 9° 14' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Hel-e'-na, St.,* an i. in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1,200 m. W. of the coast of Africa, chiefly interesting as the place of banishment of Napoleon, who was confined here from October, 1815, until his death, which occurred the 5th of May, 1821. James Town, the only towr * Some persons, aiming to be more accurate than ordinary speakers, place the accent on the first syllable— HeP-e-na. This is unquestionably the correct accentu- ation of the name of St. Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great; and though it is perhaps probable that the island derived its appellation originally from her, the present pronunciation of its name is so thoroughly established that it would be idle to attempt to change it. It is perhaps scarcely necessary to corroborate, by other authority, what is so universally sanctioned by the practice of our best HEL—HEN 271 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. and port in St. Helena, is in Lat. 15° 55' 9., Lon. 5° 49' W. The whole circumference of the island is about 28 m. Pop., exclusive of the garrison, about 5,000. (P. C.) Helena, St., a parish of La., lying a little E. of the Mississippi r. and bordering on the state of Miss. Pop. 4,561. Seat of justice, St. Helena. Hel-mund', a considerable r. of Afghanistan, which does not commu- nicate with any sea, its waters being lost in the sand. (B.) Hel'-go-land or HeiV-i.-go-land, a group of small islands in the German Ocean, between 30 and 40 miles from the mouth of the Elbe. They belong to the English. Hellespont. See Dardanelles. Helmstedt, helm/-st£tt, a t.i of Germany, in the duchy of Bruns- wick, formerly the seat of a flourishing university. Lat. 52° 14' N., Lon. 11° r E. Pop. 6,300. (B.) Hel'-sing-fors\ the cap. of the Russian government of Finland, is situated on the N. side of the Gulf of Finland. The former University of Abo was transferred to this place in 1827. It had, in 1839, 22 pro- fessors, and above 400 students. Lat. 60° 10' N., Lon. 25° E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) Near Helsingfors is the fortress of Sweaborg or Sveaborg, regarded as the Gibraltar of the Baltic. A great part of its fortifications are cut in the rock. Hel-vel'-lyn, a mountain of England, in the co. of Cumberland, 3,055 ft. above the level of the sea. IIelvoetsluys, heP-voot-sloisf, a small t. of S. Holland, situated on the S. side of the island of Voorne, important on account of its fortifica- tions, its dock-yards, and its fine harbour. Lat. 51° 49' N., Lon. 4° 8' E. HemV-stead, a co. in the S.W. part of Ark., bordering on the Red r. Pop. 7,672. Seat of justice, Hempstead c. h. Hen^-der-son, a co. in the W. part of N. C, bordering on S. C. Pop. 6,853. Henderson, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., a little W. of the Ten- nessee r. Pop. 13,164. Co. t. Lexington. Henderson, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., intersected by Green r., and bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 12,171. Co. t. Henderson. Henderson, a co. in the W. N. W. part of 111., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 4,612. speakers; we may, however, be permitted to cite two passages from two distiu guished living poets. " Arran !* a single-crested Teneriffe, A St. Helena next in shape and hue, Varying her crowded peaks and ridges blue." — Wordsworth. " St. Helena's dungeon keep Scowls defiance o'er the deep ; There a hero's relics sleep." — Montgomery. * See Arran. 272 HEN— HER Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good ; Hen^-dricks, a co. in the VV. central part of Ind., W. of Indianapo lis. Pop. 14,083. Co. t. Danville. Hen-rI^-co, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 43,572. Co. t. Richmond. Henry, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on N. C. Pop. 8,872. Co. t. Martinsville. Henry, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oc mulgee r. Pop. 14,726. Co. t. McDonough. Henry, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Ala. Pop. 9,019. Co. t Columbia. Henry, a co. in the N. W. part of Tenn., bordering on the Tennes- see r. Pop. 18,233. Co. t. Paris. Henry, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 11,442. Co. t. New Castle. Henry, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ohio, intersected by the Maumee r. Pop. 3,435. Co. t. Damascus. Henry, a co. in the E. part of Ind., intersected by the Blue r., a branch of the E. fork of the White r. Pop. 17,605. Co. t. New Castle. Henry, a co. in the N. W. part of 111., bordering on Rock r. Pop. 3,807. Henry, a co. in the W. part of Mo., N. of Osage r. Pop. 4,052. Henry, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, intersected by Skunk r. Pop. 8,707. Herat, her-at' or her-atW, a large fortified city of Persia, situated in the midst of a populous and highly cultivated valley. The streets are narrow and irregular, and the houses mostly of brick. Herat is the centre of an extensive commerce, and possesses flourishing manufac- tures. The rose-water made here is held in high estimation. This town is the capital of the kingdom of Herat, which is tributary to the king of Persia. Lat. about 34° 30' N., Lon. 61° 10' E. Pop., including that of the suburbs, estimated at 100,000. (B.) Herault, a v -ro', a dep. in the S. of France, bordering on the Medi- terranean, and intersected by a small river of the same name. Pop. 357,846. Capital, Montpellier. Herculaneum. See Pompeii. Her'-e-ford, an ancient city of England, cap. of Herefordshire, is situated on the r. Wye, 115 m. W. N. W. of London. Lat. 52° 3' N., Lon. 2° 43' W. Pop., including the liberties, 10,921. Her'-e-ford-shire, a co. in the W. of England, bordering on Wales, Pop. 113,878. Her'-kim-er, a co. in the N. E. central part of N. Y., intersected by the Mohawk r. Pop. 38,244. Co. t. Herkimer. Hermanstadt, htR^-man-statt, (Hung. Nagy-Szeben nody sa-ben,) an important t., formerly the cap. of Transylvania, is situated about 72 m. S. by E. from Klausenburg. It is the chief t. of the Saxon set tiers in Transylvania, and contains a national museum, two gymnasia, and several other institutions. Lat. 45° 48' N., Lon. 24° 7 E. Pop above 18,000. (B.) . HER— HIG 273 on, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Herrnhut, heRRnMioot, a little t. in the kingdom of Saxony, founded by count Zinzendorf, in 1722, remarkable as the earliest and most im- portant settlement of the Moravian brethren. Hersfeld, heRs'-f'lt, a t. of Germany, in the electorate of Hesse- Cassel, situated on the Fulda. Lat. 50° 51' N., Lon. 9° 41' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Hertford, har/-ford, the cap. of Hertfordshire, England, on the r. Lea, 21 m. N. of London. Pop., including an area of about 5 sq. m., 5,450. Hert'-ford, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on the Chowan r. ' Pop. 8,142. Co. t. Winton. Hertfordshire, har^-ford-shir, a co. in the S. E. central part of England, N. of London. Pop. i57,207. Hesse-Cas'-sel (Ger. Hessen Cassel, hes'-sen kas'-sel), an electorate of Germany, consisting of three distinct portions, the largest of which is situated between 50° 6' and 51° 39' N. Lat., and 8° 25' and 10° 15' E. Lon. One of the others lies a little to the E., intersected by the parallel of 50° 45' N. Lat, and by the meridian of 10° 25' E. Lon. ; the third is farther N., being intersected by a line drawn in 52° 20' N. Lat. ; it is surrounded by Hanover and Lippe. The area of the whole is 4,350 sq. m.; entire pop. in 1835, 700,533. (P. C.) The go- vernment of Hesse-Cassel may be styled a limited monarchy, of which the head still retains the title of elector, although there is now no em- peror of Germany, so that the dignity is merely nominal. Cassel is the capital. Hesse-Darmstadt, hess daRm'-statt, a grand-duchy of Germany, consisting principally of two large portions, separated from each other by a long strip of land, belonging to Frankfort and Hesse-Cassel, and situated between 49° 23' and 50° 50' N. Lat, and 7° 50' and 9° 36' E. Lon. The area of the whole is about 5,000 sq. m. Entire pop. 718,000. (P. C.) Darmstadt is the capital. Hesse-Hom'-burg (Ger. Hessen Homburg, hes^-sen honV-booRo), a landgraviate of Germany, consisting of two portions; viz., the lordship of Homburg, situated a little to the N. of Frankfort on the Main, and containing about 750 sq. m., with 8,800 inhabitants; and the lordship of Meisenheim (mi/-zen-hime v ), lying on the other side of the Rhine, between the Bavarian territory of the Rhine and the dominions of Prussia, with an area of 126 sq. m., and a pop. of 15,200. (P. C.) Hom- burg is the capital of the whole landgraviate, as well as of the lordship of this name. HickZ-man, a co. in the W. central part of Tenn., intersected by Duck r. Pop. 9,397. Co. t Vernon. Hickman, a co. occupying the S. W. extremity of Ky. Pop. 4,791. Co. t Columbus. Hioh'-land, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 25,781. Co. t Hillsborough. High'-lands (commonly pronounced in Scotland, heeMandz), a natu- ral division of Scotland, comprehending the country to the N. and 274 HIG— HIN Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not; 66 as in good; N. W., in contradistinction to the Lowlands, which occupy the S. and S. E. districts. The appellation of Highlands extends also to the He- brides or Western Isles. Highlands, a mountainous region of N. Y., lying on both sides of the Hudson, in the cos. of Orange, Putnam, and Dutchess, remarkable for its picturesque and romantic scenery. Hightower. See Etowah. Hildburghausen, hilt'-booRG-hou^-zen, a t. of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, formerly the cap. of Saxe- Hildburghausen, is situated on the Werra. Lat. 50° 25' N., Lon. 10° 40' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) Hildesheim, hil'-des-hlme', a t. of Germany, in Hanover, cap. of a principality of the same name, containing a Roman Catholic and a Protestant gymnasium, and several other institutions for education. Lat. 52° 9' N., Lon. 9° 56' E. Pop. 13,100. (P. C.) Hills/-bo-rough, a co. in the S. part of N. II., intersected by the Merrimack, and bordering on Mass. Pop. 57,477. Co. t. Amherst. Hillsborough, a co. in the W. part of the peninsula of Florida, bor- dering on the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 2,377. Hills'-dale, a co. in the S. of Mich., bordering on Ind. and Ohio. Pop. 1G,159. Co. t. Jonesville. Himalayas, him x -a-li'-az, or Himalaya Mountains, extend along the N. E. border of Hindostan, and are situated between 27° and 35° N. Lat., and 73° and 98° E. Lon. The Dhawalaghiri (da-wal'-a-gher/- re), in about 29° N. Lat., and between 83° and 84° E. Lon., is supposed to be the highest of the Himalayas, and of all the mountains in the world, having an elevation of 4,390 toises, or above 28,000 English ft. The Himalayas are also frequently called the Himmaleh (him-maMcft) Mountains. Himalaya is a Sanscrit word, signifying the " abode of frost or snow." Imaus, the name under which at least a part of this vast mountain range appears to have been known to the ancients, had, according to Pliny, a similar signification. Hin n -dos-tan', (i. e. in Persian, the " country of the Hindoos"), an extensive country in the S. of Asia, between 8° 4' and 35° N. Lat., and 67° and 91° E. Lon., extending from Cape Comorin, on the S., to the Himalaya Mountains on the N., and from the head of the Bay of Ben- gal, on the E., to the western border of the valley of Indus, on the W. The length, from N. to. S., is near 1,900 m.; breadth, from E. to W., between 1,400 and 1,500 m. The eastern boundary is not definitely fixed. If, as some propose, we allow the possessions of the East India Company to determine its extent in that quarter, we shall obviously violate the natural though somewhat vague distinction between India Proper and Farther India, since, in that case, we must comprise within the limits of Hindostan, a considerable part of that region styled "the Peninsula beyond the Ganges," or "India beyond the Ganges." Malte Brun, who is justly regarded as one of the highest authorities in ques- tions relating to geography, considers that region " which is watered by the Ganges and its tributaries," as properly belonging to Hindostan, HIN 275 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. while he appears to include all the country immediately E. of this, in that division of Asia which he calls Chin India. It will be perceived that this is much the same as if he had made the head of the Bay of Bengal the eastern limit of Hindostan. The area of Hindostan is esti- mated at above 1,000,000 sq. m. The number of inhabitants is com- puted to exceed one hundred millions. (E. G.) According to Malte- Brun, the population of Hindostan is not less than 134,000,000 ; the P. C. estimates it at between 110,000,001) and 120,000,000. A large portion of this vast country is subject to the English. The East India Company shares with the king of Great Britain the sovereignty over almost all the provinces which combine to form the Anglo-Indian em- pire. This company, without possessing the title, enjoys nearly all the rights of royalty. Its authority, however, is dependent on the British Parliament, to which the officers of the East India government are directly responsible. The territory, under the administration of the company, is divided into three governments, designated as the presi- dency of Bengal, the presidency of Madras, and the presidency of Bombay. The inhabitants of Hindostan may be divided into three principal classes, viz.: the aborigines, the Asiatics of foreign extraction, and the Europeans. The first, or Hindoos, strictly speaking, are by far the most numerous. They are characterized by a multitude of pecu- liar customs and institutions, many of which appear to have been in existence from the most remote antiquity. Of these, one of the most remarkable is the distinction of caste* The Hindoo writers recognise four pure and original castes, viz. : the brab/-mins or priests ; the kshatri- yas (shat'-re-as) or soldiers, including the princes and sovereigns; the vaisyas (vi'-se-as), consisting of agriculturists and shepherds; and the sudras (soo'-dras) or labourers. Besides these four original classes, there are a great number of impure races which have sprung from the mixture of the pure castes. One of the best known is that of the pa- riahs (pa'-re-as), who form a very numerous class. They are among the most abject of all the people of Hindostan, and are often subjected to the most cruel and degrading servitude. The different races are kept distinct from each other by the most rigorous laws. No person, what- ever be his merit or genius, can, in any case, rise above the caste in which he is born, though he may forfeit his birth-right by certain mis- demeanors and crimes. It is not however, true, as has been frequently asserted, that every individual is obliged to marry in his own caste. A man is allowed to choose his wife out of any of the castes beneath him, but not from those above him. Thus a Brahmin may lawfully marry the daughter of a Sudra, though the offspring of such a marriage does not inherit the father's rank, but belongs to one of the mixed races. But a Sudra cannot form a legal marriage with the daughter of a Brah- min ; and children sprung from such a union are considered far inferior in rank to those of a Brahmin and a Sudra woman. The ancient religion of the Hindoos is peculiar, and, in some respects, very remarkable; but * From the Portuguese word casta, i. e. "race." 276 HIN—HOB Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good, we must refer the reader to other sources for information on this point, as our limits will not permit us to enter upon a subject so intricate and extensive. We may, however, observe, that with the exception of the Brahmins, a majority of whom still adhere to the ancient faith, the sects into which the Hindoos are at present divided, are of compara- tively modern origin ; and that the various political changes resulting formerly, from the Mahometan, and, more lately, from the European conquests, by diminishing the authority of the Brahmins, have greatly contributed to the rise of new systems of belief among the common people, as well as facilitated the introduction of the religion of other nations. The number of Mahometans in Hindostan may be vaguely estimated at about 10,000,000. Most of these are supposed to be the descendants of Asiatic foreigners. It appears, however, that many of the Hindoos, without fully embracing the Moslem faith, have allowed their original doctrines and practices to be considerably modi- fied by it. The two religions in some parts are on perfectly friendly terms, and the people apply frequently to one another's saints and dei- ties, when their own appear to fail. The European inhabitants of Hin- dostan may be estimated at about 2,000,000. They are chiefly the descendants of Portuguese. The British, though they are in actual possession of nearly one-half of the country, and dictate to more than three-fourths of it, are said not to exceed 60,000. — Adj. and inhab. Hin'-doo. Hindustani or Hindostanee, hin-dos-ta'-ne, is an epithet ap- plied to the language adopted after the Mahometan conquest, as the general means of communication between the Hindoos and Mahomet- ans. It is based on an original Hindoo dialect, with which, however, many Persian and Arabic words have become incorporated. Hinds, hindz, a co. in the W. part of Miss., between the Pearl and Big Black rivers. Pop. 25,340. Co. seat, Raymond. Hispaniola. See Hayti. Ho-ang'-ho x * or whang ; -ho', (t. c. the " Yellow River," so named from the colour which the yellow clay along its banks gives to its waters,) one of the largest rivers of China, which rises near 35° N. Lat. and 98° E. Lon., and, after flowing in a very circuitous course, in which it passes beyond 41° N. Lat., empties itself into the Yellow Sea, in about 33° 50' N. Lat., and 120° 10' E. Lon. Its length is estimated at 2,400 ra. Ho'-bart Town (commonly pronounced by the colonists HoV-ar-ton), the cap. of the British colony of Van Diemen's Land, is situated on the estuary of the r. Derwent, in the S. E. part of the island. Lat. 42° 54' S., Lon. 147° 27 E. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.) Ho'-bo-ken, in the co. of Bergen, N. J., on the Hudson, opposite to New York, is chiefly remarkable as a place of resort for the inhabi- tants of that city. * " By Oton-tala, like a sea of stars. The hundred sources of Hoang-ho burst." Southey's Thalaba, Bock VI. HOC— HOL 277 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Hock/-ing, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, intersected by a river of the game name, which flows into the Ohio r. Pop. 14,119. Co. t. Logan. Hof. a manufacturing- t. of Bavaria, on the r. Saale, near its source. Lat. 50° 17' N., Lon. 11° 53' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Hohenzollern, ho v -en-tsolMern, a sovereign principality of Ger- many, lying on both sides of the Danube, surrounded by Baden and Wiirtemberg, and intersected by the 48th parallel of N. Lat. and the 9th meridian of E. Lon. It is divided into Hohenzollern-Sigmar- ing^en, and Hohenzollern-Hechingen (hex'-ing-en), which belong to two different branches of the house of Hohenzollern. The total area is 580 sq. m. Pop. 64,420; about two-thirds of whom belong to Hoh- enzollern-Sigmaringen. (P. C.) Sigmaringen, a little town on the Danube, with a pop. of 1,600 (B.), is the capital of this principality. Hechingen is the capital of the other division. HolZ-beach, a small t. of England, in Lincolnshire, 90 m. N. of London. Hol'-land, (Dutch pron. holMant; originally Ollant, i.e. "muddy or marshy land,") a kingdom in the W. of Europe, situated between 50° 45' and 53° 30' N. Lat., and 3° 20' and 7° 8' E. Lon., (not in- cluding the province of Luxemburg;) bounded on the N. by the North Sea, E. by Germany, S. by Belgium, and W. by the North Sea. Its greatest length, from N. to S., is about 185 m. ; its greatest breadth, from E. to W., is about 120 m. The area is about 11,000 sq.m. The pop., in 1839, was 2,583,271. (P. C.) -According to the census of 1844, it is stated to be 2,953,618. The face of this country is remarkably flat and low, some parts lying even below the level of the sea, against the inroads of which, they are protected partly by immense dikes or artificial banks of earth, and partly by sand-hills cast up by the ocean. From this natural peculiarity the name Netherlands, i. e. " Lowlands," is derived. Holland is divided into twelve pro- vinces ; viz., Brabant (North), Drenthe, Friesland, Gelders, Groningen, North and South Holland, Limburg, Luxemburg, Overyssel, Utrecht, and Zealand. The Hague is the ordinary residence of the king and court. — Adj. Dutch ; inhab. Dutch'-man or Hol/-l\nd-er. Holland, an important prov. of the above kingdom, bordering on the North Sea, which has given its name to the whole country. It is divided into North and South Holland. Pop. of the former, 22,503 ; of the latter, 503,354. (P. C.) Holmes, a co. in the N. W.- central part of Miss., bordering on the Yazoo r. Pop. 13,928. Co. seat, Lexington. Holmes, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ohio. Pop. 20,452. Co. t. Millersburg. Holstein, hol'-stine, a duchy in the N. of Germany, belonging to Denmark, situated between 53° 30' and 54° 26' N. Lat, and 8° 46' and 11° 7' E. Lon. Area, 3,250 sq. m. Pop. in 1835, 435,596. (P. C.) Gliickstadt is the capital. Hol'-ston, a r. which rises in the Alleghany Mountains of Va.. and flowing into Tenn., unites with the Tennessee r. 24 278 HOL— HOR Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not; 66 as in good, Holt, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Mo. Pop. 3,957. Holyhead, hol/-e-hed\ a seaport t. of Wales, situated on a small island of the same name, at the western extremity of the island of Anglesey, with which it is connected by a suspension bridge of cast iron. It is the station of the post-office packets, which sail daily between this port and Dublin* Lat. 53° 19' N., Lon. 4° 37' W. Pop. 3,869. Hol'-y-well, a nourishing manufacturing t. of Wales, in Flintshire, situated near the S. side of the estuary of the r. Dee, about 10 m. E. of St. Asaph. The machinery belonging to the manufacturing estab- lishments of this place, is for the most part worked by a stream which issues from the Holy Well of St. Winifred, once so celebrated for the healing virtue of its waters. This spring boils up out of the rock with violence, as from a cauldron, and is said to discharge above 20 tons of water in a minute. It was formerly resorted to by a great number of pilgrims. Pop. of the parish, 10,834. Homburg. See Hesse-Homburg. Homs or Hums (Anc. Em'esa), a decayed t. of Syria, situated near the Orontes. Lat. 34° 50' N., Lon. 36° 39' E. Honda, 6n'-da, a t. of S. America, in New Granada, situated on the r. Magdalena. Lat. 5° 12' N., Lon. 74° 53' W. Pop. estimated at above 5,000. (B.) Honduras, hon-doo'-ras, one of the states of Central America, situ- ated S. of, and bordering on the Bay of Honduras. Comayagua is the capital. Honduras, Bay of, is situated on the E. coast of Central America, between the Cape of Honduras, near 16° N. Lat. and 86° W. Lon., and Cape Catoche (ka-to'-cha), in about 21° 35' N. Lat, and 87° W. Lon. Honfleur, on^-Aur', a seaport t. of France, in the dep. of Calvados, situated on the left bank of the Seine, almost at its mouth. Lat. 49° 25' N., Lon. 0° 14' E. Pop. in 1832, 8,409. (P. C.) Honiton, hun'-e-ton, a small t. of England, in Devonshire, 10 m. E. by N. from Exeter. Pop. of the parish, 3,895. Honolulu. See Oahu. Hoog'-ly, an important arm of the Ganges, on which Calcutta is situated. It is navigable for ships only as far as the tide reaches; that is, about 30 m. above Calcutta. Near this town, its breadth is about three-quarters of a mile, but at its mouth it amounts to near 10 m. Hoorn, hoRn, an important seaport t. of North Holland, the cap. of a dist. of the same name, with the best harbour on the Zuyder Zee. Lat. 52° 38' N., Lon. 5° 1' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Hop'-kins, a co. in the W. part of Ky., bordering on Green r. Pop. 12,441. Co. t. Madisonville. Horn, Cape. See Cape Horn. Hor'-ry, a dist. forming the E. extremity of S. C. Pop. 7,646. Sea of justice, Con way borough. Hors'-ham, a small t. of England, in Sussex, 33 m. S. by W. from London. Horta. See Fayal. HOT—HUD 279 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like r.g. Hot Spring, a large co. in the W. part of Ark. Pop. 3,609. Co. t. Hot Spring. Hot^-ten-tots, a people of S. Africa, inhabiting the country border- ing on the Cape Colony. They are represented as a mild, timid people, perfectly harmless, honest, faithful, and capable of strong attachment. They are a good-natured, and, on the whole, a good-looking race, hav- ing, many of them, finely-formed foreheads and prominent features. Their hands and feet are remarkably small, while their limbs are in general well proportioned. Their great defect, or rather vice, is indolence, accompanied by its almost inseparable attendants, degrada- tion and filth. The male Hottentots go nearly naked ; the females wear an apron attached to a girdle round the waist, which, however, does not reach to the knees. Their dress is formed of the skin of some animal, commonly of sheep-skin. They lead a wandering life, living chiefly on the milk of their cattle. Their huts are constructed of mats stretched over a frame of sticks, in the shape of a bee-hive, and are easily removed on their pack-oxen, as they migrate from place to place. But few, however, of the tribes have preserved their indepen- dence and their original customs, unaltered by the neighbourhood of European civilization, and, we may add, of European vice and cruelty. The state of servitude to which many of these people were formerly subjected, particularly by the Dutch colonists, appears to have nearly deprived them of the little energy and spirit which they derived from nature, and to have greatly reduced the number of those dwelling within the limits of the colony. It is, however, proper to state that slavery was abolished, in this part of the British possessions, by an act which went into operation on August 1st, 1834. Some of the Hotten- tots, especially the Griguas or Griquas (gree'-quas), have made consi- derable progress in civilization, which they owe to the missionaries established among them. Housatonic, hoo v -sa-ton'-ik, a r. which rises in Mass., and, flowing southward through Conn., falls into Long Island Sound, about 14 m. S. W. of New Haven. Houston, hews'-ton, a co. in the S. central part of Ga., bordering on the r. Ocmulgee. Pop. 16,450. Co. t. Perry. Houston, a t., formerly the cap. of Texas, on a small creek which flows into Galveston Bay. Lat. about 30° N., Lon. 95° 30' W. Pop. estimated at 6,000. How'-ard, a co. in the N. central part of Mo., bordering on the r. Missouri. Pop. 13,969. Co. t. Fayette. Hun'-DERg-FiELD, an important manufacturing t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 24 m. N. W. of Sheffield. It is situated on the Huddersfield Canal, by which it is put in communication with all the principal places of the kingdom. Where this canal passes under Stanedge Hill, there is a tunnel, which is 5,451 yards (above 3 m.) in length, and in one place 222 yards below the surface. The manu- factures of Huddersfield are chiefly in woollen. The pop. of this t. in 280 HUB— HUM Fate, far, f all, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good , 1811 was only 9,671 (E. G.); in 1841 it amounted to 25,068. It includes an area of about 6 sq. m. Hud'-son or North River, one of the finest and most important rivers in the U. S., which rises in the N. E. part of N. Y., and, flowing nearly due S. in its general course, communicates with the Atlantic, about 10 m. below New York. Its whole length is estimated at aboui. 300 m. It is navigable for the largest ships to the city of Hudson, about 130 m., and for sloops to Troy, 166 m. Hudson, a city of N. Y., the cap. of Columbia co., is situated on the E. bank of the Hudson, at the head of ship navigation, 130 m. above New York. Lat. 42° 14' N., Lon. 73° 46' W. Pop. 6,286. Hudson, a co. in the N. E. part of N. J., bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 21,821. Co. t. Jersey City. Hudson's Bay, a large bay, extending from the Atlantic westward nearly into the centre of British N. America, is situated between 51° and 64° N. Lat., and 76° and 95° 30' W. Lon. Its length, from S. S. E. to N. N. W., is nearly 1000 m.; its greatest breadth, from E. to W., about 600 m. It is connected with the Atlantic by Hudson's Strait, which is more than 300 m. long, and in its narrowest part is perhaps about 60 m. wide. The southern part, extending from about 51° to 55° N. Lat., is called James's Bay. Huelva, weU-va, a seaport t. of Spain, in Andalusia, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on a little bay projecting from the Atlantic. Lat. 37° 15' N., Lon. 6° 49' W. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Huesca, wes^-ca, (Anc. Os'ca,) a t. of Spain, in Aragon, chiefly re- markable for its university. Lat. 42° 6' N., Lon. 0° 19' W. Pop. 9,200. (M.) Hull, or Kings'-ton-upon-Hull, an important seaport t. of England, in the E. Riding of Yorkshire, on the N. side of the estuary of the Humber, where it is joined by the r. Hull, 34m. S. E. of York. This town communicates, by means of canals and railways, with York, Man- chester, Liverpool, and all the other principal places of England. Its docks and basins are considered as among the finest in the kingdom. It is the great entrepot of the commerce of the N. of England, and of that which this country carries on with the northern parts of Europe. The prosperity of this place has been greatly increased by the progress of steam navigation, of which it may be considered as the second great centre on the eastern coast. Hull forms a co. of itself, which con- tains an area of about 18 sq. m. Lat. 53° 45' N., Lon. 0° 20' W. Pop. of the town, 41,629; of the co., exclusive of the town, 3,544. Hulst, a small fortified t. of Holland, in Zealand. Lat. 51° 17' N., Lon. 4° 3' E. Hum'-ber, a r. or estuary in the N. E. part of England, formed prin- cipally by'the junction of the Ouse and the Trent. At its commence- ment, the Humber is rather more than a mile wide, but where it joins the sea it is above seven miles in breadth. Its whole length is near 40 m. HUM— HUR 281 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Humphreys, um'-ftvz, a co. in the N. W. part of Tertn., E. of, and bordering- on the Tennessee r. Pop. 6,422. Co. t. Reynolds burg. Hungary, hung/-ga-re, (Hung. Magyar-Orszag, mod-yda 0R-saag; Ger. Ungarn, oong'-garn ;) an extensive country of Europe, forming a part of the Austrian empire, situated between 44° 28' and 49° 36' N. Lat., and 16° and 25° E. Lon.; bounded on the N. and N. E. by Moravia and Galicia, E. by Transylvania, S. by Turkey, Slavonia and Croatia, and W. by Styria and Austria. Its extreme length, from E. to W. is about 420 m. ; the greatest breadth, from N. to S., is about 330 m. The area is computed at 78,822 sq. m. Pop. uncertain, but esti- mated at upwards of 10,000,01.0. (M.) The kingdom of Hungary includes, besides Hungary Proper, Slavonia, Croatia, and several dis- tricts of less importance. The government is called a limited mo- narchy, but aristocracy is predominant, and the nobles have great power, while the great mass of the peasantry are in a state of extreme degradation. The kingdom of Hungary formerly included, besides its present territories, Transylvania, Dalmatia, and the Military Frontier; which countries, since their annexation to the crown of Austria, still go under the general name of the Hungarian dominions. The name, Hungary, is derived from the Hunni or Huns, a people of Asiatic origin, who invaded and took possession of the country immediately N. of the Danube, towards the close of the fourth century, during the reign of the Roman emperor Valens. The present Hungarians, however, are the descendants of the Magyars, another Asiatic nation, who estab- lished themselves here in the ninth century, whence the country is called Magyar-Orszag, i.e. the "land of the Magyars." — Adj. and inhab. Hungarian, hung-ga/-re-an. Hun'-ter-don, a co. in the N. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Delaware'r. Pop. 28,989. Co. t. Flemington. Hunt'-ing-dqn, a t. of England, the cap. of Huntingdonshire, is situated on the r. Ouse, about 60 m. N. of London. Pop. 3,507. Huntingdon, a co. in the S. central part of Pa., on the head streams of the Juniata. Pop. 24,786. Co. t. Huntingdon. Hunt'-ing-don-shire, a co. in the E. central part of England, inter- sected by the r. Ouse. Pop. 58,549. Hunt'-ing-ton, a co. in the N. E. part of Ind., intersected by the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 7,850. Co. t. Huntington. Hunts'-ville, a flourishing t. in the N. part of Ala., cap. of Madison co., situated at the termination of the Huntsville Canal, which commu- nicates with the Tennessee r., and is about 16 m. long. Lat. 34° 36' N., Lon. 86° 57' W. Pop. 2,863. Hurd'-war^, a t. of Hindostan, celebrated as one of the principal ? laces of Hindoo pilgrimage, and the seat of the greatest fair in India, t is said that sometimes above a million pilgrims are assembled here at once. Lat. 29° 57' N., Lon. 78° 2' E. Hu^-ron, a large lake of N. America, lying between 43° and 46° 15 N. Lat, 'and 80° and 83° 40' W. Lon. Its length, from S. S. E. to N.N. W., following the curve, is - about 280m. : its greatest breadth 24* 282 HUR— ICE Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good ; from E. to W., exclusive of Georgian Bay, is near 100 m. Area esti- mated at about 19.0U0 sq. m. The greatest depth is at least 1000 ft. Lake Huron is divided into two unequal portions by a long peninsula and the Manitoulin chain of islands ; the parts to the N. and E. are called North Channel and Georgian Bay. Huron, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, near Lake Erie. Pop. 26,203. Co. t. Norwalk. Huy, hoi, a t. of Belgium, on the Meuse, 20 m. S. W. of Liege. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Hyde, a co. in the E. part of N. C, on Pamlico Sound. Pop. 7,636. Co. t. Lake Landing. Hyderabad, hi'-der-a-bad/, or Hydrabad, a city of Hindostan, the cap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat. 17° 22' N., Lon. 78° 35' E. Pop., including the suburbs, estimated at above 200,000. (B.) Hyderabad, a fortified t. of Hindostan, in Sinde, cap. of a princi- pality of the same name, is situated in the delta of the Indus, about 90 m. from the sea. Lat. 25° 22' N., Lon. 68° 41' E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) Hythe, hiTH, a t., and one of the Cinque Ports, of England, in Kent, situated on the Strait of Dover, about 60 m. E. S. E. of London, and 10 m. W. S. W. of Dover. Pop. 2,265. Iaroslav. See Yaroslaf. Ibarra, e-bar'-ra, a t. of S. America, in Ecuador, 50 m. N. E. of Quito. Lat. 0° 21' N., Lon. 78° 18' W. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.) F-ber-ville, a parish in the S. E. central part of Louisiana, inter- sected by the Mississippi r. Pop. 12,214. Seat of justice, Iberville. Ice'-land (IsMand in the native language), a large i. in the N. Atlan- tic, belonging to Denmark, situated between 63° 30' and 66° 40' N. Lat, and 16° and 24° 30' W. Lon. Its extreme length is about 250 m. ; its greatest breadth about 200 m. The area is vaguely estimated at 40,000 sq. m. The pop. in 1834 was 56,000. (M.) The interior of Iceland is a dreary desert, without a single inhabitant. One mass of icy mountains, called Klofa Jokul (yo^-kul), in the S. E. part of the island, is said to have an extent of not less than 3000 sq. m. The rocks and mountains of this country appear to be chiefly of volcanic origin. In the year 1783, a mountain named Skaptar Jokul poured forth an immense quantity of lava, which destroyed no fewer than 20 villages and 9,000 people, amounting to more than one-fifth of the then popula- tion of the island. It was estimated that the whole of the lava dis charged would be sufficient to cover an area of 1,400 sq. m. to the depth of 150 ft. Hecla, a celebrated volcanic mountain in the S. W. part of Iceland, about 30 m. from the sea, is 5,530 ft. in height. The Oerafe Jokul is the loftiest mountain in Iceland, of which any accurate measurement has been made, having an elevation of 6,650 ft. (B.) Among the most remarkable natural curiosities of this country are the Geysers (gV-sers) boiling springs, or rather water-volcanoes. One of these, called the Great Geyser, is said sometimes to project its contents ICO— ILL 283 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, ae in this ; M, nearly like ng. to the height of from 100 to 200 ft. The climate of Iceland is said to be mild, considering the latitude. Dr. Henderson found the winter that he passed here not severer than the mildest which he experienced in Southern Sweden and Denmark. It appears that corn was once culti- vated to a considerable extent, but the inhabitants find it more to their advantage to attend exclusively to the rearing of cattle. Hay is the great harvest of Iceland. The common food of the people is butter, milk, and fish ; fresh meat and rye bread are holy-day fare. Fish are very abundant. The reindeer, which were at first introduced from Norway, have greatly multiplied, and live in a wild state. Reikiavik (ri/-ke-a-vik), a little town on the W. coast, is regarded as the cap. of the island. Although its permanent population scarcely exceeds 500, it contains a number of institutions for education, three literary and scientific societies, and a library of 5,000 vols. In its immediate vici- nity there is an observatory. — Adj. Ice-lan'-dic ; inhab. Ice^-land-er. ICOLMKILL. See lONA. Idria, id'-re-a, a t. of the Austrian empire, in Carniola, celebrated for its mines of quicksilver, which, after those of Almaden, in Spain, are considered to be the richest in Europe. The mine is rather more than 1,000 ft. in depth. Lat. 46° N., Lon. 14° 3' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Iekatarinburg. See Ekatarinburg. Iglau, igMou, a manufacturing t. of the Austrian empire, in Mora- via. Lat. 49° 23' N., Lon. 15° 36' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) Igualada, e-gwa-la^-Da, (Anc. A'quce La'tae,) a t. of Spain, in Catalo- nia, 37 m. N. W. of Barcelona. Pop. 7,731. (M.) Il/-ches-ter, sometimes written Ivelchester (Anc. Ischalis), a lit- tle t. of England, in Somersetshire, situated on the Yeo or Ivel, 18 m. E. of Taunton. It appears to have once been a very important Roman station. Its name signifies the " station of the Ivil." Ile de France. See France, Isle of. Ilfracombe, iK-fra-coom\ a seaport t. of England, in Devonshire, situated on the Bristol Channel, 41 m. N. W. of Exeter. Pop. 2,855. Ille and Vilaine, (Fr. Ille et Vilaine, eel aveMane/,) a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 547,249. (B.) Capital, Rennes. Illimani, Nevabo de, na-va'-Do da eel-ya-ma'-ne, a mountain sum- mit of S. America, in Bolivia, next to the Nevado de Sorata, the most elevated on the American continent. Lat. about 16° 40' N., Lon. 67° 40' W. Height, 3,753 toises, or about 24,000 English ft. (B.) Illinois, iP-lin-oi', one of the U. S., situated between 37° and 42° 30' N. Lat., and 87° 30' and 91° 30' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Wis- consin, E. by Indiana, S. E. and S. by the Ohio r., which separates it from Kentucky, S. W. and W. by the Mississippi r., which divides it from Missouri and Iowa; and divided into 100 counties.* Length, from * Adams, Alexander, Bond, Boone, Brown, Bureau, Calhoun, Carroll, Cass, Champaign, Christian, Clair St., Clarke, Clay, Clinton, Coles, Cook, Crawford, Cumberland, De Kalb, DeWitt, Du Page, Edgar, Edwards, Effingham, Fayette, 284 ILL— IND Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; n5, not; 65 as in good; N. to S., 387 m. ; greatest breadth about 200. The area is variously estimated from 55,000 to 59,000 sq. m. Pop. 851,470. Springfield is the capital. Illinois was admitted into the Union in 1818. Illinois, a r. of the above state, which rises near Lake Michigan, and, flowing south-westerly, falls into the Mississippi. The whole length is about 400 m. It is navigable for boats nearly to its souice. Il-lyr/-j.-a, a kingdom forming a part of the Austrian empire, situ- ated between 44° 25' and 47° 7' N. Lat., and 12° 40' and 15° 45' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Austria and Styria, E. by Styria and Croa- tia, S. by the Adriatic, and W. by Italy and Tyrol. The area is 10,801 sq. m. Pop. 1,212,753. (M.) Lay bach is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Il-lyr^-j-an. Imola, e-moMa, CAnc. Fo'rum Corne'lii,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal State, 20 m. E. S. E. of Bologna. Pop. 8,C00. (B.) Independence, a co. in the N. E. part of Ark., intersected bv the White r. Pop. 7,767. Co. t. Batesville. Independent Tartary. See Toorkistan. InZ-dj-a, the name given by the ancients to a country of indefinite extent, in the S. E. part of Asia. It appears to have included Hindos- tan Proper, the island of Ceylon, and the still undefined region of Farther India. The name is supposed to be derived from that of the Indus, Sind or Hind. — Adj. and inhab. LV-di-an. The name, East Indies, has an application nearly co-extensive with that of India, though the former seems to be often employed somewhat loosely to denote, besides the Indian continent, not only Ceylon (which has always been considered as a part of India), but also many other islands of the eastern seas, especially those lying near the Asiatic coast, such as Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the group of Japan. Indian Ocean, is situated between Africa, Asia, and Malaisia. Its greatest extent, from E. to W., is above 4,000 m. In'-dj.-an'-a, one of the U. S., situated between 37° 50' and 41° 50 N. Lat, and 84° 44' and 88° W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Michi- gan and Lake Michigan, E. by Ohio, S. E. and S. by Kentucky, and W. by Illinois, and divided into 91 counties*. Length, from N. to S., Franklin, Fulton,Gallatin,Green, Grundy, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin,Henderson, Henry, Iroquois, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jersey, Jo Daviess, Johnson, Kane, Kendall, Knox, Lake, La Salle, Lawrence, Lee, Livingston, Logan, Macon, Ma- coupin, Madison, Marquette, Marion, Marshall, Mason, Massac, McDonough, McHenry,McLean, Menard, Mercer,Monroe,Montgomery,Morgan, Moultrie, Ogle, Peoria, Perry, Piatt, Pike, Pope, Pulaski, Putnam, Randolph, Richland, Rock Island, Saline, Sangamon, Schuyler, Scott, Shelby, Stark, Stephenson, Taze- well, Union, Vermilion, Wabash, Warren, Washington, Wayne, White, White- side, Will, Williamson, Winnebago, Woodford. * Adams, Allen, Bartholomew, Benton, Blackford, Boone, Brown, Carroll, Cass, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Crawford, Daviess, Dearborn, Decatur, De Kalb, Dela- ware, Dubois, Elkhart, Fayette, Floyd, Fountain, Franklin, Fulton, Gibson, Grant, Greene, Hamilton, Hancock, Harrison, Hendricks, Henry, Howard, Huntington, Jackson, Jasper, Jay, Jefferson, Jennings, Johnson, Joseph St., Knox, Kosciusko, La Grange, Lake, La Porte, Lawrence, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Martin, Miami, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Noble, Ohio, Orange, IND-INN 285 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly liko ng. 275 ra. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W., about 150 m. The area is estimated at 36,000 sq. m. Pop. 988,410. Indianapolis is the capital. Indiana was admitted into the Union in 1816. Indiana, a co. in the VV. part of Pa., bordering on Conemaugh creek, a branch of the Alleghany r. Pop. 27,170. Co. t. Indiana. In n -d,j-a.n-ap'-o-lis, the cap. of Indiana, and seat of justice of Marion co., is situated on White r., nearly in the centre of the state. Lat. 39° 55' N„ Lon. 86° 5' W. Pop. 8,034. Ind-oor' or Indore, a city of Hindostan, cap. of a kingdom of the same name, in the prov. of Malwah. It has risen entirely since the year 1818, on the site of the old town of the same name, which was burned to the ground, in 1801, by Sindia, who was at war with Holcar, the chief of Indoor. Lat. 22° 42' N., Lon. 75° 50' E. Present pop. estimated from 60,000 to 90,000. Indostan. See Hindostan. Indre, aNdr, a dep. near the centre of France, intersected by a river of the same name, which flows into the Loire. Pop. 257,350. (B.) Capita], Chateauroux, Indre and Loire (Fr. Indre et Loire, aNdr a lw'm), a dep. of France, N. VV. of, and bordering on the above. Pop. 304,271. Capital, Tours. In^-dus or Sindh (in Sanscrit, Sindhoo), a large r. in the S. of Asia, which rises on the northern declivity of the Himalaya Mountains, and flowing, first north-westerly, and afterwards south-westerly, empties itself into the Indian Ocean by several mouths, in about 24° N. Lat. and 68° E. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at 1,700 m. In conse- quence of the sand-banks which obstruct the different arms of this river, it is not navigable, in the lower part of its course, except for very small vessels. Ing'-ham, a co. in the S. part of Mich., near the sources of Grand r. Pop. 8,631. Ingolstadt, ing^-gol-statt\ a t. and important fortress of Germany, in Bavaria, on the Danube, 33 m. S. W. of Ratisbon. Its celebrated uni- versity, founded in 1472, was transferred to Landshut in 1800, but has since been removed to Munich. Lat. 48° 46' N., Lon. 11° 26' E. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Inn, a r. which rises in the E. part of Switzerland, flows through Tyrol, and after forming a part of the boundary between Bavaria and Austria, falls into the Danube at Passau. Innspruck, ins'-prook, or Innsbruck, (i. e. Innsbriicke, or the "bridge of the Inn,") the cap. of Tyrol, situated on the r. Inn. Its situation is highly picturesque. It stands in the midst of a valley, the sides of which are formed by mountains from 6,000 to 8,000 ft. in height. Th(; Inn is crossed by a wooden bridge, from which a magnificent proi.-pect is obtained. Innsbruck contains seve- Owen, Parke Perry, Pike, Porter, Posey, Pulaski, Putnam, Randolph, Ripley, Rush, Scott, Shelby, Spencer, Stark, Steuben, Sullivan, Switzerland. Tippeca- noe, Tipton, Union, Vanderburg, Vermilion, Vigo, Wabash, Warren, Warwick, Washington, Wayne, Wells, White, Whitley. 286 INV— IOW Fate, f ai, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 65, as in good ; ral literary and scientific institutions; among which is a university, founded in 1672, afterwards abolished, and finally re-established in 1826. Lat. 47° 16' N., Lon. 11° 24' E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) In-ver-a'-ry, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of Argyleshire, situated near the head of Loch Fyne, on the VV. coast, 25 m. N. W. of Glasgow. Pop. 1,233. Inverkeithing, in x -ver-kee^-TPiing, a seaport t. of Scotland, in Fife- shire, situated on the N. bank of the Frith of Forth, 10 m. N. VV. of Edinburgh. Pop. 1,674. In n -ver-ness', a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of Inverness-shire, on the r. Ness, about a mile above its influx into Moray Frith. It is the prin- cipal town, as regards manufactures and commerce, in the N. of Scot- land. By means of the Caledonian canal, which connects the North Sea with the Atlantic, Inverness has an almost direct communication with the latter. Lat. 57° 28' N., Lon. 4° 12' VV. Pop. 9,100. In^-ver-ness'-shire, the largest co. of Scotland, extends across the island, from the Atlantic to Moray Frith. It also includes the islands of Skye, Harris, N. and S. Uist, &c. Pop. 97,799. In v -ve-ru'-ry, a t. of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, at the confluence of the Don and Ury, 16 m. N. VV. of Aberdeen, with which town it communicates by means of the Aberdeenshire Canal. Pop. 1,619. Iona, e-o'-na, or Ic n -olm-kili/, (the native name is I, pronounced like ee, and signifying " island,") one of the Hebrides, situated near the VV. extremity of the island of Mull, intersected by the parallel of 56° 22' N. Lat., and the meridian of 6° 26' VV. Lon. Length about 3 m. It is chiefly interesting on account of its ruins and historical remem- brances. While western Europe lay buried in ignorance and barbarity, this island was remarkable as the seat of learning and of the Christian religion, which was introduced near the middle of the 6th century, by St. Columba, a native of Ireland. The name Icolmkill is a contraction of I-Columb-kill, i. e. the "island of Columba's cell or monastery," kill or kil signifying any religious residence. I-o'-nj-a, a co. in the S. W. central part of Mich., intersected by Grand r. Pop. 7,597. Co. t. Ionia. I-o'-nj.-an Islands, situated along the S. W. coast of Greece, and consisting of the seven principal islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Theaki, Cerigo, and Paxo, form what is termed the Ionian Republic, or the Republic of Seven Islands. The total area is 1,097 eq. m. ; the entire pop. in 1836 was 204,266. This republic is under the protection of Great Britain represented by a lord high commissioner, who resides at Corfu, and, with the president of the senate (who repre- sents the executive power of the republic), directs the most important affairs of the state. Corfu is the seat of government. I-os'-co (Kanotin), a co. in the E. part of Mich., bordering on Sagi- naw Bay. I'-o-wa, one of the United States, created from a territory of the same name in 1846, lies between 40° 30 / and 43° 30' N. lat., and between 90° and 97° W. Ion., being about 275 miles in length from E. to \V., IOW—IOW 287 OH, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. and 210 in breadth from N. to S.; including an area of about 50,914 sq. miles. It is bounded on the N. by Minnesota, E. by Wisconsin and Illinois, S. by Missouri, and W. by Indian Ter. and Minnesota. The Mississippi forms the eastern, and the Missouri and Sioux the western boundary of the State : By the census of 1850, Iowa had 192,214 inhabitants; of whom 191,879 were white, and 335 coloured persons. There were 2044 deaths in the year ending June 30th, 1850, or a frac- tion more than ten in every thousand. Iowa was divided in 1850, into 52 counties.* Rivers. — Besides the Missouri and Mississippi, which wash its western and eastern boundaries, the principal rivers in Iowa are the Des Moines, Skunk, Iowa, Red Cedar, Wapsipinicon, Mako'queta, Turkey, and Upper Iowa. All these run in a S. E. direction, and, except the Red Cedar, which is a tributary of the Iowa, all empty into the Mississippi. The sources of the Des Moines, Red Cedar, and Upper Iowa are in Minnesota. The Des Moines, which is about 400 m. long, traverses the central part of the state from the N. bound- ary to the S. E. extremity. This river might be made navigable for 300 miles by very moderate improvements. The Iowa river is about 300 m. long, and is navigable for small steamboats to Iowa city, 80 miles from its mouth. The other rivers mentioned are from 100 to 200 miles in length, and several of them furnish abundant water-power. The tributaries of the Missouri river from this state are small. There are no lakes in the state which seem worthy of notice in a general description. Face of the Country, Soil, and Productions. — The surface of Iowa is generally composed of rolling prairies, and there is nothing within its limits that approaches to the height of a mountain. A plateau called the Coteau des Prairies, f extends from Minnesota into the N. W. cor- ner of this state, and a small section on the Mississippi in the N. E. is too rugged for cultivation. The soil, in general, is extremely fertile and easy of cultivation ; and the surface is diversified with prairies and woodlands in convenient proportions. Among the forest-trees are several species of oak, walnut, ash, elm, sugar-maple, hickory, locust, poplar and iron-wood. The grape, gooseberry, and wild plum are among the indigenous fruits. By the census of 1850, there were in Iowa 814,713 acres of land under cultivation, producing 1,442,074 bus. of wheat, 8,475,027 bus. of Indian corn, 2,012 lbs. of tobacco, 363,398 lbs. of wool, 420 gals, of wine, 1,933,128 lbs. of butter, 198,444 lbs. of cheese, 84,598 tons • Alamakee, Appanoose, Benton, Black Hawk, Boone, Buchanan, Cedar, Clark, Clayton, Clinton, Dallas, Davis, Decatur, Delaware, Des Moines, Dubuque, Fayette, Fremont, Henry, Iowa, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Jones, Keokuk, Lee, Linn, Louisa, Lucas, Madison, Mahaska, Marion, Marshall, Monroe, Muscatine, Page, Polk, Pottawatomie, Poweshiek, Ringgold, Scott, Story, Tama, Taylor, Van Buron, Wapello, Warren, Washington, Wayne, and Winneshiek. f See Minnesota. , 288 IOW— IOW Fate, far, fill, fit ; me, m£t; pine, or pine, pin ; n6, not ; do as in good; of hay, 1,280 tons of hemp, and 70,680 lbs. of maple-sugar. The value of the live-stock was $3,602,709. Rich mines of lead have been opened in the counties of Dubuque and Clayton, bordering on Wisconsin. The ore lies deeper than on the east side of the Mississippi. Zinc also is found in connection with the lead. Between the Wapsipin'icon and the Mako'queta rivers there is a tract which abounds in iron-ore, and immense beds of bituminous coal occur in several parts of the state, being a continu- ation of the great coal field of Illinois. Salt and saltpetre are among the minerals of this state. Manufactures. — According to the census of 1850, there were 482 manufacturing establishments in Iowa, producing $500 and upwards annually. The value of homemade manufactures at the same period was $202,533. Towns. — Ke'okuk, a flourishing commercial t., is situated on the Mis- sissippi r., at the foot of the lower rapids, 205 m. above St. Louis, and 125 m. S. from Iowa city, lat. 40° 21' N. It is at the head of navigation for the largest steamers^and owes its importance and rapid growth to this circumstance. The cargoes of steamboats ascending the river are here transfered to flat-boats, and drawn up the rapids by horses, while the steamboat passes over empty. Keokuk has daily commu- nication with St. Louis, by a line of splendid steam-packets. The trade of this place in 1850 was estimated at $5,000,000. The medical department of the Iowa university is located here. Pop. in 1850, about 4000. Burlington, one of the oldest towns, and formerly the capital of the state, is situated on the Mississippi r. about 250 m. above St. Louis. It is pleasantly situated and regularly laid out. The houses are sub- tantially built, and more than half of them are of brick. It has a good landing, and is a place of considerable trade. Pop. 4,080. Muscatine City, situated on the Mississippi r., 312 m. above St. Louis, is rapidly improving in business and population. The first settlement was made here in 1836, and it now contains about 4,000 inhabitants. The west bank of the river at this place presents a series of bold rocky bluffs, and the situation is remarkably healthy. Iowa City, the capital of the state, is situated at the head of navi- gation, on the Iowa river, about 80 miles from the Mississippi r. by water, and 30 in a direct line. The State capital is a fine building in the Doric style, and cost $100,000. Pop. 1,250. Dubuque (Du-book', oo as in moon) is an important town on the Mississippi r. about 460 m. above St. Louis, and in the midst of the lead-mining region. Pop. 3,700. Davenport and Fort Madison, are also considerable towns, with a pop. of about 3,000 each and are rapidly improving. Finances', Banks, ° 27' and f 0° '30' W. Lon. Its length, from N. N. E. to £3. &W, is near 300 m. ; its greatest breadth, from E. N. E. toW. N.W., 185 m. The area is estimated at "28,800 sq. m. The pop. accord- ing to^the eensnss of 3-841, was 3,175,273 ; in 1851 it was reduced to «6,515,794. (American Aiman&c.f Formerly, Ireland had aparliamenfc «of its own, which was subordinate to that of Great Britain; but, in 1800, the two were "united, and afterwards received the title of the UmperurZ PtarUememt ef Great Britain and Ireland, while the two countries, tbas represented in one legislative assembly, were styled the United Kingdom. Ireland is divided into four provinces, viz.: Ulster in $he N., Leinster in the E„ Minister in the >S., and Connaught in the W- These are subdivided into counties, of which Ulster contains 9 25 290 IRK— ISE Fate, far, fall y fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, n5t; 65 as in goad; Leinster 12, Munster 6, and Connaught 5, amounting in all to 32. The administration of the government is vested chiefly in the lord-lieutenant and privy council, who are appointed by the erown. Dublin is the capital. — Adj. F-rish, and Hj-ber'-nj-an (poetical): inhab. F-rish-mai* and Hibernian. Ir-kootsk' (Irkutsk), a city of Asiatic Russia, cap. of a government of the same name, and of E. Siberia, on the Angara, which at this place is about 1,000 ft. wide. The houses are built chiefly of wood, Irkootsk contains a number of institutions for education; it also pos- sesses some important manufacturing establishments and an extensive trade, being the great entrepot for the commerce of the N. E. of Asia. Lat. 52° 16' N. r Lon. 104° 20' E. Balbi estimates the pop. at not less than 25,000. Ir x -o-quois', a co. in the E. part of IlL, bordering on Ind. Pop. 4,149, Co. t. Montgomery. Ir'-ra-wAd'-dy (or Trrawadi) i. e. the " great river," a large r. of Asia, which is supposed to have its source in Thibet, near the E. extremity of the Himalaya Mountains. Its general course is S., and after traversing the whole length of the Birman empire, it empties itself into the Gulf of Martaban, by several mouths. The entire length is estimated at 1,200 m. It may be ascended at all seasons of the year, by vessels of 200 tons, as far as Ava, near 22° N. Lat. and 96° E. Lon., a distance of perhaps 450 m.,and, during the rainy season, several hundred miles further. From the apex of the Delta to some distance above Ava, the breadth of the Irrawaddy is seldom less than Ira., and is sometimes 4m. Ir-tysh' or Irtish (Russ. pron. eeR-tish'), a r. in the N. W. part of Asia, which rises in the Chinese empire, and flowing through the lake Saisan or Dzaisan, falls into the Oby, in the Russian government of Tobolsk. Its whole length is perhaps 1,500 m. Ir'-vine, a seaport t. of Scotland, in Ayrshire, situated on a r. of the same name, the estuary of which forms its harbour. It is about 23 m. S. VV. of Glasgow. Pop. of the parish, 5,214. Ir'-well, a r. of Lancashire, in the N. W. of England, which flows into the Mersey. Ir'-win, a co. in the S. part of Ga., bordering on the Ocmalgee r. Pop. 3,334. Co. t. Irwinsville. Is-a-bel'-la, a co. near the centre of Mich. • Ischia, is'-ke-a, (Anc. ^Ena'ria, Inar'ime, and Pithecn'sas,) a fertile and beautiful i. in the Mediterranean, belonging to the kingdom of Na- ples, situated scarcely 8 m. from the promontory of Misennm. It is about 7 m. long, and has an area of 21 sq. m. Pop. about 24,000. Ischia, the principal town, stands on the eastern part of the island, in Lat. 40° 43' N., Lon. 13° 56' E. 5 and contains about 3,000 inhabitants. (M.) Iser or Isar, ee'-zer, a r. of Bavaria, which rises on the borders of Tyrol, and, flowing north-easterly, falls into the Danube. Its whole length is perhaps 150 m. ISE— ISS 291 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; h, nearly like ng. Esere, e x -zaRe^, a small r. which rises in Savoy, and, flowing through Ihe French dep. of its own name, falls into the Rhone, Isere, a dep. in the S. E, part of France, bordering on the Rhone and the duchy of Savoy. Pop, 573,643. (B.) Capital., Grenoble. Iserlohn, ee x -zer-lone^, a t. of Westphalia, about 45 m. N, E, of Co- logne. In its vicinity are rich mines of calamine, which furnish the material for several of its numerous manufactures. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Isis. See Thames. Iskenderoon. See Alexanbretta. Islamabad, is-lam s -a-baoV, a t. of British India, cap. of the dist. of Chittagong, situated near the E. coast of the Bay of Bengal. Lat. 22° 20' N., Lon. 91° 45' E. Pop. 12,000. (M.) Isla, i'-la, or Islay, iMa, the most southern of the Hebrides. It is about 26 m. long, and 20 m. broad. This island, together with those of Jura and Colonsay, belong to Argyleshire, and form the dist. of lsla, the pop. of which amounts to 18,071, Isle of France. See France, Isle of, and Mauritius. Isle of Wight, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on James r., near its mouth. Pop. 9,353. Co. t. Smithfield. Isle of Wight. See Wight, Isle of. Ik^-ling-ton, formerly a village of Middlesex co., England, near Lon- don. It is now entirely united with the metropolis. Ismail, is-ma-eel/, an J important fortress of Russia, in Bessarabia, situated on the Kilian arm of the Danube, about 43 m. from the Black Sea. It was taken from the Turks by Suwarrow, in 1790. Lat. 45° 21' N., Lon. 28° 50' E. Pop. 9,000. (P. C.) Ispahan, is'-pa-heuV, or Isfahan, (commonly pronounced by the in- habitants spa-hoon',) a celebrated city, formerly the cap. of Persia, situated on the Zenderood, which is said to be about <500 ft. broad at this place, but which is afterwards lost in the sands of the desert. Though still a large city, Ispahan has greatly declined since the time of Abbas the Great, in the 17th century, when its population is said to have amounted to 700,000. At present, however, it appears to be rising slowly from its decay. Balbi estimates the number of its inhabi- tants at about 200,000, though many others rate it considerably lower. It is still considered as the first manufacturing and commercial town in Persia. Among the interesting structures of Ispahan, we may briefly notice, the royal palace, which contains within itself several other remarkable edifices; and the numerous noble bridges built over the Zenderood, some of which are fallen into stately ruins, while others are still almost entire. This city is the seat of several colleges, among which, that of the Royal Mosque, which may be styled a Mahometan university, is especially distinguished. Lat. 32° 24' N., Lon. 51° 50' E. Issoire. is^-swan', a small t. of France, in the dep. of Puy de Dome, 19 m. S. S. E. of Clermont. Pop. 5,741. (M.) Issoudun, is x -soo v -duN'', the most important t. in the French dep. of as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. and was for a considerable period the capital of the empire. Among the remarkable edifices of Kief we may mention the cathedral of St. Sophia, which is interesting on account of its antiquity, and is besides one of the finest churches in Russia. This place has an university called St. Vladimir's, founded in 1834. Kief is also the seat of the oldest Greek ecclesiastical academy in Russia, founded in 1588, and attended at present by about 1,500 students. (B.) Lat. 50° 27' N., Lon. 30° 27' E. Pop. about 40,000. (P. C.) Kiel, keel, a t. of Denmark, in the duchy of Holstein,* on a bay of the Baltic, called Kielerfiord (keeMer-fe-ord'), which forms an excel- lent harbour. It is surrounded by walls, with five gates. The univer- sity of Kiel, founded in 1665, has a library of 70,000 vols, and i3 attended by about 300 students. Lat. 54° 20' N., Lon. 10° 8' E. Pop. above 8,000. (B.) Kil-dare / , an inland co. in the E. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster. Pop. in 1831, 108,424. (P. C.) Kilia, keeMe-a, a small t. of European Russia, situated on one of the arms of the Danube (called also Kilia), about 8 m. from its mouth. — Adj. Kilian, keeMe-an. Kil-ken'-ny, an inland co. in the S. E. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Leinster. Pop. in 1831, exclusive of the city and its liberties, 169,945. (P. C.) Kilkenny, a city of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., situated on the Nore, a branch of the Barrow, 62 m. S. W. of Dublin. The t. and its liberties, occupying an area of above 37 sq. m., form what is called the county of the city of Kilkenny. Total pop. in 1831, 23,741. (P. C.) Kil-lar'-ney, a t. in the S. W. part of Ireland, in the co. of Kerry, celebrated for the beauty of the scenery in its vicinity, is situated near a small lake of the same name, 44 m. W. by N. of Cork. Pop. in 1831, 7,910. (P. C.) Kil-mar/-nock, an important manufacturing t. of Scotland, in Ayr- shire, situated on the r. Irvine, about 7m., in a straight line, from its entrance into the sea, and 56 m. W. S. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the parish, 19,956. Kincardine, king-kar'-din, a seaport t. of Scotland, situated in a de- tached portion of Perthshire, 21 m. W. N. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the parish in 1841, 2,232, a considerable diminution in the number of inhabitants having occurred since 1831, owing to the depression of trade. Kincardineshire, king-kar'-din-shir, or the Mearns, a co. in the W. of Scotland, situated between Forfarshire and Aberdeenshire, and bordering on the German Ocean. Pop. 33,075. * Both McCulloch and the Penny Cyclopaedia state that Kiel is the capital of Holstein, while both also agree in asserting in another place that Gluckstadtms the -capital of the duchy ! Balbi says nothing of Kiel being the seat of government, but ells us that Gluckstadt is important as being le siege du college administratis et ju- liciaire (the seat of the administrative and judiciary college) of Holstein. 310 KHE— KIE Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in good 3 31' E. Though founded but a few years ago, it is said to have a pop. of .30,000. Kherson, KCR-sone', a t. in the S. part of Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the estuary of the Dnieper. Lat. 46° 38' N., Lon. 32° 40' E. Pop. 14,000. (P. C.) Khiva, Khee'-va, or Oorghenj, an independent khanatof Toorkis- tan, in Central Asia, which has of late years established its supremacy over a number of the wandering Toorcoman hordes. Its dominion is believed to extend from about the 36th to the 44th degree of N. Lat., and from the 52d to the 64th of E. Lon., but a large portion of the sur- face is desert. — Adj. and inhab. Khivan, Kee'-van. Khiva, the cap. of the above, is situated on a canal derived from the Amoo, in the midst of a fertile country. Lat. about 41° 30' N., Lon. 59° 10' E. Permanent pop. estimated at 6,000. (B.) Khoi, Koy, a fortified t. of Persia, in the prov. of Azerbaijan. Lat. about 38° 30' N., Lon. 44° 50' E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) Kho-jend^, a t. of Central Asia, in Independent Toorkistan. Ac- cording to Balbi, it is estimated to be equal in size to Bokhara, which is said to contain above 100,000 inhabitants. Lat. about 41° 15' N., Lon. 68° 30' E. Khokand, Ko-kand', (or Kho-kan',) a city of Central Asia, the cap. of a khanat of the same name, in Independent Toorkistan on the Syr Deria (or Sihon). It is estimated to be equal in size and pop. to Bokhara. (B.) Khokand is said to contain 500 mosques and 100 schools, and to be a distinguished seat of Persian literature. Lat. about 41° 40' N., Lon. 69° 30' E. Khoozistan (Khuzistan), KOo v -zis-tan', a prov. in the S. W. part of Persia, bordering on the Persian Gulf. Khorassan, Ko x -ras-san', (i. e. the " region of the sun,"*) a large prov. in the N. E. part of Persia, bordering on Toorkistan and the king- dom of Cabool. Kiakhta, ke-aK'-ta, a t. of Asiatic Russia, situated on a r. of the same name, which flows into the Selenga. It is important as being the great centre of trade and political intercourse between the Russian and Chinese empires. Lat. 50° 21' N., Lon. 106° 30' E. Pop. 4,862. (P. C.) Kid v -der-min'-ster, a manufacturing t. of England, in Worcester- shire, 16 m. W. S. W. of Birmingham. Pop. 14,399. Ki-ef' (also written Kiew), an ancient t. in the southern part of Eu- ropean Russia, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, is situated on the Dnieper, a little below the confluence of the Desna with that river. It was the earliest seat of the Christian religion in that part of Europe, ■ 7 * The origin of the name is prettily suggested by Moore, at the commencement of the first poem of Lalla Rookh — " In that delightful Province of the Sun, The first of Persian lands he shines upon" — KIR— KON 311 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Kirriemuir, ker^-re-mure', a manufacturing t. of Scotland, in For- farshire, 16 m. N. of Dundee. Pop. 3,067. Kishm or Kish'-ma (Anc. Oarac'ta), the largest i. in the Persian Gulf, intersected by the 27th parallel of N. Lat., and the 56th meridian of E. Lon. Length about 60 m. ; breadth 12 m. Pop. estimated at 5,000. (M.) Kiz'-il I.r/-mak, i. e. the " red river," (Turk. pron. kiz v -eeP eeV- mak'; Anc. Ha'lys,) the largest and finest r. in Asia Minor, rises N. E. of Kaisarieh, near the 39th degree of N. Lat., and the 37th of E. Lon., and flowing at first westerly, and after\v;ards in a general N. E. direction, falls into the Black Sea, in about 41° 45' N. Lat., and 36° E. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at 450 m. Klagenfurth. See Clagenfuiwh. Klattau, klat'-tou, a t. of Bohemia, cap. of a circle of the same name, 70 m. S. W. of Prague. Pop. 5,700. (M.) Klau'-sen-burg\ i. e. the " castle of the defile," (Ger. pron. klou'- zen-booRG ; Hung. Kolozsvar, ko-lozh-vaaR ; Anc. Clau'dia, afterwards Claudiop'olis;) the cap. of Transylvania, situated on the r. Szamos (saa-mosh), near a mountain defile, whence its name. It is surrounded by lofty walls, with towers, which divide the city proper, called Ovar, or " Old Town," from the Ujvar (oo-e-vaar), or " New Town." The latter, though of small extent, has some handsome streets, and a very pleasing appearance. Klausenburg possesses a lyceum and several other important literary institutions. Lat. 46° 45' N., Lon. 23° 32' E. Pop. above 20,000. (B.) Knox, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., on the Holston r. Pop. 18,755. Co. t. Knoxville. x Knox, a co. in the S. E. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 7,050. Co. t. Barbourville. Knox, a co. in the E. central part of Ohio, N. E. of Columbus. Pop. 28,873 Co. t. Mount Vernon. Knox, a co. in the S. W. part of Tnd., between the Wabash and White r. Pop. 11,084. Co. t. Vincennes. Knox, a co. in the N. W. part of 111., a little W. of the Illinois r. Pop. 13,279. Co. t. Knoxville. Koahoma. See Coahoma. KoENIGINGRAETZ. See KoNIGINGRATZ. Kolin, ko-leen', a t. of Bohemia, on the Elbe, 34 mi. E. of Prague. Here Frederick II., of Prussia, was defeated with great loss by thfl Austrians, in 1755. Komorn. See Comorn. Kongsberg, kongs'-beRg, a small t. of Norway, about 44 m. W.S.W. of Christiania, important on account of its silver mines and its mint Pop. 4,000. (B.) Ko'-nj-eh or Konia (Anc. Ico'nium), a t. of Asiatic Turkey, the cap. of a pashalic of the same name, formerly the residence of the Seljook (Seljuk) sultans of Room, is situated in the midst of a fertile and well- 312 KON— KOO Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, n&t ; 65, as in good / watered plain, about 140 m. S. of Angora. Though at present much decayed, this town is still important on account of its manufactures, and its numerous madressas or colleges; it contains, also, some highly in- teresting remains of antiquity. Lat. 37° 50' N., Lon. 32° 45' E. Pop. estimated at about 30,000. (B.) KonigingrXtz, ko/-niG-in-grets, or Ko^-nig-grItz, (Bohemian, Kra- lowy Hradecs, kra-lo'-ve hra-dets',) a fortified t. of Bohemia, the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated on the Elbe, 63 m. E. by N. of Prague. Pop., exclusive of the military, 6,000. (B.) Konigsberg, kenMgs-berg, (Ger. pron. ko/-nios-beRG,) a large city of Germany, cap. of Prussia Proper, on the Pregel, near its entrance into the Frische Haff. A bar at the mouth of the river prevents ves- sels drawing more than 5 or 6 ft. \!*ater from ascending to the city, so that the port of Konigsberg is properly at Pillau (pilMou), situated at the junction of the Frische Haff with the Baltic. The impression which the interior of the town makes on a stranger is not favourable. The streets, though straight, are, for the most part, narrow, dirty, and badly paved, while the few handsome public or private edifices are scattered over the whole city. Among the literary and scientific insti- tutions of this town, we may mention the University, founded in 1544, and attended at present by about 450 students. — The celebrated Kant, who was born at Konigsberg, in 1724, and died here in 1804, was one of its professors; — and the Observatory, which has of late years attained great celebrity from the astronomical observations of Professor Bessel. There are besides, three gymnasia, with numerous other schools. The Observatory is in 54° 42' 50" N. Lat, and 20° 30' T E. Lon. Pop. above 68,000. (B.) Koor, written also Kur, (Gr. Kvpos, Kuros ; Lat. Cyprus,) a r. of W. Asia, which rises in the Turkish dominions, near 40° 40' N. Lat, and 42° 40' E. Lon., and, flowing north-easterly, passes into the Russian prov. of Georgia, then changes its course, and runs south-easterly to the Caspian Sea, which it enters by several mouths, near 39° 15' N. Lat., and 49° E. Lon. Its entire length is about 560 m. Koordistan or Kurdistan, koor-dis-tan', i. e. the " country of the Koords," an extensive country in the western part of Asia, situated partly in the Turkish dominions and partly in Persia; being bounded on the N. by Armenia, E. by Azerbaijan and Irak Adjemi, S. by Khoo- zistan and the pashalic of Bagdad, W. by Algezira or Aljezeereh (Mesopotamia) and Diarbekir. Length about 300 m.; breadth perhaps 150 m. The inhabitants are mostly shepherds, though some are em- ployed in agriculture and the mechanic arts. The Persian Koords are said to be for the most part wandering tribes, while those of Turkey have generally fixed habitations. Like their ancestors, the ancient Kar- du'chi, the Koords are active, brave, and impatient of control. Though nominally subject to the Ottoman or Persian government, they appear to pay but little respect to the orders of their sovereign. The Koord- ish women, unlike those of most other Asiatic nations, are said to be KOO— KUR 313 sm, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng\ treated with much respect, while marriage is regarded as a sacred and indissoluble tie. — Adj. Koor/-dish ; inhab. Koord. Koorile or Kurile (koo'-ril) Islands,* a chain of small islands con- necting the peninsula of Ramtchatka with the large islands which form the empire of Japan. They extend in length more than 700 m. The inhabitants are partly Kamtchadaies and partly Amos (i/-noce), a tribe which appears to belong to the same race as the Japanese. — Inhab. Koo-rii/-lj-a>?. Koor'-land (Courland or Kurland), a prov. in the VV. part of Russia, bordering on the Gulf of Riga, Capital, Mittau. Koorsk (Kowrsk or Kursk), a t. in the 8. part of European Russia, the cap. of a g-ov. of the same name, with one of the first ecclesiastical seminaries in the empire. The prov. of Koorsk is remarkable for its fertility, and celebrated for its fine fruits; among which are melons, apples, cherries, and various sorts of plums. Watermelons are grown in the open fields. Lat. of the town, 51° 43' N., Lon. 36° 28' E. Pop, 24,000. (P. C.J Kor-do-fan', a country S. of Nubia, W. o£ and bordering on the Nile. Kosciusko, kos-se-us'-ko, a co. in the N. part of Ind., on the head waters of the Tippecanoe r. Pop. 10,243, Co. t, Warsaw. Kos-tro'-ma, a manufacturing t. in the central part of European Russia, the cap. of a gov. of the same nnme, situated at the confluence of the r. Kostroma with the Volga. Lat 57° 46' N, Lon. 41° 13' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) Krasnoyarsk, written also Krasnoyarsk and Krasnojarsk, kr&N no-yarsk', a small but handsome t. of Asiatic Russia, cap. of the gov. of Yeniseisk, containing several excellent literary institutions. It is also a place of considerable trade. Lat. 58° 1' N., Lon. 92° 21' E. Pop. about 4,000. (M.) Krek'-nitz (Hung. Kormecz Briny a, koR-mets bafax-yoh), a t. of Hungary, important on account of its rich mines of gold and silver, and its mint. Lat. 48° 39' N., Lon. 18° 50' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Kreuznach, kroits'-nnK, a t. of the Prussian states, 18 rn. S. W. of Mentz. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Krish'-na or Ktst^-na, an important r. of Hindostan, which rise3 in the W. Ghauts, near 18° N. Lat n and 74° E. Lon., and flowing in a very tortuous course, falls into the ocean on the Coromandel Coast, by several mouths, near 16° N. Lat., 81° E. Lon. Its whole length is esti- mated at 700 m. Kuldsha. See Gooldsha. Kur. See Koor. Kurdistan. See Koordistan, Kurile. See Koorile. KvRiscHE Haff, koo'-rish-eA haff, a bay or lagoon in the N. E. part of Prussia, about 56 m. in length, and 20 m. in its greatest breadth. * Kootulk. is supposed to be derived from Kooroo Milsi, i. e. the " road of sea-weeds'' (.kooroo signifying a '"sea-weed"), which is the name bestowed by the inhabitants of Yesso upon this insular chain. (M. B.) 314 KUR— LAD Fate, far, fall, fat ; me,, met ; pine or pine, p?n j no, aflt ; eo as in ^oo*?, The strait by which it communicates with the Baltic is only about 1,200 ft. wide. The waters, like those of the Frische Haff, are fresh, and from similar causes. (See Frische Haff.) The narrow strip or bank of land which separates this Haff from the Baltic, is called the Kiiriscke Nehrung. KuRtAND. See Koorlanb. Kiitaiyeh or KooTAi'AH, koo-ti'-ya/j, (Cotyse'ium,) a t. of Asiatic Turkey, the cap. of the prov. of Natolia or Anatoli. Lat 39° 25^ N. r Lon. 30° 15' E. Pop, estimated at 50,009. (B.) Laalanes lau'-land, or Loi/-lani>, a fertile island belonging- to Den- mark, situated in the Baltic, between 54° 38' and 54° 58' N. Lat., and 10° 57' and 11° 52' K Lon. It is about 36 m. in length, and 18 m. in its greatest breadth. Area, 460 sq. m. Pop. about 45,000. (P. C.) Lar-ra-dor', a vast peninsula in the E. part of British America ; bounded N. by Hudson's Strait, E. by the Atlantic, Sv by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Canada, and VV. by Hudson's Bay. It extends from about the 50th to near the 63d degree of N. Lat., and from the 56th to near the 79th of W. Lon, Its extreme length, fiom R. S. E. to VV. N. W., is about 1,100 m.; its greatest breadth, from & to W., 900 m. Labrador is commonly described as one of the most dreary and naked regions of the globe, exhibiting scarcely anything but rocks destitute of vegetation. But though this be its appearance when seen from the coast, on penetrating into the interior the surface is found to be thickly covered with pines, birches, and poplars, while various sorts of deli- cious berries are said to abound. No country is better supplied with water; streams, as well as ponds and lakes, are extremely numerous. The native inhabitants of Labrador are limited chiefly, if not entirely, to the Esquimaux. The Moravian missionaries, who formed their first settlement among them in 1752, are said to have exercised a very bene- ficial influence upon these degraded people, improving both their moral and physical condition. The coast of Labrador was discovered in 1496, by Sebastian Cabot (as is supposed), and was afterwards named Terra Labraoor or "cultivable land," to distinguish it from Greenland. Lac'-ca-dIves v or the Laccadive Islands (called by the natives Lakaradeevh), a group of islets in the Indian Ocean, about 75 m. VV. of the coast of Malabar, between 10° and 12° N. Lat., and 72° and 74° 30' E. Lon. LackNa-wAn'-ncck or Lack -a-wan'-na, a small r. of Pa., which flows into the Susquehanna, on the left. Nearly the whole course is within Luzerne co. On its banks are extensive mines of anthracite coal. Lahakh, la v -daK', a considerable country in the S. central part of Asia, between Cashmere and Thibet. Its length, from N. to S., is above 200 m.; its average breadth, 150 m. (M.) The inhabitants be- long to the same race as the Thibetans. They are a very industrious and frugal people, and well acquainted with the arts of civilized life. They are said to possess extraordinary skill in agriculture, overcoming, LAD— LAP 315 tkJt, as in o«r ; th, as in thin $ th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng, tso a great extent, by industry, art, and the disadvantages of a moun- tainous country and naturally unproductive soil. Ladakh is usually con- sidered as belonging to the empire of China, but, according to McCul- ioch, it never formed a part of the possessions of that power, though it was for a time a sort of tributary to the Mogul emperor. It afterwards 'became subject to Runjeet Singh, but, since his death, there is reason to believe that the country has recovered its former independence. The religion ef Ladakh is similar to that of Thibet, Boodh ism being the prevailing belief, though Mahometanism is said to have made great pro- gress of late. The government, as regards the people, is despotic, but the rajah has very little real power, being controlled by the lamas t)r priests, by whom he is occasionally deposed. Leh'la, (or Lei) W-e, tlie capi- tal of Ladakh, is the centre of an active commerce, which is carried •on between the other countries of Asia. It is said to contain 1,000 houses 'n from t'hese works to the publications of our own country, we shall find a r 1 more striking discrepancy to prevail. 328 LIE-LIM Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 6d as in good; Belgium, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the Meuse, 54 m. E. by S. of Brussels. In its vicinity are inexhaustible mines of coal, which have been worked since the year 1178. Liege contains a university, founded in 1817, a college royal, a mining school, and numerous other institutions for the promotion of science, literature, and the arts. Lat. 50° 39' N., Lon. 5° 32' E. Pop. 58,000. (B.) Liege, a prov. taking its name from the above city, in the E. part of Belgium, and bordering on the Prussian dominions. Pop, 371,000. (P. C.) Liegnitz, leeG^-nits, a t. of Prussian Silesia, the cap. of a circle and gov. of the same name, on the Katzbach (kats^-bax), a branch of the Oder. It contains a gymnasium, a royal equestrian academy, and other institutions. Lat. 51° 12' N., Lon. 16° 12' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Lier, leer, (Fr. Lierre, le-aiR/,) a manufacturing t. of Belgium, 10 m. S.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Lille or Lisle, leel, an important manufacturing and commercial city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Nord, situated on the canal of the Deule (which communicates with the Lys), in the midst of a fertile and highly cultivated country. The town is well laid out, with nearly thirty market-places or other open spaces, and most of the streets are wide. Its admirable citadel, and other fortifications, render Lille ont. of the strongest cities of Europe. Of literary institutions, there are a considerable number, including a public library of 20,000 vols, a high school, «fec. Lat. 50° 38' N., Lon. 3° 4' E. Pop. 72,005. (B.) Lima, lee^-ma, an archiepiscopal city of S. America, formerly the cap. of the viceroyalty of Peru, and at present of the dep. of Lima and of the Peruvian republic. It is situated in a fertile and spacious val- ley, on a small r. called Rimac, which name has been corrupted by the Spaniards into Lima. The streets are regular and wide, but they are very badly paved. In the middle of the town is the Plaza Mayor (pla^-tha mi-0Re^), or " great square," one of the finest in America, in which is a large fountain, with a bronze statue of Fame in the centro. Lima possesses a university, founded in 1571, a college of medicine and suro-ery, a national library, and several other institutions. Lat. 12° 2' 34" S., Lon. 77° T W. Pop. 70,000. (B.) Lim'-burg (Fr. Limbourg, laM N -booR'), a prov. in the E. part of the Netherlands, bordering on the Prussian dominions, divided since the revolution of 1830 between Holland and Belgium. Area of the Belgian prov., 970 sq. m. Pop. 227,000. Area of the part belonging to Holland, 530 sq. m. Pop. 156,000. (P. C.) Lim'-er-ick, an inland co. in the S.W. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster, bordering on the estuary of the Shannon. Pop., exclusive of the co. of the town of Limerick, 248,801. (P. C.) Limerick, an ancient city of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., on the S. side of the Shannon. This town is the centre of an extensive trade, but its manufactures are very limited. One of the most remark- able objects of this place are the hanging gardens, constructed in 1808 by Mr. Roche, which contain a surface cf more than an English acre. LIM— LIN 329 ou, as in our ; tjh, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. The co. of the city of Limerick has an area of more than 41 sq. m. with a pop. (in 1831) of 66,554. (P. C.) Pop. of the town and suburbs, 44,100. Lat. 52° 40' N., Lon. 8° 38' W. Limestone, a co. in the N. part of Ala., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 16,483. Co. t. Athens. Limoges, le v -mozb/, (Anc. Augustori'tum, afterwards Lemov^ices,) a manufacturing city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Upper Vienne, and formerly of the prov. of Limousin, on the Vienne, 110 m. N. E. of Bordeaux. It contains an academie universitaire, a royal college or high school, a school of anatomy, and various other literary and scien- tific establishments. Lat. 45° 50' N., Lon. 1° 16' E. Pop. 27,000. (B.) Limousin, le v -moo'-saV, or Limosin, one of the former provinces of France, now comprehended in the deps. of Correze and Upper Vienne. This name, as well as that of Limoges, is derived from the Lemovices, a people who inhabited this district in the time of the ancient Romans. Limoux, le v -inoo', a t. of France, in the dep. of Aude, on the r. Aude, 13 m. S. S. E. of Carcassonne. Pop. 6,666. (M.) Lincoln, link'-on, (Anc. LinMum.) a city of England, the cap. of Lincolnshire, 121 m. N. of London. Its cathedral is esteemed one of the most beautiful in England. Lat. 53° 24' N., Lon. 0° 36' W. Pop. 13,896. Lincoln, a co. in the S. part of Me., intersected by the Kennebeck r., and bordering on the sea. Pop. 74,875. Co. t. Wiscasset. Lincoln, a co. in the S. W. part of N. C, bordering on the Catawba and S. C. Pop. 7,746. Co. t. Lincolnton. Lincoln, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savan- nah r. Pop. 5,998. Co. t. Lincolnton. Lincoln, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop. 23,492. Co. t. Fayetteville. Lincoln, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ky., S. of Lexington. Pop. 10,093. Co. t. Stanford. Lincoln, a co. in the E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi, above the mouth of the Missouri r. Pop. 9,421. Co. t. Troy. Lincolnshire, link'-on-shir, a co. in the E. part of England, border- ing on the r. Humber and the sea. Pop. 362,602. Lin-lith'-gow or West Lothian (W-THe-an), a co. of Scotland, lying along the S. side of the Frith of Forth. Pop. 26,872. Linlithgow, the cap. of the above co., on the S. bank of a lake of the same name, 17 m. W. by S. of Edinburgh. Pop. 3,872. Linn, a co. in the N. part of Mo., E. of Grand r. Pop. 4,058. Linn, a co. of Iowa, intersected by Red Cedar r. Pop. 5,444. Co. t Marion. Lintz or Linz, lints, a beautiful city and fortress 1 ', the Austrian empire, cap. of Upper Austria, on the Danube, which is here crossed by a bridge 280 yards in length. A fine railway (the first ever con- structed in Germany) connects it with Budweis, in Bohemia. Lintz possesses a lyceum, a gymnasium, and various other literary and scien- 28* 330 LIP— LIS Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; tific institutions ; it also has some extensive manufactures. Lat. 48° 19' N., Lon. 14° 17' E. Pop. 24,000. (B.) Lip'-a-rj., or lee'-pa-re lsLANDs,(Anc.iEo'lise In'sul8e,)a group in the Mediterranean, off the N. coast of Sicily, consisting of seven principal islands, besides several islets and rocks. Lipari (Anc. Lip'ara), the largest, intersected by the parallel of 38° 30' N. Lat., and the meridian of 14° 55' E. Lon, is about 8 m. in length. Pop. 12,500. (P. C.) Among the others, Strom'boli (Anc Stron'gyle), an insular mountain, nearly 3,000 ft. in height, is remarkable for its constantly burning volcano, which serves for a light-house to the sailors in that sea. The Lipari islands are evidently of volcanic origin. They were sometimes called Vulcanise by the ancient Romans, from the supposition, probably, that Vulcan had his workshops here as well as in iEtna. Lippe, lip'-pe^, a small r. of Germany, which flows into the Rhine on the right. Lippe-Detmold (-det'-molt), a principality of Germany, on the sources of the above r., from which circumstance it is supposed to take its name. It consists of the counties of Lippe and Sternberg, being situated between 51° 48' and 52° 12' N. Lat., and 8° 35' and 9° 10' E. Lon. Area, 435 sq.m. Pop. 80,000. (P. C.) Detmold, the cap., situated on the Werra, contains 2,800 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 51° 56' N., Lon. 8° 50' E. Lippe-Schauenburg (-shou'-en-booRG or shou'-en-burg), often, though incorrectly, written Schaumburg, a small principality of Germany, in- tersected by the parallel of 52° 20' N. Lat., and the 9th meridian of E. Lon. Area, 210 sq. m. Pop. 25,000. BOckeburg (biik'-kefr-booRG), the cap., contains 2,100 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 52° 16' N., Lon. 9° E. Liria, lee'-re-a, a manufacturing t. of Spam, in the prov. of Valen- cia, 15 m. N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 12,000. (B.) Lij/-bon (Port. Lis-bo'-a : Anc. OHsipo),the cap.of Portugal,on the N. bank of the Tagus, about 9 m. above its entrance into the sea. The river at the W. end of Lisbon is but little more than a mile in breadth, but opposite to the centre of the city it widens considerably, and above forms a bay several miles in extent, which furnishes a safe and magni- ficent harbour, capable of containing all the fleets of Europe. In the old portion of the town, the streets are irregular, narrow, ill-paved, and. dirty. But in that part which has been rebuilt since the great earth- quake of 1755, the houses are handsome, the streets regular and very clean. Perhaps the most remarkable edifice of Lisbon is the palace of Ajuda (a-zhoo'-da), which, when finished, will rank among the finest in Europe. Among the numerous literary and scientific institutions of this city, we may mention the Royal Academy of Sciences, the College of the Nobles, the Royal Academy of Marine, with an observatory, and the Royal Military College. The commerce of Lisbon, though much diminished since the loss of Brazil, is still considerable. Among its manufactures, those in gold and jewelry are perhaps the most remarka- ble. We may observe, that the want of industry, as well as the igno- rance, of the Portuguese, has been much exaggerated by travellers. LIS— LIV 331 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. The Observatory is in 38° 42' 24" N. Lat., and 9° 8' 21" W. Lon. Pop. about 260,000. (B.) Lis'-burn, one of the handsomest towns in the N. of Ireland, in the eo. of Antrim, 8 m. S. S. W. of Belfast. Pop. in 1831, 5,745. (P. C.) Lisieux, le v -ze-uA', (Anc. Noviom'agus or Nceom'agus, afterwards Lexov'ii), a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Calvados, 93 m. W. by N. from Paris. Lat. 49° 9' N., Lon. 0° 14' E. Pop. 11,473, (P. C.) Lis-keard' or Les-keard', a small t. of England, in Cornwall. Lat. 50° 27' N., Lon. 4° 26' W. Lisle. See Lille. Lis-more', a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Waterford, on the Blackwa- ter r., 28 m. E. N. E. of Cork. Pop. in 1831, 2,998. (P. C.) Lis'-sa (Polish, Leszno, lesh'-no), a manufacturing t. of Prussia, on the borders of Silesia. Lat. 51° 52' N., Lon. 16° 36' E. Pop. 7,500. (B.) Litch'-field, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Conn. Pop. 45,253. Litchfield, the cap. of the above co., situated about 33 m., in a straight line, N. N. W. of New Haven. Here is a female seminary of distinguished reputation. Pop. 3,953. Lith-u-a^-nx-a (see Int. XI.), a country of Europe, which constituted an independent and powerful state, from about the year 1206 to 1385, when it was united with Poland, by the marriage of king Yaguellon with the Polish queen Hedvige. Olghord, the father of Yaguellon, and the most powerful of the Lithuanian princes, had extended his dominions to the banks of the Don and the shores of the Black Sea, and thrice presented himself in triumph before the gates of Moscow. A great part of these possessions was afterwards lost under the reign of Casimir III., and of several succeeding princes. The territory which constituted the duchy of Lithuania, at the time of the first dis- memberment of Poland, in 1772, now forms the Russian governments of Vilna, Grodno, Bialystock, Vitepsk, Mohelef, Minsk, and Augustov or Augustow. — Adj. and inhab. Lith-u-a'-nx-an. Little Rock, the cap. of the state of Arkansas, on the right bank of the Arkansas r. Lat. 34° 40' N., Lon. 83° 10' W. Pop. about 4,000. Livadia or Libadia,* le-va-Dee'-a, (Anc. Lebade^a,) a t. of Greece, which, under the Turkish government, gave its name to the prov. in which it was situated. Before the war of independence, the pop. was estimated at 10,000 (B.), but it is said to have been entirely ruined in that contest. The ancient town was remarkable as the seat of the fa- mous oracle or cavern of Trophonius. Lat. 38° 24' N., Lon. 22° 58' E. Liv'-er-pool\ a city of England, in Lancashire, and, next to Lon- don, the greatest commercial emporium of the British empire, is situ- ated on the estuary of Mersey, 3 or 4 m. from the sea. Before the middle of the last century, the streets of this town were narrow and inconvenient, and the buildings wholly devoid of architectual beauty ; but successive alterations have given it a degree of commodiousness and elegance not to be met with in any other commercial port in Eng- * See Introduction, XXI. 11. 332 LIV— LLA Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; land. By means of canals and railways, Liverpool has ready commu- nication with all the more important places in the interior of the coun- try ; a circumstance which, with its proximity to Manchester, has contributed, perhaps not less than its maritime trade, to its extraordi- nary commercial prosperity. Among the numerous literary and scien- tific establishments of this city, we may mention the Royal Institution, founded in 1814, by the celebrated William Roscoe, and containing an extensive museum of natural history, many valuable paintings, &c. ; courses of lectures are given on literature and the various branches of physical science. Like most of the great towns of England, Liverpool is furnished with water and gas, which are distributed to the private houses. With the exception of London, this town is the most populous in Great Britain. Its growth has been extremely rapid; in 1700, its pop. was only 5,714; in 1801, it was 77,703; in 1831, 165,221 (JVL), and in 1851, including the parish and the adjoining townships, 384,203. Liverpool now far exceeds London in the value of its ex- ports, which in 1851 amounted to £35,000,000, while those of London were about £14,000,000. Lat. 53° 24 / N., Lon. 2° 58' W. LivMngs-ton, a co. in the W. part of N. Y., intersected by the Ge- nesee r. Pop. 40,875. Co. t. Geneseo. Livingston, a parish in the E. part of La., on the Amite r. and Pontchartrain L. Pop. 3,385. Livingston, a co. in the N. W. of Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio and Tennessee rivers. Pop. 6,578. Co. t. Salem. Livingston, a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., W. N. W. of Detroit. Pop. 13,485. Co. t. Howell. Livingston, a co. in the N. E. central part of Til., a little S. of the Illinois r. Pop. 1,552. Livingston, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., on the Grand r. Pop. 4,247. Li-vo'-nx-a (Ger. Liefland, leeP-lant), a gov. in the W. part of Eu- ropean Russia, between the Gulf of Livonia and Lake Peipus. Capi- tal, Riga. — Adj. and inhab. Lj-vo'-ni-an. Livonia, Gulf of, a portion of the Baltic, situated S. of the Gulf of Finland, between 56° 55' and 57° 30' N. Lat., and 22° and 24° 40' E. Lon. It is sometimes called the Gulf of Riga. Livorno. See Leghorn. Lizard Point, a bold headland in the British Channel, on the S„ coast of Cornwall, forming the most southerly part of England. Lat 49° 57' 30" N., Lon. 5° if W. Ljusne, lvoos'-ne, a small r. in the N. of Sweden, which flows into the Gulf of"Bothnia, near Lat. 61° 10' N. Llan-daff\ a small decayed t. of S. Wales, in Glamorganshire, 27 m. W. of Bristol, only remarkable for being a bishop's see, and for its ancient cathedral. Llanelly, lan-ethMe, a seaport t. of S. Wales, in Caermarthenshire, 13 m. S. E. of Caermarthen. Pop. of the borough, 6,818. LLA— LOF 333 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Llangollen, lan-gothMen, a t. of N. Wales, in Denbighshire, 18 m. S. S. E. of Denbigh. Pop. of the parish, 4,906. Llanidloes, lan'-id-less, a t. of N. Wales in Montgomeryshire, on the Severn, near its source, 19 m. W. S. W. of Montgomery. Pop. 2,742. Llanos, lya^-noce, (t. e. in Spanish the "plains,") a name applied to the extensive plains of S. America, particularly to those lying between the r. Caqueta and the Orinoco, which are comprised chiefly within the republics of New Grenada and Venezuela. Llerena, lya-rV-na, a t. of Estremadura, Spain. Lat. 38° 15' N., Lon. 6° 3' W. Pop. 6,495. (M.) L6, Saint (Fr. pron. sSn 16), a manufacturing t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Manche. Among its literary and scientific institutions, there is a public library of 5,000 vols. Lat. 49° 8' N., Lon. 1° 5' W. Pop. 8,820. (B ) Loango, lo-ang'-go, a kingdom on the W. coast of Africa, lying be- tween the equator and the r. Congo or Zaire, in about 6° S. Lat. The people of this country are very ignorant and superstitious; the govern- ment is an absolute despotism. Loango, the cap., stands about 3 m. from the sea. Lat. 4° 36' S., Lon. 12° 20' E. Pop. 15,000. Lock/-port, a flourishing t. of N. Y., cap. of Niagara co., on the Erie Canal, about 60 m. W. of Rochester. It derives its name from the locks where the canal descends a terrace called the Mountain Ridge: there is at this place about 60 ft. lockage. Pop. of township, 12 323. Lodeve, lo N -dave^ (Anc. Lute^va or Lote'va), a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Herault. Lat. 43° 44' N., Lon. 3° 19' E. Pop. 11,071. (M.) Lodi, lo'-de, a t. of Austrian Italy, cap. of a delegation of the same name, on the Adda, 18 m. S. E. of Milan. It contains a royal lyceum, two gymnasia, a college or high-school for girls, and other institutions. Lodi is memorable in history as the scene of one of Napoleon's most brilliant victories, which was gained over the Austrians on the 10th of May, 1796. Lat. 45° 18' N., Lon. 9° 31' E. Pop. 15,000. (B.) Lof-fo'-den* or Lofoden Isles, a group on the coast of Norway, between 67°' 30' and 69° 30' N. Lat, and 11° and 16° 30' E. Lon. It consists of 5 principal islands. Hindoen, the largest, is about 50 m. long, with perhaps an average breadth of 25 m. The aggregate pop. is estimated at between 3,000 and 4,000. (M.) Near the southern extremity of this group is the Maelstrom (male/-strum),f a great whirl- * We frequently hear this name pronounced with the accent on the first syllable; but the accentuation, as given above, is supported (as we are informed) by the practice of the people of Sweden and Norway. It is also sanctioned by the au- thority of one of our most distinguished poets. " Round the rocks, where loud Loffoden Whirls to death the roaring whale; Round the hall, where Runic Odin Howls his war-song to the gale." — Campbell. t Literally, " mill-stream," so named probably from its whirling like a mill-stone, and crushing or breaking whatever is thrown into it. 334 LOG— LOM Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 65 as in good , pool, a mile and a half in diameter, which sometimes draws within its vortex ships, as well as whales and other animals, and dashes them on the rocks beneath. An American captain who visited the Mael- strom, some years since, says there " is evidently a subterranean pas- sage." He adds, " I should not doubt that instant destruction would be the fate of a dozen of our largest ships, were they drawn in at the same moment." (Goodrich's Pictorial Geography, page 782.) No satisfac- tory explanation has yet been given of this wonderful phenomenon. Lo'-gan, a co. in the VV. part of Va., on the Guyandotte. Pop. 3,620. Seat of justice, Logan c. h. Logan, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 16,581. Co. t. Russelville. Logan, a co. in the W. central part of Ohio, intersected by the Miami r. Pop. 19,162. Co. t. Belle Fontaine. Logan, a co. near the centre of 111. Pop. 5,128. Co. t. Postville. LoGRofio, lo-grone'-yo, a t. of Spain, in Old Castile. Lat. 42° 24' N., Lon. 2° 28' W. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Loir and Cher, lwiht and shaRe, (Fr. Loir-et-Cher, lwau a shaRe,) a dep. in the N. W. central part of France, intersected by the rivers Loir and Cher, the latter of which flows into the Loire ; the former into the Sarthe. Pop. 244,043. (B.) Capital, Blois. Loire, IwSr, (Anc. Linger,) a r. which rises in the S. E. part o f France, in the dep. of Ardeche, and flowing, first in a general northerly and afterwards westerly course, falls into the Bay of Biscay, in about 47° 15' N. Lat., and 2° 12' W. Lon. It is the longest r. of France, its whole length being estimated at 670 m. ; of which about 512 are navi- gable. Loire, a dep. in the E. part of France, intersected by the Loire, and bordering on Upper Loire. Pop. 412,497. (B.) Capital, Montbrison. Loire, Lower (Fr. Loire Inferieure, lwau aN v -fa v -re x -uR0, a dep. in the W. part of France, intersected by the Loire, and bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 470,768. (B.) Capital, Nantes. Loire, Upper (Fr. Haute-Loire, ote IwSr), a dep. in the S. E. part of France, intersected by the Loire, near its source. Pop. 295,384. (B.) Capital, Le Puy. Loiret, lwaR N -a/, a dep. in the N. central part of France, on a little stream of the same name, which flows into the Loire. Pop. 316,189. (B.) Capital, Orleans. Loja, lo'-Ha, a manufacturing t. of Spain, in Andalusia, on the Genii (Ha-neeF), 26 m. W. S. W. of Granada. Lat. 37° 10' N., Lon. 4° 18' W. Pop. estimated at 14,000. (B.) Lokeren, lo'-ker-en, a manufacturing t. of Belgium, in the prov. of E. Flanders, 12 m. E. N. E. of Ghent. Pop. 16,000. (B.) Lom'-bar-dy (It. Lombardia, lom-baR-dee'-a), a country in the N. of Italy, of rather indefinite limits, which derives its name from the Lon- gobards or Longobardi, a nation of German extraction, who established themselves here in the latter part of the 6th century. It includes the greater part of the basin of the Po, consisting of a vast Dlain nearly LOM— LON 335 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. 200 m. in length, and from 60 m. to 70 m. in breadth. This territory now belongs to Austria. (See Italy, Austrian.) Lomond, Ben. See Grampian Hills. Lomond, Loch, Iok lo'-mond, the largest lake of Great Britain.* is situated in Scotland, between the counties of Stirling and Dunbarton. Its length is about 22 m. ; its greatest breadth about 5 m. The greatest depth is about 120 fathoms. The superficial extent is stated to be 45 sq. m. London, lun'-d'n, (Anc. Londin'ium,) the cap. of the United King- dom of Great Britain and Ireland, the most commercial and probably the most populous city on the globe, is situated on the Thames, about 45 m. above its entrance into the sea, and 15 m. below the highest tide- way. The greater part of the town stands on a slight elevation, on the left bank of the r., in the co. of Middlesex; the remainder, on the right bank, in the co. of Surrey. London may be considered as con- sisting of five principal portions, viz., Westminster and West-End, in the W. part of the city ; the city proper, which forms the central and most ancient quarter of the town ; East-End ; and Southwark. Six noble bridges cross the Thames ; the Waterloo, the London, the Westmin- ster, the Blackfriars', the Southwark, and the Vauxhall. Of these, the Waterloo bridge, built of granite, and 1,242 ft. in length, is the largest and most beautiful. The Southwark bridge, constructed of iron, and 708 ft. in length, is remarkable for the extent of the central arch, which has a span of 240 ft. The Thames is also traversed by a tunnel or sub- terraneous passage, consisting of a brick cylinder or pipe, divided into two roadways, each 15 ft. high, and 12 ft. broad. This tunnel, which is abuut 2 m. below the London bridge, has been constructed for the purpose of uniting the two banks without injury to the shipping inte- rest, which could not have been effected by the erection of a bridge. Among the great number of public edifices which adorn the metropolis of the British empire, the most remarkable are — the palace of St. James, situated N. of a park of the same name; since the year 1695, it has been the residence of the English kings; but, notwithstanding the rich- ness and elegance of the interior, the building being only of brick, and irregular in its form, the exterior exhibits none of that magnificence by which many other of the palaces of Europe are distinguished : the Tower, a vast and ancient fortress, founded by William the Conqueror, and formerly inhabited as a palace by several English sovereigns. Since the reign of queen Elizabeth, it has been employed as an arsenal, and a repository for the jewels, records, &c, belonging to the crown, and sometimes as a state prison. It should be observed that extensive addi- tions have been made to it at different times, so that the original tower, which is called the White Tower, at present forms but a small part of this vast edifice. Unhappily, on the 30th of October, 1841, that portion of the Tower of London, denominated the Grand Store-house, and * The largest lake, properly speaking, but not the largest loch — it will be re collected that the latter term is often applied, in Scotland, to arms of the sea. 336 LON Fate, far, fall, f at ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, not ; 66 as in good ; Small Armoury, with its contents, an inestimable collection of trophies, antiquities, &.c, together with nearly 250,000 stand of arms, was re- duced by fire to a mingled heap of ruins : an occurrence the more to be deplored, because, from the peculiar character of a large part of the articles destroyed, it is impossible that they should ever be replaced. Among the churches may be mentioned St. Paul's Cathedral, which is regarded as the most remarkable work of architecture in Great Britain, and, as a temple, the most sumptuous and vast that has ever been erected in Protestant Christendom; it was begun in 1675 and finished in 1710; one architect, Sir Christopher Wren, having super- intended the work from its commencement to its completion ; the extreme length of the cathedral is 510 ft. ; height from the floor to the top of the cross, 362 ft.: and Westminster Abbey, one of the finest Go- thic buildings in Europe, in which repose the ashes of many of the English kings, and others of the royal family, as well as of those who, by their talents or exploits, have added to the glory of the British name. — Among the almost countless multitude of institutions for the promotion of science, literature, and the arts, of which London can boast, our limits will permit us to notice only a few of the most remark- able. These are: the University of London, founded on a new plan, excluding theological studies, and admitting to its course, without dis- tinction, all those who wish to attend it; this institution was incorpo- rated in 1837: King's College, another university, which excludes students not professing with the established church : The Royal Society of London, instituted in the early part of the 17th century, and incor- porated in 1663, one of the most distinguished as well as one of the oldest associations of the kind in Europe ; its object is the promo- tion of general science: the Royal Institution of Great Britain, incor- porated in 1800 ; it possesses a magnificent chemical laboratory, an extensive library, &c. — Professor Davy, afterwards Sir Humphry Davy, was connected with this institution, when, in 1807, he made the disco- very of the composition of the fixed alkalies, a discovery which, viewed in all its relations, may be regarded as one of the most important, as well as one of the most brilliant, recorded in the annals of science : — the Linnsean Society, incorporated in 1802, with a valuable library and one of the most extensive botanical collections in the world; the East India Company has recently presented to this society all those invaluable col- lections, which have been made at different times by its agents in India (B.): the Zoological Society, incorporated in 1829, connected with which are the Zoological Gardens, with a menagerie stocked with animals from every region of the globe: the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, founded in 1826, incorporated in 1832 ; the great object of which is to distribute, among the middling and poorer classes, works on science, &c, at a low price ; this is in every respect a useful and ad- mirable institution, and possesses among its numerous members a large share of the talent and learning, as well as some of the most distin- guished names, of Great Britain : The Royal Geographical Society, founded in 1830; an association which, though in its infancy, haa LON 337 on, as in but; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. already done much towards advancing- the interests of this important science. Another institution, of a different kind, especially deserving the attention of a stranger in the metropolis, is the British Museum, a rich and almost unrivalled collection of books, manuscripts, statues, coins, and other antiquities, besides specimens in the various depart- ments of natural history. — As regards extent and activity of commerce, London is without a rival anion g all the cities of the globe. In 1825, the tonnage of the ships belonging to this port amounted to 870,400 ; about the same time, that of all the merchant vessels of France was only 639,443 (B.); so that the tonnage of the British capital alone considerably exceeded all that of the third commercial power in the world! At the same time, the tonnage of New York, which, in this respect, is the second city on the globe, amounted to only 304,500; Newcastle, the second port of the United Kingdom, and the third in the world, had only 193,100 tons. If we compare the value of the imports and exports of the most important commercial places in the world, we shall find that, in this respect, London is far before every other, while Liverpool holds the second and New York the third rank. Where has commerce such a mart, So rich, so thronged, so drained, and so supplied, As London — opulent, enlarged, and -still Increasing London? Babylon of old Not more the glory of the earth than she, A more accomplished world 1 s chief glory now. Now mark a spot or two Which so much beauty would do well to purge." ** However imposing, however wonderful may be the picture pre- sented to the thoughtless observer, or to him who contemplates Lon- don only from a distance — when we reflect what multitudes of her citi- zens are condemned to continual labour, which does not yield them a sufficiency of the necessaries of life, but whose efforts, like those of Sisyphus, areever unsuccessful, and yet may never be remitted; and how many there are who have not the virtue, if they have the ability, to struggle manfully with want, but are supported by a charity which per- haps fear alone inspires, or by those dishonest practices which are the last resource of the idle, we shall find far more cause for abasement and sorrow, than for pride and exultation."" It appears that, in 1838, there were in London 4,430 pickpockets and common thieves known to the police, 217 burglars and housebreakers, 2,295 vagrants, 2,786 ha- bitual disorderlies (M.), besides various other classes of offenders. It is estimated that more than 14.0.10 persons are supported by street alms; a large portion of these mendicants are among the worst class of impostors. The pop. of London, as will be seen by the following statement, has increased far more rapidly during the present than the oast century. The total pop. in 1700 was 674,350; in 1750, 676,250; in 1801, 888,198; in 1831, 1,508,469; in 1851, 2,361,640. St. Paul's Cathedral, situated nearly in the centre of London, is in 51° 30' 48" N. Lat., and 0° 5' 48" W. Lon. — Inhab. Londoner, lun'-don-er. 29 338 LON— LOR Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 66 asm^^, Londonderry, lun s -don-derf-re, a co. in the N. of Ireland, prov. of Ulster, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 222,012. (P. C.) Londonderry, or simply Derry, a eommereial city of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., situated on the p. Foyle, about 5 m. above where it falls into Lough Foyle. Lat. 54° 5# N., Lon. 7° 1&' W. Pop. ia 1831,10,130. (P.C.) Long^-ford, an inland co., near the centre of Ireland, prov. of Lein- ster. Pop! in 1831, 112,558. (P. C.) Longford, the cap. of the above co., situated on a tributary of the Shannon, 65 m. W. N. W\ of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,516. (P. C.) Long Island, an i. on the E. coast of the U. S., forming a part of the state of New York, situated between 40° 33' and 41° 6' N. Lat., and 72° and 74° 2' W. Lon. Its length is about 115 m. ; its greatest breadth near 20 m. This i. is separated from the continent by Long Island Sound, which, near the city of New York, is but three-quarters of a mile wide, and is there called the East River, but, opposite to New Haven, it 3 breadth is about 25 m. Lons-le-Saulnier, 16 n le/i so N -ne-a' r the cap. of the French dep. of Jura. Lat. 46° 39' N., Lon. 5° 33' E. Pop. 7,684. (B.) L00-C1100 (or Lieou-Khieou) Islands, a group in the N. Pacific, E. of China, between 26° and 28° N. Lat., and 127° and 129° E. Lon. They are all small, with the exception of one called the Great Loo- choo, which is about 70 m. in length, and from 12 to 15 m. in breadth. These islands are tributary to China. Lo-rain', a co. in the N. part of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 26,086. Co. t. Elyria. Lorca, loR^-ka, a t. of Spain, in the prov. of Murcia, with manufac- tures of saltpetre, woollen, and linen cloths, &e. Lat. 37° 42^ N., Loa. 1° 53' W. Pop. stated at 40,366. (B.) Lo-ret^-to (It. Loreto, lo-ra/-to), a t. of Italy, in the Papal state, about 3 m. from the Adriatic, and 15 m. S. S. E. of Ancona, celebrated for its sanctuary of the Virgin Mary, called La Santa Casa, i. e. the " holy house," said to have been the dwelling of Mary at Nazareth, and to have been transported, by supernatural power, to Italy, after the Mahometans had taken possession of Palestine, in the 13th century. The town is annually visited by numerous pilgrims. Lat. 43° 27' N., Lon. 13° 36' E Pop. about 8,000. (B.) L'Orient, Io v -re v -aV, or Lorient, a seaport t. and fortress of France, in the dep. of Morbihan, situated at the head of the Bay of Port Louis. L'Orient is well built, with wide and well-paved streets, and may be ranked among the handsomest towns of France. Its commerce, though much less than formerly, is still considerable; and it is the seat of seve- ral literary and scientific institutions, among which there are, a school for the special instruction of students destined for the navy; and an observatory. Lat. 47° 45' N., Lon. 3° 21' W. Pop. 18,000. (B.) Lor x -raine/, one of the largest of the former provinces of France, situated in the N. E. part of that kingdom, a small portion of which LOS— LOU 339 ©u, as in tmr ; th, as in thin ,- th, as in this ,' n, nearly like ng. was ceded to Prussia in 1815; the remainder constitutes the depart- ments of Meurthe, Meuse, Moselle, and Vosges. Lost-with'-iel or Lest-with'-iel, a small I. of England, in Corn- wall, on the Fowey. Lat. 50° 24' N,, Lon. 4° 39' W. Lot, lot, a r. in the S. VV. part of France, which flows into the Ga- ronne. Its length is about 220 m., for 70 m. of which it is navigable. Lot, a dep. of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 287,003. (B.) Capital, Cahors. Lot and Garonne (Fr. Lot-et-Garonne,lota gar v -onn'), a dep. in the S. W, of France, on the rivers from which it takes its name. Pop. 346,000. (B.) Capital, Agen. Lothian, lo'-THe-an, an extensive and fertile district of Scotland, 2ying along the S. side of the Frith of Forth, divided into the counties of East Lothian or Haddington, Mid-Lothian or Edinburgh, and West Lothian or Linlithgow. (See Haddingtonshire, Edinburghshire, and Linlithgowshire. ) Lou'-don, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the Potomac. Pop. 22,079. Co. t Leesburg. Loughborough, luff/-bur-re/t, a manufacturing t. in the central part of England, in Leicestershire, on a canal which communicates with Not- tingham and Leicestershire, 10 m. N. by W. of the latter town. Pop. of the entire parish, 10,170. Loughrea, loH v -ra/, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Gal way, on a small Jake of tho same name. Lat. 53° 12' N., Lon, 8° 35' W. Pop. in 1831, 4,007. (M.) Louis, St., (sent loo'-is, or loo'-e,) the commercial cap. of Mo., and seat of justice of St. Louis co., is situated on the W. bank of the Mississippi r., 18 hi. below the mouth of the" Missouri ; 808 m. W. from Washington, and about 1150 m. by water above New Orleans. Lat. 38° 36 / N. Lon. 89° 3G / W. The position of this city, on one of the largest rivers of the world, near its union with the Missouri and Illinois, and in the centre of the most extensive system of internal navigation in America, is in the highest degree favourable to its commercial prosperity ; and, in all probability, it is destined to become in a few years one of the greatest emporiums of the new continent. The growth of St Louis has been astonishingly rapid. In 1816 the pop. was only 2,000 ; in 1830 it was 5,832 ; in 1840, 16,469 ; and, in 1850, it amounted to 77,860. The co. of St. Louis has a pop. of 104,978. Its site is elevated, and protected from floods by a barrier of lime- stone, which extends nearly two miles. On the first bank, which is elevated about 20 feet, are several streets running parallel with the river, in which the heavy produce and shipping business is trans- acted. Front street, which is open on the eastern side, displays a range of four-storied limestone warehouses, which have an imposing appearance from the water. These streets are crossed at right angles by others, which lead, by a gentle ascent, to a second plateau, which is 40 feet above the level of the first, and affords a fine view of tho 340 LOU— LOU Fite, far, fill, f&t; m&, met; pine or pine, pin; nd-, n3t; oo as- in ffoocl; river, the city, and its environs. Tim part of the city is laid out in broad avenues and streets, and adorned with elegant mansions. The more recent houses are mostly built of brick, or of a kind of limestone, found on the spot, which is soft when first quarried, but becomes hard by exposure. The streets are lighted with gas, and the water of the river is distributed through them from a reservoir on the top of an artificial mound, supposed to be the work of the aborigines. Among the principal public buildings and institutions are the City Hall, the Catholic cathedral, and the University of St. Louis, with a library of 12,000 volumes. There is also an Academy of Sciences, a Museum, a Convent, two Orphan Asylums, a U.. S. Arsenal, and several academies. In amount of shipping, St. Louis will compare favourably with any of the western cities. In the year 1850, 240 steamboats were em- ployed in her commerce, the largest of which carried 938 tons ; and the number of steamboat arrivals, in that year, amounted to 2900. The tonnage of the steamboats owned here ia 1848, (126 in number),, was 35,578. The quantities of the leading articles- of produce received here, in 1850, were as follows-: 927,346 sacks- of wheat ; 330,000 bbls. of flour ; 573,500 pigs of lead ; 60,862 bales of hemp ; and 9,055 hhds. of tobacco. Abundance of coal and marble is found in the immediate vicinity, and iron in some parts of the county. The trade of St. Louis, in 1851, was estimated by a committee of the Chamber of Com- merce, at 60 millions of dollars-. This place is also the seat of various manufactures, among which are numerous iron-foundries, rope-factories glass-works, oil-mills, and saw-mills, Louis, Saint, (Fr. pron. saN loo v -ee',) a t. of West Africa, the cap. of the French possessions in Senegambia, on an island of the same name, in the Senegal, near its mouth. Lat. about 16° N., Lon. 16 a 30' W. Pop. near 6,000. (B.) Louisa, (loo-ee'-za,) a co. in the E. central part of Va., N. W. of Richmond. Pop. 16,691. Seat of justice, Louisa c. h. Louisa, a eo. in the S. E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Missis- sippi r. Pop. 4,939. Louisiana, (loo N -e-z.e-an / a,) one of the U. S., forming the S. W. ex- tremity of the Union, situated between 29 p and 33° N. Lat., and 8&° 50 / and 94° 20' "W. Lon., bounded on the N. by Arkansas and Mis- sissippi, E. by Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico, S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Texas, and divided into 47 parishes,* Length, from E. to W. about 29d m. ; breadth, from N. to S., 230. Area, * Ascension, Assumption, Avoyelles, Baton Rouge, East, Baton Rouge, Wesi, Barnard, St., Bienville, Bossier, Caddo, Calcasieu, Caldwell, Carrol, Catahoula,* Charles, St., Claiborne. Concordia, De Soto, Feliciana, East, Feliciana, West, Franklin, Helena, St., Iberville, Jarae-s, St., Jackson, Jefferson, John Baptist, St., Lafayette, Lafourche Interior, Landry, St., Livingston, Madison, Martin's, St., Mary's, St., Morehouse, Natchitoches, Orleans, Plaquemines, Point Coupee, Rapides, Sabine, Tammany, St., Tensas, Terre Bonne, Union, Vermilion, "Washington, Washita. LOU— LOW 341 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. estimated at 48,500 sq. m. Pop. 511,974, of whom 255,416 are whites, 17,537 free coloured, and 239,021 slaves. Baton Rouge is the capital. Louisiana, which originally comprehended, besides the present state, all the territory N. of Texas between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, was ceded by the French to the United States, in 1803. The state was admitted into the Union in 1812. Louisville, (loo'-is-vill\) the most populous and commercial city of Kentucky, and cap. of Jefferson co., on the S. bank of the Ohio, about 130 m. below Cincinnati, and 250 by direct line from St. Louis. Lat. 38° 3 / N. Lon. 85° 30' W. Pop. in 1850, 43,196. A little above the city the Beargrass cr. falls into the Ohio, affording a harbour for steamboats and river craft. The city, which is chiefly built of brick, is situated on a beautiful plain, elevated about 70 feet above the river. The streets are straight, well-paved, and lighted with gas. There are a number of streets parallel with the river, which vary in width from 60 to 100 feet, and are crossed, at right angles, by thirty others, each of which is 60 feet wide. Anong the public edifices and institutions may be mentioned the City Hall, the Medical Institute, the Asylum for the Blind, a hospital, the University of Louisville, and several fine places of worship. Some of these are beautiful specimens of architecture. Louisville is the terminus of a railroad 93 m. long, which connects it with Frankfort and Lexington. The Louisville and Portland canal, passing round the falls which obstruct the navigation of the Ohio at this place, is one of the most important works in the country. It is about two m. long, and sufficiently wide and deep to admit large steamers. There are four locks, constructed in the most durable manner, with a total lockage of 22 feet. This town, besides being one of the most important commercial places in the Western country, is the seat of several extensive manufactories. Among these are numerous iron-foundries, engine-shops, boat-yards, rope-factories, bagging-factories, glass-works,' &c. Louth, Iouth, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ireland, prov. of Lein- eter, bordering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 107,481. (P. C.) Louth, a t. of England, in Lincolnshire, 127 m. N. of London. Pop. of the parish, with an area of 5 sq. m., 8,848. Louvain, loo-vane', (Fr. pron. Ioo'-v&n', Flem. Leu'-ven,) a t. of Bel- gium, prov. of Brabant, on the Dyle and on the railway between Brussels and Liege. Its pop. in the 14th century is said to have amounted to near 200,000, though it does not now exceed 20,000. (B.) Louvain is the seat of a celebrated and flourishing university, founded in 1426, and attended by about 500 students. Lat. 50° 53' N., Lon. 4° 42' E. Louviers, loo v -ve--y, formerly Loviers, a t. of France, in the dep. of Eure, on the r. Eure, 17 m. S. by E. of Rouen. Its manufactures of woollen cloths and kerseymeres, first introduced in 1681, are the most important of the kind in the kingdom. There are in all upwards of 40 factories. Lat. 49° 12' N., Lon. 1° 9' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Low'-ell, a flourishing t. of Mass., in the county of Middlesex, on 29* 342 LOW— LUC Fate, far, fall, fat ; m£, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; oo as in good; the Merrimack, at the influx of the Concord r., about 23 m., in a straight line, N. N. VV. of Boston, remarkable for its extensive cotton manufac- tures. The site on which the town stands had in 1820 only about 100 inhabitants ; in 1822 the first cotton-mill was erected ; in 1830 the pop. amounted to 6,474; and in 1850 to 33,383! Lowell is situated on the railroad which connects Boston with Concord, in New Hampshire. Lat. 42° 39' N., Lon. 71° 19' W. Lowndes, lounz, a co. in the S. of Ga., bordering on Florida. Pop. 8,351. Co. t. Franklinville. Lowndes, a co. in the S. central part of Ala., bordering- on the Ala- bama r. Pop. 21,915. Co. t. Haynesville. Lowndes, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 19,544. Co. seat, Columbus. Lowositz, lo'-vo-sits, a village of Bohemia, near Leitmeritz, remark- able as the scene of an important victory gained by Frederic the Great over the Austrians, in 1756. Loxa. See Loja. Lozere, lo s -zaRe^, a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by the r. Lot, near its source. Pop. 141,733. (B.) Capital, Mende. Lu'-beck, an important commercial city of Germany, formerly the head of the Hanseatic League, and still the cap. of the free Hanseatic cities of the Germanic confederation, is situated on the Trave (tr&'-veh), 36 m. N. E. of Hamburg. This town, with its territory, containing an area of about 117 sq. m., constitutes an independent republic, which is a member of the Germanic confederation. Among the edifices of Lubeck, the Senate-House (Rathhaus, ruat'-house), in which the Han- seatic deputies formerly met, deserves especially to be mentioned. Lat. 53° 51' N., Lon. 10° 41' E. Pop. of the town, about 26,1100 ; total pop. of the republic, 46,000. (B.) Lublin, loob'-lin, a t. of Russian Poland, the cap. of a palatinate of the same name, 97 m. S. E. of Warsaw ; it contains several respectable literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 51° 16' N., Lon. 22° 36' E. Pop. 12,500. (P. C.) Lu^-cas, a co. in the N. W. part of Ohio, bordering on Mich, and L, Erie. Pop. 12,363. Co. t. Toledo. Luc'-ca. (It. pron. lookMd), Duchy of, a small state of Italy, N. of Tuscany, and bordering on the Mediterranean. It is intersected by the 44th parallel of N. Lat., and the meridian of 10° 30' E. Lon. Area about 416 sq. m. Lucca (Anc. Lu^ca), an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, the cap. of the above duchy, situated in a rich plain, near the r. Serchio (s*R/-ke-o) about 12 m. from the sea. This town holds an important place in the history of modern Italy, and was at one time, with Pisa, the head of the Ghibeline party. Lucca contains a lyceum, which may be regarded as a university : in the ducal palace there is a gallery of valuable paintings ; also a library of 25,000 vols. The female seminary of this place is said to be one of the very best institutions of the kind. Lat. 43° 51' N., Lon. LUC— LUD 343 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. 10° 31' E. Pop. estimated at 22,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. Lucchese, luk-keze'. Lu-ce'-na (Sp. pron. loo-tha'-na), a t. of Spain, in Andalusia. Lat. 37° 28 N.,'Lon. 4° 28' W. Pop. said to be 19,716. (M.) Lucera, loo-cha'-ra, (Anc. Luce'ria,) a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Capita nata. Lat. 41° 29' N., Lon. 15° 16' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Lu-cerne' (Fr. pron. luNstRn'; Ger. Luzern, loot-seRn') ; a canton in the N. central part of Switzerland. Area estimated at 657 sq.m. Pop. in 1836, 123,407. (P. C.) Lucerne, the cap. of the above, is situated at the W. extremity of the L. of Lucerne, on both sides of the Reuss, which forms its outlet. The town is surrounded by old walls, flanked with towers. Lucerne contains a lyceum, a gymnasium, and numerous other institutions. One of the most remarkable things at this place is the topographic map, in relief, constructed by Gen. Pfyffer. This extraordinary work is 22 ft. long and 13 wide, and represents an extent of 180 sq. leagues, of which the L. of Lucerne forms the centre. The materials are paste- board, wax, and resin. Gen. Pfyffer is said to have spent more than 10 years in making this topographical model. In the vicinity of Lucerne is the monument erected in 1821 to the memory of the Swiss Guards who died in defence of the Tuileries against the mob of Paris, on the 10th of August, 1792. It is the image of a wounded and dying lion of colossal size, sculptured in the side of a rock. Lat. 47° 3' N., Lon. 8° 18' E. Pop. 8,150. (P. C.) Lucerne, Lake of (Ger. Waldstatter See, Walt'-stet-ter sa), situ- ated nearly in the centre of Switzerland, is one of the most picturesque pieces of water in Europe. It is nearly cruciform, with an addition to its E. end, called the L. of Uri. Its entire length is about 25 m., but the breadth of any of its arms is seldom more than 2 or 3 m. The sur- face is 1,380 ft. above the level of the sea. The greatest depth is stated to be near 900 ft. Lucia lu'-she-a, St., one of the British W. India Islands, intersected by the 14th parallel of N. Lat., and the 61st meridian of W. Lon. It is above 30 m. in length, and about 17 in its greatest breadth, and con- tains an area of about 350 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, 16,116. (P. C.) Luck x -now', a large t. of Hindostan, since 1775 the cap. of Oude, is situated on the Goomty r. It consists of three distinct portions: the ancient, and much the largest part of the city is badly built, with dirty and narrow streets; another quarter, which contains the residences of the king and of the royal family, is comparatively new, and the houses are constructed and furnished after the English fashion ; the remaining portion of the town is built in the oriental style, and has many fine houses and religious edifices. Lat. 26° 51' N., Lon. 80° 50" E. Pop. estimated at above 300,000. (B.) Lud'-low, a t. of England, in Shropshire, 24 m. S. of Shrewsbury, and 126 m. W. S. W. of London. Pop. 5,064. Ludwigsburo, Wd^-wigs-burg^ or lood'-WiGs-booRG\ a handsome t of Germany, in Wurtemberg, the cap. of the circle of the Neckar, with 344 LUD— LUT Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; n6, ndt ; oS as in #ood ; a lyceum, an arsenal, and a military school. Lat. 48° 53' N., Lon. 9° 13' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, estimated at 7,000. (B.) Ludwigslust, lood'-wiGs-l66st\ or Ludwigsburg, a small t. of Ger- many, in the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, about 18 m. S. of Schwerin: it is the ordinary residence of the grand-duke. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) Lugano, loo-ga^-no, one of the principal towns of the Swiss canton of Tessin, situated on a lake of the same name. Lat. 45° 59' N., Lon. 8° 57' E. Pop. near 4,000. (B.) Lugano, Lake of (Aric. Cere'sius), is situated partly in the canton of Tessin and partly in Austrian Italy. Its form is very irregular ; the whole length is perhaps about 20 m. ; the breadth varies from a half or three-quarters of a mile to about 2 m. Lugo, loo'-go, (Anc. Lu^cus August,) a t. of Spain, in Galicia, on the Minho, with warm mineral springs. Its walls were built by the ancient Romans. Lat. 43° N., Lon. 7° 35' W. Pop. 12,(,00. (B.) Lump^-kin, a co. in the N. part of Ga., on the Etowah r. Pop. 8,954. Co. t. Dahlonega. Lund, loond, a t. of Sweden, in the prov. of Skane, with a celebrated university, established in 1668, and containing a library of near 40,000 vols. ; the number of students in 1830 was 632; the celebrated Puff'en- dorf was appointed professor of law in this institution in 1670; Linneus was for some time a pupil here. Lat. 55° 42' N., Lon. 13° 13' E. Pop. 4,120. (M.) LVneburg, lu'-neft-burg\ or lu/-ne7i-b66RG\ a t. of Germany, in Han- over, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Ilmenau (il'-men-ou), with very productive salt works, an active commerce, and above 12,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 53° 15' N., Lon. 10° 24' E. Lunel, Ki'-neK, a t. in the S. of France, dep. of Herault, 14 m. E. N.E. of Montpellier, famous for its wine. By the canal of Lunel, it commu- nicates with the Rhone, the Mediterranean, and with the Southern Canal (Canal du Midi). Pop. 6,021. (M.) Lu'-nen-burg\ a co. in the S. E. part of Va., on the Meherrin r., near its source. Pop. 11,692. Co. t. Lewistown. Luneville, lu'-ne-vilP, or lu N -nev x -ilF, a t. of France, in the dep. of Meurthe, 16 m. S. E. of Nancy. The treaty of Luneville, between France and Austria, was signed here in 1801. Lat. 48° 37' N., Lon. 6° 29' E. Pop. 12,661. (M.) Lusatia, lu-sa'-she-a, (Ger. Lausitz, lou'-zits; Fr. Lusace, lii v -zass/;) a former margraviate of Germany, between 50° 50' and 52° 16' N. Lat., and 13° 20' and 15° 15' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Brandenberg, E. by Silesia, S. by Bohemia, and VV. by Saxony. Area, 4,336 sq. m. It is now divided into Upper and Lower Lusatia. The whole of the latter portion, and the half of the former, belong to Prussia : the remainder, forming the circle of Upper Lusatia, is possessed by Sax- ony. (P. C.) Li)tzen, lutf-sen or lut'-sen, a little t. of Prussian Saxony, 12 /n. W. S. W. of Leipsic, remarkable as the scene of two great battles: the LUX— LYM 345 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this : n, nearly like ng. first in 1632, between the Swedes, under Gustavus Adolphus, and the Imperialists, under Wallenstein, in which the former were victorious, though their king was slain ; the other in 1813, between the army of Napoleon and the allies, encouraged by the presence of the emperor Alexander and the\ing of Prussia, in which the French gained a dearly-bought victory. Lux'-em-burg v (Fr. Luxembourg, ll\x x -aM x -booR'), a prov. or grand- duchy forming the S. E. extremity of the Netherlands, partitioned by the treaty of April, 1839, between Holland and Belgium ; the E. por- tion, with an area of about 1,000 sq. m., and a pop. of 160,000, being assigned to the former, and the remainder, with an area of 1,700 sq. m., and a pop. of 168,000, to the latter kingdom. The title of the grand- duke of Luxemburg, with the right of suffrage in the Germanic con- federation, is enjoyed by the king of Holland. Luxemburg, a city of the Netherlands, the cap. of the grand-duchy of this name, and one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, situated about 116 m. S. E. of Brussels. It is surrounded by strong walls and deep ditches, with a double line of outworks, in the form of a heptagon. As a fortress, Luxemburg belongs to the Germanic confederation, and is occupied by their troops. Lat. 49° 38' N., Lon. 6° 10' E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) Luxeuil, liix'-uV, (Anc. Luxo'vium,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Saone, remarkable for its warm mineral springs, which were resorted to by the Romans. Lat. 47° 50' N., Lon. 6° 22' E. Pop. 3,628. (M.) Luzern. See Lucerne. Lu-zerni/, a co. in the N. E. part of Pa., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 56,072. Co. t. Wilkes'-bar-re. Luzon, loo-zone', or Luqon (Sp. pron. loo-thone'), the largest of the Philippine Islands, situated between 12° 20' and 19° N. Lat°, and 119° 30' and 124° 30' E. Lon. Its form is very irregular. The whole length, following the bend of island, is about 580 m.; the greatest breadth is about 150 m. Area estimated at 50,000 sq. m. The pop. is stated at 2,264,807. (M.) According to Balbi, the part of Luzon which is under the government of the Spaniards is divided into 16 provinces. Manilla or Manila (ma-neeMa), situated at the head of a considerable bay in the S. W. part of the island, is the cap. of Luzon, as well as of all the Spanish possessions in the Philippine Islands. This town is regularly laid out, and some portions of it are said to be exceedingly well built, clean, and handsome, with broad and well-paved streets. Balbi estimates its pop. at near 140,000. That portion of Luzon which is not subject to the Spaniards, is inhabited by independent savages. (See Philippine Islands.) Lycoming, H-konV-ing, a co. in the N. part of Pa., intersected by the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 26,257. Co. t. Williamsport. Lyme-Regis, lime re'-jis, a seaport t. of England, in Dorsetshire, 6omewhat frequented in summer as a watering-place. Lat. 50° 43' N., Lon. 2° 55' W. Poo. 2,756. 346 LYM— LYS Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; ooas in good ; Lym n -fiord' or ]iim v -fe-ord', a remarkable arm of the sea, extend- ing- from the Cattegat, in about 57° N. Lat., westward to the German Ocean. Previously to 1825 it was separated from the ocean by a nar- row strip of land, a mile or so in breadth, over which the sea occasion- ally broke; but the communication is now permanent. Its whole length is perhaps 100 m. ; the breadth varies from 1 rn. or less to about 15 m. The Lymfiord is shallow and of difficult navigation. (P. C.) Lym'-ing-ton, a seaport t. of England, in Hampshire, about 80 m. W. S. W. of London. Lat. 50° 41 ' N., Lon. 1° 32' W. Pop. of the parish, 3,813. Lynch'-burg, a flourishing t. of Va., the cap. of Campbell co., on James r., about 90 m., in a direct line, W. by S. of Richmond. Lat. 37° 36' N., Lon. 79° 22' VV. Pop. 8,071. Lynn, a flourishing and pleasant t. of Mass., in Essex co., on the sea- coast, about 9 m., in a straight line, N. E. of Boston, chiefly remarkable for its extensive manufacture of shoes. It stands on the Eastern Rail- road, which connects Boston with Portsmouth, in New Hampshire.* Lat. 42° 28' N., Lon. 70° 57' W. Pop. of the township, 14,257. Lynn-Regis (re'-jis), a seaport t. of England, in the co. of Norfolk, on the Ouse, near its mouth. Lat. 52° 46 N., Lon. 0° 24' E. Pop. of the borough, which includes an area of about 4 sq. m., 16,C39. Lyonnais, le^-on v -na', or Lyonais, a former prov. of France, deriving its name from its cap., the city of Lyons ; now divided into the deps. of Rhone and Loire. LyVcns (Fr. Lyon, le',000. (B.) Mat-an'-zas or ma-tanMhas, a seaport t. of Cuba, second only to Ha- vana in commercial importance. Lat. 20° 2' N., Lon. 81° 38' W. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (M.) Mat-a-pan', Cape (Anc. Tcena'rium Promonto'rium), the most south- ern point of Greece. Lat. 36° 23' 20" N., Lon. 22° 30' E. Mataro, ma-ta-ro\ a seaport and manufacturing t. of Spain, in Cata- lonia. Lat. 41° 32' N., Lon. 2° 27' E. Pop. estimated at 13,000. (B.) Mat-ar-ee'-yeh, often written Mataria or Mataryeh, (Anc. Heli- op^olis, ?'. e. the "city of the sun,") a village of Lower Egypt, remarka- ble for the remains of edifices belonging to the ancient On or Hon, called afterwards Heliopolis, by the Greeks, on account of its magnifi- cent temple, dedicated to the sun. Lat. 30° 48' N., Lon., 31° 58' E. Matthews, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering o n Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 6,714. Seat of justice, Matthews c. h. Mathura, mat'-oo-ra, sometimes written, and usually pronounced Mut'-tra, an ancient t. of Hindostan, supposed to have been the birth- * Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, Dukes, Essex, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire. Middlesex, Nantueket, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk, Worcester. MAT—MAY 363 Mayn. See Main. Mav'-o, a eo. in the W. part of Ireland, prov. of Connaught, border- ing on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 367,956. (P. C.) Mays'- ville, a t. of Ky., in Mason co., on the Ohio, about 60 m. N. E. of Lexington-. Pop. 4,255-. Mazanderan, ma-zan'-der-IW, usually pronounced, by the Persians, Ma-zan'-der-oon', a prov. in the N. of Persia, S. of, and bordering or$ the Caspian Sea. Mazzara, mat-sa'-ra, (Ane. Mazarum,) a fortified seaport t. of Sicily, on the S. W. coast, near the W. extremity of the island. Lat, 37° 40' N., Lon. 12° 34' E. Pop. estimated at 8,00:). (B.) Meade, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 7,393. Co. t. Brandenburg. Mead'-ville, the cap. of Crawford eo., Pa., on French creek, a branch of the Alleghany r., about 32 m., in a straight line, S. of Erie, It is the seat of Alleghany College, founded in 1815. Meath, meeTH, a co. in the E. part of Ireland, prov. of Leinster, bordering on the sea. Pop. 176,826. (P. C.) Meaux, mo, (Anc. Jatinum, afterwards Meldi,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Seine and Marne, on the r. Marne, 25 m. E. N. E. of Paris. It contains a museum, a public library of 11,000 vols., and other insti- tutions. Lat. 48° 58' N., Lon. 2^ 53' E. Pop. in 1831, 8,481. (P. C.) Mec'-ca, a celebrated city of Arabia, in the prov. of Hedjaz, remark- able as being the birth-place of Mahomet, and the great centre or capi- tal of the Moslem religion. It is situated in a sterile valley, in the midst of mountains, about two days* journey E. of its port Jidda, on the Red Sea. The most remarkable edifice is the temple of the Kaaba (kaa/-ba) ; a massive structure, forming an oblong square, 18 paces long, 14 broad, and nearly 40 ft. high, covered by an immense curtain of black silk, on whieh is inscribed, in letters of gold, the sentence which imbodies the essential part of the Mahometan's creed : " There is no god but God ; Mahomet is the prophet of God." The sacred fountain of Zem-zem — said to be that found by Hagar, when her son Ishmael was dying of thirst — is enclosed in a substantial square build- ing, with marble basins for ablution, and a room appropriated for pil- grims, who come in crowds to taste, and to be purified by, its waters. Mecca appears to have lost the reputation which it once possessed as a seat of Mahometan learning. Lat. about 21° 30' N., Lon. 40° 15' E. Pop. uncertain, said to be above 80,000 during the period of pilgrimage (B.) ; at other tiroes, it may be between 20,000 and 30,000 — Adj. and inhab. Meccawee, mek'-ka-wee\ sometimes written Meccaway. Mechlin, mek'-lin, or Mechelen, mex'-el-en, (Fr. Ma lines, ma v - leen' ") an archiepiscopal city of Belgium, in the prov. of Antwerp, on the Dyle, 14 m. N. N. E. of Brussels. It is regularly laid out with MEC—MED 365 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. broad, clean, and well-paved streets. The lace manufactured in Mech- lin has long been in high repute, and brings a great price : it is said, however, that this branch of business has declined of late. The town has recently acquired additional importance from being the central point at which several railways in Belgium meet. The archbishop of Mechlin is the primate of the kingdom. Lat. 51° 2' N., Lon. 4° 29 E. Pop. 24,000. (B.) Meck'-len-burg (Ger. pron. mekMen-bo6RG x ), a territory of Ger many, between 53° 3' and 54° 20' N. Lat., and 10° 40' and 14° E. Lon., and divided into two grand-duchies, viz., Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Mecklenburg-Schwerin (shweR-eenO constitutes the western and much the larger division of the above territory. Area, 4,833 sq. m. Pop. 482,925. (M.) Schwerin is the capital. Mecklenburg-Strelitz (strel'-its) is bounded on the W. by the above, and contains an area of 997 sq. m. Pop. 89,528. (M.) Stre- litz is the capital. Mecklenburg, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Va., intersected by the Roanoke, and bordering on N. C. Pop. 20,630. Co. t. Boyd town. Mecklenburg, a co. in the S. S. W. part of N. C, bordering on the Catawba and S. C. Pop. 13,914. Co. t. Charlotte. Medina, med-ee'-na, (i. e. the " city," so called by way of eminence,) one of the cities held sacred by Mahometans, and, next to Mecca, their principal place of pilgrimage, is situated about 260 m. N. of Mecca, and about 100 m. N. E. of its port Yembo, on the Red Sea. It is not open, like Mecca, but surrounded with walls about 40 ft. high,* flanked by 30 towers (M.), and is entered by three fine gates. The glory of Medina, is the possession of the tomb which contains the remains of the Prophet. We may remark, that the story long current in Europe, of Mahomet's coffin being suspended in the air by a loadstone, is un known in the East. Medina has but little commerce, and scarcely any manufactures. The inhabitants, too numerous to be supported by the productions of the sterile country by which they are surrounded, are said to be maintained, in a great measure, by the gifts which are sent or brought to them by the faithful. Pop. estimated at 18,000. (M.) Me-dV-na, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, a little W. of the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 24,441. Co. t. Medina. Medina Sidonia, med-ee'-na se-do'-ne-a, an ancient t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 22 m. E. by S. of Cadiz, with extensive manufactures of earthenware. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Med'-it-er-ra'-ne-an Sea (Lat. Ma're Meditem/neum: i. e. "mid- land sea," and Ma're Inter/num ; i. e. the " inner or inland sea") ; a large inland sea, situated between Africa, on the S., and Europe and Asia on the N., extending from about 30° 20' to 45° 40' N. Lat., and from * Balbi says "ninety feet high" (hauts de 90 pieds). This, however, is perhaps e typographical error. 21* 3G6 MED— MEL Fite, far, fall, fat; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t; o<5 as in good; about 5° 30' W. to 38' E. Lon. It is rather more than 2,200 m. in length ; its greatest breadth, from Venice to the S. extremity of the Bay of Sidra, is about l,L0m. Area estimated at 690, 000 sq. m. The Mediterranean communicates with the Atlantic by the Strait of Gib- raltar, with the Black Sea by the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmora, and the Bosporus. The depth of this sea is very great, it being, in most places, unfathomable. It is said, however, that between Sicily and Tunis, the channel is nowhere more than 30 fathoms deep. The Mediterranean, though poetically termed a " fcideless sea," is not strictly so : in the Adriatic, as well as between that sea and the coast of Africa, the tides rise from 5 to 7 feet, and their influence is also felt more or less along the shores of Sicily and the W. side of the Morea. A great number of rivers flow into the Mediterranean, particularly from the N., and a strong current comes down through the Dardanelles from the Black Sea; yet, so rapid is the evaporation, that a constant influx takes place through the Strait of Gibraltar, in order to preserve its equilibrium with the Atlantic. Med'-way, a r. in the S. E. of England, which flows into the estuary of the Thames, on the right. Megna. See Brahmapootra. Mehallet-el-kebeer (or el-kebir), meh-halMet-el-ke^-beeR', i. e. "the great place," an important t. of Lower Egypt, though now much decayed, situated on a canal communicating with the E. branch of the Nile. Lat. 31° N., Lon. 31° 12' E. Pop. estimated at above 17,000. (B.) Meigs, megz, a co. in the S. E. part of Tenn., bordering on the Ten- nessee r. Pop. 4,879. Meigs, a co.in the S. E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 17,971. Co. t. Chester. Meinam (ma-namO- See Cambodia. Meiningen, mV-ning-en, or Meinungen, mi'-nooner-en, a small t. of Germany, cap. of the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, on the VVerra. It is regularly laid out, and well built; and contains a lyceum, a library of 25,000 vols., and other institutions. Lat. 50° 35' N., Lon. 10° 24' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Meissen, mi'-cen, a manufacturing t. of the kingdom of Saxony, in a circle of the same name, is situated on both sides of the Elbe, 15 m. N. W. of Dresden. The porcelain manufactured at Meissen is said to rival or surpass that of China in beauty and durability. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Mek^-i-nez v or Mek/-nas, also written Mequinez, a large t. of Mo- rocco, situated in a beautiful and well-watpred valley, about 35 m. W by S. from Fez. Among its various manufactures, that of leather is the most important. Lat. about 34° N., Lon. 5° 30' W. Pop. 56,000. (P. C.) Mel-rose', a small village of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, remarkable for the remains of Melrose Abbey, the finest monastic ruin in that country. It is about 31 m. S. E. of Edinburgh. MEL— MEN 367 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. Mel'-ton-Mow'-bray (mo'-bre), a small t. of England, in Leicester- shire, 92 m. N. by VV. of London. Pop. of the parish, 3,740. Me-lun' (Fr. pron. m'luN'; Anc. Melodu'num); cap. of the French dep. of Seine and Marne, situated on the Marne, 25 m. S. E. of Paris. Pop. 6,830. (B.) Mem'-el or ma/-mel, a fortified seaport t. of E. Prussia, cap. of a cir- cle of the same name, and the most northern town in the Prussian dominions, situated near the N. extremity of the Kurische Haff, about 50 m. N. N. W. of Tilsit. It has a large and safe harbour, with deep water, and a flourishing commerce. Lat. 55° 42' N.. Lon. 21° 8' E. Pop. near 10,0! 0. (B.) Memel River. See Niemen. Mem'-ming-en, a commercial and manufacturing t. of Bavaria, 44 m. S. W. of Augsburg, with a lyceum and several other institutions. Lat. about 48° N., Lon. 10° 12' E. Pop. above 7,000. (B.) Men-ard', a co. in the W. central part of 111., intersected by the Sangamon. Pop. 6,349. Co. t. Petersburg. Mende or maNd, an ancient t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Lo- zere, on the Lot. It is badly built, but is well supplied with water from numerous public fountains. Lat. 44° 31' N., Lon. 3° 30' E. Pop. 5,109. (B.) Men do'-za (Sp. pron. men-do'-tha), a t. of S. America, in the repub- lic of La Plata, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the W. side of the L. of Mendoza. Lat. about 32° 50' S., Lon. 69° 15' W. Pop. esti- mated by Balbi at 7,000 or 8,000, but some other geographers state it as high as 20,000. Menin, me-naV, (Flemish, Meenen, ma'-nen,) a manufacturing t. and fortress of Belgium, in the prov. of W. Flanders, on the Lys, 11 rn. N. of Lille. Lat. 50° 49' N., Lon. 3° 5' E. Pop. 7,909. (P. C.) Mentz, ments, or Mainz, mints, (Fr. Mayence, ma^-yaNce' ; Anc. Ma- gontiacum or Moguntiacnm,) a fortified city of Germany, the cap. of the prov. of Rheinhessen, in Hesse-Darmstadt, and formerly of the electorate of its own name, is situated on the W. bank of the Rhine, nearly oppo- site to its junction with the Main. It is one of the strongest fortresses of Europe, and the chief bulwark of Germany against France. The village of Kastel or Kassel, on the opposite side of the Rhine, is in- cluded within its system of fortifications, and is connected with Mentz by a bridge of boats, about 1,800 ft. in length. The town is old fa- shioned, and, on the whole, badly built, and the streets, with few exceptions, are narrow, crooked, and gloomy. Among the remarkable edifices, we may mention the church of St. Ignatius, which is consi- dered a model of beautiful ecclesiastical architecture; and the magnifi- cent grand-ducal palace, formerly the house of the Teutonic Order. Mentz is remarkable for having given to the world the first complete specimen of a printed book, and for being the centre whence the typo- graphical art has spread itself over the globe. One of the squares of the city is named in honour of Gutenberg (gooM;en-berg), the inventor of the art of printing with moveable types, and a splendid monument 368 MEN— MER Fate, far, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, ndt ; So as in good; has recently been erected to his memory. Among its various literary and scientific institutions, Mentz contains a city library of above 90,000 vols., in which are preserved some of the earliest extant specimens of printing-. The remains of a Roman bridge over the Rhine, and an aqueduct in the vicinity, among other monuments, attest the ancient origin of Mentz. Magontiacurn, whence the modern town derives its name, was founded by Drusus, about 10 years before the Christian era. Lat. 50° N., Lon. 8° 11' E. Pop., exclusive of the garrison (which amounts to about 6,000), 31,000. (B.) Menzaleh, men-za/-le/i, a small t. of Lower Egypt, near an exten- sive lagoon to which it gives its name. Lat. 30° 45' N., Lon. 31° 55' E. Lake Menzaleh is above 50m. long, and near 30m. wide. Mequinez. See Mekinez. Mer'-cer, a co. in the middle part of N. J., bordering on the Dela- ware*. Pop. 27,992. Co. t. Trenton. Mercer, a co. in the N. W. part of Pa., bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 33,172. Co. t. Mercer. Mercer, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., bordering on New r. Pop. 4,222. Mercer, a co. in the E. central part of Ky., bordering on the Ken- tucky r. Pop. 14,067. Co. t. Harrodsburg. Mercer, a co. in the W. part of Ohio, bordering on Ind. Pop. 7,712 Co. t. St. Mary's. Mercer, a co. in the N. W. part of 111., bordering on the Missis- sippi. Pop. 5,246. Co. t. New Boston. Merdin. See Mardeen. Mergui or Merghi, mer-gee', a t. of Farther India, cap. of a British prov. of the same name, at the mouth of the r. Tenasserim, with a good harbour. Lat. 12° 30' N., Lon. 98° 35' E. Pop. in 1825, about 8,000. (B.) Mer'-i-da (Anc. Augus'ta Emer'ita), a decayed t. of Spain, in Estre- madura, on the right bank of the Guadiana, remarkable for its magni- ficent ruins. Among these we may mention a triumphal arch which has been attributed to Trajan, and a bridge over the Guadiana, one of the largest in Europe, remarkable for its solidity and fine preserva- tion. Augusta Emerita was founded by a Roman general, under the Emperor Augustus: it afterwards became the capital of Lusitania, and the most magnificent city in Roman Spain. At the time of the Arab invasion, it was, according to a Moslem historian, 8 m. in circumference, and garrisoned by 90,000 men. Lat. 38° 51' N., Lon. 6° 15' W. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) Merida, the cap. of the Mexican state of Yucatan, situated about 50 m. from the sea. Lat. about 20° 50' N., Lon. 89° 40' W. Pop. 28,000. (P. C.) Merida, a t. of Venezuela, in the dep. of Zulia, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, with a university. Lat. about 8° 15' N., Lon. 71° 14' VV. Pop. about 5,000, (B.) MER— MES 369 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. Mer'-j-on'-eth-shjre, a co. in the N. W. part of Wales, bordering on the sea. Pop. 89,332. Mer'-i.-weth'-er, a co. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on the Flint r., near its source. Pop. 10,475. Co. t. Greeneville. Mer'-rj-mack\ a r. of New England, which rises in the N. central part of New Hampshire, and, flowing southerly into Massachusetts, afterwards changes its course to the N. E., and empties itself into the Atlantic about 20 m. S. of Portsmouth. Its whole length is near 200 m. The navigation is obstructed, especially in the upper part of its course, by a number of rapids and falls. Merrimack or Mar'-a-mec\ a r. of Mo., which falls into the Missis- sippi about 20 m. below St. Louis. Merrimack, a co. in the S. central part of N. H., intersected by the Merrimack r. Pop. 38,445. Co. t. Concord. Mer'-se-burg^ (Ger. pron. miR^-se/i-booRo'), a manufacturing and commercial t. of Prussian Saxony, the cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the r. Saale, 18 m. W. of Leipsic. It has a fine cathedral, with one of the largest organs in Germany. Lat. 51° 22' N., Lon. 12° E. Pop. above 8,000. (B.) Mer'-sey, an important r. in the W. N. W. part of England, which flows into the Irish Sea. About 15 m. from its mouth, it expands into an estuary, which, at its broadest part, is about 3 m. wide. The Mer- sey and Irwell have been rendered navigable as far as Manchester. Merthyr Tydvil or Tydfil, mer'-thir tid'-vil, a t. of Wales, in Glamorganshire, 19 m. N. by W. of Cardiff, with rich mines of coal and iron ore. It has increased very rapidly within the last few years. Lat. 51° 44' N., Lon. 2° 20' W. Pop. of the entire parish, 34,977. Mesh'-ed, often written Mushed, a decayed city of Persia, in Kho- rassan, remarkable for the mausoleum of Imam Reza, " the magnificence of which, with its silver gates, jewelled doors, rails once of solid gold, glittering domes and minarets, and handsome arcades, is almost une- qualled in Persia." (M.) This city carries on considerable trade with the neighbouring 1 towns of central Asia, and has some important manu- factures. Lat. 36° 18' N., Lon. 59° 35' E. Pop. 45,000. It is, how- ever, often doubled by the number of pilgrims who visit the shrine of Imam Reza. (P. C.) Mes'-o-po-ta'-mx-a (Arab. Al Jezira or El-Jez-ee'-reft, " the island"), the name given by the ancient Greeks to a country of Asia, which lies between the Euphrates and Tigris. Its length, from N W. to S. E., is between 600 m. and 700 m.; its greatest breadth is near 200 m. Mesopotamia signifies literally " between the rivers." Messina, mes-see'-na, (Anc. Zan'cle and Messe'ne or Messa'na,) a fortified city of Sicily, cap. of a prov. of the same name, near the N. E. extremity of the island, with the best harbour in the kingdom of the two Sicilies. The port of Messina is formed by a semicircular strip of land, which, from its resemblance to a sickle, suggested the original name of the town ; Zancle (in Greek, Zayxa.