liitei r k SOUTHEix- UNIVtRSITY (:, LIBRAF; IL03 ANGELES* «dKM<^ p THE GILD MERCHANT GR OSS VOL. II. HENRY FROWDE Oxford University Press Warehouse Amen Corner, E.C. THE GILD MERCHANT A CONTRIBUTION TO Britieb riDunicipal Ibistor^ BY CHARLES GROSS, Ph.D. INSTRUCTOR IN HISTORY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY VOLUME II Oxfotb AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1890 [A// rights reserved ] rT ** n r" 'T b i? 'J J Cxfor& PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY PRINTED IN ENGLAND. V4 D Q ^ G CONTENTS. PROOFS AND ILLUSTRATIONS :— page Alnwick 1-3 *Andover . , 3-12 axbridge . 12 Barnstaple .......... 12-15 Beaumaris ........... 15-16 Bedford 16-18 Berwick ........... 18-20 Beverley ........... 21-23 *Bridgwater .......... 23-24 *Bristol ........... 24-28 BURFORD ........... 28-29 Bury St. Edmund's ......... 29-36 Calne ............ 36-37 Canterbury 37-38 *Carlisle ........... 38-40 *Chester ........... 40-46 Chesterfield .......... 46-47 Chichester .......... 47-48 Conway ........... 48 ♦Coventry 48-51 Derby 5i-53 Devizes 53 56 *Dorchester .......... 56-58 Drogheda 58 59 ♦Dublin 59 85 *Dunheved . . 85 86 *Exeter ........... 86-89 Faversham . . . . . . . . . . . 89 91 Gainsborough .......... 91 ♦Guildford ........... 91-106 Hartlepool .......... 106-107 Hedon ........... 107-108 * See also Supplementary Proofs and Illustrations, pp. 2S9-392. vi Contents. PAGE Helston io8 Henley-on-Thames 108-109 Hereford ........... log-iio Hull ............ 110-114 *Ipswich 1 14-132 Kenfig ........... 132-134 Kilkenny 134-136 Leicester ........... 136-144 Lewes 145 Lichfield . 145 146 *Lincoln ........... 146-147 Liverpool ........... 148-150 Llantrissaint 150 *Lynn Regis 151-170 Macclesfield 171 Malmesbury .......... 171-173 Marlborough .......... 173-174 Nantwich 174-175 Neath 175-177 Newcastle-under-Lyme 177-182 *Newcastle-upon-Tyne 182-188 Newport ........... i8g Norwich 189-190 Nottingham 190-191 Oswestry 191-192 ^Oxford ........... 192-194 Preston 194-201 Reading ........... 202-209 Salisbury ........... 209-210 Shrewsbury .......... 210 213 Southampton .......... 213-234 Swansea ........... 234-235 Totnes ........... 235-244 Wallingford 244-248 Walsall 248-250 Wexford 250-251 *WiLTON ........... 251 *WlNCHESTER .......... 25I-27O Windsor 270-272 Worcester 272-276 Wycombe ........... 276-277 *Yarmouth ........... 277-279 York 279-285 Youghal 285-288 * See also Supplementary Proofs and Illustrations, pp. 289-392. Contents. Vll PAGE SUPPLEMENTARY PROOFS AND ILLUSTRATIONS:— fANDOVER 289 351 Bath 351 fBoSTON 352 ^Bridgwater 3^3 Bristol 353-355 BuiLTH 355-356 Caerwys 356-357 Cambridge ........... 357 358 Cardiff 358 359 Cardigan ........... 359 •)-Carhsle ........... 359-360 f Chester 360 362 Cirencester .......... 363-364 fCovENTRY 364-365 f Dorchester 365 370 fDUBLIN ^-jo fDuNHEVED ........... 370-371 tExETER 371-373 Gloucester . 373 374 ■(•Guildford ........... 375 Hope 375-376 tIPSWicH 376-377 •(■Lincoln ........... 377 379 •(■Lynn Regis .......... 379-380 "(•Newcastle-upon-Tyne 380-385 Newton 385-386 fOxFORD 386 387 Petersfield 387 Rochester 387-388 Scarborough . 388 Wearmouth .......... 388 Welshpool ........... 389 fWiLTON ........... 389-390 fWlNCHESTER .......... 390-39I Woodstock .......... 392 ■(•Yarmouth ........... 392 GLOSSARY 393 422 INDEX 423-447 ■(• See also Proofs and Illustrations, pp. 1-288. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. p. 3,1. 27, for '4' read '14.' P. 4, 1. 5, for * Ercheband ' read * Erchebaud.' P. 4, 1. 20. for * tersegis ' read ' cersegis,' i. e. Kersey. See the Glossary. P. 4, 1. 23, for * ispania ; et promittant etiam ' read ' ispania et permissent [i. e. permiscent] ; et.' P. 5, 11. 24, 25, for ' Ercheband ' read ' Erchebaud.' P. 5, 1. 28, after ' gildam ' insert ' suam.' P. 5, 1. 6 from bottom, for ' Feugal ' read ' Fugel.' PP. 6, 7, passim, for * in rotulo ' the correct reading is probably ' in re- spectu.' The contraction in the MSS. is generally ' in r'*.' P. 7, 1. 9, for * inseratur in rotulo ' read ' inquiratur in rotul[is].' P. 7, 1. 12, for 'inseratur' read 'inquiratur.' P. 7, 1. 22, after ' chit ' insert ' [? chir'].' P. 7, 1. 30, the semi-colon should stand before ' vim.' P. 7, 1. 34, after ' 'em ' insert ' [i. e. diem].' P. 8, 1. 5, for ' Ercheband ' read ' Erchebaud.' PP.9, 10, 11 to line 27, are printed more fully and more correctly on pp. 302, 320-346. PP. 18-20. For some more materials illustrating the history of the Berwick Gild, see Scott, Berwick, 257-260. It is clear from his account of the Gild that this fraternity and the borough government were still distinct in the fifteenth century. He tells us (p. 257) that all debts between gildsmen were subject to a settlement at the hands of the Gild, ' presided over by the Alderman pro anno, rarely, if ever, by the Mayor.' Scott thinks that the charter of James I extended the power of the Gild over the whole of the town's affairs. It should also be noted that Edward I in 1302 granted to the burgesses of Berwick a charter in which the Gild Merchant is mentioned as one of the municipal privileges. (Ibid., 246, 247.) X antiitions ann Cortections. p. 22, 1. 2, ' Sancti Johannis ' refers to the collegiate Church of St. John at Beverley. P. 24, 1. 7 from bottom. The passage in the Red Book of Bristol referred to by Barrett is printed below on p. 354. PP. 32-34. For corrections, see vol. i. p. 10, n. 4. P. 40, 11. 6-8. Cf. vol. i. p. 118, n. 5. P. 41, 1. 2. Cf. vol. i. p. 12, n. I. P. 44, 1. 19, for ' lene ' read ' leue.' P. 45, 11. 14-17. Perhaps the answer to this quo warranto is the docu- ment printed on pp. 43-44. P. 48, 1. 12, for ' Bela, Newburgh ' read ' Bala, Newborough.' P. 49, 1. 24, for * pres ' read ' pies.' PP. 51-53. I collated this document with the original MS. in the Public Record Office, and corrected some errors in the version printed by the Record Commission. PP. 60-79. For the Holy Trinity Gild of Dublin, see also Gilbert, Cal. of Dublin Records, 275, 283, 316, 438. P. 64, 1. 14, for ' asportarum ' read * asport[at]arum.' P. 70, 1. 27, ' of [tin] ' = ' often.' P. 89, 1. 7 from bottom, after ' warden ' insert ' [i. e. wardens].' P. 94, 1. II, for ' porce' read 'porte.' P. 103, 1. 6 from bottom, for ' Brongavell ' read ' Brougavell.' P. 118, 1. 9, for ' quum ' read ' quam.' P. 124, 1. 18, after 'estoviis ' insert ' [i.e. estoveriis].' P. 124, 1. 3 from bottom, for ' llll. s.' read * llll. d! P. 133, 1. 6 from bottom, after ' carne ' insert ' [.''carue].' P. 139, 1. 2 from bottom, for ' unies ' read ' mues.' P. 140, 1. 4, dele ' [i.e. orendreit].' See Glossary s.v. Audreyn. P. 143 1. 15, for 'abjudged' read ' adjudged.' P. 146, 1. 5 from bottom, for ' dedecunt ' read ' deducunt.' P. 148, 1. 9. See also Picton, Memorials, i. 29. P. 153, 1. II, for ' Panere' read ' Pauere.' P. 1G7, 1. 27. The 'return of Thomas Botesham ' is the answer to the royal writ of inquiry referred to on p. 158. P. 167, n. Mr. Day's volume was evidently a transcript of extracts from the old Gild Rolls of Lynn. annitions ann Corrections. xi p. 176, 1. 4 from bottom, dele ' [i. e. corf].' P. 178, 1. 23, for 'nono' read ' decimo nono,' i.e. 1235. See vol. i. p. 14, n. 3. P. 189, 1. IS, for '8 Richard II ' read '5 Henry VI,' i.e. 1427. P. 191, 1. 15, after ' lene ' insert ' [i. e. leve].' PP. 202-209. For the Gild of Reading, see also Rep. MSS. Com., 1888, App. vii. 169-172, 210, 227. P. 205, 1. 4, after ' achate ' insert ' [ble].' P. 205, 1. 9 from bottom, for ' forsenee ' read ' sorsenee.' See the Glossary. P. 208, 1. 2 from bottom, after ' potuaries ' insert ' (i. e. poticaries).' P. 210, 1. 4 from bottom, after ' 78 ' add ' and 742.' P. 218, 1. 17, for 'partenir ' read 'parcenir.' Cf. ii. 230, 1. 18. P. 221, 1. 10 from bottom, for ' dount' read ' dounc' P. 222, 1. 13, for 'dount et ' perhaps the scribe intended to write 'et dounc' P. 225, 11. I and 17, dele ' [i. e seit].' P. 228, 1. 3 from bottom, for 'lotels' read 'locels.' P. 239, 1. 4, for * sectator ' read ' seccator ' ; for * burgi ' read ' bursae.' P. 250. 1. 13. These laws are also printed in Willmore's Hist, of Walsall, 165-169. He thinks that they were made about A. D. 1422. PP. 251-270. For the Gild Merchant of Winchester, see also Kitchin, Winch., 74, 162-167. P. 2.58, 11. 3 and 11, for 'panagio' and ' panagii ' read 'pauagio' and ' pauagii.' P. 261, 1. 10, for ' accrestere ' read ' accrescere.' P. 285, 1. 9 from bottom, ' manifacturas ' [sic). P. 292, 1. 14, for * Richensam ' read ' Richemam ' i. e. Richeman, P. 301, 1. 12 from bottom, for ' Coccas ' read ' Coctas.' P. 328, 1. 18, for 'se' read 'de.' P. 331, 1. 4, for ' pelle drappas ' read ' pelles, drappas.' P. 353, 1. 19, ' predicto ' refers to the Statute of Mortmain mentioned in a preceding document in the Patent Roll. P. 354, 11. 24, 25, for 'filiorum suorum ' read ' filii sui.' P. 365, 1. 21, for ' conculauerunt ' read ' concul[c]auerunt.' Z\it (5ilt> fS0tu\)anu Alnwick ^ . 1672, July 3. — 'It is ordered by consent of the four-and-twenty, alnwick. that every apprentice shall be obliged, after one yeare of his entrance into his apprenticeship, to repare to the comon guild, whensoever assembled, and there shall record his time of entrance and the date of his indenture in the towne booke by the cham- berlanes, and that afterwards he shall serve within his master's house at meat, drinke, and lodging for seven years complete, upon paine of everye one that taketh any such apprentice con- trary to this order, which hath been made, as appears to us, by our predecessors in the year 1628, and now confirmed by us the day and yeare above said.' — {2a^e, Alnwick^ ii. 237.) In a similar order made April 20th, 1692, the apprentice is required to 'repare to the privet guiid.'' — [Ibid.) The earliest notices in the borough accounts shew the con- nection between gilds and taxation: '16 11 — received in guild money and guild grots £3 "js. ^d. ; 161 3 — received guild money £2 5 J. 4d. ; 1 61 7 — received the guild money at May-day last £2 (is. GdJ In 16 1 3, at a meeting called a gyid, orders were made by the Four-and-Twenty taxing the freemen for the repairs of the Mart House, letting lands, etc. ; and another order was made 'by general consent of the Four-and-Twenty and of the aldermen and companies and of the freemen and others,' au- thorising the aldermen to distrain for payment of the taxes im- posed ; at ' a general guild ' orders were made for the maintenance of the schools 'by the Four-and-Twenty, with the general consent ' See Tate, Alnwick, ii. 237, 269-272 ; Munic. Corp. Com. 18.^5, pp. 1414- 1418 ; Davidson, Alnwick, 325-327. 2 Ci)e (^iin ^ercSant. ALNWICK, of all the aldermen and companies of the town and of the free men and burgesses of the same.' During the seventeenth century the term gild was applied to the more important meetings of the Four-and-Twenty, when the whole would be expected to attend ; and it seems that some of these meetings were openly held in the Common Guild Hall, in the presence of the freemen, bur- gesses and inhabitants of the town. — {Tate, ii. 270.) In 1629 'the custome Corne is lett by the consent of the Chamberlains and Comon Guild ' ; and ' the Comon Guild and Four and Twenty ' made regulations for settling disputes between different companies. — {Tate, ii. 271.) At the 'general gylde ' held December 29th, 1631, the new Chamberlains refused to receive the accounts of the old Cham- berlains, ' to the great contempt of the whole Towne and comon gylde.' In 1633 'the Chamberlains, the 24 and the Comen Guild ' agree that every freeman pay 4^. yearly to repair Potter- gate and Clayport towers, a. d. 1649, 'granted then by the Chamberlaynes with the consent of the Four-and-Twenty, upon voate then passed in publique guild,' a lease of Hesleyside for seven years. Gilds were held in 1665 and 1669 which appear to have been merely meetings of the governing body ; but from 1687 to 1 71 2 gild meetings of the whole of the freemen were held by the authority of the Four-and-Twenty. — {Tate, ii. 271-272.) In 1762 the freemen contended that an agreement between the corporate body and the Duke of Northumberland was not obligatory upon them, unless it received the sanction of the 'common guild.' — {Munic. Corp. Com. 1835, P- i4i4-) 'January 13, 1628. It is ordered and agreed, by the four- and-twenty and common guild of this borough, the day and year abovesaid, that the chamberlains every year, for their year being, shall call together the four-and-twenty and common guild always upon the loth of December, unless it fall on a Sunday, and then in the Tollbooth let, with the consent of the four-and-twenty and common guild, all such things as are due and belonging to the town.'— (/(^/^/., 1417.) Iproof0 ann Sinustrations. 3 In the seventeenth century the freemen appear to have had alnwick. the power of calling for the yearly account of the Chamberlains in open gild. The former were now only convened in gild by the twenty-four, when there were important questions to consider affecting the franchise, or in which the personal interests of the freemen were concerned. The last common gild was held about the year 1712. Since the disuse of gilds the freemen had gradually lost all participation in the conduct of affairs. — {/^I'd., 1417-1418.) Andoveb. 'Homines de Andeura reddunt compotum de x. marcis pro habenda eadem Libertate in Gilda sua, quam homines de Wiltona et de Saresberia habent in Gilda sua.' Pipe Roll, 22 Henry H, Rot. 13 a. — (Madox, Firma Burgi, 27.) ' Johannes Dei gratia, etc. Sciatis nos concessisse hominibus de Andever quod habeant gildam mercatorum in Andever, et quod sint quieti de theolonio et passagio et consuetudine per totam terram nostram, sicut burgenses Wintonie qui sunt de gilda mercatorum sunt quieti; et super hoc nullus eos injuste disturbet pro consuetudine super decem libras forisfacture, sicut carte Henrici Regis patris nostri et Regis Ricardi fratris nostri quas inde habent rationabiliter testantur. Testibus, Ricardo comite Cestr', Warin' filio Ger', W. de Braos*, Petro filio Herb', Henrico Bisset, Hug' de Lascy, Petro de Stok'. Datum per manum J. de Well' apud Rading' i. die Maii, anno, etc. vi ».' — (Rotuli Chartarn?n, 148.) The Gild Merchant of Andover was confirmed by charters of 12 Henry III, 29 Edward III and 4 Richard II \ The town archives of Andover contain many records of the ancient Gild. Subjoined is a transcript of the oldest "^ : — ^ Madox, Firma Burgi, 44 ; Petyt MS., i. 46. * This membrane was evidently a part of a larger Roll. It is a thin parch- ment, 14 by 5 inches. One entry is defaced by a number of perforations, and a corner of the MS., embracing portions of the last entries, is wanting. Other- wise the MS. is in an excellent state of presen'ation, the writing being very distinct. Cfie (^ilD ^etcbant. AN DOVER. Morgespeche gilde mercatorie de Andeuere die veneris proxima ~T1„ post diem Pasce Anno regni regis Henrici filii regis Johannis XL sexto. Esson'. Johannes Waukelin uersus Adam de Faccumbe per Rad' Ercheband, et datus est ei dies usque ad proximum morhespeche. Petrus Wyking de Rogero Scpin ; plegii de prosequendo, Stephanus le Setere et Reginaldus Euerard, Symon le Setere. Alicia relicta Philippi le Setere de Cristina relicta Nich' Osward ; plegii, Stephanus le Setere et Ricardus Marscallus. Henricus le Tanere optuHt se et petit societatem gilde de gilda que fuit Willielmi Hendibodi, et filius Willielmi comparuit et inhibuit, et habet ius filii et non alius. ii.i'. Emma que fuit filia Ricardi Bus dat gildam suam Beatrici Relicte Walteri Ascelin' ; sit super forewardmannos. Juret quod non recipit nee dat aurum nee argentum nee valenciam, nee aliquis alius pro ipsa ; habeat et gaudeat et det iura. ii.i'. Robertus filius Roberti le hayward intrat in gildam merca- toriam per uxorem suam ; faciat que facere debet domui, et habeat. Memorandum de illis qui ponunt lanam de Ispania in pannis tersegis ; vnusquisque gildanorum intromittat et capiat pannos ad comodum domus gilde ; et uocentur omnes textores coram commune ; et jurent quod dicent ueritatem qui sunt illi qui faciunt pannos de lana [de] ispania ; et promittant etiam quod nullum pannum facient, nisi dicant balliuis. Auicia filia Thome Roc petit gildam que fuit patris sui sicut hereditatem super Robertum de Rokesburch, vnde pater suus obiit vestitus et saisitus vi et iniuste, et inde habuit sufficientem sequelam in dampnum de x.s. Robertus de Rokesburch dicit quod non debet respondere quia Auicia est de purcatio, et dicit quod habuit per Amiciam uxorem suam et per denarios et per consensum forewardmannorum ; nolunt defacere quod predecessores eorum fecerunt; habeat Robertus, et Auicia amittat et vadiet misericordiam. Johannes filius Thome le messag' petit gildam que fuit Beatricis matris sue; habeat sicut hereditatem, saluo iure vniuscumque hominis. Iproofs ant) 3lltotration,e; 5 Ricardus filius Ricardi Walkelin fuit essoniatus ad ]iroximum an Dover. morhespeche et non venit, nee Rieardus pater eius, et ideo ambo . VI. a. in misericordia. Willielmus Kniht uersus gildanos de quadam lege eis facienda Esson'. per Johannem Joie de ultra mare xl. dies. Prouisum est per forewardmannos quod potabunt die dominica ante pentecostem. Item coUigatur debitum et distringatur Adam de Mar[isco], Petrus Remund et Domina Beatrix pro debito quod Thomas Spirecoc debuit domui. Item distringatur Willielmus Gode et Beatrix uxor Walteri As- celin' sicut executores Johannis Scpin, distringantur de die in diem pro debito quod dictus Johannes debuit domui et pro debito quod Walterus Ascelin' debuit antequam catalla distri- buantur et dispergentur, et omne debitum vetus et novum coUi- gatur de cetero de die in diem nisi clarum est, et fiat destrictio. Domina Beatrix dat gildam quam Emma Bus dedit sibi m. sh. Johanni filio filii sui ; habeat et faciat Jura domui. Morhespeche gilde mercatorie de Andeuere die lune proxima ante Pentecostem Anno regni regis Henrici filii regis Johannis A.D. 1262. XL sexto. [Rogerus] Scpin uersus Petrum Wyking per Johannem de Were- welle. Isabel de Pict' uxor Johannis Ercheband uersus Adam de Faccumbe per Radulphum Ercheband. Johannes Athele dat Philippo de doggepole gildam que fuit Wil- lielmi Athele fratris sui. Juret et habeat et faciat Jura domus. Willelmus le lade de salesburia dat gildam Johanni molen- dinar' ; differatur quousque Johannes sit presens. Reg' Feiigel dp-WiHidmo de'Ambresburia, plegius de prosequen- xii. d doWalterus'^^igusjprob^t^per duos gildanos, et quia testificatum fuit per 4iJos gilaaqos,^i.^. v&diet Willielmus de Ambresburia. Petronilla de Saresburia dat gildam que fuit patris sui Willielmo de Goselinch et exigit dictam gildam sicut hereditatem suam; habeat sicut hereditatem suam et faciat Jura domus. 6 C6e (^ilD e^tttbmt AN DOVER. Cristina Relicta W, Scpin dat gildam suam Johanni persone ~~7 de Penitun' meis . . . . et habeat. M.S. Johannes Wombstrang dat gildam que fuit Ric' Wombstrang Johanni Sahde quia .... habeat et faciat Jura domus. Memorandum de gilda que fuit WilHelmi Hendibodi quia Judicium non f seq' nee jur'. Cristina Rehcta Nicholai Osward dat gildam suam Elesabete fihe WiUielmus Kniht in misericordia quia defecit in lege vi. d., et pacabit post prandium Petrus Scpin et Johannes Kidenot, plegius Thom' Joie, ponunt se super forewardmannos quia pertinebat ad hereditatem de gilda que fuit Thome Joie. xii. d. Johannes Brun et Johannes de Wymeledun' offerunt xii. d. ut h[abeant] nolunt ipsum judicare in absentia sua sed summonicetur contra ipsos ii.-f. Johannes de Winton' promittit ii. s. ita quod Alic' filiabeil .... Matillda Hendibodi dat gildam suam Elie Ascelin' Malina de Aira' dat gildam suam Thome filio The following is a transcript of another Roll of the time of Henry IH ' :— Collectores debitorum weteris gilde mercatorie, Walterus de Mar', WiUielmus le Palmere, Jacobus Gode, Johannes Salide. Proximum Magespeche die veneris proxima ante festum sancti A.D. 1262. Edmiindi martiris anno domini regis [Henrici] XLvii, Hugo Faber uersus Hugonem parmentar' per Petrum Frewme. Dies datus est usque ad proximum morgespeche. vi. d. Rogerus Scpin in misericordia quia non obedivit. Habuit essonium suum vi. d. U.S. Ricardus King intrat per uxorem suam et offert facere Jura Gilde saluo Jure vniuscuiusque. Juret et faciat ii. s. Galfridus Wynegod petit societatem Gilde mercatorie ; in rotulo quousque habeant aliud consilium. ' This membrane is somewhat larger than the preceding. A small portion, toward the centre and left-hand side, is in a tattered condition. proofs anD illustrations. 7 Johannes Godspede petit eodem modo societatem gilde merca- andover. torie ; in rotulo sicut de primo. Hugo Fromund petit Gildam que fuit Ade Horn super Hugonem Fabrum, et Hugo fuit essoniatus. Petrus Wyking petit gildam que fuit Stephani Wyking adwunculi sui sicut Jus et hereditatem suam super Rogerum Scpin, et habuit sufficientem sequelam. Rogerus Scpin comparuit et posuit se super forewardmannos, quis eorum habeat magis Jus ; et in dicta gilda dicunt quod placitum terminatur et inseratur in rotulo si Stephanus Wyking debuit debitum super dictam gildam aut Matilda uxor eius ; et saisietur libertas in manus gildanorum, quod ullus eorum utatur dicta libertate quousque inseratur rei Veritas. Willielmus peramenator petit societatem gilde mercatorie; in rotulo. Adam de Faccumbe petit gildam que fuit eldefadi sui super Johannem Walkelin et uxorem suam sicut Jus suum et here- ditatem suam quod de iure sibi debet descendere, et inde habuit sufficientem sequelam, et idem Adam desawoa suum narratorem vi. qui pro tempore fuerint. Et singuli in dicta libertate existentes qui majores tunc vel antea non fuerint vel in Officio dicte Guide constituti, singulos solvent denar' qui Scot peny vocatur.' Then follow lists of officers as before, with parallel columns containing the names of the ' Intrinseci et feoffati ' and the ' Forinseci et non feoffati,' 221 in all. ' i.e. Furthyngmen. ^ Probably ' Le Coruiser.' 14 Cf)e (^ilD ^etcftant. BARNSTAPLE. The Third Roll begins as follows : — ' Convocacio communitatis „ eorum qui sunt in libertate Burgi Earnest' ad Guldam factam die A.D. 1329. ^ ^ . . dominica ann. [i.e. ante] festum conversionis Sancti Pauli anno regni Regis Edwardi tertii a conquestu tertio, secundum consuetu- dinem libertatis predicte a tempore quo non extat memoria in con- trarium usitatam in dicto Burgo, Galfrido Tinctore tunc majore dicti Burgi. Nomina Officiorum [et] singularum personarum in predicta Gulda inferius expressius continentur et designantur. Videlz., Imprimis, unusquisque dicte Communitatis post postre- mam Guldam factam in dicta libertate ingressus et durante Gulda presente ingrediens dabit majori unum den., Ostiario unum Obolum et pincerne unum Obolum, qui pro tempore fuerint ; et singuli in dicta libertate existentes qui majores tunc vel ante non fuerint vel in Officio dicte Guide constituti, singulos solvent den. qui Scot peny vocatur.' Then follow the names of four ' Ferchyngmen,' four ' Alderne- men,' an 'Ostiarius,' a ' Pincerna,' about i8o ' Intrinseci' and 91 ' Burgenses Extrinseci.' The names in the three Rolls include persons from various parts of the county and from towns in other counties, landowners with territorial names and lords of manors, as well as persons bearing the names of humble trades such as ' Touker,' 'Lorimer,' ' Tinctor,' ' Piscator,' ' Sutor,' etc. There are also some women among them. This Fraternity, which was called the Gild of St. Nicholas, had a common seal ('sigillum commune fratrum Guide Sci. Nichi.') and possessed considerable property. Soon after the Reformation ' the chapel and hall of the Guild came into posses- sion of the corporation by purchase, the conveyance to them in 1584 describing the property as "the scite of the late chapel of St. Nicholas, and a building called the Kay Hall." The same had by a previous deed of the reign of Edward VI, a.d. 1549, been granted off by the Crown under the Act "for dissolving and abolishing all Gilds, Free Chapels, and Fraternities " therein recited, which period no doubt marks also the time of the dis- continuance of the meetings of the society, as well as the dissolu- tion of the chantry and fraternity.' proofs ant) Jillusttations. 15 'Most of the Aldermen of the Guild had been Mayors, and barnstaple. assuming that the Chapel of St, Nicholas (or the building called the Kay Hall in later times) was also the hall of the Guild, it is clear that it was used as a public market; for as early as 1394 there is an entry in the Borough Receiver's accounts — " Paid the Keeper of St. Nicholas for the Market house, iv.^.," and this was just two centuries before it was bought by the Corporation. Payments from the town to St. Nicholas as an acquittance continued to be made down to a much later period. There are many other references to it in the Borough Records.' In an account of the Receipt of Fines, etc., 10 Edward III, there is one column headed ' Arrears of the Guild ' : — ' From Durand le Ballon, because he did not attend, i^-. 10^.' 'From Walter Couterman, surety, Walter atte Crosse, for the same, 4^.,' etc. In the Borough Receivers' Account of 1390 is this entry, 'Re- paid to the Wardens or Officers of St. Nicholas for the butcher's house,' and entries of the same kind are almost regular after- wards. In 1402 the grand inquest presented, among other officers to be sworn, Wardens of the Long Bridge and two Wardens of St. Nicholas, who took their oath. At a later period there was an order, 'that all foreigners coming to the town should bring their wares to the Kay Hall, being the common Market.' ' Many other features connected with the old Hall of St. Nicholas tend to associate it with the early trade of the town.' In a fragmentary Account Roll of the Gild, apparently dating from the early part of the fifteenth century, we find expenditures for Wax, ' Brede and Wyne,' ' vi. Prysts at derige,' ' viii. Gallons of Alle,' 'a hard Cheese,' ' Meysers, Strawbers and Hurts,' etc. In the Accounts for 1526-27 there is this item, 'For the town clerk's salary, 6s. Sd} ' Beaumaris. During the reign of Edward III the burgesses of Beaumaris ' The above extracts are taken from J. R. Chanter's account of the Gild : — Devons. Assoc, for Adv. of Science, etc., Trans., xi. 191-212 ; North Devon Journal, Jan. i and Jan. 8, 1880. I have extended and amended the Latin of Mr. Chanter's text. 1 6 Cf)e <^ilti Q^etcbant. BEAUMARIS, wcre Summoned before the Justices Itinerant to show by what warrant they claimed certain Uberties, among which are speci- fied : — ' Et habere gildam mercatoriam cum hansa et ahis con- suetudinibus et Ubertatibus ad huiusmodi gildam pertinentibus, ita quod nuUus qui [non] sit de gilda ilia mercandisam aliquam faciat in eadem villa nisi ad voluntatem burgensium predictorum. Et quod natiui cuiuscumque in eadem villa manentes et in ea terram tenentes et in prefata gilda et hansa, lot et scot cum eisdem burgensibus per vnum annum et vnum diem sine calumpnia mansuerunt, deinceps a dominis suis repeti non pos- sint sed in eadem villa liberi permaneant.' The burgesses produce a charter of the king which grants them these liberties. They are then asked to declare ' quid et cuiusmodi proficuum ipsi clamant per verba generalia in predicta carta contenta.' Among other things they state : — ' Et per illam clausulam quod habeant Gildam mercatoriam, etc. clamant quod omnes in pre- dicta villa manentes vel libertatibus predictis gaudere volentes et qui iurati sunt coram burgensibus predictis, et hansam, vide- licet, quoddam proficuum vocatum hans, et lot et scot cum eis soluerint, erunt de Gilda predicta et tunc libere mercandizare possunt in villa predicta absque Theolonio ibidem seu alibi soluendo; et quod nuUus qui non sit iuratus et admissus in gilda predicta mercandizare possit in eadem villa absque licencia et voluntate eorundem burgensium.' — {^Record of Caerfiarvon, 158-161.)