^) signifying a " sickle," or " pruning-hook." This city contains several remarkable buildings, 370 MET— MEX Fate, far, fall, fat; m£, m£t; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; oo as in good ; a royal college, and an extensive public library, which is rich in Greek manuscripts; it also possesses the most extensive commerce and manu- factures of all the towns of Sicily. Lat. 38° 14' N., Lon. 15° 35' E. Pop. 60,000. (P. C.) Metz, mets, (Fr. pron. mace; Anc. Divodu'rum; afterwards Medio- mat'rici, and Mentis or Mentis,) a city and fortress in the N. E. part of France, the cap. of the dep. of Moselle, situated on the Moselle, about 80 m. W. N. YV. of Strasburg. The interior of the town is in general handsome; the streets are straight, wide, and well paved. The most remarkable of the public edifices is perhaps the cathedral, a Gothic building remarkable for the boldness and lightness of its architecture. Its length is about 387 ft., and the height of the tower near 400 ft. Metz contains an acad6mie universitaire, a national college, an acade- my of letters and arts, a practical school of artillery and military en- gineering (the finest institution of the kind in Europe), a public library of 31,000 vols., and numerous other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 49 D T N., Lon. 6° 10' E. Pop. 42,793. (B.) Meurthe, muRt, a dep. in the N. E. part of France, intersected by the r. Moselle. Pop. 424,366. (B.) Capital, Nancy. Mf;usE, muze, (Fr. pron. muz ; Dutch, Maas, maas; Anc. Mo'sa,) a r. which rises in the N. E. part of France, and, flowing through Belgium and the southern part of Holland, falls into the N. Sea, in about 51° 56' N. Lat., and 4° 3' E. Lon. Above 40 m. from its mouth, its waters unite with those of the Rhine or VVhaal, but the stream thus formed still retains the name of Maas. The entire length of this river is esti- mated at 400 m. It is navigable to Verdun, in France, or about three- fourths of its course. Meuse, a dep. in the N. E. part of France, intersected by the above r., and bordering on Belgium. Pop. 317.701. (B.) Capital, Bar-le-Duc. Mex'-i-co, (Sp. pron. Meb'-He-ko,) the United States of, a federal republic of North America, situated between 16° and 33° N. Lat. and 91° and 117° W. Lon., bounded on the N. and E. by the United States and Gulf of Mexico; S. and W. by the United States of Central Ameri- ca and the Pacific Ocean. Extreme length from S. E. to N.W. about 1900 m. ; greatest breadth from E. to W. about 800 m. The area is estimated at 800,000 sq. m. The pop. is probably about 7,000,000. Owing to the civil dissensions of the Mexicans, and other causes, it appears impossible to obtain any entirely satisfactory information re- specting the political condition of this republic* It is divided into 19 states and the federal district, besides several territories. The fol- lowing is a list of the states: — Chiapa (che-a'-pa), Yucatan (yoo-ka- tanO^Tabasco (ta-bas'-ko), Oaxaca (wa-iia'-ka). Vera Cruz (v;V-r£ krooce), Puebla (pweb'-la), Mexico, Michonoan (me^-cho-a-kW), Xa- * In consequence of the late war between Mexico and the United States the former was compelled to cede to the latter the territories of New Mexico and Upper California. In 1845 the state of Yucatan declared itself independent for the second time. MEX— MEX 371 ou, as in oar ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this : n, nearly like ng. liseo or Jalisco (HJ-lees'-ko), Guanaxuato (gwan-a-Hwa'-to), Queretaro (k( r-a'-ta-roj, San Luis Potosi (sin loo-is' po-to-see'), Zacatecas (sa-ka- ti'-kas), Durango (doo-rang'-go), Occidente (ok-se-den'-ta), So-no'-ra and Cinaloa (se-na-lo'-a), Chihuahua (che-wa'-wa), Cohahuila (ko-a- wee'-la), Nuevo Leon (nwa'-vo-la-one'), Tamaulipas (ta-mou-lee'-pas). The territories are: — Colima (ko-lee'-ma.), Tlascala (tlas-ka'-la), and Lower California. The climate of Mexico, as might be expected in a country of such vast extent, varies greatly in different parts. In the neighbourhood of the capital, at an elevation of more than7,000ft.above the sea, the thermometer rarely falls below freezing point. The winter may be compared to that of Naples, while in summer the temperature is seldom above 75°, in the shade. On the table-land of Toluca (S. S. W. of the City of Mexico),\vhicb has an elevation of near 9,000 ft. above the sea, the air is so cold, during the greater part of the day, that the thermo- meter generally ranges from 42° to 46°, so that even those persona who have been brought up in northern regions, find the climate very unpleasant. (P. C.) In the southern portions of the country, on the low lands, the climate is very hot, as in other intertropical regions. Humboldt has asserted, that in this country may be grown almost all the vegetable productions, which are found between the equator and the poles. Maize constitutes the principal food of the lower classes, and is produced everywhere, even on the highest table-lands, where wheat will not grow. On the low lands, bananas are extensively cul- tivated, or, to speak more correctly, are produced abundantly, with scarcely any cultivation. "Humboldt affirms that half a hectare (about an acre) of land, planted with bananas, will furnish food for more than fifty individuals; whereas the same extent of land, if sown with wheat in Europe, would not support more than two individuals." (M.) But this facility of obtaining a subsistence, appears to have exerted a most baneful influence on the character of the Mexicans, by fostering impro- vidence and sloth. Mexico is especially remarkable for its mineral wealth. Not only gold and silver, but copper, iron, and lead, exist in abundance. Quicksilver is also found. The carbonate of soda, which is necessary for the smelting of the silver ore, is collected in several lakes, where it is found crystallized on the surface, in great abundance. — Adj. and inhab. Mex'-j.-can (Sp. Mexicano, mrh-ne-ka'-no). Mexico (called by the aborigines Tenochtitlan), the cap. of the united Mexican states, one of the most beautiful cities in the world, and, till recently, the largest in America, is situated in the midst of an elevated plain, surrounded by mountains, at the height, of 7,468 ft. above the level of the sea. The streets are wide, well paved, and flagged, and cross each other almost uniformly at right angles. The Great Square (Plaza Mayor, pW-sa ma-yoRe') is one of the finest, to be sepn in any metropolis : in its centre is a colossal statue of Charles IV. of Spain, said to be superior to any other work of this kind existing in the New World. The Cathedral, on the N. side of the Great Square, is regarded as the finest ecclesiastical edifice in America. There Y 372 MEX— MIC Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; boas in good ; are, besides, a number of churches, remarkable for the magnificence of their architecture, and the costliness of their paintings, sculptaro, and other decorations. Mexico was formerly inferior to none of the American cities, as a seat of science and literature; but, in these as in most other respects, its course has been retrograde fur several years past. There is a university, a college of mines, with a rich collection of minerals, and a number of other institutions, most of which, how- ever, are said to be in a state of decay. Lat. 19° 26' N., Lon. 99° 5' W. Pop. estimated at 180,000. (B.) Mexico, Gulf of, on the S. E. coast of N. America, between about 18° 10' and 30° 20' N. Lat., and 81° and 98° W. Lon. Its length, from N. E. to S. W., is near 1,100 m. ; its greatest breadth, above 600 m. Mezieres, mez N -e-aiR/, a strongly fortified t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Ardennes, on the Meuse. Lat. 49° 46' N., Lon. 4° 44' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.) Miaco, me-a'-ko, or Kee^-o, a large city of the Japanese empire, situ- ated on the island of Niphon, 230 m. W. by S. of Yeddo. Tt was for- merly the capital of Japan, and is now the residence of the Dairi (da-ee-ree) or chief priest, and contains a number of remarkable edi- fices. One of the temples has a colossal image of the god Daiboots, or the Grand Boodha, made of wood and covered with gilt paper, repre- sented, like the Hindoo idols, sitting on a flower of lotus. The total height is more than 90 ft., the statue being about 80, and the flower above 10 ft. high. The image is 25 ft. (4 toises) between the shoulders, and is capable of containing several people in the palm of the hand. In a neighbouring building is suspended the largest bell in the known world. It is about 18 ft. high, and weighs 2,040,000 Dutch pounds, or about 1,000 tons ! (B.) Miaco is the first manufacturing and probably the first commercial town in Japan. Here, also, all the money of the empire is coined. Miaco signifies "capital;" Keeo (or Kio), a "resi- dence." Lat. about 34° 30' N., Lon. 136° E. The pop. probably ex- ceeds 500,000. (B.) Mi-am'-x, a r. which rises in the N. W. central part of Ohio, and, flowing south-westerly, joins the Ohio at the S. W. extremity of the state, about 20 m. below Cincinnati. Its whole length is probably 150 m. Miami, a co. in the W. part of Ohio, intersected by the above r. Pop. 24,996. Co. t. Troy. Miami, a co. in the N. central part of Ind., intersected by the Wa- bash and Erie Canal. Pop. 11,304. Co. t. Peru. Michael, St., (Port. Sam Miguel, s^6n (almost soung) me-geV), the largest i. of the Azores, intersected by the parallel of 37° 50' N. Lat. and the meridian of 25° 30' W. Lon. Length above 40 m. ; greatest breadth, 14 m. Ponte Delgada is the chief town. Michigan, misb/-e-gan, one of the five great lakes of N. America connected with the r. St. Lawrence, situated between 41° 30' and 46° N. Lat, and 85° 50' and 88° W. Lon. Its length, following the curve, is near 350 m. ; its greatest breadth, about 90 m. The surface of thi3 MIC— MID 373 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; K, nearly like ng. lake is about 600 ft above the level of the sea ; its depth is stated to <»e 900 ft. Lake Michigan is connected, at its N. E. extremity, by the Strait of Mackinaw, with Lake Huron. Michigan, one of the U. S., situated between 41° 40' and 48° N. Lat., and 82° 10' and 91° W. Lon. It consists of two great natural divisions, viz., the lower peuinsula, bounded on the W. and N. VV. by Lake Michigan, on the N. E. and E. by Lake Huron, the r. and Lake St. Clair, the Detroit r. and Lake Erie, and on the S. by Ohio and In- diana ; length, from N. to S., about 290 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W., rather more than 200 m. : and the upper peninsula, situated be- tween the lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan, and bounded on the S. VV. by Wisconsin; its length is near 330m., with a mean breadth of 50 or 60 m. The total area is estimated at above 60,000 sq. m. The state is divided into 72 counties.* Pop. 397,654. Lansing is the seat of government. Michigan was admitted into the Union in 1836. Michilimackinac. See Mackinaw. Mid'-del-burg\ an ancient t. of Holland, in the i. of Walcheren, cap. of the prov. of Zealand. Among its literary institutions, the Athe- naeum or Academy deserves to be mentioned. Lat. 51° 30' N., Lon. 3° 37' E. Pop. 3,500. (M.) Middlebury, mid'-del-btr-re, the cap. of Addison co., Vt, on Otter creek, 33 m., in a straight line, S. W. of Montpelier. Pop. of the town- ship, 3,517. Middlebury College, of this place, was founded in 1800. Mid'-dles-bo^-rouqh, a t. and river port of England, in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, on the Tees, 16 m. E. by N. of Darlington, with which it is connected by a railway. Pop. 5,463 ; in 1831, it was only 154. (M.) Mid'-dle-sex\ a co. in the S. E. part of England, N. of, and border- ing on the Thames. It comprises within its limits the greater part of the metropolis. Pop. 1,576,636. Middlesex, a co. in the N. E. part of Mass., bordering on N. H. Pop. 161,383. Co. towns, Cambridge and Concord. Middlesex, a co. in the S. part of Conn., intersected by the Con- necticut r., and bordering on Long Island Sound. Pop. 30,680. Co. t. Middletown. Middlesex, a co. in the E. part of N. J., on the Raritan r. and bay. Pop. 28,635. Co. t. New Brunswick. * Alcona (Negwegon), Allegan, Alpena (Anamickee), Antrim (Megissee), Are- nac, Barry, Berrien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass. Charlevoix (Kishkawkee), Cheboy- gan, Chippewa, Clair St., Clare (Kaykakee), Clinton, Crawford (Shawwano) Eaton, Emmet (Tonedagana), Genesee, Gladwin, Gratiot, Hillsdale, Ingham, Ionia, Iosco (Kanotin), Isabella, Jackson, Joseph St., Kalamazoo, Kalcasca (War- bassee),Kent, Lake(Aishcum), Lapeer, Leelenaw, Lenawee, Livingston. Macomb, Manistee, Mason (Notipeskago), Michilimackinac, Midland, Missaukee, Monroe, Montcalm, Montmorency (Cheonoquet), Necosta, Newaygo, Oakland, Oceana, Ogemaw, Omeena, Osceola (Unwattin), Oscoda, Ottawa, Otsego (Okkuddo), Presque Isle, Roscommon (Mickenauk), Saginaw, Shiawassee, Van Buren, Washtenaw, "Wayne, Wexford (Kawtawwabet), Wyandot, Delta, Houghton, Huron, Mar- quette, Ontonagon, Schoolcraft, Tuscola. 32 374 MID— MIL Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t; oo as in good; Middlesex, a co. in the E. part of Va., S. of, and bordering on the Rappahannock. Pop. 4,394. Co. t. Urbanna. Mid'-dle-ton, a manufacturing t. of England, in Lancashire, 5 m. N". N. E. of Manchester. Pop., including an area of near 3 sq. m. t 7.740. Mid'-dle-town\ a city and port of entry in Middlesex co., Conn., on the W. bank of the Connecticut r., about 22 m., in a straight line, N. E. of New Haven, with numerous manufactures, of which that of swords and fire-arms is perhaps the most remarkable. The Wesleyan University founded in 1831, is situated in Lat. 41° 33' N., and Lon. 72° 39' W. Pop. of the city of Middletown, 3,511. Midland, a co. in the E. part of Mich., bordering on Saginaw Bay. Pop. 65. Mif'-flin, a co. in the S. central part of Pa., on the Juniata. Pop. 14,980. Co. t. Lewistown. Mil'-an* (It. Milano, me-la'-no; Lat. Mediola'num), the principal city of N. Italy, and the third in the Italian peninsula (being inferior only to Naples and Rome), is situated between the Olona and Lambro, on the Naviglio Grande (na-veel'yo gran'-da) or "great canal," which connects these rivers with each other, and flows all round the original town or city proper, of which it marks the boundary. The suburbs which have been built outside of this boundary, occupy more space than the original city. They are surrounded with a line of ramparts, which is planted with trees, and serves as a promenade. Much of the space, however, between the ramparts and the Naviglio, is occupied by gardens. Among the number of magnificent buildings that adorn Milan, the most remarkable is the Duomo or Cathedral, which, after St. Peter's, at Rome, is the largest and most sumptuous ecclesiastical edifice in Ttaly, and one of the finest in Christendom. The exterior, with its hundred spires, and its three thousand statues of various sizes, looks like a forest of marble. Milan is distinguished as a centre of learning and the arts; and it is said that more books are published here than in all the rest of Italy put together. Among other institutions, this city contains an academy of fine arts, one of the most extensive establishments of the kind in Europe, and a picture gallery, rich in the choicest productions of the ancient Italian masters. The library of Brera (bnV-ra) contains 100,000 vols., and is open to the public. Milan is the residence of an archbishop, of the Austrian viceroy, and of the governor-general of the Lombard provinces. The Observatory, which is considered the first in Italy, is in Lat. 45° 2$' 1" N., Lon. 9° 11' 48" E. The pop., according to Balbi, is above 1*55,000, and increases rapidly from year to year. — Adj. and inhab. Mil'-an-ese'. Milazzo, me-lat'-so, or Melazzo, ma-laf-so, (Anc. My'lae,) a fortified seaport t. on the N. coast of Sicily, near the N. E. angle of the island, * All the poets place the accent on the first syllable of this n?vne. Byron and Mo^re rhyme it with villain. This appears to be the prevailing, if not universal pronunciation, among correct speakers. MIL— MIN 375 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. on the W, side of a small bay, to which it gives its name. Lat. 38° 15' N., Lon. 15° 14' E. Pop. in 1831, 9,206. (Bff.j Mil/-ford, a small t. of S. Wales, in Pembrokeshire, on the N. side of an extensive basin or inlet of the sea, called Milford Haven. Lat. 51° 43' N., Lon. 5° VV. Milhau, meMo', a t. of France, in the dep. of Aveyron, on the Tarn, Lat. 44° 5' N., Lon. 3° 5' E. Pop. 9,437. (M.) MrLiTARY Frontier, the name given to a tract of country extending along the S. and S. E. frontier of the Austrian empire, from the Adri- atic to the E. extremity of Transylvania. It is distinguished from the rest of the empire by having a purely military government. The object of this establishment was originally to secure the frontier against the inroads of the Turks. All the peasants are soldiers, and hold their lands from the state as fiefs, on tenure of military and civil service. In time of peace, 45,000 men are always under arms, who feed and clothe themselves, and perform their appointed services with- out any expense to the Austrian government. In time of war, they serve the state in the same manner as the rest of the army, and march out of the country, if required, and they receive the usual pay. It is said that, in any extremity, they can muster 200,000 men, and that, by means of alarm-fires and bells, this immense force can be summoned together, throughout the whole extent of the frontier, in the space of four hours! (M.) Mil/-ledge-ville\ the seat of justice of Baldwin co., Ga.. and the cap. of the state, situated on the Oconee, at the head of steamboat navigation. Lat. 33° 7' N., Lon. 83° 20' VV. Pop. 2,216. Miller, a co. in the S. central part of Mo., intersected by the Osage r. Pop. 3,834. Co. t. Tuscumbia. Milo, meMo, (Anc. Me'los,) an i. in the yEgean Sea, about 70 m. E. of the Morea. It is about 14 m. long, and 8 m. wide. The N. coast is indented by a deep bay, which forms one of the best and safest har- bours in the Levant. The Lat. of this port is 36° 42' N., Lon. 24° 14 E. Pop. of the island about 7,000. (B.) Milwaukee City. See AVisconsin. Mil-wau'-kie, a co. in the S. E. part of Wisconsin, bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 31,077. Co. t. Milwaukie. Mincio, min'-cho, (Anc. Min'cius,) a r. in the N. of Italy, which has its source in the lake of Garda, and, flowing southerly, passes by Man- tua, and joins the Po, 12 m. S. E. of that city. Mindanao, min-da-na'-o, or Magindanao, (Sp. pron. ma-Heen-da- na'-o,) the most southern, and, after Luzon, the largest of the Philip- pine Islands, is situated between 5° and 10° N. Lat!", and 121° 30' and 126° E. Lon. It appears like two islands connected with each other by a narrow isthmus. The eastern portion is above 300 m. in length, from N. to S., with a mean breadth of 80 or 90 m.; the western is about 170 m long, and, on an average, perhaps 50 m. broad. The area is estimated at about 34,000 sq. m. The inhabitants appear to be chiefly Malays. (See Philippine Islands.) Min^-den, an ancient t. and fortress of the Prussian dominions, in 376 MIN— MIN Fite, far, fill, fat; me, mbt; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; Westphalia, the cap. of a gov. of the same came, on the Weser. Lat. 52° 18' N., Lon. 8° 53' E. Pop. 8,000. Min-do'-rOj one of the Philippine Islands, intersected by the 13th par. of N. Lat., and the 121st mer. of E. Lon.. Length 100 m., breadth 50 m. Min x -e-so'ta or Minnesota (originally spelled Minnay-Sotor), a ter- ritory of the United States; bounded on the N. by British America, E. by Lake Superior and Wisconsin, S., S. W., and W. by Iowa and the Missouri and White-Earth rivers. Area estimated at 120,000 sq. m. Minho in Portuguese, and Miiio in Spanish, pronounced alike, meen'-yo (Anc. MhVius), a r. in the N. W. part of the Spanish penin- sula, which rises in the N. part of Galicia, and, flowing south-westerly, falls into the Atlantic in about 41° 53' N. Lat., and 8° 47' W. Lon. In the latter part of its course, it forms a portion of the boundary between Spain and Portugal. Min-ne-so'-ta, a Territory of the United States, a portion of the old North West Territory, and more recently of Wisconsin and Iowa, lies between 42° 30' and 49° N. Lat.; and between 89° 30' and 103° 30' W. Lon., having a mean length from E. to W. of about 410 miles, and an average breadth of 390 miles ; including an area of nearly 166,000 sq. miles. It is bounded on the N. by British America ; E. by Lake Superior and the State of Wisconsin ; S. by Iowa and Missouri Ter.; and W. by Missouri Ter. The Lake of the Woods, with a chain of small lakes, and their outlets, form a part of the N. boundary, the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers a part of the E., and the Missouri and White Earth rivers form the W. boundary. Population. — By the census of 1850, Minnesota had 6,077 inhabit- ants, of whom 6,038 were white, and 39 colored persons. The deaths for the year ending June 30th, 1850, were 30, or only five in every one thousand. Governor Ramsey estimated the Indian population in 1852 at 25,000. Counties. — Minnesota is divided into nine counties, viz. Benton, Dacota, Itasca, Mahkahta, Pembina, Ramsey, Wabasha, Wahnahto, and Washington. The capital is St. Paul's. Face of the Country. — Though there are no mountains in Minnesota, it is the most elevated tract of land between the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's Bay. A plateau of about 200 miles in length, and from 15 to 40 miles in breadth, known as the "Coteau des Prairies/' or Prairie Heights, runs through the middle of the southern part of Minnesota. Its greatest elevation is about 1916 feet above the level of the sea, and its average elevation is about 1450 feet. The northern and highest portion is about 890 feet above Big Stone Lake, which lies in its vicinity. Passing the St. Peter's river, we come upon another range of heights, called the " Coteau du Grand Bois," or the Wooded Highlands, which extend for more than 100 miles nearly parallel with the Coteau des Prairies, and form the eastern wall of the valley of St. Peter's. These heights are mostly covered with an extensive forest of hard wood. Through the middle of the triangle which occupies the N. E. part of MIN— MIN 37r ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. the territory runs another range of heights, known as the " Hauteur de Terre," or " High Lands," which extends west by south about 300 miles, and forms the dividing ridge between the waters which flow into Hudson's Bay and those which flow into the Gulf of Mexico. A range of highlands extends north from the Coteau des Prairies, and forms with them the water shed of the rivers flowing into the Mississippi and Red rivers on the east, and the Missouri on the west. The other parts of the territory, as far as known, are varied with rolling prairies, extensive woodlands, and rich meadows. Lakes and Rivers. — Minnesota abounds in lakes, giving origin to rivers which flow toward every point of the compass, and whose wa- ters mingle with those of the Gulf of Mexico, Hudson's Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean. The largest of the lakes, with the exception of Lake Superior, which bounds about 70 miles of the N. E. of Minnesota, are the Lake of the Woods, Red Lake, Mini-Wakan or Devil Lake, Rainy Lake, Leech Lake, and Mille Lac or Spirit Lake. Besides these, there are hundreds of smaller lakes, varying from mere ponds to lakes of 30 miles in length. These generally have clear pebbly bottoms, and are well stocked with fish, among which are the white fish, pike, pickerel, maskelonge, sucker, perch, and trout. The wild rice grows on the shores of many of these lakes, especially in the north. Devil Lake, which is on the 48th parallel of lat. in the N. W. of the territory, is 40 miles in length by about 15 in breadth. It has no outlet, and the waters are brackish. Red Lake, on the same par- allel, E. of the Red River, with which it communicates, is about the same size as Devil Lake. Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake are both on the N. boundary line ; the former is quite a large lake. The rivers and streams of Minnesota are almost as numerous as its lakes. The far-famed Mississippi river issues out of Itasca Lake, N. E. from the centre of the territory, in lat. 47° 13' N. and at an elevation of 1575 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. It has a course of about 800 miles within Minnesota, of which 500 are navigable ; 200 below the Falls of St. Anthony, and 300 above. In the S. E., where it forms the boundary between Minnesota and Wisconsin, its banks are very precipitous, reaching an elevation of from 200 to 500 feet. The Rum and St. Croix, noted for the pine forests in their vicinity, are the principal tributaries from the E.; and Crow-Wing, Crow, and St. Peter's from the W. The latter has a course of about 470 miles through a very fertile country, and is navigable, at high water, 120 miles. The St. Croix is navigable to the falls, about 80 miles. The Red River of the north drains all the northern slope tending to Hud- son's Bay. It has a course of 800 miles, of which 500 are within Min- nesota, and of this portion of its course 400 are said to be navigable. The Riviere a Jacques (ree v -ve-air' ah zhak) about 600 miles long, and the Sioux, 350, are tributaries of the Missouri on the W. from this State. They run south. Soil and Productions. — About 60,000 sq. miles in the N. E. of the territory are mostly composed of volcanic rocks, or arid, sandy hills 32* ■ 378 MIN— MIN Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met ; pine, or pine, pin ; no, ndt; o5 as in #00^, and plains. The rest of the territory is believed to be mostly fertile, consisting of woods and prairies, and well adapted to agricultural settlements. The valley of the St. Peter's is especially fertile. Go- vernor Ramsey, in one of his messages, thus speaks : " Experience has demonstrated that, beyond all doubt, we can produce from the soil in its natural state, in every part of Minnesota in which the test has been made, wheat, corn, oats, and potatoes, in quality equal to that produced in any of the States of the Union, and in quantity that astonishes even those who have been familiar with the most fertile bottom lands of Indiana and Illinois." Under the 48th parallel, wheat and corn grow luxuriantly, and the best of wheat is produced at the Red river settlement in 49° N. Among the indigenous products are cranberries in great quantities, maple-sugar trees in abundance, strawberries, crab-apples, wild rice, plums, currants, grapes, &c. Timber is abundant in different parts of Minnesota. Pine forests of great extent exist on the St. Croix and Rum rivers. In the winter of 1850-1, it was computed that 21,000,000 feet of lumber were cut on the St. Croix and its tributaries. The other forest-trees are oak, elm, ash, birch, maple (sugar), hickory, linden, poplar, cedar, spruce, fir. tamarack, &c. The mineral resources of Minnesota have not yet been much deve- loped ; but lead, copper, iron, limestone, and the red pipe-stone are found. From the latter the Indians manufacture their pipes. This mineral is believed to be peculiar to the region of the " Coteau des Prairies. " The animals are abundant, and this has always been a favorite hunting-ground of the Indians. The buffalo, deer, black bear, gray antelope, wolverine, beaver, otter, muskrat, mink, martin, fisher, wolf, raccoon, and other fur-bearing animals abound. The moose, elk, grizzly bear, and American reindeer are sometimes met with. Climate, Meteorology, &c. — The climate of Minnesota compares favourably with New England and Northern New York, though ex- tending several degrees farther north. The winters being drier, and the ground frozen less deeply, favours the wheat crop. Bilious fevers prevail but little, and fever and ague are almost unknown. Observa- tions kept at St. Paul's, in 44° 56' N.lat. in Dec, Jan., and Feb. of the winter of 1850-1, give the following results: Clear days, 22 ; variable, 45; cloudy, 23; rain, 5, snow, 24; and hail, one. Greatest height of the mercury, 47°; least height, 32° 5'; average of the winter, 15°23 / ; coldest day, (Jan. 30,) 20° ; mildest day, (Feb. 25,) 36° 6'. Mercury 37 days below zero ; 31 days at or above freezing. Thawed in the sun 33 days. Winds N. N. W. to N., 50 days ; S. E. to E. N. E., 20 days ; variable, 20 days. The amount of rain for this winter is stated as being unusually large, from which the dryness of the atmosphere may be inferred. The earliest closing of the navigation by ice, be- tween 1844 and 1850, was Nov. 8 ; the latest, Dec. 8. The earliest opening in the same year was March 31 ; the latest, April 19. MIN— MIS 379 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. Towns. — St. Paul, the capital of Minnesota, and the largest town, is situated on the Mississippi, 2070 miles from its mouth, in lat. 44° 50 / N. It is 9 miles by land below the Falls of St. Anthony. Steamboats connect it with St. Louis and other towns on the Missis- sippi. Pop. about 1500. St. Anthony, on the E. side of the Mississippi, at the Falls of St. Anthony, is destined, from its great amount of water-power, to be an important manufacturing town. Pop. about 1000. Stillwater and St. Croix, both on the St. Croix, are largely engaged in the lumber trade. The former has 800 and the latter 600 inhabit- ants. The penitentiary is at Stillwater. Wabasha, below Lake Pepin, is open 5 or 6 weeks in the year longer than the towns above. Min-or'-ca, sometimes written Menorca, (anciently one of the Gym- nesiae : see Majorca,) one of the Balearic Isles, intersected by the 40th parallel of N. Lat. and the 4th meridian of E. Lon. It is 32 m. in length, and about 13 m. in its greatest breadth. Area about 300 sq. m. Pop. 35,000. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Minorquine, min-or- keen', or Min-or'-c_\n. Minsk, an archiepiscopal t. of Russian Poland, the cap. of a gov. of the same name. Lat. 53° 57' N., Lon. 27° 40' E. Pop. stated at 20,000. (P.O.) Miramichi, mir x -a-me-shee / , a r. and bay in the E. part of New Brunswick, near 47° N. Lat. and 65° W. Lon. Mirandola, me-raV-do-la, a fortified t. of N. Italy, in the duchy of Modena. Lat. 44° 50' N., Lon. 11° 7 E. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) Mirepoix, mlr x -e/i-pwa7, or meeR s -pwa', a small t. of France, in the dep. of Ariege. Lat. 43° 5' N. f Lon. 1° 52' E. Pop. about 4,000. (M.) Miskolcz, mish-kolts', a large t. of Hungary, with a Protestant and a Roman Catholic gymnasium. Lat. 48° 7' N., Lon. 20° 47' E. Pop. estimated at about 28,000. (B.) Mis v -sis-sip'-pj. (i. e. the " great water"), a large r. of N. America, which forms with the Missouri, its principal affluent, the longest river in the loorld. It rises from two small lakes, in about 47° 20' N. Lat., and 95° 30' W. Lon., which are estimated to be about 1,500 ft. above the level of the sea. Its general course is nearly S. ; it enters the Gulf of Mexico by several mouths, in about 29° N. Lat., and 89° 20' W. Lon. The waters of the Mississippi, as it advances southward, are swollen by a number of important tributaries, viz., the Wisconsin. Illi- nois, and Ohio on the left, and the St. Peters, Desmoines, Missouri, Arkansas, and Red River on the right. Below the entrance of the Ohio, the breadth of the main river averages about 900 yards, and its mean depth varies from 90 to 120 ft. The velocity of the stream, below the mouth of the Missouri, is on average from 60 to 70 m. a day. In the latter part of its course, however, a number of bayous (see Bayou), leaving the principal stream, very materially diminish the body of 380 MIS— MIS Fate, f ar, f All, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, n&t ; 66, as in good ; water, and the rapidity of the current. The length of this mighty river is about 3,200 m., or, if we measure from the head of the Mis- souri, which may be regarded as its true source, it will amount to 4,400 m. It is navigable, at all seasons of the year, considerably above its junction with the Missouri, or more than 2,000 in. above its mouth. Mississippi, one of the U. S., situated between the 30th and 35th degrees of N. Lat, and 88° 10' and 91° 50' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Tennessee, E. by Alabama, S. by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisi- ana, and W. by Louisiana and Arkansas, from which it is separated by the Mississippi r. ; and divided into 59 counties.* Length, from N. to S., about 340 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W., 184 m. The area is estimated at 48,000 sq.m. Pop. 606,555; consisting of 295,758 whites, 899 free coloured persons, and 309,898 slaves. Jackson is the capital. Mississippi was admitted into the Union in 1819. — Inhab. MlS N -SIS-SIP^-PJ-AN. Missolonghi, mis v -so-long'-ge, a fortified t. of Greece, on a bay or lagoon on the N. side of the Gulf of Patras, which was taken and destroyed by the Turks in 1826, after a long siege. Lord Byron died here, April 19, 1824. Lat. 38° 23' N., Lon. 21° 28' E. Missouri, mis-soo'-re, a large r. of N. America, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, in about 45° N. Lat., and 110° 30' VV. Lon., and, after a very tortuous course of about 3,000 m., fails into the Mississippi, in about 38° 5U' N. Lat., and 90° 10' W. Lon. It is navigable to the Great Falls, or about 2,500 m. from its mouth. The waters of this river are remarkably turbid, from which circumstance, it is said, the name, signifying "mud river," is derived. Missouri, one of the U. S., situated between 36° and 40° 40' K. Lat., and 89° and 95° 30' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Iowa, E. by Illinois and Kentucky, from which it is separated by the Mississippi, S by Arkansas, and W. by the Indian territory; and divided into 79 coun- ties.! Greatest extent, from E. to W., about 300 m. ; from N. to S., * Adams, Amite, Attala, Bolivar, Carrol], Chickasaw, Choctaw, Claiborne, Clarke, Coahoma, Copia, Covington, De Soto, Franklin, Greene, Hancock, Har- rison, Hinds, Holmes, Issaquena, Itawamba, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jones, Kemper, Lafayette, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Leake, Lowndes, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Monroe, Nashoba, Newton, Noxubee, Oktibbeha, Panola, Perry, Pike, Pontotoc, Rankin, Scott, Simpson, Smith, Sunflower, Tallahatchie, Tippah, Tishamingo, Tuncia, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wilkinson, Winston, Yala- busha, Yazoo. f Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Audrain, Barry, Bates, Benton, Boone, Buchanan, Butler, Caldwell, Callaway, Camden, Cape Girardeau, Cass, Carroll, Cedar, Chari- ton, Charles St., Clair St., Clark, Clay, Clinton, Cole, Cooper, Crawford, Dade, Dallas, Daviess, DeKalb, Dodge, Dunklin, Francois St., Franklin, Gasconade, Genevieve St., Gentry, Greene, Grundy, Harrison, Henry, Hickory, Holt, How- ard, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, La Clede, Lafayette, Lawrence, Lewis, Lincoln, Linn, Livingston, Louis St., Macon, Madison, Marion, McDo- nald, Mercer, Miller, Mississippi, Moniteau, Monroe, Morgan, Montgomery, New Madrid, Newton, Nodaway, Oregon, Osage, Ozark, Perry, Pettis, Platte, Pike, Polk, Putnam, Pulaski, Ralls, Randolph, Ray, Reynolds, Ripley, Saline, Scott, Scotland, Schuyler, Shannon, Shelby, Stoddard, Sullivan, Taney, Texas, Van Buren, Warren, Washington, Wayne,' Wright. MIT— MOG 381 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; N, nearly like ng. about 290 m. Area estimated at 68,000 sq. m. Pop. 682,043, of whom 592,077 were whites, 2,544 free coloured, and 87,422 slaves. Jefferson City is the seat of government. Missouri was admitted into the Union in 1821. Mittau, mit'-tou, a t. of European Russia, the cap. of the prov. of Koorland, remarkable for its literary institutions, among- which its gymnasium, with an observatory and a library of 24,000 vols., may be mentioned. Lat. 56° 39' N., Lon. 23° 44 E. Pop. 16,500. (P. C.) Mobile, mo-beel', a r. of Ala., formed by the union of the Tombig- bee and Alabama rivers ; after a course of 4 or 5 miles it divides into several branches ; the western or main channel is called the Mobile, the eastern the Tensaw r. They flow S., and terminate in Mobile Bay, which communicates with the Gulf of Mexico. Mobile, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Ala. Total pop. 27,600. Mobile, a city and port of entry of Ala., cap. of the above co., situ- ated on the VV. side of the Mobile r., near its mouth. It is by far the most considerable town in the state, both as regards population and commerce, and, next to New Orleans and Charleston, is the greatest market for cotton in the whole country. The situation of this town was formerly very unhealthy, but it has of late been much improved by drainage. Lat. 30° 40' N., Lon. 88° 11' W. Pop. 20,513. Mo^-oha (Arab. pron. mo'-K.a'), a decayed, though still important seaport t. of Arabia, in Yemen, on the Red Sea. Lat. 13° 16' N., Lon. 43° 10' E. Pop. estimated at from 5,000 to 7,000. (B. and M.) Mod'-en-a or mod'-en-a* (Anc. Mu'tina), a well-built city of Italy, cap. of a duchy of the same name, situated near the right bank of the Secchia (sek'-ke-a), a tributary of the Po, 24 m. W. N. W. of Bologna. The ducal palace is vast, splendid, and richly furnished. It contains a gallery of paintings, executed by some of the most distinguished Italian masters, and a library of 90,000 printed vols., besides 3,000 manuscripts. There is also a university, a college of nobles, of distin- guished reputation, with 28 professors and teaehers, and various other institutions. The Observatory is in Lat. 44° 38' 53" N., Lon. 10° 55' 48" E. Pop. about 27,000. (B.) The duchy of Modena has an area of about 2,000 sq. m. Pop. esti- mated at 403,000. (M.) — Adj. and inhab. Mod v -en-ese'. Modica, mod^-e-ka, (Anc. Motyca,) a t. of Sicily, the cap. of a dist. of the same name, near the S. E. extremitv of the island. Lat. 36° 53' N., Lon. 14° 45' E. Pop. estimated at 20*,000. (B.) Mog v -a-dore' (called by the Moors Swee'-ra), a fortified t. of Mo- rocco, the principal place for maritime commerce in the empire, is situ- *"If ever you should come to Modena, Stop at a palace near the Ropaio gate." Rogers' Italy, Part First, XVIII. 382 MOG— MON Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 66 as in good, ated on the Atlantic coast. Lat. 31° 30' N., Lon. 9° 40' W. Pop. estimated at 10.000. (M.) Mogul. See Mongolia. Moha'cs, mo'-haach', a t. of Hungary, on the Danube. Lat. 45° 58 N., Lon. 18° 44' E. Pop. 8,3i:0. (M.) Mo'-hawk, a r. of N. Y., which rises in Lewis co., and, flowing south-easterly, falls into the Hudson, about 3 m. above Troy. Its whole length is estimated at near 140 m. Mo-hee'-lef (often written Mohilew or Moghilev), a commercial t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Dnieper. It is the residence of a Greek and a Roman Catholic archbishop. Lat. 53° 54' N., Lon. 30° 25' E. Pop. stated at 21,800. (P. C.) Moissac. mwa -siuV, a t. of France, in the dep. of Tarn and Garonne, on the Tarn (which is here navigable), 97 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 6,190. (M.) Moldau, mol'-dou, a r. of Bohemia, which rises in the Bohmer-wald Mountains, on the south-western frontier, and, flowing northerly, joins the Elbe, at Melnik, about 20 m. N. of Prague. Its length is estimated at above 200 m. It is navigable for boats to Budweis. Mol-da'-vx-a (Turk. Bogh v -dan/), a principality nominally included in European Turkey, of which it forms the most northern part, but in reality under the protection of Russia. (See Wallachia.) — Adj. and whab. Mol-da'-vj-an. Mol-fet'-ta. (Anc. Res^pa), a manufacturing and commercial t. and seaport of Naples, on the Adriatic. Lat. 41° 13' N., Lon. 16° 37' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Molokai, moMo-ki', or MorokaY, one of the Sandwich Islands, near 21° 10' N. Lat, and intersected by the 157th meridian of W. Lon. Length near 40 m. ; greatest breadth, about 8 m. Pop. 3,000. Mo-luc'-cas or Molucca Isles, a group belonging to the Malay archipelago, between 5° N. and 9° S. Lat. and 125° and 131° E. Lon. In a more limited sense, the Moluccas include only the Spice Islands; namely, Amboyna, Banda, Ceram, Ternate, Tidore, and Batchian. Balbi distributes the Moluccas into three groups, as follows : 1st, the Group of Amboyna, comprising the island of this name, Ceram, Boo- roo, and the adjacent islets ; 2dly, the Group of Banda, consisting of ten small islands, near 4° 30' N. Lat, and 130° E. Lon.; and 3dly, the Group of the Moluccas, properly so called, comprehending the large island of Gilolo, with the smaller ones of Batchian, Morty or Mortay, Mysol, Tidore, Ternate, and numerous others lying immediately around Gilolo. Almost all the islands of these different groups are dependent on the Dutch, who carry on an important commerce in the various na- tural productions, among which cloves and nutmegs are almost the only articles that are sent to Europe or this country. Mom-pox^ (Sp. pron. mom-poir), a t. of S. America, in New Granada, on the Magdalena. Lat. 9° 14' N., Lon. 74° 27' W. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.) Monaco, mon'-a-ko, principality of, a small state of N. Italy, under MON— MON 383 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. the protection of Sardinia, situated between Nice and Genoa, and bor- dering- on the Mediterranean. Area, 51 sq. m. Pop. about 7,000. (M.) Monaco, a little town on the Mediterranean, containing about 1,000 inhabitants, is the capital. Lat. 43° 42' N., Lon. 7° 28' E. Monaghan, mon'-a-Han, an inland co. in the N. of Ireland, in the S. part of the prov. of Ulster. Pop. in 1831, 195,536. (M.) Monaghan, a t. of Ireland, cap. of the above co., 68 m. N. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 3,848. (M.) Mondego, mon-da'-go, a r. of Portugal, which falls into the Atlantic near 40° 10' N. Lat., and 8° 50' W. Lon. MoNDonEDo, mon-d6n-y— Adj. Mon-go'-lj-an, and Mon-gol' or Mon-gul> ; inhab. Mongol. — The name Mo-gul/, though evidently of the same origin with Mongol, is properly restricted to the empire founded in Hindostan by Baber (a descendant of the great Mongol conqueror, Tamerlane), about the year 1526. Mon'-mouth, a co. in the W. of England, bordering on the Bristol Channel. Pop. 134,355. Monmouth, a t. of England, the cap. of the above co., on the Wye, 25 m. N. by W. of Bristol. Pop., including an area of above 4 sq. m., 5,446. Monmouth, a co. in the E. middle part of N. J., bordering on the Atlantic. Pop. 30,313. Co. t. Freehold. Mo-non v -ga-he'-la, a r. which rises in the N. part of Va., and, flow- ing into Pa., unites with the Alleghany to form the Ohio. Mo-non-ga'-h-a, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Va., bordering on Pa Pop. 13,387. Co.'t. Morgantown. Mo-nop^-o-lj., a fortified seaport t. of Naples, in the prov. of Ban", re- markable for the subterranean dwellings found in its vicinity, which are 384 MON— MON Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good; supposed to have been excavated in the remotest antiquity. Lat. 40° 56 N., Lon. 16° 58' E. Pop. in 1833, 15,535. (M.) Mon-roe', a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., intersected by the Ge- nesee r., and bordering on L. Ontario. Co. t. Rochester. Pop. 87,650. Monroe, a co. in the E. part of Pa., bordering on the Delaware r. Pop. 13,270. Co. t. Stroudsburg. Monroe, a co. towards the W. part of Va., on the Greenbrier and New rivers. Pop. 10,204. Co. t. Union. Monroe, a co. near the centre of Ga., bordering on the Ocmulgee. Pop. 16,985. Co. t. Forsyth. Monroe, a co. occupying the S. W. extremity of the peninsula of Florida. Co. t. Key West. Pop. 2,643. Monroe, a co. in the S. W. part of Ala., intersected by the Ala- bama r. Pop. 12,013. Co. t. Monroeville. Monroe, a co. in the N. E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 21,172. Co. seat, Athens. Monroe, a co. in the E. part of Ark., intersected by the White r. Pop. 2,049. Co. t. Clarendon. Monroe, a co. in the S. E. part of Tenn., on the Tennessee r. Pop. 11,874. Co. t. Madisonville. Monroe, a co. in the S. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 7,756. Co. t. Tompkinsville. Monroe, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 28,351. Co. t. Woodsfleld. Monroe, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Mich. Pop. 14,698. Co. t. Monroe. Monroe, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ind., on the W. fork of the White r. Pop. 11,286. Co. t. Bloomington. Monroe, a co. in the S. W. part of 111., bordering on the Missis- sippi r. Pop. 7,679. Co. t. Waterloo. Monroe, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., a little W. of the Missis- sippi r. Pop. 10,541. Co. t. Paris. Mons, mON, (Flemish, Bergen, beW-Hcn,) a strongly fortified city of Belgium, the cap. of the prov. of Hainault, situated on the Mons and Conde Canal, 32 m. S. W. of Brussels. It contains a college, a medi- cal school, and other institutions. Lat. 50° 26' N., Lon. 4° E. Pop. 23,000. (B.) Montagnana, mon-tan-ya'-na, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Austrian Italy, 22 m. S. E. of Padua, with a noted college for young ladies. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Montargis, m6Nt x -aR v -zhe/, a t. of France, in the dep. of Loiret, 39 m. E. by N. of Orleans. Pop. 7,757. (M.) Montauban, moNt v -6 v -baN', a manufacturing t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Tarn and Garonne, is situated on the Tarn, 112 m. E. S. E. of Bordeaux. It has long been one of the principal seats of the re- formed religion in France; on account of which, it suffered much during the reigns of Louis XIII. and Louis XIV. Among its literary MON—MON 385 00Q and 60,000. (B.) MOR— MOS 389 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Mor'-ris, a co. in the N. part of N. J., intersected by the Morris Canal. Pop. 30,158. Co. t. Morristown. Mos'-cdw (Russ. Mos-kwa/), a large city of European Russia, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, and formerly the seat of the imperial govern- ment, is situated in the midst of a fertile and highly cultivated country, on the r. Moskwa, about 380 m. S. E. of St. Petersburg. The view of the city from a distance has excited the admiration of all travellers. The innumerable towers, some with cupolas, either gilt or painted green, others rising in the form of minarets, and the many gardens and trees intermixed with houses, give the city quite an Oriental appear- ance. Since, however, the conflagration of 1812, the aspect of Moscow has been considerably changed, and it is becoming more and more like the capitals of western Europe. Among the remarkable buildings, may be mentioned the Kremlin, the old residence of the czars, which has been repaired since the attempts of the French to blow it up in 1812, and still retains its ancient irregularity and grandeur: the Great Hall for exercising the troops in bad weather, which is about 5G0 ft. long, 180 ft. wide, and 50 ft. high ; the ceiling of such vast extent has not a single pillar to support it : and the building of the Foundling Hospital, re- garded as the handsomest and most extensive of the kind in Europe. The ancient capital of Russia possesses a great number of literary and scienti- fic institutions, among which we may notice the University, the first in the empire for the number of its professors and students; its library, partly- destroyed in 1812, has been restored, and contained in 1835 about 45,000 volumes (M.) : the Anatomical Museum, one of the most exten- sive in the world: the Imperial Society of Naturalists; and the Society of Amateurs of Russian History and Antiquities. Moscow is the great entrepot for the internal commerce of European Russia : it is also the residence of two archbishops. Lat. 55° 46' N., Lon. 35° 33 / E. Balbi estimated the pop. at 250,000 ; Johnston, in 1846, at 350,000. Mo- { sellf/ (Ger. Mosel, mo'-zel ; Anc. Mosel'la or " Little Meuse") , a r. which rises in the mountains between the deps. of Vosges and Up- per Rhine, in France, and, flowing northerly, crosses the French fron- tier, and, passing through the Prussian territory, joins the Rhine at Coblentz. Its whole course is about 280 m., for 170 of which it is navi- gable. Moselle, a dep. in the N. E. of France, intersected by the above r., and bordering on the grand-duchy of Luxemburg and the Prussian ter- ritories. Pop. 427,250. (P. C.) Capital, Metz. Mosk/-wa (Russ. pron. mos-kwa'), a r. in the central part of Eu- ropean Russia, which flows into the Oka. Mosquito, mos-kee'-to, a co. in the E. part of Florida, bordering on the Atlantic. Pop. 73. Co. t. New Smyrna. Mo'-sul or Moo'-sul, a decayed city of Asiatic Turkey, in the pasha- lik of Bagdad, on the W. bank of the Tigris. A bridge of boats con- nects the town with the E. side of the river, where some mounds are eupoosed to maik the site of the ancient Nineveh. The manufactures 33* 390 MOU— MUN Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 60 as in good; in cotton, for which Mosul was once so celebrated,* have greatly de- clined, though they are still extensive. Lat. 36° 21' N., Lon. about 43 E. Pop. probably above 60,000. (B.) v Moulins, mooMai*', a commercial and manufacturing- t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Allier, on the r. Allier (here crossed by a fine stone bridge, above 700 ft. in length), 165 m. S. S. E. of Paris. It pos- sesses a royal college, a public library of 20,000 vols, and some other institutions. Lat. 46° 34' N., Lon. 3° 19' E. Pop. 14,502. (B.) Mourzouk. See Moorzook. Mozambique, mo v -zarn-beek', (called by the natives Mas-am-beek',) a seaport t. of E. Africa, the cap. of a Portuguese colony of the same name. Lat. 14° 49' S„ Lon. 40° 45' E. Pop. unknown. Muh'-len-burg^, a co. in the W. part of Ky., bordering on Green r. Pop. 9,809. Co. t. Greenville. Muhlhausen, miile/-hou s -zen, a walled t. in Prussian Saxony, on the Unstrut, with numerous manufactures and an active commerce. Lat, 51° 13' N., Lon. 10° 29' E. Pop. near 12,000. (P. C.) Muhlhausen, mule N -hou/-zen, (Fr. Mulhouse, muT-ooze',) a manufac- turing and commercial t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Rhine, on the 111, a tributary of the Rhine. It is the great centre of the manufacture of printed cottons and silks, so much esteemed for their brilliant and indelible colours. This business is carried here to a higher degree of perfection, and conducted on a more extensive scale than in any other place in the world. The manufactures of Muhlhausen and its imme- diate vicinity, occupy near 60,000 workmen, the annual value of whose productions is estimated at 50,f- 00,000 francs. (B.) Lat. 47° 47' N., Lon. 7° 21' E. The present pop., according to Balbi, amounts to more than 24,000, having quadrupled itself since the commencement of the present century. Muhlheim, muleMiime, a manufacturing t. of the Prussian states, on the Ruhr (roor), an affluent of the Rhine. Lat. 51° 26' N., Lon. 6° 53' E. Pop. 6,400. (B.) Mull, one of the Hebrides, forming a part of Argyleshire, and sepa- rated from the main land of Scotland by a channel called the Sound of Mull. It is about 35 m. in length and 14 in its greatest breadth, con- taining an area of about 300 sq. m. Mul -lin-gar^, the cap. of the co. of Westmeath, Ireland, situated 44 m. W. by N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 4,295. (M.) Mun'-den, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Germany, in Hano- ver, at the confluence of the Fulda and Werra, whose united streams here take the name of Weser. Lat. 51° 26' N., Lon. 9° 38' E. Pop 5,300. (B.) Mu'-nich (Ger. Munchen, miin'-Hen), a city of Bavaria, the cap. of the circle of the Isar, and of the whole kingdom, is situated on the Isar, 225 m. W. of Vienna. This town has been greatly improved and en- larged since the beginning of the present century, and now ranks * From the name of this town, the word muslin has been derived. MUN— MUR • 391 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. among the handsomest in Germany. New and splendid streets are seen extending in all directions, adorned with elegant houses and mag- nificent public buildings. The king's palace, when the important alterations undertaken by the reigning sovereign shall have been com- pleted, will probably be the richest and most beautiful royal residence in the Germanic empire. As a seat of learning and the arts, Munich stands in the first rank of European cities. Among the most remarka- ble institutions, we may name the University, formerly established at Ingolstadt, whence it was removed, in 1800, to Landshut, and in 1827 transferred to the Bavarian capital ; there are 58 ordinary and 10 ex- traordinary professors, and between 1,300 and 1,400 students ; the University library contains 105,0 vols. : the Public Library, with 400,000 printed vols, and 8,500 manuscripts : the Royal Academy of Arts: and the Military Academy. Munich is greatly indebted to the taste and liberality of the present sovereign, Ludwig I., not only for the recent improvement in the buildings and general appearance of the city, but especially for its distinguished reputation as a seat of the fine arts. The magnificent collections in painting and sculpture, deposited in the Pinacotheca, " picture-repository," and the Glyptotheca, " sculp- ture-repository," are regarded as the chief glory of the Bavarian capi- tal, and may rank among the finest establishments of the kind in the world. The observatory of Munich, one of the best in Europe, is in Lat. 48° 8' 45'' N.. Lon. 11° 36' 37" E. Pop. about 100,000. (B.) Mun'-ster (Ger. Mun'-ster), a city of the Prussian dominions, the cap. of a circle of the same name, and of the whole prov. of Westpha- lia, is situated on the Aa, a tributary of the Ems, with which river it also communicates by a canal. It was formerly strongly fortified, but in 1765 the fortifications were destroyed, and the ramparts planted with linden trees and converted into a promenade. Munster has an academy, attended by 350 students, with a faculty of philosophy, and one of theology (for the Roman Catholics); and a gymnasium, attpnded by nearly 400 students, with a library of 25,000 vols. Lat. 51° 58' N., Lon. 7° 36' E. Pop. 21,000. (B.) Mun'-ster, one of the four provinces into which Ireland is divided, occupying the S. W. portion of the island, comprising the-counties of Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary and Waterford. Murcia, mur'-she-a, (Sp. pron. mooRMhe-a,) a prov. and formerly a kingdom in the S. E. of Spain, bordering on Andalusia and the Medi- terranean. Extreme length, from N. to S., about 130 m.^ greatest breadth, from E. to W., near 110 m. — Adj. and inhab. Murcian, mur'- she-an ; (Sp. Murciano, mooR-the-a'-no.) Murcia, a city of Spain, the cap. of the above prov., situated in a beautiful and fertile valley, watered by the r. Segura (seg-oo'-ra), about 26 m., in a straight line, from the sea. It is the seat of several col- leges and other institutions. The silk manufactures of this place are said to have formerly employed 16,000 hands, but now only 400. The inhabitants of the capital, like those of the province generally, are de- scribed as slothful, gloomy, and reserved, on which account Murcia is 392 MUR— NAG Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; 66 as in good, said to be one of the dullest cities in Spain. Lat. 38° N., Lon. 1° 14 W. Pop. 36,100. (B.) Mur'-frees-bo- rough, a small t. of Tenn., the seat of justice of Ru;i.erford co., and formerly the cap. of the state, situated 32 m., in a straight line, S. E. of Nashville. Murray. See Elgin. Mur'-ray, a co. in the N. W. part of Ga., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 14,433. Co. t. Spring-place. Murray Frith. See Moray Frith. Murviedro, mooR-ve-a'-dro, (Anc. Sagun'tum, afterwards Murve- tum or Mu'ri Veneres, i. e. " old walls,") a t. of Spain, in the prov. of Valencia, chiefly interesting on account of its antiquities. Lat. 39° 41' N., Lon. 0° 17' W. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Mus-cat', a fortified seaport t. of Arabia, the cap. of the prov. of Oman, important as the great entrepot for the merchandise brought through the Persian Gulf from India to Persia and Arabia, and as the centre of the trade in pearls, which are found in such abundance in the Persian Gulf. Lat. about 23° 30' N., Lon. 58° 39' E. Pop. ordinarily estimated at about 12,000 (B.), though some rate it much higher. The imam (or sacerdotal prince) of Muscat is an independent sovereign, possessing, besides the little state of Muscat, the island of Zanzibar, of Africa, and some territory on the opposite coast. Muscatine, mus v -ka-teen', a co. in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi. Pop. 5,731. Co. t. Muscatine. Mus-co'-gee (g hard), a co. i.i the W. part of Georgia, bordering on the Chattahoochee. Pop. 18,578. Co. t. Columbus. Muskingum, mus-king^-gum, a r. in the S. E. part of Ohio, which flows into the Ohio r. It is navigable for boats about 100 m. Muskingum, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ohio, intersected by the above river. Pop. 45,049. Co. t. Zanesville. Musselburgh, mus'-sel-bur v -reft, a seaport t. of Scotland, in Edin- burgshire, on the Frith of Forth, at the mouth of the Esk, 5 m. E. of Edinburgh. Pop. 6,331. Mysore, mi-sore', a large prov. in the S. of Hindostan, belonging to the presidency of Madras, between 11° 30' and 15° N. Lat., and 74° 45' and 78° 40' E. Lon. Pop. estimated at 2,500,000. (M.) Mysore, the cap. of the above, occupies a considerable space ot ground, which is enclosed by a wall. Lat. 12° 19' N., Lon. 76° 42' E Pop. probably above 50,000. (B.) Naas, nace, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Kildare, 18 m. S. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 3,808. Nag-poor/, a large but badly built city of Hindostan, in the prov. of Gundvvana, the cap. of a kingdom of the same name. Lat. 21° 9' N., Lon. 79° 10' E. Pop. in 1825, 115,000. (B.) Nagy Enyed, nody (almost nodge — see Int. XXII., 16 and 17) en'- yed', a large village of Transylvania, near the right bank of the Ma- rosch, remarkable for its Protestant college, which is regarded as the NAG— NAN 393 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. first institution of the kind in that country. Lat. 46° 18' N., Lon. 23° 41' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Nagy Karoly, nody kaa'-roi\ a t. in the E. part of Hungary, 37 m. E. by N. of Debreczin, Pop. above 11,000. (P. C.) Nagy Szombath. See Tyrnau. Nagy Varad. See Gross-Wardein. Nairn'-shire, a co. of Scotland, S. of, and bordering on Moray Frith. Pop. 9,217. Nairn, the cap. of the above, is a seaport t. at the mouth of a small river of the same name, which flows into Moray Frith. Pop. 2,672. Na'-mur (Fr. pron. na'-muR^ Flem. JSfamen, na'-men); a prov. in the S. E. part of Belgium, bordering on France. Area, 1,413 sq. m. Pop. 212,725. (P. C.) Namur (Lat. Namur'cum), the cap. of the above prov., situated at the confluence of the Sambre and the Meuse. It is regarded as the strongest fortress in Belgium, and is the seat of various manufactures, particularly of arms and cutlery. Lat. 50° 28' N., Lon. 4° 51' E. Pop. 19,000. (B.) Nancy (Fr. pron. naN v -se0» a t. of France, the cap. of the dep. of Meurthe, and formerly of Lorraine, near the r. Meurthe, 30 m. S. of Metz. It has an academie universitaire, a royal college, a rich mu- seum, a public library of 23,000 vols., and other institutions. Lat. 48° 42' N., Lon. 6° 10' E. Pop. 30,000. (B.) Nangasaki, nang'-ga-sa'-ke, a seaport t. of Japan, on the island of Keoo-seoo (Kiu-siu), the only place in the empire which is open to Eu- ropeans. The streets are narrow and winding; but the numerous tem- ples render the appearance of the town picturesque to those approach- ing from a distance. Lat. 32° 46' N., Lon. 129° 52' E. Pop. variously estimated from 15,0f)0 or 18,000 (P. C), to 6 f ),000 or 70,000 (M.) This great difference may perhaps be accounted for by the occasional influx of foreigners. Nan-kin' or Nan-king' called also Kiang Ning, a large city of China, formerly the cap. of the empire, situated near the right bank of the river Yang-tse-kiang, about 120 m. from its mouth. It is enclosed by walls, nearly 20 m. in circuit, composed of limestone, cemented by sunburnt clay. The city has declined much, both in size and splendour, since the end of the 13th century, when Kublai-Khan removed the imperial resi- dence to Pekin. At that time, Nankin was the largest town on the globe. The streets of this city, though not so wide as those of Pekin, are regu- lar and generally handsome, clean, well-paved, and bordered with well- furnished shops. The most remarkable edifice is the famous porcelain tower, an octagonal building, above 200 ft. high : each side of the base is 40 ft. long. There are 9 stories, of equal height; at the termination of each, a roof, built in f he Chinese fashion, projects some feet on the outside, and under it is a passage round the tower. At the projecting corners of these roofs imall bells are fastened, which sound with the slightest breeze. The material of which the walls are constructed is said to be a kind of white brick, made of fine clay. Nearly the whole 394 NAN— NAP Fate, far, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good ; of the interior is gilded. Nankin is connected by canals with the Yang-tse-Kiang ; it carries on an active commerce, and is the seat of numerous manufactures. It is also distinguished as a centre of learn- ing and the arts. Lat. 32° 5' N., Lon. 118° 47' E. The pop., which is said to have once been 4,000,000, is at present estimated by Balbi at about 500,000. Nan'-se-mond\ a co. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on N. C. Pop. 12,283. Co. t. Suffolk. Nantes (Fr. pron. naNt : Anc. Condevic'num ; afterwards Namne^- tes), a city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Lower Loire, delightfully situated on the N. bank of the Loire, 210 rn. W. S. W. of Paris. It is, for the most part, well built, and contains about 20 places or squares. Among its various literary and scientific institutions, this town possesses a royal college, a school of medicine, a museum of antiquities, a valu- able cabinet of natural history, a public library of 30,000 vols., &c. Nantes is one of the most commercial places in France, and is the seat of numerous manufactures. Lat. 47° 13' N., Lon. 1° 32' W. Pop. 75,150. (B.) Nan-tuok'-et, an i. in the Atlantic, belonging to Massachusetts, from the main land of which it is distant about 20 m. It is about 16 m. in length, with a mean breadth of 4 or 5m. It forms the co. of Nan- tucket, which has a pop. of 8,452. Nantucket, a port of entry, cap. of the above, is situated on the N. side of the i., with a good harbour. Lat. 41° 17' N., Lon. 70° 6' W. Nant'-wich, a t. of England, in Cheshire, 18 m. S. E. of Chester. Pop. 5,489. Na'-ple,s (It. Napoli, na'-po-le: Anc. Parthen'ope and Neap'olis). an archiepiscopal city and seaport of Italy, the cap. of a kingdom to which it gives its name, is situated on the N. side of a small bay of the Me- diterranean, called the Gulf of Naples, 118 m. S. E. of Rome. It con- tains but few buildings deserving admiration for their architecture; they are generally either disproportionate in their parts, or overloaded with ornaments. The houses of Naples are flat-roofed and covered with a kind of stucco, which becomes indurated on exposure to the atmosphere. Most of them have balconies in front, making the streets, which are generally narrow, appear still narrower. The most remark- able edifices are: the royal palace (La Reggia, la red'-ja), a large mass of buildinys, constructed at different times; the new palace has a front nearly 400 ft. in length, with three orders of pillars, one above the other, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian ; the apartments are adorned with valuable paintings of the old Italian masters: the Palazzo degli Studj Publici (p;\-lat'-so d£l-ye stoo'-de-e, poobMe-che), erected in the early part of the 17th century, originally intended and used for a university, but afterwards, in 1790, converted into a great national museum ; this, called Museo Borbonico (moo-sa'-o boR-bon'-e-ko), is said to be unrival- led in its collection of various antiquities; it contains also the Royal Library of 150,000 vols., which is open to the public. Naples possesses a great number of institutions for education, among which we may citd NAP— NAT 395 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. the University, founded in 1224, and attended at present by about 1,500 students : the Lyceum del Salvatore : an establishment for unrolling and decyphering the manuscripts found at Herculaneum, and other ancient towns: a botanic garden, one of the richest in Italy: and a " Royal House for the Poor," where nearly 6,000 children are taught the differ- ent arts and trades, at the expense of the government. Naples is cele- brated for its delicious climate and for the beauty of the surrounding country. The Observatory is in Lat. 40° 5P 46" N., Lon. 14° 15' 4" E. Pop. in 1835, exclusive of the garrison and non-resident foreigners, 850,000. in 1845 400,800. Adj. and inhab. Ne v -a-pol'-i-tax. Naples, kingdom of, otherwise called the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, a state comprising the S. portion of Italy, with Sicily and the adjacent islands, situated between 36° 30' and 43° N., Lat. and 11° 50' and 18° 30' E. Lon. The length of the peninsular portion, follow ing the curve, is near 390 m.; the breadth varies from about 13 m. to above 130 m. Area of the whole kingdom estimated at 42,0(0 sq. m. Population 8,423,316. The kingdom of Naples is divided into 22 pro- vinces, or intendencies, 15 belonging to the peninsula, and 7 to Sicily. The gov. is nominally a limited monarchy, but approaches very nearly to a despotism. The reigning family is a branch of the house of Bour- bon. Nar-bonnf/ (Anc. Nar'bo Mar'tius), a city of France, in the dep. of Aude, 6 or 7 m. from the Mediterranean, on a canal which communicates with this sea and the r. Aude. It is surrounded by a wall flanked with towers, and entered by four gates. A Roman colony was planted here about 116 years before the Christian era. Narbo is afterwards men- tioned by Cicero and Strabo as one of the most important cities of Gaul. Several fragments of Roman architecture may be seen here, incorporated in the walls of the town, and a number of inscriptions exist in excellent preservation. The pop. of Narbonne, which in the middle awes amounted to more than 40,000, is now only 10,000. (B.) Lat. 43° 11' N., Lon. 3° E. Nash, a co. in the N. N. E. part of N. C, intersected by Tar r. Pop. 10,657. Co. t. Nashville. Nash-o'-bn, a co. in the E. central part of Miss., intersected by Pearl r. Pop. 2,437. Co. seat, Philadelphia. Nash'-ville, the largest t. in Tenn., the cap. of Davidson co. and of the state, is situated on the S. bank of the Cumberland r., which is navigable for steamboats to this place. It is the centre of an active trade. The University of Nashville, founded in 1806, is the principal literary establishment. Lat. 36° 9' N., Lon. 86° 49' W. Pop. 10,478. Nas'-sau (Ger. pron. nas'-sou), Duchy of, a state of Germany, be- tween 49° 55' and 50° 50' N. Lat, and 7° 31' and 8° 35' E. Lon. The area is variously estimated, but is probablv about 1,900 sq. m. Pop. in 1838, 379,272. (P. C.) The capital is W'isbaden. Nassau (usually pronounced Nas-sau'), a co. forming the N. E. ex- tremity of Florida. Pop. 2,164 Co. t. Fernandina. Natch'-ez, a port of entry and the principal t. of Miss., on the Mis- 396 NAT— NAX Fate, f ar, fall, fat ; m£, m£t ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n&t ; 65, as in good ,' sissippi r., near the S. W. extremity of the state. It is the centre of an extensive commerce, but the insalubrity of the climate has some- what retarded its growth. Lat. 31° 34' N., Lon. 91° 25' W. Pop. estimated at 10,000. Natch -j.-toch'-es, sometimes pronounced riak N -e-tush^, a parish in the W. part of La., on the Red r. Pop. 14,201. Capital, Natchi- toches. Nat-o'-h-a, An n -a-to'-lj-a or An-a-do'-li, (from the Greek avaro^, i. e. the " rising or east," being equivalent to the French word levant,) a part of Asiatic Turkey, now generally considered as synonymous with the Asia Minor of the ancients. Natolia or Anadoli, in a more restricted sense, is employed to denote an extensive province, occupy- ing the W. and N. VV. portions of Asia Minor. Naum ; -burg (Ger. pron. noum'-booRG), a flourishing t. of Prussian Saxony, on the Saale, near its junction with the Unstrut. It is the seat of the supreme tribunal for the governments of Merseburg and Erfurt. Lat. 51° 9' N., Lon. 11° 40' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Nau'-pli-a or Napoli di Romania, na'-po-le de ro-ma-nee'-a, a sea- port t. of Greece, in the E. part of the Morea, on a bay of the same name. The ancient Nauplia was the port and arsenal of Argos, during the flourishing period of Grecian history, but was almost or quite de- serted in the time of the early Roman emperors. Under the Byzan- tine sovereigns it revived, and afterwards became the chief settlement of the Venetians in the Morea, until it was taken by the sultan Soly- man, in 1537. Its situation, so picturesque and so advantageous for commerce and defence, caused it to be chosen, after the war of inde- pendence, for the capital of Greece ; but, in 1834, the seat of govern- ment was transferred to Athens. Lat. 37° 34' N., Lon. 22° 47' E. Pop. probably near 12,000. (B.) NaV-an, a t. of Ireland, at the confluence of the rivers Blackwater and Boyne. 26 m. N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, including the suburbs, about 6,000. (M.) Navartno, nav-a-ree'-no, or Neocastro, na -o-kas'-tro, a small t. anc* fortress of Greece, in the S.VV. part of the Morea, on a bay of the same name, remarkable as the scene of a great naval contest, October 20th, 1827, between the combined fleet of the French, English, and Russians, under Admiral Codrington, and the Turco-Egyptian fleet, commanded by Ibrahim Pasha. The allies gained a complete victory, which esta- blished the independence of Greece. Nav-arre' (Sp. pron. Navarra, na-var'-ra), a prov. and formerly a kingdom of Spain, bounded on the N. by France, S. E. by Aragon, S.VV. by Old Castile, and VV. by the Basque provinces or Biscay. Leng-th from N. to S., about 80 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., 64 m. Pamplona is the capital. — Adj. nnd inhab. NaV-ar-he.^. Navigators' Islands, a group in the Pacific, between 13° and 15° S. Lat., and 169° and 173° VV. Lon. Naxia, nax-ee'-a (Anc. Nax'os), a Grecian i., the most tertile of the Cyclades, intersected by the 37th parallel of N. Lat. and the meridian NEA— NES 397 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. of 25° 30' E. Lon. Length, 21 m. ; greatest breadth, 15 m. Pop. esti- mated at 10,000. (P. C.) The chief town, called also Naxia, is on the N. W. side of the island. Pop. 4,( 00. (M.) Neagh, Lough, 16h ni, the largest lake in the United Kingdom, is situated in the N. E. part of Ireland, about 90 m. N. of Dublin. Its form resembles a parallelogram. Length about 20 m. ; greatest breadth, rather more than 10 m. ; greatest depth, about 100 ft. Neck'-ar, a r. in the S. VV. of Germany, which flows through Wur- temberg and Baden, and joins the Rhine at Manheim. Ne-cos'-ta, a co. in the W. central part of Mich. Nedjd, nej'd, or Nedj^-ed, an extensive prov. occupying the central part of Arabia, inhabited chiefly by wandering tribes of Bedouins. Neg'-ro-pont x or Eg'-rj-po (Anc. Eubce'a), a large i. near the E. coast of continental Greece, between 37° 57' and 39° 4' N. Lat. and 22° 57' and 24° 35' E. Lon. It is about 110 m. long, and from 3 or 4 to 26 m. wide. The channel (Anc. Euri'pus) which separates this island from the main land varies from 40 yards to about 14 m. in breadth. On the narrowest part is situated Euripos or Negropont (Anc. Chal'cis), the chief town of the island. Lat. 38° 30' N., Lon. 23° 54' E. Pop., before the war of independence, estimated at 16,000. (B.) Neisse, nV-ceh, a well-built t. and fortress of Prussian Silesia, the cap. of a principality of the same name, which belongs partly to Prus- sia and partly to Austria. The town is situated on the r. Neisse, a branch of the Oder, and is regarded as one of the most important fortresses in the Prussian dominions. In case of a siege, the adjacent country can be laid under water. It contains, besides other manufactories, a powder- mill and a royal manufactory of arms. Lat. 50° 25' N., Lon. 17° 16' E. Pop. above 10,001). (E.) Nel/-son, a co. in the S. E. central part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 12,758. Co. t. Livingston. Nelson, a co. in the N. central part of Ky., S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 14,789. Co. t. Bardstown. Nelson River. See Saskatchawan. Nenagh, na/-na, a t. of Tipperary, Ireland, near a r. of the same name, which flows into the Shannon, 87 m. W. S. VV. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 8,446. (M.) Neot's, St., sent neets, or s'n neets, a small t. of England, in Hun- tingdonshire, on the Ouse, 50 m. N. by VV. of London. Ne-paul' or Nepal, an independent kingdom of Hindostan, situated between 26° 30' and 30° 50' N. Lat., and 80° and 88° E. Lon. Length above 501) m. ; mean breadth about 100 m. Pop. 2,500,000. (B.) The government is despotic; the prevailing religion is Boodhism. Cat- mandoo is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Nep v -aul-ese'. Ner-bud'-d\h or NaT-ma' -da, a large r. of Hindostan, which rises in the prov. of Gundwana, in about 22° 40' N. Lat. and 82° E. I.on., and, flowing westerly, falls into the Gulf of Cambay, in Lat. 21° 36 N., Lon. 72° 50' E., after a course of about 700 m. Ness, Loch, Iok ness, a lake of Scotland, in Inverness-shire; it is 34 398 NET— NEU Fate, far, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; 60, as in good t about 22 m. long, and from about three-quarters of a mile to near 2 m. wide. Neth'-er-lands (Dutch, Nederland, ny-der-lanf ; Ger. Ni^derlande, nee'-der-lan-deA ; Fr. Pays Bas, pae-ba; each name signifying, in its respective language, "low land or low countries"), the name formerly applied to the whole country which constitutes the territories of Hol- land and Belgium, but now usually employed to denote the kingdom of Holland only. In the beginning of the 16th century, almost the whole of the Netherlands belonged to the house of Austria ; but Charles V., emperor of Germany, united them in 1548 to the crown of Spain. In consequence of the cruel persecution of the Protestants, during the reign of his son Philip II., king of Spain, seven of the provinces, viz. Holland, Gelderland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Overyssel, and Gro- ningen, revolted and formed the celebrated republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was afterwards generally called Holland, from the name of the largest and most influential province. To these were afterwards added, by conquest and treaty, other territories, including Drenthe and N. Brabant. The remaining provinces, including S. Bra- bant, continued united to the Spanish crown til] 1706, when, after the battle of Ramilies, they acknowledged as their sovereign Charles VI., afterwards emperor of Germany, and were thenceforward known as the Austrian Netherlands. In the seven Dutch provinces, the house of Orange obtained the hereditary dignity of Stadtholder, in 1747. After the fall of Napoleon, in 1813, the Prince, who, during the ascen- dancy of the French influence, had been compelled to live in exile, was recalled and governed the country, with the title of " Sovereign Prince." In 1815, the seven northern and ten southern provinces, after a separation of 200 years, were again united under the name of the kingdom of the Netherlands. This union continued for 15 years, till the revolt of the Belgians, in 1830. (See Belgium and Holland.) Neu'-burg (Ger. pron. noi'-booRG), a handsome t. of Bavaria, on the Danube, 45 m. W. S. W. of Ratisbon. Lat. 48° 44' N., Lon. 11° 11 E. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) Neufchatel, nush v -a-teV, often written Neuchatel (Ger. Neuen- burg, noi'-en-booRG), a small canton in the N. W. part of Switzerland, bordering on France. Area, about 250 sq.m. Pop. in 1837,58,616. (P. C.) Neufchatel is a principality, of which the king of Prussia is the sovereign prince ; it has, however, a legislative body, seven-eighths of whom are elected from the various districts of the canton. Neuf- chatel, the capital, on the N. W. side of the lake of the si me name, is distinguished for its manufacturing industry. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Neufchatel, Lake of (Ger. Neuenburger-See, noi'-en-booa'-Ger sa), called also the Lake of Yverdun, e v -vpR'-duN', on the S. E. side of the above canton, is 25 m. in length, and about 5 m. in its greatest breadth ; greatest, depth, about 400 ft. The surface is estimated to be 1,320 ft. above the level of the sea. Neu-Ruppin. See Ruppin, New. Neu'-satz or noi'-sats (Hung. Ujvidek, oo-e-ve-daik), a royai free t. NEU— NEW 399 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. of Hungary, on the Danube, opposite to Peterwardein, with which it is connected by a bridge of boats, 46 m. N. W. of Belgrade. It is the centre of an extensive trade. Pop. above 17,000. (B.) Neuse, a r. of N. C, flowing into the S. W. extremity of Pamlico Sound. Length about 300 m. It is navigable for boats 200 m. Neu'-sohl or noi'-sole (Hung. Besztercze Banya, bts-URt-sa baan- yoh), a royal free t. of Hungary, remarkable for the copper mines in its vicinity. Lat. 48° 40' N., Lon. 19° 3' E. Pop. 10,000. Neu'-stadt or noi'-statt (often called Wiener (Wee'-ner) Neustadt, from its proximity to Vienna), a handsome, flourishing, and well-forti- fied t. of Lower Austria, 27 m. S. by W. of Vienna, with which it com- municates by a canal. It is the seat of a celebrated military academy, attended by about 500 pupils, and contains a number of flourishing manufactures. Lat. 47° 48' N., Lon. 16* 13 E. Pop. above 8,000. (B.) Neustadt (Hung. Nagy-Banya, nody — (almost nodge) baan-yo^), a t. of Hungary, near the N. frontier of Transylvania, remarkable for its rich mines of gold, silver, and lead. Lat. 47° 39' N., Lon. 23° 32' E. Pop. above 4,000. (B.) NEu'-wiEDjOrnoi'-weet, a manufacturing t.of Prussia, on the Rhine, 7 m. N. N. VV. of Coblentz, with a gymnasium, a valuable collection of Roman antiquities, and of specimens in natural history, and 5,200 inhabitants, who are chiefly Moravians. Ne'-va (Russ. pron. n^-va), a r. of Russia, which forms the outlet of L. Ladoga, and joins the Gulf of Finland, at St. Petersburg. Nevada, La Sierra. See the next article. Nevado, na-va'-Do, a Spanish word signifying "covered with snow," which has been applied to numerous mountain peaks in S. America and Mexico. La Sierra Nevada (la se-er'-ra na-va'-Da), or the " snow-clad ridge," is a chain of mountains in Granada, Spain, which runs due E. and W., and is about 60 m. in length. The peak of Mulahacen (moo-la-a-then'), near the centre of this chain, in 37° 10' N. Lat., and 3° 28' W. Lon., is the highest mountain summit in the Spanish peninsula, and, with the exception of the Alps, the highest in Europe, having an elevation of 11,658 ft. above the level of the sea. The Sierra Nevada is perpetually covered with snow above the height of 9,500 ft. Nevado de Sorata. See Sorata. Nevers, neft-vaRe', (Anc. Noviodu^num, afterwards Niver^num or Nevir'num,) a manufacturing and commercial t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Nievre, on the Loire, at the junction of the little r. Nievre, 133 in. S. by E. of Paris. Tt contains a royal cannon foundry, and other extensive manufactures in iron. The crockery made here is re- garded as the best in France. Lat. 46° 59' N., Lon. 3° 10' E. Pop. 15,000. (B.) New'-ark, a t. of England, in Nottinghamshire, on the Trent, 110 m. N. by W. of London. Pop., including an area of about 3 sq. m., 10,220. Nfwark, a port of entry of N. J., the cap. of Essex co., and the 400 NEW— NEW Fate, far, fill, fat; me, met; pine or pine, plh; n6, n5t; 66 as in g-ood, largest t. in the state, is situated on the Passaic, 9 m. W. of New Yorn The river is navigable for sloops of 80 tons to this place ; 4 ra. below the t. it falls into Newark Bay. The position of this city is very favour- able for trade, standing, as it does, on the railroad between New York and Philadelphia, and communicating with the Delaware at Easton, by means of the Morris Canal. It is the seat of numerous and flourishing manufactures, and contained, in 1850, 38,894 inhabitants, exhibiting an increase of more than 21,000 since the census of 1840. Lat. 40° 45' N., Lon. 74° 10' W. Newark Bay is formed by the junction of the Passaic and Hacken- sack rivers. It is 6 or 7 m. long, and above 2 m. wide, communicating at its S. extremity with Staten Island Sound. New Bed'-fcrd, a seaport t. and port of entry of Mass., in Bristol co.^ of which it is one of the seats of justice, on an arm of Buzzard's Bay, about 50 m., in a straight line, S. by E. of Boston. The inhabit- ants of this town own a large amount of shipping, and are very exten- sively engaged in the whale fishery. Lat. 41° 38' N., Lon. 70° 56' W. Pop. 16,464. New'-bern, a port of entry of N. C, cap. of Craven co., is situated at the confluence of the Trent and Neuse, about 10!) m. E. S. E. of Ra- leigh. Lat. 35° 20' N., Lon. 77° 5' W. Pop. 4,722. New'-ber-ry, a dist. in the N. W. central part of S. C, between the Saluda and Broad rivers. Pop. 20,143. Seat of justice Newberry c. h. New BrunV-wick, a prov. of British America, lying on the YV. side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Length, from N. to S., about 190 m. ; average breadth estimated at 150 m. Pop. in 1834, 119,457. (P. C.) Frederickton is the capital. New Brunswick, a t. of N. J., the cap. of Middlesex co., on the Raritan, where it is crossed by the New York and Philadelphia rail- road, 28 m., in a straight line, S. W. of New York. With this city it has daily intercourse, by means of steamboats on the Raritan, as well as by the railroad, while, through the Delaware and Raritan canal, it has a water communication with Trenton and Philadelphia. Pop. 10.019. New'-burg, a well-built t. of N. Y., in Orange co., on the Hudson, about 60 m., by water, from New York. It is alternately with Goshen the co. t. Lat. 41° 31' N., Lon. 74° 1' W. Pop. 11,415. Newburyport, nu'-ber-re-porf, a beautiful t. and port of entry in Essex co., Mass., at the mouth of the Merrimack. It was formerly very flourishing, but in 1811 a fire destroyed nearly 300 buildings, from the effects of which calamity it has never recovered. Lat. 42° 48' N., Lon. 70° 50' W. Pop. 9,534. Newcastle, nu'-kas-s'l, the most northern of the three counties of Del. Pop. 42,784. Co. t. Newcastle. New-cas'-tle-upon-Tyne, an important commercial t. and river-port of England' in Northumberland, on the N. bank of the Tyne, 10 m. from its mouth. It is connected with Gateshead, on the opposite side of the river, in the co. of Durham, by a handsome stone bridge, with 9 NEW— NEW 401 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. elliptical arches. This town owes its importance and prosperity to its extensive commerce in coal, which is procured from numerous pits, situated on both sides of the Tyne, from within 2 m. of its mouth to 16 or ISm. up the river. Newcastle forms a little county of itself, with an area of only 2,000 acres. It has nearly doubled in pop. during the present century. Lat. 50° 58' N., Lon. 1° 37' W. Pop. of the t. and co. of Newcastle, 48,860. Gateshead, which is regarded by some as a suburb of the above, contains about 19,000 inhabitants. Newc\stle-under-Lyme or Lyne,* a t. of England, in Staffordshire, 135 m. N. W. of London. Pop. 9,838. New England, a name given to the N. E. portion of the U. S., in- cluding the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- setts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The whole area may be esti- mated at about 67,000 sq. m., being rather less than that of Virginia. Total pop. 2,727,397. The inhabitants of New England are distin- guished for their intelligence and enterprise. There is probably no country on the globe, in which the obligations of morality and religioi*. are more generally respected and obeyed. New v -found-land', a large i. of British America, situated in th& Atlantic, S. E. of Labrador, from which it is separated by the Strait of Belle Isle, between 46° 40' and 51° 37' N. Lat., and 52° 25' and 59° 15' W. Lon. Its form approaches that of a triangle. The length, measuring nearly N. and S., is about 320 m.; greatest breadth, near 300 m. Area estimated at 50,000 sq.m. Pop. fluctuating, in conse- quence of many persons, who visit the island in the fishing season, leaving it during winter: according to the census of 1836, it amounted to 73,705. (P. C.) Little is known of the interior of Newfoundland. It appears, however, to be generally barren. The inhabitants depend chiefly on fishing for their subsistence. New Granada, gra-na7-da,t (Sp. Nueva Granada, nwa'-va gra-na7- Da,) one of the three republics of S. America, into which, in 1836, Colombia was divided. (See Colombia.) The boundary line between Granada and Ecuador, appears not to be exactly settled, but it lies be- tween 1° and 2° N. Lat. : towards the N. this republic extends to 12° 30' N. Lat.: it is situated between 69° and 83° W. Lon; bounded on the N. by the Caribbean sea, E. by Venezuela and Brazil, S. by Brazil and Ecuador, and W. by the Pacific and Central America. The great- est length, from N. to S., is near 800 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W., about 650 m. Area estimated at 400,000 sq.m. Pop. in 1826, 1,320,000. (B.) There is reason to believe that, in consequence of the unsettled state of the country, it has not materially increased since that period. Bogota is the capital. * It appears from old records that an ancient forest on the borders of Cheshire was called Lyme or Lime (probably from limes, a " boundary") ; from their prox imity to which, a number of places are supposed to have "received the addition to their names of under lyme or lyne. t See note under Granada. 34* 402 NEW— NEW Fate, far, f all, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good ; New Guinea. See Papua. New Hamp'-shire, one of the thirteen original U. S., situated be- tween 42° 40' and 45° 20' N. Lat., and 70° 40' and 72° 30' W. Lon. , bounded on the E. by Maine and the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Massac! u- setts, W. N. VV. and N. by Vermont and Canada, and divided into 10 counties.* Length, 193 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W., S7 in. Area estimated from 8,000 to near 10,000 sq. m. Pop. 317,864 Con- cord is the seat of government. New Han'-o-ver, a co. in the S. part of N. C, intersected by Cap* Fear r., and bordering on the sea. Pop. 17,668. Co. t. Wilmington. New Ha-'ven, a co. in the S. part of Conn., bordering on Long Island Sound. Pop. 62,126. New Haven, a port of entry, the largest t. in Conn., the cap. of the above, and, alternately with Hartford, the seat of the state government, situated at the head of a small bay, projecting from Long Island Sound, about 34 pa., in a straight line, S. S. W. of Hartford, with which town it is connected by a railroad. The general appearance of New Haven is neat, and even elegant. The state-house, built on a Grecian model, is perhaps the most remarkable edifice. This town is the seat of Yale College, founded in 1700, and one of the most flourishing collegiate institutions in the whole country. The collection of minerals is said to be the finest in the United States. The college is in Lat. 41° 18' 30" N., Lon. 72° 56' 45" W. Pop. of the township of New Haven, 22,500 ; of the city alone, 20,345. New Holland. See Australia. New Jer'-sey, one of the original U. S., between 38° 56' and 41° 20' N. Lat., and 73° 54' and 75° 33' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N.by the state of New York, E. by the Hudson r. and Staten Island Sound (which divide it from New York), and by the Atlantic Ocean, S. and S. W. by the Atlantic and Delaware Bay, and W. by the states of De- laware and Pennsylvania, from which it is separated by the r. Dela- ware ; and divided into 20 counties, f Length, 170 m. ; greatest breadth, 74 m. At its narrowest part, near the middle, it is only 37 m. broad, Area estimated at 8,000 sq. m. Pop. 489,555. Trenton is the seat of government. New Kent, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on the Pamunky and York rivers. Pop. 6,064. Seat of justice, New Kent c. h. New Leb'-a-non, a village of Columbia co., N. Y., 24 m. E. S. E. of Albany, remarkable as being one of the principal settlements of the Shakers in the United States. New London (lun'-don), a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Conn. Pop. 51,821. Co. towns, New London and Norwich. * Belknap, Carroll, Cheshire, Coos, Grafton, Hillsborough, Merrimack, Rock ingham Strafford, Sullivan. t Atlantic, Bergen, Burlington, Cape May, Cumberland, Essex. Gloucester, Hud eon, Hunterdon, Mercer, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, Passaic, Salem, Somer Bet. Sussex, Warren, Camden, Ocean. NEW— NEW 403 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. New London, a city and port of entry of Connecticut, in the pre- ceding county, of which it is one of the seats of justice, on the Thames, 3 rri. from its mouth, and 44 m., in a straight line, E. of New Haven. Its harbour is the best in the state. Lat. 41° 22' N., Lon. 72° 9'W.^ Pop. 8,994. New Mad'-rid, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Mo. Pop. 5,541. Co. t. New Madrid. New Mexico. — New Mexico is a territory of the United States, formed in 1850, from the Mexican province of that name (acquired by the treaty with Mexico in 1848) and from portions of California and Texas. It lies between 32° and 38° of N. lat.; and 103° and 117 of W. Ion.; being about 700 miles in average length, and about 350 in mean breadth, including an area of about 210,744 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Utah, and Indian Territory ; E. by In- dian Territory and Texas ; S. by Texas and Mexico, and W. by the State of California, from which it is partly separated by the Colorado river. The population, by the census of 1850, was 61,505 ; of which 61,488 were white, and 17 coloured persons. Deaths in the year end- ing June 30th, 1850, 1,507, or more than 24 in every thousand. This territory is divided into seven counties.* Rivers. — The Rio Grande' (see Rio Bravo del Norte') and its branches drain the eastern part of New Mexico. This river passes through the territory from N. to S. between two ranges of the Rocky Mts., form- ing the valley of the Rio Grande. The Pecos is the principal branch on the east. See Appendix, The Puerco, (pwer'ko,) the principal western branch of the Rio Grande, rises in the Sierra Madre Mts., and, though running over 100 miles, its channel is often entirely destitute of water, during the dry season, in the lower part of its course. The Canadian, a branch of the Arkansas, drains a mountain valley in the N. E. of this territory. See Appendix. The Colorado of the West enters New Mexico from Utah, and tra- versing the N. W. part, strikes the W. boundary on the 35° of N. lat. From this point to the Mexican frontier it forms the boundary be- tween New Mexico and California. None of the rivers of this terri- tory are navigable, unless it may be the Colorado and Gila near their mouths. Most of the smaller rivers, except near their sources, for a great part of the year have either dry channels, or are a series of sandy pools. Even the Rio Grande itself, Major Emory found but 25 yards wide, and hub deep, at Albuquerque, nearly 300 miles from its source. He also states that it seldom rises more than two feet. More than 150 miles farther south, at the same season, it was but 118 feet wide and 14 inches deep. Lieut. Simpson, however, in his journal, Sept. 22d, 1849, at the same place, has this passage: — " The river at this point is about 200 yards wide, the stream rapid, and its depth * Bernallillo, Rio-Ariba, Santa-Anna, Santa-Fe, San-Miguel, Taos, and Valencia. 2A 404 NEW— NEW Fite, far, fall, fat, m&, met; pine, or pine, pin ; n6, n6t; oo as in good; four feet." He afterwards mentions croosing in a ferry-boat at Albu- querque and Socorro. The Gila (hee'la) river rises in the Sierra Madre Mts., and running nearly west on the southern boundary, discharges itself into the Colo- rado, after a course of about 500 miles. It is hemmed in by moun- tains for more than half its course, forming a narrow valley, in some parts not more than 300 feet wide. Face of the Country, Mountains, &c. — This extensive territory is for the most part a high table land, crossed by several ranges of moun- tains, and generally destined to hopeless sterility. The eastern section comprises the valleys of the Rio Grande and its tributaries, and lies among the different ranges of the Rocky Mountains, which cross the country in a direction nearly N. and S. The larger portion lies west of the Sierra Madre mountains, and, as far as known, partakes of the general characteristics of the great Fremont Basin. (See Utah.) The Colorado on the west, and the Gila on the south, with their tri- butaries, drain this portion. The mountain ranges, commencing at the east, are first the Guadalupe Mts., which diverge from the main chain of the Rocky Mts. and pass off in a S. E. direction into Texas. Next are the Sierra Grande, a chain of mountains which separate the valleys of the Rio Grande and Pecos, and passing south into Texas, approach the former river nearly to its banks, which they coast to the mouth of the Pecos. The Sierra Madre Mts. form the western limit of the valley of the Rio Grande, and run from N. to S. through New Mexico. In the valley of the Rio Grande, which is itself a table land of 6000 feet elevation in the northern part, there are various detached mountains, bearing local names ; one, about half a degree south of Santa Fe, has been called Gold Mountain, from its containing that metal. A portion of the great American Desert enters the N. E. corner of N. Mexico. Passing the Sierra Madre Mts., we enter upon ground that has been little explored, except a small portion between 35° and 36J° N. lat., and between 107° and 110° W. Ion., which was traversed by Lt. Simpson of the Topographical Corps of Engineers in 1849, who describes the country as " one entire naked barren waste, sparsely covered with cedar and pine of a scrub growth, thickly sprinkled with gage and artemisia, and having a yellow, buff-coloured soil." The exception to this general sterility is in the valleys, where there is some ground cultivated by the Pueblo Indians. A range of mountains hem in the Gila to the north, as far as the 112th degree of W. Ion. One of the peaks of this range Major Emory estimated at 5724 feet above the sea, and the upper end of the valley of the Gila at 4347 feet. Soil and Productions. — We have characterized this territory as ge- nerally sterile, but it is not without considerable exceptions. Many parts of the valley of the Rio Grande, as well as the valleys of other rivers and streams, are exceedingly fertile, and produce fine crops of wheat, Indian corn, and other grains, besides grapes, melons, peaches, and other fruits and garden vegetables. But everywhere in New Mexico irrigation is necessary to successful agricultural opera- NEW— NEW 405 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. tions. During the dry season, however, even this resource fails, as many of the rivers, except near their sources in the mountains, are completely dried up or reduced to a series of pools. On the table- lands, which are utterly useless for agriculture, there grows a pecu- liar grass which, in the dry season, cures and preserves its nutritious qualities. On this grass the cattle, sheep, horses and mules feed all winter, and preserve themselves in excellent condition, till the rainy season causes the green grass to spring up anew. Pasturage is the principal source of wealth in New Mexico. The herds and flocks, however, are subject to be driven off by Indian depredators. The mutton of New Mexico is excellent, but the wool almost valueless for want of a market. Only a small portion of the surface is covered with forests, and the country is almost entirely destitute of the hard woods. Some of the streams are fringed with the cotton-wood, and pine of an inferior quality occurs on the mountains. The sycamore, ash, cedar, walnut, evergreen oak, and willow are found in small quantities. From the great number of ruined pueblos, or Indian habitations, in the valleys west of the Sierra Madre Mts., it would seem that a greater population existed here formerly than at present ; supported, prob- ably, by a system of irrigation. Minerals. — The geological structure of the country indicates that New Mexico conceals in its bowels rich mineral treasures ; but these have not as yet been much developed. Gold-mines have been known and worked for a long time in this region, but hitherto with no great success, either through the jealousy of the Indians or for want of skilful mining. Reports have reached us, that appear to be well founded, of the discovery of gold in several places on the Gila river, and of silver at El Paso. Copper, iron, salt, coal, and other minerals have also been found. Animals. — Deer, mountain sheep, wild hogs, turkeys, geese, brant, swa*ns, ducks, scorpions, and lizards, are met with ; though animal does not appear to be more prolific than vegetable life in this region. Towns. — Santa Fe, (san'ta-fa,) the capital and largest town in New Mexico, is situated on the Santa Fe r., a branch of the Rio Grande, from which it is but a few miles distant in an air line. Lat. 35° 40 / N. It is the great emporium of the overland trade that has been carried on since 1822 with the State of Missouri. It is principally built of adobes, or unburnt brick. The houses form a square, with a court within, upon which nearly all the apartments open. There is generally but one entrance from the street, which is wide and high enough to admit animals with their packs. The town, however, presents but a poor appearance. Pop. 7,713. Albuquerque (al-boo-ker'kay) is situated on the Rio Grande, about 50 m. south of Santa Fe, in the midst of some of the most fertile land in New Mexico. Pop. about 1,000. San'ta Domin'go, a pueblo, or Indian town, is situated on the Rio Grande, about 25 miles S. W. of Sania Fe. The houses are of two stories, the upper being set retreatingly on the lower, so that the roof of the lower story serves for a terrace to the upper. The houses 406 NEW— NEW Fate, far, fall, fat; me, m£t; pine or pine, pin ; nd, n6t; oo as in good} are entered by ladders ascending to this terrace, there being no doors to the lower story. This is a description of all the pueblos in New Mexico. Pop. about 800. Zuni, (soon'-ye,) Laguna, (la-goo'-na,) and Jemez, are situated from 30 to 100 m. W. of the Rio Grande., and inhabited by Indians who have herds of cattle, horses and sheep. Their populations are, res- pectively, about 1,200, 800, and 400. New Or'leans,* a city and port of entry of Louisiana, and seat of justice of the parish of Orleans, is situated on the left bank of the Mississippi river, 105 m. by water, and 80 m. in a direct line from its mouth. Lat. 29° 58' N., Long. 90° V W. Pop. of the parish 119,461, of whom 18,068 are slaves. Its site is an alluvial flat, which is several feet below the surface of the river at high water, and is so marshy that there are no cellars to any of the houses. To prevent inundations, an embankment, or levte, has been raised, which ex- tends more than 100 miles above the city, and in some places is 30 feet high. This forms a convenient landing for the cargoes of ves- sels. The river, which is here more than 100 feet deep, makes a curve to the left, from which the familiar name of " Crescent City" is derived. The city, which extends about 5 miles along the river and half a mile back, is divided into three municipalities. The first, which includes the city proper, or middle section, is the most populous ; the second, which includes the upper suburbs, contains the finest residences ; and the third comprises the lower section. The houses are chiefly built of brick, and the streets are straight, regularly laid out, and lighted with gas. The principal edifices are a large Roman Catholic cathedral, a state-house, custom-house, a U. S. branch mint, an exchange, and a college. It also contains several hospitals, and 38 churches, of which 12 are Roman Catholic. A large propor- tion of the citizens are of French and Spanish descent, and perhaps no city presents a greater mixture of races and languages. The low situation renders the air, in the warm season, very unhealthy : the yellow fever often commits fearful ravages. But notwithstanding these drawbacks, the town is increasing in wealth and population, its commerce attracting multitudes from every quarter of the globe. As a place of trade, New Orleans enjoys unequalled advantages. It is the outport of all the commerce of the Mississippi and its tribu- taries. It is accessible for ships of the largest size, while its lev6e is thronged with smaller vessels of every description. Sometimes 50 steamboats may be seen at once. The chief article of export is cotton, of which a million bales have been received here in one year. In the value of its exports, New Orleans exceeds every other city in the Union. In the year ending September 1, 1851, the exports amounted to $81,216,900, of which 54 millions were to foreign countries, and 27 millions to other ports of the United States. The number of arrivals of steamers and other vessels in 1851, was 5,050. New'port, a port of entry of R. I., the cap. of a co. of the same * See note to Orleans. NEW— NEW 407 OU, as in our; th; as in thin; th, as in tills ; N, nearly like ng. name, and one of the seats of the state government, is situated near the mouth of Narragan sett Bay, on one of the finest harbours in the world. It stands on the S. W. side of Rhode Island, about 5 m. from the sea, and 22 m. in a straight line, S. by E. of Providenee, The beauty of its situation, and the salubrity of its climate, have made this town a place of fashionable resort for persons from the southern and middle states, during the summer months. Lat. 41° 28' N., Lon. 71° 21' W. The pop. of Newport was greater before the revolution than at the present time, though it is now on the ad- vance : in 1840, it was 8,333. Pop. of the co. of Newport, 20,007. New Sarum. See Salisbury. New South Wales, a colonial territory of Great Britain, occu- pies the eastern portion of the Australian continent. Its northern and western limits are not yet determined. On the east it is bounded by the South Pacific Ocean, and on the south by thd pro- vince of Victoria. A colony of convicts was established here in 1788. In 1840, the transportation ceased, and at present there are but very few convicts in the country. The pop. in 1848, was 220,474, and since the recent discovery of gold, has been rapidly increasing. A mountain ridge extends for many hundred miles nearly parallel with the coast, at an average distance of 40 or 50 miles, and with a mean altitude of 3,500 feet. Different parts of this ridge are called the Blue Mountains, and the Australian Alps. The region west of this range is drained by the Macquarrie, Lachlan, and Darling rivers, none of which are navigable. Those which in- tersect the space between the mountains and the sea are quite small, and furnish very limited communication with the interior. The coast is indented with several good harbours, among which are Port Jackson, Port Macquarrie, and Botany Bay. The country next to the sea, for five or six miles, is occupied by barren ridges, pro- ducing a few stunted trees and bushes. As we advance toward the interior it improves in appearance, and at the distance of twenty or twenty-five miles it presents a beautiful undulating surface, clothed with luxuriant herbage, and adorned with groves, whiph are lofty, but not dense. The forests of Australia are less dense than those of other continents. The soil is generally fertile and better adapted to pasturage than to tillage. Wheat, maize, oats, and the grape are cultivated successfully ; out it is chiefly by the production of wool that this colony is rising into commercial importance. In 1850, 32 million pounds of wool were exported from this province and Victoria. The climate is warm, and subject to drought, but is very salubrious. The chief towns are Sydney, the capital, Paramatta, Bathurst, and Goulbourn. See Australia and Sydney. Newton, a co. in the N. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oc- mulgee, near its source. Pop. 13,296. Co. t. Covington. Newton, a co. in the S. E. central part of Miss., E. of Jackson Pop. 4,465. Co. seat, Decatur. Newton, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Mo. Pop. 4,268. 408 NEW— NEW Fite, far, fall, fat; me, met: pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; New York, one of the original U. S., between 40° 30' and 45° N. Lat., and 72° and 79° 50' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. N. W. and W. by Canada, the r. St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, the Niagara r., Lake Erie, and Pennsylvania ; S. and S. W. by Pennsylvania and New Jersey, E. by Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont. These limits, however, do not include Long Island, which extends from near the S. E. extremity of the continental portion of the state, more than 100 m. in an easterly direction. (See Long Island.) The greatest length of N. Y., from E. to W., is 322 m. ; extreme breadth, from N. to S., about 300 m. Area estimated at 49,000 sq. m. Pop. 3,097,394. The state is divided into 59 counties.* New York, though not the largest, is in almost every other respect the leading state in the Union; its pop. exceeds - that of Pennsylvania (the second of the United States, as regards the number of its in- habitants), by more than 700,000, and surpasses the whole popula- tion of the six New England states, by nearly 200,000. To New York is due the honour of having first undertaken and brought into successful operation those extensive internal improvements which have since, though on a smaller scale, been extended to almost every portion of the Union. Albany is the capital. New York, the metropolis of the above state, the most populous city and greatest emporium in the New World, and with its suburbs, Brooklyn and Williamsburg (as legitimately a part of New York as Southwark is of London), the third in point of wealth and popula- tion of the cities of Europe and America, is situated on the southern extremity of Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson, about 18 m. from the Atlantic, and 80 m., in a direct line, N. E. of Phila- delphia. The city and county have the same limits, comprising the whole of Manhattan island, which is 13| m. in length, and 2 m. in its greatest breadth. The densely inhabited portion of the city is situated on the S. extremity of the island, extending northward 3 or 4 m. In the old or southern quarter of the town, the streets are for the most part narrow and irregular, but nearly all the northern or newer part is remarkable for the regularity and beauty of the streets, as well as for the elegance of the houses. Broadway, the principal street, and one of the finest to be seen in any city, is 80 ft. wide, and about 3 m. long. Commencing at the Battery (an open space plant- ed with trees at the S. extremity of the island), it extends N. N. E. through nearly the whole length of the town. It may be compared to a great river ; the streets which terminate in it, and those which * Albany, Alleghany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chatauque,Cheinung, Che- nango, Clinton, Columbia, Cortland, Delaware, Dutchess, Erie, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Genessee, G-reen, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, King's, Lewis, Living- ston, Madison, Monroe, Montgomery, New York, Niagara, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Oswego, Otsego, Putnam, Queen's, Rensselaer, Rich- mond, Rockland, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Seneca, Steuben, St. Law- rence, Suffolk, Sullivan, Tioga, Tompkins, Ulster, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Westchester, Wyoming, Yates. NEW— NEW 409 tra, as m our; th, as in. &«*,• th, as in tfAis; n, nearly like ng. It intercepts, being tributaries tbat supply a constantly increasing tbrong of people, and vebi-cles of every description, as we advance towards its scutbern extremity. Perhaps the most important of these affluents is Chatham street, which forms the outlet of the Bower}% East Broadway, and several other considerable streets, and unites with Broadway at the lower extremity of the Park. The city contains a number of public squares or open spaces, adorned with trees and resorted to as places of promenade ; the most remarkable of which are the Battery { already mentioned), the Park, a triangu- lar enclosure, situated about three-quarters of a mile from the Bat- tery, midway between the Hudson and East River; it contains the City Hall, the Kali of Records, and other buildings ; -and Washing- ton Square, in the N. W. part of the city. The principal business of New York is carried on in the lower or southern section of the town, where, along the wharves, in every direction, may be seen fo- rests of masts, and where countless vessels, of every description, and from every part of the globe, pour their rich tribute into the lap of this queen of commercial cities. Steamers of such she, splen- dour, and speed, as the world has never before seen, forming regular lines of packets to Liverpool, Southampton, Glasgow, Havre, Bre- men, San Francisco and other ports in the Union, arrive at, and de- part from its docks almost daily, loaded with passengers and mer- chandise. The registered tonnage of this port amounts to 694,843. The total value of exports in 1851, was $87,653,849 ; of imports in the same year, $131,356,952, (about two-thirds of the imports of the whole IT. S.) New York is fast approaching the European capitals In the statelmess of its private mansions and the solidity and gran- deur of its public buildings. Among the most remarkable of the latter olass may be mentioned the City Hall, situated in the Park ; it is 216 ft. in length, 105 ft. in breadth, with a front of white marble: the Merchants' Exchange, in Wall street, a magnificent edi- fice of granite: the Custom House, a vast and costly structure, situ- ated in the same street : the Astor House, on Broadway, opposite to Chatham street, an immense hotel of granite, containing 390 rooms : and Trinity Church, on Broadway, lately rebuilt, which may rank among the finest modern specimens of Gothic architecture. Among its 250 churches, there are at least 20 structures of brown sandstone and marble, of no mean architectural merit. Grace Church especially, built of white marble, at an angle in Broadway, two miles from the Battery, cannot fail to arrest the attention of every stranger. Among the numerous literary and scientific institutions, we may cite Columbia College, founded in 1754 • the University of New York, founded in 1831 ; including the faculties of medicine 'and law: the Astor Library which is about to be opened (1852), with lOO.OO'Q vols., in a building erected for the purpose in Lafayette Place: the Society Library, with nearly 40,000 vols. : the mercantile Library Association, with above 33,000 vols. : and the Academy of Fine Arts: the American Art Union: the Dusseldorf Gallery : and b 5 410 NEW— NEW Fate, far, fall, f&t ; me, met; pine, or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; oo asm good ' f the Lyceum of Natural History. This city also contains a great number of charitable establishments : the most important of 'which are the City Hospital ; the Alms House, which is situated at Bellevue, near the East river, at some distance above the thickly settled portion of the city ; the New York Hospital ; the Blooming- dale Lunatic Asylum ; the Deaf and Dumb Asylum ; the Blind Asy- lum ; and other institutions of a kindred character, Stewart's store,. a building of white marble, occupying an entire block on Broad- way, is perhaps unsurpassed in any city as a private mart of merchan- dise. New York particularly excels in the size and number of its ho- tels, which are thronged with strangers visiting this grand centre of pleasure and business for half a continent. Besides the Astor House r already mentioned, a vast pile of buildings has been erected on the site of Niblo's Garden, which is to be devoted to the purposes of a hotel, under the name of the Metropolitan, Brooklyn adds a number of fine edifices to adorn this great metropolis ; prominent among which are its City Hall, a structure of white marble, in the Ionic style ; the Church of the Pilgrims, of gray stone; and several other churches. Two miles S. E. of Brooklyn is Greenwood Ceme- tery, occupying 242 acres of ground, perhaps the most extensive place of sepulture of modern tunes. The grounds are as varied as extensive, composed of constant alternations of hill and dale and wood and water. New York is plentifully supplied with excellent water from the Croton liver, by means of the recently constructed hydraulic works. The aqueduct which conveys the water to the re- servoir from which it is distributed to the city, is above 40 m. in length. It is an irregular hollow cylinder, formed of hydraulic stone and brick masonry, (except where the water is conveyed across two valleys, and from the receiving to the distributing reservoirs, in which case iron pipes are employed:) the greatest interior breadth is 7 ft. 5 inches ; the greatest height is 8 ft. 5J inches. The total cost of the aqueduct, from the Croton dam to the distributing reser- voir inclusive, is estimated at 9,000,000 of dollars. The City Hall is in Lat. 40° 42 / 40" N., Lon. 74° Y 8" W. The pop. of the city and county in 1850 was 515,547. Including the suburbs, it was 650,000. New Zealand, an insular group in the Pacific Ocean, between 34° and 47° S. Lat., and 166° and 179° E. Lon. It consists principally of two large islands, of which the more southern, called New Mini- ster, is the larger, being about 520 m. in length, and 150 m. in its greatest breadth: the other, named New Ulster, is nearly 500 m. in length, and 200 m. in its greatest breadth, but its mean breadth is con's iderably less than that of the former. The area of all the islands is estimated at 86,000 sq. m. A range of mountains runs through the middle island, some of whose peaks rise from 12,000 to 14,000 ft. above the sea. This range is continued in the N. island ; in the S. W. of which is Mt. Egmont, an extinct volcano, of from 9,000 to 10,000 ft. elevation. There are several active volcanoes. Much of the soil is too rugged for cultivation, but there are large tracts of arable NEW— NEW 411 on, as in mir; th, as in. thin; th, as in £/«s; n, nearly like ng. land. There are ten principal settlements ; among the most populous of which are Auckland district, with a population of 7,000, and Wel- lington, with about 5,000, the former in the N. E., and the latter in the S. of the N. island. European pop. of the group, about 20,000 ; aborigines, 120,000. Auckland, the capital, has about 3,500 inhabitants. Inhab. New Zea'-land-er, Nezii-een' (Nejin or Neschin), a flourishing and beautiful t. of Eu- ropean Russia, in the gov. of Tchernigof. Lat. 51° 3' N., Lon. 31° 50' E. Pop. 16,000. (MO Ni-ag'-a-ra or ni-ag^-ra (see Int. XII., Obs. 2), a r. of N. America, which forms the outlet of L. Erie, and a part of the boundary between the state of New York and Canada. About 3 m. below its commence- ment, it divides into two arms, which embrace an island, called Grand Island, 12 m. long, and from 2 to 7 m. wide. A mile and a half below Grand Island, the entire waters of the Niagara are precipitated over a ledge of rocks about 160 ft. in perpendicular height, forming the Nia- gara Falls, the most stupendous cataract on the globe. The entire breadth of the river at the falls (including Goat Island, which divides the waters so as to form two distinct cataracts), is about 1,300 yards, but a little below it contracts to less than 200 yards in width. The whole length is about 35 m. Niagara, a co. forming the N.W. extremity of N. Y.. bordering on Niagara r. and L. Ontario. Pop. 42,276. Co. t. Lockport. Nicaragua (nik-ar-a'-gwa), Lake of, situated in the state of the same name, in Central America, about 12 m. from the nearest part of the Pacific, and 70 from the Caribbean Sea, with which it communi- cates through the river San Juan. It is about 110 m. in length, and 40 in its greatest breadth. Nice, nece, (It. Nizza, nh/-sa; Anc. Nica^a;) a city and seaport of the Sardinian dominions, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is beau- tifully situated near the foot of the Alps, on the Mediterranean, 95 m. S. W. of Genoa. It is much resorted to by strangers as a winter resi- dence. Lat. 43° 41' N., Lon. 7° 17' E. Pop. estimated at near 30,000. (P. C.) Nich'-o-las, a co. in the W. central part of Va., on the r. Kanawha. Pop. 3,963. Co. t. Summersville. Nicholas, a co. in the N. E. part of Ky., intersected by the Lick- ing r. Pop. 10,361. Co. t. Carlisle. Nic-o-bar' Islands, a group in the Indian Ocean, N. W. of Suma- tra, between 6° 30' and 9° 30' N. Lat., and 93° and 94° 20' E. Lon., consisting of two large and a number of smaller islands. The largest is about 40 m. long, and near 20 m. broad. The great insalubrity of the climate has prevented any permanent settlements being made among the Nicobars by Europeans. Nic'-o-las, Saint (Fr. pron. sen ne'-koMa'), a nourishing t. of Bel gium, 12 m. W. S. W. of Antwerp. Pop. 16,000. (B.) Nj-corf-o-Li (Anc. Nicop'olis), a fortified t. of European Turkey, on 412 NIC— NIK Fate, far, fall, f&t; me, met; pine or pine, pin; na, n5t; oo as in good; the Danube ; it is the seat of a Greek archbishopric. Lat. 43° 46' N„ Lon. 24° 53' E. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) Ni-coZ-sx-a, the principal t.'of Cyprus, situated near the centre of the island. 'Lat. 35° 13' N., Lon. about 33° 40' E. Poo. estimated from 12,000 to 16,000. (B.) Nie'-men (Polish pron. nyenV-en), a r. which rises in the S. W. part of Russia, near the t. of Minsk, and after a very winding- course,, enters the Prussian territories, where it takes the name of Memel (mem'-el)* and finally falls into the Kurische Haff, in about 55° 20' N. Lat., and 21° 20' E. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at near 400m. The Niemen is remarkable among the rivers of Europe for its great and de- structive inundations. At the melting of the snows, in spring,, its wa- ters are said sometimes to rise, in the short space of 10 or 14 days, 20 it. above the ordinary leveL Nievre, ne-aivr/, a dep. in the E. central part of France, intersected* by the Loire. Pop. 297,550. (B.) Capital, Nevers. Niger, nV-jer, or Quor'-ra, in the upper part of its course called JoiZ-i-ba, a large r. in the W. part of Africa,, which rises in about 8° N. Lat., and 6° W. Lon., and flowing at first north-easterly, then south-easterly, and afterwards southerly, falls into the Gulf of Guinea by numerous mouths, in about 5° N. Lat., and 6° E. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at above 2,300 m. The Joliba or upper portion of the Niger appears to have been known to the ancients, though they were probably entirely ignorant of its termination. Mungo Park, sent out by the African Association in 1795, was the first European who ex- plored the upper portion of the Niger, but he was unable to throw any light upon the question as to what became of its waters. Various hy- potheses had been and were still entertained ; some geographers sup- posed that they were lost in the sands in the interior of the continent, or flowing into some inland lake were evaporated, like those of the Desaguadero of Bolivia, in S. America ; others adopted an. opinion very prevalent among the natives of Northern Africa, that the Niger flowed eastward and joined the Nile, being in fact the Nile- itself: another generally received hypothesis, and one which Park himself adopted, was, that the waters of the mysterious river, after travelling a long^ course through Central and Southern Africa, were finally poured into the Atlantic, through the estuary of the Congo. But all the doubts and conjectures respecting the course of this remarkable stream were at length set at rest by the brothers Richard and John Lander, who, in the year 1830, sailed from Boossa (to which place the Niger had been previously explored by Park) to the month of the river previously called the Nun, in the Bight of Benin. Num. See Nizhnee. Nikolaief or Nikolaiew, ne N -ko-H'-eT , a t. of European Russia, in the gov. of Kherson, on the r. Bug (boog), about 20 m. above its en- trance into the estuary ef the Dnieper. Lat. 46° 59' N.„ Lon. 32° 2' E. Pop. 8,500. (MO NIK— NIM 413 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Nik/-ols-burg" (Ger. pron. ne/-kols-b66RG x ), a manufacturing t. of Moravia, 28 m. S. of Briin. Pop. 7,01)0. (B.) Nile (Gr. Nu%o$; Lat. NiMus; Arab. Bahr-Nil) ; a great and cele- brated r. in the N. E. part of Africa, which is formed by the junction of two streams (in 15° 34' N. Lat., and 32° 31' E. Lon.), of which one, called the Blue River (Bahr-el-Azrek), rises in Abyssinia, in about 11° N. Lat, and 38° 55' E. Lon. ; the other, named the White River (Bahr- el-Abiad), has its sources considerably farther west, probably on the northern declivity of the Mountains of the Moon. These branches, which are sometimes denominated the Blue and White Nile, derive their names from the colour of their respective waters ; — those of the Bahr-el-Abiad being coloured by a fine white clay which is usually suspended in them. The Nile, in the upper part of its course, makes two extensive circuits, which, together, resemble the form of the letter S ; but below the cataracts, its general direction is almost north, with comparatively few deviations. The whole length of this r., from the highest sources with which we are acquainted, is estimated at 2,750 m. The most remarkable phenomena connected with the Nile, are per- haps its annual inundations, to which Egypt may be said to owe its existence as a habitable country. The cause of these inundations is now ascertained to be the periodical rains which fall around the sources of the river within the tropics. The rise of the Nile com- mences in June, and continues increasing till September. The Delta then looks like an immense marsh, interspersed with numerous islands, with villages, towns, and plantations of trees, just above the water. The inundation having remained stationary for a few days, begins to subside, and about the end of November most of the fields are left dry, covered with a fresh layer of rich brown slime: at this time the lands are put under culture. From its junction with the Tacazze(in 17° 45' N. Lat.) to its termination, a distance of about 1,350 m., the Nile does not receive a single affluent on either side ; an instance which is without a parallel in the geography of the globe. This great r. is navigable, without any obstruction, to the cataracts, or, more properly speaking, rapids, in Lat. 24° 8' N., which are regarded as constituting the south- ern limit of Egypt. (For further particulars respecting the Nile, see Egypt.) — Adj. Ni-lot'-ic. Nimeguen. See Nimwegen. Nimes or Nismes, neem, (Anc. Nemau'sus,) a city in the S. of France, cap. of the dep. of Gard, 30 m. N. E. of Montpellier. As a seat of manufactures and commerce, it ranks among the first towns in the country ; but it is chiefly interesting to the traveller and antiquary for its striking monuments of ancient grandeur. The Maison Carree (ma'-zoN^ kar v -ra/), i. e. literally the " square house," though it is in fact a parallelogram, is regarded as an extraordinary specimen of ar- chitectural beauty. This ancient temple appears to be in good preser- vation, and is now used as a museum for objects of antiquity. The State House at Richmond, in Va., is a copy of the Maison Carree, the plan and drawings having been sent to Virginia by Jefferson, when ho 35* 414 NIM— NOL Fate, far, fall, fat; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, n6t; oo as in good was the minister of the United States at Paris. Nimes contains an academie universitaire, a royal college, an extensive public library, and numerous other institutions. Lat. 43° 50' N., Lon. 4° 22' E. Pop. 41,194. (B.) Nimwegen, nim-Wa/-Gen, or more correctly Nymwegen, nime-WaJ- Gen, (supposed to be on the site of the ancient NovionVagus,) a strongly fortified t. of Holland, in the prov. of Guelderland, on the Waal. Lat. 51° 51/ N., Lon. 5° 51' E. Pop. 16,000. (B.) Ning-Po (called formerly Liampo), a seaport city of China, of the first rank, situated at the confluence of the rivers Kin and Yaoo, near their entrance into the harbour of Cbusan, about 200 m. S. E. of Nan- king. Lat. 29° 58' N., Lon. 120° 18' E. Pop. estimated from 200,000 to 400,000. (M.) Niort, ne-oit', a manufacturing and commercial t. of France, cap. of the dep. of the Two Sevres (Deux-Sevres), on the Sevre-Niortaise (which is navigable from this place), 43 m. W. S. W. of Poitiers. It contains a college, a public library of 15,000 vols., and several other institutions. Lat. 46° 18' N., Lon. 0° 19' W. Pop. 18,015. (B.) Niphon. See Japan. Nischnei. See Nizhnee. Nish'-a-poor', an ancient city of Persia, in Khorassan, for a long time the residence of the Seljook sultarts. It is surrounded by a mud wall, but the greater part of the enclosed area is covered with ruins. In its neighbourhood, about 40 m. towards the W. N. W., are the famous Turquoise mines: these gems constitute the only article of foreign trade, to the inhabitants of Nishapoor. Lat. 36° 8' N., Lon. 58® 55' E. Pop. 8,000. (P. C.) Nivelles, ne s -vell/, (Flem. Nyvel, ni^-vcl,) a manufacturing t. of Belgium, in S. Brabant, 17 m. S. of Brussels. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Nizh7-nee (Nijni) Nov v -go-rod/, a flourishing manufacturing and commercial t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, at the confluence of the Oka with the Volga. Here, at present, is held the great annual fair, which a few years since gave so much importance to the little town of Makarieff, situated on the Volga, 50 m. E. S. E. of Nizhnee Novgorod. The value of goods sold at this fair in 1836, amounted to 126,514,046 rubles, or above $ 100,000,000 ! (P. C). The fair is attended, as is estimated, by not less than 300,000 strangers. It begins on the 1st of July, and continues a month or six weeks. Be- tween 4.000 and 5,000 warehouses and booths, presenting, for ten months of the year, the silence of a desert, are exclusively appropriated to the business of the fair. Lat. 56° 20' N., Lon. 44° 28' E. Perma- nent, pop. about 25,000. (P. C.) Noble, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ind. Pop. 7,946. . Co. t. .Augusta. Nocera, no-cha'-ra, (Anc. Nuce^ria,) a t. of Naples, on the Sarna Lat. 43° T N., Lon. 12° 46' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) N0/-14, an ancient t. of Italy, in the Neapolitan dominions, in a for- li'e plain (the Campania Felix of the ancients), 14 m. E. N. E. of Na- NOR— NOR 415 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; tit, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. pies. It contains several interesting- remains of antiquity. Pop. about 9.000. (B.) Nord, noR, a dep. forming 1 the N. extremity of France, whence it is called the dep. du Nord, i. e. "of the north." Pop. 1,026,417. (B.) Co. t. Lille. Nordhausen, noRt-hou'-zen, a flourishing commercial and manufac- turing t. of Prussian Saxony. Lat. 51° 31' N., Lon. 10° 47' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Nordlingen, noRtMing-en, a flourishing manufacturing t. of Bava- ria, on the Eger. Lat. 48° 51' N., Lon. 10° 28' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.) Nor'-folk, a co. in the E. part of England, bordering on the Wash and the N. Sea. Pop. 412,664. Norfolk, a co. in the E. part of Mass., bordering on Massachusetts Bay and R. I. Co. t. Dedham. Pop. 78,892. Norfolk, a co. near the S. E. extremity of Va., bordering on the Chesapeake and N. C. Pop. 33,036. Co. t. Norfolk. Norfolk, a port of entry, the cap. of the above co., is situated on Elizabeth r., 8 m. from Hampton Roads, in Chesapeake Bay, with a large, safe, and convenient harbour. Lat. 36° 51' N., Lon. 76° 19' VV. Pop. 14,300. On the opposite side of the r. is Gosport, with aU.S, Navy Yard and an extensive dry-dock. Nor'-man-dy (Fr. Normandie, noR x -maV -de'), a former prov. of France, now distributed among the departments of Calvados, Eure Manche, Orne, and Lower Seine. This country was conquered by the Normans or Northmen (Danes or Norwegians), near the close of the 9th century, and from them received its name. — Adj. and inhab. Norm- al* n (Fr. Norm and, noR'-maN'). Norrkoping, noR'-cho-ping, an important manufacturing and com- mercial t. of Sweden, on the r. Motala, near its mouth, in the Baltic, with a commodious harbour, 85 m. S. VV. of Stockholm. Lat. 58° 35 N., Lon. 16° 11' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) Nor-thamp'-ton, a flourishing manufacturing and trading t. of Eng- land, cap. of Northamptonshire, on the great N. road and on the r. Nen, 60 m. N. W. of London. Pop. 21,242. Northampton, a co. in the E. part of Pa., bordering on the Dela- ware r. Pop. 40,235. Co. t. Easton. Northampton, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., E. of the Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 7,498. Co. t. Eastville. Northampton, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C, bordering on the Roanoke r. and Va. Pop. 13,335. Co. t. Jackson. Nor-thamp'-ton-shire, a co. in the E. central part of England, lying N. VV. of London. Pop. 199,228. North Sea or German Ocean is situated between Great Britain and the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, and Norway. It is considered to extend from the Strait of Dover to the northernmost of the Shetland Islands. Length, 650 m. ; greatest breadth, about 400 m. Nor-thum'-ber-l.and (Lat. NorthunVbria), the most northerly co. of 416 NOR— NOT Fate, far, fall, fat; me, mfet; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good ; England, bordering on Scotland and the N. Sea. Pop. 250,278. — Adj. and inhab. Nor-thum^-brj-an. Northumberland, a co. in the E. central part of Pa., on the Susque- hanna. Pop. 23,272. Co. t. Sunbury. Northumberland, a co. in the E. part of Va., at the mouth of the Potomac. Pop. 7,346. Co. t. Heathsville. North West Territory, a region lying W. and N. W. of L. Mi- chigan. This name is now scarcely used; Wisconsin, which essen- tially coincides with it in limits, having been substituted for it. Nor'-way (Lat. Norwe'gia ; in Norw. Norge, noR'-ga), a country in the N. of Europe, comprehending the western portion of the Scandi- navian peninsula, and extending, if we include Norwegian Lapland, from 58° to 71° N. Lat., and from 5° to 31° E. Lon. Its length is above 1,000 m.; its greatest breadth about 250 m. The area is esti- mated at about 130,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,150,000. (P. C.) Norway for- merly constituted a kingdom of itself, but at present is united to the crown of Sweden. (See Sweden.) — Adj. and inhab. Nor-we'-gj-an or nor-wee'-jun. Norwich, nor'-ridge, an important manufacturing city of England, cap. of the co. of Norfolk, forming also a little co. of itself, is situated on the r. Wensum, 96 m. N. N. E. of London. This town has been celebrated for its manufactures of woollens since the era of Henry I., when the Flemings first settled here and introduced the spinning and weaving of worsteds. Norwich is especially interesting to the natural- ist, from its containing the magnificent botanical museum of Sir James Edward Smith (the founder of the Linnssan Society of London), which is one of the richest and best chosen collections of the kind in the world ; here may also be seen specimens in other departments of natu- ral history, collected by Linnaeus himself, together with some of the unpublished manuscripts of that illustrious naturalist. The co. of Nor- wich has an area of about 9sq. rn., with a pop. of 62,344. Nor^-wioh, a city of Conn., and one of the seats of justice of New London co., situated at the head of navigation, on the Thames, 12 m. N. of New London. Lat. 41° 33' N., Lon. 72° 7 W. Pop., exclusive of the township, 10,265. No'-to, a t. of Sicily, near the site of the ancient Nec'tum, 16 m. S. W. of Syracuse. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) Not^-ta-way, a r. which rises in the southeastern part of Va., and, flowing into N. C, contributes to form the Chowan. Nottaway, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., on the sources of the above r. Pop. 8,437. Seat of justice, Nottaway c. h. Not'-ting-ham, a handsome and important manufacturing t. of Eng- land, cap. of Nottinghamshire, on the r. Lene or Leen, about three- quarters of a mile from its junction with the Trent, 108 m. N. N. W. of London. Connected with the Grand Trunk or Trent and Mersey Canal, ikhas ready communication with several of the principal places in the kingdom. This town is celebrated as the great centre of the bobbin-net and lace manufacture ; it is also extensively engaged in the NOT— NOV 417 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. hosiery business. Nottingham forms a little county of itself, with an area of about 4sq. m., and a pop. of 53,091. Not'-ting-uam-shire, a co. in the N. E. central part of England, in- tersected by the Trent. Pop. 249,910. Novara, no-va/-ra, (Anc. Nova'ria,) a fortified t. of the Sardinian states, cap. of a prov. of the same name, near the Gogna (gone'-ya) an affluent of the Po, 27 m. VV. by S. of Milan. Lat. 45° 27' N., Lon. 8 Q 38' E. Pop. 15,300. (P. C.) Nova Scotia, no'-va sko'-she-a (i. e. " New Scotland"), a British colony of N. America, between 43° 20' and 46° N. Lat., and 61° and 66° 20' W. Lon. It is surrounded by the sea, except at its N. W. ex- tremity, where it is connected with the territory of New Brunswick by an isthmus about 9 m. wide. Its length, from Cape Canso on the E., to Cape St. Mary on the W., is above 260 m. ; its greatest breadth, measuring on a line at right angles with the preceding, is about 100 m. Area esti- mated at 15,620 sq. m. Pop. in 1838, 155,000. (M.) The prov. or gov. of Nova Scotia comprehends, in addition to the above peninsula, the i. of Cape Breton. No/-va Zem'-bla (a corruption of the Russian name Novaja Zem- la, no'-vi-a zem-la' or " new land"), an i. in the Arctic Ocean, between 70° 30' and 77° N. Lat., and 52° and 78° E. Lon. Length, nearly 400 m. ; mean breadth, about 50 m. There appears to be no vegetation on this island, except lichens and mosses ; but white bears, foxes, wal- ruses, and seals abound. Though several expeditions for this purpose have been sent out by the Russian government, the island has not yet been fully explored. Nov x -go-rod' or No'-vo-go-rod' Vei/-i-kee (i. e. the " Great New City") an ancient and decayed city of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, is situated on the Volkhof, at its exit from L. Ilmen, 100 m. S. E. of St. Petersburg. This town is one of the most ancient, and was formerly the most important, in the Russian empire,, having been founded, it is said, in the 5th century. In the 9th century, it had its own prince, and in the 12th, a republic was established here, which soon became very powerful, and extended its territory, it is said, from Livonia on the W. to Siberia on the E., and, if we may believe the tes- timony of several historians, the pop. of the city at one time amounted to 400,000 ! (B.) In 1477, it was conquered by the grand duke of Russia, since which time it appears to have gradually declined. Its present pop. does not exceed 10,000. (P. C.) Yet, when viewed from a distance, it has a very striking appearance, owing to its fine situation and the gilded domes of its 63 churches, which remain as monuments of its ancient splendour. Its commerce and manufactures are still con- siderable. It is the residence of an archbishop. Lat. 58° 32' N., Lon. 31° 16' E. No'-vj, a pleasant, well-built t. of Italy, in the Sardinian territories, cap. of a prov. of the same name, with an active trade. Lat. 44° 47 N. r Lon. 8° 48' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) 418 NOX— OAH Fate, far, fall, fat; me, m£t; pine orpine, pin; nd, not; oo as in good; Nox'-u-bee, a co. in the E. part of Miss., bordering on Ala. Pop. 16,299. Co. seat, Macon. Noyon, no/i N -yoN / , (Anc. Noviom'agus Veromanduo'rum,) a small t. of France, in the dep. of Oise, on a branch of the r. Oise, once the resi- dence of the cour* of Charlemagne, and remarkable, in later times, as the" birth-place of John Calvin. Lat. 49° 35' N., Lon. 3° 1' E. Pop. 3,473. (M.) Nu'-bj-a (Anc. iEthio'pia^an extensive country in the N. E. part of Africa, between Egypt and Abyssinia, and included between the 24th and 10th parallels of N. Lat, and the 30th and 39th meridians of E. Lon. The term Nubia appears to be of very vague application. The natives apply the name Nooba (Nouba) or VVady el Nooba to a compa- ratively small tract between Derr and Dongola, while in Egypt, it is loosely employed to denote the region of Sennaar and the countries S. of it. This portion of the African continent, since the conquests made by his son Ismael Pasha, in 1821, may be regarded as forming a part of the extensive dominions of Mehemet Ali, the vice-roy of Egypt. It is divided into Lower Nubia or Nubia Proper, extending N. to the mouth of the r. Tacazze, and Upper Nubia, which includes Shendy, Hal fay (Anc. Mer'oe) and Sennaar. Area and pop. unknown. In the northern portion of this country, as fir S. as 17° 30' N. Lat, heavy rains occasionally fall throughout the year; but, further S., the rains are periodical, beginning in the early part of spring, and continuing about three months, thus producing the annual swelling of the Nile. — Adj. and inhab. Nu'-bi-an. Nueces, noo-a/-ses, or nwa'-ces, a r. of Texas, flowing into a bay of the same name, near 27° 30' N. Lat., and 98° W. Lon. Nu'-rem-berg (Ger. Niirnberg, niiRnM)CRG), a city of Bavaria, on a branch of the Regnitz, 93 m. N. N. W. of Munich. In the middle ages, this town, in wealth, commerce, and manufactures, ranked among the first cities of Europe. Its pop. was then about 90,000. (B.) Though many circumstances have contributed to diminish its ancient prosperity, its trade and manufacturing industry assign it still a distinguished rank among the towns of Germany. It is also remarkable for its nu- merous and well conducted public institutions of every kind, among which, its celebrated gymnasium and its polytechnic school may be particularly mentioned. The world is indebted to Nuremberg for the invention of watches, of brass, and of the lock for fire-arms, and of some Dther articles of less importance. Albert Diirer, the distinguished painter, was a native of this town. Lat. 49° 27' N., Lon. 11° 4' E. Pop. 41,000. (P. C.) Oahu, wo/^-hoo, one of the most important of the Sa^uvvich Islands, lying about 130 m. N. W. of Hawaii, and intersected by the parallel of 21° 30' N. Lat, and the 158th meridian of W. Lon. Length, 43 m. ; greatest breadth, 24 m. Pop. in 1850, 23,145. Honolulu (ho'-no- loo'-loo), situated on a bay of the same name, on the S. side of the island, is the chief town of Oahu, the cap. of the whole group (see Sandwich Islands), and the great centre of civilization in the Ha OAK— ODE 419 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. waiian Archipelago. Two newspapers are now printed in this town. Pop. 8,000. Oak'-land, a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., a little N. W. of Detroit r. Pop. 31,270. Co. t. Pontiac. Oaxaca, wa-ha'-ka, written also Guaxaca, a beautiful city of Mexico, cap. of a state of the same name, on the Rio Verde (ree'-o veit'-da), 165 m. S. W. of Vera Cruz. Lat 17° 3' N., Lon. 97° 15' W. Pop., including 1 the immediate environs, estimated at 40,000. (B.) O'-bx, or, more properly, Ob, a large r. of Asiatic Russia, rises near the 50th parallel of N. Lat. and the 89th meridian of E. Lon. Its course is south-westerly, till its junction with the Irtish, in about 61° N. Lat. and 69° E. Lon., when it changes to the N., and continues in this direction to its termination in the Gulf of Obi. Lat. 66° 40' N., Lon. about 67° E. The whole length, measuring from the source of the Irtish, is estimated at near 3,000 m. O'-bi-on, a co. forming the N. YV. extremity of Tenn. Pop. 7,633. Co. t. Troy. Ocaiia, o-kan'-ya, an ancient t. of New Castile, Spain, 34 m. S. by E. of Madrid. Lat. 39° 56' N., Lon. 3° 31' W. of cheese, 380 tons of hay, and em- ploying farming implements and machinery to the value of $183,403. Value of live stock $1,875,987. Climate and Meteorology. — In common with the western shores of all continents, Oregon has a milder climate than the same latitudes on the Atlantic border. The coast region is the mildest, and the Upper Region the most rigorous. In the first, the winters last only from December to February, snow seldom falls, and S. and S. W. winds prevail, mitigating the severity of the weather. From April to November but little rain falls. At Puget's Sound, between May and July, the mean temperature was 67°, maximum 98°, minimum 39°; at Ft. Vancouver, from June to September, the mean was 66°, maximum 87°, minimum 51°. Of 106 days, 76 were fair, 19 cloudy, and 11 rainy. The winter somewhat resembles that of England. In the Middle Region, the summers are much drier and warmer, and the winters colder than in the Coast Region, the ex- tremes varying from 108° to 18°. Daily range 40°. No dews fall here. The Upper Country is very variable, having in each day all the changes of the seasons, and is therefore unfitted for agricultural operations. Animals, jisJi, &c. — The wild animals are deer, black and grizzly bears, elk, wolves, antelopes, foxes, musk-rats, martens, and beavers. The latter are fast diminishing. There are some buffaloes in the eastern portion. But little game is found in the Middle section. In spring and fall, geese, ducks, and other water-fowl are abundant. The fish are, salmon in great abundance and excellent quality, (caught from May till October), sturgeon, cod, carp, sole, flounders, ray, perch, herring, and smelt, with large quantities of crabs, clams, oysters, and mussels. History. — Oregon seems to have been first trodden by European feet about 1775, when a Spanish navigator visited Juan de Fuca straits. Cook coasted along its shores in 1778. The Columbia r. is believed to have been first made known to the civilized world, in 1791, by Captain Gray, of the ship Columbia of Boston, U. S., who saw the mouth of the river, but did not enter it till May of the next year, when he gave it the name of his ship. From this time up to 1804 the coast of Oregon was occasionally visited by British and American fur-traders. In that year, President Jefferson sent out an exploring party under Lewis and Clark, who passed the winters of 1805 and ; 6 at the mouth of the Columbia. After this period, over- land expeditions by fur-traders became common, and these, with the British Hudson Bay Company, held joint possession of the country (but not without jealous rivalries and bloody contests), till the treaty of 1846, which gave all below 49° N. Lat. to the United States. 430 ORE— ORE Fite, far, fill, fit ; me 1 , m£t; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n&t ; oo as in good • Emigration from the U. S. for the purpose of settlement, commenced in 1839. Its growth for the time is probably retarded by the gold- mines of California attracting nearly all travellers and settlers, but their ultimate prosperity will most likely be mutual, the mining popu- lation of the one furnishing a market for the agriculturists of the other. There is no doubt that in future times Oregon will play an important part in the commerce of the Pacific Ocean, and particu- larly that of the Polynesian groups. The government of Oregon is similar to all other territorial govern- ments. The governor receives a salary of $3,000, and is besides superintendent of Indian Affairs. His secretary receives $1,800 per annum. Great interest is taken in the cause of education. The Methodists have an institute at Salem, and the Presbyterians have an academy at Tualatin Plains, both flourishing institutions. There are two female institutes at Oregon City, and good schools at Port- land, Lafayette, and other small towns. Towns.- — Portland, on the Willam'ette, 15 m. from its mouth, is at the head of ship navigation, and is the largest and most commercial town in Oregon. Pop. estimated at about 1,000. Oregon City, in a canon* (kan'yon) on the E. side of the Willam'ette, 25 miles from its mouth, is the present capital, and has excellent manufacturing facilities, derived from the falls in the river at this place. Pop. about 700. Salem, also on the Willam'ette, 60 m. above Oregon City, is beautifully located in a rich prairie country, and is one of the most flourishing towns in the territory. It is in contemplation to re- move the capital thither. Pop. about 600. Oregon Institute, organ- ized in 1844, is on a commanding site, about 6 miles from Salem. It has at present from 75 to 100 pupils. Lafayette, at the falls of the Yam Hill, a western tributary of the Willam'ette, has about 400 in- habitants. Marysville is situated on the W. side of the Willam'ette, at the mouth of the Mary's r. Pop. 200. Oregon, a co. in the S. part of Mo., bordering on Ark. Pop. 1,432. Orfa. See Oorfa. O-rel' or Or-loi 7 , a flourishing city in the S. central part of Eu- ropean Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name on the Oka. It has an extensive trade in grain, and may be regarded as the great com- mercial entrepot for the interior of Russia ; it is also the seat of various manufactures. Lat. 52° 57' N., Lon. 35° 57 / E. The pop. in 1820 was 20,000 ; in 1830 it was stated at 31,000 (P. C); at pre- sent it probably exceeds 40,000. * This is a Spanish word signifying a " channel or passage." It is usually employed, west of the Rocky Mountains, to denote the narrow channel of a stream flowing between precipitous banks. Sometimes, as in the case of the canon at Oregon City, the stream does not occupy the entire channel, but leaves a flat space between the river and the precipitous bank or wall which encloses it. ORE— ORL ■ 431 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Orellana. See Amazon. 0'-ren-boorg n (Orenburg), an extensive gov. of Russia, situated partly in Europe and partly in Asia. Oo^-fa (Ufa), the cap., is on a r. of the same name, in Lat. 54° 42' N., Lon. about 56° E. Pop. 6,000. (P. C.) Orenbooro, the principal t. of the above gov., situated on the r. Ural, is regularly built and well fortified. It carries on an extensive trade with Bokhara. Lat. 51° 46' N., Lon. 55° 5' E. Pop. stated at 20,000. (P. C.) Orihuela, o-re-waMa', a city in the Spanish prov. of Valencia, on the r. Segnra, in a fertile plain, which has been justly styled " the Garden of Spain." It contains a university and several other institu- tions. Lat. 38° 8' N., Lon. 1° W. Pop. 26,000. (B.) O-rx-no'-co (i. e. the " coiled serpent"), a large r. of S. America, the sources of which have never been visited by Europeans. As it is usually laid down on our maps, it strikingly resembles, in its general course, the form of a coiled serpent, as its name implies. From about 4° S. Lat., and 68° W. Lon., it flows northerly above 200 m., then north- easterly, and at last almost E., to the Atlantic, which it enters near 9° N. Lat., and 61° W. Lon., by a multitude of mouths, called the Caiios (kan'-yoce) or " channels" of the Orinoco. The whole length is esti- mated at near 1,300 rn. The delta commences about 100 m. from the sea. The tides are sometimes perceptible as far as Angostura, or about 250 m. from the mouth of the Orinoco. During the rainy season, which corresponds to our summer, the river overflows the Llanos (lya'-n6s) or plains which lie N. of it to a great extent, presenting a vast expanse of waters, said sometimes to exceed 150 m. in breadth. In the upper part of its course, the rise is said to amount to 13 fathoms, which is somewhat more than the greatest rise on the Ohio. O-ris'-sa, a prov. of Hindostan, between the 18th and 23d degrees of N. Lat, and bordering on the Bay of Bengal. Orizaba, o-re-sa'-ba, a flourishing t. of Mexico, 70 m. W. S. W. of Vera Cruz. Pop. between 8,000 and 10,000. (M.) Near it, in Lat. 19° 2' N., Lon. 97° 15' W., rises the volcanic mountain of Orizaba (now extinct) to the height of 17,380 ft. above the Atlantic. Ork'-ney Islands (Lat. Or'cades), a group belonging to Great Bri- tain, situated near the N. N. E. extremity of Scotland, between 58° 44' and 59° 24' N. Lat. They are separated from the main land of Scotland by the Pentland Frith, which, in the narrowest part, is about 6 m. wide. The group contains in all 67 islands or islets, 27 of which are perma- nently inhabited. The largest is Pomona or Mainland. (See Pomona.) Total area estimated at 440 sq. m. Pop. 30,507. Orleanais or Orleanois, 0R x -la N -an v -&/, one of the former provinces of France, now distributed among the departments of Eure and Loir, Loir and Cher, and Loiret. Or'-le-ans /% (Fr. pron. orM&VW; Anc. Gena'bum, afterwards Aure- •Ve often hear this a ame pronounced in two syllables, with the accent on 432 ORL— ORT /ate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 66 as in good; lia'ni, of which Orleans is a corruption); a manufacturing- and com- mercial city, in the N. central part of France, cap. of the dep. of Loi- ret, situated on the right bank of the Loire, 68 m. S. S. W. of Paris, with which it is connected by a railway. Among its numerous literary institutions, we may name the Academie Universitaire, a national Col- lege, and the Public Library, containing- 25,000 vols. Genabum ap- pears to have been a place of considerable importance among- the ancient Carnutes. In retaliation for the massacre of some Romans residing- in the town, it was plundered and burned by Csesar (about 50 B. C.) In later times, Orleans has undergone two of the most remark- able sieges recorded in history. The first was during the invasion of Attila (A. D. 451), in which that hitherto victorious destroyer was suc- cessfully resisted. The other took place in 1428, during the English invasion, when Joan of Arc, called afterwards the Maid of Orleans, commenced her wonderful career, by delivering the city, with the sig- nal defeat of its besiegers. Lat. 47° 54' N., Lon. 2° 46' E. Pop. 64,000. (B.) Orleans, a co. in the N. part of Vt., bordering on Canada. Pop. 15,707. Co. t. Irasburg. Orleans, a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Ontario. Pop. 28,501. Co. t. Albion. Orleans, a parish in the S. E. part of La., bordering on the Missis- sippi and L. Pontchartrain. Pop. 119,401. Seat of justice, New Orleans. OrZ-mus* or Ormuz (Pers. Hor-mooz'), a small i. situated at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, near 27° N. Lat. and 56° 30' E. Lon. Though now a barren rock, only 12m. in circumference, in the latter part of the 16th century, while in the possession of the Portuguese, it contained a town of 40,000 inhabitants, which was one of the wealthi- est and most important emporiums in all the east. It was taken and destroyed by Shah Abbas the Great, in 1622. Orne, a small r. in the N. W. of France, which flows into the Eng- lish Channel. Orne, a dep. of France, on the sources of the above r. Pop. 443,688. Capital, Alengon. O-ron^-tes. (Arab. El Aasy, aa^-se), a celebrated r. of Syria, which falls into the Mediterranean, in 36° 2' N. Lat., and 35° 57' E. Lou. Length estimated at 240 m. Orthez or Orthes, OR v -ta', a t. in the S. W. of France, in the dep the last; but all our best speakers appenr to concur in making it a trisyllable, with the accent on the first. This is evidently the manner in which Shakspeare pro- nounced Orleans. " This dreadful lord Retiring from the siege of Orleans." " Was not the duke of Orleans thy foe ?" — Henry VI. Part I, * "High on a throne of royal state, which far Outshone the wealth of Ormus or of Ind, — " Milton's Paradise Lost, Book II. ORV— OTS 433 «ss, ^s m out ; th, as in thin ,• tk, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. of the Lower Pyrenees. Lat. 43° 30' N n Lon. 0° 46' W. Pop. 5,267. (M.) Orvieto, oR-ve-a^-to, (formerly Urbs Vetus,) a t of Italy, in the Papal state, on the Paglia (pal'-ya), an affluent of the Tiber, 59 m. N. N. W. of Rome, with a handsome Gothic cathedral. Pop. estimated at near « GOO, (B.) O v -sage', a r. which rises in the Indian Territory, near 37° N. Lat a«d 95° W. Lon., and, Sowing south-easterly, passes into the state of Missouri, and joins the Missouri r, about 10 m. below Jerlerson City. OsagEj a co. of Ma, at the mouth of the above r. Pop. 6,704. Os-cisV-tA (Unwattin), a co. in the W. central part of Mich., inter- sected by Maskego r. Os'-j-mo ( Anc. Aux^imum), a t. of Italy, in the Papal state, 9 m. S. by W. of Ancooa. Lat. 43° 30' N., Lon. 13° 27' E. Pop. about 7,000. (M.) Osh-moo-neyn' — n'me (Achmonneyn), a large village of Egypt, W. of the Nile, on the site of the ancient Hermop'olis Mag^na. Lat. 27° 50' N., Lon, about 30° 50' E. Pop. estimated at from 4,000 to 10,000. (!).) In its vicinity are some highly interesting remains of antiquity. i),s'-NA-BRtk:K x oros'-na-br66k\ often -called i« English, Os'-na-burg\ a commercial t. of Germany, in Hanover, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Hase (ha'-se/rj, an affluent of the Ems. It is surrounded with a ditch and wall, with five gates. The linens called Osnaburgs derive their name from this place. Lat. 52° 17' N., Lon. 8° V E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Ossuna, os-soo'-na, a mannfacturing t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 36 m. E. by S. of Seville. Pop. 15,000. (B.) Os-tend',* a fortified seaport t. of Belgium, in W. Flanders, 14 m. W. of Bruges, with which city it communicates by a canal of sufficient dimensions to allow the largest Indiarnen to pass through it. It is also connected with tlie principal towns of Belgium by railways. Lat. 51° 14' N., Lon. 2° 55' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Os-we'-co, a co. in the N. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Ontario. Pop. 6.2,198. Co, towns, Oswego and Pulaski. Oswego, a flourishing t. and port of entry in the above co., situated on the S. E. shore of L. Ontario, about 68 m., ira a straight line, VV. N. W. of Utica. The Oswego Canal, 38 m. in length, connects it. with Sy- racuse, on the Erie Canal. Pop. 12,205. Otaheite. See Tahiti. O-tkan'-to (Anc. Hydrun^tum), a small but once flourishing t., situ- ated near the S. E. extremity of Italy. Lat. 40° 9' N., Lon. 18° 29' E. From this town, the prov. in which it is situated is called Terra di (tcr'-ra de) Otranto or the " land of Otranto." Ot-se'-go, a co. in the S. E. central part of N. Y., on the sources of the Susquehanna. Pop. 48,638. Co. t Cooperstown. * " Thy muse ' — ' in bells delighting, finds a friend, In every chime that jingled from Ostend." — ByRON. 37 434 OTS— OXF File, far, fall, fat ; me", met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, not ; 66 as in goad; Otsego (Okkuddo), a co. m the N. part ©f Mich., E. of Traverse Bay, Ottajano, ot-ta-ya'-no, a t. of Naples, at the E. foot of Ml Vesuvius, 12 m. E. of the capital. Pop. 15.000. (B.) Ottawa, ot'-ta-wa' or otMa-wa\ a co. in the N. N.W, part of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie-. Pop. 3,308. Ottawa, a co. in the W. part of Mich., bordering on L. Michigan, and intersected by Grand r. Pop. 5^587. Co. t. Grand Haven. Ottawa, a r. of Canada, Sowing into the St. Lawrence, near Mon- treal. It forms the boundary between Upper and Lower Canada. Oude, ood, a piov. and kingdom under the protection ©f the British, in the N. of Hindostan, between 25° 30" and 28° 40' N. Lat., and 79? and 83° E. Lon. Oudenarbe, ou s -den-aR^-de£, or Oudenaarben, (Fr. Andenarde, 6-den-aRo/), a t. of Belgium, on the Scheldt, 14 m. W. of Ghent. Pop. 5,000. (B.) Our An. See Urai*. Ourfa. See Oorfa. Ouse, ooz, a r. in the N. E. part of England, which forms the prin- cipal branch of the Horaber. Ouse, Great, a r. m the E. ©f England, which rises in Northamp- tonshire, and flows into the Wash. O'-ver-ton, a co. in the N. part of Tenn., bordering on Ky. Pop. 11,211." Co.'t. Monroe. Oviedo, o-ve-a/-no, (Lat. Oveturn), a city in the N. W. part of Spain, cap. of the prov. of Astnrias, supposed to have been built near the middle of the 8th century. During the middle ages, Oviedo was known throughout Christendom as "the City of the Bishops" (Civitas Episeoporum), owing, it is said, to the great number of the clergy who took refuge here from the persecutions of the Moors. The ancient cathedral is a magnificent structure of the pure Gothie style, equalled, perhaps, by none in the Spanish peninsula. The University, founded in 1580, is well endowed, and has a large library. Lat. 43° 22' N., Lon. 5° 57' W. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) O-we'-go, a flourishing t. in the S. paTt of N. Y., on the E. branch of the Susquehanna, and at the junction of the Ithaca and Owego Railroad (29 m. long) with the New York and Erie Railroad, about 84 m., in a direct line, S. W. of Utica. Pop. 7,159. Ow'-en, a co. in the N. part of Ky"., E. of, and bordering on Ken- tucky r. Pop. 10,444. Co. t. New Liberty. Owen, a co. in the S. W. central part of Indiana, intersected by the W. fork of White r. Pop. 12,100. Co. t. Spencer. Owhyhee. See Hawaii. Ox'-ford (Lat. Oxo'nia), a beautiful city and celebrated seat of learning of England, the cap. of Oxfordshire, is situated on the Isis, a branch of the Thames, 53 m. W. N. W. of London. The date of the university is unknown ; it is, however, certain that Oxford was a place of study in the reign of Edward the Confessor, if not earlier. The University of Oxford at present consists of 19 colleges and 5 halls. GXF— PAD 435 OfS, is in ©or 9 tfe, as iti thin i th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. The total number of members en the books in 1841, was 6,514 Among' the different libraries of Oxford, we ought especially to notice the cele- brated Bodleian Library, Earned in honour of Sir Thomas Bod-ley, by whom it was founded, in 1597- It contains about 900,000 printed vols., besides ■& great number ef valuable manuscripts. The Observatory is in Lat 51° 45' 40" N-, Lon-. 1° 15' 22" W. Pop., including the univer- sity, walk an area ef above 4 sq. m., "&3,834. A student at Oxford is called an Oxo'-nj-an, Gxforw, a co. in the W. part ©f Maine, bordering on N. H. Pop. S9,G0S Co. t. Paris. Ox '-fore-shirk, a eo. in the S. central part of England, en the Thames.* Pop.' 131,643. Gx'-us (called by the natives A moo, aa-moo', or Je-hoon'), a great r. of Central Asia, which rises from a mountain lake in 37° 27' N. Lat, and 73° 40' E. Lon., at an elevation of 15,600 ft. above the level of the sea. (M,.) Its general direction is north-westerly : it enters the sea of Aral near 43° 38' N. Lat, and 58° E. Lon., after a course of about 1,309 m. Sir A. Burns crossed it on his way to Bokhara, and found it upwards ef 800 yards in breadth, about 20 ft. in depth, with muddy waters, and a current of about 3i m. an hour. (M-.) O-zARK?, a co. in the S. part of Mo,, bordering on Ark. Pop, 2*294. Pacific Ocean (sometimes, though improperly, called the South Sea), a vast expanse of water, extending from the western shores of America to the eastern shores of Asia and Australia. Its most north- ern limit is Behring's Strait, in about 66° N. Lat. : towards the south- ern extremity, it is divided from the Atlantic by a line drawn from Cape Horn to the S. pole. It extends from 120° E. to 70° W. Lon., a distance of above 11,000 rn. Its extent, from N. to S., is somewhat less than 10,000 m. The Pacific received its name from Magellan, the first European who traversed it, in consequence of the prosperous weather whieli he met with while navigating its surface. Though this ocean is subject to violent gales and storms (at least in many parts of it), it would seem that the winds and water-currents are generally more regular and uniform, and in so far less hostile, than those in the Atlantic. This may be accounted for by its great extent, which pre- vents the regular prevailing winds from feeing broken by those irregular currents, calms, and storms which the vicinity of a large tract of land, especially of mountain land, is so apt to produce. Paberbgrn, pa'-der-boRn% a commercial t. of Prussia, in Westphalia, cap. of a circle of the same name. It is an ancient place, tolerably well built, and surrounded by a wall with five gates. It is said to have been for a time the residence of Charlemagne. Lat. 51° 44' N., Lou. 8° 44' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Pab'-sj-a (It. Padova, paZ-do-va; Anc. Pata'vium), a city and distin- guished seat of learning, in Austrian Italy, cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated Gin the Bacchiglione (bak-keel-yo'-na), a small r. which flows into the Adriatic* It is fortified with walls, ditches, and bastions. 436 PAG-PAL Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met \ pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 65, as in good , and is above 6 m. in circumference, but is thinly inhabited. At th-s head of its numerous scientific and literary institutions, stands the Uni- versity, one of the most celebrated and most flourishing in Europe. IS was founded in the early part of the 13th century, ami attained its greatest popularity during the 15th and IGth centuries, when it wis attended not only by a multitude of students from all parts of Europe, but even by some from Mahometan countries. Its medical school wa3 particularly celebrated. Fallopius, Morgagni, and the great Galileo, have been among- its professors: Dante, Petrarch, and Tasso- have beer* of the number of its pupils. The University at present is attended 1 by 1,000 students, but, during its most nourishing period, it is said to have had six times that number: there are four faculties; theology, law, medicine, and philosophy, with about 60 professors: the botanic garden, connected with the University, is regarded as the oldest in Europe : the library contains upwards of 70,000 vols. The clerical' college or seminary is noted for its printing presses, which have long supplied Italy with school-books and with good editions of other works. Its library contains above 55,000 vols. At Padua, Forcellini compiled his great Latin Lexicon, upon which he spent 40 years of Ins life. Pa- tavium was considered in the Roman times as one of the oldest towns in Italy. It is distinguished as the birth-pkee of Livy. The Observa- tory is in Lat. 45° 24' 2" N., Lon. 11° 52' 18" E. Pop. 51,000. (B.> — Adj. and inhab. Pad'-u-ai*. Page, a co. in the N. N. R part of Va., intersected by the Shenan- doah r. Pop. 7,600. Pais/-ley, a manufacturing* L, the third in Scotland for population and commercial importance, situated in Renfrewshire, on the White Cart r., 3 m. above its junction with the Clyde, and 8 m. W. by S. of Glasgow. Lat. 55° 51' N., Lon. 4° 26' W. The pop. of the parish of Paisley, in the middle of the last century, was about 6,000; in 1801, it was 31J179; in 1841, it amounted to 60,487 : that of the town alone to 48,426. Pal s -a-wAn^, one of the Philippine Islands, extending from 8° 20' to 11° 30' N. Lat., and from 117° 30' to 11^ 40' E. Lon. Length about 270 m. Mean breadth, perhaps 25 m. Little is known of the interior. Palencia, pal-en'-she-a, (Sp. pron. pa-len'-the-a; Anc. Pallan^tia,) a city of Spain, in Leon, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an af- fluent of the Pisuerga (pe-sweft'-ga), which flows into the Douro. Its cathedral is one of the largest and finest in Spain. Lat. 42° 2' N., Lon. 4° 28' W. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) Palenqite, pa-l'enk'-a, or more properly Culhuacan, frool-wa-kan^, an ancient city of Mexico, remarkable for its magnificent ruins, said te be the most interesting, and on the larg-est scale, of any in the New World. Pal-erV-mo or pa-leit'-mo (Anc. Panor'mus), the principal seaport and* cap. of Sicily, and the second city of the kingdom of the two Sicilies; is pleasantly situated on the N. coast, towards its W. extremity. The town forms an oblong parallelogram, surrounded by walls, and furnished PAL— PAN m ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like i?g. with bastions. The royal palace is an old building, fortified like a castle, with a magnificent chapel, built by Roger of Sicily, in 1129. On the summit of the palaee is the observatory where Piazzi discovered, in 1801, the planet Ceres. Palermo is the see of an archbishop; and the seat of a university, founded in 1447, and attended by about 600 students, with a library of 40,000 volumes. Panormus appears to have been a place of considerable consequence in ancient times ; the name signifying " All-port," may be regarded as indicating its early com- mercial importance. The observatory is in Lat. 38° 6' 44" N., Lon. 13° 21' 24" E. Pop. about 168,000. (B.) Pal/-es-tine v (Lat Palessti^na, usually called by the Romans Judaea), the name commonly applied to the land anciently inhabited by the Israelites, including the country of the Philistines. Its precise boun- daries are not well defined. It appears, however, to have been situated between 31° and 33° 30' N. Lat, and 34° and 36° 30' E. Lon., being bounded on the N. and E. by Syria, S. E. and S. by the desert, and VV. by the Mediterranean. Length, perhaps 180 m. ; greatest breadth about 80 m. Area estimated at 11,000 sq. m. (P. C.) Palma, pal'-ma, one of the Canary Islands, intersected by the parallel »f 28° 30' N. Lat., and the 18th meridian of W. Lon. Length about 26 m. ; greatest breadth about 16 m. Area 19 sq. leagues. Pop. in 1835, 33,089. (P. C.) Palma, a fortified t, the cap. of Majorca and of all the Balearic Is- lands, is situated on the S. W. coast, on a bay of the same name, which forms a good harbour. In the 13th century, Palma was one of the chief trading places in Europe, but at present its commerce is comparalively unimportant Lat. 39° 34' N., Lon. 2° 44' E. Pop. estimated at 34,000. (B.) Palm as or Las Palm as, las pal'-mas, the chief t. of the Grand Ca- nary, and the cap. of all the Canaries, is situated on the N. E. coast. Lat. 28° 8' N., Lon. 15° 26' W. Pop. about 9,000. (B.) Pam'-h-co (called in the upper part ot its course Tar River), a r. of N.C., flowing into Pamlico Sound, near 35°15'N.Lat and 76°30'W. Lon. Pamplona, pam-plo'-na, or Pampeluna, pam-pa-loo / -na(Anc. Pompe- lon or Pompeiop'olis), a fortified t. of Spain, cap. of the prov. of Navarre, and formerly the residence of the Navarrese kings, is situated on the r. Arga, an affluent of the Ebro. Lat. 42° 50', Lon. 1° 42' VV. Pop. 15,000. (B.) Panama, pan-a-ma', a fortified seaport t of New Granada, cap. of a prov. of the same name, and of the dep. of the Isthmus (Istmo), situated on the Bay of Panama. Lat. 8° 59 N., Lon. 79° 27° VV. Pop. not 10,000, (B.), but. the statements of several other writers make it considerably above this number. Panama, Isthmus of, called also the Isthmus w Darien (d.V-rc-rn), the narrow neck of land which unites North and South America, situated between 7° and 9° 30' N. Lat, and 77° and 83' W. Lon. The narrowest part is about 20 m. E. of Panama, between 9° and 9° 30' N Lat., and near 79° W. Lon., where it is scarcely 30 m. wide. 4S8 PAN— PAR Fate, Far, f All, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, not ; 66 as in good; Panay, pa-nl^ one of the Philippine Islands, intersected by the 11th parallel of N. Lat., and the 117th and 118th meridians of E. Lon. Length, about 110 m. ; greatest breadth, near 91) m. Its form is almost an equilateral triangle. It is one of the most important and populous islands in the whole group. Pop. estimated, in 1837, at about 406,000. (P.C.) Pa'ncsova, paan'-cho v -vd/i\ a trading t. in the S. E. part of Hungary, on the Temes (tenV-esh^), near its junction with the Danube, 10m. E. N. E. of Belgrade. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Pa-no'-la, a co. in the N. W. part of Miss., intersected by the Tal- lahatchie r. Pop. 11,444. Co. seat, Panola. Papa, paa/-po/f, a large t. of Hungary, about 80 m. S. E. of Vienna. Pop. 14,000. (B.) Papal State (It., Stato Pontificio, staMo pon-te-fee'-che-o, or Stato dellaChiesa,sta/-todel-la ke-a/-sa, i. e. "state of the church"), a division of Italy, comprehending the dominions of the see of Rome, of which the Pope is the monarch. It is principally situated between 41° 10' and 45° N. Lat, and 11° and 14° E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by the Austrian dominions, N. E. and E. by the Adriatic and kingdom of Na- ples, S. W. by the Mediterranean, and W. and N. VV. by Tuscany and Modena. Its length is about 270m. ; the breadth varies greatly; in one part it extends across the Italian peninsula, and is near 140 m. broad. Area estimated at 17,200 sq. m. Pop. in 1833, 2,732,036. (M.) The seat of gov. is at Rome. Papua, pap'-oo-a or pa'-poo-a, called also New Guinea, a Targe i., or perhaps cluster of islands, in the Eastern seas, between 130° and 150° E. Lon., and 0° and 10° S. Lat. Not only its interior, but even its coast line is in many parts unknown. Europeans have little or no commer- cial intercourse with this island. The inhabitants consist of two and perhaps more classes ; the Papuas, who inhabit the western portion of the island, received their name from the Malays, in whose language it signifies " frizzled hair;" and the Haraforas, who are said to occupy the interior and eastern coasts. Both these races appear to live in a state of great barbarism. The Papuas are said to resemble the Aus- tralians, though they are perhaps rather less degraded. — Adj. Papuan, pap'-oo-an. Para, pa-ra^, called formerly Belem, ba-Ieiv' or ba-Ieng', a seaport t. of Brazil, cap. of a prov. of its own name, is situated on the river or estuary of Para, formed by the union of the Tocantins with the Tagi- puru (ta-zhe-poo-roo'), the southern arm of the Amazon. Lat. 1° 28' 8., Lon. 48° 22' W. Pop. estimated at nearly 20,000 (B.), though some say that the troubles and massacres which occurred in Para, in 1834-5, have greatly reduced the number of its inhabitants. Paraguay, par-a-gwa' or par-a-gwi^, a r. of S. America, which rises in Brazil, in about' 13° 30' S. Lai, and 56° 20' W. Lon. ; it flows south- erly, separating the state of Paraguay from Bolivia and La Plata, and empties itself into the Parana, in about 27° 20' S. Lat, and 58° 40' W. Lon. Its length is estimated at above 1,100 m. Vessels of 300 ions PAR— PAR 439 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. may ascend as far as Assumption, and smaller vessels several hun- dred miles within the boundary of Brazil. Paraguay, an independent state of S. America, situated between 19° and 27° 30 S. Lat., and 54° and 59° W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. and E. by Brazil, S. by La Plata, and W. by La Plata and Bolivia. Length, from N. to S., near 600 m.; greatest breadth, about 210 m. Area estimated at 90,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1826, 250,000 (B.), at present it probably exceeds 300,000. The Guaranis (gwa-ra-nees'), a tribe of aborigines, constitute the principal portion of the inhabitants. Dr. Francia, the late dictator, through his wise, though arbitrary govern- ment, appears to have succeeded in bringing these people into a more perfect state of subordination and civilization, than has ever been done before with any nation of American aborigines ; and, at the same time, he has preserved the country from those dissensions and civil wars from which the other S. American states have suffered so deeply. His policy of rigorously excluding from his dominions all foreigners, without exception, has doubtless contributed greatly not only to pre- serve the tranquillity of the country, but also to consolidate the different elements of the population into one mass, and to form them into a nation. Little is known with certainty respecting the present condi- tion of this country. Assumption (Asuncion) is the capital. Parahyba or Paraiba, pa-ra-ee'-ba, a r. in the S. E. part of Brazil, which rises about 80 m. W. of Rio Janeiro, and after a very circuitous course of above 500 m., falls into the Atlantic, about 170 m. N. E. of the Brazilian capital, in 21° 40' S. Lat., and near 41° W. Lon. Paramaribo, paf'-a-mar^-e-bo, the cap. of Dutch Guiana, in S. Ame- rica, is situated on the r. Surinam, about 20 m. from its mouth. Lat. 5° 45' N., Lon. 55° 24' W. Pop. estimated at from 18,000 to 20,000. ( B ) Parana, pa-ra-na', a large r. of S. America, which rises in the S. E. part of Brazil, near 22° S. Lat. and 45° W. Lon., and, flowing in a gene- ral westerly course, receives the Parana-Iba* (par v -a-na ee'-ba) in 20° 40' S. Lat., and 52° 20' W. Lon., after which it runs at first southerly, then westerly, to its junction with the Paraguay. On receiving this great tributary, it again takes a southerly course to its termination (Lat. 34° S., Lon. 58° 30' W.), where, by its union with the Uruguay, it forms ihe Rio de la Plata. The whole length of the Parana may be estimated at 2,000 m. It is navigable about 750 m. for vessels of 300 tons. Parana-Iba or Paranahyba. See the preceding article. Paranahyba, par-a-na-ee'-ba, orPARNAHiBA, paR-na-ee^-ba, a r. in the N. E. part of Brazil, which flows into the Atlantic, in 2° 50' S. Lat., and near 42° W. Lon. Length above 700 m. It is navigable above 400 m. for vessels of from 15 to 40 tons.^ * Some geographers call that portion of the river which is above the junction of the Parana-Iba, the Rio Grande (ree'-o gran'-da), considering the Parana to be formed by the union of these two branches. 440 PAR Fate, f ar, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n&t ; 66, as in good , Paris, parMs, (Fr. pron. pa'-re^ ; Anc. Lute'tia, afterwards Paris'- sii;) a great city and distinguished seat of civilization, learning, and the arts, the cap. of the dep. of Seine, and the metropolis of France, is situated on both sides of the r. Seine, about 110 m., in a direct line, from its mouth, and 210 m. S. E. of London. The limits of the town are defined by a wall erected in the reign of Louis XVI., in order to prevent the introduction of commodities without the payment of local taxes. The outline thus formed, though irregular, approximates to an oval. Through the wall there are 58* entrances, at each of which is a toll-house. (M.) Round the walls, on the outer side, is a road planted with rows of trees, what are termed the exterior boulevards. The entire circuit of these boulevards is rather more than 15 m. ; the area included within the walls is about 8,500 acres, or 134 s q. m. Paris is, for the most part, irregularly built, with lofty houses and narrow streets : a few of these, however, are truly magnificent, such as the Rue de la Paix (ru d'la pa), de Castiglione (deh kas N -tig v -le v -on0, de Rivoli (d're v - vof-eO, &c. As in London, the fashionable part of the city is at the W. end. The more densely inhabited portion of Paris is encircled by the interior boulevards, between which and the walls, are the suburbs or faubourgs (fo v -booR'), forming some of the best built quarters of the town. There are in Paris about 70 places or squares, the principal of which are — the Place de la Concorde (plas d'la kong N -koRd/), an open space W. of the garden of the Tuileries, in the centre of which is the obelisk lately brought from Luxor, in Egypt; the Place Vendome ; the Place des Victoires (da vic v -twaR0 ; the Place du Trone ; the Place du Carrousel (kar'-roo'-zeF) ; and the Place Royale. There are several public gardens, as the garden of the Tuileries (tweeMer-eez), the Lux- embourg, and the Champs Elysees (shaNz Sl v -e N -za/), or " Elysian Fields." The Champ de Mars (shaN d'maR), i. e. " Field of Mars," is a very large oblong enclosure, bordered by a double avenue of trees, for re- viewing troops, horse-racing, &c. Among the remarkable buildings of Paris, we may mention the Tuileries, a palace of vast dimensions, but not to be admired for its architecture ; the Louvre (loovr), formerly a royal residence, a striking and magnificent edifice, connected with the Tuileries by a long gallery, containing a superb collection of pictures, one of the finest in the world : the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, founded in the 11th century, one of the noblest existing specimens of Gothic architecture : Sainte Genevieve, or the Pantheon, considered by many as the finest church in the French metropolis : and the new church of Madeleine (madMane') or " Magdalen," an imitation of a Corinthian temple, regarded as the most imposing and chaste specimen of this kind of architecture which has ever been produced in modern times. There are in Paris several splendid triumphal arches, of which the Arc de PEtoile (aRc dla x -twaV) is the most remarkable, being indeed the most stupendous structure of the kind ever erected, either in ancient * The Penny Cyclopaedia states that in 1830 the entrances were reduced to 50 I PAR— PAR 441 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. or modern times. It forms a mass, of which the plan is 147 ft. by 73 ft. the height is 162 ft. The effect of its extraordinary dimensions ia greatly enhanced by the simplicity of its form, and by its position ; for, standing quite separate from any other building, it is seen to the very best advantage. Paris is perhaps superior to every other city in the world, with respect to the number and character of its scientific and literary establishments. Of these, our limits will permit us to notice but a very few. The most remarkable are: the Academie Universi- taire, or the University (date unknown), attended by 7,446 students, (B.) being the most frequented of any in the world ; the College of France, which may be regarded as equivalent to a university, attended by near 1,000 students ; the Museum of Natural History, the richest collection of the kind that exists, with a menagerie and botanic garden; the lectures on the natural sciences, at the Botanic garden ( Jardin des Plantes, zhaR v -da.N'da plaisrt), are attended by near 3,000 persons : the Polytechnic School, a distinguished institution, which has been imi- tated in several other countries : and the school of Astronomy (at the Observatory), one of the first establishments of the kind existing in any country. The following libraries are open to the public : the Na- tional Library, containing above 500,000 vols., 80,000 manuscripts, 1,600,000 engravings, and 100,000 medals and coins: the Library of the Arsenal, with 180,000 vols, and 5,000 manuscripts: and the Library of Sainte Genevieve, with 112,000 vols. The Library of the Institute (not public) contains 70,000 vols. There are, in the French capital, numerous learned societies, at the head of which is the National Insti- tute ; this establishment for a long time comprehended four depart- ments, called academies, viz., the French Academy, (L'Academie Franchise, la v -ka x -dem x -e' fraN-saze',) the office of which is the regula- tion and improvement of the French language : the Academy of Sci- ences; Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres ; and. the Academy of the Fine Arts. A fifth academy, of the moral and political sciences, has been added by Louis Philippe, the last king. Among the multi- tude of charitable institutions in Paris, there are 17 hospitals, 5 of which are for the military. The Observatory is in Lat. 48° 50' 13" N., Lon. 2° 20' 22£" E. Pop. 1,053,897.— Adj. and inhab. Pa- risian, par-ish'-un (Fr. Parisien, pa v -re v -ze-aV (masculine), and Pari sienne, pa x -re x -ze-enn' (feminine). Park, a co. in the W. part of Ind., bordering on the Wabash. Pop. 14,968. Co. t. Rockville. Par'-ma or paR'-ma, Duchy of, an independent state of Northern Italy, between 44° 22' and 45° 8' N. Lat. and 9° 20' and 10° 37' E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by the Austrian dominions, from which it is sepa- rated by the Po, E. by Modena, S. by the Modenese, Tuscan, and Sardi- nian territories, and W. by the dominions of Sardinia. Its extent, from E. to W., is above 60 m. ; from N. to S., near 50 m. Area estimated at 2,280 sq. m. Pop. in 1833, 465,673. (M.)— Adj. and inhab. Par x -me-san/. Parma, the cap of the preceding duchy, situated in a fine plain, about 2D 442 PAR— PAT Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; np. 11,339. Seat of justice, Point Coupee. Poitiers or Poictiers, poi-teerz',* (Fr. pwa^-te-a/, almost pwl-te-a'; Anc. Limo^num or Lemonum, afterwards Picta'vi ;) a city in the W. or W. central part of France, cap. of the dep. of Vienne, and formerly of the prov. of Poitou, situated on an affluent of the r. Vienne. It is sur- rounded by an ancient wall (sufficiently large to enclose four or five times as many houses as are actually contained in the town), with six gates. Poitiers possesses, among other literary institutions, an acadt- njde vniversitaire, a royal college, and a public libraVy of 22,000 vols. This town occupies a conspicuous place in both ancient and modern * See Introduction I., page 22. POI-POM 459 \\ K). (B.) Lat. 31° 25' N., Lon. 30° 28' E. ROS— ROU 481 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Ross and Crom'-ar-ty, two counties in the N. of Scotland, inti- mately connected as respects situation, and also under the same sheritT. Their united territory extends from one side of Scotland to the other, besides including a part of the island of Lewis. Pop. 78,685. Ross, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, intersected by the Scioto r. Pop. 32,074. Co. t. Chillicothe. Ros'-tock, a seaport and important commercial t. of N. Germany, in the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Warnow (WaR/- noT), about 9 m. above its mouth in the Baltic. It was formerly a member of the Hanseatic League, and for a long time ranked next to Ltibeck among the ports of the Baltic. The dukes of Mecklenburg- granted it great privileges, many of which it still enjoys, such as the right of choosing its own magistrates, of taxing itself, and of coining money. It is now the largest and most commercial town in the grand- duchy. It possesses a university, founded in 1419, and attended by about 110 students, with a library of above 80,000 vols. Lat. 54° 5' N., Lon. 12° 17 E. Pop. about 19,000. (B.) Ro'-then-burg' (Ger. pron. ro'-ten-booRG'), a t. of Bavaria, on the Tauber (tou'-ber), an affluent of the Main. Lat. 49° 25' N., Lon. 10° 14' E. Pop. 6,000. (B.) Rotherham, roTH ; -er-um, a small manufacturing t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 6 m. E. N. E. of Sheffield. Rothesay, roth'-sa, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of Buteshire, on the N. E. coast of the island of Bute. Lat. 55° 51' N., Lon. 5° 2' W. Pop. 5,789. Rot'-ter-dam\ a celebrated commercial t. of Holland, next to Am- sterdam the most important in the kingdom, situated on the N. or right bank of the Meuse (Maas), 35 m. S. S. VV. of that city. The numerous deep canals by which it is intersected, allow the largest merchantmen to come into the middle of the town, and unload at the very doors of the warehouses. Among its scientific and literary institutions, may be mentioned the Academy of Natural Sciences, and the Public Library. Rotterdam is remarkable as the birth-place of the celebrated Erasmus. The name of this city appears to be derived from a dam of the Rotte (rot ; -te/i), a little river which runs through the city, and falls into the Mouse at this place. Lat. 51° 55' N., Lon. 4° 39' E. Pop. in 1840, 78,098. (P. C.) Roubaix, roo v -bV, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, 7 in. N. E. of Lille. Pop. 13,426. (M.) Rouen, roo'-en, (Fr. pron. rw&n ; Anc. Rothom%gus or Rotom'agus, afterwards Rotomum or Rodomum) ; an archiepiscopal and noted city of France, cap. of the dep. of Lower Seine, and formerly of the prov. of Normandy, on the river Seine, 70 m. N. W. of Paris. The river here is crossed by a bridge of boats, and another of stone, which con- nect the town with its suburb, St. Sever (sev-aiR'). Rouen^has been styled " the Manchester of France," from its being the great centre of the cotton manufactures of that country. Among its literary institu 41 482 ROU— RUS Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 56, as in good i tions, may be mentioned the Acadhnie Universitaire, a; National Col- lege, and the Public Library, in the town hall, estimated to contain about 70,000 vols. Lat. 49° 26' N., Lon. 1° 6' E. Pop. 92,083. (B.) Roulers, roo'-bV, a t. of Belgium, 26 m. W. S. W. of Ghent. Pop* 9,000. (B.) Roumelia. See Roomelia. Roveredo, ro-va-ra/-do, (Ger. Rovereith, ro^-ver-ite\) a manufactur- ing t. of Tyrol, 13 m. S. by W. of Trent. Lat. 45° 55' N., Lon. 11° I' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Rovigno, ro-veen'-yo, a seaport and flourishing commercial t. of Austrian Italy, on the Adriatic, 40 m. S. S. W. of Trieste. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Rovigo, ro-vee^-go, a t. of Austrian Italy, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Adigetto, or "little Adige," an arm of the Adige. Roxburghshire, rox^-bur-re/i-shir, a eo. in the S. of Scotland, border- ing on England. Pop. 46,025. Roxbury, rox'-ber-re, a t. or village of Mass., in Norfolk co., on the Boston and Providence Railroad, 5 m. S. S. W. of Boston. Pop. of the township, 18,364. Row-an', a co. in the W. central part of N. C, on the Yadkin. Pop. 13,870. Co. t. Salisbury. Ru'-gen (g hard), an i. in the Baltic, forming a part of the Prussian prov. of Pomerania, intersected by the parallel of 54° 30' N. Lat., and the meridian of 13° 30' E. Lon. Area, about 340 sq. m. It was formerly much larger, a part of the island, probably one-half, having been swallowed up in the middle ages by the sea. Pop. 29,000. (P. C.) Rum-Ili or Rumelia. See Roomelia. RurviN, rodp-peen', New, (Ger. Neu-Ruppin, noi roop-peen',) a t. of Prussia, on a lake of the same name, 35 m. N. W. of Berlin. Pop. 8,600. (B.) Ruremonde. See Roermonde. Rush, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ind., E. by S. of Indianapolis. Pop. 10,445. Co. t. Rushville. Rus'-sel, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Va., bordering on Ky. Pop. 11,919. Co. t. Lebanon. Russel, a co. in the E. part of Ala., bordering on the Chattahoochee. Pop. 19,548. Co. t. Cusseta. Russel, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ky., intersected by the Cum- berland r. Pop. 5,349. Co. t. Jamestown. Russia, roo'-she-a or rnsh'-e-a, the most extensive empire, and one of the most powerful on the globe, comprehending the N. E. part of Europe, all the N. part of Asia, and a portion of N. America, situated between 38° and 78° N. Lat., and between 17° 40' E. and 130° W. Lon The length of its territory, on the Eastern continent, is near 6,000 m. ; the greatest breadth is above 2,000. The area of this por- tion, according to Balbi, is more than 7,390,000 sq. m. The population. RUS— saa m cra,Tts in out ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. in 1826, was estimated by him at 60,100,000. This vast empire is divided into three great parts, viz. European, Asiatic, and American Russia. European Russia, though not comprising the greatest extent of territory, surpasses the others vastly in population and importance, it is situated between 40° 40' and 70° N. Lat, and 17° 40' and 66° E. Lon., and is bounded on the W. by the Baltic and Prussia, on the S. by the territories of Austria and Turkey, by the Black Sea, and the Caucasian territories of Russia, which are comprised within the limits of Asia. Its boundaries on the E. and N. are the same as those of Europe. Its greatest length, from N. to S., is about 1,900 m.; its greatest estimated breadth, from E. to VV., is above 1,600 m. Area, 2,047,600 sq. m. Pop. in 1826, 56,500,000, (B.J ;* in 1846, 60,303,266. {See Siberia.] American Russia comprehends the N. W. part of North America, between 54° 40' and 71° 20' N. Lat, and 130° and 168° W. Lon. Area estimated at 500,000 sq. m., including the Aleutian islands and several other groups. Pop. 50,000. (B.) The established religion of Russia is the Greek Orthodox, identical with that of the Greeks of the Ottoman empire. The government is an absolute and unlimited despotism. St. Petersburg is the capital of the empire. — Adj. Russian, rW-shun or rusb/-un; Inhab. Russian and Russ, (poetical). Rustchuk. See Roostchook. Rutherford, ruTH'-er-ford, a co. in the S. W. part of N. C, border- ing on S. C. Pop. 13,550. Co. t. Rutherford ton. Rutherford, a co. near the centre of Tenn., S. E. of Nashville. Pop. 29,122. Co. t. Murfreesborough. Rutherglen, pron. rugMen, a t. of Scotland, on the Clyde, *2h m. S. E. of Glasgow. Pop. 5,623. Rut'-land, the smallest co. of England, situated on the Welland r., about 80 m. N. by W. of London. Pop. 21,302. Rutland, a co. in the W. part of Vt., bordering on Lake Champlain. Pop. 33,059. Co. t. Rutland. Ryde, a seaport t. and watering-place of England, situated on the N. E. side of the Isle of Wight. Pop. 5,840. Rye, a t. and cinque port of England, in Sussex, 53 m. S. S. E. of London. Lat. 50° 57' N.; Lon. 0° 44' E. Pop. of borough and parish, 4.031. Saale, saaMeft, a r. in the N. W. central part of Germany, flowing into the Elbe, near 52° N. Lat, and 12° E. Lon. Saalfeld, saa^-felt, a manufacturing t. of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, on the Saale. Lat. 50° 37' N., Lon. il° 24' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) SAARBRf5cK,saaR/-briik or Saar-bruckZ-en, a manufacturing t. of Ger- * Balbi appears not to include in the area and population of Russia in Europe, those portions of the provinces of Caucasus and Georgia, which belong to this section of the globe. 484 SAA— SAI F&te, far, fill, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; many, in the Prussian prov. of the Rhine, on the Saar, an affluent of the Moselle. The river is crossed by a stone bridge, whence the name of the town, which signifies " Saar-bridge." Lat. 49° 14' N., Lon. about 7° E. Pop., including the suburb of St. John, on the other side of the Saar, 7,200. (B.) Saarlouis, saaR-loo'-is, a t. and fortress of the Prussian prov. of the Rhine, on the Saar, 12 m. W. N. W. of the above town. Pop., includ- ing the garrison, about 7,000 (P. C), of which 4,400 belong to the town. Sabine, sab-een', a r. which rises in Texas, and flowing, at first south- easterly, then southerly, forms, through a great part of its course, the boundary between Texas and Louisiana. Sack/-ett's Harbour, a t. and port of entry of N. Y., in Jefferson co., on a bay at the E. extremity of L. Ontario. Lat. 43° 55' N., Lon. 75° 57' W. Pop. of the township of Hounsfield, in which it is situated, Saco, sau'-ko, a r. which rises in the E. part of N. H., and flowing south-easterly into Me., falls into the Atlantic, 14 m. S. W. of Portland. Saco, a port of entry of Maine, in York co., situated on the E. side of the Saco r., 6 m. from its mouth. Sacramento City. See California. Sagg Harbour, a port of entry of N. Y., in Suffolk co., situated on a bay of the same name. Pop. 3,500. Saghalien. See TarakaJ. Sag n -in-aw', a co. in the eastern part of Mich., on a river and bay of the same name. Pop. 2,609. Co. t. Saginaw. Sahara, sa-ha'-ra, also written Zahara, i. e. the " desert," a region of vast extent, which occupies the central parts of N. Africa. It extends from the Atlantic, between Cape Noon (Nun), in 28° 46', and the mouths of the Senegal, in about 16° 30' N. Lat, eastward to the valley of the Nile. On the N. it is bounded by the Barbary states, on the S. by the countries watered by the Senegal r. and by Soodan. Of the actual limits, however, on the N. and S., very little is known. The length of the Great Desert, from E. to W., is near 3,000 m. ; the breadth, from N. to S., may vary from 700 to 1,500 m. The surface appears to be chiefly composed of sandstone or loose sand : every part is almost or entirely destitute of vegetation. Said or Saeed. See Egypt. Saida, sl'-da, (Anc. Si'don,) a seaport t. of Palestine, celebrated in remote antiquity as one of the greatest emporiums on the Mediterra- nean, and as being the parent city of Tyre. Lat. 33° 34' N., Lon. 35° 20' E. Pop. at present estimated at only about 4,000 or 5,000. (M.) Saigon, si-gon', or SaI-gong' (called by the natives Looknooee), the principal commercial t. of the empire of An-nam, cap. of the prov. of Tsiampa, on a r. of its own name. Lat. 10° 47' N., Lon. about 107 c E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 100,000. Saint Denis. See Denis, St. Saint Germain. See Germain, St., and so for all the other arti- cles having the prefix of Saint. SAI— SAL 485 ou, as m our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Saintes, saNt, (Anc. Mediola/num; afterwards San'tones, a t. of France ; formerly the cap. of Saintonge, on the r. Charente, which is here crossed by a stone bridge. Lat. 45° 45' N., Lon. 0° 38' W. Pop. 7,823. (MO Saintonge, saN N -t6Nzh', a former prov. of France, now included in the departments of Lower Charente and Charente. It takes its name from the Santones or Santoni, by whom it was anciently inhabited. Saladillo, Rio, ree^o sa-la-ueel^-yo, i. e. the "Little Salt River," the name given to several small streams of S. America, in La Plata. Salado, or Rio Salado, ree^-o sa-la/-no, i. e, " Salt River," the name of a number of rivers of S. America, in the republic of La Plata. The principal one rises in the N. W. part of this country, and flowing, at first, south-easterly, and then almost due S., joins the Parana, near 32° 20' S. Lat, and 61° W. Lon. Its whole length is probablv above 1,000 m. Sal-a-manc^-a or sal-a-mang'-ka, (Anc. Salman'tica,) a noted city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Tormes (tor'-mes, — an affluent of the Douro), here crossed by a handsome stone bridge of 27 arches, about one-half of which is the work of the ancient Romans. At the head of the literary institutions of this town, stands its cele- brated university, founded about the year 1200, which, during the 15th and 16th centuries, was regarded as the first in Spain, and one of the most distinguished in Europe, and was attended, it is said, by from 10,000 to 15,000 students. It has of later times greatly declined, and is now but little frequented. Lat 41° 5' N. Lon., 5° 43' W. Pop. stated at 14,000. (B.) Sa'-lem, a city and port of entry of Mass., and one of the seats of justice of Essex co., 13 m. in a straight line N. E. of Boston, situated on a tongue of land which projects into the sea. It has a fine museum and an athenseum with above 12,000 vols. Salem is the second town in the state for wealth and commerce, and possesses, also, extensive manufactures. Lat 42° 31/ N., Lon. 70° 54' W. Pop. 20,264. Salem, a co. in the S. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Delaware. Pop. 19,4G7. Co. t Salem. Sal-er'-no or sa-l&Rf-no, (Anc. Saler'num,) an archiepiscopal city of Naples, pleasantly situated on a gulf of the same name, 28 in. S. E. by E. of the capital. Lat. 40° 40' N., Lon. 14° 46' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Saline, eal-een', a co.'in the S. central part of Ark, on a r. of-the same name, which falls into the Washita. Pop. 3,901. Co. t Benton. Saline, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ma, bordering on the Missouri. Pop. 8,843. Co. t Jonesborough. Salisbury, saulz'-ber-re, or New Sacrum, a city of England, cap. of Wiltshire, on the Avon, 75 m. W. S. W. of London. Pop. 10,086. Salonica, sal-o-nee'-ka, (called by the Turks Sel-a-neek'; Anc. Thessaloni'ca) ; a celebrated city and seaport of European Turkey, cap. of a sandjak of the same name, situated at the N. E. extremity of the Gulf of Salonica. It is surrounded by high white-washed walls, with five gates, and defended by a fortress with seven towers. Its up- 41* 486 SAL— SAM Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in good ; pearance, when approached from the sea, is very imposing, but the interior presents the irregularity and many of the deformities common to Turkish towns. There are in Salonicaa number of highly interest- ing monuments of antiquity. One of the gates of the city consists of an ancient triumphal arch. Salonica holds the second commercial rank among the towns of European Turkey, being inferior only to Constan • tinople; and is also the seat of some important manufactures. Lat. 40° 38' N., Lon. 22° 56' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 70,000. Salonica, Gulf of (Anc. Si'nus Therma'icus), is situated at the N. VV. extremity of the iEgean Sea. Length about 70 Hi.; greatest breadth above 40 m. Salop. See Shropshire. Salta, saF-ta, a t. of S. America, in La Plata, cap. of a state of the same name. Lat. 24° 10' S., Lon. 64° 20' W. Pop. estimated at 9,000. (B.) Salt'-coats, a seaport t. of Scotland, in Ayrshire, on the Frith of Clyde, 24 m. S. W. of Glasgow. The name is derived from the salt works established for the production of salt from sea-water; but this business is now nearly abandoned. Pop. 4,238. Sa-lu'-da, a r. of S. C, uniting with the Broad r. to form the Con- garee. Saluzzo, sa-loot'-so, a t. of the Sardinian states, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an affluent of the Po, 34 m. S. S. W. of Turin. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) Salvador, St. See Bahia. Sal-win' or Sal-wen' (called by the natives Than-Lyeng or Than- Lweng), a r. in the S. E. part of Asia, which is supposed to rise in China, near 27° N. Lat., and 99° E. Lon.; flowing southerly, it falls into the Gulf of Martaban, a little below the town of this name. Though it brings down a great volume of water, it is not navigable in the lower part of its course. The upper portion has not been explored. Salzburg or Saltz'-burg (Ger. pron. salts'-booRG), an archiepiscopal city of Upper Austria, cap. of a circle — formerly of a duchy — of the same name, on the Salza (salt'-sa), an affluent of the Inn, 70 m. E. S. E. of Munich. It is surrounded with walls and bastions, and has eight gates. Though irregularly built, the town contains several splendid edifices, chiefly in the Italian style. Salzburg has a lyceum (in the place of its former university), with a library of 30,000 vols. ; that belonging to the Monastery of St. Peter contains 40,000 vols. The duchy or principality of Salzburg was formerly governed by archbishops, who possessed very great privileges. It was secularized in 1802, and con- verted into an electorate of the German empire, and in 1814 it was united to Austria. Lat. of the town, 47° 48' N., Lon. 13° V E. Pop. about 14,000. (B.) Salzwedel, salts'-wa'.del,a t. of Prussia, cap. of a circle of the same name, on an affluent of tlie Elbe. Lat. 52° 51' N., Lon. 11° 17' E. Pop. above 6,000. (B.) Sam'-a-rang' (or Sam x -a x -rang0, a seaport and commercial t. on the SAM— SAN 487 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neaily like ng. N. coast of the island of Java. Lat about 7° S., Lon. 110° 25' E. Pop. estimated at from 36,000 to 33,000. (B.) Sam-ar', one of the Philippine islands, intersected by the 12th paral- lel of N. Lat, and the 125th meridian of E. Lon. Length near 150 m. ; greatest breadth about 60 m. Sam v -ar-cand', a celebrated but now decayed city of Asia, in Inde- pendent Tartary, situated in a fertile valley, about 120 m. E. of Bok- hara. It was once the capital of the vast empire of Tamerlane, when its pop. is said to have amounted to 150,000. The tomb of that famous conqueror is still in excellent preservation ; his remains repose under a lofty dome, the walls of which are superbly adorned with jasper and agate. Lat. 39° 50' N., Lon. about 67° E. Pop. variously estimated at from 10,000 to 30,000, and even 50,000. Sambor, sam'-bor, a t. of Austrian Galicia, cap. of a circle of the same name, on the Dniester. Lat. 49° 32' N., Lon. 23° 17' E. Pop. 9,0(10. (B.) Sa'-mos (called by the Turks Soo-sam/)* a fertile i. of the Greek ar- chipelago, belonging to Turkey, intersected by the parallel of 37° 40' N. Lat. and the 27th meridian of E. Lon. It is separated from the coast of Asia Minor by a strait not 2 m. in breadth. Length about 30 m. ; greatest breadth 17 m. Pop. 15,000. (P. C.) Samos contains several interesting monuments of antiquity ; among others, some re- mains of the great temple of Juno, who was worshipped with particular honour in this island, from its having been (as the Samians maintained) the place of her birth. — Adj. and inhab. Sa^-mi-an or Sam'-j-ot\ Samp^-son, a co. in the S. E. central part of N. C, a little E. of Cape Fear'r. Pop. 14,585. Co. t. Clinton. - Sam-Tiago, soung-te-a'-go, or St. Ja^-go, also written San-Thiago, the largest of the Cape Verde Islands, intersected by the 15th parallel of N. Lat., and the meridian of 23° 40' W. Lon. Length 36 m. ; greatest breadth 18 m. Pop. above 12,000. (P. C.) Praya is the cap. of this island and of the whole group. Sanaa or Sana, sa-na', a walled city of Arabia, cap. of the prov. of Yemen Proper, about 150 m. N. N. E. of Mocha. Pop. estimated at 40,000. (M.) San-dus'-ky, a r. in the N. part of Ohio, which flows into a bay of the same name, on L. Erie. Sandusky, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, at the mouth of the above r. Pop. 14,305. Co. t. Fremont. Sandusky, a port of entry of Ohio, in Erie co., on the shore of San- dusky Bay, near its opening into L. Erie. Pop. 5,088. Sand^-wich or sandMvidge, one of tne original Cinque Ports of England, in Kent, on the Stour, about 2 m. from its mouth, and 65 m. E. by S. of London. Lat. 51° 16' 30" N., Lon. 1° 20' E. Pop. only 2,913. Sandwich Islands, one of the Polynesian groups, situated in the Pacific, between 18° 50' and 22° 20' N. Lat, and 154° 40' and 160° 20' W. Lon. The principal islands are Hawaii, Oahu, Atui, Maui, 488 SAN— SAN Fate, far, f all, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good ; Molokai or Morotai,* Nihau, and Lanai or Ranai,* which are noticed under their respective names. The natives of the Sandwich Islands appear to be a branch of the great Malay race. They are of middle stature, and well formed, with muscular limbs and open countenances, and seem to possess a large share of intelligence and enterprise. When this group was discovered by Cook, in 1778, the inhabitants were ob- served to have made greater progress in civilization than those of the other Polynesian islands. Since their conversion to Christianity, in 1819, the American missionaries have laboured among them with dis- tinguished success. Books and newspapers are now printed in the na- tive language at Honolulu, and even a map of the islands has been engraved at Lahaina, in Maui. Many of the Sandwich Islanders now dress in the European fashion ; and vessels built at Honolulu, manned by natives, traverse the Pacific to the N. VV. coast of America, and to Canton. — Inhab. Sandwich Islander. San Francisco. See California. Sangamon, sang'-ga-mon\ a co. in the centre of 111., intersected by a river of the same name, which flows into the Illinois. Pop. 19,228. Co. t. Springfield. ^ San Juan. See Porto Rico. San Ju'-an, or San Juan de la Frontera (Sp. pron. san Hoo-an^ da la fron-ta'-ra), i. e. *' St. Juan of the frontier," a t. of S. America, in La Plata, near the Chilian frontier, remarkable for its wines, which form an important article of commerce. Lat. 31° 4' S., Lon. 68° 57' W. Pop. estimated at 16,000. (B.) San Marino, san ma-ree'-no, a little republic of Italy, under the pro- tection of the pope, situated near 43° 55' N. Lat., and 12° 30' E. Lon. Area 22 sq. m. Pop. 7,600. (M.) Sanquhar, sank'-er, a small but ancient t. of Scotland, in Dumfries- shire, on the Nith, 24 m. N. N. W. of Dumfries. Santa Cruz, san'-ta crooce, or St. Croix, sent-croi^a fertile i. in the W. Indies, belonging to the Danes, near 30 m. in length, and about 8 m. in its greatest breadth. Lat. about 17° 40' N., Lon. near 65° W. Santa Maria, san'-ta ma-ree'-a, a t. of Naples, in the immediate vicinity of Capua. Pop. estimated at above 9,000. (B.) Santa Maria, one of the Azores or Western Islands, intersected by the 37th parallel of N. Lat., and the meridian of 25° 10' W. Lon. * It is stated as a curious fact that the inhabitants of both the Sandwich and Society Islands are incapable of distinguishing between the sounds of I and r, and of t and k. This does not appear to arise so much from a defect in the organs of speech as of hearing. It is said that they can utter correctly the sounds of the letters just named, but that they cannot distinguish them either when spoken by themselves or by others. It appears that the English missionaries in the Society Islands first adopted the mode of writing names like those above cited with t and r ; the Americans in the Sandwich Islands have unfortunately had recourse to a dif- ferent orthography, whence arises the diversity of spelling which we find in the best works on the Polynesian islands. In connexion with this subject, it may be remarked, that in other languages t and c or k are sometimes changed for each other. Thus in Latin, we find nuncius or nuntius: Luletia, the ancient name of Paris, appears to have been written also Lucetia (in Greek, AevKerta, Leuketia), and Loticia (Aon/cia, Lotikia), SAN— SAP 489 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Santa Marta, san'-ta maR'-ta, a fortified seaport t. of New Granada, on the Caribbean Sea, with a fine harbour. It is a free port. Lat. 11° 20' N., Lon. 74° 8' W. Pop. estimated at 6,000. (B.) Santa Maura, san'-ta mou'-ra, (Anc. Leu'cas, or Leuca'dia pro- nounced by the modern Greeks Itf-ka-Dee'-a,) one of the Ionian Islands, intersected by the parallel of 38° 40' N. Lat., and the meridian of 20° 40' E. Lon. Length 22 m. ; greatest breadth 9 m. Area about 180 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, including the troops, 17,385. (M.) San'-ta Ro'-jSA, a co. near the N. VV. extremity of Florida, bordering on Ala. Pop. 2,883. San-tan'-der (Sp. pron. san-tan-dain^), an important commercial t. and seaport of Spain, in Old Castile, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the S. side of the Bay of Biscay. Lat. 43° 28' N., Lon. 3° 42' VV. The pop., which has considerably increased of late years, may now be estimated at 30,000. ' (P. C.) Santarem, san'-ta-reN^, (almost saN^-ta-reng',) an ancient t. of Portu- gal, on the Tagus, about 50 m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. It has been the residence of several of the Portuguese kings. Lat. 39° 16' N., Lon. 8° 38' W. Pop. estimated at about 8,000. (B.) San' -tee', a r. of S. C, formed by the junction of the Congaree and Wateree. It flows S. E., and falls into the Atlantic by two mouths, near 33° 6' N. Lat., and 79° 20' W. Lon. Steamboats ascend to Co- lumbia, on the Congaree branch. San-Thiago. See Sam-Tiago. Santiago. See Compostela. Santiago, san-te-a'-go, a city of S. America, cap. of the republic of Chili, situated in an extensive plain, about 50 m. from the sea, on an affluent of the r. Maypu (mi-poo'). It is regularly and generally well built, and is in fact one of the finest'cities in S. America. It contains an institute, which may be regarded as a university, two high schools for girls, and other important literary establishments. Lat. 33° 25' S., Lon. 70° 40^ VV. Pop. estimated at 60,000. (P. C.) Santos, san'-t6s, a seaport and commercial t. of Brazil, on the i. of St. Vincent. Lat. 23° 56' S., Lon. about 46° 10' W. Pop. estimated at 7,000. (M.) Saone, sone, a r. of France, which rises in the dep. of Vosges, and, flowing southerly, joins the Rhone at Lyons. Small steamboats ascend this river as far as Chalons. Saone, Upper, (Fr. Haute-Saone. ote sone,) a dep. in the E. N. E. part of France, intersected by the above r. Pop. 343,298. (B.) Capi- tal, Vesoul. Saone and Loire (Fr. Saone-et-Loire, sone alvvaR), a dep. in the E. part of France, intersected by the Saone and Loire. Pop. 538,507. (B.) Capital, Macon. Sap'-tin or Lewis River, a r. of Oregon, which falls into the Co- lumbia, near 46° N. Lat. and 119° 40' VV. Lon. Length estimated at 800 hi. 2G 490 SAR— SAR Fate, far, fdll, fat ; me, met ; pine, or pine, pin ; no, n&t ; 66 as in good ; Sar n -a-gos'-sa (Sp. Zaragoza, tha-ra-go'-tha ; Anc. Salduba; after- wards Cffisaraugus'ta), an archiepiscopal city of Spain, cap. of Aragon, on the left bank of the Ebro, which is here crossed by a fine stone bridge, 600 ft. in length, resting on seven arches. This town formerly contained a number of edifices, distinguished for their magnificence, but the greater part were much injured in the war with the French in the early part of the present century. The church of Nuestra Senora del Pilar (nwes'-tra sane-yo'-ra del pe-lait'), which is still preserved, is a superb building; the principal altar, built entirely of alabaster, in the Gothic style, is greatly admired as a piece of ancient architecture. Among the institutions for education, may be mentioned the University, founded in 1474, now attended by about 1,500 students. Saragossa will be ever memorable for the heroic and almost unparalleled bravery with which its citizens, under Palafox, resisted the French forces dur- ing the peninsular war, in 1808-9. Having been once compelled to raise the siege, the enemy returned the ensuing year, with reinforce- ments, and, aided by an epidemic within the city, they at length in- duced the inhabitants to surrender, by granting them honourable terms. Pop. 43,000. (B.) Sar-a-tof/ (Saratow), a t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the right bank of the Volga. It is irregularly built, and the houses are mostly of wood. Lat. 51° 31' N., Lon. about 46° E. Pop. stated at above 41,000. (P. C) Sar n -a-to'-ga, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., between and bordering on the Hudson and Mohawk rivers. Pop. 45,646. Co. t. Ballston. The township of Saratoga, in the E. part of this county, on the Hud- son, at the mouth of Fish creek, is memorable as the scene of the sur- render of Gen. Burgoyne's army to the Americans, under Gen. Gates, on the 17th of October, 1777. Saratoga Springs, the principal watering place in the U. S., situ- ated in the above co., 28 m., in a straight line, N. of Albany. It is an incorporated village, consisting principally of one fine broad street, adorned with trees, with many large and excellent hotels and boarding houses. A great quantity of the mineral waters of Saratoga is bottled and sent to different parts of the world. Pop. of the township, 3,384. Sar-din'-i-a (It. Sardegna, saR-dane'-ya ; Fr. Sardaigne, saR v -dafW), an important i. in the Mediterranean, forming a part of the Sardinian states, between 38° 51' and 41° IT N. Lat., and 8° 4' and 9° 50' E, Lon. Its form resembles a parallelogram, the longer sides running nearly N. and S. Extreme length, about 168 m. ; greatest breadth, near 90 m. Area estimated at 10,000 sq. m., being a trifle larger than Sicily, according to the estimate of some geographers. Pop. 524,633. (M.) The island is generally fertile, but exhibits a considerable va- riety of soil : it produces almost all the fruits and vegetables of South- ern Europe. A large portion of the surface is hilly and mountainous, The climate varies according to the locality: near the coast, the tem- perature seldom, if ever, falls below the freezing point, while the sum- mits of the mountains in the interior are often capped with snow in SAR— SAU 491 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. winter. Sardinia is governed by a viceroy appointed by the king-. Cagliari is the capital.— Adj. Sar-din'-j-an ; inhab. Sard or Sardi- nian. Sardinian States (It. Stati Sardi, sta/-te saR^-de), the name given to the dominions of the house of Savoy. This kingdom comprehends, besides the Island of Sardinia, an extensive territory occupying the N. W. portion of Italy, between 43° 40' and 46° 27 N. Lat, and 5° 38' and 10° 6' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Switzerland, E. by Austrian Italy, and the territories of Parma, Tuscany, and Modena, S. by the Mediterranean, and VV. by France. Length, from S. E. to N. VV., near 250 m.; greatest breadth, above 200 m. It includes the duchy of Savoy, Piedmont in its more extensive sense, the duchy of Genoa, and the county or province of Nice. Total area of the kingdom, about 29,000 sq.'m. Pop. 4,650,368. (M.) Area of the continental portion, about 19,000 sq. m. Pop. about 4,100,000. The prevailing religion of the Sardinian states is Roman Catholicism. The government is a mo- narchy, hereditary in the male line ; and though the regal authority is somewhat circumscribed by a supreme council in the Island of Sardi- nia, it is absolute in the continental portion of the kingdom. Turin is the capital. Saree, sa x -ree' (Sari), an ancient city of Persia, in the prov. of Maz- anderan, a few miles from the S. shore of the Caspian Sea. Lat. near 36° 30' N., Lon. 53° 10' E. Pop. estimated at 30,000. (B.) It is said, however, to have been recently almost depopulated by the plague. Sar'-no, a t. of Naples, at the head of a river of the same name, 13 m. N. W. of Salerno. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) Sartiie,* saRt, a dep. in the N. W. central part of France, intersected by a r. of the same name, which falls into the Mayenne. Pop. 466,888. (B.) Capital, Le Mans. Sa'-RVM, Old, an ancient and now totally ruined city of England, in Wiltshire, 2 m. N. of Salisbury or New Sarum. It is interesting, as affording a striking example of the rotten borough system. It sent two members to the house of commons in the time of Edward III., and after its total decay, without having a single house or inhabitant, the pro- prietor of the land, on which it once stood, was still permitted to exer- cise this important privilege, until the passing of the reform act. Sas-katch'-a-wAn v , a large r. of British America, rising in the Rocky Mountains, and flowing into L. Winnipeg. The whole length, includ- ing Nelson r. (the outlet of L. Winnipeg), which may be regarded as its lower portion, is estimated at above 1,500 m. Sassari, sas'-sa-re, an archiepiscopal t., cap. of the N. division of the I. of Sardinia, on a small r. about 8 m. from the N. W. coast. It has a university, besides other literary institutions, and about 20,000 in- habitants. (P. C.) Lat. 40° 43' N., Lon. 8° 26' E. Satalieh. See Adalia. Sauk, a co in the S. W. central part of Wisconsin, on the N. W, side of the Wisconsin river. Pop. 4,371. Saumur, so'-miiR', an ancient t. of France, in the dep. of Maine and 492 SAV— SAV Fate, f ar, f all, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 65, as in good , Loire, on the Loire (which is here crossed by a stone bridge, nearly 9U0 ft. in length), 28 m. S. E. of Angers. In the time of the Hugue- nots, this town was one of the principal centres of Protestantism in France; and for a time, commerce, learning, and the arts, flourished here. But its prosperity fell with the fall of the Huguenot party, which followed the revocation of the edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. Saumur was the birth-place of Madame Dacier. Pop. 11,576. (M.) Sa-van'-nah, a r. of the U. S., which rises, by several branches, on the S. frontier of N. Carolina, where this state borders on S. Carolina and Georgia ; flowing south-easterly, it forms the greater part of the boun- dary between S. C. and Ga., and falls into the Atlantic near 32° N. Lat, and 81° W. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at 600 m. It is navigable for large vessels to Savannah, for steamboats of 150 tons to Augusta (about 250 m. from the sea), and for smaller vessels, 150 m. further. Savannah, a city and port of entry of Ga., cap. of Chatham co., and the largest and most commercial town in the state, is situated on the right bank of the river of the same name, about 15 m. from its mouth. The streets are wide and regular, with spacious squares, and many handsome buildings. Lat. 32° 5' N., Lon. 81° 8' W. Pop. 16,060. Save, (Ger. Sau, sou ; Anc. Sa'vus,) a r. of the Austrian empire, Which rises in Illyria, near 46° 30' N. Lat., and 13° 40' E. Lon. Its general direction is nearly E. S. E. ; after a course of about 590 m. it joins the Danube, at Belgrade. It is navigable for vessels of from 150 to 200 tons, to the mouth of the Kulha (kool'ha), near 45° 30' N. Lat., and 16° 20' E. Lon. Savona, sa-vo'-na, a seaport t. of N. Italy, in the Sardinian States, on the Mediterranean, 25 m. S. W. of Genoa. Pop. 15,500. (P. C.) Sav'-oy* or sav-oi', (It. Savoia, sa-voi'-a,) a country of N. Italy, with the title of duchy, between 45° 4' and 46° 25' N. Lat., and 5° 37' and 7° 8' E. Lon. On the N. it borders on L. Leman, and on the VV. it is partly bounded by the Rhone, which separates it from France. Area, 4.270 sq. m. Pop. 564,137. (M.) Savoy forms the nucleus of the Sardinian monarchy. It was governed as early as the 10th century by its own counts, whose descendants acquired Nice, in 1388, and Piedmont, in 1418. In 1713, Sicily was added to the dominions of the house of Savoy, then first recognized as one of the royal houses of Europe. That island was soon after exchanged for Sardinia, which, at that time, belonged to Austria. — Inhab. SAv v -oY-ARD'.f * " When the blithe son of Savoy journeying round, With humble wares and pipe of merry sound, From his green vale and shelter'd cabin hies, And scales the Alps to visit foreign skies." Rogers's Pleasures of Memory. t We very frequently hear this word pronounced Savoy'ard, but we believe that the accentuation given above, is generally adopted by the best speakers. " That stern yet kindly spirit who constrains The Savoyard to quit his naked rocks." Wordsworth's Excurrion, Book 1. SAX— SCA 493 ou, as in our ; th, as m thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Saxe-Altenburg — aF-ten-burg\ (Ger. Sachsen-Altenburg, sak^-sen- al'-ten-b66RG\) a small duchy of Germany, between 50° 44' and 51° 6 N. Lat., and 11° 20' and 12° 40' E. Lon. It consists of two nearly equal portions, separated from each other by the territory of Reuss. Area, 483 eq. rn. Pop. 121,590. (P. C.) Altenburg is the capital. Saxe-Co'-burg-Gotha, (Ger. Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, sak^-sen ko^- booRG go'-ta,) a duchy of Germany, consisting chiefly of two large por- tions, viz. the principalities of Coburg (see Coburg), and Gotha. The latter is principally between 50° 35' and 51° 6' N. Lat., and 10° 20' and 11° E. Lon. Area about 590 sq. m. Pop. 96,658. Total area of the duchy, about 790 sq. m. Total pop. near 138,000. (P. C.) Gotha is the capital. Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, sax-mV-ning-en hilt-booRG-hou^- zen, a duchy of Germany, composed of the ancient duchy Meiningen, the principalities of Hildburghausen and Saalfeld, and some other dis- tricts. It lies chiefly between 50° 12' and 50° 53' N. Lat., and 10° 7' and 11° 40' E. Lon. Area about 882 sq. m. Pop. 144,294. (P. C.) Saxe-Weimar or Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach, sax-wi'-mar-i'-zen-aic, (Ger. Sachsen- Weimar, sak-sen-Wi'-mar,) a grand-duchy of Germany, consisting of the two principalities of Weimar and Eisenach, composed of several detached portions, between 50° 25' and 51° 30' N. Lat., and 9° 50' and 12° 15' E. Lon. Area about 1,400 sq. m., of which Eisenach occupies about 445. Total pop. 245,813. (P. C.) Weimar is the cap- ital. Sax^-o-ny (Ger. Sachsen, sak^-sen), in its largest sense, is used to designate an extensive country in the N. of Germany, stretching from the Weser, on the W., to the frontiers of Poland, on the E. Its limits appear never to have been definitely and permanently settled. It was formerly considered to include Westphalia. The name properly de- notes the country of the Saxons ; and as the boundaries of their domi- nion often changed with the changing tide of conquest, we may readily understand why the appellation of Saxony has been so variously and vaguely applied. Saxony, Kingdom of, a state in the central part of Germany, be- tween 50° 10' and 51° 28' N. Lat., and 11° 55' and 15° 3' E. Lon. Length above 140 m. ; greatest breadth about 75 m. Area 5,788 sq. m. Pop. 1,836,433. (P. C.) The government is an hereditary limited monarchy. Dresden is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Sax^-on. Saxony, Prussian, a prov. of the Prussian dominions, consisting of the Saxon territories formerly belonging to Prussia, together with those which were dismembered from the kingdom of Saxony in 1815. It is bounded on the N. and N. E. by Brandenburg, E. by Silesia, S. by the kingdom of Saxony, and W. by Hesse, Brunswick, and Hanover. Its form is very irregular : the area falls but little short of 10,000 sq. m. Scan-der-oon', Gulf of, forms the N. E. extremity of the Mediter- ranean. It is near 40 m. long and 30 m. broad. Scanderoon or Iskenderoom. See Alexandretta. 42 494 SCA— SCH F&te, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in good ; Sca.n-di-W-vi.-an Peninsula comprehends the N. W. portion of Eu ^•ope, between 55° 20' and 71° 6' N. Lat., and 5° and 31° E. Lon. It is chiefly included between the Baltic, on the E., and the Atlantic, on the W. and N. W. Length near 1,200 m. ; breadth about 470 m. The greater portion of it is covered with sterile mountains, and it is in general thinly inhabited. The appellation is derived from Scandina- via, the ancient name of this country, or at least of that portion of it which was known to the Romans. Scania. See Skane. Scar/-bo-rouqh, a seaport t. of England, in the N. Riding of York- shire, on the N. Sea, 36 m. N. E. of York. Pop. of the borough, with an area of above 3 sq. m., 10,060. Schaffhausen, shaf-hou'-zen, (Fr. Schaffhouse, shaf -ooz',) the most northern of the Swiss cantons, situated on the N. side of the Rhine. Area 116 sq. m. Pop. 31,125. (M.) Schaffhausen, a walled t. of Switzerland, cap. of the above canton, on the Rhine, about 50 m. E. by N. of Basle. It possesses a college, with ten professors; a gymnasium ; a town library, containing the books belonging to the celebrated M tiller, a native of this place ; and other institutions. For the Falls of Schaffhausen, see Rhine. ScHAUMBURG-LlPPE. See LlPPE-ScHAUENBURG. Scheldt, skelt, (Dutch, Schelde, sKel'-dc/i ; Fr. Escaut, es N -kdf; Anc. ScaFdis ;) a r. that, rises in France, in the dep. of Aisne, and, flowing into Belgium, with a general N. N. E. course, passes Antwerp, a few miles below which town it divides into two arms, called the East and the West Scheldt. Its length is estimated at 210 m. Ships of war can ascend to Antwerp (where the tide rises 12 feet), and small boats to Cambray, which is only about 20 m. from the source of the river. Schelestadt, shell-es-tad^, (Anc. Elce'bus or Elce'bum.) a manufac- turing t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Rhine, on the 111, an affluent of the Rhine, 26 m. S. S. W. of Strasburg. The invention of glazing earthenware is ascribed to this town. Pop. in 1831, 9,384. (P. C.) Schemnitz, shem'-nits, (Hung. Selmecz Banya, shel-mets baan-yoA,) an important mining town of Hungary, on a river of the same name, 46 m. N. by E. of Gran. Its gold and silver mines are considered as the richest in Hungary. Lat. 48° 27' N., Lon. 18° 50' E. Pop. above 22,000. (B.) Schenectady, sken-ekMa-de, a co. in the E. part of N. Y., inter- sected by the Mohawk r. Pop. 20,054. Schenectady, a city of N. Y., cap. of the above co., 16 m. N. W. of Albany. Lat. 42° 48' N., Lon. 73° 55' W. Pop. 8,922. Schenectady is the seat of Union College, a flourishing institution, founded in 1795. Schiedam, SKee-dam', a t. of S. Holland, on the Schie (sKee), an affluent of the Meuse or Maas, 3 m. W. of Rotterdam. It has acquired a celebrity not very creditable, from its being the great centre of the SCH— SCH 495 on, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, neariy like ng. gin manufacture in the kingdom of Holland. Lat. 51° 55' N., Lon. 4° W E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Schirvan. See Shirvan. Schleswig. See Slesvvick. Schoa. See Shoa. Schoharie, sko-har'-re, a co. in the E. S. E. or S. E. central part of N. Y., W. of Albany. Pop. 33,548. Co. t. Schoharie ; Schouwen, sKou/-Wen, an i. of Holland, on the right side of the E. Scheldt, at its mouth, forming a part of the prov. of Zealand. Schuyler, skVler, a co. in the W. part of 111., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 10,573. Co. t. Rushville. Schuylkill, skooV-kill, a r. which rises in the E. part of Pa., and flowing south-easterly, falls into the Delaware about 6 m. S. of Phila- delphia. Its whole length is estimated at 120 m. It is navigable for sloops to Philadelphia, but a little above that city there are falls; yet, by means of lockage, dams, and side-canals, boats may ascend to Port Car- bon, above Pottsville. Schuylkill, a co. in the E. part of Pa., on the sources of the above river. Pop. 60,713. Co. t. Orwigsburg. Schwabach, shwa'-buK, a thriving manufacturing t. of Bavaria, on a r. of the same name, an affluent of the Regnitz, 9 m. S. S. W. of Nu- remberg. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Schwarzburg, sh warts'-burg or shwaRts^-booRG, a principality in the central part of Germany, consisting of 7 two principal portions, the more southern of which is called the Upper County, the more north- ern, the Lower County. The former lies between 50° 34' and 50° 55' N. Lat, and 10° 50' and 11° 23' E. Lon. The Lower County is situ- ated between 51° 13' and 51°27'N. Lat., and 10° 32' and 11° 16' E. Lon. The house of Schwarzburg is now divided into two branches, Rudolstadt (roo'-dol-statt), and Sondershausen (son'-ders-hou'-zen), each of which has a part both of the Upper and the Lower County. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt contains an area of 408 sq. m. Pop. 65,600. (M.) Rudolstadt, the capital, on the Saale, has a pop. of 4,000. (B.) Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, possesses a territory of 360 sq. m. in ex- tent, and about 54,000 inhabitants. (M.) Sondershausen, with a pop. of 3,600 (B.), is the capital. Schweidnitz, shwite'-nits, a fortified t. of Prussian Silesia, on the Weistritz (wice'-trits), an affluent of the Oder. Lat. 50° 5P N., Lon. 16° 27' E. Pop. above 9,000. (B.) Schwerin, shwa-reen', a t. of N. Germany, cap. of the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the W. side of a lake of its own name. Among the remarkable buildings, we may mention the ducal palace, containing a fine picture-gallery and museum. Lat. 53° 36' N., Lon. 11° 30' E. Pop. above 13,000. (P. C.) Schwitz or Schwyz, shwits, a canton in the N. E. central part of Switzerland, which has given its name to the whole confederation. It is intersected by the 47th parallel of N v Lat., and the meridian of 8° 50' E, Lon., and borders on the L. of Lucerne. Area, 341 sq. m. Pop. 496 SCI— SCO Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, n&t ; 66, as in good ; 40,650. (P. C.) Schwitz, the capital, stands about 3 m. N. E. of the L. of Lucerne, and has a pop. of about 4,000. Scil/-ly Islands, a group belonging to England, lying about 30 m. W. by S. from Land's End. There are a great number of islets and rocks, but only a few islands of any importance ; St. Mary's, the largest, contains between 2 and 3 sq. m. The pop. of the entire group in 1831 was only 2,465. (M.) Sci'-o, or shee'-o, (Mod. Gr. Chio (Xto),Hee'-o ; Anc. Chi'os ;) a fertile and beautiful i. belonging to Turkey, in the iEgean Sea, inter- sected by the parallel of 38°" 30' N. Lat, and the 26th meridian of E. Lon., and separated from Asia Minor by the Strait of Scio, which is about 5 in. wide. Length about 35 m.; greatest breadth 13 m. In 1820 the pop. was estimated at 100,000, but, in consequence of so many of the inhabitants having been massacred or carried into slavery, in the late Greek war, it has been reduced, it is said, to less than 20,000. (P. C.) The wine of Chios is celebrated as among the best in the Le- vant, and it had the same reputation in ancient times. Chios claims the honour of having given birth to Homer. — Adj. and inhab. Chiot, kee'-ot ; or Chi'-an. when the ancient island is referred to. Sci-o'-to, a r. of Ohio, which rises in the S. W. central part of the state, and, flowing at first south-easterly, and afterwards nearly S., falls into the Ohio r. at Portsmouth. It is about 200 in. long, and is navigable for boats 130 m. Scioto, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, at the mouth of the above r. Pop. 18,428. Co. t. Portsmouth. Scot'-land, a country occupying the northern portion of the island of Great Britain, between 54° 38' and 58° 4L N. Lat., and 1° 46' and 6° 13' W. Lon. It is bounded on all sides by the sea, except on the S., where it is separated from England by Solway Frith, the Cheviot hills and the Tweed. Length, from N. to S., about 280 m. ; greatest breadth above 170 miles. Area 26,014 square miles. The population by the census of 1851 was 2,870,784. The kingdom with its dependen- cies, is divided into thirty-two counties. Before the accession of James VI. (afterwards James I. of England), to the English throne, in 1603, Scotland constituted an independent kingdom. Till the Union, which was consummated in the reign of queen Anne, though under the same sovereign with England, it still had its own parliament. Ac- cording to the Articles of Union, ratified Jan. 16, 1707, the peerage of Scotland is represented in the house of lords of the United Kingdom by 16 peers, chosen by the whole body of Scotch peers at the commence- ment of each parliament. The counties were to be represented by 30 members in the house of commons, and the boroughs by 15 members. This arrangement continued till 1832, when the borough representation received an addition of 8 members, making in all 53. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, and was formerly the residence of the Scottish kings. — Adj. Scotch or Scot'-tish ; inhab. Scot or Scotch'-man. Scotland, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., bordering on Iowa. Pop. 3,782. SCO— SEG 497 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Scott, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Va., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 9,829. Co. t. Estillville. Scott, a co. in the S. central part of Miss., a little E. of Pearl r. Pop. 3,961. Co. seat, Hillsborough. Scott, a co. in the W. part of Ark., bordering on the Indian terri- tory. Pop. 3,083. Co. t. Booneville. Scott, a co. in the N. N. E. part of Ky., E. of Frankfort. Pop. 14,946 Co. t. Georgetown. Scott, a co. in the S. part of Tnd., near the Ohio r. Pop. 5,885. Co. t. Lexington. Scott, a co. in the W. part of 111., E. of, and bordering on the Illi- nois r. Pop. 7,914. Co. t. Winchester. Scott, a co. near the S. E. extremity of Mo., bordering on the Mis- sissippi r. Pop. 3,182. Co. t. Benton. Scott, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 5,986. Scriv'-en, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 6,847. Co. t. Jacksonbo -ough. Scutari, scoo'-ta-re, (called by the Turks Is v -koo-daR^ ; Anc. Chry- sop'olis,) a commercial t. of As ; atic Turkey, on the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople, of which it is regarded as a suburb. Pop. estimated at 35,000. (B.) Scutari (Turk. Is-kan-der-ee'yeh ; Illyrian, Sco'-dra), a town and for- merly an important fortress of European Turkey, in Albania, on a lake of its own name. Lat. about 42° N., Lon. 19° 30' E. The pop. which perhaps formerly amounted to 35,000 or 40,000, cannot, at pre- sent, exceed 20,000. (B.) Sear'-cy, a co. in the N. part of Ark., a little S. W. of White r. Pop. 1,979. Sebastian, St., sent se-bast'-yun, (Sp. pron. San Sebastian, sail sa- bas-te-an'), a seaport t. and fortress of Spain, cap. of Guipuzcoa, on a tongue of land which projects into the Bay of Biscay. It was burnt by the English and Portuguese, in 1813, and has since been rebuilt on a regular plan, and is now one of the handsomest towns in Spain. Lat. 43° 19' 30" N. Lon. 1° 58' W. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Sedan, sed-aN', a fortified t. of France, the largest in the dep. of Ar- dennes, on the Meuse, 13 m. E. S. E. of Mezieres. It has been noted for its woollen manufactures since the time of Louis XIV. Lat. 49° 42' N., Lon. 4° 58' E. Pop. 14.000. (B.) Seevas, commonly written Sivas, see'-vas', (Anc. Cabi'ra; after- wards Sebas'tP,) a t. of Asiatic Turkey, cap. of an eyalet of its own name. Lat. 39° 20' N., Lon. about 37° E. Pop. uncertain : it is said to contain about 6,000 families. (P. C.) See'-wah (Siwah), the modern name of the oasis of Ammon, once so celebrated for its temple and oracle of Jupiter. The town of See- wah is in 29° 12' N. Lat., and 26° IT E. Lon. Pop. about 8,000. (P. C.) Sego, a city of Africa, cap. of the kingdom of Bambarra, on both 42* 498 SEG— SEN Fate, f ar, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine, or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good ; sides of the Joliba, near 13° N. Lat. and 5° W. Lon. Pop. estimated by Park at about 30,000. (P. C.) Segorbb, sa-goR^-ba, (Anc. Segob'riga), a t. of Spain, in Valencia, re- markable for its Roman antiquities. Lat. 39° 54' N., Lon. 0° 30' W. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) Se-go'-vj-a (Sp. pron. sa-go'-ve-a), an ancient city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, situated 48 m. N. N. W. of Madrid. It is surrounded by thick walls, built by the Moors, and strengthened at in- tervals with turrets. Among its public buildings may be mentioned the vast and handsome Cathedral, and the Mint, said to be the oldest place of coinage in the kingdom. Among other antiquities, there is an aqueduct, above 2,100 ft. in length, supposed to have been built by Trajan. Lat. 41° N., Lon. 4° T W. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Seine, sane, (Anc. Seq'uana,) an important r. of France, which rises in the dep. of Cote d'Or, and, flowing in a general north-westerly course, falls into the English Channel (La Manche), in about 49° 27' N. Lat, and 0° 4' E. Lon. The whole length is estimated by Malte Brun at 470 m. Vessels of 250 and 300 tons can ascend to Rouen ; the shifting sands at the mouth of the river impede the ascent of larger vessels. The Seine is navigable for boats drawing 6 ft. water, to Paris, and for smaller ones as far as Mery (mer v -re ; )» in the dep. of Aube. The course of the river below Paris is extremely tortuous, so that the distance to Rouen by water is probably 3 or 4 times as great as it is in a direct line. Steamboats take two days for the descent, and four for the ascent : those passing between Paris and Havre require nearly double the time. (P. C.) Seine, a dep. in the N. or N. central part of France, intersected by the above river. Though the smallest, it is the most populous depart- ment in the kingdom. Pop. 1,106,891. (B.) Capital, Paris. Seine, Lower (Fr. Seine Inferieure, sane aV-fa^-re-UR/), a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on the Seine and the English Channel. Pop. 720,525. (B.) Capital, Rouen. Seine and Marne (Fr. Seine-et-Marne, sane a maRn), a dep. in the N. central part of France, intersected by the rivers Seine and Marne. Pop. 325,881. (B.) Capital, Melun. Seine and Oise (Fr. Seine-et-Oise, sane a waz — almost wize), a dep. in the N. or N. central part of France, on the rivers Seine and Oise. Pop. 449,582. Capital, Versailles. SeiAkirk, an inland co. in the S. E. part of Scotland, about 30 m. S. of Edinburgh. Pop. 7,990. Also, a small t., cap. of the above, on the Ettrick, an affluent of the Tweed, 31 m. S. S. E. of Edinburgh. Sem'-lin, a commercial t. of the Austrian empire, in Slavonia, on the Danube, 3 m. N. W. of Belgrade. Pop. above 9,000. (B.) Sempach, sem'-paK, a little t. of Switzerland, in the canton of Lu- cerne, on the E. side of a lake to which it gives its name, memorable for a victory gained in its vicinity in 1386, by a Swiss band of about 1,400 men, over an Austrian force of nearly three times that number. Sen^-e-ca, a co. in the W. central part of N. Y., lying chiefly be- SEN— SER 499 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. tween the Seneca and Cayuga lakes. Pop. 25,441. Co. towns, Ovid and Waterloo. Seneca Lake, a lake in the W. central part of N. Y., 6 or 7 m. W. of the Cayuga Lake, about 35 m. long, and from 2 to 4 m. wide. Steamboats pass up and down it daily in the summer season. Seneca, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, intersected by the Sandusky r. Pop. 27,105. Co. t. Tiffin. Sen v -e-gAl', a large r. of W. Africa, the sources of which have not been explored. It is formed by the union of the Ba (ba)* Fing and the Ba Wool i ma (or Oolema), which takes place near 14° 10' N. Lat., and 10° 30' W. Lon. About 15 m. below, there is a cataract called the Feeloo Falls, said to be 80 ft. in height. The general course of the river is at first N. W., and afterwards W. ; it enters the Atlantic by two channels, between 16° and 16° 40' N. Lat., and near 16° 30' W. Lon. It is navigable for vessels drawing 10 or 12 ft. water, as far as Podor, near 15° W. Lon., and for boats several hundred miles further. The tide is perceptible in the Senegal, for upwards of 60 leagues inland. Sen-e-gam^-bj-a, a name given by geographers to a region on the W. coast of Africa. Originally, it was applied to the countries settled by Europeans, between the Senegal and Gambia; but it is now used to designate the whole of that part of Africa which is W. of Soodan, and between the Great Desert and Guinea, lying between the 10th and 17th parallels of N. Lat., and the 6th and 18th meridians of W. Lon. — Adj. Sen-e-gam^-bj-an. Senlis, saN v -lees', (Anc. Augustom^agus, afterwards Silvanec^tes,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Oise, on the Nonette, an affluent of the Marne, 27 m. N. N. E. of Paris. Lat. 49° 12' N., Lon. 2° 35' E. Pop. 5,016. (P. C.) Sennaar, sen-n&aV, a country in the N. E. part of Africa, belonging to Egypt, situated at the junction of the two great branches of the Nile, S. of 16° N. Lat. Its boundaries are imperfectly known. It was formerly an independent state, and one of the most powerful in that part of Africa. Sens, s&n, (Anc. Agen'dicum or Agedin'cum, afterwards Sen'ones,) a commercial and manufacturing t. of France, and the seat of an arch- bishopric, situated in the dep. of Yonne, on the river Yonne. Lat. 48° 12' N., Lon. 3° 17' E. Pop. 9,029. (M.) Ser x -am-pore' or Serampoor, a t. of Hindostan, belonging to the English,' on the river Hoogly, about 12 m. above Calcutta. Here is a Protestant missionary station, with a press, in which numerous transla- tions of the Bible have been printed ; and a college for instructing the natives in the European and Asiatic languages. Lat. 22° 45' N., Lon. 88° 26' E. Pop. 13,(J00. (B.) Till lately, this t. belonged to the Danes. Seres, series, an archiepiscopal t. of European Turkey, 47 m. N. E. * Ba, signifies " water" or "river:" it is probably from the same loot as bahr in Arabic, and ab or aub in Persian. 500 SER— SEV Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, mtt ; pine or pine, pin ; no, not ; 66, as in good ; of Salonica, remarkable Tis the centre of the cotton culture in this part of the Ottoman empire. It has manufactures in cotton and linen, and carries on an active trade. Lat. 41° 4' N., Lon. 23° 36' E. Pop. esti- mated at 30,000 (B.), which number, however, is reduced to 15,000 in summer, on account of the insalubrity of the situation. Seringapatam, ser-ing'-ga-pa-tam', a decayed t. and fortress of Hindostan, formerly the cap. of Mysore, on a small i. in the Cauvery. Lat. 12° 25' N., Lon. 76° 42' E. In its immediate vicinity is a mag- nificent mausoleum, built by Hyder Ali, under which are interred his remains and those of his son Tippoo Saib. The pop., which, under Hyder Ali and Tippoo, was estimated at 150,000, was reduced, in 1820, to less than 10,000. (B.) Seringham. See Trichonopoly. Servan, Saint, saw seR N -vais', a well-built seaport t of France, in the dep. of Ule and Vilaine, on the Ranee, at its mouth, in the English Channel, a little S. of St. Malo. Lat. 48° 38' N., Lon. 2° VV. Pop., including the commune, 9,948. (M.) Ser'-vj-a (Turk. Seerb Vil-a-yet'-ee), a principality in the central part of Turkey in Europe; bounded on the N. and N. E. Joy the Aus- trian dominions and Wallachia, from which it is divided by the Save and the Danube, E. by Bulgaria, S. by Roomelia, and W. by Bosnia. Length, from E. to W., about 170 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S., near 160 m. The pop. is vaguely estimated at between half a million and a million of inhabitants, who are mostly of the Greek church. The Servians enjoy at present a considerable degree of liberty, and possess the exclusive right of taxing themselves. In return they pay a fixed amount of tribute yearly to the Ottoman emperor. Belgrade is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Ser'-vj-an. Setubal, sa-too'-bal, or St. Ubes, ubz, a seaport and commercial t. of Portugal, in the prov. of Estremadura, on a bav of its own name. Lat. 38° 29' N., Lon. 8° 53' VV. Pop. about 15,000. (B.) Sev n -as-to'-pol, a fortified seaport t. of European Russia, and the principal station of the Russian fleet in the Black Sea, situated on the W. coast of the Crimea. Lat. 44° 36' N., Lon. 33° 30' E. Pop. 10,000, exclusive of about 30,000 troops, who are employed on the fortifications, or encamped about the town. (P. C) Sev^-ern, originally called Hafren, the second r. of England in magnitude and importance. It rises on the E. side of Mount Plinlim^- mon, in Montgomeryshire, Wales, and, flowing at first north-easterly, then E., afterwards south-easterly, and at last south-westerly, term' nates in a wide estuary or bay called the Bristol Channel, after a course of about 200 m. It is navigable to Welshpool, in the E. part of Mont- gomeryshire, a distance of above 170 m. The Bristol Channel is near 80 m. in length, and 50 m. in its greatest breadth. Sevier, sev-eer', a co. in the W. part of Ark., bordering on Red r. and the Indian Territory. Pop. 4,240. Co. t. Paraclifta. Sevier, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., bordering on N. C. Pop. 6,920. Co. t. Sevierville. SEV— SHA 501 ■>» ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. Sev'-ille* or Se-ville' (Sp. Sevilla, sa-veel'-ya ; Anc. Ispalis or Hispalis; Arab. Ishbeelia) ; an archiepiscopal city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Guadalquivir, 66 in. N. N. E. of Cadiz, and about 230 m. S. S. VV. of Madrid. Among- many remarkable edi- fices which adorn this city, may be mentioned the Cathedral, a magni- ficent and imposing structure, said to be the largest church in Spain ; the belfry of the cathedral is a lofty square tower, having on its top a colossal bronze statue of Faith, 14 ft. high, and bearing a flag and palm branch, which, though of the enormous weight of 3,600 pounds, turns on a pivot, and is so delicately poised as to indicate the slightest varia- tion of the wind, whence the tower has received the name of Giralda (ne-ral/-da) or " Weathercock ;" the height of the top of the statue from the ground is about 331) English feet: and the Alcazar (al-ka'-thar — in Arabic Al Kasr), the ancient palace of the Moorish kings. The most remarkable of the monuments of antiquity is the Carlos de Carmona (kan'-yoce da kaR-mo^-na), a superb aqueduct, with 410 arches, built by the Romans, and restored by the Moors ; it still supplies the city with water. Seville possesses a university, founded in 1502 ; a celebrated school of navigation, called San-Telmo; and many other establish- ments for education. Lat. 37° 24' N., Lon. 5° 48' W. Pop. about 91,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Sevilian, se-viF-yun; (Sp. Sevillano, sa-veel-ya'-no.) Sevre, saivr, the name of two small rivers in the W. of France, one of which, the Sevre Nanlaise (naN x -taze')> flows into the Loire, near Nantes; the other, called the Sevre Niortaise (ne-0R v -taze') passes by Niorr, and falls into the sea, 33 m. W. of that town. Sevres, The Two (Fr. Deux-Sevres, dvh saivr), a dep. in the W. of France, which derives its name from the above rivers. Pop. 304,105. (B.) Capital, Niort. Shan'-non, the largest and most important r. in Ireland ; it rises in the N. W. part of the co. of Cavan, and, flowing at first southerly, and afterwards south-westerly, falls into the Atlantic, near 52° 30' N. Lat, and 10° W. Lon. In its course it traverses several lakes, the principal of which are Lough Allen, Lough Ree, and Lough Berg. Towards its termination, the river widens into an estuary from 1 or 2 to 10 m. broad. The whole length of the Shannon is about 220 m., and it is navigable for 214 m., or to within 6 or 7 m. of its source ! (M.) Shannon, a large co. in the south-eastern part of Mo. Pop. 1,199. SHATTf-EL-ARAB, shat-el-a'-rab, a r. of Persia, formed by the union of * " Fair is proud Seville ; let her country boast Her strength, her wealth, her site of ancient days." Childe Harold, Canto I. By what reasoning my poor mind Was from the old idolatry reclaimed, None better knows than Seville's mitred chief. Southey's Roderick, Book XX. t Shatt or Shat signifies the bank of a river subject to inundation. 502 SHE— SHI Fate, far, fall, fat ; me 1 , met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 56 as in good, the Tigris and Euphrates: it discharges itself into the Persian Gulf by numerous mouths. Length about 130 m. She-boy^-gan, a co. in the E. part of Wisconsin, bordering on L. Mi- chigan. Pop.' 8,378. Sheer-ness', a small seaport t., fortress, and royal dockyard of Eng- land, in Kent, at the confluence of the Medway and Thames, 37 m. E, by S. of London. Sheffield, an important manufacturing t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 29 m. S. of Leeds, and 140 m. N. N. W. of Lon- don. It has communication, by railroads and canals, with all the prin- cipal towns of England. The Don, which is navigable to within 3 m. of the town, is connected with it by a side canal. Rich mines of coal and iron exist in the vicinity, and have given direction to the manufac- turing industry of the place. Cutlery forms the principal branch of business; and, in this manufacture, Sheffield stands before every other town in the British empire. Pop. 68,186. Shel'-by, a co. in the N. central part of Ala., W. of, and bordering on the Coosa r. Pop. 9,536. Co. t. Columbiana. Shelby, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Term. Pop. 31,157. Co. t. Raleigh. Shelby, a co. in the N. part of Ky., E. of Louisville. Pop. 17,095. Co. t. Shelbyville. Shelby, a co. in the W. part of Ohio, intersected by the Miami r. Pop. 13,958. Co. t. Sidney. Shelby, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ind., a little S. E. of India- napolis. Pop. 15,502. Co. t. Shelbyville. Shelby, a co. in the S. E. central part of 111., intersected by the Kaskaskia r. Pop. 7,807. Co. t. Shelbyville. Shelby, a co. in the N. E. part of Mo., a little W. of the Missis- sippi r. Pop. 4,253. Co. t. Shelbyville. Shen'-an-do'-ah, a r. in the N. E. part of Va., which flows into the Potomac, at Harper's Ferry. Shenandoah, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., W. of, and bordering on the above r. Pop. 13,768. Co. t. Woodstock. Shet'-land, a group of islands, about 120 m. N. E. of the N. extre- mity of Scotland, which, excluding the two detached islands, called Foula and Fair Isle, lie between 59° 52' and 60° 50' N. Lat., and 0? 45' and 1° 45' W. Lon. Total area estimated at 880 sq. m. Pop. 30,558. Shi-a-wAs'-see, a co. in the S. E. central part of Mich., on a r. of the same name, which flows into the Saginaw r. Pop. 5,230. Co. t. Corunna. Shields, South, a seaport t. of England, on the Tyne, near its mouth, about 8 m. below Newcastle. Pop., including the chapelry of Westoe, 23,072. Shiraz, she x -raz' or sbee^-raz, a celebrated but decayed city of Per- sia, formerly the cap. of the empire, situated in a beautiful and fertile SHI— SIB 503 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. /alley, a little more than 200 m. S. S. E. of Ispahan. Lat. 29° 36' N., Lon. 52° 44' E. Pop. probably about 30,000. (B.) Shirvan, shir v -van', (Schirvan,) lately a prov. of Persia, now belong- ing- to Russia. It borders on Georgia and the Caspian Sea. Shoa, sho'-a, (or Shwa,) an independent kingdom in the S. part of Abyssinia. Having suffered less from civil wars, it appears to be more populous, and better cultivated, than the other parts of that extensive country. Shoomla (Schumla), shoomMa, sometimes written Shoomn4, a manu- facturing and commercial t. and important fortress of European Tur- key, on the road between Roostchook and Constantinople, about 190 m. N. N. W. of the latter town. Lat. 43° 15' N., Lon. near 27° E. Pop. estimated at from 20,000 to 30,000. (B. and M.) Shoos'-ter or Shu'-ster, a decayed city of Persia, formerly the cap. of the prov. of Khoozistan, on the Karoon. Lat. 32° N., Lon. about 49° E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) Shrewsbury, shroze^-ber-re, or shruze^-ber-re, a t. of England, cap. of Shropshire, on the Severn, 138 m. N. W. of London. Pop. of the borough, including an area of about 23 sq. m., 18,285. Shrop^-shire, called otherwise the county of Sa'-lop, a co. in the W. part of England, intersected by the Severn, and bordering on Wales. Pop. 239,048. Shumla. See Shoomla. Shuster. See Shooster. SI-am' or se^am' (called, by the Birmese, Yoo'-dra), an extensive country of Chin-India, between 5° and 20° N. Lat., and about 98° and 104° E. Lon. Its extent and boundaries, especially towards the N., are very imperfectly known : on the W. it borders on the r. Tenasserim and the British provinces of this name ; on the S. it is bounded by in- dependent Malacca and the Gulf of Siam. Population estimated at 3,600,000. (B.) Siam is extremely rich in natural productions. Rice is particularly abundant, and is exported in large quantities. The fruits of this country are noted for their richness and exquisite flavour. Boodhism is the prevailing religion of the Siamese. The govern- ment is an absolute despotism. Capital, Bangkok. — Adj. and inhab. Si-am-e.se'. Siam, Gulf of, is situated between the Malay peninsula, on the W., and Cambodia on the E. Length, about 500 m. ; greatest breadth, 350 m. Si-be'-rj.-a, a vast territory belonging to Russia, and occupying the whole northern part of the Asiatic continent. It is situated between 47° 30' and 77° 40' N. Lat, and 59° and 190° E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by the Frozen Ocean, E. by the Pacific, S. by the ''. ..mese empire and Independent Tartary, and W. by Europe. Length, from E. to W., about 4,000 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S., near 2,000 m. Area estimated at 5,333,000 sq. m. The pop., including the Circassian pro- vinces, was estimated by Balbi, in 1826, at 3,600,000. — Adj. and inhab. Si-be/ -x-an. 504 SIC— SIL Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, not ; 65 as in good ; Sicily, sis'-sil-e, (Anc. SiciFia ; It. Sicilia, se-chee'-Ie-a.) the most important i. in the Mediterranean, forming a part of the Neapolitan kingdom, situated between 36° 38' and 38° 19' N. Lat., and 12° 25' and 15° 40' E. Lon. It is separated from the S. extremity of Italy by the Strait (or Faro) of Messina, which, in its narrowest part, is only about 2 m. wide. Its form resembles a triangle, whence it was called by the ancients Trinacria.* Length, a little more than 180 m. ; greatest breadth, measuring from the N. E. to the S. E. angle of the island, 117 m. Area estimated at 9,900 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, above 2,000,000. (P. C.) Sicily has always been noted for its fertility, and was an- ciently regarded as the granary of Rome. Palermo is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Sicilian, se-sil'-yun. Sid'-mouth, a watering place and small seaport t. of England, in Devonshire, 13 m. E. S. E. of Exeter. Sj-en'-na, or, more properly, Siena, se-en'-a, (Anc. Se'na Ju'lia, or simply Sena,) an archiepiscopal city of Central Italy, in Tus- cany, cap. of a prov. of its own name, 30 m. S. by W. of Florence. Among its public edifices may be mentioned the Cathedral, which is one of the oldest in Italy, and may be regarded as a gallery of the fine arts, being richly adorned with the most superb productions in sculp- ture and painting ; the pavement is a kind of mosaic-work : Siena has a university, attended by about 300 students, a town library of 50,000 vols., and several other institutions for the promotion of learning. In the middle ages, Siena was the capital of a republic which acted a conspicuous part in the drama of those times. In the early part of the 14th century, the pop. of the town and suburbs amounted to 180,000. (P. C.) Lat. 43° 22' N., Lon. 11° 10' E. Present pop. about 19,000. (P. C.) — Adj. and inhab. Si'-en-e§e'. Sj-er'-ra Le-o'-ne (properly Leona), a cape on the W. coast of Africa, near 8° 30' N. Lat: also, an English colony in its vicinity, established in 1787. Since the abolition of the slave trade, in 1807, the slaves captured by the British cruisers have been settled here, and these now form much the largest portion of the population of the colony. The climate on this part of the African coast is singularly unhealthy, owing to a combination of extreme humidity with ti uni- formly high temperature. Pop. in 1839, about 42,000. (P. C.) Free- town, the capital, stands on the N. bank of the r. Sierra Leone, near its mouth. Lat. 8° 30' N., Lon. 13° 15' W. Pop. above 6,000, among whom are about 120 Europeans. (P. C.) Sigmaringen. See Hohenzollern. Silesia, si-lee'-she-a, (Ger. Schlesien, shla'-se-en ; Polish, Szlask, shloNsk,) a country in the N. E. part of Germany, lying around the upper portion of the Oder; bounded on the N. by Posen, E. by Poland, S. E. by Austrian Galicia, S. by Moravia, and S. W. by Bohemia; now divided between Austria and Prussia. — Adj. and inhab. Silesian, si-lee'- she-an. * From rout (treis) "three," and axpov (akron), a "point or promontory.' SIL— SKY 505 ou, as in our ;. th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Silesia, Austrian, a territory now forming a part of the prov. of Moravia. Area, 1,750 sq. m. Pop. 430,000. (P. C.) Silesi\, Prussian, an imDortant prov. forming 1 the S. E. portion of the Prussian monarchy. Area, 15,600 sq. m. Pop. 2,868,820. (P. C.) Sil-is'-trj-a (called Dris'-tra by the Turks), a fortified city of Eu- ropean Turkey, in Bulgaria, cap. of an eyalet of the same name, on the Danube, 63 m. E. N. E. of Roostchook. Lat. about 44° 10' N., Lon. 27° 10 E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. (B.) Simbirsk or Sim-beersk', a t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Volga. Lat. 54° 15' N., Lon. 48° 30' E. Pop. 13,500. (P. C.) Sim-pher-o'-pol (Simferopel) or Akmetchet, a t. of European Rus- sia, in the Crimea, cap. of the gov. of Taurida. Lat. about 45° N., Lon. 34° 4' E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) Simp'-son, a co. in the S. central part of Miss., E. of, and bordering on Pearl r! Pop. 4,734. Co. seat, Westville. Simpson, a co. in the S. part of Ky., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 7,733. Co. t. Franklin. Sinde, an extensive country in the N. W. part of Hindostan, com- prising the lower portion and delta of the Indus, situated between 23° and 28° N. Lat., and 67° and 71° E. \jon. It now belongs to the British. Singapore, sing v -ga-pore^, or Sjngapoor, an important and flourishing commercial settlement belonging to the British, at the S. extremity of the Malay peninsula, including the island of Singapore (about 25 m. in length), and a number of islets in the vicinity. Its port has been de- clared free. Pop. in 1836, 29,984. (P. C.) Sj-oot' (Siout — Anc. Lycop'olis), also written Es-Sioot, a conside- rable t, regarded as the cap. of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile. In its vicinity are many interesting remains of antiquity. Lat. 27° 13' N., Lon. 31° 13' E. Pop. estimated at from 12 to 20,000. (B.) Sioux, usually pronounced soo, (Fr. pron. se-oo',) a numerous and powerful nation of Indians inhabiting the territory between the Mis- sissippi and Missouri rivers. Sis-to'-va or Shtab, a manufacturing and commercial t. of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, on the Danube. Lat. 43° 38' N., Lon. 25° 20' E. Pop. estima ted at 21 ,000. (B.) Siwah. See Seewah. Skag'-er Rack (i. e. Skagen Rack,* the ** crooked strait of Ska- gen"?) the channel which connects the Cattegat with the North Sea. Skagen (the Skaw) is a cape forming the N. point of Jutland. Skane, sko'-na, a firmer prov. occupying the S. part of Sweden. Skib'-ber-een', a thriving t. near the S. W. extremity of Ireland, in the co. of Cork. Lat. 51° 33' N., Lon. 9° 15' W. Pop. 4,430. (M.) Skye, an i. of Scotland, after Lewis the largest of the Hebrides, be- tween 57° 3' and 57° 41' N. Lat., and 5° 36' and 6° 46' W. Lon. It is about 38 m. in length, and 23 m. in its greatest breadth. Area esti- * Rack signifies a passage difficult to navigate on account of its sudden bending. It is probably from the same root as the Anglo-Saxon Hraca or Raca and the German Rachen, signifying " throat." 43 2H 506 SLA— SMY Fate, far, fall, fat; m£, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 65 as in good > mated at 537 sq. m. Pop. 23,082. It belongs to the co. of Inverness, Slav-o'-nj-a or Sclavonia, a prov. of the Austrian. empire r between the r. Save, on the S.^and the Danube and Drave, on the N., extending from about 44° 40' to near 46° N. Lat., and from 16° 40' to 20° 30' E. Lon. Area 3,600 sq. m. Pop. 315,000. (M.) The Slavonians (Lat. Sclavi'ni; Gr. 2 x"ka8rivoc), appear to have possessed, during the decline of the Roman empire, the greater portion of E. Ewrope, The Poles, Bo- nemians, Ulyrians, and Russians are considered to be of Slavonic origin. — Adj. Slav-o/-nj-an, Slav-on/-ic, and Si>a\/-ic; inhab. Slavonian. Sles'-wick (Dan. Slesvig, sW-rig; Ger. Schleswig, shles'-wio), a duchy belonging to Denmark, comprising the S. part of the peninsula ■of Jutland, between 54° 15' and 55° 30' N. Lat., and 8° 37' and 10° 14' E. Lon. Area 3,450 sq. m. Pop, about 340,000. (P. C.) Sleswick,. a seaport t. of Denmark, cap. of the above duchy, on an arm of the sea called the Slie (slee). Lat. 54° 31' N., Lon. 9° 34' E. Pop. about 8,C00. (B.) SlI'-go, a co. in the N. W. part of Ireland, prov. of Connaught, bor- dering on the sea. Pop. in 1831, 171,765. (P. C.) Sligo, a seaport t. of Ireland, cap. of the above county, on a bay of the same name. Lat. 54° 17' N., Lon. 8° 25' W. Pop. in 1831, 15,152. (P. C.) Slobode Ukraina, sloM)o-dtt oo-kra-ee^-ea, otherwise called Khar- kof, a gov. in the S. part of European Russia, N. of the Sea of Azof. It derives the prefix of Slobode from its having been settled, in the 17th> century, by Cossacks, who founded here five large villages — Slo^bodS signifying a Cossack village. Capital, Kharkof. Smaland, smoMSnd, a former prov. occupying the S. E. part of Sweden, now-divided into the districts or lans of Calmar, Wexio, and Jonkoping. Smith, a co. in the S. central part of Miss., a little E. of Pearl r. Pop. 4,07.1. Co. seat, Raleigh. Smith, a co. in the N. part of Ten n. r bordering on Ky. and the Cum- berland r. Pop. 18,412. Co. t. Carthage. Smo-lensk', sometimes written Smolensko, a strongly fortified t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Dnieper. It is remarkable as the scene of the first serious conflict between the French and Russians, in the campaign of 1812, when it was set on fire, and two-thirds of it reduced to ruins. Lat. 54° 50' N., Lon. about 32° E. Pop. above 12,000. (P. C.) Smyrna, sunV-na, (Turk. Iz-meer',) an ancient and celebrated city and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, and the principal emporium of West- ern Asia, situated on the W. coast of Asia Minor, at the extremity of a gulf of its own name, which forms a convenient and capacious harbour. The town, with its domes and minarets, has a fine appearance when approaching it from the sea, but a great part of the interior consists of mean wooden houses, with narrow, crooked, dirty, ill-paved streets. Smyrna is the residence of a mollah of the first class ; also, of a Greek and an Armenian archbishop. Lat. 38° 28' N., Lon. 27° 7' E. Pop. estimated at above 130,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Smyr/-ni-ot. SMY-rSOM 5U7 ou, Sfl m our; tli, as in thin ,• th, as in £/m ; n, nearly like ng. Smythb, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., on the sources of the Hol- €lon r. Pop. 8,162. Co. t. Marion. •Snow/-don, a mountain of Wales, in Caernarvonshire, about 10 rn. S. E. of Caernarvon. It is the highest mountain in Great Britain, S. of the Scottish border, having- an elevation of 3,571 ft. above the sea. Snow Hill, a port of entry of Md., cap. of Worcester co., on the Pocomoke r., about 90 m. S. E. of Annapolis. Society Islands, a group in the Pacific, between 16° and 18° S. Lat., and 148° and 156° VV. Lon. Of these islands, Tahiti or Otaheite is by far the largest and most important. (See Tahiti.) Among the others, we may name Raiatea (rl-a-ta/-a), Eiineo or Aimeo (I-ma/-o), Huahine (hoo^-a-hee'-na), Borabora (bo v -ra-bo'-ra) or Bolabola,* and Ta- haa (ta-hau') or Otaha. The inhabitants of these islands appear to be inferior in mental capacity to the Sandwich Islanders; but, through the indefatigable labours of the English missionaries, civilization has made very considerable progress among them, and most of them have embraced the Christian religion. They can generally read and write. A press has, for many years, been actively engaged in supplying them with publications in their own language. — Inhab. Society Islander. So-co'-tra or So-co'-to-ra (Anc. Dioscoridis Insula), an i. in the Indian Ocean, E. of Cape Guardafui, intersected by the parallel of 12° SO' N. Lat., and the 54th meridian of E. Lon. Length, about 80 m.; greatest breadth, 25 m. A large portion of Socotra is desert, though some parts are covered with abundant vegetation. Among other plants may be mentioned the Aloe Socotrina, yielding the Socotrine aloes of commerce, which forms the principal export of the island. — Adj. So-cxV- tran, and Soc'-o-trine ; inhab. Socotran. Sofala, so-fa/-la, (supposed by some to be the Ophir mentioned in the Scriptures,) a decayed t. on the E. coast of Africa, near 20° S. Lat., once the cap. of a kingdom of the same name, celebrated for the abun- dence of gold obtained there. It belongs to the Portuguese. Soissons, swas v -s6N', almost swi x -s6N', (Anc, Augusta Sues'sionum ; afterwards Sues'siones), a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Aisne, on the r. Aisne. Lat. 49° 28' N., Lon. 3° 20' E. Pop. 7,864. (M.) Soleure, so v -1ur/, (Ger. Solothum, so'-lo-tooRn^,) a canton in the N. N. W. part of Switzerland, intersected by the Aar. Area, 256 sq. m. Pop. in 1835, 62,400. (P. C.) Soleure or Solothurn (Anc. Salodu^rum), the cap. of the above canton, is situated on the Aar, 18 m. N. by E. of Berne. The Cathe- dral of St. Ursus (or Urse), of this place, is regarded as the finest church in Switzerland. The Polish patriot, Kosciusko, died at Soleure, October. 1817, having resided here the last two years of his life. Lat. 47° 12' N., Lon. 7° 32' E. Somerset, sum'-er-set, a co. in the N. W. part of Maine, bordering on Canada. Pop. 35,581. Co. t. Norridgewock. * See Sandwich Islands: note. 508 SOM— SOU Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in good ; Somerset, a co. in the N. central part of N. J., on the head waters of the Rantan. Pop. 19,688. Co. t. Somerville. Somerset, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Pa., bordering on Md. Pop. 24,416. Co. t. Somerset. Somerset, a co. in the S. E. part of Md., bordering on Del. and the Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 22,456. Co. t. Princess Anne. Somersetshire, sum'-er-set-shir, a co. in the S.W. part of England, bordering on the Severn and the Bristol Channel. Pop. 435.982. Somme, a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on the Eng- lish Channel. Pop. 552,706. (B.) Capital, Amiens. Soodan, soo-dan', or Bel-ed' es Soo-dan', i. e. the " country of the blacks,"" a name employed to designate all the countries along the S. border of the Great Desert, from Dar Foor on the E. to Senegambia on the W.', extending from about 25° E. to 10° VV. Lon. Its limits, on the N. and S., are almost or entirely unknown. Soo v -iW Islands, a group of small islands in the Eastern Seas, be- tween Borneo and Mindinao. Sool-tan-ee'-yeh (Sultanieh), an ancient city of Persia, once the cap. of that country, under the sovereigns of theraceo' Gengis-khan. It is now almost or quite deserted, but. its magnificent ruins attest its for- mer glory. Lat. about 36° 30' N., Lon. 48° 30' E. Soorabaya (Surabaya), soo-rd-b^-a, one of the principal seaports of Java, situated on the N. E. coast, at the mouth of a river of its own name. It is, after Batavia, the most flourishing and commercial town in the island. Lat. 7° 14' S.. Lon. 112° 41' E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (B.) Sophia, so-fee^-a, (in Bulgarian, Triaditza, tre-a-dit'-sa,) a large manufacturing and commercial t. of European Turkey, cap. of a sand- jack (or inferior pashalic) of its own name, and of the eyalet of Roo- melia, on the Isker, an affluent of the Danube, about 310 m. W. N.W. of Constantinople. It is the residence of a Greek metropolitan and a Catholic archbishop; and possesses a flourishing trade and numerous manufactures. Lat. 42° 37' N., Lon. 23° 26 E. Pop. estimated at from 30,000 to 50,000. (B.) Sorata, Nevado de, na-va^-Do da so-ra'-ta, a mountain summit of S. America, in Bolivia, the highest in the New World, situated near the village of Sorata, in about 16° S. Lat. and 68° 40' W. Lon. Height, 3,948 toises or 25,250 English ft. (B.) See Nevado. So-ria, so'-re-a (Anc. Numan'tia), a t. of Spain, in Old Castile, cap. of a prov. of the same name, 113 m. N. E. of Madrid. Pop. 5,400. (B.) Sor-ren'-to (Anc. Surren'tum), an archiepiscopal city of Naples, on the Bay of Naples, 18 m. S. E. of the metropolis, remarkable for the beauty of its situation and for being the birth-place of the poet Tasso. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Soudan. See Soodan. Sourabaya. See Soorabaya. Southampton, suTH-hamp'-ton, an important seaport t. of England, in Hampshire, on an inlet of the sea called Southampton Water, 70 m. SOU— SPA 509 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. W. S. W. of London. It forms a little co. of itself, with an area of only about 3 sq. m. Pop. 27,744. Southampton. See Hampshire. Southampton, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., on Meherrin and Not- taway rivers, and bordering on N. C. Pop. 13,521. Co. t. Jerusalem. Soutkwark, suTH^-ark. See London. South'-wark, a suburb of Philadelphia. Spa, spaw (Fr. and Flem. pron. spa), a little t. in the E. part of Bel- gium, 18 m. S. E. of Liege, celebrated for its medicinal springs and baths. Permanent pop. 3,600. (B.) Spain (Sp. Espana, es-pan'-ya; Fr. Espagne, es v -parV; Anc. Hispa'- nia and Ibe'ria), an extensive and once powerful kingdom, occupying the greater portion of the peninsula which forms the S. W. extremity of Europe, situated between 36° 2 and 43° 47' N. Lat, and 3° 21' E. and 9° 16' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by the Bay of Biscay and by France, S. E. by the Mediterranean, S. by the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar, S. W. by the Atlantic, and W. and N. W. by Por- tugal and the Atlantic. Length, from E. N. E. to W. S. W., about 650 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 520 in. Area, 183,200 sq. m. Pop. estimated at 13,900,000. (B.) Spain is sometimes divided by geographers into 13 parts, viz.: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Biscaya. or Biscay, Catalonia, Estremadura, Galicia, Leon, Murcia, Navarre, New Castile, Old Castile, and Valencia, corresponding to the former kingdoms, principalities, &c. It is now divided, according to a royal decree, issued in 1833, into 49 small provinces, which, for the most part, take the name of their respective capitals. Roman Catholicism is the religion of Spain. The power of the Spanish sovereigns was formerly nearly or quite absolute; but, since the adoption of the new constitution (first promulgated in 1837), the legislative power is vested in the king and the cortes (koa'-tes), which is composed of two legis- lative bodies, chosen by the people, called the senate and the congress of deputies. Madrid is the capital. — Adj. Spanish; inhab. Span- iard, spanf-yard. , Spalatro, spa-la'-tro, a seaport, the most populous and commercial t. in Dalmatia, on the Adriatic, opposite the Island of Brazza. It is chiefly interesting for the ruins of a magnificent palace, built by the Roman emperor Diocletian, to which he retired after abdicating the imperial throne (A. D. 305). This palace was constructed of a beau- tiful freestone, and is said to have covered an area of 9 acres ! A large portion of the town of Spalatro has been built out of its ruins. Lat. 43° 30' N., Lon. 16° 26' E. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Spandau, span'-dou, also written Spandow, a strongly fortified t of Prussia, in Brandenburg, at the junction of the Havel (ha'-vel) with the Spree, 7 m. W. of Berlin. Pop. 7,000. (B.) Span'-ish Town (or Santiago de la Vega, san-te-a/-go del-av-y-ga), the cap. of Jamaica, situated in the S. E. part of the island, on the r. Cobre, about 6 m. from the sea, and 11 m. W. by N. from Kingston. Pop. about 6,000. r 43* 510 SPA— STA Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66, as in good , Spar'-tan-burg, a dist. in the N. W. part of S. C, bordering on N. C. Pop. 26,400. Seat of justice, Spartanburg c. h. Specia. See Spezia. Spen'-cer, a co. in the N. part of Ky., S. E. of Louisville. Pop. 6,842. Co. t. Taylorsville. Spencer, a co. in the S. or S.W. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 8,616. Co. t. Rockport. Spey, spa, a r. of Scotland, flowing into Murray Frith. Speyer, pronounced and often written Spire (Anc. NovionVagus* afterwards Neme'tes), an ancient city of Bavaria, cap. of the circle of the Rhine, on the Rhine, at the mouth of the Speyerbac^. It has a collection of Roman and ancient German antiquities, a lyceum, and other institutions. The Observatory is in Lat. 49° 18' 55" N., Lon.8° 26' 37" E. Pop. about 8,0J0. (B.) Spezia, sped'-ze-a, (sometimes written Specia,) a seaport t. of N. Italy, in the Sardinian States, on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it gives its name, and which forms one of the finest harbours in Europe. Lat. 44° 5' N., Lon. 9° 51' E. Pop. about 7,000. (P. C.) Spitz-berg'-en, a group of desolate islands in the Arctic Ocean, being the northernmost land which has yet been discovered, situated between the 77th and 81st degrees of JS. Lat., and the 10th and 25th of E. Lon. Their united area is perhaps equal to half that of Ireland. Spoleto, spo-la-fto,(Anc. Spole/tum or Spole'tium,) a city of Italy, in the Papal State, cap. of a delegation of the same name, 60 m. N. by E. of Rome. In its vicinity are a number of interesting antiquities. Lat. 42° 45' N., Lon. 12° 36' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Spring'-field, a flourishing t. of Mass., cap. of Hampden co., on tne E. side of the Connecticut r., and on the Boston and Albany Railroad, about 80 m., in a straight line, W. by S. from Boston. It contains a United States arsenal of construction. Pop. 11,766. Springfield, the cap. of the state of Illinois and of Sangamon co. Lat. 39° 48' N., Lon. 89° 33' VV. Pop. 4,533. St. See Saint. Staf'-ford, a t. of England, cap. of Staffordshire, 23 m. N. N.W. of Birmingham. Pop., including an area of about 4 sq. m., 9,245. Stafford, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., between the Rappahannock and Potomac. Pop. 8,044. Co. t. Falmouth. Staf^-ford-shire, a co. in the W. central part of England, inter- sected by the Trent and Mersey Canal. Pop. 510,504. Stam'-ford, a t. of England, in Lincolnshire, 80 m. N. by W. of London. Entire pop. 6,385. Stan'-ly, a co. in the S. part of N. C, on the W. side of the Yadkin r. Pop. 6,922. Stargard, staR^-gart, a t. of Prussia, in Pomerania, on the naviga- ble r. Ihna (ee'-na), which flows into the Stettiner Haff, 21 m. E. by S. of Stettin. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Stark, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and Erie Canal. Pop. 39,878. Co. t. Canton. Stark, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ind. Pop. 557. STA— STO 511 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly iike ng. Stark, a co. in the N. W. central part of 111., a little W. of the Illi- nois r. Pop. 3,710. Stav anger, stav-ang^-ger, a seaport t. on the S. W. coast of Nor- way. Its cathedral is regarded as the finest in the kingdom. Lat. 58° 58' N., Lon. 5° 57' E. Pop. 3,800. (B.) Ste'-phen-son, a co. in the N. W. part of 111., bordering on the Wis- consin. Pop. 11,666. Stettin, stet-teen', an important commercial t, river-port, and for- tress of Prussia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, and of the prov. of Pomerania, on the left bank of the Oder, about 36 m. from the junction of the Stettiner HafF with the Baltic. It has a gymnasium, with an ob- servatory, a valuable library, and a number of other literary and scien- tific institutions. Lat. 53° 24' N., Lon. 14° 36' E. Pop. above 32,000. (B0 Stettiner Haff, stet-tee'-ner haff, a large haff or lagoon in the N. of Germany, which receives the waters of the Oder, N. of the t. of Stettin. Its length, exclusive of several small arms, is about 30 m.; greatest breadth 12 or 13 m. Steu'-ben (often pronounced stu-ben'), a co. in the S. S. W. part of N. Y., bordering on Pa. Pop. 63,771. Co. t. Bath. Steuben, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of Ind. Pop. 6,104. Co. t. Angola. Steu^-ben-ville, a flourishing t. of Ohio, cap. of Jefferson co., on the Ohio r., 35 m., in a straight line, W. by S. of Pittsburg. Pop. 6,140. Stbw'-art, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Ga., bordering on the Chattahoochee. Pop. 16,027. Co. t. Lumpkin. Stewart, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Tenn., on the Cumberland and Tennessee r., and bordering on Ky. Pop. 9,719. Co. t. Dover. Steyer, stire, a flourishing t. of Upper Austria, on the Enns, an affluent of the Danube, remarkable for its extensive manufactures in iron, among which we may particularize fire-arms, sword-blades, and razors; it is also the centre of an active trade. Lat. 48° 3' N., Lon. 14° 25' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Stir'-ling, an ancient t. of Scotland, cap. of Stirlingshire, on the Forth, 30 m. W. N. W. of Edinburgh. Its situation is in the highest degree beautiful and romantic. The view from the castle (once the residence of the Scottish kings), which stands on an abrupt basaltic rock, immediately over the river, and about 300 ft. in height, is per- haps the most magnificent in Great Britain. Pop. 8,307. Stir'-ling-shire, a co. in the central part of Scotland, extending from the Frith of Forth to Loch Lomond. Pop. 82,057. Stocks-holm, the cap., and the most important commercial and manu- facturing town of Sweden, on the channel which connects L. Malaren with the Baltic, 24 m. from the latter. It is built partly on the mainland and partly on a number of islands in the above-mentioned channel. Its appearance to one approaching from the sea, is highly picturesque and imposing. The harbour, though of difficult entrance, is capacious and secure. Among the remarkable edifices &f the Swe- 512 STO— STR Fate, f ar, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; 66, as in good , dish capita], may be mentioned the Royal Palace, which has great archi- tectural beauty, and contains a library, a collection of paintings and antiquities; and the Church of Riddarholm, which contains the trophies of Sweden, and in which the Swedish kings and other distinguished persons are buried. Stockholm possesses an academy of sciences, with an observatory and an extensive library ; an academy of belles lettres, history and antiquities ; a college of mines, with a rich cabinet of natural history; and a great number of other literary and scientific in» stitutions. Lat. 59° 20' 31" N., Lon. 18° 3' E. Pop. 83,885. (P. C.) Stock'-port, an important manufacturing t. of England, in Cheshire, 6 m. S. E. of Manchester. Pop. of township, 28,431. Stock'-ton, or Stockton-on-Tees, a seaport t. of England, co. of Durham, on the Tees, near its mouth. Lat. 54° 34' N., Lon. 1° 18' W. Pop. of township, 9,825. Stockton. See California. Stod'-dard, a co. in the S. E. part of Mo., E. of, and bordering on the St. Francis r. Pop. 4,277. Stoke-upon-Trent, a parish of England, in Staffordshire, remarka- ble as the seat of extensive manufactures in earthenware. The town of Stoke is 14 m. N. by W. of Stafford. Stokes, a co. in the N. W. part of N. C, bordering on Va. Pop. 9,206. Co. t. Germantown. Stone-ha^-ven, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of Kincardineshire, en the German Ocean, 14 m. S. by W. of Aberdeen. Lat. 56° 56' N.» Lon. 2° 12' W. Pop. 3,012. Sto'-ning-ton, a port of entry of Conn., in New London co., on a rocky point of land, which projects into the E. end of Long Island Sound, about 50 miles S. W. of Providence, with which it is connected by a railroad. Pop. 5,431. Stour'-bridge, a t. of England, in Worcestershire, on the Stour, an affluent of the Severn, 18 m. N. N. E. of Worcester. Pop. 7,481. Strabane, stra-ban', a t. of Ireland, in Tyrone co., 14 m. S. S. W. of Londonderry. Pop. 5,147. (M.) Straf'-ford, a co. in the S. E. part of N. H., on the Salmon Falls r.» a branch of the Piscataqua. Pop. 29,364. Co. towns, Do-er and Ro- chester. Stralsund, straV-soont, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Prus- sia, in Pomerania, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the narrow strait which separates the i. of Riigen from the continent. The celebrated fortifications of this place have been razed, and the ramparts converted into public walks. (P. C.) Lat. 54° 19' N., Lon. 13° 32' E. Pop. 14,713. (M.) Stranraer, stran-rawr', a small seaport t. of Scotland, at the S. extremity of a small bay called Loch Ryan. Lat. 54° 54' N., Lon. 5° 2' W. Stras'-bourg (Fr. pron. Strass N -booR' ; Ger. Strassburg, strass'- booRG ; Anc. Argentoratum) ; a strongly-fortified city of France, on its E. frontier, cap. of the dep. of Lower Rhine, and formerly of Alsace, on the 111, near its confluence with the Rhine. The principal public STR— SUF 513 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. building is the Cathedral of Notre Dame (notr dam), one of the finest Gothic edifices that exist; its spire rises to the height of 500 or per- haps 530 English ft., being the highest in the world. Strasbourg is one of the most important commercial and manufacturing towns in France. It possesses. an academie universitaire (before the French Revolution it had a Protestant university), a royal college, a public library of 50,000 vols. (P. C), and many other literary and scientific institutions. The common language of the citizens of Strasbourg is German, but French is spoken by the educated classes. The Obser- vatory is in Lat. 48° 34' 40" N., Lon. 4° 45' 12" E. Pop. 50,000. (B.) Strat^-ford-upon-A'-von, a little t. of England, in Warwickshire, on the Avon, 8 m. S. W. of Warwick, celebrated as the birth-place of Shakspeare. Stuhlweissenburg, stool-wI/-cen-b66RG\ (Hung. Szekes Fejervar, sa-kesh fa-yaiR-vaR,) a t. of Hungary, once the residence of the Hun- garian kings, 35m. S. W. of Buda. Pop. 13,000. (B.) StutV-gart or Stuttgard (Ger. pron. stoot'-gaRt), a city of Ger- many, cap. of the kingdom of Wiirtemberg, on a little stream called the Nesenbach (na^-zen-baK N ) near its confluence with the Neckar. It has been greatly embellished since the commencement of the present century. Among the remarkable buildings, may be mentioned the new Royal Palace, which is a noble structure, and contains a valua- ble collection of paintings and statues. The Public Royal Library contains 200,000 vols., among which is a unique collection of 12,000 Bibles, of 4,000 different editions, in 68 languages. (P. C.) Stuttgard has a gymnasium, with 30 professors, and numerous other institutions for education. Lat. 48° 46' N., Lon. 9° 11' E. Pop. 40,000. (B.) Styria, Stiria, stir/e-a (Ger. Steyermark, stiver-mark), a country in the S. central part of Europe, intersected by the river Muhr. It belongs to Austria. Adj. and. inhab. Styrian or Stirianj stir/e-an. Suabia, swa/-be-a, a country in the S. of Germany, which, in the middle ages, constituted a powerful duchy, when the Suabians were the richest, most civilized, and most respected of all the nations of Germany. The name had disappeared from the maps of Germany, but a few years ago the king of Bavaria restored the ancient historical names, and gave that of Suabia to the circle of the Upper Danube. Suabia is supposed to be derived from the Suevi, an ancient and pow- erful German nation. — Adj. and inhab. Suabian, swa/-be-an. Sudan. See Soodan. Suez, soo'-ez (Arab. Soo-ez') Isthmus of, is situated between the N. extremity of the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, and connects Africa with Asia. Its breadth, in the narrowest part, is about 65 rn. Suf'-folk, a co. in the E. part of England, bordering on the German Ocean. Pop. 315,073. Suffolk, a co. in the E. part of Mass., on Massachusetts Bay. Pop. 144,507. Co. t. Boston. Suffolk, a co. of N. Y., occupying the E. portion of Long Island. Pop. 3G,922. Seat of justice, Suffolk c. h. 514 SUI— SUN File, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, not; 66 as in good; Suir, shure, a r. in the S. E. part of Ireiand, flowing into Waterford harbour. Sul'-lj-van, a co. in the W. part of N. H., bordering on the Connec- ticut r. Pop. 19,375. Co. t. Newport. Sullivan, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., bordering on the Dela- ware r. Pop. 25,088. Co. t. Monticello. Sullivan, a co. near tbe N. E. extremity of Tenn., bordering on Va. Pop. 11,742. Co. t. Blountsville. Sullivan, a co. in the W. part of Ind., bordering on the Wabash. Pop. 10,141. Co. t. Merom. Sumatra, soo-maV-tra, an important i., the most westerly of the Ma- la isian group, and, next to Borneo, the largest in the eastern seas, be- tween 5° 50' N. and 6° S. Lat., and 95° 20' and 106° E. Lon. Its length is above 1,000 m.; its greatest breadth about 240 m. The area is computed at 160,001) sq. in. Population vaguely estimated at 2,000,000. (M.) The vegetable productions of this island are those common to tropical countries; rice, pepper, and camphor are the most important. The quantity of pepper produced annually is estimated by McCulloch at 30,000,000 lbs., which is in fact more than the whole produce of pepper in all other parts of the globe. Sumatra was once noted for its gold, and a considerable quantity is still exported : it also contains rich mines of copper ore, which, however, are but little work- ed. The Dutch have possessions at Padang, Bencoolen, and other parts of the S.W. coast; but a large portion of the island is independent. — Adj. and inhab. Sumatran, soo-ma'-tran. Sumbawa, sum-baw'-wa, an i. of Malaisia, between 8° 20' and 9° 20' S. Lat., and 116° 40' and 119° 20' E. Lon. Length about 170 m. ; greatest breadth above 60 rn. The Dutch have established some sort of authority in the eastern districts, but a large portion of the island is independent. Sum'-mit, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Cuya- hoga r. Pop. 27,485. Co. t. Akron. Sum'-ner, a co. in the N. part of Tenn., between the Cumberland r. and the border of Ky. Pop. 22,717. Co. t. Gallatin. Sum'-ter, a dist. in the E. central part of S. C, bordering on the Santee r. ' Pop. 33,220. Seat of justice, Sumterville c. h. Sumter, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Ga., bordering on Flint r. Pop. 10,322. Co. t. Americus. Sumter, a co. in the W. part of Ala., between the Tombigbee and the border of Miss. Pop. 22,250. Co. t. Livingston. Sunbury, sun'-ber-re, a port of entry of Ga., in Liberty co., on the Med way r., at the head of St. Catherine's Sound. Sun'-da, a term of unknown origin, which has been applied to the Eouth-western and larger portion of Malaisia. Java, Borneo, Sumatra, and Celebes, are often called the Greater Sunda Islands : the Lesser Sunda Islands are situated between 5° and 11° S. Lat, and 114° and 135° E. Lon., including, besides many other smaller ones, the island.* of Timor, Flores, Sumbawa, Bali, and Timorlaut. SUN— SUS 515 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Sun'-der-land, a commercial t. and seaport of England, in the co. of Durham, on the Wear, at its entrance into the North. Sea, and 13 m. N. E. of Durham, with which town it is connected by a railway. Ship- building' is more extensively carried on here than anywhere else in the kingdom. Lat. 54° 55' N., Lon. 1° 21' W. Pop. 17,022. Superior, Lake, the largest and most westerly of the five great lakes, which are connected with the St. Lawrence, between 46° 35' and 49° N. Lat., and 84° 30' and 92° 20' W. Lon. The length, following the bend of the lake, is about 400 m. ; greatest breadth, above 160 m. Area estimated at 28,000 sq. m. The surface is about 640 ft. above the Atlantic; the mean depth is stated at 900 ft. Lake Superior is probably the largest body of fresh water on the globe. Surat, soo-rat', a large commercial city of Hindostan, cap. of Gu- zerat, on the Taptee, about 20 m. from its entrance into the Gulf of Cambay. Bombay has deprived it of a large part of that commerce for which it was formerly so celebrated ; but it still carries on a considera- ble trade with Arabia, and possesses some flourishing manufactures. Lat. 21° 11' N., Lon. 72° 50' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 160,000, though some writers make it much higher. Surinam. See Guiana, Dutch. Surinam, soo'-re-nanV, a r. of South America, in Dutch Guiana, flowing into the Atlantic. Length, about 300 m. It is navigable for large ships about 4 leagues from the coast, and for river barges above 50 m. farther. Sur'-Rey, a co. in the S. E. part of England, S. of, and bordering on the Thames. Pop. 582,678. Sur'-ry, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 5,679. Seat of justice, Surry c. h. Surry, a co. in the N. N. W. part of N. C, bordering on Va. Pop. 18,443. Co. t. Rockford. Sus'-que-han'-na, a large r. of the U. S., formed by the union of two principal branches. The E. branch rises in Otsego Lake, in the S. E. central part of N. Y., and, flowing in a general south-westerly course, is joined by the W. branch at Northumberland, about 43 m. N. of Harrisburg : their united waters then flow southerly, and fall into the N. extremity of Chesapeake Bay. Its whole length may be esti- mated at near 350 m. The navigation is obstructed in the lower part of its course by numerous rapids. Susquehanna, a co. in the N. E. part of Pa., on the E. branch of the above r., and bordering on N. Y. Pop. 28,688. Co. t. Montrose. Sus'-sex, a co. in the S. E. part of England, bordering on the Eng- lish Channel. Pop. 299,753. Sussex, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of N. J. Pop. 22,989. Co. t. Newton. Sussex, the southernmost of the counties of Del. Pop. 25,935. Co. t. Georgetown. Sussex, a co. in the S. E. part of Va., intersected by the Nottaway r. Pop. 9,280. Seat of justice, Sussex c. h. 516 SUT— SWI Fate, far, fS.ll, fat; me, met; pine, or pine, pin; n6, n5t; 56 as in good. Suth'-er-land, a co. occupying the N. W. extremity of Scotland, and extending- across the island to Dornoch Frith. Pop. 24,782. Su-wA'-nee, a r. which rises in Ga., and flows through Florida into the Gulf of Mexico. Swabia. See Suabia. Swan'-sea, a seaport t. of Wales, in Glamorganshire, on the Bristol Channel, at the mouth of the Tawe. Lat. 51° 37' N., Lon. 3° 55' W. Pop. 16,787. Swe'-den (in Swedish, Swerige, swerV-e-geA), a monarchy in the N. W. part of Europe, comprising the E. part of the Scandinavian pe- ninsula, situated between 55° 20' and 69° N. Lat., and 11° 10' and 24° 20' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Norway and Russian Lapland, E. and S. E. by Russia and the Baltic, and W. by the Cattegat, the Ska- ger Rack, and Norway. Length, above 950 m.; greatest breadth, about 260 m. Area estimated at 170,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1839, 3,109,772. (P. C.) The mines of Sweden form an important source of national wealth. Swedish iron is noted for its superior quality. There are some extensive copper mines; that at Fahlun is the most remarkable. (See Fahlun.) The established religion of Sweden is the Lutheran. While all sects are tolerated, none but Lutherans can be promoted to any employment in the state. The government is a limited monarchy, hereditary in the male line. Sweden and Norway, though at present united under one king, have distinct and separate constitutions. Stock- holm is the capital. — Adj. Swe'-dish-; inhab. Swede. Swinemunde, swee -ne^-miin'-deA, (i. e. " Swinemouth,") «a small commercial t. and seaport of Prussia, on the Swine(swee/-ne&), one of the outlets of the Stettiner-HafT* at its entrance into the Baltic. Lat. 53° 53' N., Lon. 14° 23' E. Pop. 3,600. (B.) Switz'-er-land (Ger. Schweitz, shwites; Fr. La Suisse, la swiss; Anc. Helvetia), a mountainous country in the southern part of Europe, between 45° 48' and 47° 48' N. Lat., and 5° 57' and 10° 30' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. and E. by Germany, S. by Italy, and W. and N.W. by France. Length, near 230 m. ; greatest breadth, above 140 m. Area, about 15,000 sq. m. Pop., in 1839, 2,188,395. (P. C.) Switzer- land is a republic, consisting of 22 confederated states, called cantoris, viz. Aargau (Argovie), Appenzell, Basel (Bale), Bern, Freyburg, Gall, St., Geneva, Glarus, Grisons, Lucerne, Neufchatel, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn (Soleure), Thurgau, Ticino (Tessin), Unterwalden, Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, and Zurich. The inhabitants of Switzerland consist of three classes — Germans, French, and Italians. The former dwell chiefly in the cantons Zurich, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwal- den, Glarus, Zug, Appenzell, St. Gall, Thurgau, SchafFhausen, and Aargau, and constitute about seven-tenths of the entire population. The French Swiss are found principally in Neufchatel, Geneva, Vaud, and a part of Soleure, Freyburg, Valais, Bale, and Bern. The Italian Swiss are far less numerous, and inhabit only Ticino and some parts of Grisons and Valais. The German language is employed in the genera, affairs of the confederation and in the government of the particular can- tons, with the exception of Geneva, Neufchatel, Vaud, and Ticino. (B.) SWI— SYR 517 on, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. All the cantons of Switzerland are republics, excepting Neufchatel, in which the king 1 of Prussia exercises the right of sovereignty. The Swiss confederation has no permanent capital ; by a federal enactment of 1815, Zurich, Bern, and Lucerne, are alternately the seat of the general government. — Adj. Swiss ; inhab. Swiss, and sometimes SWITZ'-ER. Switzerland, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Ind. P. 12,932. Co. t. Vevay. Syd'-ney, an important commercial t. of New Holland, cap. of the colony of New South Wales, on the S. side of the bay called Port Jackson, which forms, perhaps, the finest natural basin in the world. This bay is about 15 m. long; the anchorage is everywhere excellent, and ships are perfectly protected from every wind. Sydney was ori ginally founded in 1788, as a colony for convicts ; but at present there are few if any of that class in the province. Pop. in 1841, 29,973, in 1851 over 50,000. The exports of wool in 1848 amounted to 17,565,000 lbs. Lat. 33° 55 / S., Lon. 150° 10 / E. Syr^-a-cuse (Anc. Syracu'sae; It. Siracasa, se-ra-ka'-sa) ; a cele- brated city and seaport of Sicily, on the E. coast, about 30 m. S. S. E. of Catania. Its harbour, once so famous, is now choked with sand, and little remains, except its vast ruins, to remind the spectator of the proud metropolis of ancient Sicily, which durst oppose the power of Athens, of Carthage, and of Rome. The present town is pretty strongly fortified, but its streets are narrow and dirty, and its commerce reduced almost to nothing. Lat. 37° M N., Lon. 15° 18' E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Syr^-a-cu'-san. Syracuse, a flourishing city of N. Y., cap. of Onondaga co., on the Erie Canal, where it is joined by the Oswego Canal, about 47 m., in a straight line, W. of Utica. Near it are the extensive salt-works of Salina. Pop. 22,271. Syr'-j.-a, a country of rather indefinite extent, between 30° and 38° N. Lat., and 34° and" 38° or 39° E. Lon., situated at the E. extremity of the Mediterranean, and forming a part of the Turkish empire. The name of Syria (2u£ia) was given to this country by the Greeks and Romans, and is now unknown to the Asiatics. The Arabs call it Bel- ed' Es-Sham (or simply Es-Sham), i. e. "the country to the left;" be- cause when in prayer they face the rising sun, it lies to their left hand. Though within the temperate zone, Syria exhibits all the climates of the o-lobe. In the Ghor (the valley between the Dead Sea and the Sea of Tiberias), the mean annual temperature appears to be not much lower than that of the equator. This need not surprise us when we consider that the lower part of this valley is more than 1,000 ft. below the level of the sea. (P. C.) The Arabic poets have said that the " Sanneen (or Sannin, the southern part of Lebanon) bears winter upon his head, spring upon his shoulders, autumn in his bosom, while summer lies sleeping at his feet." Under so various a climate, the vegetable pro- ductions, as might be expected, are extremely numerous, comprising 44 518 SZA— TAL. Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; no, not ; 66 as in good, many of those which belong- to the three different zones. — Adj. Syri- an and Syr'-j-ac; inhab. Syrian. Szarvas, soR^-vosh', a commercial t. of Hungary, on the Koros (ko f - rosh'), an affluent of the Theiss, about 47 m. N. N. E. of Szegedin. Pop. 14,000. (B.) Szegedin, seg N -cd x -een', a royal free t. of Hungary, at the confluence of the Theiss with the Marosch, about 100 m. S. E. of Pesth. It has several important manufactures, and an extensive trade. Lat 46° 17 N., Lon. 20° 10' E. Pop. 32,000. (B.) Tab-ar-ee^-yeh, commonly written Tabarieh (Anc. Tibe'rias), a small t. of Palestine, on the W. shore of the lake, to which it gives its name. It is said to have been utterly destroyed by the earthquake of 1837. Tabareeyeh, Lake of (called in Scripture the Sea of Galilee or of Tiberias), is intersected by the parallel of 32° 50' N. Lat., and the me- ridian of 35° 40' E. Lon. Length 14 m. ; greatest breadth H m. The r. Jordan flows through this lake, and falls into the Dead Sea. Tab-reez' (Tabriz), sometimes called Tauris, a large but decayed city in the N. of Persia, prov. of Azerbaijan, about 50 m. E. of L. Ooroo- meeyeh. Lat. about 38° 10' N., Lon. 46° 30' E. The population, which was formerly estimated at 550,000, is now reduced to 100,000 or 80,000. (B.) Tacazze, ta-kat'-sa, (sometimes written Takatz or Takatze,) a r. of Abyssinia, which falls into the Nile, near 17° 30' N. Lat. Tag v -an-rog', an important commercial t., seaport, and fortress of European Russia, in the gov. of Ekaterinoslaf, on the Sea of Azof, near its N. E. extremity. Lat. 47° 13' N., Lon. 38° 39' E. Pop. about 17,000. (P. C.) Ta'-gus (Sp. Tajo, ta'-Ho; Port. Tejo, ta/-zho); the largest r. of the Spanish peninsula: it rises near the W. frontiers of Aragon, where that kingdom joins New Castile, in about 40° 30' N. Lat., and 1° 40' W. Lon. Flowing in a westerly course, it passes nearly through the centre of the peninsula, and falls into the Atlantic in 33° 38' N. Lit, and 9° 20' W. Lon. Its whole length exceeds 550 m. It is navigable to Abrantes, about 90 m. above Lisbon. Tahiti, ta-hee'-te, (formerly written Otaheite,) the largest and most important of the Society Islands, between 17° 30' and 18° S. Lat., and 149° and 149° 40' W. Lon. Length about 48 m. ; greatest breadth about 26 m. Its form is remarkable; it seems as if an island almost perfectly circular had been joined to the extremity of an elliptical one. The isthmus which connects the two parts is only about 3 or 4 m. broad. Pop. 8,000. For the character and condition of the inhabitants, see Society Islands. — Adj. and inhab. Taiiitian, ta-hee^-te-an. Talavera de la Reyna, ta-la-va/-ra da la ra'e-na, an ancient t. of Spain, in New Castile, on the Tagus, 42 m. W. by N. of Toledo. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) TAL-TAR 519 OU, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. TAl'-bot, a co. of Md., E. of, and bordering on the Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 13,811. Co. t. Easton. Talbot, a co. in the W. part of Ga., bordering on Flint r. Pop. 16,534. Co. t. Talbotton. Taliaferro, toK-e-ver, a small co. in the E. part of Ga., on the head waters of the Ogechee. Pop. 5,146. Co. t. Crawfordville. Tal-la-de'-ga, a co. in the E. part of Ala., bordering on the Coosa r. Pop. 18,624. Co. t. Talladega. Tal v -la-has'-see, the cap. of the state of Florida and seat of justice of Leon co. Lat. 30° 28' N., Lon. 84° 36' W. Tal'-la-hatch'-je, a co. in the N. W. part of Miss., intersected by a r. of the same name, a branch of the Yazoo. Pop. 4,643. Tal-la-poo'-sa, a r. in the E. part of Ala., which unites with the Coosa to form the Alabama r. Tallapoosa, a co. in the E. part of Ala., intersected by the above r. Pop. 15,584. Co. t. Montreal. Tam-bof' (Tarn bow), a t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on an affluent of the Oka. Lat. 52° 44' N., Lon. 41° 45 E. Pop. 20,000. (P. C.) Tam'-ma-ny, St., a parish in the E. part of La., on the W. side of Pearl r. Pop. 6,364. Seat of justice, Covington. Tampico, tam-pee'-ko, called also Pueblo Nuevo, pwebMo nwa/-vo, a small but flourishing commercial t. of Mexico, in the state of Tamau- lipas, on the r. Panuco (pa-noo'-ko), near its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. Lat. 22° 15' N., Lon. 97° 52' VV. Taney, tau'-ne, a co. in the S. W. part of Mo., bordering on Ark. Pop. 4,373. Tangier, tan-jeer', (called Tan'jeA by the Moors,) a seaport t. and once important fortress of Fez, on the Strait of Gibraltar. Lat. 35° 48' N.. Lon. 5° W W. Pop. 9,500. (P. C.) Tan x -jore', a fortified city of Hindostan, cap. of a fertile dist. of the same name, belonging to the presidency of Madras. Lat. 10° 48' N., Lon. 79° 12' E. Pop. probably not less than 70,000 or 80,000. (P. C.) Taormina, ta-OR-mee'-na, (Anc. Taurome'nium,) a small t. of Sicily, on a high, craggy mountain, near the E. coast of the island, remarka- ble for its romantic situation, and for its antiquities; among which the ancient theatre deserves particular mention. Though of a size capa- ble of accommodating 40,000 spectators, it is principally excavated in the slope of a mountain, the seats being hewn out of the rock. Lat. 37° 48' N., Lon. 15° 18' E. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.) Tapajos. See Topayos. Tap'-p.vhan'-nock, a port of entry of Va., cap. of Essex co., on the Rappahannock r. Tar River. See Pamlico. TarakaY, tar v -ra-ki', commonly called Sag-hal'-i-en, a large i. on the E. coast of Asia, extending from 46° to 54° 20' N. Lat. Length, above 600 m.; breadth, from 25 m. to 120 m. As it is very rarely visited by Europeans, little is known respecting it. It is said to be covered with dense fogs, nearly all the year round. The aboriginal 520 TAR— TAY Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good; inhabitants are called Ainos (V-nbs), being the same race as the Koo- rilians. Taranto, ta'-ran-to, (Anc. Taren'tum,) a fortified archiepiscnpal city and seaport of Naples, cap. of the prov. of Otranto, on the Gulf of Taranto, near its N. extremity, with an excellent harbour. Taren- tum was anciently the principal Greek city on the E. coast of Italy, constituting, with its adjoining territory, an independent and powerful state. Lat. 40° 27' N., Lon. 17° 15' E. Pop. 18,000. (P. C.) Tarascon, ta s -Ras -k6N / , (Anc. Tarascon or Taruscon, Tagovaxw,) a walled t. of France, in the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone, on the Rhone, 16 m. E. by S. of Nismes. Its castle was formerly the resi- dence of the counts of Provence. Lat. 43° 48' N., Lon. 4° 40' E. Pop. 9,220. (M.) Tarazona, tar-a-tho^-na, (Anc. Turiaso,) a t. of Spain, in Aragon. Lat. 41° 55' N., Lon. 1° 43' W. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Tarbes, taRD, (Anc. Tur'ba,) the cap. of the French dep. of Upper Pyrenees, on the Adour. It is one of the best-built and cleanest towns in the S. of France. Lat. 43° 14' N., Lon. 0° 4' E. Pop. 12,500. (B.) Tarn, a dep. in the S. of France, intersected by a r. of the same name, which flows into the Garonne. Pop. 346,614. (B.) Capital, Albi. Tarn and Garonne (Fr. Tarne-et-Garonne, taRn a ga N -ronn0> a dep. in the S. or S. W. of France, on the rivers from which it takes its name. 'Pop. 242,184. (B.) Capital, Montauban. Tar n -ra-go'-na or tar- ra-go'-na (Anc. Tar'raco), an archiepiscopal city and seaport of Spain, in Catalonia, cap. of a prov. of its own name, on the Mediterranean, 50 m. W. by S. of Barcelona. Lat. 41° 9' N., Lon. 1° 16' E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) Tar x -soos' (Anc. Tardus), a commercial t. in the S. E. part of Asia Minor, about 12 m. from the Mediterranean. Tarsus was the birth- place of St. Paul. Lat. 36° 56' N., Lon. 34° 54' E. Pop. estimated at 30,000 (B.), but some other writers rate it much lower. Tartary. See Toorkistan. Tattnall, a co. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Altamaha. Pop. 3,227. Co. t. Reidsville. Taunton, tan'-ton, a t. of England, in Somersetshire, 37 m. S. W. of Bristol. Pop., including an area of above 4 sq. m., 12,066. Taunton, a manufacturing t. of Mass., one of the seats of justice of Bristol co., on a r. of its own name, about 31 m. in a straight line duo S. from Boston, with which city it is connected by a railroad. Pop. 10,441. Tau^-rx-da, now usually called Krim, a gov. in the S. part of Europe, occupying the Crimea and a portion of the adjacent country. Taurts. See Tabreez. Tay, the largest r. of Scotland : it rises on the frontiers of Argyle- shire, a little N. of Loch Lomond, and, flowing north-easterly, passes through Loch Tay, and, after making a considerable circuit, expands itself into the estuary called the Frith of Tay, and falls into the sea, TAZ— TEN 521 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. in about 56° 27' N. Lat., and 2 C 45' W. Lon. Length estimated at 110 m. It is navigable for ships of 500 tons to Dundee, and for ves- sels of 100 tons to Perth, about 20 m. farther. Tazewell, taz'-wel, a co. in the S. VV. part of Va., bordering on Ky. Pop. 9,942. Co. t. Jeffersonville. Tazewell, a co. in the N. VV. central part of 111., S. E. of, and bor- dering on the Illinois r. Pop. 12,052. Co. t. Tremont. Tchad, a large lake of Africa, in Soodan, intersected by the 13th parallel of N. Lat. and the 15th meridian of E. Lon. Its E. and N. E. shores have never been visited by a European traveller, but its length is stated to be five days' sail. (P. C.) Tcher n -nj-gof/ (Czernigow), an archiepiscopal city of Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Desna, an affluent of the Dnieper. It was built in 1024, and is accounted the oldest town in European Russia. Lat. 51° 27' N., Lon. 31° 18' E. Pop. estimated at about 7,000. (P. C.) Teche, tesh, a bayou of La., communicating with the Atchafalaya. Teflis. See Tiflis. Tehran, teh-ran', or Teheran, (called, by the Persians, Teh-h'ran',) the modern cap. of Persia, situated in the prov. of Irak Adjemi, in the midst of a well-cultivated plain, which, however, is destitute of trees. It is surrounded by a high and strong wall of earth, flanked with nu- merous towers. The streets are narrow, and the houses have generally a mean appearance. Lat. 35° 40' N., Lon. 51° 23' E. The pop., which is rapidly increasing, is estimated by Balbi at not less than 130,000 during winter; in summer it is considerably less. Teignmouth, tin'-muth, a small seaport t. and watering-place of England, on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Teign, 12 m. *S. of Exeter. Tel'-fair, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ga., intersected by the Ocmulgee. Pop. 3,026. Co. t. Jacksonville. Temesva'r, tem x -esh v -va-W, (t. e. the "fort of Temes,") a royal free city of Hungary, cap. of the county of Temes (tem'-esh'), and one of the handsomest towns and strongest fortresses in the Austrian empire, on a canal which has communication with the Danube. Lat. 45° 42' N., Lon. 21° 20' E. Pop. above 14,000. (B.) Ten-as'-ser-im, a name applied to the British possessions in Farther India, which were acquired from the Birmans by the peace of 1826. The Tenasserim provinces constitute a territory extending along the E. shore of the Bay of Bengal, for about 450 m., between 10° and 17° N. Lat. The climate of this region is said to be remarkably healthy, and the country very productive. Ten-er-ifff/ (Sp. Tenerife, ta-na-ree^-fa), the largest and most populous of the Canary Islands, between 27° 50' and 28° 40' N. Lat, and 16° 5' and 17° 5' VV. Lon. Length, 73 m. ; greatest breadth, near 40 m. Area estimated at 1,012 sq. m. Pop. in 1829, 85,000 (P. C.) The most remarkable feature of this island is its celebrated mountain Bummit, known as the Peak of Teneriffe, which rises 11,946 ft. (P. C.) 44* 21 522 TEN— TER Fate, f ar, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 65, as in good ; above the level of the sea. It is an extinct volcano" ; but, from some crevices in the crater, hot watery vapours still issue. These crevices are called by the natives the nostrils of the Peak. Ten x -nes-see' River, the largest affluent of the Ohio, rises in the W. part of N. C, and, flowing westerly into Term., afterwards makes an extensive circuit through the N. part of Ala., then changing its course, runs nearly N. through Tenn. and Ky., and falls into the Ohio, near 37° N. Lat. and 88° 35' W. Lon. According to many geogra- phers, the Tennessee is formed by the union of the Clinch and Holston rivers. The whole length is estimated at 1,100 m. Jt is navigable for steamboats, during high water, to Florence, in Ala., about 260 m. Tennessee, one of the U. S., between 35° and 36° 40' N. Lat, and 81° 40' and 90° W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Kentucky and Virginia, S. E. by N. Carolina, S. by Georgia, Alabama, and Missis- sippi, and W. by the Mississippi r., which separates it from Arkansas and Missouri ; and divided into 79 counties.* Length, from E. to W., about 430 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 110 m. Area esti- mated at 45,000 sq. m. P. 1,002,625; of whom 756,893 are whites, 6,271 free coloured persons, and 239,461 slaves. Nashville is the seat of government. Tennessee was admitted into the Union in 1796. Teramo, teV-a-mo, a t. of Naples, cap. of the prov. of Abruzzo Ul- tra, about 10 m. from the Adriatic. Lat. 42° 40' N., Lon. 13° 48' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Terceira, ter-sa'e-ra, one of the principal islands of the Azores: it is intersected by the parallel of 38° 40' N. Lat, and the E. coast is grazed by the 27th meridian of W. Lon. Length, 24 m.; greatest breadth, 14 m. Area estimated at 260 sq. m. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (P. C.) Angra is the chief town. Termini, teR'-me-ne, (Anc. Ther'mse, i. e. " hot baths,") a fortified seaport t. of Sicily, on the N. coast, remarkable for its hot mineral sprino-s and baths, and for the ruins of the ancient city of Him'era, in its vicinity. Lat. 37° 57' N., Lon. 13° 42' E. Pop. about 14,000. (B.) Term, teV-ne, (Anc. InteranVna,) a t of Italy, in the Papal State, on the Nera, an affluent of the Tiber, 48 m. E. by N. from Rome. Pop about 6,000. (P. C.) About 4 m. to the E., on the Velino (va-lee'-no). a stream which flows into the Nera, is a celebrated cascade, called the Cascata del Marmore (kas-ka'-ta del maR'-mo-ra). The water * Anderson, Bedford, Benton, Bledsoe, Blount, Bradley, Campbell, Cannon, Carrol], Carter, Claiborne, Cocke, Coffee, Davidson, De Kalb, Dickson, Dyer, Fayette, Fentress, Franklin, Gibson. Giles, Granger, Greene, Hamilton, Hardiman, Fhrdin, Hawkins, Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Humphreys, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lincoln, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Maury, McMinn, McNairy, Meigs, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan Obion, Overton, Perry, Polk, Rhea, Roane, Robertson, Rutherford, Sevier, Shelby.. Smith, Stewart, Sullivan, Sumner, Tipton, Van Buren, Warren, Washington. Wayne, Weakly, White, Williamson, Wilson, Decatur, Grundy, Hancock, Lewis, Macmi, Mcott, TER— TEX 523 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. falls, by three leaps, about 700 ft. (some say 750 ft.), producing one of the most beautiful and romantic cataracts in the world.* Ter/-ra del Fu-e'-go, more properly Tierra del Fuego, te-er'-ra del fwa/-go, a group of islands at the S. extremity of S. America, sepa- rated from the continent by the Strait of Magellan. The principal island is about 270 m. in length, and 180 or 190 m. in its greatest breadth. The name of Tierra del Fuego, or " land of fire," is sup- posed to have been given to this insular group by the Spaniards, from their having witnessed here a volcanic eruption. A phenomenon of this kind was observed, not many years since, by Captain Basil Hall, while on a visit to these islands. Tierra del Fuego is inhabited by savages, who appear to be in the lowest state of ignorance and bar- barism. They are low in stature, and are of a dark copper or mahogany colour. The climate is cold, but the temperature is comparatively equa- ble. Cloudy weather, rain, and wind prevail throughout the year, and fine days are rare. Terracina, ter-ra-chee^-na, (Anc. Anx^ur, afterwards Terraci'na), a seaport t. of Italy, in the Papal State, 60 m. S. S. E. of Rome, remarka- ble for its interesting remains of antiquity. Terre Bonne (i.e. " good land"), usually pronounced tar bone, a parish in the S. part of La., bordering on the sea. Pop. 7,724. Seat of jus- tice, Williamsburg." Tessin. See Ticino. Tex'-as, formerly (in conjunction with Coahuila) a state of Mexico, conquered its independence in 1836, and maintained its existence as an independent republic till 1845, when it was admitted into the North American confederacy, as a sovereign state. A portion of its territory in the N. W., was relinquished by Texas on the formation of the territory of New Mexico in 1850, in consideration of $10,000,000 to be paid by the U. S. government. This portion now forms a part of New Mexico. Texas lies between 25° 30' and 36° 30 / N. Lat., and 93° 40' and 107° W. Lon., being about 800 miles in length, from the mouth of the Rio Grande, to the N. W. extremity of the state, and 750 in its greatest breadth, including about 237,321 sq. m. It is bounded on the N. by New Mexico and Indian Ter., E. by Arkan- sas and Louisiana, S. E. by the Gulf of Mexico, and S. W. by Mex- ico, from which it is separated by the Rio Grande or Rio del Norte. A portion of the northern part has New Mexico for its W. boundary. It is divided into 78 counties.f Pop. in 1850, 212,592, of whom * See Childe Harold, Canto IV., stanzas 69, 70, and 71 : also the accompany- ing note. f Anderson, Angelina, Austin, Bastrop, Bexar, Bowie, Brazoria, Brazos, Burleson, Caldwell, Calhoun, Cameron, Cass, Cherokee, Collin, Colorado, Comal, Cook, Dallas, Denton, De Witt, Fannin, Fayette, Fort Bend, Galveston, Guada- lupe, Gillespie, Goliad, Gonzales, Grayson, Grimes, Harris, Harrison, Hays, Henderson, Hopkins, Houston, Hunt, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Kaufman, Lamar, Lavacca, Leon, Liberty, Limestone, Matagorda, Medina, Milam, Mont- gomery, Nacogdoches, Navarro, Newton, Nueces, Panola, Polk, Red River, Re- 524 TEX— TEX Fite, fir, fill, fit; mb, m£t; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; 154,100 were white, 331 free coloured persons, and 58,161 slaves. In the year ending June 30, 1850, there were 3,406 deaths, or 16 in every thousand. Austin is the seat of government. Bays, Rivers, &c. — The coast of Texas is lined with bays and in- lets. The largest of these — Galveston Bay — extends about 35 m. in- land from the Gulf of Mexico. Following this in a S. W. direction in the order named, are Matagorda, Lavaca, Espiritu Santo, Aran- sas, and Corpus Christi bays, and Laguna del Madre. These are all separated from the gulf by a line of long narrow islands or sand banks. Matagorda Bay and Laguna del Madre (being rather sounds than bays) run parallel with the shore. Texas does not afford a single harbour for vessels of a large size. Galveston Inlet, the deepest, has but 12 ft. of water, the entrance of Matagorda Bay but 11 ft., and San Luis 10 ft. Texas has several long rivers, whose navigation also is very much obstructed by shallows and rafts, though these may, and doubtless many of them will be removed hereafter, and the navi- gation much extended. The large rivers (proceeding in order N. E. from the Rio Grande, or Rio del Norte, which is almost 1,800 m. long, and forms the entire S. W. boundary of the state) are the Nueces, San Antonio, Guadalupe, Colorado, Brazos, Trinity, Ne- ches, and Sabine. These rivers are respectively about 300, 250, 275, 550, 500, 400, 300, and 350 m. in length ; but these are mere esti- mates from measurements on the map. The Sabine, which forms the E. boundary, spreads near its mouth into Sabine Lake. The Red r. which rises in the N. W. of this state, forms the greater part of the N. boundary, and is navigable for about 200 m. of that distance. The Sabine is navigable 150 m., the Brazos 150 m., the Nueces 100 m., the Trinity 300 m., the San Jacinto 50 m., and the Rio Grande (except at low water) 400 m. The Colorado is obstructed by a raft 10 m. from its mouth, but when this is removed, it will probably be navigable for small steamboats to Austin. Face of the Country, Soil, and Productions. — The Guadalupe mountains, a branch of the Rocky mountains, run through the western part of Texas, but their extent and altitude are not known with any precision. A range of heights runs through the middle of the southern part of the state, east of the Colorado r., and high table lands occupy the N. W. region. The surface along the gulf and for 100 m.inlancl is level and barren, except on the margin of the streams. These are bordered with strips of timbered land, vary- ing in breadth from 3 to 7 miles. Vast prairies are found in various sections of the country, alternating with tracts of land covered with timber. The prairies on the Red river bottom, which extend about 200 m., are represented to be of unsurpassed fertility, and very pro- ductive in maize, cotton and wheat. The soil of the prairies is a fugio, Robertson, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, San Patricio, Shelby, Smith, Starr, Titus, Travis, Tyler, Upshur, Vanzants, Victoria, Walker, Washington, Webb, Wharton, Williamson. TEX— TEX 525 Ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. deep black mould mixed with sand. Previous to the emigration from the United States, vast herds of wild horses and cattle fed on the rich natural grasses of these meadows. A striking peculiarity in Texas is a section called the " Cross Timbers," a continuous forest, stretching perhaps 150 or 200 m., from the sources of the Trinity northward to the Arkansas river. " It appears at a distance like an immense wall of wood ; and towards the west, such is its linear regu- larity that it looks as if planted by art." The principal grains of this state are Indian corn and wheat ; two crops of the former can be raised in a year. But the great staple is cotton, which is said to be equal, if not superior, to the best produced in the United States. The sugar-cane also flourishes here as well or better than on the Mississippi river. Among the fruits which abound are the peach, lemon, pine-apple, date, olive, orange, fig, melon, and grape, all of which flourish in the lowlands. Vanilla, indigo, sarsaparilla, and other medicinal and dyeing plants are indigenous. The forest trees of Texas are the live-oak, and several other varieties of oak, hickory, walnut, pecan, magnolia, wild peach, elm, birch, sycamore, cypress, cedar, pine, dogwood, musquite, bois-d'arc and cottonwood. Along the river bottoms is an impenetrable growth of cane. The long Spanish moss, valuable for bedding and fodder, clothes the trees near the seaboard and on the streams. By the census returns of 1850, Texas had under cultivation 635,913 acres of land, producing 5,796,735 bushels of Indian corn ; 42,448 bushels of wheat ; 60,770 ft) of tobacco ; 55,945 bales of cotton, containing 400 ft) each ; 122,118 lb of wool; 2,319,574 ft) of butter; 92,018 ft) of cheese ; 8,327 tons of hay ; and 7,017 hhds of sugar of 1,000 ft) each. This state possessed, the same year, live stock of the value of $10,263,086, and farming implements and other machinery to the value of $2,095,308. The animals of Texas are bears, cougars, wolves, pec- caries, panthers, foxes, and raccoons, with herds of buffalo and wild horses and abundance of deer. Alligators are met with in the rivers. Minerals. — The mineral resources of this state have not been much developed as yet. In the east, salt is obtained from several lakes; bitumen has been found in many places, and granite, limestone, gyp- sum, slate, and iron abound except near the coast. As branches of the Rocky mountains extend into this state, it is quite probable that some of the mineral treasures said to exist in the same range in New Mexico, may be brought to light in Texas. Climate, Meteorology, &c. — The climate is mild, and, being free from swamps, is more healthy than most of the states of the south on their seaboard. The dry season lasts from April to December ; the wet, the remainder of the year. The cold is quite severe in Decem- ber and January. Two crops of Indian corn may be gathered in a year, the first being usually planted in February, and the last in June. Wheat has been cut in May. Cities and Towns. — The principal towns are Galveston, Houston, 526 TEX— TEX Fate, far, fill, fit; me, met ; pine or pine, pin; nd, n&t; oo as in good ; Brownsville, San Antonio, San Augustin, Austin City, and Wash- ington. Several of these may be found under their proper heads in the Gazetteer or Appendix. Galveston, the largest* and most com- mercial t., is situated on Galveston island, between the bay of the same name and the Gulf of Mexico, 230 m. S. E. from Austin City, and 444 W. by S. from N. Orleans. Lat. 29° 10' N., Lon. 94° 50' W. Pop. estimated at 6000. Brownsville is a flourishing t. on the Rio Grande, about 40 m. from its mouth, and 310 m. in a direct line S. from Austin City. It is a place of considerable importance on ac- count of the navigation of the river and the trade with Mexico. Pop. about 4000. — Adj. and inhab. Tex'- an. Tex'-el, often called Tes'-sel, a small i. off the W. coast of Hol- land, at the entrance of the Zuyder Zee. Thames, temz (Anc. Tam'esis), the largest and most important river of England, rises in Gloucestershire, near Cirencester, by several branches. The principal one, called the Isis, joins the Churn near Cricklade, where the united stream first takes the name of Thames ; though, after the example of the literati of Oxford, it is generally called the Isis till after it passes that city. The general course of the river is easterly; it falls into the German Ocean in about 51° 30' N. Lat, and 0° 50' E. Lon. The whole length is computed at 210 m. It is navigable for ships of any burden to Deptford (about 4 m. S. E. of London), for vessels of 800 tons to Catharine's Docks, near the Tower of London, and for barges to the confines of Gloucestershire. The greatest breadth of the Thames at London, is rather more than a quar- ter of a mile ; the mean breadth may be 700 or 800 ft. Than'-et, Isle of, a dist. of England, in the county of Kent, sepa- rated from the mainland by the r. Stour. Theaki or Thiaki, the-a'-ke (Anc. Ith'aca), one of the smaller Ionian islands, intersected by the parallel of 38° 25' N. Lat., and the meridian of 20° 40' E. Lon. Length 14 m. ; breadth 5 m. Thebes (The'bo); or Dios'polis, i.e. the "city of Jove"), a once famous but long-ruined city of Upper Egypt, capital of the kingdom of the Pharaohs when in the zenith of their power, situated on both sides of the Nile. Lat. 25° 43' N., Lon. 32° 39' E. Its remains of antiquity are perhaps the most magnificent and imposing to be found on the globe. (See Penny Cyclopaedia, articles Egypt, Carnac, and Luxor; also, " Wilkinson on the Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyp- tians.") Thebes (Gr. ©rjSai, thebai, pronounced the'-va by the modern Greeks ; Turk. Tee'-va), a t. of Greece, situated in a fine plain, about 30 m. N. N. W. of Athens. A few inscriptions are the only vestiges remaining, to remind us of the ancient capital of Bceotia. Pop. supposed not to exceed 5,000. (M.) Theiss, tice (Hung. Tisza, tee-so/i ; Anc. Tibis'cus), a r. of Hun- gary, the principal tributary of the Danube. It rises in the Carpathian Mountains, near 47° 30' N. Lat, and 25° E. Lon., and flowing at first north-westerly, then south-westerly, and afterwards southerly, falls into THI 527 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. the Danube in about 45° 10' N. Lat, and 25° 22' E. Lon. Its whole course is estimated at not less than 500 m., for the greatest part of which it is navigable. Thibet or Tibet, tib'-et* or tib-et/ (called by the natives T'phoo-p'ho), an extensive country in the S. E. central part of Asia, of which very little is known. It appears to lie between 27° and 36° N. Lat., and 72° and 103° E. Lon., and is bounded on the S. W. by parts of the Hindoo Koosh and Himalaya Mountains, S. by the Himalayas and the northern boundaries of Assam, Birma, and the Chinese prov. of Yunnan. The eastern boundary is very uncertain, and the northern seems to be entirely unknown. As far as our information extends, Thibet consists almost wholly of table-land, the highest plains of which are more than 10,000 ft. above the level of the sea. The climate, as we might ex- pect in a country so elevated, is generally cold ;f indeed, one of the na- tive appellations of Thibet is said to signify the "snowy region of the north." In some of the valleys, however, especially in that of the Dzangbo (or Sanpoo), it is very warm. During some seasons of the year the air is excessively dry, so that meat exposed to it, becomes so perfectly desiccated that it may be ground like bread, and may be pre- served in this state for a number of years. It appears also that the Thibetans in like manner dry the bodies of their sovereign Lamas, instead of embalming them. This country produces many of the vege- table fruits and trees of Central and Southern Europe. All our domes- tic animals are known in Thibet ; besides which there are goats with a very fine fleece, and those with long fine hair; and argali (the Ovis ammon), a species of wild sheep, with horns of 100 lbs. weight. (P. C.) The inhabitants of Thibet belong to the Mongolian race. They are said to be mild and humane, but not to exhibit the enterprise of their neighbours either to the N. or S. The art of printing has been prac- tised among them from a remote age. Thibet is remarkable as the central seat of Boodhism, which is found here in its greatest purity. The priests are called lamas (la'-mas) : the Dalai (da'-lf) Lama, or Grand Lama, who resides at Lassa, is believed to be an incarnation of the deity in a human form. On the dissolution of this body, he is sup- * " And spicy rods, such as illume at night The howers of Tibet, send forth odorous light, Like Peris' wands when pointing out the road For some pure spirit to its blest abode." Moore's Lalla Rookh. t It appears, however, from the testimony of several respectable travellers, that some elevated regions of Thibet, which, according to the received theory, should be buried in everlasting snow, are not only habitable, but teem with animal and Vegetable life. In the most southern portions of this country, the line of perpe- tual congelation (if we follow the general rule on this subject) could not be placed higher than 12,300 ft. above the sea; and yet, on an elevation of more than 16,000 feet, Captain Gerrard saw horses gallopping about in all directions, and feeding on the very tops of the heights, while various kinds of birds were soaring in the iir above them. (See British India, by Murray, Wilson, &c. Harper's edition, a t. of Lower Canada, cap. of a dist. of the same name, and formerly of all Canada, on the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the St. Maurice, which here being divided, by two small islands, into three channels, has given name to the town. Lat. 46° 23' N., Lon. 72° 29' W. Pop. estimated at be- tween 4,000 and 5,000. (M.) Thun, toon, a small t. of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, on the r. Aar, about a mile below its egress from the lake of this name, 16 m. S. S. E. of Berne. Pop. 4,833. (P. C.) The Lake of Thun (called by the Germans Thuner-See, too^-ner sa), is about 13 m. in length, and 3 m. in its greatest breadth. Thurgau, tooR^-gou, (Fr. Thurgovie, tiiR x -go v -ve'; Lat. Thurgo^via;) a canton at the N. E. extremity of Switzerland, bordering on L. Con- stance and the Rhine. Area about 270 sq. m. Pop. 84,124. (P. C.) Frauenfeld, frou^-en-felt\ the cap., situated in a valley near the Thnr (toor), an affluent of the Rhine, has only about 1,800 inhabitants. (B.) Thuringia, thu-rin'-je-a, (Ger. Thiiringen, tu/-ring-en,) the name of an extensive tract in the central part of Germany, watered by the rivers Saale and Werra, and including the Thuringian Forest. Its limits have varied at different times, and the name is now but little used, the original Thuringia having become incorporated with the ter- ritories of different states. — Adj. Thuringian. thu-rin^-je-an. Thuringian Forest (Ger. Thuringer Wald, tii'-ring-cr Walt), a hilly and woody tract of country in the central part of Germany, form- ing a portion of the ancient Hercynian Forest, extending througi: Gotha, Weimar, Coburg, and some other small states. TmuRLES, a t. of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, on the Suir, 77 m. S. W. of Dublin. Pop. about 7,000. (M.) TIB— TIL 529 ou, as in our ; tn, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Timber (It. Tevere, ta'-va-ra; Anc. Ti'bris or Ti'beris), a celebrated r. of Central Italy, which rises in the Tuscan Apennines, and, flow- ing south-easterly to within about 20 m. of Rome, then turns to the S. W., and falls into the Mediterranean by two mouths, 17 m. below that city. Its whole length is about 150 m. It is said to have been anciently navigable for vessels of considerable burden, as far as Rome, and for small boats nearly to its source; but, at present, the naviga- tion is at all times difficult, especially near its mouth and in the vici- nity of Rome. Its average breadth, in the lower part of its course, is about 300 ft. Tibet. See Thibet. Ticino, te-chee'-no, (Anc. Tici'nus), a r. in the N. of Italy, which rises in the S. part of Switzerland, and, flowing northward through L. Maggiore, falls into the Po, 24 m. S. of Milan. It is navigable to L. Maggiore. Ticino (Fr. Tessin, tes N -sanO, a canton in the S. E. part of Switzer- land, bordering on Italy. It derives its name from the above river, by which it is intersected. Area, 1,042 sq.m.