^ Bedfobd, Richard I, Henry III, Richard II and Henry IV granted charters to the burgesses of Bedford in which the Gild Merchant is mentioned ^. The charter of Richard II enacts that no one who is not of their Gild, shall sell any wines or merchandise or any other saleable goods within the said town of Bedford by retail. The following quo ivarratito proceedings throw much light ^ Cf. the quo warranto proceedings given below under the heading ' Con- way.' * Bedford Records, pp. 5-8, 14; Munic. Corp. Com. 1835, p. 2104. proofs ano 3inu0trations, 17 upon the constitution of the Gild : — ' Major et Communitas ville Bedford. de Bedford' summoniti fuerunt ad respondendum domino Regi de placito quo waranto clamant habere gildam mercatoriam cum omnibus libertatibus et consuetudinibus suis in terris, in insulis, in pasturis et omnibus aliis pertinenciis suis ; ita quod aliquis qui non sit de gilda ilia aliquam mercaturam non faciat cum eis in civitate vel burgo vel villa vel in socagiis. Et quod quieti sint de theolonio .... [Various other immunities are enumerated. The burgesses produce a charter of Richard I which granted a 'Gilda Mercatoria' and other liberties.] Ricardus Rex progenitor domini Regis nunc per cartam suam, quam proferunt, concessit et confirmavit burgensibus suis de Bedeford' omnes libertates et consuetudines et leges et quietancias suas quas habuerunt tem- pore Regis Henrici patris sui, nominatim gildam suam merca toriam cum omnibus libertatibus et consuetudinibus suis in terris, in insulis, in pasturis et omnibus aliis pertinenciis ; ita quod aliquis qui non sit de gilda ilia aliquam mercaturam non faciat cum eis in civitate vel burgo vel villa vel in socagiis. Preterea concessit et confirmavit eis quod sint quieti de theolonio et pon- tagio .... [Several other liberties follow.] Et iidem Major et Communitas quesiti per predictum Ricardum [i. e. R. de Alde- burghe, qui sequitur pro domino Rege] de modo predicte gilde, et quales sint persone que infra gildam suam predictam commo- rantur, et cujusmodi proficuum racione ejusdem gilde percipiunt, dicunt quod tam burgenses ejusdem ville quam alii quicunque in eadem villa residentes a tempore quo sacramentum prestiterint ad libertates ejusdem ville et pacem domini Regis conservandam et alia villam et gildam predictas tangencia manutenenda, in ipsam gildam recipiuntur, ut extunc quascunque mercandisas suas ad retallium vendere possint et quietanciis et libertatibus predictis ubicunque gaudere tanquam ipsi burgenses racione libertatum suarum predictarum. ' Et predictus Ricardus pro domino Rege dicit quod retornum brevium domini Regis habere est quedam jurisdiccio realis Corone domini Regis specialiter annexa et quam nuUus habere potest sine facto ipsius Regis sive progenitorum suorum, maxime cum c 1 8 Cbe (5ilD ^ercfjant. BEDFORD, ad officium Vicecomitis ministri Regis immediate pertinet execu- tiones brevium facere et non alii, nisi per specialem concessionem Regiam ad hoc fuerit deputatus, et de qua idem Major et Com- munitas nichil ostendunt; unde petit judicium, si per perscrip- cionem retornum brevium clamare possint. Dicit eciam quod cum ipsi per cartam predicti Regis Ricardi clament habere gildam et ceteras Ubertates predictas ut illas que per eandem cartam bur- gensibus de Bedeford' conceduntur, ac iidem Major et Commu- nitas in declaracione gilde predicte asserunt tam residentes in predicta villa de Bedeford' qui burgenses non sunt quam ipsos burgenses ad predictam gildam fore admissos et predictis quie- tanciis et libertatibus uti debere ac si essent burgenses, cum non sint, nee in predicta carta continetur quod predicte liber- tates alicui alteri quam burgensibus predictis concedantur, petit judicium, si predicti residentes qui burgenses non sunt liberta- tibus illis waranto superius expresso clamare possint, etc. Et quo ad Majorem et Communitatem predictos dicit quod ad hoc quod aliqua Civitas seu Burgus Majorem creare vel Communi- tatem habere possit oportet quod ilia potestas a concessione Regia procedat. Dicit eciam quo ad Coronatores quos ipsi Major et Communitas clamant habere ' The issue of the case was unfavourable to the burgesses, but not because of any irregularities in the organization of the Gild. — (4 Edward III. Placita de quo War., pp. 17-18.) Beewick. From the fifteenth century the history of Berwick may be included in that of English towns \ James II in the second A.D. 1686. year of his reign granted the burgesses a long charter, of which the following portion relates to the Gild : — ' Et ulterius volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris, concedimus prefato majori, ballivis et burgensibus burgi predicti, et successoribus suis, quod ipsi et successores sui de cetero im- perpetuum habeant infra burgum predictum guildam mercatorum, ' For its history as a Scotch town see Volume i, Appendi.x. Proofs ano JUustrations, 19 cum hansa et omnibus aliis libertatibus, privilegiis, et liberis con- Berwick. suetudinibus ad gildam illam pertinentibus, in tam amplis mode et forma prout antehac habuerunt, consueverunt, seu habere debuerunt sive debent. Ita quod nullus qui non sit de gilda ilia merchandizam aliquam faciat in eodem burgo, suburbiis, libertatibus, aut precinctis ejusdem burgi, nisi de volun- tate et beneplacito majoris, ballivorum et burgensium ejusdem burgi. Volumus etiam, et per presentes pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris concedimus prefato majori, ballivis et bur- gensibus burgi predicti, et successoribus suis, quod quicunque mercatores petierint burgum predictum cum mercato suo, de quo- cunque loco fuerint, sive extranei sive alii, qui de pace nostra fuerint, vel de licencia nostra in terram nostram venerint, veniant, morentur, et recedant in salva pace nostra, faciendo rectas con- suetudines ejusdem burgi. Et quod predicti burgenses aut mer- catores non occacionentur pro mistling [i. e. miskenning] in suis loquelis (viz.) si non omnia bene narraverint. Et quod nullus mercator obviam eat mercatori venienti per terram vel per aquam cum merchandizis suis et victualibus versus burgum predictum, ad emendum vel revendendum, quousque ad predictum burgum venerint, et mercimonia sua ibidem vendicioni exposuerint, sub forisfactura rei empte et pena carceris, a quo sine gravi castigacione non evadat. Et quod nullus mercator extraneus qui non sit de predicta gilda mercatorum, ac de libertate dicti burgi, aliquod niercimonium vel merchandizas aliquas faciat infra burgum pre- dictum, suburbia, libertates, et precincta ejusdem, alteri mercatori extraneo, nee hujusmodi mercator extraneus ab altero mercatore extraneo merchandizas hujusmodi emat infra burgum predictum, sub forisfactura mercandizarum earundem. Et quod nullus mer- cator qui sit extraneus et non de gilda mercatorum predictorum vendat in burgo predicto aliquod mercimonium nisi in grosso. Concessimus etiam, ac per presentes pro nobis, heredibus, et successoribus nostris concedimus prefato majori, ballivis et bur- gensibus burgi predicti, et successoribus suis, quod annuatim et de tempore in tempus predictus major, ballivi et burgenses burgi predicti, et successores sui, possint et valeant inquirere et c 2 20 Cfte (^iin a^etcfiant. eE/?iv/c/f, inquisiciones facere infra burgum predictum, suburbia, libertates, et precincta ejusdem, si qui burgenses de libertatibus ejusdem burgi sub nomine suo proprio, vel sub nomine alius burgensis burgi predicti, et ut bona et mercimonia sua propria, vel alicujus alius burgensis burgi predicti, vendat vel venditioni exponat infra burgum predictum aliqua bona, catella, seu mercimonia, aut mer- chandizas eorum qui non sint burgenses de burgo illo nee de libertate ejusdem, contra sacramenta sua hac in parte prestita ; et quod si aliquis burgensium burgi predicti inde culpabilis inventus fuerit, et convictus secundum consuetudines gilde et burgi predicti, quod talis burgensis sic offendens totaliter amittat libertatem suam in burgo predicto, et inde diffranchisetur imperpetuum ; et quod nullus extraneus mercator vendat vel emat aliquod averium, vel mercimonium quod ponderari debeat vel tronari, nisi per stateram et tronaria nostra, sub forisfactura averii predicti.' — [Raine, North Durham, Appendix, 148.) In 1835 it was still the custom to hold four quarterly head gilds during the year, which were attended by all the free burgesses ; and the mayor was bound to hold a gild at any time on the demand of twelve burgesses *. At such gilds apprentices were presented and other business transacted. In 1799 there were about 500 burgesses, but the number of the brethren on the gild- roll was 980. — {Fuller, Berwick, 241-243.) The 'Alderman of the year' was the principal gild officer. At the gilds he presented the petitions for admission to the freedom, and he was assistant-clerk of the market ^ The Gild Books extending from 1509 to 1805 are still preserved in the town archives of Berwick. The 'Book of Memoranda' of Berwick contains a reference to ' the Gildbooks from 1498, where all the Orders of Guild, or By-laws for the government of the Corporation, are recorded.' — [Rep. MSS. Com. 1872, p. 309.) ' Mnnic. Corp. Com. 1835, p. 1442. - Ibid., p. 1441. proofs anD lltetrations. 21 Beverley. The Gild Merchant of Beverley is mentioned in charters o{ beverley. Thurstan and William, Archbishops of York, Henry I, Henry H, Richard I, John, Richard H and Elizabeth \ It is called the * Hanshus ' in the charter of Thurstan : — * Volo ut burgenses niei de Beverlaco habeant suam hanshus, quam eis do et concedo ut ibi sua statuta pertractent ad honorem Dei et Sancti Johannis et canonicorum et ad totius villatus emendationem, eadem liber- tatis lege sicut illi de Eboraco habent in sua hanshus.' — {Poiilson^ i. 51 ; Foedera, i. lo.) In the confirmations of this charter by Henry I and Archbishop William {temp. Stephen) the term ' Merchant Gild ' is used for ' hanshus ' : — ' Henricus [I] Rex Anglie Archiepiscopis, Episcopis, Justiciariis, Vicecomitibus et omnibus Fidelibus suis salutem. Sciatis me concessisse et dedisse et hac mea carta confirmasse Hominibus de Beuerlaco liberum Burgagium secundum liberas leges et con- suetudines Burgensium de Eboraco, et suum Gilde {sic) Merca- torum cum placidis suis et Teloneo et cum omnibus liberis consuetudinibus et libertatibus suis in omnibus rebus, sicut Turstinus Archiepiscopus ea eis dedit et carta sua confirmauit infra villam de Beuerlaco et extra, tam in bosco quam in piano aut in marisco et aliis. Et volo quod sint quieti de Teloneo per totam Schiram Ebor', sicut illi de Ebor'. Testibus, G. Can- cellario, R. Comite de Medlent, apud Wudestok'.' — {Record Office, Cartae Antiquae, R. 15.) 'Willielmus dei gracia Ebor' Archiepiscopus Clerico et populo et omnibus fidelibus tam futuris quam presentibus banc cartam bene et firmiter manutenentibus salutem et benedicionem in perpetuum. Notum sit vobis omnibus me concessisse et dedisse et presentis carte testimonio confirmasse liberale burgagium ville Beuerlaco et burgensibus ibidem commorantibus . iuxta formam liberalis burgagii Ebor', ea libertatis lege qua Thurs- * Poulson, Beverlac, 51, 53-55, 61 and App., p. 7; Rot. Chart., 53 ; English Gilds, 153. For various comments upon this Gild see Poulson, i. 53, 112, 148. 22 C!)e (^ilD e^ttthmt BEVERLEY, tanus Archiepiscopus venerande memorie predecessor noster eis concessit et dedit, saluis consuetudinibus Sancti Johannis et saluo nostro iure cum redditibus. Deinde de libertatis lege con- cessi et dedi eisdem Burgensibus vt habeant Gildam Marcan- dam eorum et placita, eadem libertate et eadem consuetudine inter illos sicut illi de Ebor' inter eos. Et volo vt statuta illius domus sint ad profecuum tocius villatus et ad honorem dei et Sancti Johannis et canonicorum et tocius eiusdem ville. Pre- terea concessi eis Theolonium in perpetuum pro xviii. marcis singulis annis, exceptis tribus festis, quod quidem tunc ad nos et Canonicos spectat .... In hiis vero tribus festis hoc modo deter- minatis ipsos Burgenses ab omni theolonio liberos eciam et quietos dimisi. Preterea huius etiam carte testimonio eisdem Burgensibus confirmaui liberos introitus et exitus scilicet in bosco, in piano, in marisco et in ceteris conuenienciis, sicut anti- quiores ipsius ville iurauerunt et probauerunt de suis conueni- enciis, exceptis in pratis et bladis, sicut vnquam melius, liberius et largius predictus Thurstanus predecessor noster venerabilis eisdem Burgensibus concessit et dedit. Hiis testibus, W. Comite Alb',' etc. — {Record Office, Misc. Chancery, Gilds, 41.) Henry H confirmed in general terms the grants of Thurstan and William, — ' In thelonio, et in hansus, in liberis introitibus et exitibus in villa et extra villam,' etc. — {Cartae Antiquae, R. 16.) According to the charters of 5 Richard I and i Eliz., the bur- gesses were to have ' onines libertates et liberas consuetudines,' granted in former charters, ' in sua Gilda mercatoria, in theloneo et in Hanshus, in liberis introitibus et exitibus in villa et extra villam.' — {Cartae Antiq., R. 17; Addit. MS., AIus. Brit., 25703, fol. 6 ; Poll I son. Appendix, 7.) Among the returns to the writs of inquiry concerning the gilds of England, sent out in the year 1388, is one with the heading, ' Magna Gilda Sancti Johannis de Beuerlaco de Hanshus.' It gives no ordinances, but only copies of the charters of Archbishops Thurstan and William, Pope Lucius III, and Richard II. — {Record Office, Misc. Chancery, Gilds, 41.)^ 1 Cf. English Gilds, 150-153. Iptoofs anti 3inu0tration0. 23 The following is one of several statutes made at Beverley in beverley. the year 1493 : — ' Also yat every burges of the town of Beverley be fre to bye and to sell hys awne gudes so that he kepe no oppyn shopp in retayling, nor no man to by any maner of mar- chaundyse for redy money to sell it agayne in retaylyng bott it sail be presentyd by the alderman of marchants to the xii. gover- ners for the yere beyng. And itt to be fynabyll by the dyscrecyon of the foresayd xii. governers als oft tymes as any such defawts be founde in retaylynge.' These ordinances received the assent of the alderman of merchants and twenty-one other aldermen of various crafts. — (Fou/son, i. 256.) Bridgwater. The following documents are among the records of Bridgwater: — A general pardon, 4 Henry [IV], under the Great Seal, to Wil- liam Gosse, William Gascoigne, and Richard Dyut, Wardens or Stewards of the Merchants' Gild of Bridgwater, in behalf of the Gild. — {J^ep. MSS. Com. 1872, p. 311.) Two Stewards of the Gild, and the Commons of B. present a priest to the Bishop of Bath and Wells in the year 1393. — {Ibid., 314.) A conveyance by the same Stewards to Roger Satre 'taillour' of a tenement. Witnesses, Humphrey Horelok and John Lombe, Provosts, John Eygod and Ralph Fysschepond, Bailiffs of the Gild there, and John Horelok, Bailiff of the Commonalty, 16 Richard II. In another conveyance two ' Stewards of the Gild of the Commu- nity,' two Provosts and two Bailiffs appear as witnesses, 12 Henry IV.-(/^/^.,3i5.) An indenture, probably of the reign of Edward I, makes known that all the burgesses and the commonalty of Bridgwater for the promotion of love and peace have ordained that they will choose yearly two Seneschals of their Gild and one bailiff to attend on them ; such Seneschals to have power to punish those offending against these ordinances. Any one convicted before the Sene- schals for maliciously imputing certain crimes to another, shall be amerced, etc. No one shall implead another without the burgh. 24 Cf)e (^iin ^ercf)ant. BRIDGWATER. Any one summoned by the bailiff to appear before the Seneschals and neglecting to do so, is to be amerced ; also any one opposing execution or distress made by order of the Seneschals. No flesh or fried fish shall be bought for the purpose of retailing before 9 A.M. The Seneschals of St. Mary's and of the Holy Cross and the Warden of the bridge of Bridgwater shall render account of moneys arising therefrom to the said Seneschals. All penalties are to be levied by the baihff. The Seneschals are to render a yearly account of all moneys received by them. — {I/?id. 316.) The following entries occur in the Rolls of the Receiver, or Baihff of the Commonalty of Bridgwater (22 Henry VI) : — ' vii.i-. \i.d. received of Richard Cloptone for having the freedom of the gild.' * From John Eremyte for his fine upon having his freedom, VIII. X.' ' From John Eleys, smith, for having his freedom, iv.^.' ' XII. ^. received of Richard Forde, corviser, for following his craft this year.' — (Odgers, MS. Accounts of Bridgwater, 41.) Bkistol. The charter of John, Earl of Moreton, granted among other things : — ' Quod nullus extraneus mercator emat infra villam de homine extraneo coria, blada vel lanam nisi de burgensibus ; et quod nullus extraneus habeat tabernam nisi in navi, nee vendat pannum ad decisionem nisi in nundinis ; et quod nullus extra- neus moretur in villa cum mercibus suis propter merces suas ven- dendas nisi per quadraginta dies et quod habeant omnes rationabiles gildas suas, sicut eas melius habuerunt tempore Ro- berti et Willelmi filii sui comitum Gloucestriae.' — {Seyer, Charters, 8-9.) ' It appears by the Great Red Book of Bristol, p. 30, that the mayor, bailiffs and commonalty had a free guild of merchants in the town and suburb, from time beyond the memory of man, and all things belonging to a guild, viz. : to buy and sell in the said town freely and quietly from all toll and customs, and had other liberties belonging to them, and for the whole time used to take a certain fine (or praestacionetti) to their own use from all who proofs ant) 3ltotration0. 25 were admitted into the liberties and society of the said guild, to Bristol. have the liberty aforesaid according to what could be agreed rea- sonably between them ; — the guild was confirmed in their liberties by John Earl of Moreton, afterwards King John, and by William Earl of Glocester.' — {Barrett, Bristol, i79-) Robert Aurifaber in 1235 granted the rent charge upon two stone houses, opposite St. Nicholas church, for the chaplain cele- brating mass in the said church, the chaplain to be chosen by the mayor and the steward of the Merchants' Company. — {Nicholls and Taylor, Bristol, i. 119.) The ' Seneschallos Gildae Merca- torum' are mentioned in another deed of 1240. — {^Barrett, 516.) The * Consuetudines Villae Bristolliae' (about the year 13 14) assert ' that out of the profits of the Gild of Merchants and of the town they support eight bridges, the pavement or pitching, five conduits of water, the Key before the ships, and the public officers.' — {Barrett, p. vii.) Nicholls and Taylor (i. 152-158) give a long account of what they call a contest between the Merchant Gild and the crafts in the year 13 12. In the original documents, copies of which are printed in Seyer's Memoirs, ii. 88-94, neither the Gild nor the crafts are mentioned. It was simply an uprising of the mass of the burgesses, headed by principal men of the commonalty ('majorescommunitatis'), against the usurpations of fourteen of the burgesses, who assumed too great authority in the management of the revenues of the town. — {Seyer, ii. 95, 96.) In the 7th year of Edward IV, William Canynges being mayor, the following ordinances were made for merchants, according to the custom from time immemorial : — 1. The mayor and council fifteen days after Michaelmas were to call a council and to choose from them a person that hath been mayor or sheriff, to be master of the fellowship of merchants, and to choose two merchants for wardens, and two beedles to oc- cupy as beedles and brokers to be attendant the said year upon the said masters and wardens, etc. 2. The master and fellowship to have at their will the chapel 26 ci)c (5ilt) a^etc!)ant. BRISTOL, and the draught chamber at Spicers Hall to assemble in, paying 20S. per annum. 3. All merchants to attend (if in town) upon summons, or to pay one pound of wax to the master and fellowship. 4. All rules for selling to strangers any of the four merchandises [' mete-oyl, wool-oyl, iron and wax '] to be kept on pain of 20s. for every default, one half to the fellowship, the other to the chamber. 5. Nor upon pain aforesaid to sell to any stranger under the ruled price. 6. If any merchant be in distress, he must apply to the wardens or beedles, declaring the same, and if they provide not a remedy within three days, then the merchant burgess to sell any of his four merchandises at his pleasure. — {Barrett, 179.) 'The Society of Merchant Venturers, as it now exists [1872], is undoubtedly the traditional representative of the ancient Guild of Merchants, whose ordinances, as just stated, were renewed by Edward IV, but whose liberties "to buy and sell in the town freely and quietly from all toll and customs, etc.," had been ante- cedently confirmed by John, Earl of Moreton, afterwards King John. The present company was incorporated by Edward VI, whose charter recites that men who had never been apprenticed to merchants having with strange ships encroached upon the trade of the port, to prevent the continuance of such irregularities the freemen of the city using the art or mystery of Merchant Venturers should be incorporated by the style of the " Masters, Wardens, and Commonalty of Merchant Venturers of the City of Bristol." It was likewise granted that they should choose a master and two wardens of the mystery, who would be sworn before the mayor and aldermen, and have power to make ordinances for the profit- able government of the mystery and the men of the same, and such only as did touch and concern the said mystery, but not in prejudice of the royal prerogative, or of the Mayor of Bristol, or any of the royal charters, or of the Society of Merchants trading to the coast of Holland, Zealand, Brabant, Flanders, and the parts adjacent ; and that none should practise the art of merchandize in proofs ann jnusttations. 27 the City of Bristol, except such as were admitted into the said Bristol. society or otherwise apprenticed, or had used the mystery for seven years. This charter was confirmed, by Act of ParHament, in the eighth year of EHzabeth,' but was repealed five years after (13 Eliz., c. 22). Charles I (7 Jan., 1638) restored to the society the charter of Edward VI and granted another charter. ' This second charter of Charles I did not affect the constitution of the society, which is therefore now established under the authority of the charter of 1638.' ' The proper characteristic of the company as qualified by their charters of being a guild of commerce and nothing more, has been practically changed in modern times. In respect to being a kind of feudal corporation and monopolists of foreign trade, its once enormous power has collapsed, and it now lies, like King Arthur after his last battle, but as a shattered column. It has, however, renewed its youth by becoming "from its respectability, the almoner of many noble charities.'" 'Almost the only part of the charter now observed with strictness by the merchants, is the care they take to elect none into their society who are not already freemen of the city.' * The society are proprietors of considerable landed estates, and possess, among other property, the Hotwells at Clifton.' — {Taylor^ Book about Bristol., 236-239,)^ 'Another corporate body now [1835] existing in Bristol is the Society of Merchants Venturers, which is unquestionably derived from the Old Merchant Guild of the freemen of Bristol, who formerly claimed an almost exclusive right of trading in the town.' 'The Society has long ceased to be a trading company: the members of it are of all professions indiscriminately. They do not now exercise any authority whatever over the other merchants of Bristol : but they adhere so far to the spirit of their original institution, that they consider themselves incorporated for the purpose of watching any public proceedings relative to the port and trade of the city, and of interposing with their collective ' Cf. Nicholls and Taylor, Bristol,!. 244-245; Barrett, 181-1S2 ; Munic. Corp. Com. 1835, 1 202-1 205. 2^ Cfte (^ilD ^etdbant BRISTOL, influence accordingly as they judge these to be advantageous or otherwise. On such occasions, they correspond with other pubHc bodies, petition the legislature, and memorialize the officers of the Executive Government.' — {Munic. Corp. Com. 1835, pp. 1202, 1204.) The Society of Merchant Venturers of Bristol is still in exist- ence. 'Willielmus Comes Gloec'^. . . Sciatis me concessisse omnibus meis hominibus de Burford omnes illas consuetudines quas Robertus filius Hamonis auus meus et Robertus Comes Glouc' ^ concesserunt, sicut carte illius testantur, videlicet istas, vt vnus- quisque domum et terram et omnem pecuniam suam possit vendere et in vadimonio ponere et de filio vel filia vel uxore vel de quo- libet alio absque ipsius domini requisicione heredem facere. Et Gildam et consuetudines quas habent Burgenses de Oxenfordia in Gildam mercatorum. Et quicunque ad mercatum venire voluerint veniant, et in ipso mercato habeant licenciam emendi quecunque voluerint preter lanam et corea, nisi homines ipsius ville. Testi- bus, Willielmo filio Johannis . . . apud Oxenford.' — {Record Office, Misc. Chancery, Gilds, 23.) ' Henricus [II] Rex Anglie et Dux Normannie et Aquitanie, Comes Andegavie, omnibus Justitiariis et Vicecomitibus et minis- tris suis tocius Anglie salutem. Precipio quod Willielmus Comes Glouecestrie cognatus meus teneat omnes terras suas ita bene et in pace et libere et quiete et honorifice sicut Comes Robertus pater suus eas tenuit tempore Henrici Regis aui mei. Et habeat in pace et integre et plenarie in omnibus locis et in omnibus rebus omnes illas libertates et quietancias et liberas consuetudines quas habuerunt {sic) tempore Comitis Roberti. Et sciatis me concessisse liberis Burgensibus ville Comitis Willielmi de Bureford omnes liberas consuetudines illas quas habere solebant tempore Comitis Roberti et tempore Willielmi Comitis, sicut carte illorum testantur, et gildam et consuetudines quas habent liberi Bur- ' In Oxfordshire. ^ Died 1173. ' Died 1147. proofs anD 3inu5ttations. 29 genses de Oxenfordia in gilda mercatorum. Quia volo vt ita sit. burford. Teste, Ric' de Humet, Constabulario, et War' filio Ger', apud Chinonem in excercitu Regis.' — (/did.) The certificate from which the above grants were taken, is dated January 28th, [1389], and contains in all eight charters to the burgesses of Burford. The first one on the membrane is that of ' Robertus filius Hamonis,' but a portion of it has dis- appeared : — ' Robertus Hamonis filius omnibus suis hominibus et amicis salutem. Volo . . . de Oxenford', videlicet, vt vnus- quisque domum suam et terram . , . vxore vel de quolibet alio absque ipsius domini requisicione heredem facere . . . Gildam mercatorum. Et adhuc concede vt quicunque ad mercatum . . . preter lanam et corea, nisi homines istius ville.' The certificate throws no further light on the history of the Gild ; the few explanatory words with which it ends are partially obliterated : — ' Qui quidem burgenses et omnes predecessores . . . consuetu- dines et Hbertates prescriptas habuerunt et eis vti et gaudere consueuerunt spectant . . . catalla ad predictam gildam.' Bury St. Edmund's. ' Item facta est contencio magna inter K} celerarium et H.^ sacristam de pertinentiis ofiiciorum suorum, ita quod sacrista nolebat accommodare celerario ergastulum ville ad includendum latrones, qui capiebantur in feudo celerarii. Unde celerarius sepius vexabatur et, latronibus evadentibus, vituperabatur pro defectu justicie. Contigit autem, quod quidem libere tenens de celerario, extra portam manens, Ketel nomine, latrocinio calum- niatus et duello victus, suspensus erat. Dolebat autem conventus propter opprobria burgensium, dicentium quod, si esset homo ille manens infra burgum, non pervenisset ad duellum, sed juramentis vicinorum suorum se adquietasset, sicut libertas est eorum qui manent infra burgum. Videntes ergo hoc abbas et sanior pars conventus, et attendentes quod homines, tam extra burgum quam infra, nostri sunt, et omnes debent eadem libertate frui infra ' Rogerum. '■' Hugonem. 30 Cfte ($ilD 9@ercf)ant. BURY ST. bannamleucam, preter lancettos de Herdewic et pares eorum, con- ■ suite providerunt quomodo posset hoc fieri. Volens itaque abbas officia sacristie et celerarii certis articulis determinare et conten- ciones sedare, quasi fovendo partem sacriste, precepit, ut servientes prefecti ville et servientes celerarii intrarent simul feudum celerarii ad capiendos latrones et malefactores, et prefectus dimidium lucri haberet pro incarceracione et custodia et labore suo, et curia celerarii veniret ad portmanne-mot, et ibi communi concilio judi- carentur judicandi. Statutum est etiam, ut homines celarii venirent ad domum thelonei cum aliis, et ibi renovarent pleggios suos, et scriberentur in rolla prefecti, et ibi darent prefecto denarium, qui dicitur borth-selver, et celarius haberet dimidiam partem ; sed nunc nihil omnino inde capit celerarius : hoc autem totum fuit factum, ut omnes equali libertate gauderent. Dicunt tamen adhuc burgenses, quod suburbani non deberent esse quieti de theloneo in foro, nisi fuerint in gilda mercatorum. Pre- fectus autem, abbate dissimulante, placita et forisfacturas sibi vendicat de feudo celerarii hiis diebus.' — {Chronica Jocelmi de Brakelonda^ p. 74, anno 1198.) 'a.d. mcclxiv. Henrici tertii XLViiio quidem juniores et minus discretiores Villae S. Edmundi quandam conspirationem suscitarunt, quam Gildam sub colore appellari fecerunt, cum quodam cornu erecto communi, cui intendere unanimiter prae- sumpserunt, cornu spreto totius communitatis antiquo, et a tempore de quo non extat memoria prius auctorizato ; et diversas injurias attemptarunt contra Dominum Simonem Abbatem, nec- non contra quosdam Villae, in praejudicium non modicum Monasterii S. Edm. et Villatae ejusdem ; propter quod plures dissentiones inter praefatum Dominum Abbatem, Conventum et suos, et Villatam memoratam saepius suscitabantur ; et prae- cipue pro eo, quod iidem juniores una cum suis complicibus eidem Abbati ad Portam Aquilonis vi et armis clausa janua resistentes, necnon insultum aliquando facientes in Portas Ab- batiae S. Edm. injurias et violentias saepius commiserint : unde praefatus Dominus Abbas habito consilio cum Domino Rege et suis Consiliariis, Breve impetravit de inquirendo in hujus- proofs; anD Jinustrations. 31 modi transgressiones, etc. Majores vero et discretiores prae- bury st. dictae Villae, attendentes quod per talem actionem eis posset ' generari periculum de libertatibus suis a praefato Abbate et Conventu longo tempore obtentis et usitatis, per nobiles viros eidem Abbati supplicarunt, quod ab hujus prosecutione desis- teret ; ita viz. ut constituat sibi Judices, quos sibi placuerit, nisi ipsemet intromittere voluerit, et in Foro laicali, sive ecclesiastico inquiratur de omnimodis injuriis a Pascha usque ad talem diem Abbati et Conventui factis, et quicunque invenietur culpabilis satisfaciet competenter, et qui noluerit satisfacere distringatur, etc. Insuper praedictam Gildam omnino adnihilabant praefati discretiores et majores, ita quod si quis eam de caetero teneat, extra communitatem ejusdem Villae penitus ejiciatur irrever- surus, nisi condignam pro meritis Abbati et Conventui fecerit satisfactionem. Hinc secuta est concordia talis : Quod cum Burgenses Portam Aquilonalem contra Abbatem, Portam Aus- tralem contra Sacristam et Cellerarium clausas tenuissent, in- sultum ad magnam Portam Monachorum fecissent, Portam Coemeterii fregissent, homines Monachorum usque ad Altare prosecuti essent, et Gildam novam levassent, etc., iidem Gildam illam dampnarent, et pro aliis gravaminibus Abbati illatis usque ad Festum Paschae mcclxiv. eidem Abbati xl. libras argenti solverent, salvis Abbati actionibus quas habet contra singulares personas ; de injuriis autem post Pascham praedictam illatis coram Abbate vel suo Justiciario respondebunt, et in forma juris parebunt, et si recusaverint, a conimunitate Villae expel- lentur; ad quod fideliter exequendum xxiv. de majoribus pro se et heredibus suis et successoribus corporale sacramentum praestiterunt ; et script© in modum Chirographi confecto sigilla sua opposuerunt.' — t^Battel}\ Antiqtiitates S. Edvi., 159-160.) ' Memorandum quod ante bellum de Lewes quedam multi- tude de villa Sancti Edmundi m. vel plus numero qui se Bache- larii vocari fecerunt per conspiracionem mutuam quandam Gildam leuauerunt, quam Gildam iuuenum vocauerunt. Et fuit talis conspiracio et confederacio inter eos per iuramentum quod nullo ballivo intenderent, sed aldermannum et ballivos de se ipsis 32 CJje <3i\r} ^ercftant BURY ST. elegerunt, qui dati fuerunt ad sedandum et corigendum omnes EDMUND'S. contenciones inter eosdem factas siue faciendas. Statuerunt etiani inter se quod cornu haberent commune cui intenderent cum sonum illius audirent, spreto omnino cornu communitatis quod inothorn dicitur et sono eiusdem ; et quicunque non inten- deret illis et conspiracionibus suis judicaretur inter eos publicus inimicus, et sic haberent iustam causam insurgere contra talem. Vnde innumerabiles enormitates tarn speciales quam generales die noctuque indefinenter commiserunt contra pacem Domini Regis, etc., vnde accidit quadam die circa mediam primam quod iidem conspiratores vna cum maxima multitudine villate Sancti Edmundi venerunt cum armis ad ianuam abbacie et in- sultum versus Curiam fecerunt et Januas illas fregerunt et quam plures sagittas infra curiam emiserunt cum non modico periculo.' {Album Registru7n MoJiast. S. Edm., Add. MS., Mus. Brit., 14847, fol. 102.)^ 'Placita apud Villam Sancti Edmundi coram Willielmo de Hereford, W. Howard, et W. de Carleton, Justiciariis Domini Regis assignatis die Martis proxima post festum Sanctae Luciae A.D. 1304, Virginis anno Regni Regis Edwardi filii Regis Henrici Tricesimo tertio : — Nicolaus Fouk et alii conspiratione inter eos apud villam praedictam praehabita necnon Sacramento inter eos, et conventiculas illicitas authoritate sua propria facientes die Lunae proxima post Festum Nativitatis Beatae Mariae Virginis Anno Domini Regis nunc xxx^, Ordinaverunt et Statuerunt quod nullus maneret inter eos in dicta villa habens catalla xx. solidorum, qui ne eis solveret 11. solidos et unum denarium, quam quidem solutionem vocant inter se hansvig'Silver, quos denarios tali ratione ceperunt divisim de Reginaldo del Black- house et Roberto le Carpentier, hominibus in praedicta villa commorantibus, et etiam praeter hoc de quolibet ipsorum Regi- naldo et Roberto xii. denarios de gersuma. Et similiter .... inter se statuerunt, quod quilibet ejusdem villae habens catalla ' Cf. Yates, Hist, of St. Edm., 123-126; Monast. Anglic, iii. 107. Proofs ann 3inu6ttation0» 33 ad valentiam x. marcarum solveret eis quadraginta sex solidos bury st. et octo denarios, quos authoritate ilia de Roberto Scot, homine in praedicta villa commorante, ceperunt. Et etiam eisdem die et anno inter eos statuerunt, quod nullus in praedicta villa moram traheret ultra unum annum et unum diem quin ad Sacramentum conventiculas et ordinationes suas praedictas manutenendas praestandi ^ distringeretur [Various other usurpations of the burgesses are detailed.] Praedicti Nicolaus Fouk et alii bene cognoscunt, quod Abbas Dominus est totius villae praedictae, et ballivos suos ad curiam suam in eadem villa tenendum, etc. ponere, etc. debeat. Sed quoad conspira- tionem praedictam, etc. bene defendunt, quod de praedicta conspiratione non sunt culpabiles, etc. Et quod Abbas eis imponit, quod illicitas conventiculas in praedicta villa fecerunt statuendp et ordinando, quod quilibet manens in eadem villa habens catalla ad valentiam xx. s., etc. (ut supra), dicunt, quod praedictus Abbas injuste queritur, quia dicunt, quod ipsi habent Aldermannum et Gildam mercatoriam in praedicta villa et sunt liberi Burgenses, etc., reddentes judicia per Aldermannum suum de placitis in Curia ipsius Abbatis coram Ballivis ejusdem in villa praedicta placitatis. Et quod ipsi absque aliquibus transgres- sionibus, conventiculis illicitis conveniunt ad Guildam Aulam suam in eadem villa, quotiens opus fuerit, ad tractandum de communi proficuo et utilitate hominum et Burgensium praedictae Ville, sicut eis bene licet. Et quod ipsi et eorum Antecessores et Praedecessores, Burgenses, etc. tali consuetudine usi sunt a tem- pore cujus non extat memoria, scilicet, de capiendo de quolibet homine manente in praedicta villa existente in decennia Abbatis loci praedicti, habente catalla ad valentiam viginti solidorum, duos solidos et unum denarium, pro sic quod mercari possit inter eos et eorum mercatoriis consuetudinibus in eadem villa gaudere ; et similiter percipiendi XLVi.^. viii.^. de quolibet homine Villae praedictae habente catalla ad valentiam x. marcarum ad Guildam suam mercatoriam tenendam. Et quod talis est ipsorum super hoc consuetudo, scilicet, quod xii. Burgenses de praedicta Villa ' i. e. ' ad sacramentum prestandum ad conventiculas . . . manutenendas.' D 34 C6e <3i\\} ^ercfjant, BURY ST. eligere consueverunt quatuor homines ejusdem Villae annuatim EDMUND'S. ad Guildam suam mercatoriam tenendam, quorum quilibet habeat catalla ad valentiam x. marcarum. Qui quidem quatuor homines sic electi praemuniri consueverunt per duos Burgenses de guilda praedicta, qui dicuntur /es Dyes, ad Guildam suam prae- dictam tenendam ; et iidem homines sic electi plegia invenire consueverunt coram Aldermanno et Burgensibus in Guildaula praedicta ad tenendam Guildam praedictam, vel quod quilibet eorum solveret xlvi. solidos et viii. denarios, qui Guildam illam tenere recusaret. Et ad hoc faciendum consueverunt Alder- mannus et Burgenses in villa praedicta distringere singulos homines in eadem villa habentes catalla ad valentiam x. mar- carum, inter eos mercari volentes et eorum consuetudinibus mercatoriis gaudere. Et ita tunc quilibet praedictorum quatuor hominum sic electorum Burgensiae inter eos et eorum consue- tudine in posterum gauderet, et in forma praedicta usi sunt Bur- genses praedictae villae percipere duos solidos et unum denarium, etc. Et hoc parati sunt verificare, unde petunt judicium, etc. [They answer the other charges of the Abbot.] Jura- tores dicunt, etc. quod Abbas necesse habet respondere, si praedicti Nicolaus Fouke et alii habeant Guildam mercatoriam in praedicta villa aut non, etc. Abbas dicit, quod non habent guildam mercatoriam, nee cognitiones Placitorum ad guildam mercatoriam pertinentes, nee communitatem, nee sigillum com- mune, nee majorem ; sed tenent quandam guildam ad Festum Nativitatis Beati Johannis Baptistae in certo loco ad commes- tiones et potationes faciendas, tenentes ibidem conventiculas suas illicitas et capiendo de singulis hominibus in dicta villa manen- tibus praedictos duos solidos et unum denarium, et etiam xlvi. solidos et viii. denarios, levantesque hujusmodi pecuniam de hominibus praedictis, ut hujus solventes sint de societate sua, per districtiones super ipsos factas ; et non dedicit quin anteces- sores praedictorum Nicolai et aliorum diu percipere consueverunt hujusmodi extorsiones duorum solidorum et unius denarii et xlvi. solidorum et viii. denariorum, sed contra legem mercatoriam et voluntatem praedictorum solventium et contra pacem, etc., et lg)roof9 anD jnuetrations, 35 ultra quantitatem tertiae partis bonorum suorum ; et per extor- bury st. siones hujusmodi et redemptiones clamium [i. e. clamant] facere Burgenses infra libertatem et dominium ipsius, quod ad ipsum Abbatem, et non ad alium, ibidem pertinet faciendum, etc. ' Dies datus est ... . Consideratum est, quod praedictus Abbas dampna sua versus praedictum Nicolaum et alios centum quater viginti decem et novem libras, tresdecem solidos et quatuor denarios, et similiter praedicta dampna sua de dimidia marca veisus Robertum Filium Nicolai Fouke. Et idem Nicolaus et alii committantur Gaolae, etc. Postea praedicti Nicolaus et alii venerunt et finem fecerunt, etc. Et aliqui alii in querela habeant prisonam per unum mensem propter pauperitatem eorum, etc. Et praedicti Nicolaus et alii venerunt coram Justiciariis et satis- fecerunt domino Abbati, etc., ideo liberantur a prisona, etc' — {^Burrough, Collectanea Burie?tsia, Add. MS., Mus. Brit., 17391, ff. 61-65.) In an earlier quarrel during the same reign, among other 20 Edw. I. charges brought against the burgesses by the Abbot, we find ■^•^- 1292. the following : — 'Item burgenses distringunt homines ville predicte ad veniendum ad aulam gilde ad sacramentum prestandum pro voluntate sua, etc. Item burgenses in lesionem libertatis Abbatis capiunt 11. sol. de quolibet homine habente catalla ad xx. sol.; et quadraginta et vi. sol. et viii.^. de quolibet habente catalla ad valenciam x. marc. Item Burgenses in preiudicium Abbatis distringunt mercatores vendentes in mercato Abbatis et capiunt de mercatoribus illis graues extorsiones ad dampnum grave Abbatis Item burgenses de mercatoribus mercimonia sus- pecta extra mercatum ementibus non permittunt iusticiam fieri, ut de pellipariis et aliis Item burgenses tanquam conspira- tores non permittunt aliquem in eorum gilda existentem placitare in Curia Abbatis racione alicuius transgressionis sibi facte per aliquem de gilda predicta, sed huiusmodi placita clam sibi appropriant ad dampnum graue Abbatis,' etc. — {Album Regis- trum Monast. S. Edm., ff. 64-65 ; Burroughs ff. 57-58.) In the first year of the reign of Edward III certain burgesses A.D. 1327. broke into the abbey and obliged the Abbot and monks to con- D 2 36 Cf)e ^iltJ ^etcSant, BURY ST. cede to them: — 'Unam cartam in qua continetur, quod dicti EDMUND'S. ^|-,|3^g g(- Conventus concesserunt eis, quod ipsi haberent com- munitatem et commune Sigillum, gildam mercatoriam, et Alder- mannum perpetuum ; et quandam alteram cartam, quod ipsi haberent custodiam portarum, puppilorum et orphanorum infra villam de Sancto Edmundo, et aliarum libertatum ; duo item scripta continentia quod iidem Abbas et Conventus obligarentur et tenerentur eis tanquam communitati in duabus MilHbus Hbrarum per unum scriptum,' etc. In the concord which fol- lowed the townsmen promised never again to claim a ' commu- nitas ' : — ' Concesserunt pro se et heredibus et successoribus suis, quod ipsi Communitatem in dicta villa de Sancto Edmundo non habent, nee habere debent, nee clamant, nee clamare poterunt in futurum.' — {Burrough, Collectanea., ff. 68, 71.)^ Calne. ' These Armes are belonging and apertayning to the guild and Stewards of the Towne and borough of Calne and Burgesses of the said Towne and borough, being one of the Cheefest members of the honnor of Wallingfford and Ewolme, now ratified by act of Parhment, which armes I Clarenciux, King of Armes of the South Eeste and west partes of this Relme of England, have ratified and recorded the same in the Regester of my visitation now made within the Com' of Wilts, and att this present time was Robert Bage gent, and Henry Woodroofe guyld Stewards of the said Towne and Borough and William Allein .... [15 names in all]. Burgesses of the said Towne and Barony, Phillip Ryche, Vicar and Towne Clark of the said Towne and Boroughe ; in witnes wherof I have hereto Subscribed my name the fourth of [. . .] 1565 and in the seventh yeare of the Reigne of our most Soveraigne Lady Elizebeth, Queene of England, France and Ireland, defender of the faith.' — {MS. Harley 1565, fol. 32.) ' At the head of the corporation are two guild Stewards.* * Cf. Yates, 129 ; Monast. Anglic, iii. 108. proofs anti JHusttations. zi 'They act as receivers, keep accounts,' etc. — {Munic. Corp. Com. canterbury. 1835, pp. 1231-1232.) Canterbury. ' Dis beoS j^a gehworfe betwux cSan hirede aet Xrescircean and pan cnihtan on Cantwareberig of cepmannegilde. Se heap on ceapmannegilde let ]3am hirede to hande viii. hagan wiSinnen Burhgate mid sace and socne, swa hi hit selue haefden ; and se hirede let heom to hande |?aer to gaenes nigan hagen, twegen wiS- utan Readingaten ; on J^am anen sit Aelfric and on ]?am oSram Bruman. Da seofan sindan wiSinnan Niwingate ; t5aereon wittat? Siword Cutfert and Brihtric and Goldwine and Hereword and Willelm and Wulfgeue and Aelfwine mid sace and socne, swa se hirede hie haefde. Daerto is gewitnesse Anselme aerceb. and se hired aet Xrescircean and Calueal portgerefa and tSa yldista men of l^am heape. Dis to geswutelian se hired haefS an gewrit and se heape an o^er.' — {Somner, Canterbury^ i. 179.) The following is a translation of the above : — This is the exchange between the convent of Christ-Church and the ' cnihts ' of Canterbury of the Chapman's Gild. The society of the Chap- man's Gild puts into the hands of the convent eight houses within Burgate, with sac and soc, as they themselves enjoy them. And the convent puts into their hands, on the other side, nine houses, two without Readingate. In one of them dwelleth Aelfric ; and in the other, Bruman. The other seven are within Newingate. In them dwell Siward Cutfert and Brithric and Golwine and Hereword and William and Wulfgeve and Alfwine, with sac and soc as the convent enjoys them. Thereunto is witness Anselm Archbishop and the convent {hired) at Christ Church and Calveal Portreve and the elders of the society. To show this the convent has one writing and the society another. A charter of James I (1609) to Canterbury enacts: — 'Quod nuUus extraneus sive forinsecus, nisi sit civis et liber homo ejus- dem civitatis, exnunc de cetero imperpetuum vendat aut vendi- cioni exponat aliquas mercandizas infra civitatem predictam aliter quam in grosso, nisi sit temporibus feriae sive mercatus infra c *^ f\ ^ t~ 6 ^ y .> 38 C{)e (^ilD a^etcjjant, CANTERBURY, eandeni civitatem tenendi, nee tenebit aliquam shopam, neque utetur aliquo misterio, occupacione sive arte manuali Anglice any misterie, trade or hajidicraft infra civitatem predictam aut libertates ejusdem absque licencia maioris et aldermannorum aut maioris partis eorundem.' — {(Charters of Canterbury^ Canterb. 1791, P- I39-) CARLISLE. The Gild of Carlisle was confirmed by Henry II, Henry III, Edw. I, Edw. II, Edw. Ill and Rich. IP. The charters of 35 Henry III and 21 Edward I contain the clause: ' Et quod similiter habent gildam mercatoriam liberam, ita quod nichil inde respondeant aliquibus.' — {Rep. MSS. Co7n. 1883, p. 197.) The charter of 26 Edw. Ill grants 'unam gildam et liberam electionem maioris etballivorum,'etc. — {Ibid., 198; IIutchinson,Cu)nb.,\\.6^^.) ' Major et Communitas Karl' summoniti fuerunt ad responden- dum domino Regi de placito quo waranto clament capere et habere muragium quibuscunque rebus et mercimoniis vendicioni expositis in villa predicta. Et quo waranto clament habere mer- catum et feriam, liberam gildam, emendas assise panis et cervisie fracte, furcas, infangenethef, Et Major et Communitas veniunt et dicunt, quod tempore quo dominus predictus Henricus Rex proavus domini Regis nunc tenuit predictam villam in manu sua qui illam dimisit burgensibus ejusdem ville ad firmam, etc., dimisit ipse illis predictam villam simul cum predictis libertatibus, excepta tamen libera gilda, quam postea perquisiverunt per cartam domini Regis [Because of certain irregularities in the town courts, the liberties are taken into the hands of the King.] Et ideo predicta villa cum libertatibus suis capiantur in manum domini Regis ad voluntatem ipsius domini Regis. Et liberatur Willielmo de Boyvill' custodienda, etc. quousque, etc. Et jura- tores certificent de valore in omnibus exitibus, etc. Et juratores testantur, quod tolnetum intrinsecum et forinsecum valent per annum triginta et quinque libras. Et firma mensurarum valet per * Jefferson, Carlisle, 449; Rep. MSS. Com. 1883, pp. 197-198; Petyt MS., ii. 54-58 ; Hutchinson, Cumberland, ii. 644-645. Proofs ant) 3inu0ttation0. 39 annum octo libras, tresdecim solidos et quatuor denarios. Et Carlisle. placita et escaeta valent per annum sex libras, tresdecim solidos et quatuor denarios. Et gilda mercatoria valet per annum quad- raginta solidos. Et gavelyeld valet per annum triginta solidos. Et placee arrentate valent per annum tresdecim solidos et quatuor denarios. Et est ibi unum molendinum fuUerettum quod est arrentatum ad Scaccarium ab antique ad duas marcas, etc. Et custodia liberatur Willielmo de Boyvill ad hoc jurato, etc. quam- diu domino Regi placuerit, etc' — (20 Edw. I. Placita de quo War., 121.) 'Willielmus de Molecastre Vicecomes Cumbrie petit pro domino Rege remedium apponi per dominos Thesaurarium et Barones de Scaccario domini Regis de omnibus articulis subscrip- tis, videlicet : — De Gilda Mercatoria Ciuitatis Karl' qua Burgenses eiusdem vsi sunt sine Waranto in preiudicium domini Regis a tempore quo predicta Ciuitas cum suis libertatibus omnibus capta fuit in manu domini Regis per Henricum de Cressingham et socios suos in vltimo Itinere Comitatus Cumbrie.' Several other articles follow, but there is no further mention of the Gild. — (^Record Office, Lord Treas. Retnetnb. of Exch., Meinor., 26-27 Edward I, mem. 52.) In a response of the citizens of Carlisle to a plea brought against them by Haddock {t^;^ Car. 11), the former asserted : — A.D. I68I. ' Quod . . . fuerunt et esse consueverunt triginta et duo alii probi et sufficientes cives civitatis predicte e Gilda mercatoria ibidem electi, qui quidem triginta et duo cives simul cum aliis undecim Conciliariis alias Aldermannis civitatis predicte Majore ejusdem civitatis non existente a toto tempore supradicto fuerunt et esse consueverunt commune consilium Majoris et civium civitatis predicte.' — (J! Raymond, Reports, 2nd edition, 435 ; Tremaine, Placita, 525.) In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries eight craft gilds of Carlisle often collided with the City Corporation, or governing body \ ' In 1 784 the position of affairs was this : — There had for ^ Cf. Ferguson, Cumberland M.P.'s, 189-21 1 ; Merew. and Stephens, 2132- 2137- 40 Cf)e (^HD a^ercfiant CARLISLE, upwards of two hundred years been disputes between the Free- men who were members of the eight city Guilds and the Cor- poration, not alone as to the right to make ex gratia Freemen, but on other points.' — {Ferguson, Cumb. M.F.^s, 196.) The term ' Gild Merchant ' does not appear to have been employed in these disputes. Had it been used at all, it would probably have been apj^lied to the eight gilds aggregately, rather than to the Corporation. Chester. 'Rannulphus Comes Cestrie constabulario suo et dapifero et omnibus baronibus et balliuis suis et omnibus hominibus suis Francigenis et Anglicis tam futuris quam presentibus salutem. Notum sit uobis omnibus me dedisse et concessisse et presenti carta mea confirmasse omnibus ciuibus meis de Cestria Gildam suam mercalem cum omnibus libertatibus et liberis consuetudini- bus quas illi vnquam melius et liberius et quietius habuerunt temporibus antecessorum meorum in predicta Gilda. Et prohibeo super forisfacturam meam x. librarum ne aliquis eos inde disturbet. Testibus hiis,' etc. — {ReJ>. MSS. Com. 1881, p. 356.) This charter was probably granted between the years 11 90 and 121 1 '. Charter of John le Scot, Earl of Chester and Huntingdon {temp. Henry HI): — ' Sciatis me concessisse et hac presenti carta mea confirmasse omnibus ciuibus meis Cestrie quod nullus mercator aliquod genus mercimonii quod ad ciuitatem Cestrie per mare aut per terram venerit, emat uel uendat, nisi ipsi ciues mei Cestrie et eorum heredes uel per eorum gratum, nisi in nun- dinis assisis, scilicet, in Natiuitate Sancti Johannis Baptiste et in festo Sancti Michaelis Item concessi et hac presenti carta confirmaui dictis ciuibus meis Cestrie Gildam suam mercalem habendam et tenendam adeo libere, quiete et honorifice, sicut eam habuerunt in tempore auunculi mei domini Rannulphi Comitis Cestrie et Lincolnie,' etc. — {Rep. MSS. Com. i88i, pp. 356-357-) ' Harland, Mamecestre, 18S; Ormerod, Chester, i. 201. Iproofs ann jnustrationjs. 41 Henry III gave the citizens of Chester a charter allowing Chester. them to buy and sell at the Gild of Durham. — (Ormerod, i. 201.) Henry II granted the following: — ' Henricus dei gracia Rex Anglie et Dux Normannie et Aquitanie et Comes Andegavie balliuis suis de Dunelina salutem. Precipio quod Burgenses Cestrie possint emere et vendere ad detaillum apud Dunelinam habendo et faciendo easdem consuetudines quas faciebant tempore Regis Henrici aui mei, et 'easdem ibi habeant rectitudines et libertates et liberas consuetudines quas tempore illo habere solebant. Teste, Willelmo filio Aid' dapifero. Apud Wintoniam.' — {Jiep. MSS. Com. 1881, P- 356.) ' We find, that before the said City had any Charter they used by Prescription divers Liberties, and enjoyed a Guild Mercatory, that is, a Brotherhood of Merchants, and that whosoever was not admitted of that Society, he could not use any Trade or Trafifick within the City, nor be a Tradesman therein. And the Tenour of this Guild Mercatory did ever run in these words, Sicut hac- tenus usi fueri?it, and was after confirmed under the Earls Seal. And there was appointed two Overseers, and those were ap- pointed out of the chiefest of the Citizens, and were greatly respected of the Citizens, as Officers that had the speciall care of maintaining those priviledges ; and did receive for the City all the summes of money paid by strangers for custome of Merchandize brought either by Sea or Land, except it were at the Fairs, which then were, as some say, three in the year, at Midsommer, Michaelmasse, and Martlemas. A continuance of the same Officers, and, as many suppose, the same name of those Officers remaineth to this day in the Leave-lookers, who then were the Head and chief of the Citizens before a Maior was ordained, and still is reputed the head or chief of the fourty, or the Common-Councell of the City, and are chosen usually of the best ability of the same fourty, as may expend and make provision in such matters as. belong to the honour and dignity of the City and to look to the profits and commodities of the City in such Customs and Duties as fall due by importations of mer- 42 Cfie (^ilD ^ztttmt CHESTER, chandize into the same.' — {Kin^s Vale Royal, Chester, 1656, [ii.] P-I57-)' ' And though the Office of Custos guild. Mercator. be not found of any record before this year [1297], yet it is Hke the said Office hath been ever since there was z. guild. Mercator. These be the very same that supplyed the Office that our Leave-lookers do now, which was to give Licence and compound with any that came either to buy or sell within these Liberties contrary to our grants, as may appear by sundry books of their accompts, and did disburse for Wine given and sent, for repairations of buildings and other things pertaining to the City, for as yet there were not any Treasurers, nor of long time after ; * besides, if any did dwell in the City that were not free, if they did ever buy or sell within the Liberties, they did likewise compound with the Custos and Mercator [Custos Gilde Mercatorie] by the year. And whereas* now the Leave-lookers do gather two pence half penny upon the pound, of all Wares sold by Forraigners within the City, it is likely that Custom began when the Murage was granted, and so levied ; for before that time they agreed as they thought good.' —{Ibid., 167-168.) In MS. Harley 2057, fol. 16, this same explanation of the office of leave-looker occurs ; but the words included within the asterisks read thus : — ' besides if any dwelled within this Cittie that were not free and either sould or boughte to sell within this Cittie, etc., f Andrew Stanlowes ) ,^. Alex. Hurrell Maior { ^ , ^ , .. ) Vicecomites. I Rob. Ithell J they did likewise compound with the Custos gilde mercatorie by the yeare, otherwise they might not be suffered to retaile every thinge ; and whereas,' etc. In 1823 the duty of the leave-lookers, according to Hanshall, was ' to prevent infringements on the rights of the Citizens by strangers exercising any trades within the liberties, to examine the markets and receive all customs, etc. due to the Corporation.' — {Co. of Chester, 180.) 'The Leave-lookers are also appointed annually by the Mayor for the purpose of collecting the duty of » Cf. Ormerod, i. 200; Hanshall, Co. of Chester, 171, 190, 196. prooCs anti jnusttations. 43 2S. 6d. claimed by the corporation to be levied yearly upon all Chester. non-freemen who exercise any trade within the liberties of the City of Chester.' Since 1825, 'the functions of the leave-lookers have become extinct.' — {Mimic. Corp. Coin. 1835, p. 2621.) ' Maior et Ciues Ciuitatis Cestrie clamant habere libertates subscriptas, videlicet Item clamant habere gildani suam mercalem cum omnibus libertatibus et liberis consuetudini- bus quas illi unquam liberius et quietius habuerunt temporibus antecessorum domini Comitis in predicta gilda ^ Et quo ad hec verba gildam marcalem cum omnibus libertatibus Gildam et liberis consuetudinibus quas illi unquam liberius et quietius habuerunt, clamant quod die veneris proxima post festum Sancti Dionisii quolibet anno possunt eligere de semetipsis duos Sene- leaue- lolccrs scallos eiusdem gilde, qui sunt de fraternitate eiusdem gilde, qui tunc coram maiore et vicecomitibus et aliis Ciuibus Ciuitatis predicte prestent sacramentum, quod bene et fideliter facient compotum suum de omnibus denariis per ipsos perceptis de aliquibus personis gildam illam intrantibus et omnibus aliis cus- tumis dicte gilde, a tempore cuius contrarii in memoria hominum non existit perceptis et eidem gilde pertinentibus. Et quod quilibet homo qui sit de gilda ilia sit de libertate et franchesiis et potest Ciuitatis predicte, et potest emere infra libertatem eiusdem Ciuita- tis omnimodas marcandisas ad Ciuitatem illam per mare aut per terram venientes absque fine inde faciendo. Et quod nullus qui non est admissus in predictam gildam faciet emptionem aliquam infra libertatem Ciuitatis predicte sine licencia et voluntate dic- torum Senescallorum. Et racione predicte gilde et ad sustenta- tionem eiusdem gilde capiunt, et predecessores sui de tempore cuius contrario in memoria non existit ceperunt, custumas sub- scriptas : Videlicet, de quolibet dolio vini veniente per mare iiii. d. Et de dolio ferri iiii. d. Et de vno lasto allecium ii. s. Et de vno lasto de hides ii. s. Et de vno lasto anguillarum ii. s. Et de * In the margin of the MS. an index (S®*) and a loop call particular attention to this liberty. '^ This word was written in the margin by a later hand. 44 Cfje (3i\X} Q^ercfiant. CHESTER, centena de milwellis salsis Hid. Et de centena linie albe ii.^. o^. Et de centena linie late mensure. Et de centena linie stricte mensure i. d. ob. Et de quacunque alia niarcandisa secundum quod possit concordari dando fauorem extraneis [An exposition of the words ' soc,' ' curia appenticii,' ' sac ' and ' port- mote ' follow.] Et per hoc verbum Toll clamant habere et percipere tolnetum de quibuscunque marcandisis emptis siue venditis infra libertatem Ciuitatis Cestrie. Videlicet, de quahbet Naue intrante libertatem predictam cum quibuscunque marcandisis seu victuali- bus vocatum Keyltoll iiii. d. et Clerico i. d. Et eciam de quo- libet marcatore habente marcandisas in dicta Naue excedentes valorem v. s. iiii. d. pro tolneto suo pro omnibus marcandisis suis iiii. d. et Clerico i. d. Et de quolibet dolio vini iiii. d. Et de qualibet carectata cuiuscunque marcandise intrante siue exeunte dictam Ciuitatem et libertatem eiusdem iiii. d.' [The toll for horses, oxen, cows, heifers, sheep and cart-wheels is also given. This is followed by an explanation of the terms ' them,' ' infang- theif,' ' utfangtheif,' ' tholonium,' 'pannage,' 'pontage,' ' danegild,' ' gaywite,' ' lene,' ' stallage,' ' lastage,' ' passage ' and ' murage.' ^] made ^. Gild ' Isti subscripti iritraverunt in Gyldam mercatoriam quando gilda mercatory, yltima sedit in Celdis Anno Domini 1250 primo tempore Ricardi 67 free men Clerici, Maioris Cestrie \ Here begineth those rolles or records before mencioned by me in this booke, at what time there was 67 persons admitted vnto the franchises or liberties of this Cittie, as by their severall names in the said record appeareth, for that the said records had beginninge after this Cittie had Maiors in the same and diverse charters graunted vnto them before.' — {AIS. Harley 2057, fol. 14.) ^ This interesting document may be found in MS. Havley 2057, ff. 63-65 (R. Holme's Cheshire Collections). The handwriting is probably of the early part of the sixteenth century. Harland has printed a very imperfect translation, which he found at Clithero. (Harland, Mamecestre, 189-195 ; Charters of Clithero, 27-33.) ^ This marginal note was added by a later hand. ^ Cf. King's Vale Royal, 163. IProofs anD Slllustrations. 45 ' Isti intraverunt Gildam Mercatoriam in Civitate Cestrie plena Chester. congregatione die veneris proxima ante festum Sancti Michaelis in monte tumba anno Domini 131 7 et anno Regni Ed. xi., tem- pore Will, de Doncaster, Maioris Cestrie, electi per mortem Johannis Blunde ad vices ipsius Johannis. Supplende Hugonis leuelokers ' de Valle Regalis et Warenno le Blunde, Custod. Gilde.' — {Ih'd., fol. 16 ; King's Vale Royal., 170-) The following is from a grant made by Prince Edward (32 Edw. Ill) to St. Mary's Nunnery, Chester : — ' Omnes homines et tenentes dictarum monialium ad voluntatem vel ad terminum annorum qui non sunt infra Gildam mercatoriam civitatis nostrae Cestriae vel jurati ad libertatem ejusdem villae, non ponantur super juratis,' etc. — {MS. Harley 2101, io\. 188; Monast. Anglic, iv. 314.)- ' Et etiam quo Warranto clament habere Gildam suam marca- lem cum omnibus libertatibus et liberis consuetudinibus quas illi unquam liberius et quietius habuerunt temporibus antecessorum in predicta gilda.' Placita de quo Warranto, 14 Henry VII. — {MS. Harley 21 15, fol. 73.) 1. ' Ye liberties of ye Cittie of Chester by prescription before ye Cittizens had any Charter graunted. — Before they had any Charter to be shewed, yt is apparant that ye Cittie of Chester by prescrip- tion vsed and enioyed dyuers liberties and a Guylde marcatorie, viz., a brotherhood, of which Companie whoesoe were not could not vse trafficke, or trade within ye Cittie, which appeareth by Auncient Rowles of Recorde, wherein is contayned viz., hoc anno subscript© intrauerunt in Guyldam marcatoriam Ciuitatis predicte.' — {MS, Harley 2016, fol. 31.) The same manuscript, the handwriting of which appears to be of the early part of the seven- teenth century, contains several entries of fines paid by persons for being ' made free' of the City in the year 36 Henry VIII, — 'admissus fuit ad libertatem et ffranchesias Ciuitatis predicte^,' which was doubtless the equivalent of the ancient expression ' intrauit in Gildam mercatoriam.' — {Ibid., fol. 33.) * Later hand. ^ Cf. Harley MSS., 21 15, fol. 52 ; 2060, fol. 29. ' For similar entries, temp. Hen. VH and Eliz., see Harley MSS. 2093, ff. 32-39, 252 ; 2105, fol. 262. 46 C6e (5iiri a^ercfjant, CHESTER. ' By ye custome of ye said Citty vsed by all the tyme whereof ye memory of man was not to ye Contrary, no person or persons might vse any trade, misterie or occupacion within ye said Citty or ye libertye thereof, vnlesse such person were a free man of ye said Citty and admitted and made free of the Company and Society of such trade as he would vse.' — Common Hall Assembly, April 1623. — {MS. Harley 2091, ff. 91-92.) There are many documents among the Harleian MSS. exhibiting the status of the various crafts, which succeeded to the functions of the ancient Gild Merchant of Chester ^ In the year 1766 the City authorities still attempted to enforce the ancient custom, ' That no person whatsoever, not being free of the said City, might or ought to sell or put to sale any wares or merchandizes within the city or the liberties thereof by retail ; or keep any open or inner or other place or room for shew, sale or putting to sale of any wares or merchandizes by retail ; or to use or exercise any art, occupation, mystery or handicraft within the same city ; the time of fairs excepted.' — (y. Burrow, Reports of Cases, Lond. 1790, p. 1847.) Chestebfield. The following is taken from the charter of John Wake to his A.D. 1294. men of Chesterfield (22 Edward I) : — ' Nullus alius praeterquam burgenses vlnabit, secabit, aut emdet [i.e. vendet] pannos lineos vel laneos, nee coreas vel pelles virides, crudas, recentes aut sali- cas emat in mercato vel infra villam de Cestrefeud' . . . Et bur- genses habebunt Gildam suam mercatoriam cum omnibus rebus dictam gildam tangentibus Et nullus erit tinctor vel tana- tor aut cutistannati secator, nisi fuerit burgensis aut velit satisfacere michi et heredibus meis et burgensibus Nullus homo habeat lot neque scot cum burgensibus de mercandisis emptis per ipsos vel per aliquos suorum infra villam de Cestrefeud' nisi burgenses, sed ipsi burgenses vel sui servientes loco suo habeant lot et scot cum omnibus aliis more suo consueto et antique,' etc. ' See MSS. Harley, 1996, fol. 699 ; 2054, ^' S9~9o; 2104, fol. 348 ; Lanca- shire and Cheshire Records, i. 123. proofs anD JHustrations, 47 — ( Yeatman, Chesterfield Records, pp. 33-38 ; Addit. MS., Mus. chesterfield. Brit., 6667, ff. 708-709.) Among the gild returns of 1 388-1 389 was one from the Gild of the Blessed Mary, whose members swore to maintain the liberties of Chesterfield and to go forth to do the business of the town ; and another from the Gild of the Holy Cross of the Merchants of Chesterfield. — {English Gilds, 165-169.) Chichesteb ^ ' Stephanus Rex Anglie Episcopo Cicestr' et prepositis Salutem. Precipio quod Burgenses mei de Cicestr' ita bene et honorifice et quiete habeant eorum Consuetudines et Rectitudines de Burgo et de Gilda eorum mercatoria, sicuti eas mehus et honorabilius et quiete habuerunt tempore Willelmi Regis Avi mei et Avunculorum meorum postea et tempore Rogeri Comitis. Et defendo super meam forisfacturam ne aliquis eis injuriam faciat. Teste Epi- scopo Wint'. Apud Rading.' — {Hay, Chichester, 577.) ' Henricus [II] Rex Anglie et Dux Normannie et Aquitanie et Comes Andegavie Justiciariis et Vicecomitibus et Ministris suis totius Anglie Salutem. Sciatis me concessisse civibus meis de Cicestr' qui sunt de gilda mercatoria omnes libertates et liberas consuetudines suas infra Burgum et extra, ut eas habeant ita plene et Hbere et quiete et honorifice sicut plene et honorificentius habere solebant tempore Regis Henrici avi mei ; et nullus in Civitate Cicestr' vendat pannos per detaillum, nisi sit de gilda mercatoria, sicut idem Rex Henricus per Breve suum precepit. Quare volo et firmiter precipio quod ipsi habeant et teneant gildam suam cum omnibus libertatibus et consuetudinibus ad eam pertinentibus, sicut melius solebant habere tempore Regis Henrici. Ne quis eis super hoc forisfacere presumat. Testibus, Reg' Comite Corn', Henr' de Essex Con', Ranulfo de Broc. Apud Brugiax.' — {Ibid., 578.) The Gild Merchant of Chichester is also mentioned in charters • See Turner, The Merchant Guild of Chichester, Sussex Arch. Coil's, xv. 165-177. 