- Pop. in 1837, 113,923. (M.) This is the only Italian canton in the Swiss confederation ; the inhabitants speak a dialect resembling the Milanese; they are all Ro- man Catholics. Tif'-lis or Teflis, the cap. of the Russian prov. of Georgia, on the Koor, about midway between the Black and Caspian seas. The houses are generally ill built; the streets are crooked and extremely narrow. The newer portion of the town, however, which is separated from the old by the ruins of the ancient fortifications, has broader streets, and buildings in the European style. Tiflis is the residence of a Georgian metropolitan and an Armenian archbishop. Lat. 41° 41' N., Lon. about 45° E. The pop. is rapidly increasing, and is now probably near 45,000. (P. C.) Tigre, tee/-gra\ the most powerful and warlike of the three princi- pal kingdoms into which Abyssinia is divided, situated E. of the r. Ta- cazze. Adowa is the chief town. Ti'-gius, a large r. of Asia, which rises in Asiatic Turkey, 70 or 80 m. N.VV. of Diarbekir, between 38° and 39° N. Lat, and near 39° E. Lon. Its general course is south-easterly, and in about 31° N. Lat. and near 47° E. Lon., it unites with the Euphrates, to form the Shatt-el- Arab. The whole length of the Tigris is estimated at 920 m. Be- tween Diarbekir and Mosul (near 300 m.) the river is navigable for rafts, at certain seasons : below Mosul, it is navigable throughout the year. Til/-burg, a manufacturing t. of Holland, in N. Brabant, 14 m. S.VV of Bois le Due. Lat. 51° 33' N., Lon. 5° 4' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) TilZ-sit, a t. of Prussia, on the Memel, 60 m. N. E. of Konigsberg. Here was concluded, July, 1807, the celebrated treaty of peace be- tween France, and Prussia and Russia. Lat. 55° 4' N., Lon. 21° 56 E. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) 45 530 TIM— TIR Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; nd, n5t ; 66, as in goed; Tim-buc^-too or Tom-booc'-too (more properly Ten-Boctoo), a com mercial t, cap. of a kingdom of the same name, in the N. W. centra? part of Africa, near the S. border of the Great Desert, about 8 m. from the left bank of the Joliba or Niger. Though its importance has much diminished from what it was in the 14th century, when the kingdom of Timboctoo was the nucleus of a great empire, it may still be re* garded as the principal centre of commerce in this part of Africa. Lat. 17° 10' N., Lon. about 3° W. Pop. estimated from 10,000 fcl 12,000. (B.) Ti'-mor, the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands, between 8° 20' and 10° 30' S. Lat., and 123° 20' and 127° 20' E. Lon. Length, near 300 m., with a mean breadth of about 45 in. Timor is divided among a great number of petty kingdoms, nearly all of which are dependent on the Portuguese or Dutch. (B.) TV-mor-laut\ one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, intersected by the 8th parallel of S. Lat., and 131st meridian of E. Lon. It is about 90 m. in length, and 40 m. in its greatest breadth. Scarcely anything is known of it except that the natives are unfriendly to strangers. Ti-o'-ga, a small r. which rises in the N. part of Pa., and, making a circuit, passes into N. Y., and finally returns into Pa., and joins the E. branch of the Susquehanna. Tioga, a co. in the S. part of N. Y., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna, and bordering on Pa. Pop. 24,880. Co. t. Owego. Tioga, a co. in the N. part of Pa., on the sources of the Tioga r., and bordering on N. Y. Pop. 23,987. Co. t. Wellsborough. Tip'-pah, a co. in the N. part of Miss., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 20,741. Co. seat, Ripley. Tippecanoe, tip N -pe-ka-noo\ a co. in the W. N. W. part of Ind\, where the Tippecanoe river joins the Wabash. Pop. 19,377. Co. t. Lafayette. Tip-per-a'-ry, an inland co. in the S. of Ireland, prov. of Munster, S. E. of, and bordering on the Shannon. Pop. in 1831, 402,564. (P. C.) Tipperary, a t. of Ireland, cap. of the above co., 23 m. S. E. of Limerick. Pop. 6,972. Tip'-tcn, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Tenn., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 8,887. Co. t. Covington. Tir-ee',* written also Tirree, Tiry, and Tyree, an i. on the W. coast of Scotland, belonging to Argyleshire, above 12 m. in length, and 5 m. in its greatest breadth. Lat. 56° 30' N., Lon. 7° W. Tirlemont, teeRr-m6N', (Flem.Thienen or Tienen, tee'-nen,) a ma- nufacturing t. of Belgium, in the prov. of S. Brabant, 11 m. S. E. of Lou vain. Pop. 8,000. (B.) • " They left Loch-Tua on their lee, And they wakened the men of the wild Tiree." Scott's Lord of the Isles, Canto IV. TIS—TOL v 531 ©\j, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Tcshamingo, tish-a-ming'-go, a co. forming the N, E. extremity of Miss. Pop. 15,490. Co. seat, Jacinto. Titicaca, tit-e-ka'-ka, the largest L. in S. America, situated partly an Bolivia and partly in Peru, between 15° 20' and 16° 40' N. Lat, and 68° and 71° W, Lon. Length, near 140 m.; greatest breadth, about 35 rn. The surface of its waters is higher than the Peak of Teneriffe, being 12,795 ft. above the level of the Pacific. (P. C.) In some places, its depth has been ascertained to be 120 fathoms, but many parts are probably much deeper. Tivoli, tee'-vo-le, (Anc. Ti/bur,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal State, on the Teverone (tev v -a-ro'-na — Anc. Anio), 18 m. E. by N. of Rome, re- markable for its delightful situation and its interesting antiquities. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) To-ba'-go (see Int. X.), one of the W. India Islands, belonging to Great Britain, intersected by the parallel of 11° 10' N. Lat, and the meridian of 60° 40' W. Lon, Length, 26 m,; greatest breadth, 7 or 8 m. Pop. 13,700. (M.) To-bolsk/, an archiepiscopal city of Asiatic Russia, cap. of W. Si- beria and of a gov. of its own name, on the Irtish, .near its junction with the Tobol. The houses are built mostly of wood ; the streets are generally broad, straight, and paved with wood. Lat. 48° 12' N., Lon. 68° 6' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, 20,000. (P. C.) Tocantins, to-can-teens', a large r. of Brazil, which flows into the estuary of Para. Length estimated at 1,500 m. Toe at, to-kat', a large t. of Asiatic Turkey, on the Yesheel Irmak. Its appearance is said to resemble that of a European city. Lat. about 40° N., Lon. 36° 50' E. Pop. estimated by Balbi, on the authority of M. Fontanier, at near 100,000; but several other writers make it much less, Todd, a co. in the S. W. part of Ky,, bordering on Tenn. Pop. 12,268. Co. t. Elkton. Toeplitz. See Toplttz. To-kay' (Hung. pron. to-koi), a t. in the N. E. part of Hungary, at the confluence of the Bodrog and Theiss, remarkable as the market for the famous wine of this name, which is produced in the surround- ing country. Lat. 48° T N., Lon. 21° 24' E. Pop. 4,000. (B.) To-le'-do (Sp. pron. to-W-Do; Anc. Tole/tum), a celebrated but de- cayed city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, and formerly of the kingdom of Castile, situated on a hill near the Tagus, 36 m. S. S. W. of Madrid. It is the seat of a university and the residence of an archbishop. The Cathedral of this place is the largest and one of the finest in the kingdom. Toledo was formerly noted for its manufacture of swords; those now made here are said still to command a high price Lat. 39° 55' S„ Lon. 4° W.' Pop. 15,000. (B.)— Adj. and inhab. To-le'-dan. Tol/-land a co. in the N. N. E. part of Conn., bordering on Mass. Pop. 20,091. Co. t. Tolland. Toluca, to-loo'-^a, a well-built t of the Mexican States, about 10 rn. 532 TOM— TOO Fate, far, f &]], fat ; me, met ; pine, or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good ; N, of the mountain called the Nevado de Toluca (see Nevado), which has an elevation of 2,372 toises, or about 15,170 English ft. (B.) Lat. 19° 16' N., Lon. 99° 21' W. Pop. 12,000. (P. C.) Tom-big^-bee or Tom-beck'-be, a r. which rises in the N. E. part of Miss., and, flowing southerly into Ala., unites with the Alabama river to form the Mobile. Length estimated at 450 m. It is navigable for steamboats to Columbus, in Miss. Tomp'-kins, a co. in the S. W. central part of N. Y., at the S. ex- tremity of Cayuga Lake. Pop. 38,746. Co. t. Ithaca. Tomsk, a handsome t. of Asiatic Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Tom, an affluent of the Obi. Lat. 56° 30' N., Lon. 85° 10' E. Pop. 8,000 or 9,000. (P. C.) Tonkin or Tonquin, ton-keen', a kingdom in the S. E. part of Asia, bordering on the gulf of this name. (See Cochin China.) Tonkin or Tonquin, Gulf of, is situated between 18° and 22° N. Lat., and 106° and 110° E. Lon. Length above 200 m.; greatest breadth about 170 m. Too'-la (Tula), an important manufacturing t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Oopa (Upa), an affluent of the Oka, 110 m. S. of Moscow. Its appearance from a distance, owing to the numerous spires and domes, is very imposing ; but the crooked and ill-paved streets, and the houses built mostly of wood, tend to destroy, on a nearer view, the favourable impression which the approaching spec- tator may have received. Toola is remarkable for its manufacture of arms, the most extensive in the empire, whence it has been called the Birmingham of Russia. It employs above 7,000 workmen, producing annually 70,000 muskets and 25,000 side-arms. Cutlery of various kinds is also manufactured here. There are rich mines of iron ore of an excellent quality in the vicinity, but the metal employed in the manufactures is said to be principally, if not exclusively, from Siberia. Lat. 54° 12' N., Lon. 37° E. Pop. 51,000. (P. C.) Toorkistan, toork x -is-tan' (i. e. the " country of the Turks"), or In- dependent Tartar y, is situated in the N. W. central part of Asia, be- tween 35° and 54° N. Lat., and 50° and 82° E. Lon., bounded on the N. by the Russian dominions, E. and S. E. by the Chinese empire, S. by Afghanistan and Persia, and W. by the Russian empire, from which it is partly separated by the Caspian Sea. Length, from E. to W., near 1,500 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S., about 1,250 m. Area vague- ly estimated at 1,000,000 sq. m. A large portion of this extensive country consists of elevated table-land, intersected by ridges of moun- tains, some of wmich appear to be not less than 18,000 ft. above the level of the sea. Deserts of greater or less extent are found in dif- ferent parts. Toorkistan is divided into a number of independent states or kkanats, which vary greatly in extent and population. All the chiefs or khans appear to be possessed of a power more or less arbi- trary. The principal khanats are those of Bokhara, Khiva, and Kho- kand, which are treated of under their respective heads. Mahometan ism is the prevailing religion of Toorkistan ; it is said that the laws of TOO— TOU 533 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. die Koran are more strictly observed here, than in any other Mahome- tan country. (For some further particulars respecting this country, see Bokhara.) Toor/-ko-mans or toor v -ko-mans/, a nation of Tartars, originally in- habiting the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, but who are now spread not only over Toorkistan, but Persia, Afghanistan, and a consideFab.e portion of Asiatic Turkey. They lead a wandering life and live in tents. They are said to be excellent horsemen, and to make hardy and brave soldiers. Topayos, to-pi^-yis, written also Tapajos, a large r. of Brazil, flow- ing into the Amazon near 2° 20' S. Lat., and 54° '40' W. Lon. Entire length perhaps 1,000 m. It is navigable for boats the greater part of its course. Toplitz, Toeplitz or Teplitz, tepMits, a small t. of Bohemia, on the Saubach (sou'-baK.),- 47 m. N. W. of Prague, noted for its hot mi- neral springs and baths. Permanent pop. about 2,600. (B.) Tor-bay^, a spacious basin on the S. coast of England, in Devon- shire, which has several times been resorted to as a place of shelter by the fleets of England. Torgau, toR'-gou, a fortified t. of Prussian Saxony, on the Elbe, 66 m. S. S. W. of Berlin. Pop. 5,300. (B.) Tornea, pronounced and sometimes written Tor'-ne-o,* a small t. of European Russia, on the N. W. frontier of the grand-duchy of Fin- land, at the mouth of the r. Torned, which falls into the Gulf of Both- nia. Lat. 65° 51' N., Lon. 24° 12' E. To-ron'-to (formerly York), lately the cap. of Upper Canada, on the N. shore of L. Ontario, towards its W. extremity. Lat. 43° 35' N., Lon. 79° 20' W. The pop. of this city has increased of latter years with extraordinary rapidity : in 1826, it was only 1,677; in 1836, it was 9,652, and in 1845, it amounted to 19,706. Tor'-shok/ or Torzhok (Torjok), a t. of European Russia, in the gov. of Tver. Lat. 57° 2' N., Lon. 35° 3' E. Pop. stated at 15,000. (PC.) Tor-to'-la, one of the Virgin Islands, in the W. Indies, belonging to Great Britain. Lat. 18° 27' N., Lon. 64° 35' W. Length about 12 m. Tor-to'-sa (Anc. Derto'sa), a fortified t. of Spain, in Catalonia, on the left bank of the Ebro, with several interesting remains of antiquity. Lat. 40° 49' N., Lon. 0° 33' E. Pop. about 16,000. (B.) Tot'-ness, a t. of England, in Devonshire, 20 m. S. by E. of Exeter. Pop. 3,849. Toul, tool, a t. of France, in the dep. of Meurthe, on the Moselle, here crossed by a handsome bridge, 13 m. VV. of Nancy. Lat. 48° 40" 32" N., Lon. 5° 5' 3" E. Pod. 7,279. (M.) Toulon, too'-lon, or too v -hW, (Anc. Te'lo Mar'tius), the second naval * " Cold as the rocks on Torneo's hoary brow." — Cami-bkll. 45* 534 TOU— TRA Pile, far, fill, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; no, not; 66 as in good, port of France (Brest being the first) in the dep. of Var, with one of the finest harbours on the Mediterranean, 32 m. E. S. E. of Marseilles. Among its institutions for education, may be mentioned the Naval School, with a fine library, and a collection of models of vessels of every kind. Lat. 43° 7' N., Lon. 5° 56' E. Pop. 30,000. (B.) Toulouse or Thoulouse, too'-looz', (Anc. ToWsa or Tholo'sa,) an archiepiscopal city in the S. of France, cap. of the dep. of Upper Ga- ronne, and formerly of the prov. of Languedoc, on the r. Garonne, where it is joined by the Southern Canal (Canal du Midi), 132 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. The r. is crossed by a fine bridge of freestone, resting on 7 arches. Before the Revolution, Toulouse was the seat of one of the leading French universities, now replaced by an academie universi- taire : it has also a royal college, and two public libraries, the one con- taining 30,000, and the other 24,000 vols. Lat. 43° 36' N., Lon. 1° 27' E. Pop. 68,015. (B.) Touraine, too x -rane', a former prov. of France, now divided be- tween the deps. of Indre and Loire, and Indre. Tournay, tooR v -na', (Flem. Doornik, dor^-nik ; Anc. Tur'nacum or Tor'nacus;) a fortress and important manufacturing t. of Belgium, prov. of Hainault, on the Scheldt, near the French frontier, 45 in. W. S. W. of Brussels. Lat. 50° 36' N., Lon. 3° 23' E. Pop. 29,000. (B.) Tours, tooR, (Anc. Csesarodu'num, afterwards Tu'rones,) an archie- piscopal city of France, cap. of the dep. of Indre and Loire, and for- merly of Touraine, on the left bank of the r. Loire, in the midst of a fertile and delightful plain, 127 m. S. W. of Paris. It communicates with the opposite bank of the Loire by one of the finest stone bridges in Europe, which is about 1,420 ft. long, and 45 ft. wide, and rests on 15 elliptical arches, each of which has a span of 80 ft. The inhabitants of Tours are considered to speak better French than those of any other provincial town in France. Lat. 47° 24' N., Lon. 0° 42' E. Pop. 26,669. (B.) Traf'-al-gar^ or traf-aV-gar, a cape on the S. W. coast of Spain, celebrated for the great naval action fought in its vicinity, on the 21st of October, 1805, between the English fleet under Lord Nelson, and the combined French and Spanish fleet, commanded by admiral Villeneuve. The English were signally victorious, but their distinguished comman- der was slain during the action. Lat. 36° 10' N., Lon. 6° W. Tral-ee', a thriving t. of Ireland, cap. of Kerry co., near a bay of its own name, 57 m. W. N. VV. of Cork. Pop. in 1831, 9,562, and now (1842) probably 13,000. (M.) Trani, tra'-ne, an archiepiscopal t. and seaport of Naples, on the Adriatic. Lat. 41° 17' N., Lon. 16" 26' E. Pop. about 14,000. (B.) Tran v -que-bar', a seaport t. of Hindostan, belonging to the British, Dn the Coromandel coast, between the two arms of the Cauvery, 140 m. S. S. W. of Madras. Lat 11° N., Lon. 81° 54' E. The pop. may amount to 12,000, without including that of its little territory. (B.) Till lately (the early part of 1845), Tranquebar belonged to Denmark. Tran-syl-va'-nj.-a (Hung. Erdely Orszag, eR-dail OR-sMg; Ger. Siebenbiirgen, see'-ben-biiRa'-^n) ; a large prov. forming the most east TRA— TRE 535 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. em portion of the Austrian empire, between 45° 12" and 47° 42' N. Lat., and 22° 15' and 26° 24' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Hungary, N. E. and E. by the Buckowine and Moldavia, S. by Wallachia, from which it is separated by the E. Carpathian Mountains, and W. by Hungary. Greatest length, from E. to W., 184 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S., 167 m. Area 21,000 sq. m. Pop. about 2,000,000. (M.) The name was given by the Hungarians, Transylvania signifying the coun- try " beyond the wood," i. e. the extensive woody mountains which se- parate this province from Hungary. The true Hungarian name, how- ever, Erdely Orszag, signifies " woody country." The origin of the German name, Siebenbiirgen, the " seven castles," or " seven bo- roughs," probably refers to some feature of the ancient condition of the country with which we are now unacquainted. Trapani, tra/-pa-ne, (Anc. Drep'anum ; Gr. Agfrfcwov, i. e. a " scythe," the tongue of land on which it is built being curved in the shape of that instrument ;) a fortified seaport t. of Sicily, cap. of a prov. of the same name, at the N. W. extremity of the island, 46 m. W. of Palermo. Drepanum appears to have been an emporium from the earliest times, and the modern town is one of the first commercial places in Sicily. Lat. 38° 2' N., Lon. 12° 31' E. Pop. 24,000. (B.) Tras os Montes, tras 6s mon'-tes, i. e. " beyond the mountains," a prov. forming the N. E. extremity of Portugal, separated by a chain of mountains from the prov. of the Minho, and by the Douro from Beira. Trav v -an-core', a state of Hindostan, subsidiary to the British, situ- ated at the S. extremity of that peninsula, between the 8th and 11th degrees of N. Lat., and the 76th and 78th of E. Lon. Treb'-x-zond^ (Turk. Ta-ra'-be-soon^ ; Anc. Trapezus), a fortified city and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, cap. of an eyalet, on the S. shore of the Black Sea, towards its eastern extremity. This town was for a considerable period the cap. of an empire founded in the early part of the 13th century by a branch of the Comnenian family, who had for several generations held the imperial sceptre at Constantinople. After experiencing a variety of fortunes, this empire fell, soon after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Though Trebizond has greatly declined from its former prosperity, it is still important on account of its manu- factures, its commerce, and its population, which Balbi estimates at 50,000. Lat. 41° 3' N., Lon. 39° 28' E. Tremiti, trem'-e-te, a group of small islands belonging to the king- dom of Naples, situated in the Adriatic. Lat. about 42° 8' N., Lon. 15° 30' E. Trent (Ger. Trient, tre-ent'; Anc. Triden'tum), a walled t. of Tyrol, o.i the Adige, which is here crossed by a fine bridge. Lat. 46° 6' N., Lon. 11° 4' E. Pop. near 12,000. (B.) Trent, one of the principal rivers of England : it rises on the bor- ders of Cheshire, and flowing at first southerly, then easterly, and in the latter part of its course northerly, falls into the estuary of the Hum- ber, 24 m. S. W. of York. Its whole length is estimated at near 200 536 TRE— TRI Fate, f ar, f All, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, nSt ; 66, as in good ; m. ; it is navigable for barges to Burton on Trent (about 117 m.), and for vessels of 200 tons to Gainsborough, (near 30 m.) Trent'-on, a t. of N. J., the seat of justice of Mercer county, and cap. of the state, on the left or N. E. bank of the Delaware, at the head of steamboat navigation, where the river is joined by the Dela- ware and Raritan Canal, 27 m., in a straight line, N. E. of Philadelphia. The railroad from N. York to Philadelphia passes through this town. Lat. 40° 14' N., Lon. 74° 30' W.) Pop. estimated at 8,000. Treves (Fr. Treves, trave ; Ger. Trier, treer ; Anc. Augu'sta Tre- viro'rum), a city of the Prussian dominions, cap. of a gov., and formerly of an electorate of the same name, on the right bank of the Moselle, over which there is a stone bridge of 8 arches, 690 ft. long. This is perhaps the most ancient, and was long the most celebrated of the Ger- man cities. Constantine the Great, and several other emperors, oc- casionally resided at Treves. It abounds in interesting antiquities, among which may be mentioned the ruins of the palace of Constantine, and the Roman aqueduct, the subterranean portion of which is still pretty well preserved. Treves had formerly a university which has been replaced by a gymnasium ; it possesses also a library of 70,000 vols., and other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 49° 47' N., Lon. 6° 38' E. Pop., exclusive of the military, 14,000. (B.) Treviso, trev-ee'-zo, (Anc. Tarvi'sium,) a manufacturing and com- mercial t. of Austrian Italy, cap. of a prov. of the same name, 18 m. N. N. W. from Venice. Pop. 12,600. (B.) Tricala, tree'-ka-la, written also Tirhala ; (Anc. Tric^ca,) a t. of European Turkey, in Thessaly, 37 m. W. by S. of Larissa. It is the residence of a pasha, and of a Greek archbishop. Lat. 39° 31' N., Lon. 21° 48' E. Pop. estimated at 12,000. (B.) Trich-in-op'-o-lx or Trichinopoly, a large fortified t. of Hindostan, cap. of a dist. of the same name, belonging to the presidency of Ma- dras, on the Cauvery, 28 m. W. of Tanjore. Lat. about 10° 50' N., Lon. 78° 50' E. Pop., including the suburbs, estimated at 80,000. (P. C.) Near this town is the island of Seringham (ser-ing'-gum), formed by two arms of the Cauvery, on which stands one of the largest and most magnificent pagodas of Hindostan. The central building is not large, but is splendidly ornamented with sculpture, gilding, and precious stones. It is enclosed within seven square walls, each 25 ft. high, and very thick. These walls are about 120 yards from each other ; the circumference of the outer one is about 4 m. There are besides common entrances, 20 very large and lofty triangular towers over as mnny gateways, each forming a highly-ornamented pagoda. Tri-este/ or tre-esMa (Anc. Terges'te), the principal seaport t. of the Austrian empire, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Adriatic, near its N. E. extremity, 73 m. E. by N. of Venice. It has several important manufactures, among which, that of soap is the most re- markable. Among its institutions for education, the Scientific and Nautical School, with 16 professors, deserves particular mention. In 1719, the emperor Charles VI. declared Trieste a free port; at that TRI— TRI 537 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. time it contained scarcely 8,000 inhabitants. The privileges of the place were afterwards extended by the empress Maria Theresa, so that all goods, with very few exceptions, can be imported duty free. The consequence has been that the population is now above 50,000 (P. C.)» and continues annually to increase, and Trieste is the most wealthy and important commercial city in the Austrian dominions. Lat. 45° 38' N., Lon. 13° 47' E. Trigg, a co. in the S. W. part of Ky., intersected by the Cumber- land river. Pop. 10,129. Co. t. Cadiz. Trim'-ble, a co. in the N. part of Ky., on the Ohio river. Pop. 5,963. Co. t. Bedford. Trincomalee, tring N -ko-ma-lee', a small fortified t. of Ceylon, on its N. E. coast, with one of the finest harbours in the world. " During the N. E. monsoon, when all the vessels off the Coromandel Coast and in the Bay of Bengal are obliged to put to sea, Trincomalee is their place of refuge, and a vessel from Madras can reach it in two days." (M.) Trjn v -x-dad', after Jamaica, the largest and most important of the British W. India Islands, is situated between the 10th and 11th decrees of N. Lat., and the 61st and 62d of W. Lon. : its S. W. extremity is only about 7 m. from the delta of the Orinoco. The form of this island is singular ; it is almost a parallelogram, but the N. E., N. W., and S. W. angles, have remarkable projections ; the last named consists of a tongue of land, about 30 m. long, and from 2 to 10 or 32 m. broad. Extreme length of the island, from S. W. to N. E., 88 m.; greatest length, from N. to S., about 50 m. ; mean breadth, from E. to W., about 35 m. Area estimated at 2,000 sq. m. Pop. in 1834, 43,678. The most re- markable natural feature of Trinidad, is the Pitch Lake, situated in the S. W. part of the island, about a mile and a half in circumference. The pitch or bitumen at the sides of the lake is perfectly hard and cold, but towards the middle it becomes gradually warmer and softer, and at last is seen boiling up in a liquid state. Trinidad has several extinct volcanic craters. Port of Spain, on the W. coast, near its N. extremity, is the cap. of Trinidad, and one of the finest towns in the W. Indies. Pop. about 12,000. (P. C.) Trin^-i-ty, a r. of Texas, flowing into Galveston Bay. Trip^-o-h (Ana Trip'olis*), the most easterly of the Barbary States, between 29° and 33° N. Lat., and 10° and 22° E. Lon. ; bounded on the N, by the Mediterranean, E. by Barca, S. by Fezzan and the desert, and W. by Tunis. Area, uncertain. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 660,000; but some other writers rate it as high as 1,500,000, and even 2,000,000. Tripoli belongs to the Turkish sultan, and is governed by a bey or pasha, with despotic sway. We may remark that this country, since the revolution of 1832, has been in a . ^ry unsettled state, and our knowledge of its present political condition is imperfect and uncertain. — Adj. and inhab. Tripoline, trip-o-leen^ and Trip-ol/- X-TAN. * Under the Romans, the three flourishing cities of CEa, Leptis, and Sabrata, con ■tvtuted a kind of federal union, under the name of Tripolis, or the " three cues." 538 TRI— TRU Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 66 as in good ; Tripoli (called by the natives Ta-raMaloos or Tarabloos-el-Gharb, i. e. "Tripoli of the West;" Anc. (Ea) r the cap. of the above state or regency, on a rocky tongue of land projecting into the Mediterranean, with a harbour defended by several batteries. The town is fortified, and is entered by two gates. It contains six mosques, of the first order, some of which are very handsome. The most striking relic of antiquity is a magnificent triumphal arch, (erected A. D. 164) in honour of Aurelius Antoninus and Lucius Verus. Tripoli is one of the principal entrepots for the commerce which is carried on between Europe and the countries in the central part of Africa. Lat. 32° 54' N., Lon. 13° 11' E. Pop. estimated at from 20,000 to 25,000. (P. C. and B.) Tripoli (Arab. Ta-ra'-bloos es-Sham, or the "Tripoli of Syria), a well-built seaport t. of Syria, cap. of an eyalet of its own name, on the Mediterranean, near 150 m. S. S. W. of Aleppo. Lat. 34° 26' N., Lon. 35° 51' E. Pop. estimated at about 16,000. (B.) Tripolitza or Tripolizza, tre-po-lit'-sa, formerly an important t. of Greece, in the Morea, 22 m. \V. by S. of Napoli di Romania. Lat. 37° 30' N., Lon. 22° 25' E. The pop., which appears formerly to have amounted to 15,< 00 or 18,000, is probably at present scarcely 2,000. (B.) Trois Rivieres. See Three Rivers. Trondhjem. See Drontheim. Trond (or Tron), Saint, saN trojy, a t. of Belgium, prov. of Limburg, 20 m. W. by S. of Maestricht, with near 8,(100 inhabitants, who are principally engaged in the manufacture of fire-arms. (B.) Troppau, trop'-pou, the most important t. of Austrian Silesia, cap. of a circle of the same name, 37 m. N. E. of Olmiitz. It is well built and has considerable manufactures. Pop. about 12,000. (B.) Troup, troop, a co. on the W. border of Ga., intersected by the Chat- tahoochee r. Pop. 16,879. Co. t. La Grange. Trow'-bridge, a manufacturing t. of England, in Wiltshire, 21 m. N. W. of Salisbury. Pop. of the parish, with an area of about 3 sq. m., 11,050. Troy, a city of N. Y., cap. of Rensselaer co., on the E. bank of the Hudson, 6 m. N. of Albany. Its position is highly favourable for trade; besides the ready communication which it has with the towns on the Hudson and with the sea, it is connected by the Champlain and Erie canals with the western lakes and the St. Lawrence. Troy is re- gularly laid out, and contains many handsome public buildings, among which" the Court House and the Episcopal Church deserve particular mention. Lat. 42° 44' N., Lon. 73° 40' W. Pop. 28,785. Troves, trwa, (Anc. Augustobo'na ; afterwards Trecas'ses or Tri- casses, Tricas'sae, and Tre'csfi), a manufacturing city of France, cap. of the dep. of Aube, on the Seine, 92 m. E. S. E7 of Paris. Besides a number of institutions for education, it possesses a public library, said to contain 55,000 printed vols, and nearly 5,000 manuscripts. Lat. 48° 18' N., Lon. 4° 5' E. Pop. 25,563. (B.) Trum'-bull, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, bordering on Pa., and TRU— TUN 539 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. intersected by the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal. Pop. 30,490. Co. t. Warren. Tru'-ro, the handsomest t. in Cornwall, England, on the Fal, 8 m. N. by E. of Falmouth. Lat. 50° 15' N., Lon. 5° 2' W. Pop. 3,043. Truxillo or Trujillo, troo-HeeF-yo, a small t. of Spain, in Estre- madura, 134 m. S. W. by W. from Madrid. It was the birth-place of Pizarro. Trux-il/-lo or troo-heey-yo, a seaport t. of Peru, cap. of a dep., on a small r., about 2 m. from the sea. It was founded by Pizarro, in 1533. Lat. 8° 6' N., Lon. 79° 3' W. Pop. from 12,000 to 14,000. (B.) TV-am, a city of Ireland, in the co. of Galway, 105 m. W. by N. of Dublin. It was, till lately, the seat of a Protestant, as it still is of a Roman Catholic archbishopric. Lat. 53° 30' N., Lon. 8° 50' W. Pop. in 1831, 6,883. (P. C.) TV-bing-en, the second capital of the kingdom of Wiirtemberg, on the Neckar, 17 m. S. S. W. of Stuttgart. It is chiefly interesting on account of its university, founded in 1477, by Count Eberhard, who afterwards became the first duke of Wiirtemberg : Reuchlin and Me- lancthon were among its professors. It was formerly exclusively Pro- testant; but, since the University at Elwangen was suppressed, Roman Catholics have been admitted : it is now the only university in the kingdom. The number of students is between 600 and 700. It pos- sesses an extensive library, said to contain 140,000 vols., a good col- lection in natural history, a botanic garden, an observatory, &c. Lat. 48° 31' N, Lon. 9° 4' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Tuck/-er-ton, a village and port of entry of N. J., in Burlington co., on a creek which flows into Little Egg Harbour. Tucuman, too-koo-man', a t. of S. America, in the republic of La Plata, cap. of a state of its own name, memorable as the place where, in 1816, the declaration of the independence of the La Plata provinces was first promulgated. Lat. 29° 50' S., Lon. 64° 55' W. Pop. esti- mated at from 10,000 to 12,000. (B.) Tudela, too-daMa, (Anc. Tutela,) a t. of Spain, in Navarre, on the Ebro, here crossed by a fine bridge of 17 arches, 45 m. N. W. of Sara- gossa. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Tula. See Toola. Tul^-la-more', a t. of Ireland, cap. of King's co., on the Grand Canal, which connects the Shannon with the sea at Dublin, 50 m. W. by S. from this city. Pop. in 1831, 6,342. (P. C.) Tulle, tuil, a manufacturing t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Cor- reze, on the r. Correze. Lat. 45° 16' N., Lon. 2° 54' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Tun'-bridge, also written Tonbridge, a small t. of England, on the Med way, 27 m. S. E. of London. The watering-place, Tunbridge Wells, is about 5 m. S. of Tunbridge. Tunguraoua. toong-goo-ra'-gwa, a r. of S. America, which rises in Peru, and afterwards forming a part of the boundary between this re- 540 TUN— TUR Fate, f ar, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine ; pin ; n6, n5t ; 66, as in good , public and Ecuador, joins the Ucayuli, to form the Amazon. It is re- garded by some geographers as the upper portion of that great river. TV-nx-ca, a co. in the N. W. part of Miss., on the Mississippi r. Pop. l,314.*Co. seat, Peyton. Tu'-nis (called, by the inhabitants, TW-nis), a state or regency of N. Africa, nominally dependent on the Turkish empire, between 33° and 37° 20' N. Lat, and 8° 30' and 11° 20' E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. and E. by the Mediterranean, S. by the desert, and W. by Algiers. Length, from N. to S., about 300 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W,, near 170 m. Area vaguely estimated at about 50,000 sq.m. Pop. 1,800,000. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Tunisine, too'-ne-seen', and Tunisian, tu-nee'-she-an. Tunis (Anc. Tu^nes or Tune'ta), a large and flourishing city, cap. of the above state, situated near the Mediterranean, on a lagoon, 10 m. long, and from 3 to 5 m. broad, which communicates, by a narrow channel called the Goletta (or " little throat"), with the Bay of Tunis. It is encircled by a high wall, with six gates, around which there is another wall enclosing the suburbs, with eleven gates, and about 5 m. in circumference. There are five principal and many smaller mosques. The houses, according to the custom of Barbary, have generally only one story, and the streets are narrow, crooked, and extremely dirty. Tunis appears to be the most populous, commercial, and civilized, as well as most ancient town in all Barbary. Lat. 36° 48' N., Lon. 10° 11' E. Balbi estimates the pop. at not less than 100,000; the P. C. at from 130,000 to 200,000. Turcoing, tiiR x -kwaV, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, near the Belgian frontier, 10 m. N. E. of Lille. Pop. 8,749. (M.) Tu'-rin (Fr. pron. tiT-raV; It. Torino, to-ree'-no; Anc. Augus'ta Taurino'rum) ; an archiepiscopal city of N. Italy, cap. of the Sardinian States, and of a prov. of its own name, on the left bank of the Po, at its junction with the Dora, about 80 m. W. S. W. of Milan. It is one of the most regularly-built towns in Europe, especially in that part which is called Nuovo Torino (noo-o'-vo to-ree'-no), or " New Turin." Some of the streets are remarkably handsome, reminding one of the finest parts of Paris. With respect to literary and scientific institu- tions, Turin ranks as one of the very first of the Italian cities. The University, founded in 1405, is the most frequented in Italy (B.) ; it has a library of 112,000 vols., besides about 2,000 manuscripts. There is also a military academy; a royal academy of sciences; a cabinet of medals, one of the richest in Europe ; an Egyptian museum, contain- ing, among many other curiosities, the most extensive and interesting collection of Egyptian manuscripts that exists ; and many other similar establishments. Lat. 45° 4' N., Lon. 7° 40' E. The pop., which at the commencement of the last century was only about 42,000, amount- ed in 1848, including the suburbs, to 135,000. (P. C.) Turnkey or Ottoman Empire (in Turkish, Os v -man v -lee^ Vif-a- yet'-ee\ or the " country of the Osmanlees"), an extensive country oc- cupying the S. E. portion of Europe and the W. part of Asia, princi- TUR— TWI 541 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. pally situated between 30° and 48° N. Lat., and 16° and 48° E. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by Austria and the Prussian empire (from which it is partially separated by the Black Sea), E. by Persia, S. by Arabia and by the Mediterranean, and W. by the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and the Austrian territories. Length, from N. N.W. to S. S. E., above 1,800 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S., perhaps 700 m. Balbi estimates the area of European Turkey at about 146,900 sq. m., and the pep. at 7,000,000; the area of Asiatic Turkey at about 741,000 sq. m., and the pop. at 12,500,000, which would give 887,900 sq. miles for the area, and 19,500,000 for the pop. of the whole empire. The religion of Turkey is Mahometanism : the Grand Seignior is regarded as the vicegerent of the prophet, and the protector of the Moslem faith. The govern- ment is an absolute despotism, the sultan being under no other, restraint than what the laws of the Koran impose. Constantinople is the capi- tal. — Adj. Turk/-ish or Ot^-to-man; inhab. Turk or Ottoman (Turk. Os'-man x -lee'). Turkistan. See Toorkistan. Turn'-hout (-howt), a well-built t. of Belgium, 25 m. E. N. E. of Antwerp, with flourishing manufactures. Pop. 13,000. (B.) Tus v -ca-loo'-sa, a co. in the VV. N. VV. part of Ala., intersected by the Black Warrior r. Pop. 18,056. Tuscaloosa, cap. of the above co., and formerly of the state of Ala., is situated on the left bank of the Black Warrior r., at the head of steamboat navigation. Lat. 33° 12' N., Lon. 87° 42' W. Tus ; -ca-ny (It. Toscana, tos-ka'-na ; Anc. Etru'ria), Grand Duchy of, a state in the N. and middle part of Italy, between 42° 22' and 44° 30' N. Lat, and 9° 40' and 12° 13' E. Lon. ; bounded (with the excep- tion of some small detached portions) on the N. by the territories of Lucca, Modena, and the Papal State. E. and S. E. by the Papal State, and S. W. and W. by the Mediterranean. Length, from N. to S., about 130 m. ; greatest breadth, from E. to W., above 100 m. Total area, including Elba and some other small islands in the Mediterra- nean, 8,432 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, 1,436,780. (P. C.) Florence is the capital. — Adj. and inhab. Tus'-can. Tus-ca-rA'-was, a co. in the E. part of Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and Erie' Canal. ' Pop. 31,761. Co. t. New Philadelphia. Tuy, twee, (Anc. TVdse), a fortified seaport t. of Spain, in Galicia, on the Mifio (Minho), about 16 m. from its mouth. Lat. 42° 2' N., Lon. 8° 35' W. Pop. about 6,000. (B.) Tver (Twer), a commercial t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Volga, and on the high road between Moscow and St. Petersburg, about 90 rn. N. W. of the former city. Lat. 56° 52' N., Lon. 35° 57' E. Pop. 24,000. (P. C.) Twked, a r. of Great Britain, which forms a part of the boundary be- tween England and Scotland, and falls into the North Sea at Berwick. Twiggs, a co. in the central part of Ga., on tne E. side of the Oc- mulgee r. Pop. 8,179. Co. t. Marion. 46 542 TYL— UDI Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine, or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 65 as in good Ty/-lkr, a co. in the N. W. part of Va., on the Ohio r. Pop. 5,498. Co. t. Middlebourn. Tyne, a r. in the N. of England, falling- into the North Sea at Tyne- mouth. It is navigable for vessels of 300 or 400 tons as far as New- castle. Tyne'-mouth or North Shields, a t. of England, in Northumber- land, at the mouth of the above r., on its N. bank, immediately oppo- site to S. Shields, and 7 m. E. N. E. of Newcastle. Pop. of the town- ship, 11,890. Tyre (called by the Jews, Tsoor ; by the Arabs, Soor ; Gr. Tupoj ; Lat. Ty/rus) ; a celebrated city and emporium of antiquity, on the S. E. coast of the Mediterranean. Lat. 33° 17' N., Lon. 35° 14' E. A vil- lage of about 1,500 inhabitants now occupies the site of the town which was the glory of ancient Phoenicia. The immense mound built by Alexander the Great, during the memorable siege of the second Tyre, appears to be the only monument of antiquity which can attract the attention of the traveller. (B.) — Adj. and inhab. Tyr'-i^an. Tyree or Tyry. See Tiree. Tyrnau, teeR'-nou (Hung. Nagy Szombath, nody som-bdt), a com- mercial t. of Hungary, cap. of the " circle beyond the Danube," 27 m. N. E. of Presburg. Pop. above 7,000. (B.) Tyr'-ol* (Ger. pron. te-role^), a country of Germany, forming a part of the Austrian dominions, between 45° 40' and 47° 44' N. Lat., and 9° 32' and 12° 55' E. Lon., bounded on the N. by Bavaria, E. by Austria and Carinthia, S. E. and S. by Italy, and W. by Italy and Switzerland. .Greatest length, from E. to W., about 135 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S., above 120 m. Area 11,457 sq. m. Pop. in 1832, 813,000. (P. C.) A large portion of this country is mountainous. The Tyrolese, like the Swiss, are remarkable for their strong attachment to their na- tive land. Trent (Trient) is the chief town. — Adj. Tyr-o-le'-an and Tyr-o-lese' ; inhab. Tyrolese. Tyr-one', an inland co. in the N. of Ireland, prov. of Ulster, YV. of, and bordering on Lough Neagh. Pop. in 1831, 304,468. (P. C.) Tyr/-rel, a co. in the E. part of N. C, on the S. side of Albemarle Sound. Pop. 5,133. Co. t. Columbia. Ucayali, oo-kl-yaMe, a r. of Peru, which joins the Tunguragua to form the Amazon. According to some geographers, it is properly the Amazon itself. Udine, oo'-de-na, a walled t. of Austrian Italy, cap. of the prov. of Udine or Friuli, on an elevated plain, about 20 m. from the Adriatic, * We sometimes hear this name accentuated in English like the German, but the pronunciation that we have given appears to have the sanction of the best speakers, and is supported by the authority of one of our first poets. " like him wayworn Descending from the Tyrol as night fell," — Rogers's Italy, Part Finrt, VIIL UIS—UNI 543 ou, as in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this; n, nearly like ng. on the high road between Venice and Vienna. It is well built, and contains 20,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 46° 3' N., Lon. 13° 15' E. Uist, wist,* (or more properly list,) the name of two islands of the Hebrides, off the W. coast of Scotland, belonging to Inverness-shire. North Uist is about 16 m. in length, and nearly 13 m. in its greatest breadth. South Uist is above 20 m. in length, and 6 or 7 m. in its greatest breadth. U'-kraine (Polish, Ukrai'na, oo-kra-ee^-na), a name which has been rather indefinitely applied to an extensive and fertile tract in the S. part of European Russia, on both sides of the Dnieper, now comprising the governments of Kief, Podolia, Poltava, and Slobode Ukraina ; the last is sometimes called the gov. of Ukraine. Uleaborg, ooMe-6-boRG\ a seaport t. of Russia, in the grand-duchy of Finland, cap. of a circle of its own name, on the Gulf of Bothnia, at the mouth of the r. Ule& (ooMe-6). Lat. 65° N., Lon. about 25° 30' E. Pop. about 5,000. (M.) Ulm (Ger. pron. oolm), formerly an important fortress ofWurtem- berg, on the Danube, where it begins to be navigable, 45 m. S. E. of Stuttgart. Its cathedral or Munster, though unfinished, is a fine spe- cimen of ancient Gothic architecture, and one of the largest and loftiest churches in Germany. Lat. 48° 23' N., Lon. 9° 59' E. Pop. 16,000. (PC.) UiZ-ster, the most northern of the four provinces of Ireland, com- prising the counties of Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Down, Fer- managh, Londonderry, Monaghan, and Tyrone. Ulster, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., on the W. side of the Hud- son r. Pop. 59,384. Co. t. Kingston. Umea, oo'-me-6, a small r. in the N. of Sweden, which falls into the Gulf of Bothnia, in about 63° 40' N. Lat. Um'-mer-a-poo'-ra (Amarapoura — see Int. XIX., 1, Obs.), a decayed city of Chin India, formerly the cap. of the Birman empire. Lat. 21° 55' N., Lon. 96° T E. Underwalden. See Unterwalden. Union, a co. in the central part of Pa., on the W. side of the Sus- quehanna r. Pop. 26,083. Co. t. New ^Berlin. Union, a district in the N. N. W. part of S. C, on the W. side of Broad r. Pop. 19,852. Seat of justice, Unionville. Union, a co. on the N. border of Ga. Pop. 7,234. Co. t. Blairsville. Union, a parish on the N. border of La. Pop. 8,203. Seat of jus- tice, Farmersville. Union, a co. on the S. border of Ark. Pop. 10,298. Seat of justice, Union c. h. Union, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., on the Ohio r. Pop. 9,012. Co. t. Morganfield. * " Be mine, so please my liege, -jismiss'd To wake to arms the clans of Uist." Scott's Lord of the Isles, Canto IV. 544 UNI— UNI Fate, far, fall, fit; me, m£t; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t; oo as in good; Union, a co. in the W. central part of Ohio. Pop. 12,204. Co. t. Marysville. Union, a co. in the E. S. E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 6,944. Co. t. Liberty. Union, a co. in the S. part of 111., on the Mississippi r. Pop. 7,615. Co. t. Jonesboro. United States, a federal republic of N. America, between 25° and 49° N. Lat., and 66° 50 / and 124° 30' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by British America, from which it is partially separated by the great lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, and the r. St. Lawrence, E. by the British Province of New Brunswick and the Atlantic Ocean, S. by the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican States, from which it is chiefly separated by the Rio del Norte and Gila r., and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean. The United States now form nearly a parallelogram of about 2,400 miles in mean length from east to west, and an average breadth from north to south of about 1,300 miles. The extreme length is more than 2,700 miles, and the greatest breadth near 1,600 miles. Total population in 1850 (exclusive of the Indians on the unappropriated territory) 23,246,301, of whom 3,198,298 are slaves. Since the first edition of this Gazetteer was published, astonishing changes have taken place in the extent and resources of the United States. This great confederacy now (1852) possesses an empire extending over more than 3,200,000 sq. m., of which about 825,000 sq. m. have been added by annexation, conquest, and purchase, within the last 7 yrs. A new state, California, has sprung up on our Pacific coast, supply- ing by its inexhaustible mines of gold, as well as by its peculiar geographical and commercial position, a new and mighty impetus to the enterprise and energy of our citizens of every state and territory. The vast regions of the far northwest, which but a few years ago were gloomy forests or lonely prairies, unexplored and untrodden, except by the wandering savage or the fearless hunter, are now dotted with towns and villages and resound with the hum of an ever-active population. The rivers, whose waters had borne only the light canoe or occasional masses of drift-wood, are now plowed by the rapid steamer or burdened with the unwieldy raft. Even in the older states a rapid progress has been made. With a view to present to the reader data which may enable him to form a correct idea of the advancement of our country, a table has been prepared show- ing the population of each state in 1840 and 1850, with a list of the counties and their population, those which have been added since the census of 1840 being distinguished from the others by a star. (See Appendix B.) The republic comprises thirty-one states, be- sides six territories, and the District of Columbia. The United States have been usually classed into four great divisions, viz. : — 1. The Eastern or New-England States, comprising Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecti- cut. 2. The Middle States — New York, New Jersey, Pennsylva- nia, Delaware, and Maryland. 3. The Southern States — Virginia, UNT— UNT 545 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Missis- sippi, Louisiana, and Texas. 4. The Western States — Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri, with Minnesota, Indian, and Missouri territories. To these we may now add, 5. The Pacific Division, embracing the State of California, and the territories of Oregon, Utah, and New Mexico. There are six cities (including their suburbs) numbering from 130,000 to 650,000 inhabitants ; three from 50,000 to 100,000 ; five from 40,000 'to 44,000 ; four from 30,000 to 40,000 ; twelve from 20,000 to 30,000 ; and thirty-four from 10,000 to 20,000 inhab. The total revenue for the year ending June 30th, 1851, was $52,312,979,87. Of this amount $49,017,567.02 were from the customs. Public debt in December, 1851, $62,560,305.26. Imports for the fiscal year 1851, $215,725,995 ; exports for the same period $217,517,130,' of which $29,231,880 was specie, and $9,738,695 re-exported foreign mer- chandise. Cotton exported in the same year 927,237,089 ft), and breadstuffs and provisions to the value of $21,918,653. Railroads completed 11,565 m., at a total cost of $335,150,848; in course of construction 11,228 m. Steam Marine of the V. S. — On the Atlantic coast there are 46 ocean steamers, 274 ordinary steamers, 65 propellers, and 80 ferry- boats — tonnage 154,270 tons. On the Gulf of Mexico, 12 ocean steamers, 95 ordinary steamers, and 2 propellers — tonnage 23,244 tons. On the Pacific coast, 37 ocean steamers, and 13 ordinary steam- ers — tonnage 37,986. Inland Steam Marine. — On the northern ^frontier there are 164 steamers, in the Ohio basin 348, and in the Mississippi valley 255, total 767 ; tonnage 204,723. Each of the thirty-one states constitutes a republic independent of the others, with respect to those affairs which are purely local; but matters of general interest, such as providing- for the defence of the country, and the regulation of its intercourse with foreign nations, fall within the province of the federal government. The legislature of this government is vested in a senate and house of representatives. The members of the latter are elected every two years by the people ; the senators are appointed by the state legislatures, two being chosen by each state, for the term of six years. The executive power is in- trusted to a president, who holds his office for a term of four years. The president is commander-in-chief of the army and navy; and has *he power, in conjunction with the senate, to make treaties, appoint ambassadors and other public ministers, the judges of the supreme 2ourt, and the various executive officers of the general government. The vice-president presides over the senate, and in case the votes are equally divided, he is permitted to decide by a casting vote; in the event of the president's death, he becomes president for the remainder of the term. Washington is the seat of government. Unterwalden, oon v -ter-wal'-den, a canton in the central part of Switzerland, S. of, and bordering on L. Lucerne. Area 267 sq. m. 46* 546 UPS— URI Fate, far, fall, fat ; m£, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n6t ; oo as in good; Pop., in 1835, 23,600. (P. C.) The canton is divided into two dis- tricts, namely, Upper and Lower Unterwalden. Stanz (stints), a little t. near the L. of Lucerne, with about 2,000 inhabitants, is the cap. of Lower Unterwalden, and Sarnen, a small t. of about the same size, on the Aa, at its egress from the L. of Sarnen or Sarner-See (sait/-ner sa), is the cap. of Upper Unterwalden. Up/-sal or Upsala, up-saMa, an archiepiscopal city of Sweden, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Sala, 37 m. N. by VV. of Stock- holm. The most interesting buildings are those of the University, and the Cathedral, which is the largest and most magnificent in Scandi- navia. The University, founded in 1478, is the most celebrated and flourishing institution of the kind in the N. of Europe: connected with it is a library of nearly 100,000 vols. The number of students is be- tween 1,000 and 1,500. Many eminent scientific men have been pro- fessors in this university, among whom we may cite the names of Linneus, Scheele, and Berzelius. Lat. 59° 52' N., Lon. 17° 39' E. Pop., without including the students of the University, about 4,000. (B. ( Up'-son, a co. in the W. part of Ga., on the E. side of Flint river. Pop. 9,424. Co. t. Thomaston. U'-ral (or Oural, oo-ral') Mountains, a chain in the northern part of the Eastern Continent, forming a portion of the boundary between Europe and Asia, between 51° and 70° N. Lat., and 55° and 65° E. Lon. Their general direction is almost due N. and S. None of the summits of this mountain system appear to be very elevated, the highest being, according to the best authorities, between 5,000 and 6,000 ft. above the level of the sea. These mountains are exceedingly rich in ores. It is probable that a very small portion of their treasure has yet been revealed, as most of the mines in this region have been opened within the last 70 or 80 years, and scarcely a year passes without new deposites being discovered. — Adj. U-rai/-i-an or oo-raF-e-an. Ural (Oural) or Yaik, yaMk, a r. which rises on the E. declivity of the Ural Mountains, near 55° N. Lat, and 59° E. Lon. and flowing southerly, in its general course, falls into the N. extremity of the Cas- pian Sea, by several mouths. The length has been estimated at 900 m. It is navigable for large barges to Orsk or Orskaya, near the S. extremity of the Ural Mountains. Urbino, ooR-bee'-no, (Anc. Urbi'num Horten'se,) an archiepiscopal t. of Italy, in the Papal State, cap. of the prov. of Urbino and Pesaro, 20 m. from the Adriatic. It is surrounded with walls, has several fine buildings, and is the seat of a university. Urbino is remarkable as the birth-place of the immortal Raphael. Lat. 43° 44', Lon. 12° 37' E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.) Urfa. See Oorfa. U'-rx (Ger. pron. oo'-re), a canton in the E. central part of Switzer- land, bordering on the L. of Lucerne. Area 424 sq. m. Pop. in 1826, 13,000 (B.), in 1836, 13,519. (P. C.)* Altorf is the-capital. * McCulloch states the population at 40,650! URM— UZE 547 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; tii, as in this; n, nearly like ng. Urmiah. See Ooroomeea. Uruguay, oo-roo-gwi', a r. of S. America, which rises in the S. part of Brazil, between 27° and 28° N. Lat, and about 50° W. Lon. ; flowing at first westerly, and afterwards southerly, it joins the Parana to form the La Plata. Length estimated at near 1,000 m. Though it brings down a great quantity of water, it is said to be navigated with difficulty, on account of its numerous rocks and the rapidity of its cur- rent. Uruguay, Republic of, or the Eastern Republic of the Uru- guay, (Republica del Uruguay Oriental, r.i-poobMe-ka dtl oo-roo-gwi/ o-re-Gn-tal/), called also the Banda Oriental, a republic of S. America, between 53° and 59' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. and E. by Brazil, S. by the Atlantic and the r. La Plata, and W. by the r. Uruguay. Length about 380 m. ; greatest breadth near 300 m. Area estimated at 80,000 sq. m. Pop. 70,000. (B.) The territory of this republic formerly constituted the principal part of the Banda Oriental, one of the divisions of the vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres, whence that name is still sometimes applied to the republic. Montevideo is the capital. Urumiya. See Ooroomeea. Ustiug. See Oostioog. U'tah, originally a part of the territory of Upper California, ceded to the United States by the treaty with Mexico in 1848, was erected into a separate territory in 1850. It lies between 37° and 42° N. Lat., and between 105° 30 / and 120° W. Lon., being about 620 m. in length from E. to W., and 347 broad from N. to S., and including an area of 187,923 sq. m. It is bounded on the N. by Oregon, E. by Indian Territory and New Mexico, S. by New Mexico, and W. by California. The Rocky mountains separate it from Indian Territory, and the Sierra Nevada partly from California. It is divided into 9 counties.* By the census of 1850, Utah contained 11,380 inhab., of whom 11,330 were white, 24 free coloured persons, and 26 slaves. There were 232 deaths in the year ending June 30th, 1850, or about 21 in every thousand. Face of the Country, Mountains, &c. — This extensive region is an elevated table-land, generally of hopeless sterility, and divided into nearly equal portions by the Sierra Madre mountains. The western section, known as the Great, or Fremont Basin, is hemmed in by mountains on all sides, having the Blue mountains of Oregon on the N., the Wahsatch mountains on the E., the Sierra Nevada mountains on the W., and a nameless mountain or mountains on the S. This basin has an extent of about 400 m. from E. to W., by 250 from N. to S., and a general elevation of from 4000 to 5000 ft. above the level of the sea, " with its own system of lakes and rivers, and having no communication with the ocean. " The eastern portion is * Davis, Great Salt Lake, Iron, San Pete, Tooele (too-il-e), Utah, Weber Box Elder, and Millard. 548 UTA— UTA Fate, far, fall, fat; m£, m£t; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in good; covered with a white incrustation of saline and alkaline matter, and the western with a mixture of salt, sand, and clay, in which animals sink to their knees. Several detached mountains traverse this basin, the principal of which are the Humboldt mountains, which run from N. to S.,near the centre of the basin, and are elevated from 2,000 to 5,000 ft. above the surrounding country. The eastern portion of Utah, lying between the Wasatch and Rocky mountains, is believed to be even more sterile than the western. Rivers, Lakes, &c. — The Grand and Green rivers, with their tribu- taries, drain the eastern portion of Utah. The Green r. rises in the S. E. of Oregon, and running southerly about 500 m., joins the Grand r. near the southern boundary of Utah, and forms the Colorado. The Grand r. rises in the Rocky mountains, in the E. of Utah, and runs in a S. W. course about 300 m., to its junction with the Green river. The Great Basin has no large rivers. The Humboldt, or Mary's r., rises in the Humboldt mountains, and running S. W. about 300 m., loses itself in a slough or lake, called Humboldt's lake. Near the base of the Sierra Nevada mountains, on the western bor- der of the Great Basin, is a series of small lakes (the largest, Pyra- mid Lake, is about 40 m. long), which receive the waters flowing from the eastern declivity of the Sierra Nevada. There are several streams in other parts of the desert, which lose themselves in like manner in sloughs, or small lakes. Nicollet r., on the E. rim of the basin, has a N. and W. course of about 300 miles, and empties into a lake of the same name. Great Salt Lake, the largest body of water in Utah, lies in-the N. E. part of the Great Basin, and is about 75 miles long by 35 wide, but has a much greater extent at the melting of the snows. This lake is so salt that no living thing is found in it, and on the receding of the waters from the beach in the dry season, it is left covered with thick incrustations of salt. About 25 m. S. of this, and communicating with it by the Jordan r., is lake Utah, about 35 miles in length. Its water is fresh and well stocked with trout and other fish. The elevation of these lakes is from 4,200 to 4,500 feet above the level of the sea. Bear river, from Ore- gon, is the largest tributary of Salt Lake, and has a course of about 200 m. in a S. W. direction. Agriculture and Productions. — The arable portions of Utah are but a small fraction of the whole territory, and are confined to the val- leys of the rivers and lakes. The Great Salt Lake Valley, Bear r. valley, Utah valley, Yoab valley, South valley, Sevier valley, and Sand Pitch valley, are the principal agricultural districts. The first of these is much the largest, being about 120 m. long, and from 20 to 40 broad ; but of this area a very large proportion is occupied by the lake itself. South, valley is 30 m. long by 20 wide ; Utah 60 m. long by 20 wide ; and Sand Pitch 40 or 50 by 20 m. " There are tracts of land in each of these valleys of considerable extent, which are not susceptible of cultivation, because they cannot be irrigated/'* • See Dr. Bemishel's letter to Senator Smith. UTA— UTA 549 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in tliis ; n, nearly like ng. a necessary part of husbandry in Utah. The upper portion of the valleys of the Grand and Green rivers is " incapable of supporting any population whatever. The Unitah and Green river valleys, ly- ing lower doAvn on the tributaries of the Colorado, are, however, not so sterile/' There is a belt of fertile land at the base of the moun- tains, and on the borders of most of the streams. The Humboldt r. is important in this respect, as it supplies emigrants to California with pasturage for their animals. Wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, Indian corn, and the garden vegetables of the Middle States are the agricultural products of Utah. By the census of 1850, there were 15,219 acres of land under cultivation, producing 103,441 bushels of wheat; 9,144 bushels of Indian corn; 8,897 ft) of wool; 74,064ft) of butter ; 32,646 ft) of cheese ; and 4,288 tons of hay. The value of live stock was $533,951, and of farming implements and other machinery $78,495. Timber. — " This whole country is almost entirely destitute of tim- ber, except on the sides of some of the high rocky mountains, or in the canons whence issue the mountain streams. There are some groves of cottonwood and box-elder in the bottoms of some of the principal streams." Manufactures. — There were also, according to the census reports, 16 manufacturing establishments, producing $500 per annum and upwards. Home-made manufactures were produced to the value of $1,391. Climate and Meteorology. — Dr. Bernishel and Mr. Snow, in their letters to Senator Smith on this subject, say that " the climate of Great Salt Lake City, in Lat. 40° 45 / N., is milder and drier than in the same parallel on the Atlantic coast, and the temperature more uniform, the thermometer rarely descending to zero. During three years, according to observation, the highest point attained by the thermometer was 100° above, and 5° below zero. The variation be- tween the temperature of day and night, in midsummer, is from 20° to 40°. Frosts in Utah valley fall as late as the last of May and as early as the first of September, and slight ones during the intermediate months, rendering Indian corn and vines rather uncertain crops. Kain seldom falls between April and October, except on the high moun- tains, where thunder-showers are frequent." Great Salt Lake City is the principal town, and the capital of this territory.* It is a Mormon settlement (the most of the inhab. of Utah are Mormons), situated near the E. bank of the Jordan r., and about 22 m. S. of Great Salt Lake. The streets cross each other at right angles, forming squares of ten acres each, with eight lots to a square. There are four public squares in the city. The houses are mostly small, and built of adobes or unburnt brick, but are re- • It is stated that the capital is about to be removed to a place to be called Fillmore, in a county to be named Millard, in Pauvan valley, 161 miles south of Great Salt Lake City. 550 URU— UZE Fate, far, fill, fat; me, m£t ; pine or pine, pin ; no, n6t; 60 as in good; garded merely as temporary. It is in contemplation to erect a tem- ple larger than that at Nauvoo. There are good schools in this town, in some of which Greek, Latin, German and French are taught. Lying on the emigrant's route to California, this is important as a place at which to refit and rest the caravans. Pop. about 6000. Urumiya. See Ooroomeea. Ustiug. See Oostioog. U'-ti-ca, a handsome city of Oneida co., in the E. central part of New York, is situated on the Mohawk r. and on the R. R. from Al- bany to Buffalo, 82 m. in a direct line W. N. W. from the former and 231 by R. R. from the latter. The streets are wide and regular, and the houses are chiefly constructed of brick and stone. It is sur- rounded by a rich, well cultivated country, and is the centre of an ac- tive trade, which is facilitated by the Erie and Chenango canals. The former, which is here 70 feet wide, passes through the town and is crossed by several bridges ; the latter extends from Utica to Bing- hamton. Utica is enlivened in the summer and autumn by the ar- rival of a large number of travellers on their way to Trenton Falls, which are about 15 m. distant. Among the public buildings and institutions are a court-house, an exchange, two academies, the Utica Library, a Museum, a Mechanics' Institute which supports popular lectures, and the State Lunatic Asylum — a large stone edifice, situated 1 m. W. from the centre of the town. This place is the seat of ex- tensive manufactures of iron, leather, paper, and flour. It was in- corporated as a village in 1798, and as a city in 1830. The pop. in 1840 was 12,782 ; in 1850 it amounted to 17,565. Utrecht, u'-trekt, (Dutch pron. iV-treKt ; Anc. TrajWtum,*) a noted city of Holland, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Rhine, 20 m. S. S. E. of Amsterdam. It is the seat of a celebrated university, founded in 1634, and attended by about 600 students. (M.) This city is the head-quarters of the Jansenists, who have here an archbishop and chapter Lat. 52° 5' 31" N., Lon. 5° 7 E. Pop. about 45,000. (P. C.) Utrecht, Province of, is situated in the N. or N. central part of Holland, bordering on the Zuyder Zee. Pop. 147,681. (P. C.) Utrera, oo-tra)-ra, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 15 m. S. by E. of Seville. Pop. 11,000. (B.) Uttoxeter, ux'-e-ter, a small t. of England, in Staffordshire, 17 m. W. by S. of Derby. Ux'-bridge, a t. of England, in Middlesex, on the r. Colne and the Grand Junction Canal, 15 m. N. by YV. of London. It is remarkable as having the largest country corn-market in the kingdom. Pop. 3,219. Uzes, u v -zace', a t. of France, in the dep. of Gard, 12 m. S. by E. of Nismes. Lat. 44° 1' N., Lon. 4° 25' E. Pop. 5,986. (M.) *The name of Utrecht is supposed to be derived from its position, ultra Trajec- turn [Rheni], " beyond the passage of the Rhine." VAL— VAL 551 ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Val-de-Peiias, val-d;\-pane'-yas, (i.e. the "valley of rocks,") a well- built t. of Spain, in New Castile, 112 in. S. of Madrid, celebrated for its wines. Pop. 8,000. (B.) Valais, vaNla/, (Ger. Wallis, walMis,) a large canton, forming 1 the S. S. W. extremity of Switzerland. Length, 85 m.; greatest breadth, 40 m. Area, 1,672 sq. m. Pop. in 1837, 75,798. (P. C.) Sion, se v -ON', (in German, Sit'-ten ; Anc. Sedu'num,) a little t. near the right bank of the Rhone, with 2,500 inhabitants (B.), is the capital. Lat. 46° 14' N.. Lon. 7° 22' E.— Adj. and inhab. Val v -ai-,W.* Valdivia, val-dee'-ve-a, a t. of Chili, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an estuary formed by the confluence of several small rivers. Its harbour is one of the best on the W. coast of S. America. Lat. 39° 53' S., Lon. 73° 33' W. Pop. estimated at 5,000. (B.) Valence, vaMaNce^, (Anc. Valencia), a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Drome, on the Rhone, (here crossed by a handsome suspension bridge,) 60 m. S. of Lyons. Lat. 44° 56' N., Lon. 4° 53' E. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Valencia, val-en'-she-a, (Sp. pron. va-len'-the-a,) formerly a king- dom and now a large province of Spain, in the E. part of the peninsula; bounded on the N. by Aragon, N. E. by Catalonia, E. and S. E. by the Mediterranean, and W. by Murcia. Length, above 200 m. ; greatest breadth, about 70 m. Valencia occupies one of the finest and most fer- tile portions in the Spanish peninsula. — Adj. and inhab. Valencian, val-en^-she-an (Sp. Valenciano, va-len x -the-a'-no). Valencia (Anc. Valencia Edetano'rum), an archiepiscopal city of Spain, cap. of the above prov., in a wide and fertile plain, called La Huerta (la weV-t&) or "the garden," on the Guadalaviar, about 7m. above its entrance into the Mediterranean. It is enclosed by massive walls, built by the Moors, flanked at intervals with round towers, and is entered by four gates. Among its remarkable edifices may be men- tioned the magnificent Cathedral, regarded as one of the finest in Spain. Valencia is distinguished as a seat of literature and science. Its university, founded in 1411, was formerly considered the best in Spain, particularly for the study of medicine, and is now the most fre- quented of any in the kingdom ; in 1830, it had nearly 2,500 students. There are also seven colleges, a royal academy of fine arts, and seve- ral other similar institutions. Valencia holds a conspicuous place in Spanish history. It was taken from the Moors about the year 1090, by the celebrated Cid ; and though it was reconquered by the Mahometans, it has since been generally distinguished from other towns of the same name, as Valencia of the Cid (Valencia del Cid). Lat. 39° 29' N., Lon., 0° 23' E. Pop. estimated at about 66,000. (B.) Valencia, sometimes called New Valencia, a flourishing commer- cial t. of S. America, in the republic of Venezuela, near the VV. extre- 'There did she blossom till a Valaisan, A townsman of Martigny, won her heart." — Rogers's Italy, Part Firrt, V. 552 VAL— VAN Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 60, as in good, mity of the lake of Tacarigua (ta-ka-ree'-gwa), and about 20 m. S. S.E. of Porto Cabello, on the sea coast. Lat. 10° 12' N., Lon. 67° 55' W. Pop. estimated at 15,000. (B.) Valenciennes, var-laN x -se-enn^, (Lat. Valentianse,) a manufacturing t. and fortress of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the Scheldt, 28 m. S. S. E. of Lille. Lat. 50° 21 ' N., Lon. 3° 31' E. Pop. 16,679. (M.) Val n -la-do-lid/ (Sp. pron. val-ya-no-leeo', almost val-ya-THO-leeTH'; Anc. Pin'tia), a celebrated though now decayed city of Spain, in Old Castile, cap. of a prov. of its own name, on the Pisuerga (pe-sweu/-ga), about 15 m. above its junction with the Douro, and about 100 m. N. N. W. from Madrid. It has a university, founded in 1346, which was formerly celebrated as a school of jurisprudence, and is now, with respect to the number of students, the second in Spain ; eight col- leges, and a school of the fine arts, besides less important institutions. Lat. 41° 40' N., Lon. 4° 42' W. The pop., which, at the time of its greatest prosperity, was estimated at above 100,000, is now reduced to about 21,000. (B.) Valladolid or Mechoacan, mecl^-o-a-kan', a city of Mexico, cap. of the state of Mechoacan, in a fine valley, 140 m. W. by N. of Mexi- co. Lat. 19° 42' N., Lon. 100° 52' W. Pop. estimated at 25,000. (B.) Valparaiso, val-par-i'-so, the principal seaport t. of Chili, on the Pacific, 60 m. N. N. W. of Santiago. It is a very flourishing place, and one of the most important commercial towns on the Pacific. The first printing press in Chili was established here in 1811 ; in 1826, twelve newspapers were published in the town. (B.) The harbour of Valparaiso is protected from all winds except the north : its entrance is defended by three forts and a battery. Lat. 33° 2' S., Lon. 71° 43 ; W. Resident pop. in 1834, 25,000. (P. C.) Valtellina, val-tel-lee'-na, a fertile and beautiful valley in the N. of Italy, drained by the r. Adda. Van, van, a fortified t. of Asiatic Turkey, on the E. side of a lake of the same name. Lat. about 38° 30' N., Lon. 43° 40' E. Pop. esti- mated by Balbi at 20,000, but by some other writers as high as 40,000 or 50,000. Van, Lake, a salt lake in Asiatic Turkey, principally between 38° and 38° 40' N. Lat., and 42° 30' and 43° 40' E. Lon. Length above 60 m. ; greatest breadth about 45 m. Van IW-ren, a co. in the N. central part of Ark., N. E. from the Arkansas r. Pop. 2,864. Co. t. Clinton. Van Buren, a co. in the E. central part of Tenn., a little N.W. from the Tennessee r. Pop. 2,674. Van Buren, a co. in the S.W. part of Mich., bordering on Lake Mi- chigan. Pop. 5,800. Van Buren, a co. on the W. border of Mo., N. of Osage r. Pop.4,693. Van Buren, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, intersected by De& Moines r. Pop. 12,270. Co. t. Keosauque. Van'-der-burg, a co. in the S.W. of Ind., on the Ohio r. P. 11,414. Co. t. Evansville. VAN— VEN 553 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin ; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Van Dje^men's Land or Tas-ma'-nj-a, an i. belonging to Great Bri- tain, off the S. extremity of New Holland, between 40° 40' and 43° 40' S. Lat., and 144° 40' and 148° 25' E. Lon. The island is heart-shaped, with the apex towards the N. W. Length about 240 m. ; greatest breadth 200 m. The surface is in general hilly or mountainous, but there appears to be a much larger proportion of good soil than in the Australian continent. The climate appears to be healthy, and the country seldom suffers from long-continued droughts or from too much rain. Pop. 70,000. Vannes, vann, a seaport and commercial t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Morbihan, on the Gulf of Morbihan. Lat. 47° 39' 26" N., Lon. 2° 45' W. Pop. above 10,000. (B.) Van Wert, a co. in the VV. N. W. part of Ohio, S. of the Mau- mee r. Pop. 4,8X3. Co. t. Van Wert. Var, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, bordering on the Mediterra- nean. Pop. 323,404. (B.) Capital, Draguignan. Varinas, vA-ree'-nas, or Barinas, ba-ree'-nas, a commercial t. of S. America, in Venezuela, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an affluent of the Apure. Lat. about 7° 40' N., Lon. 70° 20' W. The pop., which, before the war of independence, amounted to 10,000, is now re- duced to 3,000. (B.) Var/-na (Warna), a fortified seaport t. of European Turkey, in Bul- garia, on the Black Sea. Lat. 43° 12' N., Lon. 27° 54' E. Pop. esti- mated at 16,000. (B.) Vauceuse, vo v -kluze', a dep. in the S. E. part of France, E. of, and bordering on the Rhone. It is separated from the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone by the Durance. Pop. 246,071. (B.) Capital, Avignon. Vaud, vo, (Ger. Waadt, Waatt,) a canton forming the W. N. W. ex- tremity of Switzerland. Area 1,190 sq. m. Pop. about 184,000. (P. C.) Lausanne is the capital. This canton is also called Pays de Vaud. Velez-Malaga, viV-leth ma'-la-ga, a t. of Andalusia, Spain, in a re- markably fertile country, on the r. Velez, 14 m. E. by N. of Malaga. Pop. estimated at 14,000. (B.) Velletri, vH-lA'-tre, (Anc.Ve'it/rae), a t. of Ttaly, in the Papal State, the cap. of a province of the same name, near the Appian Way, 20 m. S. E. of Rome, interesting for its remains of antiquity. Pop. about 10,000. (B.) Venango, ve-nang'-go, a co. in the N.W. part of Pa., intersected by the Alleghany r. Pop. 18,310. ■ Co. t. Franklin. Vendee, La, la vaN'-da/ or ven-dee', a dep. in the W. S. W. part of France, bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 341,312. (B.) Capital, Bourbon-Vendee. The people of this part of France are said to have been formerly remarkable for the innocence and patriarchal simplicity of their lives, as they are distinguished in history for their brave, though finally unsuccessful resistance of the revolutionary armies, in 1793-6. — Adj. and inhab. Ven-de-'an. Venezuela, ven v -ez-we'-la, (Sp. pron. ven-eth-waMa), a republic of S America, which formerly constituted a part of Colombia, between 47 2L 554 VEN— VEN" Fate, f ar, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 6d, as in good , 1° and 12° 30' N. Lat., and 60° and 73° 20' W. Lon. ; bounded on the N. by the Caribbean Sea, N. E. by the Atlantic, S. E. by Guiana, S. by Brazil, and W. by New Granada. Length, from E. to W., near 950 m. ; greatest breadth, from N. to S,, about 660 m. Area estimated by Balbi at 404,000 sq. in. Pop. in 1839, 945,348. (P. C.) The climate of Venezuela resembles, in the main, that of other tropical countries. The temperature is high, except in very elevated regions. The year is divided into the wet and dry seasons. The wet season, corresponding to our summer, is called winter, though the heat is then greatest. The vegetable productions of Venezuela are mostly those which are com- mon to the tropics — maize, coffee, the cocoa, the plantain tree,* the yucca, potatoe, sugar, wheat, indigo, tobacco, and cotton are the princi- pal objects of cultivation. Caraccas is the capital. Venice, venMss, (It. Venezia, ven-ed'-ze-a,) a celebrated maritime city of Austrian Italy, cap. of E. Lombardy, and formerly of a powerful republic of its own name, situated on a cluster of small islands, in a shallow but extensive lagoon, at the N. VV. extremity of the Adriatic. The appearance of this town, from whatever side it may be viewed, is striking and singular in the extreme. Owing to the lowness of the islands on which it is built, it seems to float. It is divided into two principal portions by the Great Canal (Canale Maggiore, ka-niMa mad- jo ; -ra), a serpentine channel crossed by the Rialto (re-aF-to), the prin- cipal bridge of the city, and one of the finest in Europe. The various islets which form the foundations of these two grand divisions, are con- nected by a multitude of bridges, which are intended only for foot-pas- sengers. Almost all the principal houses have on one side a canal and on the other a cale (kaMa) or foot-walk. The canals which intersect every part of the town, form the "water streets" of Venice: by means of them nearly all the intercourse of the place is carried on, and gon- dolas are the universal substitute for carriages and horses. Venice is remarkable for the multitude of its superb edifices, among which we must not pass unnoticed the celebrated Church of St. Mark (the patron saint of the city), with its 500 columns of marble, alabaster, bronze and verd antique, and its pavements of jasper and porphyry ; over the entrance, in front of the building, are the famous bronze horses, which, having been cast, as is supposed, at Corinth, during the period of Gre- cian glory, successively adorned Athens, Rome, and Constantinople. Venice has, among other literary and scientific institutions, two royal gymnasia ; a lyceum, with a rich cabinet of natural history ; besides the library of St. Mark, with 65,000 vols, and about 5,000 manuscripts. Lat. 45° 26' N., Lon. 12° 21' E. Pop. 103,000 (B.); in 1789, before the fall of the republic, it amounted to 139,000. (P. C.)— Adj. and inhab. Venetian, ven-ee'-shun. * The plaintain tree belongs to the same species as the banana. The fruit has a farinaceous flesh, in colour resembling the finest yellow butter. It sometimes attains the weight of 60 and even 80 lbs. (P. C.) Some varieties have an exqu*. suo flavour, surpassing, it is said, that of the finest kinds of pear. VEN— VER '666 Fond du Lac, Grant, Green, Iowa, Jefferson, Kenosha, La Fayette, La Pointe, ManitouwoO) Marathon, Marquette, Milwaukie, Portage, Racine, Richland, Rock, Sauk, Sheboygan, St. Croix, Walworth, Washington, Waukesha, and Winnebago. Besides these the more recent maps have Bad-Axe, Door, La Cruise, Oconto, Outagamie, Waupacca, and Waushara. WIS— WIS 571 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. capabilities believed not to be great. On the St. Croix, Chippewa, and other rivers of the N. W., are vast forests of pine timber. "On the N. bank of the Wisconsin, W. from the great bend, is a range of abrupt, thickly wooded heights. In the W. and S. W. are several isolated mounds, with elevations varying from 200 to 1,000 ft. The highest of these, one of the Blue mounds, is 1,001 ft. above the Wisconsin r. The state S. of the Wisconsin and Fox r. is a fine farming region. West of the Pekatonica is the celebrated lead re- gion, also abounding in copper and zinc. This section is broken, but in parts well adapted to agriculture, and especially to grazing. East of the Pekatonica the proportion of prairie land is increased, though there is a considerable portion of timbered land on the rivers and streams. This is probably the best agricultural district in the state. Limestone underlies most of the southern part of the state — the cliff limestone in the mineral district, and the blue elsewhere. Between Green Bay and the lake, the country is timbered with pine, Bpruce, and birch ; and along the Fox r. to Ft. Winnebago it is hilly and well timbered. The agricultural products of the state are wheat, Indian corn, oats, buckwheat, barley, rye, potatoes, wool, and maple Bugar. The forest-trees are, pine, cedar, spruce, tamarack, birch, oak, aspen, basswood, hickory, elm, ash, hemlock, poplar, syca- more, &c. Climate, Meteorology, &c. — The climate of this state compares fa- vourably with western New York, being milder on the shores of Lake Michigan, where the temperature is 6?° higher than on the Mississippi side. The winters are less variable than in the Atlantic states. The Milwaukie r. was closed by ice, on an average (in the ten years preceding 1845), from November 22d to March 26th. Towns. — Milwaukie City, the most populous and commercial in the state, is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Milwaukie r., 90 m. N. from Chicago. Its position is ad- mirably adapted for a commercial emporium, and in rapidity of growth it has surpassed all the western towns except those of Cali- fornia. The first settlement made here was in 1834. In 1843 the pop. was over 6,000 and in 1850 it amounted to 20,060. It is built on the high bluffs overhanging the lake, and on the flats bordering on the river. The delicate cream- colour of the bricks employed in the buildings gives the town a peculiar and agreeable aspect. It is the eastern terminus of a R. R. 200 m. long, which is designed to extend to the Mississippi r. ; and it has 6 plank roads extending into the country. The number of vessels owned here in 1851 was 39, and the tonnage 8,542. The value of manufactured products was about $2,000,000. It has 21 churches, and 7 daily newspapers. Racine, a flourishing town on Lake Michigan, 70 m. N. from Chicago, and 100 m. E. S. E. from Madison. It has a good harbour, and large quantities of produce are shipped here. There are several foundries, machine-shops, and flouring-mills in the place. Pop. 5,100. Madison, the capital of the state, is beautifully situated on a neck 572 WIS— WOO Fate, far, fill, fat; me, met; pine or pine, pin; n6, n6t; oo as in of land, between the Third Lake and Fourth Lake, in Dane co., 80 m. W. from Lake Michigan. Lat. 43° 5 / N., Lon. 89° 20' W. The capitol is a substantial limestone structure, which cost $50,000. The Wisconsin University is established here. Madison was laid out in 1837. Pop. about 1,800. Fond du Lac, Janesville, and Waukesha, are flourishing towns, with a pop. of near 3,000 each. Wisconsin, a. r. of the above state, falling into the Mississippi near 43° N. Lat., and 91° W. Lon. Length estimated at 400 m. ; its navigation is impeded by sand-bars. Wismar, wis'-mar, a fortified seaport t. of Germany, in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on a bay of the Baltic, called the Walpich (wal'-piic), with an excellent harbour. Lat. 53° 50' N., Lon. 11° 35' E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) Wissembourg, vis^-saiv^-booR/, a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Rhine, on the Bavarian frontier, 33 m. N. by E. from Strasbourg. Wit-epsk/ or Vitebsk, a t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Dvvina, 330 m. S. by W. from St. Petersburg. Pop. about 14,400. (M.) Wit'-ten-berg n (Ger. pron. wit'-en-beRG v ), a t. of Prussian Saxony, once the cap. of the electorate of Saxony, on the Elbe. Tt is interest- ing as the cradle of the Reformation ; Luther and Melancthon were professors in its university, and their remains are deposited in its ca- thedral. A superb colossal statue of Luther, in bronze, was erected in the market-place, in 1821. Lat. 51° 53' N., Lon. 12° 46' E. Pop. 8,500, exclusive of the garrison. (P. C.) Wiveliscombe, wils'-kum, a small t. of England, in Somersetshire. WolfenbOttel, Wol'-fen-buf-tel, a t. of Germany, in Brunswick, cap. of a circle of the same name, on the Ocker, 8 m. S. of Bruns- wick. It contains a magnificent ducal library, with near 200,000 vols. Lat. 52° 9' N., Lon. 10° 32' E. Pop., including the suburbs, about 10,000. (P. C.) Wolverhampton, wooP-ver-hamp'-ton, a manufacturing t. of Eng- land, in Staffordshire, 13 rn. N. W. of Birmingham. Pop. of the town- ship, with an area of 5 sq. m., 36,382. In the vicinity are extensive mines of coal and iron ore, to which the town owes its prosperity. Wood, a co. in the N. W. part of Va., on the Ohio r. Pop. 9,450. Co. t. Parkersburg. Wood, a co. in the N. W. part of Ohio, on the S. E. side of the Maumee r. Pop. 9,157. Co. t. Perrysburg. Wood'-ford, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ky., on the E. side of Kentucky r. Pop. 12,423. Co. t. Versailles. Woodford, a co. in the N. central part of 111., on the E. side of Illi- nois r. Co. t. Woodford. Pop. 4,416. Woolwich, wooF-ich, a seaport t. of England, in Kent, on the S. side of the Thames, 7 m. E. of London, important on account of its dock- yard, arsenal, and other naval and military establishments. Pop 25,785. WOR— WYT 573 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. Worcester, woos'-ter, a city of England, cap. of Worcestershire, on the Severn, here crossed by a fine stone bridge, with 5 arches, 100 m. W. N. W. of London. It has extensive manufactures of gloves : poicelain and fine earthenware are also produced here. Lat. 52° 9' N„ Lon. 2° W. Pop. 25,401. Worcester, a co. occupying the central part of Mass., and extend- ing across the state. Pop. 130,789. Worcester, a flourishing and handsome t. of Mass., cap. of the above, on the Boston and Albany Railroad, where it is connected with the Norwich, and Worcester Railroad, and at the termination of the Blackstone River Canal, about 40 m., in a straight line, W. by S. from Boston. Lat. 42° 16' N., Lon. 71° 48' W. Pop. 17,216. Worcester, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Md. Pop. 18,859. Co. t. Snow Hill. Wotton-under-Edge, usually pronounced woo'-ton-und^-ridge, a small t. of England, in Gloucestershire, 17 m. S. by W. from Gloucester. Worms (Ger. pron. WoRms ; Anc. Borbitomagus, afterwards Van- giones), a celebrated but. decayed city of Germany, in Hesse Darm- stadt, on the left bank of the Rhine, 26 m. S. S. E. of Mentz. It was anciently one of the residences of the Frankish sovereigns. Charle- magne was married here. The Lutheran Church, in the market-place, in which is a painting of Luther before the Diet of Worms, now occu- pies the site of the council-hall in which that Diet was held. Lat. 49° 38' N., Lon. 8° 21' E. Pop. 8,500. (P. C.) Wrex'-ham, a handsome t. of Wales, in Denbighshire, 11 m. S. by W. from Chester. Pop. 5,818. Wright, a co. towards the S. part of Mo., on the head branches of the Gasconade r. Pop. 3,387. WOrtemberg, wur^-tem-berg\ (Ger. pron. WUR^-tem-beRG\) often written Wirtemberg, a kingdom of Germany, between 47° 35' and 49° 35' N. Lat., and 8° 15' and 10° 30' E. Lon. Length 140 in. ; greatest breadth 96 m. Area 7,626 sq. m. Pop. in 1838, 1,649,839. (M.) The government of Wiirtemberg is a limited monarchy. Stutt- gart is the capital. Wurzburg, wurts'-burg, (Ger. pron. Wiiats'-booRG,) an ancient walled city of Bavaria, cap. of the circle of the Lower Mayn, on the Mayn, 62 m. E. S. E. of Frankfort. The University of this place, founded in 1402, is especially distinguished for its school of medicine ; it contains a library of 120,000 vols. (M.) Lat. 49° 46' N., Lon. 9° 56' E. Pop. 25,000, exclusive of the garrison. (P. C.) Wycomb, wik'-um, a small t. of England, in Buckinghamshire, 27 m W. N. W. of London. Wy-o'-ming, a co. in the W. part of N. Y., S. W. of Rochester. Co t. Warsaw. Pop. 31,981. Wyoming, a co. in the N. E. part of Pa., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquelianna. Co. t. Tunkhannock. Pop. 10,655. Wythe, with, (th as in thin,) a co. in the S. W. part of Va., inter- sected by the New r. Pop. 12,024. 574 XAL— YAZ Fate, far, fall, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, not ; 56 as in good Xalapa or Jalapa, na-la'-pa, (see Int. XXVII., 17,) a t. of Mexico, 55 m. N. W. of Vera Cruz. Pop. estimated at 13,000. (M.) The medicinal herb jalap owes its name to this town ; it grows abundantly in the vicinity. Xeres or Jeres de la Frontera, Ha'-rea da. la fron-ta/-ra, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 17 m. N. N. E. of Cadiz. It is the great empo- rium of the wine called Sherry, grown in its vicinity. Pop. 34,000. (B.) Xingu or Chingu, shin-goo', (see Int. XXVI., 11,) a large r. of Bra- zil, flowing into the Amazon, near its mouth. Length estimated at 1,500 m. Y, pronounced i, an arm of the Zuyder Zee, in Holland. Yadkin. See Pedee. Yak-ootsk/ (Yakutsk), a t. of E. Siberia, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Lena. Lat. 62° 2' N., Lon. 147° 44' E. Pop. about 4,000. (M.) Yal v -a-bu'-sha, a co. towards the N. part of Miss., intersected by the Yalabusha r. Pop. 17,258. Co. seat, Corfeeville. Yan'-cy, a co. in the N. W. part of N. C, bordering on Tenn. Pop. 8,205. Co. t. Burnsville. Yang-tse-Kiang (ke-ang'), or "blue river;" called, also, sometimes, Ta Kiang, or " great river," the largest r. of China. Its source has never been visited by Europeans, but, according to the statements of some Chinese travellers, it appears to rise between 34° and 35° N. Lat., and 89° and 90° E. Lon. Its general course is easterly, and it falls into the Pacific in about 32° N. Lat., and 121° E. Lon. Its breadth in the last 800 m. of its course varies from 1 to 3 m. The tide ascends about 400 m. : in this part the depth of the river is very great ; a Chi- nese proverb says, " the sea has no boundary, and the Ta-Kiang no bottom." The whole length of the Yang-tse-Kiang is estimated at above 3,000 m. Yanina. See Janina. Yar n -kund', often written Yarkand (see Int. XIX., 1, Obs.), the chief city of Chinese Toorkistan, on a r. of its own name. Lat. about 38° 20' N., Lon. 76° 20' E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (M.) Yar'-mouth, a seaport t. of England, on the North Sea, partly in the co. of Norfolk and partly in that of Suffolk, at the mouth of the r. Yare, 108 m. N. E. of London. It is the principal seat of the Eng- lish herring fishery. Lat. 52° 37' N., Lon. 1° 44' E. Pop. 24,086. Yaroslaf (Jaroslavl or Jaroslaw), yar v -o-slaf , an important commer- cial and manufacturing t. of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Volga. Lat. 57° 38' N., Lon. 40° 10' E. Pop. 28,500. Yates, a co. in the W. part of N. Y., S. E. of Rochester. Pop. 20,590. Co. t. Penn Yan. Yaz-oo', a r. in the N. W. part of Miss., falling into the Mississippi r., a little above Vicksburg. YAZ— YOR 575 ou, sis in our; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n .nearly like ng. Yazoo, a co. in the W. part of Miss., between the Yazoo and Big Black rivers. Pop. 14,418. Co. seat, Benton. Yed^-do (Jeddo), the chief city of Japan, on the i. of Niphon, on a bay to which it gives its name. It is said to be about 20 m. in cir- cumference. Pop. very uncertain : the Japanese writers estimate the number of houses at 280,000. The pop. is probably not less than 1,300,000. (B.) Yel/-l6w-stone, a r. of the U. S., which rises in the Rocky Moun- tains, and, flowing north-easterly, falls into the Missouri, near 48° N. Lat., and 104° W. Lon. It is about 800 yards wide at its mouth. Length, estimated at 1,100 m.; for more than 800 m. of which it is navigable. (Morse.) Yem^-en (Anc. Ara'bia Fe'lix), a country occupying the S. W. por- tion of Arabia. Yenisei, yen v -e-sa/e, a large r. of N. Asia, which rises in the Chi- nese empire, near 51° N. Lat., and 98° E. Lon. At first, its course is W., to near where it leaves the Chinese territories, when it turns to the N., and continues in a general northerly direction, to the Arctic Ocean, which it enters by a wide estuary, in about 72° 30' N. Lat., and 85° E. Lon. Length estimated at 2,600 m. It is of little use for purposes of navigation, in consequence of its flowing through a deso- late country, and being frozen over for the greater part of the year. Yeo'-vil, a small t. of England, in Somersetshire, on the Yeo or Ivil, an affluent of the Parret, 32 m. S. S. YV. of Bath, important for its manufacture of gloves. Yesso or Jesso. See Japan. Yezd, a manufacturing and commercial city in the E. part of Persia. Lat. about 32° 40' N., Lon. 55° 40' E. Pop. estimated at 60,000. (B.) Yonne, a dep. in the N. E. central part of France, intersected by a river of the same name, which flows into the Seine. Pop. 355,237. (B.) Capital, Auxerre. York (Anc. Ebor^acum), a celebrated city of England, cap. of York- shire, on the Ouse, 170 m. N. N. W. of London. Though inferior, in population and importance, to many other English towns, York is re- garded, in point of rank, as the second in the kingdom : it is the only city, besides London, whose chief magistrate takes the title of Lord Mayor. The most remarkable building of this city is the Minster or Cathedral, which is regarded as the finest edifice of the kind in Great Britain, and one of the finest Gothic structures in Europe: length, internally, 5244 ft. ; height of the great tower, 234 ft. Eboracum was an important town under the Romans; several of the emperors tempo- rarily resided, and one (Severus) died here. Several parliaments have been held in York, the first being that summoned by Henry II., in 1160. Lat. 53° 58' N., Lon. 1° 5' W. Pop., including an area of above 4 sq. rn„ 28,842. York, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Maine. Pop. 60,101. Co. t. Alfred. York, a t. and port of entry of Maine, in the above co., at the mouth 576 YOR— ZAC Fate, f ar, fill, fat ; m£, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n5t ; 66, as in good ; of a r. of its own name. Lat. 43° 10' N., Lon. 79° 40' W. Pop. 2,980. York, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Pa., bordering on Md. and the Susquehanna r. Pop. 57,450. York, a t. of Pa., cap. of the above co., on the Baltimore and Sus- quehanna railroad, 24 m., in a straight line, S. S. E. of Harrisburg. Lat. 39° 58' N., Lon. 76° 40' W. Pop. 6,897. York, a r. of Va., formed by the union of the Pamunkey and Mat- tapony, and flowing into the Chesapeake. York, a co. of Va., on the right side of the above r., at its mouth. Pop. 4,460. Co. t. Yorktown. York, a dist. in the N. part of S. C, on the Catawba r. Pop. 19,431. Seat of justice, Yorkville. York'-shire, the largest and most populous co. of England, lying in the N. E. part of the kingdom, and bordering on the North Sea. It is divided into four portions, called Ridings, which, for extent, may be compared to ordinary counties. Pop. 1,591,480. Yorktown, a port of entry of Va., and cap. of York co., situated on the S. side of the York r., near its mouth. Lat. 37° 13' N., Lon. 76° 34' VV. Youghall, pronounced yaul, a small but ancient t. and seaport of Ireland, near the mouth of Black Water r., 25 m. E. by N. from Cork. Ypres, eepr, (Flem. Ypern, I'-pcrn), a fortified manufacturing t. of Belgium, in W. Flanders, 30 m. S. W. of Bruges. It was, in the 14th century, far more flourishing than at present, and was formerly famous for its manufacture of woollen and linen cloths. The fabric called diaper (originally d' Ypres,) derives its name from this town. (M.) Lat. 50° 51' N., Lon. 2° 53' E. Pop. 15,000. (P. C.) Yssel, I'-cel, a r. in the N. E. part of Holland, flowing into the Zuy- der Zee. Yu v -ca-tan' or yoo-ka-tan', a peninsula forming the most eastern part of Mexico, between 16° and 21° 40' N. Lat., and 86° 45' and 91° W. Lon. It is principally included in the Mexican state of Yucatan. The southern portion, lying on the Bay of Honduras, is occupied by an English colony, and is denominated English Yucatan, or British Honduras. Yverdun, e N -veR v -duN^ a t. of Switzerland, in the canton of Vand, at the W. extremity of the lake of Neufchatel, 17 m. N. by W. of Lausanne. Pop. 3,460. (P. C.) Yvetot, eev -to ; , a t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, 20 m. N. W. of Rouen. Pop. 7,923. (M.) Zaandam, zaan-danV, often written Saardam, a t. and former cele- brated naval arsenal of Holland, on the Zaan, an affluent of the Y. It is remarkable for the great number of windmills in its vicinity. Lat. 52° 26' N., Lon. 4° 50' E. Pop. near 12,000. (P. C.) Zacatecas, sak-a-taMias, a city of Mexico, cap. of a slate of the samo ZAH— ZHI 577 ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; th, as in this ; n, nearly like ng. name. Lat. about 22° 50' N., Lon. 102° 30' W. Pop. estimated at 25,000. (B.) Zahara. See Sahara. Zam-o'-ra or tha-mo'-ra, an ancient city of Spain, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Douro, 34 m. N. W. of Salamanca. Pop. 10,000. (B.) Zanes'-ville, a t. of Ohio, cap. of Muskingum co., on the r. Mus- kingum, 48 m. E. of Columbus. Pop. including suburbs, 10,355. Zanguebar, zang x -ge-bar', the name of a region on the E. coast of Africa, of which very little is known. It appears to extend from about 4° N. to 17° or 18° S. Lat. Zan'-te (Anc. Zacyn'thus), one of the Ionian Islands, about 10 m. from the W. coast of the Morea. It is about 20 m. long and 10 broad. Pop. 35,348. (M.) Zante, the cap. of an archiepiscopal town, is on the E. side of the island. Lat. 37° 47" N., Lon. 20° 54' 32" E. Pop. about 19,000. (B.) Zan^-zj-bar', an i. on the E. coast of Africa, belonging to the Imam of Muscat. Lat. about 6° S., Lon. 39° E. Zanzibar, the cap. of the above, is said to be a flourishing commer- cial town, and has a pop. estimated at above 10,000. (B.) Zara, za'-ra, (Anc. Ja'dera,) an archiepiscopal t, cap. of Dalmatia, on the Adriatic, 150 m. S. E. of Venice. It is fortified, is the centre of an active commerce, and has some important manufactures. Lat. 44° 6' N., Lon. 15° 10' E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.) Zaragoza. See Saragossa. Zealand, zeeMand, (Dan. Sjosland, selMand, i. e. " sea-land,") the largest and most important of the Danish Islands, situated between 54° 58' and 56° 10' N. Lat., and 10° 50' and 12° 35' E. Lon. Length 80 m. ; greatest breadth about 65 m. Area estimated at 2,800 sq. m. Pop. 400,000. (P. C.) Zealand (Dutch, Zeeland', zaMand, i. e. "sea-land"), a prov. in the W. part of Holland, situated partly between the two great branches of the Scheldt, and bordering on the sea. Area 580 sq. m. Pop. 155,593. (P. C.) Zebu or Cebu, se-boo', (Sp. pron. tha-boo',) one of the Philippine Islands, intersected by the 10th parallel of N. Lat., and the meridian of 123° 30' E. Lon. It is above 120 m. long, and from 10 to 30 m. wide. Zeitoun, (ZttVow,) zae-toon', a small fortified t. of Greece, near a gulf of the same name. Lat. 38° 58' N., Lon. about 22° 40' E. Zeitz, tsites, a t. of Prussian Saxony, on the Elster, 22 m. W. S. W. of Leipsic. Pop. above 7,000. (B.) Zelle. See Celle. Zerbst, tseRbst, a manufacturing t. of Anhalt-Dessau, formerly the residence of the duke of Anhalt-Zerbst, 22 m. S. E. of Magdeburg. Pop. about 8,000. (B.) Zhit x -o-meer' (Jitomir or Schitomir — in Polish, Zitomirz, zhit-o^- meeRzh), a t. of European Russia, cap. of Volhynia, 75 no. S. W. of Kief. Pop. 17,434. (M.) 49 578 ZIT— ZYT. F&te, far, fill, fat ; me, met ; pine or pine, pin ; n6, n&t ; 66 as in good Zittau, tsit'-tou, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Saxony, 50 nv E. S. E. of Dresden. Pop. 9,000. (B.) Zollverein, tsollf-fer-Ine\ or " Customs-Union," a commercial league recently formed in Germany for the purpose of establishing a unform rate of customs. It includes Prussia, Bavaria, Baden, Wur- ;emberg, Saxony, and several smaller states. Zom'-bor\ a royal free t. of Hungary, cap. of the county of Bacs (baach), 118 m. S. by E. of Pesth. Pop. estimated at above 18,000. (B.) Zug, zoo00 200 3,000 1,600 700 3,000 12,000 5,000 4,500 3,000 REMARKS. The Colleges marked (*) are under the direction of the Baptists ; thus (f) Episco- palians,- thus (!) Methodists; thus (§) Catholics. With respect to the Colleges Which are unmarked, the prevailing religious influence of those that are in New England is Congregationalism ;• of most of the others, Presbyterianism. By students in the above table, except a few of the Colleges in the Southern and Western Spates, is meant undergraduates, or members of the four collegiate classes ; not including such as are pursuing professional education, or such as are members of a pre- paratory department. Some of the Colleges above enumerated, are not in full operation ; and scarcely deserve a place in the Table. According to the census of 1840, there are in the United States 173 universities or colleges, containing 16,233 students. There are 3,242 acade- mies and grammar schools, containing 164,159 students. It is evident that the difference between a college and an academy is not very clearly defined, except that the former has the exclusive right of granting degrees. The column of Libraries includes the number of volumes in the College Libraries and in the Students 1 Libraries. APPENDIX (A.) ADDITIONAL ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED IN THIS APPENDIX. A. Augusta. Al. Albany. An. Annapolis B. Boston, br. branch. Ca. Columbia Cd. Concord, cr. creek. Cs. Columbus. D. Detroit, dist. district. F. Frankfort. Flor. Florida. H. Harrisburg. Hd. Hartford. Is. Indianapolis J. Jackson. Jef. Jefferson. M. Milledgeville. Mtr. Monfpelier. Montg. Montgomery. Ne. Nashville. O. Ohio, par. parish, pt. post township, pv. post village. R. Richmond. Rh. Raleigh. Sd. Springfield. Susqa. Susquehanna. T. Tuscaloosa. tp. township. Tn. Trenton, v. village. Wis. Wisconsin. Wn. Washington. [D 3 * See page 50 ; also Advertisement to the Third Edition of the Gazetteer. _/-[ | The following list of states and territories will serve to show the order in which the same name belonging to different places in the several states is repeated in this Appendix. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Texas. Thus the Washingtons of Maine will be first given ; then those of New Hampshire, ther. those of Vermont, &c. By this means, if the inquirer knows to what state the name he is in search of belongs, he will be able to find it far more readily, than he could have done if this arrangement had not been observed. ADA Aaronsbtjrg, pv. Centre co. Pa. near Penn's creek. [S. C. 97 w of Ca. Abbeville C.H. pv. cap. of Abbeville dist. Abbeville, pv. cap. of Henry co. Ala. on Yat- Abbeyville, pv. Medina co. O. [tayabba cr. Abbot, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 70 n of A. Abbottstown, pv. Adams co. Pa. 18 s York. Aberdeen, pv. Monroe co. Miss, on Tombig- bee river. Aberdeen, pv. Brown co. O. on Ohio r. Abingdon, pv. Harford co. Md. 22 e of Bal- timore. Abingdon, pv. cap. of Wn. co.Va. 300 sw R. Abington, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 20 sse B. Abington, pv. Windham co. Conn. 39 e of Hd. Abington, pt. Montg. co. Pa. 10 n of Phila. Abington, pt. Wayne co. Ind. 70 e of Is. Abington Centre, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 150 ne of Harrisburg. [the Hudson. Abram's cr. Columbia co. N.Y. flows into Abse'cum, pv. Atlantic co. N.J. 95 s Tn. [R. Accomac, pv. cap. of Accomac co. Va. 193 E Acquackanonck, pt. Passaic co. N. J. SO ne Acra, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 47sswAl. [of Tn. Acton, pt. York co. Me. 91 sw of A. Acton, tp. Windham co. Vt. 90 s of Mtr. Acton, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 22 nw of B. Ac WORTH- pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 46 w of Cd. Ad- r. of Va. and Ky. flows into the Big Springs, tp. Seneca co. O. [w of Al. Big Spring Point, pv. Yates co. N. Y. 190 Big Walnut r. an affluent of the Scioto r. O. Biller'ica, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 7 sse of Lowell. Biloxi, pv. Harrison co. Miss, on Biloxi Bay. Bingham, (bing'-um) pt. Somerset co. Me. on Kennebec river. Bingham, pt. Potter co. Pa. Bingham, tp. Clinton co. Mich. Binghamton, pv. cap. Broome co. N.Y. [cr. Birdsall, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Black Bikdsville, pv. Burke co. Ga. 74 e of M. Birmingham, tp. Chester co. Pa. Birmingham, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. 107 NW of Harrisburg. Birmingham, tp. Delaware co. Pa. Birmingham, a suburb of Pittsburg, on the s side of Monongahela river. Birmingham, pv. Erie co. O. on Vermilion r. Birmingham, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 19 nw D. Bishoi'sville, pv. Sumter dist.S.C.87NE Ca. Bistineau, (bis v te-no') lake, Claiborne par La. 35 long and 2 broad. Black, tp. Posey co. Ind. [Plattsburg. Black Brook, pt. Clinton co. N.Y. 20 sw of Black cr. N.Y. flows into Genesee r. Black Cr. pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. 270 w by s Black Cr. tp. Mercer co. O. [of Al Black Feet Indians (Fr. Pieds Noirs, pe x -ai' iiwur), a powerful and warlike tribe in the N and w portions of Missouri Territory. Blackford, pv. cap. of Blackford co. Ind. 80 ne of Indianapolis. Black Hawk, pt. Shelby co. Ind. 34 se of Is. Blackleysville, pv. Wayne co. O. 94 ne Cs. Black Lick, tp. Indiana co. Pa. Black r. Windsor co. Vt. flows into the Con- necticut at Springfield. Black r. N. Y. See Gazetteer. Black r. N. C. an affluent of Cape Fear r. [r. Black r. S. C. an affluent of the Great Pedee Black r. Ark. flows into the White r. Black r. O. flows into Lake Erie. Black r. Mich, flows into Lake Michigan Black R. tp. Independence co. Ark Black R. tp. Lawrence co Ark. Black R. pt. Loraiti co. O. on Black r. Black R. tp. St. Francis co. Mo. Black R. tp. Washington co. Mo. BLO 588 BOO Black R. tp. Wayne co. Mo. Black Rock, pv. Erie co. N.Y. 2£ n Buffalo. Blackstone r. rises in Mass. and falls into Providence river, R.I. [of R. Blacksville, pv. Monongalia co. Va. 300 nw Black Warrior r. See Gazetteer. Blackwater r. N.H. flows into Contoocook r Blackwater r. Va. flows into Nottaway r. Blackwater, tp. Pettis co. Mo. [ne of Wn. Bladensburg, pv. Prince George co. Md. 6 Blairsville, pv. Indiana co. Pa. on Kiski- minitas river. [of M. Blairsville, pv. cap. of Union co. Ga. 118 nnw Blairsville, pv. Posey co. Ind. 180 sw of Is. Blakely, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. on Lackawan- nock river. Blakely, pv. cap. of Early co. Ga.2C0 sw of M. Blakely, pv. cap. of Baldwin co. Ala. on Tensaw river, opposite to Mobile. Blanchard, pt. Piscataquis co Me. 70 N of A. Blanchard, tp. Hancock co. O. Blanchard, tp. Hardin co. O. Blanchard, tp. Putnam co. O. [n of Cs. Blanchard's Bridge, pv. Hancock co. O. 80 Blanford, pt. Hampden co. Mass. HOwofB. Blauveltville, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. 130 s of Albany. Bleeker, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. Blendon, pt. Franklin co. O. 10 y of Cs. Blendon Institute, pv. Franklin co. O. Blenham, tp. Schoharie co. N.Y. [river. Blissfield, pv. Lenawee co. Mich, on Raisin Block Island, Newport co. R. I. 30 sw of Newport. ' [kill river. Blockley, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. on Schuyl- Bloody Run, pv. Bedford co. Pa. 90 w by s H. Bloom, tp. Columbia co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Bloom, tp. Fairfield co. O. Bloom, tp. Morgan co. O. on Muskingum r. Bloom, tp. Scioto co. O. Bloom, tp. Seneca co. 0. 86 n of Cs. Bloom, tp. Wood co. O. [bee r. Bloomfield, pt. Somerset co. Me. onKenne- Bioomfield, pt. Essex co. Vt. on the Conn. r. Bloomfield, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 7 nw Hd. Bloomfield, pt. and v. Essex co. N. J. 4 n of Newark. Bloomfield, pv. Crawford co. Pa. 240 nw H. Bloomfield, v. cap. of Perry co. Pa. 24 nw of H. Bloomfield, pv. Loudon co. Va. 135 n of R. Bloomfield, pv. Nelson co. Ky. 43 swof F. Bloomfield, tp. Jackson co. O. Bloomfield, pt. Morrow co. 0.46 nne of Cs. Bloomfield, tp. Logan co. O. Bloomfield, tp. Richland co. O. 60 ne of Cs. Bloomfield, tp. Trumbull co. 0. 15 N Warren. Bloomfield, tp. Oakland co. Mich, on a br. of Bloomfield, tp. La Grange co. Ind. [Rouge r. Bloomfield, pv. cap. of Greene co. Ind. 74 sw of Indianapolis. Bloomfield, pv. Edgar co. 111. 128 e by s of Sd. Bloomfield, pv. cap. of Stoddard co. Mo. 230 se of Jefferson City. Bloomingburg, pv. Sullivan co. N.Y. Bloomingburg, pv. Fayette co. O. 45 ssw Cs. Blooming Grove, pt. Orange co. N.Y. [Is. Bloomington, pv. cap. Monroe co. Ind. 49 sw Bloomington, pv. McLean co. 111. 73 nne Sd. Bloomington, tp. Buchanan co. Mo. Bloomington, pv. cap. of Macon co. Mo. 106 N of Jefferson City. Bloomington, pv. cap. of Muscatine co. Iowa, on Mississippi river. BLOOMiNGViLLE,pv.Erieco.O.120 n byECs. Bloomsbukg, eap.Columbiaco. Pa. on Susqa. r. Bloomsburg, pv. Halifax co.Va. 140 s by w R. Bloomsbury, pv. Warren co. N. J. 43 NNwTn. Bloomville, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. on the w branch of Delaware river. Blossburg, pv. Tioga co. Pa. 130 nw of H. In its vicinity is a celebrated mine of bitu- minous coal. [100 ne of T. Blountsville, pv. cap. of Blount co. Ala. Blountsville, pv. cap. of Sullivan co. Tenn. 280 e by N of Nashville. Blountsville, pv. Henry co. Ind. 72 e by N Is Blue Hill, pt. Hancock co. Me. 75 e of A. Blue Mountain, tp. Izard co. Ark. [teeb. Blue Ridge. See Blue Mountains, Gazet Blue R. tp. Hancock co. Ind. Blue R. tp. Harrison co. Ind. [gum r Blue Rock, pt. Muskingum co. O. on Muskir.- Bluffton, pv. cap. of Wells co. Ind. 107 nn* of Indianapolis. Blythe, tp. Marion co. Ark. Blythe, tp. Caldwell co. Mo. Boalsburg, pv. Centre co. Pa. 84 nw of H. Boardman, pt. Mahoning co. 0. 170 ne of Cs. Bodenham, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 82 s by w Ne. BcauFr. Ark. and La. flows into the Washita r. Boeuf, tp. Franklin co.'Mo. Boeuf Bayou. See Gazetteer. Boggs, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. [Pearl r. Bogue Chito (or Chitto) r. La. flows into Bohemia cr. Md. flows into Elk r. Bois Blanc Island, L. Huron, se of Macki- naw, 10 m. long and 3 broad. Bois d'Arc, tp. Hempstead co. Ark. Bokes Cr. tp. Logan co. O. Bolivar, Alleghany co. N.Y. 15 e Angelica. Bolivar, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 112 s by w Rh. Bolivar, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. on Tuscara- was river. Bolivar, pv. cap. Bolivar co. Miss, on Miss. r. Bolivar, pv. cap. of Hardeman co. Tenn. on Big Hatchee river. [Jefferson City. Bolivar, pv. cap. of Polk co. Mo. 132 sw of Bolivar, v. Brazoria co. Texas, on the e bank of the Brazos. Bolivar, Galveston co. See Point Bolivar Bolivia, tp. Jefferson co. Ark. Bolivia, tp. Gasconade co. Mo. Bolton, pt. Chittenden co.Vt. 20 nnw of Mtr Bolton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 33 w of B. Bolton, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 14 e of Hd. Bolton, pt. Warren co. N.Y. on Schroon r. Bombay, pt. Franklin co. N. Y. on Little Salmon river. Bo'nham, a little v. of Texas, cap. of Fannin co. on Bois d'Arc creek, 350 nne of Austin. Bo-nair', (Sp. Buen Ayre, bwen T'ray, i. e " good air,") a small island of the West In dies belonging to the Dutch, 25 Eof Curacoa Salt is exported in considerable quantities. Bon Hohme, tp. St. Genevieve co. Mo. Bon Homme, St. Louis co. Mo. Bonne Femme, tp. Howard co. Mo. Bonnet Carre, pv. cap. of St. John Baptial parish, La. on the Mississippi river. Boone, tp. Harrison co. Ind. Boone, tp. Warwick co. Ind. Boone, tp. Franklin co. Mo. Boonesborough, pv.Wn. co. Md. 90 nw An Boonesborough, pv. Madison co. Ky. 53 se of Frankfort, on Kentucky river. Boone Lick, tp. Howard co. Mo. [n Utica. Booneville, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. onBlackr.38 Booneville. pv. cap. of Scott co. Ark. BRA 589 BRE Booneville, pv. cap. of Warwick co. Ind. 170 ssw of Indianapolis. Booneville, pv. cap. of Cooper co. Mo. on the Missouri river. Boonville, a nourishing v. of Texas, cap. of Brazos co. 110 e by n from Austin. Boothbay, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 40 s by E of A. Bordentown, borough, Burlington co. N. J. on the Delaware river. Borgne, Lake. See Gazetteer. Bordley, pv. Union co. Ky. 220 w by s of F. Boscawen, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. on the Merrimack river. Boston, pt. Erie co. N. Y. 20 sw Buffalo. Boston, tp. Franklin co. Ark. Boston, pt. Nelson co. Ky. 66 sw of F. Boston, pt. Summit co. O. on the Ohio canal. Boston, pt. Ionia co. Mich, on Grand r. Boston, a v. of Texas, cap. of Bowie co. 360 ne of Austin, and 5 s of tied r. Botetourt Springs, pv. Roanoke co. Va. 180 w by s of Richmond. Bottle Hill, v. Morris co. N. J. 57 n by e Tn. Bound Brook, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 33 n by E of Trenton. Bourbon, tp. Calloway co. Mo. Bourneville, pv. Ross co. O. 63 s of Cs. Bournsbbrg, pv. Randolph co. Mo. 75 N by w of Jefferson City. Bovey, tp. St. Genevieve co. Mo. Bovina, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. on Little De- laware river. Bow, tp. Merrimack co. N. H. on Mer'k. r. Bowdoin, bo'den, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 18 ssw of Augusta. [Kennebec r. Bowdoinham. pt. Lincoln co. Me. on the Bowen, tp. Madison co. Ark. Bowersville, pv. Franklin co. Ga. 120 n M. Bowie, a co. occupying the ne ext. of Texas, and bordering on Red river. A large por- tion of the surface is covered with timber. Soil very good. Capital, Boston. Bowles, tp. Franklin co. Mo. [40 n of R. Bowling Green, pv. cap. of Caroline co. Va. Bowling Green, pv. Oglethorpe co. Ga. 63 nne of Milledgeville. [on Big Barren r. Bowling Green, pv. cap. of Warren co. Ky. Bowling Green, tp. Licking co. O. Bowling Green, tp. Marion co. O. on Scioto r. Bowling Green, pv. cap. of Clay co. Ind. 60 s by w of Indianapolis. Bowling Green, tp. Pettis co. Mo. [of B. Boxborough, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 28 nw Boxford, pt. Essex co. Mass. 30 n by e of B. Boxville, pv. Montg. co. Ga. 130 sse of M. Boydstown, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 100 ne A. Boydton, pv. cap. of Mecklenburg co. Va. 109 ssw of Richmond. Boylston, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 40 w of B. Boylston, tp. Oswego co. N.Y. 140 nw of A!. Bozrah, pt. New London co. Conn, on Yan- tic river. [ese of Hd. Bozrahville, pv. New London co. Conn. 31 Braceville, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 160 ne of Cs. Brackabeen, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 45 w Al. Bradford, tp. Lincoln co. Me. Bradford, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 00 ne of A. Bradford, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 25 w Cd. Bradford, pt. Orange co. Vt. on Conn. r. Bradford, pt. Essex co. Mass. on Merrimack r. Bradford, tp. Steuben co. N.Y. Branford, tp. M'Keaii co. Pa. Bradford, tp. Lincoln co. Mo. Bradfordville, pv. Marion co. Ky. 68 s F. 50 Bradley tp. Penobscot co. Me. 50 n of Ban gor. [Mtr. Bradleyvale, tp. Caledonia co. Vt. 50 ne of Brady, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Brady, tp. Williams co. O. on Tiffin's r. Brady, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich, on Pottage r. Bradyville, pv. Cannon co. Tenn. 56 se Ne. Brainard's Bridge, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 16 ne of Albany. Braintree, pt. Orange co. Vt. 23 s of Mtr. Braintree, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 14 s of B. Braintrem, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. Bralsville, v. Monroe co. O. Branch, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. [of D Branch, pv. cap. of Branch co. Mich. 110 wsw Branch Port, pv. Yates co. N.Y. Branchville, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 77 N of Tn. Brandenburg, pv. cap. of Mead co. Ky. on the Ohio river, 94 w by s of Frankfort. Brandon, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 48 sw of Mtr. Brandon, tp. Franklin co. N.Y. 10 sw Malone. Brandon, pv. cap. of Rankin co. Miss. 13 e J. Brandon, tp. Oakland co. Mich, on the sources of Flint river. Brandonville, pv. Preston co. Va. 260 nw R. Brandt, tp. Erie co. N.Y. on L. Erie. Brandy, tp. Williams co. O. [laware r. Brandywine cr. Pa. and Del. flows into De- Brandywine, tp. Chester co. Pa. Brandywine, tp. Hancock co. Ind. Brandywine, hundred, New Castle co. Del. Brandywine Mills, pv. Summit co. 0. 140 nk of Columbus. [Sound. Branford, pt. N. Haven co. Conn, on Long I. Brantford, a flourishing town of Canada W on Grand river. 20 m. w by s of Hamilton. Pop. 3,000 or 4,000. Brasher Falls, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Deer river. [Conn. r. Brattleborough, pt. Windham co. Vt. on Braxton C.H. pv. cap. of Braxton co. Va. on Elk river. Brazoria, a co. of Texas ? bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and intersected by the Brazos. With the exception of a strip of prairie land along the coast, the soil is gene- rally very fertile. Brazoria, a sea-port and cap. of the above co., is situate on the w or right bank of the Brazos, about 30 m. by water from its mouth, and 60 w by s" from Galveston. Pop. 500. Brazos r. See Gazetteer. Brazos, a eo. in the e central part of Texa«, e of and bordering on the river Brazos. Soil fertile ; well adapted to pasturage. Capital, Boonville. [on Kentucky r. Breathitt C.H. pv. cap. of Breathitt co. Ky. Brecknock, tp. Berks co. Pa. Brecknock, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. Bremen, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 40 se of A. Bremen, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 se of Cs. Brenha'm, a v. of Texas, cap. of Washington co. 100 e of Austin. Pop. about 500. Brentsville Oil. pv. cap. of Prince William co. Va. lt)0 N of Richmond. Brentwood, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. on Exeter river. Brest, pv. Monroe co. Mich. 40 s by w of D Brewer, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob scot river. Brewer, tp. Pike co. Ark. Brewerton, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. on Onei da river. BRO 590 mo Brewster, pt. Barnstable co. Mass, on Cape Cod Bay.' Bricksville, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. 140 ne Cs. Bridesbtjrg, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 5 ne of Philadelphia. Bridgehampton, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. Bridgeport, Conn. See Gazetteer. Bridgeport, pv. Seneca co. N.Y. on Cayuga L. at w end Cayuga Bridge, [nongahela r. Bridgeport, borough, Fayette co. Pa. on Mo- Bridgeport, pv. Harrison co. Va. on Simpson's creek. Bridgeport, pv. Belmont co. O. on Ohio r. Bridgeport, pv. Marion co. Ind. [son. Bridgeport, pv. Brown co. Wis. 143 ne Madi- Bridges, tp. Taney co. Mo. [Pond. Bridgeton, pt. Cumberland co. Me. on Long Bridgetown, N. J. See Gazetteer. Bridgeville, pv. Sullivan co. N.Y. on Ne- versink river. Bridgeville, pv.Warren co. N. J. GO n by w Tn. Bridgeville, pv. Sussex ccf. Del. 38 s Dover. Bridgeville, pv. Muskingum co. (). 62 e of Cs. Bridgewater, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 37 nnw of Concord. [e of B. Bridgewater, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 25 s by Bridgewater, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 78 s of Mtr. Bridgewater, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 15 s of Utica. Bridgewater, tp. Somerset co. N. J. [miny cr. Bridgewater, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on Nesha- Bridgewater, borough, Beaver co. Pa. on Bea- Bridgewater. pv. Rockingham co. Va. [ver r Bridgewater, tp. Williams co. O. Bridgewater, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich. Bridport, pt. Addison co.Vt. on L. Cham- Brier Cr. pt. Columbia co. Pa. [plain. Brighton, tp. Somerset co. Me. 57 n of A. Brighton, tp. Essex co. Vt. GO ne of Mir. Brighton', pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 5 w of B. Brighton, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. on Genesee r. Brighton, pv. Beaver co. Pa. on Big Beaver r. Brighton, pt. Lorain co. O. 105 n by e of Cs. Brighton, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 42 srw D. Brighton, pv. Macoupin co. III. 12 N of Alton. Brighton, pv. Washington co. Iowa. Brighton Centre, pv. Clark co. O. 33 wCs. Brightsville, pv. Marlboro' dist. S.C. 117 ne of Columbia. Brimfield, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 68 w of B. Brimfield,pt. Portage co. O. 10 sw Ravenna. Bringiers, pv. and C.H. St. James par. La. on the Mississippi. Brinkleyville, pv. Halifax co. N. C. 90 ne of Raleigh. Bristol, pt. Lincoln co. Me. on the Atlantic. Bristol, pt. Grafton co. N. PL 30 n of Cd. Bristol, pt. Addison co. Vt. SO sw of Mtr. Bristol, R.I. See Gazetteer. Bristol, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 17 sw of Hd. Bristol, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 9 sw of Canan- daigua. Bristol, borough, Bucks co. Pa. on Delaware river, 20 ne of Philadelphia. Bristol, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. onTacony cr. Bristol, tp. Morgan co. O. on Meigs cr. Bristol, pt. Lapeer co. Mich. 43 N of D. Bristol, pv. Elkhart co. Ind. 160 n of Is. Bkoadalbin, pt. Fuiton co. N.Y. 40 nw Al. Broad r. Ga. abr. of the Savannah. Broad r. S. C. See Gazetteer. Broad r. S. C. an arm of the sea, between Port Royal Island and the main land. Broad Cr. hundred, Sussex co. Del. Broad Kill, hundred, Sussex co. Del. Broad Top, tp. Bedford co. Pa. [carta, Brockport, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. on the Erie Brookville, pv. Steuben co. Ind. 180 nne of Indianapolis. Broken Straw, tp. Warren co. Pa. Bronson, pt. Huron co. O. 2 s of Norwalk. Bronx r. Westchester co. N. Y. flows into East river. Brookfield, pt. Carroll co. N. PL 46 ne of Cd. Brookfield, pt. Orange co. Vt. 17 s of Mtr. Brookfield, pt. Worcester co. Mas3. 60 w of B. Brookfield, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 70swof Hd. Brookfield, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 88 wby n Al. Brookfield, borough, Jefferson co. Pa. Brookfield, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 170 n of H. Brookfield, tp. Morgan co. O. Brookfield, tp. Stark co. O. Brookfield, v. Stark co. O. Brookfield, pt. Trumbull co. O. Brookfield, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Brookhaven, tp. Suffolk co. N.Y. Brookhaven, pv. Lawrence co. Miss. [Mtr. Brookline, pt. Windham co. Vt. 110 s of Brookline, pt. Hillsboro' co. N.H. 50 s of Cd. Brookline, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 4 w by s of B. Brookline, pv. Madison co. Ga. 85 n of M. Brooklyn, pv. cap. of Windham co. Conn. 44 e by N of Hartford. Brooklyn, pt. Susqa. co. Pa. 170 nne of H. Brooklyn^ pt. Cuyahoga co. 0. 145 nne of Cs. Brookneal, pv. Campbell co.Va. on Staunton Brooks, pt. Waldo co. Me. 15 ne A. [river. Brookville, pt. Hancock co. Me. 79 ne of A. Brookville, cap. of Jefferson co. Pa. Brookville, pv. Bracken co. Ky. 65 ne of F. Brookville, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Ind. 70 ese of Indianapolis. [Jefferson City. Brookville, pv. Marion co. Mo. 120 nne of Broome, tp. Schoharie co. N.Y. 38 w of Al. Brothers Valley, tp. Somerset co. Pa. Brown, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Brown, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. Brown, tp. Vinton co. O. on Racoon cr. Brown, tp. Carroll co. O. on Sandy cr. Brown, tp. Darke co O. Brown, tp. Delaware co. O. Brown, tp. Franklin co. O. Brown, tp. Knox co. O. on Yellow cr. Brown, tp. Miami co. O. Brown, tp. Paulding co. O. Brown, tp. Hancock co. Ind. Brown, tp. Montgomery co. Ind. Brown, tp. Washington co. Ind. Brownfield, pt. Oxford co. Me. 78 sw of A Brownhelm, pt. Lorain eo. O. [tor r. Brownington, pt. Orleans co.Vt. e of Bar- Brownington, pv. Butler co. Pa. 210 nw of H. Brownsbukg, pv. Rockbridge co. Va. on Maffet's creek. Brown's Port, pv. Perry co. Term. lOOsAvNe. Brownstown, pt. Wayne co. Mich, on Lake Erie. Brownstown, pv. cap. Jackson co. Ind. 70 s Is. Brownsville, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. [river. Brownsville, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Rlack Brownsville, pv. Fayette co. Pa. on Monon- gahela river. Brownsville, pv. Wn. go. Md. 95 nw of An. Brownsville, v. Monroe co. Ga. near Ocmul gee river. [n of T Brownsville, pv. Talladega co. Ala. 140 e by Brownsville, pv. Hinds co. Miss. 20 w of J. Brownsville, pv. cap. of Edinondsou co. Ky on Green river. BUR 591 BYR Brownsville, pv. Licking co. O. 40 e of Cs. Brownsville, pv. Union co. Ind. 68 e by s of Is. Brownsville, pv. cap. of Jackson co. 111. 177 s of Springfield. Bkowntown, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 150 n H. Brlce, pt. Macomb co. Mich. ' Bruceville, pv. Carroll co. Md. 80 rw of An. Bruington, pv. King and Queen co. Va. 42 ne of Richmond. Brumfieldville, pv. Berks co. Pa. 62 ens H. Brunswick, Me. See Gazetteer. Brunswick, pt. Essex co. Vt. on Conn. r. Brunswick, tp. Rensselaer co. N.Y.4 E Troy. Brunswick, pv. cap. of Glynn co. Ga. on Tur- tle river. Brunswick, pt. Medina co. O. 120 ne of Cs. Brunswick, pv. Chariton co. Mo. on Missouri Brush Cr. tp. Washington co. Ark. [river. Brush Cr. tp. Highland co. O. Brush Cr. tp. Jefferson co. O. Brush Cr. tp. Muskingum co. O. Brush Cr. tp. Scioto co. O. Brush Hill, pv. Dupage co. 111. 188 ne of Sd. Brutus, tp. Cayuga co. N.Y. 7 N of Auburn. Brutus, tp. Ingham co. Mich. Bryan, cap. Williams co. 0. 150 nw of Cs. Bryansburg, pv. Jefferson co. Ind. 83 se Is. Bryantown, pv. Charles co. Md. 70 sw An. Buchanan, v. Botetourt co. Va. on James r. Buchanan, tp. Berrien co. Mich, on St. Jo- sephs river. [12 se of Ne. Buchanansville, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. Buck, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [nw of Al. Buck Bridge, "St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 230 Buck Cr. tp. Hancock co. Ind. Buckeystown, pv. Frederick co. Md. 80 nw of Annapolis. Buckfield, pt. Oxford co. Me. 32 w by s of A. Buckingham, tp. Wayne co. Pa. on the Dela- ware river. Buckingham, tp. Bucks Co. Pa. 27 N of Phila. Buckland, tp. Franklin co. Mass. 100 w of B. Buckland, pv. Prince William co. Va. 110 n R. Buckram, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I. Bucks, tp. St. Joseph co. Mich, on St. Jos. r. Bucks, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. [river. Bucksport, tp. Hancock co. Me. on Penobscot Bucyrus, pv. cap. of Crawford co. O. on San- dusky river. Buells Lowell, tp. Washington co. O. Buffalo, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Buffalo, tp. Butler co. Pa. Buffalo, tp. Perry co. Pa. on Susquehanna r. Buffalo, borough, Perry co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Buffalo, tp. Union eo. Pa. Buffalo, tp. Washington co. Pa. 210 w of H. Buffalo, pv. Cleveland co. N. C. Buffalo, tp. Marion co. Ark. Buffalo, tp. Guernsey co. O. 87 e of Cs. Buffalo, tp. Morgan co. Mo. [angua r. Buffalo, v. cap. of Dallas co. Mo. 3 W of Ni- Buffalo, tp. Pike co. Mo. Buffalo Bayou, a stream of. Texas, which flows into an arm of Galveston Bay at Lynchburg. [of An. Bullocktown, pv. Queen Anne co. Md. 64 E Bull Skin, tp. Fayette co. Pa. Bundysburg. pv. Geauga co. O. 160 ne of Cs. Bunker Hill, tp. Ingham co. Mich. Burboise, tp. Gasconade co. Mo. [sofAl- Bur-uett', pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 180 w by Burke, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 50 ne of Mtr. Burks ville. pv. Prince Edward co. Va. 80 aw of Richmond. Burkesville, pv. cap. Cumberland co. Ky. on Cumberland river. [of An. Burketsville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 92 nw Burlingham, pv. Sullivan co. N.Y. Burlingham, pv. Meigs co. O. 86 se of Cs. Burlington, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 120 ne A. Burlington, Vt. See Gazetteer. [NofB. Burlington, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 13 why Burlington, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 20 w of Hd Burlington, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 80 w of Al. Burlington, N.J. See Gazetteer. Burlington, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 140 N of H. Burlington, pv. Hampshire co. Va. 200 nw R. Burlington, pv. cap. of Boone co. Ky. 82 n by e of Frankfort. [Ohio r. Burlington, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. O. oh Burlington, tp. lacking co. O. Burlington, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. 110 w of D. Burlington, pv. Carroll co. Ind. 53 nnw of Indianapolis. Burlington, pv. cap. of Des Moines co. Iowa. See Iowa. Burnham, pt. Waldo co. Me. 34 E of A. Burns, tp. Alleghany co. N.Y. Burns, tp. Shiawassee co. Mich Buenside, pt. Clearfield co. Pa. 150 nw of H. Burrilville, pt. Providence co. R. I. oil Branch river. Burr Oak, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. 125 sw D. Burrsville, pv. Caroline co. Md. 70 e of An. Burton, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on Alle- ghany river. Burton, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Burton, pt. Geauga co. O. 165 ne of Cs. Bush Cr. tp. Washington co. Ark. Bush Cr. tp. Scioto co. O. Bushkill, tp. Northampton co. Pa. Bushnell's Basin, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. on the Erie canal. j Bushwick, tp. King's co. N.Y. 3 e Brooklyn. Buskirk's Bridge, pv. Wn. co. N.Y. on Hoosick river. Busti, tp. Chautauque co. N.Y. 320 w of Al. Bustleton, pv. Phila. co. Pa. 10 ne of Phila. Buston, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Butler, tp. Wayne co. N.Y. Butler, borough, cap. of Butler co. Pa. Butler, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Butler, tp. Columbiana co. O. Butler, tp. Darke co. O. Butler, tp. Knox co. O. Butler, tp. Mercer co. O. Butler, tp. Montgomery co. O. Butler, tp. Branch co. Mich. [Cumberland r. Butler's Landing, pv. Jackson co. Tenn. on Butter Hill, a high and steep eminence on the w of Hudson river, at the n entrance of the Highlands. Buttermilk Channel, the passage between Governor's I. and Long I. in N.Y. harbour. Buttermilk Falls, N.Y. a picturesque and beautiful cascade on the w bank of the Hud- son river, 2 m. below West Point, [of Al. Butternuts, tp. Otsego co. N.Y. 90 w by s Buxton, tp. York co. Me. 65 sw of A. Bybeery, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. 15 ne Phila, Byfield, pv. Essex co. Mass. 35 n by e of B Byram r. Conn, enters Long I. Sound. ! Byram, tp. Sussex co. N.J. 8 se of Newton. | Byrd, tp. Brown co. O. | Byrd, tp. Cape Girardeau co. Mo. i Byrnville. pv. Schoharie co.N.Y. 46 wby s j of Albany. I Byron, tp. Genesee co. N.Y. 10 ne Batavia CAL 592 CAL Byron, pv. Shiawassee co. Mich. 72 nw of D. Byron, pv. Ogle co. 111. 180 n of Sd. Bytown, a flourishing t. of Canada West, on the right bank of the Ottawa, about 120 m. above Montreal. At this place, there are falls in the river between 25 and 30 feet in height, of which some use is already made in manufactures. A suspension bridge (the first which has been constructed in the pro- vince) of 243 feet span, crosses the Ottawa here. Bytown is the terminus of the Rideau canal, which extends to L. Ontario at Kings- ton. Cabin Point, pv. Surry co. Va. 43 se of R. Cabot, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 20 ne of Mir. Cabotville, pv. Hampden co. Mass. on Con- necticut river. Cache, tp. Green co. Ark. Cache, tp. Monroe co. Ark. Caddo, tp. Clark co. Ark. Caddo Cove, tp. Hot Spring co. Ark. Cadereita, kad-a-ra'ta, a small t. of Mexico, on or near the r. Tigre, below Monterey. Cadiz, pv. cap. of Harrison co. 0. 114 ene Cs. Cadiz, pv. Trigg co. Ky. on Little r. Cadiz, pv. Henry co. Ind. 45 ene of Is. Cadron, tp. Conway co. Ark. [river. Cadyville, pv. Clinton co. N.Y. on Saranac Cesar's Cr. tp. Greene co. O. on Caesar's cr. Caernarvon, ker-nar'ven, tp. Berks co. Pa. Caernarvon, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. Cahaba r. See Cahawba, Gazetteer. Cahaba, pv. cap. of Dallas co. Ala. on Ala. r. Cahokia, pv. St. Clair co. 111. on Miss. r. Cahokia cr. 111. flows into the Mississippi r. Cahoes or Cahoos. See Cohoes. Cain, tp. Fountain co. Ind. Ca Ira, sah e-rah', pv. Cumberland co. "Va. 57 w by s of Richmond. [kill. Cairo, ka'ro, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 10 w Cats- Cairo, pv. Sumner co. Tenn. on Cumberland r. Cairo, pv. Alexandria co. 111. at the s extre- mity of the state. Calais, pt. Wn. co. Me. on St. Croix r. Calais, pt. Washington co. Vt. 10 ne of Mtr. Calcutta, pv. Columbiana co. O. 160 ne Cs. Caldwell, pt. Warren co. N.Y. 63 N of Al. Caldwell, pt. Essex co. N. J. 60 nne of Tn. Caldwell, pv. Caldwell par. La. on Washita r. Caledonia, pt. Livingston co. N.Y. on Gene- see river. Caledonia, pv. Moore co. N. C. 85 sw of Rh. Caledonia, pv. Lowndes co. Miss. 157 ne of J. Caledonia, pv. Henry co. Tenn. 120 w by M of Nashville. Caledonia, pv. Marion co. O. 52 n of Cs. Caledonia, tp. Shiawassee co. Mich. Caledonia, pv. Alexander co. 111. on the Ohio. Caledonia, pv. Washington co. Mo. on Big r. Calhoun, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 115 wnw of Columbia. [Milledgeville. Calhoun, pv. Lumpkin co. Ga. 130 nnw of Calhoun, pv. M' Minn co. Tenn. on Hiwas- see river. Calhoun, pv. Henry co. Mo. 117 w Jef. city. Calhoun, a v. of Victoria co. Texas, on St. Joseph's Island. CALIFORNIA, an extensive country in the western portion of N. America, divided into Lower and Upper California. Lower California, (Sp. California Vieja, fcal-e-foR'ne-a ve-a'Ha, i. e. " Old Califor- ! nia") a peninsula of above 700 m. m length ' and 170 m. in its greatest bieadth, sepa- rated from the main land by the Gu.'f of Cali- | fornia. The aspect of the greater portion of j this country is in the highest degree forbid- | ding; indeed the whole of this region may I be regarded as one continuous mass of high, bare and steep rocks, intersected by numerous ravines. With the exception of two or three places, it scarcely contains any level ground which can be called a valley. There is hard- ly any land susceptible of cultivation, except on the east declivity towards the Gulf of California. The climate is exceedingly dry and hot. In some parts it does not rain every year, but only at intervals of five or six years; in other parts it is said that rain never falls. The vegetation, as might be expected, is very scanty. Figs, olives, dates, and vines are, however, cultivated in the less sterile portions to some extent. California (State of).— The following inte- resting matter, having been received after the article in the Gazetteer was stereotyped, is in- serted here. It is extracted from an article in Silliman's Journal in Nov., 1851, by Prof. Shep- herd, containing a description of the Hot Springs or Geysers, discovered hy him in California. For the purpose of abbreviation, we use our own or the professor's language indifferently. " We travelled N. W. from the head of Napa valley, and on the morning of the fourth day reached the summit of a high peak, from which on the W. we saw the Pacific ; on the S. San Francisco Bay, Mount Diablo, Sonoma and Napa valleys ; on the S. W. the valleys of Santa Rosa and Rus- sian r., and on the E. the Sierra Nevada moun- tains. On the N., immediately at our feet, there opened an immense chasm, apparently formed by the rending of the mountains in a direction from W. to E.. from which, at the distance of four or five miles, we distinctly saw clouds and dense columns of steam rapidly rising; and it was with difficulty we could persuade ourselves we were not looking down upon some manufac- turing city. Descending, we discovered within the space of half a mile square, from one to two hundred openings, through which steam issued with violence, sending up columns of dense vapour to the height of from 150 to 200 feet. The roar of the largest tubes could be heard for a mile or more. Many of them acted spasmodi- cally, like a high-pressure engine, throwing out occasional jets of hot scalding water some 20 or 30 feet. Numerous cones are formed by the ac- cumulation of various mineral salts and a de- positc of sulphur crystals with earthy matter, which often harden into crusts of greater or less thickness and strength. Frequently the water mounts to the top of the cones with violent ebullition, and beneath your feet you hear the lashing and foaming gyrations as you approach them. The writer, on one occasion, hearing the rushing of water under his feet, struck down with an axe, which went through at the first blow to the extent of the helve, disclosing a stream of angry water, of five or fix feet in breadth, boiling inter; se'y." Tn the middle of January, 1852. information fror* California stated, that up to that time, the thermumeter had been down to the freezing point but twice, and that green peas and garden flowers were in blcom. CAM 593 CAN Three shocks of an earthquake were felt at San Francisco, December 27th, 1851. Seven quicksilver furnaces — the largest yield- ing 400 bottles per week — belonging to one' firm, were in operation, January, 1852. A remarkable ^oda spring has been discovered near New Almadin. A large cave has been discovered in the E. central part of the state. The legislature held its sessions in the winter of 1351-2 at Sacramento City. Cal-la-poo'ya Indians, a tribo in Oregon, dwelling s of the Columbia, and e of the Willamette river. [of H. Callensburg, pv. Clarion co. Pa. 190 wnw Calumet, tp. Pikeco. Mo. [L. Winnebago. Calumet Village, pv. Calumet co. Wis. on Calvary, tp. Franklin co. Mo. Calvin, tp. Cass co. Mich. Camanche, pv. cap. of Clinton co. Iowa, on the Mississippi river. Camanche Indians. See Comanches. Cambria, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. Cambria, tp. Cambria co. Pa. Cambridge, pt. Somerset co. Me. 60 n of A. Cambridge, tp. Coos co. N. H. on Androscog- gin river. Cambridge, pt. Lamoille co. Vt. on Lamoille r. Cambridge, Mass. See Gazetteer. Cambridge, pt. Wn. co. N.Y. 34 n by E of Al. Cambridge, pv. cap. of Dorchester co. Md. 60 se of Annapolis. [n of Ca. Cambridge, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 80 w by Cambridge, pv. Dallas co. Ala. 84 s by e of T. Cambridge-, pv. cap. of Guernsey co. O. 77 e of Columbus. Cambridge, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 66 swD. Cambridge, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 52 e of Is. Cambridceport, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 2 w of Boston. [Bay. Camden, pt. Waldo co. Me. on Penobscot Camden, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. on Fish er. Camden, city, Camden co. N.J. on the De- laware river, opposite Philadelphia. Camden, pv. Kent co. Del. 3 s of Dover. Camden, pv. cap. of Camden co. N. C. on Pas- quotank river. [Wateree r. Camden, pv. cap. of Kershaw dist. S. C. on Camden, pv. Madison co. Miss. 40 « by e of J. Camden, pv. cap. of Benton co. Tenn. 80 w Ne. Camden, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 30 w of F. Camden, tp. Lorain co. O. Camden, pv. Preble co. O. 150 wswof Cs. Camden, pt. Hillsdale eo. Mich. 120 se of D. # The liabitat of these two animals appears lo be liuiiti t. S. C 57 n by w of Columbia. CHI 597 CLA Chester, pv. Gwinnett co. Ga. 82 nw of M. Chester, tp. Butler co. O. Chester, tp. Clinton co. O. Chester, tp. Geauga co. O. 19 z of Cleveland. Chester, tp. Morrow co. 0. Chester j pt. Meigs co. O. 95 sse of Cs. Chester, pt. Eaton co. Mich. Chester, tp. Wabash co. Ind. Chester, pv. Randolph co. 111. 150 se of Sd. Chester r. rises in Kent co. Del. and flows through Md. into Chesapeake Bay. Chester Cross Roads, pv. Geauga co. O. Chester Factory, pv. Hampden co. Mass. 113 w of Boston. [necticut r. Chesterfield, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. on Con- Chesterfield, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 106 w of Boston. [se of Hd. Chesterfield, pv. New London co. Conn. 36 Chesterfield, tp. Essex co. N.Y. on L. Cham- plain. Chesterfield, tp. Burlington co. N. J. [s R. Chesterfield, pv. cap. Chesterfield co. Va. 16 Chesterfield, pv. cap. of Chesterfield dist. S.C. on Thomson's creek, 105 nne of Columbia. Chesterfield, pt. Lucas co. O. Chesterfield Factory, Cheshire co. N. H. 56 sw of Concord. [of -A.1. Chestertown, pv. Warren co. N. Y. 80 n Chestertown, pv. cap. of Kent co. Md. on Chester river, 54 ne of An. [of A. Chesterville, pt. Franklin co. Me. 26 nw Chesterville, pv. Gibson co. Tenn. 148 w Ne. Chesterville, pv. Morrow co. 0.52 nne of Cs. Chesuncook Lake, Me. See Gazetteer. Chetimaches Lake, La. See Gazetteer. Cheviot, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 7 nw Cincinnati. Chew's Landing, pv. Gloucester co. N.J. 38 sse of Trenton. [nw °f An - Chewsville, pv. Washington co. Md. 105 Cheyenne. See Chienne. Chiapa, che-ah'pa, a state in the se part of Mexico, bordering on the Pacific. Area, 38,500 sq.m. Pop. estimated at 130,000. Capital, Ciudad Real. [into L. Mich. Chicago r. 111. flows by the t. of this name Chicago, 111. See Gazetteer. Chichester, pt. Merrimack co. N.H. 8e Cd. Chickahominy r. Va. flows into James r. Chickamauga r. rises in Ga. and flows into Tennessee r. in the state of Tenn. Chick-a-pee' r. Mass. flows into Conn, river, in the n part of Springfield co. Chickapee Falls, pv. Hampden co. Mass. on Chickapee river. [form the Pascagoula. Chickasawha r. Miss, unites with Leaf r. to Chicktawaga, tp. Erie co. N. Y. 6 e Buffalo. Chienne (she-enn') Indians, a tribe found chiefly in the e part of Missouri Territory. Chihuahua, che-wah'wa, a state in the n part of Mexico, e of Sonora. It formerly extended eastward beyond the Rio del Norte. Area, 72,500 sq. m. Pop. 120,000. Chihuahua, the capital of the above, is a handsome city, with a pop. of 30.000. (B.) Childsburg, pv. Fayette co. Ky. 32 e of F. Chili, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 10 sw Rochester. Chilicothe, O. See Gazetteer. Chilicothe, pv. Peoria co. III. on Peoria L. Chilicothe, pv. cap. of Livingston co. Mo. 150 SW of Jefferson City. Chillisquaque, pt. Northumberland co. Pa. Chilmark, pt. Dukes co. Mass. on the sw part of Martha's Vineyard. Chilo, pv. Clermont co. O. o£ the Ohio r. Chilts or Chikailis, cnik-ka'lis, art mlian tribe H of the mouth of Columbia river. China, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 21 e of A. China, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. on Clear cr. China, pt. St. Clair co. Mich. 50 nneD. [lar Chipola r. Flor. and Ala. enters Appalachico- Chippewa or Chippeway r. of Wis. flowing into the Miss. r. at L. Pepin, in Lat. 44° 30' N. Chippewa, tp. Beaver co. Pa. 7 nw Beaver. Chippewa, pt. Wayne co. O. [gara Falls. Chippewa, a v. of Canada West, 2 above Nia- Chippeway Indians. See Gazetteer. Chittenango cr. N.Y. flows into Oneida L. Chittenango, pv. Madison co. N.Y. on the Syracuse and Utica railroad, 120 wnw Al. Chittenden, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 12 n of Rutland. [Yalabusha r. Chocchuma, pv. Tallahatchee co. Miss, on Choconut, pt. Susquehanna co.Pa.l89NNEH. Choctaw Indians. See Gazetteer. Choc-taw-hatch'ee r. rises in Ala. and flows into a bay of the same name in Flor. Choptank r. Md. flows into a large estuary in Chesapeake Bay. Chowan r. N. C. See Gazetteer. Christian, tp. Independence co. Ark. Christiana, r. or cr. Del. flows into Ihe Delaware below Wilmington. [tiana cr. Christiana, pv. New Castle co. Del. on Chris- Christiansburg, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. Va. 200 wsw of Richmond. [Frankfort Christiansburg, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 13 w of Christiansburg, pv. Champaign co. O. 60 w of Columbus. [97 sw of P Christiansville, pv. Mecklenburg co. Va Christiansville, pv. Carroll co. Tenn. 113 w of Nashville. r of R. Chuckatuck, pv. Nansemond co. Vt:. 75 sb Church Hill, pv. Queen Anne co. Ma. 48 k of Annapolis. [of C» Church Hill, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C 109 w Churchillsville, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 77 se of Indianapolis. Churchtown, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 52 e of H. Churchville, pv. Hartford co. Md. 60 n An. Churchville, v. Clark co. Mo. on Mississippi r. Cicero, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. on Oneida L. Cicero, pt. Hamilton co. Ind. 32 N of Is. Cienfuegos. See Gazetteer. Cin-a-lo'a, a province of Mexico, bordering on the Gulf of California. It forms, to- gether with Sonora (which bounds it on the n), the state of Occidente. [del Fuerte. Cinaloa, a t. of the above prov. 70 s of Villa Cincinnati, v. Ralls co. Mo. on Salt r. Cincinnati, a v. of Texas, on Trinity r. about 180 ene of Austin. Pop. 200. Cincinnatus, pt. Courland co. N.Y. Circleville, pv. cap. of Pickaway co. O. on. Scioto r. 26 s of Columbus. [James r. City Point, pv. Prince George co. Va. on City West,' pv. Porter co. Ind. on L. Mich. Ciudad Real, se-oo-dad' ra-al', a small t. of Mexico, cap. of the state of Chiapa. Lat. 16^ so' N , Lon. 93^ io' w . Claiborne, pv. Monroe co.Ala. on Alabama r. Claiborne, tp. Union co. O. [Jackson Claiborneville, pv. Yazoo co. Miss. 57 N of Clair, St. pt. Bedford co. Pa. 110 w of H. Clair, St. pv. Burke co. Ga. 68 e M. | Clair, St. tp. Butler co. O Clair, St. tp. Columbiana eo. O. [of D. Clair. St. pv. cap. of St. Clair co. Mich 48 nk [ Clairsville, St. pv. cap. of Belmont co. O. CLE 598 COA Clal'ams, an Indian tribe of Oregon, n of the Columbia, and near the Straits of Fuca. Clappville, pv. Wo'ster co. Mass. 50 w of B. Clara, tp. Potter co. Pa. Claremont, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. on Conn. r. Claremont, pv. Pickens dist. S. C. 162 nw Ca. Clarence, pt. Erie co. N. Y. 270 w of Al. Clarendon, pt. Rutland co.Vt. 70 ssw of Mtr. Clarendon, pt. Orleans co. N. Y. Clarendon, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. Claridon, tp. Marion co. O. Claridon, pt. Geauga co. O. 30 e of Cleveland. Clarion r. or Great Toby's cr. Pa. flows into the Alleghany. [of H. Clarion, pv. cap. of Clarion co. Pa. 184 WMW Clark, tp. Brown co. O. Clark, tp. Clinton co. O- Clark, tp. Cole co. Mo. Clark, tp. Lincoln co. Mo. Clarksborough, pv. Gloucester co. N. J. 40 sw of Trenton. [Lenox. Clarksburg, tp. Berkshire co. Mass. 27 n of Clarksburg, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 20 e Tn. Clarksburg, pv. Montgomery co. Md. 68 wnw of Annapolis. [Monongahela r. Clarksburg, pv. cap. of Harrison co. Va. on the Clarksburg, pv. cap. of Lewis co. Ky. on Salt Lick cr. 107 e of Frankfort. Clarksburg, pv. Ross co. O. 40 s of Cs. Clarksburg, pv. Decatur co. had. 55 se of Is. Clarksfield, pt. Huron co. O. on Vermilion r. Clajrkson, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 16 nw of Rochester. Clarkson, pv. Columbiana co. 0. 160 ne of Cs. Clark's r. See Gazetteer. Clarkstown, pv. cap. of Rockland co. NY. on the Hudson river. Clarksville, tp. Coos co. N. H. Clarksville, tp. Alleghany co. N.Y. Clarksville, pv. Hunterdon co. N . J. 45 N of Tn. Clarksville, pv. Greene co.Pa 200 wsw of H. Clarksville, pv. cap. of Habersham co. Ga. 138 N of Milledgeville. Clarksville, pv. cap. of Clark co. Ala. 134 s T. Clarksville, pv. cap. of Johnson co. Ark. Clarksville, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. Tenn. 45 nw of Nashville. Clarksville, pv. Clinton co. O. 82 sw of Cs. Clarksville, pv. Pike co. Mo. on Mississippi r. Clarksville, the cap. of Red River co. Tex- as, 350 ne of Austin, and 20 s of Red r. Pop. near 300. Claverack, tp. Columbia co. N.Y. 4 e Hudson. Clay, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 10 n Syracuse. Clay, tp. Knox co. O. Clav, tp. Montgomery co. O. Clay, pt St. Clair co. Mich. 62 NNE of D. Clay, tp La Fayette co. Mo. Clay, tp. Ralls co. Mo. Claysville, pv. Washington co. Pa. 220 w H. Claysville, pv. Marshall co. Ala. on Tenn. r. Claysville, pv. Harrison co. Ky. 50 ene of F. Claysville, pv. Washington co. Ind. 96 s of Is. Clayton, pt. Jef. co. N.Y. on Chaumont r. Clayton, pv. cap. Rabun co. Ga. 180 n of M. Clayton, pv. cap. of Barbour co. Ala. 180 se T. Clayton, tp. Perry co. O. Clayton, pv. Adams co. 111. 90 w of Sd. Claytonville, pv. cap. of Henderson co. N.C. on French Broad river. Clay Village, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 17 w of F. Clear Creek, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. Clear Creek, tp. Fairfield co. O. CUai Creek, tp. Richland cc O. Clear Creek, tp. Warren co. O. [215 s Sd. Clear Creek Landing, pv. Alexander co 111 Clearfield, tp. Butler co. Pa. Clearfield, tp. Cambria co. Pa. Clearfield, pv. cap. of Clearfield co. Pa. on an affluent of the Susquehanna river. Clearfield cr. Pa. an affluent of the West Branch of the Susquehanna river. Clear Spring, pv. Wn. co. Md. 112 nw An. Clemmonsville, pv. Davidson co. N. C 130 w of Raleigh. Clermont, pt. Columbia co. N. Y. on the Hudson river. [Lake. Cleveland, pv. Oswego co. N. Y. on Oneida Cleveland, pv. Meriwether co. Ga. 107 wM. Cleveland, pv. cap. of Bradley co. Tenn. 156 se of Nashville. Cleveland, O. See Gazetteer. Cleves, pv. Hamilton co. O. on Big Miami r Clifton, pv. Russell co. Va. on Maiden Spring Fork. Clifton, pv. Greene co. O. on the Little Miami. Clifton Factory, pv. St. Mary's co.Md. 100 s of Annapolis. Clifton Park, pt. Saratoga co.N.Y.17n Al. Clifty, tp. Bartholomew co. Ind. Clinch, tp. Van Buren co. Mich. [nebec r. Clinton, pt. Kennebec co. Me. on the Ken- Clinton, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 50 s of Hd. Clinton, tp. Dutchess co. N. Y. 10 n of Pough- keepsie. Clinton, pv. Oneida co. N. Y. 9 sw of Utica. Clinton, tp. Essex co. N. J. Clinton, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 37 N of Tn. Clinton, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 226 w of H. Clinton, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. on W. Branch of the Susquehanna. Clinton, tp. Wayne co. Pa. [of Rh. Clinton, pv. cap. of Sampson co. N. C. 94 ssb Clinton, pv. cap. of Jones co. Ga. 25 w of M. Clinton, pv. Greene co. Ala. 40 s of T. Clinton, pv. Hinds co. Miss. 10 w of J. Clinton, pv. E. Feliciana par. La. 112 nw of New Orleans. [tie Red r. Clinton, pv. cap. of Van Buren co. Ark. on Lit- Clinton, pv. cap. of Anderson co. Tenn. on Clinch river. Clinton, tp. Seneca co. O. Clinton', pt. Summit co. O. 118 nw of Cs. Clinton, pv. Lenawee co. Mich. 50 sw of D. Clinton, tp. Macomb co. Mich, on L. St. Clair. Clinton, tp. Putnam co. Ind. Clinton, pt. Vermilion co. Ind. 82 w of Is. Clinton, pv. cap. of Dewitt co. 111. 