48 Cl)e (^ilD 9§etc{)ant CHICHESTER, of 30 Henry VI and 15 Jac. I. Besides the ' Citizens' who consti- tuted the Common Council, there used to be ' Freemen' of Chichester. The latter had no voice in the town meetings, admission into this class being considered a mere compliment ; but they had a share in the elective franchise. An entry made in the town records in 182 1 states 'that the individual is admitted to the freedom of the merchant guild within the city. The oath of admission is, that the person admitted shall be a true and faithful free citizen and maintain the merchant guild.' — (^Munic. Corp. Com. 1835, pp. 715, 716, 719.) CONWAY. Qtw warratifo proceedings, similar to those against Beaumaris described above, were brought against Conway, Bela, Newburgh, Carnarvon, Harlech, and Crukyn {temp. Edw. HI). In most of these cases the clause explaining the Gild is as follows : — ' Et per illam clausulam, quod habeant gildam mercatoriam, etc. clamant quod omnes in predicta villa manentes et libertatibus eiusdem gaudere volentes erunt Jurati coram eisdem burgensibus ad jura et libertates eiusdem ville iuste manutenendas, etc., et dabunt ad communem vtilitatem ville quandam custumam voca- tam bans. Et postquam hoc fecerint et lot et scot cum eis sol- uerint, erunt liberi Burgenses, etc. et libere possunt ibidem emere et vendere et omnibus priuelegiis et libertatibus eiusdem ville gaudere absque contradiccione alicuius.' — {^Record of Caernarvon^ A.D. 1284. The Gild Merchant of Conway was granted or confirmed 1 2 Edward I. — {Ih'd., 163.) COVENTEY. A.D. 1268. Letters Patent, 52 Henry III : — The burgesses of Coventry to have all their liberties, to hold in free burgage, to enjoy all the laws and customs of Lincoln. The Prior and Convent of Coventry to have coroners ; the men of the same Prior and Convent to * See also Record of Caernarvon, 1 76-181, 186-187, 194-195, 197-198. Iproofg anD Sillu^trations. 49 have 'Gilda M creator ia ' with all liberties belonging to it. Cer- Coventry. tain men of Coventry had prevented them from having ' Gilda Mercatoria,' beating the Prior's men, etc., etc. — {Record Office, Patetit Roll ^2 Hen. Ill, mem. 25, dorse.) ^ Inquisitio ad quod damnum (14 Edw. III). ' Coventre. A.D. 1340. Homines habuerunt unam gildam mercatoriam et unam fraterni- tatem fratrum et sororum ejusdem gilde et unum magistrum, etc' — (C«/. Rot. Chart., etc., 308.) 'Pro gilda mercatoria et fraterni- tate infra villam de Coventre habenda.' — (14 Edw. III. Cal. Rot. Pat., 139.) The following return was made by the ' Gilda Mercatoria de Couentre ' (Jan., 1389) : — ' Richard Clerc Meistre de la Gilde Marchand deinz la ville de Couentre certifie a vostre hautesse qe le noble Roy Edward, qe dieu assoil, Aiel a nostre Henry le Roy qore est, a cause qe la ville de Couentre et les marchauntz en la dite ville enhabitantz auoient si graunt trauaile entour lour marchandises pur loynteigni- te de la meere, et mayntefoitz enpouerez a cause suisdite, de sa grace especiale come par sa chartre apert, graunta par mesme sa chartre as les hommes de la dite ville de Couentre qils et lour Successours aueroient vne Gilde Marchand et vne fraternitee des ffreres et soeres de mesme la Gilde en la ville auandite, et vn Meistre ou Gardeyn de toutz yceux qi en la dite Gilde seroient acceptez eslire, et Chaunteries, Almoignes et autres pres oueres pur eux et lour [bienfaisours] ordeigner, et les ordinances par la dite Gilde et toutz choses qe a la dite Gilde et Communalte de ycelle touchantz faire maintenere puissont ; les queux hommes de la dite ville de Couentre par vertue de graunt susdit ordeigneront vne fraternite et freres et soeres des eux mesmes, et vn Meistre ap- pelle Jurdan' de Shepeye eslirent. Et ordeigneront les ordinances desouz escriptz, a durer solonc la purport de la chartre suisdite, le tenure de quele sensuyte, quele chartre feust apres renouellez par mesme laiel par cause qe lescripture de soun seal feust chaungez, come par la copie dicelle auxi ensuante piert pluis au pleyn. * Cf. Charter Roll 51 Hen. Ill, mem. 8 ; Merew. and Stephens, 469. E 50 Cbe (^ilD a^ercbant. COVENTRY. ' Edwardus [HI] dei gratia, etc. Omnibus ad quos presentes littere peruenerint salutem. Quia accepimus per inquisicionem per vicecomitem nostrum Warr' de mandate nostro captam et in can- cellaria nostra retornatam, quod non est ad dampnum seu preiudi- cium nostrum aut alterius cuiuscumque seu nocumentum ville de Couentre, si concedamus hominibus eiusdem ville de Couentre quod ipsi et eorum Successores vnam Gildam Mercatoriam et vnam fraternitatem fratrum et sororum eiusdem Gilde in eadem villa habere, et vnum magistrum sine Custodem de omnibus illis qui ad Gildam illam assumpti fuerint eligere, et cantarias, elemo- sinas et alia pietatis opera pro ipsis et omnibus benefactoribus suis statuere, et ordinaciones pro Gilda predicta et omnibus Gildam illam et Communitatem eiusdem tangentibus manutenendis facere possint ;— Nos per finem quem prefati homines de Couentre fece- runt nobiscum concessimus et licenciam dedimus pro nobis et heredibus nostris, quantum in nobis est, eisdem hominibus, quod ipsi et eorum Successores vnam Gildam Mercatoriam in villa pre- dicta cum omnibus ad huiusmodi Gildam pertinentibus habeant imperpetuum, et quod iidem homines vnam fraternitatem fratrum et sororum eiusdem Gilde facere, et vnum magistrum siue Custo- dem fraternitatis illius eligere, et cantarias et elemosinas ac alia pietatis opera pro ipsis et omnibus benefactoribus suis statuere et inuenire, et de Gilda predicta ac aliis Gildam predictam contin- gentibus manutenendis ordinare, et ordinaciones inde factas con- seruare valeant, perpetuis temporibus duraturis. In cuius rei testimonium has litteras nostras fieri fecimus patentes. Teste A.D. 1340. me ipso apud Westm' vicesimo die Maii anno regni nostri Anglie quartodecimo, regni vero nostri ffrancie primo.' The second charter of the same king follows ; then, ' Les or- dinances des fifreres et soeres de la dite Gilde.' Of the sixteen ordinances given only one relates to mercantile affairs : — ' Item si ascun homme ou femme de la dite fraternite qui a lour poiar ad este bien voillantz a lestat dycclle par ascune mesaueynture de seele sanz sa defaute propre chiete en pouert, la dite ffraternite luy apprestera vne somme dargent pur merchander et profiter pur vn an ou deux a lour auys sanz rien prendre de gayn. Et si ascune Iptoofs anD 3Uu0tration0. 51 homme ou femme de la dite fraternite soit si feble par maladie Coventry. ou veillesse qil ne purra trauailler ne marchaunder, il sera troue "~~ a les costages de la dite Gilde couenablement solonc ce qe son estat demaunde.' — (^Record Office., Misc. Chancery, Gilds, 49'''.)^ * Also yt ys ordeynyd bye a generail Counsel of all the Crafte and Craftes, and also that the Wryghts Crafte of Coventre schall paye to the Pageant 10^. uppon Whytsonday or else by Corpus Christi daye, uppon the payne of 20s., hallfe to the mayor and hallfe to the Crafte and bycause they haue no more to doo wythe the Pageant but payeyng there \os., etc.'^. . . . Also yt ys ordeynyd be a consell of alle the fyllyschape of the crafts in the yer of yer lorde 1475, that tyme beyng mastur John Goodknabaff, and hys fylleys John Bontyng, John Swyfft, that [A dirge and mass to be celebrated every year for ' all the bredyryn and systyryn.'] And what mastyr kype not thye Dyrd he schall pay ds. Zd. And how [i. e. who] that of the fifalyschape pay not to the dyrd, he schall pay to the Mastyr 3^. j\d. And therto all we be acord boss namys be aforsyde.' — ( IVafikfs Colkcta?iea, MS. Harley 6466, ff. 5-6.) Derby. The Gild Merchant of Derby was confirmed by John, Henry III and Edward III ^ ' Burgenses ville de Derby summoniti fuerunt ad respondendum 4 Edward III. domino Regi de placito quo waranto clament omnes Hbertates ■^■"^' ■'•^^^• subscriptas : . . . . et habere gildam mercatoriam cum omni- bus libertatibus et liberis consuetudinibus que ad gildam merca- toriam debent sive solebant pertinere. [Many other liberties are enumerated. The burgesses exhibit charters and defend their privileges.] EtWillelmusdeDenum,qui sequitur pro Rege, dicit quod ex quo ipsi habent villam predictam ad feodi firmam, etc., et tolneta predicta que ipsi clamant infra loca predicta eis concessa fuerunt infra tempus memorie, et ipsi advocant capere de ^ For a translation of these ordinances see English Gilds, 228-232. * An ordinance immediately preceding this is dated 1432. ^ Rot. Chart., 138 ; Plac. de quo War., 158-160. E 2 52 Cbe (^iin Q^etcftant DfffB)'. intrinsecis unum tolnetum et de extrinsecis pro eadem re duplum, etc., quod est contra commune jus, etc., et oppressio, etc., petit judicium pro Rege, etc. Dicit similiter quod gilda mercatoria conceditur burgensibus ville predicte, ut patet per cartam predicti Henrici Regis, etc. ; et dicit quod singulares persone, burgenses ejusdem burgi connectuntur ad invicem, et dicunt se esse socios de gilda predicta et alios non, et colore illius gilde mercatorie usi sunt opprimere populum venientem ad villam predictam cum rebus venalibus, quod nullus vendat res suas in villa pre- dicta alicui nisi illi qui fuerit de societate predicta, et hoc ad voluntatem ipsius ementis, etc. Et similiter dicit quod eedem persone non permittunt extraneos mercatores, cujuscunque mer- candise fuerit, vendere aliquas mercandisas in villa predicta nisi tantum in grosso, et hoc uni eorum ; et lucrum quod inde provenit non vertitur in comodum communitatis ville predicte set tantum in comodum eorum qui sunt de societate predicta ; qui quidem usus cedunt in injuriam, oppressionem et depauperacionem populi. Unde petit judicium, etc. Et dicit quod racione gilde mercatorie predicte nullus forinsecus mercator emere debet in grosso vina, lanam, pelles lanatas, corea seu plumbum de aliquo forinseco nisi tantum de illis qui sunt de gilda predicta; nee eciam extranei mercatores vendere debent aliquas mercandisas nisi tantum in grosso, et hoc uni de gilda predicta, etc. Unde petit judicium, etc' ' XII Juratores dicunt . . . [The tolls, etc. at the markets and fairs of Derby are given.] Et dicunt quod singulares persone connectuntur ad invicem, et dicunt se esse de gilda mercatoria et alios non permittunt esse de gilda predicta, nisi satisfecerint prius eis ut sint de eadem gilda; et racione iUius gilde usi sunt quod si aliquis infra villam predictam deportavit corea bovina, vel lanam, vel pelles lanutas vendendas, et unus de gilda predicta posuerit pedem suum super rem ipsam et apposuerit precium pro quo eam voluerit emere, nullus alius quam ille qui fuerit de societate predicta audebit illam emere, nee ille cujus res ilia fuit audebit rem illam vendere alii quam uni qui fuerit de societate predicta, nee pro majori precio quam ille qui fuerit de societate proofs anD Jllustrations. 53 predicte pretendebat. Et dicunt quod lucrum quod inde pro- derby. venit non vertitur in comodum communitatis burgi predicti set tantum in comodum illorum qui sunt de societate predicta. Et quia burgenses predicti habent villam predictam ad feodi firmam de domino Rege et ceperunt superflua tolneta et injusta, etc., et ultra id quod ipsi cognoscunt se posse juste capere, etc. Et similiter pro aliis injuriis et oppressionibus quas convictum est per juratam predictam ipsos fecisse, predicta villa et omnes libertates predicte abuse, etc. capiantur in manum domini Regis, etc . . . Et super hoc vicessimo octavo die Januarii proximo sequente iidem burgenses fecerunt finem cum domino Rege de quadraginta marcis pro predictis villa et libertatibus, etc. sibi restituendis, etc. Ideo predicte villa et libertates eis restituantur utendi liber- tatibus illis Ileitis modis. Et quod non capiant superflua tolneta, prout superius convictum est ipsos percepisse, sub periculo quod incumbit, etc. Et quod utantur gilda mercatoria eo modo quod non cadat in oppressionem populi, etc., et ad presens sine die salvo jure Regis, etc' — [Placita deqiio War.., 1 58-161.) Devizes \ The Gild Merchant was granted to Devizes by Edward I, Edward III and Henry IV. — {IVaj/en, Devizes, 158, 287; Lansdoitme MS. 230, fol. 5.) A grant of 3 Jac. I says : — 'Ac insuper, pro eo quod ex con- a.D. 1605. cessione aliquorum predecessorum nostrorum Regum Anglie ab antiquis temporibus infra burgum predictum habebatur et in dies habetur guilda mercatoria, ac eciam cum Burgus predictus tempo- ribus retroactis Celebris fuerat incolatu diuersorum artificium, qui in confeccione pannorum laneorum operam suam posuerunt, vnde pauperiores infra burgum predictum inhabitantes victum sibi querebant laudabilem et honestum, qui iam ad magnam inopiam reducti sint, pro eo quod quidam extranei non inhabitantes infra burgum predictum in mercatis infra eundum burgum quolibet die ^ See Edw. Kite, The Guild of Merchants, etc. in Devizes, Wilts. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, Mag., iv. 160-174 ; Waylen, Devizes, 287-290. 54 Cbe (^ilD e^tuhmt DEVIZES. Jovis in qualibet Septimana tentis merces et mercimonia sua inferunt, alia quam frumentum, grana, victualia, animalia, lanam ac telam laneam, anglice of/ier then corne, grayne, victual/, catel/, woll and ivolien yar>ie, ac ea ibidem vendunt et distrahunt per retallium et non in grosso, ad magnum habitancium eiusdem burgi nocumentum, — Sciatis igitur quod nos meliori statui eius- dem burgi prospicere volentes, ex ampliori gracia et mero motu nostris volumus ac pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris per presentes concedimus Maiori et Burgensibus burgi de Devizes predicti et successoribus suis [et] per presentes prohibemus quod nullus huiusmodi extraneus inhabitans seu residens extra burgum ilium, libertates seu precinctum eiusdem in villis vel locis aliis rural ibus, vendat aut vendicioni exponat vel proferat aliquas mer- candizas siue mercimonia alia quam frumentum, grana, victualia, animalia, lanam ac telam laneam ac omnimodum pannum lineum vel laneum ex eorum propria factura, anglice corfie, gray fie, victual/, catell, Woll and Wollen yarne and all mamier of clothe, linen or tvollen, of there oivne makinge, contra formam cuiusdam statuti inde editi et prouisi infra burgum predictum aut libertates et precinctum eiusdem, alicui persone siue aliquibus personis in aliquo alio modo quam in grosso, exceptis temporibus nundi- niarum et feriarum, anglice vocatarum fayers, infra burgum pre- dictum aut precinctum eiusdem tenendarum, sub penis et penali- tatibus in Statutis regni nostri Anglie, inde editis et prouisis, con- tentis et specificatis.' — {Record Office, Patent Roll 3 Jac. I, pars 18, mem. 15.)^ The following occurs in the 'Visitation of Wiltshire' (1565): — ' These be the Armes apertayning and belonging to the Feloship and Corporation of the Burgesses and Marchant Adventerers, Clothiers and Weavers, Drapers and Tailors and others vsing any Faccultie or Art within the Towne and Borough of the Devises, which Armes I Clarenciux, King of Armes of the Sowth est and West parts [of this] Relme of Englond, haue Ratified and Con- firmed to all those of the said Corporation before mentioned and to ther successors foreuer ; and at this present visitation was * Cf. Merew. and Stephens, 1493. Proofs anti jnusttationg. 55 Edward Haynes, Maior, Cheefe hed and governor, Willm. Rutty devizes. and Richard Denny, Wardens of the Clothiers and Weavers, Willm. Preston and John Smyth, Wardens of the Drapers and Taylors, John Chappell and Thomas Fitzall, Wardens of the Mercers. In witnes wherof, etc' — {MS. Harley, 1565, fol. 39.) On the preceding page of the same MS. are the arms of the borough. — ' These amies are belonging and apertaining to the Maior, Aldermen and Burgesses of the Towne and Borough of the De\7ses Edward Haynes, Maior.' The names of the Coroner, Aldermen and other town officers follow. There is a ' Booke of Constitucions, Decrees, Statutes and Or- denaunces for the Fraternity, Companye and feloweshippe of the Drapers,' enacted by the Mayor and Common Council of Devizes in the year 16 14. It begins with a confirmation by the Mayor, Town-Clerk and Burgesses of the various Constitutions therein contained for the government of the Guild, ' setting forth that whereas the Mayor and Burgesses by ancient custom, and by divers grants and confirmations of sundry the Kings of England, have and enjoy, among other privileges, a Guild of Merchants, and whereas the King (James I) by Letters Patent, bearing date at Westminster, July loth, in the 3rd year of his reign, hath not only confirmed to them their former privileges, but granted them power to make new ones from time to time. At a general assembly held in the Guildhall, June 17th, 16 14, it is ordained that the Guild of Merchants shall be divided into three several frater- nities, companies, or fellowships,' — the Drapers, Mercers, and Leathersellers. The Company of Drapers shall choose annually a IMaster and two Wardens. All exercising the trades of clothiers, weavers, woollen-drapers, tailors, hosiers, fullers, shearmen, spin- sters, coopers, carpenters, masons, tilers, joiners, cutlers, smiths, and ironmen within the borough shall join the Fraternity of Drapers. The only ' constitution ' of particular interest to us is the follow- ing : ' No foreigner or stranger, not being a Burgess or inhabi- tant of the Borough and free of the Fraternity, to sell within the Borough, except on fair days, any commodities appertaining to either of the trades included by the Fraternity other than 56 C6e (^ilD Q^etcSant DEVIZES, corn, grain, victuals, wool, woolen or linen yarn, woolen or linen cloth of their own making, upon pain of forfeiture for every offense, forty shillings.' The Fraternity of the Mercers, whose ordinances were similar to those of the Drapers, included the mercers, grocers, linen drapers, haberdashers, vintners, inn- holders, bakers, brewers, apothecaries, barbers, surgeons, chand- lers, painters, brasiers, and glaziers. — {Jiife, Guild of Merchants in Devizes, 162-171.) The preamble of certain ordinances, made by the Common A.D. 1614. Council of Devizes in the year 1 2 Jac. I and confirmed circa 1628, begins thus : — 'Whereas the Major and Burgesses of this Burrough of Devizes by antient custome time out of mind used and had within the same Burrough and also by force and vertue of Divers Grants and confirmacions of Sundry of the Noble Kings and Queens of England, Progenitors of our Sovereign Lord King Charles King's Majestic that now is, have and enioye, among many other customes, liberties, franchises and immuni- tyes within the foresaid Burrough, a Guilde of Marchants, and have all the time whereof there is no Memory of Man to the Con- trary used to make, ordeine and constituate good and wholesome Lawes, Ordinaunces and Statutes, fit, wholsome, profitable and necessary for the well Ordering, good Rule and Goverment of the said Burrough and of the Burgesses, Artificers, inhabitants and resiants within the same.' — {Devizes Register, Lansdowne AfS. 230, fol. 18.) DOBCHESTEB. A.D. 1629. Charles I in the fifth year of his reign granted the burgesses a charter, declaring them a free borough and body corporate and politic by the name of the mayor, bailiffs, aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Dorchester; the two bailiffs, six aldermen and six other burgesses to form the common council ; no merchant, artificer, etc. unless he be a free burgess or in- habitant, to exercise any art, nor to have any shop or standing, to vend any wares, except at fairs or markets, etc. The inhabitants of the borough are constituted a body corporate or Iproofs anD jnustrations. 57 politic by the name of the governor, assistants and freemen, who Dorchester. shall be capable of purchasing and receiving lands in fee, etc. ; to have a common seal; to constitute a governor of the freemen; and twenty-four of the freemen to be chosen, called the common council of the freemen, to be assistants to the governor touching their commerce ; the governor and four assistants to be chosen out of the twenty-four by the freemen, and five other assistants by the mayor out of the capital burgesses ; to hold four courts yearly, to admit any men to the liberty of the borough, and four other courts yearly to consult concerning the markets ; the governor and assistants to make laws for the good government of the markets and all societies of arts, mysteries and of all merchants and artificers, etc., to fine delinquents, etc. ; the governor to be chosen yearly by the freemen, etc., etc. ^ — {Hutchins, Dorset., 3rd edition, ii. 349.) At a special court of the governor, assistants and freemen of the borough of Dorchester, held Sept. 24th, 1630, it was agreed by the court that the tradesmen and handicraftsmen of the borough should be divided into five companies, viz. — I. Merchants, com- prising the merchants, mercers, grocers, haberdashers of small wares, linen drapers, apothecaries, booksellers, upholsterers, button-makers, barber surgeons. II. Clothiers, comprising the clothiers, woolen drapers, haberdashers of hats, weavers, dyers, tailors, hosiers, feltmakers, cloth workers, weavers, borellers. III. Ironmongers, including the ironmongers, goldsmiths, pewterers, smiths, cutlers, plumbers, gunners, painters, glaziers, needle- makers, pin-makers, card-makers, clock-makers, brasiers, tinkers. IV. Fishmongers, including brewers, makers, bakers, innholders, alehouse-keepers, joiners, carpenters, vintners, coopers, butchers, cooks, masons, helliers, thatchers, ' seviers,' mill-wrights, wheelers, fishmongers, fletchers. V. Shoemakers and Skinners, comprising the shoemakers, tanners, glovers, chandlers, skinners, furriers, point- makers, parchment-makers, sadlers, curriers, purse-makers, collar- makers, ropers. At the same meeting it was agreed that the ' The corporation of the ' governor and assistants of the freemen ' was in exist- ence long before the grant of this charter (Mimic. Corp. Com. 1835, p. 1275). 58 C!)e <3m a^ercbant DORCHESTER, wardens of the said companies (there was one warden for each of the five companies) shall attend all of the Governor's courts held during the year, and shall inquire concerning all oppressions and abuses in trading within the compass of their ward, either by foreigners or by freemen, their report being submitted in writing to the Governor. — [Hutchins, ii. 338-339.) ' These companies have become extinct ; but the corporation of the governor, assistants and freemen still meet every year on the Monday after Michaelmas, and hold a court at which a governor and assistants are chosen, and any respectable inhabitants of the borough who may apply, are admitted to their freedom.' — {Aftmic. Corp. Com. 1835, p. 1275.) Dbogheda. In the year 1229 Henry III granted: — 'Quod villa nostra de Drogheda versus Uriel liber burgus sit imperpetuum, et quod burgenses ejusdem burgi habeant geldam mercatoriam cum hansa et aliis libertatibus et liberis consuetudinibus ad gildam illam pertinentibus. Et quod nuUus qui non sit de gelda ilia mercan- disam aliquam in predicto burgo faciat, nisi de voluntate eorundem burgensium Concessimus eciam eis quod nuUus extra- neus mercator pannos in predicto burgo ad decisionem vendat, vel vina ad brocham, nisi in grosso.' — {Gilbert, Documents of Irel., 93-95-) ' Another charter of 1253 contains the clause : — 'Et quod nullus extraneus mercator moram faciat in eodem burgo cum mercan- disis suis, pro mercimoniis vendendis, ultra quadraginta dies.' — {Ibid., 133.) James I in 1609 granted to the corporation that there should be a gild of merchants of the staple in the town and county ; the mayor, sheriffs, burgesses, and commons of the town yearly to choose the mayor and constables of the gild ; no merchants except those of the staple to buy or sell any merchandise of the staple within the county, nor ship them unless purchased of a ^ Cf. Chartae, etc., Hibemiae, p. 20. proofs ann jnustrations. 59 merchant of the staple in the town; the mayor, constables, and drogheda. merchants of the staple to make bye-laws-; none to sell or buy by retail or private bargain any merchandise within the franchises, except merchants of the town and county. By another charter of 161 8 the mayor, sheriffs, burgesses, and commons were allowed to divide and distinguish themselves into different gilds and fraternities, according to their conditions, arts, and mysteries, each with its own hall, master, wardens, etc. ; all the gilds were to be governed and directed by the mayor. — {Mmiic. Corp. Com. 1835, Ireland, pp. 810-811.) In 1672 it was enacted that all foreigners, who then were, or should be, resident merchants, traders, artisans, etc. should, on their request and on payment of twenty shillings each, be admitted a freeman of all or any separate gild during his residence and should have and enjoy all privileges and immunities of trading, 'buying, working, and selling in as large and ample a manner as any freeman. — {D' Alton, Drogheda., i. 195.) This law applied to ' any city, walled town, or corporation ' of Ireland. — {Rules, Orders, etc. by the Lord Lieut. a?id Council, p. 7 et passim.) DUBLllsr. Earl John in 1192 granted the citizens of Dublin, among other liberties : — ' Quod nuUus extraneus mercator emat infra ciuitatem de homine extraneo blada, vel coria, vel lanam, nisi de ciuibus. Et quod nuUus extraneus habeat tabernam de uino, nisi in naui. . . . . Et quod nullus extraneus uendat pannos in ciuitate ad decisionem. Et quod nullus extraneus mercator moretur in villa cum mercibus suis, pro mercibus suis uendendis, nisi per xl. dies. Item quod habeant omnes racionabiles gildas suas, sicut burgenses de Bristoll' habent, uel melius habere consueuerunt.' — {Gilbert, Documents of Lrel., 53-54.)^ Among the records of Dublin there are various ancient Rolls of ' These privileges were confirmed by King John in the beginning of his reign, • — Chartae, etc. Hibemiae, p. 11. In the year 20 Edward I Limerick received a charter, modelled after that of Dublin, in which these same clauses occur, — Add. MS., Mus. Brit., 19865, fol. 80; Chartae Hiberniae, p. 36. 6o Cfte (^ilD e^ttthmt DUBLIN, the Gild Merchant. The oldest probably date from the close of the twelfth century and consist of six membranes, each contain- ing on the average about 275 names. Opposite each name is placed a sum of money varying from two to eleven shillings. Many are described as ordinary craftsmen, — ' tannator,' ' carnifex,' 'cirotecarius,' 'lorimer,' etc. ; many are from towns in England, — 'de Oxonia,' 'de Wintonia,' 'de Bristollo,' etc.^ A similar Roll of the year 1226 begins thus : — ' Hii subscripti intrauerunt in gilde- mercaturam, Roberto Pollard et Petro de Ballimor existentibus prepositis, anno regni regis Henrico decimo.' It contains about 220 names, each person paying nine or ten shillings ^. Two other membranes of the years 1256 and 1257 have a similar heading. One contains 64 names, the other 140. Among them are the following : — Ricard le chapman ; Adam blundus de Ardras, tan- nator ; Rogerus de Winton, coruisarius ; Ricardus de London, cordewanarius ; Robertus de Eborak, parmentarius ; Hugo tan- nator, de Louethe ; Nicolaus de London, pelliparius ; Unfridus de la Velde, carnifex, etc. ^. There are also various lists of names (a.d. 1225-1250), with headings similar to the following :— ' Hii subscripti intrauerunt in libertate ciuitatis, Philippo filio Stephani, Elia Burel existentibus prepositis \' A.D. 1451. Henry VI in the 29th year of his reign allowed certain persons to found a Merchants' Gild of Dublin, to which he granted various fol. I. liberties': — ' Concessimus eis et licentiam dedimus pro nobis et heredibus nostris ac successoribus nostris, quantum in nobis est, quod ipsi vel illi qui de ipsis superuixerint ad laudem et honorem Sancte Trinitatis quandam fraternitatem siue gildam artis merca- ' Gilbert, Documents, pp. vii-ix, and 3-48. ^ Ibid., 82-8S. ^ Ibid., 136-140. * Ibid., 1 1 2-1 23. * The documents that follow in the text are copied from Egerton MS., Mus. Brit., 1 765, a paper volume in folio bearing the title, ' City of Dublin. — Corpora- tion Records.' Ff. 1-118 consist of extracts made by William Monck Mason (nineteenth century) from the records of the Merchant Gild of Dublin, viz., the Books of Bye-Laws, the Books of Orders and the Journals of the Gild, extending from 1438 to 1824. The remainder of the MS. (ff. 119-204) contains materials relating to various other gilds of Dublin. Proofs ann JUustrations. 6i torum Ciuitatis Dublin ' successiue et in successionem perpetuam Dublin. de seipsis et aliis personis, tam hominibus quam mulieribus, in capella Sancte Trinitatis in ecclesia Cathedrali Sancte Trinitatis Dublin' nunc factam et ordinatam de novo incipere, inchoare, inire, facere, fundare, ordinare, et stabilire . . . . Et quod fratres fraterni- tatis aut gilde sic incepte, inchoate, inite, facte, fundate, ordinate, et stabilite, singulis annis duos magistros et duos gardianos de seipsis [eligere possint], qui regimen, gubernacionem, et super- uisionem fraternitatis siue gilde huiusmodi ac custodiam omnium terrarum et tenementorum, reddituum, seruiciorum, possessionum, bonorum et catallorum, que eidem fraternitati aut gilde pre- dicte exnunc adquiri, dari, concedi, aut assignari, vel ad eandem fraternitatem siue gildam pertinere contigerint, habeant [To have a common seal, to plead and to be im- pleaded and to make ordinances.] Et insuper de gratia nostra f^l. 2. habundanti concessimus eisdem Magistris et Gardianis ac fratri- bus dicte fraternitatis siue gilde et eorum successoribus, magistris, gardianis, et fratribus eiusdem fraternitatis seu gilde imperpetuum quod nullus alienigena emat in retallia siue in grosso infra dictam ciuitatem vel suburbium eiusdem, seu infra franchesias dicte ciuitatis aliquas mercandizas nisi de mercatoribus eiusdem Ciui- tatis infra dictam Ciuitatem et in suburbio eiusdem Ciuitatis commorantibus ; et si aliquis talis alienigena culpabilis et conuictus inde in futuro inuentus fuerit coram magistris et gardianis dicte fraternitatis siue gilde pro tempore existentibus, per inquisitionem vel examinationem debitam, seu aliquo alio modo legittimo, quod tunc bene liceat prefatis magistris et gardianis huiusmodi sic culpabiles et conuictos per eorum warranta seu vi^arrantum sub sigillo commune eiusdem fraterni- tatis siue gilde prisone nostre ciuitatis nostre predicte mancipare et deliberare\ Et quod custos dicte prisone nostre eiusdem ciuitatis nostre pro tempore existens vel eius deputatus ibidem huiusmodi sic culpabiles et conuictos per warranta seu warrantum dictorum magistrorum et gardianorum dicte fraterni- tatis siue gilde pro tempore existencium custodie prisone predicte ' MS. ' mancipand. et deliberand.' 62 cf)e ^iin 00etc()ant. DUBLIN, recipiat, ac eos ibidem saluo custodiat, donee per warranta seu warrantum dictorum magistrorum et gardianorum eiusdem frater- nitatis seu gilde extra prisonam nostram predictam deliberentur ; dantes et concedentes pro nobis et heredibus ac successoribus nostris imperpetuum, quantum in nobis est, predicto custodi et eius deputato ibidem plenam tenore presentium potestatem huiusmodi sic sibi commissos seu committendos auctoritate predicta recipiendi et in prisona nostra Ciuitatis nostre predicte custodiendi, donee huiusmodi sic culpabiles et conuicti a prisona nostra predicta per warranta seu warrantum dictorum magistrorum et gardianorum, ut predictum est, deliberentur absque aliqua impetitione, perturbatione, aut grauamine nostri vel heredum nostrorum quorumcumque, vel ofificiariorum seu ministrorum nostrorum aut heredum nostrorum quorumcumque in futuro ' [They may found a chantry and hold lands, etc. to the value of forty pounds per annum] '. fol. 3. These Letters Patent were inspected and confirmed by Queen Elizabeth in the year 1577, who in addition formally incorporated the Fraternity and granted: — 'Quod ipsi et singuli eorum qui de fol. 4. tempore in tempus electi et admissi sunt et erunt in et ad fraternitatem seu gildam predictam solummodo habeant et habebunt potestatem et auctoritatem emendi et vendendi in grosso siue retallia omnes et singulas mercandizas quascumque, omnimodis victualiis solummodo exceptis, que in futuro con- tigerint afferri in ciuitatem, suburbium, libertates seu franchezias eiusdem ciuitatis Dublinie aut in limites, bundas, circuitum vel precinctum earum aliquarum vel alicuius, tam per mare quam per terras, Et quod nuUus alienigena, extraneus mercator, aut aliqua alia persona, siue alique alie persone quecumque, que in eandam fraternitatem siue gildam predictam non sunt vel fuerint electi, admissi, siue electus vel admissus, emat aut vendat, seu ^ That the Gild existed long before this grant is evident from fol. 12:' the whyche [liberties of the gild] ys all alowj't by owr king that nowe ys, henri the fyfte.'' — I have collated the Egcrton transcript with the MS. in the Record Office (Patent Roll, 19 Eliz., pars 12, mem. 7-10) and corrected some errors in the former. IPtoofs ann jnustrations. 63 emant aut vendant, nee ad vendendum ponent seu efferent vel ponet Dublin. seu offerret aliquas mercandizas, exceptis preexceptis, in grosso siue retallia infra dictam ciuitatem, suburbium, franchezias vel libertates eiusdem, seu infra circuitum, ambitum, seu precinctum ecclesi- arum cathedralium Sancti Patricii de Dublinia vel iuxta Dubliniam, vel infra locum vel locos vulgariter vocatum vel vocatos //le Bishoppes glebe, vel infra circuitum, ambitum seu precinc- tum ecclesie cathedralis Sancte Trinitatis infra dictam ciuitatem Dublinie vulgariter nuncupate Cristes Chiirche, vel infra ambitum siue precinctum Sancti Sepulchri vel Abbatie Sancte Marie Virginis vel Abbatie vocate Thomas Courte, aut infra aliquos alios locos, glebas, terras glebales, fundos seu alios locos quoscumque scituatos, iacentes, vel existentes infra ambitum, limites, circuitum vel precinctum eiusdem ciuitatis seu libertatis vel francheziarum eiusdem, nisi de mercatori vel mercatoribus vel ad mercatorem seu mercatores eiusdem fraternitatis siue gilde, sub pena forisfacture omnium et singularum mercandi- zarum aliter emptarum seu venditarum vel ad vendicionem positarum vel vendi pretensarum. Et similiter volumus et concedimus ex gratia nostra speciali, certa scientia et mero motu nostris, quod omnes et singuli alienigene, extranei mer- catores et alie persone quecumque que in eandem frater- nitatem siue gildam predictam non sunt electi aut admissi, ut predictum est, de tempore in tempus portabunt omnes suas mercandizas quascumque, exceptis preexceptis, infra dictam ciuitatem, suburbium, franchezias, vel libertates eiusdem, siue per mare siue per terras portatas, ad locum infra eandem ciuitatem vocatum /e commoti hall eiusdem ciuitatis, vel ad quemcumque alium locum conuenientem, vel locos, infra dictam ciuitatem, suburbium, franchezias, sive libertates eiusdem, quem vel quos magistri et gardiani fraternitatis siue gilde predicte, qui pro tempore fuerint, ad hoc assignabunt, sub pena foris- facture omnium et singularum mercandizarum in aliis locis fol. 4 b. positarum. Et in predicto loco vocato le commo7i hall siue in loco alio quocumque ad mercandizas reponendas per magistros et gardianos eiusdem fraternitatis siue gilde predicte, ut pre- 64 Cbe (^iin ^zxtbmt DUBLIN, dicitur, assignato, iidem alienigene, extranei mercatores et omnes alie persone predicte, sicut predicitur, non admisse vel electe, mercandizas suas solummodo vendent et non alibi, sub eadem pena forisfaciendi easdem mercandizas. Et in eodem loco vel locis ubi sic reposite sunt mercandize ille de tempore in tempus remanebunt, custodientur et ad vendendum ex- ponentur et non alibi infra ciuitatem, suburbium, vel franchezias eiusdem, vel infra aliquem vel aliquos locos, limites, ambitus vel precinctus predictos, nee ab eodem loco siue locis infra spacium quadraginta dierum auferentur sine licencia speciali magistrorum, gardianorum et successorum suorum pro tempore existencium in scriptis ad hoc prius habita et obtenta, sub l^ena forisfacture omnium et singularum mercandizarum sine tali licencia asportarum vel ablatarum, Insuper damus et con- cedimus ex gratia nostra speciali, certa sciencia et mero motu nostris pro nobis et heredibus nostris eisdem magistris, gardianis, fratribus et sororibus fraternitatis sive gilde predicte et succes- soribus suis quod ipsi magistri et gardiani et successores sui possint et valebunt de tempore in tempus infra dictam ciuitatem, suburbium, franchezias et libertates eiusdem ac infra ambitum et precinctum ecclesiarum et nuj^er Abbathiarum predictarum et infra omnes limites et bundas Ciuitatis predicte et franchesiarum eiusdem necnon alicuius vel aliquorum loci vel locorum pre- dictorum superuidere, examinare et scrutari et alios ofificiarios et ministros suos nominare et assignare ad superuidendum, exami- nandum et scrutandum infra locos et limites predictos, si aliqui alienigene, extranei mercatores siue aliqua alia persona seu alique alie persone ad fraternitatem predictam non admisse fecerint seu alios facere procurarunt cum mercandizis aliquibus aliter quam in clausulis, concessionibus et prohibicionibus supradictis specificatur, limitatur et fieri prescribitur. Et si per talem superuisionem, examinacionem vel scrutacionem, iidem magistri et gardiani siue officiarii vel ministri sui predicti videbunt et invenient aliquas mercandizas emptas seu venditas, vel in aliis locis positas, seu aliquo modo usitatas contra vel aliter quam predictum est, quod tunc bene licebit eisdem Proofs antJ Jllustrations. 65 magistris et gardianis et ministris et officiariis suis predictis dubun. easdem mercandizas capere, seisire et secum ducere et ad proprium vsum predictorum magistrorum, gardianorum, fratrum et sororum fraternitatis siue gilde predicte retinere et convertere.' fo^- 5- [They may make ordinances and establish penalties, etc. to enforce them ; all such fines and amerciaments to go to the Gild.] 'The Reule & ordynance of the Trenite yeld of Dyvlyng o'rdeynit & made by a holde (sic) Semble of ]?e Mastirs, War- fo^- ^°- deynes and all the brethern of Ipe sayde yelde, Rath Pembroke & John Kylberry Maystirs, Dawe Blake & Edwarde Waters Wardens, on Mayday the yerre of our lorde Kyng Henry ])e Seixt XVI., anno Dom. 1438. Item Inprimis, That all the brethern of the Brethered of the holy Trenyte yeld of Dublin shall noght adherre to none Brethered of j^e sayd Citte, except the Bretherred of Saynt Anne and of Saynt George, in none manner wyche shall don or be in hurt of pe sayde Brethered or Cittei. All so yff there hap eny Waryaunce or dyscorde, v/yche God defend, betwoix brethern of the sayd yeld, that than non of them shall sew oj^ir at lawe. But fyrst he that felyth hymselff grewid shall cum and complayn to the Mastris of pe sayd yeld for the tym beynge, the wyche shall call the Bretherrede togeddere & make acorde betweix the personnes thus beyng at debate; and he that wyll not obey pe rewlle of the Bretherhede shall be put out of pe. yeyld, and the Bretherrehed to mayntene pe othyr Brothyr agaynste hym in hys Ryght ; and yff anny strange man hawe a quarrell agayne eny brother of the yeld, j^at than j^e bretherhed shall maynten the Bretherhed & harre Brothyr in his ryght ; and foo [i.e. who] so Breke thes Reule to fall in pe payne of x.//. All so pe bretherren of the sayde yeld shall be serwerd ^ of all maner of marchandyse comyng & sold to j^e sayde Cittei befor anny ". All so no Brothyr of pe sayd yeild schall by ne salt ne yrne ^ Served. * I. e. before any other persons. F 66 Ct)e (^iltJ a^etcftant. DUBLIN, ne coUis ^ to vse or awaylle of no man of the Contrey ne of pe " Cittei but by hyt to his owne awaylle and vse, and aftyre he hawe Cellerrit hyt, hyt shall be lewfull to hym to syll hit out of his cellerre by wyght, yrne, sake & collis, & in none other maner, apon payne of x. //, All so no man be receuet to J^e sayde bretherred but in pleyne Semble of the sayd yeld by assent of all Ipe Brethern. And yfif eny of )?e sayd Brethern hawe challange to eny wyche prauythe fol. lo^. to be of the yeld, that he shall noughte be admyttyd vnto J?at he make suffycient amendds to Ipe sayde Brothyr. All so Salt, yren & Collis and suche othyr marchandyse shall be sold by all brethern of Ipe sayde yeld at on prise, as hit shall be noteffyd to Ipe Brethern by byll from J^e mastirs of Ipe sayd yeld, apon pe payne off xx. //. All so what so ewer brothere answere nought to dwe Somnes, he schall lese i.//. wax as offt tymes as he makythe default. But yff he hawe a Reysonable excuse. Memorrandum that by A holle Semble holden be ffor Rychard ffytz Eustace & John Tankarde, Maistris off the sayd yeild, Thomas Barby & Thomas Boys, Wardens off the sayde yeld, the A.D. 1452. xiiii. day of January Anno regni regis Henrici Seixti xxx^. Ther was chosen at pat Semble John ffytz Robert, John Bennet, Jamis Dowdalle, Phyllype Bedlewe, Nych. Gierke, Thomas Sawacghe, Wyll. Grampe & Arnnenton Vscherr to make lawes, Rewles, ordynaunces & statutes nedffull & profytabille for pe sayd bretherhed of the trenite yeld. The wyche lawes, Reylis, & ordennaunces and statutes bene affyrmite by an holle Semble afterward holden pe iiii. tywsday next after the fest of Aster [i.e. Easter] J^e yere aforsayd. In the wyche ordennaunces ben thes. In primis, J^at no maner man shall hawe no maner off mar- chandys that comyth to pe cettie off Dublin ]?at is boght by iiir. byers of pe sayd citei but he ]:at hawe ben a prentese with a marchaunt off the sayd Citei at marchaunt craft, & J)at he be Brother off pe sayd yeld After forme of marchandis. ' Iron nor coals. Iptoofs anD 31Uustration0. 67 All soo that II. mastirs of the yelde be alway ii. of the iiii. Dublin. byers ^ & the ii. wardens be all waye twoo delyweres, trewly to delywir and dewydid untoo all the brethyrn, as it shal be apoyntid by the sayde mastirs & byers, to ewery man after his degree. All soo when the mastirs & wardins wyll apoyncte assemble as oft as hame semythe godly for the awaylle of the sayde yelde, that noo man be somned to that semble ne cum therein bot he ]?at is a marchaunt & brothir of the sayde yelde. All soo anny maner off bargayne that is boght by the sayde mastirs «Sc byers j^at than the mastirs & wardens shall doo somon all ]?e brethirhed that be marchaunts to the yelde hall «Sr witt there what ewrye man will holde of the sayde bargayne. And [yff] yt be noght all holden at that tyme, pat than the sayde mastirs, byers & wardens shall set the owerplus of the sayde bargayne apon all J^e brethred that bene marchaunts, every man after his degree. And yff the sayde bargayne be lasse than his holdyne by the sayde brethirhede |?at bene marchaunts, J^at than the sayde mastyrs, byers & wardens shall mesure & devyde trulye to ewry of theme after harr degree. All soo as soone as anny bargayne ys delywerid that than the mastirs & wardyns shall appoyncte a semble & call the brethirne toogythire and set a reyssonable pryse & apon all fol. ii. marchaundyssys, & all the brethirne shall kepe that pryce and syll thereafter, apon the payne of x. //. All soo that no maner man Dwellyng within the syttye of Dublinge vse no faculltye of marchaundyse within the fraunchis of this cyttye bot he that hawe bene aprentyse with a marchaunte at marchanddyssis, by the wych he is made freeman of the sayde syttie, laste than he sholde be pleayt by the assemble of the sayde brethrede & make a fyne, & J?e proffyte thereof goo too the sayde yelde. Allso that no marchaunte being brothir of the sayde yelde by noo maner of marchaundyssys inwarde ne outwarde to delywir to ' In the margin of the MS. are these words : — ' This establishment of byers seems to grow out of the provisions of Stat. Kilkenny in 40 Edw. Ill ; see section 6 of it.' F 2 68 Cfje (^ilti ^etcftant. DUBLIN, no man of the Cowntre as the bargayne is boughte, apon payne " ofxx.s. Allsoo that noo brothir of the sayde yelde by noo marchaun- dyssys, that is to saye salt, wyne, yerne & collys that commys to be solde too the Syttye, tyll the mi. byers hawe forsaken yt & that he hawe lewe of the iiii. byers, apon peyne of xx. //. All soo whate man prayethe to be brothir of the sayde yelde in forme of marchaundyses pat he be noght admytted bot by fyne, as J?e mastirs, wardynes at haw not payt harre quarttarragchis, & delywir to ]>e newe Mastris and Wardens, and thay to delywir no parcell of erne ne salt to J)em that not payd tyll therr quartarraghis be payt soo fol. 12. beynge behynde.' * Allsoo hit is ordeyned that no marchaunte of the Cyttye by ^ I.e. iron. 70 Cfie <3ilt) a^etcbant DUBLIN, noo maner yorn, salt, colls, wyne, pytche, ne rossyne that bene poynted hythire to J^e cyttie, wythe owte consente, assent or lewe of the iiii. byers; and yff he doo, too paye to the yelde c.s. & too be put out of the yelde, & the bargayne to be dystrubote among the brethred. And yff hyt maye be fownde that enny man grawnte o]3ir prof}'re anny penny to annye forrene marchaunte more than the iiii. byers proferythe withowt lewe of the sayde iiii. byers, he to fall in pe forsayde payne.' A.D. 1480. 20 Edward IV. — The four Porters swear ' trulye to mesure sake, collis & othir marchaundys ' and ' in making of hidis owtwarde as in weing of yorne inwarde,' etc. fol. 12 3. 'The forme of the othe of the mastirs of the sayde Yelde. — Yee shall bee trewe Mastirs vnto the yelde of the holy trinte of the Cyty of Deweling, and ye shall see that all the due rewerence and worship be don to the Trynnyte and that his daye be worshipped and kept by yowr dyscrecion to the worship of the holi Trinitie. Allsoo ye shall see that all dutis that lengithe to the yelde of the Trynnytie be trewly rerit and reservit by yowr powers, where that the wardins may not rere them. Allsoo ye shall be goode and trewe mastirs vnto all the brethern that bene marchaunts of the sayde yelde and them ye shall mayntayne by yowr powere in all ryghte. Allsoo yow shall duly & trewly mantayne all rulys and ordinauncis, statuttis & lawis thereof and due execucion, and ye shall doo according to the sayde rulis agayns ewerye man according to his offense, and duly & trewly ye shall see that all the merciaments bee rerit. Allsoo all due sembles ye shall holden as of [tin] tymis as nedithe to the goode rulle and gowernaunt of the sayde yelde and brethred, and in speciallye iiii. quartere sembles, the bene called the iiii. Mondays next afor the iiii. greate quarter sembles of the sayde syttye, excepte the mondaye next after myghallmas, the whych shalbe after myghallmas for certayne kawsis. AUso whate bar- gayne ye makith for the cyttye ye shall trewlye make rewlacion to the brethrine of the sayde yelde, & trewly mynstir after the rewlis of the same bretherred. Allsoo suche manner othe as ye rescwe yee shall gywe to yowr Wardyns ; too this poyncts Proofs mn jnusttation^. 71 and all othirs that lengythe to the sayde yelde and bretherred ye Dublin. shall holde, soo god yow help and holydome.' 'The Wardins othe. — Ye shall be trewe Wardins vnto the yelde of the holy Trynnytie of the Citti of Dubling ; all due rewerence and worshipe ye shall doo to the holly triniti ; allsoo all due execucyon that lengith to yowr office yow shall doo by yowr powere ; all due sembles with the mastirs as hit lengythe to yow ye shall holde ; but all othir rulis, ordinancis & statutis & lawis yee shall mayntene by yowr powre. Allsoo ye shall well and trewlye rerr to ewery man all the quartaragis, fynnes and merciaments thereof by yowr powere. Allsoo ye shall well and trewlye delywer the marchaundyssis that bene bought by the iiii. byers to ewery man according to ther poynctement ; to these poyncts and all otheris that lengithe to yowr offyce ye shall hold, soo god yow helpe & holidome, &c.^ ' ' Allsoo hit is ordined by semble pat no man that is resident fol. 13. of the citty of Dewling shall supporte nether mayntene no Lumbarde, byrtton, ne Spaynnarde, nethir ne auliant^ to be alegere (sic) to engrose the markete of no maner ware, ne bye ne sill wyt no alliant^ ; but when pe comithe a ship with anny ware, that then lawfulle the mastir and byers chosin for to by there goodys after harr discrecion, and to be delywerid among the brethirne by the wardyns with the owersight of the master ; and when the ship is delywerid, the alient to resewe his payment, and so to depart with the same shyp othir with som oj^ir shyp by soche days as the mastir will award ; and who contra[venes] this lawe to lose XL. //. and to be put owt of the brethred forewir. Memorandum, it is concludid by the holle fraternyte of the Trinitei Yelde here assembled the moundaye nexte after Relyke Sowndaye, the xviii^li yere of the Reynge of owr sowerayne Lorde Kinge Henrie the Vlllt^i, that no man free ne forron A.D. 1526. shall lade or ship anny maner woll, hidis othir stapill warre, sawing onely marchaunts of the stapile, and theye soo lading to fol. 13 3. make ther entre thereof befor the mair^ of the stapull for the * The entry immediately following these oaths is dated 18 Edward IV. * I.e. alien. ^ MS. 'man'.' 12 C8e (^ilD e^etcbant DUBLIN, tyme being, vpon peyne of x. //. tocyens quociens ; &: that no marchaunts of the stapill sell anny stapill ware to anny man sawing to a staplere within the land, apon the same payne, prowidid that noo Staplere by this lawe be restrayned to sell hidis to straungers for mony or ware, as hathe bene vssed in timis past. Memorandum, yt was agrede and made for a ground lawe by the holle assemble of the trinitie yelde the Monday nexte after the feste of tiburti and valerian, the viitli yere of the A D. 1516. reing [of] owr Soweraine Lorde King henrie the Vlllt^, then being mere John Rocheforde, & Ballyffis William New- man & Robarte Cowlye, mastirs of the yelde Master Willame Talbote & Mastir Walter Piparte, biers Nycholas Queytrote and Nicholas Handkoke, and Wardins Patrik fytz Simons & Rycharde Rath, that no Lord, gentyleman, Abbaye, freman ne forrine, excepte onely brethirne of the yelde, shall not be serwid of salt, yerne, collis, wine ne othir warris at the keye ne at the kran by watter mesure or kran weyght in noo wyse; and that no mastir, byere, ne wardine yewe lysins to the contrarie hereof, vpon payne of XX. s., as often as any of them offend, withowt grace ; and that none of the bretherne yew anny parte of his complement to anny othir not beinge a brothir, ne take up in his holding to gywe any othir [by] colore or otherwise, vpon payne of xiii. s. nil. d., as often as he offendithe, withowte grace, & half of the sayde pennalty to the finder of the sayde pennaltis & the o]?ir halfe to the Balliffis, and no mercye to be yewin.' * Memorandum, yt ys agreede by assemble the iii. moundaye after Chrystemas in the xxivt^i yere of owr soweraynge Lorde King A.D. 1533. Henry the Vllltli, then being mayor Nycholas Geydone, Baylyffis Symon Lottrell and Brandame fostere, Mastirs of the Trynyte yelde Thomas barbey and John Sarswell, byers Robarte Shilling- forde & Walter fytz Symon, Wardings Jamis horpye and Richard fol. 14. Sarswell, — That noo brothir of the sayde trynyte yelde, ne othir inhabytante of the Cyttye of Dublin shall bye anny winnys within the stremmis and lybertys grauntid to the sayde cyttye. But onely mastir mayor and the mastirs and byers of the sayde yelde for the IPtoofgi ann 31ltotration0. n tyme being, and when annye winnis shall com, after a comenaunce' Dublin. had and a pryce drywin betwyxe the mastirs and biers aforsayde and the marchaunts of the winnis, and thereuppon the wardins of the sayde yelde send to the brethirne of the same to knowe whate every brothir will holde, then after relacion made by the wardins to the mastirs and byers aforsayde whate the brethirn will holde, yf the Mastirs and biers persewe there bye that that wyne maye not be holdin & therevpon refuse and gywe ower the bargayne. Yet all this notwythestanding, no brother ne inhabytante aforsayde shall interprise ne presume to bye the winnis soo refused, ne anny parsell thereof, wytheowte especyall lycense of the master and byers aforsayde; and in lease anny of the sayde brethirne hawe luicens, as aforsayd, to by the wines soo refused and ther- uppon bye them, then all suche brethirne shall hawe that porsyon of winnis that then was contentid to holde at the wardings desyre vppon the sending of mastir mayor and the mastyrs and byers, as aforsayde, to the same pryse as they shall be bought ; and allsoo that anny mastir of the Cyttye, yf he will, maye hawe a hoggyssed or a bott of wine for his owne drinkine to the sayde price, and whatsooewer brothir or brethir attempte to infring or breke this sayde lawe in anny poynte, as oftin timis as he or theye soo doo, that same brothir or brethirne shall forfeyte x. //., the oone holfe to the mayore and ballyffis for the time being, the othir halfe to the trynnyte yelde.' Temp. Henry VIII. — No freeman except he be a brother of fol- 14'^' the Gild to retail ' Salte, yrne, nor collis,' upon pain of forfeiting the same. [6 Edw. VI.] — 'Where of long this bretrede yelde hawe bene fol. i6. soore oppressed and hindrid by mennis and occasyons of manny a.D. 1553. & dywers by admyttid vnto the same, as tayllors, bowchers, shomakers and men of occupacion whych by there sayde occu- pacion myght get and win there lywing ownestlye according [to] there voccacion, as allsoo dywers othirs that neuer wan the sayde brothred by byrthe, marryache or prenteship, according the olde auncient lawes, vsagis and costoms to the contrarrye prowydid ' I. e. agreement. 74 Cl)e (^ilti e^cxcbmt DUBLIN, and ordyned, whych admytting of such forens and strawngers to the sayde brethired onelye dothe growe, for that sheffly the Masters & Eldirs of the sayde howse . . . [privately favour the said foreigners,] whereof haw growyne suche a sorte of late amongst theme that the lywing and trade of merchaundise allmost is lost' .... In the future no one is to be admitted under a fine of forty pounds, ' vnless he wine the same by byrthe, maryage or prenteshipe.' fol. i6i>. 25 Henry VIII. — Agreed in assembly that no stapler of Dubhn A.D. 1544. should sell hides to any persons save those who bring the value of the said hides in ' yorne, wine, salte, grayne ' or in any other merchandise brought from France, Flanders, Spain, Britain or elsewhere. Merchants bringing the wares above-written can buy the value of one quarter of said wares in hides above the quantity of the said wares sold by them to any stapler. Penalty for breaking this statute £40, one half to the mayor of the staple and the masters of the Gild, the other half to the City and to the finder of the offender, fol. 17. ' Memorandum, Where as dywerse and many as well straungers as forrens as aleans, being the kings subjects and othirwise, doo dalye resorte vnto this pe kyngs mayestyes Cyttye of Dublin and there demurr and hawe there abood and dwelling, whych dothe from tyme to tyme dayly by and syll by retaylle and parcells at there will & plesure all kynde of marchaundyssis in lyke maner and sorte as those that hathe and be made fremen of the sayde Cyttye dothe, contrary to the lybertis & auncient vsagis of the sayde syttie, vnto the grete lossis, domages & impow[er]ysshing of the mastirs, wardings and brethirne of the trynyte yelde within the sayde syttye, being establyshed by auctoritie of parliament & auctorryssed by the same to make and estab- lyshe all suche ordynaunces as they shall thinke mete frome time to tyme for the ruUe & gowernaunce of the sayde yelde and fraternyte of the same and of all othir the inhabytaunts and fremen of the sayde sytty, and lyke to ensuing to there vtter dekaye, vnlesse the same be the sowner be redressyt; for remedye whereof the iiiith frydaye next after the feast of sayncte Iptoofs ann Jltottations, 75 myghell the Archangyll, being the xx*^ day of octobir in king Dublin. Edwarde the Vltli by the grace of God king of England, frawnce and Erland, defender of the faythe, at assemble then holdine in the tollsell of the sayde syttye of Dublin, It is ordyned, enacted and establyssed by the Mastirs, Wardyngs and bretherne of the sayde yelde, being awctorrysed, as aforsayde, that from thense- forthe no manner of person ne persons, whate soo ewer he or they bee, be he or they subjects vnto the Kyngs mayestye or othir- wyse, being no freman made within the sayde sytty by the lawis and lybertys of the same, shall by or syll by retaylle or parcells anny manner of kinde of merchaundyssis or warris to or with anny straungers, forren or alien, be he or they the kings mayeste is subjects or othir wj'se within the sayde syttye, lyberties or fraunches of the same, only to or wythe the fremen of the sayde Cytty soo made, as ys aforsayde, vpon payne of forfayture of ewrye thing soo to be solde or bought contrarye to the tennor, porporte and trew mennyng of this present ordinance ; the one halfe therof to the seysere and takere, and the othir halfe to the thesuerer of the sayde sytty for the time being to thuse and behofife of the mayor, ballyffs and syttysins of the same ; and that the syller and retayller, as oftine as he or theye shall offend contrarye to the tennor and trewe mennyng of this present ordynuance, shall forfaite x. //., to fol. i^jd. be satysfyed & delywerid vnto the thesuerer of the behowffe of the sayde syttye for the tynie being, vnto the vse and behowffe of the Mayor, ballyffs and syttysins of the same ; and that the mayor, ballywis for the tyme being shall cawse ewery suche syller and retailer to be imprysoned in the comen gyll of the sayde syttye, there to remayne tyll suche time as he the sayde syller & retayller doo satysfye and paye vnto the sayde tresurer for the time being the sayd x. //. ; prowydid alwaye that this ordynance shall not take effecte tyll suche time as it be oppenly red in the markete place in a market daye in the sayd cyttie.' August .7, 1556. — If any bargain be offered to the Masters and Byers by any stranger coming to the City, no brother shall make or move a bargain with the said stranger until the Masters and Byers have clearly refused the bargain, nor yet after such DUBLIN, refusal without the Hcence of the latter. Any one breaking this ordinance to pay £40 for each offence, one half to the Treasurer of the city, the other half to the informer. fol. 19/'. [a.d. 1573.] 'Yt ys agreide that the mastirs shalbe yearelie chossen of the nomber of theym that have beyne maiors, and that the wardens shalbe yearely chossen of the moste grawe and dis- creete bretherne vnder the callinge of aldermen to assiste the Mastirs, as apperteynethe to that ofifice, and the wardens that be at this presente shalbe clerkes to theis yelde so long as they shall well demeane theymselves, & shall have the same per- quisits that they nowe have, and that the sayde wardens for the tyme beyng shall have for their paynes double holdinges of all the bargaines to be made for this yelde, and shalbe maker of hides to straungers, and byers for the bretherne of the same yelde.' Before any person be admitted to the Brotherhood, he shall serve seven years as an apprentice, then three years as a journey- man, then occupy two years for himself before he be made a stapler. fol. 20. The Masters and Wardens ' to sit in the bretherne house in the Tolsell ' every Thursday to hear and determine the complaints of brethren. fol. 20 <^. Brethren receiving goods bought by the Gild are to pay for the same within ten days. fol. 22 <^. No brother from henceforth to buy or receive by holdings any iron, salt, wine, coals or other merchandise for the use of any other man, except he be a brother of the Gild ; but first he is to bring it to his house or cellar and thence deliver it by cellar- weight or measure. fol. 23 d. No one of any other corporation of this City shall be admitted a brother of this Gild until he be sworn to give over the liberties of such other corporation. Merchants of the Gild must be resi- dent ; otherwise they are to receive no holdings. Oct. 22, 1577.— The brethren of the Gild are not to retail wines at more than certain specified prices. fol. 24. Oct. 21, 1583. — No brother shall have more than one shop proofs ant illustrations, n or more than one wine-cellar to retail wine and other merchant D\ibUH. wares. July i8, 1586. — It is agreed by assembly that ever)' stranger fol. 26. bringing merchandise to this City to be sold shall bring the same to the Common Hall or Common Cellar; and, further, the merchant stranger shall be taken by the Wardens or Clerks before the Masters and Wardens of the Gild, to depose whether he brought any more goods than the quantity placed in the Common Cellar. The Clerks to keep a book having an ac- count of every man's goods ; nor shall they permit any goods to be sold to any persons but brethren of the Gild, nor even to them without licence from one of the Masters and Wardens. The Clerks are to take notice of what every brother buys, to the end that none of those goods be sold to any but a brother of this house, nor be retailed in those places but by way of distribu- tion among the brethren. Four or six brethren are to watch the landing of wares coming to this river, to the end that they may be brought to the places appointed. May 27, 1603. — It being found that the law passed in 1597, fol. 27^. repealing the law forbidding any brother from trading directly with strangers, was to the detriment of the Gild, by which inno- vation certain brethren were enabled to buy up commodities •which they refused afterwards to dispose of but at excessive prices, it was agreed in an assembly of the Gild that the ancient law for buying and distributing commodities coming to this City shall be established. Henceforth the Masters, AVardens and Buyers shall buy and bargain for all merchandise coming to the City to the use of the whole Brotherhood, to be distributed among them ac- cording to place or calling. No brother shall from henceforth buy or bargain with any foreigner or other person not of the Gild for any merchandise brought to this City to be sold, without special license fol. 28. from the Masters and Wardens, upon pain of £ 100. Neither shall the Masters and Wardens make any bargain for their own account, but only for the benefit of the whole Brotherhood, neither shall they refuse any bargain without the consent of a competent number of the Brotherhood. 