64 ene of Sd. Clinton College, pv. Smith co. Tenn. 50 ene of Nashville. [Sable r Clintonville, pv. Clinton co. N. Y. on Au Clintonville, pv. Venango co. Pa. Clintonville, pv. Greenbrier co. Va. 224 w R. Clintonville, pv. Bourbon co. Ky. 45 E of F. Clio, pv. Marlborough dist. S. C. 117 ne Ca. Clockvilbe, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 120 w Al Cloutierville, pv. Natchitoches par. La. Clover Port, pv. Breckenridge co. Ky. ob the Ohio river. Clyde, pv. Wayne co. N. Y. on Clyde river. Clyde r. N. Y. formed by the junction of Flint and Mud crs. flows into Seneca river. Clymer, pt. Chautauque co. N. Y. Coahuila, ko x a-wee'la, a province in t"ie ne part of Mexico, bordering on the Rio del Norte. In union with Texas, it for- merly constituted one of the Mexican States. Its area is probably about 50,000 COL 599 COL sq.m Pop. unknown. According to Balbi, Monclova (or Coahuila) is the capital, but some writers give Saltillo as the capital. Coal, tp. Northumberland co. Pa. Coal Brook, tp. Clinton co. Pa. Coatesvillk, pv. Chester co. Pa. on the Co- lumbia railroad, 33 m. w of Philadelphia. Cobleskill, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 40 wAl. C'oburg, a t. of Canada West, on the v shore of L. Ontario. Lat 44° N, Lon. 78° 10' w. Cochectox, pt. Sullivan co. N. Y. on Del. r. Cochran's Grove, pv. Shelby co. III. 72 se Sd. CochraXsville, pv. Chester co. Pa. 62eseH. Codorus cr. rises in Md. and flows into the Susquehanna river in Pa. Codorus, pv. York co. Pa. on Codorus cr. Coeymax's, quee'manz. pt. Albany co. N. Y. 13 s of Albany. Coffeeville, pv. Clark co. Ala. on Tombig- bee river. [Turkey cr. 130 x of J. Coffeeville, pv. cap. Yalabusha co. Miss, on Cohasset, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 20 se of B. Cohoes, pv. Albany co. N. Y. on the Mohawk. Cohoes Falls, on the Mohawk, 3 m. above its mouth. There is a perpendicular fall of about 70 feet. Coitsville, pt. Mahoning co. O. on Beaver r. Cokesburg, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 93wCa. Colbert, pv. Lowndes co. Miss, on Tombig- bee river. Colburx, a t. of Canada West, on the x shore of L. Ontario. Lat. 44° x, Lon. about 78° w. Colbyville, pv. Clarke co. Ky. 40 ese of F. Colchester, pt. Chittenden oo. Vt. on Lake Champlaiu. [Salmon r. Colchester, pt. New London co. Conn, on Colchester, pt. Delaware co. N. Y. Coldbrook, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 60 wB. Coldbrook, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 80 xw Al. Coldex, pt. Erie co. N.Y. [Hudson r. Cold Sprixg, pv. Putnam co. N.Y. on the Cold Spring, tp. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on the Alleghany river. Cold Spring, pv. Cape May co. N. J. 105 s Tn. Cold Spring, pv. Shelby co. 111. 72 se of Sd. Cold Spring Harbour, pv. on the x side of Long Island. [of R. Cold Stream, pv. Hampshire co. Va. 1G7 xxw Cold Water, pv. cap. of Branch co. Mich. 110 wsw of Detroit. [river. Colebrook, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Connecticut Colebrook, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 30 xw Hd. Colebrookdale, pt. Berks co. Pa. Cole Cr. tp. Montgomery co. Ind. Colemaxsville, pv. Harrison co. Ky. 50 xe of Frankfort. [ent of Deei field r. Coleraix, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on an afilu- Colerain, tp. Bedford co. Pa. Colerain, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. ColerainJ pv. Bertie co. N. C. on Chowan r. Colerain, pt. Belmont co. O. Colerain, tp. Hamilton co. O. Colerain, lp. Ross co. O. [Spruce cr. Coleraix Forge, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. on Cr les C H. pv. cap. of Coles co. 111. 90 ese Sd. Colima, ko-lee-'ma, the chief t.* of the Mexican territory of Colima, near a cele- brated volcano of the same name. Lat. about 18^50' N. Lon. 108= 10' w. [qa. r Colesville, p ... i> oome co. N.Y. on the Sus- # Balbi speaks of this place as a " little toivii," while one of the maps of the Society P»r the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge givei 30,000 for t'iie pep. ; but this may pobsibly be an error of the eugraVer. College, tp. Knox co. O. College Corxers, pv. Butler co. 0. 110 wsW of Columbus. Collegeville, pv. Saline co. Ark. 15 sw of Little Rock. [of Rh Colletsville, pv. Caldwell co. N. C. 213 w Collixs, pt.Erfe co.N.Y. on Cattaraugus cr Collixsville, pv. Hartford co. Conn, on Farmington river. Collinsville, pv. Lewis co. N.Y. 123 nw of Al. Collinsville, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. 122 w II, Collinsville, pv. Butler co. O. 100 sw of Cs. Collinsville, pv. Madison co. 111. 86 s of Sd. Colox, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. [teer. Colorado r. See Rio Colorado, Gazet- Co-lor-ad'o, a co. of Texas, lying on both sides of the r. Colorado, from 80 to 100 m. from the sea. Along the Colorado and Navidad the soil is exceedingly fertile : Towards the xe border of the co. it is sandy and less productive. Capital, Columbus. Colorado City, a v. of Fayette co. Texas, on the Colorado river, a mile or two above La Grange. Colosse, pv. Oswego co. N.Y. 150 wnw of Al. Colt's Neck, pv. Monmouth co. N. J 40 e of Trenton. | Machias. Columbia, pt. Washington co. Me. 15 w of Columbia, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Conn. r. Columbia, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 24 E of Hd. Columbia, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 75 w of Al. Columbia, pv. Warren co. N. J. 70 n of Tn. Columbia, tp. Bradford co. Pa. ISusqa. r. Columbia, borough, Lancaster co. Pa. on the Columbia, pv. Fluvanna co. Va. on James r. Columbia, pv. cap. of Tyrrell co. N. C. on Scoupernong r. Columbia, pv. Henry co. Ala. 240 sw of T. j Columbia, pv. cap. of Marion co. Miss, on Pearl river. [Washita r. Columbia, pv. cap. of Caldweil par. La. on Columbia, pv. cap. of Chicot co. Ark. on the Mississippi river. [Duck r. Columbia, pv. cap. of Maury co. Tenn. on Columbia, pv. cap. of Adair co. Ky. 98 s of F. Columbia, tp. Hamilton co. O. 6 e Cincinnati. Columbia, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 74 w of D. Columbia, pv. Fayette co. Ind. 55 E of Is. [r. Columbia, pv. cap. of Whitley co. Ind. on Blue Columbia, pv. Monroe co. 111. Columbia, pv. cap. of Boone co. Mo. on Roche Pierre river. Columbia, a v. of Brazoria co. Texas, on the right bank of the Brazos river. Pop. near 1000. [157 xw nf R Columbia Furxace, pv. Shenandoah co. Va. Columbiaxa, pv. cap.of Shelby co.Ala. 73 e T. Columbiana, pv. Columbiana co. O. Columbiaville, v. Columbia co. N.Y. near the river Hudson. [la r. Columbus, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. on Unadil- Columbus/pv. Burlington co. N. J. 12 s of Tn. Columbus, tp. Warren co. Pa. [Tombigbee r. Columbus, pv. cap. of Lowndes co. Miss, on Columbus, pv. Hempstead co. Ark. 120 sw of Little Rock. [see river. Columbus, pv. Polk co. Tenn. on the Hiwas- Colutribus, pv. cap. Ballard co. Ky. on the Mis- sissippi.' Columbus, pt. St. Clair co. Mich. 37 xe of D. Columbus, py. rap. of Bartholomew co. Ind. 4(1 se of Indianapolis. Columbus, pv. Adams co. 111. 100 w of Sd. Columbus, v. Texas, cap. of Colorado co. en CON 600 COR the right bank of the Colorado river, 90 m. be of Austin. Columbus City, pv. cap. Muscogee co. Ga. on the Chattahoochee. ComaC; pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long Island. Comanche, a v. of Travis co. Texas, on the Colorado, 20 m. below Austin. Co-man'ches, a numerous and powerful tribe of Indians dwelling in the northern part of Texas and Mexico. Co-mar'go, a small t. of Mexico, on the Rio del Norte, 50 nw of Reinosa. Commerce, pv. Tunica co. Miss, on the Mis- sissippi river. Commerce, pv. Wilson co. Tenn. 48 ene Ne. Commerce, pt. Oakland co.Mich.35NWof D. Commerce, pv. Scott co. Mo. on Mississippi r. Comstock, pv. Kalamazoo co. Mich, on Kal- amazoo river. Con'chas, a r of Chihuahua, Mexico, flow- ing into the Rio del Norte. Concord, pt. Somerset co. Me. 54 N of A. Concord, pt. Essex co. Vt. on the Conn. r. Concord, tp. Erie co. N. Y. 25 s of Buffalo. Concord, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 20 wsw Phila. Concord, tp. Erie co. Pa. Concord, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 72 w of H. Concord, pv. Sussex co. Del. 46 s of Dover. Concord, pv. Campbell co. Va. 102 w of R. Concord, pv. cap. Cabarrus co. N. C. 140 wsw of Raleigh. Concord, pv. Baker co. Ga. Concord, pv. Lincoln co. Tenn. 78 s of Ne. Concord, pv. Lewis co. Ky. on the Ohio r. Concord, tp. Delaware co. O. Concord, tp. Highland co. O. Concord, tp. Lafayette co. O. Concord, pt. Lake co. O. 177 ne of Cs. Concord, tp. Miami co. O. on the Miami r. Concord, tp. Ross co. O. Concord, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 84 w of D. Concord, pv. Tippecanoe co. Ind. 62 nw Is. Concord, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 35 ne of Jef- ferson City. Concordia v. La. See Vidalia. Concordia, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 200 sw Ne. j Concordville, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 83 ese j of Harrisburg. Conecocheague (kon N e-ko-cheeg') cr. rises ! m Pa. and flows into the Potomac at Wil- liamsport, Md. Cone'cuh r. a branch of the Escambia. See j Escambia, Gazetteer. Conedogwinit cr. Pa. flows into the Sus- quehanna r. 2 ins. above Harrisburg. Conemaugh r. Pa. falls into the Alleghany r. 30 nxe of Pittsburg. Conemaugh, tp. Cambria co. Pa. [river. Conemaugh, tp. Indiana co. Pa. on the above Conemaugh, tp. Somerset co. Pa Conewago, tp. Adams co. Pa. Conewngo, tp. York co. Pa. [Susqa. Conewago cr. Adams co. Pa. falls into the Conewango cr. rises in the sw part of N. Y. and falls into the Alleghany river in Pa. Conewango, pt. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. on Conewango creek. [ghany r. Conewango, tp. Warren co. Pa. on the Alle- Conewingo, pv. Cecil oo. Md. on a creek of the same name. [Butler. wONicQUEN'EssiNG, tp. Butler co. Pa. 10 w of Conequenessing cr. Butler co. Pa. joins Ma- honing river. [Susquehanna r. Conestoqa r. Lancaster co. Pa. falls into the Conestoga, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. [Genesee. Conesus, tp. Livingston co. N. Y. 10 se of Conesville, tp. Schoharie co. N.Y. 20 s of Schoharie. Congaree r. S. C. See Gazetteer. Congress, tp. Morrow co. O. Congress, pt. Wayne co. O. on Killbuck cr. Conhocton, tp. Steuben co. N.Y. 18 nw Bath Conhocton r. N. Y. rises in Steuben co. and unites with the Tioga to form the Chemung. Conklin, pt. Broome co. N.Y. on the Susqa. r. Conneaut, tp. Crawford co. Pa. 12 w of Meadville. Conneaut, tp. Erie co. Pa. 15 s of Erie. Conneaut, pt. Ashtabula co. O. on Lake Erie Conneautville, pv. Crawford co. Pa. 250 nw of Harrisburg. Connelsville, pt. Fayette co. Pa. 180 w H Conner's Mills, Cooper co. Mo. 45 nw of Jefferson City. [60 ese of Is Connersville, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Ind. Conoten, pv. Harrison co. O. 120 ne of Cs. Conquest, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 15 n Auburn. Constable, tp. Franklin co. N.Y. Constableville, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. [Lake. Constantia, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. on Oneida Constantine, pv. St. Joseph co. Mich, on St. Joseph's river. [mack. Contoocook r. N. H. flows into the Merri- Contoocook Village, pv. Merrimack co. N. H. on the Contoocook river. Covis, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. Conway, pt. Carroll co. N. H. on Swift r. Conway, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Deerfield r. Con wayborough, pv. cap. of Horry dist. S. C. Conyngham, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 108 nne H. Cookham, pv. Fairfield dist. S. C. 20 n of Ca Cooksburg, pv. Albany co. N.Y. [of An. Cooksville. pv. Ann Arundel co. Md. 53 nw Cooksville, pv. Noxubee co. Miss. 132 ne of J. Coolbaugh's, pt. Monroe co. Pa. Cool Spring, pt. Mercer co. Pa. Cooper r. S. C flows into Charleston Harbour. Cooper, pt. Washington co. Me. Cooper, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich. [Otsego L. Cooperstown, pv. cap. of Otsego co. N.Y. on Cooperstown, pv. Venango co. Pa. 218 wnw of Harrisburg. Coopersville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 55 se H. Coosa r. Ala. See Gazetteer. [river. Coosawda, pv. Autauga co. Ala. on Alabama Coosa whatchie, pv. cap. of Beaufort dist. S. C. on the Coosawhatchie r. Copake, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 50 s of Al. Copano, a v. of Refugio co. Texas, on Copano Bay, 15 ese of Refugio. Copely, pt. Summit co. O. 124 ne of Cs. Copenhagen, pv. Lewis co. N.Y. on Deer r Copenhagen, pv. Caldwell co.N. C. 200 with. Copenhagen, pv. Caldwell par. La. Coram, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. 200 sse of Al. Corbeau, v. Clinton co. N.Y. [ta r Core a Fabre, pv. Union co. Ark. on Washi- Corinna, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 64 nnw of A Corinth, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 85 nne of A Corinth, pt. Orange co. Vt. 34 se of Mtr. Corinth, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 52 N of Al. Corinth, pv. Heard co. Ga. 120 w of M. Corneliusville, pv. Boone co. Ky. 90 n F. Cornerseurg, pv. Trumbull co. O. Cornersville, pv. La Fayette co. Miss. Cornersville, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 60 s Ne. Cornersville, pv. Graves co. Ky. 290 sw of F. Corning, pv. Steuben co. N.Y. on Chemung r cow 601 CUM Cornish, pt. York co. Me. on Saco r. Cornish, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. on Conn. r. Corn Planter, pt.Venango co. Pa. Cornville. pt. Somerset co. Me. 42 n of A. Cornwall', pt. Addison co. Vt. 63 swof Mtr. Cornwall, pt. Litchfield co. Conn, on Housa- tonic i Cornwall, tp. Orange co. N.Y. 6 s Newburg. Cornwall Landing, v. Orange co. N.Y. on the Hudson river. [ofAl. Cornwallville, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 38 ssw Corpus Ciiristi, kris'te, a v. of Texas, cap. of San Patricio co. on Corpus Christi Bay, 230 miles sw of Galveston. Cortland, pt .W.Chester co. NY. on Croton r. Cortlandville. pv. cap. of Cortland co. N.Y. on Toughnioga river. [Toughnioga r. Cortland Village, pv. Cortland co. N.Y. on Cortoise, tp. Crawford co. Mo. Corunna, pv. cap. of Shiawassee co. Mich. on Shiawassee river. Cortdon, pt. M'Kean co. Pa. 230 nw of H. Corydon, pv. cap. of Harrison co. Ind. 126 s Is. Cosala, a town of Mexico, in Cinaloa, 140 w of Durango. Pop. estimated at 5,000. In its vicinity are several rich gold mines. Coshocton, pv. cap. of Coshocton co. O. 83 ene of Columbus. Cossawago, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Cote Sans Dessein, pv. Callaway co. Mo. on the Missouri river. Cotton, tp. Switzerland co. Ind. Cotton Gin Port, pv. Monroe co. Miss, on Tombigbee river. Cottonville, pv. Marshall co. Ala. 109 ne T. Cottrelville, tp. St. Clair co. Mich. Cotuit Village, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 68 sse of Boston. [ghany r. Coudersport, pv. cap. Potter co. Pa. on Alle- Coursenville, pv. Sussex CO. N.J. 5 sw of Newton. Courtableau r. La. enters Atchafalaya r. Courtland, pv. Lawrence co. Ala. 120 w T. Courtwright, pv. Fairfield co. O. 20 se Cs. Coventry, pt. Orleans co. Vt. 54 n of Mtr. Coventry, tp. Grafton co. N. H. 12 ese of Haverhill. [deuce. Coventry, pt. Kent co. R. I. 12 sw of Provi- Coventry, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. Coventry, tp. Chester co. Pa. on Tb>ga r. Coventry, tp. Summit co. O [wsw of Al. Coyentryville, pv. Chenango co. N. Y. 114 Covkrt, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on Cayuga L. Covesvillk, pv. Albemarle co. Va. C J0 nw R. Covington, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. Covington, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. [of Tioga r. Covington, borough, Tioga co. Pa. on a branch Covington, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. on Lehigh r. Covington, pv. cap. of Alleghany co. Va. on Jackson river. [of Rh. Covington, pv. Richmond co. N. C. 120 sw Covington, pv. cap. of Newton co. Ga. 60 nw of Milledgville. [n of New Orleans. Covington, pv. cap. St. Tammany par. La. 4-5 Covington, pv. Tipton co. Tenn. 185 wsw Ne. Covington, pv. Miami co. O. on Stillwater r. Covington, pv. cap. of Fountain co. Ind. on the Wabash river. [Ohio r P. 9,408. Covington City, pv. Kenton co. Ky. on the Cowansville, pv. Rowan co. N. C 131 w Rh. Cow v e-litsk Indians, a tribe of Oregon, N of the Columbia, near Fort Vancouver. < 'owpasture r.Va. one of the upper iributa- r i'3s of James river. 5i : Coxsackie, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 22 s of Al. Crab Orchard, pv. Lincoln co. Ky. 62 sse P Crafton, pv. Pittsylvania co. Va. 167 sw R Craftsbury, pt. Orleans co. Vt. on Black r. Craig, tp. Switzerland co. Ind. Cranberry, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 22 nb of Trenton. Cranberry, tp. Butler co. Pa. 11 sw of Butler. Cranberry, pt. Venango co. Pa. on Alle- ghany river. Cranesville, pv. Daviess co. Mo. [videnee. Cranston, tp. Providence co. R. I. 5 swPro- Crawford, tp. Washington co. Me. Crawford, pt. Orange co. N.Y. 92 s of Al. Crawford, pv. Estill co.Ky. on a br. of Ky. r. Crawford, tp. Coshocton co O. Crawfordsville, pv. cap. of Taliaferro co. Ga. 62 n of Milledgeville. Crawfordsville, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. Ind. 45 nw of Indianapolis. [wnw Ca. Craytonville, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 114 Creagerstown, pv. Frederick co. Md. 88 nw of Annapolis. Creek, tp. Washington co. Pa. [land r. Creelsburg, pv. Russell co.Ky. on Cumoer- Crittenden, pv. Grant co. Ky. 60 nne of F. Crittenden, v. Clarke co. Ark. 82 sw of Little Rock. Crockett, a v. of Texas, semi-capital of Houston co. near Trinity r. 180 m. ne of Austin. Pop. near 300. [182 ese of T. Crockettsville, pv. cap. of Russell co. Ala. Croghan, tp. Lewis co. N.Y. Croghansville, v. a suburb of Pittsburg, on the road to Philadelphia. Croix (kroi) St. v. cap. of St. Croix co.Wis. Croix, St. river. See Gazetteer. Crooked Cr. pt. Carroll co. Ark. Crooked Lake, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Cromwell, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. Crosby, tp. Hamilton co. O. Crosbyville, pv. Chester dist. S. C. 72 N Ca. Crossanville, pv. Perry co. O. Cross Cr. tp. Jef. co. O. on Great Miami r. Crossingvllle, pv. Crawford co. Pu.250nw H. Cross Keys, pv. Gloucester co. N. J. 46 s Tn. Crosswalks, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 8 sse Tn. Crow Indians, a tribe dwelling in the central and sw part of Missouri Territory, [plain. Crown Point, pt. Essex co. N.Y. on L. Chain- Crown Point, pv. cap. of Lake co. Ind. 15 s of Lake Michigan. Croydon, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. on Sygar r. Cuba, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 280 w of Al. Cuba, pv. Clinton co. O. 78 sw of Cs. Cuckooville, pv. Louisa co. Va. 47 nw of 11. Cuivre, tp. Pike co. Mo. Cuivre, tp. St. Charles co. Mo. Culiacan, koo-le-ah-kan', a t. of Mex:co, the largest in the state of Cinaloa, on a river of the same name, which flows into the Gulf of California. Lat. about 25° N.Lon. 107° w. Pop. said to be 10,000. Cullo'den, pv. Monroe co. Ga. 68 w of M. j Culpepper C. H. pv. Culpepper co. Va. 99 nnw of Richmond. Cumberland, pt. Cumberland co. Me. on Cas- co Bay. [Providence. Cumberland, tp. Providence co. R. 1.8 N of Cumberland, tp. Adams co. Pa. j Cumberland, tp. Greene co. Pa. [w of R Cumberland C. H. pv. Cumberland co. Va. .'52 ; Cumberland, pv. Guernsey go. O. 90 e of Cs I Cumberland, pv. Marion co. Ind. 10 E of Is. DAN 602 DEA Cumberland Hill, pv. Providence co. R. I. on Pawtueket river. Cumberland Island, on the coast of Ga. Cam- den co. 15 miles long, and from 1 to 5 broad. Cumberland r. and Mts. See Gazetteer. Cumberland Valley, tp. Bedford co. Pa. Cumming, pv. cap. of Forsyth co. Ga. 109 w of Milledgeville. Cummings, pt. Lycoming co. Pa. 110 n of H. Cummington, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. on Westfield river. Cumru, tp. Berks co. Pa. on the Schuylkill r. Cunningham's Island, in thew part L. Erie. Current r. rises in Mo, and flows into the Black river in Arkansas. [Currituck Sound. Currituck C. H. pv. Currituck co. N. C on Curtisville, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 136 w of Boston. [of H. Curwinsville, pv. Clearfield co. Pa. 130 nw Cushing, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 50 se of A. Cussawago, pt. Crawford co. Pa. 245 nw H. Cusseta, pv. Chambers co. Ala. 170 ese of T. Custards, pv. Crawford co. Pa. 210 nw of II. Cutchogue, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. Cuthbert, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Ga. 158 sw of Milledgeville. [lantic. Cutler, pt. Washington co. Me. on the At- Cuttingsville, pv. Rutland co. Vt. 72 ssw of Montpelier. Cuyahoga r. O. enters L. Erie at Cleveland. Cuyahoga Falls, pv. Summit co. O. on the above. [ne of F. Cynthiana, pv. cap. of Harrison co. Ky. 37 Cynthiana, pv. Pike co. O. 75 s of Cs. Cynthiana, tp. Shelby co. O. Cynthiana, pv. Posey co. Ind. 158 sw of Is. Cyruston, pv. Lincoln co. Tenn. 97 s of Ne. Dacheet r. rises in Ark. and flows into L. Bis- tineau, La. [of Ca. Dacusville, pv. Pickens dist. S. C. 130 wnw Dadeville, pv. cap. of Tallapoosa co. Ala. 140 ese of Tuscaloosa. [Dover. Dagsborough, pv. Sussex co. Bel. 54 sse of Daiilonega, pv. cap. of Lumpkin co. Ga. 140 N\w of Milledgeville. [s of Boston. Daixgekfield, a v. of Titus co. Texas, 30 Daleville, pv. cap. of Dale co. Ala. on a branch of Choctawhatchee river. Daleville, pv. Lauderdale co. Miss. 104 B of J. Dallas, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. 130 ne of H. Dalles (dalz) of the Columbia, a narrow passage in the river, some 50 in. above the Cascades. This channel, which receives the whole volume of the river, is formed by walls of basaltic rock, and is only 53 yards wide in the narrowest place. The wowl dalles (from dalle, a ;; slab") appears to sig- nify ' ; trough" in the language of the French hunters. Dalmatia, pv. Northumberland co. Pa.40 n II. Dalton, pt. Coos co. N.H.on Connecticut r. Dalton, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 125 w of B. Dalton, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 80 e of Is. Damariscotta Mills, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 30 se of Augusta. [of Cs. Damascoville, pv. Columbiana co. 0. 174 ne Damascus, pt. Wayne co. Pa. on Delaware r. Damascus, pv. Montgomery co. Md. 70 nwAii. Damascus, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 107 nw of Columbia. __ Damascus, pv, Henry co. O. on Maumee r. D\n r. N. C. and Va. unites with the Staunton river to form the Roanoke. Dawa, pt, Worcester co. Mass. 70 w of B. Danborough, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 103 e of H Danburg, pv. Wilkes co. Ga. 88 nne of M. Danbury, pt. Grafton co.N. H. 28 nw of Co Danbury, Conn. See Gazetteer. Danby, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 80 s of Mtr. Danby, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. 168 wsw of Al. Dandridge, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Tenn. on French Broad river. Dangerfield. See DaingerfielD. Danielsville, pv. Spottsylvania co. Va. 95 nw of Richmond. [of M. Danielsville, pv. cap. of Madison co. Ga. 90 if Dansville, pv. Livingston co. N.Y. Dansville, tp. Steuben co. N.Y. Danube, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 70 wnw Al, Danvers, pt. Essex co. Mass. 16 n of B. Danville, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 42 sw A Danville, pt. Rockingham co. N. H.30 se Cd. Danville, pv. cap. of Caledonia co. Vt. 30 nb of Montpelier. Danville, pv. cap. of Montour co. Pa. 70 n H Danville, pv. Pittsylvania co. Va. on Dan r. Danville, pv. Sumter co. Ga. on Flint r. Danville, pv. cap. of Boyle co. Ky. 40 s of F. Danville, pv.Knox co. O. 65 ne of Cs. Danville, pv.cap. of Hendricks co Ind. 20 wis. Danville, pv. cap. Vermilion co. 111. 130 e Sd. Danville, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. Mo. 47 ne of Jefferson City. Darby, pv. Delaware co. Pa. on Darby cr. Darby, tp. Pickaway co. O. [ville. Darby cr. O. flows into Scioto r. near Circle- DaebvvillEj pv. Pickaway co. 0. 38 s of Cs. Dardanelle, pv. Yell co. Ark. on Ark. r. Dardenne, pv. St. Charles co. Mo. Darien, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw of Hd. Darien, 'pt. Genesee co. N.Y. 260 w of Al. Darien, Ga. See Gazetteer. Darien, pt.Wahvorth co.Wis. 60 se Madison. Darkesville, pv. Berkley co. Va. 160 n R. Darlington, borough, Beaver co. Pa. 240 v» of Harrisburg. Darlington, pv. Harford co. Md. 70 n of Ai». Darlington C. II. pv. cap. of Darlington dist. S. C. 130 ese of Columbia. Darlington, pv. St. Helena par. La. Darlington, pv. Montg. co. Ind. 45 wsw of ]* Darnstown, pv. Montg. co. Md. 65 wnw An. Darrstown, pv. Butler co. O. 109 sw of Cs Dartmouth, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 65 s of B. Darwin, pv. Clark co. 111. on the Wabash r Dauphin, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. on the Susqa. Davenport, pt. Delaware co. N. Y. 70 sw Al Davenport, pv. cap. of Scott co. Iowa, on the Mississippi river. Davidson, pt. Lycoming co. Pa. 110 n of H Davidson College, pv. Mecklenburg co.N.C, Davidsonville, pv. Somerset co. Pa. 110 \v of Harrisburg. Davidsonville, pv. Anne Arundel co. Md. Davisborough, pv. Wn. co. Ga. 40 se of M Davis's Mills, Barnwell dist. S. C. 106 ssw of Columbia. Daviston, pv. Clay co. Ind. 74 wsw of Is. Davis ville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. Day, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 60 n of Al. Dayanville, pv. Lewis co. N.Y. 110 nw Al Dayton, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Dayton, pv. Marengo co. Ala. 76 s of T. Dayton, O. See Gazetteer. Dayton, pv. Tippecanoe co. Ind. 62 N of Is. Dead r. Me. falls into the Kennebec 20 in. below Mooseheud Lake DEL G03 DIL Pkad Stream, Me. enters the Penobscot r. at Orono. Deal, v. Monmouth co. N.' J. near the sea. Deansville, pv. Oneida co. N. Y. 104 wsw of Albany. Dearborn, tp. Kennebec co. Me. 15 N of A. Dearborn, tp. Wayne co. Mich, on Rouge r. Dearbornville, pv. Wayne co. Mich . 10 w D . Deavertowx, pv. Morgan co. O. 70 E of Cs. Decatur, pi. Otsego co. N. Y. GO w of Al. Decatur, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. 14 MB Lewistovvn. Decatur, pv. Union dist. S. C. 77 xw of Ca. Decatur, pv. cap. of De Kalb co. Ga. 90 nw M. Decatur, pv. cap. of Newton co. Miss. 76 E J. Decatur, pv. Morgan co. Ala. on Tennessee r. Decatur, pv. cap. of Meigs co. Tenn. near Tennessee river. Decatur, pv. Brown co. O. 105 sw of Cs. Decatur, pt. Van Buren co. Mich. [bash r. Decatur, pv. cap. of Adam* co. lad. on Wa- Decatur, pv. cap. of Macon co. 111. 40 e of Sd. Decatur, pv. Howard co. Mo. 51 nw Jef. City. Deckerton, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 87 n of Tn. Dedham, tp. Hancock co. Me. [ssw of B. Dedham, pv. cap. of Norfolk co. Mass. 13 Deep Cr. pv. Norfolk co. Va. 114 se of R. Deep r. pv. Middlesex co. Conn, on Conn. r. Deep r. N. C. a branch of Cape Fear r. Deer cr. Harford co. Md. enters the Susqa. Deer Cr. tp. Pickaway co. O. [of Cd. Dekrfield, pt. Rockingham co. N.H. 19 se Deerfield r. Mafift. enters the Conn. Deerfield, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 95 w of B. Deerfield, tp. Oneida co. N.Y. 4 N of Utiea. Deerfield, tp. Cumberland co. N. J. on Co- hanscy cr. [borough. Deerfield, tp. Tioga co. Pa. 13 nw of Wells- Deerfield, pv. Warren co. Pa. 223 nw of H. Deerfield, pv. Augusta co. Va. 135 wsw R. Deerfield, tp. Morgan co. O. Deerfield, pt. Portage ca. O. on Mahoning r. Deerfield, tp. Ross co. O. 44 s of Cs. Deerfield, tp. Warren co. O. Deerfield, pv. Lenawee co. Mich. 65 sw of D. Deerfield, tp. Livingston co. Mich. Deerfield, pv. Randolph co. Ind. 88 ene of Is. Deerfieldville, pv. Warren co. O. 90 se Cs. Deering, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. on Con- toocook river. [Bay. Deer Isle, pt. Hancock co. Me. on Penobscot Deerpark, tp. Orange co. N.Y. on Never- sink river. Deersville, pv. Harrison co. 0. 109 e of Cs. Defiance, pv. cap. of Defiance co. O. at the junction of the Maumce and Auglaize r. Defriestville, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 4 se of Albany. [wegatchie r. De Kalb, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Os- De Kalb, pv. Lewis co. Va. or: Little Ka- nawha river. [ene of J. De Kalb, pv. cap.* of Kemper co. Miss. 106 De Kalb, pv. Hancock co. 111. 100 wsw of Sd. De Kalb, village, Bowie conuty, Texas, about 10 sw of Red river. A college is about being established here. Pop. 200. Delaware, tp. Hunterdon co. N. J. on Dela- ware river. Delaware, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 7 NW of Mercer. Delaware, pt. Pike co. Pa. [Whetstone r. Delaware C. H. pv. Delaware co. O. on Delaware, tp. Hancock eo. O. Delaware, tp. Defiance co. O. on Maumee r. Delaware, pv. Ripley co. Ind. 65 se of Is. Delaware, pv. Jersey co. 111. 60 sw of Sd. Delaware City, pv. Newcastle co. Del. on the Delaware river. [of Al. Delhi, pv. cap. of Delaware co. N.Y. 77 wsw Delhi, tp. Hamilton co. O. Delhi, pv. Jersey co. 111. 78 sw of Sd. Delmar, tp. Tioga co. Pa. Delphi, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 120 w of Al. Delphi, pv. Marion co. Tenn. 110 se of Ne. Delphi, pv. cap. of Carroll co. Ind. on Wa- bash river. Delphi, pv. Gasconade co. Mo. 53 se Jef. City. Deli'iitox, pv. Fayette co. Ky. 20 e of F. Delta, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. 112 wsw of Al. Demopolis, pv. Marengo co. Ala. on Tom- bigbee river, 64 ssw of Tuscaloosa. Denmark, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Saco r. Denmark, pt. Lewis co. N. Y. on Black r. Denmark, pv. Madison co. Tenn. 146 sw Ne. Denmark, pt. Ashtabula co. O. Drama, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 80 se of B. Dennis, pt. Cape May co. N. J. 85 s of Tn. Denxison, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Denxysville, pt. Washington co. Me. on Dennis river. [Choplank r. Denton, pv. cap. of Caroline co. Md. on Dent onsville, pv. Hanover co. Va. 21 n R. Depatjville, pv. Jefferson co.N.Y. onCliau- mout river. Depere, pv. cap. of Brown co. Wis. Depeyster, pt. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on Oswegatchie river. Deposit, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. on Del. r. Deptford, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. Derby, pt. Orleans co. Vt. on Clyde r. 60 nne of Montpelier. [tonic r. Derby, pt. New Haven co. Conn, on Housa- Derry, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 28 se of Cd. Derry, tp. Montour co. Pa. 84 N of H. Derry, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 12 se of H. Derry, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. on Kishcoquilla cr. De Ruyter, de rl'ter, pt. Madison co. N.Y. Des Moines r. Iowa. See Gazetteer. Des Moines, pv. Hancock co. 111. 124 wnw Sd. Des Plaines (de plain) r. 111. a branch of the Illinois river. De Witt, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 126 w Al. De Witt, pv. cap. of Clinton co. Mich. 96 nw of Detroit. [river. De Witt, pv. Carroll co. Mo. on the Missouri De Witt's Valley, pv. Alleghany co. N. Y. Dexter, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 70 nne of A. Dexter, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Black r. Dexter, pv.Washtenaw co. Mich. 52 w of D. Dexterville, v. Chautauque co. N. Y. on Chautauque Lake. [ssw of R. Diamond Grove, pv. Brunswick co. Va. 80 Diana, tp. Lewis co.N.Y. on Oswegatchie r. Diana Mills, Buckingham co. Va. 75 w R. Dickinson, pt. Franklin co. N.Y. 15 sw of Malone. Dickinson, pt. Cumberland co. Pa. 24 sw H. Dickinson, pv. Franklin co.Va. 170 wsw R. Dickinsonville, pv. Russell co. Va. Dicksburg, pv. Knox co. Ind. 130 sw of Is. Digby, a t. of Nova Scotia, 10 m. sw of An- napolis, on the opposite side of the bay. Digiiton, pt. Bristol co. Mass. on Taunton r. Diggers, a name applied to various tribes of miserable and degraded Indians in Oregon and California, who subsist on roots, which they dig out of the earth, and on insects, lizards, &c. [196 sw of Rh. i Dillonsville, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. / Dillsboro', pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 85 se of Is. DRA 604 DUT Dillsburg, pv. York co. Pa. 13 ssw of H. i Dillsworthtown, pv. Chester co. Pa. 78 ese of Harrisburg. Dimock's, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. 177 nne H. Dimocksville, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. [ry. Dingman, tp. Pike co. Pa. po. Dingman's Fer- Dinsmore, pt. Shelby co. O. 103 wnw of Cs. District, tp. Berks co. Pa. on Pine cr. Dinwiddie C. H. pv. cap. of Dinwiddie co. Va. on Stony creek. Dismal Swamp, Va. See Gazetteer. [Tn. Dividing Cr. pv. Cumberland co. N. J. 80 s Dix, tp. Chemung co. N.Y. 16 n of Elmira. Dixborotjgh, pv. Washtenaw co. Mich. 36 w of Detroit. [coggin r. Dixfield, pt. Oxford co. Me. on the Andros- Dixmont, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 42 ne of A. Dixon, tp. Preble co. O. bordering on Ind. Dixon, pv. cap. of Ogle co. 111. on Rock r. Dixonville, pv. Cole co. Mo. 8 from Jef.City. Dixville, tp. Coos co. N. H- Dixville, pv. Henry co. Va. 200 sw of R. Dobb's Ferry, pv. Weschester co. N. Y. 126 s of Albany. [of Madison. Dodgeville, pv. Iowa co. Wisconsin, 44 w Dodsonville, pv. Marshall co. Ala. 145 ne T. Dolington, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 120 e of H. Dolsentown, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 100 s of Al. Donaldsonville, pv. Ascension par. La. on the Mississippi river. Donegal, tp. Butler co. Pa. 9 ne of Butler. Donegal, tp. Washington co. Pa. Dorchester, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 50 nw Cd. Dorchester, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 4 s of B. Dorchester, v. Cumberland co. N..T. Dorset, pt. Bennington co. Vt. 95 ssw Mtr. Douglas, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 43 sw B. Douglas, tp. Berks co. Pa. on Manatawny cr. Douglas, tp. Montgomery co. Pa. [gelina r. Douglas, v. Nacogdoches co. Texas, on An- Douglasville, pv. Berks co. Pa. 64 e of H. Dover, pv. cap. of Piscataquis co. Me. on ;he Piscataquis river. Dover, N. H. See Gazetteer. Dover, pt. Windham co. Vt. 126 s of Mtr. Dover, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 15 ssw of B. Dover, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 20 e of Pough- keepsie. Dover, tp. Monmouth co. N. J. Dover, pv. Morris co. N. J. on Rockaway r. Dover, pt. York co. Pa. 30 s of Harrisburg. Dover, pv. Russell co. Ala. 194 ese of T. Dover, pv. cap. of Pope co. Ark. on Illinois creek, 87 nw of Little Rock. [berland r. Dover, pv. cap. of Stewart co. Tenn. on Cura- Dover, pv. Mason co. Ky. 79 ene of F. Dover, tp. Athens co. O. Dover, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. on Lake Erie. Dover, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. on Ohio canal. Dover, tp. Union co. O. Dover, tp. Lenawee co. Mich. Dover, pv % Bureau co. 111. 130 n of Sd. Dover, pv. La Fayette co. Mo. on Missouri r. Dowelltown, pv. Surry co. N. C. 150 wxw of Richmond. [ware Bay. Downe, tp. Cumberland co. N. J. on Dela- Downingtown, pv. Chester co. Pa. on the Colombia railroad, 34 m. w of Philadephia. DoYlestown, borough, cap. of Bucks co.Pa. 28 n of Philadelphia. Dracut, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 27 nnw B. Drakestown, pv. Morris co. N.J. on Schoo- ley's Mountain. Dkanesville, pv. Fairfax co. Va. 140 n of R. Drayton, pv. Dooly co. Ga. 100 ssw of M . Draytonsville, pv. Union dist. S. C. 97 jft of Columbia. Dresden, pt. Lincoln co. Me, on Kennebec r . Dresden, pi. Wn. co. N.Y. 28 N Sandy Hill. Dresden, pv. cap. of Weakly co.Tenn. 122 w of Nashville. Dresden, pv. Muskingum co. O. 69 e of Cs. Dresden, pv. Grundy co 111. [sse of R Drewrysville, pv. Southampton co. Va. 78 Drewsville, pv. Cheshire co. NH . on Conn, r . Dromoee, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 15 se of Lan- caster. Dryden, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. 153 w of Al. Dryden, tp. Lapeer co. Mich. Dry Ridge, pv. Grant co. Ky. 52 nne of F. Duane, pt. Franklin co. N.Y. 15 s of Malone. Duanesburg, pt.Schenectady co. NY. 23w Al. Dublin, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 47 sw of Cd. Dublin, tp. Fulton co. Pa. 25 e of Bedford. Dublin, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 106 E of H. Dublin, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. Dublin, pv. Harford co. Md. 68 N of An. Dublin, pv. cap. Laurens co. Ga. on Oconee r. Dublin, pv. Graves co. Ky. 285 wsw of F. Dublin, pv. Franklin co. O. 12 nnw of Cs. Dublin, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 50 E of Is. Dubuque, Dubuque co. Iowa. See Iowa. Duck Creek, hundred, Kent co. Del. Dudley, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 58 swof B Dudley, pt. Hardin co. O. 66 nnw of Cs. Dudley, tp. Henry co. Ind. [of T. Dudleyville, pv. Tallapoosa co. Ala. 150 esk Dumfries, pv. Prince William co. Va.86 n R. Dummer, tp. Coos co. N. H. on Androscog- gin r. Dummerston, pt. Windham co. Vt. on West r. Dunbar, tp. Fayette co. Pa. 8 ne of Union. Dunbarton, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 10 s Cd. Duncan, tp. Linn co. Mo. [ssw of Ca. Duncansville, pv. Barnwell dist. S. C. 80 Duncansville, pv. Thomas co. Ga. 2 n of the Florida line. Duncard, tp. Greene co. Pa. [nne of H. Dundaff, borough, Susquehanna co. Pa. 160 Dun-das', a t. or v. of Canada. West, on Bur- lington Bay, at the w extremity of Lake Ontario. Dundee, pv. Monroe co. Mich, on Raisin r. Dungannon, pv. Columbiana co. O. [Erie. Dunkirk, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. on Lake Dunlapsville, pv. Union co. Ind. 70 e of Is. Dunsburg, pv. Clinton co. Pa. on the West Branch of the Susquehanna river. Dunsville, pv. Essex co. Va. 56 ne of R. Dunningsville, pv. Washington co. Pa. Dunstable, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 30 nw B. Dunstable, tp. Clinton co. Pa. 30 w of Wil- liamsport. Durango, doo-rang'gOj a state in the nw central part of Mexico, s of Chihuahua. Area 56,500 sq. m. Pop. 200,000. Durango, the capital, has a population estimated at 25,000. (B.) Durham, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 40 sw of A Durham, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 32 E of Cd. Durham, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 20 s of Hd Durham, pt. Greene co. N.Y. on Catskill r. Durham, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 20 ne Doylestown Durhamville, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. on Oneida creek. [w of Ne Durhamville, pv. Lauderdale co. Tenn. 180 Dutch Settlement, pv. St. Mary's par. La on Teche river. EAS G05 EAS Dutotsburg, pv. Monroe co. Pa. on the Del. r. Duxbuey, tp. Washington co. Vt. 13 wof Mtr. Dux mry, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 36 sse of B. Dwight, v. Indian Territory, a missionary station among the Cherokees, near the Ar- kansas river. Dxberry, tp. Wayr.e co. Pa. [w of Ne. Dyersburg, pv. cap. of Dyer co. Tenn. 160 Eagle, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Caneadea cr. Eagle, tp. Brown co. O. Eagle, pt. Hancock co. O. 83 sw of Cs. Eagle Harbour, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. 256 w of Albany. Eagle Rock, pv. Wake co. N. C. 12 e of Rh. Eagletown, pv. Choctaw nation, Indian Ter. 177 w of Little Rock, Ark. Eagle Village, pv. Boone co.Ind. 15nwIs. Eagleville, pv. Centre co. Pa. 102NWof H. Eagleville, pv. Williamson co. Tenn. 27 s Ne. Earl, tp. Berks co. Pa. Earl, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 13 nw of Lancaster. Earlsville, pv. Madison co. N.Y. on Che- nango river. [sse of B. East Abington, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 18 East Alton, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 33 ne Cd. East Avon, pv. Livingston co. N.Y. 2 e of Avon Springs. [sw of A. East Baldwin, pv. Cumberland co. Me. 70 East Barnard, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 40 s Mtr. East Berkshire, pv. Franklin co. Vt. 60 n of Montpelier. East Berlin, pv. Adams co. Pa. 25 sw of H. East Berne, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 19 w of Al. East Bethel, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 28 s Mtr. East Bethlehem, pt. Washington co. Pa. on Monongahela river. [of Canandaigua. East Bloomfield, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 8 w East Bradford, tp. Chester co. Pa. on Bran- dywine creek. East Brewster, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 93 se of Boston. [25 sse of B. East Bridgewater, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. Eastbrook, tp. Hancock co. Me. [Mtr. East Brookfield, pv. Orange co. Vt. 22 s of East Brookfield, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 56 wsw of Boston. East Buffalo, tp. Union co. Pa. East Caln, tp. Chester co. Pa. [nw of B. East Cambridge, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 1 East Chester, pv. Rockingham co. N. H. 25 sse of Concord. [of N.Y. East Chester, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. 15 ne East Cocalico, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. on Co- calico creek. [leghany r. East Deer, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. on the Al- East Dennis, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 83 se of Boston. . [Chicques cr. E/lst Donegal, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. on East Durham, pv. Greene co. N. Y. 40 s Al. East Elliott, pv.York co. Me. 100 ssw of A. East Fairfield, pv. Columbiana co. O. 158 ene of Columbus. [s of B. East Falmouth, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 84 East Fallowfield, tp. Chester co. Pa. East Farmington, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 24 nw of Detroit. East Findlay, tp. Washington co. Pa. Eastford, pv. Windham co. Conn. 35 e Hd. East Foxborough, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 25 s of Boston. East Goshen, tp. Chester co. Pa. 18 w Phila. East Granby, pv. Hd. co. Conn. 15 n of Hd. East Granville, pv. Hampden co. Mass. 51* East Greenbush, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. East Greenville, pv. Stark co. 0. 110 ne Cs East Greenwich, pt. cap. of Kent co. R. I. 14 s of Providence. [w of Al. East Guilford, pv. Chenango co. N.Y. 104 East Haddam, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 30 sse of Hartfoi*. [Cod, 97 se of B. Eastham, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. on Cape East Hampton, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. on Connecticut river. [Pine brook. East Hampton, pv. Middlesex co. Conn, on East Hampton, pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. on the b end of Long Island. East Hanover, pt. Lebanon co. Pa. 20 e II. East Hartford, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 1 e of Hartford. [s of B. East Harwich, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 100 East Haven, tp. Essex co.Vt. on Pasumsic r. East Haven, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 39 s of Hartford. East Haverhill, pv. Essex co. Mass. 38 n B. East Hempfield, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 38 ese of Harrisburg. East Huntingdon, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. East Killingly, pv. Windham co. Conn. 49 E of Hartford. [36 se of Cd. East Kingston, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. East Koy cr. N. Y. joins West Koy cr. and enters the Genesee river. [of Cd. East Lebanon, pv. Grafton co. N. H. 50 nw East Lebanon, pv. Wayne co. O. 108 ne Cs. East Liberty, pv. Fayette co.Pa. on Youghi- ogheny river. [burg. East Liberty, v. Alleghany co. Pa. 5 E of Pitts- East Liberty, pv. Logan co. O. 60 nw of Cs. East Liverpool, pv. Columbiana co. O. on the Ohio river. [90 wsw of B. East Long Meadow, pv. Hampden co. Mass. East Lyme, pv. New London co. Conn. 50 sse of Hartford. East Machias. See Mechisses, Me. East Marlborough, tp. Chester co. Pa. 28 sw of Philadelphia. East Medway, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 24 sw B. East Middleborough, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 44 s of Boston. East Monroe, pv. Highland co. O. 78 sw Cs. East Nantmeal, pt. Chester co. Pa. 33 nw of Philadelphia. East New Market, pv. Dorchester co. Md. 73 se of Annapolis. East New York, pv. King's co. Long I. 6 e of New York. [of Phila. East Nottingham, tp. Chester co. Pa. 40 sw Easton, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 24 s of B. Easton, pv.Washington co. N.Y. 27 nne of Al. Easton, Pa. See Gazetteer. Easton, pv. cap. of Talbot co. Md. 45 se of An. East Orleans, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 98 se of Boston. East Otis, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. East Palestine, pv. Columbiana co. O. East Penn, pt. Carbon co. Pa. 90 ne of 11. East Pennsboro', tp. Cumberland co. Pa. East Pikeland, tp. Chester co. Pa. 24 nw of Philadelphia. East Pierpont, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. East Plainfield, pv. Sullivan co. N. H. 55 nw of Concord. Eastport, Me. See Gazetteer, [nessee r Easlport, pv. Tishamingo co. Miss, on Ten- Eastport, pv. Tuscarawas co. 0. 113 ene of Cs. East Portage, tp. Jackson co. Mich. [Phila East Rockhill, tp. Bucks co.Pa. 33 Nxwof EDI 606 ELI East Salisbury, pv. Essex co. Mass. 40 nne of Boston. [n of Cd. East Sanbornton ; pv. Belknap co.N.H. 21 East Sandwich, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 64 sse of Boston v [of A. Ea.st Tiiomasto"n, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 40 se East Town, tp. Chester co. Pa. 16 wnw Phila. East Troy, pv. Walworth co. Wis. 79 se of Madison. East Union, pt.Wayne co. O. 100 ne of Cs. East Unity, pv. Sullivan co. N. H. 44 w Cd. East Vincent, tp. Chester co. Pa. Eastville, Va. See Gazetteer. Eastville, pv. Randolph co. Ala. 170 e of T. East Wareham, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 56 s of Boston. East Washington, pv. Sullivan co. N. H. East Waterford, pv. Juniata co. Pa. 54 nw of Harrisburg. [sw of Cd. East Weare, pv. Hillsborough co. N. H. 10 East Weymouth, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 15 s of Boston. [of B. East Whately, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 91 w East Whiteland, tp. Chester co. Pa. 20 nw of Philadelphia. [of Hd. East Windsor, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 7 ne East Windsor, tp. Mercer co. N. J. 20 sw of New Brunswick. [of Al. East Worcester, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 53 w Eaton, pt. Carroll co. N. H. 62 n of Cd. Eaton, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 100 w of Al. Eaton, pt. Wyoming co. Pa. on the Susqua. r. Eaton, pv. La Fayette co. Miss. 176 n of J. Eaton, pv. Gibson co. Tenn. on Forked Deer river, 142 w of Nashville. Eaton, tp. Lorain co. O. 4 se of Elyria. Eaton, pv. cap. of Preble co. O. 94 w of Cs. Eaton, pt. Eaton co. Mich. 110 w of D. Eatonton or Eaton C. H. pv. cap. of Putnam co. Ga. 21 nw of Milledgeville. Eatontown, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 47 e Tn. Eatonville, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 75 wnw of Albany. Ebenezer, pv. Rutherford co. N. C.213wRh. Ebenezer, v. Effingham co. Ga. on Savannah r. Ebenezerville, pv. York dist. S. C. 84 n Ca. Ebensburg, borough, cap. of Cambria co. Pa. 140 w of Harrisburg. Eckford, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. 100 w of D. Eckmansville, pv. Adams co. 0. 100 s of Cs. Economy, pt. Beaver co. Pa. on Ohio r. Ecorce, pt. Wayne co. Mich. Eddington, pt. Penobscot co. Me. Eddyville, v. Ulster co. N.Y. on Rondout r. at the termination of the Delaware and Hud- son canal. [land r. Eddyville, pv. Caldwell co. Ky. on Cumber- Eddytown, v. Yates co. N.Y. Eden, pt. Hancock co. Me. on Mt. Desert i. Eden, pt. Lamoille co. Vt. 45 n of Mtr. Eden, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 14 s of Buffalo. Eden, tp. Licking co. O. Eden, tp. Seneca co. O. 8 s Tiffin. [Chowan r. Edenton, pv. cap. of Chowan co. N. C. on Edenville, pv. Orange co. N.Y. Edgarton, pv. cap. of Dukes co. Mass. on the E part of Martha's Vineyard. Edgecomb, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 32 sse of A. Edgefield C. H. pv. cap. of Edgefield dist. S. C. 56 wsw of Columbia. Edgemont, pt. Delaware co. Pa.87ESE of H. Edina, pv. cap. of Knox co. Mo. [scot r. Edinburg, tp. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob- Edinburg, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 52 N of Al. Edinburg, borough, Erie so. Pa. 250 nw it II Edinburg, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 242 wnw of H, Edinburg, pv. Leake co. Miss. 70 ne of J. Edinburg, pt. Portage co. O. 146 ne of Cs. Edinburg, pv. Johnson co. Ind. 30 s of Is. Edinburg, pv. cap. of Jones co. Iowa. Edisto r. S. C. See Gazetteer. Edmeston, pt. Otsego co. N. Y. 15 w of Cooperstown. Edmonds, tp. Wn. co. Me. on Cobscook Bay. Edwards, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Os- wegatchie river. [ley's Lake. Edwardsburg, pv. Cass co. Mich, on Beards- Edwardsfort, pv. Knox co. Ind. 105 sw Is. Edwardsville, pv. Warren co. O. Edwardsville, pv. cap. of Madison co. 111. 12 se of Alton. [merce. Eel r. Ind. flows into White r. at Point Com- Effingham, pt. Carroll co. N. H. 62 nne Cd. Effingham, pv. Darlington dist. S. C. 133 enk of Columbia. Egg Harbour, Great, tp. Atlantic co. N. J 48 sse of Woodbury. Egg Harbour, Great, r. N. J. rises in Glo'ster co. and flows into Great Egg Harbour Bay. Egg Harbour, Little, tp. Burlington co. N. J. 35 se of Mount Holly. Egg Harbour, Little, r. N. J. flows into Lit- tle Egg Harbour Bay, called also Great Bay. Egremont, tp. Berkshire co. Mass. Egypt, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. k'gypt, v. Colorado co. Texas, 2 or 3 m. from the left bank of the Colorado river. Elamsville, pv. Patrick co. Va. 216 wsw R. Elba, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. 7 N of Batavia. Elba, tp. Lapeer co. Mich. [of M. Elberton, pv. cap. of Elbert co. Ga. 110 nnk Elbridge, pt. Onondaga co. N. Y. 13 w of Syracuse. [ofH. Eldersville, pv. Washington co. Pa. 230 w Elderton, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 168 wnw II. El.dred, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. [Bay. Elizabeth, tp. Essex co. N. J. on Newark Elizabeth, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 14 s Pittsburg. Elizabeth, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. Elizabeth, pv. (post office called Jackson ville,) Wood co. Va. Elizabeth, tp. Lawrence co. O. Elizabeth, tp. Miami co. O. Elizabeth, pv. Harrison co. Ind. 4 n of Ohio r. Elizabeth, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Ark. on White river. Elizabeth City, N. C. See Gazetteer. Elizabeth Islands, Mass. consist of 16 small islands between Buzzard's Bay and Vine- yard Sound, [of N.Y. Elizabethport, pv. Essex co. N. J. 12 sw Elizabeth r. Va. flows into a large estuary at the mouth of James river. Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Essex co. N.Y on Boquet river. [ne of Tn. Elizabethtown, borough, Essex co. N. J. 44 Elizabethtown, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 18 e H Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Marshall co. Va on Ohio river. [Cape Fear r. Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Bladen co. N. C. on Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Carter co. Tenn. on Watauga river. [sw of F. Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Hardin co. Ky. 80 Elizabethtown, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 132 sw Cs. Elizabethtown, pv. cap. of Hardin co. 111.220 sse of Springfield. Elizaville, pv. Fleming co. Ky. 5 w of Flemingsburg. EMM 607 EWI Elk r. rises in Pa. and flows into Chesapeake Bay. [the Muscle Shoals. Elk r. Ala. falls into the Tennessee r. above Elk, tp. Warren co. Pa. on the Alleghany r. Elk, tp. Vinton co. O. on Racoon cr. Elk, tp. Monroe co. O. Elk Cr. pt. Erie co. Pa. 16 sw of Erie. Elk Cr. pt. Venango co. Pa. 122 wnw of H. Elkhart r. Ind. flows into St. Joseph's r. in Elkhart co. Flkhart, pv. Elkhart co. Ind. Elkhart, tp. Noble co. Ind. Elkhorn r. Ky. flows into Kentucky r. Elkhorn r. 111. flows into Kaskaskia r. Elkhorn, pv. cap. of Walworth co. Wis. 68 se of Madison. Elkland, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 170 n of H. Elk Ridge Landing, pv. Anne Arundel co. Md. on Patapsco river. Elk River, tp. Newton co. Mo. Elk Run, tp. Columbiana co. O. Elkton, pv. cap. of Cecil co. Md. on Elk r. Elkton, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 90 s of Ne. Elkton, pv. cap. of Todd co. Ky. on Elk cr. Elkton, pv. Columbiana co. O. 154 ne of Cs. Elkton, pv. Polk co. Mo. 114 sw of Jef. City. Elkville, pv. Caldwell co.N.C. on Yadkin r. Ellejay, pv. cap. of Gilmer co. Ga. 176 nw M. Ellenburg, pt. Clinton co. N.Y. 25 NNW of Plattsburg. Ellensville, pv. Ul6ter co. N.Y. 86 sw of Al. Ellerslik, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. 194 ne H. Ellerslie, pv. Harris co. Ga. 108 wsw of M. Ellery, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. on Chau- tauque Lake. [Mayville. Ellicott, tp. Chautauque co. N.Y. 18 se of Ellicott's Mills, pv. Anne Arundel co. on Patapsco river. [N.Y. on Great Valley cr. Ellicottsville, pv. cap. of Cattaraugus co. Ellington, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 20 nne Hd. Ellington, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. 25 e of Mayville. Elliot, pt. York co. Me. on Salmon Fall r. Elliotsville, tp. Piscataquis co. Me. Ellisburg, pi. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Lake Ontario. Ellisburg, pv. La Grange co. Ind. 180 n of Is. Ellisville, pv. Louisa co. Va. 66 nw of R. Ellisville, pv. cap. of Jones co. Miss. 144 se J. Ellisville, pv. Monroe co. Ind. 50 ssw of Is. Ellisville, pv. Fulton co. 111. 75 nw of Sd. Ellsworth, pv. cap. of Hancock co. Me. on Union river. Ellsworth, tp. Grafton co. N. H. 52 N of Cd. Ellsworth, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 47 w Hd. Ellsworth, pt. Mahoning co. O. 160 ne of Cs. Ellsworth, pv. cap. of Texas co. Mo. on an affluent of Gasconade river. Elmira, pv. cap. of Chemung co. N.Y. on Chemung r. and on N. Y. and Erie R. R. Elmore, pt. Lamoille co. Vt. 20 n of Mtr. El Paso del Norte. See Paso pel Norte. Elsinborough, tp. Salem co. N. J. 3 ne of Salem. Elyria, pv. cap. of Lorain co. 0. 116 nne Cs. Elysburg, pv. Northumberland co. Pa. 80 n of Harrisburg. Elyton, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Ala. 54 ne T. Emaus, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. 87 e of H. Embden, pt. Somerset co. Me. on Kennebec r. Emory r. Tenn. falls into Clinch r. Emmet, tp. Calhoi a co. Mich. Emmittsburg, p-» Frederick co. Md. 80 nw of Annapolis. Emoreyville, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 200 se of Tuscaloosa. [river. Enfield, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penobscot Enfield, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 42 nw of Cd. Enfield, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 75 w of B. Enfield, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 18 n of Hd. Enfield, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. 5w of Ithaca Enfield, pv. King William co. Va. 24 ne of R. Enfield, pv. Halifax co. N. C. 76 ne of Rh. English Neighbourhood, pv. Bergen co. N. J. 8 N of New York. [Madison. English Prairie, pv. Grant co. Wis. 87 w of Englishtown, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 31 e of Trenton. Ennisville, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. 80 w H. EnnoRee r. S. C. an affluent of Broad r. Enoch, pt. Monroe co. O. about 100 e of Cs. Enosburg, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 56 n of Mtr. Enosbueg Falls, pv. Franklin co. Vt. 59 N of Montpelier. Ephratah, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 58 wnw Al. Ephratah, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 38 e of H. Epi'iNG, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 30 ese Cd. Epsom, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 12 E of Cd. Equality, pv. Mecklenburg co. N.C. 166 wsw of Raleigh. [line cr. Equality, pv. cap. of Gallatin co. 111. on Sa- Erie, Pa. See Gazetteer. Erie, pv. Greene co. Ala. 48 s of T. Erie, tp. Ottawa co. O. on Portage r Erie, pt. Monroe co. Mich. 47 sw of D. Erieville, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 110 w of Al. Erin, pt. Chemung co. N.Y. 8 e of Elmira. Errol, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Androscoggin r. Erving, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Conn. r. Erwin, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. on Tioga r. Erwinna, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on the Del. r. Erwinsville, pv. Cleveland co. N. C. 200 w of Raleigh. Escambia r. Flor. and Ala. See Gazetteer. Esopus, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 7 s of Kingston. Esperance, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 29 w Al. Espy, pv. Columbia co.Pa. on the Susqa. r. Espyville, pv. Crawford co. Pa. 250 nw of H. Essex, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 48 nw of Mtr. Essex, pt. Essex co. Mass. 32 ne of B. Essex, pv. Middlesex co. Conn, on Conn. r. Essex, pv. Essex co. N.Y. on L. Champlain. Estillville, pv. cap. of Scott co. Va. on Mocassin creek, a branch of Clinch river. Etowah r. Ga. See Gazetteer. Etna, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 60 nne of A. Etna, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. on Fall cr. Etna, pv. Greene co. Ky. 99 ssw of F. Etna, pv. Licking co. O. 17 e of Cs. Etna, tp. Licking co. O. Euclid, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. on Lake Erie Eulalia, pt. Potter co. Pa. 187 nnw of H. Eugene, pv. Vermilion co. Ind. 85 w of Is. Eutaw, pv. cap. of Greene co. Ala. 36 sw T Eutaw Springs, S. C. a small branch of the Santee river. Evans, iv'enz, pt. Er ; e co. N.Y. on L. Erie. Evansburgh, pv. C^Arford co. Pa. 242 nw H. Evans's Mills, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Pleasant creek. Evansport, pv. Defiance co. O. 165 nw Cs. Evansville, pv. Preston co. Va. 266 nw R. Evansville, capital of Vanderburg co. Ind. on the Ohio. Pop. 8,000. [wnw of R. Everettsville, pv. Albemarle co. Va. 78 Everton, pv. Fayette co. Ind. 66 e of Is. Evesham, pt. Burlington co. N. J. 34 s of Tn. Ewing, tp. Franklin co. Mass. FAL 608 FAY Ewing, tp. Mercer co. N. J. [Jef. City. Ewingsville, pv. Cooper co. Mo. 70wnw of Ewington, pv. cap. of Effingham co. 111.85 se of Springfield. Exeter, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 79 nne of A. Exeter, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 37 se Cd. Exeter, tp.Wn. co. R. I. 24 sw of Providence. Exeter, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 77 w of Al. Exeter, tp. Berks co. Pa. Exeter, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Exeter, pt. Monroe co. Mich. Exeter, pv. Morgan co. 111. 47 w of Sd. Fabius r. Mo. flows into the Mississippi r. Fabius, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. Fabius, tp. Marion co. Mo. [Staten I. Factoryville, pv. Richmond co. N. Y. on Factoryville, pv. Tioga co. N.Y. on Cayuta cr. Factoryville, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 156 ne of H. Fairdale, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. 169 neH. Fairfax, pt. Franklin co. Vt. on Lamoille r. Fairfax C. H. pv. cap. of Fairfax co. Va. 120 N of Richmond. [of R. Fairfax, pv. cap. of Culpepper co.Va. 75 nnw Fairfield, pt. Somerset co. Me. 22 n of A. Fairfield, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 56 WW of Mtr. Fairfield, Conn. See Gazetteer. [Falls. Fairfield, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 8n of Little Fairfield, tp. Cumberland co. N.J. on Del. Bay. Fairfield, v. Essex co. N.J. 11 nw Newark. Fairfield, pv. Adams co. Pa. 43 sw of H. Fairfield, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Fairfield, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. on Cone- maugh river. Fairfield, v. Rockbridge co. Va. 110 w of R. Fairfield, pv. Rockingham co. Va. 135 nwR. Fairfield, pv. Pickens co. Ala. 56 w of T. Fairfield, pv. Bedford co. Tenn. 50 s of Ne. Fairfield, pv. Nelson co. Ky. 47 sw of F. Fairfield, tp. Butler co. O. [river. Fairfield, pv. Greene co. 0. 57 w of Cs. on Mad Fairfield, tp. Highland co. O. Fairfield, tp. Huron co. O. 100 n of Cs. Fairfield, tp. Lenawee co. Mich. Fairfield, pv. Franklin co. Ind. 72 e of Is. Fairfield, pv. cap. of Wayne co. 111. 145 se Sd. Fairfield, pv. Benton co. Mo. 90 sw of Jef- ferson City. [Madison. Fairfield, pv. Walworth co. Wis. 66 se of Fairfield Corners, pv. Somerset co. Me. 28 n of Augusta. Fair Haven, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 80 sw Mtr. Fair Haven, pt. Bristol co. Mass. on Acush- nett river. Fair Haven, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 38 s Hd. Fair Haven, pv. Preble co. O. 112 w of Cs. Fair Haven, pv. Clinton co. Iowa. Fairlee, pt. Orange co. Vt. 38 se of Mtr. Fairmount, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. Fairplay, pv. Greene co. Ind. on White r. Fairport, pv. Chemung co. N.Y. on Che- mung canal. Fairport, pv. Lake co. O. on Grand r. Fairton, pv. Cumberland co. N. J. 70 s Tn. Fairview, pt. Erie co. Pa. on Lake Erie. Fairview, tp. York co. Pa. 17 nw of York. Fairview, pv. Brooke co. Va. 2 e of Ohio r. Fairview, pv. Buncombe co. N.C. 245 w Rh. Fairview, pv. Greenville dist. S.C. 88 nw Ca. Fairview, pv. Guernsey co. O. 95 e of Cs. Fairview, pv. Fulton co. 111. 83 nw of Sd. Fairville, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. 192 w of Al. Fallowfield, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Fall River, Mass. See Gazetteer Fall River, Oregon, flows into .ne Colum- bia from the s, in Ion. 120° 30* w ? about 20 m. above the Dalles. The name is derived from the multitude of falls and rtpids oc- curring in its course. F alls, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 25 ne of Philadelphia. Falls, pt. Wyoming co. Pa. on the Susque- hanna river. Falls, tp. Hocking co. O. [sink r. Fallsburg, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. onNerer- Fallsburg, pt. Licking co. O. 65 ne of Cs. Fallston, pt. Beaver co. Pa. on Big Beaver r . Fallstown, pv. Iredell co. N. C. 150 w Rh. Falls Village, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 45 wnw of Hd. Falmouth, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 45 sw A. Falmouth, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 75 s of B. Falmouth, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 15 se of H. Falmouth, pv. Stafford co. Va. 64 N of R. Falmouth, pv. cap. of Pendleton co. Ky. 60 ne of Frankfort. Falmouth, a sea-port on the n side of Jamaica, 60 m. nw of Spanish Town. [bersburg. Fannet, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 16 n of Cham- Fannettsburg, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 59 s H. Fannin, a large co. in the ne part of Texas, bordering on Red river. The soil in the n and e sections is very productive, and well adapted to the growing of cotton and In- dian corn ; towards the w it is sandy. Capi- tal, Bonham. Farmersville, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 280 sw of Albany. [Bayou D'Arbonne. Farmersville, pv. cap. of Union par. La. on Farmington, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Me. 32 nw of Augusta. Farmington, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 38 ene Cd. Farmington, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 9wof Hd. Farmington, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 205 w of Al. Farmington, tp. Tioga co. Pa. Farmington, tp. Venango co. Pa. Farmington, pv. Davie co. N. C. 133 w Rh. Farmington, pv. Clarke co. Ga. 62 n of M. Farmington, pv. Marshall co. Tenn. 54 s Ne. Farmington, pt. Trumbull co. O. Farmington, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 20 nwD. Farmington, pv. Fulton co. III. 78 nw of Sd. Farmington, pv. cap. of St. Francis co Mo. 139 se of Jefferson City Farmington, pv. of Van Buren co. Iowa. Farmington Falls, pv. Franklin co. Me. 27 nw of Augusta* Farmville, pv. Prince Edward co. Va. on the Appomattox r. 70 wsw of Richmond. Farnumsville, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 39 wsw of Boston. [of H. Farrandsville, pv. Clinton co. Pa. 115 nw Far Rockaway, v. Queen's co. N.Y. Far West, pv. cap. of Caldwell co. Mo. 176 nw of Jefferson City. Fawn Grove, pt. York co. Pa. Fawn River, tp. St. Joseph co. Mich. Fayette, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 18 wnw A. Fayette, v. Chautauque co. N.Y. on L. Eri« Fayette, v. Chenango co. N.Y. Fayette, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on Cayuga L. Fayette, pt. Alleghany co. Pa. 214 w of H. Fayette, tp. Juniata co. Pa. Fayette, pv. Cecil co. Md. 87 ne of An. Fayette, pv. cap. of Jef. co. Miss. 80 sw of J Fayette C. H. pv. cap. of Fayette co. Ala 40 nw of Tuscaloosa. Fayette, tp. Hillsdale co. Mich. Fayette, pv. Greene co. III. 57 SW of Sd. FIS 609 FOR Fayette, pv. cap. of Howard co. Mo. 60 nw of Jefferson City. Fayette, a co. of Texas, lying on both sides of the r. Colorado, 100 m. from the sea. Soil, a black loam mixed with sand ; very fertile, especially in the southern part. Capital, La Grange. Fayette Corner, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 77 s of Nashville. [115 s of Mtr. Fayette ville, pv. cap. of Windham co. Vt. Fayetteville, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. near the Erie canal. Fayetteville, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 52 wswH. Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Va. 290 w of Richmond. Fayetteville, N. C. See Gazetteer. Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Ga. on an affluent of Flint river. Fayetteville, pv. Talladega co. Ala. 87 e T. Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Washington co. Ark. Fayetteville, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. Tenn. on Elk river. [on White r. Fayetteville, pv. Brown co. O. 94 sw of Cs. Fayetteville, pv. St. Clair co. 111. on Kaskas- kia river. [Mtr. Fayston, tp. Washington co.Vt. 16 wsw of Fearing, pt. Washington co. O. 109 ESI Cs. Federalsburg, pv. Dorchester co. Md. 65 se of Annapolis. Federalton, pv. Athens co. O. on Hocking r. Feliciana, pv. Graves co. Ky. 291 w of F. Felicity, pv. Clermont co. O. 118 ssw of Cs. Fell, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. [from B. Feltonsville, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 30 Felt's Mills, pv. Jef. co. N.Y. 162NWof Al. Femme Osage, pv. St. Charles co. Mo. on the Missouri river. Fenner, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 112 w of Al. Fenter, tp. Hot Spring co. Ark. Fenton, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. on Maramec r. Fentonville, pv. Genesee co. Mich. 57 nnw of Detroit. Fermanagh, tp. Juniata co. Pa. [lia I. Fernandina, pv. Nassau co. Flor. on Ame- Ferguson, tp. Centre co. Pa. 11 s JBellefonte. Ferguson, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. [lington. Ferrisburg, tp. Addison co. Vt. 19 s of Bur- Fincastle, pv. cap. of Botetourt co. Va. 175 w of Richmond. Fincastle, pv. Campbell co. Tenn. 206 e Ne. Fincastle, pv. Brown co. O. 100 s of Cs. Findlay, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 15 nw of Pittsburg. Findley, pv. cap. of Hancock co. O.90nwCs. Finksburg, pv. Carroll co. Md. 50 nw of An. Fini.eyville, pv. Wn. co. Pa. 195 sw of H. Fireplace, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. FisirDAM, pv. AVake co. N. C. 22 sw of Rh. Fishdam, pv. Union dist. S. C. 60 nw of Ca. F ishek sb o rough, pv. Franklin co. Va. 175 wsw of Richmond. [of Hd. Fishersville, pv. Windham co. Conn. 50 e Fisher's Island, N.Y. off the e end of Long Island. 8 m. long. [daga r. Fish House, v. Fulton co. N.Y. on Sacan- Fishing Cr. pt. Columbia co. Pa. 100 n of H. Fishkill, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 88 s of Al. Fishiull Landing, pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. on the Hudson river. Fishkill Mts. See Highlands, Gazetteer. Fishing R. tp. Ray co. Mo. Fisksburg, pv. Kenton co. Ky. on Licking r. Fisksville, pv. Providence co. R. I. 13 sw of Providence. FiTcnBURG, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 46 wrrw of Boston. Fitchport, pv. Garrard co. Ky. 44 sse of F. Fitchville, pt. Huron co. O 98 N of Cs. F itzwilliam, pt. Cheshire co. N. H 60 sw of Concord. Flaggtown, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 24 ne Tn Flanders, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. Flanders, pv. Morris co. N. J. on the e foot of Schooley's Mountain. Flatbusii, pv. King's co. N.Y. 5 se of N.Y. Flat Head (or Sailish, sa'lish) Indians, a tribe dwelling in the vicinity of Clark's r. and the adjacent portion of the Columbia. Their name is derived from a custom, for- merly prevalent among them, of flattening the heads of their children, when very young, by artificial means. It is said that this practice has been abandoned by them, but that it still obtains among several othor tribes, to whom the name of Flat Heads is not usually given. Flatlands, v. King's co. N. Y. 8se Brooklyn. Fleetville, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 158 ne of H. Fleming, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 4 s of Auburn. Flemingsburg, pv. cap. of Fleming co. Ky. 95 e of Frankfort. [2.5 n of Tn. Flemington, pv. cap. of Hunterdon co. N.J. Flemington, pv. Wake co. N. C. 15 nw Rh. Fle'scher, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 52 nnw Mtr. Fletcher, pv. Miami co. O. <>6 w of Cs. Flicicsville, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 117 nk of Harrisburg. Flint, pt. Genesee co. Mich. 60 nw D. [let. Flint cr. N.Y. flows into the Canandaigua out- Flint r. Ga. See Gazetteer. Flint r. Mich, a branch of Saginaw r. Flintville, pv. Marion dist. S. C. 140 e Ca. Florence, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 33 nw Utica. Florence, pv.Washington co. Pa. 227 w of H. Florence, pv. Stewart co. Ga. on the Chat- tahoochee r. [Tennessee r. Florence, pv. cap. of Lauderdale co. Ala. on Florence, pv. Boone co. Ky. 76 n of F. Florence, pt. Erie co. O. 112 n of Cs. Florence, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. 144 wswD. Florence, pv. Pike co. 111. 59 w of Sd. Florence, pv. Morgan co. Mo. 54 w Jef. City. Florence, pv. Louisa co. Iowa, on Iowa r. Florida, a cape on the se coast of Florida. Florida, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. on Cold r. Florida, tp. Montg. co. N.Y. 34 nnw of Al. Florida, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 110 ssw of AL Florida, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 94 sw of D; Florida, pv. Monroe co. Mo. 83 ne Jef. City. Florissant, pv. St. Louis co. Ms. 131 E Jsf« ferson City. [sw of Detroit Flowerfield, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. 154 Floyd, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 8 n of Ulica. Floyd C. H. pv. cap. of Floyd co. Va. 215 wsw of Richmond. Flovdsburg, pv. Oldham co. Ky. 37 w of F Flushing, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. 9 e of N.Y. Flushing, pt. Belmont co. O. on Stillwater cr. Flushing, pt. Genesee co. Mich. 67 nw of D. Fonda, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. N.Y. on the Mohawk r. [on Lake Winnebago- Fond du Lac, cap. of Fond du Lac co. Wis. Fordham, v. Westchester co. N. Y. Fordsville, pv. Marion co. Miss. 128 sse J. Forestburg, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. on Ne- versink river. Forest Lake, pt. Susqa. co. Pa. 180 nne H. Forestville, pv. Wake co. N. C. 15 w of Rh. FOX 610 FRA Forge Village, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 30 m. from Boston. Forks, tp, Lycoming co. Pa. Forks, tp. Northampton co. Pa. Forked Deer r. Tenn. flows into the Miss. r. Forktown, pv. Somerset co. Md. 99 sse An. Forsyth, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Ga. 55 w M. Forsyth, pv. cap. of Taney co. Mo. onWhite r. Fort Adams, pv. Wilkinson co. Miss. 158 sw of Jackson. [Champlain canal, 68 n Al. Fort Ann, pv. Washington co. N.Y. on the Fort Armstrong, on the lower extremity of Rock Island in the Mississippi river. Fort Argyle, Bryan co. Ga. on Ogechee r. (now in ruins.) [14 above Darien. Fort Barrington, Ga. on the Altamaha r. Fort Bend, a co. of Texas, lying on both sides of the r. Brazos, some 50 m. from the sea. Soil generally a rich sandy loam. Capi- tal, Richmond. Fort Brady, Mich. See Satjlt St. Mary. Fort Brown. See Matamoras. Fort Covington, pv. Franklin co. N.Y. Fort Edward, pv. Wn. co. N.Y. 49 n of AI. Fort Gibson. See Cantonment Gibson. Fort Gratiot, grash'e-ot, pv. St. Clair co. Mich. 60 ne of Detroit. [of Long Island. Fort Hamilton, pv. King's co. N.Y. w end Fort Houston, a v. of Texas, semi-capital of Houston co. near the left bank of Tri- nity r. 175 m. ne of Austin. Pop. 150. Fort Leavenworth, pv. Indian Territory, on the Missouri r. with extensive military works. [the Mississippi r. Fort Madtson, pv. cap. of Lee co. Iowa, on Fort Miller, pv. Washington co. N.Y. on the Hudson river. [the Mohawk r. Fort Plain, pv. Montgomery co. N.Y. on Fort Smith, pv. Crawford co. Ark. on the Arkansas r. with extensive fortifications. Fort Polk. See Point Isabel. Fort Snelling, pv. Iowa, on the Mississippi r. with important military works. Fort Towson, pv. Indian Key, Ark. a little N of Red river. Fort Vancouver (belonging to the British), Oregon, on the n side of the Columbia. Lat. 45° 38' N, Lon. 122° 40' w. Fort Walla- Walla. See Walla- Walla. Fort Wayne C. H. pv. cap. of Allen co. Ind. on Maumee river. [n of Madison. Fort Winnebago, pv. Portage co. Wis. 42 Foster, pt. Providence co. R. I. 19 w of Providence. Fosterville, pv. Henry co. Ga. 75 wnw M. Fosterville, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 46 se of Nashville. [Mo. 100 se of Jef. City. Fourche a Renault, pv. Washington co. Fourche la Fave, tp. Conway co. Ark. Fourche la Fave, tp. Pope co. Ark. Fowler, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on the Oswegatchie river. Fowler, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 10 n of Warren. Fowlstown, pv. Decatur co. Ga. 11 sw of Bainbridge. Fox, pt. Cfearfield co. Pa. 143 nw of H. Fox, tp. Carroll co. O. Foxborough. pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 27 ssw B. Foxcroft, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 83 ne of A. Fox Indians. See Sacs. Fox r. III. flows into the 111. r. in La Salle co. Fox Springs (sulphur and chalybeate), Ky. 10 e of Flemingsburg and 80 e of Frankfort. Foxville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 100 nw An. Framingham, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 22 wsw of Boston. Francis, St. a r. which rises in Mo., and Sowing through the ne portion of Ark falls into the Mississippi. If is navigable at high water 200 m. Francis, St. pv. St. Francisco. Ark. Francis, St. a r. of Canada East, falling into Lake St. Peter's from the se, 60 m. below Montreal. [sw of Cd. Francistown, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 25 Francisville, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. Francisville, pv. Crawford co. Ga. 60 sw M Francisville, pv. Boone co. Ky. 87 n of F. Francisville, St. pv. cap. of West Feli- ciana par. La. on the Mississippi river. Francisville, St. pv. Lawrence co. 111. 180 se of Springfield. [Moines r. Francisville, St. pv. Clark co. Mo. on Des Franconia, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 75 n of Cd. Franconia, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. 88 e H. Franconia, pv. Putnam co. O. 130 nw of Cs. Frankford, tp. Sussex co. N. J. on Papa- kating creek. Frankford, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. Frankford, borough, Phila. co. Pa. 5 NEPhila. Frankford, pv. Greenbrier co. Va. 224 w R. Frankford, pv. Pike co. Mo. 90 ne Jef. City. Frankfort, pt. Waldo co. Me. on the Pe- nobscot river. [hawk r. Frankfort, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. on the Mo- Frankfort, pv. Hampshire co. Va. on Patter son's creek. Frankfort, pv. Ross co. O. 22 nw Chilicothe. Frankfort, pv. cap. of Clinton co. Ind. 42 nnw of Indianapolis. [sse of Sd. Frankfort, pv. cap. of Franklin co. 111. 160 Frankfort Springs, pv. Beaver co. Pa. Franklin, pt. Hancock co. Me. 100 e of A. Franklin, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 18 nnw Cd. Franklin, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 70 nnw Mtr. Franklin, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 31 sw of B. Franklin, pt. New London co. Conn. 37 se of Hartford. Franklin, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. 84 sw of Al. Franklin, tp. Franklin co. N.Y. 25 se Malone. Franklin, tp. Bergen co. N. J. 13 nw of Hackensack. [Woodbury. Franklin, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. 15 se of Franklin, tp. Somerset co. N. J. 7se of So- merville. [cr. Franklin, tp. Warren co. N. J. on Pohatcong Franklin, tp. Adams co. Pa. Franklin, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. Franklin, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Franklin, tp. Bradford co. Pa. Franklin, tp. Fayette co. Pa. 9 n of Union. Franklin, t\; Greene co. Pa. on Ten Mile cr. Franklin, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. Franklin, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. [French cr. Franklin, borough, cap. of Venango co. Pa. on Franklin, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. Franklin, tp. York co. Pa. 4 s of H. [of An. Franklin, pv. cap. of Baltimore co. Md. 34 N Franklin, pv. cap. of Pendleton Co. Va. on an affluent of the Potomac river. [Rh. Franklin, pv. cap. of Macon co. N. C. 33 w of Franklin, pv. cap. of Heard co. Ga. on the Chattahoochee river. Franklin, pv. and depot. Henry co. Ala. on the Montgomery and West Point railroad. Franklin, pv. Holmes co. Miss. 55 N of J. Franklin, pv cap. of St. Mary's par. La. oil the Bayou Teche. FRE 611 FUR Franklin, pv. cap. of Williamson co. Tenn. IS sw of Nashville. [of F. Franklin, pv. cap. of Simpson co. Ky. 164 sw Franklin, tp. Adams co. O. Franklin, tp. Brown co. O. Franklin, tp. Clermont co. O. on Ohio r. Franklin, tp. Franklin co. O. on Scioto r. Franklin, tp. Harrison co. O. Franklin, tp. Jackson co. O. Franklin, tp. Morrow co. 0. Franklin, Ip. Licking co. O. Franklin, tp Monroe co. O Franklin, tp. Portage co. O. Franklin, tp. Richland co. O. Franklin, tp. Summit co. O. [Great Miami r. Franklin, pt. Warren co. O. 84 wsw Cs. on Franklin, tp. Wayne co. O. Franklin, tp. Lenawee co. Mich. Franklin, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 28 sw of D. Franklin, tp. Harrison co. Ind. Franklin, tp. Henry co. Ind. Franklin, pv. cap. of Johnson co. Ind. 20 s Is. Franklin, tp. Marion co. Ind. Franklin, tp. Owen co. Ind. Franklin, tp. Washington co. Ind. Franklin, pv. Morgan co. 111. 43 wsw of Sd. Franklin, pt. Howard co. Mo. on the Mo. r. Franklin, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Franklin, pv. Walworth co. Wis. 75 se of Madison. Franklin, a v. of Liberty co. Texas, on the left bank of Trinity river. Franklin, a v. of Texas, cap. of Robertson co. 100 m. ne of Austin. Franklin City, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 28 w B. Franklindale, v. Dutchess co. N.Y. [of Cs. Franklin Furnace, pv. Scioto co. O. 105 s Franklin Mills, pv. Portage co. O. on Cu- yahoga river. [155 ne of Cs. Franklin Square, pv. Columbiana co. O. Frankltnton, pv. cap. of Washington par. La. OS n of New Orleans. FRANKLiNTOwN,pv.Yorkco. Pa. ISsswofH. Franklintown, pv. Northampton co. Va. 168 e of Richmond. [w of Al. Franklinville, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 280 Franklinville, pv. Randolph co. N. C. Frankstown, borough, Blair co. Pa. 2 E of Flollidaysburg. FKAZER's r. of British North America, falls into the Straits of Fuca, near the 49th parallel of B Lat. Length above GOO in. Frazeyseurg. pv. Muskingum eo. O. 60 e Cs. Frederica, pv. Kent co. Del. 13 s of Dover. Frederica, pv. Glynn co. Ga. on St. Simon's i. Frederick, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. Frederick, Md. See Gazetteer. Fredericksburg, Va. See Gazetteer. Fredericksburg, pv. Wayne co. O.08 NEof Cs. Frederickshurg, pv. Washington co. Ind. on Blue river [Jef. City. Fredericksburg, pv. Ray co. Mo. 154 wsw of Fredonia, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. 2 E of Lake Erie. Fredonia, pv Chambers co. Ala. 175 ese of T. Fredonia. pv. Montgomery co. Tenn. 31 Nwof Fredonia, pv. Caldwell co. Ky. [Ne. Fredonia, pt. Licking co. O. 40 ne of Cs. Fredonia, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. [Ohio r. Fredonia, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Ind. on Fredonia, pv. Williamson co. III. Frkdensburg, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. Freedom, pt. Waldo co.'Me. 33 ne of A. F.rpr. Giiolson, pv. Noxubee co. Miss. 113 ne of J. Gholsonville, pv. Brunswick co. Va. on Meherrin river. Gibraltar, pv. Wayne co. Mich. 31 s o[ D. GOL G13 GRA Gibson, tp. Elk co. Pa. Gibson, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. Gilbertsville. pv. Olsego co. N.Y. 95 w Al. Gilboa, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 51 \v of Al. Gilead, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Androscoggin r. Gilead, 'pv. Tolland co. Conn. 21 ese of Hd. Gilead, tp. Morrow co. O. Gilead, pv. Wood co. O. on Maumee r. Gilead, pt. Branch co. Mich. 128 wsvv of D. Gilead, pv. Calhoun co. 111. 105 sw of Sd. Giles C. H. pv. Giles Co. Va. on. New r. Gilford, pv. cap. of Belknap co. N. H. on Winnipiseogee Lake. [of Cd. Gilford Village, pv. Belknap co. N.H. 3:1 N Gill, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Connecticut r. Gilman, pt. Hamilton co. N.Y. 68 nnw of Al. GiLMANTON,pt. Belknap co. N.H.20Nof Cd. Gilmanton Iron Works, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 23 N of Concord. Gilsum, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 56 wsw of Cd. Girard, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Girard, pt. Erie co. Pa. 260 nw of H. Girard, pv. Trumbull co. O. 170 ne of Cs. Girard, pt. Branch co. Mich. 110 wsw of D. Glasco, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. on Hudson r. Glasgow, pv. New Castle co. Del [of F. Glasgow, pv. cap. of Barren co. Ky. 123 sw Glasgow, pv. Howard co. Mo. on Missouri r. Glassborough, pv. Gloucester co. N. J. 47 s of Trenton. Glass Lake, tp. Jackson co. Mich. Glastenbury, tp. Bennington co.Vt. 9 ne of Bennington. [necticut r. Glastenbury, pt. Hartford co. Conn, on Con- Glaze, tp. Miller co. Mo. Glenburn, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 77 ne of A. Glen Cove, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I. Glenham, pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. 88 s of Al. Glenn, pt. Montgomery co. N.Y. 43 wnw of Albany. [Hudson r. Glenn's Falls, pv. Warren co. N.Y. on the Glennville, pt. Schenectady co. N.Y. 30 w Gloucester, Mass. See Gazetteer. [ofAl. Gloucester, tp. Providence co. R. I. 16 wsw of Providence. [Phila. Gloucester, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. 10 se of Gloucester C. H. pv. cap. of Gloucesler co.Va. Q o e of Richmond. Gloucester Furnace, pv. Atlantic co. N. J. 74 s of Trenton. Glover, pt. Orleans co.Vt. 39 nne of Mtr. Gloversville, pv. Fulton co. N.Y. 40 nw Al. Gxaiienhutten, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. Goat Island, an island in Niagara r. at the falls, which it divides into two unequal parts. Govve, Petit, peh-tee' go-av', a sea-port on the n side of Hayli, 35 m. wsw of Port-au- Prince. Goblintown, pv. Patrick co. Va. 208 wsw R. Godkrich, a t. of Canada West, on L. Huron. at the mouth of Maitland r. Lat. 43 e 50' n, Lcm. 82»w. [of Cd. Goffstown, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 16 s Goixoxda, pv. cap. of Pope co. 111. on Ohio r. GjDi.D Region. See California. Goldsborough, pt. Hancock co. Me. 110 e A. (.' ildsborough, pv. Wayne co. N.C. 50 se Rh. Go-li-aiv, a co. it> the southern part of Tex- as, intersected by tne San Antonio r. Soil a black mould, well adapted to raising cot- ton, sugar, corn, grapes, &c. The land, however, in some parts, often suffers from drought. 52 Goliad, the cap. of the above co. is a little village situated on the w or right bank of the San Antonio. GonaIves, Hayti. See Gazetteer. Gon-zal'es, a co. in the s or s central part of Texas, intersected by the Guadalupe. Soil generally very rich, producing cotton, sugar, grapes, corn, &c. in abundance. Gonzales, the cap. of the above, on the r. Guadalupe, 70 m. s of Austin, was for- merly a place of some importance, but it was burnt during the revolution. It now contains only a few dwellings. Goochland C. H. pv. cap. of Goochland co. Va. 30 wnw of Richmond. Good Ground, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. Goose cr. Va. a branch of Roanoke r. GoRDoNiviLLE, pv. Orange co. Va. 74 nw R. Gorham, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 60 sw of A. Gorham, pt. Coos co. N. H. at the base of the White Mountains. Gorham, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. on Flint cr. Gorham, pt. Lucas co. O. on Tiffin's r. Goshen, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 40 w of Cd. Goshen, tp. Addison co. Vt. 31 sw of Mtr. Goshen, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 12 nw of Northampton. Goshen, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 6 n Litchfield. Goshen, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 60 nnw of N.Y. Goshenj pv. Cape May co.N. J. on Goshen cr. Goshen, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 58 ese of H. Goshen, pv. Lincoln co. Ga. 58 ne of M. Goshen, pv. Benton co. Ala. Goshen, tp. Belmont co. O. Goshen, tp. Champaign co. O. Goshen, pt. Clermont co. O. 100 sw of Cs. Goshen, tp. Mahoning co. 0. [was cr. Goshen, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. on Tuscara- Goshen, pv. cap. of Elkhart co. Ind. on Elk- hart river. Goshen, pv. Putnam co. 111. Goshen Gore, tp. Caledonia co.Vt. Gosport, tp. Rockingham co. N. H. Gosport, v. Norfolk co. Va. on Elizabeth r. Gosport, pv. Owen co. Ind. on White r. Gouverneur, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Oswegatchie r. Govenstown, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 34 n An. Governor's Island, N.Y. in N.Y. harbour. Gowanus, v. King's co. N.Y. on Long Island. Gowensville, pv. Spartanburg dist.S. C. 130 nw of Columbia. Graceham, pv. Frederick co. Md. 87 nw An. Grace Harbour, a t. on the e side of New- foundland, with an excellent harbour. Pop. estimated at 6,000. Grafton, pt. Grafton co. N.H. 33 nw of Cd. Grafton, pt. Windham co.Vt. 109 s of Mtr. Grafton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 36 sw c -B. Grafton, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 20 ne o. Al. Grafton, pt. Lorain co. O. 118 nne of Cs. Grafton, pv. Jersey co. 111. 85 s of Sd. Graham's Station, pv. Meigs co. O. 103 m of Columbus. [of Ca. Graiiamsville, pv. Beaufort dist. S. C. 144 s Granby, tp. Essex co.Vt. [Northampton. Granby, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 9 se of Granby, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 16 nnw of Hd. Granby, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. on Oswego r. Grand, pt. Marion co. O. 58 N of Cs. Grand Blanc, pt. Genesee co. Mich. 53 nwD. Grand Detour, pv. Ogle co. 111. on Rock r. Grand Gulf, pv. Clairborne co. Miss, on tho Mississippi river. GRE 614 GHE Grand Haven, pv. cap. of Ottawa co. Mich. on Grand river. Grand Isle, pt. Grand Isle co.Vt.66 N\vMtr. Grand Island. See Niagara, Gazetteer. Grand Prairie, tp. Marion co. O. Grand r. Mich, and Mo. See Gazetteer. Grand r. California, one of the head branches of the Colorado. Grand r. or Ouse, a r. of Canada West, which flows into L. Erie about 40 m. w of Buffalo. Near its mouth it communicates with the Welland canal. Grand View, pt.Washington co. O. on Ohio r. Grand View, pv. Edgar co. 111. 114 e of Sd. Grand View, pv. Louisa co. Iowa. Grandville, pv. Kent co. Mich. 175 w of D. Granger, grain'ger, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 10 n of Angelica. Granger, pt. Medina co. O. 131 ne of Cs. Grantham, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 54 wnw Cd. Granville, pt. Addison co.Vt. 35 ssw of Mtr. Granville, tp. Hampden co. Mass. 120 s of B. Granville, pt. Washington co. N.Y. on Paw- Granville, pt. Bradford co. Pa. [let r. Granville, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. Granville, pv. Monongalia co.Va. 300 n\v R. Granville, pv. Jackson co. Tenn. on Cumber- land river. Granville, pt. Licking co. O. 34 ne of Cs. Granville, pv. Delaware co. Ind. 68 ne of Is. Granville, pv. Platte co. Mo. on Missouri r. Granville, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Grape (Jrove, pt. Ray co. Mo. Grass r. N.Y. flows into the St. Lawrence. Grass Lake, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 67 sw D. Grassy Point, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. 109 s of Albany. [of Cs. Gratiot, grash'e-ot, pv. Licking co. O. 42 e Gratis, pt. Preble co. O. 92 w of Cs. Gratz, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. 48 n of H. Graves, Mt. Lincoln co. Ga. a conical peak, about 800 feet high. Gr avesend, tp. King's co. Long I. 9 s of N . Y. Gray, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 47 sw of A. Grayson C.H. pv. cap. of Grayson co. Va. on New river. Grayson, pv. cap. of Carter co. Ky. 128 E of F. Grayspoet, pv. Muskingum co. O. 68 e of Cs. Graysville, pv. Huntingdon co. Pa. 100 w H. Graysville, pv. Todd co. Ky. 155 sw of F. Graysville, pv. White co. 111. 140 se of Sd. Great Barrington, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. Great Basin. See California, Upper. Great Bear cr. Canada West, runs into r. St. Clair. [Black r. Great Bknd, pv. Jefferson co. N. Y. on Great Bridge, pv. Norfolk co.Va. 115 se R. Great Crossings, pv. Scott co. Ky. 15 ne F. Great Falls, pv. Strafford co. N.H. 34 e Cd. Great Salt Lake of Utah, is situated on the e margin of the Great Basin, more than 500 m. from the Pacific : being intersected by the 41st parallel of n Lot. and between the 112th and 113th meridians of w Lon. Length about 90 m. ; breadth, 30 or 40 m. The surface of this lake is 4200 feet above the level of the sea. Its waters are a satu- rated solution of common salt. At its se extremity is the Utah Lake. This appears like an arm or bay of the former; but its waters are said to be fresh, and to flow into the Great Salt Lake. Great Valley, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Great Works, pv. Penobscot co. Me. 80 e A. Greece, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 6 n Rochester. Green Bay, pv. Brown co. Wis. on Fox r. Greenbrier, r. Va. See Gazetteer. [Al Greenburg, tp. Westchester co. N Y. 130 s of Greenbush, tp. Penobscot co. Me Greenbush, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 1 E of Al Greenbush, pv. Warren co. 111. 92 nw of Sd. Green Camp, tp. Marion co. O. [sw of H. Green Castle, borough, Franklin co. Pa. 56 Green Castle, pv. cap. of Putnam co. Ind. 47 w of Indianapolis. Greene, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 25 sw of A. Greene, pv. Chenango co. N.Y. on Chenango r. Greene, tp. Sussex co. N.J. 7 sw of Newton. Greene, tp. Beaver co. Pa. 12swof Beaver. Greene, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 5 ne of Cham- bersburg. [burg. Greene, tp. Greene co. co. Pa. 11 se Waynes- Greene, tp. Indiana co. Pa. Greene, tp. Pike co. Pa. Greene, tp. Adams co. O. on the Ohio r. Greene, tp. Clinton co. O. [Lisbon. Greene, tp. Mahoning co. 0. 9 N of New Greene, tp. Fayette co. O. Greene, tp. Hamilton co. O Greene, ip. Harrison co. O. Greene, tp. Hocking co. O. Greene, tp. Ashland co. O. Greene, tp. Ross co. O. Greene, tp. Summit co. O. Greene, tp. Wayne co. O. Greene, tp. Iowa co. Wis. Greenfield, tp. Hancock co. Me. Greenfield, pt. Hillsboro' co. N.H. 35 sw of Cd Greenfield, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Mass. on the Connecticut river. [ston Spa Greenfield, tp. Saratoga co. N.Y. 10 n of Ball- Greenfield, tp. Blair co. Pa. 22 N of Bedford Greenfield, pt. Erie co. Pa. [barre Greenfield, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. 30 ne Wilkes- Greenfield, borough, Washington co. Pa. Greenfield, pv. Nelson co.Va. 107 w of R. Greenfield, pv. Sullivan co. Tenn. 200 e of Ne. Greenfield, tp. Fairfield co. O. Greenfield, pv. Highland co. O. 72 sw of Cs Greenfield, tp. Huron co. 0. 106 N of Cs. Greenfield, pt. Wayne co. Mich. 6 nw of D. Greenfield, pv. cap. of Hancock co. Ind. 20 s of Indianapolis. Greenfield, pv. Greene co. 111. 60 sw of Sd. Greenfield, pv. cap. of Dade co. Mo. 150 sw of Jefferson City. [City. Greenfield, pv. Shelby co. Mo. 136 n of Jef. Greenfield, pv. Milwaukie co. Wis. 92 e of Madison. [of Cd. Greenland, pt. Rockingham co. N.H. 45 ess Green Mountains. See Gazetteer, p. 244 Green Oak, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 40 w D Greenock, pv. Crittenden co. Ark. on Miss, r Greenport, tp. Columbia co. N.Y. 2 s of Hudson. __ [Long I. Greenport, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. ne end of Green r. Ky. flows into the Ohio r. Green r. California, one of the head branches of the Colorado. Greensboro', pt. Orleans co. Vt. 30 nne Mtr. Greensboro', pv. Greene co. Pa. 196 w of H Greensboro'j pv. Caroline co. Md. 59 E of An Greensboro', pv. cap. of Guilford co. N.C. 82 wnw of Raleigh. [of M Greensboro', pv. cap. of Greene co. Ga. 44 N Greensboro', pv. Greene co. Ala. 40 s of T. Greensboro', pv. cap. of Choctaw co. Miss. 110 ne of Jackson. GRT 615 HAD Greensboro', tp. Greene co. Ky. 90 ssw of F. Greensboro', pv. Henry co. Ind. 40 e of Is. Greensburg, borough, cap. of Westmoreland co. Pa. 168 w of Harrisburg. Greensburg, pv. cap. of St. Helena par. La. on Tickfaw river. Greensburg, pv. Trumbull co. O. 185 ne Cs. Greensburg, pv. cap. of Decatur co. Ind. 47 s-s of Indianapolis. Green's Fork, tp. Randolph co. Ind. Greenstown, pv. Stark co. O. 130 ne of Cs. Greenupsburg, pv. cap. of Greenup co. Ky. on the Ohio river. [of A. Gieen Village, pv. Franklin co. Me. 90 xw Greenville, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 90 neA. Greenville, pv. Providence co. R. I. 9 w of Providence. Greenville, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 29 s of Al. Greenville, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 70 N of Tn. Greenville, tp. Erie co. Pa. Greenville, pt. Somerset co. Pa. Greenville, pv. Augusta co.Va. 120 wnw R. Greenville, pv. cap. of Pitt co. N. C. on Tar r. Greenville C. H. pv. cap. of Greenville dist. S. C. [lOOwofM. Greenville, pv. cap. of Meriwether co. Ga. Greenville, pv. cap. of Butler co. Ala. 140 sse of Tuscaloosa. [of Little Rock. Greenville, pv. cap. of Clark co. Ark. 78 sw Greenville, pv. cap. of Greene co. Tenn. 258 e of Nashville. Greenville, pv. cap. of Muhlenburg co. Ky. on an affluent of Green river. Greenville, pv. cap. of Darke co. O. 90 w Cs. Greenville, pv. Floyd co. Ind. 110 s of Is. Greenville, pv. cap. of Bond co. 111. 74 s £d. Greenville, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Mo. on St. Francis river. Greenwich, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 75 w B. Greenwich, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 82 sw Hd. Greenwich, pt. Wn. co. N.Y. 35 nne of Al. Greenwich, pt. Cumberland co. N. J. 73 ssw of Trenton. [Woodbury. Greenwich, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. 7 sw of Greenwich, pt. Warren co. N. J. 10 s of Bel- videre. Greenwich, tp. Berks co. Pa. 18 ne Reading. Greenwich, pt. Huron co. O. 93 n of Cs. Greenwich Village, pv. Hampshire co. Mass. 73 w of Boston. Greenwood, pt. Oxford co. Me. 54 w of A. Greenwood, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. Greenwood, pt. Columbia co. Pa. 92 nne H. Greenwood, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Greenwood, tp. Juniata co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Greenwood, tp. Perry co. Pa. 10 ne of Bloomfield. Greenwood, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. SONwCa. Greenwood, pv. Caddo par. La. 150 nw N.O. Greenwood, pv. Johnson co. Ind. 10 s of Is. Greersburg, Pa. See Darlington. Gregg, tp. Centre co. Pa. on Sinking cr. Greig, greg, tp. Lewis co. N.Y. on Moose r. Grenada, pv. Yalabusha co. Miss, on Yala- busha river. Griffin, pv. Pike co. Ga. 80 w of M. [of R. Griffinsburg, pv. Culpepper co.Va. 106 nw Griffin's Mills, pv. Erie co. N.Y. in Au- rora township. [of Tn. Griggstown, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 20 nne Griggsville. pv. Pike co. 111. 60 w of Sd. Griswold, pt. New London co. Conn. 50 ese of Hartford. [Missouri r. GkiswoLE Ctty, pv. Franklin co. Mo. on the Groton, pt. Grafton co. N.H. 42 nnw of Cd. Groton, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 30 E of Mtr. Groton, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 33 nw of B Groton, pt. New London co. Conn. 45 se Hd. Groton, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. on Fall cr. Groton, pt. Erie co. O. 95 N of Cs. Grove, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 260 wsw Al. Grove, tp. Clinton co. Pa. [nesus Lake. Groveland, tp. Livingston co. N.Y. on Co- Groveland, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 44 NW of D. Groveland, pv. Tazewell co. 111. 62 n of Sd. Guadalupe r. Texas, flows into the San An- tonio. Length 250 m. Guanaxuato or Guanajuato, gwan' v a-Hwah' to (see Introduction XXVII. 9, 10 and 17), a small but populous state in the central part of Mexico, nw of the city of Mexico. Area 8,600 sq. Hi. Pop. 450,000. For Gua- naxuato, the capital of the above, see Gazetteer. Guayama, gwl-ah'ma, a sea-port on the s coast of Porto Rico, almost due s from San Juan. Guaymas, gwl'mas, a sea- port of Sonora, on the Gulf of California, with one of the best harbours on the western coast of Mexico. Lat. about 28° n, Lon. 110° 10' w. Pop. between 3,000 and 4,000. GUAZACUALCO OT HUASACUALCO, gWaS-S.- kwal'ko, a small r. of Mexico, forming a part of the boundary between the states of Vera Cruz and Tabasco. At its mouth, in the Gulf of Mexico, there is a tolerable harbour. Guilderland, pt. Albany co. N.Y. 9w of Al. Guildhall, pv. cap. of Essex co. Vt. on Connecticut river. [taquis r. Guilford, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. on Pisca- Guilford, pt. Windham co. Vt. 124 s of Mtr. Guilford, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 50 s Hd. Guilford, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 100 w of Al. Guilford, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 6 se of Cham- bersburg. Guilford, v. Columbiana co. O. Guilford, tp. Medina co. O. Guines, ghe-nes', an inland town of Cuba, 45 m. se from Havana. The climate is fine, and invalids from the United States fre- quently winter here. It is the southern termination of the principal railroad in the island. Pop. between 3,000 and 4,000. Gullitsville, pv. Monroe co. Ga. 60 w M. Guitivis. See Mayo. Gustavus, pt. Trumbull co. O. Guyan, ghl'an, tp. Gallia co. O. Guyandotte r. Va. See Gazetteer. Guyandotte, Little, r. Va. flows into the Ohio river. Guyandotte, pv. Cabell co.Va. on the Ohio r. Gwyn'nedd, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. Hackensack r. N.J. flows into Newark Bay. Hackensack, pv. cap. of Bergen co. N. J. on Hackensack river, 76 ne of Tn. [ York. Hackensack, tp. Bergen co. N. J. 13 n of New Hackettstown, pv. Warren co. N. J. 60 n Tn. Haddam, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 22 s of Hd. Haddonfield, pv. Camden co. N.J.35sw of Trenton. Haddonsville, pv Todd co. Ky. 190 sw F. Hadley, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. on Conn, r Hadley, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 58 n of Al. Hadley, pt. Lapeer co. Mich. 58 N of D. Hadley, pv. Will co. 111. 174 ne of Sd. HAM 616 HAR Hablyme, pv. New London co. Conn. 40 s Hd. Haerlem. See Harlem. [36 wnw of Al. Hagerman's Mills, pv. Montgomery co. NY. Hagerstown, Md. See Gazetteer. Hagerstown, pv. Preble co. O. about 100 w Cs. Hagerstown, pv. Wayne co. lnd. 60 e of Is. Hague, pt. Warren co. N.Y. 90 M of Al. Hague, pv. Westmoreland co. Va. 76 ne of R. Hague, pv. Logan co. Ky. 174 sw of F. Hains, tp. Centre co. Pa. 19 e of Bellefonte. Hale, tp. Harden co. O. Half Acre, v. Putnam co. Ga. Half Moon, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 13 N of Al. Half Moon, pt. Centre co. Pa. 100 xw of H. Halifax, pt. Windham co. Vt. on Green r. Halifax, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 36 sse of B. Halifax, pt. Dauphin cd. Pa. 23 H of H. Halifax (or Banister), pv. cap. of Halifax co. Va. on Banister river. [Roanoke r. Halifax, pv. cap. of Halifax co. N. C. on the / Halifax, pv. Kemper co. Miss. 100 ene of J. Halifax', pv. Wilson co. Tenn. 24 e of Ne. Hallett's Cove, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. Hallowell, Me. See Gazetteer. Hall's Stream, N. H. a small r. which flows into the Connecticut river. [Al. Hall's Mills, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 30 wsw of Hallstown, pv. Jefferson co.Va. 172 n of R. Hallsville, pv. Duplin co. N. C. 97 se of Rh. Hallsville, pv. Chester dist. S. C. 52 N of Ca. Hamburg, pv. New London co. Conn. 34 sse of Hartford. Hamburg, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 300 w of Al. Hamburg, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 86 n of Tn. Hamburg, pv. Berks co. Pa. 68 ene of H. Hamburg, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C. on Savan- nah river. Hamburg, pv. Macon co. Ga. 88 sw of M. Hamburg, pv. Perry co. Ala. 65 s of T. Hamburg, pv. Hardin co. Tenn. 140 sw of Ne. Hamburg, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 50 wnwD. Hamburg, pv. Calhoun co. 111. on Mississippi r. Hamburg, pv. Clarke co. Ind. 120 s of Is. Hamburg on the Lake, pv. Erie co. N.Y. on Lake Erie. Hamden, pt. NewHaven co. Conn. 33 ssw Hd. Hamden, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. on a branch of the Delaware river. Hamilton, pt. Essex co. Mass. 22 nne of B. Hamilton, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 96 w of Al. Hamilton, tp. Atlantic co. N. J. 30 se of Woodbury. [burg. Hamilton, tp. Adams co. Pa. 12 NE of Gettys- HamiltonJ tp. Franklin co. Pa. Hamilton, tp. M'Kean co. Pa. Hamilton, tp. Monroe co. Pa. Hamilton, pv. Loudon co.Va. 160 n of R. Hamilton, pv. Martin co. N. C. 127 e of Rh. Hamilton, pv. cap. of Harris co. Ga. 126 wsw of Milleclgeville. Hamilton, pv. Autauga co. Ala. 92 se of T. Hamilton, pv. Monroe co. Miss. 156 ne of J. Hamilton, pv. cap. of Butler co. O. on Great Miami river. Hamilton, tp. Franklin co. O. on Scioto r. Hamilton, tp. Warren co. O. Hamilton, pt. Van Buren co. Mich. Hamilton, pv. Hamilton co. 111. [Sabine r. Hamilton, a v. of Texas, in Shelby co. on the Hamilton, a flourishing and important t. of Canada West, situated a lew miles s of Bur- lington Bay, at the w extremity of Lake On- tario. Pop. estimated at 8,000. Hamilton Ban, tp. Adams co. Pa Hamilton Village, v. Philadelphia co. Pa. 1 w of the Schuylkill river. Hamiltonville, or Newtown Hamilton, pv. Mifflin co. Pa. on Juniata r. Hamlin's Grant, tp. Oxford co. Me. Hammond, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on the St. Lawrence. Hammondsport, pt. Steuben co. N. Y. on Crooked Lake. [ri er. Hampden, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penobscot Hampden, pt. Geauga co. O. [of Cd. Hampstead, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 28 ssH Hampstead, pv. Carroll co. Md. 5Q NW of An. Hampstead, pv. King George co. Va. 90 nne R. Hampton, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. on the Atlantic. Hampton, pt. Windham co. Conn. 40 e of Hd. Hampton, v. Oneida co. N.Y. Hampton, pt. Washington co. N.Y. 26 N Salem. Hampton, pv. Adams co. Pa. 30 sw of H. Hampton, pv. cap. of Elizabeth City co.Va. on Hampton river. Hampton, pv. Rock Island co. 111. 150 nnw Sd. Hampton Roads, Va. an arm of Chesapeake Bay, near the mouth of James r. It is suf- ficiently deep for the largest ships of war, and is an important naval station. Hamptonburg, pt. Orange co. N.Y. 4 ne of Goshen. [sw of Portsmouth. Hampton Falls, pt. Rockingham co. N. PI. 16 Hamptonville, pv. Surry co. N. C. 145 wnw PIamtramck, tp. Wayne co. Mich. [of Rh Hancock, pt. Hancock co. Me. 95 E of A. Hancock, pt. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 34 sw Cd. Hancock, pt. Addison co. Vt. 39 ssw of Mtr Hancock, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 142 w B. Hancock, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. on Del. r. Hancock, pt. Wn. co. Md. on Potomac r. Hancock Bridge, pv. Salem co. N.J. 85 sw Tn. Hancock Factory, pv. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 30 sw of Concord. Hancockville, pv. Union dist. S. C. 85 nw Ca. Handy, tp. Livingston co. Mich. Hanging Rock, pv. Hampshire co. Va. Hannahsburg, pv. Butler co. Pa. 207 wnwH. Hannibal, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 175 wnw Al. Hannibal, pv. Marion co. Mo. on Miss. r. Hannibalville, v. Oswego co. N.Y. Hanover, pt. Grafton co. N. PI. on Conn. r. Hanover, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 24 ssw of B. Hanover, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. on L. Erie. Hanover, tp. Burlington co.N.J. 12 ne of Mount Holly. [town. Hanover, pt. Morris co. N. J. 5 n of Morris- HanoverJ tp. Beaver co. Pa. Planover, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 15 se of H. Hanover, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. on Lehigh r. Hanover, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Hanover, tp. Northampton co. Pa. Hanover, pt. Washington co. Pa. Hanover, borough, York co. Pa. 35 s of H. Hanover C.H. pv. cap. of Hanover co. Va 20 N of Richmond. Planover, tp. Butler co. O. [Lisbon Hanover, tp. Columbiana co. O. 10 e of New Hanover, v. Harrison co. O. 8 nw of Cadiz. Hanover, pt. Licking co. O. 48 ne of Cs. Hanover, tp. Ashland co. 0. Hanover, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 90 w of D. Planover', tp. Shelby co. Ind. [nw of Cd. Hanover Centre, pv. Grafton co. N. II. 60 Hanoverton, pv. Columbiana co. O. Hanson, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 28 sse of B Harbor cr. pt. Erie co. Pa. 6 ne of Erie. HAR 617 HAS Hardin, pv. Shelby co. O. 85 wnw of Cs. Hardinsburg, pv. cap. of Breekenridge co. Ky. 115 wsw of Frankfort. Hardinsburg, v. Dearborn co. Ind. on Great Miami river. Hardinsburg, pv. Wn. co. Ind. 106 s of Is. Hardinsville, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 9 w of F. Hardwick, pt. Caledonia co.Vt.27 ne of Mtr. Hardwick, pv Worcester co. Mass. 68 w of B. Hardwick, '.p. Warren co. N. J. 15 ne of Bel- videre. Hardwick, Ga. See Gazetteer. Hardy, tp. Holmes co. O. Hardyston, tp. Sussex co. N. J. on Wallkill r. Harford, pt. Susquehaima co. Pa. Harios, tp. Centre co. Pa. Harlem, pv. N.York co. N.Y. on Harlem r. Harlem, pt. Delaware co. O. 27 n of Cs. Harlansburg, pv. Lawrence co. Pa. Harlesville, pv. Marion dist. S. C. on Lit- tle Pedee river. Harlingen, pv Somerset co. N. J. 18 n of Tn. Harmar, pv. Washington co. O. on Muskin- gum river. Harmony, pt. Somerset co. Me. 57 n of A. Harmony, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. Harmony, pt. Warren co. N.J. 58 n of Tn. Harmony, v. Butler co. Pa. 12 ne of Beaver. Harmony, tp. Susquehanna co. Pa. on Sus- quehanna river. Harmwny, pv. Halifax co. Va. 150 sw of R. Harmony, pv. York dist. S. C. 100 n of Ca. Harmony, pv. Weakly co. Tenn. 132 w of Ne. Harmony, tp. Clark co. O. Harmony, tp. Morrow co. 0. Harmony, tp. Perry co. Ind. [Jefferson City. Harmony, pv. Washington co. Mo. 100 se of Harmony Vale, pv. Sussex co. N.J. 82 n Tn. Harnageville, pv. Cherokee co. Ga. 140 nw of Milledgeville. Harper's Ferry, pv. Jefferson co.Va. at the junction of the Shenandoah with the Po- tomac, on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. The scenery here is singularly picturesque and romantic, and the place is in conse quence much visited by travellers. [Al. Harpersfield, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. 64 w of Harpersfield, pt. Ashtabula co. O. on Grand r. Harpersville, pv. Broome co. N.Y. near the Susquehanna river. Harpersville. pv. Shelby co. Ala. 90 e of T. Harpeth r. Tenn. flows into Cumberland r. IIarpswell, tp. Cumberland co. Me. Harrtettstown, tp. Franklin co. N.Y. 35 s Of Malone. [Narraguagus r. Harrington, pt. Washington co. Me. on Harrington, tp. Bergen co. N.J. on the Hudson. Harrington, pv. Cumberland co. N. C. 60 s Rh. Harris, pt. Centre co. Pa. Harris, a co. in the se part of Texas, bor- dering on Galveston Bay. Soil, especially towards the n and w, extremely fertile. Houston is the capital. Harrisburg, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. on Deer cr. Harrisburg, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. Harrisburg, pv. Franklin co. O. 23 sw of Cs. Harrisburg, tp. Medina co. O. Harrisburg, pv. Fayette co. Ind. 56 E of Is. Harrisburg, pv. Van Buren co. Iowa. Harrisburg, v. of Harris co. Texas, 5 e of Houston. Harrison, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 62 wsw A. Harrison, tp. Westchester co. N.Y. 3 E of White 'PlaJu 52* Harrison, tp. Hudson co. N. J, Harrison, tp. Potter co. Pa. [Rock. Harrison, pv. Union co. Ark. 98 s of Little Harrison, pv. Hamilton co. Tenn. Harrison, tp. Carroll co. O. Harrison, tp. Champaign co. O. on Stony cr. Harrison, tp. Darke co. O. Harrison, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 126 wsw of Cs. Harrison, tp Perry co. O. Harrison, tp. Pickaway co. O. on Scioto r. Harrison, tp. Preble co. O. Harrison, tp. Macomb co. Mich. Harrison, tp. Fayette co. Ind. Harrison, tp. Harrison co. Ind. Harrison, a co. in the ne part of Texas, on the Sabine river. It is well timbered, and the soil in many parts is very fertile. Capi- tal, Marshall. LVa. 130 nw of R. Harrisonburg, pv. cap. of Rockingham co. Harrisonburg, pv. cap. of Catahoola par. La. on Washita river. Harrisonville. pv. Shelby co. Ky. 40 w of F. Harrisonville, pv. Meigs co. O. Harrisonville, pv. Monroe co. 111. on the Mis* sissippi river, 127 ssw of Springfield. Harrisonville, pv. cap. of Van Buren co. Mo on Grand river. Harrisville, pv. Buller co. Pa. 224 wnw H. Harrisville, pv. Dinwiddie co. Va. 52 s of R. Harrisville, pv. Harrison co. 0. 120 ene of Cs. Harrodsburg, pv. cap. of Mercer co. Ky. 30 s of Frankfort. Hartfield, v. Chautauque co. N.Y. Hartford, pt. Oxford co. Me. 34 w of A. Hartford, pt. Windsor co.Vt. on Conn. r. Hartford, pt. Washington co.N.Y. 14 N Salem Hartford, tp. Susquehanna co. Pa. Hartford, v. Pulaski co. Ga. on Ocmulgee r. Hartford, pv. cap. of Ohio co. Ky . 154 wsw F. Hartford, tp. Licking co. O. Hartford, pt. Trumbull co. O. 187 ne of Cs. Hartford, pv. cap. of Blackford co. Ind. 80 ne of Indianapolis. Hartford, pv. Delaware co. Ind. 92 ne of Is. Hartford, pv. Knox co. 111. 93 nnw of Sd. Hartford, pv. Des Moines co. Iowa. Hartland, pt. Somerset co. Me. 47 n of A. Hartland, pt. Windsor co. Vt. on Conn. r. Hartland. pt. Hartford co. Conn. 24 nne Hd. Hartland, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 270 w of Al. Hartland, pt. Huron co. O. 9 se of Norwalk. Hartland, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 52 wof D. Hartland, pv. M'Henry co. 111. 226 nne of Sd. Hartley, tp. Union co. Pa. Hartleyton, pv. Union co. Pa. 80 n of H. Hart's Grove, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 180neCs. Hartsville, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 134 w B. Hartsville, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 130 w of Al. Hartsville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 108 e of H. Hartsville, pv. Sumner co. Tenn. on Cumber- land river. Hartsville, pv. Bartholomew co. Ind. 54 s Is Hartsville, v. cap. of Wright co. Mo. on a branch of the Gasconade. Hartwick, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 74 w of Al. Hartwick Seminary, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. on the Susquehanna river. Harvard, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 32 nw B. Harveysburg, pv. Warren co. O. 80 ne Cs. Harveysville, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 108 ne H. Harwich, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. on the At lantic. Harwinton, pt. Litchfield co,Conn. 24 w Hd, Haskinsville, pv. Greene co. Ky. 97 3»w F HEL 618 HIG Hastings, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 150 vvxw Al. Hastings, v. Westchester co. N.Y. 20 n N.Y. Hastings, pv. cap. of Barry co. Mich. 144 w D. Hatborough, pv. Montg. co.Pa. 17 n of Phi- ladelphia. [Mississippi. Hatchy or Hatchek r. Tenn. flows into the Hatfield, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. on Con- necticut river. Hatfield, tp. Montg. co. Pa. 24 Nwof Phila. Hatt'eras, Cape, a dangerous promontory on the e coast of N. C. Havana, pv. Chemung co. N.Y. 194 wsw Al. Havana, pv. Greene co. Ala. 25 s of T. Havana, v. Licking co. O. Havana, pv. cap. of Mason co. 111. on III. r. Haverford, pt. Delaware co. Pa. 8 w Phila. Haverhill, pt. Grafton co. N. H. on Conn. r. Haverhill, pt. Essex co. Mass. on Merrimack r. Haverstraw, pt. Rockland co. N.Y. on the Hudson river. Havre de Grace, Md. See Ga«etteer. Haw Cr. tp. Bartholomew co. Ind. [Ohio r. Hawesville, pv. cap. of Hancock co. Ky. on Hawfield, pv. Orange co. N. C. 48 nw Rh. Hawkinsville, pv. cap. of Pulaski co. Ga. on Ocmulgee river. Hawley pt. Franklin co. Mass. 110 w of B. Haw r. N. C. unites witn Deep r. to form Cape Fear river. [NNWofR. Hawsburg, pv. Rappahannock co. Va. 130 Haycock, tp. Bucks co. Pa. Hayfield, pt. Crawford co. Pa. [n of R. Hay Market, pv. Prince William co. Va. 114 Haynesville, pv. York dist. S. C. 86 n of Ca. Haynesville, pv. Houston co. Ga. 70swof M. Haynesville, pv. cap. of Lowndes co. Ala. 116 se of Tuscaloosa. Haynesville, pv. Ohio co. Ky. 140 sw of F. Haysville, pv. Ashland co. O. 78 Kin of Cs. Haywood, pv. Chatham co. N. C. 30 w of Rh. Hazle, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [of T. Hazle Green, pv. Madison co. Ala. 170 nne Hazleton, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 106 ne of H. i Head of Harbour, v. Suffolk co. N.Y. 50 e i of New York. Heath, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 109 wnw of B. { Heath, tp. Harrison co. Ind. [Va. 98 e of R. j Heaths ville, pv. cap. of Northumberland co. Heathsville, pv. Halifax co. N. C. 82 ne Rh. | Hebardsville, pv. Athens co. O. 6 s Athens. | Hebberdsville, pv. Henderson co. Ky. 183 w of Frankfort. Hebron, pt. Oxford co. Me. 45 wsw of A. Hebron, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 40 nw of Cd. Hebron, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 25 se of Hd. Hebron, pt. Washington co. N.Y. 54 n of Al. ! Hebron, tp. Potter co. Pa. Hebron, pv. Washington co. Ga. 16 se of M. Hebron, pt. Licking co. O. 27 ne of Cs. Hebron, pv. M'Henry co. 111. [of H. Hecktown, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 100 ene Hector, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. 14 w Ithaca. Hector, pt. Potter co. Pa. Heidelberg, hT'dl-burg, tp. Berks co. Pa. Heiflelburg, tp. Lebanon co. Pa. Heidelberg, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. on Lehigh r. Heidelberg, tp. York co. Pa. 15 sw of York. Heildersburg, pv. Adams co. Pa. 25 sEof H. Helderbergs. hills or mountains, N.Y. in the w part of Albany and Schoharie counties. Helena, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. [river. Helena, St. pv. St. Helena par. La. on Ticfah Helena, pv. Mason co. Ky. 87 ne of F. Helena, pv. cap. of Philips co. Ark. on Miss. r. | Helena, pv. Iowa co. Wis. 60 nw of Madison. Hellam, pt. York co. Pa. 29 s of H. Hellen, pv. Clearfield co. Pa. 176 nw of H. Hellerstown, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 97 ene of H. [ous pass in East r. 7 ne N.Y Hell Gate, or Helle Gatt, N.Y. a danger Helt, tp. Vermilion co. Ind. Hemlock, tp. Montour co. Pa. [1 wide. Hemlock Lake, Livingston co. N.Y. 6 m. long Hempfield, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 40 se of H. Hempfiekl, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. Hempstead, pt. Queen's co. N.Y. 20 e of N.Y. Hempstead Harbor, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. Henderson, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. Hender- son Harbor, v. in the above tp. on Lake Ontario, 180 nw of Albany. [river. Henderson, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. on Juniata Henderson, pv. Granville co. N. C. 44 N of Rh. Henderson, pv. Houston co. Ga. 68 sw of M. Henderson, pv. cap. of Henderson co. Ky. on Ohio river. Henderson, pv. Knox co. 111. on Henderson r. Henderson, v. of Texas, cap. of Rusk co. about 15 m. s of the Sabine r. Pop. near 100. Hendersonville, Va. See Nottaway C. H. Hendersonville, pv. cap. of Henderson co. N. C. on French Broad river. [of Ne. Hendersonville, pv. Sumner co. Tenn. 16 nb Hendersonville, pv. Henry co. Ky. 33 nw F. Hendrysburg, pv. Belmont co. O. 15 w of St. Clairsville. Henlo'pen, Cape, Del. on the west side of the entrance of Delaware Bay. [nois r. Hennepin, pv. cap. of Putnam co. 111. on Illi- Henniker, pt. Merrimack co. N.H. 15 w Cd. Henrietta, pt. Monroeco. N.Y. on Genesee r. Henrietta, pt. Lorain co. O. 35 w Cleveland Henrietta, pt. Jackson co. Mich. Henry, Cape, at the s side of the entrance of Chesapeake Bay. Henry Clay, tp. Fayette co. Pa. Henry, tp. Wood co. O. Henry, tp. Henry co. Ind. [liamsport. Hepburn, pt. Lycoming co. Pa. 9 n of Wil- Herculaneum, pv. Jefferson co. Mo. on the Mississippi river. Hereford, pt. Berks co. Pa. 80 e of H. Hereford, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 52 nw of An. Herkimer, pv. cap. of Herkimer co. N.Y. on the Mohawk r. [Missouri r. Hermann, pv- cap. of Gasconade co. Mo. on Hermon, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 7 w Bangor. Ilermon, pt. St. Lawrence co. NY. [n of J. Hernando, pv. cap. of De Soto co. Miss. 200 Derrick, tp. Susquehanna co. Pa. 20 se of Montrose. Herrick, pt. Bradford co. Pa. Hertford, pv. cap. of Perquimans co. N. C on Perquimans river. [Oswegatchie i Heuvelton, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. I in Hiaqui. See Yaqui. [see r Hiwassee r. Tenn. flows into the Terne*- Hibernia, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 1 N of Jef Hickory, tp. Mercer co. Pa. [City Hickory, pv. Washington co. Pa. 220 w of H Hickory, pv. Carroll co. O. 121 ene of Cs. Hicksburg, pv. Dorchester co. Md. Hicksford, pv. cap. of Greenville co.Va. on Meherrin river. Hicksville, v. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I. Hicksville, pv. Williams co. O. 177 nw of Cs. Higganum, pv. Middlesex co. Conn. 21 s Hd Higginsport, pv. Brown co. O. on Ohio r. High Falls, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 70 s of AL HOL 619 HOP High Gate, pt. Franklin co. Vt. on L. Cham- plain. Highland, pv. Highland co. O. 50 sw of Cs. Highland, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 45 nw of D. Highland Mills, pv. Orange co.N.Y. Highlands, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Hightower. See Etowah, Gazetteer. Hishtstown, pv. Mercer co. N. J. 19 e Tn. Hill, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 24 nnw of Cd. Hill Gore, t p. Washington co. Me. Hilliar, tp. Knox co. O. Hilliardston, pv. Nash CO. N. C. 60 NNE Rh. Hillsborough, pt. Hillsborough co.N.H.on Contoocook river, 24 sw of Concord. Hillsborough, tp. Somerset co. N.J. on an af- fluent of Raritan river. Hillsborough, pv. Washington co. Pa. 200 w H. Hillsborough, pv. Caroline co. Md. 60 e An. Hillsborough, pv. Loudon co.Va. 166 n of R. Hillsborough, pv. cap. of Orange co. N. C. 40 nw of Raleigh. Hillsborough, pv. Jasper co. Ga. 28 nw of M. Hillsborough, pv. Lawrence co. Ala. 127 N T. Hillsborough, pv. cap. of Scott co. Miss. 48 e J. Hillsborough, pv. Coffee co. Term. 76 se Ne. Hillsborough,' pv. Fleming co. Ky. 90 e of F. Hillsborough, pv. cap. of Highland co. O. 75 sw of Columbus. [of Is. Hillsborough, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 60 wnw Hillsborough, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. 111. 64 s of Springfield. [river. Hillsborough, pv. cap. of Jef. co. Mo. on Big Hillsborough Bridge, pv. Hillsborough co. N.H. 21 sw of Concord. Hillsborough Centre, pv. Hillsborough co. N. H. 24 sw of Concord. Hillsdale, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 45 s of Al. Hillsdale, pv. Hillsdale co. Mich. 98 wsw D. Hillsville, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 245 wnw H. Hilltown, pt. Bucks co. Pa. Hinckley, pt. Medina co. O. 130 nne of Cs. Hinesburg, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 42 w Mtr. Hinesville, pv. cap. of Liberty co. Ga. 196 se of Milledgeville. [15 se of B. Hingham, hing'gum, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. Hinkletown, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 42 ese H. Hinsdale, pt. Cheshire co. N.H. on Ashue- lot river. Hinsdale, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 120 w of B. Hinsdale, pt. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. Hiram, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Saco r. Hiram, pt. Portage co. O. 154 ne of Cs. Hitchcockville, pv. Litchfield co. Conn, on Fannington river. Hitesville, pv. Coles co. 111. 108 ese of Sd. Hiwassee r. Tenn. enters Tennessee r. Hobart, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. 65 wsw Al. Hoboken, N. J. See Gazetteer. Hockhocking r. O. flows into the Ohio r. Hocking, tp. Fairfield co. O. Hocking City, pv. Athens co. 0. 100 se of Cs. Hockingport, pv. Athens co. 0. 104 se of Cs. Hodgdon, pt. Aroostook co. Me. Hodgensville, pv. Hardin co. Ky. 89 sw F. Hoffsville, pv. Harrison co. Va. 250 nw R. Hogansport, pv. Franklin co. N.Y. on St. Reikis river. Hogestown, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 9 sw H. Hokesville, pv. Lincoln co. N. C. 160 wsw of Raleigh. Holden, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 48 w of B. Holderness, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 38 H of Cd. Holderness Centre, pv. Grafton CO. N.H. 40 n of Concord. Holland, Tp. Orleans co. Vt. 56 nne ol Mtr Holland, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 67 sw of B. Holland, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 284 W of Al. Holland Patent, pv. Oneida co.N.Y. 12 N of Utica. [canal. Holley, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. on the Erie Hollidaysburg, borough, cap. of Blair co. Pa. on Beaver dam cr. Hollis, pt. York co. Me. on Saco r. Hollis, pt. Hillsborough co. N.H.44 s of Cd. Holliston, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 2 sw B Holly, tp. Oakland co. Mich. Holly Springs, pv. cap. of Marshall co. Miss. 193 N of Jackson. Holmdel, pv. Monmouth co. N.J. 45 e of Tn. Holmesburg, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 9 w of Bristol. Holmes Hole, pv. Dukes co. Mass. 89 sse B. Holmesville, pv. cap. of Appling co. Ga. 177 sse of Milledgeville. [Bogue Chitto river. Holmesville, pv. cap. of Pike co. Miss, on Holmesville, pv. Avoyelles par. La. Holmesville, pv. Holmes co. O. 93 ne of Cs. Hols i on r. Tenn. See Gazetteer. Home, pv. Jefferson co. Ind. 98 se of Is. [cr Homer, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. on Toughnioga Homer, tp. Athens co. O. on Federal cr. Homer, pv. Licking co. O. 46 ne of Cs. Homer, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. [Lake. Honeoye, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. on Honeoye Honeoye Falls, pv. Monroe co. N. Y. on Honeoye creek. [long and 1 wide. Honeoye Lake, N.Y. Ontario co. N.Y. 5 m. Honesdale, borough, cap. of Wayne co. Pa. 172 ne of Harrisburg. Honeybrook, pt. Chester co. Pa. 38 nw Phila. Honey ville, pv.Pageco. Va. on Shenandoah river. [mack r. Hookset, pt. Merrimack co. N.H. on Merri- Hookstown, pv. Beaver co. Pa. 13 sw Beaver. Hoosick r. N.Y. rises in Mass. and Vt. and flows into the Hudson in Rensselaer co. Hoosick, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 32 ne of Al. Hoosick Falls, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. on Hoosick r. Hootensville, pv. Upson co. Ga. on Flint r Hope, pt. Waldo co. Me. 36 ese of A. Hope, pt. Hamilton co. N.Y. 58 nw of Al. Hope, pt. Warren co. N. J. 66 n of Tn. Hopewell, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 187 w of Al. Hopewell, tp. Cumberland co. N. J. on Co- hansey creek, \ Hopewell, pt. Mercer co. N. J. 17 N of Tn. Hopewell, pt. Beaver co. Pa. [ford. Hopewell, pt. Bedford co. Pa. 15 ne of Bed- Hopewell, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. 21 w of Carlisle. [Huntingdon. Hopewell, pt. Huntingdon co. Pa. 13 sw of Hopewell, pt. Washington co. Pa. 12 WW of Washington borough. Hopewell, tp. York co. Pa. 14 se of Yotk. Hopewell, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 170 wsw of Raleigh. Hopewell, pv. York dist. S. C. 92 n of Ca. Plopewell, tp. Licking co. O. Hopewell, pt. Muskingum co. O. 46 E of Cs. Hopewell, tp. Perry co. O. on Jonathan's cr Hopewell, tp. Seneca co. O. on Sandusky r. Hopkinsville, pv. Chattooga co. Ga. on Lit- tle river. [200 sw of F Hopkinsville, pv. cap. of Christian co. Ky Hopkinsville, pt. Warren co. O. 96 wsw Cs Hopkinsville, v. cap. of Adair co. Mo. Hopkinton, pt. Merrimack co. N.H. 7 w Cd HUL G20 IND Hopkinton, pt Middlesex co. Mass. 29 wsw of Boston. Hopkinton, pt.Wn. co. R.I. on Wood r. Ilopkinton, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on St. Reg'vz river. Horace, tp. Tioga co. Pa. Horicox, pt. Warren co. N.Y. on Hudson r. Hornby, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. [nisteo r. •Iornellsville, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. on Ca- Hprntown, pv. Accomack co. Va. Horn Island, an island in the Gulf of Mexi- co, off the mouth of Pascagoula river. Hors'iiam, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. 16 n of Philadelphia. Horse Race, N.Y. a name given to the Hud- son r. just before it leaves the Highlands. Hoskinsville, pv. Morgan co. O. 90 e of Cs. Hot Springs, pv. Bath co. Va. 170 wnw of R. Here are remarkable springs, charged with various mineral ingredients. Hot Springs, pv. cap. of Hot Springs co. Ark. 53 w of Little Rock. [ne of A. Houlton, pv. cap. of Aroostook co. Me. 196 Houma, pv. cap. of Terre Bonne par. La. 132 sw of New Orleans. [Watertown. Hotjnsfield, tp. Jefferson co. N. Y. 6 w of Houston, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Houston, pv. Wayne co. Tenn. 110 sw of Ne. Houston, pv. cap. of Chickasaw co. Miss. 145 ne of Jackson. Houston, Texas. See Gazetteer. Houston, hews'ton, a co. in the e part of Texas, between Trinity river and the Ne- ches. It is mostly covered with woods; soil along the Trinity, and on some of the up- lands, very fertile. Near the Neches, it is somewhat sandy. Capitals, Crockett and Fort Houston. Houstonville, pv. Iredell co. N. C. 154 w of Raleigh. Howard, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. Howard, pt. Centre co. Pa. 97 Nwof H. Howard, tp. Knox co. O. on Vernon r. Howard, tp. Cass co. Mich. Howard's Gore, Oxford co. Me. Howell, tp. Monmouth co. N. .1. Howell, pv. Cobb co. Ga. 112 nw of M. Howell, pv. cap. of Livingston co. Mich. 50 w of Detroit. Howellsville, pv. Delaware oo. Pa. Howellsville, pv. Warren co. Va. on Shenan- doah river. [quis river. Howland, pt. Penobscot co.'Me. on Piscata- Howland, tp. Trumbull co. O. Hoysville, pv. Loudon co.Va. 166 n of R. Hubbard, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 180 se Warren. Ht-bbardston, pt.Wo'ster co. Mass. 54 w B. Hc3bardton, pt. Rutland co. Vt. on Hub- bardton river. Hublersburg, pv. Centre co. Pa. 88 nw of II. Hudson, pt. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 68 s of Cd. Hudson, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Hudson, pv. Summit co. O. 137 ne of Cs. Hudson, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 84 sw of D. Hudson, pv. La Porte co. Ind. 158 N of Is. Hudson, pv. M'Lean co. 111. 94 ne of Sd. Hudsoxvillk, pv. Marshall co. Miss. 200 n J. Hudsonvi'le, pv. Breckenridge co. Ky. 120 wsw of Frankfort. Hughesville, pv. Lycoming co. Pa. 90 n H. Hughsonville, v. Dutchess co. N.Y. Hulburton, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. on the Erie canal. Hull, tp. Plymouth co. Mass. 9 ese of B. Hulmeville, hume'vill, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 18 ne of Philadelphia.' Hume, pt. Alleghany co.N.Y. on Genesee r. Hummelstown, borough, Dauphin co. Pa. 9 E of Harrisburg. Humphrey, tp. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Humphreysville, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 50 sw of Hartford. Hunter, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 18 w Catskill. Hunterstown, pv. Adams co. Pa. 35 sw H Huntersville, pv. cap. of Pocahontas co.Va 190 wnw of Richmond. Huntersville, pv. Hardin co. O. 80 nw of Cs. Huntingdon, tp. Adams co. Pa. 12 ne of Get- tysburg. [Pa. 92 wnw of H. Huntingdon, borough, cap. of Huntingdon co. Huntingdon, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [w of Ne. Huntingdon, pv. cap. of Carroll co. Tenn. 93 Huntington, tp. Chittenden co.Vt. 20 w Mtr. Huutington, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 17 w of New Haven. Huntington, pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. Huntington, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. 82 nw Ca. Huntington, tp. Brown co. O. on Ohio r. Huntington, tp. Gallia co. O. on Racoon cr. Huntington, pt. Lorain co. 0. 20 sw of Elyria. Huntington, tp. Ross co. O. [on Wabash r. Huntington, pv. cap. of Huntington co. Ind. Huntingtown, pv. Calvert co. Md. 42 sw of Annapolis. Huntsburg, pt. Geauga co. O. 175 ne of Cs. Hunt's Hollow, pv. Alleghany co. N Y. Huntsville, pv. Surry co. N. C. on Yadkin r. Huntsville, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. 56 nw Ca. Huntsville, pv. Paulding co. Ga. 136 wnw M. Huntsville, pv. cap. of Madison co. Ala. 150. nne of Tuscaloosa. Huntsville, pv. cap. of Madison co. Ark. Huntsville, pv. Butler co. O. 95 wsw of Cs. Huntsville, pv. Schuyler co. 111. 80 wnw Sd. Huntsville, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Mo. on Chariton river. Huntsville, v. of Texas, 60 n of Houston. Hurley, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 60 ssw of Al. Hurl Gate. See Hell Gate. Huron r. O. flows into Lake Erie at Huron. Huron r. Mich, flows into Lake Erie. Huron, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. on Lake Ontario. Huron, pv. Erie co. O. on Lake Erie. Huron, pt. Wayne co. Mich. 29 sw of D. Hurricane, tp'. Lincoln co. Mo. Huston, tp. Centre co. Pa. Hustonville, pv. Lincoln co. Ky. 53 sse F Hutsonville, pv. Crawford co. III. Hyannis, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 77 se B. Hyattstown, pv. Montg. co. Md. 72 w An. Hyattsville, pv. Miami co. O. 82 w of Cs, Hyde Park, pv. cap. of Lamoille co.Vt. 31 g of Montpelier. [river. Hyde Park, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. on Hudson Hydesburg, pv. Ralls co. Mo. 108 nne of Jefferson City. Iberia, pv. Marion co. O. 54 n of Cs. Iberia, pv. Miller co. Mo. 50 sw of Jef. City Iberville, pv. Iberville par. La. 92 wnw N.O Ickesburg, pv. Perry co. Pa. 40 nw of H. Ijamsville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 70 nw An. Imlaytown, pv. Monmouth co. N J. 10 e Tn. Illinois r. Indian Territory, flows into Ark. r Illinois City, pv. Rock Island co. 111. Independence r. N.Y. flows into Black r. Independence, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 20 8K of Angelica. IOW 621 JAC Independence, tp. Warren co. N. J. 14 ne of Belvidere. Independence, pv. Washington co. Pa. Independence, pv. Autauga co. Ala. 94 se T. Independence, pv. Henderson co. Tenn. Independence, pv. cap. of Kenton co. Ky. 82 nxk of Frankfort. [Cleveland. Independence, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. 10 s of Independence, tp. Washington co. O. Independence, tp. Oakland co. Mich. Independence, pv. Warren co. Ind. 85 nw Is. Independence, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Mo. 146 wnw of Jef. City. It is the general place of departure of the Santa Fe traders. Indi vna, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 10 ne Pittsburg. Indiana, borough, cap. of Indiana co. Pa. 155 wnw of Harrisburg. Indian Key, pt. Dade co. Florida. Indian Lake, Hamilton co. N.Y. 4 m. long and 1 wide. Indian r. N. H. an upper br. of the Conn. r. Indian r. N.Y. flows into the Oswegatchie r. Indian r. Flor. a vast lagoon, 100 m. long. Indian R. hundred, Sussex co. Del. Indian Springs, pv. Butts co. Ga. 52 w M. Indian Stream, tp. Coos co. N. H. INDIAN or WESTERN TERRITORY, a tract which has been set apart by the U. S. government for the permanent residence of the Indian tribes who have been removed from the different states. It is bounded on the N by Platte r., e by the Missouri r. and state, s by the Red r., and w by the desert country sometimes called the '• Great American De- sert." It is about 600 m. in extent from n to 8, and 400 or 500 from e to w. A large por- tion of the territory is prairie, but the margins of the streams are generally lined with wood. All the productions of the U. S. of the same latitude can be raised here, and the country seems to be also exceedingly well adapted for grazing. Indian Town, pv. Currituck co. N. C. 2Q0 ENEof Raleigh. Indian Town, pv. Williamsburg dist. S. C. Industry, pt. Franklin co. Me. 34 nw of A. Industry, pv. Beaver co. Pa. 230 w of H. Ingham, pt. Ingham co. Mich. 77 w of D. Ingles Ferry, pv. Montg. co.Va. 215 w R. Intercourse, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 48 e of H. Inigoes, St. pv.St. Mary's co. Md. 105 s An. Iola, pv. Calhoun co. Flor.on Appalachicolar. Ionia pv. cap. of Ionia co. Mich, on Grand r. Ionia, v. Morgan co. Mo. on Moreau cr. Iosco, tp. Livingston co. Mich. Iowa City, capital of the state of Iowa, and sea. of justice of Johnson co., on the left or e bank of Iowa r., 70 or SO m. from its mouth. Pop 2,000. Iowa r. rises in Chapeau Lake, and after a course of above 300 m. in a general south- easterly direction, falls into the Mississippi. It rs navigable for boats at all seasons as far as Iowa City. Iowa Indians, a tribe in the southwestern part of Iowa. IOWA TERRITORY, an extensive ter- ritory of the U.S., bounded on the n by British North America, e by Wisconsin and Illinois, from which it is for the most part separated by the Mississippi r., s by Missouri, and w by the Indian and Missouri Territories. The Missouri r. marks nearly the whole of its western boundary. In the se part both cli- mate and soil appear to be well adapted for agricultural settlements. In the e part of the territory, along the Mississippi r., both n and 8 of the Macoqueta r., is a valuable mineral re- gion, abounding in lead, zinc, and ; ron. The people of Iowa have recently accepted the proposition made by Congress (1845-6) to erect the s portion of the territory into a sovereign state. See Iowa, Gazetteer. Ipswich, Mass. See Gazetteer. Ira, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 70 ssw of Mtr. Ira, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 170 w of Al. Ira, tp. St. Clair co. Mich. Irasburg, pv. cap. of Orleans co.Vt. 45 N Mtr. Iroquois, pv. Iroquois co. 111. on Iroquois r. Irondequoit, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 5 N of Ro- chester. Irondequoit cr. and bay, Monroe co. N. Y. communicating with Lake Ontario. Irville, pv. Muskingum co. O. 56 e of Cs. Irvine, pv. cap. of Estill co. Ky. on Ky. r. Irving, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. on L. Erie. Irving, v. Westchester co. N.Y. 26 n of N.Y. Irvingsville, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 76 wnw of Boston. Irwin, tp.Venango co. Pa. 12 sw of Franklin Irwinton, pv. cap. of Wilkinson co. Ga. 20 a of Milledgeville. Irwinton, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 200 ne of T. Irwinville, pv. cap. of Irwin co. Ga. 105 s M. Island Cr. pt. Jefferson co. O. Isleborough, pt. Waldo co. Me. 54 e of A. Isle of Shoals, eight islets on the coast of N. H. and Me. Islip, pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long Island. Israel, tp. Preble co. O. Israel's r. N. H flows into Connecticut r. Italy, tp. Yates co. N.Y. 15 w of Penu Yan. Ithaca, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Ithaca, pv. Darke co. O. 104 w of Cs. Ivy Mills, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 88 e of H. Izard C. H. Ark. See Athens. Jacinto, pv. cap. of Tishamingo co. Miss. 230 nne of Jackson. Jackson, pt. Waldo co. Me. 47 ne of A. Jackson, pt. Coos co. N. H. 80 n of Cd. Jackson, pt. Washington co. N.Y. 40 ne Al. Jackson, tp. Cambria co. Pa. Jackson, tp. Columbia co. Pa. Jackson, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. Jackson, tp. Greene co. Pa. Jackson, tp. Lebanon co. Pa. 7 E of Lebanon. Jackson, tp. Lycoming co. P. Jackson, tp. Northumberland co. Pa, Jackson, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. Jackson, tp. Tioga co. Pa. Jackson C. II. pv. cap. of Jackson co.Va. Jackson, pv. Northampton co. N.C. 108 ne Rh, Jackson, pv. cap. of Butts co. Ga. 67 w of INI Jackson, pv. Clarke co. Ala. 160 s of T. Jackson C.H. pv. cap. of Jackson co. Miss. 235 se of Jackson. Jackson, pv. East Feliciana par. La. 124 nw of New Orleans. Jackson, pv. Lawrence co. Ark. Jackson, pv. cap. of Madison co. Tenn. 134 wsw of Nashville. Jackson, tp. Champaign co. O. Jackson, tp. Coshocton co. O. JAM 622 JEF Tacksou, tp. Guernsey co. O. Jackson, tp. Highland co. O. [Chilicothe. Jackson, pv. cap. of Jackson co. O. 28 se of Jackson, tp. Monroe co. O. Jackson, tp. Montgomery co. O. Jackson, tp. Morgan co. O. Jackson, tp. Muskingum co. O. Jackson, tp. Perry co. O. Jackson, tp. Pickaway co. O. Jackson, tp. Pike co. O. Jackson, tp. Preble co. O. Jackson, tp. Sandusky co. O. Jackson, tp. Stark co. O. Jackson, tp. Mahoning co. O. Jackson, tp. Ashland co. 0. Jackson, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Mich, on Grand river, 79 w of Detroit. Jackson, tp. Dearborn co. Ind. Jackson, tp. Hancock co. Ind. Tackson, tp. Hamilton co. Jnd. Jackson, tp. Shelby co. Ind. Jackson, tp. Washington co. Ind. Jackson, tp. Wayne co. Ind. Jackson, pv. cap. of Cape Girardeau co. Mo. 196 se of Jefferson City. [Little Rock. Jackson, pv. Lawrence co. Ark. 140 ne of Jackson, a co. in the southern part of Texas, 6n Matagorda Bay. Soil consisting of a deep layer of black mould ; very fertile. Indigo is produced in abundance. Capital, Texana. [of Al. Jacksonborough, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 62 w Jacksonborough, pv. cap. of Scriven co. Ga. 116 ese of Milledgeville. * Jacksonborough, pv. Butler co. 0. 90 wsw Cs. Jacksonburg, v. Butler co. O. Jacksonburg, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 57 e of Is. Jacksonham, pv. Lancaster dist. S. C. 80 ne of Columbia. [James r. Jackson r. Va. one of the head branches of Jacksontown, pv. Licking co. O. 31 ne Cs. Jacksonville, pv. Windham co.Vt. 142 sMtr. Jacksonville, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 170 wAl. Jacksonville, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. 90ene of H. Jacksonville, pv. Sumter dist. S. C. 90 e Ca. Jacksonville, pv. cap. of Telfair co. Ga. on Ocmulgee river. [river. Jacksonville, pv. Duval co. Flor. on St. John's Jacksonville, pv. cap. of Benton co. Ala. 140 ene of Tuscaloosa. Jacksonville, pv. Darke co. O. 94 w of Cs. Jacksonville, pv. Switzerland co. Ind. 110 se Is. Jacksonville, 111. See Gazetteer. Jacksonville, v. Washington co. Texas, 10 sw of Washington. Jacobsburg, pv.' Northampton co. Pa. Jacobsburg, pv. Belmont co. O. 126 e of Cs. Jacquemel or Jacmel, zhakMnel', a sea-port on the s coast of Hayti, 30 m. sw of Port- au-Prince. Jaffrey, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 48 sw of Cd. Jalapa. See Xalapa, Gazetteer. Jalisco or Xalisco, Hah-lis'ko, a large and populous Mexican state, nw of the city of Mexico, and bordering on the Pacific. Area 74,500 sq.m. Pop. 800,000. Capital, Gua- dalaxara. Jamaica, pt. Windham co. Vt. on West r. Jamaica, pt. Queen's co. N.Y. 12 e of N.Y. Jamaica Plains, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 6 sw B. James r. Mo. flows into White r. Jamestown, tp. Newport co. R. I. 3 w of Newport [outlet of Chantauque L. Jamestown, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. on the Jamestown, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 250 wnw H. Jamestown, pv. Prince Edward co. V a . on Appomattox river. Jamestown, on James r.Va. See Gazetteer. Jamestown, pv. Guilford co. N. C. on Deepr. Jamestown, pv. Sumter co. Ala. on Tombig- bee river. [124 e of Ne Jamestown, pv. cap. of Fentress co. Tenn. Jamestown, pv. cap. of Russell co. Ky. 100 a of Frankfort. Jamestown, pv. Greene co. O. 64 wsw of Cs Jamestown, pv. Boone co. Ind. 28 nw of Is. Jamestown, pv. Sangamon co. 111. 15 fromSd. Jamestown, pv. Andrew co. Mo. 4 n of Mo. r. Jamestown, pv. Grant co.Wis. 108 w Madi son. Jamesville. pv. Onondaga co.N.Y. 127 w Al. Jamesville, pv. Southampton co. Va. [river. Jamesville, pv. Cherokee co. N. C. on Valley Janesville, pv. Rock co. Wis. on Rock r. Jarvis Gore, tp. Penobscot co. Me. Jasper, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 18 sw of Bath. Jasper, pv. cap. of Marion co. Tenn. on Se- quatchy river. [of Tallahassee. Jasper, pv. cap. of Hamilton co. Flor. 90 e Jasper, pv. cap. of Walker co. Ala. 48 ne of T. Jasper, pv. Pike co. O. 66 s of Cs. [cr. Jasper, pv. cap. of Dubois co. Ind. on Patoka Jasper, pv. cap. of Jasper co. Mo. 160 sw of Jefferson City. Jasper, a co. in the e part of Texas, between the Neches and Sabine rivers. Soil on the margins of the streams very fertile ; in the central and western parts sandy. Jasper, the capital of the above, on Sandy cr., an affluent of the Neches, 150 m. nne of Galveston. Pop. 150. Java, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. on Seneca cr. Jay, pt. Franklin co. Me. on Androscoggin r. Jay, pt. Orleans co. Vt. 58 N of Mtr. Jay, pt. Essex co. N.Y. 148 n of Al. [nie r. Jay C. H. pv. cap. of Jay co. Ind. on Salama- Jefferson, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 21 se of A. Jefferson, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Israel's r. Jefferson, v. Chemung co. N.Y. on Seneca L. Jefferson, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 56 w of Al. Jefferson, tp. Morris co. N. J. 15 nw of Mor- Jefferson, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. [ristown. Jefferson, tp. Cambria co. Pa. Jefferson, tp. Fayette co. Pa. [river. Jefferson, pt. Greene co. Pa. on Monongahela Jefferson, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Jefferson, pv. Frederick co. Md. 83 nw of An. Jefferson, pv. cap. of Asheco.N. Con New r. Jefferson, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Ga. on Oco- nee river. [Coosa r. Jefferson, pv. cap. of Cherokee co. Ala on Jefferson, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 22 se Ne. Jefferson, tp. Adams co. O [of Cs. Jefferson, pv. cap. of Ashtabula co. O. 204 nk Jefferson, tp. Fayette co. O. Jefferson, tp. Franklin co. O. 12 E of Cs. Jefferson, tp. Logan co. O. Jefferson, v. Madison co. O. 14 w af Cs. Jefferson, tp. Montgomery co. O. Jefferson, tp. Muskingum co. O. Jefferson, tp. Preble co. O. Jefferson, tp. Richland co. O. Jefferson, tp. Ross co. O. on Scioto r. Jefferson, tp. Scioto co. O. on Scioto r. Jefferson, tp. Cass co. Mich. Jefferson, pv. Clinton co. Ind. 46 n of Is. Jefferson, tp. Switzerland co. Ind. Jefferson! tp. Wayne co. Ind. Jefferson, tp. Cole co. Mo. JOH G23 KAT Jefferson, tp. Monroe co. Mo. [of Madison. Jefferson, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Wis. 3G e Jefferson, a co. occupying the ese extremity of Texas, bordering on L. Sabine. A narrow strip in the n part is covered with wood. Along the streams the soil is very rich ; in some parts there are extensive swamps well adapted to the cultivation of rice. Capital, Beaumont. [142 e of Jef. City. Jefferson Barracks, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. Teffersonton, pv. Culpepper co.Va. on Rap- pahannock river. [Santilla r. feffersonton, pv. cap. of Camden co. Ga. on Ieffersontown, pv. Jefferson co. Ky. 66 w j of Frankfort. [Mtr. Ieffersonville, pv. Lamoille co.Vt.45 n of Feffersonville, pv. Montg. co. Pa. 100 K of H. reffersonville, Va. See Tazewell C.H. Feffersonville, pv. Fayette co. O. 60 sw of Cs. ieffersonville, pv. Clarke co. Ind. on Ohio r. Jena, tp. Livingston co. Mich. [of Phila. Jenkintown, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. 10 n Jenks, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. [erset. Tenner, tp. Somerset co. Pa. 12 nw of Som- Tennersville, pv. Chester co. Pa. Jeremie, zher x ray v mee', a sea-port on the n coast of Hayti, 125 m. w of Port-au-Prince. Tericho, pt. Chittenden co.Vt. 52 nw of Mtr. Jericho, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I. Tericho, pv. Wayne co. N.C. 70 sw of Rh. lericho, pv. Perry co. Ala. 53 s of T. Tericho Centre, pv. Chittenden co.Vt. 32 nw of Montpelier. Ieromesville, pv. Wayne co. O. 82 ne of Cs. Jersey, pv. Steuben co. N.Y. on Mead cr. Jersey, pt. Licking co. 0. 35 ne of Cs. [river. Jersey City, pv. Hudson co. N.J. on Hudson Jersey Shore, borough, Lycoming co. Pa. on the w branch of the Susquehanna river, 100 nnw of Harrisburg. Terseytown, pv. Montour co. Pa. 84 NofH. Terseyville, pv. cap. of Jersey co. 111. 70 sw of Springfield. [Yan. Terusalem, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 5 w of Penn Terusalem. pv. cap. of Southampton co. Va. 70 ese of Richmond. [Long I. Jerusalem South, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Jessup's Landing, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. on Hudson river. [sofHd. Jewett City, pv. New London co. Conn. 47 Jobstown, pv. Burlington co.N. J. 26 sof Tn. Joe's Brook, or Merritt r. Vt. one of the affluents of Pasumsic river. John's r. N. H. flows into Conn. r. John's r. N. C. falls into the Catawba. Johns, St. a r. of Flor. which rises in a vast marsh, and flowing northerly nearly par- allel to the shore of the Atlantic, falls into the ocean in Lai. 30° 20' n. John's, St. a small town of Canada East, on the Chambly, near the N end of L. Cham- plain, 23m se of Montreal. A railroad, 15 m. in length, connects it with La Prairie, on the St. Lawrence, whence a steam ferry keepsup the communication with Montreal, 9 m. distant. The principal commerce be- tween New York and Montreal is carried on through this route, in the immediate vicinity of St. J'hn's is the t. of Dorchester. Johnsburg, pt. Warren co. N.Y. 83 N of Al. Joiinsbury, St. pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 37 ne of Montpelier. Johnson, pt. Lamoille co.Vt. on Lamoille r. Johnson, borough Cambria co. Pa. Johnson, tp. Champaign co. O. Johnson, tp. Trumbull co. 0. 12 ne of Warren. Johnson, tp. Barry co. Mich. Johnson, tp. Gibson co. Ind. Johnsonburg, pv. Warren co. N. J. 70 n Tn. Johnsonville, pv. Cumberland co. N. C. 65 s of Raleigh. Johnston, tp. Providence co. R. I. 5 w of Providence. [tie Rock. Johnston, pv. Marion co. Ark. 170 n of Lit- Johnston, pv. Rush co. Ind. 40 e of Is. Johnstown, pv. cap. of Fulton co. N.Y. 46 nw of Albany. [nemaugh r. Johnstown, borough, Cambria ef. Pa. on Co- Johnstown, St. pv. Sussex co. Del. 34 s of D. Johnstown, pv. Licking co. O. 36 ne of Cs. Johnstown, pt. Barry co. Mich. 128 w of D. Johnsville, St. pt. Montgomery co. N.Y. 60 NW of Albany. Johnsville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 74 nw An. Johnsville, pv. Dyer co. Tenn. 174 w of Ne. Jonesborough, pt. Washington co. Me. 140 ene of Augusta. Jonesborough, pv. Jefferson co. Ala. 43 ne T. Jonesborough, pv. cap. of Washington co. Tenn. 280 e of Nashville. [of Sd. Jonesborough, pv. cap. of Union co. 111. 175 3 Jonesborough, v. of Red River co. Texas, on Red river, 30 m. nw of Clarksville. Jonesburg, pv. cap. of Camden co. N. C. on Pasquotank river. [dison Bay. Jonesport, pt. Washington co. Me. on Ad- Jonestown, pv. Lebanon co. Pa. 30 e of H. Jonesville, pv. cap. of Lee co.Va. on an af- fluent of Powell's river. Jonesville, pv. Surry co. N. C. 160 wsw Rh. Jonesville, pv. Union dist. S. C. 80 nw of Ca. Jonesville, pv. Monroe co. O. 130 E of Cs. Jonesville, pv. cap. of Hillsdale co. Mich. 92 wsw of Detroit. [canal. Jordan, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. on the Erie Jordan, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Joseph, St. pt. Williams co. O. 180 nw of Cs. Joseph, St. pt. Berrien co. Mich. 195 w of D. Joseph's, St. a bay on the s coast of Flor. w of the Appalaehicola river. Joseph's, St. r. See Gazetteeb. Juliet, pv. cap. of Will co. 111. on Des Plaines river. Juliustown, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 24 s Tn. Juniata r. Pa. See Gazetteer. Juniata, pt. Perry co. Pa. 40 wnw of TI. Junius, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. 8 N of Waterloo Kalamazoo r. Mich. See Gazetteer. Kalamazoo, pv. cap. of Kalamazoo co. Mich. on Kalamazoo river. Kalamo, tp. Eaton co. Mich. Kaltua, pv. cap. of Putnam co. 0. 114 sw C*. Kanakanic, tp. M lwaukie co. Wis. I Kanawha r. Va. See Gazetteer. [ Kanawha C. H. pv. cap. of Kanawha co. Va. ' on Great Kanawha river. Kanawha Saline, pv. Kanawha co.Va. j Kankakee r. 111. joins the Des Plaines, to form the Illinois river. Kanzas or Konzas r. See Gazetteer. i Kan'zas, Kansas or Konzas Indians, a tribe in the Indian Territory, dwelling in the vicinity of Kanzas river. [Susqa. r Karthaus, pv. Clearfield co. Pa. on W Br. of Kaskaskia, III. See Gazetteer. Kat-ah'din, Mt. Me. between the E and W branches of the Penobscot. Height 5.300 ft. KIN G24 KNO Kaukalin, pv. Brown co. Wis. on Fox r. Kayaderosseras Mts. N.Y. w of L. George. Also a cr. which flows into Saratoga Lake. Kearsarge, Mt. Merrimack co. N. H. Keating, tp. M'Keau co. Pa. on Alleghany r. Kearsly, pt. Genesee co. Mich. [w of D. Keelersville, pv. Van Buren co. Mich. 175 Keene, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. on Ashuelot r. Keene, pt. Essex co. N.Y. on Au Sable r. Keene, pv. Jessamine co. Ky. 33 se of F. Keene, pt. Coshocton co. O. 100 ne of Cs. Keesville, pv. Clinton and Essex cos. N.Y. on Au Sable r. [sw of J. Kellertown, pv. Wilkinson co. Miss. 118 Kelloggsville, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. Kelly, tp. Union co. Pa. 9 N of New Berlin. Kempsville, pv. Princess Anne co.Va. 116 se of Richmond. [se of Rh. Kenansville, pv. cap. of Duplin co. N. C. 90 Kendall, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. on L. Ontario. Kendall, pv. Van Buren co. Mich. 167 wofD. Kendallville, pv. Noble co. Ind. 160 nne Is. Kknnebunk, Me. See Gazetteer. Kennebunk Port, pt. York co. Me. on Ken- nebunk river. [of Al. Kennedysville, pv. Steuben co. N.Y. 220 w Kennet, tp. Chester co. Pa. 28 sw of Phila. Kennet Square, pv. Chester co. Pa. in Ken- net township. [Jef. City. Kennonsville, pv. Lewis co. Mo. 128 n of Kensington, pt. Rockingham co. N. II. 41 se of Concord. [Hd. Kensington, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 13 ssw of Kensington, Pa. See Gazetteer. Kensington, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 35 w of D. Kent, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 50 w of Hd. Kent, pt. Putnam co. N.Y. 100 s of Al. Kent, pt. Kent co. Mich. 168 wnw of D. [r. Kenton, pv. cap. of Harding co. O. on Scioto Kentontown, pv. Harrison co. Ky. 53 ne F. Kextuckyville, pv. Susquehanna' co. Pa KEOKUCK,city. See Iowa, Gazetteer. Kernsville, pv. Noilhampton co. Pa. 105 ene of Harrisburg. [Madison. Kewaunee, pv. Mihvaukie co. Wis. 72 e of Keyport, pv. Monmouth co. N. J.46e of Tn. Keysburg, pv. Logan co. Ky. 194 sw of F. Keysburg, pv. Pike co. Ill 77 w of Sd. Keysville, pv. Charlotte co. Va. 93 sw of R. Keytesville, pv. cap. of Chariton co. Mo. 90 nw of Jefferson City. Key West. See Gazetteer. Kiamishi r. Indian Territory, flows into Red river, 6 in. below Fort Towson. Kidron, pv. Coweta co. Ga. 96 w of M. Kidron, Indian Territory. See Dwight. Kick-a-poo' Indians, a tribe dwelling in the E part of the Indian Territory, n of Kanzas river. Kilkenny, pt. Coos co. N.H. 106 n of Cd. Killbtjck, pt. Holmes co. O. on Killbuck cr. Killingly, pt. Windham co. Conn. 47 e of Hd. Killingwortii, pt. Middlesex co. Conn, on Long Island Sound. [cataquis r. Kilmarnock, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. on Pis- Kilmai'iock, pv. Lancaster co.Va. on Chesa- peake Bay. [2,924 ft. Killington Peak, Green Mts Vt. Height Kimbeuton, pv. Chester co. Pa. 75 E of H. Kimbolton, pv. Guernsey co. O. SS e of Cs. KiNDERHooK, pt. Columbia co. N.Y.20 s of Al. KJnderhook cr. N.Y. flows into the Hudson in Columbia county. Kinderhook, pv. Pike co. 111. 84 w of Sd. King and Queen C. H. pv. cap of King ar.d Queen co. Va. 53 ene of Richmond. Kingfield, pt. Franklin co. Me. 60 nnw of A. King George C. H. pv. cap. of King George co. Va. 82 nne of Richmond. Kingsborough, pv. Fulton co. N.Y. 50 nw Al. King's Bridge, pv. New York co- N.Y. 13 N of City Hall. Kingsbury, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. Kingsbury, pt. Wn. co. N.Y .on Hudson r. Kingsessing, pt. Philadelphia co. Pa. 7 f.w of Philadelphia. King's Ferry, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 173 w Al. KingspoRt, pv. Sullivan co. Tenn. 270 e of Ne. Kingston, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 33 sse Cd. Kingston, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. on a br. of - Plymouth harbour. Kingston, pv. Wn. co. R. 1. 32 6 of Providence. Kingston, pv. cap. of Ulster co. N.Y. near Hudson river. Pop. 10,233. Kingston, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 14 ne of Tn. Kingston, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. on the Susque- hanna r. Kingston, pv. Somerset co. Md. 118 se of An. Kingston, pv. cap. of Lenoir co. N. C. on Neuse river. Kingston, pv. Adams co. Miss. 120 sw of J. Kingston, pv. cap. of Autauga co. Ala. on Au- tauga creek. Kingston, pv. cap. of Roane co.Tenn. 143 ENe. Kingston, pv. Ross co. O. 55 s of Cs. Kingston, pv. He Kalb co. 111. 218 nne of Sd. Kingstree, pv. Williamsburg dist. S. C. on Black r. Kingsville, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 212 ne of Cs. King William C. H. pv. cap. of King William co.Va. 38 ne of Richmond. Kingwood, pt. Hunterdon co. N. J. 29 nw Tn. Kingwood, pv. cap. of Preston co. Va. 284 NW of Richmond. Kinsman, pt. Trumbull co. O. 193 ne of Cs. Kinzua, pv. Warren co. Pa. 2'20 nw of H. Ki'o-way Indians, a tribe dwelling in the sw part of the Indian Territory. Kirby, tp. Caledonia co. Vt. 36 ne of Mtr. Kirkersville, pv. Licking co. O. 22 e of Cs. Kirkland, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 84 ne of A. Kirkland, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 100 wnw of Al. Kirkville, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 130 w Al. Kirksville, pv. Butler co. Ala. 140 sse of T. Kirkwood, tp. Belmont co. O. Kirtland, pt. Lake co. O. 167 ne of Cs. Kisiiwaukie, pv. Winnebago co. HI. 197 n Sd. Kiskimin'etas, pt. Armstrong co. Pa. on the Conemaugh or Kiskiminetas river. Kittaning, borough, cap. of Armstrong co. Pa. on the Alleghany river. Kittatinny, a name sometimes given to the Blue Mountains, where they cross the Dela- ware at the Water Gap. Kittery, pt. York co. Me. on Piscataqua r. Klamet. See Tlamath. Knigiitstown, pv. Henry co. Ind. 33 e of Is Knottsville, pv. Monongalia co. Va. 266 nw of Richmond. Knottsville, pv. Daviess co. Ky. 150 w sw F Knowlesville, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. on the Erie canal. Knowlton, pt. Warren co. N. J. 66 N of Tn Knox, pt. Waldo co. Me. 35 ne of A. Knox, pt. Albany co. N.Y. 21 w of Al. Knox, tp. Holmes co. O. Knox, ip. Jefferson co. O. [of An Knoxville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 90 wnw LAG C25 LAR fcaioxpille, pv. cap. of Crawford eo. Ga. 55 sw of Milledgeville. foil Holston r. Knoxville, city, and cap. of Knox co. Tenn. Knoxville, pv.' Jefferson co. O. 140 e of Cs. Knoxville, pv. Knox co. Ind. 138 sw of Is. Knoxville, pv. cap. of Knox co. 111. 100 wnw of Springfield. Knoxville, pv. Ray co. Mo. 156 wnw Jef.City. KootanaI or Kootanye (koo-ta-nl') Indians, a tribe in the e part of Oregon, dwelling on the banks of M 'Gillivray's river. Kortwright, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. on De- laware river. Kosciusko, pv. cap. of Attala co. Miss, on Yockonockony r. [co. Pa. 100 ene of H. Kreidersville, krl'ders-vil, pv.Northampton Kuler, tp. Van Buren co. Mich. Kutztown, borough, Berks co. Pa. 69 e of H. La Baca. See La Vacca. Lackawanna r. Pa. enters the Susquehanna at Pittstown. Lackawanna, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. [cos. Pa. Lackawannoc Mts. in Luzerne and Wayne Lackawannock, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 6 sw of Mercer. [in Pike co. Lackawaxen r. Pa. flows into the Delaware Lackawaxen, pt. Pike co. Pa. on Delaware r. Lacon, pv. cap. of Marshall co. 111. en 111. r. Laconia, pv. Harrison co. Ind. 147 s of Is. Ladiesburg, pv. Frederick co. Md. 80 nw of Annapolis. Lafargeville, pv. Jef. co. N.Y. 182 nw Al. La Fayettk, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 130 w of Albany. [kill r. La Fayette, pv. Sussex co. N. J. on Paulins- La Fayette, pv. Montg. co. Va. 188 w of R. La Fayette, pv. cap. of Walker co. Ga. on Chattooga river, 200 nw of Milledgeville. La Fayette, pv. cap. of Chambers co. Ala. 160 e of Tuscaloosa. La Fayette, city and cap. of Jefferson par. La. 2 w of New Orleans. [Ark. La Fayette C. H. pv. cap. of La Fayette co. La Fayette, pv. Christian co. Ky. 220 sw F. La Fayette, pv. Madison co. O. 22 w of Cs. La Fayette, tp. Medina co. O. La Fayette, tp. Van Buren co. Mich. La Fayette, pv. cap. of Tippecanoe co. Ind. on the Wabash river. Lafourche r. La. See Gazetteer. La Grange, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 97 nne A. La Grange, tp. Dutchess co. NY. La Grange, pv. Randolph co. N. C. 92 w Rh. La Grange, pv. cap. of Troup co. Ga. 120 w of Milledgeville. La Grange, pv. Franklin co. Ala. 136 n of T. La Grange, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 184 sw Ne. LaGransri, pv. cap. of Oldham co. Ky. on the Ohio river. I ia Grange, pt. Lorain co. O. 110 nne of Cs. La Grange, pt. Cassco. Mich, on Putnam's cr. [ia Grange, pv. Henry co. 111. 134 N of Sd. La Grange, pv. Lewis co. Mo. on the Miss. r. La Grange, cap. of Fayette co. Texas, on the left bank of the Colorado, 65 m. se of Austin. Pop. 350. Lagro, pt. Wabash co. Ind. 94 n of Is. Laguxa, lah-goo'na, a sea-port of Mexico, on Carmen l. 350 m. s by E of Vera Cruz. Mahogany and logwood are exported to the United States. Laguna del Madre, lah-goo'na. del man'- ray, an extensive lagoon on the coast of 53 Texas, reaching from Corpus Christi Bay nearly to the mouth of the Rio Grande. Entire length about 120 m.; greatest breadth perhaps 15 m. Lake, tp. Logan co. O. Lake, pt. Stark co. O. 134 ne of Cs. Lake, tp. Ashland co. O.on Mohiccan r. Lake C. H. Ind. See Crown Point. Lake Landing, pv. cap. of Hyde co. N. C on Mattimuskeet Lake. Lake Pleasant, pv. cap. of Hamilton co. N.Y. on Lake Pleasant. Lake Providence, pv. cap. of Carroll par La. on the Mississippi river. [n of Is Laketon, pv. Wabash co. Ind. on Eel r. 104 Lakeville, v. Queen's co. N.Y. 20 e N.York. Lakeville, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 43 nw of D. La- mar', pt. Clinton co. Pa. Lamar, a co. in the n part of Texas, border- ing on Red river. It is mostly woodland : soil, especially in the n and middle portions, very rich. Capital, Paris. Lamar, a v. of Refugio co. Texas, on Aran- sas Bay, opposite to Aransas, 160 m. s of Austin. [nw of Tn. Lambertsville, pv. Hunterdon co. N.J. 15 Lambertsville, pv. Monroe co. Mich. 70 swD. La Mine r. Mo. flows into the Missouri. Lamoille r. Vt. flows into Lake Champlain. La Mott, i. Vt. in Lake Champlain. [river. Lampeter, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. on Conestoga Lampeter Square, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 43 se of Harrisburg. [into the Piscataqua r. Lamprey r. N. H. flows through Great Bay Lancaster, pv. cap. of Coos co. N. H. near Connecticut river. Lancaster, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 36 W of B. Lancaster, pt. Erie co. N.Y. on Cayuga cr. Lancaster, Pa. See Gazetteer. [83 e of R. Lancaster C. H.pv. cap. of Lancaster co. Va. Lancaster C. H. pv. cap. of Lancaster dist. S. C. 72 nne of Columbia. Lancaster, pv. Smith co. Tenn. 60 se of Ne. Lancaster, pv. cap. of Garrard co.Ky.57 s F. Lancaster, pv. cap. of Fairfield co. O. 30 se of Columbus. Lancaster, pv. Jefferson co. Ind. 74 sse of Is. Lancaster, pv. Morgan co. 111. 