78 C!)e (^iin a^ercfjant DUBLIN. November 6, 1648. — 'Wheras diuers and many Intruders as well fol Aod freemen of seuerall Corporacions of Smithes, Gold Smithes, Tayllors, Chaundlors, weauers and Copers, as also diuers other strangers and forinors doe dayly intrude vpon this Guild and doe sett vp wyn-tauerns, Cellors, Shopps, Stalls, and doe buy and retayle wynes and sell all sortes of marchandize contrary to the Charters, Libertys and auncient vsages of this Guild. It is therefore ordred and agreed yat ye Clarke of this house shall take a view of all ye seuerall Intruders, and from tyme to tyme to make a perfect list of theire names, and to returne ye same to ye Masters and Wardens for ye tyme beinge, who are to prosecute ye said Intruders according to ye laws of this house made and provided in that case.' ' Likewise it is ordred and agreed by ye authority aforesaid yat ye Masters for ye tyme being shalbe booth ye buyers, and booth ye Wardens ye deuidors and deliuerers of all marchan- dizes, bought or to be bought by ye Masters for ye vse of this Guild, according [to] ye auncient custeme.' fol. 43. A.D. 1655. — If the City do not pay the Gild the £300 due the latter, the brethren agree to bring suit against the former^ fol. 44. Apr. 6, 1657. — A Council of 24 is appointed to manage the affairs of the Gild. The other brethren are to attend only at fol. 55. quarterly meetings. In 1679 it was ordered that only the Lord Mayor, Masters and Wardens, all the Aldermen and Sheriffs Peers that are free of this Gild, and threescore more of the brethren, elected by the Masters, Wardens and Council, should fol. 54*^. meet and act in the quarter assemblies. At this date there were upwards of 400 members of the Gild. fol. 55- Apr. 19, 1680. — The Gild is to be represented in the Common Council of the City by 42 of its members. fol. 64^. Apr. 2, 1733. — Hawkers are no longer to interfere with the ' It appears that the Trinity Gild frequently lent money to the civic au- thorities. In 1671, for example, it was ordered that £60 should be lent 'to the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, to be employed for the management of certain affairs of great importance to this City' (fol. 50^). This Fraternity was accustomed to contribute two thirds of the town cess, ^emp. Elizabeth, and the other gilds, or corporations the remainder. — Egerton MS. 1766, fol. 188. Proofs anti Jllustrationsf, 79 trade of shopkeepers, ' who regularly pay their quarterage to this Dublin. Guild \' In June, 1702, the Lord Mayor of Dublin issued a 'De- claration,' of which the following is an abstract ^ : — Complaints having been made by the several corporations of the City that persons not free of the City or of any guild or fraternity of the same exercise their trades and sell by retail ' to the great prejudice of Her Majesties subjects, for that such sort of intruders are generally unskill'd in the trades and mys- teries they profess, and have been often detected of apparent fraud and deceitful practices in their way of dealing,' the Lord Mayor pubUshes the by-laws prohibiting such practices. In the year 161 2, 'These Laws, Orders, and Constitutions following were Made and Established in full Assembly then holden. 'Whereas by the antient charters, customs, franchises, and liberties of the City of Dublin, confirmed by sundry acts of parliament, no person not being free of the City of Dublin, may or ought to sell or put to sale any wares or merchandizes within the said City or liberties thereof, or retail or keep any open shop or inward place and room for shew, sale, or putting to sale of any wares or merchandizes whatsoever. 'Now forasmuch as divers and sundry persons not being free of the said City, nothing regarding the said antient charters, franchises, customs, and liberties of the said City, but wholly intending their private profit, have of late years devised and practiced, by all sinister and subtil means, how to defraud the said charters, liberties, customs, and franchises ; and to that end, do in privy and secret places, usually and ordinarily shew, sell, and put to sale their wares and merchandizes, within the said City and liberties of the same, to the great detriment and * Ff. 64-118 consist chiefly of addresses of thanks to members of parliament, mayors, etc. ; the election of honorary brethren ; the regulation of coal-meters, etc. '■' There is a printed copy of this ' Declaration ' in the British Museum ; it bears the press-mark 1890. e. 5 (2). 8o Cte (3ilt} ^etcftant DUBLIN, hurt of the said City, and of the free citizens thereof, who pay- scot, and lot, bear offices, and undergo other charges, which strangers and others not free of the said City are not chargeable withall nor will perform ; — ' For reformation of these disorders it is ordained by the Common Council that no person not free of the City of DubHn shall, 'by any colour, way, or means whatsoever, directly or indirectly, by himself or any other,' sell any wares by retail or keep a shop to sell by retail within the city or its liberties, upon pain of forfeiting five pounds. ' And further, that one equal moyety of the said forfeiture being recovered, shall be imployed in such works of charity, as the Mayor of the City for the time being, and the Masters of the Trinity Guild for the time being shall think fit ; and the other moyety thereof to be imployed for maintaining and bearing the common charges of the masters, wardens, brothers, and sisters of the Trinity Guild, within the said City, &c. Provided always that this Act or Ordinance, or anything therein contained, shall not extend to any person or persons for bringing or causing to be brought any victuals to be sold within the said City and the liberties thereof, but that they, and each of them, may sell victuals within the said City and the liberties thereof, as they might have done at any time before the making of this Act, any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding. 'And whereas in the said year of our Lord 1612, the like by-law was made, prohibiting all persons not free of this City, from exer- cising any trade, mystery or occupation, in the said City or liberties thereof, under the pain of forfeiting five pounds for every such offense. 'And forasmuch as the said by-laws tend only to the well regu- lating and ordering of trade and prevention of fraud and deceit ; I the said Lord Mayor of this City, by and with the consent and approbation of the board of Aldermen, do hereby strictly charge and require all persons whatsoever (except such as are free of this City, or of some corporation in the same, or otherwise allowed by the master of such corporation), that they do not proofs anD 3inu0ttation0. 8i presume for the future to keep open any shop inward or out- Dublin. ward, for the sale of any goods or merchandizes whatsoever by retail, within this City or liberties thereof, or in any way intrude on the lawful franchises of any of the corporations or fraternities of this City, by retailing merchandizes or exercising their trades, crafts, or mysteries, within this City or liberties thereof . . . Dated at the Tholsel this 12th day of June, 1702.' ' Samuel Walton.' * T^e Oath of the Brethren of the Guild of Merchants' 'You shall swear to be true and faithful unto our Soveraign Lady Queen Anne and to the Fraternity, or Guild of Merchants of the City of Dublin : and it you shall support and maintain to your power in all right : also you shall be true to the brethren that be merchants thereof, and them you shall maintain and support in their right against all others : also you shall be true to the rules, ordinances and statutes that be ordained, or shall be ordained by the authority of the masters, wardens, and brethren for the due profit and avail of the said Brotherhood : also all counsels that belong to the said Brotherhood and Guild, and all other counsels that shall be moved in all assemblies, for the just profit and avail of the said Guild, you shall truly and faithfully keep : you shall answer to all due summons : and duly and truly pay your quarterages : you shall not adhere to any other guild, to the hindrance and wrong of this Guild : also you shall not merchandize with any un-freeman's goods, nor be broker for any alien, to the wrong of the Brotherhood. These, and all other things belonging unto the said Brotherhood and Guild you shall support and maintain to the best of your power, for the good of the said Guild. So God you help, &c.^' It is interesting to compare the above with the following : — ' The Oath to be fuinistred unto every Freeman of the City of Dublin.' 'You shall swear that you shall be good and true to our ^ British Museum Library, press-mark 1890. e. 5 (206). G 82 C6e <3i\'o e^zuf^mt DUBLIN. Sovereign Lady Queen Anne, and to the heirs of our said ' Sovereign Lady the Queen. Obeysant and obedient you shall be to the Mayor and Ministers of this City ; the franchizes and customs thereof you shall maintain, and this City keep harmless in that that in you is : you shall be contributory to all manner of charges within this City, as summons, watches, contributions, tasks, talladges, lot and scot, and all other charges, bearing your part as a Freeman ought to do : you shall colour no forreign goods whereby the Queen, or this City might lose their customs or advantages. You shall know no forreigner to buy or sell any merchandizes with any other forreigner within this City or franchizes thereof but you shall warn the Mayor thereof. You shall take no appren- tice but if he be free-born ; that is to say, no bondsman's son, and for no less term than seven years : within the first year you shall cause him to be inrolled, and at his term's end you shall make him free of this City, if he have well and truly served you. You shall also keep the Queen's peace in your own person. You shall know no gatherings, conventicles, nor conspiracies, made against Her Majesties peace, but you shall warn the Mayor thereof, or let it to your power. You shall not be free baker, butcher, or fisher, without you pay custom ; and whatsoever office that you be lawfully called unto within the said franchises, you shall it not refuse. All these points and articles you shall well and truly keep, according to the laws and customs of this City to your power. So God you help, and the holy contents of this book. God save the Queen ^' ' A short State of the Case of the Corporation of Trinity Guild, Dublin, with an alphabetical list of the Freemen and also of the Council of the House, belonging to the Corporation who are all Freemen thereof was printed by E. Bate, in George's Lane, Dublin, in 1749. It reads thus : — 'That King Henry the Vlth, in the 29th Year of his Reign, incorporated the Merchants of the City of Dublin, and gave them several Privileges, gave them a Power to chuse every Year two * British Museum Library, press-mark 1890. e. 5 (208). iptoofs ant) Jllusttations. 83 Masters and two Wardens, to make By-Laws for the better Gov- Dublin. ernment of the Corporation, and also to repeal them as Occasion required. That Charter was by a new Charter granted to the Corporation by Queen Ehzabeth in the 19th Year of her Reign confirmed, and further Priviledges and Immunities granted to them by the Name of the Masters, Wardens, Brethren and Sisters of the Fraternity or Guild of the Holy Trinity, Dublin. They have made and ordained many By-Laws for their Govern- ment, appointed four Quarter Assemblys of the Corporate Body to be held Yearly, viz. Michaelmas, Christmas, Easter and Mid- summer, on particular Days. The Master and ^Vardens are to serve for one Year only, to commence from their Michaelmas Quarter Assembly Day, at which time they are to be sworn. There has been a Custom Annually, to appoint a Council of the House in the Nature of a Committee to prepare all the neces- sary Business to be laid before the Corporation at their Assembly. This Council has for many years past been appointed by the Masters and Wardens pursuant to an Order made at every Michaelmas Quarter Assembly impowering them to name such Council. The Masters and Wardens have usually in pursuance of such Order appointed a Council of the House Yearly, and have con- stantly named the Lord Mayor, all the Aldermen, the Sheriffs and Sheriffs Peers, the Masters and Wardens, and all their Peers and thirty-one more out of the Corporate Body to be of the Council of the House. There is not any written By-Laws of the Corporation impower- ing this Council to act in the Election of any of the Offices of the Corporation, or in the returns to be made of Persons to serve in the Common Council of the City of Dublin pursuant to the New Rules. Yet the Council of the House have taken upon them a right to fix on such Persons as they think proper to serve in the several Offices of the Masters and Wardens, and now insist that G 2 84 C6e i^ilD a^etcFjant DUBLIN, the Corporation is bound to elect their Masters and Wardens out of the returns made by them. They exercise a power of returning Persons to serve in the Common Council of the City, which is of the greatest Consequence not only to the Corporation, but to the City in general, without ever applying to the Corporation for their Consent or Appro- bation. They now insist that they have a right so to do by Custom, and that the Corporate Body is bound by their Transactions therein. The reasonableness of those Powers as insisted on by the Council of the House in Opposition to the Corporate Body, is left to [the] Consideration of every Freeman. If they are thought reasonable, then let such Council be vested with those powers by Act of the Assembly. If they are thought unreasonable, then the Corporate Body have a Right to reassume the power to themselves, and repeal all such Customs. It now only remains that every Freeman consider whether the Customs and usages thus exercised by the Council of the House are consistent with the freedom of the Corporation, or whether the Corporation are desirous to be restored to their original right under the Charter for Electing such Persons as they think most proper to serve the Office of Master and Wardens out of the Corporate Body without restraint of the Council of the House. And also to the right of nominating such persons as they think most proper to serve in the Common Council of the City, or leave it to the Council of the House to nominate for them as heretofore.' Then follow the names of 632 Freemen of the Corporation; the Council of the Guild (the two Masters, two Wardens, Lord Mayor, two Sheriffs and 24 others) ; 14 Sheriffs Peers ; 3 Masters Peers; 21 Wardens Peers; and 'the 31 Members of the Corpo- rations.' A.D. 1836. — 'On every Michaelmas quarter-day this Guild elects Proofs anti ailusttations. 85 a Mayor and two Constables of the Staple ^ The retiring Lord dubun. Mayor and Sheriffs of the City are generally elected.' In this year there were about 900 brethren. — {Munic. Corp. Com., 1836, Dublin, 271-273.) DUNHEVED alias Launceston. The following is taken from the dorse of the Borough Account Roll of Dunheved for the year 1334 [translation] : — Entrances to the Gild. 'John, the son of Ade [i.e. Adam] of Huntenford, entered for his bika [ale measure] by favour of the mayor : Surety, William Huntenford. Galfrid Boys entered for his bika by the burgesses ; Surety, Roger Tankard. Henry Nayl, entered for 40^. \2d. to be paid forthwith, and at Candlemas 12^., and at Easter \s. 4^.: Surety, Reginald of Tavistock. William Lurneherde entered for 3^., whereof he paid forthwith \Zd., and the residue is to be paid at Candlemas : Sureties, William Hardy and Richard Gibba. Robert de Polhorman entered for a bika by the burgesses. Henry le Pensran entered for a bika by the burgesses. Stephen Curtenay entered for his bika by the burgesses. Philip le Dodder entered for 45-., which he paid immediately on entry. Nicholas the son of William de Bere, entered for 2X., to be paid at Easter, by the burgesses. William Stacy entered by favour of the mayor. Robert of Tredidan entered for 2s. 6d., to be paid at Pentecost and at Michaelmas : Surety, Adam Kech. ' The staplers are frequently mentioned in the Egerton MS. (ff. 18, Jib, 34; 37 f'^ 9°) ^nd see above, pp. 71, 74, 76). The staple was evidently regulated by the Gild, though distinct from the latter. In 161 7 the Gild is called ' the brotherhood of this guild and staple,' — Egerton MS. 1765, fol. 37 b. The staple may be regarded as a section of the Gild Merchant, consisting of the wealthier brethren. 86 Cjje (^ilD ^erdbant DUNHEVED. Seven more entries similar in character succeed.' — [Peter^ Histories of Launceston and Dimheved, 94-95.) The Roll for 1336 is endorsed, under the heading, 'Entrances to the Gild,' with the names of twenty persons who were admitted upon payments of money and for 'bikas.' In 1467 'William Coulecote entered into the Gild, and was sworn of the burgesses.' A.D. 1477. The Roll for 1 7 Edward IV is indorsed, ' Entrances of Burgesses in this year, the names of whom follow.' Thomas Colecombe, of Chepyngtoryton, and Matilda his wife, on the suretyship of John Perys, 6s. Sd. ; William Vyell, of Chepyngtory- ton (surety, John Perys) ; Thomas Vela came into the Gild by his heirship, and paid for his turn, i6d. ; Mr. John de Leche came into the Gild (surety, John Estecote), 6s. Sd. ; Richard Maunsell, cordwainer, was sworn a burgess, and paid for his admission 6s. 8d. Four similiar entries follow. On the back of the Roll of 1493 are the words, 'Entries of burgesses into the Fraternity of the Borough ' ; five names succeed. — (/Md., pp. 95, ii3> 147, 157, 163.) EXETEB. The only reference to the ' Gilda Mercatoria ' at Exeter that I could find in the Record Room of that city or in printed books, is contained in a petition of the citizens to Henry VIII for a new charter, one clause of which was to read thus : — ' Et ulterius concessimus pro nobis et heredibus nostris prefatis Maiori, Balliuis et Communitati et successoribus suis, quod ipsi et eorum successores habeant et teneant imperpetuum Gildam Mer- catoriam cum hansa in Ciuitate predicta, cum omnibus et singulis ad gildam mercatoriam pertinentibus, prout maior, vicecomites et Ciues Ciuitatis nostre london' melius habeant siue habere seu tenere possint. Ita quod nullus, nisi qui de gilda ilia est, mercandisam aliquam faciat in eadem Ciuitate et in portu eiusdem, nisi de voluntate Maioris, Balliuorum et Communitatis predictorum.' — f^Record Roo>n, Exeter, 1-430 b.) There was a powerful Gild of Merchant Adventurers at Exeter, Ig)roof0 antJ JUusttations, 87 which received a charter from Elizabeth. We are informed that exeter. it actually overshadowed the local government and dictated laws to the community, to which the Mayor and Chamber submitted. — ( IV. Cotto-n, An Elizabethan Gild of Exeter, p. 24.) The charter of Elizabeth was granted to the Merchant Adven- A. D. 1559. turers on account of aid rendered the crown by the citizens of Exeter in the time of Henry VII and Edward VI, and on account of the inconveniences arising from the excessive number of artificers and unskilled persons occupying the art or mystery of merchandising. It formally incorporates the Company by the name of ' Magister, Gardiani et Societas mercatorum periclitan- cium Ciuitatis Exonie.' The Society was given power to hold lands and tenements, not exceeding 100 marks annual value; to plead and be impleaded in courts of law ; to have a common seal ; annually to elect a master and four wardens ; to assemble, when they pleased, to make laws for the government of the Society consistent with those of the city and realm. * Et insuper, de abundanciori gracia nostra ac pro consideracionibus predictis necnon pro maiori quiete et releuamine mercatorum predictorum,, volumus ac per presentes ordinamus et stabilimus quod nuUus Inhabitancium Ciuitatis nostre Exonie vel Communitatis eiusdem Ciuitatis, cuiuscumque status seu condicionis fuerit, post festum Purificacionis beate Marie Virginis proximo iam sequens infra eandem Ciuitatem artem seu misteram mercimoniorum vel mer- candizarum frequentare, vel vlla mercandizas seu mercimonia extra hoc regnum Anglie facta seu crescencia per grossam seu per retaliam, videlicet /;z grosse or by retayle, in publico vel priuate vendicioni exponere aut ab eadem Ciuitate mercimonia, mercandizas vel merces aliquas ad partes extraneas et trans- marinas seu alia loca transportare, traducere, eskippare seu conuehere presumat vel audeat (mercatoribus predictis exceptis), sub pena grauis mulcture seu alterius cuiuscumque punicionis super ipsos racionabiliter imponende, nisi prius liber sit eiusdem Societatis secundum ordinaciones inde ordinandas et, vt pre- mittitur, prouidendas. Et insuper, vt premissa et omnia statuta, leges, ordinaciones et mandata eorundem Magistri, Gardianorum 88 cfje (^ilD a^erdbant. EXETER, et Societatis melius obseruari fieri et obidire possint in tempore future, concessimus pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris eisdem Magistro, Gardianis et successoribus suis plenam tenore presencium potestatem et auctoritatem faciendi scrutinium vel scrutinia inter misteram seu artem predictam frequentantes, ac de mercimoniis, mercibus, mercandizis, ponderibus, mensuris et aliis rebus suis mistere illi incidentibus vel ad eandem misteram spectantibus inquisicionem, visum et examinacionem capiendi et habendi, ac defectus in eisdem corrigendi, ac debito et legit- timo modo puniendi et obolendi. Ac quod super delinquentes contra premissa vel eorundem Magistri, Gardianorum et Societatis ordinaciones racionabiles et honestas leges et statuta in forma predicta ordinanda fines, amerciamenta, penas, penalitates, im- prisonamenta, puniciones corporales vel pecuniarias secundum eorundem Magistri et Gardianorum discrecionem, cum auisa- mento et assistencia Maioris Ciuitatis nostre Exonie predicte et quatuor Aldermannorum eiusdem Ciuitatis pro tempore existen- cium, secundum legem huius regni nostri Anglie imponere, assi- dere, appunctuare, exequi, leuare et mandare, ac eadem fines, amerciamenta, penas, penalitates, imprisonamenta et puniciones predicta remittere, relaxare, moderare, mutare et alterare se- cundum discrecionem et per auisamentum et assistenciam pre- dictam possint et valeant, quandocumque et quocienscumque opus et necesse fuerit exnunc imposterum, et sicut eisdem Magistro et Gardianis cum auisamento et assistencia predictis melius visum fuerit. Quorum quidem finium, amerciamentorum et penarum pecuniarum, super huiusmodi delinquentes et trans- gressores pro contemptibus et offensis seu defectibus suis in forma predicta assidendorum vel imponendorum, vnam medie- tatem leuari et responderi volumus et concedimus pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris de tempore in tempus in die festi Sancti Michaelis Archangeli ad proprium opus et vsum Communitatis siue Camerarie Ciuitatis nostre Exonie predicte, in consideracione quod dicti Maior et Aldermanni eiusdem Ciui- tatis de tempore in tempus assistant et auxilient predictis Magis- tro et Gardianis in premissis exequendis et perficiendis ; ac ProoCs ann illustrations. 89 alteram medietatem inde in solum et proprium opus, vsum et exeter. releuamen Societatis mercatorum predictorum levari, conuerti et responderi in forma predicta.' The Society must yearly distribute among twenty poor men twenty ' vestes panneas ' and must assist all of the Company who are impoverished by the violence of the ocean or otherwise. — {^Record Office^ Patent Roll i Eliz., pars 4, mem. 31-32.) Favebsham. 'On 22nd May, 1616, the Corporation, by bye-laws, established a trading guild, under the name of the Mercers' Company. The first bye-law recites that long experience had shewn that the dividing of the government of cities and towns, and of the tradesmen there, into several companies, had worked great good, and was the means of avoiding many inconveniences and preposterous disorders, in respect that the government of every artificer and tradesman being committed to men of gravity, best experienced in the same faculty and mystery, the particular grievances and deceits in every trade might be examined, re- formed, and ordered. It then states the order made, at request of the tradesmen, that all persons then or afterwards exercising the trades mentioned, and inhabiting within the town, should be one company by the name of the Mercers. The list of fifty-two trades enumerated, comprehends nearly all those now exercised, and includes some which are carried on under another name, or have ceased to be exercised in the town. The latter are mercers, haberdashers of hats and small wares, cloth makers, cloth workers, weavers, shermen, barber surgeons, tanners, vintners, pewterers, armourers^ and fletchers. The Company was to have a master, warden, and assistants, clerk, and beadle. No person could thenceforth exercise a trade, unless apprenticed within the town, or first admitted of the Company. No bachelor could set up his trade before the age of twenty-four under a penalty of ^s. a day. No one might sell or utter any other ware or stuff but such as belonged to his trade. Fines for admittance of strangers were not to exceed £10; and no stranger might 90 Cf)e (^ilti a^ercjant. FAVERSHAM. Set up before his admittance upon pain of 3^, 4^. a day. Apprentices brought up in the town were admitted of the Company, and their fine was not to exceed 2s. Persons not coming at the master's summons were to forfeit is. No ap- prentice could be taken under seven years, and his indentures were to be enrolled. Journeymen were not employed under twenty years of age. None might entice another's servant to depart upon pain of 2 ox. Thursday in Whitsun was appointed for a solemn assembly — sermon and dinner. Freemen dying were accompanied to their burial. Ordinances were to be made from time to time for the good government of the Company. Fines might be imposed upon such as should impugn or break the orders. [One half of the fines was to be paid to the Mayor and Commonalty, the other half to the Company.] A small quarterage was paid by the freemen of the Company, and they, upon the recommendation of the master, warden, and assistants, were made free of the town for a fine of 6s. Sd. Lastly, the master, wardens, and assistants, were not to interfere wath the government of the town, but only wdth measures appertaining to the trades and mysteries of the Company. These ordinances the Justices of Assize for the County of Kent confirmed.' — {^Kent Archaeol. Soc, Trans., vol. ix. p. Ixviii.) 'A second set of bye-laws, also confirmed by the judges of assize, was made by the mayor, jurats and commonalty in 1699. The principal provisions in these, relating to the company, are the following : that the mayor for the time being is to be master, that the wardens are to be chosen from the jurats, four of the assistants from the common councilmen, and the other four from the freemen of the company; that all sums, paid on admission into the company by foreigners are to the use of the mayor, jurats and commonalty, to be employed toward the public charges of the town, and some other fines mentioned to the use of the company. In case of neglect or refusal to pay sums imposed by the company, the beadle is to make distress of the goods of the party. The bye-law, after reciting that the number of the freemen of the town had become so small, as not to Proofs ann jnusttations. 91 furnish sufificient for jurats and commoners, gives the mayor and faversham. four jurats power to require any of the freemen of the company to be made free of the town, under a penalty of 5/. and of dis- franchisement.' In 1835 the old organization of the Mercers' Company was still maintained ; its sole remaining function was * to impose a restriction upon the right to trade within the juris- diction of the corporation.' The Mayor for the time being was still Master of the Company. — {Afunic. Corp. Com. 1835, pp. 968- 970.) Gainsboeough. Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, confirmed the liberties of the town {temp. Edward III). The following is the clause of the charter relating to the Gild [translation] : — ' We have also granted to the same burgesses, whose names remain with us in our treasury, that they and their heirs may have from henceforth a free mercatory gild, and that they be free of toll and stallage in buying and selling all their saleable things in the borough afore- said ; so notwithstanding that neither the said burgesses nor their heirs do receive any stranger into their gild aforesaid as a burgess in the gild aforesaid, unless it be with the assent of us or our steward for the time being, and in our court be presented and entered.' — {Stark, Gainsburgh, 75-76.) GtriliDPORD. Henry III in the fortieth year of his reign granted the men of A.D. 1256. Kingston-upon-Thames the Gild Merchant, just as the men of Guildford had it \ ' Gilda Mercatoria ' also occurs among the privileges conferred upon Guildford by Edward III -. Gilda^ mercatoria tenta in Octabis Sancti Michaelis, Anno Guldeford. * Roots, Kingston Charters, 28; Petyt MS., ii. 159. ^ Brayley, Surrey, i. 313 ; Manning, Surrey, i. 35. ' These extracts are taken from two sources: — (i) Addit.MS., Mus. Brit., 6167, a folio volume of 488 pages entitled, ' Collections for Surrey,' made by Rich. Symmes, who appears to have been Town Clerk of Guildford from 1670 to 1680 ; ff. 193-208 refer mainly to proceedings of the Gild from 30 Edw. Ill to 2 Jac. II. (2; A large paper folio belonging to the Corporation of Guildford. 92 Cfte <3i\r} a^etcftant GUILDFORD, regni Regis Edwardi tertii a conquestu Tricesimo. Walterus iVtte F. 1 20. ffenne venit ad istam Gildam, et soluit de redditibus Aule xiiii.^., fol. 193. Et sic quietus est. A.D. 1356. Edwardus Barret venit ad istam Gildam et fecit finem ad pas- In fF. 118-138 we have the proceedings of the Gild from 30 Edw. Ill to 50 Edw. Ill ; in ff. 146-156, the same from 14 Hen. IV to 9 Hen. V. The scribe, Geo. Austen (a person of that name was Town Clerk of Guildford 9 Eliz., — Addit. MS. 6167, fol. 203^), begins as follows : — ' I finde a verie auncient booke of this towne called " The Black Booke " written in the tymes of Edward III, Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Edward IV, Henry VII^ sometymes Kings of Englande, wherein are written and recorded, the choice of divers officers within the said towne yerelie, with divers accoumpts of money receved for rents, forfeytures, proffitts of courts, faires, customes, and other things, by the bayliff, halwardens and other officers of the said towne yerelie collected and paide. And also divers entries of ffynes paid, and auncient customes observed by sundry persons for admittance by a generall consent into the libertie and ffreedome of the said towne, which booke is so ragged, tome, and rent one peece from another, yea, almost every leaf one from the other, and so disorderly placed that I could hardly bring them into order agayne. Now for so much of the same as came to my hands (a great many leaves of that book being lacking) I have reduced as nere as I can into their places, and collected out of the same the cheif substaunce of so much of that which I found there written as coulde well be readd, for in manie of the leaves of that booke the very words and letters thereof in divers places are worn out by age and ill kep- inge, as may appere to them that shall look into the same. ... I have briefly collected out of the same the chief matters therein sett downe, which I have summarilie caused to be written in this my booke For the rest of the matters contained in that booke from the first yere of the raign of king Henry the sixth forthwardes, I have omitted to make eny collections of those latter tymes, because I find from that tyme the booke called the red booke of the said towne to begin and continue yerelie the election of officers, admitting offoreyners by fine and some other things. ... I have taken this paynes to gather out of that book brieflie that which followeth, that thereby instede of the substance some shadow or resemblance of that old book may remayne for those which shall succeed. And yett I would not have that black book by this means to be cast away or not regarded, appering old and ragged, but rather to accompte of him the more in that he doth proceed from your auncient predecessors, and afford him that favour to let him have abode amongest you, where he may rest safelie.' .... The British Museum MS., being more accessible, has been followed in the text, though the MS. at Guildford is fuller. Additions and variations adopted from the latter are given in brackets, but words added in italics are emendations by myself The folios of the Brit. Mus. MS. and the Guildford MS. are indicated in the margin by ' fol.' and ' F.' respectively. Proofs ann Jllusttations. 93 cendum Gildam pro vi. s. viii. d. Et sic quietus est. Et debet guildford. vnum Taurum contra proximam [gi/dam], per plegium Ricardi le ffletcher, Johannis Hillar, Willielmi Jacob et Johannis Tanner [et sic de aliis]. Gilda mercatoria [de Guldeford] tenta ibidem die dominica Guldeford. proxima ante ffestum Sancti Luce Evangeliste,-Anno regni Regis Edwardi tertii post conquestum Tricesimo secundo. A.D. 1358. Ad istam Gildam venit Walterus Atte ffenne et solvit iii. s. iiu.d., quos recepit de Johanna Herman pro Jentaculo suo, Et sic quietus est. [Item de aliis, etc.] Gilda mercatoria tenta ibidem die dominica proxima post ffes- Guldeford. tum Sancti Luce Evangeliste, 35 Edw. 3. A.D. 1361. Ad istam Gildam venit Willielmus Goffe et invenit plegios ad pascendum ad proximam, viz. Robertum Lungie, Johannem Illory et Johannem Mauroks. Ita quod solvat ad ffestum Sancti Michaelis proximo futurum \\s. et ad proximam Gildam v.s., et Jentaculum suum vna cum cursu cuiusdam Tauri competentis, provt moris est, sine vlteriore dilacione. Ad istam Gildam venit Henricus at Stonhurst et fecit finem Gilde sue pro vi.s. viu.d., vnde solvit ad istam Gildam xl.^. Et habet diem, etc. Ad istam Gildam venit Robertus le Spicer et fecit finem ad pascendum gildam pro x.s., vnde soluit nunc xl.^., et habet diem de VI. X. VIII. ^. vsque, etc. [et sic de multis aliis]. Senescallus \ Walterus Wodelande. Electio offic', Walterus at Barr, Henricus Taverner, Ricardus Pruett, F. 123. .Walterus At ffann. fferthingmen. Clericus. Marescallus. Thomas Hornington. ( Johannes fferor, Rob. Lungie, 1 Rogerus Lumbard, Ric. ffletcher. ( Willielmus Gallopyn, I Johannes Mauroks. * Frequently written, ' scenescallus ' in the Brit. Mus. MS. Pincerne. \ Custodes Aule. 94 Cf)e (^iin ^etcf)ant» GUILDFORD. Memorandum quod Computus de CoUectione Marescalli domini Regis de claro computatur inter Communitatem et Willielmum fol. 193 f>. Gallopyn et Johannem Mauroks, CoUectores eiusdem. Ita quod de claro, Computo Computando Allocationibus Allocandis, iidem Willielmus et Johannes remanent in debito dicte communitati in y,s. VI. d. ob.^ preter denarios provenientes de Stokelane, quos Petrus Semer manucepit. Et iidem Willielmus et Johannes petunt allocari de, etc., et de vi.^., solutis pro redditibus Aule pro duobus annis, etc. Et de vi.^. qui fuerunt in manus Walteri Wodeland Maioris de visu ffranci plegii, etc. Inde allocatur pro expensis porce apud ffrenegate, wi.s. i.d., etc. Plegii Johannis Scots de bono J Johannes fferour, gestu versus Maiorem ville. I Johannes Illory. Robertus Trofifle ponit se [in misericordia et] in gratia Maioris et Communitatis, de eo quod vocavit Willielmum Loveland La- tronem, per plegium Johannis Butt et Rogeri Baker, et postea ad rogatum Thome Guldeford et aliorum fide dignorum condonatur, sub bono gestu suo imposterum. Memorandum quod expensa duorum Burgensium missorum ad Parliamentum Domini Regis tentum apud Westm' in ffesto Con- uersionis Pauli, Anno regni sui tricesimo quinto, commorantium F. 123. ibidem per xxviii. dies, per diem quilibet xii. d., attingat ad sum- mam uvi.s. Item in expensis factis circa libertatem essendi quietus de Theolonio prestando in Ciuitate London', Southwerk', Sutham- ton' et Winton' in brevi domini Regis et in aliis expensis neces- sariis pro libertate habenda et allocanda a die conuersionis Sancti Pauli, Anno regni Regis Tricesimo quinto incipiente, vsque ad primum diem Maii proximo sequentem, xxxix.i". v.d. ob. Guldeford. Gilda mercatoria ibidem tenta [tenta ibidem] die dominica A.D. 1362. proxima post . , . Martyris, 36 Edw. 3. Electio offic'. Senescallus. Walterus Wodeland. ^^ , . r Ric. Pruett, Joh. Mauroks, fferthmgmen. { ^ ^ , ,,^ , I Rogerus Baker, Walt, at flenne. Clericus. Marescallus. Thomas Hornington. Proofs anti Jllusttationg, 95 ( Johannes fferour, Rob. Lungye, Guildford. Pincerne. { -^. m i t i m — ( Ric. ffletcher, Joh. Illory. ( Willielmus Gallopyn, Custodes Aule. { ^ -r i i ( Rogerus Lumbard. Ad istam Gildam venit Robertus At Stone et invenit plegios ^ol- i94- ad pascendum ad proximam [gi'/dam], viz. Johannem Illory, Wil- lielmum Pollingfold, Will. Jacob et Johannem Watte. Ita quod pascet ad proximam cum cursu Tauri competentis, prout moris est, [Item diuers ffynes paide for freedome and distresses taken F. 124- of pleges for the like.] Gilda mercatoria tenta ibidem die Lune proxima post ffestum Guldeford. Sancti Luce Evangeliste, 370 Edw. 3. A.D. 1363. Memorandum quod Robertus Lungye debet Communitati v. s., quos recepit, etc. Item venit Ricardus Gadd et solvit Communi- tati IX. s. pro Gilda sua, et omnia alia fecit que ad ipsam pertinuit [pertinent], et sic quietus recessit. Item venerunt hie Walterus Gerland et Radulfus at Gibbes et dant Communitati vnam marcam per plegium Rogeri Lumbard, quos [^?^(2w] solvent ^ incontinenter pro Gilda sua, et Taurus vnius eorum invenietur nunc, et alterius ad proximam Gildam, cum Jantaculo [etc.]. Item venit Rogerus At Tonne et invenit Rogerum Lumbard et Henricum Tanner plegios suos ad pascendum Gildam istam ad proximum annum secundum consuetudinem istius ville sine vlteriori dilacione. Et solvit hie Rogero Lumbard et Willielmo Gallopyn vi. j. viii. ^., et aliam dimidiam marcam solvet ad festum Sancti Martini proximo sequens, per plegios predictos, quam dimi- diam marcam postea solvit hie ad istam Gildam, etc. [Et sic de multis aliis.] Memorandum quod tota summa de expensis Walteri Wodeland et Rogeri Lumbard Burgensium Parliamenti de anno 370 continet nil.//, iiii. i-., de quibus Johannes Maurocks et Johannes Hillary CoUectores solverunt eisdem die Sabbati proxima post ffestum cor- poris Christi xxxix.x. vi. d. Et iidem Walterus et Rogerus dant ' The MS. has quos sol\ 96 Cl)e (^iltJ g^etcjjant GUILDFORD, indc Communitati ad emendacionem communis Aule xiii. s. iiii. d. Ita quod de predicta summa solvuntur eis xxvi. s. vi. d. ^- ^25. Item iidem Collectores finis et expensarum Clericorum de mercato domini Regis expenditarum apud Guldeford in mense Pasche Anno 37^ ad predictum diem reddiderunt computum suum, quod omnia compute computando et allocationibus allo- candis remanent in manibus suis ad emendacionem predicte Aule VII. J. iiii.^, [etc.] Electio offic'. Senescallus. Walterus Wodeland. „ , . f Ric. Pruett, Johannes Semer, fferthmgmen. < "^ I Rog. Baker, Walt, at ffenne. [The other officers as above, 36 Edw. III.] Guldeford. Gilda mercatoria tenta ibidem die Lune proxima post festum A D 1364 S^"^*^ Luce Evangeliste, 380 Edw. 3. Memorandum quod Taurus Rogeri at Tonne quem invenisse debuit ad proximam Gildam precedentem respectuatur vsque ad proximam [Gildam] per eundem plegium suum, et de omnibus aliis quietus est. Item dies datus est Henrico Cokeshall ad inveniendum Taurum suum et Jantaculum vsque ad proximam Gildham, per plegium, etc. [postea invenit Taurum et Jantaculum proximo Anno se- quente, et sic quietus est. Et sic de multis aliis, etc.] Electio offic". Senescallus. Walterus Wodeland. „ , . ( Ric. Pruet, Johannes Mauroks, fferthmgmen. { ^^ ^ , -^r , . rr { Henr. Colas, Walterus At ffenne. Clericus. Johannes Semer. Marescallus. Johannes fferour. f Rob. Wodeland, Thomas Lumbard, Rich. Fletcher, Rob. Lungye. Rog. Lumbard, Pincerne. -l Custodes Aule. [ uill. Gallopyn. Summa coUectionis istius Gilde xvi. s. viii. d. Summa Visus Franci plegii in. s. Inde in expensis istius Gilde in pane v. d., in servitia [i.e. cervisia] xiii. s. vi. d., in came empta iii. s. xi. d., in vino VIII. d., in spicis emptis iii. s. vi. d., in waufers iii. j"., in Gar- leke empta 11. d. Summa, etc. Custodes Aule. . ^ . ^^ Ric. metcher. lg>root^ ann Jlllustration^, 97 Gilda mercatoria ibidem tenta [tenta ibidem] die Lune proxima Guildford. post festum Sancti Luce Evangeliste, 39° Edw. 3. ~ Ad istam venit Rogerus at Tonne, et solvit Taurum suum quem ^ -q ^^3^5 debuit de Gilda sua, etc., et quietus est [etc.]. Senescallus. Petrus Semer [est electus loco Walteri Electio offic'. Wodeland]. ^- ''^• _ , . ( Ric. Pruett, Toh. Mauroks, Ferthmgmen. ^ -^ ^ ( Henr. Collas, Walt. Att ffenne. ( Toh. Wodeland, Hen. Cokeshall, Pmcerne. J ( Thom. Lumbard, Rob. Lungye. Marescallus. Johannes fferour. J Rogerus Lumbard, Clericus. Johannes Semer. Ad istam venit Will. Donelithe et dat communitati pro Gilda sua habenda xiii. s. iiii. d. cum Tauro et Jantaculo, quos solvet ad proximam per plegium Walteri Wodeland et Will. Gallopyn. [Item venit Walterus Taylor et dat Communitati pro Gilda sua habenda vi. s. viii. d. cum Tauro et Jantaculo, quos solvet ad proximam per plegium Rogeri Lumbard et Willielmi Galapyn, etc.] Memorandum quod ad istam Gildam Petrus Dercle, qui vnus fol. 195. fuit communitatis, maledixit ^ expens' clericorum de mercato domini Regis, in contemptu totius Communitatis, et ideo precep- tum est .... Petrus amittit libertatem suam, etc. ; postea idem Petrus venit, et speciali rogatu ..... ville petit libertatem suam, et ponit se in graciam Communitatis, et datus est eidem dies . . . . de plen' pascen' sua, et dat ludum Tauri sui incontinen- ter, etc. Gilda mercatoria tenta ibidem .... 400 Edw. 3. Guldeford. Senescallus. Walterus Wodeland, etc. ^'^- 1366. r,r . . f R-ic. Pruet, Joh. Mauroks, Electio offic', [fferthmgmen. < , ■' F. 128. ^ ^ \ Rog. Baker, Walt. At fenne. Clericus. ' The dots here and elsewhere in the proceedings of this Gild down to 50 Edward III indicate omissions in the MSS. H 98 Ci)e (^ilti a^etdbant GUILDFORD. Marescallus. Th. Hornington. ( Joh. fferour, Rob. Lungye, t Ric. ffletcher, Joh. Illory. ( Will. Galapyn, Pincerne. Custodes Aule. Rogerus Lumbard.] Ad istam Gildam venit Nicholaus Purchas spicer et dat Com- munitati pro omnibus que ad Gildam pertinent, vt sit vnus de Gilda, X. s., quos solvit hie Waltero Wodeland. [ et sic de aliis.] 41 Edw. 3 '. Gilda mercatoria tenta ibidem die Martis proxima post festum A.D. 1367. Sancte Luce Evangeliste [41 Edw. 3]. [Ad istam venit Johannes Barber et solvit pro Gilda sua, viz., pro fine suo xiii. s. iiii. d., et Jantaculum suum, et Taurus re- spectuatur vsque proximam per plegium . . . Item venit Walterus Tailor et dat Communitati Taurum suum, et sic quietus est in omnibus. Item venit Rogerus Lumbard et solvit Communitati iii. s. v. d. de debito Gilde precedentis, et sic quietus est in omnibus, etc.] ^ „ i Walterus Woodland, Senescallus. { { Rob. Loxle. Ballivi et Custodes r Henr. Colas, Aule. \ Joh. Mauroks. _ , , .. ( Rogerus Lumbard, Constabulani. J \ Petrus At Barr. ^ C Jacobus Gossone, Tastatores. { will, Nerwe. ,^. ( Joh. Scott, Thomas Lumbard, Pmcerne. j \ Joh. Illory, Henr. Cokeshall. Marescallus. Petrus At Barr. 42 Edw. 3. Gilda mercatoria ibidem tenta [tenta ibidem] die Lune proxima A.D 1368 ^"^^ festum Sancti Luce Evangeliste [42 Edw. 3]. Ad istam venit Johannes Barbor et solvit Taurum suum de Gilda sua precedente, et sic quietus est in omnibus, etc. [Item venit Thomas Barbor et solvit x. s. pro fine suo aretro ^ In the MS. at Guildford the word ' Guldeford ' always occupies the place of the date in the margin. IProofs antJ SIHustrations. 99 existente et Jantaculum, et vi. s. viii. d. de Tauro suo respectuando Guildford. vsque ad proximam Gildam, per plegium Rogeri Lumbard et Johannis Mauroks, et sic remanet. Memorandum de expensis istius Gilde in pane . . . et servicia IX. s. X. d., vnde Henrico iiii. s. vi. d. et Ricardo ffletcher iii. s. VI. d. Item in nucibus iii. s. Item in Carkes xviii. d. Item in Carne et Ancis iiii. s. ix. d. Item Henrico Tanner pro iii. Ancis et . . . II. s. VI. d., et Willielmo Galapyn pro duobus Ancis et Carne XXI. d., et Johanni Illory pro vna Anca vi. d. Item in vino x. d.; et solvit de parcella argenti precedentis, et remanent vii. s. Ad istam venit Thomas Barber et invenit plegios ad pascendum ad proximam, viz., Rogerus Lombard et Johannes Illory, et fecit finem pro xx. s., vnde solvit incontinenter x. s. et ad proximam solvat X. s. et Jantaculum et Taurum, etc. Item denarii de Curialibus circa proximam Gildam, vide- F. 131. licet : — Walt. Wodeland Cenicia pro prima nocte,- Will. Bonelithe Joh. Scot Joh. Mere Will. Goffe . Rich. Purchaz Jac. Gossone Petr. Bercle Joh. Bidonn Rog. Bannoke Et sic de aliis ad numerum xv.] - 1, bu. frum', brassii, ordi, quietus. I. bu. frumenti, quietus, xi. d. I. bu. brassii, solvit X. d. II. s., quietus. I. bu. frumenti, quietus, xn.d. II. bu. ordi, xuii.d., quietus. I. bu. ordi, quietus, vii.^. I. bu. brassii, x.d., quietus. I. bu. ordi, viii.rt'., quietus. I. bu. brassii, X d., quietus. Electio offic', Gilda mercatoria ibidem tenta die Lune proxima post festum 43 Edw. 3, Sancti Michaelis [43 Edw 3]. tl'ig!!^' Henr. CoUas. Rogerus Lumbard. Rob. Packs. J Rogerus Lumbard, 1 Johannes Mauroks. Memorandum quod Rogerus Lumbard, qui Ballivus fuit istius ville a festo Sancti Michaelis Anno 430 finiente, vsque ad idem festum proximo sequens. Anno 440, Reddidit computum suum die H 2 Senescallus. Ballivus. Clericus. Custodes Aule. loo Cf)e (^ilD ^ercbant* GUILDFORD. Lune septimo die Octobris, de xx. //. De quibus xlvi. s. viii. d. recepit de Petro At Barr de receptis Curie, redditibus, custuma, forisfacturis et omnibus aliis receptis ad dictam villam pertinenti- bus. Vnde, etc. idem computat v. //. solutas de firma dicte ville de Anno predicto, et v. //. solutas de firma istius anni, et xl. s. solutos Comiti Arundel'. Et de xxvi. s. \ui.d. pro Stipendio Sene- scalli et Clerici, et de . . . pro Stipendio subballivi. ■ Et idem Rogerus renunciat Stipendium suum, et de, etc. Item ad istam Gildam concordatum est de certo per Senescal- lum et totam Communitatem, quod tempore futuro semper teneatur predicta Gilda die dominica proxima post festum Sancti Michaelis. Et tunc fiat eleccio omnium officiariorum, etc. Et qui de communitate ad hunc diem non venerint, amertiantur [amercienhir] per communem assensum, etc. Memorandum quod Johannes Scott, Johannes Illor}', Henricus Cokeshall et Thomas Lumbard Pincerni reddunt coniputum suum de XIII. ^. de denariis promissis in alia Gilda alterius anni. Inde computant in pane xiii. d. Item in carne motonis et Ancis ii. s. VI. d., in speciebus iiii. ^., in candelis, etc. 44 Edw. 3. Gilda mercatoria tenta ibidem die Lune proxima ante ffestum A.D. 1370. Sancti [44 Edw. 3]. Senescallus. Petrus Semer. Ballivus. Rogerus Lumbard. Clericus. Johannes Semer. ^ , . , r Rogerus Lumbard, Custodes Aule. { ^ "^ , , ' ( Johannes Mauroks. F. 133. Ad istam venit Johannes fiaror et dat pro fine pro tenementis suis ponendis in regia strata iii. s. iiii. d., qui condonatur ad rogatum fide dignorum. Et dabit annuatim pro eis pro [de] certo redditu ad Curiam legalem iiii. d. Computus Ballivi, etc. [Memorandum quod Rogerus Lumbard . . . .] ^ 45 Edw. 3. Gilda mercatoria tenta ibidem die Lune in festo Sancte ffidis A.D. 1371. Virginis [45 Edw. 3]. Electio offic'. Senescallus. Walterus Wodeland. ^ The MS. at Guildford has tlie account in full ; it is quite similar to that of 43 Edw. Ill, given above. iproofs; anti Jltotrations. loi Ballivus. Joh. Wodeland. guildford. Clericus. Joh. Semer. fol_ ^^g^ r Joh. Wodeland, Custodes Aule. { -r , t^ i I Joh. Barber. [Memorandum quod traduntur Waltero Wodeland Senescallo F, 134. tres carte ville Concernentes, que fuerunt in Custodia Petri Semere.] Gilda mercatoria ibidem tenta [tenta ibidem] die Lune proxima 46 Edw. 3. post festum Sancte Fidis [46 Edw. 3]. ^•°- ^2'^2- Senescallus. Hen. Collas. Electio offic', Ballivus. Will. Gallopyn. Clericus. Joh. Semer. , ^ , ( Will. Gallopyn, Custodes Aule. { ^ , ^ , ( Joh. Barber. Computus Ballivi, etc. Fines ad pascendum Gildam et taurum, etc. [Memorandum quod Johannes Wodeland, qui fuit Ballivus ville supradicte a festo Sancti Michaelis Anno xlv^o vsque ad diem lune proximam ante ffestum sancte fidis Anno xlvi^o, Idem Johannes reddit Computum suum de xvi. //. x.s. \.d. de omnibus receptis Anni predicti, vt de exitibus, proficuis, forisfacturis et omnibus aliis receptis et pertinenciis ad dictam villam pertinenti- bus. Inde Computat x. //. solutas domino Regi pro firma, et XL. x. solutes Comiti Arundell', et xxvi.j. viii.^. Ballivo et Clerico, videlicet, Cuilibet eorum xiii. i-. iiii.'on (except it be buryed) vpon payne ofxx.d. to the Hall. Thomas Tanner, Maior. Thomas Oliver, Baillivus. Severall 6 Henr. 8, persons were then elected to bayt the Bull; also to pay xx.j-. A.D. 1515. apiece ; this to be done on Monday next after the ffeast of St. Martyn, the Bishop. — Att the Lawday holden on Monday next after the ffeast of St. Hillary, All the weights & measures belong- ing to the Hall, were presented before Thomas Tanner, Mayor.' A manuscript volume in the town archives at Guildford, con- sisting of 169 pages and extending from 28 Eliz. to 27 Charles n\ contains the proceedings of the 'Gilda Mercatoria' and the 'Curia legalis.' The former was the court ('ad banc curiam') held on the Monday next after Michaelmas, when such officers as the mayor, bailiff, clerk, coroner, sergeants-at-mace, and later the civic justice of the peace were elected. The ' curia legalis ' (Law-day) was held yearly the Monday next after the feast of ' Compiled by John Champion, Town Clerk of Guildford, (em^. Jac. II. io6 C6e (Sfilt} a^ercftant GUILDFORD. St. Hilary, when the constables, ' decennarii, gustatores carnis at piscium, scrutatores et sigillatores corii, gustatores panis et cer- visie,' etc, were elected. Otherwise it is difficult to detect any difference between the two courts, the same kind of business being apparently transacted at both. Occasionally there are admissions to the Gild, or to the freedom both at Hilary and Michaelmas^, the two expressions 'admissus ad gildam' (or ' admitted to the fraternity ') and ' was made freemen ' being used synonymously, the latter gradually superseding the former. These freemen become more numerous in the reign of Charles H, and are generally knights, lords and other men of distinction. There is another small folio volume at Guildford, bound in vellum, with the title 'Court Book, 1725-1750.' The entries are quite similar to those just described, but ' curia legalis ' and 'gilda mercatoria' are not so carefully distinguished, most of the entries both at Hilary and Michaelmas beginning simply, ' at a court of our lord the king held,' etc. But when there is an election of officers, the difference between Gild merchant and Law-day above mentioned is still perceptible. The last allusion to the Gild in this volume occurs in the year 1749. Hartlepool. Richard Poor, Bishop of Durham, granted the burgesses of Hartlepool a Gild Merchant (a.d. 1230): — ' Volumus etiam et concedimus quod dicti Burgenses habeant libertatem de majore habendo et Gildam mercatoriam, sicut alii Burgenses habent melius et honorabilius in Burgis Domini regis in Anglia.' — (S/iarJ>, HartL, p. 68, App. p. i.) This was confirmed by royal charters of 19 Henry IH and 39 Edward HI. — {Petyt MS., i. 362.) April 15, 1673. ' It is ordered at a general guild that whoso- ever he be of any merchant trade or house-carpenter, joyner, ship- carpenter, draper, taylors, plumers, glasiers, cordiners, butchers, glovers, and skinners, whitesmiths, blacksmiths, wallers, wine coopers, tallow chandlers, et alias that shall presume to come ' Ff. 47, 60, 91, 95, 109 b, no, 147, 16S b, etc. proofs and JlUusttationg, 107 in and within the Hberty of this corporation, to trade or occupye Hartlepool. any such trade without the Hberty or consent off any such who are injoyned, to the prejudice of the free trades and companyes within the corporation, as now is ordered for the good off the free burgesses and inhabitants theiroff, and for the better pre- servation off all the companyes and incouragement of them, to them and their successors for ever hereafter, we doe hereby order and have fully agreed upon, that whatsoever he be that shall com within the corporation aforesaid, shall pay to the use off the major and burgesses of this towne for every such time soe offending as he or they shall trade, complent being made by one or two more of the companys aforesaid to the major and burgesses, for every such offense x.s.' The companies shall from time to time meet and make laws for the better encourage- ment of their trades. Anyone making any 'brash' to the damage of any company shall pay to the warden of such company for every such offence over and above the fine above mentioned x.s. —{SAarJ>, 84.) Oct. I, 1716. The 'guild jury' having pointed out the ruinous condition of the church and town walls, it is ordered that the yearly treat of the mayor be discontinued, and the accustomed cess for that purpose be used to repair the said church, etc. — {md., 89.) Mayor's accounts 1725. — The Mayor's Dinner at Michaelmas £10 4^. gd. The Guild Dinner £7 18^., etc. — {Ih'd., 90.) Hedon. A royal charter of 22 Edward III conceded to the burgesses A.D. 1348. of Hedon, among other Hberties : — ' Quod iidem Burgenses et eorum heredes et successores Communitatem inter se habeant, et Majorem et Ballivos, Coronatorem et alios ministros ydoneos de seipsis eligere et creare possint annuatim [No pleas to be held without the walls ; the burgesses to be quit of toll, etc., etc.] Onines in predicta villa habitantes et habitaturi, mercandisas ibidem exercentes et libertatibus predictis gaudere volentes, sint io8 Cl)e (^ilD ^etcSant. HEDON. in gilda, lotto et scotto cum Burgensibus predictis, in tallagiis, contributionibus et aliis oneribus communibus totam communi- tatem ville predicte tangentibus Et quod habeant gildam mercatoriam et hansas suas in villa predicta.' — {Petyt MS., i. 336-342; Poulson, Holderness, ii. iii.) Helston. 'Whereas Richard, Earl of Picardy and Cornwall, did by his letters patent grant unto the burgesses of Helston, that they should have all such liberties and customs as were before that time granted and used, and that they then had, by the letters patent of King John *, in the 2nd year of his reign, mter alia, Gildam inercatore {sic) ; and after the said Richard, by his letters patent, dated the 24th Henry HI ^ granted to the bur- gesses of Liskerrett, that they should enjoy all such liberties and free customs as he had granted to the burgesses of Helston ; and for that the said gild merchant court is a court of brother- hood, for the determination of all contracts and matters amongst them by speedy trial, and in avoidance of great charges, vexations and foreign trials ; and that the same court shall be hereafter, by the consent of the mayor and of all the burgesses of Liskerret aforesaid, confirmed de tribus septimanis iti ires (every three weeks) in the afternoon of the day of the pleading court for foreigns, to be holden before the mayor or his deputy and two of his brethren at least, by the name of the Burgess Court. The form and causes of trial are as followeth : ' trespass, debt, agree- ment broken, so the same do not concern the title of lands nor exceed the sum of £5. — {A/left, Liskeard, 265-266.)^ Henley-on-Thames. The following is extracted from an inquisition taken after the A.D. 1300. death of Edmund, Earl of Cornwall : — * Manerium et villa * Rot. Chart., 93 ; Stubbs, Select Charters, 305. ^ Petyt MS., i. 345-348, gives this charter in a confirmation of 10 Edward III. 3 This record is apparently of the time of Elizabeth. Allen took it from the ' constitution book ' of Liskeard. lProof0 ann ISHustrations. 109 de Henlee tenuit de domino Rege in capite, sed per quod henley-on- ... _ ., . , ,, THAMES. servicium ignorant Item est ibi quedam customa Mer- catorum que vocatur Gi/de SiVver, et valet per annum i^s. ^d. Item est ibi quoddam [proficuum or tributum] mercatorum cujus tolnetum valet per annum i5i'.' — {Burn, Henley, 229-230.) This Gild Silver was probably ' money received from non- freemen for permission to trade in the town. Some early charter perhaps contained a grant of a " Gild Merchant." Gilde Silver is elsewhere called " a certain tribute of the Merchants.'" — {Ibid., 230.) A warden of the Gild of Henley is mentioned in deeds of 1359 and 1405. — {Ibid., 324; Mimic. Corp. Com. 1835, p. 71.) Herefobd. The Gild Merchant of Hereford was confirmed by charters of 17 John, II Henry HI, 8 Edw. II and 17 Jac. P. Among the liberties which a jury ascribed to Hereford in the year 11 54, we find the subjoined: — 'Also we use amongst our- selves that no man, of what state or condition soever, shall not make any merchandise, nor have our common letter or test for any matter touching himself, unless he be in scot and lot with our citizens [of the] gilda mercatoria, or freemen of the city as touching the selling of his merchandise, and unless he shall be dwelling in the same city with his wife ; and first of all shall have himself with his goods and chattels, viz. uprising and down lying. And this custom ought and was wont to be published at the two principal inquisitions twice a year.' — {Archaeol. Assoc, Journal, vol. 27, p. 466.) ^ The following was certified by the Bailiffs of Hereford to the Mayor and BaiUffs of Rhuddlan, 22 Edw. Ill: — ' Gives A.D, 1348. Herfordie possunt recipere in gildam suam Galileos, Wallenses, ' Rot. Chart., 212; Cal. Rot. Chart., 35 ; Petyt MS., i. 352-359; Duncumb, Hereford, i. 358. ^ Cf. Johnson, Anc. Customs of Heref., 18 ; Duncumb, Hereford, i. 323. The latter version has : — ' unlesse he be in scott and lott with our cittizens in the merchant-hall for making merchandize,' etc. no Clje (^ilD a^etcjant* HEREFORD. Scotos & quoscunque alios qui sunt de fide & ligeancia Domini Regis Anglie, ita quod moram faciant in dicta Civitate vel Suburbio ejusdem, & solvant Loth & Scoth cum dictis Civibus supradictis.' — {IVotton, Leges IVa^licae, 517.) In or about 1497 it was ordered at a law-day that every person ' admitted guild merchant ' of the city should pay upon admission 2 ex., and 2s. to the king's officers. No foreigner or stranger was to retail any manner of merchandise within the city unless 'admitted free by the wardens of such craft.' — {Johnson, Ancient Customs, 83.) ' To the right worshipful Thomas Church, mayor of the cittie of Hereford, his brethren the aldermen and the three enquests. We your neighbors and co-citizens of the cittie of Hereford freemen and guild merchants of the same, most humbly come, complaining and showing unto your worships, that whereas there hath bene an ancient custome time out of mind within the same that no porter shall summon or presume to arrest anie freemen or guild merchant within the same cittie '. . . . Porters now violate this custom, etc., etc.