24 sw of Sd. Lancaster, pv. cap. of Grant co. Wis. 96 wsw of Madison. Landaff, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 84 nw of Cd. Landgrove, pt. Bennington co.Vt. 98 s of Mtr. Landisburg, pv. Perry co. Pa. 30 w of H. Landre, St. v. La. See Opelousas. [ofB. Laxesborough, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 135 w Lanesborough, pv. Anson co. N.C. 155 sw Rh. Lanesville, pv. Randolph co. N. C. 60 w Rh. Lanesville, pv. Harrison co. Ind. 135 s of Is. Langdon, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 59 w of Cd. Languille, pt. St. Francis co. Ark. Lanier, pv. cap. of Macon co. Ga. on Flint r. Lansford, pv. Chester dist. S. C. on Cataw- ba river. Lansing, tp. Tompkins co. N.Y. on Salmon cr. Lansingburg, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. on the Hudson river, 10 nne of Albany. Lansingville, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. Lapeer, pv. cap. of Lapeer co. Mich. 60 n D. Lapland, pv. Buncombe co. N. C. 275 w Rh. La Porte, pv. cap, of La Porte co. Ind. 145 N of Indianapolis. Laputa. pv. Shelby co. Ky. 10 w of F. Laredo, lah-ra'do, a v. of San Patricio co. Texas, en the e side of the Rio del Norte, LEB G26 LEN at the crossing of the San Antonio and Saltillo road. Pop. 500, nearly all Mexicans. Larkinsville, pv. Jackson co. Ala. 175 ne T. Earner, tp. Preble co. O. La Salle, pt. Monroe co. Mich. 42 ssw of D. La Salle, pv. La Salle co. 111. 133 nne of Sd. Latimore, tp. Adams co. Pa. 15 ne of Get- tysburg. Laughery, tp. Dearborn co. Ind. Laughery, pv. Ripley co. Ind. 70 se of Is. Laughlintown, pv. Westmoreland co. Pa. Laurel, pv. Sussex co. Del. 52 s of Dover. Laurel, pv. Franklin co. Ind. 57 ese of Is. Laurel Mts. extend from Pa. across Va. to Ky. w of the main Alleghany range. Laurens, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 15 sw of Coo- perstown. [nw of Ca. Laurens C. H. pv. cap. of Laurens dist. S. C. 70 Lat;sanne, pt. Carbon county, Pa. on Le- high river. La Vacca or La Baca, lah vac'ka. (see Intro- duction XXVII. 4), Bay, Texas, an arm of Matagorda Bay. La Vacca r. flows into the above. Lawrence, tp. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 25 ne of Canton. Lawrence, tp. Mercer co. N. J. 6 ne of Tn. Lawrence, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Lawrence, tp. Tioga co. Pa. on Tioga r. Lawrence, tp. Stark co. O. on the Ohio canal. Lawrence, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. [rietta. Lawrence, pt. Washington co. O. 9 he of Ma- Lawrence, tp.Van Buren co. Mich. Lawrence, tp. Marion co. Ind. Lawrenceburg, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. on Alleghany river. [12 s of F. Lawrenceburg, pv. cap. of Anderson co. Ky. Lawrenceburg, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. Tenn. 75 ssw of Nashville. Lawrenceburg, pv. cap. of Dearborn co. Ind. on Ohio river. [230 nnw of Al. Lawrenceville, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. Lawrenceville, pv. Mercer co. N. J. 6 N Tn. Lawrenceville, borough, Alleghany co. Pa. on Alleghany river. Lawrenceville, pv. Tioga co. Pa. on Tioga r. Lawrenceville, pv. cap. of Brunswick co.Va. 73 ssw of Richmond. Lawrenceville, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. N. C. on Yadkin river. [84 nw of M. Lawrenceville, pv. cap. of Gwinnett co. Ga. Lawrenceville, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Ark. 75 E of Little Rock. [on Embarrass r. Lawrenceville, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. 111. Lawtonville, pv. Beaufort dist. S. C. 120 s of Columbia. [of Al. Lawyersville, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 44 w Lbacock, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 44 ese of H. Leakesville, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. on Dan river. 1 ,ca leesville, pv. Newton co. Ga. 49 nw of M. Leakesville, pv. cap. of Greene co. Miss, on Chickasawha river. Leasburg, pv. Caswell co. N. C. 64 nw Rh. Leavenworth, pv. Crawford co. Ind. on the Ohio river. Lebanon, pt. York co. Me. on Salmon Falls r. Lebanon, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 4 s Hanover. Lebanon, pt. New London co. Conn. 30 ese of Hartford. [river. Lebanon, pt. Madison co. N.Y. on Chenango Lebanon, pt. Hunterdon co. N. J. 40 n of Tn. Lebanon, borough, cap. of Lebanon co. Pa. 24 E or Harrisburg Lebanon, tp. Wayne co. Pa. [of R, Lebanon, pv. cap. of Russell co. Va. 325 w Lebanon, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. Lebanon, jiv. Cobb co. Ga. on Chattahoochee r. Lebanon," pv. cap. of De Kalb co. Ala. 112 nb of Tuscaloosa. [Little Rock. Lebanon, pv. cap. of Searcy co. Ark. 95 n of Lebanon, pv. cap. of Wilson co. Tenn. 32 B of Nashville. ! Lebanon, pv. cap. of Marion co. Ey. 60 sw F. j Lebanon, tp. Meigs co. O. on Ohio r. i Lebanon, pv. cap. of Warren co. O. 85 wsw of Columbus. I Lebanon, pv. cap. of Boone co. Ind. 25 nw la. ! Lebanon, pv. St. Clair co. 111. 70 s of Sd. | Lebanon, pv. Boone co. Mo. 46 n of Jef. City j Le Bceuf, tp. Erie co. Pa. : Ledyard, pt. New London co. Conn. 47 se Hdi. ! Ledyard, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 170 w of Al. | Lee, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 125 ne of A. j Lee, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 38 e of Cd. ' Lee, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. on Housatonie r I Lee, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 114 wnw of Al. { Lee, pt. Athens co. O. 81 se of Cs. Lee, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. Leechville, pv. Beaufort dist. S. C. 165 s Ca. Leeds, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 21 w of A. Leeds, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 38 ssw of At. Leeds Point, pv. Atlantic co. N. J. S6 sse Tn Leedsville. pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 48 eTii. Leedsville, pv. Randolph co. Va. 213 nw R. Leesburg, pv. Cumberland co. N. J. on Mau- rice river. Leesburg, pv. cap. of Loudon co. Va. 150 rt of Richmond, near the Potomac. ! Leesburg, pv. Cherokee co. Ala. 140 ne of T. ! Leesburg, pv. Washington co. Tenn. j Leesburg, pv. Harrison co. Ky. 27 ne of F. | Leesburg, pv. Highland co. O. 64 sw of Cs. I Leesburg, pv. Kosciusko co. Ind. 130 n of Is. \ Leesburg, pv. Winnebago co. 111. 220 n of Sd. ! Leesville, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. I Leesville, pv. Campbell co. Va. on Staunton r ! Leesville, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 100 ssw Rli. ! Leesville, pv. Lexington dist. S. C. 30 w of Ca. ! Leesville, pv. Choctaw co. Miss. 125 nnw J. ! Leesville, pv. Hart co. Ky. 100 sw of F. i Leesville, pv. Carroll co. O. 115 ene of Cs. ! Leesville, pv. Lawrence co. Ind. 78 s of Is. | Leesville Cross Roads, pv. Richland co. U 74 N of Columbus. | Leetown, pv. Jefferson co. Va. 177 N of R. I Lee Valley, pv. Hawkins co. Term. 256 e Ne. ; Lehigh, tp. Northampton co. Pa. on Lehigh r. i Lehighton, pv. Carbon county, Pa. 36 wnw 1 of Easton. Lehman, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. 120 nne of H. ! Lehman, tp. Pike oo. Pa. , Leicester, pt. Addison co. Vt. 73 ssw of Mtr. j Leicester, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 48 w of B. i Leicester, tp. Livingston co. N.Y. on Gene* see river. I Leipersville, pv. Delaware co. Pa. i Leipsic, pv. Kent co. Del. [nw of Ai. ' Leitersburg, pv. Washington co. Md. 107 | Lemington, pt. Essex co. Vt. on Conn. r. i Lemon, tp. Butler co. O. ! Lempster, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 40 w Cd. Lenoir, pv. cap. Caldwell co. N. C. on Yad- i kin river. [w of B : Lenox, pv. cap. of Berkshire co. Moss. 131) j Lenox, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 120 WNV.r ot Al j Lenox, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. i Lenoxj pt. Ashtabula go. 0. 15 s of Ashtabula LEX 02; LIM LSosane, i6 x o-gan', a sea-port on the N coast of Hayti. 2-5 m. w of Port-au-Prince, [of B. Leominster, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 44 WHW Leon, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Leon (Sp. pron. lay-one'), a handsome t. of Mexico, »3,j m. wsw of Guanaxuato. Leonards, St. pv. Calvert co. Md. 56 s of An. Leonardstown, pv. cap. of St. Mary's co. Md. 87 a of An. [Unadilla r. Leonardsville, pv. Madison co. N. Y. on Leoxi, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 70 w of D. -aoxiDAs, tp. St. Joseph co. Mich. [town. Le Kay, tp. Jefferson co. N.Y. 8 ne of Water- Le Raysville, p v. Jefferson co. N.Y. 160 nw of Albany. Le Raysville, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 150 x of II. Le Roy, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. on Allen's cr. Le Roy, v. Otsego co. N.Y. lie Roy, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 140 x of IL Le Roy, tp. Lake co. O. 4 ne of Chardon. Le Roy, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. lie Roy, tp. Ingham co. Mich. Leslie, pt. Ingham co. Mich. 89 w of D. Letart, tp. Meigs co. O. on Ohio r. Letaet's Falls, pv. Meigs co. O. on Ohio r. Letcher, pv. cap. of Letcher co.Ky. 147 se F. Letter A, tp. Aroostook co. Me. Letter A, tp. Oxford co. Me. Letter B, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Umhagog L. Letterkenny, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 7 nvv of Chambersburg. Letimberville, pv. Marion co. 0. 56 n of Cs. Levanna, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. on Cayuga L. Levant, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 80 nne of A. Leverett, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 83 w of B. Lewis, pt. Essex co. N.Y. 130 n of Al. Lewis, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Lewis, pv. Sussex co. Del. 45 s of Dover. Lewis, pt. Brown co. 0. 120 sw of Cs. [Del. Lewis and Rehoboth, hundred, Sussex co. Lewiseerry, pv. York co. Pa. 17 s of H. Lewisborough, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. on Croton river. [quehanna r. Lewisburg, borough, Union co. Pa. on Sus- Lewishurg, pv. cap. of Greenbrier co. Va. 214 w of Richmond. [the Arkansas r. Lewisburg, pv. cap. of Conway co. Ark. on Lewisburg, pv. cap. of Marshall co. Term. 54 s of Nashville. [Green r. Lewisburg, pv. Mecklenburg co. Ky. on Lewisburg, pv. Preble eo. O. 97 w of Cs. Lewisburg, pv. Cass co. Ind. on Wabash r. Lewisport, pv. Harrison co. Va. 280 nw R. Lewiston, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Lewistown, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 31 sw of A. Lewistown, borough, cap. of Mifflin co. Pa. on Juniata river. Lewistown, Va. See Lunenburg C. II. Lewistown, pv. Logan co. O. on Miami r. Lewistown, pv. cap. of Fulton co. 111. 55 nw of Springfield. Lewisville, pv. Indiana co. Pa. 170 wnwH. Lewisville, pv. Brunswick co.Va. 82 s of R. Lewisville, pv. Chester dist. S. C. 64 n of Ca. Lewisville, pv. cap. of La Fayette co. Ark. 160 sw of Little Rock. Lewisville, pv. Monroe co. O. Lewisville, pv. Henry co. Ind. 42 E of Is. Lexington, pt. Somerset co. Me. 62 n of A. Lexington, Mass. See Gazetteer. [kill. Lexington, pt. G'jene co. N.Y. 28 w of Cats- Lexington, Va. See Gazetteer. Lexington, pv cap. of Davidsonco.N. Cnear Abbott's creek Lexington C. H. Lexington dist. S. C. 12 w of Columbia. [x of M. Lexington, pv. cap. of Oglethorpe co. Ga. 70 Lexington, pv. Lauderdale co. Ala. 158 n T. Lexington, pv. cap. of Holmes co. Miss. 63 N of Jackson. [on Beech r. Lexington, pv. cap. of Henderson co. Tenn Lexington, Ky. See Gazetteer. Lexington, pv. Richland co. O. 56 nne c." Ca Lexington, tp. Stark co. O. Lexington, tp. St. Clair co. Mich. Lexington, pv. cap. of Scott co. Ind. 90 s Is. Lexington', pv. M'Lean co. 111. 90 ne of Sd. Lexington, pv. cap. of La Fayette co. Mc about a mile s of Missouri river. Leyden, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 100 wnw of B Leyden, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. 120 nw of Al. Liberty, pt. Waldo co. Me. 20 e of A. Liberty, v. Steuben co. N.Y. Liberty, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. Liberty, tp. Adams co. Pa. Liberty, tp. Montour co. Pa, Liberty, tp. M'Kean co. Pa. Liberty, tp. Susquehanna co. Pa. Liberty, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 120 n of H. Liberty, pv. cap. of Bedford co.Va. 140 w R. Liberty, pv. Hall co. Ga. 130 nnw of M. Liberty, pv. cap. of Amite co. Miss, on an affluent of Amite river. Liberty, pt. Pope co. Ark. 93 nw Little Rock. Liberty, pv. De Kalb co. Tenn. 50 e of Ne. Liberty, pv. cap. of Casey co. Ky. on Green r. Liberty, tp. Adams co. O. Liberty, tp. Clinton co. O. Liberty, tp. Fairfield co. O. Liberty, tp. Highland co. O. Liberty, pv. Montg. co. O. 7 w of Dayton. Liberty, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 80 w of D. Liberty, tp. Henry co. Ind. Liberty, pv. cap. of Union co. Ind. 72 e of Is. Liberty, pv. Adams co. 111. 90 w of Sd. Liberty, pv. cap. of Clay co. Mo. 160 wnw of Liberty, tp. Marion co. Mo. [Jef. City. Liberty, a co. in the se part of Texas, inter- sected by Trinity r., and bordering on Gal- veston Bay. The soil in the southern part is generally light and sandy ; but it im- proves as we advance towards the north : near the Trinity it is very fertile, but liable to inundation. Liberty, a v. of Texas, cap. of the above co., on the e or left bank of the Trinilv r., 60 m. n of Galveston. Pop. 200. " [of An. Liberty Town, pv. Frederick co. Md. 70 nw Libertyville, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 73 s of Al. Libertyville, pv. Sussex co. N.J. 90 n of Ta. Licking r. Ky. flows into the Ohio at New- port, opposite Cincinnati. Licking r. O. one of the principal branches of the Muskingum river. Licking, tp. Licking co. O. Licking Cr. tp. Bedford co. Pa. [of Ca. Lickville, pv. Greenville dist. S. C. 106 nw Ligonier, pt. Westmoreland co. Pa. LiLESviLLE, pv. Anson co. N. C. 140 sw Rh Lima, pt. Livingston co. N.Y. 213 w of Al. Lima, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 88 ese of H. Lima, pv. cap. of Allen co. O. on Ottawa r 100 nw of Columbus. Lima, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 50 w of D. Lima, pv. Adams co. 111. 122 w of Sd. Lima, pv. cap. of La Grange co. Ind. on Pi geon river. Limanville. pv. Stark co. O. 1H ne of C«. P LIT 628 LOG Limerick, pt. York co. Me. 76 sw of A. Limerick, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Perch r. Limerick, pt. Montg. co. Pa. on Schuylkill r. Lime Rock, pv. Providence co. R. I. 10 n of Providence. [of H. Limestone, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 154 wnw Limestone, tp. Clinton co. Pa. [Danville. Limestone, tp. Montour co. Pa. 10 nw of Limestone, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Limestone, tp. Warren co. Pa. Linages, le-nah'res, a small t. of Mexico, on the r. Tigre, 50 or 60 m. helow Monterey. Limington, pt. York co. Me. on Saco r. Lincoln, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob- scot river. Lincoln, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 62 N of Cd. Lincoln, pt. Addison co.Vt. 55 sw of Mtr. Lincoln, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 16 w of B. Lincoln, pv. Yazoo co. Miss, on Yazoo r. Lincoln, pt. Morrow co. 0. 44 N of Cs. Lincoln, pv. Macoupin co. 111. 60 s of Sd. Lincoln ton, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. N. C. on Little Catawba r. [of M. Lincolnton, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. Ga. 98 ne Lincolnville, pt. Waldo co. Me. 10 s Belfast. Linden, pv. cap. of Marengo co. Ala. 80 s T. Lindley, tp. Steuben co. N.Y. 25 se of Bath. Lindsayville, pv. Oswego co. N. Y. 174 wnw of Albany. Line Lexington, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 93 e of H. Linglestown, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. 8 nne H. Linklaen, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 122 w Al. Linneus, pt. Aroostook co. Me. 8 sw Houlton. Linneus, pv. cap. of Linn co. Mo. 136 nw of Jefferson City. Linnville, pv. Licking co. O. 35 e of Cs. Linnville. pv. Jefferson co. Mo. 112 e Jef. City. Linton, tp. Coshocton co. O. Lionville, pv. Chester co. Pa. 70 e of H. Lisbon, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 33 ssw of A. Lisbon, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 90 nnw of Cd. Lisbon, pt. New London co. Conn. 7 n of Norwich. [Canton. Lisbon, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 10 w of Lisbon, pv. Anne Arundel co. Md.56 nw An. Lisbon, pv. Bedford co. Va. 150 w of R. Lisbon, v. cap. of Calcasieu par. La. on Cal- casieu river. Lisbon, pv. La Salle co. 111. 154 nne of Sd. Lisbon, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Lisburn, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 9 sw of H. Lisburn, pv. Sampson co. N. C. Lisle, pt. Broome co. N. Y. on Toughnioga r. Lisle, pv. Gasconade co. Mo. 10 se of Jeffer- son City. Litchfield, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 11 ssw A. Litchfield, tp. Hillsboro' co. N.H. 30 s of Cd. Litchfield, Conn. See Gazetteer. Litchfield, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 83 wnw Al. Litchfield, pt. Bradford co. Pa. [of F. Litchfield, pv. cap. of Grayson co. Ky. 109 sw Litchfield, pt. Medina co. O. 113 ne of Cs. Litchfield, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. Lithopolis, pv. Fairfield co. O. 17 se of Cs. Litiz, lit'its, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 45 ese H. Little Beaver, tp, Beaver co. Pa. Little Britain, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 20 se of Lancaster. [of Providence. Little Compton, pt. Newport co. R. I. 38 ssa Little Cr. hundred, Kent co. Del. Litlle Cr. hundred, Sussex co. Del. Little Falls, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. on the Erie canal. Little Falls, pv. Passaic co. N. J. on Passaic r. Littlb Fort, pv. cap. of Lake co. 111. on L. Michigan. Little Mahanoy, tp. Northumberland co. Pa Little Plymouth, pv. King and Queen co Va. 60 e of Richmond. Little r. Ga. flows into the Savannah. Little r. Ky. flows into the Cumberland. Little r. Ind. flows into the Wabash. Little Rock, city, and cap. of Pulaski co. Ark. on the Arkansas. [of Cs. Little Sandusky, pv. "Wyandot co. O. 56 n Littlestown, pv. Adams co. Pa. 42 sw of H. Littleton, pt. Grafton co. N.H. on Conn. r. Littleton, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 26 wnw B. Littleton, pv. Halifax co. N. C. 78 ne of Rh Little Valley, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on Alleghany river. Littleville, v. Livingston co. N.Y. Livermore, pt. Oxford co. Me. 30 w of A. Liverpool, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. on Onon- daga Lake. Liverpool, boro' and tp. Perry co. Pa. 30 n H. Liverpool, pt. Medina co. O. on Rocky r. Liverpool, pv. Lake co. Ind. 160 nnw of Is. Liverpool, v. of Brazoria co. Texas, 35 w of Galveston. Liverpool, a sea-port t. of Nova Scotia, 75 m. sw of Halifax, on a little bay which forms an excellent harbour. Livingston, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 37 s of Al. Livingston, pt. Essex co. N. J. 9 nw Newark. Livingston, pv. cap. of Sumter co. Ala. 68 sw of Tuscaloosa. Livingston, pv. Madison co. Miss. 22 N of J. Livingston, pv. Madison co. Ark. Livingston, pv. Overton co. Tenn. 96 e of Ne. Livingston, pv. Livingston co. Mich. 46 wnw of Detroit. Livingston, pv. Clarke co. 111. 127 ese of Sd. Livingstonville, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 42 w of Albany. [neseo. Livonia, pt. Livingston co. N.Y. 8 e of Ge- Livonia, pt. Wayne co. Mich. 16 sw of D. Livonia, pv. AVashington co. Ind. 104 s of Is. Lockbourne, pv. Franklin co. 0. 11 s of Cs. Locke, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 20 s of Auburn. Lock Haven, pv. cap. of Clinton co. Pa. on the Susquehanna river. Lockport, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Lockport, pv. Erie co. Pa 260 nw of H. Lockport, pv. Wilson co. Tenn. on Cumber- land river. Lockport, pv. Williams co. O. 170 nw of Cs. Lockport, pv. Carroll co. Ind. on the Wa- bash river. Lockport, pv. Will co. 111. 170 ne of Sd. Lock's Village, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 80 w of Boston. Lockwood, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 62 n of Tn. Lodi, v. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Lodi, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on Seneca Lake. Lodi, tp. Bergen co. N. J. 5 sw Hackensack Lodi, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 74 w of Ca. Lodi, pv. Jackson co. Tenn. 100 ene of Ne. Lodi, pv. Medina co. O. 114 ne of Cs. j Lodi, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 43 w of D. Logan, tp. Clinton co. Pa. Logan C. H. pv. cap. of Logan co. Va. OE Guyandotte r. 350 w of Richmond, [burg Logan, pv. Carter co. Ky. 15 s of Catletts Logan, pv. cap. of Hocking co. 0. 47 se of C» Logan, pt. Dearborn co. Ind. 87 se of Is. Logansport, pv. cap. of Cass co. Ind. on th« Wabash river. LOW 629 LUT Loganville, pv. York co. Pa. 31 s of H. Loganville, pv. Logan co. O. on Miami r. London, pv. cnp. of Laurel co. Ky. 94 seF. London, pv. cap. of Madison co. O. 27 w Cs. London, pt. Monroe co. Mich. 45 sw of D. London, a t. of Canada West, on the Thames, 80 m. w of Hamilton. London Bridge, pv. Princess Anne co.Va. 124 se of Richmond. [of Phila. London Britain, tp. Chester co. Pa. 35 sw Londonderry, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 34 sse of Concord. Londonderry, pt. Windham co. Vt. 96 s Mtr Londonderry, tp. Bedford co. Pa. Londonderry, tp. Chester co. Pa. 35 sw Phila. Londonderry, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 14 se of H. Londonderry, tp. Lebanon co. Pa. 8 sw of Lebanon. Londonderry, pt. Guernsey co. O. 95 E of Cs. London Grove, pt. Chester co. Pa. 34 sw of Philadelphia. Long-a-coming, pv. cap. Camden co. N. J. 44 ssw of Trenton. [of Tn. Long Branch, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 50 e Long Creek Shoals, pv. Lincoln co. N. C. 185 w of Raleigh. Long Island, tp. Hancock co. Me. Long Lake, tp. Hamilton co. N.Y. [Conn. r. Long Meadow, pt. Hampden co. Mass. on Long Swamp, pt. Berks co. Pa. on Little Le- high river. [town. Loraine, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. 15 s of Water- Loreto, lo-ra'to, a small t. of Lower Cali- fornia, on the e coast, in Lat. about 26° 10' n. Loretto, pv. Cambria co. Pa. on the Alle- ghany Mountains, 145 w of Harrisburg. Lost Creek, pt. Miami co. O. 63 w of Cs. Lottsville,' pv. Warren co. Pa. 230 n w of H. Loudon, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 8 nne Cd. London, borough, Franklin co. Pa. 60 wsw of Harrisburg. Loudon, pt. Seneca co. O. 88 N of Cs. Loudon, tp. Monroe co. Mich. [Cs. Loudonville, pv. Ashland co. O. 73 nne of Loudsville. pv. Habersham oo. Ga. 160 n M. Louisa C. H. pv. cap. of Louisa co.Va. 60 nw of Richmond. [Sandy r. Louisa, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. Ky. on Big Louisburg, pv. cap. of Franklin CO. N. C. on Tar river. Louisiana, pv. Pike co. Mo. on Mississippi r. Louis, St. a r. of Wis. flowing into the w end of Lake Superior. [St. Lawrence r. Louisville, pt. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on Louisville, pv. Westmoreland co.Va. 64 neR. Louisville, pv. cap. of Jef. co. Ga. 53 e of M. Louisville, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 137 s of T. Louisville, pv. cap. of Winston co. Miss. 92 ne of Jackson. Louisville, pv. Blount co. Tenn. on Tenn. r. Louisville, pv. Stark co. O. 130 ne of Cs. Louisville, pv. cap. of Clay co. 111. 112 se Sd. Louisville, pv. Lincoln co. Mo. 74 ne of Jef- ferson City. Lovell, pt. 'Oxford co. Me. 63 wsw of A. Lovettsville, pv. Loudon co. Va. 166 :i of R. Loveville, pv. Newcastle co. Del. 54 ne of Dover. [w of R. Lovingston, pv. cap. of. Nelson co. Va. 105 Lowell, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 190 ne of A. Lowell, pt. Orleans co.Vt. 45 N of Mtr. Lowe}], Mass. See Gazetteer. Lowellville, pv. Trumbull co. O. 184 ne Cs. Lower, ip. Cape May eo.N.L on the Atlantic. 53* Lower Alloways Cr. tp. Salem co. N. J. 9 g of Salem. [Susquehanna. Lower Chanceford, pt. York co. Pa. on the Lower Chichester, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 20 sw of Philadelphia. [Pennypack cr. Lower Dublin, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. on Lower Macungy, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. [Pa. Lower Mahanoy, tp. Northumberland co. Lower Mah\ntango, pt. Schuylkill co. Pa. Lower Makefield, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 24 ne of Philadelphia. [41 sw of An Lower Marlborough, pv. Calvert co. Md. Lower Merion, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. on the Schuylkill. [Pa. on the Susquehanna. Lower Middletown, borough, Dauphin co. Lower Mt. Bethel, tp. Northampton co. Pa. Lower Nazareth, tp. Northampton co. Pa. Lower Oxford, tp. Chester co.Pa. 41 sw of Philadelphia. Lower Paxton, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 6 ne H. Lower Penns Neck, tp. Salem co. N. J. 5 nw of Salem. Lower Providence, tp. Montgomery co. Pa. Lower Salford, tp. Montg. co. Pa. 25 nw of Philadelphia. [O. on Sandusky r. Lower Sandusky, pv. cap. of Sandusky co. Lower Saucon, pt. Northampton co. Pa. on Lehigh r. Lower St. Clair, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. Lower Swatara, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 5 se H. Lower Smithfield, tp. Monroe co. Pa. Lower Windsor, tp. York co. Pa. Low Hill, pt. Lehigh co. Pa. 88 ene of H. Loweville, pv. Madison co. Ala. on Flint r. Lowndesborough, pv. Lowndes co. Ala. 118 se of Tuscaloosa. [of Ca. Lowndesville, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 113 w Lowville, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. on Black r. Loyalhannah, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. Loyalsock, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Loyalsock r. Pa. flows into the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Loydsville, pv. Belmont co. O. 109 e of Cs. Lubec, pt. Washington co. Me. on Passarna- quoddy Bay. Lucasville, pt. Scioto co. O. 78 s of Cs. Ludlow, pt. Windsor co.Vt. 80 s of Mtr. [r. Ludlow, pt. Hampden co.Mass. on Chickapee Ludlow, tp. Washington co. O. [Salmon cr. Ludlowville, pv. Tompkins co. N. Y. on Lumber r. N. C. and S. C. a branch of the Lumber, tp. Clinton co. Pa. [Little Pedee. Lumber City, pv. Telfair co. Ga. 133 s of M. Lumberland, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. 130 sw Al. Lumberport, pv. Harrison co.Va. 260 NWof Richmond. Lumberton, pv. and port of entry, Burling- ton co. N. J. on Rancocus cr. [s of Rh Lumberton, pv. cap. of Robinson co. N. C. 90 Lumberton, pv. Clinton co. 0. 74 sw of Cs. [r. Lumberville, pv. Backs co. Pa. on Delaware Lumpkin, pv. cap. of Stewart co. Ga. 137 swM. Lunenburg, pt. Essex co.Vt. on Conn. r. Lunenburg, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 46 nw B. Lunenburg C. H. pv. cap. of Lunenburg co Va. 7S sw of Richmond. Lunenburg, a sea-port t. of Nova Scotia, 40 wsw of Halifax. Pop. 2,000, chiefly Germans. ! Luray, pv. cap. of Page co. Va. 130 nw of R. Luray, pv. Licking co. O. 25 e of Cs | Luray, pv. Henry co. Ind. 57 e of Is. [burg. | Lurgan, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 13 n Chambers- Luthkrsbukg. pv. Clearfield co.'I'a. 145 nw i of Harrisburg, MAC 630 MAH Luiherville, pv.Merri wether co. Ga. 108 w Luzerne, tp. Fayetle co. Pa. [of M. Luzerne, pt. Warren eo. N.Y. on the Hudson. Lycoming, tp. Lycoming eo. Pa. Lykens, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 26 n of H. Lyman, pt. York co. Me. 72 s\v of A. Lyman, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 107 nnw of Cd. Lymansville, pv. Potter co. Pa. 167 nnw H. Lstme. pt. Grafton cc N. H. 53 nw of Cd. Lyme, pt. New London co. Conn. 45 s of Hd. Lyme, tp. Jef. co. N.Y. 12 w of Watertown. Lyme, pt. Huron co. O. 100 n of Cs. Lynchburg, pv. Campbell eo.Va. on James r. Lynchburg, pv. Lincoln co. Tenn. 78 s of Ne. Lynchburg, pv. Highland co. O. 88 sw of Cs. Lynch's cr. S. C. flows into Great Pedee r. Lynchwood, pv. Kershaw dist. S. C. 50 ne of Columbia. [ssw of Cd. Lyndeborough, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 33 Lyndon, pt. Caledonia co.Vt. 44 ne' of Mtr. Lyndon, tp. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 18 e of Lyndon, v. Orleans co. N.Y. [Ellicottville. Lyndon, pv. Whitesides co. 111. 180 n of Sd. Lynesville, pv. Granville co. N. C. 54 n Rh. Lynn, pt. Essex co. Mass. 9 ne of B. Lynn, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. Lynn, tp. Posey co. Ind. Lynnfield, pt. Essex co. Mass. 20 n of B. Lynnville, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. Lynnville, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 60 s of Ne. Lynnville, pv. Warwick co. Ind. 160 sw of Is. Lynnville, pv. Morgan co. 111. 40 w of Sd. Lyon, tp. Oakland co. Mich. [canal. Lyons, pv. cap. of Wayne co. N.Y. on Erie Lyons, pt. Ionia co. Mich, on Grand r, Lysander, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. on Seneca r. McAllistersville, pv. Juniata co. Pa. 55 nw of Harrisburg. McArthur, tp. Logan co. O. [of Cs. McArtiiurstown, cap. of Vinton co. 0. 70 se McClellandstown, pv. Fayette co. Pa. McConnelsbcrg, cap. Fulton co. Pa. McConnelsville, pv. cap. of Morgan co. O. 73 e of Columbus. [of Cs. McCutchinsville, pv. Crawford co. O. 76 n McDanielsville, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. McDonald, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Ala. 160 e of Tuscaloosa. [of Jef. City. McDonald, pv. cap. of Barry co. Mo. 200 sw McDonough, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 120 w Al. McDonough, pv. cap. of Henry co. Ga 65 wnw of Milledgeville. McGillivray's [g hard] or Kootanai (koo- ta-nl') r. in the e part of Oregon, falls into the Columbia. [w of Al. McGrawville, pv. Cortland co. N. Y. 142 McHenry, pv. cap. M'Henry co. 111. on Fox r. McIndoe's Falls, pv. Caledonia co. Vt. 46 e McKean, pt. Erie co. Pa. 9 s of Erie, [of Mtr. McKean, tp. Licking co. O. McKeansburg, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. McKee's Port, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 200 wH. McLean, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. on Fall cr. McLeansborough, pv. cap. of Hamilton co. 111. 156 sse of Springfield. [Nashville. McLeans ville, pv. Jackson co. Tenn. 80 e of McLemoresville, pv. Carroll co. Tenn. 107 w of Nashville. [75 se of Ne. McMinnville, pv. cap. of Warren co. Tenn. McVeytown, pv. Mifflin co. Pa. 68 nw of H. McWilltamstown, pv. Chester co. Pa. Macedon, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 20 w of Lyons. Macedonia, pv. Carroll co. Tenn. 108 w Ne. Machias, Me. See Gazetteer. Machias, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Machias Port, pt. Washington co. Me. oa Machias river. [300 nnw of D. Mackinaw, pv. cap. of Mackinaw co. Mich. Mackinaw r. 111. flows into the Illinois r. Mackinaw, pv. Tazewell co. III. 64 n of Sd. Mackville, pv. Franklin co. Ga. 120 n of M. Mackville, pv. Washington co. Ky.45 ssw F Mackville, pv. Randolph co. Ind. 75 ene Is. Macomb, pv. cap. of M'Donough co. 111. 86 NW of Springfield. Macomb, pt. Macomb co. Mich. 35 ne of D. Macon, Ga. See Gazetteer. Macon, pv. Marengo co. Ala. 56 s of T. Macon, pv. cap. of Noxubee co. Miss, on Noxubee river. Macon, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 196 wsw Ne. Macon, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 66 sw of D. Macoupin (mak-koo'pin) cr. 111. flows into Illinois river. Macungy, pt. Lehigh co. Pa. 83 ene of H. Madawaska, tp. Aroostook co. Me. on St. John's river. Madbury, tp. Strafford co. N. H. Madison, pt. Somerset co. Me. 40 n of A. Madison, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 56 s Hd. Madison, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 95 w of Al. Madison, pv. Morris co. N. J. 58 n of Tn. Madison, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Madison, tp. Montour co. Pa. 10 N Danville. Madison, tp. Perry co. Pa. [nw of R. Madison C. H. pv. cap. of Madison co. Va. 97 Madison, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. 116 nw of Raleigh. [ofM. Madison, pv. cap. of Morgan co. Ga. 40 nnw Madison C. H. pv. cap. of Madison co. Flor. Madison, tp. Butler co. O. Madison, tp. Clarke co. O. Madison, tp. Franklin co. O. Madison, tp. Guernsey co. O. Madison, tp. Highland co. O. Madison, pt. Lake co. O. on Grand r. Madison, tp. Montgomery co. O. Madison, tp. Perry co. O. Madison, tp. Richland co. O. Madison, tp. Lenawee co. Mich. Madison, Ind. See Gazetteer. Madison, tp. Jefferson co. Ind. Madison, pv. Madison co. 111. s of Sd. Madison, pv. Monroe co. Mo. 83 N of Jef. City. Madison, pv. cap. of Dane co. and of the state of Wis., on a peninsula between the 3d and 4th lake of the chain called the Four Lakes, 90 m. w of Milwaukie. Madison Springs, pv. Madison co. Ga. 100 N of Milledgeville. [of J. Madisonville, pv. Madison co. Miss. 20 nnk Madisonville, pv. St. Tammany par. La. on Chefonle river. [172 ese of Ne Madisonville, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Tenn. Madisonville, pv. cap. of Hopkins co. Ky. 127 wsw of Frankfort. [Cincinnati. Madisonville, pv. Hamilton co. O. 8 ne of Madisonville, pv. Ralls co. Mo. 96 nne of Jefferson City. Madrid, tp. Franklin co. Me. 105 nw of A. Madrid, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Grass r Mad r. O. an affluent of the Miami r. Mad R. tp. Champaign co. O. Mahanoy r. Pa. enters the Susqa. 35 N of H Mahantango r. Pa. flows into the Susque- hanna 28 N of Harrisburg. Mahoning r. rising in O. joins Beaver r. in Pa MAN 631 MAR Mahoning, tp. Columbia co. Pa. on Susqa. r. Mahoning, pt/Indiana co. Pa. 170 w of H. Mahoning, tp. Lawrence co. Pa. 16 sw of Mer- cer (borough). Maiden Cr. pt. Berks co. Pa. 60 e of H. Maiden cr. Pa. an upper br.of the Schuylkill. Maidstone, tp. Essex co. Vt. on the Conn. r. Maine, pv. Broome co. N.Y. 147 wsw of Al. Maitland r. Canada West, runs into Lake Huron at Goderich. Malaga, pv. Gloucester co N.J. 55 sw of Tn. Malaga, pt. Monroe co. O. 110 e of Cs. Malden, pt Middlesex co. Mass. 5 N of B. Maiden, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. on Hudson r. Maiden, a t. of Canada West, at the entrance of Detroit r. into Lake Erie. Malden Bridge, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 16 s of Albany. Mallorysville, pv. Wilkes co. Ga. 90 ne M. Malone, pv. cap. of Franklin co. N. Y. on Salmon river. [Spa. Malta, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 6sEofBallston Malta, pv. Morgan co. O. on Muskingum r. Maltaville, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. 30 n Al. Mamakating, tp. Sullivan co. N.Y. 12 e of Monticello. [of New York. Mamar'oneck, pt. Westchester co.N.Y. 23 ne Manahocking, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 60 e of Trenton. [Manasquan inlet. Manasquan r. N. J. enters the Atlantic by Manasquan, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 50 ese of Trenton. [of Phila. Man-a-yunk', pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 7 nw MANCHEsTER,city,Hillsborough co. N. H. 21 sse of Concord. Pop. 13,900. [tenkill r. Manchester, pt. Bennington co. Vt. on Bat- Manchester, pt. Essex co. Mass. 23 ne of B. Manchester, pt. Hartford co. Conu. 10 e of Hd. Manchester, v. Dutchess co. N.Y. on Wap- pinger's creek. [creek. Manchester, v. Oneida co. N.Y. on Oriskany Manchester, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 200 w of Al. Manchester, tp. Passajc co. N. J. on Passaic r. Manchester, tp. Wayne co. Pa. Manchester, pt. York co. Pa. 18 s of H. Manchester, pv. Carroll co. Md. 60 nw of An. Manchester, pv. Chesterfield co. Va. 2 s of R. Manchester, pv. cap. of Coffee co. Tenn. 68 se of Nashville. [river. Manchester, pv. cap. of Clay co. Ky. on Goose Manchester, pv. Adams co. O. on the Ohio r. Manchester, v. Summit co.. O. 120 ne of Cs. Manchester, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 55 w D. Manchester, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 76 se of Is. Manchester, pv. Scott co. 111. 50 w of Sd. Manchester, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. 108 e of Jefferson City. Manchineel, a sea-port on the e end of Ja- maica, 38 m. e from Kingston. Mandeville, v. St. Tammany par. La. on L. Pontchartrain. Man'dans, the name of a tribe of Indians, formerly dwelling on the Missouri, e of the Yellowstone r., now nearly or quite extinct. Manhassett, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Long I. Manhattan, pv. Lucas co. O. at the mouth of the Maumee river. Manhattan, pv. Putnam co. Ind. on Eel r. ManIiattanville, v. New York co. N.Y. on the Hudson. [Albany. Manheim, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 64 WNWof Manheim, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 33 ese of H. Manheim, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. Manheim, tp. York co. Pa. 16 »w of York. Manitoowoc, pv. cap. of Manitoowoc co Wisconsin. [Syracuse. Manlius, pt. Onondaga co. N. Y. 10 e of Manlius, tp. Allegan co. Mich. Manlius Centre, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. Manningham, pv. Butler co. Ala. 132 sse of Tuscaloosa. [lem. Mannington, tp. Salem co. N. J. 6 ne of Sa- Mannsborough, pv. Amelia co. Va. 46 sw R. Mannsville, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. 166 nw of Albany. [caster. Manor, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 6 sw of Lan- Mansfield, tp. Lamoille co. Vt. 20 nw Mtr. Mansfield, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 30 ssw of B. Mansfield, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 24 e of Hd. Mansfield, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 5 w of Ellicottville. [Mount Holly Mansfield, tp. Burlington co. N. J. 7 N of Mansfield, pt. Warren co. N. J. 48 nnw of Tn. Mansfield, pv. cap. of Richland co. O. 63 nne of Columbus. Mantua, pt. Portage co. O. on Cuyahoga r. Mantua, pv. M'Minn co. Tenn. 164 ese of Ne. Manzanillo, man-san-neel'yo, a sea-port on the s side of Cuba, 125 m. se of Puerto Principe. Pop. about 3,000. Maple, pt. Ionia co. Mich. 130 wnw of D. Maplesville, pv. Bibb co. Ala. 62 se of T. Mapleton, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 110 w Ca. Mapleton, pv. Stark co. O. 132 ne of Cs. Maramec r. Mo. flows into the Mississippi. Marathon, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. on Tough- Marathon, tp. Lapeer co. Mich. [nioga r. Marblehead, Mass. See Gazetteer. Marbletown, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 7 sw of Kingston. [nnw of N. O. Marburyville, pv. St. Tammany par. La. 7C Marcellus, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 140 w Al Marcellus Falls, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 140 w of Albany. [Phila. Marcus Hook, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 20 s of Marcy, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 6 n of Utica. Mardisville, pv. Talladega co. Ala. on Tal- ladega creek. Marengo, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. 100 w of D. Marengo, pv. M'Henry co. 111. on Kishawau- kee river. [droscoggin Margallaway r. N. H. flows into the An- Margaretta, pt. Erie co. O. 100 n of Cs. Margaretsville, pv. Northampton co. N. C. Marianna, pv. cap. of Jackson co. Flor. on Chipola river. Mariaville, pt. Hancock co. Me. on Union r. Marie, St. pv. Jasper co. 111. 140 se of Sd. MARiEL,mah-re-el', a sea-port on the n side of Cuba, about 30 m. w of Havana. Marietta, borough, Lancaster co. Pa. on the Susquehanna. Marietta, pv. cap. of Cobb co. Ga. 113 NW M. Marietta, pv. cap. of Washington co. O. on Muskingum river. Marion, pt. Washington co. Me. 170ENEof A. Marion, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 200 w of Al. Marion, tp. Centre co. Pa. Marion, tp. Greene co. Pa. Marion, pv. cap. of Smythe co. Va. 275 W of R Marion, pv. Montgomery co. N. C. Marion C. H. pv. cap. of Marion dist. S. C. 146 e of Columbia. Marion, pv. cap. of Twiggs co. Ga. 41 bw M. Marion, pv. Jefferson co. Flor. Marion, pv. cap. of Perry co. Ala. 58 s of T. Marion, pv. cap. of Lauderdale co. Miss. 110 £ of Jackson. « MAR 632 MAT Marion, pv. cap. of Critten3en co. Ark. 140 ene of Little Rock. Marion, pv. Scott co. Ky. 22 ne of F. Marion, pv. cap. of Marion co. O. 44 n of Cs. Marion, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 56 wnw D. Marion, pv. cap. of Grant co. Ind. on Missi- sinewa river. [of Sd. Marion, pv. cap. of Williamson co. 111. 172 sse Marion, pv. Cole co. Mo. on Missouri r. Marion, pv. cap. of Linn co. Iowa, 4 e of Ce- dar river. [Mississippi r. Marion City, pv. Marion co. Mo. on the Marion College, pv. Marion co. Mo. 12 w of Palmyra. [Trenton. Marksborough, pv. Warren co. N. J. 73 n of Marksville, pv. Page co. Va.l20NN\vof R. Marksville, pv. cap. of Avoyelles par. La. 255 nw of New Orleans. [of Cd. Marlborough, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 53 sw Marlborough, pt. Windham co. Vt. Marlborough, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 27 wB. Marlborough, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 16 se of Hartford. [Kingston. Marlborough, pt. Ulster co. N. Y. 20 s of Marlborough, tp. Montgomery co. Pa. Marlborough, pv. Morgan co. Ga. 54 nw M. Marlboroughj tp. Delaware co. O. Marlborough, pt. Stark co. O. 135 ne of Cs. Marlow, ip. Cheshire co. N. H. on Ashuelot r. Marple, tp. Delaware co. Pa. [Neenah r. Marquette, v. cap. of Marquette co. Wis. on Marriottsville, pv. Anne Arundel co. Md. 53 nw of Annapolis. Marseilles, pv. Noble co. Ind. 164 nne of Is. Marseilles, pv. La Salle co. 111. on Illinois r. Marshall, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 12 sw Utica. Marshall, pv. Marshall co. Ala. 130 ne of T. Marshall, pv. cap. of Calhoun co. Mich. 105 w of Detroit. y" [of Sd. Marshall, pv. cap. of Clarke co. 111. 123 ese Marshall, pv. cap. of Saline co. Mo. 87 nw of | Jefferson City. Marshall, v. cap. of Harrison co. Texas, 150 N of Galveston. A university has been in- corporated here. Pop. 350. Mabshallsville, pv. Macon co. Ga. 70 sw M. Marshallsville, pv. Wayne co. O. Marshallton, pv. Chester co. Pa. [Mtr. Marshfield, pt. Washington co. Vt. 15 ne of Marshfield, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 31 se of B. Marshpee, tp. Barnstable co. Mass. Marthasville, pv. Warren co. Mo. 73 e of Jefferson City. Martha's Vineyard, i. Mass. lies off the s shore of Mass. It is 21 m. long and from 2 to 5 broad. Martic, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 10 s Lancaster. Marticville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 48 ese H. Martinsburg, pv. cap. of Lewis co. N. Y. 134 NW of Albany. Martinsburg, pv. Blair connty Pa. 112 w of H. Martinsburg, pv. cap. of Berkley co. Va. 21 nw of Harper's Ferry. Martinsburg, pv. Monroe co. Ky. 150 ssw F. Martinsburg, pv. Knox co. O. 57 nne of Cs. Martinsburg, pv. Wn. co. Ind. 13 se of Salem. Martin's cr. Northampton co. Pa. flows into the Delaware. [flowing into th a Atlant ie. Martin's, St. a r. at the e extremity of Md.. Martin's, St. pv. Worcester co. Md. 130 se An'. Martinstown, pv Hancock co. 0. 90 nnw Cs. Martinsville, p v. Somerset co.N. J. 35 n Tn. Martinsville, pv. cap. of Henry co. Va. on Smith's river. Martinsville, pv. Northampton co. N. C. 150 ne of Raleigh. Martinsville, pv. Warren co. Ky. 152 sw of F Martinsville, pv. Clinton co. O. 82 ssw of Cs. Martinsville, pv. cap. of Morgan co. Ind. 28 sw of Indianapolis. Martinsville, pv. Clarke co. 111. 127 ese of Sd. Martinsville, St. pv. and cap of St. Mary's par. La. on Teche river. Martville, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 175 w of Al. Maryland, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 12 n of Coo- perstown. [ing into the Atlantic. Mary's, St. a r. between Ga. and Flor. flow- Mary's, St. Ga. See Gazetteer. Mary's, St. pv. Auglaize co. 0. 105 wnw of Cs. Mary's. St. a r. of O. and Ind. ; it unites with the St. Joseph's to form the Maumee. Mary's, St. a strait between L. Huron and L. Superior, length about 60 miles. Mary's Landing, St. pv. St. Genevieve co. Mo. on the Mississippi. [ton r. Marysville, pv. Campbell co. Va. on Staun Marysviile, pv. cap. of Blount co. Tenn. 183 ese of Nashville. Marysville, pv. Union co. O. 40 nw of Cs. Marysville, pv. Lawrence co. Ind. 63 ssw Is. Mascoutah, pv. St. Clair co. 111. 110 s of Sd. Mashulaville, pv. Noxubee co. Miss. 113 ne of Jackson. [Mich, in Ottawa co. Maske'gon or Maske'go r. Mich, enters L. Maskegon, pt. Ottawa co. Mich, on the above. Mason, pt. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 44 ssw of Cd. Mason, tp. Cass co. Mich. Mason, tp. Ingham co. Mich. Mason, pv. Clinton co. Mo. Mason Centre, pv. Ingham co. Mich. Mason Village, pv. Hillsborough co. N. H. 44 ssw of Concord. [of Al. Masonville, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 110 sw M"sonville, pv. Lauderdale co. Ala 145 N T Massena, pt. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 247 nnw of Albany. Masserne, Mts. See Ozark Mts. Massillon, pv. Stark co. O. on Ohio canal. Matagorda, a co. of Texas, at the mouth of the Colorado, on Matagorda Bay. Soil ex- ceedingly fertile, consisting generally of a deep, rich, black mould. Matagorda, a sea-port, city and cap. of the above co., on the left bank of the Colorado, at its mouth, 190 m. se of Austin. It con- tains an academy, and a university has been incorporated here. Pop. 500 or 6C0. Matagorda Bay, an extensive lagoon of Texas, at the mouth of the Colorado riper. Length about 60 m., greatest breadth above 15 m. Mat-a-mo'ros, a t. of Mexico, on the ight bank of the Rio del Norte, about 40 m. from ils mouth. A few of the houses are of brick ; those of the lower classes are built of canes, brushwood, &c, plastered with mud. Pop. estimated at 5.000. Opposite this town, on the ne side of the river, General Taylor established his camp a short time previous to the commencement of hostili- ties between the United States and Mexico. This place has been since called Fort Brown, in honour of Major Brown, com- mander of the garrison, who was mortally wounded by a shell from the Mexican batte- ries (May 6th, 1846), while Gen. Taylor, with the main body of his forces, was en- gaged in opening a communication with MEA 633 MER Point Isabel. After the victories of Palo Alto [pah'lo al'to) and Resaca de la Palma (ra sah'ka del lah pal'ma), the American army entered and took possession of Mata- mon s without opposition. Matchapungo Inlet, an inlet from the sea in Northampton co. Va. Mattap' ;ny r. Va. joins the Pamunky, to form York river. Mattamiscoxtis, tp. Penobscot co. Me. Mattapoisett, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 60 s B. Matteawan, v. Dutchess co. N.Y. on Fish- kill creek. (.102 e of R. Matthews C. H. pv. cap. of Matthews co. Va. Matthewsville, pv. Pocahontas co. Va. 194 wxw of Richmond. Mattituck, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. Matteson, tp. Branch eo. Mich. Match Chunk. See Gazetteer. Mauchport, pv. Harrison co. Iijd. 140 s of Is. Maumee r. O. See Gazetteer. Maumee City, pv. Lucas co. O. on Maumee r. Maurice r. N. J. enters Delaware Bay in Cumberland co. [above. Maurice R. tp. Cumberland co. N. J. on the Mauricetown, pv. Cumberland co. N. J. on Maurice river. Maxatawny, tp. Berks co. Pa. 74 ne of H. Maxfield, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 110 nnw A. Maxville, pv. Sussex co. N. J. MaYagukz, ml-a-ghes', a sea-port on the w coast of Porto Rico. Mayeinton, pv. Newberry dist. S. C. 45 w Ca. Mayfield, pt. Somerset co. Me. on Kenne- bec river. Mayfield, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 58 sw of Al. Mayfield, pv. cap. of Graves co. Ky. 275 wsw of Frankfort. Mayfield, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. on Chagrin r. Mayo, ml'o, a r. of Mexico, in Sonora, fall- ing into the Gulf of California, near 27° 10' N Lat., and 109° 40' w Lon. Near its mouth is the town called Santa Cruz de Mayo or Guitivis (ghe-te-veece'), with a pop. esti- mated at 7,000. Mayoning, pv. Patrick co. Va. 217 wsw of R. May's Landing, pv. cap. of Atlantic co. N. J. on Great Egg Harbour r. 73 s of Trenton. Maysville, pv. cap. of Buckingham co. Va. on Slate river. Maysville, pv. Greenbrier co. Va. 230 w of R. Maysville, pv. Dickson co. Tenn. 50 w of Ne. Maysville, city, Mason co. Ky. on Ohio r. Maysville, tp. Morgan co. O. Maysville, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 84 wnw Is. Maysville, pv. cap. of Clay co. 111. 120 se Sd. Mayville, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. on Chau- tauque Lake. Maytown, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 30 se of H. Maz v at-lan', a sea- port t. of Sonora, Mexi- co, on the w coast, at the entrance of the Gulf of California, 570 m. nw of Mexico. It is much frequented by American traders and whalers. Lat. 23° 15' n, Lon. about 106° 30' w. Mead, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Mead, tp. Belmont co. O. [of Ne. Meadowville, pv. Smith co. Tenn. 55 ene Meadville, borough, cap. of Crawford co. Pa. on French creek. Meadville. pv. Halifax co. Va. 136 sw of R. Meadville, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Miss. 80 sw of Jackson. Meansville, pv. Union dist. S. C. 80 nw Ca. Mecca, pt. Trumbull co. O. 180 ne of Cs. Mechanicsburg, borough, Cumberland CO. Pa. 9 e of Carlisle. Mechanicsburg, pv. Giles co. Va. 248 w of R Mechanicsburg, pv. Champaign co. O. 36 W of Columbus. Mechanicsburg, pv. Sangamon co.Ul. 15 ESd Mechanic's Falls, pv. Cumberland co. Me. Mechanicstown, pv. Frederick co. Md. 90 nw of Annapolis. [.Cs. Mechanicstown, pv. Carroll co 0. 135 ene of Mechanicsville, pv. Rutland co. Vt. 82 ssw of Montpelier. [Hudson r. Mechanicsville, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. on the Mechanicsville, pv. Louisa co. Va. 70 nw R. Mechanicsville, pv. Sumter dist. S. C. 78 e of Columbia. Mechanicsville, pv. Jasper co. Ga. 45 w M. Mechanicsville, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 30 se of Nashville. Mechanicsville, pv. Kemper co. Miss. Mechisses, pt. Washington co. Me. on Ma- chias river. [w of Al. Mecklenburg, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 174 Mecklenburg, pv. Knox co. Tenn. onllolston river. Medfield, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 21 ssw of B Medford, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 5 NW of B. Medford, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 31 se of Tn. Medina, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. 260 w of Al. Medina, pv. cap. of Medina co. O. 117 ne Cs. Medina, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 80 sw of D. Medway, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 28 sw of B. Medway, v. Liberty co. Ga. Meesville, pv. Roane co. Tenn. 142 E of Ne. „ Meherrin r . Va. unites with the Nottaway to form the Chowan r. N. C Meigs, tp. Adams co. O. [berland r. Meigsville, pv. Jackson co. Tenn. on Cum- Mellenville, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 37 s Al. Melmore, pv. Seneca co. O. 82 n of Cs. Melrose, pv. Clarke co. 111. 150 ese of Sd. Meltonsville, pv. Anson co. N. C. 160 sw of Raleigh. [Tuscaloosa. Meltonsville, pv. Marshall co. Ala. 170 ne of Melvin Village, pv. Strafford co. N. H. 50 e of Concord. |P°P- 15,000. Memphis, city, Shelby co. Tenn. on the Miss. Memphis, pv. Lewis co. Mo. 184 n Jef. City. Memphrema'gog, LAKE,Vt. is between 30 and 40 m. long, and from 2 to 3 wide. Menallen, pt. Adams co. Pa. 48 sw of H. Menallen, tp. Fayette co. Pa. Mesas, Little and Great, 2 islands off the ne coast of Me. Mendham, pt. Morris co. N. J. 56 n of Tn. Mendon, tp. Rutland co. Vt. 8 e of Rutland. Mendon,' pt. Worcester co. Mass. 33 sw of B. Mendon, pt. Monroe co.N.Y. 12 s Rochester Mendon, pv. Adams co. 111. 116'w of Sd. Men-nom'o-nie or Menomonee Indians, a tribe dwelling in the ene part of Wis. near Menomonee river. Menomonee r. Mich, flows into Green Bay. Menomonee, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Mentor, pt. Lake co. O. on L. Erie. Mentz, tp. Cayuga co. N.Y. 8 nnw Auburn Mequanigo, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Mercer, pt. Somerset co. Me. 34 nnw ot A. Mercer, tp. Butler co. Pa. Mercer, borough, cap. of Mercer co. Pa. 57 n of Pittsburg. Mercersburg, borough, Franklin co. Pa. 15 sw of Chambersburg. MID 634 MIF Meredith, tp. Belknap co. N. H. 30 n of Cd. Meredith, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 6 n of Delhi. Meredith Village, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 37 N of Concord. Meredosia. pv. Morgan co. 111. on Illinois r. Mkriden, pv. Cheshire co. N. H. 57 swof Cd. Meriden, pt. New Haven Co. Conn. 16 s of Hartford. Meridian, pv. Mercer co. 111. 130 nw of Sd. Meridian'Springs, pv. Hinds co. Miss. 9 n J. Meridianville, pv. Madison co. Ala. on Flint river. Mermentau, mer-men-to', r. La. enters the Gulf of Mexico B of Calcasieu r. Mkrom, pv. cap. of Sullivan co. Ind. on the Wabash r. Merrimack, pt. Hillsboro' co. N.H. 29 s of Cd. Merrittstown, pv. Fayette co. Pa. 191 w H. Merrittsville, pv. Greenville dist. S. C. 130 nw of Columbia. Mesopotamia, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 170 ne Cs. Metal, tp. Franklin co. Pa. Metea, pv. Cass co. Ind. 84 N of Is. Methuen, pt. Essex co. Mass. on Merrimack r. Metropolis City, pv. Johnson co. 111. 225 sse of Springfield. Mktuchin, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 32 ne Tn. Mexico, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Androscoggin r. Mexico, pv. Oswego co. N.Y. on Salmon cr. Mexico, pv. Juniata co. Pa. 42 nw of H. Mexico, pv. cap. of Audrain co. Mo. on Salt r. Mexico, the most populous of the Mexican states, is situated in the s part of the con- federation, and borders on the Pacific. Area 30,000 sq.m. Pop. 1,200,000. Tlalpanisthe capital. Meyerstown, pv. Lebanon co. Pa. 31 e of H. Miami r. O. See Gazetteer. Miami, pv. Hamilton co. O. on Miami r. Miami, tp. Hamilton co. O. on the Ohio r. Miami, tp. Clermont co. O. Miami, tp. Montgomery co. O. Miamisburg, pv. Montg. co. O. on Miami r. Michael's, St. pv. Talbot co. Md. 57 e An. Michaels ville, pv. Harford co. Md. 02 n An. Michigan Centre, pv. Jackson co. Mich. 72 wofD. [Mich. Michigan City, pv. Laporte co. Ind. on L. Michigantown, pv. Clinton co. Ind. 42 n Is. Michoacan, me'eho-ah-kan', a Mexican state, w of the city of Mexico, and bordering on the Pacific. Area 26,500 sq.m. Pop. 450,000. Capital, Valladolid. [Bay. Middle, tp. Cape May co. N. J. on Delaware Middle Paxton, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 9 ne of Harrisburg. [s of B. Middleborough, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 40 Middlebourne, pv. cap. of Tyler co. Va. 307 nw of Richmond. [of R. Middlebrook, pv. Augusta co. Va. 130 wnw Middleburg, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 37 w Al. Middleburg, pv. Union co. Pa. 77 N of H. Middleburg, pv. Carroll co. Md. 78 nw of An. Middleburg, pv. Loudon co. Va. 134 N of R. Middleburg, pv. Hardiman co. Tenn. 170 sw of Nashville. Middleburg, pv. Casey co. Ky. 60 s of F. Middleburg, tp. Cuyahoga co. O. Middleburg, pv. Logan co. O. Middleburg, tp. Shiawassee co. Mich. Middlebury, Vt. See Gazetteer. [ofHd. Middlebury, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 52 wsw Middlebury, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. 247 wAl. Middlebury tp. Tioga co. Pa. I Middlebury, pv. Summit co. O. 125 ne of Ci Middlebury, pv. Elkhart co. Ind. 162 n of Is Middle Cr. pt. Union co. Pa. Middlefield, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. Middlefield. pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 64 w of Al Middleford, pv. Sussex co. Del. 43 s Dover Middle Fork, pt. Macon co. Mo.92n of Jef City. Middle Granville, pv.Washington co. N. Y Middle Haddam, pv. Middlesex co. Conn. 21 sse of Hartford. Middle Island, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. Middleport, pv. Niagara co. N.Y. 285 w Al. Middleport, pv. Schuykill co. Pa. 70 ne of H. Middleport, pv. Elkhart co. Ind. 157 N of Is. Middleport, pv. Iroquois co. 111. 192 ne of Sd. Middlesex, pt. Washington co. Vt. 6 ne Mtr. Middlesex, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 194 w of Al. Middlesex, tp. Butler co. Pa. [23 ne of B. Middlesex Village, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. Middle SxMIThfieldJ tp. Monroe co. Pa. [Cd. Middleton, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 38 nne of Middleton, pt. Essex co. Mass. 22 n of B. Middleton, pv. Carroll co. Miss. 100 n of J. Middleton, pv. White co. Ark. 62 ne of Little Rock. [Montpelier. Middletown, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 77 ssw of Middletown, tp. Newport co. R. I. 28 s of Providence. Middletown, Conn. See Gazetteer, [of Al. Middletown, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 80 wsw Middletown, pv. Orange co.N.Y. 112 ssw Al. Middletown, pt. Monmouth co. N. J. 50 ene of Trenton. Middletown, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 20 nne of Phila. Middletown, boro', Dauphin co. Pa. 10 se H Middletown, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 20 w of Middletown, tp. Susquehanna co. Pa. [Phila. Middletown, pv. New Castle co. Del. 47 N of Dover. [Frederick. Middletown, pv. Frederick co. Md. 8 nw of Middletown, pv. Frederick co. Va. 158 nnw of Richmond. Middletown, pv. Hyde co. N. C. 220Eof Rh. Middletown, pv. Butler co. Ala. 162 sse of T Middletown, pv. Jefferson co.Ky. 42 w of F Middletown, pv. Butler co. O. on Miami r. Middletown, v. Columbiana co. O. Middletown, tp. Columbiana co. O. Middletown, pv. Henry co. Ind. 44 e of Is. Middletown, pv. Logan co. 111. 20 ne of Sd. Middletown, pv. Montgomery co. Mo. 57 nh of Jefferson City. [on Middletown cr. Middletown Point, pv. Monmouth co. N.J. Middleville, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 82 wnw of Albany. Middleway, pv. Jefferson co.Va. 162 n of R. Midway, pv. Barnwell dist. S. C. 72 ssw Ca Midway, pv. Jones co. Ga. 22 w of M. Midway, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 200 se of T. Midway, pv. Monroe co. Tenn. 164 ese of Ne. Midway, pv. Woodford co. Ky. 20 se of F. Mier, meer, (Sp. pron. me-aiR'), a small t. of Mexico, on the Rio del Norte, about 100 m ne of Monterey. Mifflin, tp. Allesrhany co. Pa.S s Pittsburg Mifflin, tp. Columbia co. Pa. Mifflin, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. 17 nw Carlisle Mifflin, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 23 ne of H. Mifflin, tp. Lycominff co. Pa. Mifflin, pv. Henderson co. Tenn. 133 wswNe. Mifflin, pt. Richland co. O. 5 E of Mansfield. Mifflinsburg, borough, Union co. Pa. 76 n of Harrisburg. MIL 635 MIN MrFFUNTOWN, borough, cap. of Juniata co. I Pa. 45 nw of H. [Susquehanna. I Mifflinville, pv. Columbia co. Pa. on the j Milam, a v. of Texas, cap. of Sabine co., on a creek which runs into the Sabine river. ) Pop. 200 or 300. Milam, a large county or district in the N or i N central part of Texas, watered by the r. Brazos and its branches. Soil, at least in ! the s part, very fertile : it appears to be I exceedingly we'll adapted to the cultivation of grain. Capital, Cameron. Milan, pt. Coos co.N. H. on Androscoggin r. Milan, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 62 s of Al. Milan, pv. Garrard co. Ky. 52 sse of F. Milan, pt. Erie co. O. on Huron r. Milan, pt. Monroe co. Mich. 50 sw of D. Milan, pt. Calhoun co. III. 94 sw of Sd. Milbury. pt. Worcester co. Mass. 6 se of Worcester. Milbury, pv. Centre co. Pa. 87 nw of H. Miles, tp. Centre co. Pa. [Phila. Milestown, pv. Philadelphia co. Pa. 7 n of Milford, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob- scot river. Milford, pt. Hillsboro' co. N.H. 33 s of Cd. Milford, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 30 sw of B. Milford, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 45 ssw Hd. Milford, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 13s Cooperstown. Milford, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. on Dela- ware river. Milford, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 36 nw of Phila. Milford, tp. Juniata co. Pa. on Juniata r. Milford, pv. cap. of Pike co. Pa. on Dela- ware river. [set. Milford, tp. Somerset co. Pa. 7 sw of Somer- Milford, pv. Kent co. Del. 21 s of Dover. Milford, pv. Warren co. Va. [Ca. Milford, pv. Greenville dist. S. C. 120 nw of Milford, pv. Bracken co. Ky. 54 ne of F. [r. Milford, pv. Clermont co. O. on Little Miami Milford, tp. Butler co. O. Milford, tp. Knox co. O. Milford, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 40 nw of D. Millarusville, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. Mill, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. Max Brook, pv. Wayne co. O. 98 ne of Cs. Millbury, tp. Worcester co. Mass. 43 wsw Millburn, pv. Hickman co. Ky. [of B. Mill Cr. tp. Erie co. Pa. Mill Cr. hundred, New Castle co. Del. Mill Cr. pv. Person co. N. C. Mill Cr. pt. Coshocton co. O. 93 ne of Cs. Mill Cr. tp. Hamilton co. O. Milldale, pv. Warren co. Miss. 150 w of J. Millkdgeville, pv. Montgomery co. N. C. 133 wsw of Raleigh. Milledgeville, pv. White co. Tenn. 86 E Ne. Millersburg, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. on the Susquehanna. Millersburg, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 44 se Ne. Millersburg, pv. Bourbon co. Ky. 44 E of F. Millersburg, pv. cap. Holmes co. O. 87 ne Cs. Millersburg, pv. Mercer co. 111. Millersburg, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 34 ne of Jefferson City. Miller's Place, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. Millersport, pv. Fairfield co. O. 30 se Cs. Milllerstown, pv. Perry co. Pa. 30 nw H. Millerstown, pv. Grayson co. Ky. 125 sw of F. Millerstown, pv. Champaign co. O. 55 w Cs. Millersville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 40 se H. Millersviile, pv. Marion co. Ind. 7 from Is. Millfield, pv. Athens co. O. 73 se of Cs MrLLFORD, pv. Lewis co. Mo. 164 n Jef. City. Mill Haven, pv. Scriven co. Ga. 106 e of M Millheim, pv. Centre co. Pa. 88 nw of H. Millington, pv. Middlesex co. Conn. 36 8 of Hartford. Millington, pv. Kent co. Md. 60 ene of An. Mill Plain, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 72 sw Hd Mill Point, pv. Pocahontas co. Va. 210 wnw of Richmond. [of Al Mill Port, pv. Chemung; co. N.Y. 200 wsw Mill Port, pv. Potter co. Pa. 185 nnw of H. Mill Port, pv. Laurel co. Ky. 106 se of F. Mill Port, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 80 s of Is. Millsboro', pv. Sussex co. Del. 50 s Dover. Millsfield, tp. Coos co. N. H. Mills' Point, or Hickman, pv. Hickman co. Ky. on the Mississippi river. Millstone cr. N. J. flows into Raritan r. Mill Stone, pv. Somerset co. N.J. 27 n Tn. Milltown, pv. Putnam co. N.Y. 100 s of Al Milltown, pv. Crawford co. Ind. 113 s of Is. Millview, pv. Fauquier co. Va. 103 N of R. Millville, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 43 w B. Millville, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. [rice r. Millville, pt. Cumberland co. N. J. on Mau- Millville, pv. King George co. Va. 90 nnh of Richmond. [of Ca Millville, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 100 nw Millville, pv. Butler co. Ala. 154 sse of T. Millville, pv. Lincoln co. Tenn. 97 s of Ne. Millville, pv. Caldwell co. Ky.230 wsw of F. Millville, pv. Butler co. O.on Indian cr. Millwood, pv. Clarke co. Va. 135 nnw of R. Millwood, tp. Guernsey co. O. Milo, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. on Piscataquis r. Milo, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 193 w of Al. Milo Centre, pv. Yates co. N.Y. 196 w Al. Milroy. pv. Rush co. Ind. 48 ese of Is. Milton, tp. Piscataquis co. Me. Milton, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 47 ne of Cd. Milton, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. on Lamoille r. Milton, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 7 s of B. Milton, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 36 w of Hd. Milton, tp. Saratoga co. N. Y. 30 n of Al. Milton, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 80 s of Al. Milton, pv. Morris co. N. J. 75 n of Tn. Milton, borough, Northumberland co. Pa. on the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Milton, pv. Sussex co. Del. 33 s of Dover. Milton, pv. Caswell co. N. C. 74 nw of Rh. Milton, pv. Laurens dist.S. C. 60 wnw of Ca. Milton, pv. cap. of Santa Rosa co. Flor. on Blackwater river. Milton, pv. Autauga co. Ala. 98 se of T. Milton, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 37 se of Ne. Milton, pv. Trimble co. Ky. on Ohio r. Milton, tp. Richland co. O. Milton, pt. Mahoning co. O. on Mahoning r. Milton, tp. Cass co. Mich. Milton, tp. Jefferson co. Ind. [City. Milton, pv. Randolph co. Mo. 80 nnw of Je'f Milton Hill, pv. Charles co. Md. 83 sw An. Miltonville, pv. Wayr.e cc M.ss. 158 se J. Miltonville, v. Butler co. O. Miltonville, pv. Wood co O. 123 nnw cf Cs. Milwaukie, or Milwaukee, the largest t. of Wis , cap. of Milwaukie co., on Milwaukie r. near its entrance into Lake Michigan. Pop. estimated at 20,000. Mixv, pt. Cliautauque co. N.Y. 260 w of Al MrXDEN, pt. Montgomery co. N.Y. on Mo hawk river. Mineral Point, pv. cap. of Iowa co. Wis. 52 W8W of Madison. MOQ € Mineral Springs, pv. Talladega co. Ala. 78 e of Tuscaloosa. Minersville, v. Alleghany co. Pa. 2 E of Pitts- burg. Minersville, borough, Schuylkill co. Pa. Minersville, pv. Rutherford co. N. C. Minesville, v. Forsyth co. Ga. 100 w of M. Minerva, pt. Essex co. N.Y. on the Hudson. Minerva, pv. Mason co. Ky. 75 ene of F. Minerva, pv. Stark co. O. 140 ne of Cs. Minnetaree (mhi-ne-tar're) IndianSj a tribe dwelling in the ne part of Missouri Terri- tory. Minisink, pt. Orange co. N.Y. 120 ssw of Al. Mino, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. Minot, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 46 sw of A. Mintonsville, pv. Gates co. N. C. 106 ene of Raleigh. Miragoane, mee-rah-go-an', a sea-port on the n coast of Hayti, 75 m. wsw of Port- au-Prince. Miranda, pv. Rowan co. N. C. 130 w of Rh. Mishawaka, pv. St. Joseph co. Ind. Mishwaukee, pv. Brown co. Wis. Mispilion, hundred, Kentco. Del. Missisque r. Vt. flows into Missisque Bay, an arm of L. Champlain. Mtssisinewa r. Ind. falls into the Wabash. Mississippi City, pv. cap. of Harrison co. Miss. 265 sse of Jackson. Missouri, tp. Boone co. Mo. Missouri, pv. Pike co. Ala. 165 se of T. Missouriton, pv. St. Charles co. Mo. on Mis- souri river. [n of Ne. Mitchellsville, pv. Robertson co. Tenn.34 Mit'la, a Mexican t. in the state of Oaxaca, 35 m. e of the city of this name, remarka- ble for its interesting ruins. Mixenburg, pv. Greene co. Ala. [creek. Mixville, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. on W. Koy Mocksville, pv. cap. of Davie co. N. C. 140 w of Raleigh. [of R. Modest Town, pv. Accomac co.Va. 228 e Moffettsville, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 117 wnw of Columbia. Mo-hah've Indians, California, a tribe dwell- ing between the r. Colorado and the s ex- tremity of the Great Basin. Mohahve r. near the s margin of the Great Basin : termination unknown. Mohawk r. N.Y. See Gazetteer, [river. Mohawk, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. on Mohawk Mohawk, tp.Montg. co. N.Y. on the Mohawk. Mohiccan, pt Ashland co. O. 88 ne of Cs. Moira, pt. Franklin co.N. Y. on L. Salmon r. Molltown, pv. Berks co. Pa. 64 e of H. Monad'nock, Mt. Cheshire co. N.H. Height 3,254 ft. [N of Is. Mongoquinong, pv. La Grange co. Ind. 176 Monguagon, tp. Wayne co. Mich. Monhegan Island, Lincoln co. Me. Moniteau, mon-e-to', pt. Cole co. Mo. 20 nw of Jefferson City. Monkton, pt. Addison co. Vt. 50 w of Mtr. Monmouth, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 16 gw of A. Monmouth, pv. Adams co. Ind. on St. Mary's r. Monmouth, pv. cap. of Warren co. 111. 120 nw of Springfield. Monaghan. tp. Vork co. Pa. Monongahela r Pa. See Gazetteer. Monongahela, tp Greene co. Pa. 14 se of Waynesburg. [190 w of H. Monongahela City, pv. Washington co. Pa. Moyuis, mo-keez', or Monquis, mon-keez' 36 MON (singular Moqtji), a tribe of Indians dwei - ing in the e part of California, on the upper tributaries of the Colorado. Monroe, pt. Waldo co. Me. on Marsh r. Monroe, tp. Washington co. Vt. 15 nne Mtr Monroe, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 120 w of B. Monroe, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 54 sw of Hd Monroe, pt. Orange co. N.Y. 14 se of Goshen. Monroe, tp. Middlesex co. N. J. Monroe, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 80 n of Tn. Monroe, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Monroe, tp. Bradford co. Pa. Monroe, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on Delaware r. Monroe, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. Monroe, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [Milledgeville. Monroe, pv. cap. of Walton co. Ga. 60 nw of Monroe, pv. cap. of Washita par. La. on Washita river. [of Ne. Monroe, pv. cap. of Overton co. Tenn. 100 k Monroe, pv. Hart co. Ky. 100 sw of F. Monroe, tp. Ashtabula co. O. Monroe, pv. Butler co. O. 95 wsw of Cs. Monroe, tp. Clermont co. O. Monroe, tp. Miami co. O. Monroe, tp. Richland co. O. Monroe, city, cap. of Monroe co. Mich, on I Raisin r. 37 ssw of Detroit. Monroe, tp. Grant co. Ind. Monroe, tp. Washington co. Ind. Monroe, pv. Cook co. 111. 218 ne of Sd. Monroe, pv. cap. of Greene co. Wis. 80 s of Madison. Monroeton, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 130 n of H. Monroeton, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. 100 nw ! of Raleigh. [s of T. [ Monroeville, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Ala. 150 , Monroeville, pv. Huron co. O. on Huron r. I Monroe Works, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 105 s of Albany. [Annapolis. Monrovia, pv. Frederick co. Md. 68 nw of ; Monrovia, pv. Pope co. Ark. 92 nw of Little | Rock. | Monrovia, pv. Morgan co. Ind. 23 sw of Is ; Monson, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 77 n of A j Monson, pt. Hampden co. Mass. on Chicka- i pee river.. j Montague, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Conn. r. Montague, pt. Sussex CO. N.J. 90 n of Tn. ' Montague, pv. Essex co. Va. 68 ne of R. ! Montague Canal, pv. Franklin co. Mass. on j the Connecticut. ! Montauk Powt, the e extremity of Long I. Monterey, Mexico. See Gazetteer, i Monterey, mou-te-ra', the cap. of Upper Cali- j fornia, on a bay of its own name. It is a place of considerable trade, and the only port in the territory where duties are col- | lected. Lat. 36-> 36' N, Lon. WP 50' w. I Pop. about 1,000. J Montevallo, pv. Shelby co. Ala. 58 e of T. ! Montevideo, pv. Elbert co. Ga. 125 nne M. | Montezuma, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 162 w Al. j Montezuma, pv. cap. of Covington co. Ala. j on Conecuh river. [of Ne. ' Montezuma, pv. M'Nairy co. Tenn. 155 sw Montezuma, pv. Parke co. Ind. on the Wa- bash river. ■ Montezuma, pv. Pike co. III. on Illinois r. Montgomery, pt. Franklin co.Vt. on Trout r. Montgomery, pt. Hampden co. Mass. on Westfield river. [kill r. Montgomery, pt. Orange co. N.Y. on Wall* Montgomery, tp. Somerset co. N.J. 12 sw of Somerville. MOO 637 MOU Montgomery, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 16 sw of Chambersburg. Montgomery, tp. Indiana co. Pa. Montgomery, tp. Mougomeryco. Pa. 20 n of Philadelphia. Montgomery, tp. Franklin co. O. Montgomery, pv. Hamilton co. O. 107 sw Cs. Montgomery, tp. Ashland co. O. Montgomery, tp. Owen co. Ind. sw of Is. Montgomery, a co. in the E central part of Texas, e of, and bordering on the Brazos. The soil on the bottom lands is very pro- ductive. Montgomery, a small v. of Texas, cap. of the above, on Lake cr. an affluent of the San Jacinto r. 130 m. E of Austin. [on Ala. r. Montgomery City, pv. cap. of Montg. co. Ala. Montgomeryville, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. Monticello, tp. Aroostook co. Me. [sw Al. Monticello, pv. cap. of Sullivan co. N.Y. 110 Monticello, pv. Fairfield dist. S. C. 30 n of Ca. Monticello, pv. cap. of Jasper co. Ga. 35 wnw of Milledgeville. [ene of Tallahassee. Monticello, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. Flor. 30 Monticello, pv. Pike co. Ala. 170 se of T. Monticello, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. Miss, on Pearl river. [of F. Monticello, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Ky. 110 s Monticello, pv. cap. of White co. Ind. on Tippecanoe river. [gamon r. Monticello, pv. cap. of Piatt co. 111. on San- Monticello, pv. cap. of Lewis co. Mo. 145 N of Jefferson City. [Brazos. Monticello, a v. of Brazoria co. Texas, on the Montour, tp. Columbia co. Pa. Montpelier, pv. Richmond co. N. C. 90 sw of Raleigh. Montpelier, pv. Monroe co. Ga. 17 w Macon. Montpelier, pv. Marengo co. Ala. Montpelier. pv. Blackford co. Ind. 80 ne of Is. Montrose, borough, cap. of Susqa. co. Pa. Montrose, pv. Lee co. Iowa, on the Miss. r. Monturesville, pv. Lycoming co. Pa. 95 n of Harrisburg. Montville, pt. Waldo co. Me. 26 ene of A. Montville, tp. N. London co. Conn. 36 se Hd. Montville, pv. Morris co. N.J. 67 n of Tn. Montville, pt. Geauga co. O. 180 ne of Cs. Monument, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 60 s B. Mooers, pt. Clinton co.N.Y. 18 N Plattsburg. Moon, pt. Alleghany co. Pa. on the Ohio. Moon, tp. Beaver co. Pa. Moore, tp. Northampton co. Pa. [of R. Moorefikld, pv. cap. of Hardy co.Va. 178 nw Moorefield, pv. Nicholas co. Ky. 58 e of F. Moorefield, pt. Harrison co. O. 100 e of Cs. Moorefield, pv. Switzerland co. Ind. 95 se Is. Mookksboko', pv. Cleveland co. N. C. MooRESBURG, pv. Columbia co. Pa. 77 N of II. Moorestown, pv. Burlington co. N.J. 23 s of Trenton. Moohesville, pv- Delaware co. N.Y. 58 wsw of Albany. Mooresviile, pv. Orange co. N.C. 75 nw of Rh. Mooresvillc, pv. Limestone co. Ala. 146 n T. Mooresviile, pv. Marshall co. Tenn. 60 s of Ne. Mooresviile. pv. Morgan co. Ind. 16 sw of Is. Mooketown, pv. Montg. co. Pa. 11 n of Phila. Moose r. X. II. rises in the White Mts. and flows into the Androscoggin. Moose r. N. Y. flows into Black r. Mooseiiead Lake. See'GAZETTEER. Moosehillock, mt. Grafton co. N. H. 14 E of Haverhiil. Height 4,636 feet. 51 l Moravia, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. on Owasco I* ; Mordansville, pv. Columbia co. Pa. Moke vu, mo-ro', pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. on Hudson river. [ Moreau, pt. Cole co. Mo. 1$ sw of Jef. City. Morefield, tp. Harrison co. O. Morehouse, tp. Hamilton co.N.Y. 82 nwAI. ; Morehouseville, pv. Hamilton co. N.Y. 82 j nw of Albany. 1 Moreland, pt. Lycoming co. Pa. 94 n of H. Moreland, tp. Montg. co. Pa. 14 n of Phila. Moreland, tp. Phila. co. Pa. 11 ne of Phila. I Moretown, pt. Wn. co. Vt. 13 sw of Mtr. ! Morgan, tp. Orleans co. Vt. 50 ne of Mtr. Morgan, tp. Greene co. Pa. [e of Ne. Morgan C. H. pv. cap. Morgan co. Tenn. 15(1 Morgan, pt. Ashtabula co. 0. on Grand r. Morgan, tp. Butler co. O. Morgan, tp. Morgan co. O. Morganfield, pv. cap. of Union co. Ky. 220 wsw of Frankfort. Morgansburg, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 103 N R Morgantown, pv. Berks co. Pa. 56 e of H. Morgautown, pv. cap. of Monongalia co. Va. on Monongalia r. 295 nw of Richmond. Morgantown, pv. Burke co. N. C. on Cataw- ba river. Morgantown, pv. Blount co. Tenn. Morgantown, pv. cap. of Butler co. Ky. on Green river. '• Morgantown, pv. Morgan co. Ind. 40 s of Is. ! Moriah, pt. Essex co. N.Y. 115 n of AI. Moriches, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. Moringville, pv. Chatham co. N. C. 20 n Rh Morning Sun, pv. Preble co. O. 110 w of Cs. Morris, tp. Morris co. N. J. on the Passaic r. Morris, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Morris, tp. Greene co. Pa. Morris, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. Morris, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 133 N of H. i Morris, tp. Washington co. Pa. [Harlem r. i Morrisania, v. Westchester co. N. Y. on \ Morristown, pt. Lamoille co. Vt. on La- I moille river. [St. Lawrence r. i Morristown, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on ; Morristown, pv. cap. Morris co. N . J. 53 n Tn. ! Morristown, pv. Jefferson co. Tenn. 226 e Ne. i Morristownj pv. Belmont co. O. 9 w of St. j Clairsville. Morristown, pv. Shelby co. Ind. on Blue r. i Morristown, pv. cap. of Henry co. 111. 140 nnw of Springfield. I Morrisville, pv. Lamoille co. Vt. 26 n Mtr. i Morrisville, pv. cap. of Madison co.N.Y. 102 w of Albany. [ware r. ! Morrisville, borough, Bucks co. Pa. on Dela- ! Morrisville, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 88 N of R. | Mortoxsville, pv. Woodford co. Ky. 1.9 se F. | Morven, pv. Anson co. N. C. 140 sw of Rh. ^ Moscow, tp. Somerset co. Me. 58 n of A. i Moscow, pv. Livingston co. N.Y. 236 w of Al Moscow, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. on Wolf cr. i Moscow, pv. Hickman co. Ky. 309 sw of F. ! Moscow, pv. Clermont co. O. on Ohio r. Moscow, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 84 wsw t D. ! Moscow, pv. Rush co. Ind. 54 se of Is. ' Moscow, pv. Muscatine co. Iowa, on Red Ce- ! dar river. [w of Al. Motts Corners, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 168 Mottsville, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. Mottsville. pt. St. Joseph co. Mich, on St. Jo- seph's river. Moulton. pv cap. of Lawrence co. Ala. 103 N of Tuscaloosa. MOU 638 MUN Moultonborough, pt. Carroll co. N. II. 46 n of Concord. Mount Bethel, pv. Northampton co. Pa. Mount Blanchard, pv. Hancock co. O. 70 NW of Columbus. [ssEof J. Mount Carmel, pv. Covington co. Miss. 94 Mount Carmel, pv. Fleming co. Ky. 96 e of F. Mount Carmel, pv. cap. of Wabash co. 111. on 111. r. 166 se of Sd. [Mich. 18 ne of D. Mount Clemens, pv. cap. of Macomb co. Mount Crawford, pv. Rockingham co. Va. on North river ? 130 nvv of R. [and 12 wide. Mount Desert, i . Hancock co. Me. 15 m. long Mount Desert, pt. Hancock co. Me. on the above. Mount Eaton, pv.Wayne co. 0. 104 NEof Cs. Mount Gallagher, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. 90 vvnw of Columbia. Mount Gilead, pt. Loudon co.Va. 144 n of R. Mount Gilead, pv. Mason co. Ky. 90 ene of F. Mount Gilead, cap. Morrow co. O. 40 n of Cs. Mount Healthy, pv. Hamilton co. 0. 118 sw of Columbus. Mount Holly, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 80 s of Mtr. Mount Holly, pv. cap. of Burlington co. N.J. 18 s of Trenton. Mount Hope, hill, R. I. on Mount Hope Bay, an arm of Narraganset Bay, which receives Taunton river. [Goshen. Mount Hope. pt. Orange co. N.Y. 11 w of Mount Hope, pv. Oldham co. Ky. Mount Independence, Vt. 2 m. se of old Fort Ticonderoga. [II. Mount Jackson, pv. Lawrence co. Pa. 250 w Mount Jackson, pv. Shenandoah co. Va. 146 nw of Richmond. [burg. Mount Joy, tp. Adams co. Pa. 6 s of Gettys- Mount Joy, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 25 se of H. Mount Liberty, pv. Knox co. O. 41 ne Cs. Mount Marcy, Essex co. N.Y. is the highest peak of the Adirondack Mis., being 5,467 feet above the sea. Mount Meigs, pv. Montg. co. Ala. 125 se T. Mount Meridian, pv. Augusta co.Va. 125 wnw of Richmond. Mount Meridian, pv. Putnam co. Ind. 36 w Is. Mount Moriah, pv. Wilcox co. Ala. 122 s T. Mount Morris, pt. Livingston co. N.Y. on Genesee river. Mount Morris, pv. Greene co. Pa. 230 w of H. Mount Pleasant, tp. Westchester co. N. Y. 6 N of White Plains. [of Tn. Mount Pleasant, pv. Hunterdon co. N.J. 38 H Mount Pleasant, tp. Adams co. Pa. 17 e of Gettysburg. Mount Pleasant, tp. Columbia co. Pa. Mount Pleasant, borough, Tioga co. Pa. Mount Pleasant, tp. Washington co. Pa. Mount Pleasant, tp. Wayne co. Pa. Mount Pleasant, pt. Westmoreland co. Pa. Mount Pleasant, pv. Frederick co. Md. 80 nw of Annapolis. [n of R. Mount Pleasant, pv. Spottsylvania co.Va. 64 Mount Pleasant, v. Cabarrus co. N. C. Mount. Pleasant, pv. Maury co. Tenn. 53 ssw of Nashville. Mount Pleasant, pv. cap. of Harlan co. Ky. on a branch of the Cumberland. Mount Pleasant, pv. Jefferson co. O. 20 sw of Steubenville. [of D. Mount Pleasant, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 40 nw Mount Pleasant, pv. cap. of Martin co. Ind. on the East Fork of White r. [Jef. City. Mount Pleasant, pt. Barry co. Mo. 212 sw of | Mount Pleasant, pv. cap. of Henry co. Iowa, on Big creek. [of II 1 Mount Republic, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 170 nb Mount Sidney, pv. Augusta co.Va. 127 wnw of Richmond. Mount Seward, a group of the Adirondack Mts. N.Y. in the se part of Franklin co. Mount Sterling, pv. Wn.-co. Ala. 110 ssw of Tuscaloosa. [Ky. 60 e of F Mount Sterling, pv. cap. of Montgomery co-. Mount Sterling, pv. Madison co. O. 32 w Cs. Mount Sterling, v. Muskingum co. O. I Mount Sterling, pv. cap. of Brown co. Ill 77 w of Springfield. [Bennington Mount Tabor, tp. Rutland co. Vt. 36 ne of Mount Tabor, pv. Union dist. S. C. 76 nw Ca. Mount Tabor, pv. Monroe co. Ind. 45 ssw Is. Mount Union, pv. Stark co. O. 138 ne of Cs. Mount Upton, pv. Chenango co. N.Y. 100 w of Albany. [of A. Mount Vernon, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 15 nw Mount Vernon, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 32 ssw of Concord. Mount Vernon, pv. Chester co. Pa. 72 ese H. Mount Vernon, Va. the former residence of Gen. Washington, on the Potomac r. 6 m below Alexandria. [Ga. 112 se of M. Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of Montgomery co ; Mount Vernon, pv. Mobile co. Ala. 184 s of T I Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of St. Francis co. Ark. j Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of Rock Castle co. ! Ky. 75 sse of Frankfort. [Veinon r. Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of Knox co. O. on Mount Vernon, pv. Macomb co. Mich. 32 nD. Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of Posey co. Ind. on Ohio river. [130 sse of Sd. Mount Vernon, pv. cap. of Jefferson co. 111. Mount Vernon, pv. Dade co. Mo. ! Mount Vernon Village, pv. Kennebec co. Me. 17 nw of Augusta. Mountville, pv. Loudon co. Va. 140 n of R. Mountville, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. 74 nw Ca. Mountville, pv. Troup co. Ga. 112 w of M. Mount Vision, pv. Otsego co.N.Y. 80 w Al. Mount Washington, N. H. the highest peak of the White Mts. Height, 6,428 feet. Mount Washington, tp. Berkshire co. Mass. Mount Washington, pv. Washington co. Ga 38 ese of Milledgeville. [wsw of F Mount Washington, pv. Bullitt co. Ky. 60 Mount Willing, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C. 40 w of Columbia. [of T. Mount Willing, pv. Lowndes co. Ala. 120 ssa Mount Zion, pv. Hancock co. Ga. 30 ne of M. Mourystown, pv. Highland co. 0.87s\v Cs. Moyamensing, tp. Philadelphia co. Pa. s of the city, of which it forms one of the sub- urbs. Muddy Cr. tp. Butler co. Pa. Muddy r. Ky. flows into Green r. Muhlenbukg, tp. Pickaway co. O. 12 nw of Circleville. Mulberry r. Ala. abr. of the Black W'urrior r Mullica, tp. Atlantic co. N. J. Mullica Hill, pv. Glo'ster co. N. J. 45 s Tn Mul'licas r. N. J. See Egg Harbor, Little Multona Springs, Attala co. Miss. 13 N of Kosciusko. Muncy, borough, Lycoming co. Pa. 85 n H. Muncy, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. 13 ne of Wil liamsport. [Williamsport Muncy Cr. tp. Lycoming co. Pa. 13 se of Muncytown, pv. cap. of Delaware co. lad on White river. NAR 639 NEW Mundy, tp. Genesee co. Mioh. [Green r. Munfordsville, pv. cap. of Hart eo. Ky. on Munson, pt. Geauga co. O. 166 ne of Cs. Munster, pv. Cambria co. Pa. 133 w of H. Murder Kill, hundred, Kent co. Del. Murdocksville, pv.Wn. co. Pa. 230 w of II. Murfreesborough, pv. Hertford co. N. C. on Chowan river. Murfreesborough, Tenn. See Gazetteer. Murphy, pv. cap. of Cherokee co. N. C. 367 w of Raleigh. Murray, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. on Sandy cr. Murray, pv. Wells co. Ind. 110 ne of Is. Murray's Mills, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 100 se of Indianapolis. [wof H. Murr^ysville, pv. Westmoreland co. Pa. 180 Murraysville, pv.Hall co. Ga. 130 NNW of M. Muscatine, See Iowa, Gazetteer. Muscle Ridge Island, tp. Lincoln co. Me. Muscle Shoals, in Ala. on Tenn. r., which is here 2 or 3 m. wide ; named from the fresh water clams found here. Muskego, tp.Mihvaukie co. Wis. Muskingum r. O. See Gazetteer. Muskingum, pt. Muskingum co. O. 60 e of Cs. Mystic, pv. New London co. Conn. 52 se of Hartford. [56 se of Hd. Mystic Bridge, pv. New London co. Conn. Nacogdoches, a co. in the e part of Texas, on the r. Neches. It is mostly woodland. Soil rich, well adapted to the cultivation of cotton. Nacogdoches, a t. of Texas, cap. of the above co., about 250 m. ene of Austin. A uni- versity was incorporated here, February 1815. Pop. from 1,000 to 1,200. Na-hant', tp. and celebrated watering-place of Essex co. Mass. 14 NE of Boston. Nanjemoy, pv. Charles co. Md. 88 sw of An. Nankin, pv. Ashland co. O. 83 n of Cs. Nankin, pt. Wayne co. Mich. 20 w of D. Nansemond r. Va. enters by a wide estuary into Hampton Roads. [Binghamton. Nanticoke, tp. Broome co. N.Y. 14 nw of Nanticoke r. rises in Sussex co. Del. and enters Fishing Bay, an arm of the Chesa- peake, in Md. Nanticoke, hundred, Sussex co. Del. Nanticoke Falls, Pa. in the Susquehanna, 8 m. below Wilkesbarre. [142 wsw of Al. Nanticoke Springs, pv. Broome co. N.Y. Nantucket, Mass. See Gazetteer. Napier, tp. Bedford co. Pa. Napierville, pv. cap. of Du Page co. 111. 176 nne of Springfield. Naples, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 66 sw of A. Naples, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 18 s of Canan- daigua. Naples, pv. Gwinnett co. Ga. 90 nw of M. Naples, pv. Scott co. 111. on Illinois r. Napoleon, pv. Chicot co. Ark. on Mississippi r. Napoleon, pv. Gallatin co. Ky.50 N of F. Napoleon, pv. cap. of Henry' co. O. on Mau- mee river. Napoleon, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 66 w of D. Napoleon, pv. Ripley co. Ind. 60 se of Is. Napoli,pL Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 308 wof Al. Naponoch, v. Ulster co. N.Y. onRondout cr. Narraganset Bay, R. I. extends n from the Atlantic, between Point Judith on the W, and Seaconnet Rocks on the e. Length 28 m., breadth from 3 lo 12 m. NARRAGUA'GUsr.andbay,Washiugtonco.Me. Nashawn, i. Mass. one of the Elizabeth is. t miles long, and 2 broad. Nashport, pv. Muskingum co. O. 54 e of Cs. Nash's Stream, N. H. a br. of Upper Am- monoosuc river. [Dunstable. Nashua r. N.H. flows into the Merrimack at Nashua, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. on Mer- rimack river. Nashville, pv. cap. of Nash co. N. C. 44 e Rh. Nashville, pv. Lowndes co. Miss, on Tombig- bee river. Nashville, pv. Holmes co. O. 82 ne of Cs. Nashville, pv. cap. of Brown co. Ind. 54 s of Is. Nashville, pv. cap. of Wn. co. 111. 118 s of Sd. Nashville^ pv. Boone co. Mo. 24 nw Jef. City Nashville, cap. of Milam co. Texas, on the Brazos r. 75 m. ne of Austin. Pop. near 100. Nassau r. Flor. enters by Nassau inlet into the Atlantic. Nassau, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 12 se of AL Natchaug r. Conn, joins Shetucket r. Natchez, Miss. See Gazetteer. Natchitoches, pv. cap. of Natchitoches par. La. on Red river. Nathansville, pv. Conecuh co. Ala. 190 s T. Natick, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 17 wsw of B. Natick, pv. Kent co. R. I. 9 sse of Providence. Natural Bridge, pv. Jef. co. N.Y. 150 nw of Albany. [zetteer. Natural Bridge, Va. See Rockbridge, Ga- Naugatuck r. Conn, flows into the Housa- tonie. [of Hd. Naugatuck, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 53 sw Nauvoo City, a famous Mormon settlement, Hancock co. 111. on the Mississippi. [Vacca. Nav-id-ad', a r. of Texas, flowing into the La Neatsville, pv. Adair co. Ky. 84 s of F. N Edits, netch'es, a r. in the e part of Texas, flowing into Sabine Lake. [coast. Neddock, cape, York co. Me. on the Atlantic Needham, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 12 sw of B. Neffsville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 40 se of H. Nelson, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 44 sw of Cd. Nelson, pt. Madison co. N.Y. 110 w of Al. Nelson, pt. Portage co. O. 164 ne of Cs. Nelson Factory, pv. Cheshire co. N.H. 38 sw of Concord. [hocking r. Nelsonville, pv. Athens co. O. on Hock- Neosiio r. Indian Territory, enters the Ar- kansas 3 or 4 m. s of Fort Gibson. Neosho, pv. cap. of Newton co. Mo. 175 nw of Jefferson City. [hour. Neponset r. Mass. flows into Boston Har- Neponset Village, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 5 s of Boston. [Susquehanna. Nescopeck cr. Luzerne co. Pa. enters the Nescopeck, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. on Nesco- peck creek. Neshaminy cr. Bucks co. Pa. enters the Del- aware 3 m. below Bristol. Neshanock, tp. Lawrence co. Pa. [w of Phi'a. Nether Providence, pt. Delaware co. Pa. 12 Nesaquake r. Sufio). 1 : co. N.Y. enters Long Island Sound. [river. Nesaquake, v. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Nesaquake Neversink, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. on Never- sink river. [co. N.J. Neversink Hills, in the n part of Monmouth Neville, pv. Clermont co. O. on Ohio r. New Albany, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 136 n H New Albany, pv. Pontotoc co. Miss. New Albany, v. Mahoning co. 0. New Albany, city, and cap. of Floyd CO. Ind. on Ohio r. Pop. 5,000. NEW 640 NEW New Albion, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 307 w of Albany. New Alexander, pv. Columbiana co. O. 146 ne of Columbus. New Alexandria, pv. Wejtmoreland co. Pa. on r. Loyalhannah, 170 w of Harrisburg. New Alstead, pv. Cheshire co. N.H. 54 sw of Concord. [Ohio r. New Amsterdam, pv. Harrison co. Ind. on Newark, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 57 ne of Mtr. Newark, tp. Tioga co. N.Y. 8 K of Owego. Newark, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. 166 w of Al. Newark, pv. New Castle co. Del. 60 n Dover. Newark, pv. Worcester co. Md. 123 se of An. Newark, pv. cap. of Licking co. O. 40 ene of Columbus. [river. Newark, tp. Allegan co. Mich, on Kalamazoo Newark, pv. Warwick co. Ind. Newark, pv. La Salle co. 111. 150 nne of Sd. Newark, pv. Knox co. Mo. 44 s Jef. City. Newark Valley, pv. Tioga co. N.Y. on East Owego cr. [of Lenox. New Ashford, tp. Berkshire co. Mass. 18 n New Athens, pv. Harrison co. 0. 115 e of Cs. New Baltimore, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 15 s of Albany. New Baltimore, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 108 R R. New Baltimore, pv. Stark co. O. 138 ne Cs. New Barbadoes, tp. Bergen co. N. J. New Bedford, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 244 wnw of Harrisburg. [of Cs. New Bedford, pv. Coshocton co. O. 100 ne Newberg, pt. Cass co. Mich. 157 w of D. New Berlin, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 8 ne of Norwich. [70 n of H. New Berlin, borough, cap. of Union co. Pa. New Berlin, pv. Stark co. O. 130 ne of Cs. New Berlin, pv. Milwaukie co. Wis. 90 e of Newbern, N. C. See Gazetteer. [Madison. Newbern, pv. Greene co. Ala. Newbern, pv. Bartholomew co. Ind. 50 s Is. Newberry, pv. Lycoming co. Pa. 95 n of H. Newberry, tp. York co. Pa. Newberry C. H. pv. cap. of Newberry dist. S. C. 40 wnw of Columbia. Newberry, pv. Wayne co. Ky. 120 s of F. Newberry, pt. Geauga co. O. 160 nw of Cs. Newberrytown, pv. York co. Pa. 19 s of H. New Bethel, pv. Marion co. Ind. 8 se of Is. New Bloomfield, borough, Pa. See Bloom- field, [of Jef. City. New Bloomfield, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 11 n Newborn, pv. Newton co. Ga. 55 nw of M. New Boston, pt. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 22 s Cd. New Boston, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 122 w B. New Boston, pv. Windham co. Conn. 48 ne of Hartford. [Ware r. New Braintree, pt. Worcester co. Mass. on New Bremen, pv. Mercer co. O. 97 wnw Cs. New Bridge, pv. Lumpkin co. Ga. 136 raw of Milledgeville. [of New York. New Brighton, v. Richmond co. N.Y. 6 w New Britain, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 10 sw of Hartford. New Britain, pt. Bucks co. Pa. 25 n Phila. New Buffalo, pv Berrien co. Mich, on Lake Michigan. Newburg, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 50 ne of A. Newburg, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 41 w of H. Newburg, pv. Pittsylvania co.Va. 138 wsw R. Newburg, pv. Franklin co. Ala. 120 n of T. Newburg, pv. Jefferson co. Ky. 63 w of F. Newburg, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. 150 ne of Cs. Newburg, tp. Geauga co. O. Newburg, tp. Miami co. O. Newburg, pv. Warwick co. Ind. on Ohio T. Newbnrg, pv. Pike co. 111. 65 w of Sd. New Buelwgton, pv. Clinton co. O. 70 sw of Columbus. (of Is New Burlington, pv. Delaware co. Ind. 6fl ne Newbury, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 30 wnw of Concord. Newbury, pt. Orange co. Vt. on Conn. r. Newbury, tp. Essex co. Mass. 31 N of B. Newbury, tp. York co. Pa. 12 N of York Newburyport, Mass. See Gazetteer. New Canaan, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sW of Hartford. [of R. New CaNTON, pv. Buckingham co.Va. 64 w New Canton, pv. Hawkins co. Term. 264 E of Nashville. New Carlisle, pv. St. Joseph co. Ind. 166 n of Indianapolis. [nw of New Orleans. New Carthage, pv. Madison par. La. 284 New Castine, pv. Darke co. O. 100 w of Cs. New Castle, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 35 se of A. New Castle, i. and tp. Rockingham co. N.H. New Castle, pt. Westchester co.NY. on Cro- ton river. [234. New Castle, borough, cap. Lawrence co. Pa. wnw of Harrisburg. New Castle, pv. cap. of New Custie co. Del. 5 ssw of Wilmington. New Castle, pv. Botetourt co. Va. 192 w of R. New Castle, pv. Wilkes cu. N. C. 157 w of Rh. New Castle, pv. Favetle co. Tenn. 174 wsw of Nashville. [of F NewCastle, pv. cap. of Henry co. Ky. 2a nw New Castle, pt. Coshocton co. O. 70 ene of Cs. New Castle, pv. cap. Henry co. Ind. on Blue r. New Chester, pv. Adams co. Pa. 31 sw of H. New Columbia, pv. Union co. Pa. 72 n of H. New Comerstown, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. on Tuscarawas river, 93 ene of Cs. Newcomb, tp. Essex co. N.Y. 92n of Al. New Concord, pv. Muskingum co. O. 68 e Cs. New Cumberland, boro 5 , Cumberland co. Pa. 4 sw of Harrisburg. [ene of Cs. New Cumberland, pv. Tuscarawas co. 0. 123 New Dlrry, pv. Westmoreland co. Va. New Durham, pt. Strafford co. N.H. 33 ne Cd. New Durham, v. Bergen co. N. J. New Echota, pv. Cass co. Ga. 166 nw of M. New Egypt, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 18 se of Trenton. [Mass. 38 w of B. New England Village, pv. Worcester co. New Fairfield, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw of Hartford. [n of Mtr. New Fane, v. cap. of Windham co. Vt. 100 New Fane, pt. Niagara co. N Y. on L. Ontario. Newfield, pt. York co. Me. SO sw of A. Newfield, pt. Tompkins co. N.Y. 280 w of Al. Newfound Lake, Grafton co. N. H. 6 m. long and 2 broad. New Frankfort, pv. Scott co. Ind. 80s of Is. New Franklin, pv. Stark co. 0. 140 ne of Cs. New Franklin, pv. Carroll co. Iik1.75nnwIs. New Garden, pt. Chester co. Pa. 32 sw Phila. New Garden, pv. Guilford co. N. C. 98 wnw of Raleigh. New Garden, pv. Columbiana co. 0. 150 ne Cs. New Garden, pt. Wayne co. Ind. 78 E of Is. New Geneva, pv. Fayette co. Pa. on Monon- gahela r. New Georgetown, v. Columbiana co. O. New Germantown, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J 44 n of Trenton. New Germantown, pv. Perry co. Pa. 46 vr H NEW 641 new- new 6tlead, pv. Moose co. N. C. 100 sw Rh. | New Glasgow, pv. Amherst co. Va. 120 w R. New Gloucester, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 41 sw of Augusta. [of Cs. New Guilford, pv. Coshocton co. O. 67 ne STew Hagerstown, pv. Carroll co. 0. 114 ene of Columbus. [Hudson r. New Hamburg, pv. Dutchess co. N. Y. on New Hampton, pt. Belknap co. N. H. 30 nw of Concord. ' [of Tn. New Hampton, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 47 N New Hanover, tp. Burlington co. N. J. New Hanover, pt. Montg. co. Pa. 74 e of H. | New Harmony, pv. Monroe co. Ky. 143 ssw j of Frankfort. New Harmony, pv. Posey co. Ind. 172 sw Is. ; New Harrisburg, pv. Carroll co. O. 130 ene of Columbus. New Hartford, pt Litchfield co. Conn. 20 w of Hartford. [Utica. j New Hartford, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 4 w of New Hartford, pv. Pike co. 111. 76 w of Sd. New Hartford Centre, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 18 w of Hartford. New Havex, pt. Addison co. Vl. 60 w Mtr. New Haven, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. New Haven, pv. Nelson co. Ky. 63 sw of F. New Haven, pv. Huron co. O. 82 N of Cs. New Haven, pv. Gallatin co. 111. on Little Wabash river. [wsw of Mtr. New Haven Mills, pv. Addison co.Vt. 54 New Helvetia. See Nuk.va Helvetia. New Holland, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 50 e H. i New Holland, pv. Pickaway co. O. 43 s Cs. i New Hope, borough, Bucks co. Pa. on Del.r. j New Hope, pv. Augusta co.Va. 130 wsw R. i New Hope, pv. Iredell co. N. C. 163 w of Rh. New Hope, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 110 . NW of Columbia. New Hope, pv. Madison co. Ala. 146NNEof T. New Hope, pv. Brown co. O. 100 sw of Cs. i New Hope, pv. Lincoln co. Mo. [Angelica. j New Hudson, tp. Alleghany co. N.Y. 14 w of I New Hurly, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 83 sw of Al. ! New Iberia, pv. St. Martin's par. La. on • Teche river. [of Cd. Newington, pt. Rockingham co.N.H.40ese Newingt >n, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 6 s of Hd. New Ipswich, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 47 ssw of Concord. [Va. 30 E of R New Kent C. II. pv. cap. of New Kent co. New Lancaster, pv. Warren co. 111. 100 nw of Springfield. [of Al. New Lebanon, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 23 se New Lebanon, N.Y. See Gazetteer. New Lebanon, pv. Pasquotank co. N. C. 237 ene of Raleigh. New Lebanon, pv. Sullivan co. Ind. 103 sw Is, New Lebanon Springs, pv. Columbia co. N.Y* 25 se of Albany, with warm mineral spri igs. [n of T. ; New Lexington, pv. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 24 New Lexington, pv. Perry co. O. 52 e of Cs. New Liberty, pv. cap. of Owen co. Ky. 36 n of Frankfort. Na"y Limerick, tp. Aroostook co. Me. Nbwlin, tp. Chester co. Pa. 28 sw of Phila. \ New Lisbon, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 90 w of Al. New Lisbon, pv. cap. of Columbiana co. O. | 150 ene of Columbus. New Lisbon, pv. Henry co. Ind. 55 e of Is. New London, pt. Merrimack co.N.H.30 nw of Concord New London, Conn. See Gazetteee. 54* New London, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. on the Evi« canal. [Philadelphia. New London, tp. Chester co. Pa. 36 sw of New London, pv. Frederick co. Md. 70 nw An. New London, pv. Campbell co.Va. 127 w of R. New London, pt. Huron co. O. 96 n of Cs. New London, pv. cap. Ralls co. Mo. on Salt r. New London, pv. Henry co. Iowa. [Pa. New London Cross Roads, pv. Chester co. New Lyme, pt. Ashtabula co. 0. 195 ne of Cs. New Madison, pv. Darke co. 0. 100 w of Cs New Madrid, pv. cap. of New Madrid co Mo. on Missouri river. New Marion, pv. Ripley co. Ind. 73 se of Is. New Market, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 38 se of Concord. [of Tn. New Market, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 36 nb New Market, pv. Frederick co. Md. 67 nw An. New Market, pv. Shenandoah co.Va. 140 nw of Richmond. New Market, pv. Randolph co. N. C. 85 w Rh. New Market, pv. Abbeville dist. S.C. 90 w Ca. New Market, pv. Madison co. Ala. 170 N T. New Market, pv. Jefferson co. Tenn. 208 e No New Market, pv. Marion co. Ky. 65 ssw of F. New Market, pt. Highland co. 0. 80 sw of Cs. New Market, pv. Vigo co. Ind. 82 w of Is. New Market, pv. Platte co. Mo. New Marlboro', pt. Berkshire co. Mass. [Is. New Maysville, pv. Putnam co. Ind. 32 w of New Mexico. See Nuevo Mexico. New Milford, pt. Litchfield co. Conn, on Housatonic river, 50 wsw of Hartford. New Milford, pt. Susqa. co. Pa. 185 n of H. New Mount Pleasant, pv. Jay co. Ind. 97 ne of Indianapolis. [of M Newnan, pv. cap. of Coweta co. Ga. 106 w Newnansville, pv. cap. of Alachua co. Flor New Oxford, pv. Adams co. Pa. 33 s of H. New Paltz, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 74 s of Al. New Paltz Landing, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. oa the Hudson. New Paris, pv. Preble co. O. on Whitewa- ter river. [sw of Cs.. New Petersburg, pv. Highland co. O. 80 New Philadelphia, pv. cap. of Tuscarawas co. O. on Tuscarawas river. [96 s of Is. New Philadelphia, pv. Washington co. Ind. New Pittsburg, pv. Wayne co. 0. 92 ne Cs. New Plain, pv. Murray co. Ga. Newport, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 54 ne of A. Newport, pv. cap. of Sullivan co. N. H. 40 w of Concord. Newport, pt. Orleans co.Vt. 64 n of Mtr. Newport, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 86NWof Al. Newport, pv. Cumberland co. N. J. [barre. Newport, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. 8 sw of Wilkes- Newport, pv. Perry co. Pa. 28 nw of H. Newport, pv. New Castle co. Del. 50 n Dover. Newport, pv. Charles co. Md. 83 sw of An. Newport, pv. cap. of Cocke co. Tenn. on French Broad river. [Ohio r. Newport, pv. cap. of Campbell co. Ky. on Newport, pv. Washington co. O. on Ohio r. Newport, pv. cap. of Vermilion co. Ind. on Vermilion river. [son City. Newport, pv. Franklin co. Mo. 70 e of Jeffer- New Portage, pv. Medina co. O. 120 ne of Columbus. [nnw of A. New Portland, pt. Somerset co. Me. 56 Newportville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on Nesha- miny creek. New Prjsston, pv. Litchfield co. Conn 43 W i of Hartford. NEW 642 NIS New Prospect, pt. Bergen co. N. J. 87 ne of Trenton. [nw of Ca. New Prospect, pv. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 117 New Prospect, pv. Greene co. Ala. 57 sw T. Nkw Providence, pt. Essex co. N. J. 13 sw of Newark. [47NWofNe. New Providence, pv. Montgomery co. Tenn. New Providence, pv. Clarke co. Ind. 107 s of Indianapolis. New Reading, v. Perry co. O. New Richmond, pv. Clermont co. O. on Ohio r. New River, Va. rises in N. C. In the lower part of its course it is called the Great Ka- nawha. New r. Onslow co. N. C. enters the Atlantic through New r. inlet. [Sound. New r. Beaufort dist. S. C. enters Tybee New r. La. flows into Lake Maurepas. New Rochelle, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. 18 ne of New York. [Cs. New Rochester, pv. Wood co. 0. 108 nw of New Ross, pv. Montgomery co. Ind. 35 wnw of Indianapolis. New Rumlfy, pv. Harrison co..O. 116 E Cs. Newry, pt. Oxford co. Me. 64 w of A. Newry, pv. Blair co. Pa. 122 w of H. New Salem, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 73 wnw of Boston. New Salem, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 12 w of Al. New Salem, pv. Fayette co. Pa. 187 w of H. New Salem, pv. Randolph co. N. C. 80 w Rh. New Salem, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 se of Cs. New Salem, pv. Rush co. Ind. 47 ese of Is. New Salisbury, pv. Harrison co. Ind. 124 s of Indianapolis. New Scotland, pt. Albany co. N.Y. 9 w Al. Nj w Sewickly, tp. Beaver co. Pa. 5 e Beaver. New Sharon, pt. Franklin co. Me. 28 nw A. New Shoreham, pt. or Block Island, New- port co. R. I. 15 ssw of Point Judith. New Springfield, pv. Columbiana co. O. New Stanton, pv. Westmoreland co. Pa. Newstead, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 20 ne of Buffalo. New Sweden, pv. Clinton co. N.Y. on Au Sable river. Newton, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 7 w of B. Newton, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. 6 ne of Woodbury. [Trenton. Newton, pv. cap. of Sussex co. N. J. 70 n of Newton, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. 16 w Carlisle. Newton, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 14 Nwof Phila. Newton, tp. Miami co. O. Newton, pt. xMuskingum co. O. 60 e of Cs. Newton, pt. Calhoun co. Mich. 114 w of D. Newton, pv. cap. of Jasper co. 111. on Em- barrass river. [w of B. Newton Centre, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 7 Newton Falls, pv. Trumbull co. O. 162 ne of Columbus. Newton Lower Falls, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 11 w of Boston. Newton Upper Falls, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 9 w of Boston. [of Cd. Newtown, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 30 se Newtown,' pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 62 sw Hd. Newtown, pt. Queen's co. N. Y. on Long I. Sound. Newtown, boro', Bucks co. Pa. 20 ne of Phila. Newtown, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 14 w Phila. Newtown, pv. Worcester co. Md. 126 se An. Newtown, pv. King and Queen co. Va. 38 fne of Richmond. Newtcwn, pv. Scott co. Ky. 25 e of F. Newtown, pv. Hamilton co. O. 120 sw of Ct Newtown, pv. Hinds co. Miss. 10 s of J. Newtown, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 63 wnw Is Newtown cr. Queen's co. N.Y. flows into tlm East r. opposite New York. Newtown Square, pv. Delaware co. Pa. Newtown Stephensburg, pv. Frederick co. Va. 154 nnw of Richmond. [of Is. New Trenton, pv. Franklin co. Ind. 80 esb New Tripoli, pv. Lehigh co. Pa. 86 ene H. New Utrecht, pt. King's co. N.Y. 7 s of New York. New Vernon, pv. Morris co. N. J. 50 n Tn. New Village, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. New Village, pv. Warren co. N. J. 54 nnw of Trenton. [ofAI. Newville, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 66 wnw Newville, boro', Cumberland co. Pa. 30 sw H. Newviile, pv. Richland co. O. 74 nne of Cs. Newville, pv. De Kalb co. Ind. 156 nne of Is. New Vineyard, pt. Franklin co. Me. 48 nw of Augusta. [164 ssw of T. New Wakefield, pv. Washington co. Ala. New Washington, pv. Clarke co. Ind. 97 s of Indianapolis. New Wilmington, pv. Mercer co. Pa. New Winchester, pv. Marion co. O. 62 n of Columbus. [w of Is. New Winchester, pv. Hendricks co. Ind. 27 New Windsor, pt. Orange co. N.Y. on Hud- son river. New Windsor, pv. Carroll co. Md. 65 nw An. New Woodstock, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 115 w of Albany. [Ohio. New York, pv. Switzerland co. Ind. on the New York Mills, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. on Sadaquada creek, 96 wnw of Albany. Nez Perce (usually pronounced nay per'cy) or Saptin Indians, a tribe dwelling in the E part of Oregon, between Clark's river and the N branch of Saptin or Lewis r. The name nez perc6 signifies in French " pierced nose." There does not, how- ever, appear to be any peculiarity in their customs to justify this appellation. Niagara, tp. Niagara co. N.Y. 16 w of Lock port. [Niagara r. at the falls. Niagara Falls, pv. Niagara co. N.Y. ou Niagara (formerly Newark), a v. of Canada West, at the mouth of Niagara river. Nicholas C. H. pv. cap. of Nicholas co.Va 310 w of Richmond. [36 se of F Nicholasville. pv. cap. of Jessamine co.Ky. Nichols, pt. Tioga co. N.Y. 8 sw of Owego. Nicholson, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. 160 ne of H. Nicholsville, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on St. Regis river. Nicolet, nik v ola', a r. of Canada East, flow ing Into Lake St. Peters from the se, 75 m below Montreal. Niles, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 10 se of Auburn Niles, pv. Berrien co. Mich, on St. Joseph's r Nimisiiillen, tp. Stark co. O. on Nlmishil len creek. Nimisilla, pv. Summit co. O. 120 ne of Cs. Nine Mile Prairie, tp. Callaway co. Mo. Nineveh, pv. Broome co. N.Y. on E. Branch of the Susquehanna. Nineveh, pv. Johnson co. Ind. 28 s of Is Niobrarah, a r. of Missouri Territory, which falls into the Missouri near 42 3 40' N Lat. Nippenose, pt. Lycoming co. Pa. 96 n of H. Nishnebatona r. Mo. flows into the Missou ri river. NOR 643 NOR Niskayuna, tp. Schenectady co. N.Y. 4 e of Schenectady. Nixburg, pv. Coosa co. Ala. 130 ese of T. Noble, tp. Morgan co. O. Noble, tp. Shelby co. O. [of Is. Noble C.H. pv. cap. of Noble co. Ind. 160 nne Noblesborough, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 32 se A. Noblestown, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 10 s\v of Pittsburg. [20 ne of Is. Nodlesville, pv. cap. of Hamilton co. lad. Nockamixon, pt. Bucks co. Pa. 14 N of Doylestown. Noddavvay r. Mo. flows into the Missouri. Nolachucky r. rises in N. C. and flows into French Broad river in Tenn. [of Ne. Nolensville, pv. Williamson co. Teun. 17 s Norfield, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw Hd. Norfolk, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 36 wxw of Hartford. [river. Norfolk, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Racket .Norfolk, Va. See Gazetteer. Norridgewock, pv. cap. of Somerset co. Me. on Kennebec river, 32 N of Augusta. Norristown, borough, cap. of Montgomery co. Pa. on the Schuylkill river. Norristown, pv. cap. of Pope co. Ark. 70 nw of Little Rock. Norristown, pv. Carroll co. O. 130 ene of Cs. Norristonville, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. Norrisville, pv. Wilcox co. Ala. 103 s of T. Norriton, tp. Montg. co. Pa. on Schuylkill r. North Adams, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 126 WXW of Boston. [88 w of B. North Amherst, pv. Hampshire co. Mass. North and South Akron, tp. Summit co. O. Northampton, tp. Rockingham co. N. H. 9 s of Portsmouth. [Mass. on Conn. r. Northampton, pv. cap. of Hampshire co. Northampton, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 47 nw Al. Northampton, tp. Burlington co. N. J. on Rancocus creek. Northampton, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 20 nne Phila. Northampton, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. North Andover, pv. Essex co. Mass. 23 If B. North Ashford, pv. Windham co. Conn. 35 in of Hartford. [38 s of B. North Attleborough, pv. Bristol co. Mass. North Bangor, pv. Penobscot co. Me. 70 ene of Augusta. North Beaver, tp. Beaver co. Pa. [of B. North Becket, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 128 w North Berwick, pt. York co. Me. 90 sw A. North Bloomfield, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. North Boothbay, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 35 se of Augusta. - [ofB. Northborough, pt.Worcester co. Mass. 33 w North Branford, pv. New Haven co. Conn. North Bridge, pt. Worcester co. Mass. on Blackstone river. [22 s of B. North Bridgewater, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. North Brookfield, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 60 w of Boston. [on Raritan r. North Brunswick, tp. Middlesex co. N.J. North Bucksport, pv. Hancock co. Me. 62 ne of Augusta. North Canadian r. rises in the Rocky Moun- tains, N of Santa Fe, and flowing in a general easterly course, receives the South Canadian Fork in the E part of the Indian Territory. The united stream after a course of 40 or 50 rn. enters the Arkansas near 35° 20' n Lat. and OS 3 w Lon. Entire length estimated at 100ft m. [nw of Hartford. North Canton, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 19 2 North Castle, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. 6 if of White Plains. [w of Cd. North Charleston, pv. Sullivan co. Nil 54 ■ North Chatham, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 98 se of Boston. [of Al. North Chatham, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 15 s : North Chenango, tp. Crawford co Pa North Chichester, pv. Merrim~.tk co. N.H. 11 e of Concord. ! North Codorus, tp. York co. Pa. [vf B. I North Dan vers, pv. Essex co. Mass. 2( nxb I North Dartmouth, pv. Bristol co. Ma*# 60 s of Boston. [7 s of Cd. North Dunbarton, pv. Merrimack co. N . H. North East, pt. Dutchess co. NY. 53sse Al. North East, pt. Erie co. Pa. 10 ne of Erin. | North East, pv. Cecil co. Md. 74 ne of An. ■ North East Pass, or BalizE, v. Plaquemine par. La. [142 w of B. North Egremont, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. North Fairhaven, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 55 s of Boston. [67 sse of B. North Falmouth, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. Northfield. pt. Washington co. Me. 160 ene of Augusta. Northfield, pt. Merrimack co. N.H. 15 NofCd. Northfield, pt. Washington co. Vt. 10 ssw of Montpelier. Northfield, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Conn. r. Northfield, pv. Litchfield co.Conn. 28 w of Hd Northfield, tp. Richmond co. N.Y. Northfield, pt. Summit co. O. 143 ne of Cs. Northfield, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 43 w D. Northfield Farms, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 96 w of Boston. [of Hd. Northford, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 28 s North Franklin, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. 80 wsw of Albany. [J46 ne of Cs. North Georgetown, pv. Columbiana co. O. North Goshen, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 34 w of Hartford. [nw of Hd. North Granby, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 20 North Granville, pv. Washington co. N.Y. 66 nne of Albany. [28 s of Hd. North Guilford, pv. New Haven co. Conn North Hadley, pv. Hampshire co. Mass. 94 w of Boston. [50 se of Cd. North Hampton, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. North Haven, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 30 ssw of Hartford. [nw of Cd. North Haverhill, pv. Grafton co. N. H. 74 North Hempstead, pv. cap. of Queen's co. N.Y. 20 e of New York. [70 nw of Mtr. North Hero, pv. cap. of Grand Isle co. Vt. North Huntingdon, tp.Westmoreland co. Pa. North Indu^ry, pv. Stark co. O. 128 ne Cs. Northington, pv. Cumberland co. N. C. 50 s of Raleigh. [50 e of Hd. North Killingly, pv. Windham co. Conn. North Kings ion, tp. Washington co. R.I. 21 s of Providence. [wnw of B. North Leverett, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 82 North Lima, pv. Columbiana co. 0. 172 ene of Columbus. [sse of Hd. North Lyme, pv. New London co. Conn. 37 North Madison, pv. New Haven co. Conn. on Hammonasset river. [109 N of Is. North Manchester, pv. Wabash co. Ind. North Marshfield, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. on North river. [of Al. North Mendon, py. Monroe co. N.Y. 21.8 W North Middlebo rough, pv. Plymouth co Mass. 35 s of Boston. North Middleton, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. NOR 644 OBA North Middletown, pv. Bourbon co. Ky. 50 e of Frankfort. [ne of H. North Morel and, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. 146 North Oxford, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 50 w of Boston. [river. Northport, pt. Waldo co. Me. on Penobscot Northport, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. 195 sse of Al. Northport, pv. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 1 Nwof T. North Providence, tp. Providence co. R. I. on Seekonk river. [n of B. North Reading, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 15 North r. Mass. flows into Massachusetts Bay. North Rochester, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 48 sse of Boston. [n of White Plains. North Salem, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. 24 North Salem, pv. Hendricks co. Ind. 30 w Is. North Sandwich, pv. Carroll co. N. H. 56 n of Concord. [s of B. North Sandwich, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 60 North Scituate, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 25 se of Boston. [of Providence. North Scituate, pv. Providence co. R.I. 10 w North Searsmont, pv. Waldo co. Me. 40 e A. North Sewickly, pt. Beaver co. Pa. 230 w H. North Smithfifld, pv. Bradford co. Pa. North Spencer, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 53 w of Boston. [Mill r. North Stamford, pv. Fairfield co. Conn, on North Stonington, pt. New London co. Conn. 53 ne of Hartford. North Strabane, tp. Washington co. Pa. North Sudbury, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 20 w of Boston. [w of B. North Sunderland, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 87 North Swansea, pv. Bristol co. Mass 50 s B. North Truro, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 116 se of Boston. [river. Northumberland, pt. Coos co. N.H. onConn. Northumberland, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 15 E of Ballston Spa. [Pa. 60 n of H. Northumberland, boro', Northumberland co. Northville, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. Northville, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 47 wof Hd. Northville, pv. Erie co. Pa. 285 ww of H. Northville, pv. Wayne co. Mich. 23 wnw D. Northville, pv. La Salle co. III. 152 nne Sd. North Washington, pv. Westmoreland co. Pa. 190 w of Harrisburg. Northwest Fork, hundred, Sussex co. Del. North Weymouth, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 12 sse of Boston. [36 ne of Al. North White Cr. pv. Washington co. N.Y. North Whitehall, pt. Lehigh co. Pa. 9.5 ene of Harrisburg. [e of Hd. North Windham, pv. Windham co. Conn. 36 North Woodstock, pv. Windham co. Conn. 42 ene of Hartford. [of Cd. Northwood, tp. Rockingham co. N. H. 20 e North Woodbury, tp. Bedford co. Pa. North Yarmouth, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 10 N of Portland. Nobton, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 33 s of B. N rton, pv. Delaware co. O. 34 N of Cs. Norton, tp. Summit co. O. on Tuscarawas r. Norwalk r. Conn, flows into Long Island Sound, at Norwalk. Norwalk, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 68 sw Hd. Norwalk, pv. cap. of Huron co. O. 100 n Cs. Norway, pt. Oxford co. Me. 44 w of A. Norway, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 86 wnw Al. Norwegian, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. Norwich, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 46 sse of Mtr. Norwich, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 104 W B. Norwich. Conn. See Gazetteer. Norwich, pv. cap. of Chenango co N.Y. oa Chenango river. Norwich, v. Queen's co. N.Y. Norwich, pt. M'Kean co. Pa. 190 mv of H. Norwich, pv. Muskingum co. O. 65 e of Cs. Norwichtown, pv. New London co. Conn. 37 se of Hartford. [wsw of Rh. Norwood, pv. Montgomery co. N. C. 158 Nottaway r. Va. See Gazetteer. Nottaway, pv. cap. of Nottaway co. Va. on | Nottaway r. [of D. j Nottaway, pt. St. Joseph co. Mich. 137 wtw Nottingham, pt. Rockingham co. N.H. 93 I ese of Concord. | Nottingham, tp. Mercer co. N. J. 17 ne of I Mount Holly. [Washington (boiough). I Nottingham, tp. Washington co. Pa. 13 e of Nottingham, pv. Prince George's co. Md. 32 sw of Annapolis. Novi, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 25 nw of D. Nueva Helvetia, nwa'va hel-va'te-a, o* New Helvetia, an American settlement or colony in California, near the junction of the Rio Sacramento with the Rio de los Americanos, founded in 1838-9 by Captain Sutter, of Missouri. Under his wise and energetic management, it appears to have become very prosperous. A large quantity of excellent wheat is raised here, a consi- derable portion of which is shipped to the North-west settlements, in vessels belong- ing to the proprietor. Nuevitas, nwa-vee'tas, a sea-port on the N side of Cuba, 45 m. ne of Puerto Principe. Nuevo Leon (Sp. pron. nwa'vo la-one') or New Le'on, a state in the ne par! of IVlexi- co, w of Tamaulipas. Area 20,000 sq. m. Pop. 85,000. Capital, Monterey. Nuevo or New Mexico, a Mexican territory lying on both sides of the Rio del Norte, near its source. Capital, Santa Fe. Nulhegan r. Vt. flows into the Connecticut. Nunda, tp. Alleghany co. N.Y. 20 n of An- gelica. [Cashaqua cr. Nunda Valley, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Nyack, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. on Hudson r. Oak Dale, pv. Shelby co. Mo. 94 n of Jef- ferson City. Oakham, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 61 w of B. Oak Hill, pv. Jackson co. O. 80 sse of Cs. Oakland, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 9 w of Hd. Oakland, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Casha- qua creek. Oakland, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 195 sw of Ne. Oakland, tp. Oal.land co. Mich. 58 nw of D. Oakland College, pv. Claiborne co. Miss. 87 sw of Jackson. [ofAl. Oak Orchard, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. 260 w Oaksville, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 73 w of Al. Oakville, pv. Buckingham co. Va. 102 w R. Oakville, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 180 wsw of Raleigh. Oakville, pv. Lexington dist.S. C. ISswofCa. Oakville, pv. Lawrence co. Ala. 112 N of T. Oakville, pv. Monroe co. Mich. Oakville, pv. St. Louis co. Mo. Oaxaca, or Oajaca, wah-iiah'ka, a stato in the se part of Mexico, w of Chiapa, and bordering on the Pacific. Area 31,500 sq. m Pop. 600,000. Oaxaca, the cap. of the above, is a handsome city, with a pop. of near 40,000. Obanionville, pv. Clermont co. 0. 102 sw Cr ONS 645 OSS Oberlin. pv. Lorain co. O. 110 *N« of Cs. Obies r. Tenn. flows into Cumberland r. Oc-cid-en'te, or the " West," a large Mex- ican state, consisting of the provinces of Sonora and Cinaloa, bordering on the Gulf of California. Area 148,000 sq. m. Pop. 180,000. Capital, Villa del Fuerte. Occoquan, pv. Pi ince William co. Va. 96 nR. Oceola, pv. cap. of Mississippi co. Ark. on Mississippi river. Oceola, tp. Livingston co. Mich. [wnw D. Oceola Centre, pv. Livingston co. Mich. 57 Ocmulgeeville, pv. Telfair co. Ga. 148 s M. Ocracoke, pv. Carteret co. N. C. [the se Octorara cr. Pa. bounds Lancaster co. on Ogden, tp. Monroe co. N.Y. 10 w Rochester. Ogden, tp. Lenawee co. Mich. Ogden, pv. Henry co. Ind. 36 e of Is. Ogdexsburg, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Ohio, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 108 nw of Al. Ohio, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 11 nw Pittsburg. Ohio, tp. Beaver co. Pa. 10 sw of Beaver. Ohio, tp. Clermont co. O. Ohio City, Cuyahoga co. O. on Lake Erie. Ohioville, pv. Beaver co. Pa. 240 w of H. Oil cr. Pa. flows into the Alleghany r. Oil Cr. pt. Crawford co. Pa. 227 NW of H. Olcott, pv. Niagara co. N.Y. on L. Ontario. Old Bridge, pv. Middlesex co.N. J. 34 neTu. Old Codorus, tp. York co. Pa. lOswof York. Old Jefferson, pv. Saline co. Mo. Old Man's, v. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. Old Mines, pv. Washington co. Mo. Old Point Comfort, a strong fortress, Eli- zabeth co. Va., at the mouth of James river Old Town, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob- scot river. [tomac. Old Town, pv. Alleghany co. Md. on the Po- Old Town. pv. Stokes co. N. C. 115 wnw Rh. Old Town, pv. Philips co. Ark. on Miss. r. Old Town, pv. Claiborne co. Tenn.224 e Ne. O-le-an', pt. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. on Alle- ghany river. Olemon, pv. Penobscot co. Me. on Olemon r. Oley, pt. Berks co. Pa. 62 e of H. Olive, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 72 ssw of Al. Olive, pt. Morgan co. O. 96 e of Cs. Oliver, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. Oliver, tp. Perry co. Pa. [stone river. Oliversburg, pv- Richland co. O. on Whet- Olxey, pv. cap. of Richland co. 111. on Little Wabash river. Omaha (om'a-haw) Indians, a tribe dwelling w of the Missouri, between the Niobrarah and the mouth of the Platte. Omer, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. 187 nw of Al. Omer, St. pv. Decatur co. Ind. 37 se of Is. Ompompanoosuc r. Vt. flows into the Conn. Onancock, pv. Accomac co. Va. on Chesa- peake Bay. Oneida r. and lake. See Gazetteer. Oneida cr. N.Y. flows into Oneida Lake. Oneida, pt. Eaton co. Mich. 130 w of D. Oneida Castle, pv. Oneida co. N. Y. on Oneida creek. Oneonta, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 20 s of Coop- erstown. [Burlington. Onion r. Vt. flows into L. Champlain 5 n of Onondaga, lake, Onondaga co. N.Y. 8 m. long, and from 2 to 4 broad. [cuse. Onondaga, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 5 s of Syra- Onondaga Hollow, pv. in the above. Onslow C. H. pv cap. of Onslow co. N. C. on New river Ontario, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 22 wof Lyons. Ontua, tp. Cass co. Mich. Oostenaula r. Ga. unites with the Etowah to form the Coosa r. [217 wnw N. Orleans. Opelousas, pv. cap. of St. Landry par. La. Oppenheim, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 64 nw of Al. Oquawka, pv. cap. of Henderson co. 111. on the Mississippi river. Oran, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 120 w of Al. Orange, pt. Orange co. Vt. 14 se of Mtr. Orange, tp. Grafton co. N. H. 40 nw of Cd. Orange, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Miller's r. Orange, tp. New Haven co. Conn. 4 sw of New Haven. Orange, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 200 w of Al. Orange, pt. Essex co. N. J. 5 nw of Newark. Orange, tp. Columbia co. Pa. [nw of R. Orange C. H. pv. cap. of Orange co. Va. 84 Orange, pv. Cherokee co. Ga. 130 nw of M. Orange, tp. Cuyahoga co. O. Orange, tp. Richland co. O. Orange, tp. Macomb co. Mich. Orange, pt. Fayette co. Ind. 50 E of Is. Orangeburg, pv. Marion co. Miss. Orangeburg C. H. pv. cap. of Orangeburg dist. S. C. 43 s of Columbia. [of R. Orange Springs, pv. Orange co. Va. 76 nw Orangetown, tp. Rockland co. N. Y. on Hudson river. Orangeville, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. 257 w Al. Orangeville, pv. Columbia co. Pa. 5 N of Bloomsburg. OREGON. See Gazetteer. Oregon, pv. cap. of Holt co. Mo. on Missouri r. Oregon City, pv. Ogle co. 111. on Rock r. Orford, pt. Grafton co. N. H. on Conn. r. Orfordville, pv. Grafton co. N. H. 62 nnw of Concord. Orient, pt. Aroostook co. Me. 222 ne of A. Orient, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. Orion, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 35 N of D. Oriskany cr. N. Y. enters the Mohawk in Oneida co. Oriskany, v. N.Y. at the mouth of the above. Oriskany Falls, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. on Oriskany cr. [river. Orland, pt. Hancock co. Me. on Penobscot Orleans, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 95 se of B. Orleans, tp. Jefferson co. N.Y. 12 n of Wa- tertovvn. Orleans, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. on Flint cr. Obono, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penobscot r Oronoko, tp. Berrien co. Mich. Orozimbo, a little v. of Brazoria co. Texas. on Brazos river. [scot r. Orrington, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Penob- Orrsville, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 192 wnw of Harrisburg. [plain. Orwell, pt. Rutland co. Vt. on Lake Cham- Orwell, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. on Salmon r. Orwell, pt. Bradford oo. Pa. 146 n of H Orwell, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 185 ne of Cs. Orwigsburg, borough, cap. of Schuylkill co. Pa. 62 ne of Harrisburg. Osage, pv. cap. of Benton co. Ark. on Ark. r. Osage r. See Gazetteer. Osage (o-sazh') Indians, a tribe in the e part of the Indian Territory, s of Osage river. Osceola, pv. cap. St. Clair co. Mo. on Osage r, OSHTOMO, tp. Kalamazoo co. Mien. Osnaburg, pt. Stark co. O. 130 ne of Cs. Os*IAN, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 244 w of Al Os'sipee, lake. Strafford co. N.H. empties iia waters through Ossipee river into ihe Saco. OXF 646 PAL Oasipee, pv. cap. Carroll co. N. H. 52 nne Cd. Osterville, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 72 sse of Boston. [rence. Oswega tchie t.\.Y. flows into the St. Law- Oswegatchie, tp. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. Oswego r. N.Y. formed by the union of the Seneca and Oneida rivers, enters Lake On- tario at Oswego. Oswego, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Oswego, tp. Potter co. Pa. Oswego, pv. Kosciusko co. Ind. 133 n of Is. Oswego, cap. Kendall co. 111. 170 nne of Sd. Otego cr. N.Y. enters E. Br. of Susqa. r. Otego, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. on Susquehanna r. Otis, tp. Hancock co. Me. Otis, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 15 se of Lenox. Otisco, lake, Onondaga co. N.Y. 5 m. long, and 2 broad. Otisco, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 15 s Syracuse. Otisco, pt. Ionia co. Mich. Otisfield, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 70 ssw A. O'to Indians (sometimes written Ottoe), a tribe dwelling in the ne part of the Indian Territory, near the mouth of the Platte. Otsdawa,"pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 86 w of Al. Otsego, lake, Otsego co. N.Y. 9 m. long, 1 to 2 broad. Otsego, tp. Otsego co. N.Y. C>6 w of Al. Otsego, pt. Allegan co. Mich, on Kalamazoo r. Otselic cr. N.Y. flows into Toughnioga r. Otselic, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 15 nw of Nor- wich. Otsquaga cr. N.Y. flows into the Mohawk. Otter cr. Vt. flows into Lake Champlain. Otter Village, pv. Ripley co. Ind. 67 se Is. Otto, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Ottawa, pt. Ottowa co. O. 130 n of Cs. Ottawa, tp. Oceana co. Mich. [linois r. Ottawa, pv. cap. of La Salle co. 111. on II- OTTAWA(ot'ta-wah) Indians, a tribe formerly dwelling in Michigan and the n part of Ohio and Indiana. A considerable number have recently been removed to the west of the Mississippi. Ottsville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. Ouse r. Canada. See Grand r. Overton, pv. cap. of Claiborne par. La. on Doreheat Bayou. Ovid, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on Seneca Lake. Ovid, pt. Branch co. Mich. Ovid, pv. Madison co. Ind. 36 ne of Is. O-was'co, lake, Cayuga co. N.Y. 12 m. long ana about 1 m. wide. Owasco, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 3 se of Auburn. Owasso, pt. Shiawassee co. Mich. 82 nw of D. Owego cr. N Y. enters the Susqa. at Owego. Owego, pv. cap. of Tioga co. N.Y. on the Susquehanna. Owensborough, pv. cap. of Daviess co. Ky. on Ohio r. [Croton r. Owensville, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. on Owensville, pv. Saline co. Ark. 33 sw of Lit- tle Rock.' Owensville, pv. Gibson co. Ind. 150 sw of Is. Owenton, pv. Owen co. Ky. 28 n of F. Owingsville, pv. cap. Bath co. Ky. 73 e of F. Oxbow, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Oswegat- chie river. Oxford, -pt. Oxford co. Me. 50 sw of A. Oxford, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 52 w of B. Oxfo-dJ pt. New Haven co. Conn. 55 sw Hd. Oxford, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. on Chenango r. Oxford, tp. Warren co. N.J. on the Delaware. Oxford, pv. Chester co. Pa. 40 sw of Phila. Oxford, tp. Phila. co. Pa. on Delaware r. Oxford, pv. cap. of Granville co. N. C. 45 * of Raleigh. [nne of J Oxford, pv. cap. of La Fayette co. Miss. 16* Oxford, pt. Butler co. O. 105 wsw of Cs. Oxford, tp. Guernsey co. O. Oxford, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. Oxford, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 42 nw of D. Oxford, pv. Henry co. 111. 122 nnw of Sd. Oxford Furnace, pv. Warren co. N.J. 52 » Oyster Bay, pt. Queen's co. N.Y. [of Ta Oyster Bay, South, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. Oyster Pond, v. Suffolk co. N.Y. Ozan, tp. Hempstead co. Ark. [Little Rock. Ozark, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Ark. 120 nw Ozark, pv. Greene co. Mo. 172 ssw of Jef- ferson City. [White r. Ozark C. H. pv. cap. of Ozark co. Mo. on Ozark Mts. run from Mo. south-westerly through the nw part of Ark., and the sk part of the Indian Territory. Packitta, pv. Early co. Ga. 166 sw of M. Pacolet r. N. and S. C. flows into Broad r. Paddytown, pv. Hampshire co. Va. on Po- tomac river. [Ohio r. Paducah, pv. cap. of M'Cracken co. Ky. on Pagesville, pv. Newberry dist. S. C.50 wnw of Columbia. [Belvidere. Pahaquarry, tp. Warren co. N. J. 15 n of Pah Utah Indians. See Utah. Pain Courtville, pv. Assumption par. La. 80 w of New Orleans. Painsville, pv. Amelia co. Va. 50 sw of R. Painsville, pv. cap. Lakeco. O.30e Cleveland. Paint cr. O. an affluent of the Scioto r. Paint, tp. Somerset co. Pa. ' Paint, tp. Venango co. Pa. Paint, tp. Fayette co. O Paint, tp. Highland co. O. Paint, tp. Wayne co. O. 95 ne of Cs. [Bath. Painted Post, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 22 se of Painted Post, pv. Steuben co. N.Y. on Tioga r. Palatine, pt. Montg. co. N.Y. on Mohawk r. Palatine Bridge, pv. Montg. co. N.Y. Palermo, pt. Waldo co. Me. 19 ene of A. Palermo, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 15 se Oswego. Palestine, pv. Greenbrier co. Va. Palestine, pv. Hickman co. Tenn. 68 sw of Ne. Palestine, v. Columbiana co. O. Palestine, pv. Pickaway co. O. 30 s of Cs. Palestine, pv. Kosciusko co. Ind. 120 n of Is. Palestine, pv. cap. of Crawford co. 111. 155 se of Springfield. [City- Palestine, pv. Cooper co. Mo. 42 wnw of Jef. Palisades, are a lofty range of rocks on the Hudson, from 10 to 30 m. above New York. Palmer, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 80 w of B. Palmer Depot, pv. Hampden co. Mass. 76 w of Boston. Palmyra, pt. Somerset co. Me. 50 nne of A. Palmyra, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 195 w of Al. Palmyra, pv. Lebanon co. Pa. 14 e of H. Palmyra, tp. Pike co. Pa. Palmyra, tp. Wayne co. Pa. [of R. Palmyra, pv. cap. of Fluvanna co. Va. 62 wnw Palmyra, pv. Halifax co. N. C. on Roanoke r. Palmyra, pv. Lee co. Ga. 128 sw of M. Palmyra, pv. Montg. co. Tenn. 37 nw of Ne. Palmyra, pt. Portage co. O. 152 ne of Cs. Palmyra, pt. Lenawee co. Mich, on Raisin r. Palmyra, pv. Harrison co. Ind. 116 s of Is. Palmyra, pv. cap. of Marion co. Mo. 1L0 nnHT of Jefferson City. PAS 647 PEK Pamslia, tp. Jefferson co. N.Y. 4 N Water- Pamlico r. See Gazetteer. [town. Pamunky r. Va. unites with Mattapony to form York.river. [of J. on Tallahatchee r. Panola, pv. cap. of Panola co. Miss. 160 n Panton. pt. Addison co. Vt. on L. Champlain. Panvco,' pah-noo'ko, a r. of Mexico, which falls into the Gulf of Mexico at Tampico. Paoli, pv. Chester co. Pa. 16 w of Phila. Paoli, pv. cap. oi Orange co. Ind. 94 sw of Is. Pairr Mill Village, pv. Cheshire co. N. H. 57 sw of Concord. Papertown, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. Paperville, pv. Sullivan co. Tenn. 300 eNc Paraclifta, pv. cap. of Sevier co. Ark. 142 sw of Little Rock. Paradise, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 52 w of Phila. Paradise, tp. York co. Pa. Paradise, pv. Cole co. 111. 80 E of Sd. Parabox, lake, N.Y. Essex co. 4 m. long, from |m.tol m. broad. Par-ral', or San Jose del Parral, a t. of _ Mexico, near the boundary between the states of Durango and Chihuahua, about 100 m. s of the town of Chihuahua. lis mines were formerly very productive, at which time its population is said to have amounted to 50,000 ; at present it is only 7,000. Paris, pv. cap. of Oxford co. Me. 40 w of A. Paris, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 8 s of Utica. Paris, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 130 n of R. Paris, pv. cap. of Henry co. Tenn. 9S w Ne. Paris, pv. cap. of Bourbon co. Ky. 36 e of F. Paris, pv. Stark co. O. 135 ne of Cs. Paris, pv. Jennings co. Ind. 77 sse of Is. Paris, pv. cap. of Edgar co. 111. 114 e of Sd. Paris, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Mo. 70 n of Jefferson City. Paris, cap. of Lamar co. Texas, about 20 m. s of Red river. Paris, St. pv. Champaign co. O.S7 w of Cs. Parisburg, pv. cap. Giles co.Va. on New r. Parish, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 22 e of Oswego. Parishville, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 15 E of Canton. Park, tp. St. Joseph co. Mich. Parkersburg, pv. Chester co. Pa. Parkersburg, pv. cap. of Wood co. Va. on Ohio river. [wnw of Is. Parkersburg, pv. Montgomery co. Ind. 44 Parkersburg, pv. Richland co. 111. 140 sESd. Park Hill, pv. Cherokee Nation, Indian Ter- ritory. Parkman, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 70 n of A. Parkman, pt. Geauga co. O. 162 ne of Cs. Parksville, pv. Sullivan co. N.Y. 116 swAl. Parksville, pv. Platte co. Mo. [chester. Parma, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 10 sw of Ro- Parma, tp. Cuyahoga co. O. 6 s of Cleveland. Parma, tp. Jackson co. Mich. [Nashville. Parrots ville, pv. Cocke co. Tenn. 237 e of Pa^rysville, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 99 ene of Harrisburg. Parsippaxy, pv. Morris co. N.J. 60 n of Tu. Parsonsfield, pt. York co. Me. 86 wsw A. Pascagoula r. Miss. See Gazetteer. Pascagoula, v. Jackson co. Miss, on Pasca- goula river. [sack r. Paskack, pv. Passaic co. N. J. on Hacken- Paso del Norte, pah' so del noR'tay (or pah' so del norl), a t. of New Mexico, near the right bank of- the Rio del Norte, in the midst of a very fertile district. Lat. about 31° 30' n. Lon. 105^ 30' w. Pop. about 5,000. j Pasquotank r. N. C. flows into Albemarl© ! Sound. [nobscot r. Passadumkeag, pt. Penobscot co. Me. on Pe- Passaic r. See Gazetteer. [teer. ' Passamaquoddy r. See Croix, St., Gazet- i Passamaquoddy Bay, at the ne extremity of Me., receives the St. Croix river. Pass Christian, pv. Harrison co. Miss. Pasumsic r. Vt. enters the Connecticut r. Pasumsic, pv. Caledonia co. Vt. 40 e of Mtr. Passyunk, tp. Phila. co. Pa. s of the city. Patapsco r. Md. enters Chesapeake Bay by a broad estuary, about 15 nne of An. Patchogue, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. 60 e of N.Y. Paterson, N. J. See Gazetteer. Patoka r. Ind. flows into the Wabash. Patoka, pt. Gibson co. Ind. 13S sw of Is. Patrick OH. pv. cap. of Patrick co.Va. 228 wsw of Richmond. Patricktown, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 15 e of A. Patriot, pv. Gallia co. O. 97 sse of Cs. Patriot, pv. Switzerland co. Ind. on Ohio r. Pattawatomies. See Pottawatomies. Patten, tp. Centre co. Pa. Patterson, pt. Putnam co. N.Y. on Croton r Patterson, pv. St. Genevieve co. Mo. 176 esh of Jefferson City. [James r. Pattoxsburg, pv. Botetourt co. Va. on Pattoxsville. pv. Granville co. N.C. 40 n Rh. Patuxent r. Md. enters Chesapeake Bay by a large estuary, about 50 m. s of Annapolis. Paulding, pv. cap. of Jasper co. Miss. 109 ese of Jackson. [river. Paulinskill r. N. J. flows into the Delaware Paulina, v. Delaware co. N.Y. 2 n of Del. r. Pavilion, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. 240 w of Al. Pavilion, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich. Pawcatuck r. R. I. flows into the Atlantic on the border of Conn. Pawlet, pt. Rutland co.Vt. 87 ssw of Mtr. Pawlings, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 20 e of Pouglikeepsie. Pa w'nei: Indians, a tribe dwelling in the sb part of Missouri Territory, on the n side of the Platte r. [160 w of D. Paw-Paw, pv. cap. of Van Buren co. Mich. Pawtucket r. R I. rises in Mass. under the name of Blackstone river, and flows into Providence river just below Providence. Pawtucket, pv. R. I. 4 n of Providence, on Pawtucket river. Pawtucket, tp. Bristol co. Mass. 46 s of B. Pawtuxet r. R.I. flows into Providence r. 5 m. below Providence. Pawtuxet, pv. Kent co. R. I. 5 s Providence. Paxton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 50 w of B. Payneville, pv. Sumter co. Ala. 78 sw of T. Paynesville, pv. Pike co. Mo. 92 ne of Jef- ferson City. Payson, pv Adams co. 111. 92 w of Sd. Pea r. Ala. flows into the Choctawhatchee r. Peace Dale, pv. Washington co. R. I. Peacham, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 36 e of Mtr. Peach Bottom, pt. York co. Pa. 26 se York. Pearl r. See Gazetteer. Peaklington. See Gazetteer. Pease, tp. Belmont co. O. Pedknsvill;:, pv. Chester dist. S. C. Pedricktown, pv. Salem co. N.J. 55 s Salem. Peebles, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. Peekskill, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. on '.he Hudson river, 46 n of New York. Pekatonica, pv. Winnebago co. 111. at fho junction of Pekatonica r with Rock r PER PET Pekin, pv. Tazewell co. 111. 62 n of Sd. Pelha'm, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 80 w of B. Pelliam, tp. Hillsborough co. N. H. 32 sw of Portsmouth. [White Plains. Pelham, tp. Westchester co. N.Y. 10 s of Pelham, pv. Franklin co. Tenn. 85 sse of Ne. Pemadumcook, lake, Penobscot co. Me. Pemberton, pv. Burlington co. N.J. 22 s Tn. Pembroke, pt. Washington co. Me. 180 ene of Augusta. Pembroke, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 5 se of Cd. Pembroke, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 26 sb of B. Pembroke, pt. Genesee co. N.Y. on Tona- wanda creek. Pembroke, pv. Christian co. Ky. 197 sw of F. Pem'igewas'set r. N. H. a branch of the Mer- rimack. [Lockport. Pendleton, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 7 sw of Pendleton, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 136 WWW of Columbia. Pendleton, pv. Madison co. Ind. 31 ne of Is. Penfield, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 8 e Rochester. Penfield, pv. Greene co. Ga. 50 n of M. Penfield, pt. Lorain co. O. 106 nne of Cs. Penfield, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. Penn, tp. Chester co. Pa. 36 sw of Phila. Penn, tp. Clearfield co. Pa. Penn, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Penn, tp. Perry co. Pa. Penn. tp. Union co. Pa. Penn, tp. Cass co. Mich. Pesnington, pv. Mercer co. N. J. 8 N of Tn. Pennsbury, tp. Chester co. Pa. 23 sw of Phila. Penns Neck, Lower, tp. Salem co. N. J. 6 nw of Salem. Penns Neck, Upper, tp. Salem co. N. J. Pennsville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 25 n of Phila. Pennsville, pv. Morgan co. O. 77 e of Cs. Penn Township, Philadelphia co. Pa. Nwof the city. [of Al. Penn Yan. pv. cap. of Yates co. N.Y. 192 w Penobscot, pt. Hancock co. Me. on Penobscot river. Peoria, city, cap. of Peoria co. HI. on 111. r. Pepin, a lake of Wis. at the mouth of Chippe- wa river. Pepperell, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 38 nw B. Pequannock r. Conn, enters Bridgeport har- bour, [ristnwn. Pequannock, tp. Morris co. N. J. 10 n of Mor- Pecjuannock cr. N. J. enters Passaic r. Pequawket r. N. H. flows into Saco r. Pequest cr. N. J. flows into Delaware r. Pequot, pv. New London co. Conn. 48 se Hd. Perch r. Jefferson co. N Y. flows into Black river Bay. [Perdido Bay. Perdido r. between Ala. and Flor. flows into Perkins, pt. Erie co. O. 15 nw of Nfywalk. Perkinsville, pv. Windsor co.Vt. 70 s of Mtr. Perkmsville, pv. Burke co. N. C. 270 w of Rh. Perrinsville, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 24 E of Trenton. Perrinton, tp. Monroe co. N.Y. Perry, pt. ffn. co. Me. 5 nw of Eastport. Perry, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. 240 w of Al. Perry, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Perry, tp. Fayette co. Pa. Perry, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. Perry, tp. Union co. Pa. Perry, pv. cap. of Houston co. Ga. 60 sw of M. Perry C. H. pv. cap. of Perry co. Ky. on Ky. r. Perry, tp. Brown co. O. Perrv, tp. Coshocton co. O. Perry, pt. Lake co. O. 182 ne of Cs. Perry, tp. Montgomery co. O. Perry, tp. Richland co. O. Perry, tp. Stark co. O. Perry, tp. Wayne co. O. Perry, tp. Wayne co. Ind. Perry, pv. Pike co. Hi. 66 w of Sd. [w of Al Perry Centre, pv. Wyoming co. N.Y. 24S Perrymansville, pv. Harford co. Md. Perryopolis. pv. Fayette co. Pa. onYougb iogheny river. Perryopolis, pv. Monroe co. O. 106 e of Cs. Perry's Bridge, pv. La Fayette par. La. on Vermilion river. [of Al. Perrysburg, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. 306 w Perrysburg, pv. cap. of Wood co. O. on Mau- mee river. Perrysburg, pv. Miami co. Ind. 100 n of Is. Perry's Mills, pv. Clinton co. N.Y. 192 n Al. Perrysville, pv. Washington co. R. I. 40 s of Providence. [burg. Perrysville, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 8 N of Pitts- Perrysville, pt. Vermilion co. Ind. 80 w of Is. Perryville, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 115 w Al. Perryville, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 10 n of Flemington. Perryville, pv. Cecil co. Md. 65 ne of An. Perryville, pv. Perry co. Ala. [of Little Rock. Perryville, pv. cap. of Perry co. Ark. 55 wnw Perryville, pv. cap. of Perry co. Tenn. on Tennessee river. Perryville, pv. Boyle co. Ky. 40 s of F. Perryville, pv. Richland co. 0. 7S nne of Cs. Perryville, pv. cap. of Perry co. Mo. 214 esb of Jefferson City. Perryton, pv. Licking co. O. 60 ne of Cs. Persia, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. Persia, tp. Boone co. Mo. Perth, pt. Fulton co. N.Y. 46 nw of Al. Perth Amboy, N. J. See Ameoy, Gazet- teer. Peru, pt. Oxford co. Me. 40 w of A. Peru, pt. Bennington co.Vt. 100 ssw of Mtr. Peru, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 118 w of B. Peru, pt. Clinton co. N.Y. 10 s of Plattsburg. Peru, pt. Huron co. O. 93 N of Cs. Peru, pv. cap. of Miami co. Ind. on Wabash r. Peru, pv. Dubuque co. Iowa, 5 n of Dubuque. Peruville, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 165 w Al. Peters, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 12 sw of Cham- bersburg. [Washington (borough). Peters, tp. Washington co. Pa. 11 ne of Peter's, St. a r. of Iowa Territory, flowing into the Mississippi near 44 Q 50' n Lat. and 93° w Lon. Peter's, St. lake, an expansion of the St. Law- rence, 70 m. below Montreal. [40 sw of Cd. Petersborough, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. Petersborough, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 108 W of Albany. Petersborough, pv. Tioga co. Pa. 150 n of H. Petersburg, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 26 E Al. Petersburg, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. Petersburg, Va. See Gazktteer. Petersburg, pv. Elbert co. Ga. 96 ne of M. Petersburg, pv. Lincoln co. Tenn. 72 s of Ne. Petersburg, pv. Boone co. Ky. 90 n of F. Petersburg, pv. Mahoning co. O.180eneCs. Petersburg, pv. cap. of Pike co. Ind. 138 sw Is. Petersburg, pv. cap. of Menard co. 111. 21 NW of Springfield. Petersburg, pv. Boone co. Mo. 54 N Jef. City. Petersham, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 04 w B. Peterstown, pv. Monroe co. Va. on Rich cr Petersville, pv. Northampton co. Pa. PIK 649 PIT Petersville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 90 sw An. Pe-tic', an inland town of Mexico, in Sonora, 160 m. nk of Guaymas (which forms its ?ort), in the centre of a rich mining district, iieut. Hardy, R. N., who visited this place about 20 years ago, says he saw silver in bars, piled up in the shops as if it were wood. This was at a time when the ex- portation of silver was forbidden by the government. Lat. about 2iP 30' n, Lon. 110'w. Pop. stated at 5,000. Pewaukie, tp. Milwaukee co. Wis. Peytonsburg, pt. Pittsylvania co.Va. [of Ne. Peytonsville, pv. Williamson co. Tenn, 27 s Pharisburg, pv. Union co. O. 50 nw of Cs. Pharsalia, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 127 w Al. Pharsalia, pv. Panola co. Miss. [g ua - Phelps, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 15 E Canandai- Phelps, pt. Ashtabula co. O. Phelpstowx, pt. Ingham co. Mich. 71 w D. Philadelphia, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. 16 ne of Watertown. [83 ene of J. Philadelphia, pv. cap. of Neshoba co. Miss. Philadelphia, pv. Monroe co. Tenn. 160 ese of Nashville. Philadelphia, pv. Hancock co. Ind. 15 e of Is. Philadelphia, pv. Van Buren co. Iowa, on Des Moines river. [of Rh. Philadelphus, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 106 s Philipsburg, pv. Centre co. Pa. 120 nw of H. Philipsburg, pv. Jefferson co. O. on Ohio r. Philipsport, pv. Sullivan co. N.Y. 92 ssw Al. Philipstown, pv. White co. 111. 190 se of Sd. Philipsville, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Genesee river. Phillip, pt. Franklin co. Me. 55 nw of A. Phillipsburg, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 109 s Al. Phillipsburg, tp. Beaver co. Pa. [river. Phillipsburg, borough, Beaver co. Pa. on Ohio Phillipsburg, pv. Erie co. Pa. 268 nw of H. Phsllipston, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 65 n B. Phillipstown, tp. Putnam co. N.Y. on the Hudson. [wego r. Phillipsville, v. Oswego co. N.Y. on Os- Philomont, pv. Loudon co. Va. 12 s of Lees- ville. Phippsburg, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 44 s of A. PIicexix, pv. Oswego co. N.Y. 150 wnw Al. Phcenixville, pv. Chester co. Pa. on the Schuylkill. Pickaway, tp. Pickaway co. O. [nw of Ca. Pickens C. H. cap. of Pickens dist. S. C. 130 Pickensville, pv. Pickens dist. S. C. Pickensville, pv. Pickens co. Ala. on Tom- Pickerixg, i. Hancock co. Me. [bigbee r. Pickkrixgton, pv. Fairfield co. 0. 17 ese Cs. Pictou, pi k- too', a sea-port t. of Nova Sco- tia, on the n coast. Lat. 45° 40' n, Lon. near 63° w. Pop. above 3,000. Piedmont, pv. Harris co. Ga. 135 wsw of M. Piermont, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 65 nnw Cd. Piermnnt, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. 24 n of New York. [Canton. Pierpoxt, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 8 8 of Pierponl. pt. Ashtabula co. O. 213 ne of Cs. Pig r. Va. flows into the Roanoke. Pigeon, tp. Vanderburgh co. Ind. Pike, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 20 n of Angelica. Pike, pt. Berks co Pa. Pike. pt. Bradford co. Pa. PikeJ ip. Clearfield co. Pa. Pike, tp. Potter co. Pa. Pike, tp. Coshocton co. O. Pike, tp. Perry co. O. 55 Pike, tp. Union co. Ind. [ington (borough). Pike Run, pt.Washington co. Pa. 18 se Wash- Piketon, pv. cap. of Pike co. Ky. 173 ese F. Piketon, pv. cap. of Pike co. O. 19 s of Chi* licothe. Piketon, pv. Marion co. Ind. 9 nw of Is. Pikeville, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 8 nw of Baltimore. [of T. Pikeville, pv. cap. of Marion co. Ala. 68 NNW Pikeville, pv. cap. of Bledsoe co. Tenn. 112 ese of Nashville. [river. Pilatka, pv. St. John's co. Flor.on St. John's Piles Grove, tp. Salem co. N.J. 10 ne Salem. Pinckney, tp. Lewis co. N.Y. 16 nw of Mar- tinsburg. Pinckney, pv. Rutherford co. N. C. 226 w Rh. Pinckney, pv. Williamson co. Tenn. 28 s Ne. Pinckney, pv. Warren co. Mo. on Missouri r. Pinckneyville, pv. Union dist. S. C. an Broad river. [tahoochee r. Pinckneyville, pv. Gwinnett co. Ga. on Chat- Pinckneyville, pv. Tallapoosa co. Ala. Pinckneyville, pv. Wilkinson co. Miss. 150 s\v of Jackson. [s of Sd. Pinckneyville, pv. cap. of Perry co. 111. 134 Pindertown, pv. Lee co. Ga. on Flint r. Pine, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 11 n of Pittsburg. Pine, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. on Alleghany r. Pine Bluff, pv. cap. of Jef. co. Ark. on Ark. r. Pine Brook, pv. Morris co. N. J. 63 N of Tn. Pixe cr. Pa. flows into the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Pine Cr. tp. Clinton co. Pa. Pine Cr. tp. Jefferson co. Pa. Pine Grove, pt. Schuylkill co.Pa 43 ne of H. Pine Grove, tp. Venango co. Pa. Pine Grove, tp. Warren co. Pa. Pine Hill, v. Genesee co. N.Y. Pine Plains, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 25 ne of Poughkeepsie. [town. Pikeville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 7 E of Doyles- Pineville, pv. Charleston dist. S. C. on Santee r. Pineville, pv. Marion co. Ga. [Tombigbee r. Pifieville, pv. Marengo co. Ala. a little e of Pingreeville, pv. Grafton co. N. H. on Con- Pixk, tp. Wayne co. Pa. [neeticut r. Pixkham's Grant, pt. Coos co. N. H. 92 N Cd. Pinkney, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. Pixksville. pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 197 wnw H. Pixtlala r. Ala. flows into Alabama r. Piqua, pv. Miami co. O. on Miami r. Piquea, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 54 se of H. Piscataqua r. N. H. See Gazetteer. Piscataquis r. Me. flows into the Penobscot, 40 in. above Bangor. [rimack. Piscataquog r. N. H. an affluent of the Mev- Piscataway, tp. Middlesex co. N. J. 5 n of New Brunswick. [sw of An. Piscataway, pv. Prince George's co. Md. 56 Piseco, lake, Hamilton co. N.Y. 6 m. long. Piseco, pv. Hamilton co. N.Y. on Piseco Luke. Pitcairn, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 30 s of Canton. [wich. Pitcher, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 16 w of Nor Pitcher Sprixgs, pv. Chenango co. N.Y. 126 w of Albany [Piney cr. Pitch Landing, pv. Hertford co. N. C. on Pitt, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. on Alleghany i. Pittsbokough, pv. cap. of Chatham co. N.C. 34 w of Raleigh. Pittsburg, tp. Coos co. N. H. Pittsburg, pv. Henry co. Ga. 75 wnw of M. Pittsburg, pv. Johnson co. Ark. on Arkansas r Pittsburg, pv. Carroll co. Ind. 68 nnw of Is. PLE 650 POM Pittsfield, pt. Somerset co. Me. 43 N of A. Pittsfield, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 15 ne of Cd. Pittsfield, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 70 saw of Mtr. Pittsfield, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 w of B. Pittsfield, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 18 w of Coo- perstown. Pittsfield, pt. Lorain co. O. 106 nne of Cs. Pittsfield pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 35 w of D. Pittsfield pv.cap.ofPikeco.Ul.70w&wofSd. Pittsford, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 70 sw of Mtr. Pittsford, pv. Monroe co.N.Y. 6e Rochester. Pittsford, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 90 wsw of D. Pittsgkove, pt. Salem co. N. J. 16e of Salem. Pittston, pt. Kennebec co. Me. on Kenne- bec river. [Troy. Pittstown, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 12 ne of Pittstown, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 33 nnw Pittstown, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [of Tn. Pittsylvania C. H. cap. of Pittsylvania co. Va. 162 wsw of Richmond. Plain, tp. Stark co. O. Plain, pt. Wayne co. O. 90 ne of Cs. Plainfield, pt. Sullivan co. N.H. 62 nw of Cd. Plainfield, pt. Washington co. Vt. 9 e of Mtr. Plainfield, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 115 w of B. Plainfield^ pt. Windham co. Conn. 45 e of Hd. Plainfield, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 15 nw of Coo- perstown. Plainfield, pv. Essex co. N. J. 39 ne of Tn. Plainfield, tp. Northampton co. Pa. Plainfield, pv. Coshocton co. O. 80 ne of Cs. Plainfield, tp. Allegan co. Mich. Plainfield, pt. Hendricks co. Ind. 15 wsw of Is. Plainfield, pv. Will co. 111. 173 ne of Sd. Plainville, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 155 w Al. Plaistow, pt. Rockingham co. N.H. 37 se Cd. Plantersville, pv. Perry co. Ala. 77 s of T. Plaquemine Bayou, an outlet of the Missis- sippi, flowing into the Atchafalaya. Plaquemine, pv. cap. of Iberville par. La. on Mississippi river. Platte r. See Gazetteer. [souri. Platte, Little, r. Mo. flows into the Mis- Platte City, pv. cap. of Platte co. Mo. on Little Platte r. [Kingston. Plattekill, pt. Ulster co. N. Y. 20 s of Platteville, pv. Grant co. Wis. 78 wsw of Madison. Plattsburg, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Plattsburg, pv. cap. of Clinton co. Mo. 180 wnw o{ Jefferson City. Pleasant, tp. Warren co. Fa. Pleasant, tp. Brown co. O. Pleasant, tp. Fairfield co. O. Pleasant, tp. Knox co. O. on Vernon r. Pleasant, pt. Switzerland co. Ind. 82 se of Is. Pleasant Grove, pv. Morris co. N. J. on Schooley's Mountain, 40 n of Tn. [1 broad. Pleasant Lake, Hamilton co. N.Y. 3 rn. long, Pleasant Unity, pv. Westmoreland co. Pa. 161 w of Harrisburg. Pleasant Vale, pv. Pike co. 111. 90 wsw Sd. Pleasant Valley, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 22 wof Hartford. [Poughkeepsie. Pleasant Valley, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 7 ne of Pleasant Valley,' pv. Bucks co. Pa. [s of AI. Pleasant ville, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. 120 Pleasantville, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. Pieasantville, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. 112 nw of Raleigh. [of Ne. Pleasantville, pv. Hickman co. Tenn. 73 wsw P.easantville, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 se of Cs. Pleasureville, pv. Henry co. Ky. 19 nw F- Plessis, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. 190 nw of Al. Pltjckemin, pv. Somerset co. N . J. 37 v, of Tn. Plum, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. Plum Cr. tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Plum, tp. Venango co. Pa. Plum Island, Suffolk co. N.Y. 3 m. long, and 1 broad. Plumstead, pt. Bucks co. Pa. 30 n of Phila. Plunket's Cr. tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Plymouth, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 59 ne of A. Plymouth, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 40 n of Cd. Plymouth, pt. Windsor co.Vt. 73 s of Mtr. Plymouth, Mass. See Gazetteer. Plymouth, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 23 w HcJ. Plymouth, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. Plymouth, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. Plymouth, tp. Montg. co. Pa. 14 nnw ol Phila. Plymouth, pv. cap. of Washington co. N.C on Roanoke river. Plymouth, pv. Lowndes co. Miss. 147 ne of J. Plymouth, pt. Richland co. O. 77 nne of Cs. Plymouth, pt. Wayne co. Mich. 25 sw of D. Plymouth, pv. cap. Marshall co. Ind. 115 n Is. Plymouth, pv. Hancock co. 111. 92 wnw of Sd. Plymouth Grant, tp. Aroostook co. Me. Plymouth Hollow, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 25 w of Hartford. Plympton, pt. Plymouth co. Mass. 4 1 se of B. Pocahontas, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Ark. on Big Black river. Pocasset, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 63 se B. Pocomoke r. Md. flows into Pocomoke Bay, an arm of Chesapeake Bay. Pocono, tp. Monroe co. Pa. Pocotalico r. Va. flows into Great Kanawha r. Pocotalico, pv. Beaufort dist. S. C. on Com bahee river. [at Troy. Poestenkill r. N.Y. flows into the Hudson Poestenkill, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 13 e Al. Point, tp. Northumberland co. Pa. Point Bolivar, v. Galveston co. Texas, on a point of land extending towards Galves- ton I., thus forming the strait called Galves- ton Pass or Inlet. Point Coupee, pv. cap. of Point Coupee par. La. on Mississippi river. Point Isabel, Texas, (formerly St. Isabel,) a point of land projecting into the Laguna del Madre, opposite to an inlet called the Barra or Brazos de Santiago, about 110 m. s of Corpus Christi, and 30 e from Mata- moras. On this point stands Fort Polk, an important American fortress. Point of Rocks, pv. Frederick co. Md. 92 nw of Annapolis. [Delaware. Point Pleasant, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on the Point Pleasant, pv. cap. of Mason co. Va. on Ohio river. Point Pleasant, pv. Clermont co. O. on Ohio r. Pokagon, tp. Cass co. Mich. Poland, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 50 sw of A. Poland, tp. Chautauque co. N.Y. 22 se of Mavville. Poland, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 90 nw of Al. Poland, pt. Mahoning co. O. on Mahoning r. Pollopsville, pv. Jones co. N. C. Pomeroy, pv. Meigs co. O. 100 se of Cs. Pomfret, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 50 s of Mtr. Pomfret, pt. Windham co. Conn. 40 e of Hd. Pomfret, tp. Chautauque co. N.Y. on L. Erie. Pomme de Terre r. Mo. flows into Osage r Pompey, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 14 se oi Sy racuse. Pompey Hill, v. Onondaga co. N.Y Pompton, pv. Morris co. N. J. 84 ne of Tn POR 651 POT Pompton, tp. Passaic co. N. J. 23 nw of Hack- ensack. [65 m. sw of San Juan. Pon'ce, a sea-port on the s coast of Porto Rico, Poxkas. See Pcncahs. Pon'ti-ac, pv. cap. of Oakland co. Mich, on Clinton r. S3 kw of Detroit. Lof Sd. Pontiac, pv. cap. of Livingston co. 111. 1 10 nne Pontotoc, pv. cap. of Pontotoc co. Miss. 175 nne of Jackson. Poolville, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 95 w of Al. Pools ville, pv. Montgomery co. Md. 73 WWW of Annapolis. [of Ca. Poolsville, pv. Spartanbnrg dist. S. C. 107 nw Ponisville, pv. De Kalb co. Ga. 90 nw of M. Poolsvi'.le, pv. Warren co. Ind. 83 wnw of Is. Poplar Plains, pv. Fleming co. Ky.96Eof F. Poplix ; pt. Rockingham co.N. II. 30 se of Cd. PoQUSTANock, pv. New London co. Conn. 43 se of Hartford. Poquonock, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 10 N Hd. Portage r. O. flows into L. Erie at Port Clinton. [Angelica. Portage, tp. Alleghany co. N.Y. 18 N of Portage, tp. Summit co. O. Portage, pt. Wood co. O. on Portage r. Portage, pv. St. Joseph co. Ind. on St. Jo- Portage, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich, [seph's r. Portage bes Sioux, pv. St. Charles co. Mo. on Mississippi river. [Genessee r. Portageville, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Port Alleghany, pv. M'Kean co. Pa. on Alleghany river. Port-au-Platte, a sea-port on the N coast of Hayti, 150 m. xk of Port-au-Prince. It exports mahogany to the United States. Port Byron, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 158 w Al. Port Byron, pv. Rock Island co. 111. on Miss. r. Port Caddo, v. of Harrison co. Texas, on the s side of Ferry Lake. Port Carbon, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. Port Cavallo or Caballo, (see Introduc- tion XXVII. 4,) a v. of Texas, on the point of a strip of land extending for GO m. between Matagorda Bay and the sea. Port Chester, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. on Byram river [Schuylkill. Port Clinton, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. on the Port Clinton, pv. cap. of Ottawa co. O. on Portage river. [ofTn. Port Golden, pv. Warren co. N. J. 50 nnw Port Conway, pv. King George's co. Va. 84 nne of Richmond. Port Deposit, pv. Cecil co. Md. on Susqa. r. Port Elizabeth, pv. Cumberland co. N. J. 73 ssw of Trenton. Porter, pt. Oxford co. Me. 86 sw of A. Porter, Ip. Niagara co. N.Y. 16NWLockport. Porter, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. Porter, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. Porter, tp. Cass co. Mich. [se of Hd. Portersville, pv. New London co. Conn. 55 Portersville, pv. Butler co. Pa. 218 wnw of H. Portersville, pv.Tiptonco.Tenn.214 wswNe. Portersville, pv. Dubois co. Ind. 124 ssw of Is. Port Gibson, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. on the Erie Canal. [45 N of Natchez. Port Gibson, pv. cap. of Claiborne co. Miss. Port. Henry, pv. Essex co. N.Y. on Lake Port Homer, pv. Jef. co. O. [Champlain. Port Hudson, pv. East Feliciana par. La. 146 nw of New Orleans. Port Huron, pt. St. Clair co. Mich. 60 ne D. Port Jackson, pv. Montgomery co. N.Y. on Mohawk river. Port Jki-ferson, pv. Suffolk co. N-.Y. Port Jervis, pv. Orange co. N.Y. on Dei r. Port Kent, pv. Essex co. N.Y. on L. Cham- plain. Port La Vacca, or La Baca. v. of Victoria co. Texas, on the w side of La Vacca Bay. Portland, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 15 s Hd. Portland, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. 7 s of May i ville. Portland, pv. Dallas co. Ala. on Alabama r. Portland, pv. Jefferson co. Ky. on Ohio r. Portland, tp. Erie co. O. Portland, pt. Ionia co. Mich. 183 wnw of D Portland, pv' Fountain co.Ind. on Wabash r. Portland, pv. Whitesides co. HI. 177 n of Sd. Portland, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 31 ene of Jet ferson City. Portland, pv. Van Buren co. Iowa. Port Leon, Flor. See Gazetteer. Port Mahon, pv. Huntington co. Ind. Port Morant, a sea-port on the s coast of Jamaica, 30 m. e from Kingston. Por'to Ca-bel'lo (Sp. Puerto Cabello,pweR'- to kah-vel'yo,) an important sea-port of Ve- nezuela, 80 m. w of Caraccas. Lat. 103 28' N, Lon. 6QO 17' w . p op . stated at 7,000. Port Ontario, pv. Oswego co.N.Y. on Sal- mon river. [ware r. Port Penn, pv. New Castle co. Del. on Dela- Port Republic, pv. Atlantic co. N.J. 80 s of Trenton. Port Republic, pv. Calvert co. Md. 50 s of An. Port Republic, pv. Rockingham co. Va. 120 nw of Richmond. Port Royal, pv. Juniata co. Pa. 46 w of H. Port Royal, pv. Caroline co. Va. 84 n R. Port Royal, pv. Montgomery co. Tenn. 43 nw of Nashville. Port Royal, pv. Henry co. Ky. [Michigan. Port Sheldon, pv. Ottawa co. Mich, on L. Portsmouth, pt. Newport co. R.I. 7 nw of Newport. [beth r. Portsmouth, pv. Norfolk co. Va. on Eliza- Portsmouth, pv. Carteret co. N. C. Portsmouth, pv. cap. of Scioto co. O. on Sci- oto river, at its entrance inloOhior. 90s Cs. Port Tobacco, pv. cap. of Charles co. Md. Portville, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on Al- leghany river. [on Tuscarawas r. Port Washington, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. Posey, tp. Harrison co. Ind. Posey, tp. Switzerland co. Ind. Posey, tp. Washington co. Ind. [s of Mtr. Post Mills Village, pv. Orange co. Vt. 38 Postville, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y.C3 nwAI. Postville, pv. cap. of Logan co. 111. 40 ne Sd. Poteau r. Ark. flows into the Arkansas r. at Fort Smith. [ese of Jef. City. Potosi, pv. cap. of Washington co. Mo. 110 Potosi, pv. Grant co. Wis. [ket r Potsdam, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Rac- Pottaw atomies, a tribe of Indians formerly dwelling about L. Huron, and in Indiana. Many of them have been removed to the west of the Mississippi. Potter, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 200 w of Al. Potter, tp. Centre co. Pa. 70 nw of H. Potter's Hollow, v. Albany co. N.Y. Potter's Mills, pv. Centre co.Pa. 73 nwH. Pottersville, pv. Hunterdon co. N.J. 48 nnw of Trenton. Pottiesville, pv. Louisa co. Va. 47 nnw R. Potts Grove, tp. Montgomery co. Pa. on the Schuvlkill. PR1 »652 PYR Pottstown, borough, Montgomery co. Pa. 37 N of Philadelphia. [ NV v of Phila. Pottsville, borough, Schuvlkill co. Pa. 99 Poughkeepsie, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Poughkeepsie, pv. Allen co. Ind. 126 nnb Is. Poultney r. Vt. flows into L. Champlain. Poultney, tp. Rutland co. Vt. 60 sw of Mtr. Poultney, tp Steuben co. N.Y. Poundridge, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. 15 ne of White Plains. Powell's r. Va. passing into Tenn. unites with Clinch r. 38 ne of Knoxville. Powellton, pv. Richmond co. N. C. 118 sw Powellton, pv. Hancock co. Ga. [of Rh. Powerville, pv. Morris co. N. J. 64 n of Tn. Powerville, pv. Bracken co. Ky. 60 ne F. Pownal, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 18 ne of Portland. Pownal, pt. Bennington co. Vt. Powow r. N.H. flows into the Merrimack. Prairie, tp. Washington co. Ark. Prairie, tp. Holmes co. O. Prairie, tp. Henry co. Ind. Prairie, tp. Howard co. Mo. Prairie du Chien, pv. cap. of Crawford co Wis. 125 w of Madison, on the Miss. r. Prairie du Rocher, pv. Randolph co. 111. on Mississippi river. [Wisconsin r. PRAfRiE du Sac, pv. cap. of Sauk co. Wis. on Prairie la Porte, pv. cap. of Clayton co. Iowa, on Mississippi river. Prairie Ronde, tp. Kalamazoo co. Mich. Prairieton, pv. Vigo co. Ind. 80 wsw of Is. Prairieton, pv. Lawrence co. 111. 147 se of Sd. Prairie Village, pv. Milwaukie co. Wis. Prairieville, pv. Clinton co. Ind. 52 nnw of Indianapolis. Prairieville, pv. Randolph co. 111. 126 s of Sd. Prairieville, tp. Milwaukie co. Wis. Prallsville, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 20 nnav of Trenton. [ton r. Prattsburg, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. on Conhoc- Prattsburg, pv. Orange co. N. C. 34 nw Rh. Prattsburg, pv. Talbot co. Ga. 80 wsw of M. Prattsville, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 38 w of Catskill. [gar. Preble, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. on Toughnio- Prescott, tp. Washington co. Me. Prescott, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 77 w of B. Preston, pt. New London co. Conn. 45 se Hd. Preston, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 118 w of Al. Preston, pt. Wayne co. Pa. 184 ne of H. Preston, v. of Matagorda co. Texas, near the left bank of the Colorado. [ese of F. Prestonburg, pv. cap. of Floyd co. Ky. 120 Preston Hollow, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 38 w of Albany. [nessee r. Prestonville, pv. Rhea co. Tenn. on Ten- Price, tp. Monroe co. Pa. Pricetown, pv. Berks co. Pa. 62 e of H. Price ville, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 200 ne of H. Prince Edward C. H. pv. cap. of Prince FOd- ward co. Va. 77 wsw of Richmond. Prince Fredericktown, pv. cap. of Calvert co. Md. 46 s of Annapolis. Prince George C. H. pv. cap. of Prince George co. Va. 28 sse of Richmond Princess Anne, pv. cap. of Somerset CO. Md. on Monokin river. [co.Va. 132 se of R. Princess Anne C. H. pv. cap. of Princess Anne Princeton, pv. Washington co. Me. 220 ne A. Princeton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 16 n of Worcester. [Schenectady. Princeton, pt. Schenectady co. N.Y. 8 w of Princeton, borough, N. J. See Gazetteer, Princeton, pv. Mercer co. Va. Princeton, pv. cap. of Washington co. Miss on Mississippi river. [wsw of F. Princeton, pv. cap. of Caldwell co. Ky. 225 Princeton, pv. Butler co. O. 100 wsw of Cs. Princeton, pv. cap. of Gibson co. Ind. 142 sw of Indianapolis. [of Sd. Princeton, pv. cap. of Bureau co. 111. 135 N Princeton, pv. Scott co. Iowa, on Mississippi r. Princetown, pv. Berks co. Pa. Princeville, pv. Peoria co. 111. 92 N of Sd. Proctorsville, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 73 e Mtr. Proctorsville, pv. Crawford co. Ind. on Great Blue river. Prospect, pt. Waldo co. Me. on Penobscot r. Prospect, pt. N. Haven co. Conn. 54 s of Hd. Prospect, pv. Butler co. Pa. Providence, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 40 nnw Al. Providence, pt. Luzerne co. Pa. 146 ne of F. Providence, pv. Fairfax co. Va. 120 n of R. Providence, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 173 wsw of Raleigh. Providence, pv. Pickens co. Ala. 70 w of T. Providence, pv. Hopkins co. Ky. 214 wsw F. ! Providence, pv. Wood.co. O. 140 nnw of Cs. Providence, pv. Bureau co. 111. 114 N of Sd. ■ Provincetown, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. i Pruntytown, pv. Harrison co.Va. Puebla. See La Puebla, Gazetteer. , Pueblo de los Angeles, pweb'lo del loce ang'nel-es, i.e. the " city or habitation of the angels," a t. on the sw coast of Cali- fornia, noted for the vineyards in its vi- cinity. The grapes are of the finest quality, and the chief part of the wine manufac- tured in California is made here. Lat. about 34° N, Lon. 118° w. Puerco, or Pecos, r. Texas, the largest af- fluent of the Rio del Norte, rises near San- ta Fe, and flowing southerly falls into the | Rio del Norte, near 29° 10' n Lat. and 103° w Lon. Length above 500 m. Pughtown, pv. Chester co. Pa. on French cr. i Pulaski, v. Oswego co. N.Y. on Salmon r. ' Pulaski, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 248 wnw of H. Pulaski, pv. cap. of Giles co. Tenn. 74 s Ne. ; Pulaski, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 90 w of D. Pulaski, pv. Hancock co. 111. 85 wnw of Sd. Pulaskiville, pv. Knox co. O. 52 ne of Cs. : Pultney, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 15 ne of Bath. ! Pultney, tp. Belmont co. O. [Ontario. ; Pultneyville, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. on Lake Pumpkintown, pv. Pickens disl. S. C. Punashli Indians. See Bannacks. Pun'cahs or Pon'kas, a tribe of Indians ir | the se part of Missouri Territory. | Pungoteague, pung-go-teeg', pv. Accomac | co. Va. 180 e of Richmond. [of H ! Punxatawney, pv. Jefferson co. Pa. 183 nw ! Purdy, pv. cap. of M'Nairy co. Tenn. 148 | sw of Nashville. \ Purdyvillk, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 160 ne of H ! Putnam, pt. Washington co. N.Y. 90 n of Al : Putnam, pt. Muskingum co. O. 55 e of Cs. ! Putnam, tp. Livingston co. Mich. [ Carmel | Putnam Valley, pt. Putnam co. N V. 9 w of | Putnamville, pv. Putnam co. Ind. 12 w of Is. I Putney, pt. Windham co. Vt.ou Conn. V. j Pymatuning, tp. Mercer co. Pa. Pyramid Lake, a lake of California, situated immediately e of the Sierra Nevada, and intersected by the 40th parallel of n Lat. It derives its name from an insular pyramid RAM 653 RED of rock of remarkable regularity, which rises from its surface, to the height of about 600 ft. Length 40 m. ; breadth 10 or 15 m. Pyramus, pv. Bergen co. N. J. 83 ne of Tn. Quadra. See Vancouver's Island. Quaker Springs, pv. Columbia co. Ga. 103 ene of Milledgeville. [of Tn. Quakertown, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 31 nw Quakertown, pv. Bucks co.Pa.37 NNwPhila. Qoallatown, pv. Haywood co. N. C. Quantico, pv. Somerset co. Md. 93 se of An. Queechee r. Vt. flows into Connecticut r. Queechee Village, pv. Windsor co.Vt. 57 s of Montpelier. [Somerset. Quemahoning, tp. Somerset co. Pa. 11 ne of Queen Anne, pv. Prince George's co. Md. on Patuxent river. Queen Charlotte's I. on the w coast of N. America, is intersected by the 53d parallel of n Lat. and the 132d meridian of w Loo. Length ISO m. ; average breadth 30 m. See Vancouver's Island. [wnw of Ca. Queensborougii, pv. Anderson dist.S. C. 113 Queensburg, pt. Warren co. N.Y. 57 N of Al. Queensdale, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 110 ssw of Raleigh. [Chester Bay. Queenstown, pv. Queen Anne co. Md. on Queenstown, a t. of Canada West, on the Niagara river, 7m. from its mouth. Queretaro, ker-ra'ta-ro. a Mexican state, w of the river Panueo, and N of the city of Mexico. Area 15,500 sq.m. Pop. 230,000. Queretaro, the cap. of the above, is a hand- some city, with a pop. of above 30,000. QuiLLiNsviLr-E, pv. Scott co. Va. Quincy, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 9 s of B. Quincy, pt. Franklin co. Pa. 57 sw of H. Quincy, pv. cap. of Gadsden co. Flor. 23 nw Quincy, pv. Monroe co. Miss, [of Tallahassee. Quincy, pv. Gibson co. Tenn. 144 w of Ne. Quincy, pv. Logan co. O. 68 nw of Cs. Quincy, pt. Branch co. Mich. 104 wsw of D. Quincy, pv. cap. of Adams co. 111. on Miss. r. Quinnebal-g r. Conn, unites with the She- tucket, 3 m. above Norwich city. Quinnipiac r. Conn, flows into New Haven harbour. [mouth of the Brazos. Quintana, v. of Brazoria co. Texas, at the Quitman, pv. cap. of Clarke co. Miss. 140 e J. Quogue, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on s side of Long Island. Racine, capital of Racine co. Wis. on Lake Michigan. Racket r. N.Y. flows into the St. Lawrence. Racoon, tp. Beaver co. Pa. Racoon, tp. Gallia co. O. 94 se of Cs. Radnor, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 13 nw Phila, Radnor, pt. Delaware co. O. 32 N of Cs. Ragged Island, tp. Lincoln co. Me. Rahway, pv. Essex co. N. J. 9 sw of Newark. Rainsburg, pv. Bedford co. Pa. 113 w of H. Rainsboeo', pv. Highland co. O. 77 sw Cs. RAixsvr.LE, pv Warren co. Ind. 90 N\vof Is. Raisin r. Mich, flows into Lake Erie. Raisin, pt. Lenawee co. Mich, on Raisin r. Raisinville, tp. Monroe eo. Mich, on Raisin river. [wsw of Ne. Raleigh, pv. cap. of Shelby co. Tenn. 220 Raleigh, pv. cap. of Smith co. Miss. 87 ese J. Ramapo r. rises in N.Y. and flows into Pas- saic r in N.J. 55* Ramapo, tp. Rockland co. N.Y. Ramapo Works, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. on Ramapo river. [aware r. Ramsaysburg, pv. Warren co. N. J. on Del- Ramsborough, pv. Guilford co. N. C. 95 wnw of Raleigh. [wsw of Rh. Ranaleburg, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 174 Ra.\':ocus cr. N. J. flows into Delaware r. Randallstown, pv. Baltimore co. Md. Randallsville, pv. Robeson co. N. C. 85 ssw of Raleigh. Randolph, pt. Coos co. N. H. 100 n of Cd. Randolph, pt. Orange co.Vt. 23 s of Mtr Randolph, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 16 s of B. Randolph, pt. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. on the Alleghany. Randolph, tp. Morris co. N. J. 7 nw of Mor- ristown. [ville. Randolph, tp. Crawford co. Pa. 12 e of Mead- Randolph, pv. Madison co. Tenn. 200 wsw Ne. Randolph, tp. Montgomery co. O. Randolph, pt. Portage co. O. 140 ne of Cs. Randolph, pv. Randolph co. Ind. 88 ene of Is. Raphoe, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 12 nw of Lan- caster. [10 above Fredericksburg. Rapid Ann r. Va. enters the Rappahannock r. Raritan, tp. Hunterdon co. N. J. 20 n of Tn. Ravenna, pv. cap. of Portage co. O. on Pa. and Ohio canal, 140 ne of Columbus. Ravenswood, v. Queen's co. N.Y. on the East river. [103 nw of Rh. Rawlingsburg, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. Rawlingsville, pv. De Kalb co. Ala. 153 ne of Tuscaloosa. Rawsonville, v. Fulton co. N.Y. [of D. Rawsonville, pv. Washtenaw co. Mich. 36 w Rawley's Springs, Rockingham co. Va. Ray, pt. Macomb co. Mich. 37 ne of D. Raymond, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 58 sw of A. Raymond, pt. Rockingham co. N. II. 24 ese of Concord. [of J. Raymond, pv. cap. of Hinds co. Miss. 18 w Raymond, pv. Clarke co. Ark. 66 sw of Little Rock. [river. Raynham, tp. Bristol co. Mass. on. Taunton Raynortown, v. Queen's eo. N. Y. near Hempstead Bay. Raytown, pv. Taliaferro co. Ga.60 ne of M. Readfield, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 12 w of A. Readfield, tp. Oswego co. N.Y. 15 E Pulaski. Reading, pt. Windsor co.Vt. 60 s of Mtr. Reading, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 12 n of B. Reading, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 15 nw of i Bridgeport. Reading, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 21 e of Bath. Reading, borough, Pa. See Gazetteer. Reading, tp. Adams co. Pa. Reading, pv. Hamilton co. O. 9 n Cincinnati. Reading, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 108 wsw D. Reading Ridge, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 66 sw of Hartford. [Conn. 68 sw of Hd. Reading Town House, pv. Fairfield co. Readington, pt. Hunterdon co. N. J. 8 ne of Flemington. [of Ne. Readyville, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. 47 se Reamsville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 42 ese H. Rebersburg, pv. Centre eo. Pa. 93 nw of H. Recklesstown, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 10 s Recovery, tp. Mercer co. Pa. [of Tn. Rectortown, pv. Fauquier co. Va. 122 N R. Red Bank, pv. Monmouth co. N. J. 46 e Tn. Red Bank, pt. Clarion co. Pa. 190 wnw of II. Red Cedar r. Iowa, flows into the Iowa r. in Louisa co. HIC 654 RID Reddington, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 55 s of Is. ^Iedfield, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 140 wnw Al. Redforl, pv. Clinton co. N.Y. on Saranac r. Ttedford, pt. Wayne co. Mich. 13 nvv of D. Red Hook, pt. Dutchess co. N. Y. 22 n of Poughkeepsie. [Dover. Red Lion, pv. New Castle co. Del. 35 n of Red River, Ark. and La. See Gazetteer. Red River, a co. in the ne part of Texas, bordering on Red river. Soil, especially in the northern and middle portions, exceed- ingly fertile. Capital, Clarksville. Red River, a r. rising in Iowa Territory, and flowing northerly, falls into L. Winnipeg, in British America. About 50 m. from its mouth, it receives the Assiniboin. Red River Iron Works, pv. Estill co. Ky. 74 se of Frankfort. Redstone, tp. Fayette co. Pa. [250 w of R. Red Sulphur Springs, pv. Monroe co. Va. Redwood, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. 188 nw Al. Reedsborough, tp. Bennington co. Vt. 12 se of Bennington. [147 sw of Mtr. Reedsborough City, pv. Bennington co. Vt. Refugio, a co. in the s part of Texas, n of, and bordering on, the r. Nueces : soil gene- rally rich, and well adapted to the growth of cotton and sugar. Refugio, a v. of Texas, cap. of the above co.; now mostly in ruins, though it was formerly a place of considerable commercial im- portance. Present pop. about 100. Reho'both, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 40 s of B. Rehoboth, pv. Somerset co. Md. Rehoboth, pv. Lunenburg co.Va. 85 sw of R. Rehoboth, pv. Edgefield dist. S. C. 80 w of Ca. Rehoboth, pv. Wilkes co. Ga 88 ne of M. Rehoboth, pv. Perry co. O. 50 e of Cs. Rehoboth Village, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 44 ssw of Boston. [of M. Rehobothville, pv. Morgan co. Ga. 66 nnw Rehrersburg, pv. Berks co. Pa. 55 e of H. Reidsburg, pv. Armstrong co. Pa. 187 wnw of Harrisburg. [nw of Rh. Reidsville, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. 108 Reidsville, pv. cap. of Tatuall co. Ga. 162 se of Milledgeville. [ESEofH. Reinholdsville, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 40 Reinosa, ray-no'sa. a small t. of Mexico, on the right bank of the Rio del Norte, about 60 m. in a straight line wnw of Matamoros. Reistertown, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 17 nw of Baltimore. Remsen, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 18 N of Utica. Rensselaer, v. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 17 se of Troy. Rensselaer, pv. cap. of Jasper co. Ind. [of Al. Rensselaerville, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 26 w Reserve, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. Revilla, ray-veel'ya, a small t. of Mexico, on the right bank of the Rio del Norte, about 80 m. ne of Monterey. Rsvnoldsburg, pv. Franklin co. 0. 11 e of Cs. Reynoldsbnrg, pv. cap. of Humphreys co. Tenn. on Tennessee river. [w of Al. Reynoldsville, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 178 Rheatown, ray'town, pv. Greene co. Tenn. 263 e of Nashville. Rhinebrck, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. on the Hudson. [on the Hudson. Rhinebeck Landing, v. Dutchess co N.Y. Ric'carees (called also the Arrickarees, and familiarly the Rkes), a tribe of Indians dwelling in the e part of Missouri Territory. Riceborough, pv. Liberty 30. Ga. on New- port river. [dense. Rice City, pv. Kent co.R. I. 19 w of Provi- Richardsonville, pv. Edgefield dist S. C. 75 w of Columbia. [of R. Richardsville, pv. Culpepper co.Va. 80 nnw Richborough, pv. Bucks co. Pa. [eistown. Richfield, pt . Otsego co. N.Y. 13 nw of Coop- Richfield, tp. Huron co. O. Richfield, pt. Summit co. O. 134 ne of Cs. Richfield, pt. Lapeer co. Mich. Richfield Springs, v. Otsego co. N.Y. on Canaderaga Lake. Richford. pt. Franklin co. Vt. on Missisque r. Richford, pt. Tioga co. N.Y. 144 wsw of Al. Rich Hill. tp. Greene co. Pa. Richland, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. Richland, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 37 nw of Phila. Richland, tp. Cambria co. Pa. Richland, tp. Venango co. Pa. Richland, pv. Stewart co. Ga. 127 sw of M. Richland, pv. Holmes co. Miss. [tie Rock Richland, pt. Jefferson co. Ark. 70 se of Lit- Richland, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 70 s of Ne. Richland, pv. Henderson co.Ky. 178 w of F. Richland, tp. Belmont co. O. Richland, tp. Clinton co. O. Richland, tp. Fairfield co. O. Richland, tp. Guernsey co. O. Richland, tp. Holmes co. O. Richland, pv. Richland co. O. S2 N of Cs. Richland, pt. Kalamazoo co. Mich. 135 w D, Richland, pv. Rush co. Ind. 51 ese of Is. Richland, pv. Sangamon co. 111. 10 n of Sd. Richlandtown, pv. Bucks co. Pa. Richmond, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 15 s of A. Richmond, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 60 sw Cd. Richmond, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 13 se of Burlington. Richmond, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 142 w of B. Richmond, tp. Washington co. R. I. 30swof Providence. [andaigua. Richmond, tp. Ontario co. N.Y. 14 w of Can- Richmond, pv. cap. of Richmond co. N.Y. near the centre of Staten Island. Richmond, tp. Berks co. Pa. Richmond, tp. Crawford co. Pa. [Del. r. Richmond, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 2 w of Richmond, tp. Tioga co. Pa. Richmond, or Port Richmond, pv. Phila. co. on the Delaware, 4 m. above the city. Richmond, pv. Dallas co. Ala. 104 s of T. Richmond, pv. cap. of Madison par. La. 200 nw of New Orleans. Richmond, pv. Bedford co. Tenn. 70 s of Ne. Richmond, pv. cap. of Madison co. Ivy. 48 sk of Frankfort. [benville. Richmond, pv. Jefferson co. 0. 11 w of Stcu- Richmond, pt. Macomb co. Mich, on Belle r. Richmond, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 68 e of Is. Richmond, tp. Howard co. Mo. [horn creek. Richmond, pv. cap. of Ray co. Mo. on Elk- Richmond, cap. of P'ort Bend co. Texas, on the vr or right bank of the Brazos, 140 m. se of Austin. Pop. 300. Richmond City, pv. Lake co. O. on Grand r. Riciimondville, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 20 s A. Richmondville, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 47 w of Albany. [nw of Al. Richville, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 187 Ridgebury, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 swHd. Ridgebury, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 113 s of Al. Ridgebury, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 18 nw of Towanda. RIV 655 ROC RrDGEFiELD, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 31 w of New Haven. Ridgefield, pv. Butler co. Ala. 128 sse of T. Ridgefield, pv. Warren co. O. 80 sw of Cs. Ridgeway, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. 10 w Albion. Ridgeway, tp. Bradford oo. Pa. Ridgeway, cap. Elk co. Pa. Ridgeway pv Jefferson co.Va. 160 n of R. Ridgewaj pv. Lenawee co. Mich. 60 sw of D. Ridley, tc Delaware co. Pa. Riexzi, pv. Tishamingo co. Miss. 230 NEof J. Riga, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. on Black cr. Riley, tp. Oxford co. Me. Riley, tp. St. Clair co. Mich. Rileysville, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 190 ne of H. R .ndge, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 67 ssw of Cd. Ringoes, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 19 sw Tn. Rio Bueno, a sea-port on the n coast of Ja- maica, 50 m. nw of Spanish Town. Rio de los Americanos. See Sacramento. Rio Grande. See Rio del Norte, Gazet- teer. Ri'o Grande, (Sp. pron. ree'o gran'day,) i. e. " great river," or Rio Grande de Santiago, a Mexican river which rises near the city of Mexico, by its principal branch the Lerma, and after flowing north-westerly and receiving the waters of Lake Cha- pala, falls into the Pacific at San Bias, Lat. about 21° 30' N. Next to the Rio del Norte, it is the largest river of Mexico. Rio Hacha, ree'o ah'cha, or simply La Ha- cha, a sea-port of New Granada, al the mouth of a small river of the same name, 90 m. e of Santa Marta. Skins are export- ed from this place to the United States. Rio Sacramento. See Sacramento. Rio San Buenaventura. See San Buena- ventura. Rio San Joaquin. See San Joaquin. Rio Tigre, ree'o tee'gray, or Rio del Tigre, called also ElRiode San Fernando, a small river of Mexico, which flows by Monterey easterly, and falls into the Gulf of Mexico about 50 m. s of Brazos de Santiago. Rio Verde, ree'o veR'da, a little river of Mexico, in Oaxaca, flowing into the Pa- cific near 16^ n Lat. and 98 J w Lon. Rio Virgen, (Sp. pron. ree'o veeR'Hen), a r. of California, rising on the se margin of the Great Basin, flowing into the Colorado. Ripley, pt. Somerset co. Me. 66 n A. [ville. Ripley, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. 10 w May- Ripley, pv. cap. of Tippah co. Miss. Ripley, pv. cap. of Lauderdale co. Tenn. 175 w Ripley, pv. Brown co. O. on Ohio r. [of Ne. Ripley, tp. Holmes co. O. Ripley, pv. Brown co. III. Rip Raps, a shoal at the mouth of James r. Va. on which Fort Calhoun has been built. Ripton, pt. Addison co. Vt. 50 sw of Mtr. Risdon, pv. St. Clair co. 111. 120 s of Sd. Rising Sun, pv. Phila. co. Pa. 3 n of the city. Rising Sun, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. on Ohio r. Ritchieville, pv. Dinwiddie co. Va. 40 s R. River Head, pv. cap. of Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. on Peconic Bay. Rivers, tp. Jackson co. Mich. [of M. River Town, pv. Campbell co. Ga. 108 wnw Rives, reevz, pv. Wilson co. Tenn. 33 e Ne. Rives, pv. Richland co. O. 80 nne of Cs. Rives C. H. pv. cap. of Henry co. Mo. 107 w of Jefferson City. [of R. Rr'KsviLLE, pv. Monongalia co.Va. 282 nw Rivtere a Jacques (Fr. pron. ree x v«-am ah zhak), or James River, a r. of Iowa Ter- ritory, falling into the Missouri near the 97th meridian w Lon. Entire length above 400 miles. [of Richmond. Rixeyville, pv. Culpepper co. Va. 107 nnw Roadstown, pv. Cumberland co. N.J. 68 3 Roadville, pv. Charleston dist. S. C. [of Tn. Roanoke, v. Genesee co. N.Y. on Allen's cr. Roanoke, pv. Randolph co. Ala. 176 e of T. Roanoke, pv. Randolph co. Mo. 75 nnw of Jefferson City. Roaring Cr. tp. Columbia co. Pa. Roaring Spring, pv. Smythe co.Va. 274 w R. Robertsville, pv. Beaufort dist. S. C. on Black creek, 137 s of Columbia. [Ne. Robertsville, pv. Anderson co. Tenn. 166 e of Robeson, pt. Berks co. Pa. on Schuylkill r. Robertson, a large co. in the N or ne part of Texas, lying between the upper portions of the Brazos and Trinity rivers. Soil generally very fertile. Capital, Franklin. Robinson, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 6 nw of Pittsburg. Robinson, tp. Washington co.Pa. [Croix r. Robinstown, pt. Washington co. Me. on St. Rob Roy, pv. Fountain co. Ind. 70 wnw Is. Rocheport, pv. Boone co. Mo. on Mo. r. Rochester, pt. Strafford co. N. H. on Co- checo river. Rochester, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 43 sw of Mtr. Rochester, pt. Plvmouth co. Mass. 54 sse B. Rochester, tp. Ulster co. N.Y. 16 sw of Kingston. Rochester, v. Beaver co. Pa. on Beaver r. at its junction with Ohio river. [nan. Rochester, pv. Warren co. O. 9 se of Leba- Rochester, pv. Oakland co. Mich. 128 nw D. Rochester, pv. cap. of Fulton co. Ind. 95 n Is. Rochester, pv. Sangamon co. 111. 10 e of Sd. Rochester, pv. Racine co. Wis. 87 ese of Ma- Rock r. See Gazetteer. [dison. Rock cr. D. C. flows into the Potomac above Washington. [way Bay. Rockaway, pv. Queen's co. N.Y. on Rocka- Rockaway, pv. Morris co. N. J. 8 n of Mor- ristown. Rock Bridge, v. Gwinnett co. Ga. 87 nw M. Rock Castle, pv. Patrick co.Va. 230 wsw of Richmond. [berland r. Rock Castle, pv. Trigg co. Ky. on Cumber- Rockdale, pt. Crawford co. Pa. 246 nw H. Rockford, pv. cap. of Surry co. N. C. on Yadkin river. Rockford, pv. Coosa co. Ala. 120 ese of T. Rockford, pv. Jackson co. Ind. 60 s of Is. Rockford, pv. cap. of Winnebago co. 111. on Rock river. Rock Hall, pv. Kent co. Md. 68 ne of An. Rock Hill, pt. Bucks co. Pa. 110 E of H. Rockingham, pt. Windham co. Vt. on Conn. r. Rockingham, pv. cap. of Richmond co. N. C. 135 sw of Raleigh. RotnK Island, in the Mississippi r. at the foot of Rock river rapids. Rock Island City, pv. cap. of Rock Island co. 111. at the mouth of Rock river. Rockland, pt. Sullivan co. N.Y. 100 sw Al. Rockland, pt. Venango co. Pa. 212 wnw of H. Rockport, pt. Essex co. Mass. 32 ne of B. Rockport, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. on Rocky r. Rockport, pv. cap. of Spencer co. Ind. on Ohio river. If* ' Rock Spring, pv. Hickman co. Ky. 300 of F. wsw ROS 656 RUS Rock Spring, pv. St. Clair co. 111. 18 e of St. Louis. Rockville, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 26 s of B. Rockville, pv. Chester co. Pa. 58 ese of H. Rockville, pv. cap. of Montgomery co. Md. 56 w of Annapolis. Rockville, pv. Rowan co. N. C. 133 w of Rh. Rockville, pv. Putnam co. Ga. 32 n of M. Rockville, pv. Jefferson co. Ala. Rockville, pv. Monroe co. Tenn. 164 ese Ne Rockville, pv. Adams co. O. 112 s of Cs. Rockville, pv. cap. of Parke co. Ind. 64 wis. Rockville, pv. Will co. 111. 162 nne of Sd. Rocky Fork, tp. Boone co. Mo. Rocky Hill, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 7 s Hd. Rocky Hill, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 14 n Tn. Rocky Mount, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Va. 180 w of Richmond. Rocky Mount, pv. Nash co. N. C. 56 e of Rh. Rocky Mount, pv. Meriwether co. Ga. 102 w of Milledgeville. Rocky Mount, pv. Wilcox co. Ala. 120 s of T. Rocky Mount, pv. Sullivan co. Tenn. Rocky Spring, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 50 w H. Rocky Spring, pv. Rockingham co. N. C. 123 nw of Raleigh. [of T. Rodgersville, pv. Lauderdale co. Ala. 130 n Rodman, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Sandy cr. Rodney, pv. Decatur co. Ga. 215 ssw of M. Rodney, pv. Jefferson co. Miss, on Miss. r. Rogersville, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 130 wnw of Columbia. [246 e of Ne. Rogersville, pv. cap. of Hawkins co. Tenn. Rohrersville, pv. Washington co. Md. Rohrsburg, pv. Columbia co. Pa. 93 ene H. Rolesville, pv. Wake co. N. C. 21 nne Rh. Rolersville, pv. Sandusky co. 0. 42 n of Cs. Rollin, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 80 sw of D. Rome, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 20 nnw of A. Rome, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. on Mohawk r. Rome, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 142 n of H. Rome, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Rome, pv. cap. of Floyd co. Ga. 160 nw M. Rome, pv. Smith co. Tenn. 45 ne of Ne. Rome, pv. Knox co. Ky. 127 se of F. Rome, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 190 ne of Cs. Rome, tp. Lenawee co. Mich. 70 sw of D. Rome, pv. cap. of Perry co. Ind. on Ohio r. Rome, pv. Peoria co. 111. on Peoria Lake. Rome, pv. Henry co. Iowa. Romeo, pv. Greene co. Tenn. 250 e of Ne. Romney, pv. cap. of Hampshire co.Va. 188 nnw of Richmond. [Lake. Romulus, pt. Seneca co. N. Y. on Seneca Romulus, pt. Wayne co. Mich. 36 sw of D. Rondout cr. N.Y. flows into the Hudson near Rondout. Rondout, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 60 s of Al. Root, pt. Montg. co. N.Y. 43 w by N of A'.. Root, pv. Allen co. Ind. Rootstown, pt. Portage co. O. 144 ne of Cs. Roscoe, pv. Coshocton co. O. on Muskingum river. Roscoe, pv. Winnebago co. 111. 216 n of Sd. Roscoe, pv. Henry co. Mo. 130 w Jef. City. Rose, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 7 N of Lyons. Rose, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. Rose, pt. Carroll co. O. 128 ene of Cs. Rose, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 50 nw of D. Roseburg, pv. Perry co. Pa. 38 w of II. Rosedale, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. on Rondout cr. Rosedale, pv. Madison co. O 30 w of Cs. Rosenea.th, pv. Halifax co. ft". C. 112 ne Rh. Roseville, pv. Muskingum co. O. 65 s of Cs. Roseville, pv. Parke co. Ind. 74 w of Is. Ross, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 4 N of Pittsburg Ross, tp. Monroe co. Pa. Rwss, pt. Butler co. O. 110 wsw of Cs. Ross, tp. Kalamazoo co. Mich. Rossburg, pv. Decatur co. Ind. [Canton Rossie, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 25 sw of Rossville, pv. Richmond co. N.Y. on Statea Island Sound. Rossville, pv. York co. Pa. 24 s of H. Rossville, pv. Baltimore co. Md. Rossville, pv. Cherokee co. N. Con Valley r, Rossville, pv. Walker co. Ga. 220 nw of M. Rossville, pt. Butler co. O. 100 wsw of Cs. Rossville, pv. Clinton co. Ind. 164 n of Is. j Rosstraver, pt. Westmoreland co. Pa. i Rotterdam, pt. Schenectady co. N. Y. 22 wnw of Albany. Roulette, pt. Potter co. Pa. 180 nnw of H. Round Head, pt. Hardin co. O. 90 nw of Cs. Round Hill, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 85 swof Hartford. [flows into Lake Pleasant. Round Lake, Hamilton co. N.Y. Its outlet Rouse's Point, pv. Clinton co. N.Y. on Lake Champlain. [field. Rowe, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 22 w of Green- Rowesville, pv. Bedford co. Tenn. 68 s Ne. Rowland, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. [An. Rowlandsville, pv. Cecil co. Md. 73 ne of Rowley, pt. Essex co. Mass. on Rowley r. Roxborough, tp. Phila. co. Pa. 7J- BW Phila. Roxborough, pv. cap. of Person co. N. C. 54 nnw of Raleigh. Roxbury, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 50 sw of Cd. Roxbury, pt. Washington co.Vt. 16 s of Mtr. Roxbury, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 2 s of B. Roxbury, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 53 wsw Hd. Roxbury, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 20 e of Delhi. Roxbury, tp. Morris co. N. J. 14 nw of Mor- ristowji. i Roxbury, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 47 w of H. | Royal Oak, pt. Oakland co.Mich. 14 n of D. ! Royalston, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 74 w B. Roy\lton, pt. Windsor co.Vt. 33 s of Mtr. Royalton, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 8 e Lockport. Royalton, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 se of Cs. Royalton, pt. Berrien co. Mich. 198 w of D. Royalton, pv. Boone co. Ind. 14 nw of Is. ! Ruckersville, pv. Greene co.Va. ! Ruckersville, pv. Elbert co. Ga. 118 nne M. ! Ruddle, tp. Independence co. Ark. Ruggles, pt. Asbland co. 0. 90 n of Cs. Rumford, pt. Oxford co. Me. on Androscog- gin r. Rumney, pt. Grafton co. N.H. 47 n of Cd. Rumney, pv. Muhlenburg co. Ky. 82 wsw F Rupert, pt. Bennington co.Vt. on Pawlet r. ; Ruscomb Manor, tp. Berks co. Pa. | Rush, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 12 s of Rochester. '< Rush, tp. Centre co. Pa. Rush, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. 20 ne of H. Rush, tp. Northumberland co. Pa. ' Rush. tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. Rush, tp. Susquehanna co. Pa. Rush, tp. Champaign co. O. ! Rush, pt. Tuscarawas co. O. 108 ene of Cf». Rush Cr. tp. Fairfield co. O. I Rushford, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 272 w A. Rushville, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. on West r. Rush vi He, pv. Susquehanna co. Pa. 160 nne H. Rushville, pv. Fairfield co. O. 40 se of Cs. Rushville, pv. cap. of Rush co. Ind. 40 ese Is. Rushville, pv. cap. of Schuyler co. 111. 60 wnw of Springfield. SAC 657 SAL Rusk, a co. in the E part of Texas, se of and bordering on the river Neches. It is most- ly woodland. Soil very productive. Cap- ital, Henderson. [Washington. Rusk, v. of Montg. co. Texas, 12 ese of Russell, pt. Hampden co. Mass. on Westfield river. [of Al. Russell, pi. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 192 kkw Russell pt. Geauga co. O. 154 ne of Cs. Russell, tp. Putnam co. Ind. [wango cr. Russellburg, pv. Warren co. Pa. on Cone- Russellville, pv. Chester co. Pa. 65 ese H. Russellville, pv.-cap. of Franklin co. Ala. 110 N of Tuscaloosa. Russellville, pv. Claiborne par. La. [of F. Russellville, pv. cap. of Logan co. Ky. 172 sw Russellville, pv. Brown co. 0. 103 ssvv of Cs. Russellville, pv. Putnam co. Ind. 50 w of Is. Russellville, pv. Lawrence co. 111. on Wabash river. [iner. Russia, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 10 n of Herki- Russia, tp. Lorain co. O. Rutersville, v. of Fayette co. Texas, 5 or 6 in. ese of La Grange. Here is a college under the direction of the Methodists. Pop. about 200. Rutherfordton, pv. cap. of Rutherford co. N. C. 216 w of Rh. Rutland, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 55 w of B. Rutland, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Black r. Rutland, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 150 n of H. Rutland, pt. Meigs co. O. 92 se of Cs. Rutledge, v. Cattaraugus co. N.Y. [of Ne. Rutledge, pv. cap. of Granger co. Tenn. 216 e Rye, pt. Rockingham co. N.H. on the Atlantic. Rye, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. 27 ene of N.Y. Rye, tp. Perry co. Pa. [cut r. Ryegate, pt. Caledonia co.Vt. on Connecti- Sabtllisville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 95 nw of Annapolis. Sabina, pv. Clinton co. O. 62 sw of Cs. Sabine, a co. in the e part of Texas, on the Sabine r. Soil generally very productive, especially in the part called the " Red Lands." [co. on Sabine r. Sabine, or Sabine Town, a v. of the above Sabine, lake, between La. and Texas. Length above 30 m., greatest breadth near 20 m. The Sabine river flows through it. Sabine r. La. and Texas. See Gazetteer. Sabine City, v. of Jefferson co. Texas, at the s end of Sabine lake. Sacandaga r. N.Y. flows into the Hudson in Saratoga co. I Portland. Sacarappa, pv. Cumberland co. Me. 4 n of Sachem's Head, v. New Haven co. Conn, on Long Island Sound. Sackett's Harbour, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Saco r. and t. Me. See Gazetteer. Sacramento r. called by the Spaniards, Rio Sacramento, ree'o sah'kra-men'to, a r. which rises in the s part of Oregon, and flow- ing southerly falls into San Francisco Bay. Length above 400 m. About 50 m. from its mouth it receives the Rio de los America- nos, ree'o del loce ah-mer'e-kah'noce, i. e. the " river of the Americans," a small stream on which the important American settle- ment of New Helvetia has been made. The valley of the Sacramento is among the finest portions of California. Sacs (pronounced and sometimes written Sauks) and Foxes, kindred and associated tribes of Indians, dwelling in the s part of Iowa Territory. Saddle r. N. J. rises in N.Y. and flows into the Passaic river in N. J. Saedle R. tp. Bergen co. N. J. 8 nw of Hackensack. [4,000 ft. above the sea. Saddleback, mt. Franklin co. Me. Height Sadsbury, pt. Chester co. Pa. 37 nw of Plnla. Sadsbury, tp. Crawford co. Pa. [caster. Sadsbury J tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 16 sw of Lan« Sagg Harbour, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Sagg Village, v. Suffolk co. N.Y. 6 s of Sagg Harbour. Saginaw Bay, Mich, an arm of L. Huron. Saginaw r. Mich, flows into the above. Saginaw, pv. cap. of Saginaw co. Mich, on Saginaw river. Salaman'ca, a t. of Mexico, in the state of Guanaxuato, 20 m. s of the city of Guana- xuato. Pop. 15,000. Salem, pt. Franklin co. Me. 52 nnw of A. Salem, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 37 sse Cd. Salem, pt. Orleans co. Vt. 62 nne of Mtr. Salem, pt. New London co. Conn. 30 se Hd Salem, v. Chautauque co. N.Y. Salem, pt. Washington co. N.Y. 46 nne of Al. Salem, pv. cap. of Salem co. N. J. on Salem creek, 64 s of Trenton. Salem, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Salem, pt. Mercer co. Pa. 240 wnw of H. Salem, tp. Wayne co. Pa. on Waullenpapack Salem, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. [creek. Salem, pv. Fauquier co. Va. 115 N of R. Salem, pv. cap. of Roanoke co. Va. on Ro- anoke river. Salem, pv. Stokes co. N. C. 109 w of Rh. Salem, pv. Sumter dist. S. C. 90 e of Ca. Salem, pv. Clarke co. Ga. 58 n of M. Salem, pv. Russell co. Ala. 180 ese of T. Salem, pv. Tippah co. Miss. 208 nne of J. Salem, pv. Franklin co. Tenn. 104 sse of Ne. Salem, pv. cap. of Crittenden co. Ky. 250 Wsw of Frankfort. Salem, pt. Columbiana co. O. 167 ENE of Cs. Salem, v. Columbiana co. O. Salem, tp. Highland co. O. Salem, tp. Jefferson co. O. Salem, tp. Shelby co. O. Salem, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. Salem, tp. Wan en co. O. Salem, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich. Salem, pv. cap. of Wn. co. Ind. 93 s of Is. Salem, pv. cap. of Marion co. 111. 108 sse Sd Salem, pv. Benton co. Mo. 104 sw of Jef. City. Salem, pv. Racine co. Wis. on L. Michigan. Salem, pv. Henry co. Iowa. Salem, v. Jasper co. Texas, on the Sabine r. Salem Centre, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. 115 s of Albany. [w of Rh. Salem Church, pv. Randolph co. N. C. 120 Salem Cross Roads, pv. Westmoreland co. Pa. 180 w of Harrisburg. Salina, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. on Onondaga creek : noted for its manufacture ot salt. Salina, pv. Jefferson co. Ky. 65 w of F. Saline r. La. flows into Black Lake r. Saline r. Ark. flows into Washita r. Saline r. 111. flows into the Ohio. Saline cr. Mo. flows into the Mississippi. Saline, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 40 w of D. Salisbury, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 16 nnw of Concord. Salisbury, pt. Addison co. Vt. 70 sw of Mtr. Salisbury, pt. Essex co Mass. 42 nne of B SAN 658 SAN Salisbury, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 53 w of Hd. Salisbury, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 73 wnw Al. Salisbury, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 16 e of Lan- Salisbury, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. [caster. Salisbury, pv. Somerset co. Md. 95 sse of An. Salisbury, pv. cap. of Rowan co. N. C. 118 w of Raleigh. Salisbury, pt. Meigs co. O. on Ohio r. Salisbury^ pv. Sangamon co. III. lONWof Sd Salisbury Centre, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 75 wnw of Albany. [of Albany. Salisbury Mills, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 93 s Salmon r. Conn, flows into Connecticut r. Salmon r. N.Y. flows into Mexico Bay, which sets up from Lake Ontario, in Oswego co. Salmon Falls r. the name of the Piscataqua r. above the great falls at South Berwick, York co. Me. Salonia, pv. Greene co. Ky. Salt Cr. tp. Holmes co. O. Salt Cr. tp. Marion co. O. Salt Cr. pt. Muskingum co. O. 65 e of Cs. Salt Cr. tp. Pickaway co. O. Salt Cr. tp. Wayne co. O. Saltillo, sal-teel'yo, a t. of Mexico, in Coa- huila. 70 wsw of Monterey. Lat. about 25=> 20' n. Lon. 101-> 20' w. Pop. stated at 12,000. Salt Lick, tp. Fayette co. Pa. Salt Lick, tp. Perry co. O. Salt r. Ky. flows into the Ohio at West Point, 20 m. below Louisville. Salt r. Mo. flows into the Mississippi. Saltsburg, pv. Indiana co. Pa. on Cone- maugh river. Salvador, sal-va-dore', a state of Central America, bordering on the Pacific. It is the most populous part of Central America. Nearly all the indigo exported from Guate- mala is grown here. Capital, San Salvador. Saltville. pv. Smythe co.Va. 288 w of R. Saluda, pt. Jefferson co. Ind. 100 sse of Is. Salvisa pv. Mercer co. Ky. 21 s of F. Sampsondale, v. Rockland co. N.Y. Samptown, v. Middlesex co. N. J. 8 N of New Brunswick. Samuelsburg, pv. Putnam co. Ind. 42 w Is. San An-to'ni-o, a r. of Texas, which falls into a lagoon at St. Joseph's Island. San Antonio de Bexar, san an-to'ne-o da ba-nar' (See Bexar), a t. of Texas, on the San Antonio, 110 m. sw of Austin. Pop. perhaps 1,500. San Augustine, san au-gus-teen', a co. in the e part of Texas, on the Sabine r. Soil ex- tremely fertile, much the greater portion being included in the tract known as the " Red Lands," noted for its fine cotton. ,5an Augustine, city, cap. of the above co. on an affluent of the Neches, 190 m. ne of Galveston. Here is a university. San Au- gustine is one of the handsomest towns in Texas. Pv'p. about 1,500. San Bartolome, baR-to-lo-ma', a t. of Mex- ico, in Chihuahua, near 27° n Lat. and 104° 40' w Lon. Pop. said to be. 20,000. San Blas, a sea-port of Jalisco, on the w coast of Mexico, 420 m. nw of the city of Mexico. It stands on an island at the mouth of the Rio Grande de Santiago. This locality is very unhealthy during the warm season. 3an Buenaventura, san bwa'na-ven-too'ra, a r. of California, flows into the Bay of Monterey. Also a little t. of California, on the Pacific. Lat. 34° 20' n, Lon. 119° w. San Diego, de-a'go, a sea-port of California, on the Pacific, noted for the mildness of its climate. Lat. 32° 40' n, Lon. 117* w. Pop. from 1,200 to 1,500. San Felipe de Austin, san fa-lee'pay da aus'tin, (familiarly called San Philip,) the cap. of Austin co. Texas, on the wor right bank of the Brazos, 120 m. ene of Austin. San Fernando. See Tigre. San Francisco, a small t. of California, at the entrance of a bay of its own name, with one of the finest harbours on the w coast of America. See page 140. San Jacinto, a r. of Texas, flowing into Galveston Bav, 25 ene of Houston. Near its mouth was fought (April 21st, 1836,) the battle which established the independence of Texas. San Joaquin (Sp. pron. san Ho-ah-keen'), a r. of California, flows northerly, and joins the Sacramento at its entrance into San Fran- cisco Bay. The valley of this river is one of the best parts of California. San Juan (Sp. pron. san Hoo-an' or Hwan), a t. on the Pacific coast, 30 m. s of the Pueblo de los Angeles, important as being the head quarters of the Mexican forces in Califor- nia. San Ju'an de Ulua (oo-loo'a) or Ulo'a (Sp. pron. san Hoo-an' da oo-loo'a), the citadel of Vera Cruz, and the most important for- tress of all Mexico, is situated on a little island immediately n of Vera Cruz. Its con- struction is said to have cost more than 30,000,000 dollars San Jose del Parral. See Parral. San Luis, v. of Brazoria co. Texas, on an island at the w extremity of Galveston Bay. San Luis de Potosi (da po-to-see'), a state in the e part of Mexico, w of and border- ing on Tamaulipas. Area 18,000 sq. m. Pop. 220,000. San Luis de Potosi, the cap. of the above, is on the river Tampico, near its source. Lat. 22° n, Lon. 100 3 40' w. Pop. variously esti- mated from 12,000 to 40,000. San Patricio, a large co. occupying the southernmost portion of Texas. The soil along the Nueces, and Corpus Christi Bay, is generally very fertile ; farther south towards the Rio del Norte, there is an ex- tensive tract of desert. Capital, Corpus Christi. [Nueces r. San Patricio, v. of Refugio co. Texas, on the San Salvador (sal-va-dore'), a city of Cen- tral America, cap. of the state of Salva- dor, about 35 m. from the Pacific, and 120 se of Guatemala. Lat. V.P 50' n, Lon. 88- 50' w. Pop. stated at about 40,000. Sanbornton, pt. Belknap co. N. II. 21 n Cd. Sanbornton Bridge, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 17 n of Concord. [tucket I. Sancoty Head, Mass. the e point of Nan- Sandersville, pv. Chester dist. S C. 66 n Ca. Sandersville, pv. cap. of Washington co. Ga. 23 re of Milledgeville. Svndfoud, tp. York co. Me. Sandford, pt. Broome co. X \ T .Y. 120 se of Al. Sandgate, pt. Bennington co.Vt. [of B. SANDisFiELD,*pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 126 \f Sand Lake, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 17 e Al. Sandover, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 80 w Ca SAR 659 SCI Sandown, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. 26 se Cd. Sandstone, tp. Jackson co. Mich. Sandsville, pv. Clinton co. Mo. Sandton, pv. Kershaw dist. S. C. 55 ne Ca. Sand Town, pv. Kent co. Del. 19 sw Dover. Sand Town, pv. Campbell co. Ga. 100 nw M. Sandusky, r. and t. O. See Gazetteer. Sandwich, pt. Carroll co. N. II. 50 N of Cd. Sandwich, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. 58 sse B. Sandy r. Me. flows into the Kennebec r. Sandy cr. N.Y. flows into Lake Ontario in Monroe co. Sandy r. Va. and Ky. See Big Sandy r. Sandy, tp. Tuscarawas co. Ohio. Sandy Bay, v. Essex co. Mass. on Cape Ann. Sandy Cr. pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 160 wnw Al. Sandy Cr. pt. Mercer co. Pa. 228 wnw of H. Sandy Cr. tp. Venango co. Pa. [Hudson. Sandy Hill, pv. Washington co. N.Y. on the Sandy Hill, pv. Wo'ster co. Md. 124 se of An. Sandy Hook, N. J. a sandy beach extending from Monmouth co. 6 m. n into the Atlan- tic. It encloses Sandy Hook Bay. Sandy Lake, pt. Mercer co. Pa. on Sandy cr. Sandy Point, Mass. the n extremity of Nan- tucket Island. Sandyston, pt. Sussex co. N. J. 87 n of Tn. Sandyville, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. 123 ne of Columbus. Sanford, pt.York co". Me. 83 sw of A. Sang ami >n r. 111. See Gazetteer. Sangerfield, pt. Oneida co.N.Y. 15 s Utica. Sangerville, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 77 nw of Au Sennett, pt. Cayuga co. N\ Y. 158 N of Al. I Sergeant, tp. M'Kean co. Pa. i Setauket, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on the N side of Long Island. Sevier r California, runs for some distance along the se margin of the Great Basin. The lower portion of its course ha* not been explored, but it is supposed to flow into the Colorado. [e of Ne. Sevierville, pv. cap. of Sevier co. Term. 213 Seville, tp. Medina co. O. Seward, tp. Schoharie co. N.Y. 47 w of Al. Sewickly, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa, Shade cr. Pa. flows into Conemaugh r. Shade, tp. Somerset co. Pa. [of H. Shaefferstown, pv. Lebanon co. Pa. 32 e Shaftsbury, pt. Bennington co. Vt. 110 s of Montpelier. [14 n of Cd. 1 Shaker Village, pv. Merrimack co. N. H. | Shalersville, pt. Portage co. O. on Cuya- hoga river, [r. 2 m. below Sunbury. Shamokin cr. Pa. flows into the Susquehanna Sham >kin, pt. Northumberland co. Pa. on Shamokin creek, 76 N of Harrisburg. Shamong, v. Burlington co. N.J. 26 se Phila. Shandaken, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. 83 ssw of Al. Shanesville, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. on Su- gar creek. Shannon, pv. Mason co. Ky. 68 ene of F. Shannonsville, pv. Mongomery co. Pa. 84 E of Harrisburg. Shannonsville, pv. Perry co. Tenn. 109swNe. Shapleigh, pt. York co. Me. 90 sw of A. Sharon, tp. Hillsborough co. N. H. Sharon, pt. Windsor co. Vt. 40 s of Mtr. Sharon, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 17 ssw of B. Sharon, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 48 w of Hd. Sharon, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 43 w of Al. Sharon, pv. Mercer co. Pa. 250 wnw of H. Sharon, tp. Potter co. Pa. Sharon, pv. Wythe co. Va. 265 w of R. Sharon, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 165 wsw of Raleigh. Sharon, pv. Madison co. Miss. 30 n of J. Sharon, tp. Richland co. O. Sharon, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 56 w of D Sharon, pv. Whitesides co. 111. 174 n of Sd. Sharon Centre, pv. Potter co. Pa. 192 nnw of Harrisburg. Sharon Centre, pv. Medina co. 0. 128 ne of Cs. Sharonville, pv. Hamilton co. O. 102 wsw of Columbus. ! Sharpesville, pv. Montg. co. Ala. 128 se of T. ! Sharpsburg, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 206 w H. | Sharpsburg, pv. Washington co. Md. on the Potomac. Sharpsburg, pv. Bath co. Ky. 62 E of F. ' Sharpsburg, pv. Monroe co. Mo. 94 N of Jef- ferson City. i Siiarptown, pv. Salem co. N. J. on Salem cr. I Shartlesville, pv. Berks co. Pa. 65 :? of H j Shas'te Indians, a tribe dwelling ir \: a sw extremity of Oregon. [WA/ikiil r j Shawangunk, shonggum, cr. N.Y. flows intc Shawangunk, mts. "Sullivan co. N.Y. a part of the Alleghany chain. [gunk cr. I Shawangunk, pt. Ulster co. N.Y. on Shawan- Shaw'nee Indians, a tribe now dwelling w of the Mississippi, near the Kanzas river I Shawneetown, pv. Gallatin co. 111. on Ohio r Sheboygan r. Wis. flows into Lake Michigan | Sheboygan, v. cap. of Sheboygan co. Wis. a* I the mouth of Sheboygan river. SHI 661 SIL Sheepscot r. Lincoln co. Me. flows into Sheepscot Ray. Sheepscot Bridge, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 25 s A. Sheffield, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 45 ne of Mtr. Sheffield, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 20 s Lenox. Sheffield, pt. Warren co. Pa. 90 WW of H. Sheffield, pv. Nevvion co. Ga. 70 n\v of M. Sheffield, pt. Lorain co. O. on Lake Erie. Sheffield, tp. Tippecanoe co. Ind. [coggin r. Shelburne, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Andros- Shelfmrne, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 6 s of Bur- lington. [Greenfield. Shelburne, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 5 w of Shflburne Falls, pv. Franklin co. Mass. on Deerfield r. 100 w of Boston. Shelby, pt. Orleans co. N.Y. 10 s of Albion. Shelby, pv. cap. of Cleveland co. N. C. on French Broad river. Shelby, pv. Richland co. O. 70 n of Cs. Shelby, tp. Macomb co. Mich. Shelby, tp. Jetferson co. Ind. Shelby, a co. in the s part of Texas, on the Sabine r mostly covered with wood. Soil, in many parts, very fertile. Capital, Shel- byville. [canal. Shelby Basin, pv. Orleans co. N.Y. on Erie Shelbyville, pv. cap. of Bedford co. Tenn. GO s of Nashville. [ofF. Shelbyville, pv. cap. of Shelby co. Ky. 23 vv Shelbyville, pv. cap. of Shelby co. Ind. on Blue river, 26 se of Indianapolis. [Kaskaskia r. Shelbyville, pv. cap. of Shelby co. 111. on Shelbyville, pv. cap. of Shelby co. Mo. 100 n of Jefferson City. Shelbyville, a v. of Texas, on Tanaha cr. 10 m. sw of the Sabine r. Pop. between 200 and 300. Sheldon, pt. Franklin co. Vt. 62 n of Mtr. Sheldon, pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. on Seneca cr. Shelter Island, tp. Suffolk co. N.Y. 20 e of River Head. Shelocta, pv. Indiana co. Pa. 164 w of H. Shenandoah r. Va. See Gazetteer. Shenango cr. Pa. flows into Beaver r. Shenango, pt. Lawrence co. Pa. [nango creek. Shenango, v. Crawford co. Pa. on She- Shenango, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 11 sw of Mer- cer, [vv of H. Shepherdstown, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 18 Shepherdstown, pv. Jefferson co. Va. on the Potomac. Shepherdstown, pv. Belmont co. O. Shepherdsville, pv. cap. of Bullitt co. Ky. on Salt river. Sherburne, pt. Rutland co.Vt. 68 s of Mtr. Sherburne, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. on Charles river, 19 sw of Boston. [nango r. Sherburne, pv. Chenango co. N.Y. on Che- Shkrburne Mills, pv. Fleming co. Ky. on Licking river. Sheridan, pt.Chautauque co. N Y. on L. Erie. | Sheridan, tp. Calhoun co. Mich. Sherman, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 57 swof Hd. j Sherman, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. on French creek. Sherman, pt. Huron co. 0. 15 swof Norwalk. ' Sherman, pi. St. Josepn co. Mich, on Prairie Sherwood, pt. Branch co. Mich. [creek, j Stiesheouin, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 144 n of H. I Siikti'cket r. Conn, the principal branch of | Thames river. [Shiawassee r. i Shiawassee, pt. Shiawassee co. Mich, on ' Shieldsborough, pv. cap. of Hancock co. I Miss, on Lake Borgne. 56 ' Shiloh, pv. Cumberland co. N. J. Shiloh, pv. Camden co. N. C. 226 ne of Rh Shinnston, pv. Harrison co. Va. 205 NW R. Shippen, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. Shippen, pt. M'Kean co. Pa. 170 nw of H. Shippen, tp. Tioga co. Pa. [34 sw of H Shippensburg, borough, Cumberland co. Pa Shippensville, pv. Clarion co. Pa. 138 wsw of Harrisburg. Shippingport, v. Jefferson co. Ky. on Ohior Shiremantown, pv. Cumberland co.Pa. 4 W of Harrisburg. Shirley, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 84 N of A. Shirley, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 40 nw of B. Shirley, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. [85 sw of H. Shirleysburg, borough, Huntingdon co. Pa. Shirley Village, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. on Nashua river. Shoal cr. HI. flows into Kaskaskia r. [plain. Shoreham, pt. Addison co. Vt. on L. Cham- Short Cr. pt. Harrison co. O. 120 e of Cs. Sho-sho'nee, or Snake Indians, a large tribe dwelling in the se part of Oregon, and the N part of California. [Red r Shreveport, pv. cap. of Caddo par. La. on Shrewsbury r. N. J. is a continuation of San- dy Hook Bay. Shrewsbury, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 72 sse of Mtr. Shrewsbury, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 37 w B. Shrewsbury, pt. Monmouth co. N. J. on Shrewsbury river. Shrewsbury, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Shrewsbury, pt. York co. Pa. 38 s of H. Shushan, pv. Washington co. N.Y. 47 ne AI. Shutesbury, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 80 w B. Siddonsburg, pv. York co. Pa. 11 s of H. Sidney, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 9 n of A. Sidney, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 03 sw of Al. Sidney, pv. cap. of Shelby co. O. 80 w of Cs. Sidney, pv. Marshall co. Ind. 105 n of Is. Sidney, pv. Champaign co. 111. 104 e of Sd Sidney, the cap. of the island of Cape Breton, situated on the se coast, on a small bay called Sidney Harbour. Pop. 500. Sidney Plains, pv. Delaware co. N.Y. o Susquehanna river. Sierra de los Mimbres, se-er'ra del loce mim'bres, i.e. the "osier mountains,"* a mountain chain in the n part of Mexico. It appears to be a continuation of the Ana- hnac Mountains. Sierra Madrh, se-er'ra mad'ray, a moun- tain chain in the n part of Mexico, extend- ing from about 21° to 32 3 n Lat., traversing the slates of Durango and Chihuahua. Height unknown. Sierra Nevada, se-er'ra na-vah'da, i. e. the " snow-clad ridge," a mountain chain run- ning nearly n and s through Upper Califor- nia, at the distance of from 100 to 200 in. from the Pacific. It is supposed to be even higher than the Rocky Mountains. The pass by which Captain Fremont crossed the Sierra was about 9,300 ft. in height, and the peaks around him rose several thousand feet higher. Siloam, pv. Madison co. N.Y. 110 w of Al. Si loam, pv. Surry co. N C. 140 wnw of Rh Silvan, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich. Silver Creek, tp. Greene co. O. [3-4 m. wide Silver Lake, Wyoming co. N.Y. 3 m. long, #Si;ira literally signifies a "saw" The term is alsa applied to a '• mountain ri !ge,'' which from its notched appearance may be supposed to resemble a saw. SMI 662 SOU Silver Lake, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. on Sil- ver Lake. [of Carlisle. Silver Spring, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. 7 ne Silverton, pv. Barnwell dist. S. C. on Sa- vannah r. [of New Orleans. Simms Port, pv. Avoyelles par. La. 237 nw Simonsville, pv. Windsor co. Vt. Simpsonvjlle, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 31 w of F. Simsbury, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 13 n of Hd. Sinaloa. See Cinaloa. Sinclairsville. v. Chautauque co. N.Y. Sing Sing, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. on the Hudson, 35 N of New York. One of the state prisons is located here. [of Cs. Sinking Spring, pv. Highland co. O. 84 sw Sinnemahoning cr. Pa. enters W. Br. of Sus- Sioux. See Gazetteer. [quehanna r. Sippican, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 60 s of B. Sisal, se-sal', a sea-port of Yucatan, near 21° N Lat., and 90° w Lon. Hides are exported from this place to the United States. Sissonville, pv. Kanawha co. Va. on Poca- talico river. Sistersville, pv. Tyler co. Va. on Ohio r. Skeneateles, gken'e-at'less, lake, N.Y. lies between Cayuga and Onondaga cos. ; 15 m. long, and 1-2 to 3-4 m. wide. Skeneateles, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 147 wAl. Skippack, pt. Montii, tnery co. Pa. 86 e of H. Skowhegan, pt. Somerset co. Me. on Kenne- bec r. [low Burlington. Skunk r. Iowa, flows into the Mississippi be- Slab Town, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. Slatersville, pv. Providence co. R. I. 19 nw of Providence. [Mile cr. Slatersville, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. on Six Slippery Rock, pt. Butler co. Pa. 15 nw of Slippery Rock, tp. Beaver co. Pa. [Butler. Slippery Rock, tp. Mercer co. Pa. [Al. Sloansville, pv. Schoharie co. N.Y. 33 w of Smith, tp. Washington co. Pa. Smith, tp. Belmont co. O. [Natchez. Smithdale, pv. Amite co. Miss. 30 se of Smithfield, pt. Somerset co. Me. Smithfield, pt. Providence co. R. I. 16 N of Providence. Smithfield, tp. Madison co. N.Y. 106 w of Al. Smithfield, tp. Bradford co. Pa. Smithfield, pv. Fayette co. Pa. 188 wsw H. Smithfield, pv. cap. of Isle of Wight co.Va. 65 se of Richmond. [se of Rh. Smithfield, pv. cap. of Johnson co. N. C. 27 Smithfield, pt. Jefferson co. O. 126 e of Cs. Smithfield, pv. Alexander co. 111. 227 s of Sd. Smitiiland, pv. cap. of Livingston co. Ky. on Ohio river. [City. Smitiiland, pv. Randolph co. Mo. 70 n of Jef. Smii'hland, v. Bowie co. Texas, on Ferry Lake, a western branch or arm of L. Caddo. Smithsboro', pv. Tioga co. N.Y. on the Sus- quehanna, 170 wsw of Albany. [of An. Smitiisburg, pv. Washington co. Md. 106 nw Smith's Island, N. C. at the mouth of Cape Fear river. [l96xwofH. Smith's Port, pv. cap. of M'Kean co. Pa. Smithsville, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 94 w of Columbia. Smithton, pv. St. Clair co. 111. 108 s of Sd. Smithtown, pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. 48 e of N.Y. Smithville, tp. Chenango co. N.Y. 15 w of Norwich. Smithville, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. Smithville, pv. Lancaster **.o. Pa. 46 ese of H. Smithville, pv. Powhatan co. Va. 40 w of R. Smithville, pv. cap. of Brunswick co. N.C on Cape Fear river. Smithville, pv. cap. of De Kalb co. Tenn. 6C e of Nashville. [Strawberry r. Smithville, pv. cap. of Lawrence co. Ark. on Smithville, pv Wayne co. O. 100 ne of Cs. Smithville Flats, pv. Chenango co. N.Y. 125 w of Al. [sse of Albany. Smoky Hollow, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 37 Smyrna, pt. Chenango co. N.Y. 103 w of Al. Smyrna, pv. Kent co. Del. 12 n of Dover. Smyrna, pv. Harrison co. O. 100 ene of Cs. Sneedsboro', pv. Anson co. N.C. on ST ad- kin river. Snickersville, pv. Loudon co.Va. 168 n R. Snidersville, pv. Monongalia co.Va. 287 nw of Richmond. [of Dandridge. Snoddyville, pv. Jefferson co. Tenn. 12 nk Snow Hill, Md. See Gazetteer. Snow Hill, pv. cap. of Greene co. N. C. 90 ese of Raloigh. Snow Hill, pv. Walker co. Ga. 241 nw of M. Snow Hill, pv. Clinton co. O. 74 ssw of Cs. Snow Shoe, pt. Centre co. Pa. 100 nw of H. Snowsville, pv. Choctaw co. Miss. 110 nnb of Jackson. Snyder, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. Snydersville, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 116 ne H. Society Land, tp. Hillsborough co. N. H. Society Hill, pv. Darlington dist. S. C. on Great Pedee river. Society Hill, pv. Macon co. Ala. 167 se of T. Sodus, pt. Wayne co. N.Y. 12 N of Lyons. Sodus Bay, Wayne co. N.Y. onL. Ontario. Sodus Point, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. on Great Sodus Bay, 200 wsw of Albany. Solesbury, tp. Bucks co. Pa. on Delaware r. Solon, pt. Somerset co. Me. on the Kennebec river. Solon, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. 12 e of Cortland. Solon, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. on Chagrin r. Somerford, tp. Madison co. O. Somers, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 23 ne of Hd Somers, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. 20 n o. White Plains. Somers, tp. Preble co. O. [nington. Somerset, tp. Windham co. Vt. 15 ne of Ben- Somerset, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 44 s of B. Somerset, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 14 ne of Lock- port. [40 w of H. Somerset, borough, cap. of Somerset co. Pa. Somerset, tp. Washington co. Pa. [of F. Somerset, pv. cap. of Pulaski co. Ky. 84 sse Somerset, tp. Belmont co. O. Somerset, pv. cap. of Perry co. O. 47 ese Cs. Somerset, pt. Hillsdale co. "Mich. [Til. Somer's Point, pv. Atlantic, co. N. J. 90 s or' Somerswortii, tp. Strafford co. N. H. 45 e of Concord. Somerton, pv. Nansemond co. Va. 95 se R Somerton, pv. Belmont co. O. 107 e of Cs. Somerville, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 176 nnw of Albany. [31 H of Tn. Somerville, pv. cap. of Somerset co. N. J. Somerville, pv. Fauquier co.Va. 83 N of R. Somerville. pv. cap. of Morgan co. Ala. 133 nne of Tuscaloosa. [wsw of Ne. Somerville, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Tenn. 135 Somerville, pv. Butler co. O. 100 wsw of Cs. So-no'ra, a province in the nw part of Mex- ico, w of Chihuahua. It forms with Cina- loa the state of Occidente. [Merrimack r. Souhegan r. Hillsborough co. N. H. flows into South Albion, pv. Kennebec co. Me. 25 ne A sou 663 SPA South Alton, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 28 ne of Concord. SoVth Amboy, tp. Middlesex co. N. J. on the Raritan river. [Povvow r. ?outi;ampton, pt. Rockingham co. N. H. on Southampton, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 102 w of Boston. [part of Long I. Southampton, pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. on the e Southampton, tp. Bedford co. Pa. [town. Southampton, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 12 se Doyles- Southampton, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. 18 sw of Carlisle. [Chambersburg. Southampton, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 13 ne of Southampton, tp. Somerset co. Pa. South Anna. r. Va. unites with North Anna r. to form the Pamunky. South Anna, pv. Louisa co. Va. 67 nvv of R. South Anson, pv. Somerset co. Me. 44 ne A. South Attleborough, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 43 ssw of Boston. [on Susquehanna r. South Bainbridge, pv. Chenango co. N.Y. South Barre, pv. Washington "co.Vt. 8 sse of Montpelier. [on St. Joseph's r. South Bend, pv. cap. of St. Joseph co. Ind. South Berwick, pt. York co. Me. on Salmon Falls river. [of Cs. South Bloomfield, pv. Pickaway co. O. 17 s Southborough, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 26 w B. Southbridge, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 60 sw B. South Bristol, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. 12 s of Canandaigua. [sofHd. South Britain, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 57 South Brunswick, tp. Middlesex co. N. J. 12 sw of New Brunswick. Southbury. pt. New Haven co. Conn. 20 nw of New Haven. [nw of Hd. South Canaan, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 43 South Charleston, pv. Clarke co. 0. 53 wsw of Columbus. South Creek, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 160 n of H. South Deerfield, pv. Rockingham co. N.H. 18 ese of Concord. [of B. Smth Deerfield, pv. Franklin co. Mass. 90 w Southeast, pt. Putnam co. N.Y. 107 s of Al. South Easton, borough, Northampton co. Pa. on Lehigh river. South Egremont, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. South Farms, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 40 w of Hartford. [Island. Southfield, tp. Richmond co. N.Y. on Staten Southfield, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 17 N of D. Southford, pv. New Ha\*m co. Conn. South Florence, v. Franklin co. Ala. on Tennessee river. [9 s of Hd. South Glastonbury, pv. Hartford co. Conn. South Hadley, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 88 w of Boston. [Mass. on Connecticut r. South Hadley Canal, pv. Hampshire co. South Hanover, pv. Jef. co. Ind. 93 se of Is. South Hartford, pv. Washington co. N.Y. 55 nne of Albany. [sw of Boston. South Harwich, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 90 South Haven, tp.Van Buren co. Mich. South Hawley, pv- Franklin co. Mass. 114 w of Boston. [Montpelier. South Hero, pt. Grand Isle co.Vt. 58 nw of South Hill, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 150 n of H. South Hingiiam, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 18 se of Boston. [Pa. South Huntingdon, tp. Westmoreland co. Southington, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 18 sw of Hartford. Southington, pt. Trumbull co. 0. 170 ne of Cs. South Jackson, pv. Jackson co. Mich. 76 w D. South Jefferson, pv. Lincol.i co. Me. 22 esb of Augusta. [of Hd. South Kent, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 55 w South Killingly, pv Windham co. Conn. 51 e of Hartford. [R. I. 30 s Providence. South Kingston, pv. caj, of Washington co. South Lee, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 w B. South Lincoln, pv. Penobscot co. Me. 110 ne of Augusta. [s of Hartford. South Lyme, pv. New London co. Conn. 50 South Middletown, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 112 ssw of Albany. South Middletown, tp. Cumberland co. Pa. South Natick, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 15 wsw of Boston. [106 wsw of Al. South New Berlin, pv. Chenango co. N.Y. South Newport, pv. M'Intosh co. Ga. 108 se of MilleHgeville. South Norwalk, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. Southold, pt. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long I. Sound. [of Hartford. South Port, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 60 sw South Port, pt. Chemung co. N.Y. on Che- mung river. [Michigan. South Port, pv. Racine co. Wisconsin, on L. South Reading, pt. Middlesex co. Mass.ll n B South Salem, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. 118 s of Albany. [64 s of B. South Sandwich, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. South Scituate, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 24 se of Boston. South Seekonk, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 48 s B. South Shenango, pt. Crawford co. Pa. South Shrewsbury, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 37 w of Boston. South Sodus, pv. Wayne co. N.Y. 188 w Al. South Strabane, tp. Washington co. Pa. South Tyringham, pv. Berkshire co Mass. South Union, pv. Logan co. Ky. 158 sw F. Southville, pv. Shelby co. Ky. 31 wnw F. South Warren, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 66 w of Boston. Southwest, tp. Warren co. Pa. [w of Al South Westerloo, pv. Albany co. N.Y. 27 Southwest Harbour, pv. Hancock co. Me. Ill se of Augusta. , [of Boston. South Westport, pv. Bristol co. Mass. 72 s South Whitehall, pt. Lehigh co. Pa. 87 ene of Harrisburg. [of Springfield. Southwick, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 10 wsw South Williamstown, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 135 w of Boston. [37 ne of Cd. South Wolfborough, pv. Carroll co. N. H. South Woodstock, pv. Windsor co.Vt. 55 s of Montpelier. South Woodbury, tp. Bedford co. Pa. South Worcester, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 62 w of Albany. [82 se of B. South Yarmouth, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. South ZaNEsville, v. Muskingum co. O. Sowardtown, pv. Kent co. Del. 27 s Dover. Soxville, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 130 ne of H. Sp afford, pt. Onondaga co. N. Y. 18 w of Syracuse. [seraga cr. Sparta, pt. Livingston co. N.Y. on Cana- Sparta, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 78 n of Tn. Sparta, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. Sparta, pv. Edgecombe co. N. C. 8i a of Rh. Sparta, pv. cap. of Hancock co. Ga. 23 ne M. Sparta, pv. cap. of Conecuh co. Ala. on Mur- der creek [Nashville Sparta, pv. cap. of White co. Ten::. 83 E of Sparta, pv. Monwv co. 0. 46 ne of Cs. Sparta, pv. of Buchanan co.Mo. SPR 664 STA Spartanburg C.H. pv. cap. of Spartanburg dist. S. C. 98 nw of Ca. Spartanburg, pv. Randolph co. Ind. Spartapolis, pv. Rockingham co. Va. 142 NvV of Richmond. [Owego cr. Speedsville, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. on W. Speedwell, pv. Barnwell dist. S. C. on Sa- vannah river. Speedwell, pv. Claiborne co. Tenn. 212 e Ne. Speight's Bridge, pv. Greene co. N.C.80 fse of Raleigh. Spencer, pt. Worcester co. Mas?. 53 w of B. Spencer, pt. Tioga co. N.Y. 15 w of Owego. Spencer, pv. Davidson co. N. C. 190 w of Rh. Spencerj pv. cap. of Van Buren co. Tenn. 90 Spencer, tp. Guernsey co. O. [se of Ne. Spencer, pt. Medina co. O. 110 ne of Cs. Spencer, pv- cap. of Owen co. In j. 58 sw Is. Spencerport, pv. Monroe co. N.Y. 234 w Al. Spfvcersburg, pv. Pike co. Mo. 88 ne of Jefferson City. [of Al. Spencertown, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 30 sse Spencerville, pv. De Katb co. Ind. 150 nne of Indianapolis. [nnw of R. Sperryville, pv. Rappahannock co. Va. 123 Spinnerstown, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 90 e of H. Spoon r. 111. flows into Illinois r. Spottedville, pv. Stafford co. Va. 76 n of R. Spottswood, pv. Middlesex co. N. J. 36 ne of Trenton. [co. Va. 70 n of R. Spottsylvania C. H. cap. of Spoltsylvania Spraker's Basin, pv. Montgomery co. N.Y. 47 wnw of Albany. Spread Eagle, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 83 ese Sprigg, tp. Adams co. O. [of H. Spring, tp. Centre co. Pa. Spring, pt. Crawford co Pa.257NwH. [of D. Spring Arbour, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 80 w Springborough, pv. Warren co. O. 74 sw Cs. Spring Creek, pt. Warren co. Pa. Spring, rsville, pv. Fayette co. Ind. 64 e Is. Springfield, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 60 ne of Bangor. Springfield, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 35 nw Cd. Springfield, pt. Windsor co. Vt. on Conn. r. Springfield, pv. cap. of Hampden co. Mass. on Connecticut river. [perstown. Springfield, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 8 n of Coo- Springfield, tp. Burlington co. N. J. 5 ne of Mount Holly. Springfield, pt. Essex co. N. J. 52 ne of Tn. Springfield, pt. Bradford co. Pa. Springfield, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 40 N of Phila. Springfield, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 12 wsw Phila. Springfield, tp. Erie co. Pa. [Huntingdon. Springfield, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. 21 s of Springfield, tp. Mercer co. Pa. Springfield, tp. Montg. co. Pa. 10 M of Phila. Springfield, tp. York co. Pa. [of Richmond. Springfield, pv. Hampshire co. Va. 197 nnw Springfield, pv. cap. of Effingham co. Ga. 28 NW of Savannah. Springfield, pv. Greene co. Ala. 33 ssw of T. Springfield, pv. Madison co. Miss. 41 nne of Jackson. [nw of New Orleans. Springfield, pv. cap. of Livingston par. Da. 65 Springfield, pv. cap. of Robertson co. Tenn. 26 n of Nashville. [68 ssw of F. Springfield, pv. cap. of Washington co. Ky. Springfield, pv. cap. of Clarke co. O. 43 w Cs. Springfield, tp. Hamilton co. O. [Pop. 6,000. Springfield, tp. Richland co. O. Springfield, tp. Summit co. O. Springfield, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 37 nw D. Springfield, pv. Franklin co. Ind. 70 ese of If Springfield, pv. cap. of Greene co. Mo. 158 sw Springfield, pv. Jackson co. Iowa. [Jef. City Spring Garden, tp. York co. Pa. Spring Garden, a suburb of Phila. n of the city. Spring Garden, pv. Pittsylvania co. Va. 154 Spring Hill, tp. Fayette co. Pa. [wsw R. Spring Hill, pv. Marengo co. Ala. 70 s of T. Spring Place, pv. cap. of Murray co. Ga. 184 nw of Milledgeville. [Nashville. Spring Place, pv. IVfarshall co. Tenn. 66 s of Springport, tp. Cayuga co. N.Y. 9 sw of Auburn. Springport, pt. Jackson co. Mich. 100 w of D Spring Prairie, tp.Walworth co. Wisconsin. Springtown, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 106 e of H. Springvale, pv. York co. Me. 86 sw of A. Springville, pv. Erie co. N.Y. on Spring cr. Springville, pt. Susquehanna co. Pa. Springville, pv. St. Clair co. Ala. 83 ene of T. Springville, pv. Greenup co. Ky. on Ohio r. Springville, pv. Seneca co. O. 90 H of Cs. Springville, pv. Lenawee co. Mich. 68 sw D Springville, pv. Lawrence co. Ind. 80 ssw Is. Springwater, pt. Livingston co. N.Y. 226 w of Albany. Spring Wells, tp. Washtenaw co. Mich. Spruce Head, tp. Hancock co. Me. Squam, lake, N.H. 6 m. long, 3 broad ; the out- let, called Squam r. enters the Merrimack. Squam, v. Essex co. Mass. on Cape Ann. Squankum, pv. Monmouth co. N.J. 43 se Tn. St. Alb an 's. See Alban's, St. St. Augustine. See Augustine, St., and so for all other names with the prefix of St. Stafford, tp. Tolland co. Conn. 21 NEof Hd Stafford, pt. Genesee oo. N.Y. 243 w Al. Lhold. Stafford, tp. Monmouth co. N. J. 38 s of Free- Stafford C.H. pv. cap. of Stafford co. Va. on Rappahannock river. [ne of Hd. Stafford Springs, pv. Tolland co. Conn. 28 Staggville, pv. Orange co. N. C. 31 nw Rh. Stamford, pt. Bennington co. Vt. 9 se of Bennington. Stamford, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 77swof Hd. Stamford, pt. Delaware co. N.Y. 60 wsw Al. Stanardsville, pv. cap. of Greene co. Va. 95 nw of Richmond. Standish, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 62 ssw A. Stanford, tp. Dutchess co. N.Y. 16 ne of Poughkeepsie. [ofF. Stanford, pv. cap. of Lincoln co. Ky. 52 sse Stanford, pv. Monroe co. Ind. 60 ssw of Is. Stanfordville, pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. 67 s of Albany. Stanfordville, pv. Putnam co. Ga. 21 nw M. STANilorE, pv. Sussex co. N. J. 60 n of Tn. Stanhope, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 12S ne of H, Stanhope, pv. Nash co. N. C. 32 E of Rh. Stantonsburg, pv. Edgecombe co. N. C. 70 e of Raleigh. Stantonville, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. [I. Stapleton, v. Richmond co N.Y. on Stateii Stark, pt. Coos co. N. H. 10 ne of Lancaster. Starkey, pt. Yates co. N.Y. 10 ne of Pern Yan. Starks, pt. Somerset co. Me. on Kennebec r Siarks, tp. Herkimer co. N.Y. 12 se Herkimer Starksborough, pt. Addison co. Vt. 42 w of Montpelier. [Albany. Starksville, pv. Herkimer co. N.Y. 62 n w of Starksville, v. Rensselaer co. N.Y. Starkville, pv. cap. of Lee co. Ga. 130 sw M Starkville, pv. Oktibbeha co. Miss. 140 ne J STO 665 SUF Starr, pt. Hocking co. O. 60 se of Cs. Starrsville, pv. Newton co. Ga.55 nnw M. Starucca, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 190 ne of H. Staten Island, N.Y. between New York Bay and Raritan Bay, 14 m. long, 4 to 8 wide. Stat'ksborough, pv. cap. of Bullock co. Ga. 133 se of Milledgeville. . Statesburg, pv. Sumter dist. S. C. 53 E of Ca. SxArEsviLLE. pv. cap. of Iredell co. N. C. 145 w of Raleigh. Statesville, pv. Wilson co. Tenn. 40 e of Ne. Staunton, pv. New Castle co. Del. 50 n of Dover. [Lewis cr. Staunton, pv. cap. of Augusta co. Va. on Staunton, pv. Granville co. N. C. Staunton, tp. Miami co. O. Staunton, rr. Macoupin co. III. 70 ssw of Sd. Stearnsv;lle, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 134 Steels ville, pv. Chester co. Pa. [w of B. Steeleville, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Mo. on Maramec r. 75 sse of Jefferson City. Stephensport, pv. Breckenridge co. Ky. Stephens, St., pv. Wn. co. Ala. on the Tom- bighee, 150 w of Tuscaloosa. Stephen-town, pt. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 28 ese of Albany. [Bridgeport. Stkpney, pv. Fairfield co. Conn. 11 n of Sterling, tp. Lamoille co. Vt.24 Nwof Mtr. Sterling, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 40 w of B. Sterling, pt. Windham co. Conn. 50 E of Hd. Sterling, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. on L. Ontario. Sterling, pt. Wayne co. Pa. on Lehigh r. Sterling, tp. Macomb co. Mich. Steklingsville, pv. Jefferson co. N.Y. Stetson, pt. Penobscot co. Me. 70 ne of A. Steuben, pt. Washington co. Me. on Narra- guagus Bay. Steuben, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 100 wnw of Al. Steuben, pv. Huron co. O. 87 n of Cs. Steubenville, O. See Gazetteer. Steubenvillle, pv. Steuben co. Ind. 170 nnw of Indianapolis. [of R. Stevensburg, pv. Culpepper co. Va. 90 nnw Stevensburg, pv. Hardin co. Ky. 90 sw of P. Stevensville, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 160 n H. Stevensville, pv. King and Queen co. Va. 48 ne of Richmond. " [20 se of Ne. Stewartsborough, pv. Rutherford co. Tenn. Stewartstown, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Coiir necticut river. [of Rh. Stewartstown, pv. Richmond co. N. C. 137 sw Stewartsville, pv. Warren co. N. J. 56 nnw of Trenton. [swofRh. Stewartsville, pv. Richmond co. N. C. 107 Stilesville, pv. Hendricks co. Ind. 28 w Is. Still Valley, pv. Warren co. N. J. 48 nnw of Trenton. Stillwater, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 20 n of Al. Stillwater, pt. Sussex co. N. J. 77 N of Tn. Stockbridge, pt. Windsor co. Vt.42s of Mtr. Stock-bridge, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. [cr. Stockbridge, pt. Madison co. N.Y. on Oneida Stockbridge, pt. Ingham co. Mich. Stockbridge, pv. Calumet co. Wis. on Win- nebago Lake. [St. Regis r. Stockholm, pt. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on Stockholm, pv. Passaic co.N.J 95NNEof Tu. Stockport, pt. Columbia co-. N.Y. 24 s-of Al. Stockport, pv. Wayne co. Pa. on Delaware r. Stockton, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. 7 E of May ville Stock Township, pt. Harrison co. O. Stockville. pv. Buncombe co. N. C. SToDrARD, pt. Cheshire co. NH. 44 sw of Cd. 56* | Stoddartsville, pv. Monroe co. Pa. 138 xot of Harrisburg. | Stone Arabia, pv. Montgomery co. N.Y. 57 ■ Stoneham, tp. Oxford co. Me. [wnw of Al. | Stoneham, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 n B. , StoNELicK, tp. Clermont co. O. Stone Ridge, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. 97 ssw Al. | Stonerstown, pv. Bedford co. Pa. 100 w H. Stonesville, pv. Greenville dist. S. C. 97 nw of Columbia. Stonington, Conn. See Gazetteer. Stony Brook, pv. Suffolk co. N Y. on the N side of Long Island. [Somerset Stony Cr. pt. Somerset co. Pa. 12 ne of Stony Point, Orange co.N.Y. on the Hudson Storeville, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. Stoughtstovvn, pv. Cumberland co. Pa. 30 wsw of Harrisburg. Stoughton, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 20 s of B. Stow, pt. Oxford co. Me. 74 w of Augusta. Stow, pt. Lamoille co.Vt. 22 nnw of Mtr. Stow, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 25 w of B. Stow, pt. Summit co. Ohio, on Cuyahoga r. Stow Cr. tp. Cumberland co. N. J. Stowsville, pv. Lincoln co. N. C. 180 w of Raleigh. [w of H. Stoystown, borough, Somerset co. Pa. 130 Strabane, tp. Adams co. Pa. 6 ne of Gettys- burg, [creek. Strabane, tp.Washington co. Pa. on Chartier's Strabane, pv. Lenoir co. N. C. 78 se of Rh. Strafford, pt. Strafford co. N. H. 25 ene Cd. Strafford, pt. Orange co. Vt. 34 sse of Mtr. Strasburg, pt. Lancaster co. Pa. 46 ese H. Strasburg, pv. Shenandoah co.Va. Strasburg, pv. Tuscarawas co. 0. 115 ene Cs Stratford, pt. Coos co. N. H. on Conn. r. Stratford, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 50 sw of Hd, Stratford, tp. Fulton co. N.Y. 60 nw of Al. Stratham, pt. Rockingham co. N.H. 40 se Cd. Stratton, pt. Windham co.Vt. 110 s of Mtr. Strattoxsville, pv. Clarion co. Pa. 180 wnw of Harrisburg. Strawntown, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 108 e of H. Strawtown, pv. Hamilton co. Ind. on White river. [of Cs. Streetsborough, pt. Portage co. O. 140 nk Strickersville, pv. Chester co. Pa. 78 e H. Strong, pt. Franklin co. Me. 43 nw of A. Strongstown, pv. Indiana co. Pa. 140 wnw of Harrisburg. [of Cs. Strongsville, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. 130 nne Strongville, pv. Breathitt co. Ky. 133 se F. Stroud, tp. Monroe co. Pa. [Pa. 124 ne H. Stroudsburg, borough, cap. of Monroe co. Strykersville, pv. Wyoming co. N.Y. on Buffalo creek. [of B. Sturbridge, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 60 wsw Sturgeonsville, pv. Brunswick co.Va. 83 ssw of Richmond. Stuyvesant, stl've-sant, formerly Kinder- hook Landing, pv. Columbia co.N.Y. 17 s of Albany. [s of Al. Stuyvesant Falls, pv. Columbia co. N.Y 27 Suckasunny, pv. Morris co. N. J. 60 n of Tn. Sudbury, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 75 ssw of Mtr. Sudbury, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 20 w of B. Sudlersville, pv. Queen Anne co. Md. 45 K of Baltimore. Suffield, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 17 n of Hd Suffield, pt. Portage co. O. 134 ne of Cs. Suffolk C. H. N.Y. See River Head. Suffolk, pv. cap. of Nansemoiti co.Va. on Nansemond river, 85 be of R chmond. sus 666 TAN Sugar cr. Pa. flows into French cr. in Ve- nango co. [Sangamon r. Sugar cr. Sangamon co. 111. is a s branch of Sugar cr. 111. enters Illinois r. in Schuyler co. Sugar Cr. tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Sugar Cr. tp. Venango co. Pa. 8 nw Franklin. Sugar Cr. tp. Greene co. O. Sugar Cr. tp. Stark co. O. Sugar Cr. tp. Tuscarawas co. O. Sugar Cr. tp. Wayne co. O. [water cr. Sugar Grove, pv. Warren co. Pa. on Still- Sugar Loaf, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 105 ssw of Albany. [creek. Sugar Loaf, pt. Columbia co. Pa. on Fishing Sugar Loaf, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Sugartown, pv. Chester co. Pa. 80 ese of H. Suggsville, pv. Clarke co. Ala. 150 s of T. Sullivan, pt. Hancock co. Me. 100 e of A. Sullivan, tp. Cheshire co. N. H. 52 wsw Cd. Sullivan, pt. Madison co. N.Y. on Canasera- ga creek. Sullivan, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 146 N of H. Sullivan, pt. Ashland co. 0.90 nne of Cs. Summerfield, pv. Guilford co.N. C. 99 WNW of Raleigh. Summerfield, pv. Stewart co. Ga. 145 sw of M. Summerfield, pt. Monroe co. Mich, on Raisin river. [Auburn. Summer Hill, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 24 se of Summer Hill, pv. Cambria co. Pa. 150 w of H. Summer Hill, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Summkrsville, pv. cap. of Nicholas co. Va. 268 sw of Richmond. Summersville, pv. Greene co.Ky. 95 ssw of F. Summerville, pv. Charleston dist. S. C. Sumrnerville, pv. cap. of Chattooga co. Ga. ISONWofMilledgeville. Summerville, pv. Cass co. Mich. Summit, pt. Schoharie co. N.Y. 52 w of Al. Summit, pv. Cambria co. Pa. 130 w of H. Summit, pv. Cook co. 111. 13 sw of Chicago. Summit, pt. Milwaukie co. Wis. Summit Bridge, pv. Newcastle co. Del. 41 N of Dover. [of H. Summit Hill, pv. Northampton co. Pa. 84 ne Summitsville, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 185 ne H. Sumner, pt. Oxford co. Me. 40 w of A. Sumneytown, pv. Montg. co. Pa. 30 nnw of Philadelphia. Sumter, tp. Wayne co. Mich, on Huron r. Sumterville, pv. cap. of Sumterville dist. S. C. 63 e of Ca. [bee r. Sumterville, pv. Sumter co. Ala. on Tombig- Sumterville, pv. Lee co. Ga Sunapee Lake, N. H. 9 m. long, 1£ wide. Sunbury, borough, cap. of Northumberland co. Pa. on the Susquehanna. Sunbury, pv. Gates co. N. C. 224 ene of Rh. Sur.bury, Ga. See Gazetteer. Sunbury, pv. Delaware co. O. 25 N of Cs. Sunbury, pv. Livingston co. 111. 120 ne of Sd. Suncook r. N.H. flows into the Merrimack. Sunderland, pt. Bennington co. Vt. 15 ne of Bennington. Sunderland, pt. Franklin co. Mass. on Conn. r. Sunderland, pv. Calvert co. Md. 37 ssw An. Superior, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 31 w D. Surry, pt. Hancock co. Me. 83 e of A. Surry, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 55 sw of Cd. Surry C. H. pv. cap. of Surry co. Va. 55 se R. Susquehanna, tp. Cambria co. Pa. [creek. Susquehanna, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. on Paxton Susquehanna, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. [of R. Sussex C. H. pv cap. of Sussex co. Va. 48 sse Sutton, pt. Merrimack co. N.H. 26 wnw Cd Sutton, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 53 nne of Mtr. Sutton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 46 w of B. Suwanee r. Flor. See Gazetteer. [ofM. Swainsboro', pv. cap. Emanuel co. Ga. 93 SB Swan, pt. Noble co. Ind. 156 nne of Is. Swan, pt. Taney co. Mo. Swangstown, pv. Cleveland co. N. C. 197 w of Raleigh. [of Rh. Swansborough, pv. Onslow co. N. C. 160 ss Swan's Island, ;p. Hancock co. Me. SwantoNj pt. Franklin co. Vt. on Lake Cham- plain. Swanton, pv. Lucas co. O. 140 nw of Ca. Swanville, pt. Waldo co. Me. 50 e of A. Swanzey, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 48 s of B. Swanzey, pt. Cheshire co. N.H. 53 sw of Cd. Swart'wout (-wowf), one of the seats of justice of Liberty co. Texas, on the E or left bank of Trinity r., 180 m. e of Austin. Pop. 100. Swatara r. Pa. enters the Susqa. 8 s of H. Swatara, tp. Lebanon co. Pa. 9 n Lancaster. SwedenJ pt. Oxford co. Me. 60 wsw of A. Sweden, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 237 w of Al. Sweden, borough, Potter co. Pa. 170 nnw H. Swedesborough, pv. Gloucester co. N. J. 47 ssw of Trenton. Sweet Springs, pv. and noted watering- place, Monroe co. Va. 209 w of Richmond. Sycamore, pt. Crawford co. O. 75 n of Cs. Sycamore, tp. Hamilton co. O. on Mill cr. Sydnorsville, pv. Franklin co. Va. 183 wR. Sykesville, pv. Carroll co. Md. 60 nnw An. Syracuse, N.Y. See Gazetteer. Tab-as'co, or Victoria, a sea-port of Mexi- co, at the mouth of Tabasco r., 250 m. e by s from Vera Cruz. Logwood and fustic are the chief exports. Tabasco, a state in the se part of Mexico, bordering on Yucatan and the Gulf of Mex- ico. Area 10,000 sq. m. Pop. 55,000. Capi- tal, Villa Hermosa. Taberg, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. 118 wnw of Al. Tafton, pv. Pike co. Pa. 175 ne of H. Taftsville, pv. Windsor co. Vt. 54 s of Mtr. Taghkanic, pt. Columbia co. N.Y. 12 e of Hudson. Taghkanic, mts. a branch of the Green Mts., running from Rensselaer co. N .Y. into Mass. Talbotton, pv. cap. of Talbot co. Ga. 92 wsw of Milledgeville. Talcahuana, tal-ka-wah'na, a decayed sea- port of South America, in Chili, on the bay of Conception. [EofT. Talladega, pv. cap. of Talladega co. Ala. 116 Tallassee, pv. Tallapoosa co. Ala. on Talla- poosa r.ver. Tallmadge, pt. Summit co. O. 148 ne of Cs. Tallmadge, tp. Oceana co. Mich. Tallmadge, pt. Ottawa co. Mich. 180 wnw D. Tamaulipas, tam-ou-le'pas, a state in the ens part of Mexico, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. It formerly extended e of the Rio del Norte, as far as the Nueces. Area 25,000 sq.m. Pop. 50.000. [of H. Tamaqua, borough, Schuylkill co. Pa. 80 ne Tamarwa, pv. St. Clair co. 111. on Kaskaskia r. Tampa, pv. cap. of Hillsborough co. Flor. on Tampa Bay. Tamworth, pt. Carroll co. N. II. 55 N of Cd. Taneytown, pv. Carroll co. Md.70 nnw Ail Taneyville, pv. Lycoming co. Pa. TEW 667 THO Tngipaha r. Miss, and La. flows into Lake I 'ontchartrain. [ofAl. TvNERsvrLLE, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 50 s\v Tinersville. pv. Monroe eo. Pa. 124 xe of H. TVs, tah'oce, a small t. of New Mexico, N * Santa Fe. Tpahaxxock, Va. See Gazetteer. T^-pan Bay, an expansion of the Hudson, m. N of New York. Tvpaxtowx, pv. Rockland co. N.Y. 134 8 Al. Thorough, pv. cap. of Edgecombe co. N.C. < Tar river, 70 e of Raleigh. Tat. N. C. See Gazetteer. [ghany r. Tacstum, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. on Alle- Taffville, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 12 x Hd. Ta.ton, pv. Pickaway co. O. 46 s of Cs. Taiytowx, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. on IhHudaon. T^ifeRsviLLE, pv. Twiggs co. Ga. 50ssw M. Tat tp. Clermont co. O. Taiton, Mass. See Gazetteer. Tauon r. Mass. enters Mount Hope Bay. Tatheida, pv. Fond du Lac co. Wis. Ta\ rstowx, pv. Wn. co. Pa. 216 w of H. Tayirsville, pv. Bucks co. Pa. on the Duware. Taybville, pv. Hanover co. Va. 22 X of R. Taylrjyille, pv. cap. of Patrick co. Va. on Man river, 226 wsw of R. [332 e of Ne. Tayloiville, pv. cap. of Johnson co. Tenn. Tayloville, pv. cap. of Spencer co. Ky. on Salt.ver. Tayloiville, pv. Christian co. 111. 26 se of Sd. Tazemll C. H. or Jeffersoxville, pv. cap. of Tsewell co. Va. 2S4 w of R. TazeWl, pv. cap. of Marion co. Ga. 110 sw of Mtedgeville. [EofNe. Tazewr, pv. cap. of Claiborne co. Tenn. 220 Tchocuxa r. Ga. flows into Ocrnulgee r. TcHiiLAjpv. Holmes co. Miss, on Yazoo r. Tkche r.La. See Gazetteer. Tecumse;, pt. Lenawee co. Mich. 57 sw D. Tehuaca;' ta-wah-kan', a t. of Mexico, 65 m. se otLa Puebla. Teiiuantb'ec, ta-wan v ta-pek', or ta-oo-an v - ta-pek', at. on the w coast of Mexico, in the state tf Oaxaca, on a gulf of the same name ; important on account of its salt works. Poy. 13,000. Tekoxsha, pv. Calhoun co. Mich, on St. Joseph's river. Temple, pt. Frankl'u co. Me. 40 xxw of A. Temple, pt. Hillsborough co. N. H. 44 ssw of Concord. [of Boston. Templetox, pt. Worces\er co. Mass. 60 wxw Templeton, pv. Prince Ge>rge co. Va. 36 se R. Texoxtitlax, v. Milam m. in length, and 15 in its greatest breadh. The other is much smaller. Tneir slnres are lined with bulrushes. j Tully, pt. Onondaga co.N.Y. 10 s Syracuse. Tully, pv. Lewis co. Mo. 136 n of Jef. City. Tullyton, pv. Greenvilledist. S. C. 107 wnw of Columbia. Tullytown, pv. Bucks co. Pa. 1 ne of Bristol. Tulpehocken, tp. Berks c<\ Pa. Futpttkocken cr. Berks co. la. enters Schuyl- kul river nearly opposite leading. Tunkiiannock r. Pa. enters Susquehanna r. in Wyoming co. [on Susqa. r 154 nne II. Tunkhannock, pv. cap. of Wyoming co. Pa, Tunbridge, pt. Orange co. Vt. 32 sse of Mtr. Tupper's Lake, Franklin oo. N.Y. 6 m. long, 2 broad. Turbut, tp. Juniata co. Pa. [Sunbury. Turbut, tp. Northumberland co. Pa. 14 N of Turin, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. 126 Nwof Al. Turkey Foot, pt. Somerset co. Pa. 15 swof Bedford. [Coosa r Turkey Town, pv. Cherokee co. Ala. on Turman's cr. Ind. flows into the AVabash. Turnbull, pv. Monroe co. Ala. 127 s of T. Turner, pt Oxford co. Me. 30 wsw of A. Turnersville, pv. Robertson co. Tenn. 36 nnw of Nashville. Turtle Creek, tp. Warren co. O. Tuscahoma, pv. Tallahatchee co. Miss, on the Yalabusha, 117 n of Jackson. Tuscarawas r. O. unites with the Wal- honding to form the Muskingum. Tuscarawas, tp. Stark co. O. [carawas r. Tuscarawas, pv. Tuscarawas co. O. on Tus- Tuscarora cr. N.Y. flows into Canisteo r. Tuscarora, v. Niagara co. N.Y. 3 B of Lewis- Tuscarora cr. Pa. flows into Juniata r. [ton. Tuscarora, tp. Bradford co. Pa. on Tuscarora Tuscarora, tp. Juniata co. Pa. [cr. Tuscarora, mts. Schuylkill co. Pa. Tuscarora, pv. Schuylkill co. Pa. 75 NE of H. Tuscola, pt. Livingston co. Mich. Tuscola, tp. Saginaw co. Mich. Tuscumbia, pv. Franklin co. Ala. 66 w of Huntsville. [Osage r. Tuscumbia, pv. cap. of Miller co. Mo. on Tuskegee, pv. cap. of Macon co. Ala. 152 ese T. Tuthill, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. SO ssw of Al. Tuxtla, tooxt'la, a volcanic mt. of Mexico, in the state of Vera Cruz. Lat. 18 3 30' n, Lou. 95° w. Near it is a small t. of the same name. Twin, tp. Preble co. O. Twin, tp. Ross co. O. Twinsburg, pt. Summit co. 0. 140 ne of Cs. Tymochtee cr. O. flows into Sandusky r. Tymochtee, pt. Crawford co. O. 73 n of Cs. Tyngsborough, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 28 nw of Boston. Tyre, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. on Clyde r. Tyringham, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 w B. Tyrone, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 200 w of Al. Tyrone, tp. Adams co. Pa. 10 ne of Gettysburg. Tyrone, tp. Fayette co. Pa. Tyrone, tp. Blair co. Pa. Tyrone, tp. Perry co. Pa. Tyrone, pv. Wilkes co. Ga. 70 ne of M. Tyrone, pt. Livingston co. Mich. 60 wnw D. Tywapity, tp. Scott co. Mo. Uchee, pv. Russell co. Ala. 194 ese of T. Uchee Anna, pv. cap. of Walton co. FLr, on a branch of Choctawhatchie river. Ufaula, pv. Randolph co. Ga. on Chattahoo- chee river. Ulster, v. in Saugertics tp. Ulster co. N.Y. Ulster, pt. Bradford co. Pa. on the Susqa. Ulysses, tp. Tompkins co. N.Y. 8 nw Ithaca. Ulysses, pt. Potter co. Pa. 180 nnw of H. Umbagog Lake, N. II. and Me. 18 m. long, and 10 m. wide. Its outlet joins the An erroscoggin. Umqua (urn'quaw) Indians, a tribe dwelling in the sw part of Oregon, near a small river UNI 670 UPP to which they give their name: it flows into the Pacific. (Jnadilla r. N.Y. enters the Susquehanna. Jnadilla, pt. Olsego co. N.Y. on the Susqa. (Jnadilla, pt. Livingston co. Mich, on Portage (Jnadilla Forks, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. [river. Uncasville, pv. New London co. Conn. 45 se of Hartford. Unlerhill, pt. Chittenden co. Vt.56 NwMtr. Uxika, mts. a name given to that portion of the Alleghanies dividing Tenn. from N. C. Union, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 31 se of A. Union, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 35 ne of Hd. Union, pv. Broome co. N.Y. on Susqa. r. Union, pt. Essex co. N. J. 48 ne of Tn. Union, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. Union, tp. Berks co. Pa. on Schuylkill r. Union, tp. Erie co. Pa. 22 se of Erie. Union, tp. Fayette co. Pa. on Redstone cr. Union, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. 15 s of Hun- Union, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. [tingdon. Union, tp. Mifflin co. Pa. Union, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. Union, tp. Tioga co. Pa. Union, tp. Union co. Pa. on the Susquehanna. Union, tp. Washington co. Pa. Union, pv. cap. of Monroe co. Va. 230 w R. Union, pv. Talbot co. Ga. 68 wsw of M. Union, pv. Greene co. Ala. 33 ssw of T. Union, pv. Newton co. Miss. 75 E of J. Union, pv. cap. of Union co. Ark. on Washita Union, pv. Boone co. Ky. 73 n of F. [river. Union, tp. Belmont co O. on Stillwater r. Union, tp. Brown co. O. on Ohio r. Union, tp. Butler co. O. Union, tp. Clermont co. O. Union, tp. Clinton co. O. Union, tp. Highland co. O. Union, tp. Knox co. O. on Mohiccan r. Union, tp. La Fayette co. O. Union, tp. Lawrence co. O. Union, tp. Licking co. O. Union, tp. Madison co. O. Union, tp. Miami co. O. Union, pv. Montg. co. 0. 12 nw of Dayton. Union, tp. Morgan co. O. Union, tp. Muskingum co. O. Union, tp. Ross co. O. Union, tp Union co. O. Union, tp. Warren co. O. Union, tp. Branch co. Mich. Union, pv. Cass co. Mich. 160 wsw of D. Union, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Mo. 73 E of Jefferson Citv. [Joseph's r. Union City, pv. Branch co. Mich, on St. Union Falls, pv. Clinton co. N.Y. on Sara- nac river, 168 n of Albany. Union Mills, pv. Fulton co. N.Y. 46 nw Al. Union Mills, pv. Erie co. Pa. 250 nw of H. Union Mills, pv. Carroll co. Md. 65 nnw An. Union Mills, pv. Fluvanna co. Va. on Rivanna river, 73 wnw of Richmond. Union Springs, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. on Cay- uga Lake. Union Springs, pv. Macon co. Ala. 153sEof T. Union Square, pv. Montgomery co. Pa. Uniontown, pv. cap. of Fayette co. Pa. 180 wof Harrisburg. [Baltimore. Uniontown, pv. Carroll co. Md. 35 nw of Uniontown, pv. Perry co. Ala. 60 sse of T. Uniontown, pv.. Belmont co. O. 114 e of Cs. Uniontown, v. Stark co. O. 12 N of Canton. Union Vale, tp. Dutchess co. N.Y. on Fish- kill river. Union Village, pv. Orange co. Vt. 46 se Mtf. Union Village, v. Washington co. N.Y. o* Battenkill river. [88 ene of R Union Village, pv. Northumberland co.Va Union Village, v. Warren co. O. 4 w Lebanon Unionville, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 25 wK Unionville, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 10 w of Hd Unionville, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 120ssWof Al Unionville, pv. Chester co. Pa. 74 ese of H. Unionville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 67 nw An Unionville, pv. Uukm dist. S. C. 70 nw of Ca Unionville, pv. Monroe co. Ga. 63 w of M. Unionville, pv. Bedford co. Tenn. 46 sse Ne. Unionville, pv. Lake co. O. 192 ne of Cs. Unionville, pv. Lenawee co. Mich. 75 sw D. Unison, pv. Luzerne co. Pa. 133 ne of H. Unison, pv. Loudon co.Va. 137 N of R. Unity, pt. Waldo co. Me. 34 ne of A. Unity, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 45 w of Cd. Unity, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. 7 E of Greensburg. Unity, pv. Montgomery co. Md. 58 wnw An. Unity, pv. Cabarrus co. N. C. 153 wsw Rh. Unity, pt. Columbiana co. O. 164 ne of Cs. Unity, pv. cap. Alexander co. 111. 220 s of Sd Unityville, pv. Lycoming co. Pa. Upatoie, pv. Muscogee co. Ga. 138 wsw M. Upper, tp. Cape May co. N. J. 13 ne of Cape Upper, tp. Lawrence co. O. [May C. H. Upper Alton, pv. Madison co. 111. 80 s Sd. Upper Aquebogue, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long Island. [se of Salem. Upper Alloways Cr. tp. Salem co. N. J. 7 Uppkr Bern, tp. Berks co. Pa. on the Schuyl- Upper California. See California, [kill. Upper Chichester, tp. Delaware co. Pa. Upper Darby, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 8 w of Philadelphia. Upper Dublin, pt. Montg. co. Pa. 106 e of H Upper Freehold, tp. Monmouth co. N. J. on Millstone creek. Upper Hanover, pt. Montgomery co. Pa. 35 nw of Philadelphia. [e of An. Upper Hunting Cr. pv. Caroline co. Md. 57 UrPER Loutre, tp. Montgomery co. Mo. Upper Macungy, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. [ne H. Upper Mahantango, pt. Schuylkill co. Pa. 65 Upper Mahony, tp Northumberland co. Pa Upper Makefield, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 25 nne of Philadelphia. Upper Marlborough, pv. cap. of Prince George's co. Md.23 sw of Annapolis. Upper MiddletoWn. pv. Middlesex co. Conn 12 s of Hartford. ' [w of H Upper Middletowl, pv. Fayette co. Pa. 184 Upper Mount Behiel, tp. Northampton co Upper Meriox, tp Montgomery co. Pa. [Pa Upper Milford, r>. LehTgh co. Pa. Upper Nazareth, tp. Northampton co. Pa. Upper Oxford, tp Chester co. Pa. Upper Paxton, If. Dauphin co. Pa. 22 N H Upper Penns Nek, tp. Salem co. N. J. on Delaware river. [w of Phi la. Upper Provide.ve, tp. Delaware co. Pa. 13 Upper Providence, tp. Montgomery co. Pa. Upper Red Hooi, pv. Dutchess co. N.Y. or. the Hudson. Upper Salford, to. Montgomery co. Pa. Upper Sandusky, pv. cap. Wyandot co. 0. on Sandusky river. ("creek. Upper Saucon, t}. Lehigh co. Pa. on S.mcon Upper St. Claii, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. on Chartier's cretk. [on Penobscot r. Upper Stillwater, pv. Penobscot co. Me VAN G71 VIC Upper Strasburg, pv. Franklin co. Pa. 10 NW of Chambersburg. . [Swatara cr. Upper Swatara, tp. Dauphin co. Pa. on Upper Tulpehocken, tp. Berks co. Pa. Upperville, pv- Fauquier co. Va. 130 n R. Upper Yarmouth, pv. Cumberland co. Me. 47 sw of Augusta. Upsonville, pv. Susqa. co. Pa. 180 nne H. Upton, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 35 ws\v of B. Urbanna, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 211 w of Al. Urbanua, pv. Frederick co. Md. 76 sw of An. Urbanna, pv. cap. of Middlesex co.Va. on Rappahannock river. Urbanua, pv. cap. of Champaign co. O. 46 w of Columbus. [ENEofSd. Urbanna, pv. cap. of Champaign co. 111. 92 Utah (pronounced and sometimes written Eu'taw) Indians, a numerous tribe dwell- ing in tlie e part of California. The Pah Utah Indians dwell along the s mar- gin of the Great Basin. Utah, lake. See Great Salt Lake. Utica, pv. Hinds co. Miss. 38 w of J. Utica, pv. Licking no. O. 50 e of Cs. Utica, pv. Macomb co. Mich, on Clinton r. Utica, pv. Clarke co. Ind. on Ohio r. Utica, pv. Livingston co. Mo. on Grand r. Uwchlan, yook'lan, pt. Chester co. Pa. 30 w of Philadelphia. Uxbridge, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 38 sw B. Valatie, pv. Columbia co. N.Y. 20 s of Al. Valcour Island, N.Y. in Lake Champlain. Valleene, pv. Orange co. Ind. 104 s of Is. Valley, tp. Columbia co. Pa. [Phila. Valley Forge, pv. Chester co. Pa. 20 nw of Vallonia, pv. Jagkton co. Ind. 75 s of Is. Valparaiso, pv. cap. of Porter co. Ind. on Salt creek, 138 JFSW of Indianapolis. Van Buren, pt. Onondaga co. N.Y. 12NWof Syracuse. Van Buren, pv. De Kalb co. Ala. 135 ne of T. Van Buren^ pv. Itawamba co. Miss, on Tom- bigbee river. [of Ne. Van Buren, pv. Ilardiman co. Tenn. 172 WSW Van Buren, pv. cap. of Crawford co. Ark. on Arkansas river. Van Buren, pt. Huicock co. O. 96 SNWof Cs. Van Buren, tp. Wayne co. Mich, on Huron r. Van Buren, tp. La Grange co. Ind. Van Buren, pt. Clay co. Ind. 60 wsw of Is. Van Buren, pv. cap. of Ripley co. Mo. on Cur- Van Buren, pv.Vin Huron co. Iowa, [rent r. Van Bores Hahjour, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. on Lake Erie. Vanceborough, fv. Winnebago co. 111. Vanceburg, pv. lewis co. Ky. on Ohio r. Vancouver's (viu-koo'verz) Island, for- nieriv called Qudra and Vancouver's I., is situated on <;e w coast of N. America, beiii.T intersected by the 50th parallel of N Lat.j'and the 25th meridian of w Lon. Length ~>~ ; ' m.. vitli an average breadth of abotVt 50 m. Tits island, as well as Queen Charlotte's, is uncultivated, being inhabited by Indian sa vagi 8 ; but the coasts of both are indented with nimeroua buys, and fringed with towering flirests, and the soil appears to be productive It belongs to England. Vandalia, pv. caf. of Fayette co. 111. on Kas- kaskia r. 70 sse >f Springfield. [137 w B. Van Dkusenvilli, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. Van Rensselaer, tp. Ottawa co. O. [wsw M. Vaji Wert, pv. dp. of Paulding co. Ga. 138 Van Wert, pv. cap. of Van Wert co. O. 13f nw of Columbus. [of Ca. Varennes, pv. Anderson dist. S. C. 122 wsw Varick, pt. Seneca co. N.Y. 8 s of Waterloo Varna, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 160 w of Al Varysburg, pv. Wyoming co. N.Y. on Ton awanda creek. [cf A. Vassalborough, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 11 N Vaugine, tp. Jefferson co. Ark. Velasco, a sea-port of Brazoria co. Texas, at the mouth of the Brazos. Pop. 500. Venango, tp. Butler co. Pa. Venango, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Venango, tp. Erie co. Pa. Venice, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 15 s Auburn. Venice, pv. Erie co. O. on Cold cr. Venice, tp. Seneca co. O. [Pop. about 1,000 Vergennes, city, Addison co.Vt. 66 w Mtr. Vermilion r. La. flows into Vermilion Bay. Vermilion r. O. flows into Lake Erie. Vermilion, pt. Erie co. O. on Vermilion r. Vermilion, tp. Richland co. O. Vermilion r. 111. flows into Illinois r. Vermilion, tp. Vermilion co. Ind. [La. Vermilionville, pv. cap. of Lafayette par. Vermilionville, pv. La Salle co. III. Vermont, pv. Fulton co. 111. Vermont, pv. Cooper co. Mo. [of D. Vermontville, pv. Eaton co. Mich. 110 wsw Vernon, pt. Windham co.Vt. on Conn. r. Vernon, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 12 ene of Hd Vernon, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 16 w of Utica. Vernon, pt. Sussex co. N. J. 92 N of Tn. Vernon, tp. Crawford co. Pa. Vernon, pv. Kent co. Del. 32 ssw of Dover. Vernon, pv. Troup co. Ga. on Chattahoochee r Vernon, pv. Autauga co. Ala. on Alabama r. Vernon, pv. Madison co. Miss, on Big Black r Vernon, pv. Hickman co. Tenn. 62 swof Ne Vernon, pv. Allen co. Ky. 53 sw of F. Vernon, pt. Trumbull co. O. 190 ne of Cs. Vernon, tp. Clinton co. O. Vernon, tp. Richland co. O. Vernon, tp. Shiawassee co. Mich. Vernon, pv. cap. of Jennings co. Ind. 65 se Is. Vernon, tp. Washington co. Ind. Vernon, pt. Milwaukie co. Wis. [wsw Ai Vernon Centre, pv. Oneida co. N. Y. 105 Verona, tp. Oneida co. N.Y. 20 w of Utica. Verona, pv. Boone co. Ky. 53 N of F. Verona, pv. Vanderburg co. Ind. 182 sw Is. Verplanck, pv. Westchester co. N. Y. on Hudson river. [Pittsburg. Versailles, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 12 se of Versailles, pv. Williamson co. Tenn. 38 s Ne Versailles, pv. cap. of Woodford co. Ky. 12 sse of Frankfort. Versailles, pv. cap. of Ripley co. Ind. 70 se Is. Versailles, pv. Brown co. III. [of Jef. City. Versailles, pv. cap. of Morgan co. Mo. 36 W Vershirk. pt. Orange co.Vt. 31 se of Mtr. Vestal, pt. Broome co. N.Y. 147 wsw Al. Veteran, pt. Chemi'-- co. N.Y. 11 n Elmira. Vevay, pv. cap. S\v.»^erland co. Ind. on Ohio Vevay, pt. Ingham co. Mich. 80 wsw D. [r. Vicksburg, Miss. See Gazetteer, [daigua. Victor, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. 12 nw Canan- Victoria, pv. Bolivar co. Miss, on Miss. r. Victoria, a co. in the s part of 'Texas, between the San Antonio r. and. La Yucca r. and Bay, It includes St. Joseph's Island. The soil consisls principally of a rich black mould, very fertile; near' the coast, however, it if generally poor and sandy. WAK 672 WAR "V ictoria, a small v. of Texas, cap. of the above co. on the e or left bank of Guadalupe r. Victory, tp. Essex co. Vt. on Moose r. Victory, pt. Cayuga co. N.Y. 20 n of Auburn. Yjdalia, v cap. of Concordia par. La. on Mississippi river. Vienna, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 23 nvv of A. \ lenna, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 3 KW of Utica. V ienua, gy. Ontario co. N.Y. on the outlet of Cauandaigiia Iiake. [river. Vienna, pv. Dorchester co. Md. on Nanticoke Vienna, pv. Stokes co. N. C. 123 w of Rh. Vienna, pv. Pickens co. Ala. onTombigbee r. Vienna, pv. cap. of Dooly co. Ga. 85sswof M. Vienna, pt. Trumbull co. O. 178 HI of Cs. Vienna, tp. Genesee co. Mich. Vienna, pv. Macomb co. Mich. Vienna, pv. Scott co. Ind. 85 s of Is. Vienna, pv. cap. of Johnson co. 111. 190 s Sd. Villa cIel Fuerte, veel'ya del fweR'tay, a city of Mexico, cap. of Sonora and Cinaloa, on the little r. Fuerte, which falls into the Gulf of California. Lat. about 27° n, Lon. 108° w. Pop. 8,000. [of H. Village Green, pv. Delaware co. Pa. 90 e Villanova, pt. Chautauque co. N.Y. 22 ne of Mayville. Vinalhaven, pt.Waldo co. Me. 12 se Camden. Vincennes, Ind. See Gazetteer. Vincent, pt. Chester co. Pa. 30 nw of Phila. Vincenttown, pv. Burlington co. N. J. 26 s of Trenton. Vineyard, pt. Grand Isle co. Vt. 78 nw of Vinton, pv. Gallia co. O. 92 s of Cs. [Mtr. Vinton, tp Vinton co. O. on Racoon cr. Violet, tp. Fairfield co. O. [river. Virgil, pt. Cortland co. N.Y. on Toughnioga Virginia, tp. Coshocton co. O. Virginia, pv. cap. of Cass co. 111. 36 w of Sd. Virginsville, pv. Berks co. Pa. 68 e of H. Volinia, pt. Cass co. Mich. 160 w of D. Volney, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. on Big Blacker. Voluntown, pt. Windham co. Conn, on Pa- chaug river. Volusia, v. Mosquito co. Flor. on St. John's r. Vrain's Fort, St., in the Indian Territory, on the South Fork of the Platte r., near its source, 4,900 ft. above the sea. Wabash, pv. cap. of Wabash co. Ind. on Wabash river. [feet above the sea. Wachusett, mt. Worcester co. Mass. 3000 Wacoochee, pv. Russell co. Ala. 167 ese of T. WaVousta, pv. Clinton co. Mich. 100 nw D. Waddam's Grove, pt. Stephenson co. 111. Waddington, pv. St. Lawrence co. N.Y. on St. Lawrence river. [Neuse r. Wadesborough, pv. cap. of Anson co. N.C. on Wadesborough, pv. cap. of Callaway co. Ky. 255 sw of Frankfort. Wadeviele, pv. Owen co. Ind. 47 sw of Is. Wading River, pv. Suffolk co. N.Y. on Long Island. [e of Cd. Wadley's Falls, pv. Strafford co. N. H. 36 Wadsworth, pv. .Medina co. O. 127 nne Cs. Wagontown, pv. Chester co. Pa. 62 ese of II. WAH-SATCir/mts. California, a chain run- ning along the se margin of the Great Basin. Waitsfield, pt. Washington co.Vt. on Mad r. Wakefield, pt. Carroll co. N. II. 46 ne Cd. Wakefield, py. Washing ton co. R.I. 37 s of Providence. , Wakefield, pv. Carroll co. Md. 68 nnw An. Wakefield, pv. Wake co. N. C. 20 n of Rh. Wakeman, pt. Huron co. O. 12 e Norwalk. Walaiimutte. See Willammette. Walden, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 30 ne of Mtr Walden, pv. Orange co.N.Y. on Wallkill r. Waldo, pt. Waldo co. Me. 47 ene of A. Waldo, pv. Moore co. N. C. 62 sw of Rh. WALDoBoRouGH,.Me. See Gazetteer. Wales, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 23 sw of A. Wales, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 74 wsw of B. Wales, pt. Erie co. N.Y. 18 se of Buffalo. Walesville, v. Oneida co. N.Y. Walhonding r. O. one of the main branches of Muskingum r., joins Tuscarawas r. op- posite Coshocton. Walker, pt. Centre co. Pa. 94 nw of H. Walker, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. "Walker, tp. Juniata co. Pa. [of An. Walkersville, pv. Frederick co. Md. 80 nw Walkersville, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 194 sw of Raleigh. [on Mattapony r. Walkertown, pv. King and Queen co. Va. Wallace, pv. Jones co. Ga. 13 sw of M. Wallace, pv. Fouiv.ain co. Ind. 70 Nwof Is. Walla- Walla, wolMa- wol'la, a small r. of Oregon, falling into the Columbia in 46° 5' n Lat. and 118° 30' w Lon. Also a Bri- tish fort at the mouth of the above river. Walla-Walla Indians, a tribe of Oregon, dwelling in the vicinity of Walla- Walfa r. Wallingford, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 70 ssw of Montpelier. [Hartford. Wallingford, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 24 s of Wallkill, tp. Orange co. N.Y. 22 w of Newburg. [co. N.Y. Wallkill r. unites with Rondout cr. in Ulster Wallonia, pv. Trigg co. Ky. 234 sw of F. Walloomsack r. Vt. flows into Hoosick r. Walnut cr. O. flows into Scioto r. Walnut, tp. Fairfield co. O. on Ohio canal. Walnut, tp. Gallia co. O. Walnut, tp. Holmes co. O. on Sugar cr. Walnut, tp. Pickaway co. 0. on Scioto r. Walpack, pt. Sussex co. N.J. on Flatkill ct Walpole, pt. Cheshire co.N. H. on Conn T. Walpole, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 21 sw of B. Walterborough, pv. cap. of Colleton dist Waltham, tp. Hancock co. Me. [S. C.99s Ca Waltham, tp. Addison co.Vt. 24 s Burlington. Waltham, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 w of B. Walthamsville, pv. Liberty co. Ga. 204 se of Milledgeville. [ware r. Walton, pv. Delaware eo. N.Y. on Dela- Walton, pt. Eaton co. Mich 100 w D. [Louis. Waltonham, pv. St. Louir co. Mo. 9 nw St. Walworth, pt. Wayne cj. N.Y. 18 nw of Lyons. [Madison. Walworth, pt. Walworth io. Wis. 70 se of Wampsville, pv. Madisonco. N.Y. on Cow- asalon creek, 117 w of Abany. "Wantage, tp. Sussex co. IJ. J. on Wallkill r Wapahkonetta, cap. Augaize co. 0. Wappelo, pv. cap. of Louisa co. Towa, on Iowa river. Wappinger's cr. N.Y. flovs into Hudson r. Ward, tp. Randolph co. ltd. [of Mtr Wardsborough, pt.Wincham co.Vt. 120 a Ware r. Mass. Mows into Hhickapee r. "Ware, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. on Ware r. Wareiiam, pt. Plymouth eo. Mass. 53 ssb B Warehouse Point, pv. Hartford co. Conn 14 N of Hartford. [212 sse of M. Waresborougii, pv. cap. of Ware co. Ga. Warfielpburg, pv. Carroll CO. Md. 56 UNW of Annapolis. WAR «73 WAS Warfordsburg, pv. Bedford co. Pa. 85 sw H. Wakminster, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 17 n Phila. Warminster, pv. Nelson co. Va. on James r. Warm Springs, pv. Buncombe co. N.C.34 nnw of Asliville. [w °f M Waim Springs, pv. Meriwether co. Ga. 110 Warner, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 17 wnw of ConconJ. Warren, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 37 se of A. Warren, pt. Grafton co. N. H. on Baker's r. Warren, pt. Wu. co. Vt. 31 se of Burlington. Warren, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 06 wsw B. Warren, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 8 w of Litchfield. [dence. Warren, pt. Bristol co. R. I. 14 se of Provi- Warren, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 61 nw of Al. Warren, tp. Somerset co. N. J. 6 ne of So- merville. [anda. Warren, tp. Bradford co. Pa. 17 ne of Tow- Warren, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 20 sw of Cham- bersburg. [Alleghany r. Warren, borough, cap. of Warren co. Pa. on Warren, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 45 n of An. Warren, pv. Albemarle co. Va. on James r. 80 Warren, pv. Bibb co. Ga. 43 sw of M. [nwR. Warren, tp. Belmont co. O. Warren, tp. Jefferson co. O. Warren, pv. cap. of Trumbull co. O. on the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal. Warren, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. Warren, tp. Washington co. O. on Ohio r. Warren, tp. Macomb co. Mich. Warren, pv. Huntington co. Iud. 123 nne Is. Warren, tp. Putnam co. Ind. [City. Warren, pv. Marion co. Mo. 105 nne of Jef. Warren, tp. Marion co. Mo. [Hudson. Warrensburg, pt. Warren co. N.Y. on the Warrensburg, pv. Greene co.Tenn.242E Ne. Warrensburg, pv. cap. of Johnson co. Mo. on Blackwater river. [of Sd. Warrensville, pv. DuPage co. 111. 180 nne Warrenton, pv. cap. of Fauquier co. Va. 102 n of Richmond. [nne of Rh. Warrenton, pv. cap. of Warren co. N. C. 62 Warrenton, pv. Abbeville disl. S. C. 103 w of Columbia. [ene of M. Warrenton, pv. cap. of Warren co. Ga. 44 Warrenton, pv. cap. of Marshall co. Ala. 135 ne of Tuscaloosa. Warrenton, pv. Warren co. Miss, on Miss. r. Warrenton, pv. Jefferson co. O. on Ohio r. Warrenton, pv. Gibson co. Ind./ Warrenton, pv. cap. of Warren co. Mo. 70 ene of Jefferson City. [of Cs. Warkexville, pt. Cuyahoga co. O. 154 NNE Warrington, pt. Bucks co. Pa. Warrington, tp. York co. Pa. [w of H. Warrior Mark, pt. Huntingdon co. Pa. 108 Warsaw, pv. cap. of Wyoming co. N.Y. 250 w of Albany. Warsaw, pt. Jefferson co. Pa. 168 nw of H. Warsaw, pv. cap. of Richmond co. Va. 58 NE of Richmond. Warsaw, pv. Duplin co. N. C. 80 sse of Rh. Warsaw, pv. Gwinnett co. Ga. on Chatta- hoochee river. Warsaw, pv. cap. of Gallatin co.Ky. on Ohio r. Warsaw, pv. cap. of Kosciusko co. Ind. on Tippecanoe river. Warsaw, pv. Hancock co. 111. on Miss. r. Warsaw, pv. cap. of Benton co. Mo. on Osage river. Warwick, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 80 wnw B. Warwick, pt- Kent co. R . 1. 11 sw Providence. Warwick, pt. Orange co. N.Y. 24 sw o» Newburg. Warwick, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 21 N of Phila. Warwick^ $>. Lancaster co. Pa. 9 N of Lan- caster. Warwick, pv. Cecil co. Md. 15 s of Elkton. Warwick, pv. cap. of Warwick co. Va. 80 Warwick, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. [ese of R. Washington, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 31 e of A. Washington, pt. Sullivan co. N. H. 33 w Cd. Washington, pt. Orange co.Vt. 15 se of Mtr. Washington, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 128 w B. Washington, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 47 wsw of Hartford. [Poughkeepsie. Washington, pt. Dutchess co. N.Y. 12 e of Washington, tp. Bergen co. N. J. on Hack- ensack river. [Woodbury. Washington, tp. Burlington co. N. J. 22 s of Washington, tp. Gloucester co. N.J. 12 w of Woodbury. [Morristown. Washington, tp. Morris co. N. J.- 18 w of Washington, tp. Berks co. Pa. Washington, tp. Cambria co. Pa. on a branch of Kiskiminetas river. Washington, tp. Erie co. Pa. Washington, tp. Fayette co. Pa. Washington, tp. Franklin co. Pa. 11 sw of Chambersburg. Washington, tp. Greene co. Pa. [cr. Washington, tp. Indiana co. Pa. on Crooked Washington, tp. Jefferson co. Pa. Washington, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. Washington, tp. Lycoming co. Pa. Washington, tp. Union co. Pa. Washington, borough, cap. of Washington co. Pa. 209 w of Harrisburg. Washington, tp. Westmoreland co. Pa. 16 N of Greensburg. Washington, tp. York co. Pa. [nnw of R. Washington, pv. Rappahannock co. Va. 123 Washington, N. C. See Gazetteer. Washington, pv. cap. of Wilkes co. Ga. 78 ne of Mifledgeville. Washington, pv. Autauga co. Ala. on Alabama river, 102 se of Tuscaloosa. [of T. Washington C. H. pv. Wn. co. Ala. 146 ssw Washington, pv. Adams co. Miss. 6 ne of Natchez. ' [Bayou Teche. Washington, pv. St. Landry par. La. on Washington, pv. cap. of Hempstead co. Ark. Ill sw of Little Rock. [Tennessee river. Washington, pv. cap. of Rhea co. Tenn. nil Washington, pv. cap. Mason co. Ky. 77 ese F. Washington, tp. Clermont co. O. on Ohio r Washington, tp. Clinton co. O. [50 sw Cs. Washington C. H. pv. cap. of Fayette co. O. Washington, pv. Guernsey co. O. 85 E of-Cs. Washington, tp. Harrison co. O. Washington, tp. Holmes co. O. Washington, tp. Licking co. O. Washington^ tp. Marion co. O. Washington, tp. Miami co. O. Washington, tp. Muskingum co. O. Washington, tp. Preble co. O. Washington, tp. Richland co. O. [Scioto r. Washington, tp. Scioto co.'O. on Ohio and Washington, tp. Shelby co. O. Washington, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. Washington, pt. Macomb co. Mich. 30 ne D. Washington, pv. cap. of Daviess co. Ind. 106 sw of Indianapolis. Washington, tp. Harrison co. Ind. Washington, tp. Marion co. Ind. Washington, tp. Putnam co. Ind- WAT 074 WAY Washington, tp. Randolph co. Intl. Washington, tp. Washington co. Ind. Washington, tp. Wayne co. Ind. Washington, pv. Tazewell co. 111. 71 N of Sd. Washington, pv. Franklin co. Mo. 76 e of Jefferson City. Washington, pv. cap', of Washington co. Iowa, 30 s of Iowa City. Washington, a co. in the se central part of Texas, w of, and bordering on the Brazos r. The soil consists chiefly of a deep rich loam, very fertile, especially on the bottom lands. Washington, the seat of justice of the above county, and the former capital of Texas, on the Brazos r., about 100 m. in a straight line e of Austin. Pop. 1,200. Washingtonville, v. Oswego co. N.Y. Washingtonville, v. Orange co. N.Y. 10 w of Newburg. [of II . Washingtonville. pv. Columbia co. Pa. 80 nne Washingtonville, pv. Columbiana co. O. Washita r. Ark. and La. See Gazetteer. Watauga r. N. C. unites with the S. Fork of the Holston. [York. Waterboeough, pt. York co. Me. 25 n of Waterborough, pv. Chautauque co. N.Y. Waterburg, pv. Calhoun co. Mich, on Kala- mazoo river. [Montpelier. Waterbury, pt. Washington co.Vt. 12 Nw of Waterbury, pt. New Haven co. Conn. 52 ssW of Hartford. [15 NW of Mtr. Waterbury Centre, pv. Washington co. VI, Waterford, pt. Oxford co. Me. 53 w of A. Waterford, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. on Conn. r. Waterford, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 42 w B. Waterford, pt. New London co. Conn. 46- se of Hartford. Waterford, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 10 n of Al. Waterford, tp. Gloucester co. N. J. 12 w of Woodbury. Waterford, pt. Erie co. Pa. 13 se of Erie. Waterford, pv. Loudon co. Va. 160 n of R. Waterford, pv. Marshall co. Miss. 184 x of J. Waterford, pv. Gibson co. Tenn. 120 wof Ne. Waterford, pt. Washington co. O. on Mus- kingum r. Waterford, pt. Oakland co. Mich, 32 xw I>. Waterford, pv. Fulton co. 111. 50 nw of Sd. Waterloo, pv. Seneca co. N.Y. 170 wof Al. Waterloo, pv. Juniata co. Pa. 70 xw of H. Waterloo, pv. Carroll co. Md.GOISNW of An. Waterloo, pv. Granville co. N. C. 50 n of Rh. Waterhoo, pv. Laurens dist. S. C. SO w Ca. Waterloo, pv. Lauderdale co. Ala. on Tenn. r. Waterloo, pv. Point Coupee par. La. on Mis- sissippi river. Waterloo, tp. Athens co. O. on Racoon cr. Waterloo, pt. Fayette co. Ind. 60 e of Is. Waterloo, pv. cap. of Monroe co. 111. 115 s of Springfield. [w of Mississippi r. Waterloo, pv. cap. of Clarke co. Mo. a little Water Street, pv- Huntingdon co. Pa. on .lun iata river. 1 Watertown, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 7 w B. Watertown. pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 42 ssw of Hartford. [Black r. Watertown, t ,v. cap. of Jefferson co. N.Y. on Watertown, pt. Wn. co. O. 92 ese of Cs. Watertown, pv. Clinton co. Mich. 112 wxw 01* Detroit. Watertown. pt. Jef. co. Wis. on Rock r. Watervale, pv. Onondaga co. N.Y. 125 w of Albany. WateeVillage, pv.Carroll eo. N.H. 48 ne Cd Waterville, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 18 N A. Waterville, tp. Grafton co. N. If. 60 n of Ccf Waterville, pt. Lamoille co. Vt. 43 nw Mtr. AVaterville, pv. Oneida co. N.Y. 90 wxw A! Waterville, pt. Lucas co. O. 130 nw of Cs. Watervliet, pt. Albany co. N.Y. 5 n of Al. Watkinsville, pv. Goochland co. Va. 30 wnw of Richmond. [n of M Watkinsville, pv. cap. of Clarke co. Ga. 68 Watson, pt. Lewis co. N.Y. 10 ne of Mar- tinsburg. [77 N of H Watsontown, pv. Northumberland co. Pa. Wattsborough, pv. Lunenburg co. Va. 118 sw of Richmond. [creek. Wattsburg, borough .Erieco. Pa. on-French Waupun, pv. Fond dti Lac co. Wis. 80 ne of Waushara, pv Dane co. Wis. [Madison. Waverley, pv.Humphreys co. Tenn. 60 w Ne. Wawarsing, pt. Ulster co. N. Y. 22 sw of Kingston. Wawatosa, tp. Milvvaukie co. Wis. Wayland, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 17 w B. Waylandsburg, pv. Culpepper co. Va. 104 nne of Richmond. Waymart, pv. Wayne co. Pa. 1GG ne of H. Wayne, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 15 w of A. Wayne, pt. Steuben eo. N.Y. on Crooked I> Wayne, tp. Armstrong co. Pa. Wayne, tp. Clinton co. Pa. Wayne, tp. Crawford co. Pa. on Sugar r. Wayne, pt.Erie co. Pa. on French cr. [burg. Wayne, tp. Greene co. Pa. 15 sw o{ Waynes- Wayne, tp. Mifflin eo. Pa. on Juniata r. Wayne, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. Wayne, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 197 NE of Cs> Wayne, tp. Belmont co. O. Wayne, tp. Butler co. O. Wayne, tp. Champaign co. O. Wayne, tp. Clermont co. O. Wayne, tp. Clinton co. O. Wayne, tp. Jefferson co. O on Cross cr. Wayne, tp. Knox co. O. Wayne, tp. La Fayette co. O. Wayne, tp. Montgomery co. O. on Miami r. Wayne r tp. Pickaway co. O. Wayne, tp. Scioto co. O. Wayne, tp. Tuscarawas co. O. Wayne^ tp. Warren co. O. on Little Miami r. Wayne, tp. Wayne co. O. Wayne, tp. Cass co. Mich. Wayne, tp. Allen co. Ind. Wayne, tp. Henry co. Ind. Wayne, tp. Marion co. Ind. Wayne, tp. Wayne co. Ind. [55 wsw of H. Waynesborough, borough, Franklin co. Pa. Waynesborough, pv. Augusta co. Va. on South river. [on Neuse r. Waynesborough, pv. cap. of Wayne co. N. C. Waynesborough j pv. cap. of Burke co. Ga. 82 e of Milledgeville. [on Green r. Waynesborough, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Tenn. Waynesburg, boro', Greene co. Pa. 222 w II. Waynesburg, pv. Lincoln co. Ky. 67 sse F. Waynesburg, pv. Stark co. O. on Sandy cr. Waynesville, pv. cap. of Haywood co. N C. 30 wof Raleigh. Waynesville, pv. Wayne co. Ga. 247 se of M. Waynesvilie, pv. Warren co. O. on Littie Miami river. Waynesville, pv. M'Lean co. 111. 55 ne of Sd. Waynesville, pv. cap. of Pulaski co. Mo. on Gasconade river. [of Is. Waynetowx, pv. Montg. co. Ind. 55 wnw WES 675 WES We*., pv. Tippecanoe co. Ind. 60 sw of Is. Weare, ware, pt. Hillsboro' co. N.H. 14 sw of Concord. Weare's Bridge, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 34 ne of Concord. [river. Weathersfield, pt. Windsor co.Vt. on Black Weathersfield, tp. TrunabKll co. O. on Ma- honing river. We avers ville, pv. Northampton co. Pa. Webster, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 31 s of A. Webster, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 56 wsw B. Webster, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 214 w of Al. Webster, pt. Washtenaw co. Mich. 50 w 1). WEEDsroRT, pv. Cayuga co. N.Y. 7 N of Auburn. [e of T. Weewakaville. pv. Talladega co. Ala. 107 Weissexburg, wl'cen-burg, tp. Lehigh co. Pa. 72 e of Harrisburg. Weisesburg, pv. Baltimore co. Md. 55 N An. Weld, pt. Franklin co. Me. 47 vvnw of A. Weldon, pv. Halifax co. N. C. on Roanoke r. Wellersburg, pv. Somerset co. Pa. 123 w of Harrisburg. [Cod. Wellfeet, pt. Barnstable co. Mass. on Cape Wellington, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. 62 N A. Wellington, pt. Lorain co. O. 100 nne of Cs. Wellington, pv. La Fayette co. Mo. on Mo. r. Wells, pt. York co. Me. 30 sw of Portland. Wells, pt. Rutland co.Vt. 83 ssw of Mtr. Wells r. Vt. flows into Connecticut r. Wells, pt. Hamilton co. N.Y. 70 nnw of Al. Wells, tp. Bradford co. Pa. on South cr. Wells, tp. Jefferson co. O. on Ohio r. Wellsborougii, pv. cap. of Tioga co. Pa. 145 x of Harrisburg. [Ohio r. Wellsburg, pv. cap. of Brooke co. Va. on Wellsville, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. on Ge- nesee river. Wellsville, pv. Columbiana co. O. on Ohio r. Wellwood. pv. Haywood co. Tenn. 154 wsw of Nashville. Wendell, pt. Sullivan co.N.H.44 Nwof Cd. Wendell, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 78 w of B. Wexham, pt. Essex co. Mass. 20 n of B. Wenlock, tp. Essex co. Vt. 58 ne of Mtr. Wextworth, pt. Grafton co. N.H. 56 nnw of Concord. [116 nw of Rh. Wentworth, pv. cap. of Rockingham co.N.C. Wesaw, tp. Berrien co. Mich. Wesley, pt. Washington co. Me. 170 E of A. Wesley, pv. Haywood co. Tenn. 174 wsw Ne. Wesley, pt. Washington co. O. 94 ese of Cs. Wesley, pv. Fulton co. Ind. 107 n of Is. Wesleyville, pv. Erie co. Pa. [Conn. r. West r. Vt. called also Wautastieook, enters West, tp. Huntingdon co. Pa. 8x Huntingdon. West, tp. Columbiana co. O. West Alexandria, pv. Wii. co. Pa. 225 w H. ! West Alexandria, pv. Preble co. 0. 188 w Cs. West Almond, pt. Alleghany co. N.Y. 6 E of Angelica. West Alton, pv. Belknap co. N. H. 36 ne Cd. West Arlington, pv. Bennington co. Vt. 106 sw of Montpelier. [68 sse of B. West Barxstable, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. West Bedford, pv. Coshocton co. O. 73 ne of Columbus. [noe r. West Bedford, pv. White co. Ind. onTippeca- West Bethlehem, tp. Washington co. Pa. j 12 se of Washington. [Honeoye cr. West Bloomfield, pt. Ontario co. N.Y. on West Bloomfield, pv. Essex co. N. J. 56 ne Tn. West Bloomfield, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 32 nw of Detroit. Westborough, pt. Wo'ster co. Mass. 30 w B West Boyleston, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 42 w of Boston. [Phila. West Bradford, tp. Chester co. Pa. 33 w of West Brattleborough, pv. Windham co. Vt. 123 s of Montpelier. [25 s of B. West BRiDGEWATER,pt. Plymouth co. Mass. West Brook, tp. Comberiand co.Me. 52 ssw of Augusta. West Brook, pt. Middlesex co. Conn. 47 s Hd. West Brunswick, tp. Schuylkill co. Pa. West Buffalo, tp. Union co. Pa. 8 nw of New Berlin [nw of B. West Cambridge, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 6 West Camp, pv. Ulster co. N.Y. on Hudson r. West Calx, tp. Chester co. Pa. 44 w Phila. West Canaan, pv. Madison eo. O. 22 w Cs. West Canada cr. N.Y. flows into the Mo- hawk about 15 m. below Ulica. On it are the celebrated Trenton Falls. [of Cs. West Carlisle, pv. Coshocton co. O. 72 nk West Carrollton, pv. Fairfield co. O. West Charleston, pv. Penobscot co. Mc. 93 nne of Augusta. [Clyde r. West Charleston, pv. Orleans co. Vt. on West Charleston, pv. Miami co. O. 78 w Cs. West Charlton, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. 33 nnw of Albany. [Chazy r. West Chazy, pv. Clinton co. N.Y. on Little West Chester, pv. New London co. Conn 30 sse of Hartford. [Bronx r. Westchester, pt. Westchester co. N.Y. on West Chester, borough, cap. of Chester co. Pa. 27 w of Philadelphia. West Chester, pv. Butler co. G. 106 wsw Cs. West Cocalico, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. West Dedham, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 16 sw B. West Deer, tp. Alleghany co. Pa. 16 ne of Pittsburg. [of Lancaster. West Donegal, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 17 nw West Dryden, pv. Tompkins co. N.Y. 170 w of Albany. [Lancaster. West Earl, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 13 nw of Westerloo, pt. Albany co. N.Y. 22 sw Al. Westerly, pt. Washington co. It. I. 42 ssw of Providence. Western, tp. Oneida eo. N.Y. IS nw Utiea. Westernport, pv. Alleghany co. Mr!, on the Potomac. [Mohawk. Westernville, pv. Oneida co. NY', on the West Fairfield, pv. Westmoreland co. Pa. 160 w of Harrisburg. [Montpelier. West Fairlee, pt. Orange co. Vt. 36 se of West Fallowfield, tp. Chester co. Pa. 37 w of Philadelphia. Westfall, tp. Pike co. Pa. [of New York. West Farms, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. 11 nk Westfield, pt. Orleans co.Vt. 50 n of Mtr. Westfield, pt. Hampden co. Mass. 100 w of B. Westfield, pt. Chaulauque co. N. Y. on L. Erie. Westfield, tp. Richmond co. N.Y. on Staten I. Westfield, pt. Essex co. N. J. 45 ne of Tn. Westfield, pt. Tioga co. Pa. 168 N of H. Westfield, tp. Delaware co. O. 2S n of Cs. West Findley, pt. Washington co. Pa. West Florence, pv. Preble co. 0. 100 w C* Westford, pt. Chittenden co. Vt. 56 nw Mtr Westford, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 32 nw of B Westford, pv. Windham co. Conn. 30 e Hd. Westford, pt. Otsego co. N.Y. 65 w of Al. West Fork, tp. Washington co. Ark. West Franklin, pv. Posey co. Ind. 182 swls, West Goshen, tp. Chester co. Pa. 21 w Phila West Granville, pv. Hampden co. Mass. WES 676 WET West Greenville, pt. Mercer co. Pa. : West Greenwich, pt. Kent co. R. I. 18 sw of Providence. [North r. 100 w of B. J West Hampton, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. on I West Hanover, pv. Dauphin co. Pa. 16 se H. West Hartford, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 4 vv of Hartford. [nw of Hd. West Hartland, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 31 West Haven, pt. Rutland co. Vt. 90 sw Mtr. West Hempfield, tp. Lancaster co. Pa. 8 w of Lancaster. [of Augusta. I West Jefferson, pv. Lincoln co. Me. 16 sse I West Jefferson, pv. Madison co. O. 14 w Cs. West Kill, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 60 sw of Al. West Killingly, pv. Windham co. Conn. 48 e of Hartford. Westland, pv. Halifax co. N. C. 86 ne Rh. Westland, tp. Guernsey co. O. 70 e of Cs. West Lebanon, pv. Warrei co. Ind. 84 nw Is. West Liberty, pv. Ohio co. Va. 357 nw R. West Liberty, pv. cap. of Morgan co. Ky. on Licking river. West Liberty, pv. Logan co. O. on Mad r. West Manchester, tp. York co. Pa. West Marlborough, tp. Chester co. Pa. 33 sw of Philadelphia. [nw of Al. West Martinsburg, pv. Lewis co. N.Y. 137 West Middleborough, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 43 s of Boston. West Middleborough, pv. Logan co. O. 56 nw of Columbus. [Pa. 220 w of H. West Middletown, boro', Washington co. West Milford, pt. Passaic co.N. J. 100 nne of Trenton. [Albany. West Milton, pv. Saratoga co. N.Y. 31 H of Westminster, pt. Windham co. Vt. on Con- necticut river. [of B. Westminster, pt. Worcester co.Mass. 53 wnw Westminster, pv.Windham co. Conn. 38 e of Hartford. [nw of An. Westminster, pv. cap. of Carroll co. Md. 58 Westminster West, pv. Windham co. Vt. 106 s Montpelier. [creek. West Monroe, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. on Bog Westmore, tp. Orleans co. Vt. [sw Cd. Westmoreland, pt. Cheshire co. N. H. 65 Westmoreland, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. Westmoreland C. H. pv. cap. of Westmoreland co. Va. 70 ne of Richmond. [of Phila. West Nantmeal, tp. Chester co. Pa. 34 nw West Needham,' pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 14 wsw of Boston. [rimack r. West Newbury, pt. Essex co. Mass. on Mer- West Newton, pv. Middlesex co. Mass. 9 w of Boston. [sw of Phila. West Nottingham, tp. Chester co. Pa. 45 Weston, pt. Aroostook co. Me. 260 ne of A. Weston, pt. Windsor co.Vt. 91 s of Mtr. Weston, pt. Middlesex co. Mass. 14 w of B. Weston, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 63 sw of Hd. Weston, pv. Somerset co. N. J. 20 n of Tn. Weston, pv. cap. of Lewis co.Va. on Monon- gahela river. Weston, pt. Wood co. O. on Maumee r. Weston, pv. Platte co. Mo. on Missouri r. West Penn, pt. Schuylkill co. Pa. 80 ne of II. West Pennsboro', tp. Cumberla.id co. Pa. 8 w of Carlisle. West Pikeland, tp. Chester co. Pa. West Pike Run, tp. Washington co. Pa. West Philadelphia, pv. Phila. co. Pa. on the Schuylkill, opposite Philadelphia. West Point, pv. Orange co. N.Y. on Hud- son r. Here is the U. S. Military Academy. West Point, pv. Orange co. N. C. 30 nw Rh West Point, pv. Troup co. Ga. 136 w of M. West Point, pv. Hardin co. Ky. on Ohio r. West Point, pv. Columbiana co. 0. 158 ne Cs West Point, pv. Tippecanoe co. Ind. 77 nw Is. West Port. pt. Lincoln co. Me. 38 s of A. West Port, pv. Cheshire co. N.H. 60 sw Cd. West Port, pt. Bristol co. Mass. 60 s of B. West Port, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 64 sw Hd West Port, pt. Essex co. N.Y. on Black cr. West Port, pv. Oldham co. Ky. 43 nw of F "West Port, pv. Decatur co. Ind. 70 se of Is. West Port, pv. Jackson co. Mo. 158 wnw of Jefferson City. [w of Al. West Richmond, pv. Ontario co. N.Y. 220 West R. tp. Randolph co. Ind. [of Phila West Rockhill, tp. Bucks co. Pa. 33 nnw West Roxbury, pv. Norfolk co. Mass. 10 sw of Boston. [of Mtr. West Rutland, pv. Rutland co. Vt. 66 ssw West Sand Lake, pv. Rensselaer co. N.Y. 14 E of Albany. [ssw of B. "West Sandwich, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. 56 West Salem, tp. Mercer co. Pa. 17 nw of Mercer. [se of B. West Scituate, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 20 West Somers, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. 116 s of Albany. [on Connecticut r. West Springfield, pt. Hampden co. Mass. West Stockbridge, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. West Stockbridge Centre, pv. Berkshire co. Mass. 140 w of B [wsw of B. West Sutton, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 50 West Thompson, pv. Windham co. Conn. 46 ene of Hartford. West Tisbury, pv. Dukes co. Mass. 96 sse B. West Town, pv. Orange co. N.Y. 116 ssw Al. West Town, tp. Chester co. Pa. 20 w Phila. West Trenton, pv. Hancock co. Me. 98 e of Augusta. WtsT Turin, tp. Lewis co. N.Y. on Salmon r. West Union, pv. Marshall co.Va. on Wheel- ing river, [of Columbus. West Union, pv. cap. of Adams co. O. 106 s West Union, pv- Knox co. Ind. 108 sw of Is. Westville, pv. New Haven co. Conn. 40 wsw of Hartford. Westville, pv. Otsego co. N.Y. 68 w of Al. Westville, tp. Franklin co. N.Y. on Salmon r. Westville, pv. cap. of Simpson co. Miss. 55 sse of Jackson. Westville, pv. Champaign co. O. 50 w of Cs. Westville, v. Columbiana co. O. West Vincent, tp. Chester co. Pa. 30 Nwof Philadelphia: [sse of B. West Wareham, pv. Plymouth co. Mass. 49 West Waterville, pv. Kennebec co. Me. 19 n of Augusta. [of Phila. West Whiteland, pt. Chester co. Pa. 26 W West Winchester, pv. Cheshire co. N. H. 67 sw of Concord. [of H. West Windham, pv. Bradford co. Pa. 152 n West Windsor, tp. Mercer co. N. J. West Woodville, pv. Clermont co. O. 90 sw of Columbus. ' [80 se of B- West Yarmouth, pv. Barnstable co. Mass. West Zanesville, tp. Muskingum co. O. Wethersfield, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 4 slid Wethersfield. pt. Wyoming co. N.Y. on Ton- awanda creek. [ninr r Wethersfield, pt. Trumbull co. O. on Maho Wethersfield, pv. Henry co. 111. Wethersfield Springs, pv. Wyoming co N.Y. 258 w of Albany. VVHI WIL Wetumpka, city, Coosa co. Ala. on Coosa r. Weybridge, tp. Addison co. Vt. 30 s of Bur- lington. Weymouth, pt. Norfolk co. Mass. 12 sse of B. Weymouth, tp. Atlantic co. N. J. [town. Wharton, tp. Fayette co. Pa. Use of Union- Wharton, pt. Potter co. Pa. 180 wsw of H. Whately, pt. Franklin co. Mass. 9 N North- ampton. [Lockport. Wheatfield, tp. Niagara co. N.Y. 12 w of Wheatfield, tp. Perry co. Pa. [Rochester. Wheatland, pt. Monroe co. N.Y. 14 sw of Wheatland, pt. Hillsdale co. Mich. 88swof D. Wheeler, pt. Steuben co. N.Y. 216 w of Al. Wheelersburg, pv. Scioto co. 0. 100 s of Cs. Wheeling cr. rises in Pa. and flows into the Ohio in Va. just below Wheeling. Wheeling, Va. See Gazetteer. [river. Wheeling, pv. Holmes co. Miss, on Big Black Wheeling, pv. Giles co. Tenn. 74 s of Ne. Wheeling, tp. Belmont co. O. Wheeling, pv. Delaware co. Ind. 70 nne of Is. Wheelock, pt. Caledonia co. Vt. 43 ne Mtr. Whetstone r. O. flows into the Scioto r. Whetstone, tp. Crawford co. 0. 18 se Bucyrus. White r. Vt. flows into Connecticut r. White r. Ark. See Gazetteer. White r. Ind. See Gazetteer. White, tp. Cambria co. Pa. [Little Rock. White C. H. pv. cap. While co. Ark. 50 nne of White Creek, pv. Wn. co. N.Y. 43 ne of Al. White Deer, pv. Lycoming co. Pa. 78 N H. White Deer, tp. Union co. Pa. White Eyes, tp. Coshocton co. O. Whitefield, pt. Lincoln co. Me. 16 se of A. VVhitefield, pt. Coos co. N. H. 93 N of Cd. White Hall, pv. Washington co. N.Y. on s end of Lake Champlain, 73 N of Albany. White Hall, pv. Columbia co. Pa. 87 N of H. White Hall, pv. Frederick co.Va. 154 nnw of Richmond. [wsw of Rh. White Hall, pv. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 166 White Hall, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 93 w Ca. White Hall, pv. Marengo co. Ala. 94 s of T. White Hall, pv. Fayette co. Tenn. 190 sw Ne. White Hall, pv. St. Joseph co. Ind. 133 N Is. White Hall, pv. Greene co. 111. 60 sw of Sd. White Haven, pv. Luzerne co.Pa. 114 neH. White Haven, pv. Somerset co. Md. on Wi- comico river. [nnw of Tn. White House, pv. Hunterdon co. N. J. 40 White Lake, pt. Oakland co. Mich. 43 nwD. Whiteley, pt. Greene co. Pa. on Whiteley cr. Whiteleysburg, pv. Kent co. Del. 20 sw of Dover. [Phila. White Marsh, pt. Montg. co. Pa. 11 nw of White Mts. a group in the N central part of N. H. The highest summit, called Mt.Wash- ington, has an elevation of 6,428 feet above the sea. White Oak, tp. Ingham co. Mich. White Oak Springs, pv. Iowa co. Wis. 92 sw of Madison. [wsw of D. White Pigeon, pv. St. Joseph co. Mich. 148 White Plains, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. on Bronx river, 30 nne of New York. , White PosT,'pv. Clarke co.Va. 140 nnw R. White R. tp. Izard co. Ark. White R. tp. Randolph co. Ind. [wnw Al. Whitesborough, pv. Oneida co. N. Y. 96 Whitesburg, pv. Madison co. Ala. 143 nne T. Whitestown, pt. Oneida co. N.Y. 96 wnw of Albany. Whitestown, pv. Benton co. Mo. White Sulphur Springs, pv. Greenbrier co. 57* Va. 205 w of Richmond. Many tnousand persons visit these springs annually, and large quantities of the water are exported. Whitesville, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y. 265 w of Albany. [125 s of Rh. Whitesville, pv. cap. of Columbus co. N. C. Whitesville. pv. Harris co. Ga. 14S wsw M. Whitesville, pv. Duval co. Flor. on Black r. Whitesville, pv. Wilkinson co. Miss. 136 sw , of Jackson. [of Ne Whitesville, p v. Hardeman co. Tenn. 172 wsw Whitewater r. Ind. flows into Great Mia- mi river, O, [water r Whitewater, tp. Hamilton co. O. on White- Whitfield, tp. Indiana co. Pa. Whitford, tp. Monroe co. Mich. Whiting, pt. Washington co. Me. 170 ene A. Whiting, pt. Addison co. Vt. 70 sw of Mtr. Whitingham, pt. Windham co. Vt. on Deer- field river, [w of B. Whitinsville. pv. Worcester co. Mass. 40 Whitley C. H. Ky. See Williamsburg. Whitley, pv. Whitley co. Ind. on Eel r. 120 nne of Indianapolis. Whitlocksville, pv. Westchester co. N.Y. 125 s of Albany. [248 w of Al Whitney's Valley, pv. Alleghany co. N.Y Whitpaine, tp. Montgomery co. Pa. Whittington, pv. Hot Springs co. Ark. 40 w of Little Rock. [Providence Wickford, pv. Washington co. R. I. 22 s of Wicomico r. Del. and Md. flows into Chesa- peake Bay. Wiconisco, pt. Dauphin co. Pa. 53 N of H. Wilbraham, pt. Hampden co. Mass. S3 wswB. Wilcox C. H. pv. cap. of Wilcox co. Ala. 97 s of Tuscaloosa. [of Sd. Wilcoxville, pv. Schuyler co. 111. 54 wnw Wilfong's Mills, pv. Lincoln co. N. C. 173 w of Raleigh. Wilkesbarre, pv. cap. of Luzerne co. Pa. on the Susquehanna, 127 ne of Harrisburg. Wilkesborough, pv. cap. of Wilkes co. N. C. on Yadkin river. Wilkesborough, pv. M'Lean co. III. 74 ne Sd. Wilkesville, pt. Gallia co. O. 84 sse of Cs. Wilkins, pt. Alleghany co. Pa. 10 e of Pitts- burg. [ofH. Wilkinsburg, pv. Alleghany co. Pa. 192 w Wilkin son ville, pv. Worcester co. Mass. 40 w of Boston. [ssw of R. Wilkinsonville, pv. Chesterfield co. Va. 32 Wilkinsville, pv. Union dist. S. C. 98 nw of Columbia. Wilkinsville, v. Clarke co. Ga. Willammette, wil-lam'met, written also Wal-ah'mutte, a r. of Oregon, falling into the Columbia near Ft. Vancouver. The val- ley of this river is regarded as the finest and most fertile portion of the whole territory Willemstadt, a pretty sea-port t., cap. of Curagoa, in the West Indies. Pop. esti- mated at 7,000. [land. Willet, pt. Cortland co N.Y. 18 se of Ccrt- Williams r. Vt. flows into the Connecticut. Williams, tp Northampton co. Pa. Wu liamsborough, pv. Grauviile co. N. C. 48 N of Raleigh. [Pleasant f Williamsburg", pt. Pweataqufs co. Me. on Williamsburg, pt. Hampshire co. Mass. 100 w of Boston. Williamsburg, Long I. See Gazetteer. Williamsburg, borough, Blair county, Pa. 50 on the Juniata. [hse of R Williamsburg, v. cap. oi' James City en Vu WIL 678 WIN Williamsburg, pv. Iredell co. N. C. 157 w of Raleigh. [82 se of J. Williamsburg, pv. cap. of Covington co. Miss. Williamsburg, pv. Mason co. Ky. 90 ene of F. Williamsburg, pv. cap. of Whitley co. Ky. on Cumberland river. [Cincinnati. Williamsburg, pt. Clermont co. O. 28 e of Williamsburg, pv. Wayne co. Ind. 73 e of Is. Williamsburg, pv. Callaway co. Mo. 37 nne of Jefferson City. [nw of Cs. Williams Centre, pv. Williams co. O. 170 Williams College Grant, tp. Aroostook co. Me. [of Cs. Williamsfield, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 200 ne Williamson, pt. Wayne co. N. Y. on Lake Ontario, 200 wnw of Albany. Williamsport, boro', cap. Lycoming co. Pa. 160 nw of Philadelphia. [tomac r. Williamsport, pv. Washington co. Md. on Po- Williamsport, pv. Hardy co.Va. 180 NwnfR. Williamsport, pv. Maury co. Tenn. 45 ssw Williamsport, v. Columbiana co. O. [of Ne. Williamsport, pv. Pickaway co. O. 35 s Cs. Williamsport, pv. cap. of Warren co. Ind. on the Wabash. [Tuscaloosa. Williamston, pv. Barbour co. Ala. 186 se of Williamstown, pt. Orange co.Vt. 11 se Mtr. Williamstown, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. on Hoosick river. It is the seat of Williams College. [Oswego. Williamstown, pt. Oswego co. N.Y. 28 e of Williamstown, pv. Lancaster co. Pa. 50 ese of Harrisburg. [on Roanoke r. Williamstown, pv. cap. of Martin co. N. C. Williamstown, pv. cap. of Grant co. Ky. 50 nne of Frankfort. [Indianapolis. Williamstown, pv. Decatur co. Ind. 55 se of Williamsville, pv. Windham co.Vt. 120 s of Montpelier. Williamsville, pv. Erie co. N.Y. 278 w of Al. Williamsville, pv. Kent co. Del. 22 ssw Dover. Williamsville, pv. Person co. N.C. 60 nnw Rh. Willimanset, pv. Hampden co. Mass. on Connecticut r. [r. to form the Shetucket. Willimantic r. Conn, unites with Natcliaug Willimantic, pv. Windham co. Conn.28EHd. Willingborough, tp. Burlington co. N. J. 7 nw of Mount Holly. Willington, tp. Piscataquis co. Me. Willington, pt. Tolland co. Conn. 28 w of Hd. Willington, pv. Abbeville dist. S. C. 100 w Ca. Williston, pt. Chittenden co. Yt. 32 nnw of Montpelier. Williston, pv. Barnwell dist. S. C. 98 ssw Ca. Williston, pv. Callaway co. Ky. 265 wsvv F. Willistown, tp. Chester co. Pa. 20 nw Phila. Willoughby, pv. Lake co. O. 164 nne of Cs. Willow Grove, pv. Montg. co. Pa. 13 n Phila. Willsborough, pt. Essex CO. N.Y. 15 NE of Willsborough, tp. Tioga co. Pa. [Elizabeth. Wills, tp. Guernsey co. O. Willshire, pt.Van Wert co. 0. 130 wnw Cs. Wilmington, pt. Windham co. Vt. 17 e of Bennington. [of B. Wilmington, pt. Middlesex co.Mass. 16 nnw Wilmington, pt. Essex co. N.Y. on Saranac r. Wilmington, Del. See Gazetteer. Wilmington, pv. Fluvanna co. Va. 58 wnw R. Wilmington, N. C. See Gazetteer. Wilmington, pv. M'Cracken co. Ky. [of Cs. Wilmington, pv. cap. of Clinton co. O. 72 sw Wilmington, pv. Dearborn co. Ind. 84 se of Is. Wilmington, pv. Will co. 111. 152 ne of Sd. Wilmington Island, Ga. in Savannah r. 6 m. long, 4 broad. Wilmore, pv. Cambria co. Pa. Wilmot, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. 27 nw Cd. Wilmurt, tp. Herkimer co. N.Y. 35 n of Herkimer. [swofAL Wilna, pt. Jefferson co. N.Y. on Black r. 157 Wilna, pv. Houston co. Ga. 60 sw of M. Wilson, pt. Piscataquis co. Me. [port. Wilson, pt. Niagara co. N.Y. 10 nw of Lock. Wilsonville, pv. Bath co.Va. 198 wnw R Wilsonville, pv. Lincoln co. N. C. 185 wsW of Raleigh. Wilsonville, pv. Shelby co. Ala. 82 E of T. Wilsonville, pv. Spencer co. Ky. 35 wsw F. Wilton, pt. Franklin co. Me. 38 wnw of A Wilton, pt. Hillsborough co. N.H.40 s of Cd Wilton, pt. Fairfield co. Conn. 74 sw of Hd. Wilton, pt. Saratoga co. N.Y. 43 N of Al. Wilton, pv. Granville co. N. C. 34 N of Rh. Winchendon, pt. Worcester co. Mass. 60 wnw of Boston. [Concord. Winchester, pt. Cheshire co. N.H. 64 swof Winchester, pt. Litchfield co. Conn. 26 nw Hd. Winchester, Va. See Gazetteer. Winchester, pv. cap. of Wayne co. Miss, on Chickasawha r. 150 ese of J. [94 sse Ne. Winchester, pv. cap. of Franklin co. Tenn. Winchester, pv. cap. Clarke co. Ky. 44 ese F. Winchester, tp. Adams co. O. Winchester, pv. Guernsey co. O. 87 e of Cs. Winchester, pv. cap. of Randolph co. Ind. 81 ene of Indianapolis. [of Sd. Winchester, pv. cap. of Scott co. 111.50 wsw Winchester, pv. Clarke co. Mo. 165 n of Jef. Winchester, pv. Van Buren co. Iowa. [City. Winchester Centre, pv. Litchfield co. Conn. 30 nw of Hartford. [Augusta. Windham, pt. Cumberland co. Me. 56 sse of Windham, pt. Rockingham co. N.H 40 se Cd. Windham, pt. Windham co.Vt. 104 s of Mtr Windham, pt. Windham co. Conn. 31 E of Hd Windham, pt. Greene co. N.Y. 45 sw of Al. Windham, pt. Bradford co. Pa. 162 N of H. Windham, tp. Luzerne co. Pa. 25 nw of Wilkesbarre. "Windham, pt. Portage co. O. 160 ne of Cs. Windham Centre, pv. Greene co. N.Y. 50 sw of Albany. Windsor, pt. Kennebec co. Me. 10 e of A. Windsor, tp. Hillsborough co. N. H. [river. Windsor, pv. cap. of Windsor co.Vt. on Conn. Windsor, pt. Berkshire co. Mass. 123 w of B. Windsor, pt. Hartford co. Conn. 7 N of Hd. Windsor, pt. Broome co. N.Y. on Susqa. r. Windsor, tp. Berks co. Pa. on Schuylkill r. Windsor, pt. York co. Pa. 42 s of H. Windsor, pv. cap. Bertie co.N. C. 100 ene Rh. Windsor, pv. Walton co. Ga. 70 nnw of M. Windsor, pt. Ashtabula co. O. 126 ne of Cs. Windsor, pt. Lawrence co. O. 110 sse of Cs. Windsor, pv. Randolph co. Ind. 71 ene of Is Windsor, pv. Bureau co. III. 120 n of Sd. Windsor Locks, pv. Hartford co. Conn. 1J fc of Hartford. Winesburg, pv. Holmes co. O. 105 ne of Cs Winfield, pt. Herkimer co. N.Y. 76 wof Al. Wingville, pv. Grant co. W is. 67 w Madison Winhall, pt. Bennington co. Vt. 97 s of Mtr. Winnebago, lake, Wis. 21 m long, 10 broad. Winnemac, pv. cap. of Pulaski co. Ind. 100 N of Indianapolis. Winnicut r. N.H. a tributary of Piscataqua river, which it enters through Great Bay, Winnipisiogee, lake and r. N.H. See Gaz- etteer. [S. C. 30 nnw of Ca Winnsborough, pv cap. of Fairtreec Luisna Mahrburg Marosz Melvklitz Mischkoks Mentore Monaca Correctly written. Amasera or Amassera Ajaccio Brazos Biela Berezina Brazza Curzola Carmo Chi em See Gitschin Orislano Curuguaty Dhawalaghiri De los Patos Edinburgh Eelee or Hi Cervin Crossen Kizil Irmak Kennanshah* or Kir- Kozmin [manshah Koksak or Koksoak Langenthal Lubeck Ljusne or Liusne Marburg Maros or Marosch Medvieditza [kolcz Mischkoltz* or Mis- Mentone Monaco Incorrectly written. Correctly written. Mourden Moukden or Mookden Mourzuk Mourzouk Muher Muhr or Mur Neembuco Neembucu Nivada Nevada Olensk Olenek Orosci Orosei Osium Karahissar Afium Karahissar Oualin Ouanlin or Ooanlin Oustug Oustioug or Oostioog Pambo Pambu Paracato Paracatu or Parazatu Pest Pesth Porto Vecchia Porto Vecchio Quibdo Quibo Sarayuca Sarayacu Sassara Sassari Selinga Selenga Shilkan Shilka Sinbirsk Simbirsk Sitcha Sitka [gootoi Suigutoi Surgutoi* or Soor- Sougari Soungari Temiscanning Temiscaming Tcharri Tchany Templeburg Tempelburg Tetzel Ietze Udina Udine Zazan Zaizan Znayn Znaym Weishorn Weisshorn * These are given first, not because they are preferable in themselves, but because they are evidently the spellings which were before the mind of the engraver when the mistakes were originally made. Kirmanshah, Miskolcz, and Soorgootoi or Soorgoot, are in fact prefer- able to the others. PREFACE. ill This list might be greatly extended, especially -with names from th« maps of those portions of the world of which comparatively little is known, e. g. the countries of Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe. In some few instances mistakes in spelling, which in the first place have doubtless originated in mere inadvertence, have, by being copied from one map to another, gradually become so general, that they seem at length to have bid defiance to the reproach which ordinarily attaches to such faults, or to have become legitimated by the respectability or number of those by which they are adopted. Behring's (Strait) is a remarkable instance of this kind. In only one out of a great number of atlases that we have ex- amined, is it uniformly spelled correctly. But another, in which the name occurs five times, has it misspelled only once. It is very often given differ- ently on the different maps of the same atlas — generally Bhering, some- times Beering or Bering, but very rarely Behring, which is the correct spelling. As the strait alluded to derives its name from the navigator who is sup- posed to have visited it first, it is evident that the name of the strait should be written in the same manner as that of the navigator. Another instance of a similar kind is furnished in Los Angeles, the name of a town in California. This is almost invariably written incorrectly Los Angelos. A3 the name is Spanish, and signifies "the Angels," there is no difficulty in determining the true orthography, which is as we have first given it, Los Angeles. It is, however, important to distinguish between the misspelling of geo- graphical names and that legitimate diversity of spelling, which naturally results from the different power attributed by different nations to the same letters. (See Preface to the Gazetteer, page xii.) It may be proper to say a few words respecting omissions in the Sup- plement, which are not referable to mistakes in orthography merely. A number of names have crept into some of our most respectable school atlases, for which, after the most careful research, we can find no sufficient authority. Choumalarie, sometimes given as the highest mountain in the world, may be cited as an example. Balbi (who writes the name Tchhamou- lari) gives it among the mountains of Asia, but speaks of its height as undetermined; at the same time vaguely assigning it a place "on the limits of Bootan." Cannabich gives it (written Chamalari) as one of the highest mountains of Asia, without indicating its position more definitely than merely naming it among the Himalayas. Mount Tchhamoulari or Chou- malarie is not to be found on Balbi's map of India, nor on the maps of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, nor in the excellent and accurate atlas of Gilbert, recently published in London. This work, in its list of mountains, gives Dhawalaghiri as the highest on the globe, but does not so much as name Choumalarie. It is a curious if not significant circum- stance, that those atlases which give Mount Choumalarie, assign to it almost the identical position that is given to Dhawalaghiri on Balbi's map of India ; which position, according to the best authorities, oannot be less than three IV PREFACE. hundred miles from the nearest part of Bootan ! The various and contra- dictory spellings of the name in question, render it no less difficult to deter- mine its pronunciation, than to ascertain the precise locality to which it belongs, if indeed such a locality exist. In view of the foregoing facts, wo have thought it advisable to wait for further information before attempting to give the pronunciation of a name, which at present seems wholly involved in doubt and perplexity. In a number of instances, especially, where the pronunciation could not easily be mistaken, we have inserted doubtful names, with a point of interrogation affixed. From the belief that it will materially contribute to the practical utility of our system of geographical orthoepy, a list of those names which are most frequently mispronounced is appended to the Supplement. It is obvious that such a list, were it deemed advisable, might readily be much extended in a future edition. Great pains have been taken in order to render the Supplement a com- plete key to the various spellings of oriental and other names. (For a full explanation of this interesting subject, see Preface to the Gazetteer, pp. xii. and xiii., and pp. 28 and 29 of the Introduction; also the Table of different spellings at the end of the Introduction.) This feature of our work, which is peculiar to the Pronouncing Gazetteer, and which is so important to every intelligent teacher, inasmuch as it affords the only means of extricating an extensive department of geography from per- plexity and confusion, has been much more fully developed in this than in the former editions of the Gazetteer. Although the utmost care has been taken to render the present edition of our work as faultless as possible, we are not so sanguine as to imagine that it will be found to be without defects. In a publication of this sort, where there are so many minute marks made use of in order to indicate the exact pronunciation,* it is impossible but that some inadvertencies will occur, not to mention those errors which may in some cases result from a deficiency of information. For such unavoidable defects we trust that the candid and enlightened critic will make due allowance. * It may not be improper here t© call the attention of our readers to the great advantage possessed by a stereotype work, from the facilities it affords for attaining absolute accuracy. All persons who have any acquaintance with the subject must be aware of the difficulty or rather impossibility of printing any work which shall at first be entirely free from typo- graphical errors. This difficulty is greatly increased in a book like the present, in which many signs and figures are employed to mark the pronunciation. In a stereotype work the errors may be corrected in the plates, as they are discovered, while those parts which are already correct remain undisturbed. In this way any conceivable degree of accuracy may bo gradually attained. SUPPLEMENT EXPLANATION OF THE SIGNS OF NOTATION USED IN THE FOLLOWING WORK Fate, far, fall, fat, me, me't, no, not ; a, 6, I, o, a, long; a., 6, 1, 6, p, short; a, e, i, y, obscure ; oo as in moon, 66 as in good, ou as in our (or ow as in now), N similar to ng, gh like g- hard, th as in thin, th as in this, w indicates a sound similar to our v ; it is intended, how- ever, that the English scholar shall pronounce it like simple w. Ah is employed to denote a sound intermediate between a and a, but more resembling th« latter, e. g. al-a-bah'ma. When h (not small capital) occurs at the end of a syllable in the pronunciation of a name, it is not to be sounded. An acute accent (') is used to denote the primary or principal accent ; a grave ( x ) to mark the secondary accent of a name, e. g. Pas"sa-ma-quod'dy. Ujf For further particulars see pp. 50 and 51 of the Gazetteer — especially Observations 1 and 2, on p. 51. ADA Aa, &&. Aachen, aa'icen. See Aix-la-Chapelle. Aalborg, ol'boRg. Aar, atLR, or Aren, a'ren. Aargau, aait'gow (Fr. Argovie, ar'goW). Aarhuus, oR'hooce. Aath, alt. See Ath. Abaco, a'ba-ko, i. of W. Indies. Abakan, a-ba-kan'. Abakansk, a-ba-kansk\ Abancay, a-ban-kl'. Abano, a-ba'no. Abascia or Abassia, ab-ash'e-a. Abbeville (France), abbVeel' or abbVill'. Abbeville (S. C), ab'be-vil. Abbetibbie or Ab'be-tib'be, I. of British Amer. Abd-el-Curia, ab-del-kooVe-a, (written also Kooree or Kouri,) t. of Ind. Ocean. Ab'er-broth'ock or Ar'broath. Ab-er-deen'. Abergavenny, ab-er-ga'ne. Ab-er-ist'with (th as in thin) Abert, a'bert, I. of Oregon. Ab'ing-ton. Abo,S'bo (Sw. Abo, 5'boo). Abomey, ab-o-ma'. Abookeer, Aboukir, or Abukir, a-boo-keer'. Abootizh, Aboutige, or Aboutij, a-boo-tizh' ; written, also, Abutisch and Abootish. Abrantes, a-brau't&s. Abrolhos, a-brole'yoce. Abruzzo Citra, &-broot'so chee'tra. Abruzzo Ultra, a-broot'so ool'tra. *Ab-se'cum or Absecorabe. Abukir. See Abookeer. Abutige or Abutisch. Sec Abootizh. Ab-ys-sin'i-a. Acapulco, a-ka-pool'ko. Aoaray, a-ka-ri', mts. of Brazil. Ac'co-mack. Accra. See Acra. Acheen or Atch-een'. Achigan, ash N e-gan' or a'she'gaN', r. of Canada. Acini, ak'il, i. of Ireland. Achmim or Akhmym, aK-meem'. Achrnouneyn. See Oshmooneyn. Acoircagua, a-koii-ka'gwa, prov. of Chili. Acqui or Aqui, ii'que. Ac'ra or Ac'cra. Acre, a'ker or a'ker. A-dair'. Adalia, i-da'le-a, or Satalia, sa-ta'lo-a. 59 A1S Adana. a'da-na. Ad'da, ad'da. Adel, a-del'. Aden, a'den or a'den. Adige, ad'e-je (It. pron. a'de-ji; Ger. Etsch etch). Adirbeitzan. See Azerbaijan. Ad-i-ron'dack. Adlerberg, a'dler-beRG, or Arlberg, aitrbeRG Adour, ad'ooR'. Adowah, a'do-wa, or Adova, a'do-va. Adramiti, a'dra-mee'te. Adria, a'dre-a. Adrianople, ad-re-an-o'pel. AdVi-a/ic. JEgean (Sea) e-jee'an. JEg'ma, e-jl'na, i. of Greece. -5Jroe, a'ro or i'ro-eh. JEtna, pronounced, and often written, Et'na. Afghanistan, af-gan v is-tan'. Afioom, Afioum, or Afium, a-fe-oom'. Afragola, a-fra-go'la. Af'rl-ca. Agably or Aghably, a'ga-blee', t. of N. Af- rica. Agadir, a-ga-deer', (called also Santa Cruz,) t. of Morocco. Agdas, ag v das', or Aghades, a'ga-des, t. of Africa. Agde, agd. Agen, azhaV. [This is an exception to a general rule : the regular pronunciation would be a'zhaN', almost a-zhong.] Aghrim, aug'rim or auH'rim, t. of Ireland. Agnone, an-yo'na. Agosta, a-gos'ta. Agra, a'gra. Agram, a/gram, t. of Austria. *Aguadilla, a-gwa-Deel'ya. *Agua Nueva, a'gwa nwa'va. *Aguas Calientes, a'gw&s ka-le-Sn'tes. Aguayo, a : gwI'o, t. of Mexico. Agulhas, a-gool'yas, cape forming ths S. point of Africa. Ahanta, a- han't a. Ahmedabad, a'med-a-bad'. Ah'med-nug'ger. Ahwaz, a\vaz', t. of Persia. Aichstadt. See Eichst'adt. Ain, &n. Aintab, Tne-tab'. Aisue, ane. ALL ANA Aix, aks. Aix-la-Chapelle,aks-l&-shi!l > peir(Ger. Aachen, Sl'iten). Ajaccio, a-yat'cho, or Ajazzo, a-yat'so. Ajan, a-zhan'. Ajalon, adj'a-lon, t. of Palestine. Ajasaluk. See Ayasoolook. Akaba, a'kil-ba, t. of Arabia. Akerman, a'ker-man\ Akhaf, a v Kaf, desert of Arabia. Akhissar, ak'his-saR'. Akhmym or Achmim, aic-meem', written sometimes Ekhmyra. Akshehr, Akchehr, or Akscheher, ak-shShV or ak-sha'her. Aksoo, Aksou, or Aksu, ak soo', t. of Chin. Tartary. Alabama, al-a-bah/ma. Alachua, al-atch'u-a. Alagoas, a-la-go'as, U of Brazil. Alais, a'la'. *Alamo, a'la-mo. *Alamos, a'la-moce. Aland, u'land (Sw. Aland, o'land). *Alaqua, al'a-quaw. Alashehr or Alaschehr, a v la-sh£h'r' or a-la- | sha'her. Alba, ai'ba. Al Baab, &l-baab, t. of N. Africa. Albacete, al-ba-tha'ta. Al'ba Ju'li-a. See Karlsburg. Al-ba'ni-a (Turk. Arnaootleek or Arnaoutlik. ! aR'na-oot'leek). Albano, al-ba'no. Albans, St., sent aul'bunz. Albany, aul'ben-e. Al'be-marle (in England). Al-be-marle' (in the United States). Albula, al'boo-la, r. of Switzerlattd. Albuquerque, ai-boo-keit'ka. Alby or AIbi, al'be, (Fr. pron. arbe'). Alcala, a-ka-la'. Alcala de Henares, al-k§.-la' da Sn-a'r&s. Alcamo, &l'ka-mo. Alcaniz, aUkan-yeeth'. Alcatiiara, al-kan'ta-ra. Alckmaer. See Alkmaar. Al-co'na. Alcoy, al-ko'e. Aklabra, al-da'bra, i. E. of Africa. Aldan, al-dau', r. of Siberia. Alden, aul'den. Alderney, aul'der-ne. x Alem-Tejo or Alen-Tejo, a-leng-ta'zho. Alencon, a-len'son (Fr. pron. u'lajTsoN'). Al-ep'po, or Haleb, ha'leb. Aleria, a-la-ree'a, t. of Corsica. Alessandria, al-Ss-san'dre-L Aleutian, a-lu'she-an, or Aleutan, a-lu'tan. Al-ex-an-dret'ta. See Scanderoon. Al-ex-an'dri-a. *Alford, aul'furd. Algarve, al-gaR'va, or Al-gar'bi-a. Algeziras, alg-ez-ee'ras, or Algeciras (Sp. pron. of both, al-na-thee'ras). Algiers, al-jeerz'. Al-go a, bay in S. Africa. Albania, al-a'ma. Alicante, a-le-kan'ta, or Al-i-cant'. Alicata, a-le-ka'ta. Alkmaar or Alckmaer, alk-mar'. Allahabad, ariiih-ha-bad\ Alle, al'leh. Arie-gha'jiy. Al'ten. Allier, arie-a'. Al'lo-a. Almaden, al-ma-Den\ Almansa, al-raan'sa. Almeida, al-ma'e-da. Almeria, al-ma-ree'a. Almirante, al-me-ran'ta, i. E. of ifrtea Almunecar, al-moo-na-kaR'. Alnwick or Alnewick, an'nik. Al Obeid. See Obeid. Al-pe'na. Alps, alps. Alsace, al'sass'. Als, als, or Alsen, al'sen. Alstahong, als'ta-hong, t . of Norway. Altai, al-tl'. Altamaha, aurta-ma-hau'. *Altamira, al-ta-mee'ra. Altamura, al-ta-moo'ra. Altena or Altona, al'to-na. Al'ten-burg (Ger. pron. al'ten-bfttiRG'). Al-tin or Altyn, al-tin', I. of Siberia. Alton, aul'tun. Altorf, al'toRf, or Altdorf. Altzey or Alzey, alt'sl. AluSa or Alquta, a-loo'ta, r. of Wallachia *Alvarado, al-va-ra'Do. Alvarez, al'ya-rls, t. of Cuba. Amager, a'ma-gher. Amalfi, a-mal'fe. Amapala, a-ma-pa'la, t. &f Honduras. Amarapoura. See Ummerapoora. Amasera or Amasrah, a-mas'ra. Amasia or Amasieh, a-ma'see'a. Amatique, am-a-teek', bay of Central Amer. Amaxichi, a-max'e-itee, t. on Santa Maura 1. Am'a-zon (Sp. Maranon, ma-ran-yone' ; call- ed, also, Orellana, o-rel-ya'na). Am-a-zo'm-a. Am'berg (Ger. pron. am'beRG). Ambert, aafbaiR'. Amboise, aMbVaz' (almost aubVIze'}. Am- boy'. Am-boy'na. Ambriz, am'briz, or am-breez', r. of Guinea^ Am'bro, cape of Madagascar. Am'brose, St., i. W. of Chili. Ameland, a'mel-ant. Am-e'lt-a. Am-er'i-ca. Amersfort or Amersfoort, a'mers-f5rt. Amga, am'ga. r. of Siberia. Amhara, am-ha'ra. Amherst, am'urst. Amherstburg, am'urst-burg. Amiens, am'e-enz (Fr. pron. ivme-aN'). Amite, am-eet'. Amlwch, am'look. Araraer, am'mer, r. of Bavaria. Am-mon-o6'suek. Amoo or Amou, a-moo'. See Oxus. A moor or Amour, a-moor'. Amorgo, a-mor'go, or Amor'gos, i. of Greet* *Amoskeag, am'os-keg'. Amoy' or Emoui, em-oo'e, i. on E. coast of China. Amretsir, am-ret-seer', or Um-rit-seer . Am'ster-dam. Amu. See Amoo. Amur. See Amoor. An-ab'a-ra, or ii-na'ba-ra', r. of Siberia. An-a-deer' or Anadir. •Anahuac. an-a-wak'. APE A-rwHolt-a. See Natolia. Ancona, an-co'na. Andalusia, an-da-lu'she-a, (Sp. Andalucia, an-da-loo-thee'a). A>R-da-man'. Andelys, Les, laze-a-Nd'le'. Andeniach, au'der-naK. Andes, an'diz. Audorra, an-dor'rl. An'do-ver. Andro, an'dro, or An'dros, i. of Greece. An'dros-cog'gin. Andujar or Anduxar, an-doo'Har. Angara, ang v ga-ra', r. of Siberia. * Angelica, au-jel'e-ka. * Angelina, an-je-lee'na, r. of Texas-. Angerrnanland, ong'er-man-land. Angers, an'jerz, formerly written Angiers (Fr. pron. ajf'zha'). Anglesey or Anglesea, ang'gl-se. An-go'Ja. An-go'ra or An-goo'ra (Turk. En-goor'). Angornoo or Angornou, an-gor-noo', t. of Seodan. Angostura, an-gos-too'ra. Angouleme, aN'goo'larne'. Angra, ang'gra. Anguilla, aog-ghil'la (Sp. Anguila, an- ghee'la). Angus, ang'gus. Anhalt, au'halt. Anholt, an'holt. Aniba, a-ne-ba', r. of Brazil. Anjou, jtn'joo, (Fr. pron. ajTzhoo'). Anjouan. See Anzooan. Auklam, an'klam. An-ko'ber. An'na-berg (Ger. pron, an'na-bfiRG*). An-nap'o-lis. Ann Ar-un'del. Anne, St., (Brazil). See Santa Anna. Annecy, ann'ce'. An'no-bon\ (Port. Auno-Bom, an'no-boN',) i. W. of Africa. An-no-nay'. Anspacb, ans'paK. *An'son. Antalo, an'taMo', t. of Abyssinia. Antequera, an-ta-ka'ra. Antibes, S.N'teeb'. Anticosti, an-te-kos'te. *Antietam, an-tee'tum. Antigua, an-tee'ga. Antilles, an-teel . Antioch, an'te-ok (Turk. Antakia, an-ta'kee v a). Antioquia, an-te-o-kee'a. An-tip'a-tris, t. of Palestine. Antisaua, an-te-sa'na. Antongil, aN'tou'zheer, or Antongil's, an-ton'- jilz, bay of Madagascar. An'trim. Ant'werp (Dutch Antwerpen, ant'werp-en,* Fr. Anvers, aMVaiR')- Anzin, a>fza.N'. Anzooan or Anzuan, an-zoo-an' ; written, also, Anjouan. Aosta, 8,-os'ta, Apache, a-pa/cha, (Indians) in the S. of Cali- fornia. Apalachee, ap-a-lah'che, bay of Florida. Apalachicola. See Appalachicola. Apapura, a-pa-poo'ra, r. of S. America. Ap'eu-nlnes. t ARL Apiocacumish. apVo-kak'um-ish , J I. of La* brador. Ap-ol-lO'm-a, t. of Palestine. Ap-pa-lach-'i-co'la. Appeiizell, ap-pent-sell , Ap'pling. Ap-po-mat'tox. Apt, apt. Apure, a-poo'rd. Aqui, a'que. Aquila, a'que-la. *Aquin, a'kaa'. Aquino, a-quee'no. Arabia, a-a'be-a. Aracan. See Arracan. j Aracati, a-ra-ka-tee r , t. vf Brazil. " ! Arad, a'rad, t. of Palestine. ! Arad, 6r'6d\ j Aragon, aVra-gon (Sp. pron. ar-ra-gone f ) . I Araguay, ar-a-gvvl'. | Aral, ar'al. ; Aranjuez, a-ran-Hwefh T . Ar-an'sas, t. of Texas. *Ar-ap'a-hoe. Ararat, ir'a-rat. Aras, ar'as, or Ar-ax'cs. | Arauca, a-rou'ka, r. of New Granada. Araucanians, ar-au-ka'ne-ans. Arbe, aR'ba. Ar-brOath. See Aberbrothock. Ar-ca'di-a (Modern Gr. Arkadia, aR-ka-dee'a) t. of Greece. Archangel, ark-ane'jel (Russ. pron. aRk-ang'- ghel). Archipelago, ar-ke-pel'a-go, a name given originally to the sea which separates Greece from Asia Minor, but now often applied lo any sea interspersed with islands, Arcis, aR'se', t. of France. Areola, aR-ko'la, t. of N. Italy. Ar'cot'. Ardeche, aR'daish'. Ar'den or Ardennes, aR'denn'. Ardencaple, ar'den-kap'el, inlet of Greenland. Ar'drah. Arechat or Arichat, ar're-sh t', t. on I. Ma- dame. Arecivo, a-ra-see'vo, t. of Porto Rico. Arensburg, a'rens-b§RG. See ArnsbeTg. Arequipa, a-ra-kee'pa. Arezzo, a-ret'so. Argentan, aR'zhaiv'taN'. Argenteuil, aR v zhaNtui/ Argentine (ar'jen-tlne) Republic (Sp. Repub- hca Argentina, ra-poob'le-ka aR-HSn tee'- na). See Plata, La. Argentiere, aR'zhaN'te-aiR'. Argoon, Argoun, or Argun, ar-goon'. Ar'gos, t. of Greece. Argostoli, aR-gos'to-le. Argun. See Argoon. Argyle or Argyll, ar-ghyle'. Argyro Castro, aR'ghe-ro kas'tro. Arica, a-ree'ka. Ariege, a're-aizh f . Ar-t-ma-th6'a, t. of Palestine. Arinhos, a-reeu'yoce, r. of Brazil. *Arispe, a-ris'pa. Ar-kan'sas, formerly pronounced, and gome- times written, Ar'kan-saw. Ar-kee'ko ; written, also, Arkiko. Ark'l5w, t. of Ireland. Arl'berg (Ger. pron. aRl'blRG). See Adler- berg. ATH AZO Aries, arlz (Fr. pron. aRl). Armagh, ar'ma'. • Armagnac, aR'man'yak . Ar-me'ni-a. Armentiere, aR'mlbfte-aiR'. Arm'strong. Arn'hem ; written, also, Arnheim, arn'hlme. Ar'no. Ar'non, t. of Palestine. Arns'berg (Ger .pron. aRns'b^RG). Arnstadt, aKn'st&tt. Aroan or Arouan, a-roo-an', almost ar-w&n', t. of Central Africa. Aroer, ar'o-er, t. of Palestine. Ar'ol-sen or a'rol-sen, t. of Germany. Ar-oos'took. Arpino, aR-pee'no. A r'ra-can' or Aracan. Ar'ran. *Ar-rap'a-hoe. See Arapahoe. Ar'ras (Fr. pron. arYass'). Ar'roe ; more correctly, iEroe. Ar'ta or Nar'da. Artois, aR'twa'. Arundel, aVun-del (in England). Ar-un'del (in the U. S.) Asaph, az'af. As'ben'j t. of Africa. Ascension, as-sen'shun. Aschaffenburg, ash-affen-burg (Ger. pron. a-shaf'fen-booRG") . Aschersleben, ash-ers-la'ben. Ascoli, as'ko-le. Ash-an'tee, sometimes written Achanti. Ash'dod (Az-o'tus), t. of Palestine. Ashe, ash. Ash'er, tribe of Israelites. Ash-ta-bu'la. Ash'ta-roth, t. of Palestine Ash'ton. *Ashuelot, ash'we-lot. Asia, a'she-a (often improperly pronounced a'zhe-a). As'ke-lon, t. of Palestine. Asna. See Esne. Aspern, as'pern, t. of Austria. As'sam'. Assen, as'sen. As-sin'i-boi'n v , r. of British America. Assisi, as-see'se. Assouan or Assuan. See Asswan. Assumption, as-sump'shun (Sp. Asuncion, a-soon-the-one'). Asswan, Assouan, or Assuan, as-swcLn'. Asterabad, as v ter-a-bad', or Astrabad, as'tra- b&d'. Asti, as'te. Astorga, as-tor'ga. As-to'ri-a. As-tra-can' or Astrakhan (Russ. pron. as-tra- xan') . Asturias, Ss-too're-^s. Atacama, a-ta-ka'ma. Atauai, a-tou-I'. See Atooi. Atchafalaya, atch-af-a-11'a. Atch-een' or Acheen. At-fe', sometimes written Atfih. Ath or Aath, aat. Ath-a-pes'c5w or Ath-a-bas'ca. Ath -boy'. Athens, Ath-lone'. Ath'os. Athy, ath-I\ Atico, a-teeTco, t. of Peru. Atina, a-tee'na. At-lan'tic. At'las. Atooi, a-too-T', more properly written Atauai or Tauai. Atri, a'tre. At'ta-la. Atter, at'ter (Ger. Atter-See, at'ter-sa/) I. of Austria. Attigny, af teen'ye'. At'tock' or Attock Benares, at'tock' bSn-i'- rez. ACtruck', r. of Persia. Atuai. See Atooi. Aube, 5be. Au'burn. Aubusson, o v bus v sc-N\ Auch, Osh. Aude, ode. Audenarde, o'den-aRd'. See Oudenarde. Auerbach, ou'er-bax. Augsburg (Ger. pron. ouGs'booRG). Augela or Aujila, au'je-la, t. of N. Africa. Au-gus'ta or Agosta. Augustine (St.), au-gus-teen'. Aurich, ow'riK, r. of Germany. Aurillac, O'reePyak', t. of France. Aurungabad, o-rung-ga-bad'. Aus'ter-litz (Ger. pron. ous'ter-lits). Aus'tral (Is), a group^ of Polynesia. Australasia, aus-tral-a'she-a. Australia, aus-tra'le-a. Aus'tral-ind, t. of Australia. Aus'tri-a (Ger. Destreich, ost'rlxe). Au-tau'ga. Autun, o N tuN'. Auvergne, o-vern' or o'vaiKn'. *Aux Cayes, o kay. Auxerre, O-saiR'. Auxonne, Ox'onn', or Aussonne, Bs'sonn'. Ava, a'va. Avatchka. See Awatska. Avallon,, aVaPlc-N'. Aveiro, a-va'e-ro. Avella, a-vel'la. Avellino, a-vfil-lee'no. Avenches, aVaNsh'. Averno, a-veVno. Aversa, a^veR'sa. Avesnes, a Vain'. Aveyron, a v vcPr6isr'. Avezzano. a-vSt-sa'no. Avignon, aVeen'yON'. Avila, a've-la. Avlona, av-lo'ni. Avon, a'von. Avoyelles, av-oi-elz' (commonly called a-yf el). Avranches, av v raNsh'. A-wats'ka or A-vatch'ka. Awe, au. Axoom, Axoum, or Axum, ax-oom'. Ayacucho, T-a-koo'cho, t. of Peru. Ayamonte, I-a-mon'ta. Ayasoolook, I'a-soo-look' ; written, also, Ayasalouk and Ajasaluk. Aylesbury, ailz'ber-e. Ayr, air. Ayrshire, air'shir. Azerbaijan, az-er-bT-jan'. Az'of, Azoph, or Azov. Azores, az'ors or az-O'rez (Port Acores, . a-so'r§s). BAM B. Baalbec , baal'bek' See Balbec. Ba'bel-man'del, or, more correctly, Bab-el- man'deb. Bacchiglione, bak-keel-yo'na. Ba-dag'ry. Badajos, bad-a-hoce' (Sp. Badajoz, ba-Da 116th'). Badakhshan. See Budukhshan. Badenweiler, ba-den-wl'ler. Badku, bad-koo', or Bakoo. Baeza or Baeca, ba-a'tha. Baffa, baffa. Baffin's (Bay). Bagdad, bag-dad' or bag'dad ; written, also, Bagdat. Baghermeh, ba-gher'meh, kingdom of Africa. Bagnarea, ban-ya-ra-'a, t. of Italy. Bagneres de Bigorre, Mn'yaiR' deh be'gorr'. Bagneres de Luchon, ban'yaiR' deh lu'sh6N'. ignols, baify°l'- Bahs ba-hi'i Bahar, ba-har'. Bahari, ba'H'ree, prov. of Egypt. Bahia, ba-ee'a, or San Salvador, san sal-va- dor'. Bahrein, bah-rane'. Bahr-el-Abiad, bar-el-a'be-ad", branch of the R. Nile. Bahr-el-Azrek, bar-el-az'rek v , branch of the Nile. Bahr-el-Merj. See El Margi. Baikal, bi'kaP. Baireuth, bT'rQth (Ger. pron. bi'roit). Bairout. See Beyroot. Baja, bi'ya. Bajada or Baxada, ba-na'da, t. of La Plata. Bajazid See Bayazid. Bakoo or Bakou,ba"koo'; written, also, Badkn. Bakteghian or Bakhteghian, baK.-te-ghe-an', or Bak-te-r Karlstadt, kaRl'stattjf. of Croatia. Car'mel, mt. of Palestine. Car'men, i. of Mexico. Car'mo, t. of Brazil. Car-nat'ic. Car-ni-o'la (Ger Krain, krTne). Carolina, kar-o-ll'na. Caroni, ka-ro-nee', r. of Venezuela. Carpathian, kar-pa'the-an. Car'pa-thus, i. of Greece. Car-pen-ta'ri-a. Carpentras, kaR'pax'trass'. Carrara, kar-ra/rii. Carriacou, karYe-a-koo', i. of W. Indies. Carrik on Suir, kar'rik on shure'. Car'riek-fer'gus. Car'roll. Car'ron, t. of Scotland. Cartagena, 'kar-ta-je'na (Sp. pron. kaR-ta- Ha'r.a). *Cartago, kaR-ta'go, t. of Central America. Car'ter. Car'ter-et. Carvoeiro, caR-vo-a'e-ro, cape of Portugal. Casale, ka-sa'la, Casal Maggiore, ka-sal' mad-joYi. Cas'bin or Kazbin (Pers. pron. kaz-been', whence the name is sometimes written Casbeen). Caserta or Caserta Nuova, ka-seVtll noo-o'va. Casey, k&'ze. Cashan or Kashan. ka'shan', 7. of Persia. Cash'el. Cash-gar'. See Kashgar. Cashmere or Kaslimire, kash-meer'. Cash'na. See Kashna. Casiquiare, ka-se-ke-ii'ra, r. of Venezuela. Cas'pl-an. Cas'sel. Caste) lo Branco, kas-tel'lo brank'o, t. of Por- tugal. Castelnaudary, kas'telYio'daYe'. Castel Vetrano, kas-tel' va-tra'no. Castiglione, kas-teel-yo'n(L Castile, kas-teel' (Sp. Castilla, kas-teel'ya). Castine, kas-teen'. Castlebar, kas-sel-bar'. Castleton, kas'sel-tun. Castres, kastr. Castro, kas'tro, t. of Chili. Castro Giovanni, kas'tro jo-van'ne. Cas-ween'. See Casbin. Cas'well. Catabamba, ka-ta-bam'ba. Catahoula or Cat-a-hoo'la. Cai-a-lo'hi-a jSp. Cataluna, ka-ta-loon'ya). Catamarca, ka-ta-muR'ka, t. of La Plata. Catania, ki-ta'ne-a. Catanzaro, ka-tan-zS/ro. Ca-taw'ba. CHtharina,St. See Santa Catharina. CivV,ay, kath-i'. See China. Catmnnfloo, Katmandou, or Khatmandu, kat- man'doo. Catoche, ka-to'eha, cape of Yucatan. *Catoroe, ka-toR'si. Cats'kill. Cat-tu-rau'gns. Cattaro, kat-ta'ro, gulf of the Adriatic. Cat'te-gaf or Kattegat". Caubul, kou-bool'. See Cabool. Cauca, kovv'ka, r. of New Granada. Cau'ca-sus. Caune, k5ne, t of France. Cava, ka'va. Cav'an. Cavery or Cauvery, kau'ver-e. Cax-a-tnar'ca (Sp. pron. kah-na-maRTcl). Caxatambo, kaii-ha-tam'bo, t. of Peru. *Caxias or Caehias, ka-shee'as. Caxoeira or Cachoeira, ka-sho-a'e r&. Caycos, kl'koce, is. of W. Indies. Cayenne, kT-enn'. Cayes, ka. See Aux Cayes. Cayman, kT-man', /. of Mexico. Cayuga, ka-yoo'ga. *Cayuse, kah-yuce'. Caz-em'be, country of S. Africa. Caz-en-o'vi-a. Ceara. See Ciara. Cebu, se-boo'. See Zebu. Cecil, sis'sil. Ce'dron. See Kidron. Cefalu, cbef4-loo\ Celano, cha-la'no, I. of Italy. Celebes, sel'e-biz. Celle or Zelle, tsel'leh. Cenis, s&'iieece', mt.' of Switzerland. Ceph-a-lo'm-a (It. pron. cheT-a-lon'e-a, mo- dern Greek, kef-a-lo-nee'a). Ce-ram' (Port. pron. ser-roung'), also written Serang. Cerigo, cher'e-go. Cervera, s§R-va'rtL Cervin, seVvajf', mt. of Switzerland. Cervione. seR-ve-o'na, t. of Corsica. Cesena, cha-sa'na. Ceu'ta (Sp. pron. the'oo-ta), t. of N. Africa. Cevennes, sa'venn'. Cev'er-o Vos'totchYioi', cape of Siberia. Ceylon, see'lpn or sil-one'. *Chagres, cba'gre*s. Chalagskoi, shaPag'skoi', cape of Siberia. Cbaleur, shal-oor', bay of New Brunswick Chalons-sur-Marne, sha'loN' sur maRn. Chalons-sur-Saone, sha'loN' sur sOne. Chambers, chame'berz. Cham'bers-burg. Chambery, shaai'baYe'. Chamil. See Khamil. Chamouny, sha'moo-ne\ Champagne, shaia'pan'. Champaign, sham-pane'. Champlain, sham-plain'. Chandeleur, shan-de-loor'. Chang-hai. See Shang-Hai. Changmai or Tchangmai, changYnT', t. Chin- India. Chantiily, shaN'teePye' or shan'teYe'. *Chapala, cha-pa'ia. Chapel Hill. [the city of Mexico. Chapultepec, chl-poor-ta-pek,'/or'«resj near Charasm. See Kharasm. *Charcas, chnR'kas. Charente, shaYa\t'. Charente Inrrieur, shaYarrt' aN v f& re-MR'. Chariton, char'e-tpn. Charkow, kaR-kof. See Kharkof. Charles'ton. Charles'town. Charleville, shaRPvill'. Charlevoix, shar'le-voi'. Charlotte, shar'lot. Charlottesville, shar'lots-vil. Chartres, shaRtr. Cha-tau'que, sha-tau'que, or Chautauqu*. Chateauguay, shat N o-gay'. CHI 11 Chateaudun, sha'to-duN'. Chateau-Gonlhier, sha*to-gON v te-a'. Ch&teauroux, sha*tOYoo'. Chat-el-Arab. See Shat-el-Arab. Chalellerault, sha'telTro'. Chatham, ehat'um. Chat-ta-hoo'chee. Chat-ioo'ga. Chaudiere, shO x de-aiR . Chaiimont -(France), shO'moN'. Chauinom (N. Y.), sho'mo'. Chautuuque See Chatauque. *Chazy, ehazW. Chebucto, she-buk'to, bay of Nova Scotia on which Halifax stands. Chedabucto. shed'a-buk'to, lay in N. E. part of Nova Scotia. Chelekhof. See Shelekof. *Chelmsford, chemz'furd. Chelsea, chel'se. Cheltenham, chelt'num. Chemnitz, Kem'nits. Chemung, she-mung'. Chenango, she-nang'go. Che-uaub', r. of Hindostan. Chepstow, chep'sto. Cher, shaRe. Che-raw', t. of N. Carolina. Clierburg, sher'burg or shaKo'booR. Cher\>-kee'. Cherso, ker'so. Cherson. See Kherson. Chertsey, ches'sy, t. of England. Ches'a-peake. Clieshire, chesh'ir. Chester. Ches'ter-field. Che-sun'cook. Chetimaehes, chet-tim-atch'iz or shefmash'. Cheviot, chiv'e-ut. *Cheyenne, sbe-enn'. See Chienne. *Chia"pa. che-a'pa Chiari, ke-a're. Chiavari, ke-5/va-re. Chicago, she-kan'go. Chichester, chitch'es-ter. Chick-a-pee'. *Chick-a-hom'i-ny. Chickeeles. See Cliilts. Chick'a-saw. Chicot, shee'ko. Chieni See, iceem si. * Chienne or Cheyenne, she-em/. Chieti, ke-a'te. Chignecto, shig-nec'to, bay of New Bruns- wick. Chihuahua, che-wa'wa,. *Chikailis. See Chills. Chili, chil'le (Sp. Chile, chee'Ia.) Chil-li-coth'e. Chiloe, cheel-o-a' (almost ehil-way'). *Chills (ch as in child) or Chikailis (Chick- elis), clie-ka'iis. Chimborazo, chim-bo-ra'zo (Sp. pron. cheem- bo-ra'tho). China. Chinaub. See Chenaub. Chin In'dl-a. Chinchilla, chin-cheel'ya. Chinyang, shiifyang'. See Mookden. Cliioggia, ke-od'ju., t. of N. Italy. Chippenham, chip'nuni. Chippewa chip'pe-wa. Chip'pe-way. COA Chiquitos, che-kee'toce. Chissoumaton, shis-soo-ma-tos' or slnYsoo- ma-t>ng', r. of British America. Chiswick, ehiz'ik, t. of England. Chit'ten-den. Choco, cho'ko, bay of New Granada. Choc'taw. Choczim, Kot'sim, t. of Russia. Cholula, cho-loo'la. Chonos, cho'noce (Archipelago), W. of Pata- gonia. Chorley, chor'Ie. Choubar, choo'bar', t. of Belooehistan. Chowan, ch5-wan'. Chris-ti-an'a. Christiania, kris-te-a'ne-a. Christiansand, kris'te-an-sand\ Christianstadt, kris'te-an-stat (Sw. Christian- stad, kris'te-an-stad v ). Chrudim, Kroo'dim. Chudleigh, chud'le, cape of N. America. Chum'bul. Chuquisaca, choo-ke-sa'ka. Chur, Koor. See Coire. Church'ill, r. of British America. Ciara, se-a'ra ; written, also, Ceara and Se- ara, t of Brazil. Cienfuegos, se-euYwa'goce. Cilly, sil'le (Ger. pron. tsil'le), t. of Styria. Cimarron, se-mar-rone', r. of Indian Terri- tory. Cimbebasj sim-ba'bas, a people said to dwell in the western or interior part of S. Africa. Little or nothing certain is known respecting them. *CinaIoa, sin-a-!o'a. Cincinnati, sin-sin-ah'te. [Often improperly pronounced as if written Cincinnatah or Cincinnatuh. Cinque Ports, sink ports. Cin'lra or seen'tra. Cjr-cars'. Circassia, ser-kash'e-a. Cirencester, commonly pronounced sis'e-ter. Cittadella, chit-ta-del'la. Ciudad Real (Spain), the-oo-DaD' ra-al'. *Ciudad Real (Mexico), se-oo-dad' ra-al'. Ciudad Rodrigo, the-oo-DaD' roD-ree'go. Civita Vecchia, chee've-ta vek'ke-a. Clack-man'nan. Clagenfurth or Klagenfurth, kla'ghen-f66rt . Claiborne, cla'burn. *Clal'ams. Clamecy, clam'se'. Clara, kla'ra, r. of Sweden. Clausthal or Klausthal, klous'taal. Clay'ton. Clear'field. Cler-mont'. Clermont Ferrand, kleVmc-N' feYr3.N'. Cleveland or Cleaveland, kleev'iand. I Cleves, kleevz (Ger. Kleve, klaveh, Fr. Cleves, klave). ! Clicsa, kleek'sa, t. of Peru. '; Clifton. Cliii'lon. Clitheroe, kliTH'er-5. i Clogher, kl6h'Hf>r. ! Cloghnakilty, klStf na-kil'te, or Clon'a-kil'ty ! Clon-mell'. j Clos'ter-bay', cape of Iceland. j Clydeg'dale. See Lanarkshire. | Co'-a-ho'ma. *Coahuila. See Cohahuila. U CON 12 COU Coango, ko-ang'go, r. of Africa. Co-au'za, r. of W. Africa. Cob'be, cap. of Darfoor. Cobee or Cobi, ko'bee', desert of Central Asia. CoDija, ko-bee'Ha, t. of Bolivia. Cob'lentz (Ger. Coblenz, ko'blents; Fr. Cob- lence, ko'blance'). Cobu, ko-boo', r. of S. America. Co'burg (Ger. pron. ko'booRG). Cochabamba, ko-cha-bam'ba. Cochin, co-cheen'. Co'chin Chi'na Codogno, ko-don yo. *Co-do'rus. Coesliti. See Coslin. Coetivi, ko-et-ee've, is. in Indian Ocean. Cceur d'Alene, koor daMain', I. of Oregon. Coevorden, koo'vor-den, I. of Holland. *Coeynians, quee'manz. Cognac, kone-yak'. Cohahuila or Coahuila, ko-a-wee'la. *Co-has'set. *Cohoes or Cahoos, ko-hoze'. Co-im-ba-toor' or Co-im-ba-tore'. Co-im'bra or ko-eem'bra. Coire, kwaR (Ger. Chur, kooR). Col'berg (Ger. pron. kol'beKG). Col'ches-ter. Col'ding, t. of Denmark. *Co-le-rain'. *Colima, ko-lee'ma. Col'Ie-ton. Col-lump'ton. Colne, kOhi. Cologne, ko-lone' (Fr. pron. ko v lon' ; Ger. Koln). Colombia, ko-Iom'be-a. Co-lom'bo or Co-lum'bo. Col'on-sa or Col'on-say\ Colorado, kol-o-rah'do. *Co-los'se. Coluguape, ko-loo-gwa'pa, I. of Patagonia. Co-lum'bl-a. Co-lum-bi-an'a. Co-lum'bo. See Colombo. Columbretes, kol-um-bra't&s, group of is. E. of Spain. i3o-lum'bus. *Co-mac'. *Co-man'che or Ca-man'che (Sp. pron. ko- mau'cha). Comayagua, ko-ml-a'gwa. Com'ber-mere, /. of England. Comines, ko'meen', t. of Belgium. Co'mo. Com'o-rin. Co'morn or Komorn. Com'o-ro. Compiegne, koN'pc-ain'. C^m-po-stel'la (Sp. Compostela, kom-po-sta'- Concan, kong'kun. Conception, kpn-sep'sbun (Sp. Concepcion, kon-thep-1he-on'). •Conchas, kon'chas, r. of Mexico. Conchas, kon'shus, r. of Brazil. Concord, kong'kurd. Con-cor'di-a. Coude, kon'de or koxda'. *Conecooheague, kon'e-ko-cheeg'. Conecuh, ko-nee'ka. *Conemaugh, kon e-maw. *Con-es-u/ga. *Co-ne'su». Congaree, kong v ga-ree'. Congleton, kong'gl-tun. Congo, cong'go, or Zaire, za-eer'. Connaught, kon'naut. *Con-ne-aut'. Connecticut, kon-net'e-kut. Con'stance (Ger. Constanz, kon'stants). Constantina, kon-stan-tee'ni, t. of IS. Africa. Con-stan-ti-no'ple (Turk. Stam-bool'). Con'way or Conwy, kon'we. Cooch Ba-haR'. Coo-mas'sie. Coos (often called Co-os' by the inhabitants). Coo'sa. * Co-pake'. *Copano, ko-pah'no. Co-pen-ha'gen (Dan. Kjobenhavn, kyo'ben- houn'). Co-pi'ah. Co-pi-a-po'. Co-pim'es-caw", I. of Labrador. •Coquet, kok'et. Coquimbo, ko-keem'bo. Corbach, koR'baic, t. of Germany. *Corbeau, kor-bo'. Corcyra, kor-sl'ra. See Corfu. Cor-dil'le-ras (Sp. pron. koR-deel-ya'ras). Cor'do-va or Cordoba. Co-re'a. Corfu, kor-foo'orkor'fu (modern Greek pron kor-fee'). Cor'inth. Corn'wall. Co'ro, t. of Venezuela. CorYj-man'del. Coronation, korVna'shun, gulf of N. Amtr. * Corpus Christi, kor'pus kris'te. Correze, korYaze'. Cor'rib. Cor-ri-en'tes, t. of La Plata. Cor'si-ca (Fr. Corst). Cor'so, cape of Corsica. Corte, koR'ti. Cort'land. Cortona, koR-to'na. Co-run'na (Sp. Cor una, ko-roon'ya). Cor'vo. *Cor'yd-on. Cos, k6s, i. of Greece. *Co«ala, ko-sa'la. Cosenza, ko-sen'za. Cosh-oc'ton. Coslin, Coeslin, or Koslin, k6s-leen'. Cosiguina, ko-se-ghee'na, volcano of Central America. Cosne, kone. Cos'sacks. Cosseir, kos-sare'. Costarica, kos'ta-ree'ka. Cosmoledo, kos-mo-la'do, cluster of islets E. of Africa. Cotagayta, ko-ta-ghi'ta, t. of Bolivia. Cote d'Or, kot doR. Cotes du Nord, kot do noR. Coihen or Coethen, ko'ten or ko'ten, t. of Germany. Cotignola, ko-teen-yol'a, t. of Italy. Cotoj)axi, ko-to-pax'e (Sp. pron. ko-to-pah He). Cottbus or Kottbus, kott'boos. Courland. koor'land. See Koorland. *Couitabieau, koor'ta-blO'. Courtray or Courtrai, kooR'tra' (Flem. Ko* tryk, kort'rlke). CZA 13 DEL Coutanee, koo'tajjce'. Coventry, kuv'en-tre. Covington, kuv'ing-tun. Cowes, kowz. Covv-e'ta. *C- w~e-;it5k'. Cracow, kra'ko (Polish Krakow, kra'koof). Crato, kra'to, t. of Brazil. Cra'ven. Cruw'fgrd. Crecy, kres'se (Fr. pron. kra'ce'), often writ- ten Cressy by the English, t. of France. Crefeld, kra'feit. Crema, kra'ma. Cremnitz, krem'nits. See Kremnitz. Cre-mo'na (It. pron. kra-mo'na). Cres'sy. See Crfecy. Crete.' See Candia. Creuse, k*ruz. Creutznach, kroits'nax. See Krentznach. Crim-e'a (Russ. Krim). Crit'ten-den. Croatia, kro-a'she-a (called by the natives Horvath Orszag, hoR-v&at oR-salg). *Crock'ett. *Cro'ghans-viI!e. Croix (St.), kroi. See Santa Cruz. Crom'ar-ty. Cronstadt, krGn'statt. Cro'ton. Croy'don. Crozet, kro'za', t. S. of Africa. Crystal, kris'tal, mts. of Africa. Csaba, ch6b'6h\ Csongrad, chon-grad'. Cuama. See Zambeze. Cu'ba (Sp. pron. koo'ba). Cuban, koo-ban'. See Kooban. Cuenca, kweng'ka. Culhuacan, kool-wa-kan'. See Palenque. *Culiacan, koo-le-a-kan'. Cul-lo'den, plain of Scotland, noted as the scene of the Duke of Cumberland's victory over the Pretender, in 1746. Culm, koolm. Cul'pep-per. Cul-ross'. Cumana, koo-ma-na.'. Cumania or Kumania, ku-ma'ne-a (Hun. Kun- s^g, koon-shalig). Cum'ber-land. Cunene or Cuneni, koo-na'ne, r. of Africa, supposed to be. a branch of the Bembaroughe. Cunnersdorf, koon'ners-doRf N , t. of Prussia. Cnpar, koo'por. Curacoa, ku x ra-so'. Curaray, koo-ra-rl', r. of Ecuador. Curisohe-HafF, koo'rish-eh-haff'. See Ku- rische Haff. Cur'ri-tuck. Curuguaty, koo-roo-gwa-tee', r. of La Plata. Curzola, koord-zo'la. COstrin orKustrin, kiis-treen'. Catch. Cutback'. Cux-ha'ven or koox-ha'fen. Cuyalr.i, koo-ya. 'ba, t. of Brazil. Cuyahoga, kT-a-ho'ga. Cuzco. koos'ko. Cyn-thl-an'a.. Cyprus, sT'prus. Cyrene, sl-ree'ne, t. of N. Africa. Cythera, sith-ee'ra. See Cerjgo. Czarnikow, char'ne-kov', t. of Prussia. 60 Czaslau, chas'lou, t. of Bohemia. Czernigow, cher-ne-gof. See Tchernigof. Czernowitz, cher'no vits (more correctly, Czernowiee, cher'no-vit'seh). Czirknicz or Zirknitz, tseeRk'nits. D. Dac'ca. Dac-o'tah. See Sioux. Daghestnn, daghis-tS.n', country of W. Asia. Dago, da'go, i. in the Baltic. Dahomey or Dahomay, dah'ho-ma\ Dahl, dal. Dair el Kamer or Kamar, dire el kam'er, *, of Syria. Dalecarlia, da-le-kar'le-i, or Dalarne, d&'» lar-na. Dalhousie, dal-hoo'ze, t. of New Brunswick. Dal'las. *Dalles, dalz. Dalmatia, dal-ma'she-a. Dallon, daul'tun. Da-mas cus (Arab. Sham-el-Ke-beer'). Dambea. See Dembea. Dam-i-et'ta (Arab. Damiat, da-me-at'). Dam'piers. Dan aw. See Danube. Danbury, dan'ber-e. Dan'da, t. of W. Africa. Dannemora, dan-ne-mo'ra, a noted iron mint in Sweden. Dant'zic (Ger. Danzig, dant-siG). Dan'ube (Ger. Donau, do'now.) Dara, da'ra, t. of Asiatic Turkey. Dardanelles, dar'da-nelz'. Dar-foor', written, also, Darfur and Darfour. Darien, da're-en (Sp. pron. da-re-en'). Darke, dark. Dar'Jing-ton. Darmstadt, daRm'statt. Daroca, da-ro'ka, t. of Spain. Dartmouth, dart'muth. Dar'war\ Das Mortes, das moR'tSs, r. of Brazil. Dauas, downs', t. of Asiatic Turkey. Dau'phin. Dauphine, dOYe'na'. Da'vid-son. Davie, da've. Daviess, da'vis. Da'vis. Davis's (Strait), d&'vis-ez. Dax, dax. Day'ton. Deal, deel. Dearborn, deer'burn. Debreczin or Debretzin, da-bret'sm. De-ca'tur. Dec'can or Dek'kan. Dees, dace or daze, t. of Transylvania. De Gatt (Sp. De Gata, da ga/ta), cape in tha 8 of Spain. Deg'gen-dorf", t. of Bavaria. Dcir el Kammer. See Dair el Kamer. De Kalb, de kalb'. Del-a-go'a, bay in S. E. Africa. Delaware, del'a-war. Delft (every letter should be pronounced). Delfzyl, d^lt'zUe, fortress of Holland. Delgado, del-ga/do, cape of E. Africa. Delhi or Dehli (Hindostan), del'lee. Delhi (in the U. S.), del'hl. De los Martire8. Set Rio de los Martire*. DNI 14 DUM De log Patos, da-loce-pa'toce, I. of Brazil. Del'ta. Del Valle, del val'ya, I. of La Plata. Del'vl-no. [bea. Dem'be-a or dem-bee'a ; written, also, Dam- Demerara, dem-er-a'ra. *I)e-mop'o-lis. Denbigh, den'be. Denbighshire, den'be-shjr. Den'der-ah. Dendermonde, den'der-mon'deh, or Dender- mond, den'der-mint' (Fr. Termonde, teR x - m6Nd') Denis (St.), sent den'is or den'e (Fr. Saint Denis, si Nd'nee). Den'mark (Dan. Dan'e-raark). *Depeyster, de-plce'ter. Deptford, ded'furd. Der'bend'. Der'by or dar'be (the latter pron. was for- merly universal.) Derbyshire, der'be-shjr. Deme or Derneh, der'neh, t. of N. Africa. Derr, deR. Derreyeh, der'ri'yeh ; written, also, Deraia, t. of Arabia. Der'ry. See Londonderry. Der'went. De Ruyter, de rl'ter. Desaguadero, deVa v gwa-da'ro. Desconocida, deVko-no-see'da, cape of Yuca- tan. Desengano. dls-en-gan'yo, bay of Patagonia. Desh-a'. Des Moines, de moin'. Desna, des'na, r. of Russia. Despoblado, des-po-bla'rx>. De So'to. Des'sau (Ger. pron. des'sow), sometimes written Dessaw. Det'moid (Ger. pron. det'molt). De-troit'. Det'ting-en. / x Deutz, doits. Deux-ponts, duh'piN' (Ger. Zweibriicken, tswi-bruk'ken). Dev'en-ter or Dewenter, di'ven-ter. Devizes, de-vl'ziz. Dev'on-p5rt. Devonshire, dev'on-shir. Dhawaiaghiri, da-woPa-gber're. Di-ar'bekr or Diarbekir, dee-ar v be-keer'. Dibbie, dib'bee v , I. of Africa. DT'bon, t. of Palestine. Die or Diez, Saint, sax de'a'. Diepholz, deep'hilts Dieppe, dyepp or de-epp'. Diernstein, deern'stlne, t. of Austria. Diest, deest. Digne, deefi . Dijon, de'zh6?i'. Dii'ling-en. Dinant, de'naN' or de-nant'. Dingle, ding'yl. Din-wid'die. Dixmude, dixmude' (Flem. Dixmuyden, dix- moi'den). Dizier, Saint, sax de"ze-a'. Djid'da. See Jidda. DjoPjnkerta or Djocjocarta, jok-yo-ker'ta or jok-yo-kar'ta, t. of Java. Djoliba, jol'e-ba. See Joliba. Dnieper, nee'per (Rus. pron. dnyep'per). Dniester, nees'ter (Rus. pron. dnyes't^r). Doab or Dooab, doo'ab'. Do-fra-fi-eld'. See Dovrefield. Dok'kum, t. of Holland. Dole, do!. Dolgelly, dol-geth'le. Dol'lart. Domingo, do-ming'go. Dominica, dom-e-nee'ka. Dominique, dom-e-neek', is the French of th« preceding. Don (Tartar Doo'na). Don Cos'sacks. Donaghadee, don"a-Ha-dee'. Donai. See Donnai. Donc'as-ter. Donegal, don-e-gaul'. Donetz, do'nets', r. of Russia. Donga, dong'ga, country of Central Africa. Dongola, dong'go-la. Donnai, don'nl' (called also the Saung), r. of Chin-India. Doo'baunt' or Doo'baung' (Indian Toobaung, t. e. " turbid water"), /. of British America. Dooshak, doo'shak', t. of Afghanistan. Doost or Doust, doost, r. of Beloochistan. Dora Baltea, do'ra bal-ta'a, r. of N. Italy. Dorak, doVak', t. of Persia. Dor'ehes-ter. Dordogne, dor'done' (Fr pron. doR'doii'.) Dordrecht, dort'rent, or Dort. Dornoch, dor'nos. Dorpat, doR'pat, or Dorpt. Dorsetshire, dor'set-shjr. Dort. See Dordrecht. Do'than, t. of Palestine. Douai or Douay, doo'a'. Doubs, doobz. Douglas, dug'less. Douro, doo'ro (Sp. Duero, dwa'ro). Do'ver. Do'vre-f 1-eld' (Norw. Daavrefjeld, dO'vre fyeld'). Dowlatabad, dou x la-ta-bad'. Down-pat'rick. *Dra'cut. Draguignan, dra'gheen'yajj'. Drammen, dram'men. Drave (Ger. Drau, drow : Slavonian Drava- dra'va). Drenthe, dren'teh Dres'den. Dreux, druh. Drin, dreen, or Drino, dree'no. Drin'na, r. of Turkey. Drogheda, dr6h'ne-da. Drohobicz, dro'ho-bitch' or Dro'ho-visch\ Droitwich, droit'itch. Drome, drOm. Drontheim, dront'im (Nor. Trondjem, trend yem). Druses, dru'ziz. *Duanesburg, du-ainz'burg. Dub'lin. Dubno, doob'no. Du-bois'. Du Buque, du book (oo as in moon). Dudley, dud'le. Dnero, doo-a'ro or dwa'ro. See Douro Du'is-burg or doo'is-b66RG\ Dulce, Rio, ree'o dool'sa or dool'tha. Duleigno, dool-cheen'yo. Dulwich, dul'ich. Dum-bar'ton. Dumbartonshire, dum-bar'ton-shir. EIS 15 Dumfries, dum-freece'. Duna, doo'na, r. of Russia. Dunaburg, doo'a-burg or doo'na-boorg. t. of Russia. Dunbeath, dun-baith', r . uf Scotland. Dun-bar'. Dnndalk, dun-dauk'. *Dun-das'. Dun-dee'. Dunfermline, dum-fer'lin. Dun-gan'non. Dun-gar'vpn. Dungeness, dun-jen-ess'. Dunkeld, dun-kell'. Dun'kjrk (Fr. Dunkerque, dun'k&Rk'). Dunwich, dun'ich, t. of England. Du'plin. Duquesne, du-kane', fort, formerly occupying the site of Pittsburg. Durance, difraNce'. Durango, doo-rang'go. Durazzo, doo-rat'so, or Duras, doo-ras'. Dii'ren or Mark-Dii'ren. Durham, dur'um. Durlach, dooR'laK. DQs'sel-dorf. Dutch'ess. Duval, du-voll'. Duyveland, doi've-lant. DwT'ua (Rus. pron. dvee'na). *Dy'ers-burg. Dyle or Dyl, dlle. Early, er'le. East'or. East'port. East'ville. Eat'on. E'bal, mt. of Palestine. Eboe, ebo', or Ibou, e'boo', t. of W. Africa. Ebora. See Evora. E'bro (Sp. pron. a'bro). Ebsambul or Eb'sam'bool', t. of Nubia. Eccloo, ek-klo'. Ecija, a'the-Ha. Eckmuhl, ek'mule, t. of Bavaria. Ecuador, ek-wa-doRe', or E-qua'tor. E'den-ton. Ed'foo ; written, also, Edfou and Edfu. Ed'gar-ton. Edgecombe, ej'kum. / *E-dI'na. Edinburgh, ed'in-bur-reh; written, also, Edin- borough. Ed'is-to. Ed'mond-son. *Ed'wards-vill«. Eelah (more properly Eelee or Hi). See Gooldsha. Effingham, efing-um. Eg'er (in Bohemian, Cheb, Keb). Eghwaat. eg'liwat', t. of N. Africa. Egina. See JEgina. Eg'rl-po. See Negropont. Egypt, e'jipt (Arab. Musr or Masr). Ehr en breit stein, a'ren-brTte'silne. Eiclistadt or Aiehstadl. TKe'stett. „ Eilenburg. T'ien-booRG. Eimbeck, Tme'bek. Eimeo, T'mee-o, one of the Society Islands. Eisenach, T'zen-aK. Eisenstadt, I'zen-statt\ ENK Eisleben, Ice'la-ben. Ekstarinburg, a-kata-reen-boorg. Ekatarinoslaf or -slav, a-ka'ta-reen'o-slaf . Ekhmym. See Akhmym. Ek-o-strof or Ekostrovskaia, a-ko-strov-skl'l, t. of Russian Lapland. Ek'ron, t. of Palestine. EI Abiad. See Bahr-el-Abiad. El Arish, el a'rish" or el aYeesh', t. of Arabia. Elatma, a-lat'ma, or Yelatma, y&l-at'ma. El Araish. See Larache. El Azrek. See Bahr-el-Azrek. El'ba. h El Bassan, el bas'san', t. of Turkey. Elbe, elb (Ger. pron. el'beh.) El'ber-field (Ger. pron. el'ber-felt). El'bert. Elbeuf, ePbuf . El'bing. El-boorz' or El-brooz; written, also, El* brouz, mts. of Asia. Elche, el'cha. El Dakhel, el-da'kel, t. of Egypt. El Dorado, el do-ra'DO, a name given by the Spaniards to a part of S. America. It sig~ nifies " the golden" country. Elena, el-a'na, St , point W. of Guayaquil. El-e-phan'ta. E-leu'the-ra, t. of W. Indies. Elg'in, el'ghin. Elg'in-shire; called, also, Morayshire. Elizabetgrad, a-liz v a-bet-grad', or Yelisavet- grad. El-Katif, el-ka-teef, t. of Arabia. El Khargeh, el-Kar'gheh, t. of Egypt. Elk'hart. Ellwangen, ell'wang-en, t. of Wurtemberg. Ells'worth. El Margi, el-mar'jee, or Bahr el Merj, I. of Syria. El Makkarif, el-mak-ka-reef, t. of Nubia, Elmina, el-mee'na, t. of W. Africa. *EI-mI'ra. *EI Paso del Norte, el pa'so del noR'la. EPsin-ore' or Elsineur, el'se-nur' (Dan. Hel- sing-6'er). Eluths or Eleuts, ePe-oots' or ePyoots', a peo pie of Chin. Tartary. El'vas. Elwangen. See Ellwangen. EPwend', mts. of Persia. Ely, ee'le. E-man'u-el. Em'brun or aM'bruN'. Em'den or Emb'den. Em'e-sa. See Horns. Emineri, em-ee'neh, cape of Turkey. Em'ma-us, t. of Palestine. Emmerich, em'mer-iK, or Emrich, ern'ris. Km'met. Emoui. See Amoy. Enare, en-a'ra, or Enara, en-a'ra, I. of JRu» sian Lapland. Enderby's (Land), en'der-biz, S. of the In dian Ocean. En'dpr, t of Palestine. Engedi, eng'ghe-dT, t. of Palestine. Enghien, aN"glie-aN'. England, ing'gland. Engoor or Engour, en-goor', and Enguri, en-goo're. See Angora. Enikale, en-e-ka'la See Yenicale. EniseT. See YeniseT. Enkhuizen, enk-hoi'zen. EWI En'nis-cor'thy. Eifnis-kil'len. Eas, &ns. Emre Douro e Minho, en'tra doo'ro ameen'yo. Entre Rios, en'tra ree'oce, prov. of La Plata. Eperies, a-per e-£s (Hun. pron. a-p£r-e-esh). Epernay, a-p&R'na'. Eph'e-sus See Ayasoolook. Ephraim, e'fra-im, tribe of Israelites. E-pT'rus, country of Greece. Equan, ee'quon, r. of British America. E-qua'tor. See Ecuador. Erbach, eR'baic, t. of Germany. Erdod, eVdod', t. of Hungary. Ereklee or Erekli, eYek'lee', t. of Asia Minor. Erfurt, 8R'f66Rt. Er'gree Kas'tree. See Argyro Castro. Ericht, eYiKt. Erie, e're. E'riu. See Ireland. Erivan, 8r-e-van'. Erlangen, eVlang-en. Erlau, &r'Iou (Hun. Eg'er). Ermenek, eVmeirek'. t. of Asia Minor. Erne, Lough, 15h erri. Erz-room'; written, also, Ardsroom, Erze- roum, and Erzrum. Erzgebirge, SRts'ga-bggR'ghe. Es-cam'bi-a. Escurial, es-koo-re-al'. Eskisara, eVke-sa'ra, or Eski-Sagra, es-ke- sa'gru, t. of Turkey. Eski Shehr, es'kee shaih'r, t. of Turkey. Esmeraldas, es-ma-ral'das, t. of Venezuela. Esue, es'nen . *E-so'pus. Espiritu Santo, e's-p'ir'e-too or a-spee're-too san'to, t. of Brazil. Esquimaux, es'ke-mo. Es'sen. Essequibo, es-se-kee'bo, or Essequebo, es-sa- ka'bo, r. of Guiana. Es'sex. Es Sioot or Es Siout, es-see-oot'. See Sioot. Ess'ling-en. Es'te. es'ta. Es-tho'm-a. Es'till. Estremadura, es-tra-ma-Doo'ra. Estremoz, es'tra-moze'. Eszek, es'sek. Etampes, a'taiwp'. Ethiopia or Ethiopia, e-the-O'pe-a, country of Africa. Etienne, Saint, saxt efe-enn'. Et'o-wah. Etseh, etch. See Adige. *Evans, iv'enz. Eu, uh. Eupen, oi'pen (Ft. N< s au, na v o'). Euphrates, u-fr&'tez (Turk. Frat). Eure, ure or ur. Europe, u'rup. Eustatius, St.. sent yoo-sta'she-us, written, also, St. Eustatia, *. of W. Indies. Eustis, uce'tiss See Sublettes. Eu'taw. See Utah. Eutin, oi-ieen'. Euxine ux'in. See Black Sea. Evesham, eevz'ham or eevz'um. Ev'o-ra; written, also, Ebora. Evreux, eVruh'. Ex'e-ter. •Ewin'gton, yoo'ing-ton. 16 FLE Eyalet, T-ya'let. Eylau, I'lou, t. of Prussia. Eyeo, I'yo, t. of W. Africa. Faaborg, fau'borg, t. of Denmark. Faenza, fa-en'za. Fahlun. See Falun. Faeroe, fa'ro or fa'ro-e. Faido, fl'do, t. of Switzerland. Faioom or Faioum, fl-oom'. Fair'fax. Falaise, fa-laze'. Falkirk, faul'kirk. Falkland, fauk'land. Falmouth, fal'muth. Falster, fal'ster or fal'ster. Falun or Fahlun, fa'loon. Fano, fa'no. Fano, fa'no, or Fanoe, fa'no-eh, t*. of Dem* mark. Fanado, fa-na'do, t. of Brazil. *Fan'nin. Faro, fa'ro. Farsistan, far-sis-tan'. Fas. See Fez. Fauquier, fau-keer'. Fayal, fi-al'. Fayette, fa-yet'. Fayetteville, fa'yet-vil. Fayoum, fT-oom'. See Faioom. Fee'jee. See Fiji. Feliciana, fe-lisse-an'a. Felix, St., sent fee'lix '(Port. Sao Feliz,sa4j| or soung fa-leece), t. of Brazil. Fe-loops', a people of W. Africa. Fem'em. Femme Osage, fam o-zazh'. Fen'tress. Feodosia, fa-o-do'se-a. See Kaffa. Fere, La, la faiR. Fermanagh, fer-man'a. Fermo, f&r'mo. Fer-moy'. Fernando de Noronha, fSR-nan'do da no* rone'ya, i. of Brazil. Fer-nan'do Po, i. of W. Africa. Ferrara, fSr-ra'ra. Fer'ro (Sp Hierro, yeYro). Ferrol, f&r-role'. Fer'tit' or fer'teet', country of Central Africa, Fez or Fas. Fezzan, feVzan'. Fichtelgebirge, fiK-tel-ga-bgeR'gheh. Fiesole, fyes'o-la or Fes'so-le. Fife'shire. Figeac, fe'zhak', t. of France. Figueras, fe-ga'ras, t. of Spain. Fiji, pronounced, and often written, Fee'jea. Finistcre, finVtaiR'. Finistere, Cape, fm-is-tair' (Sp. Finistierra fee-nis-te-eYra). Fin'land. Fin'lay, r. of British America. Fin'mark. Fismes, feem, t. of France. Fittre, fit'tra*, /. of Central Africa. Fiume, fyou'ma. Flad'straiul or flad'strand. t. of Denmark Flan'ders (Fr. Flandre, flaN'dr). Flem'ing. Flens'burg or Flens'borg. Fleurus, hWrQce', t. of Belgium. FRI Florence (It. Firenze, fe-ren'za, or Fiorenza, fe-o-ren'za or fyo-ren'za). Flo'res. Flour, Saint, saN flooR (rhyming with poor). Flor'i-da. Flush'ing (Dutch Vlis'sing-en). Flu-van'na. Foggia, fod'ja. Foglia, fole'ya, r. of Italy. Fo'go, one of Cape Verde Is. Fohr, foR,'or Fohrde, fofi'deh. Foix. fwa. Fold-var', t. of Hungary. Foligno, fo-leenyo. Fondi, fon'de. Fontainebleau, fc-N'tane'blO'. Foutarabia, fon-ta-ra'be-a (Sp. Fuenterabia, fwen-ta-ra-bee'a). Fontenay, fONt'na'. Fon v teu-oy' (Fr. pron. fc-jjfnwa'), t. of Bel- gium. Foo'lah, generally written Foulah. Foo'ta Jal'Io, country of W. Africa. Foo'ta To'ro, country of W. Africa. Foo'tche-oo'; written, also, Foutcheou and Foutchow, t. of China. For'far. Forli, for-lee'. Formentera, for-men-ta'ra. For-mu'sa (called by the Chinese Taiwan, tl-wan'). Forsyth, for-sTTH'. For-ia-ven-tu'ra. See Fuertaventura. Forth. Fossano, fos-sa'no. Fotheringay, foTu'er-ing-ga', v. of England. Fougcres, foo'zhaiR'. Foulah, foo'la. See Foolah. Fourche, foorsh. See La Fourche. Foutcheou or Foutchow. See Footcheoo. Foveaux, fo-vo', strait of New Zealand. Fowey, foy, sometimes written Fawey. Foyers, often written, and always pro- nounced Fy'ers Foyle, Lough, I&h foil. France, france (Fr. pron. fraNce). Fran-cis'cn (St.), or San Francisco. Franche Comt •, fraNsh k6N v ta'. Fran-eo'ni-a (Ger. Frankcn or Frankenland, frank'en-lant). Franeker, fran'ek-er. Frankenstein, frank'en-stTne\ Frankenthal, frank'en-taal. Frank'fort (Ger. Frankfurt, frank'foSRt). Frank'lin. Frascati. fras-ka'te. Frauenburg, frow'en-booRG'. Frauenfeld, frow'fn-felt, t. of Switzerland. Fraustadt, frow'statt. Fra'zer's, r of British America. Fred'er-icks-burg. Fred'er-ic-ton. Freiberg, frl'bfiRG. Freil urg, fri'burg or frI'bo6RG. Freisinjr, frT'zing, or Freisingen, frl'zing-en. Freistadt, frl'statt. F reins, fri'zhuce'. Fre mont's Peak, one of the Rocky Mts. Freyburg. See Freiburg. Freystadt. See Freistadt. Friburg, fre'booR'. See Freyburg. Friedland, freed'land (Ger. pron. freet'lant). Fricsland, freez'land, Vriesland or Friesia, free'zhe-a. 60* 17 GAR Frio, free'o. Fnsche Haff, frish'eh haff, or Frische See, frish'eh si. Friuli, fre-oo'le (It. pron. free'oo-le). Frob'ish-er's, strait of British America. Frome Sel'wood. Frontignac, frc-N v teen'yak', t. of France. Frontera, fron-ta'ra. Fuertaventura, fweVta-ven-too'rl. Fuerte del Carmen, fweVta del kaR'men, t of La Plata. Fulda, fool'da. Fulton, fool'tun. Funchal, fooifshal'. Fun'dy. Fu'nen (Dan. Fyen, fa'en). Funf kirche-s, funf-kgeVken. Funil, foo-neel', t. of Brazil. Fumes, fuRn. Furruckabad, fur'ruk-a-bad'. FQrth, fQRt. Fyers. See Foyers. Fyne, Loch, Iok fine. Fyum, fl-oom'. See Faloom. G. Gabes. See Cabes. Gaboon, ga-boon', country of S. W. Africa Gadames, ga-da'mes. See Ghadamis. Gad'a-ra, t. of Palestine. Gads'den. Gaeta, ga-a'ta. Gahyba, ga-ee'ba, I. of S. America. Gaillac, gah'yak' or gaPyak'. Gaillon, galPyiis' or gaPyc-N'. Gairloch, gare'loic. Galapagos, ga-la'pa-goce (commonly pro- nounced in English gal-la-pa'gus), is. in the Pacific, W. of Ecuador. Galashiels, gal-a-sheelz', t. of Scotland. Galatz or Gaiacz, ga'lats, t. of Moldavia. Galega, ga-la'ga, i. in Indian Ocean. Ga-le'na. Galicia, gal-ish'e-a. Gall, Saint, sent gaul (Fr. pron. saN gall, Ger. Sanete Gaflen, sank'teh gal'len). Gallapagos. See Galapagos. Gal'la-tin. Galle. See Point de Galle. Gal'li-a. Gallinas, gal-lee'nas (Sp. pron. gal-yee'nas), cape of New Granada. Gallinas, gal-lee'nas, r. ofW. Africa. Gallipoli, gal-lip'o-le. *Gallipolis (Ohio), gaPH-po-leece'. Gal'lo-way. Gal'ves-ton. Gal way, gaul'way. Gam'bt-a. Gambier's, gam-beerz' (Is.) a group of Poly* nesia. Gand, gaN. See Ghent. Ganges, gan'jez (Hindoo Gunga). Gap, gap. Gard, gaR. Garda, gaR'da. Gardafui, gar N da-fwee\ See Guardnfui. Gardiner, gard'ner. Gardon, gaR'dON'. Garfagnana, gar-fan-ya'na. Garigliano, ga-reel-ya'no. Garonne, ga/roun'. Gar'rard. GIU 18 GRA Gar'rows. Gas-co-nade'. Gas'co-ny (Fr. Gascogne, gas'kon'). Gaspe, g&s'pa'. Gateshead, gaits'hed. Gaza, g&'za, t. of Palestine. Gazna. SeeGbiznee. Geauga, je-aw'ga. Geel, gheel (Dutch pron. iiale). Gefle, yev'la. Gehol. See Zhehol. Gelders or Guelders, ghel'ders (Dutch Gel- dern, nel'dem), or GeI'der-land. Genargeutu, jen-aR-jen-too', mt. of Sardinia. Geudaree, ghen-da-ree', mts. of Afghanistan. Genesee, jen-e-see'. Geneseo, jen-e-see'o. Geneva, jen-ee'vah (Ger. Genf, Fr. Geneve, zhen-ave'). Genevieve, jen-e-veev'. Genii, Ha-neel'; written, also, Xenii, r. of Spain. Genoa, jen'o-a (It. Genova, jen'o-va). George'town, or Stabroek, sta'brook. Georgia, jor'je-a. Gera, ga'ra. Geral, zha-ral', mts. of Brazil. Gerar, ghee'rar, t. of Palestine. Gerizim, gher'e-zim, mt. of Palestine. Germain, ^jer-main', Saint, (Fr. pron. saN zheVmaV). Germany, jer'ma-ne (Ger. Deutschland, doitch'iantj. Gerona, ni-ro'nl. Gers, zhaiR. Gex, zhex. Geysers, ghT'sers, hot springs of Iceland. Gezer, ghee'zer, t. of Palestine. Ghadamis, ga-cia'mis,or Gadames, pronounced almost as if written g3.-da.ms' or ga-damce'. Ghar'ra, r. of Hifidostan. Ghauts, gauts. Gheel. See Geel. Ghee'zeh ; written, also, Gizeh and Jizeh. Ghent (Fr. Gand, gib:). Ghiz'nee, written, also, Ghizni, Ghuznee, and Gazna, t. of Afghanistan. Ghool-ghool'a. Ghraat, grat or graat, t. of N. Africa. Gibeah, ghib'e-a, t. of Palestine. Gibeon, ghib'e-on, t. of Palestine. Gibraltar, je-braul'ter (Sp. pron.He-bral-taR'). Gibson, ghib'sun. Giessen, ghees'son. Gigansk, ghe-gansk', t. of Siberia. Gihon, je-hon' or je-hoon'. See Oxus. Gijon, He-iione', t. of Spain- Gijona, He-Ho'na. See Xixona. Gila, nee'la. Gilboa, ghil'bo-a. Gilead, ghil'e-ad, mt. of Palestine. Giles, jflz. Gilmer, ghil'mer. Gilolo. je-lo'lo. Giorgiev, jor-je-ev', or Giorgief. See Giur- gevo. Girjeh, .teer'jeh ; written Djirdjeh by the French. Girjenli. jeer-jevi'te. Gironde, je-rond' (Fr. pron. zheYoNd'). Gitschin, gitch'in or gee'chin (g hard), t. of Bohemia. Giurgevo or Giurgewo, joor-ja'vo, t. ofWal- lachia. Gizeh, jee'zeh or ghee'zeh. See Gheezeh. [It is a curious fact, that there is the same difference in the pronunciation of this name among the Arabs of Egypt, as we might suppose would arise among English- men attempting to pronounce Gizeh; some making the g hard, others soft.] Glamorganshire, glam-or'gun-shjr. Glar'us (Fr. Glad's, gla/reece'). Glas'gow. Glatz, glats (Pol. Klodz'ko). Glauchau, glou'KOu. Glogau, glo'gou ; sometimes written Glogaw. Glom'men, almost glam'men. Gloucester, glos'ter. Gloucestershire, glos'ter-shir. Gluckstadt, gliick'st&tt. Glurns, glooms ; calied, also, Glurentz, gloo'- rents, t. of Tyrol. Gmund, grrioont or Gmun'den. Gmiind, gmunt. Gnesen, gna'zen (Pol. Gniesno). Go'a. *Goave, gollv'. Gobi. See Cobi. Godavery, go-da.'ver-e. Goes, H66ce. Goettingen. See Gottingen. Go'gra, r. of Hindostan. Gol-con'da. Gold'berg or golt'b^HG. *Go v li-ad'. Golnow, gol'nov. Gom-broon' or Bun'der Ab-as'see (Abassi). Gomera, go-mi'ra. Gona'ives, Les, \k go'nTve'. Gonave, go'nav', i. W. of Hayti. Gon'dar. 'Gonzales, gon-zah'l£z. [and Gouldja. Goold'sha; written, also, Guldscha, Goulja, Goom'ty. Goor'gaun', t. of Persia. Gooriev or Gouriev, goo're-ev', t. of Russia Gor'da. Gor'cum. Goree, goYi', i. of W. Africa. Gor'litz, almost gur'lits. Gortz, almost gurts (It. Gorizia, go-rid'ze-a). Gos'lar. Gos'port. Gotha, go'tS,. Gothard, St., got'hard or got'hart, mt. of Switzerland. Gothenburg, got'en-burg (Sw. Gotheborg, yo'ta-borg). Goth'land or Gottland (Sw. Gotaland, yo't^ land). Got'ten-burg. See Gothenburg. Gottingen or Goettingen, get'ting ea. Gou'da (Dutch pron. How'da). Gough's, goff's, i. S. W. of Africa. Goulja. See Gooldsha. Gourgan. See Goorgaun. Gouriev. See Gooriev. Goyaz, go-yaz', or Villa Boa. Goyanna, go-yan'na, t. of Brazil. Gozzo, got'so. Graaf Reynet, graf rl'net, t. of S. Africa. Gracias a Dios, gra'se-as a dee'oce, cape of Central America. Graciosa, gra-se-o'sa. Gradisca, gra-dis'ka. Graen. See Gran. Graetz, grets. See Gratz. GUA 19 HAL Grammont, granfmON'. Gram'pl-an. Gran, gran (Hun. Esztergom, es'tSR-gom)- Gran or Grane, gran, t. of Arabia. Granada, gran-a'da (Sp. pron gra-na'Da). Grand Men-an' or Mau-an', i. off the N. E. part of Maine. Granger, grain'jer. Grantham, grant' urn. Gran'ville. Grasse, grass. Gratiot, grash'e-ot. Gratz or Graetz, grets. Graubundten, grou'bunt-en. See Grisons. Graudentz, grou'dents. Gravelines, gravMeen'. Gravesend, graivz'end'. Grayson, gri'sun. Great Britain, -brit'un. Great Key or Kei, kl, r. of S. Africa. Green'brl-er. Greenland (Dan. Gron'land or Groenland). Green'ock. Greens'ville. Green'up. Green'ville. Greenwich, grin'idge. Greifswaldo, grifs wal'deh (formerly written Gripeswold). Grein, grlne, t. of Austria. Greitz, grits, t. of Germany. Grenada, gren-a'da. [Grenada, the name of one of the British West India islands, ought not to be confounded with the Spanish name Granada (sometimes improperly writ- ten with an e in the first syllable). Wor- cester pronounces Grenada gre-na'da, pro- bably referring to this mode of spelling the Spanish name.] Grenoble, gren-obl' or greh-no'b'l. Grindelwald, grin'tlel-walt'. Gripeswold. See Greifswalde. Griqua, gree'qua, t. in S. Africa. Grisons, gre"z6jv' (Ger. Graubundten, grou'- bunt-en). Grod'no. Gron'ing-en. Gros'sa, t. Ml the Adriatic. Gross-Glogau, grOce-^lo'gou. Gross- Wardein, groce-waR-dTne\ Grfinberg, grun'berg" or Gru'ne-berg . Gruyeres, grwe'air', I. of Switzerland. Guadalajara or Guadalaxara, gwa-Da-la-Ha'- ra. [It may be observed that in all names beginning with gua, the Spaniards and Mexicans scarcely sound the g at all ; hence Guadalajara is pronounced almost wa-da- la-na/ra, Guanaxualo, wa-na-mva'to, &c] Guadaloupe. gau'da-Ioop' or ga\la-loop'. *Guadalupe, gwa-da-loo'pa or gauYla-loop'. Guadalquivir, gau'dal-quiv'er (Sp. pron. gwa- Dal-ke-veer'). Guadiana, gau'de-ah'na or gwa'De-a'na. Guaiteca, gwl-ia'ka, gulf W of Patagonia. Guamaugn, gwa-maig'ga, t. of Peru. Guanacache, gwa-na-ka'cha, /. of La Plata. Guanaxuato or Guanajuato, gwa-na-nwa'to. Guaneaveliea, gwang-ku-va-lee'ka ; written, also, Huancabelica. Guapore. gwa-po'ra, r. of S. America. Guardafui. gsvar-da-fwee', or Gardafui, gar'- da-fwee', cape forming the E. point of Africa. Guarmey, gwaR-ma', t. of Pe?u. Guastaita, gwas-tal'la. Guatemala, gau'te-mah'Ia or gwa-ta-ma'la. Guaviare, gwft-ve-a'ra, r. of New Granada. Guaxaca, gwa-Ha'ka, almost wa-iia'ka. Set Oaxaca. *Guayama, gwT-a'ma. Guayaquil, gwl-a-keel'. *Guaymas, gwl'mas. Guayra, gwl'ra. See La Guayra. *Guazacualco, gwa-sa-kwal'ko j also written Huasacualco. Guben, goo'ben. Guelderland, ghel'der-land. See Gelders. Guelders, ghel'derz. See Gelders. Gueret, ga'ra'. Guernsey, ghern'ze. Guevetlan, ga-vet-lan', r. (and t. ?) of Central America. Guiana, ghe-a'na, or Guyana. Guienne, ghe'enn'. Guilford, ghil'furd. Guinea, gnin'e. *Guines, gwee'ne's. Guingamp, gax'gaN'. Guipuzcoa, ghe-poos'ko-a (Sp. pron. ghe- pooth'ko-a). Guisborough, ghiz'bur-reh, t. of England. Gujerat. See Guzerat. Guldscha. See Gooldsha. Gumbinnen, goom-bin'nen. Gundava, gun-da'va, t. of Beloochistan. Gund-wa'na. Guntz'burg or Gunts'booKG. Gurapy, goo-ra-pee', r of Brazil. Gurary, goo-ra-ree', r. of Ecuador. [Proba- bly the same as the Curaray, of which it is perhaps a misspelling.] Gur'wal'. Gustrow, gus'lrov. Guyana, ghe-a'na. See Guiana. *Guyan, ghl'an. Guyandott, ghl-an-dot', familiarly called ghl- an'. Guz-er-at'; written, also, Gujerat. Gwalior, gwa'le-or", t. of Hindostan. *Gwin'nedd. Gwin-ett'. Gwut'tiir', t. of Beloochistan. Gyula, dyoo'ia. See Karlsburg. H. Haarlem, Haerlem, or Harlem, har'lem. Haarlemmer Meer, har'lem-mer mair. Habaii. See Hapai. Habana. See Havana. Hab'er-sham. Hacha. See Rio Hacha. Had'ding-tQn. Hadjar or Hajar, ha'jar. Hadleigh, had'le. Had-ra-maut'. Hae'mus. See Balkar Haerlem. See Haa. _^»n. Haff, half. Hagerstown, ha'gars-town. Hague, haig (Fr. La Haye, la ha, almost la a). Hagueneau, hag'no' or ag'no'. Hajar or Hadjar, hajar. See Lahsa. Hainan. liT-nan'. Haiuautt, ha'no'or k"nb' (Flem.Henegouvyen, hen-e.-How'vven\ Haiti, ha'le. See Hayti. ! Halberstadt, hal'ber-statt HEL Haleb, hl'leb. See Aleppo. Half-fax Hall, h^ll. Halle, hal'leh. Hallein, hal-llne', t. of Austria. Hallowell, hol'o-wel. Kama or Hamah, ha'ma, t. of Syria. Hamadan, ha-ma-dan', t. of Persia. Ham'burg (Ger. pron. hiim'booRG). Haineln, ha'meln. Ham'il-tQn. Hamm, haram. Ham'mer-fest, t. of Norway. Ham'mer-smith. Hamp'den. Hampshire (t. e. the county of Hants.) Hanau, ha'now. Han'cock. Hang-tcheoo or Hang-tcheou, hang'cheoo': written, also, Hangtchow. Hanniah, haifnee'ah. See Lantchang. Han'o-ver (Ger. Han-no'ver). Hanse. Han-se-at'ic. Hants. See Hampshire. Haousa or Haoussah, how'sll. See Houssa. Hapa'i, ha'pl or ha'pa-ee, (Islands), a group of Polynesia. Har'dt-man. Hard'in. Hard'wick. Har'dy. Harfleur, haR'fluR'. Har'fc-rd. Har-ic'a-naw" or har^re-kan'au. Har'ian. Harlech, har'lek, t. of Wales. Har'ling-en. Harrnin or Har'meen', I. of Arabia. Har'ris-burg. Har'ri-spn. Har'row-gate. Hartford. Har'vard. Harwich, har'ndge. Hasek or Hassek, ha'sek", t. of Arabia. Hasselt, has'selt. Hastings, haist'ings. Hat'ter-as. Haussa, how'sa. See Honssa. Ha-van'a or Havanna (Sp. Habana or Ha- vana, a-va'na). Havel, ha'vel, r. of Germany. Hav'er-fc-rd'West'. Haverhill (England), hav'er-il Haverhill (Mass.) ha'ver-il. Havre de Grace, hav'er de grass (Fr. pron. ha'vr deh grass or a'vr-deh grass'). Hawaii, ha-wi'ee ; also written Ovvhyhee. Havv'kins Hayti or Haiti, ha'te (Fr. pron. haVte' or avte'). Hay' wood. Hazebrouck, haz'brook' or az'brook'. Heard, herd. Hebrides, heb'rid-ez. He'bron, t. of Palestine. He'brus. See Marizza. Hechingen, heK'iiig-en. Hee'Ia. Hedjaz, hej-az' ; also written Hedsjaz. Heidelberg, hT'del-b^RG. Heilbronn, hTle-bronn'. Hel'der, t. of Holland. 20 HOD Hel-e'na (St.) Hel'go-land or Helt-go-land. Hel'les-pont. Hellin, herieen' or Sl-leen', t of Spain Hel'mont (Fr pron. hel-mON' or el'moN'), t of Holland. Helmstedt, helm'st&tt (incorrectly written Helmstadt). HermOnd'; written, also, Helmend. Hel'sing-borg', t. of Sweden. Hel'sing-fors\ Hel-vel'lyn. Helvoetsluys, hel'voot-slois\ Hempstead, hemp'sted. Hen'der-spn. Hen-lo'pen. Hen-ri'co. Herat, her-at'. Herault, ha'ro' or aYo\ Her-cu-la'ne-um. Her'e-ford. Her'ki-mer. Hermanstadt, heVman-statt. Her'mit, i. S. of Terra del Fuego. Her'mon, mt. of Palestine. Her'mus or Sarabat, sa-ra-bat', r. of Asia Minor. Herrnhut, h&Rn'hoot. Hersfeld, hlRs'felt. Hertford (in England), har'furd. Hertford (in the U. S.), hert'furd. Hesh'bon, t of Palestine. Hesse Cas'sel (Ger. Hessen Cassel, hes'sen kas'sel). Hesse Darmstadt, hess daRrn'statt (Ger. Hes- sen Darmstadt, hes'sen daRm'statt). Hesse Hom'burg (Ger. Hessen Homburg, lies- sen hom'booRG). Heytesbury, haits'ber-e, t. of England. Hick'man. Hierro, yeYro. See Ferro. Highlands, hl'landz (commonly pronounced hee'landz by the Scotch). High'tower. See Etowah. Hildburghausen, hilt-booRG-how'zen. Hildesheim, hil'des-hlme. Hil'lah : written, also, Hellah, t. of Asiatic Turkey. Hillsborough, hilz'bur-reh. Himalaya, him-a-11'a or Himmaleh, him- ma'la. Hind'o-en or Hind'o-en, i. of Norway. Hin'doo Koosh or Koo ; written, also, Hindu Kusch or Kush, mts. of Central Asia. Hin-do-stan' or In-do-stan'; written, also, Hindustan, Hindoostan, and Industhan. Hinds, hlndz. Hioring, he-6'ring or hyo'ring, t. of Denmark. Hirschberg, h£eRsh'-'(or hiRsh)"b&RG, t. of Prtissia. His-pan-i-o'la. See Hayti. Hit'ter-en, i. of Norway. H'las'sa. See Lassa. Ho-ang'ho, pronounced, almost, whang'ho'. Ho-ang' Ki-ang', almost whang ke-ang', called, also, Hon- and Hoan-Kiaug, r. of China. [tun. Hobart Town, usually pronounced hob'er- Ho'bo-ken. Ho'bro-e, almost ho'briTyeh, I. of Denmark. Hochheim, ho'hlme or hoice'hlme, t. of Ger' many. Hock'ing. Ho v den', oasis of W. Africa. HUR 21 INN Hof. HoPwyl (Ger. pron. hofwil), t. of Switzer- land. Hohenlindcn, ho'en-Hnd'eo, v. of Bavaria. Hohenzo'.'.ern, ho'en-tsol'lern. Hol'beach. Holguin, hol-gheen' or ol-gheen', t. of Cuba. Hol'land (Dutch pron. hol'lant). Holmes, homz. Hnlstein, hol'stlne. Hol'ston. Holt. Holyhead, hol'e-hed.. Ho'ly-oke, mt. of Mass. Holywell, hol'e-wel. Hom'bur? (Ger. pron. hom'booRG). Hums, horns, or Hums, or Emesa. Hon'da (Sp. pron. on'da). Hon'ilo, r. of Mexico. Honduras, hon-doo'ras. Honfleur, h6?j'nuR' or ON'fluR'. Hong Kong, t. of China. Horn ton, hun'e-tun. Honolulu, hon-o-loo'loo, or Honoruru. Hoog'ly. Hoorn, horn. Hop'kins. *Horsham, hors'um. Hor'sens, t. of Denmark. Hor'ta. Hot'ten-tots. *Houlton, hole'tun. Housatonic, hoo'sa-ton'ik. Houssa, how'sa ; written, also, Haussa and Haousa, or Haoussah, kingdom of Central Africa. Houston, hews'tun. How'ard. Hoyerswerda, hoy'ers-wiR'da, t. of Saxony. Huaheine or Huahine, hoo-a-hee'na, one of the Society Is. Huallaga, wal-ya'ga, r. of Peru. Huasacualco, hwa-sa-qual'ko. See Guaza- eualco. [Spanish or Mexican names begin- ning witli hu, like those beginning with gu, sound very nearly as if they commenced with an Knglish w : hence Guazacualco and Huasacualco are to be pronounced alike, almost wa-sa-qnal'ko. It may be ob- served that the Mexicans generally sound s and z precisely alike, although a true Spaniard will make a marked difference in their pronunciation. See Introduction to the Pronouncing Gazetteer, XXVII., 3 and 18, pages 47 and 4S.] Huasco, w&s'ko or hwas'ko, t. of Chili. Huaura, wow'ra or hwow'ra, t. of P eric. Hud'ders-field. Hudson. Hir';, hwa or hoo-a', cap. of An-nam. Huelva, wel'va or hwel'vii. Huesca, wes'ka or hwes'ka. Huescar, wes'kar or hwes'kar, t. of Spain. Httlst. Hum'ber. Humphreys, um'frez. Hungary, hung'ga-re (Hun. Magyar Orszag. mod-yoR oR-saag). Hun'ter-don. Hunt'ing-don. Hunt'ing-ton. Hunts'ville. HurdVar'. Hu'rijn. Hurrur or Hourour, hoo'roor', t. of Africa. Husum, hoo'sum, t. of Denmark. Huy, hoi. Hyapura. See Japura. Hycatu, he-k&-too' or e-ka-too', t. of Brazil. Hydaspes, hl-das'pez, now called the Jhylum jTlum' or jiPum', and Be'hut', r. of Hindos tan. Hyderabad, hl'der-a-bad' or Hydrabad. Hydra, hl'dra, or Idra, ee'dra, i. of Greece. Hythe, hlTH. 1. Iaroslav, yar-o-slav'. See Yaroslaf. Ibar, e x bar', or Hibar, he'bar', r. of Turkey. Ibarra, e-bar'ra, t. of Ecuador. Ibeit. See Obeid. Ibera, e-ba'ra, /. of La Plata. Iberville, I'ber-vil. Ibraila, e-bra-ee'la, or Ibrail, e-bra-eel'. See Brahilov. Ica, ee'sa, t. of Peru. I-ca'ri-a or Nicaria, ne-ka-ree'a, t. of Greece. Ice'land (called Is'land by the natives). Icolmkill, ik\>m-kill'. See Iona. Ico or Icco, ee'ko, t. of Brazil. Id'rl-a. Tekatarinburg. See Ekatarinburg. letza. See Jetze. Iglau, ig'lou ; written, also, Iglaw. Iglawa, ig-la'wa, or Iglava, ig-la'va, r. of Mo* ravia. Ignacio, ig-na'se-o, is. in the gulf of Califor- nia. Igualada, e-gwa-la'Da. Ihna, ee'na, r. of Prussia. Ijo, ee'yo, r. of Finland. Il'ches-ter ; written, also, Ivelchester. He de France, eel deh fraNce. Ilfracombe, il'fra-koom. Ilha Grande, eel'ya gran'da, i. of Brazil. Ilheos, eel-ya'oce, t. of Brazil. Hi, e'lee. See Gooldsha. Ille, eel. Il'ler, r. of Bavaria. Illimani, eel-ya-ma'no. Illinois, il-lin-oi'. U-lyr'i-a. Il'men, r. of Germany. Il-men', I. of Russia. Ilmenau, il'meh-now, r. of Hanover. Iltz or Ilz, ilts, r. of Styria. Imandra, e-man'dra, I. of Russian Lapland. Imola, e-mo'la. Inagua, e-na gwa, i. of W. Indies. Indals, in'dals, or In'dal, r. of Sweden. In'di-a In'di-an'a or in-de-ah'na. In-di-an-ap'o-lis. Indighirca or Indigirka, in'de-gher'ka, r. ;/ Siberia. Ind-oor' or In-dore'. . In-dos-]an\ See Hindostan. Indre, axdr. In'dus or Sindh, slnd. In' 6s, St., (Sp. Santa Ines, san'ta e-ness')j i. in the Gulf of California. Ingham, nig'um. Ingo'.stadt, ing'gol-statt\ Inhambane or Inhamban, in-am-ban', country ofS. E.Africa. In'jeh, cape of Asia Minor. Innspruck, iuns'prodk, or Innsbruck. JAI 22 JUA In-ver-a'ry. Inverkeithmg, in-ver-kee'THing. In-ver-ness'. In-ver-u'ry. Iona, e-o'na, or Icolmkill, ik'om-kill'. Ionia, I-o'ne-a. I-o'ni-an. I-os'co. I'o-wa. Ipava, e-ptL'va, I. of Venezuela. Ipsaiabul. See Ebsambul. Ips'wich. Iquique, e-kee'ka, t. of Peru. Irak Adjemi, e'rak' aj'eh-mee\ Irak Arabi, e'rak' ar'a-bee\ Iredell, Ire'del. Ire'land or E'rin. Ir-kootsk'; written, also, Irkutsk and Ir- koutsk. Iroquois, ir-o-quoy'. IrYa-wad'dy; written, also, Irrawadi. Ir'tysh or Irtish (Rus. pron. e^R-tish'). Irvine, ir'vin. Ir'well. Ir'win. Ischia, isTce-a. Iseo, e-sa'o, t. and I. of N. Italy. Iser or Isar, ee'zer. Isere, e'zaiR'. Iserlohn, ee'zer-lone'. Ish'inV or ish'eem' 3 r. of Siberia. I'sis. Is-ken-der-oon'. See Alexandretta. Islamabad, is-lam-a-bad'. Isla, I'la, or Islay, I'la. Isle of Wight, lie ov wlte'. Is'iing-ton. Ismail, is-ma-eel'. Is'meed' or Ismid, t. of Asia Minor. Isolette, e'SO-let', cape of Arabia. Ispahan, is-pa-han', or Isfahan. Issachar ? is'sa-kar, tribe of Israelites. Issoire, is'swau'. Issoudun, is'soo'duN'. Is'tri-a. It'a-ly (It. Italia, e-ta'le-a). Italian, it-al'yun or e-tal'yun. Itamaraca, ee-ta-ma-ra-ka', written, also, Ita- marca, and simply Maraca, mar'a-ka', i. of Brazil. Itapua, ee-ta-poo'a, improperly written Ita- pura, l. of Paraguay. Itapicuru, e-ta-pe-koo-roo'. It-a-wam'ba. Ith'a-ca. See Theaki. Iviea, Iviza, or Ibiza, e-vee'sa. Ivrea, e-vra'a. Iz'ard. J A T>ok (now called Zarca or Zerka), brook of Palestine. Ja'besh Gi/e-ad, t. of Palestine. Jaca. na/ka. Jack'son-ville. Jaenbina, zhii-ko-bee'na. t. of Brazil. *Jacquemel or Jacmel, zhak'mel'. Jaen. Hu\-en'. Jaffa or yuf'fa. Jafna-pa-tam'. Jago, St. See Santiago. Jagua or Xagua, iia'gwa, bay of Cuba. Jaik or Yaik, ya'ik. Jalapa, Ha-la'pa. See Xalapa. * Jalisco or Xalisco, na-lees'ko or Ha-iisTto. JaPoofs' or JaPofFs', people of W. Africa. Jamaica, ja-ma'ka. Jambo. See Yambo. James' or James's (Bay), jamz'ez, always pronounced in two syllables. Janina or \ anina, ya'ne-na. Jan Mayen, yan mi-en, t. E. of Greenland. Jap-an' (called Niph'on by the Japanese). Japura, Ha-poo'ra; sometimes written Hya- pura and Yupura. Jaquemel, zhalc'mel'. See Jacquemel. Jaquesila, Ha-ki-see'la, or Yaquesila, ya-ka- see'la, r. of California. Jardinillos, HaR-de-neel'yoce, cluster of islets near Cuba. Jarmuch, jar'muk, r. of Palestine. Jaroslav. See Yaroslaf. Jaroslaw, ya'ro-slav. Jask, jask, t. of Beloochistan. Jassy, yas'se (Ger. Jasch, yash). Jaszbereny,yaass'ba-rain'. Jauer, yow'er. Java, ja'va or jah'va. Javary, Ha-va-ree', r. of S. America. Jax-ar'tes. See Sihon. Jean d'Angely, Saint, saN zh&N darTzhaMe . Jedburgh, jed'btir-reh. Jeddo, yed'do. See Yeddo. Jehoon. See Oxus. Jen'a (Ger pron. y&'na). Jen'ne or Djen'ny, t. of Soodan. Jen'nings. *Jeremie, zha'ra'me' or zher'Sh-mee'. Jeres, H&'res. See Xeres. Jericho, jer'e-ko, t. of Palestine. Jersey, jer'ze. Jerumenha, zha-roo-men'ya, t. of Brazil. Je-ru'sa-lem (called El Kads or El Kods by the Arabs). Jesi, ya'se. Jes'sa-mme. Jesso or Iesso, yes'so. See Yesso. Jetze, yet'seh, or Jeetze, yat'seh, r. of JV Germany. Jeypoor or Jyepoor, jl-poor'. Jez're-el or Jez'reel, t. of Palestine. Jid'da or Djidda. Jigagungar, je-ga-gung'gar, t. of Thibet. Jihon or Jehoon. See Oxus. Jijona or Xixona, He-Ho'na. Joannes, zho-an'nes: called, also, Marajo ma-ra'zho, i. of Brazil. Joannina. See Janina. Jo Daviess, jo da'vis. Jo-han'na. See Anzooan, Joigny, zhwan'ye', t. of France. Jol'i-ba or Djoliba. Jonkj oping or Jqnkoping, yon'chO-pmg, al most yon'chep-ing. Jood'poor or Mar'war\ Jop'pa. See Jaffa. Jor'dan. Jorulio or Xorullo, Ho-rool'yo; often pro- nounced Ho-roo'yo. Joulamerk or JuMa-merk', t. of Asiatic Turkey. Ju'an de Fu'ca, strait W. of N. America. Ju'an de fiis-bo'a (Sp pron. Hoo-an' da lees bo'a), i. S. E. of Africa. Ju'an de No'va (Sp. pron. Hoo-an' da no'va). i. E. of Africa. Ju'an Fer-nan'dSz (Sp. pron. noo-an' feR- nan'dSth). KAZ 23 KID Ju'an, Saint. See San Juan. Ju'ba or zhoo'ba, t. of E. Africa, Ju'dah, tribe of Israelites. Jug'ger-nauf or JuggernaulA. Jujuy, Hoo-H\vee'. Juliers, zhtfle-a' (Ger. Julich, yoo'liK). JumYia. Juncal, Hoong-kal', t. of Chili. Jungfrau, yoong'frow. Ju'm-at'a. J u iik-Ceylon, junk see'lun or se-lone', t. of E. Indies. Ju'ra (Fr. pron. zhiiYa'). Jurua, Hoo-roo'a (Port. pron. zhoo-roo'a), r. of S. America. Jurumenha. See Jerumenha. Jutay, Hoo-tl' (Port. pron. zhoo-tl'), r. of S. America. Jut'laud (Dan. JQlland, yuTland). K. Kaarta, kaar'ta, kingdom of W. Africa. Kaffa, kaf'fa, or Feodosia, fa-o-do'se-a. Kahira, ka'he-ra. See Cairo. Kaifong, kl-fong', t. of China. Kairwan, kare-vvan'. Kalsarieli, kl-zar-ee'eh. Kajana or Kaiana, ku.-ya.Yia, t. of Russian Finland. Kakundy or Kakondi, ka-kun'de, t. of W. Africa. KaPa-ma-zoo'. Kalisz or Kalisch, ka'lish. Kalix, ka'lix,r. of Sweden. Kalla, kU'li, #. of Finland. Kal'mar. See Calmar. Kal-oo'ga; written, also, Kaluga and Kalouga. Kama, ka'ma. Kamieniec, kanfyen'yets v ; sometimes writ- ten Kaminietz. Kamouraska, ka-moo-ras'ka, r. of Canada. Kamt-chat'ka or Kaintschatka. Kanawha, kan-au'wa. Kan da-har'. See Candahar. Kankao, kang'ka'o or kang'kow', t. of Chin- India. Kano, ka'no, kingdom of Africa. Kan'zas, Kansas, or Kon'zas [The Kanzas Indians are familiarly called the Kaws or Kaw Indians] Kapseli or Capsali, kap'sa-lee", t. of Greece. Kara, ka'ra, sea in the N. of Russia. Kara-hissar, kaYa'-his-sar'. Karamania. See Carainania. Kara-Soo, Kara-Su, or Karasou, ka'ra-soo', r. of Asiatic Turkey. Kar'le or kar'la, i. in Gulf of Bothnia. Karls'burg (Ger. pron. kaRlz'booKG). Knroon. See Birket-el-Keroon. Karri Karri, kar'ree kar'ree, desert of S. Africa. Kasan or Kazan, ka-zim'. Kaschau, kash'ou (Hun. Kassa, kosh-shoh). Kashan. See Cashan. Kash-gar' or Cashgar, t. of Central Asia. Kas-kas'ki-a Kas-toYl-a, t. oj Turkey. Ka-tah'din. Kat-man'doo or Katmandhu. See Catmandoo. Katrine, ka'trin. Kat'te-gat. See Cattegat. Kauen, kow'en. See Kowno. Kazan. See Kaaan Kecskemet, kSchVnVait'. Ke'desh, t. of Palestine. Kedje, ked'jeh or kej, t. of Beloochistan Kee'o. See Miaco. Kehl, kale, t. of Baden. Kei or Key, kl, r. of S. Africa. Keighly, keeth'le. Keith, keeth. Kelat, kel-af, or KelatA. Kel'so. Kemi, k&Yne, r. of Finland. KemYnoo', t. of Soudan. Kemp'teri. Kenawha or Kenhawa, ken-au'wa. St$ Kanawha. Ken'dal or Kir'by Ken'dal. Ken'dall. Keneh or Qen6, ken'£h\ Ken'mare', bay of Ireland KenYie-beck'. KenYie-bunk'. Kens'ing-ton. Ken-tuck'y. Ke-oo'se-oo', i. of Japan. Ker'ah or ka'ra, r. of Persia. Ker-em'pe or Crem'pe, cape of Asia Minor. Ker'e-soon' or Keresoun, t. of Asia Minor. Kerguelen's (Land), kerg'e-lenz, t. S. of Indian Ocean. KerMon', r. of Chin. Tariary. KerYna-dec', is. of Polynesia. Kerman, ker-man'. See Kirman. Keroon or Kerouji. See Birket-el-Keroon. KerYy. Ker-shaw'. Kesariah. See Kaisarieh. Keshin, keshYen', t. of Arabia. Kesho. See Ketcho. Keswick, kez'ik, t. of England. Keszthely, kestYiei/. Ketch'o, sometimes written Cachao and Kesho, t. of Cochin China. Ketskemet. See Kecskemet. Key. See Kei. Khabs. See Cabes. Khamil or Chamil, K&Yneel', called, also, Hami, haYnee', t. of Chin. Tartary. Kharasm, kaYazm', or Kar-is'sim (Anc. Cho- rasYnia), a country of Independent Tartary. [In the twelfth century it was the seat of a powerful empire ; but it is now greatly reduced. Its present limits appear to be the same as those of Khiva.] Kharkof, Kar-koP; written, also, Charkow, Kharkow, and Kharkov. Khartoom, Khartum, or Khartoum, Kar'toonV. Khatanga, Ka-tang'ga, r. of Siberia. Khereloun, ker'eh-loon'. See Kerlou. Kheresoun. See Keresoon. Kherson or Cherson, Ker-sone'. Khiva, Kheeva or Khiewa, Kee'va. Khoi, Koy. Khojend, Ko'jend'. Khokand, Ko'kand', o: Khokan. Khoo'la, t. of Beloochistan. Khoozistan or Khuzistan, Koo'zis-tan'. Kho'per, r. of Russia. Khorassan, KoYas-san'. KhoYaa', t. of Chin. Tartary. Kiakhta, ke-aic'ta. Kiang-Ku,ke-ang'-kew'. See yang-Ue-ktanf, *Kick-a-poo'. Kid-der-min'ster. Kidonieh. See Kydo KOL KUN Kief or Kiew, ke-ef or Ki-ev'. Kiel, keel. Kifri or Kif'ree, t. of Asiatic Turkey. Kil-dare'. Kilia, kee'!e-a. Kil-ken'ny. Killarney, kil-lar'ne. Kil-mar'nock. Kil-rnore', v. of Ireland. Kimpina, kim-pee'nti,, t. of Wallachia. Kincardine, king-kar'din. Kingkitao, king-ke-ta'o, cap. of Corea. Kings'ton. King'te-ching', t- of China. Kin-ross'. Kin-sale', t. of Ireland. Kin-tore', t. of Scotland. Kin-tyre'. See Cantyre. Kidge. ke-6'gheh or kyo'gheh, almost ke-uh'- e-gheh, t. of Denmark. *Kl'o-way. Kiousiou or Kiusiu. See Keooseoo. Kiranea, ke-ro-wa'a, volcano of Hawaii. Kircaldy, kir-kaul'de or kir-kau'de. Kirensk, kee-rensk', t. of Siberia. Kirghis or Kirguis, kir'gheez' or keer'gheez', a people of Independent Tartary. Kirinoola or Kirinoula, kee-re-noo'la, t. of Chin. Tartary. Kirkcudbright, kir-koo'bre. Kirkleesa or Kirkliseh, kirk-lee'sa, written, also, Kirkilissa, t. of Turkey. Kirk-wail'. Kirman, keeYman', or Kerman, Kirmanshah or Kirmanshaw, kfieVman'- shaw'. Kirriemuir, ker're-mure'. Kishm or Kish'ma. KT'shon, r. of Palestine. *Kis-ki-min'e-tas. Kist'na. See Krishna. *Kit-ta-tin'ny. Kiusiu, kee-oo'se-oo'. See Keooseoo. Kiutaja. See Kuta'iyeh. Kiz'il Ir'mak (Turk. pron. kiz'eel' eer'mak'). Kiz'il-Koom' or Koum, desert of Asia. Klack'a-mas, r. of Oregon. Klagenfurth, kIa'gen-fooist\ See Clagenfurth. Klamet, klah'met, or Tlamath, ila'mat. Klaltau, klat'tou. Klau'spn-burg (Ger. pron. klou'zen-btioRG ; Hun. Kolozsvar, ko-lozh-vaaR). Knaj)s, naps, r. of British America. Kuiphausen, nip-how'zen or knip-how'zen, t. of Germany. Knisieneaux, nis'te-no, Indians of British America. Knox, nox. Ko-a-ho'raa. See Coahoma. Kj'di-ak\ i. S. of Russian America. Koeiyang. See Koueiyang. Koenigingraetz. See Konigingratz. Koenigsberg. See Konigsberg. Koeverden. See Coevorden. Ko'kc Nor, I. of Chin. Tartary. Kok'sak* or Kok'so-ak\ r. of Labrador. [Often improperly written Koksah.] Kokundi. See Kakundy. Ko'la, /. of Russia. Kolding. See Colding. Kolima, ko-lee-rna', r. of Siberia. Koliu, ko-leen'. Kolokythi, ko-lo-kee'the, gulf of Greece. Koloszvar. See Klausenburg. Kolyvan, ko le-van'. See Revel. Ko'morn. See Comorn. Kong, mts. of Africa. Kongsberg, kongs'beRg. Koiiieh or Konia, ko'ne-a. Konigingratz, ken'ig-in-grets x , or Konig- gratz, ken'ig-grets. Konigsberg or Koenigsberg, ken'igz-berg (Ger. pron. ko'niGs-beRG). Kon'zas. See Kanzas. Kooban, Kouban, or Kuban, koo-ban , r. of Circassia. Kooka or Kouka, koo'ka, t. of Soodan. Kool-koon or Koul-koun. See Kuer> un. Koom or Koum, koom, t. of Persia. Koond, mts. of Afghanistan. Koondooz, Koundouz, or Kunduz, koon- dooz', country of Independent Tartary. Koor, Kour, or Kur, koor. Koordistan, Kurdistan, or Curdistan, koor- dis-tan'. Koorile, Kourile, or Kurile, koo'ril. Koor'land, Kurland, or Courland. Koorsk, Koursk, or Kursk, koorsk. Koos-koos'kee, r. of Oregon. Koos'soor' Koond, t. of Beloochistan. Kopreinitz, ko'prl-nits' or Kopreinicza, ko- prl-nit'sii, t. of Croatia. Koprilior Ko-pree'lee, t. of Turkey. Koramas, ko-ra-mas' (Anc. Me'las),r. of Asia Minor. Korassan, ko'ras-san'. See Khorassan. Ko'ron or Koroni, ko'ro-nee', gulf of Greece Koros, ko'rosh', almost ker'resh'. Kosciusko, kos-se-us'ko. Kosliri, k6s-leen'. See Coeslin. Kos-tro'ma. Kotai, ko v tI', t. of Chin-India. Ko-tel'nor, i. in the Arctic Sea. Kouban. See Kooban. Koueiling, koo-a'ling', almost qua'ling', t. of China. Koueiyang, koo-a'yang' or qu&'yang', t. of China. Kouka. See Kooka. Koul-koun. See Kool-koon. Koulon, koo'lon' or Koo'loon', I. of Chin- Tartary. Kouramas. See Koramas. Koursk. See Koorsk. Koussie, koo'se, r. of S. Africa. Koutaieh. See Kutaiyeh. Kowno, kov'no, t. of Russia. Kozmin, kots-meen', t. of Prussia. Krajova or Krajowa, kra-yo'va, t. of Wal- lachia. Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoiarsk, or Krasnoyarsk, krSs'no-yarsk'. Krem'nitz (Hun. Kormecz Banya, kor-meU baiin-yoh). Kreuznach, kroits'naK. Krim. See Taurida. Krish'na or Kist'na. Kro'ben, t. of Prussia. Kruhnen, kru'nen. See Cronstadt. Kuen-lun, quen'loon', mts. of Asia; called, also, Kool-koon. Ktiffstein, kooffstTne, t. of Tyrol. Kuldsha, koold'sha. See Gooldsha. Kul'lus-pelm', /. of Oregon. Kulpa, kool'pa, r. of Illyria. Kulun. See Koulon. Kumania, ku-ma'ne-a. See Cumama Kund. See Koond. LAN 25 LEI Kur. See Koor. Kurdistan. See Koordlstan. Kurile. See Koorile. Kurische or Curische Haff, koo'rish-eh haff. Kurland. See Koorland. Kurreechane or Kurrichain, kuf re -chain', t. of S. Africa. Kursk. See Koorsk. Kussur Kund. See Koossoor Koond. Kustrin. See CQstrin. Kuialyeh, Kootaiah, Koutaieh, or Kutaja, koo-tl'a. Kydonia or Kidonieh, kee-do-nee'eh, t. of Asia Minor. L. Laaland, lau'land, or Lol'land. *La Baca, pronounced, and often written, La Vac'ca. La Battaglia, la bat-tal'ya. See Battaglia. Labischau, la'be-shou, t. of Prussia. LabYa-dor'. Lac'ca-dlves\ Lachish, la'kish, t. of Palestine. Lachsa. See Lahsa. Lack-a-wan'na. *Lack-a-wax'en. La Corufia. See Corunna Ladakh, la'dau'. Ladikia. See Latakia. Lad-o'ga. Ladrones, Iad-ronz' (Sp. pron. laD-ro'nSs). La Fere. See Fere. La Fayette, laf-a-yett' or lahYa-yett'. la. Fourche, lah foorsh'. La Grange, lah granj'. Lago, la'go, t. of Prussia. Lago di Como, la'go d& ko'mo. See Como, Lago di. Lago Maggiore, la'go mad-jo'ra. See Mag- giore, Lago. Lagos, la'goce, t. of Spain. La Guayra, la gwl'ra. Laguna, la-goo'na. Laguna or Laguna de los Terminos, la-goo'na da loce teR'me-noce, t. of Mexico on Car- men I. *Laguna del Madre, la-goo'na del maD'ra. La Haeha. See Rio Hacha. La Haye. See Hague. Lah n, laan. La Hogue, la hog, cape of France. Lahore, la hore'. Lalisa or Lachsa, laH'sa, or Hajar. Laibach, li'baic. See Laybach. Laland. See Laaland. La Mancha, la mantch'a-. See Mancha. *Lam-ar\ La Marche, la marsh. See Marche. Lambayeque, lam-bl-a'ka, t. of Peru. Lamego, la-ma'go. La-moile'. Lamoo, la'moo', or Lamo, la v mO', t. of E. Africa. Lanai, ll'nF, or Ranai, ra'nl\ Lan'ark or Lanerk. Lan'ark-shire or Lanerkshire or Clydesdale. Lancashire, lank'a-shjr. Lnnc'as-ter. Lan-cer-O'ta or Lanzarote (Sp. pron. lan-tha- ro'ta). Lauchang. See Lautchang. Lanoiano, lan-che-a'no or lan-oha'rio. Lan-dafT, more properly Llandaff. Landau, lan'dow j written, also, Landaw Landes, l&Nd. Landry, lan'dre. Lands'berg (Ger. pron. lants'be ! HG). Landscrona, lands'kroo-na. Land's-Eud'. I/andshut, lands'hoot (Ger. pron. lants'hoot), Langeac, laiTzhak', t. of France. Langeland, lang'e-land, or Lang'land. Langensalza, lang'en-salts'a. Langenthal, lang'en-taar, t. of Switzerland. Langholm, lang'um. Langoe, Iang'go or lang'go-eh, almost lang« guh'yeh, i. of Norway. Langres, lajjgr. Languedoe, laNg'gheh-dok'. Lanfchang', cap. of the Laos in Chin-India. Lanzarote. See Lancerota. La ocM-ce'a See Latakia. Laon, law. Laos, la'oce. Li Paz. See Paz. Lap-eer'. Lap'iand. La Plata, la pla'ta. See Plata. La Port. lap-ort'. La Puebla or La Puebla de los Angeles, la pweb'la (or poo-eb'la) da loce ang'H§l-Ss. Larache, laYiksh', more properly Laraish, la % - risb, or El Ar'aish', (. of Morocco. "Laredo, la-ra'do. Lar-i«'ta. Larisian, lar-is-tan', prov. of Persia. Lar'nl-ca. \ La Salle," lah sail'. Las Palmas, l&s pal'mas. See Palmas. Las'sa or H'lassa, h'las'sa. Latakia, la'ta-kee'a, or Ladikia, hVde-kee'a. Lafta-koo' or Latakoo, written, also, Lita- kou, t. of S. Africa. Lauban, lou'ban. I^auenburg, lou'en-burg or lou'en-b56Ro\ Lau'der-dale. Lauu, loun, t. of Bohemia. Launceston, lans'tun. Lau'rens. Lausanne, lo'zann'. Lauterbrunnen, Iou'ter-brtifin'nen, or Lauter. brunn, lou'ter-br66nn\ v. of Switzerland *La Vac'ca or La Baca. Laval, la'val'. Lavoro, la-vo'ro. Law'rence. Laybach or Laibach, H'buK (Illyrian Lublana, loo-bla'na). Leake, leek. Leamington, lem'ing-tun. Leba, la'ba, t. of Prussia. Leb'a-non. Le-bo'nah, t. of Palestine. Lecce, let'cha. Lech, leK, r. of Bavaria. Lectoure, lek'tooit', t. of Franc*. Leeds. Leeuwarden, li-waR'den. Leg-horn' or leg'horn (It. Livorno, h>voR no) Legnano, len-ya'no. Leh or Lei, 1&. See Ladakh. Le Havre. See Havre. Lehigh, lee'hT. Leicester, les'ter. Leicestershire, Ies'ter-shir Leiden, ll'den. SeeLtyden LIE L«igh, lee. Leine, IT'neh, r. of Germany. Leiningen, IT'ning-en, t. of Germany. Leinster, lin'ster or leen'ster. Leipsic, llpe'sik (Ger. Leipzig, Upe'tsiG). Leiria or Leyria, la-ree'a. Leith, leeth. Leitha or Leyta, ll'ta, r. of Austria. Leitmeritz, llte'mer-its, or Leutmeritz, loit / - mcr-its. Leitrim, lee'trim. Leitzen, lite'sen, t. of Styria. Le Muire, le niare, (Strait of), near Terra del Fuego. Le Mans, leh max. See Mans. Lem'berg (Ger. pron. lem'be'RG ; Pol. Lwow, lwof). Lem'nos, Stal-im'e-ne, or Lim'nee. Lem'vig, t. of Denmark. Le'na (Rus. pron. la-na'). Len'a-pe. See Lenni-Lennappe. Len'a-wee. Lenni-Lennappe, len'ne-len'na'pa, usually called Len'a-pe, Indians of N. America. Lenoir, le-nore'. Lentini, lSn-tee'ne. Lenzen, lent'sen, t. of Prussia. Leoben, la-o'ben, t. of Styria. "Leogane, la-o-gan'. Leominster, lem'in-ster. Le'on (Sp. pron. la-one'). Leona Vicaria, la-o'nave-ka're-5,. See Saltillo. Le-pan'to. Le Puy, leh pwee. See Puy. Lerida, leVe-da. Lerwick, leVrik. lies Andelys, la zarTdle'. See Andelys. Les Gona'ives, la go'nTve'. See Gona'ives. Les Martigues, la maR'teeg', t. of France. Lesina, les'e-na. Leskeard. See Liskeard. Lesparre, lespaR', t. of France. Lestwithiel. See Lostwithiel. Leucadia, lu-ka'de-a. See Santa Maura. Leuchtenberg, loiK'ten-beKG\ Leuck or Leuk, loik (Fr. Louesche, loo-esh'), t. of Switzerland. Leutmeritz, loit'mer-its. See Leitmeritz. Leutschau, loit'shou (Hun. Locse, lo-cha). Le-vant'. Lewes, lu'is. Lewis, lu'is. . Lewisham, lu'ish-um. Lewiston, lu'is-tun. Lex'ing-ton. Leyden or Leiden, ll'den. Leyria. See Leiria. Leyta. See Leitha. Leyte, la'e-ta or la'ta, i. of E. Indies. 1 iiaghoff, lee v a-goff' or Liakhov, lee'a-kov', t. in the Arctic Sea. Liampo, le-am'po\ See Ning-Po. Liard's, lee'arz', r. of British America. Libadia, liv-a-Dee'a. See Livadia. LT-be'rl-a. Libourne, le'booRn'. Lich'field. Liehtenau, lin'teh-now", t. of Germany. Lichtenfels, iiic'ten-fels, t. of Germany. Liechtenstein, liic'ten-stlne*, or Liechtenstein, kex'ten-s1Tne\ Liege, leej (Fr. pron. le'aizh' ; Dutch Luyk or Lnik, loik; Ger. Lattichj ItU'tiic). LU-guhsv leeg'uiw. 26 LOI Lientz or Lienz, leents, t. of Tyroi- Lieou Khieou. See Loo Choo. Lier, leer (Fr. Lierre, le-aiR'L Lflle or Lisle, leel. Lima (Peru), lee'ma. *Lima (U. S.), ll'ma. Lim'burg (Fr. Limbourg, laM v boOR')- Lim'er-ick. Lim'mat, r. of Switzerland. Limoges, le'mozh'. Limousin, le'moo'sdw', or Limosin. Limoux, le'moo'. *Linares, le-na'rSs. Lincoln, link'un. Lincolnshire, link'un-shir. Ling'en, t. of Germany. Linkoping or Linkjoping, lin'ch6-ping, t. «f Sweden. Lm-lith'g5w. Lintz or Linz, lints. Lipari, lip'a-re or lee'pa-re. Lippa, lip*p6h x , t. of Hungary. Lippe, lip'peh. Lippe-Detmold, -det'molt. Lippe-Schauenburg, -shou'en-b6&RO e shou'en-burg. Liria, lee're-a. Lis'bon (Port. Lis-bo'a or lees-bo'a,. Lis'burn. Lisieux, le'ze-tjh'. Liskeard, lis-kard' or Leskeard. Lisle,, leel. See Lille. Lis-more'. Lis'sa (Pol. Leszno, lesh'no). Litakou. See Lattakoo. Litarouba, lifa-roo'ba, or Lifa-ba-roo'ba, & of S. Africa. Litch'field. Lith-u-a'ni-a. *Litiz (Pa.) lit'its. Livadia or Libadia, Irv-a-Dee'a. Liv'er-pool. Ll-v'o'nl-a (Ger. Liefland, leef'lant). Livorno, le-voR'no. See Leghorn. Ljusne, lyoos'na. Llandaffor Lan-daff'. Llanelly, lan-eth'le. Llangollen, lan-goth'len. Llanidloes, lan'id-less. Llanos, lya'noce. Llanrwst, lan'roost, t. of Wales. Llerena, lya-ra'na. Lo-an'da or lo-an'da, cap. of Angola. Loango, lo-ang'go. Lob-Nor. See Lop-Nor. Lobenstein, lO'ben-stTne", t. of Germany. Lobos, lo'boce, the name of various is. on thi coast of Spanish America. Lochaber, loK-a'ber, district of Scotland. Loch Katrine. See Katrine. Loch Lomond. See Lomond. Loch Ness, 16k ness'. See Ness. Loches, losh. Lochy, lox'e, r. of Scotland. Lock'pOrt. Lodeve, lo'dave'. Lodi (Italy), lo'de. *Lodi (U. S.), lo'dT. Lof-fo'den or Lp-fo'den. Lo'gan. Log'goon' or Loggun, t. of Central Africa Logrono, Io-grone'yo. Loheia, lo-ha'ya, t. qf Arabia. Loir, lwaft. LUD 27 MAD I*>TTe, rW&R., L<*iret, lwaYa'. Loja or Loxa, 1o'h£. Lokeren, lo'ker-en. Lol'laud. See Laaland. Lom'bar-dy {It. Lombardia, lom-baR-dee'a) . Lomond, Loch, U* lo'muRd. Lom'nitz, one of the Carpathian Jiffs. London, luw'dun or km'd'H. Londonderry, luifdun-der're. Long'fard. Lons-le-Saulnier, l6N-leh-so v ne-a'. Loo Choo ie-el'. Marienbad, ma-ree'en-bad % or ma-ree en-bat', t. of Bohemia. MAU M4¥I-en-berg or mcUree'en-b?RG\ Ma'rt-en-burg or ma-ree'en-b60RG\ Ma'ri-en-wer'der or ma-ree'en-weVder. Marierizell,' ma-ree'en-tsell', or Mariazell, ma-ree'a-tsell'. Ma-ri-et'ta. Marigliano, miL-reel-ya'no. Marion, ma're-un. Mariout. See Birket-el-Marioot. Maritza or Marizza, raa-rit'sa, or Mar-is'sa. Marlborough, marl'b'rQh. Mar'mQ-ra or mar'ma-ra. Marne, maRn. Ma-roc'eo. See Morocco. Maroni, ma-ro-nee', r. of Guiana. Marosch. ma'rosh (Hun. Maros, mor'osh'). Maros Vasarhely, mor r osh' vaa'shaaR'hei/ (Ger. Neumarkt, noi'maRkt). Marquesas, mar-ka'sas. Marquette, mar-kett'. Marsala, maR-sa'la. Marseilles, mar-sailz' (Fr. Marseille, maR x - saii/). Mar'shall. Mar v ta-ban'. Martigny, mar-teen'ye (Fr. pron. maR'teen'- ye'; Ger. Martinach, maR'te-naK, t. of Switzerland. Martigues, Les, la rnaR'teeg', t. of France. Mar'tin. Mar'tin Vas (Is), a cluster of rocky islets in the Atlantic Ocean, E. of S. America. Martinique, mar v tin-eek' (Sp. Martiuico, maR- le-nee'ko). Mar'war\ See Joodpoor. Ma'ry-land. Ma'ry-pOrt. Mas-a-Fuera or Masafuera, ma-sa-fwa'ra, i. W. of Chili. Mas-a-Tierra, ma&-a~te-er'ra, t. W. of Chili. Mascarenhas, mas-ka-ren'yas, is. E. of Mada- gascar. Mash-ow', t. ofS. Africa. Mas-kat' or Mas-cate'. See Muscat. Mas-ke'gon or Mas-ke'go. Mas'sa-chu'setts. Massina, mas'se-na, kingdom of Africa. Masta, ma-sta,' or mas'ta, often written Msta, r. of Russia. Masua or Massouah, mas'soo-a ; written, also, Massovvah. Masulipatam, mas-soo"le-pa-tam'. *Mat-a-gor'da. *Mat-a-mo'ros or Matamoras. Mat-an'zas or ma-tan'thls. Mat v a-pan'. Mataro, ma-ta-ro'. Mat-ar-ee'yeh ; often written Mataria or Mataryeh. Ma-tem'ba, prov. of S. Africa. Ma-thT'as, St. (Sp. San Matias, san ma-tee'as), bay of Patagonia. Mathura; sometimes written, and usually pronounced, Mut'tra. Matsmay or Matsma'i, mats-mT', t. on Yesso I. Matura, mu'too-ra,. Mauch-Chunk, mauk-chunk'. Mauhes, mow'ais', Indians of Brazil. (?) Maui, pronounced, and sometimes written, Mow'ee. Mau-mee'. Mauna Roa, mow'na ro'a, (i. e. " great moun- tain"), mt. of Hawaii. Maurcpas, mo're-pa\ 61* 29 MEM Mau'rlce, St. (Fi . pron. s4n ma'reece'), r. •/ Canada. Mauritius, mau-rish'e-us. Mau'ry. Mautern, mow'tern, t. of Austria. Mayaco, ml-a'ko, t. of Hayti. Mayagu'ana, ml-a-gwa'na, i. of W. Indict. Mayence. See Mentz. Mayenne, ma'yenn' or mT'enn'. Mayn, mine. See Main. May'nooth, t. of Ireland. Mayo (Ireland), ma'o. *Mayo (Mexico), mi'o. Mayo, mi'o, one of the Cape Verd Isles. Maysville, maze'vil. Mayumba or Majumba, ma-yum'ba, t. of W. Africa. Mazanderan, ma-zan-der-an', or Mazande- roon, ma-zan-der-oon'. Mazagan, maz N a-gan', t. of Morocco. Mazagao, ma-za-ga'ON, almost maz-a-gowng', t. of Brazil. *Maz-at-lan' or ma-sat-lan'. Mazzara, mat-sl'ra. Meaco, me-a'ko. See Miaco. Meade, meed. Mead'ville. Meath, meeTH. Meaux, m5. Mec'ca. Mechlin, mek'lin, or Mechelen, meK'§l-$u (Fr. Malines, ma'leen'). Meck'len-burg (Ger. pron. meck'len-bodRo'). Mecklenburg-Schwerin, -shwer-een'. Mecklenburg-Strelitz, -strel'its. Medina (Arabia), med-ee'na. Medina (U. S.), me-dl'na. Medina Sidonia, med-ee'na se-do'ne-a. Med'I-ter-ra'ne-an. Medvieditza, med-ve-a'dit'sa ; incorrectly written Melvidetz, r. of Russia. Med'way. Meenen. See Menin. "Megiddo, me-ghid'do, t. of Palestine. Meg'na. Mehallet-el-kebeer or -el-kebir, meh-ha. let-el-keh-beeR'. *Me-her'rin. Me'idam, ma'e-dam', r. of Arabia. Meigs, megz. Me'inam or Menam, mae-nam' or ma-nam Meinder, mane'der (Anc. Mse-an'der), r. q, Asia Minor. Meiningen, ml'ning-en, or Meinungen, ml'- n66ng-en. Meissen, ml'cen. Mejerdah or Medjerdah, meh-jer'da (Anc. Bag'ra-das), t. of Algeria. Mek'I-nez\ Mekl-nes v , or Mek'nas; also written Mequinez. IV^elazzo. SeeMilazzo. Melbourne, mel'burn, t. of Australia. Meleda, ma-la'da, i. in the Adriatic. Melinda, ma-lin'da, t. of E. Africa. Meling or Meeting', mts. of China. Melos. See Milo. Mel-rose'. Mel'ton Mow'bray (mo'bre). Me-lun' (Fr. pron. m'luN or meh-luN). Mel'ville, i. of British America. Mem'el or ma'mel. Mem'ming-en. *Mem'phis. *MenVphre-m4'go£. MIG 30 MOL Menaina, men-T'na, t. on Bahrein I. Me-nan' or Ma-nan' Is., a cluster near the E. coast of Mai?ie. Men-ard'. Mendana, men-dan'ya. See Marquesas. Mende, maNd. Menuocino, men-do-see'no, cape of Cali- fornia. Men-do'za (Sp. pron. men-do'tha). Menin, meh-naN' (Flem. Meenen, ma'nen). *Men-nom'o-nfe or Me-nom'o-nee. Menorca. See Minorca. Mentone, men-to'na, t. of N. Italy. Mentz, ments, or Mainz, mints (Fr. Ma- yence, ma'yaNce'). Menzaleh, men'za'leh. Mep'pel, t. of Holland. Mequinez. See Mekinez. Merdin, mer-deen'. See Mardeen. Mergui or Merghi, mer-ghee'. Merawe or Meraweh, mer'a-wi (Anc. Mer'- o-e)\ t. of Abyssinia. *Mer'e-dith. Meriato. See Mariato. Mer'i-da or meYe-da. Meramichi. See Miramichi. Mer'i-on'eih. Mer'i-weTH-er. *Mermentau, mer'men-to'. Mer'o-e. See Merawe. Me'rom, /. of Palestine. Mer'ri-mack. Mer'se-burg (Ger. pron. meR'seh-booRG*). Mersey, mer'ze. Merthyr Tydvil or Tydfil, mer'ther tid'vil. Merv, t. of Independent Tartary. Mesh'ed" or Mush'ed ; written, also, Mes- ched, and Meschid. Mesolongi. See Missolonghi. Mes'o-po-ta'mt-a; called El-Jez-ee'rah (Al- Jezira) by the Arabs. Messina, mes-see'na. Mesurado, mes-oo-ra'do, r. of W. Africa. Mesuratn, mes-oo-r&'ta, t. of Tripoli. Meta, ma'ta, r. of New Granada. Metelin, met-e-leen', or Myt-e-le'ne, i. of Greece. Metz, mets (Fr. pron. mace). Meurthe, muKt. Meuse, muze (Fr. pron. muz; Dutch, Maese or Maas, maas). Mex'i-co (Sp. pron. m&h'He-ko). Mezene or Mezen, mez-ain', r. of Russia. Mezieres, mez'e-aiR'. Miaco, me-a'ko, or Kee'o. Miami, mT-ah'me. Michigan, mish'e-gun or mish-e-gan'. Michilimackinac, mish x il-e-mack'in-au. See Mackinaw. *Michoacan, me'cho-a-kan'. Miconi, mik'o-nee. See Myconos. Mid'del-burg. Middlebury, mid'del-bSr-e. Middlesborough_, mid'dlz-b'ruh or mid'dlz- bur-rQh. MiJ'dlg-sex Mid'dle-ton. Mid'dle-town. Mid'land. Mifflin. Migliano, meel-ya'no, t. of Italy. Migliazza, meel-yai'sa, or Miliaska, mil-e-as'- ka, r. of Bosnia. *MT'lam. Mil'an (It. Milano, me-la'no). Milazzo, me-lat'so, or Melazzo, ma-lat'ao. Mil'den. See Moudon. Mil'foVd. Milhau, me'lo'. Mil'ledge-ville. Milo, me'Io. or Me'los. Milt-sin' or milfseen', (Mt.), the highest mea- sured summit of the Atlas Mts. Mil-wau'kee or Milwaukie. Minab, me'nab', t. of Persia. Minch, mink, channel of Scotland. Mincio, min'cho. Mindanao, min-da-na'o, or Magindanao, ml- Hin-da-na'o. Min'den. Min-do'ro. Min-e-so'ta or Minnesota, territory of I'm United States. Mingan, ming'gan,is.i» the Gulf of St. Law- rence. Min-gre'lt-a, Russian prov. near Mt. Cauca- sus. Minieh or Minyeh, mee'ne-yeh, t. of Egypt. Minho, meen'yo. [This is the Portuguese spelling; the Spaniards write the name Miiio, but pronounce it the same.] *Minnetaree, min-ne-tar're. Min-or'ca or Men-or'ca. Minsk. Miosen, me-o'zen, I. of Norway. Miquelon, mik'eh-lon'", or more properly me'- keh-l6N', i. near Newfoundland, belonging to France. Miramichi, nnVa-mi-shee'. Miranda, me-ran'da, t. of Spain. Mirandola, me-ran'do-la. Mirebalais, meeR'ba'la', t. of Hayti. Mirepoix, mir'eh-pwa' or rhSe'R'pwa'. Mirim, me-reem', I. of Uruguay. Mis'i-tra or Mis'tra, i. of Greece. Miskolcz, mish-kolts'. Misselad, mis'se-lad', r. of Central Africa{?-). *Mis-sis'que. Mis\sis-sip'pi. Missolonghi, mis-so-long'ghe. Missouri, mis-soo'r6. Mis'tas-sin'ny or Mistissinny, I. of British America. Mittau, mit'tou. Mobile, mo-beel'. Mocha, mo'ka (Arab. pron. mo'xa*). Mod'en-a or mod'Sn-l. Modica, mod'e-ka. Mo'en, i. of Norway. Mog v a-dore' (called Swee'ra by the Moors). Mo-gul'. Mohacs, mo'haatch'. *Mo-hah've. Mo'hawk. Mo-hee'lef ; written, also, Mohilew and Mo ghilev. Mo-he'gan, mts. of New York. Moissac, mwas'sak'. Moksha or Mokscha, mok'sha, r. of Russia. Moksobo. See Monchaboo. Mojos or Moxos, mo'Hoce, Indians of Bolivia. Moldau, mol'dow. Mol-daVi-a. Mol-fet'ta. Molise, mo-lee'sa, t. and prov. of Naples. Molokai, mo-lo-kl', or Morotai. MOO 31 MUR Mo-luc'cas. Moluches, mo-loo'ches, Indians of Pata~ gonia. Molwitz, mol'wits or mol'vits, t. of Silesia. Mombaza, mom-ba'za, or Mombas, mom'bas', kingdom^ t., and t. of E. Africa. Mom-pox' (Sp pron. mom-poH.'). Monaco, mon'a-ko. *Mo-nad'nock. Monagliaii, mon'a-Han. Monastir, pronounced, and sometimes writ- ten, Mon-as-teer', t. of Turkey. Mon'clo'va, t. of Mexico. Mon'cha-boo' or Monclioboo (called by the natives Mok'so-bo' or Moks v o-boo'), t. of Birma. Mondego, mon-da'go. Mondonedo, mon-dOn-y&'DO. Mondovi, mon-do-vee'. Monferrato, mon-f£r-ra'to. Mon-fa-loot' or Monfalout, t. of Egypt. Monfia, mon-fee'a, i. of E. Africa. Monghir, mung-gheer . Mon-go'll-a. Mo-nis'tic, r. of Michigan. *Moniteau, mon N e-to'. Monmouth, mon'muth. Mo-non'ga-he'la. Mo-non-ga'li-a. Monopoh, mo-nop'o-le. Monomotapa, mouYj-mo-ta'pa, country of E. Africa. Monreale, mon-ra-a'la. See Montreale. Mon-roe'. Mon-ro'vi-a, cap. of Liberia. Mons, mdx (Flem. Bergen, bSR'Hen). Montagnana, mon-tan-ya'na. Montargis, moN'taiTzhe'. Montauban, m6N*tO'baN'. *"Moirtauk'. Montbrison, mON'bre'zOn'. Montcalm, mont-kam'. Mont-de-Marsan, miN-deh-maR'sajj'. Mon-te'go, bay of Jamaica. Monte-Leone, mon'ta-la-o'ni. Montelimart, mAN'teTeYnaR'. Monterey, mon-ta-ray'. Mon-te-vid'e-o or mon-ta-vee'da-o. Montgomery, mont-gum'er-e. *Mon-ti-cel'lo. Montilla, mon-teel'ya. Montmartre, mirjYnaR-tR'. Montmorenci, mont-mo-ren'se (Fr. pron. mON'moYaN'se'), r. of Canada. Mont-pe'11-er. Mont-pel'li-er (Fr. pron. mox-perie-a'.) Montreal, mont-re-aul' (Fr. Montreal, m6N"- ri'al'). Montreale, mont-ra-a'Ia, or Monreale. Moct -rose'. Mor.' ser-rat', mt. of Spain ; also i. of W. In- dus. Monza, mon'za. Mookden, Mukden, or Moukden, mookMen'. See Shin- Yang. Moo'loo'as, a people of S. Africa. (?) Mooltan or Moultan, mool-tan'. Moorad or Murad, mooYad', a branch of the Euphrates. Moore, more Moorshedahad, moor'she-da-bad'. Moorzook, Mourzouk, or Murzuk, moor- zook'. Moo»ehead, mooce'hed'. *Moqui, mo-kee' (Moquis, mo-keez', in tn« plural). Mo'ra, cap. of Mandara. Morat, mo'ra' (Ger. Murten, moSR'ten), t and I. of Switzerland. Morava or Morawa, mo-ra'va, or March. Mo-ra'vt-a (Ger. Mahren, ma'ren). Moray, pronounced, and often written, Mui / Morbihan, moR'be'aN'. Mo-re'a or Peloponnesus. *Moreau, moYo'. Morena, Sierra, se-er'r3, mo-ra'na, chain of mts. in Spain. Mor'gan. Mor'gaRYen, mt. of Switzerland. Morlaix, moR v la'. Moroc'co or Marocco (Arab. Maraksh, ma- raksh'). Morotai, mo-ro-ti'. See Molokai. [For an explanation of this interchange of the let- ters I and r, and k and t, the inquirer is referred to note on page 462 of the Pro- nouncing Gazetteer.] Mor'ro Her-mo'so or heR-mo'so, improperly written Moro Hermoso, cape of California. Morrope, morYo-pa', t. of Peru. Morsoe, mors'd'eh, almost mors'tthYeh, or Mors I., i. of Denmark in the Lymfiord. Mortagne, moR'tan', t. of France. Mos'cow (Rus. Moskwa, mosk-wa'). Moselle, mo-zell' (Ger. Mosel, mo'zel). Mosk'wa (Rus. pron. Mosk-wa'). Mosquito, mos-kee'to. Mos'tar', t. of Turkey. Mo'sul or Moo'sul. Motril, mo-treel', t. of Spain. Moudon, iiioo\16n' (Ger. Mil'den), t. of Svri. zerland. Moukden. See Mookden. Monlins, moo'laV. Moultan, mool-tan'. See Mooltan. Mouna Roa, more properly Mauna Ron, which see. Moura, moo'ra (Port. pron. mo'ra or m5'oo« ra), t. of Brazil. Mourad. See Moorad. Mourzouk. See Moorzook. Mow'ee. See Maui. Moxos. See Mojos. Mozambique, mo-zam-beek' . Msta. See Masta. Muhlenburg, mu'len-burg. Muhlhausen, mflle'how'zen. Muhlhausen, mule'how'zen (Fr. Muhlhouse muTooz'). MQhlheim, male'hlme. Movisas or Movizas, mo-vee'zaz, a people o S. Africa. Muhr or Mur, mooR, r. of Styria. Mukden. See Mookden. Mulahacen, moo-la-a-then' (th as in thin) t highest mt. in Spain. Mulde, m661'deh, r. of Saxony. Mull. Mul-lin-gar'. Mun'den. Munich, mu'nik (Ger. Munchen, mfln'Hen) Munkacs, m66nk-atch', t. of Hungary. Mun'ny-poor' or Mun'i-poo'ra, t. of Birma. Mun'ster (Ger. MQn'ster). Mur. See Muhr. Murad, moo-rad'. See Moorad. Murauj moo'rou, t. of Styria. NAS 32 NEV Murcia, mur'she-a (Sp. pron. mooR'the-a). Murfreesborough, mur'freez-bur-ruh. Muritz, mfl'rits, I. of Prussia. Murray, mur're. See Moray. Mursuk. See Moorzook. Murten. See Morat. Murusura or Murucura, moo-roo-soo'ra, r. of E. Africa, of which little is known. Murviedro, mooR-ve-a'dro. Mus-cat' ; sometimes written Mascat or Mas- cate. Muscatine, mus v ka-teen'. 4us-co'gee (g hard). Muscongus, mus-kong'gus, bay of Maine. Mus'eo-vy, a name sometimes given to Russia, derived apparently from Moscow, the an- cient capital of the empire. Muskau, moos'kow, t. of Prussia. Muskingum, mus-king'gum. Musselburgh, mus'sel-bur-ruh. Mut'tra. See Mathura. Myc'o-nos, or Miconi or Myconi, mik'o-nee, t". of Greece. Mysore, mi-sore'. Myt-1-le'ne or Metelin, i. of Greece. N. Naab, naab (Ger. pron. naap), r. of Bavaria. Naas, nace. *Nabajo; pronounced, and sometimes writ- ten, Nav'a-hoe, or Nabajoa, na-va-H5'a. *Nacogd'i'j written, also, Passarouang, t. of Java. Passau, pas'sow. Pasto, pls'to. Pat-a-go'rit-a. *Pa-taps'co. Pat'a-ra or Patera, t. of Asiatic Turkey. Pat'ter-spn. Pat'mos. t. of Greece. Pat'na. ' Pa-to'mac. See Potomac. Pa-tras' or Patrasso, pa-tras'so. *Pattawatomies. See Pottawatomies. Pau, po. Paul de Loanda, St. See Loanda. Pavia, pa-vee'a. *Pavv'nees. *Pa\v-tuck'et. Pax'os or Pax'o. Pays Bas, pa'e ba. See Netherlands. Pays de Vaud, pi'e deh vo. See Vaud. Payta. pl'ta, t. of Peru. Paz, La, la paz (Sp. pron. la path). Pearlington, perl'ing-tun Pecs, paitch. See Funfkirehen. Peebles, pee'belz. Pe'dee'. Pegnitz, peg'nits, t. and r. of Bavaria. Pegu or Pegou, pe-goo'; called, also, Bagoo. Peichaouer. See Peshawer. Pei-Ho, pa'ho', r. of China. Pei'pus, pi'e-pooce, or Tchood'sko-e. Pe'kin' or Pe'kiiig'. Pe-lew', it. in the E. Indies. Peling, piling', mts. of China. Pel'la, t . of Palestine. Pelvorm or Pellworm, pel'vorm, i. of Den- mark. Pem'ba, i. ofE. Africa. Pem'bi-na, I. of N. America. *Pemigewasset, penTI-je-wos'set. Pembroke, pem'brook. Penafiel, pane-ya-fe-el'or-fe-ale', t. of Spain. Peiias, pain'yas, gulf of Patagonia. Pen-den'nis, castle of Cornwall, England. P»i»edo, pa-na'do, t. of Brazil. Pene:nngueshine or Penetangusljene, pen'e- tang'gu-sheen', t. of Canada Penn-syl-va'nl-a. Pc-nob'scot. Pen-ryn'. Peifsa-co'la. Pen'za or Pensa. Pen-zance'. Pe-o'ri-a. Pepin, pip'in, (Lake), an expansion of the Mississippi R., IV. of Wisconsin. Perche, pftRsh, a former prov. of Frant *. *Perdido, per-dee'do. Pereslavl, plr-es-lavl'. See Riazan. Pergola, peVgo-la, t. of Italy. Penbouaca, per v re-boo-8/ka or Peribouca, r. of Canada. Perigord, perVgoR',/ormer yrot>. of Franc*. Perigueux, p&rVguh'. Perm (Rus. pron. pCRm). Pernagua, peR-na-gwa/, t . of Brazil. Pemambuco, pSR-nam-boo'ko. Pemau, p^R'now. Perole, pa-ro'ta,/or£ress of Mexico. Perouse, p^-rooz', strait near Yesso I. Perpignan, pSR'peen'yaN'. Per-quim'ans. Persia, per'she-a ; called by the natives Iran, ee'ran'. Perth. Perth Am-boy'. Peru, pe-roo'. Perugia, pa-roo'ja. Pes'a-ro or pa'sa-ro. Pescara, pes-ka'ra, r. and t. of Naple.s. Peschiera, pes-ke-a'ra, t. of N. Italy. Peshawer, Peichaouer, Peschauer, pesh'our; written, also, Paishawur and Pelshore. Pesth, pest (Hun. pron. pesht). Petch'e-lee' or Petch'ee'lee'; written, also, Petchili, gulf of China. Petch-o'ra or Petschora. Peterborough or Peterburgh, pee'ter-bur-ruh. Peterhead, pee'ter-hed. Pe'ters-burg, Saint (Rus. Peterburg, pi'ter- boorg) . Peterwardein, pee'ter-war'dlne (GeL pron. pa-ter-waR'dine). Petic. ' See Pitic. Pe'tra. t. of Arabia. Petrinia, pa-tree'ne-a, t. of Sclavonia. Pet-ro-zav-odsk', t. of Russia. Pel 'tis. Pizenas, peVna'. PhiPa-del'phi-a. Phil'ip-pine. Piacenza, pe-a-chen'za. Piacina or Piasina, pe-a-see'ni, r. of Siberia. Pl'att. Piave, pe-a'va, t. and r. of Italy. Pic'ar-dy (Fr. La Picardie, hi pe v kaR x de'). Pichincha, pe-chin'cha. Pick'a-way. Pico, pee'ko. *Pictou, pik-too'. Piedmont, peed'mont (It. Piemonte, pe-i~ mon'ta). *Pieds Noirs, pe-a' nwaR, or Black-feet. Pienza, pe-en'za, t. of Italy. Pierre, Saint, sent peer (Fr. pron. sIn pe- aiR'). Pietola, pe-a'to-la, v. of Italy. Pignerol, peen'yer-rol'. See Pinerolo. Pilar, pe-laR', t. of Brazil. Pilcomayo, pil-ko-mT'o, r. of S. America. Pilica, pe-leet'sa, r. of Poland. Pil'lar, cape of Terra del Fuego. Pillau, pil'lou. Pil'sen. Pinega, pe-na'ga, r. of Russia. Pinerolo, pe-na-rol'o (Fr. Pignerol, peen'yer- ol'). Pines, pTnz, (Isle of), i. of the W. Indies. Pinhel, peen-yel', t. of Portugal and Brazil. Pin-zOn' or Pincon, pin-sone', bay of Brazil Piretibbi or Piretibbe, pe-re-tib'be or pi r Ye tib'be, I. of British America. Pirmasens or Pirmaseuz, pSeVma-sents, t. of Bavaria. Pisa, pee'za. Pis-oat'a-qug.. PON 37 PUE Pis-cat'a-quis. Pisaiiia, pe-zan'e-a, t. of W. Africa. Pisek, pee'sek, t. of Bohemia. P«'cO. t. of Peru. Pis'g^h, mt. of Palestine. Pissou or Pisou. pe-zoo', r. of Liberia. Pistoja, pis-io'ya. Pit-cairnV Island. Pite.ft, pit'e-O. Pi lie, pee-lik', t. of Mexico. Pitts'burg. Pitt-syl-va'ni-a. Piura, pe-oo'ra, t. of Peru. Placentia, pla-sen'she-a. See Piacenza. Plaqueraine, plak'meen'. Plasencia, pla-sen'she-a (Sp. pron. pla-sen'- the-a). Plata, La, la pla'ta ; called, also, the Argen- tine (ar'jen-tlne) Republic (Sp. Republica Argeniina, ra-poob'le-ka an-nln-tee'iia). Plata, Rio de la, ree'o del-a pla'tL Platte or Ne-bras'ka. Flatten See, plat'ten sa, or Lake Balatony, baA'lolftoiT. Platts'hurg. Plauen, plow'en. Plava, pla'vii. t. of Turkey. Pleisse, ptl'eeh. Plock, plotak. Pludenz, ploo'dents, t. of Tyrol. Plymouth, plim'ath. Plyn-lim'mou. *Po'co-moke. Po'co-no, mt. of Pennsylvania. Po-co-hon'tas. Podlachia, pod-l&'ke-a. Po-dO'li-a. Poictiers. See Poitiers. Poictou. See Poitou. Poin'sett. Point Coupee, -koo-pee'. Point de Galle or Punto Gallo, poon'to gal'lo, t. of Ceylon. *Point Isabel, -iz'a-bel. Poitiers or Poictiers, poi-teerz' (Fr. pron. pwa'te-a', almost pwTte-a'). Poitou or Poictou, poi'too' (Fr. pron. pwa'- too' or pwrtoo'). Po'la. Po'land (called by the Poles, Polska, pole'ska) . Policastro, pol-e-kas'tro, t. of Naples, Poligni, po'leen'ye', t. of France. Pollina, pol-lee'na, t. and r. of Sicily. Polock, po-lotsk' ; written, also, Polotzk, t. of Russia. Poltava, p6l-ta'va ; also written Pultowa. Polynesia, porin-ee'she-a. Pom-e-ra'ni-a (Ger. Pom'mern). Pom'e-n'e', ». S. E. of Africa. Po-mo'na or Main'land. Pompeii, pom-pa'ye. Pol:™., pon'sa, t. of Porto Rico. Pond:cherry,pon'de-sher're (Fr. Pondichery, pirTde'shaRe'). *Ponk'as. See Puncahs. Po-no'la. See Panola. Ponta-Delgada, pon'ta-del-ga/da. Ponlch'ar-train'. Pontefract, porn'fret. Pontal, pon-tal'. t. of Brazil. *Pontiac, pon'to-ak\ Pon'to-toc'. Pontremoli, poH-trem'o-le, t. of Italy. 62 Poo'nah. Popayan, po-pT-an' or po-pi-yan'. Po-per-ing'en (Fr.Poperingue, pop'er-a^N'gO Po-po-cat a-p«l' or po-po-ka-ta-pet'el. Porongos, po-rong'goce, I. of La Plata. Port'age. Portalegre, poRt-a-la'gra, t. of Brazil. *Porl-au-Platte, port-o-platt. Port-au-Prince, pOrt-0-prince (Fr. rron, poRt-o-praNce). Port'land. Port Le'on. Port Louis, port loo'is, or Port Northwest. Port Mahon, ma-hone'. Port Natal, port na-tal', t. of S. E. Africa. Porto. See Oporto. Por'to Bel'lo (Sp. Puerto Bello, pweVto bel'yo). *POr'to Ca-bel'lo (Sp. Puerto Cabello, pweV- to kii-veM'yo). Porto Praya, pOr'to prl'a. See Praya. Por'to Prin'ci-pe. See Puerto Principe. Porto Rico, por'to ree'ko (Sp. Puerto Rico : pweVto ree'ko). Porto Salgado, por'to sal-ga'do, t. of Brazil. Por'to San'to, a little i. near Madeira. Porto Seguro, poR'to sa-goo'ro, t. of Brazil Porto Vecchio, poR'to vek'ke-o, t. of Corsica Portsea, port'see. Portsmouth, pOrts'muth. Port'u-gal (Port. pron. poR-too-gal'). Posega, po-si'ga, t. of Sclavonia. Posen, po'zen. Potenza, po-ten'za. Po-to'mac. Potosi, po-to-see' or po-to'se. Potsdam, pots'dam. *Pot > ta-wat'Q-mies. Potts'ville. Poughkeepsie, po-kip'se. Poulton, pole'tun. Pow-hat-tan'. Po'yang', I. of China. Pozzuoli, pot-soo-o'le. Prague, praig (Ger. Prag, prao). *Prairie du Chien, pra're dQ she-aN'. Pras'lin or praz-leen', i. E. of Africa. Prato, pra'to. Praya, Porto, poR'to prl'l. Prei)le, preb'el. Preg'el. Prenzlow, prents'Iov. [bSoRG) Pres'burg or Press'burg (Ger. pron. press' Pres'ton. Prev'e-sa or pri'va-sl. Prlnce'ton. Princeza, prin-si'za, t. of Brazil. Principato Citra, prin-che-pa'to chee'tra. Principalo Ultra, prin-che-pa'to ool'tra. Prip'ets (Polish Prypec, prip'ets). Privas, preVliss'. Prome, prom, t. of Birma. Provence, proVakce'. Prov'I-dence. Prussia, proo'she-3, or prush'e-a (Ger. Preus* sen, prois'sen). Prfith (Ger. pron. proot), r. in the E. of Europe. Prypec or Prypetz. See Pripets. Przemysl, pzhem'isl. Pskof or Pskow, pskoff; written^ also, Pskov. Ptolemais, tol-e-ma'is, t. of Palestine. Puebla, pweb'li. Set La Puebla. RAI 38 RHI ♦Pueblo, pweVlo, or El Pueblo de los Ange les, ll pweb'lo da loce ang'tiel-Ss. Puelches, pwel'chSs. Indians of Patagonia. Pueiue Nacional, pwSn'ti na-se-o-nal . *Puerco, pvveVko. Puerto Bello. See Porto Bello. Puerto Cahello. See Porto Cabello. Puerto Principe, pw&R'to prin'se-pa or preen' the-pa, or Por'to Prin'c'i-pe. Puerto Rico. See Porto Rico. Pulao, poo-la'o or poo-lou', t. on the peninsula of Malacca. Pulaski, pu-las'ke. PuloPiuangor PouloPinang, poo'lo pe-nang', i. near Malacca. Puna, ppo'n&j improperly written Puno, i. in the gulf of Guayaquil. *Puncahs, punk'az, or Ponkas. *Pungoteague, pung'go-teeg'. Puno, poo'no, t. of Peru. Purus, poo'rus or poo'rooce, r. of S. America. Put'nam. Putumayo, poo-too-ml'o, r. of S. America. Puy, Le, leh pwee. Puy de Dome, pwee deh dome. Pyrenees, pir'en-eez. Pyrmout, pSeR'mont, t. of Germany. Q. Qaherah, kab'he-ra. See Cairo. Qene. See Keneh. Qoceyr, kos-sare'. See Cosseir. Qualoe, qua'lo or qual'uh'yeh, i. of Nor- way.^.) Quang-tong'. See Canton. Que-bec' (Fr. Quebec, ka'bek'). Quedah or Kedah, ka'da, t. and kingdom of Malacca. Qued'lin-burg (Ger. pron. kw£d'lin-bo6RG v ). Queen Charlotte's, -shar'lQts, i. and sound W. of British America. Quelpaert, quel'part\ i. near Corea. Quen'iin, Saint (Fr. pron. saN ktLVtaN'). Queretaro, ker-a'ta-ro. Quiberon, ke'ber-ON'or ke^brON', t. of France. Quibo, kee'bo, improperly written Quibdo, i. W. of New Granada. Quilca, keel'ka, t. of Peru. Quilimaney, kee-le-man'se. Quilimane, ke-le-ma'na. Quillota, keel-yo'ta. Quiloa, kee'lo-a. [-koVaN'taN'. Quimper, kaM'paRe', or Quimper Corentin, *Quiire-baug'. Qui Parle, kee pari, I. of Minesota Territory. Quito, kee'to. Quor'ra. See Niger. R. Raab, raab (Hun. Gyor, dyoR). Raa-mah, t. of Palestine. Rabat, ru v bat', t. of Morocco. Rab'bath Am'mon, t. of Palestine. Ra'bun. Racine, ras-seen'. Radama, ra'da-ma, mts. of Madagascar. Rad'nor. Radstadt, rad'statt (Ger. pron. rat'statt), t. of Austria. Ragusa, ra-goo'sa, or Raugia, ra'oo-ja or rou'ja. Rainier, ra'neer, mt. of Oregon. Rajpoot, raj-poof. Rajpootana, raj-poo-tana, or Kajasthan, rft- ja-stan'. Rakow, ra'kof, t. of Poland. Raleigh, rau'le. Ralls, raulz. Rambouillet, raivf/boo-eePya' or raivfbwe'ya', t. of France. Ramilli -s, ram'e-Ieez (Fr. pron. Ra'meerye' or Ra me'ye'), t. of Belgium. Ram'le-ah, mts. of Arabia. Rams'gate. Ranai, ra'n"\ See Lanai. *Ran-co'cus. Ran'ders, t. of Denmark. Ran'dolph. Rangoon, rang-goon'. Ran'kin. Rapliia, raf'e-a, or Rafa, ra'fa, t. of Palestine Rapides, rap-eed'. Rap'pa-han'nock. Rapty, rap'tee, r. of Hindostan. Raritan or Rariton, rar'it-un. Ras al Gat, ras al gat, cape «/ Arabia. Rastadt, ras'tatt. Rastowica, ras-to-veet'sa, r of Poland. Ratibor, ra'te-bor, t. of Prussia. Rat'is-bon (Ger. Regensburg, sa'ghenz* booRG'). Raugia. See Ragusa. Ravee, ra'vee\ r. of Hindostan. Rav-en'na or Ta-ven'na. Ravensburg, ra'venz-bo6RG x , t. of Germany. Ravenstein, ra'ven-stlne", t. of Germany. Reading, red'ing. Red'ruth. Ree (Ireland), ri. Regensburg, ra-ghenz-booRG\ See Ratisbon- Regent's, ree'jents, inlet of British America. Reggio, red'jo.' Reichenberg, rT'icen-beRG\ Reid's, reedz, r. of Oregon. Reikiavik, rl'ke-a-vik, cap. of Iceland. Reims or Rheims, reemz (Fr. pron. ksmz). *Reinosa, ra-no'si. Renaix, reh-na' (Flem. Ron'se). Rends'l)org or Rendsburg. Ren'frew. Renfrewshire, ren'fru-shjr. Rennes, renn. Rensselaer, ren'sel-er. Requena, ra-ka'na. Resaca de la Palma, ra-saka del-a pal'ma, battle-field between Point Isabel and Mata moros. Reshd, t. of Persia. Reuben, ru'ben, tribe of Israelites. Reus, ra'ooce. Reuss, ruce (Ger. pron. Roiss). Reutlingen, roit'ling-en. Rev'el (Rus. Kolyvan, ko-le-van')- Reyes, ra'Ss, I. of Peru.(?) Reyes, los, loce ra'Ss, t. of Venezuela. Revilla-Gigedo, ra-veel'ya-He-ha'no, *. Vf of Mexico. Rhea, ra. Rheatown, ray'town. Rheims. See Reims. Rhein, rtne, t. of Prussia. Rheinberg, nne'be.RG, t. of Prussia. Rheinthal, rlne'taal, (i. e. ii valley of the Rhine"), a district of Switzerland. Rhine, rTne (Ger. Rhein, Dutch Rhyn; both pronounced as the English Rhine). ROC RUS Rhodes, rOdz. Rhodez or Rodez, ro'da'. Rhone. Riazan, re-a-zan'. Richelieu, reesh-ehW or reesh v le-uh'. Rich'land. Rich'mond. Rideau, 1 ee':10', canal of Canada. Riesengebirge, ree'zen-ga-bee'RG'ph, mts. of Germany separating Silesia from Bohemia. Rieti, re-ate, t. of Italy. RT'ga or ree'ga. Rig'o-let. Rimini, ree'me-ne. Ringkjobing, ring'kyo'bing, t. of Denmark. Rio Bravo, ree'o bravo. See Rio del Norte. Rio Colorado, ree'o ko-Io-rah'do. Rio del Norte, rl'o del nort (Sp. pron. Ree'o del noR'ti) ; called, also, the Ri'o Grande (Sp. pron. Ree'o gran'da), and Rio Bravo, ree'o bra'vo. [The pronunciation of these names, which may be said to belong now to the United States, ought to be anglicized for the same reason that the names of De- troit, Wisconsin, and Texas are anglicized, that is because the great majority of persons who have occasion to use them, speak the English language. Those, however, who prefer the foreign pronunciation should be careful to be consistent, and not pronounce one-half of the name after the Spanish mode and then anglicize the remainder. We should either say rt'o del nort or ree'o del nor'tk, and not ree'o del nort, as we too frequently hear. In like manner Rio Grande should be pronounced either rt'o grand or ree'o gran'dk and not ree'o grand.] Rio de los Americanos, ree'o da loce a-mer- e-ka'noce. See Sacramento. Rio de los Martires, ree'o da loce maR'te-rSs, or the •' River of Martyrs," r. of California Rio del Tigre, ree'o del tee'gra, r. of Mexico. Rio Frio, ree'o free'o (t. e. " cold river"), a stream of Mexico. Rio Grande, ree'o gran'da, r. of Mexico. *Rio Hacha, ree'o a'cha or -ha'cha. Rio Janeiro, rl'o ja-nee'ro (Port. Rio de Janeiro, Ree'o da zhan-a'e-ro) ; often called simply Ri'o. Rio Jaquesila. See Jaquesila. Rio Negro, ree'o na'gro, r. of S. America. *Rio Verde, ree'o v&R'da. *Rio Virgen, ree'o veeR'Hen. Riobamba, ree-o-bam'ba, t. of Ecuador. Rioja or Rioxa, re-o'ua, t. of La Plata. Rioni, re"6x'. Ripley, rip'le. Rip'pn or Rippon. Ristogouche, ris'to-goosh', r. forming part of the boundary between Canada and New Brunswick. Ritchie, ritch'e. Rive de Gier, reev deh zhe-a'. Rives, reevz. Rivoli, riv'o-le or Ree'vo-Ie, t. of N. Italy. Roane, rone. Ro'anue'. Ro'a-»"ke'. Rob'ert-son. Rob'e-son. Rochdale, rotch'del. Rochefort, rotch'fort or RoslffnR'. Rochellc or La Rochelle, 1& Roshell'. Roch'es-ter. Rock'bridge. Rockcastle, rock-kas'sel. Rockingham, rok'ing-um. Rock'land. Ro-croy' (Fr pron. Ro'krwa'), t. of Fiance. Rodach, ro'daK, t. and r. of Germany. Rodez, ro'da'. See Rhodez. Roer, rooR, r. of Holland. Roermonde, rooR-m6nd'eh (Fr. Ruremonde RQR'mANd'). Ro'gas-en, t. of Prussia. Romagna, ro-mun'ya, a former prov. of Italy. Romania, ro-ma'ne-a or Ro-ma-nee'a. Set Roomelia. Romans, ro'mari'. Ro v man-zoff, cape of Russian America. Romio, ro-ma'6ji, almost ro-mowug, t. of Brazil. Rome (It. Roma, Ro'ma). Romoe, ro'mO, or ro'muh'yeh, i. of Denmark. Ronce-val'les (Sp. Roncesvalles, Ron-thes- val'yis, Fr. Roncevaux, ronsVo' or rou* ceh-vo'), t. of Spain. Ronse. See Renaix. Roo-me'li-a or Rumelia. Room-EIee, Roum-Ili, or Rum-Ili, room'e- lee\ See Roomelia. Roos-tchook' ; written, also, Rustschuk and Routchouk. Ropequiz (a misspelling of Roquepiz, whieh see). Roque, roke (St.), cape of S. America. Roquelaure, rok'e-lore', t. of France. Roquepiz, ro-keh-peez', i. in the Indian Ocean. Roraas, ro'ros, t. of Norway. Rosas, ro'sas, (. of Spain. Rosbach, ros'batc. Ros-com'mon. Roscrea, ros-kra'. Ro-set'ta (Arab. Er-Rash-ced'). Ros'kiTde, t. of Denmark. Rossano, ros-sa'no, t. of Naples. Ros'tock. Rothenburg, ro'ten-burg or Bo'ten-b6oRo\ Rotherham, roTH'er-um. Rothesay, roth'sa. Rot'ter-dam\ Roubaix, roo'ba'. Rouen, roo'en (Fr. pron. Bwls). Roulers, roo'la'. Roumelia. See Roomelia. Roum-Ili. See Room-EIee. Rousillon, roo'seePyoN' or RooWyoti', t. and former prov. of France. Routchouk, rooi'shook'. See Roostchook. Roveredo, ro-va-ra'do (Ger. Rovereith, Ro'- ver-Ite v ). Rovigno. ro-veen'yo. Rovigo, ro-vee'go. Roxburgh (Scotland), rox'bur-reh. Roxbury, rox'ber-e. Row-an'. Rudolstadt, roo'dol-statt, t. of Germany. Riigen, ru'ghen. Rurnelia See Roomelia. Rum-Ili. See Room-EIee. Ru'pert's, r. of British America. Ruppin, roop-peen'. Ruremonde. See Roermonde. Ruska Poyana (Mt), roos'koh po-ya'nSh, the highest summit of the Carpathian chain. Russia, roo'she-a or rush'e-a. Rustchuk or Rusczuk. See Roostchook SAL 40 SAN RuTH'er-ford. Rutherglen, rug'len. Rut'land. Ryde, ride. Ryswick, riz'wik (Dutch pron. rfce'vvik). Rzeszow, zheWov, t. of Austrian Galicia. s. Saale, saa'lch. Saalfield, sa&l'fejt. Saar, saR or saar (Fr. Sarre, saRR), r. of Rhenish Prussia. Saarhriick, s^aR'bruk, or Saar-bruck'en. Saardam, saaR'darn'. See Zaandam. Saarlouis, saaR-loo'is. Saatz, saats. t. of Bohemia. Sahara, sa-ha-ra', t. of Brazil. Sabioncello, sa-be-on-chel'lo, i. in the Adri- atic. Sabine, sab-een'. Sachsen, sak'sen. See Saxony. Saehsen-Altenburg See Saxe-Allennurg. Saehsenhausen, sak'sen-how'zen, a suburb of Frankfort on the Main. Sachsenheim, sak'seu-h!me\ t. of Germany. Sackatoo, sak'ka-too' ; written, also, Sacka- tou, Sakatu, and Soccatoo, t. of Soodan. Sack'ett's Har'bor. Saci>, sau'ko. *Sac-rt)-men'to. *Shcs, sauks. Saeed or Said, sa'eed'. See Egypt. Safed, sa'fed, or Safad, sa'fad, t. of Palestine. Saffee or Sam, saffee', t. of Morocco. Sag-hal'1-en or Sakhalien. Sagln-aw'. Saguenay, sag'eh-nay'or sag'na',r. of Canada. Sahara. sah'ha-ra or sa-ha'ra; written, also, Zahara. Said. See Saeed. Saida, sT'da, or ST'don. Saigon, srgon', or Saigong, sl'gong'; called, also, Look'noo'ee'. Saint Denis. See Denis. Saint. Saint Germain. See Germain, Saint, and so for all the other names having the prefix of Saint. Saintes, sarrt. Saintonge, saVtONzh'. Sakaria, sa-ka-ree'a (Anc. San-ga'ri-us), r. of Asia Minor. Sakatu See Sackatoo. Sakhalien. See Saghalien. Sakkara, sak'ka-ra, or Sakara, t. of Egypt. Saladillo, sa-la-Deel'yo. Salado, su-IS/do. Sal-a-manc'a or sa-la-mang'ka. Sale or Sallee, sal-la', r. and t. of Morocco. Sa'lem Sa-ler'no (It. pron. sa-leVno). Salford, saul'furd or sau'furd, t. of England, now forming a -part of Manchester. *Sa!ina (in the U. S.), sa-ll'na. Salina (in Spanish America), sa-Iee'na. Saline, sal-een'. Salisbury, saulz'ber-e, or New Sa'rum. Sallee. See Sale.' Salm, salm, r of Rhenish Prussia. Salona, sa-lo'iia, r. of Turkey Salonica, sal-o-nee'ka, >r Selaniki, sel-a- nee'ke. Sa'lop. See Shropshire Salta, sal'ta. Saltcoats, saultTcStes. *Saltillo, sal-teel'yo (vulgar pron. sal-tee yo) sometimes called L.eona Vicaria, la-c':iave- ka're-a. Sa-lu'da. Saluzzo, sa-loot'so. *Salvador, sal-va-doRe'. Salvador, Saint (Brazil). See Bahia. *Salvador, Saint (Central America). See San Salvador. SaPwin' or SaPwen'; called, also, Than- Lyeng or Than-Lweng. Saltz'burg or Salzburg (Ger. pron. salts- booRG). Salza, salt'sa, r. of Austria. Salzwedel , salts'wa'del. Samana, sa-ma-naj t. of Hayti. Sam-ar'. Samara, sam'a-ra', t. of Asiatic Turkey. SanVa-rang'. Sam'ar-cand'. Sa-ma'ri-a, t. andprov. of Palestine. Sam-ar-ov' or Samaroff, t. of Siberia. Sambas, sam'bas', t. of Borneo. Sambor, sam'boR. Sambre, s&Mbr, r. of France. Samisat, sa-me-sat', t. of Asiatic Turkey. Samogitia, sam-o-jish'e-a, a former prov. of Poland. Sa'mos (called Soosam, soo-sam', by the Turks). Samothraki, sa'mo-thra'ke, or Sam'o-thrace', ' i. of Greece. Samoyeds or Samoyedes, samVy&dz', a peo- ple of Siberia. Samsoon, Samsun, or Samsoun, sam-soon', t. of Asia Minor. Sam Tiago, soung te-a'go, or San Thiago, sa.n te-a'go ; written, also, St. Jago. Sanaa or Sana, sa'na'. *San An-to'm-o. *San An-to'ni-o de Bexar, -da ba-har'. See Bexar. *San Augustine, -au'gus-teen'. *San Bartolome, sin bar-to-lo-ma'. *San Bias, san blass. *San Buenaventura, san bwa'na-ve'n-too'ra. San Car'los or sin kaR'loce, t. on Chiloe I. *San Diego, san de-a'go. San Felipe, san fa-lee'pa, t. of Chili. *San Felipe de Austin, san fa-lee'pa da aus'tin (familiarly called San Phil'ip). San or Sam Feliz, san or soung fa'leece,f commonly anglicized by St. Fe'lix, t. of Brazil. *San Fernando, san f^R-nan'do. *San Fran«cis'co or san fran-sees'ko. San or Sam Francisco (Brazil). See Fran- cisco, St. San or Sam Gabriel, san or soung ga-bre-el',-f t. of Brazil. San Geronimo, san Ha-ron'e-mo, t. of Cuba. *San Ja-cin'to. San or Sam Joao das duas Barras, san or soung zho-oung' das doo'as bar'ras,-j- t. of Brazil. San or Sam Joao del Rey, -del ray,f t. of Brazil. San Joaquin, san Ho-a-keen' or san hwa- keen'. tThe Portuguese prefix signifying Saint is Sam, pro nounced soung or sovvng ; we have, however, in conformity to the method of Balbi and other eminent geographers, given these names under the head of San. SAR 41 SCH •San Ju'an (Sp. pron. san Hoo-an' or hwan). San Juan de la Frontera, -da la fron-ta'ru. *San Juan de Uluaor Uloa, san ju'an (or san hwan) da oo-loo'ti. or oo-Io'a. San Jose del Parral, san no-sa' deM paR-Ral'; usually called, simpiy, Parral. San Lucas, san loo'kas. See St. Lucas. "San Luis (Texas), san loo'is. *San Luis de Potosi, san loo'is (Sp. pron. loo-eece') di po-to-see'. San Luis Rey, san loo'is ray, t. of California. San Marino, san mii-ree'no. San Miguel, san me-ghel' (or St. Michael), the name of various places in Spanish Amer. 'San Patricio, -pat-ris'se-o. San or Sam Paulo, san or soung pow'lo,f t. of Brazil. San or Sam Pedro del Rey, san or soung pa,'- dro del ray,f t. of Brazil. San or Sam Roque, sun or soung ro'ka.f See Roque, St. San Saha, san sah'ba, r. of Texas. San or Sam Salvador (Brazil). See Bahia. *San Salvador, san sal-va-done'. Sandomir or San-do-meer', t. and prov. of Russian Poland. San-dus'ky. Sand'wich. Sangamon, sang'ga-mon. Sangarius. See Sakaria. San-i-lac'. Santa, san'ta, t. and r. of Peru. *Santa Barbara, san'ta baR'ba-ra. *Sauta Cruz, san'ta krooce (Sp. pron. san'ta krooth), or St. Croix, sent-kroi'. *San'ta Fe (Sp. pron. san'ta fa). Santa Fe de Bogota, -di bo-go-ta' See Bo- gota. Sania Maria, sin'tjl ma-ree'a. Santa Marta, san'ta maR'ta San'ta Mau'ra or san'ta mow'ra. San'ta Ro'sa. *Santa Rosalia, san'ta Ro-sa-lee'a. Bna-tau'der (Sp. pron. sun-tan-daiR'). Santarem, san'ta-reV (almost sau'ta-reng'). San v tee'. San Thiago. See Sam Tingo. Santiago de Compostela, san-te-a'go da com- pos-ta'la. See Compostela •Santiago de Cuba, san-te-a'go de ku'ba or -da koo'ba. Santillana. san-teel-ya'na, t. of Spain. Santoce, san-lo'sa, t. of Brazil. (?) Santorini, san-to-ree'ne, or Santorin, san'to- reen', i. of Greece. Santos, san'toce. Saone, sone. Saphet. See Safed. Sap-i-en'za (Is), a cluster near the Morea. Sap'tin (River) or Lewis River. Saptin (Indians). See Nez-Percus. Saqqara. See Sakkara. Saiabat, sa-ra-bat', or Her'mus, r. of Asia Minor. Sar-a-gos'sa (Sp. Zaragoza, tha-ra-go'tha). *Sar'a-nac'. Saransk, sa-ransk', t. of Russia. Saratof or Saratow, sar-a-tof. Sar'a-to'ga. Sarawak, sa-rau'wak\ an English settlement on a river of the same name, in the N. W. part of Borneo. 62* t See note on preceding page. Sarayacu, sa-rT-a-koo', t. of Peru. Sardinas, saR-dee'nas, bay of New Grantv da. (?) Sar-din'1-a (It. Sardegna, saR-denya or sar- dain'yii). Saree or Sari, sa-ree'. Sa-rep'ta, t. of Palestine. Sark, i. in the English Channel. Sar'no. Saros, shaa'rosh ; also written Sarosch, t. of Hungary. Saros, sa'r6s, t. of Greece. Sarre, saRR. See Saar. Sarthe, saRt. Sa'rum. Sas-kiitch'a-wan. Sassari, sas'sa-re. Satalieh, sa-ta-lee'a. See Adalia. Sa-til'la,' r of Georgia. Sauk (Indians). See Sacs. *Sault de Sainte Marie (Fr. pron. sD deh saNt ma're'), but now usually written and pronounced Sault (sawlt) Saint Ma'ry. Saung. See Donnai. Saumur, sO'muR'. Sa-van'nah. Save (Ger. Sau, sow, Hun. Szava, saa-v6h). Savigliano, sa-veel-ya'no, t. of N. Italy. Savignano, sa-veen-ya'no, I. of Italy. Savona, sa-vo'ua. Sav'oy or sav-oi' (It. Savoia, sa-voi'a, Fr, Savoie, saVwa'). Saxe-Altenburg, sax al'ten-burg (Ger. Sach- sen-Altenbur«r, sak'sen al'ten-booRG'). Saxe-Co'burg (Ger. Sachsen-Coburg, sak'sen ko'bdoKG) Saxe-Lauenburg, sax lou'en-burg or lou'en booKG v . See Lauenburg. Saxe Meiniugen, sax mT'ning-en. Saxe-Weimar, sax-wi'mar (Ger. Sachsen Weimar, sak'sen-wi'mar). Sax'eu-burg, i. in the Atlantic, E. of Brazil Sax'ony (Ger. Sachsen, sak'sen). Sayanskoi, slans^koi', mts. of Siberia. Sayn, sine, r. and t. of Germany. Scala Nova, ska'la no'va, t. of Asia Minor. Scan'der-oon' or Is-ken'der-oon'. See Alex andretta. Scan-di-na'vi-a. Scania, ska'ne-a. See Skane. Scarborough, skar'b'rGh or skar'bur-rtih. Scar'pan-to, i. of Greece. Scarperia, skaR-pa-ree'a, t. of Italy. Schaffhausen, shaff-how'zen. Schat-el-Arab. See Shatt-el-Arab. Schaumburg, Lippe, shoum'bo&RG, Iip'peh. See Lippe-Schauenburg. Scheldt, skelt (Dutch Schelde, SKel'deh, Fr. Escaut, es'ko'). Schelekof. See Shelekhof. Schelestadt, sheTes-tad' (Ger. pron. shel'es- tatf). Schelling, skel'ling. See Ter-Schelling. Schemnitz, shem'nits (Hun. Selmecz Banya, shel-mets baan-yoh). Schenectady, sken-ek'ta-de. Schie, SKee, r. of Holland. Schiedam, sxee'dam. Schio, skee'o, t of N. Italy. Schiraz, sheVaz'. See Shiraz. Schirvan or Schirwan. See Shir van. Schleswig. See Sleswick. Schoa. See Shoa. Schoharie, sko-haVre. SEN 42 SHO Schflnbrunn or Schoenbrunn, shen'broon or sh0n'br66nn, t. of Austria. Schonen. See Skane. *Schoodic, skoo'dik. *SchooIey's, skoo'leez. Sohouwen, skow'ven or sicow'wen. Schreckhorn, shrek'horn, mt. of Switzerland. *Schroon, skroon. Schumla. See Shumla. Schuvler, skT'ler. Schuylkill, skobl'kil. Schwabach, shwa'baK. Schwarzburg, shwarts'burg, or shwaRts'- booRG. Schwarzenberg, shwaRts'en-beRG, t. of Sax- ony. Schwarzwald, shwarts'walt, i. e. " Black Forest," a range of mts. in the S. of Ger- many. Schwedt, shwett, t. of Prussia. Schweidnitz, shwlte'nits Schweinfurt, shwTne'f66Rt, I. of Bavaria. Schweitz, shwTtes. See Schwitz. Schwerin, shwa-reen'. Schwitz or Schwyz, shvvits. Schyl or SylL sheel or sliil, r. of Turkey. Sciacca, shak'ka or shyak'ka, t. of Sicily. Sciglio, sheel'yo (Anc. Scyl'la), a rocky pro- montory of Naples. Scigiiaiio, sheel-ya'no, t. of Naples. Scilly, sil'le. Scio, shee'o or sl'o. Scioto, sl-o'to. Sclav-o'iri-a. See Slavonia. Scotland. Scriv'en. Scutari, skoo'ta-re (near Constantinople) ; called Is-koo-dar' by the Turks. Scutari (in Albania) ; called by the Turks Is-kan-der-ee'yeh. Seara, se-a'ra. See Ciara. Searcy, ser'se. *Se-ba'go. Sebastian, Saint, sent se-bast'yun (Sp. San Sebastian, san se-bas-te-an'). Secchia, sek'ke-a, r. of N. Italy. Sedan, seh-daN'. Sedlitz, sed'lits; written, also, Seidlitz, v. of Bohemia noted for its mineral waters. Seevas or Sivas, eeeV&s'. Seewah or Siwah, see'wa\ Segni, seVye or sain'ye, t. of Italy. Se*go. Segorbe, sa-goR'ba. Se-go'vi-a (Sp. pron. sa-go've-a). Segre, sa'gra, r. of Spain. Seidlitz. See Sedlitz. Seiks or Sfahs, seeKs, a warlike nation of Hindo*tan. Seine, san? Selaniki. See Salonica. Selenga, sa-ieng'ga, f. of Central Asia. Se-lim'ni-a, t. of Turkey. Sel'kirk. Selmecz Banya. See Schemnitz. Seltschan, selfshan', t. of Bohemia. Se-men'dri-a, t. and fortress of Servia. Semerone. See Cimarron. *Sem-in-oles. Sem'lin Sempach, sem'paic. Sen'e-ca. Senegal, sen'e-gaul Sen-e-gam'bl-a. Senjen, sen'yen, i. of Norway. Senlis. saisMeeee'. Sennaar, sen'nar'. Sens, saN. Serajevo. sa-ra-ya'vo. See Bosna-Sera!. Ser'am-pore' or Serampoor. Ser-ang'. See Ceram. Serchio, seVke-o, r. of Italy. Seres, seVes. Sered, seVed or sa'ret, r. of Galicia, flowing into the Dniester. Sereth, seVet' or sa'ret', r. in the E. part of Europe, falling into the Danube. Serjnpe (or Sergippe) del Rey, s§R-zhee'pa del ray, t. of Brazil. Seringapatarri, ser-ing'ga-pa-tam'. Seringham, ser-ing'gum. Ser'pho or Serfo (Anc. Serl-phus), i. of Greece. Servan, Saint , saN seRVai?'. SerVi-a. Ses'tos or Cestos, r. of Liberia. Setledge or Setlej. See Sutledge. Seltia, s^t-tee'a, t. of Candia. Setubal, sa-too'bal, or Setuval, sa-too'val, or St. Ubes, -ubz. Sev'as-to'pol. Sev'ern. Sevier, sev-eer'. Seville, sev'il or se-vill' (Sp. Sevilla, sa- veel'ya). Sevre, sevr or saivr. Seychelles, sa'shell' (Is.), a group E. of Africa. Shahabad, shah'a-b&d'j t. of Hindostan. Shan'npn. Shang-Hai or Chang-hal, shang-hl', t. of China. Shary, sha'ree*, r. of Central Africa. *Shaste or Shasty, shas'te ; sometimes written Chaste. Shatt-el-Arab, Schat-ul-Arab, or Chat-el- Arab, shat-el-a'rab. *Shawangunk, shong'gum. *Shaw"nees'. *Shaw'nee-town. She-boy'gan ; formerly written Cheboygan. Shechem, shee'kem, t. of Palestine. Sheeraz. See Shiraz. Sheer-ness'. Sheerwan. See Shirvan. Shelekof, Schelekof, or Chelekhov, shel-e- kof or shel-e-kov', I. of Russiari America. Shen'an-do'ah. Shendy or Chendi, shen'dee' ; sometimes written Chandi, t. of Nubia. Sher'bro" or Sher'bQ-ro\ t. W. of Africa. Sher'slieU', t. of Algeria. Shetland. SliTa-was'see. Shienne or Chienne, she-enn', r. of Missouri Territory. Shil'ka, r. cf Asia, forming, by its junction ivith the Argoon, the Amoor. In the upper part of its course it is called the Onon. Shi Hooks, Shillouks or Shilluks, shiTlooks', a people in the E. central part of Africa. ShT'loh, t. of Palestine. Shin -Yang; called, also, Mookden, t. of Mantchooria. Shiraz or Sheeraz, she'raz' or shee'raz. Shirvan, Schirwan, or Chirvan, shjr'van' 01 sheer'van'. Shoa, Schoa, or Xoa, sho'a; written, also, Shwa. SIO 43 SOO Shoo-mag'in, i. W. of Russian America. Shoomla, Schumia, or Choumla, shoom'la; sometimes written Shoomna. Shoos'ter or Shu'ster ; written, also, Schuster and Chouster. *Sho-sho'nees. Shrewsbury, shroze'ber-e or shruze'ber-e. Shropshire, or county of Sa'lop. Slitab. See Sistova. Shumla. See Shoomla. Shu'nem, t. of Palestine. Sinister. See Shooster. Siam, si-am' or se'am'. Siara or Seara, se-a'rii. See Ciara. ST-be'rt-a. Sicily, siss'il-e. Sidmouth, sid'muth. SI'don. See Saida. Siegberg, seeG'b&RG, t. of Germany. Siegen, seeg'en, t. of Westphalia. Si-en'na (It. Siena, se-eVa). Sierra, se-er'ra.f *Sierra de los Mimbres, se-er'ra da loce mim'- brSs. Sierra Estrella, se-er'ra Ss-trel'ya, mts. of Spain. *Sierra Gorda, se-er'ra gor'da. Si-er'ra Le-o'ne. *Sierra Madre, se-er'ra m2b'ra. Sierra Morena, se-er'ra mo-ra'ua. *Sierra Nevada, se-er'ra ne-va'Da. Sierra Nevada (Spain). See Nevada. Sig-mar-ing'en. ST'hon or Se-hon', r. of Central Asia. Sikhs. See Seiks. Sikokf, see'kokf, Sikoke, see'koke', or Sit- kokf, one of the Japan Is. Silan, se'lan', t. of Yucatan. Silian or Siljan, sil'e-an, or sil'yan, t. and I. of Sweden. Silesia, sl-lee'she-a (Ger. Schlesien, shla'ze- en). Sil'la, t. of Soodav. Sil-is'tri-a. Sil'vSs, or seel'ves, t. of Brazil. Simbirsk or Sim-beersk'. Sim'coe, I. of Canada. Sim'e-on, tribe of Israelites. Sim'men, r. of Switzerland. Simmentlial, sim'men-taaP, i.e. "the valley of the Simmen." Sim-pher-o'pol or Simferopol. Sim'plon (Fr. pron. saM'pl^'), mt. of Swit- zerland. Sinai, sl'na or sT'na-T, mt. of Arabia. Sinaloa. See Cinaloa. Sincapore. See Singapore. Sinde, snid ; called, also, Sindhia or Sindia, sin'de-H, and Sindy. Sines, see'n&s, t. of Portugal. Sin-gan'. t. of China. Singapore, sing N ga-pr>re', or Singapoor ; for- merly written Sincapore. Sinigaglia, sin-e-gar>a, t. of Italy. Sinoob, Sinoub, or Sinub, se'noob' (Anc. Sin'o-pe), t. of Asia Minor. Sinou, se-noo', r. of Liberia. Bin tch eoo or Sin-Tcheou, sin'che-oo' or sin - chew', t. of China. ST'on or ZT'on, mt. of Palestine. t Sierra is a Spanish word, originally signifying a " saw ;" it is also allied to a " mountain ridge," which, from its notched appearance, when viewed from a distance, may be ■ lppjted to resemble a saw. Sion, se'oN' (Ger. Sit'ten), cap. of the Swiss canton of Valais. Sioot, Sio'ut, or Siut, se'oot'; written, also, Es-Sioot. Sioux, usually pronounced soo (Fr. pron. se-oo') ; called, also, Dacotah, dah-ko'ta. Siph'an-to or See'fan'to (Anc. Siph'nos), i. of Greece. Sir. See Sihon. Sirjan, se^r-jan'. Sec Kirman *Sisal, se-sal'. Sis-to'va ; called, also, Shtab. Sit'ka; improperly written Sitcha, i. on W coast of N. America. Sifkokf . See Sikokf. Sit'ten. See Sion. Sivas. See Seevas. Siwah. See Seewah. Skag'ger Rack. Skagtois-Tind, skag'tpls-tind', the highest of the Scandinavian Mountains. Sk&ne, sko'na, often written Schonen (Dutch pron. sKo'nen; Ger. sho'nen) and Scan'i-a. Skelleftea 1 , skel-lef'te-o, r. of Sweden. *Skeneateles or Skaneateles, sken'e-at'less, or skan'e-at'less. Skib'ber-een'. Skid'daw, mt. of England. Skive, skee'veh, t. of Denmark. Skopia. See Uskiup. Skye, skT. Skyro, skee'ro. See Syra. Slatina, sla-tee'na, t. of Wallachia. Slav-n'nt-a or Sclav-o'ni-a. Sles'wick ' (Dan. Sles'vig ; Ger. Schleswig, shles'\viG). SIT 'go. Slobode Ukraina, slo'bo-da oo-kra-ee'na. Sloten or Slooten, 6lo't?n, t. of Holland. Smaland, pronounced, and sometimes written, Smo'land. Smo-lensk' or Smo-lens'ko. Smyrna, smir'na; called Iz-mcer' by the Turks. Smythe, smith. Sneehattan or Sneehaettan, sna'heftan (i. e. "snow-cap"), mt- of Norway, formerly considered the highest in the Scandinavian Peninsula. Recent measurements, however, have shown the Skagtdls-Tind to be higher SnOw'don. So-cor'ro, t. of Nero Granada. S<>-co'tra or So-co'to-ra. Sofala, so-fa'la. Soissons, swas'sc-N' (almost swT's6n'). Sok'na, more properly Sook'na or Soukna, t ofN. Africa. Soldau, sol'dow, t. of Prussia. Suldin, sol-deen', I. of Prussia. Snleure,so'luR' (Ger.'Solotbnrn, so'Io-tooRn > Solfatara, sol-fa-ta'ia. I. of Italy. Soltau,sol'tou, t. of Hanover. Sol'way Frith, ' between England and Scotland Somaulies or Somolis, so'mo'leez', a peoph ofE. Africa. Somerset', snm'er-set. Somme, somm. Sondershausen, soifders-how'zen, t. of Get many. Sone, r. of Hindoslan. Songari. ' See Soongaree. | *So-nora. j Sonseca, son-sa'ka, t. of Spain. i Boodan, Soudan, or Sudan, soo'dln'. W SPR 44 sue ftfcyjkhona, Soukhona, or Sukhona, soo-Ko'na, r. of Russia. Soolimana or Soulimana, soo-le-ma'na, king- dom of W. Africa. Soo'loo'. Soo'taneeyeh or Sultanieh, sool-ta-nee'a. Soongaree or Soungari, soong'ga'ree', r. of Central Asia. Soongaria or Soungaria, soongVa're-a ; writ- ten, also,Dzoongaria or Dzoungaria, coun- try of Central Asia. Soor or Sour. See Tyre. Soora, Soura, or Sura, soo'ra, r. of Russia. Soorabaya or Surabaya, soo-ra-bl'a. Soorakarta ; Sourakarta, or Surakarta, soo-ra- kar'ta ; written, also, Soorakerta or Soura- kerta, t. of Java. Soorgoot, Sourgout, or Surgut, soor-goot', sometimes called Soor'goo'toi' or Surgutoi, t. of W. Siberia. Soormool, Sourmoul, or Surmul, soor-mool', t. of Persia. Soos, Sous, or Sus, soos, r. and prov. of Mo- rocco. Sootcheoo or Soutcheou, soo'che-oo' or soo'- chew'; sometimes written Sootchow, t. of China. Sophia, so-fee'a, or Triaditza, tre-a-dit'sa. Soprony, sho'profi'. See CEdenburg. Sorata, so-ra'ta. Sorelle or Sorel, so-rell'. See Chambly. So-rel'lo, cape near the S. W. point of Sicily. (?) Soria, so're-a. Soroe, so'ro or so'ro-eh, almost so'roh'yeh, t. of Norivay. Sor-ren'to. Soudan. See Soodan. Soueyra orSuira. See Mogadore. Soukhona. See Sookhona. Souli. See Suli. Soungari. See Soongaree. Sour or Soor. See Tyre. Sourabaya. See Soorabaya. Sourakarta. See Soorakarla. Sourmoul. See Soormool. Sous. See Soos. Sousam or Soosam. See Samos. Southampton, suTH-hamp'tun. Soutcheou. See Sootcheoo. Soulhwark (London), suTH'erk. Southvvark (Philadelphia), south'vvurk. Souzel, soo-zel' or so-zel', t. of Brazil. Spa, spaw (Fr. and Flem. pron. spa). Spain (Sp. Espana, es-pan'ya). Spalatro, spa-la'lro. Spandau, span'dow. Spar'ta, t. of Greece. Spar't en-burg. Spar-ti-ven'to, cape of Italy. Specia. See Spezia. Spey, spa. Speyer, pronounced, and often written, Spire. Spezia, sped'ze-a ; sometimes written Specia. Spiez, speetz, t. of Switzerland. Spire. See Speyer. Spitz-berg'en. SplO'gen, splu'ghen or splQ'ghen, v. of Swit- zerland, at the foot of a mt. of the same name. Spokains, or, more properly, Spo-kans', In- dians of Oregon, dwelling near the Spo- kan' R. Spoleto, spo-la'to. Spree, spra, r. of Germany. Spring'fieid. St. See Saint. Stabroek, sta/brook. Set Georgetown. Stam'ford. Stampalia, stam-pa-lee'a, i. of Greece. StanVvoy' or Stanovoi, mts. of E. Siberia Stantz or Stanz, stants, t. of Switzerland. Stargard, staK'gart. Staubbach, stoub'baic, a small stream of Swit- zerland, with a perpendicular fall of nint hundred feet. Staunton (Va.), stan'tun. Staunton (England), stan'tun or stan'tun. Stavanger, stav-ang'gher. Staveren, sta'ver-en, t. of Holland. Stein, stTne, t. of Germany. Steinach, stT'naK, t. and r of Germany. Steinau, stT'now, t. of Germany Steinbach, stlne'ban, t. of Germany. Steinfurt, stlne'fooKt, t. of Germany. Steinheim, stlne'hTme, t. of Germany. Stellenbosch, stel'len-bosh', a settlement in Cape Colony. Stern'berg (Ger. pron. ste'Rn'biRG), t. of Bo- hemia. Stettin, stet-teen'. Stettiner Haff, stet-teen'er haff. Steuben, stu'ben or stu-ben'. [This name ap- pears now to be universally accented on the last syllable in Western New York, and is often thus pronounced in other parts of the United States; but the original Ger- man name, Baron Steuben,. should undoubt- edly have the accent on the penultimate.] Steubenville, stu'ben-vil. Stew'art. Steyer, stlre. Steyning, sta'ning, t. of England. Stigliano, steel-y&'no, t. of Italy. Stiria. See Styria. Stock'holm. Stock'port. Stod'dard. Stone-ha'ven. Sto'ning-ton. Stor'na-way, cap. of "Lewis I, Scotland. Storsion or Storsjon, stor'se-un or stors'yun, I. of Sweden. Stourbridge, stur'brij. Strabane, stra-ban'. Strafford. Stralsund, stral'soond. Stranraer, stran-rawr'. Strasbourg, stras'burg (Fr. pron. strass'booR'; Ger. Strassburg, strass'booRG) . Strath-ha'ven, t. of Scotland. Straubing, strou'bing, t. of Bavaria. Strel'itz, cap. of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Stromboli, strom'bo-le, one of the Lipari Is. Stromcie, stro'mo, or stro'mo-eh, almost stro'muh'yeh, one of the Faroe Is. *Stroud, strowd. Stru'ma (Anc Stry'mon), r. of Turkey. Stry, stree, t. of Austrian Galicia. Stuhlweissenburg, stool-wI'cen-boSRG o* -burg. Stura, stoo'rft, r. of N. Italy. Stuf'gart or Stutgard (Ger. pron. stSol'gart). *Stuyvesant, stl'ves-ant. Styria or Stiria, stir'e-a (Ger. Steyermark, stl'er-maRk). Suabia or Swabia, swa'be-a. Suakem, soo-a'kem, t. of Nubia. Sublettes, sub'lets, I. of Missouri Territory. TAB 45 TAR Bu-det'ic Mts., a chain in the interior of Ger- many, comprising the Fichtelgebirge, Erz- gebirge, and Riesengebirge. Sudan. See Soudan. Su'der-ma'm-a or su-der-ma'ne-a ; called, nls<>, Su'der-mann-land v , former prov. of Sweden. Suderoe, soo'der-o or soo'der-6'eh, almost soo'der-uir*yeh. one of the Faroe Is. Suez, soo'ez (Arab. pron. soo-ez'or soo-aiz'); written, also, Souez and Soueys. Suffolk, suf'fok. Suigutoi, a misspelling of Surgutoi. See Soorgoot. Suir, shure. Suira, swee'ra See Mogadore. Suli, Sulli, or SouL, soo'le, district and t. of Albania. Sul'11-van. Salmons, sool-mo'na, t. of Italy. Sultania or Sultanieh. See Sooltaneeyeh. Sumatra, soo-ma'tra. Sum-baw'wa. Sunbury, sun'ber-e. Sun'da. Sun'der-land. Sundswall, snonds'wall, t. of Sweden. Surat, soo-rat'. Sur'hood' or Sourhoud, soor'hood', t. of Be- loochistan. Surinam, soo-rin-am'. Surmul See Soormool. Surrey, sur're. Sus. See Soos. Su'sa or Shoosh. an ancient city of Persia, of which only a few ruins now remain. Susam, soo'sam'. See Samos. Sus-que-han'na. SuTH'er-land. Sutledge, sut'lej ; written, also, Selledge and Butlej. Su-wa'nee. Svend'borg, t. of Denmark. Sviatoi, svee'a-toi', cape of Lapland. Swa'bl-a. See Suabia. Swansea, swon r se. *Swartwout, swart'wowt. Sweden (Sw. Swerige, swer'e-gSh). Swee'ra or Suira. See Mogadore. Swine, swee'neh. Swinemunde, swee'neh-mfln'deh. Switz'cr-land (Ger. Sehweitz, shwits, Fr. La Suisse, la swiss or sweece). Sydney, sid'ne. Sy-e'ne. See Asswan. Syll or Syl. See Sehyl. Syltoe, sil'to or sfll'to-eh, * of Denmark. Syra. see'ru. (Arte. Scy'ros), i. of Greece. Svr'a-cuse (It. Siricasa, se-re-ka'sii). Syr'i'-a. Szabadka, sohT>6d'koir. See Theresianopel. Szalva, sal'voh, t. of Transylvania. Szarvas, sok'v6.s1i\ Szegedin, sSg'ecTeen' or seg^d'in'. Szigeth, 8ee glief, sometimes written Zigel, t. of Hungary. Taanach, ta'a-nak, t. of Palestine. Tabareeyeh or Tabaria, tab'a-ree'a. *Tabasco, ta-bas'ko. Tabatinga, ta-ba-ting'ga, t. of Brazil. Tabor, ta'bor, t. of Bohemia. Ta'bor, t. of Palestine. Tabreez or Tabriz, tab-reez'; sometime* called Tau'ris. Tabs. See Tubbus. Tacazze, ta-kat's3.; sometimes writtct Ta- katze and Takatz. Tacna, tak'na, t. of Peru. Tacoary, ta-qua-ree', written, also, Taqaary, r. of Brazil. Tad'cas-ter, t. of England. Taf-1-let' or Taf-I-lelt', t., r. and kingdom of Morocco. Tag N an-rog' or Tag-an-rock'. Tagliamento, tal-ya-men'to, r. of N. Italy. Taglio, tal'yo, r. of N. Italy. Ta'gus (Sp. Tajo, ta'Ho : Port. Tejo, ta'zho). Tahiti, ta-hee'te ; formerly written Olaheite. Taiwan, tl-wan'. See Formosa. Ta-Kiang. See Yang-tse-Kiang. Takht-i-Souleiman. See Tukhte Soliman. Talavera de la Reyna, ta-Ia-v&'ra da la ri'- e-na. Talbot, taul'but. Talcahuana, tal-ka-wa'na, bay of Chili. Taliaferro, tol'e-ver. TaPla-de'ga. TaPla-has'see. Taria-hatoh'ie. Taria-poo'sa. *Tamaqua, tam-au'qua. Tamatave, ta'ma'tav', t. of Madagascar, where the French formerly had a settlement. *Tamaulipas, tam-ow-lee'pas. Tambobamba, tam-bo-bam'ha, t. of Peru. Tambof, Tambov, or Tambow, tam-bof. Tamise, ta meez', t. of Belgium. Tam'a-ny, St. Tampico, tam-pee'ko ; called, also, Pueblo Nuevo, pweb'lo nwa'vo. Tananarivoo or Tananarivou, tan-an-ar"re- voo', sometimes written Tananarivo, t. of Madagascar, formerly the residence of King Rada?na. See Madagascar, in the Gazet- teer. Tanaro, ta-na'ro, r. of N. Italy. Tanasserim. See Tenasserim. Taney, tau'ne. Tangier, tan-jeer'. Tan- jure'. Taormina, ta-oR-mee'na. *Taos. ta'oce. Tapajos. See Topayos. *Tap-pan'. Taptay, tap-ti', t. of S. Brazil. Tap'pa-han'nock. TapW or Tapty, r. of Hindoslan. Tara, ta'ra, t. of Siberia. Tarakai, tar-u-kT', or Sag-haH-en. Taramandi, ta-ra-man'de, i.of Brazil. (??) Taranto, tar'au-io. Taraseon, taYas'kON'. Tarazona, la-ra-thcfnt, Tarbagtai, tar'bag'ii', or Tarbagatai, tar-bag- a-tl', t. of Central Asia. Tarbes, taRb Tarma. taR'ma, t. of Peru. Tarn, taim. Tarifa, ta-ree'fa, t. of Spain, on a bay of its own name. Tarija, ta-ree'iia, l. of Bolivia. Taro, ta'ro, r. of N. Italy. Taroodant, Tarudanl, or Tiroudant, ta'roo- dant', t. of Morocco. Tarragona," tar-ra-go'ua. TEN Tar v soos r j written, also, Tarsous and Tarsus. Tar'ta-ry. Tashkend, tash'kend', or Tashkent, t. of In- dependent Tartary. Tat'nall. Tat'ta, t. of Hindoslan. Tauai, touT, the same as Atooi. Tauher, tou'ber, r. of Germany. Taudeny, Toudeny, or Taoudyny, tou'de-nee'' (the first syllabic rhyming with now), t. of Africa on the Great Desert, noted for its salt- mines. Taujiks or Tadjiks, tau'jeeks' or ta'jeeks', a people of Persia and Afghanistan. Taunton, tan'tun. Tau'ri-da or Krim. Tauris. See Tabreez. Tau'rus, mt. of Asia Minor. Tavoy or Tavay, taVoi', t. of Chin-India. Tay, ta. Tay-yuen, tl'yu-en', t. of China. Tazewell, taz'wel. Tchad, chad. Tchantar, chan'tar', or Shan'tar', is. in the Sea of Okhotsk. Tchany, Tchani, or Chany, cha'ne, I. of Si- beria. Tcherkask, cheVkask'. Tchernigof or Czernigow, che^R-iie-gof. Tchernowitz, chen'no-vits. See Czernowice. Tcheskaya or Tcheskaia, ches-ki'a, gulf in the N. of Russia. Tching-Kiang, ching'-ke-ang', t. of China. Tching-tcheoo (or -tcheou), ehing'-che-oo', t. of China. Tchingtoo (or -tou), ching'too', t. of China. Tchoodskoe, Tchoudskoe, or Tschudskoe, chood'sko-e. See Peipus. Tching-ting, ching'tiug', t. of China. Tchooktchees, Tchouktchis, Tchuktchis, or Tschuktschis, chook'cheez', a people of E. Siberia. Tchoolkova or Tchoulkova, choorko'va, t. of Siberia. Tchouktchis or Tchuktchis. See Tchook- tchees. Tchoulkova. See Tchoolkova. Teche. tesh. Tecino. See Tieino. Tecso, ta'cho", t. of Hungary. *Te-cum'seh. Teem'boo', t. of W. Africa. Teen-tseen or Tin-tsin, teent'seen', t. of China. Teffe, tef'fa, r. {and t.?) of Brazil. Teflis. See Tiflis. Tehran or Teheran, teh-hran'; written, also, Tehran*. *Tehuaean, ta-wa'kan'. *Tehuautepec, ta-wan-ta-pek'. Teignmouth, tin'muth. Tejuco, ta-zhoo'ko, t. of Brazil. Te-ko'a, t. o,f Palestine. Tel'fair. Temes, tewfesh'; written, also, Temesch, r. of Hungary. Temesvar, tem-esh-vaaR' ; written, also, Temesch war. Tem-is'ca-ming\ I. of Canada. Temiscouata, teirris-koo-a'ta or tem'is-qua'ta, I. of Canada. Tem'pei-burg ortem'pel-b6oRG x , t. ofPrtcssia. Ten-as'ser-im. Ten'e-dos, i. of Greece. 8 THI Teneriffe, ten'er-iff' (Sp. Tenerife, ta-na» ree'fa) . TeiVnes-see'. Ten'ter-den, t. of England. *Tepic, tSp-ik' or ta-peek'. *Tepozcolula, ta-pos-ko-loo'll. Teramo, t&r'a-mo. Terceira, t§R-sa'e-ra. Tercero. tSu-sa'ro, r. of La Plata. Termini, teVme-ne. Termoli, t&R'mo-le, t. of Naples. Termonde. See Dendermonde. Ternate, ter'nat', one of the Molucca Is. Terni, t&R'ne. Ter-no'va, t. of Turkey. Ter'ra del Fu-e'go or Tierra del Fuego, te» er'ra del fwa'go. Terra di Lavoro, ter'ra de la-vo'ro, prov. of Naples. Terra di Otranto, ter'ra de o-tran'to, prov. of Naples. Terracina, ter-ra-chee'na. Terre-Bonne, terr-bonn'; usually pro- nounced tar bone. *Terre-Haute (Fr. pron. teVr-hote' or t5rr"- ote'). [See Pronouncing Gazetteer, p. v. and vi., of the 3d and subsequent editions.] Ter Schelling, ten skel'ling, i. of Holland. Teschen, tesh'en, t. of Austria and Silesia. Tesino. See Tieino. Tessel. See Texel. Tessin, teVsaN'. See Tieino. Tete, ti'la, t. of E. Africa. Teton, tet'&n, r. of Missouri Territory. Tetooan, Tetuan, or Tetouan, tetWan', t. of Morocco. Teulada, too-la'da (It. pron. teVoo-la'da), cape of Sardinia. Tevere, ta'va-ra. See Tiber. Teverone, ta-va-ro'na (Anc. Ant-o), r. of Italy. Teviot, tiv'e-ot, r. of Scotland. Tewksbury, tukes'ber-e, t. of England. Tex'as. Tex'el or Tes'sel. Tezcuco, te*s-koo'ko, t. of Mexico. Thad'e-us, St., cape of Asia. Thaleain. See Salwin. Thames, temz. Than'et. Than-Lyeng or Than-Lweng. See Salwin. Thaso, tha'so, or Tha'sos, i. of Greece. Thaya, tl'a, r. of Moravia. Theaki or Thiaki, the-a'ke, or Ith'a-ca. Thebes, theebz ; called Thebai, the'va, by the modern Greeks. Theiss, tice (Hun. Tisza, tee-soh). Theresienstadt, ter-a'ze-en-statf, fortress of Bohemia. Theresienstadt or Theresienopel, tSr-a'ze-an o'pel (Hun. Szabadka, s6h v bod'k6h K ), t. of Hungary. Thermia, ther-mee'a (Anc. Cyth'nos), i. of Gretce. Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca. See Salonica. Thes'sa-ly or Thes-saTi-a (Modern Gr. pron theVsa-lee'a), country of Greece. Thian-Shan or Thian-Chan, te-an'-shau'. mts. of Chin. Tartary. *Thibadeauville, tib-a-do'vill. Thibet or Tibet, tib'et or tib-et'; written also, Tibbet. Thielt, leelt. Thiers, te-aiR' TOB 47 TOT Thionville, te^N'vill' or -veel'. Tholen or Tolen, to'len, t. and i. of Nether- lands. Thornar, to-maR', t. of Portugal. Thomaston, tnm'us-tuii. Thorn (Prussia), toRii. Thoulouse. See Toulouse. Three Rivers or Trois Rivieres, trwa reVe- aiR'. Thsoongling, Thsoungling, or Thsungling, tsoong'ling', mts. of Chin. Tartary. Thun, toon. Thuner-See, toon'er-sa'. Thur, tooR, r. of Switzerland. Thurgau, tooR'gow (Fr. Thurgovie, tuR'go"- ve'). Thuringia, thu-rin'je-a (Ger. Thuringen, tQ'- ring-en). Thurles, thurlz. ThQr'so, t. of Scotland. Tibboos or Tibbous, tib'booz', a people of N. Africa. TT'ber (It. Tevere, ta'va-ra). Tibesti or Tibesty, tee'bes'lee', t. and oasis of N. Africa. Tibet or Tibbet. Set Thibet. Tiburon, te-boo-rone', i. in the Gulf of Cali- fornia. Ticino, te-chee'no, improperly written Tesi- no or Teeino (Fr. Tessin, uls'saN'). Tidore, te-dore', one of the Molucca Is. Tiete, te-a'ta, or Anhembi, an-y£m-bee', r. of Brazil. Tif'lis" or Teflis (native pron. tiTleece'). Tigre, tee'gra\ TT'gris. Tilapa, te-la'pa, t. of Mexico. Til-la-to'ba, cap. of Tallahatchee Co., Ala. Til'burg. Til'sit. Timboo or Timbou. See Teemboo. Tim-buc'too or Tom-booc'to ; written, also, Tombuktu and Ten Boctoo. Tl'inor. TT-mor-laut'. *Timpanagos, tim-pa-na'goce, frequently _ written Timpanogos (Lake) ; called now the Great Salt Lake. Tinian, tee-ne-an', one of the Ladrone Is. *Tin'1-cum. Tin-ne-vel'ly, prov. of Hindostan. Tino, tee'no (Anc. Te'nos) i. of Greece. TT-o'ga. Tip'er-a or Tip'ra, district of Bengal. Tip'pah Tippecanoe, tipVka-noo'. Tipperary, tip-er-a're. Tir-ee', also written Tirree, Tiry, and Tyree. Tirhala. See Tricala. Tirlemont, teeRlrniN' (Flem. Thienen or Tienen, tee'nen). Tishamingo, tisrTa-ming'go. Tisheet', t. in the interior of W. Africa. Titlcaca, tit-e-ka'ka. Tivoli, tiv'o-le or tee'vo-!e. *Tlalpan, tlal-pan'. *Tlamet or Tlamath, tlam'et ; called, also, Klam'et. Tlasoala, tlas-ka'la, t. of Mexico. Tletnsan, tlenVsan', of Tlemecen, tlem'eh- sen'; written, also, Tremecen, t. of Algeria. Tobago, to-ba'go. Tobique, to'beek', r. of New Brunswick. To-bol', r 9 f Siberia. To-bolsk'. Tocantins, to-kan-teens'. Tocat or Tokat, to'kat'. Tocaya, to-kl'a, t. of Brazil. Tocayma or Tocaima, to-kl'ml, t. of New Granada. Toenningen. See Tonningen. Toeplitz. See Tiiplitz. Tokat. See Tocat. To-kay' (Hun. pron. to-koi')- Tolen. See Tholen. To-le'do (Sp. pron. to-la'Do). Tolentino, to-len-tee'no, t. of Italy. Tol'land. To-lo'sa, t. of Spain. Toluca, to-loo'ka. Tom-big'bee or Tom-beck'be. Tombuctoo. See Timbuctoo. Tom'kins. Tonbridge. See Tunbridge. Ton'dou', t. of Mantchooria. *Ton-e-wan'da or Tonewanta. Tong'a (Is), a group of Polynesia. Tongataboo or Tongatabu, tong'a-ta'boo, t. of the above group. Tongo, long gcV, written, also, Taungoo, t. of Birrna. Ton^res, toxgr (Flem Tongern, tong'ern of tong'hern), t. of Belgium. Tongooses. See Toongooses. Tonkin or Tonquin, ton-keen'. Tonuerre, torTnaiR', t. of France. Ton'ning-en, t. of Denmark. Tonquin. »See Tonkin. Tooareeks, Tuariks, Touariks, or Touaryks, loo'aYeeks' or too'a'riks', a people of Africa. Tooat, Touat, Tuat, or Tawat, too'at' or ta-wat', oasis of N. Africa. Tooggoort or Tuggurt, loog'goort', t. of N. Africa. Toongooses, Toungousesor Tunguses, toong- goo sez, a people of Siberia. Toongooska,ToungouskaorTunguska,toong- goos'ka, r. of Siberia. Toonkat, Tounkat or Tunkat, toong'kat', t. of Independent Tartary. Toorfan, Tourfan, or Turfan, toorYan', t. of Chin. Tartary. Too'la ; written, also, Taula and Tula. Toorkistan or Turkistan, tooK'kis-tan'. Toorkomans or Turkomans, toor'ko-manz\ Toorookhansk, Touroukhansk, or Turu- khansk, too-roo-Kansk', t. of Siberia. Top, top, I. of Russia. Topayos, to-pT'yoce ; written, also, Tapajos, la-pii'zhoce or ta-pa'hoce. Toplitz, Teplitz. or Toeplitz, tep'lits. Tor-bay'. Torgau, toR'gow. Tornea ; pronounced, and sometimes written, Tor'ne-o. Tomya, toRn'yoh, t. of Hungary. To'ro, t. of Spain. To-ron'to. Torrenantc, tor-ra-nan'ta, t. of Mexico. Tor'shok' or Torjok, tor'zhok'. Tor-to'la. Tor-to'na or toR-to'na, t. of Italy. Tor-to'sa. Tortuga, tor-too'ga, ». of the W. Indies. Tortugas, tor-too'gas, is. or shoals near Flori- da, at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico. Toscana. See Tuscany. Tot'ness ; written, also, Totnes. TRU 48 UKR Touariks. See Tooareeks. Touat. See Tooat. r t. of Prussia. 63* Znaym, znTme or tsnTme, *. of Moravia. Zuela, Zueela, Zouila or Zawila, zoo-ee'Hl or za-wee'la, t. of Fezzan, Africa. Zug, zoog or tsooc Zuilichau, tsul'le-kow. Zulpich, tsool'piK. Zurich, zu'rik (Ger. pron. tsu'rik). ZQr'rah, written, also, Zereh and Zerreh, I of Persia. Zut'phen. Zuyder or Zuider Zee, zl'der zee (Dutch pron. zoi'der za). Zvor'nik or Zwornik (Turk. IzVor'neek'). Zweibrflcken or ZweybrQcken, tswI-brQk'- ken. See Deux-Ponts. Zwel'len-dam\ v. of S. Africa. Zwet'tel or Zwetl, zwet'tel (Ger. pron. tswet'tel), t. and r. of Austria. Zwickau, tswik'kow. Zwoll. Zytomir. See Zhitomeer. TABLE OF MISPRONUNCIATIONS. Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly] Afghanistan (1) af-ga-nis'tan af-gan v is-tan'. (1) Aix-la-Chapelle ace la-sha-pell'or &h\sha-pell'.... ax (or aix) la-sha-pell'. Archipelago ar-che-pel'a-go ar-ke-pel'a-go. Asia a'zhe-a a'she-a. Athens a'lhenz ath'enz. Atooi S.-too'e a-too-x'. Bahrein or Bahrain ba-rlne' ba-rane'. Bassora bas-so'ra bas'sQ-ri. Bedouin or Beduin beh-doo'in - bed'oo-in. , Beloochistan (1) bel-oo-chis'tan or bel-oo-kis'tan... . bel-oo-chis-tan'. (1) Beyroot or Beyrout (2) . . . bi-root' ...... ba'root\ (2) Buenos Ayres bu'nus airz bo'nus a'rez. Cagliari kal-ya're - kal'va-re. Cai lao kal- la-5' or kal-ya-O' kal-'la'o or kal-ya'o. Canada kan'a-de -. kan'a-da. Cape Breton kape bre-toon' kape brit'tun. Chagres (3) shau'grSs or shar'grSs (3) cha'gres. Chapala(3). sha-pau'la or shar-par'lar (3) cha-pa'll. Chihuahua (3) she-wau'wah (3) che-wa'wa. Cincinnati sin-sin-at'iih sin-sin-nah'te. Coblentz ko-blents' kob'lents or ko'blents. Cordova kor-do'va -. kor'do-va. Cosseir kos-seer' kos'sare'. Dongola don-go'la dong'go-la. Edinburgh ed'jn-burg ed'in-bur-reh. Edisto e-dis'to ed'is-to. Genoa je-no'a jen'o-a. Gottingen or Goettingen. got'tin-jen - ghet'ting-en. Granada gran'a-da gra-na'da. Henrico lien're-ko hen-rl'ko. Hindostan (4) hin-dos'tan liin-d saul-teel'yo (7) sal-teel'yo. San Bias (7) san blaw (7) sail blass. Scheldt shelt skelt. Scioto si-o'tah sl-o'to. Seine - seen sane. Syracuse (8) si'ra-kuse (8) sir'a-kuze. Tampico tam'pe-ko .~ .~~ tam-pee'ko. Thames thamz temz. Vera Cruz ve'ra krtiz or veVa krooz ver'a krooce or va'ra krooce "Vienna (Austria) vi-en'na ve-en'na. Vigevano ve-je-v&'no ve-jev'a-no. Wyoming wl'o-ming wl-o'ming. Zeitoun zl-toon' za N toou' or za e-toon'. (!) See note 4. (2) This name is pronounced bl'roof by the Turks and by some respectable speakers i» English, but there appears to be a great preponderance of authority in favor of the pronun- ciation given by us as the correct one, this being, moreover, the manner in which the name of Beyroot is pronounced by the native inhabitants themselves. (3) It is a very common error to pronounce ch, in Spanish names, like our sh ; it should be sounded precisely like the English ch in child, chill, &c. It is a still more prevalent fault to pronounce the a, in foreign names, like au or aw in English ; this should be carefully avoided by those who are anxious to speak correctly. In all European languages except the Hungarian, the a should be sounded either like that in father (a), or else between this sound and that of a in fat (a). We should scarcely err, indeed, were we to say that in all cases in the pronunciation of foreign words (except the an nasal and the a circumflex (a) in French, and the Hungarian as before mentioned), the a should be a little less broad than the sound we give to it in far (3.). Scarcely anything in pronunciation is more barbarous or absurd than the mode sometimes adopted to indicate the second sound of a in foreign names, e. g. arl-bar'no instead of al-ba'no, char-par'lar instead of cha-pa'la; because there is not the slightest shade of the sound of r in either of these names, nor in any similar one, unless an r occurs in the name itself. We freely admit that some few English or American speakers, who are very faulty in their pro- nunciation, might sound the r, in such cases, so feebly that very little difference would be perceived between their pronunciation and that indicated by the mode employed by us ; but it is certainly a great mistake to give a mode of pronunciation which is adapted to those only who pronounce badly, but which is calculated to lead such as are careful to speak correctly, into a ridiculous and barbarous error. In our language, r should never be silent in any situa- tion, although it may with propriety be sounded more slightly at the end than at the begin- ning of a syllable. (See Walker's Principles of Pronunciation, 416 and 419.) It would be far more correct to give the pronunciation of such names with an h, as al-bah'no, chah- pah'lah, because it is a rule of the English language always to make h silent at the end of a syllable when it is immediately preceded by a vowel. (Principles of Pronunciation, 396.) The only objection which can be urged against this mode of marking the pronunciation, is that it leaves the sound of the a somewhat uncertain ; for though some might pronounce the ah like a, others would probably give it a sound approximating to a; but this would be an infinitely less fault than that which would result from the use of r, for, as already intimated, it would hardly be an error to pronounce a, in almost all foreign names, less broad than a. Indeed there is a considerable diversity among different foreigners with regard to the pronun- ciation of this vowel. In some dialects of the same language it is much broader than in others. In many French words its sound is scarcely distinguishable from that of the English a in fat. (4) There is considerable diversity even among good speakers, respecting the sound of a in the accented syllable of these names. Hindostan, however, is almost universally pro- nounced with the a short (£), as iu man; while Afghanistan, Beloochistan. appear gener- ally to have the a in the last syllable broader, and are in fact sometimes written Afghanis- taun, Beloochistaun. For these reasons we have given the pronunciation of their final syllable differently from that of Hindostan. Yet, on the whole, it is questionable whether such a distinction ought to be made in names which are so similar in their formation, and which are almost equally familiar to all who have any knowledge of geography. It appears to us that it would not be improper to anglicize all such Asiatic names possessing some celebrity— not only Hindostan, Japan, Kamtchatka, Siam, &c, but also Afghanistan, Beloo- chistan, Koordistan, Toorkistan, Ispahan, Herat, Kelat, Meinam, Java, and Sumatra, sounding the a in the accented syllable as in man, or in case the syllable ends in a, pronouncing it like the penultima of Alabama, e. g. jah'va, soo-mah'tra, almost j&'va and soo-ma'tra. (See Obser vation 2, pp. 51 and 52 of the Gazetteer.) (5) This name is sometimes written Kamchatka by geographers of the highest character. (6) See note 4. (7) See note 3. (8) This pronunciation, so contrary to good taste and to analogy (compare Syria, Syrian, syringe, Sirius), is extremely prevalent in the State of New York. It was probably first introduced by the Dutch, as y in their language is always pronounced like our long I. B« that as it may, it is certain that the pronunciation in question is neither classical nor English, and should be carefully avoided by all those who desire to speak with propriety. ADVERTISEMENT. The universal favor with which the Pronouncing Gazetteer has been received, renders it unnecessary to urge particularly, at this time, its claims to public attention. By referring to our "Recommendations," the reader will perceive that it has obtained the highest encomiums from the highest literary authorities in our country. It has been adopted as a standard work of reference in the public schools of almost all the prin- cipal cities of the United States. It has been introduced into tae Philadelphia Normal School as a text-book, every pupil being furnished with a copy. Nearly all the recent works treating of geography, or geographical pronunciation, cite it as an authority, frankly acknowledging their obligations to it ; * while others, by their plagiarisms, bear an indirect, but no less decisive testimony to its merits. * See "Key to Pelton's Outline Maps," "Mitchell's Intermediate Geogra- phy," " Key to Mitchell's Outline Maps," " R. M. Smith's New Common School Geography," " Pronouncing Vocabulary of Geographical Names," in Worcester's octavo Dictionary, " Geographical Vocabulary," in Harper's Re- vised Edition of Webster's Dictionary," &c, &c. if ADVERTISEMENT. As, however, several gentlemen, distinguished for their in- telligence and experience in education,* have expressed an earnest desire that the Supplement should be published by itself, for the especial use of the pupils in our public and other schools, this portion of the Gazetteer is now offered to the public in a separate form, and furnished at so low a price that it can be no obstacle even to those of the most limited means. This Vocabulary will be found to be complete in itself, as a work of reference for pupils. Teachers, and others desiring to become acquainted with the general principles of pronunciation which have been followed in the work, are referred to the "In- troduction" and " Explanations" prefixed to the Gazetteer. The attention of the reader is particularly invited to the "Table of Different Spellings," and the "Table of Mis- pronunciations," at the end of this work. * See, in the collection of "Recommendations," the letter from A. D. Bache, L.L. D. ; also that of Professor Hart, dated May 16, 1851. Several experienced teachers of our acquaintance have expressed a similar judgment. RECOMMENDATIONS. From the North American Review, for January, 1846. " The practical value of a work of this sort, depends entirely on the fulness and accu- racy with which it is executed ; and in these respects we can commend this volume in the ■trongest terms." From the Christian Examiner (Boston), for January, 1846. u This is a good book in two ways. It was much wanted, and it is exceedingly we'.. done." Extract of a Letter from Professor Libber, Editor of the Encyclopedia Americana. " A Pronouncing Gazetteer is not only a necessary work in the literature of every nation, but it is particularly wanted in the present age." * * # "it seems to me the teachers of whatever schools can scarcely do without having this book of reference near them." From the Hon, John Pickering, Author of Pickering's Greek Lexicon. tl This work cannot fail to be highly useful, not only to instructors and pupils, but also to general readers." From Professor Anthon. New York, Sept. 10, 1845. M The subscriber has examined Baldwin's ' Universal Pronouncing Gazetteer' with considerable care, having consulted it almost daily for at least a month past, and takes great pleasure in recommending it as a very superior work. CHAS. ANTHON." From G. C. Verplanck, Esq. " Having often referred to and examined the ' Gazetteer,' I fully concur with Professor Anthon. G. C. VERPLANCK." " « Baldwin's Pronouncing Gazetteer' — a work of great accuracy, learning and taste." — Note to M Antony and Cleopatra," Harper's Illustrated Shakespeare. Extract of a Letter from William Belden, Esq., Senior Teacher of the Normal School, New York. " This is just such a book as every teacher in the country ought to possess, and I may add such would be a most useful addition to every private library." From Professor Lewis, of the University of New York. 11 Such a book has long been wanted for all our institutions of learning, from the college down to the common school. Most of our young men, even those who rank among the best scholars in our colleges and academies, are exceeding deficient in the right pronun- ciation of foreign proper names." * * * "I should be rejoiced to see the work intro- duced into all the schools of the country." From the Princeton Review, for October, 1845. "We have no hesitation in pronouncing this one of the most scholarlike productions of our native press. The authors show not only a familiar knowledge of the modern lan- {fuages, but a highly respectable acquaintance with general philology." * # # "We ook upon this work as full of entertainment and instruction to all who rake an interest iu orthoepy." From John Griscom, LL.D. » The scientific accuracy of this book renders it, in my opinion, one of the most valu- able contributions to the practical manuals of the teacher, the scholar, and the general reader, which modern times have so liberally furnished." RECOMMENDATIONS. Letter from John S. Hart, L.L. D., Principal of the Central High School of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, May 16, 1851. I have used Baldwin's Pronouncing Gazetteer as a constant work of reference for the last Fix years, and have ever regarded and recommended it as a work of standard authority — and the only one, so far as 1 am aware, entitled to that distinction — on the subject of which it treats. It gives me unfeigned satisfaction to learn that the publishers are about to issue, in a separate form, the supplement to the work, containing, in the space of about sixty pages, all the geographical names by themselves, with the pronunciation. The pronunciation intro- duced by Mr Baldwin in the larger work, has obtained, 1 believe, general acquiescence among the learned throughout the country, and may be considered as settled. The small volume now to be published, contains this pronunciation in a cheap form, that is likely to find its way into schools, and so introduce what has been so greatly needed, a uniform method of pro- nouncing the foreign proper names that occur in our School Geographies. I commend the Work cordially to all teachers to whom this letter may be presented. JOHN S. HART. Letter from Alexander Dallas Bache, L.L. D., Superintendent of the Coast Survey, formerly Principal of the Philadelphia High School. Philadelphia, July 3, 1843. Sir, — 1 have examined the specimen of a Pronouncing Gazetteer which you have been pleased to leave with me, and have read the accompanying remarks in reference to the plan and execution of the work. The views which you express of the importance of the work, I fully concur in, and I also approve of the general plan laid down, and method marked out for its execution. Should the work be of a size which would exclude it from general introduction into schools, for the use of the pupils, you ought by all means to make an abridgment of it expressly for this purpose. No teacher should be without the complete work, and the introduction of an abridgment, executed with the care shown in your specimen, into our schools, would be of very great service to the pupils. Yours, respectfully, A. D. BACHE. From Professor Robley Dcnglison, M. D. Extract of a Letter dated June 21, 1845. " I have examined the Pronouncing Gazetteer which you have sent me. The work exhibits great accuracy, not only in the orthoepy but likewise in the topographical and historical in- formation which it contains; and I cordially recommend it both as a valuable work of refer- ence in the family library, and as an important addition to our list of school books." From Professor Ray, of Woodward College, Cincinnati. " I have long regarded a good Pronouncing Gazetteer as a desideratum both to teachers and the advanced class of students. In my intercourse with instructors, as member of the Board of School Examiners of Cincinnati, I uniformly recommended a gazetteer as one of the works that should have a place upon every teacher's desk." * * * " Baldwin's Pronouncing Gazetteer should have a place in the library of every intelligent family, and be used as a book of reference by every geographical student. ' To teachers especially I recommend this volume as the onb work that furnishes the correct pronunciation of all geographical names in general use." From Professor Dewey, of the Rochester Collegiate Institute. "This is a work greatly needed by all who talk or read. It should be found on the scholar's table and in the intelligent man's family. ¥jT To the teacher it is invaluable — to the pupil essential." From Dr. A. T. W. Wright, Principal of the Philadelphia Normal School. " Baldwin's Pronouncing Gazetteer was adopted as a text-book at the organization of the Normal School, and has since been used as such, every pupil being furnished with a copy. Besides its use as a geographical work, it is made the standard of orthoepy and orthography in this department of instruction." * * * "The descriptive, statistical, and historical portions of the book, compare favourably with the best treatises exclusively devoted to geographical knowledge. Every page exhibits the most careful research ; resulting in the production of the most accurate work on the subject that has been presented to my notice." 5J" The Pronouncing Gazetteer has been adopted as a book of reference for teachers by the Public Schools of Philadelphia, New York, Detroit, Cincinnati, and several other of oui principal citioe. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. , LD 21-100m-7,'40 (6936s) M90348 Grto-2- THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.