^ — {Ibid., 79.) In 1619 James I granted the citizens of Hereford 'a Gild of Merchants with a hanse and all customs thereto belonging, so that none, unless in the time of markets and fairs, who are not free of the Gild, should merchandise in the city, unless at the will of the common council.' ' That no inhabitant there should maintain any liberties or franchises \nthin the city, suburbs and liberties, unless he were a citizen in the Gild of Merchants there, continually residing and conversant with the city, suburbs and liberties.' — {Merew. and Stephens, 1496.) HUIiL. Elizabeth dei gracia, etc. Omnibus ad quos presentes littere peruenerint Salutem. Cum villa nostra de Kyngeston super Hull' ac portus eiusdem ville per rabiem aque de Humber, qui est brachium mariSj invndantis et reuerberantis super Wallias et ^ Probably temp. Henry VIII. proofs! anD JHugtrations* m fossata ibidem pro defensione erecta, in tantum decasum et hull. desolacionem deuenit quod Maior et Burgenses uille nostre predicte de facultatibus suis tantam desolacionem ville predicte et portus illius subuenire non possunt, neque remedium congruum adhibere, nisi per nos eisdem citius succurratur, hinc est quod ad bona gratuita et vtilia seruicia ac obsequia per Maiorem et Burgenses ville predicte ad eorum labores, sumptus et onera maxima nobis et progenitoribus nostris impensa, et presertim nobis in vltima Rebellione in partibus borialibus exhibita, et etiam ad labores, sumptus et onera grandia que ipsi circa salua- cionem, tuicionem et defencionem portus predicti ac castri nostri et fortificationis nostre ibidem sustinuerunt, et indies sustinent, consideracionem habentes, ac volentes proinde graciose agere cum eisdem quo ipsi maximum dicte ville et portus detrimentum amouere et tantam maris rabiem et inundacionem facilius pro- pellere possint, de gracia nostra speciali ac ex certa sciencia et mero motu nostris concedimus et licenciam damus, pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris maiore et Burgensibus ville nostre de Kingston super Hull' predicte et eorum successoribus imperpetuum, quod nullus extraneus neque forinsecus a libertate ville predicte decetero emat ab alio extraneo vel forinseco a libertate ville predicte seu vendat alicui alii extraneo vel forinseco a libertate ville illius infra villam illam aliquas mercandisas seu aliquas alias res quascumque nisi solumodo tempore mercatorum siue nundinarum infra villam predictam imposterum tenendorum, sale et piscibus tantummodo exceptis, sub pena forisfacture mer- candisarum et rerum predictarum contra formam predictam emptarum siue venditarum, emendarum seu vendendarum, ad vsum Maioris et Burgensium ville predicte et successorum suorum conuertendarum. Et quod possunt ponere in seisinam absque compoto seu aliquo alio nobis, heredibus seu successoribus nostris reddendo, soluendo seu faciendo. Ac vlterius de vberiori gracia nostra ac ex certa sciencia et mero motu nostris conces- simus et plenam potestatem et auctoritatem dedimus ac per presentes pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris conce- dimus et potestatem et auctoritatem damus dilectis et fidelibus 112 Cl)e (^ilD ^etdbant. HULL, ligeis et Burgensibus nostris mercatoribus ville nostre de Kinge- ston super Hull' predicte, ac per presentes volumus ac ordinamus ac pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris constituimus et declaramus quod ipsi ligei et Burgenses nostri ville predicte mercatores existentes de cetero sint et erunt vnum corpus cor- poratum et politicum de se in re, facto et nomine et vna com- niunitas perpetua et corporata de gubernatore, assistentibus et societate mercatorum inhabitancium in villa de Kingston super Hull' [to have perpetual succession ; power to plead and be impleaded by the name of 'the governor, assistants and society of merchants inhabiting the town of Kingston-upon-Hull'; to have a common seal ; to make ordinances for the government of the society ; to have a council hall in which to assemble and make laws ; annually to elect a governor and six assistants ; to be able to acquire and dispose of lands and tenements not exceeding £30 yearly value.] Ac pro et in consideracione quod predicta villa de Kingeston super Hull' ac inhabitantes et bur- genses eiusdem ville per commercia et mercandizas et industriam, labores et facultates mercatorias predictas manutenentur, suppor- tantur et sustinentur, ac eciam in consideracione magne pauperi- tatis et decasus dictorum mercatorum per multa infortunita maris et piratie eis accidencia et eveniencia, — Nos considerantes nimiam pauperitatem, decasum et ruinam dictorum mercatorum eis indies euenientes et contingentes eorumque fidelitatem et fidelia obse- quia ad eorum sumptus et onera non modica nobis continue exhibita, et aliis consideracionibus nos specialiter mouentibus, de gracia nostra speciali et ex certa sciencia et mero motu nostris pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris concessimus et licenciam damus ' prefatis gubernatori, assistentibus et societati et eorum successoribus quod nullus Burgensis seu Habitans infra villam de Kingeston super Hull' predictam qui non sit aut non voluerit esse liberum seu membrum corporis aut societatis pre- dicte gubernatoris, assistencium et societatis predictorum, de cetero mercandizabit nee intromittet cum aliquibus mercandizis siue mercimoniis ex partibus transmarinis deferendis seu por- tandis, aut exerceat aliqua commercia ville seu portus ad vel Iproofs ant) SIHusttations, 113 versus partes transmarinas aut regnum Scotie aut a partibus trans- hull. marinis aut a dicto regno Scotie ad vel versus villam seu portum predictum, nee ad aliquas libertates seu priuilegia predicta per presentes concessa habenda, exercenda seu obtinenda admit- tantur seu eorum aliquis admittatur nisi ad voluntatem et per admissionem gubernatoris, assistencium et societatis predictorum, sub pena forisfacture omnium huiusmodi mercandizarum, mer- cemoniarum et rerum predictarum ad vsum predictorum guberna- toris, assistencium et societatis conuertendarum. Et quod ipsi et successores sui de tempore in tempus per ministros suos aut eorum aliquem se inde possunt ponere in seisinam absque com- poto seu aliquo alio nobis, heredibus seu successoribus nostris reddendo, soluendo seu faciendo. Prouiso tamen semper quod si aliqua persona sive alique persone Burgensis seu Burgenses de Kingeston super Hull' predicta existens vel existentes et exercens siue occupans, exercentes siue occupantes aliquam artem, nego- ciacionem, misteriam siue occupacionem mercandiziam admitti petierint vel desiderauerint vel petierit seu desiderauerit in dictam societatem, incorporatam per nomen gubernatoris, assistencium et societatis mercatorum inhabitancium in villa de Kingston super Hull', et voluerit siue voluerint recusare et cessare eius vel eorum artem, misteriam et occupacionem, et eciam voluerit siue volu- erint exercere et occupare artem siue negociacionem mercatoris tantum, obseruare, tenere et perimplere omnia et singula talia actus et ordinaciones qualia per predictos gubernatorem, assis- tentes et societatem de tempore in tempus ordinata, facta et stabilita fuerunt, sunt aut erunt, quod tunc dicti gubernator, assistentes et societas eum eosve in dictam societatem admittent et allocabunt pro et durante toto tempore quo nullam allam artem, misteriam siue occupacionem preter mercandiziam tantum exercebit siue exercebunt. Prouiso eciam semper quod huius concessionis nostre pretextu conventus et tractatus inter nos et quosuis principes initi et conclusi siue imposterum concludendi nullo modo violentur, restringantur aut infringantur, nee eis vlla in parte derogetur aut diminuatur, quin aliorum principum sub- diti de tempore in tempus tam libere et quiete mercimonia et I 114 Cf)e (^iin ^ercftant HULL, negociaciones suas in predicta villa nostra, prout in aliis villis et vrbibus huius regni nostri, iuxta formam et tenorem conventuum, concordatuum et tractatuum predictorum sine perturbacione aut molestacione quacumque exercere possint et valeant, con- cessione nostra predicta non obstante, Eo quod expressa mencio de vero valore annuo aut certitudine premissorum aut de aliis donis siue concessionibus per nos aut progenitores nostros eisdem Maiori et Burgensibus ac successoribus suis antehac tempora factis in presentibus minime facta existit, aut aliquo statute, actu, ordinacione seu prouicione inde incontrarium facta, edita, ordi- nata siue prouisa, aut aliqua alia re, causa vel materia quacumque in aliquo non obstante. In cuius rei, etc. Teste Regina apud A.D, 1577. Westm' vndecimo die Maii. Per breve de priuato Sigillo. — {Record Office, PateJit Roll 19 Eliz., pars 2, mem. 39-41.) Besides this Society of Merchants there was a more ancient Society of Merchant Adventurers of Kingston-upon-HuU. A Society of Merchants of St. George was also incorporated 15 Henry VIIL — {Frost, Notices of Hull, 37 and App. 45.) IPSWICH. The following document, copied from the muniments of Ipswich \ throws much light not only upon the Gild Merchant but also upon the general constitution of a mediaeval borough. 1 This document is taken from the Domesday Book of Ipswich. Various Ipswich records bearing this name are to be distinguished. The original Domesday Roll was stolen from the corporation of Ipswich in the year 56 Henry III. A jury of 24 townsmen then made a second Domesday Book (19 Edw. I), which has also been lost. But two oiiScial copies made in the reign of Edward II are still among the town muniments, and a third transcript of later date is in the British Museum. The New or Great Domesday of Ips- wich was compiled in the year 12 Henry VIII and, like its predecessors, con- tains 'the old grauntes, liberties, ordynaunces, lawes, and good constitucions of the burgh.' (Rep. MSS. Com. 1883, pp. 222-223.) — The record of the transactions of the burgesses in the year 2 John is to be found in the Little Domesday of temp. Edward II (ff. 77-81) and, with certain additions, in 'Liber Primus' of the Great Domesday. These additions are indicated in the text by brackets ; otherwise I have followed the wording of the Little Domes- day, which, however, differs but slightly from that of the Great Domesday. Iproof0 auD 3inu,9ttation0, 115 [Capitulum Primum.] ipswich. [Johannes Dei gracia Rex, etc. Sciatis nos concessisse et presenti carta nostra confirmasse burgensibus nostris de Gip- peswico burgum nostrum de Gippeswico cum omnibus pertinen- ciis suis et libertatibus omnibus et liberis consuetudinibus suis, tenendum de nobis et heredibus nostris, illis et heredibus suis hereditarie, reddendo per annum rectam et solitam firmam ad terminum Sancti Michaelis per manum Gippeswici prepositi ad scaccarium nostrum, et c. sol. sterlingorum numero de incre- mento ad eundum terminum, quos reddere solebant. Conces- simus eciam quod omnes burgenses de Gippeswico sint quieti de theloneo et stallagio, lastagio, passagio, pontagio et omnibus aliis consuetudinibus per totam terram nostram et per portus maris. Concessimus eis quod nullus eorum placitet extra burgum Gippeswici de ullo placito preter placita de tenuris exterioribus, exceptis ministris nostris ; et quod habeant gildam mercatoriam et hansam suam ; et quod nullus hospitetur nee quicquam per vim capiat infra burgum de Gippeswico; et quod terras suas et vadia sua et omnia debita sua juste habeant, quicumque eis ea debeant ; et quod de terris et tenuris suis que infra burgum sunt, rectum eis teneatur secundum consuetudinem burgi Gippeswici et liberorum burgorum nostrorum ; et de debitis suis que acomodata fuerint apud Gippeswicum et de vadiis ibidem factis placita apud Gippeswicum teneantur ; et quod nullus eorum de misericordia pecunie judicetur nisi secundum legem liberorum burgorum nostrorum. Prohibemus eciam quod nemo in tota terra nostra theloneum, nee stallagium, nee aliquam aliam con- suetudinem ab hominibus Gippeswici capiat super forisfacturam nostram x. librarum. Quare volumus et firmiter precipimus quod predicti burgenses omnes predictas libertates et hberas consuetudines habeant et teneant bene et in pace, sicut eas meliores et liberiores habuerunt vel habent ceteri burgenses liberorum burgorum nostrorum Anglie, salvis in omnibus civi- bus nostris London' libertatibus et liberis consuetudinibus suis. Preterea volumus et concedimus quod iidem burgenses nostri per commune consilium villate sue eligant duos de legalioribus I 2 ii6 €1)0 <^ilti a^ercSant IPSWICH, et discretioribus hominibus ville sue, et presentent eos capitali justicie nostre ad scaccarium nostrum, qui bene et fideliter custodiant preposituram predict! burgi de Gippeswico ; et non amoveantur, quamdiu se in baillia ilia bene gesserint, nisi per commune consilium predictorum burgensium. Volumus eciam quod in eodem burgo per commune consilium predictorum burgensium eligantur iiii. de legalioribus et discretioribus hominibus de burgo ad custodiendum placita corone et alia que ad nos et ad coronam nostram pertinent in eodem burgo, et ad videndum quod prepositi illius burgi juste tractent tam pauperes quam diuites. Hiis testibus, etc. Datum per manus G. Wellen- A.D. 1200. sis archidiaconi, etc., xxv. die Maii anno regni nostri primo\] [Capitulum Secundum.] fol. 77. Hoc est transcriptum Rotuli facti in Gyppeswico Anno Regni Regis Johannis secundo super Statu et ordinacione eiusdem ville, prout continetur in dicto Rotulo, qui est in communi Cista ville memorate, Et qui sic incipit. In Rotulo de modo et forma pro Balliuis et Coronatoribus in Gippeswico eligendis secundum formam Carte domini Regis Jo- hannis, videlicet : — Die Jouis proxima post festum Natiuitatis Sancti A.D. 1200. Johannis Baptiste anno Regni Regis Johannis secundo congregata est tota villata Burgi Gippeswici in Cimiterio Beate Marie ad Turrim ad eligendum duos Balliuos et quatuor Coronatores in eodem Burgo secundum formam carte predicte domini Regis, quam idem Rex Burgensibus Burgi predicti iam de novo con- cessit ; quo die iidem Burgenses de communi assensu et vna voce elegerunt duos probos et legales homines villate sue, videlicet, Johannem filium Normanni et Willielmum de Belines, qui iurati sunt ad custodiendum preposituram predicti Burgi, Et quod bene et fideliter tractabunt tam pauperes quam diuites. [Capitulum Tercium.] Item elegerunt eodem die vna voce quatuor Coronatores, vide- licet, Johannem filium Normanni, Will, de Belines, Philippum * In Rot. Chartanim, p. 65, this charter is dated ' xxv die Maii anno regni nostri secundo.' Iptoofs anti Jllustrations. 117 de Porta et Rogerum Lew, qui iurati sunt ad custodienda placita ipswich. Corone et ad alia facienda, que ad Coronam pertinent in eodem Burgo, et ad superuidendum quod predicti Balliui juste et legitime fol. 77 d. tractent tarn pauperes quam diuites. [Capitulum Quartum.] Item eodem die ordinatum est per commune consilium dicte villate quod de cetero sint in Burgo predicto duodecim Capitales Portmenni iurati, sicut in aliis liberis Burgis Anglie sunt, et quod habeant plenam potestatem pro se et tota villata ad gubernandum et manutenendum predictum Burgum et omnes libertates eiusdem Burgi, et ad indicia ville reddenda, Ac eciam* ad omnia [custo- dienda], ordinanda et facienda in eodem Burgo, que fieri debeant pro statu et honore ville memorate. Et super hoc dictum est per Balliuos et Coronatores predictos quod tota villata veniat in Cymiterio predicto, die dominica proxima post festum apostolorum Petri et Pauli proximo futurum, ad eligendum predictos xii. Capitales Portmennos secundum formam eiusdem ordinacionis. [Capitulum Quintum.] Die Dominica proxima post festum Apostolorum Petri et Pauli Anno supradicto congregata est tota villata de Gippeswico coram Ballivis et Coronatoribus eiusdem ville ad eligendum xii. Capitales Portmannos in eadem villa, prout prius ordinatum est. Et predicti Balliui et Coronatores per assensum villate eligunt quatuor probos et legales homines de qualibet parochia dicte ville, qui iurati sunt ad eligendum xii. Capitales Portmannos de melioribus, discre- cioribus ac potencioribus ville predicte ad ordinandum pro statu ville, ut predictum est. Et predicti iurati de parochiis veniunt fol. 78. et eligunt pro se et tota villata hec xii. nomina subscripta, vide- licet, Johannem filium Normanni, Will, de Belines, Philippum de Porta, Rogerum Lew, Petrum Euerard, Will. Goscalk, Ami- sium BoUe, Johannem de Sancto Georgio, Johannem le Mayster, Sayerum filium Thurstani, Robertum Parys et Andream Peper. Qui iurati sunt coram tota villata predicta quod bene et fideliter custodient et gubernabunt Burgum Gippeswici, et ad manutenen- dum secundum eorum posse omnes libertates, que iam de nouo ii8 Cf)e (^iltj a^etcbant IPSWICH. Burgensibus eiusdem Burgi per cartam predict! domini Regis concesse sunt, et eciam ad omnes alias libertates et liberas con- suetudines villa predicte \inaTmtenendas\ et ad iudicia curiarum eiusdem ville iuste reddenda, non habentibus respectum \_ad'\ alicuius personam, Et insuper ad omnia alia ordinanda et facienda que pro statu et honore ville predicte fieri contingent, Et ad juste et legittime tractandum tam pauperes quam diuites. [Capitulum vi".] Eodem die quum cito predicti xii. Capitales Portmenni fuerant iurati in forma predicta, fecerunt totam villatam predictam leuare manus ultra librum et in vna voce solempniter iurare quod ab ilia hora in antea erunt obedientes, intendentes, consulantes et auxiliantes Balliuis, Coronatoribus suis ac omnibus et singulis predictis xii. Capitalibus Portmannis cum corporibus et catallis eorum ad predictam villam Gyppeswici et nouam cartam predic- fol. 78 b. tam ac honorem et omnes libertates et liberas consuetudines eius- dem ville conseruandas et manutenendas in omnibus locis versus quoscumque, excepto tamen versus dominum Regem et Regiam potestatem, secundum eorum posse, prout juste et racionabiliter facere debeant. [Capitulum vii™.] Eodem die concordatum est quod predicta noua carta domini Regis tradatur duobus probis et legalibus hominibus eiusdem ville ad salvo custodiendum, videlicet, Johanni filio Normanni et Philippo de Porta, qui iurati sunt ad dictam cartam fideliter custodiendam et ad illam predicte villate liberare, cum necesse fuerit et ad hoc facere muniti fuerint et ex parte villate requisiti. Et quia plura pro statu et honore ville sunt [ordinanda] ^ et fa- cienda que congrue ad hunc diem non possunt fieri, concordatum est quod Balliui, Coronatores et omnes capitales portmenni pre- dicti veniant et simul sint hie die Jouis proxima post festum Translacionis beati Thome Martiris proximo futurum ad ordinan- dum et faciendum ea que contigerint ordinari et fieri pro statu et honore ville memorate. ' Little Domesday has ' ordinata.' Iproof0 ann Sinustrationg. 119 [Capitulum viw^.] ipswich. Die Jouis proxima post festum Translacionis sancti Thome Martiris Anno supradicto congregati sunt Balliui et Coronatores ac ceteri Capitales portmenni ad tractandum et ordinandum de statu ville Gyppeswyci. In primo ordinant quod omnes custume predict! Burgi de fol. 79. cetero coUigantur per manus Balliuorum et quatuor proborum et legalium hominum eiusdem Burgi. Et quod ipsi de anno in annum soluant [ad] Scaccarium domini Regis pro predicta villata rectam et solitam firmam. [Capitulum ix^^^.] Item ordinant quod in dicto Burgo sint duo bedelli iurati ad faciendum attachiamenta, districciones et omnia precepta Balli- uorum, Coronatorum et Capitalium portmennorum que pertinent ad faciendum in eodem burgo. Et quod vnus de eisdem Bedellis sit custos omnium prisonum qui per Balliuos Burgi attachiabuntur. Et quod ille custos inueniat securitatem ad saluo custodiendum omnes prisones suos, etc. [Capitulum x^.] Item ordinant quod per Commune consilium villate fiat in dicto Burgo vnum Commune sigillum ad seruiendum in grossis negociis tangentibus communitatem dicti Burgi, et eciam ad litteras inde consignandas de veritate testificandas pro omnibus et singulis Burgensibus eiusdem Burgi, et ad omnia alia facienda que fieri debeant ad communem honorem et vtilitatem ville predicte. Et quod illud Commune sigillum custodiatur per tres vel quatuor probos et legales homines de predicto Burgo ad hoc iuratos coram Communitate eiusdem Burgi. [Capitulum xii^.] Item ordinant quod in dicto Burgo per commune consilium villate sue eligatur vnus probus et legalis et idonius homo, vt sit Aldermannus Gilde Mercatorie in eodem Burgo. Et quod qua- fol. 79 d. tuor probi et legales homines eiusdem Burgi associentur ei. Et quod Aldermannus et ipsi quatuor iurentur quod bene et fide- I20 cfte (^ilD a^etcftant IPSWICH, liter manutenebunt predictam Gildam et omnia que ad Gildam pertinent, [Capitulum xii™.] Item ordinant quod predicta noua carta mandetur in pleno comitatu Suff' et vsque Norwycum in pleno comitatu Norff'. Et quod eadem carta in eisdem comitatibus manifeste legatur, vt libertates in dicta carta contente palam cognoscantur et puppli- centur in singulis locis vtriusque comitatus. [Capitulum xiii™,] Item ordinatum est quod nuUus Burgensis predicte ville sit quietus de custuma in eadem villa de merchandisis suis, videlicet, si sit mercator, nisi sit lottans et scottans in communibus auxiliis et negociis ville. [Capitulum xiiii^i.] Die dominica proxima post festum Nativitatis Marie Virginis anno supradicto congregata est Communitas ville Gippeswici coram Balliuis et Coronatoribus et ceteris capitalibus portmennis eiusdem ville ad audiendum omnes ordinaciones predictas, que coram populo ville lecte sunt in Cimiterio beate Marie ad Turrim. Et ad quas ordinaciones predictas, cum lecte fuerint ibidem, tota predicta Communitas vna voce consentit. Et postea elegerunt fol. 80. Balliuos suos, qui comorabuntur pro proximo anno futuro, vide- licet, Johannem filium Normanni et Willielmum de Balines. Eodem die eligunt quatuor homines ad colligendum custumas ville simul cum predictis Balliuis, videlicet, Petrum peper, Norman- num Halynoth, Clementem le Palmere et Lemannum de Ponte. Item eodem die eligunt duos Bedellos, videlicet, Johannem Prikehert et Johannem Haue, qui iurati sunt quod bene et fide- liter facient attachiamenta, districciones et omnia precepta Bal- liuorum, Coronatorum et Portmennorum, et omnia que ad ofificium eorum pertinent. Et predictus Johannes Prikehert electus est ad prisones ville custodiendos, et invenit securitatem ad responden- dum euasionibus prisonum si euenerint, quod absit, videlicet, Ed- mundum de Marisco, Petrum Pepir, Johannem Haue etThomam de Hornere. Iproofs atrn JlUustrations; 121 Et quia plura non possunt expediri ad hunc diem, concordatum ipswich. est quod Ballivi et tota Communitas sint hie die iouis proxima post festum Sancte fidis proximo futurum pro Aldermanno eligendo et ad alia facienda que modo fieri non possunt. Et dictum est Ballivis quod interim facient construere vnum commune sigillum, secundum quod supra ordinatum est. [Capitulum xvm.] Die Jouis proxima post festum sancte fidis Anno supradicto Ballivi, Coronatores et ceteri Capitales portmenni ac tota Com- fol. 80^, munitas adunati sunt in ecclesia beate Marie ad Turrim. Et Ballivi ostendunt ibi commune sigillum ville quod de nouo con- structum est. Et tunc electi sunt tres de legalioribus et potenci- oribus de dicto Burgo ad [custodiendum]^ illud sigillum, videlicet, Johannem filium Normanni, Willielmum de Belines et Philippum de Porta, qui iurati sunt coram communitate quod bene et fide- liter custodient predictum sigillum, et quod nullam litteram nee aliquod instrumentum cum eodem sigillo consignabunt, nisi fuerint pro communi honore et pro vtilitate ville seu Burgensium ville, et hoc per assensum parium suorum. Et insuper concordatum est quod communis carta ville remaneat in custodia eorundem. [Capitulum xvi^. ] Eodem die electus est per commune consilium villate vnus Aldermannus, videlicet, Willielmus Gosscalk. Et quatuor eli- guntur qui associantur ei, videlicet, Petrus Euerard, Johannes le Mayster, Rogerus Lew et Johannes de Sancto Georgio, qui iurati sunt simul cum Aldermanno quod bene et fideliter gubernabunt Gildam mercatoriam in Burgo Gippeswici et omnes articulos ad Gildam pertinentes. Et quod bene et legittime tractabunt omnes fratres Gilde. Et postea dictum est per Aldermannum et quatuor socios suos in presencia populi ville quod omnes qui sunt de libertate ville veniant coram Aldermanno et sociis suis ad certum diem, quando et vbi eis scire facient, ad ponendum se in Gilda et ad hansam suam eidem Gilde dandam. '■ Thus in Great Domesday, but Little Domesday has ' ad custodes.' 122 cbe (^iin a^ctcftant. IPSWICH. [Capitulum'xvii"^.] fol. 8i. [Eodem die predict! Balliui, Coronatores et ceteri Portmanni ac tota Communitas insimul loquebantur qualiter et quo modo melius facere poterint ad manutenendum predictam Gildam mer- catoriam ac ^ omnia que ad Gildam pertinent. Qui quidem Bal- liui, Coronatores et ceteri Portmanni et tota Communitas vna voce consenserunt et ordinauerunt quod ipsemet Aldermannus qui iam electus est et omnes Aldermanni qui imposterum eligi debent de cetero habeant et occupant ad proficuum Gilde predicte Emp- cionem et Vendicionem omnium Mercandizarum subscriptarum, videlicet, Mylstonys, rubstonys, Dogstonys, quernstonys, Grynd- stonys, rubstonys, Grauestones, Morters of Marbill et Pavyng- stonys of marbyll. Et quod ille Aldermannus per Sacramentum suum de Anno in Anno reddere debet rectum et iustum Com- putum coram Balliuis et Coronatoribus ville predicte de omni proficuo et incremento que ipse in hoc anno preterito lucrauit et acquisiuit racione empcionis et vendicionis omnium Mercandi- zarum suprascriptarum. Et vltra hoc vnanimi assensu et consensu consenserunt quod de cetero nulli Inhabitantes ville predicte nee aliqua alia persona, Indigena sine alienigena, infra villam predictam aut infra libertates et precincta eiusdem habeant nee bccupare debent Empcionem aut Vendicionem Mercandizarum predicta- rum, nisi solus aldermannus Gilde predicte ad vsum et proficuum eiusdem gilde. Et hoc sub pena forisfacture omnium dictarum mercandizarum sic emptarum vel venditarum.] [Capitulum xviii™.] fol. 8i a. Eodem die concessum est per totam Communitatem ad rogatum predictorum xii. capitalium portmennorum quod ipsi pro eorum labore, quem facient pro eadem Communitate, habeant pratum de Odenholm ad sustentacionem equorum suorum. [Capitulum xix"i.] Item ordinatum est et concordatum per totam Communitatem quod leges et hbere consuetudines ville predicte ponantur in ' MS. 'ad.' Proofs ann Sinustrationg, 123 quodam rotulo, qui vocabitur le Do7nesday. Et quod ille Rotulus iPSWiCH. semper commorabitur in custodia Balliuorum eiusdem ville, qui erunt pro tempore, vt possint scire et cognoscere modum qualiter agere debent in suo officio. Et quod omnia statuta gilde merca- torie ponantur in quodam alio rotulo, prout utuntur alibi in Ciui- tatibus et Burgis vbi gilda mercatoria est. Et quod Aldermannus semper habeat ilium rotulum penes se, vt sciat qualiter operare in suo officio. This is followed by an inquisition, evidently made the same fol. 8i (a), year (2 John), to ascertain how and in what manner certain re- ligious persons having lands and tenements in the neighbourhood of Ipswich ought to be free and quit of toll in the same town. The jury state that the Archbishop and Prior of Canterbury, the Bishop and Prior of Norwich, the Bishop and Prior of Ely, the Abbot of Colchester, the Abbot of Coggeshale, etc., etc. with their men and villains are quit of custom, but only on things grow- ing on their own lands and things bought for their own use, ' sed nativi qui sunt mercatores semper dederunt custumam suam ad firmam domini Regis.' The inquest ends thus: — 'de aliis re- fol. 8 1 (5). ligiosis in patria dicunt quod qualiter seu quo modo sunt quieti de custuma uel quieti esse debent, ignorant. Immo credunt quod debent esse quieti de suis propriis bonis crescentibus et exeuntibus de suis propriis terris, pertinentibus ad ecclesias suas et quas tenent in puram et perpetuam elemosinam.' In the same year the Prior of the Holy Trinity in Ipswich foi. 81 (a) b. became a burgess ('deuenit Burgensis') and gave to the com- monalty ZQS.^ in aid of the expenses incurred in obtaining the new charter, and to the hanse of the Gild one quarter of wheat and a boar, — 'et dat ad hansam gilde ville vnum quarterium frumenti et vnum aprem.' The Prior of St. Peter in Ipswich also became a burgess, giving to the commonalty one mark and to the Gild one coomb of wheat and two wethers, — ' et dat ad gildani ville vnam cumbram frumenti et duos multones ; ' and he promised to be in lot and scot as an * intrinsic ' burgher, — 'lottans et scottans ut Burgensis intrinsecus.' 124 Cbe <3il^ 9@erc6ant IPSWICH. There are many entries of ' foreign ' burgesses made during the reigns of John, Henry III and Edward I. Many lords and knights were among the ' forinseci ' thus admitted, — Lord Roger de Bigod, Lord Hugh de Peche of Behnges, Lord Geoffrey de Burneuille, Lord Reginald de Panely, Lord Hugh de Rous, Lord Roger de Montalt, Lord Gilbert Peche, etc. The following will illustrate the nature of these entries :— fol. 82. * Hec sunt nomina forinsecorum burgensium qui facti sunt in Gippeswico pro quodam certo dando annuatim ad firmam domini Regis ville predicte. . . . Dominus Rogerus le Bygod, Comes Norfolcie et Marescallus Anglie, in aula prioris Sancti Petri de Gippeswico deuenit Burgensis eiusdem ville. Et dat ad gildam mercatoriam vnum bouem et vnum taurum, duo quarteria frumenti et duo quarteria brasii pro eo quod ipse et omnes natiui sui decetero sint quieti de Theloneo in villa predicta, videlicet, de omnibus bladis et aliis rebus suis crescentibus et renouantibus in suis propriis terns et dominicis tantum, et de omnibus rebus emptis pro suis propriis estouiis, et aliter non. Et eciam soluet annuatim imperpetuum ad festum Sancti Michaelis iiii.^. pro cayo suo in Gippeswico ad firmam ville predicte, set tamen si natiui sui fuerint mercatores, soluant ad firmam domini Regis rectam et debitara custumam suam, et maxime de mercandisis suis. Et quia idem Comes erat auxilians ad cartam domini Regis de libertatibus ville impetrandam, concessit et in fide pro- misit ad manutenendum honorem ville Gippeswici et libertates in dicta noua carta contentas. Et predictus Comes habet transcrip- tum huius irrotulamenti penes se sub communi sigillo ville. Eodem die dominus Robertus de Vaus, miles predicti comitis, factus fuit burgensis et dat ad hansam gilde vnum quarterium frumenti. Et vt ipse et omnes natiui sui, quos habet in Wenham et alibi, sint quieti in Gippeswyco de omni theloneo, modo et forma supradictis, concessit dare singulis annis in festo Sancti Michaelis ad firmam predicte ville uu.s. et 11. busselos frumenti \' William the Prior of Holy Trinity of Ipswich was sworn in full court (39-40 Henry III), — 'et concessit dare communitati ' The date is 2 John. Cf. Rep. MSS. Com. 1883. p. 240. IPtoofs ann 3inu0trations. 125 ad expensas pro noua carta predicti domini Regis iam de nouo ipswich. impetrata vnam marcam, et ad conuiuium gilde vnam cumbram frumenti et vnum quarterium braserii, et erit lottans et scottans vt burgensis intrinsecus \' ' Dominus Johannes de Bello Monte et Alicia vxor eius facti fol. 91. sunt Burgenses in anno xxvi [Edw. I]. Et dant ad gildam ville duo quarteria frumenti. Et concedunt dare quolibet anno ad eandem gildam pro se et villanis suis vnum comblum frumenti.' ' Quia heredes plurimorum forinsecorum burgensium contra- fol. 88. dicunt soluere et facere auxilium ad firmam ville Gippeswici, prout antecessores sui facere consueverunt, pro libertate habenda in eadem villa, vt iidem antecessores sui habere solebant, — Die Jouis in*festo Sancti Luce euangeliste anno regni Regis Edvvardi filii regis Henrici secundo, tempore Viuiani filii Siluestri et A.D. 1274. Johannis Lorenz, tunc Balliuorum predicte ville Gippeswici, de communi assensu eiusdem villate ordinatum et concordatum quod nullus forinsecus Burgensis de cetero fiat in eadem villa, nisi ad terminum vite sue tantum. Et hoc, pro quodam certo dando annuatim ad firmam ville predicte ad festum Sancti Michaelis, vel vt sit lottans et scottans secundum suum statum ad communia talliagia ville. Et illi qui sunt lottantes, etc. erunt quieti de Theloneo in dicta villa tam de merchandisis suis quam de aliis bonis suis. Et hii qui non sunt lottantes erunt quieti de bladis et aliis rebus suis crescentibus et renouantibus in suis propriis terris et eciani de omnibus rebus emptis ad suos proprios vsus tantum ^' 'Liber Quartus' of the Great Domesday Book of Ipswich contains 'The Constitucion for Corpus Christi Procession and for the Maundy ' : — ' Ad laudem et honorem Summe et In- A.D. 1325. dividue Trinitatis, Patris et filii et Spiritus Sancti, beatissime 1 Cf. Rep. MSS. Com. 1883, p. 225. ^ Ibid., 241. — Throughout the fifteenth century the burgesses admitted by the 'general court' of Ipswich were almost always distinguished as 'burgenses intrinseci' and 'burgenses extrinseci' (or ' forinseci'), though there were com- paratively few of the latter,— Add it. MS., Mus. Brit., 30158, ff. 7, 8, 12 d, 13, 24, 31 f>, 35, etc. 126 cf)e (^iin a^etcfiant. IPSWICH, et gloriosissime virginis Marie necnon et Omnium Sanctorum maxima et excellentissime ob reuerenciam et commemoracionem specialem Institucionis Sacramenti venerabilis corporis et san- guinis domini nostri Jesu Christi, qui pridie quam pateretur de hoc mundo transiturus ad patrem, cum tempus sue mortis in- staret, cenantibus discipulis cunctisque fidelibus in memoriam sue passionis hoc summum Sacramentum Corporis Sui et San- guinis instituit et rehquit, — Nos priores ecclesie Sancte Trinitatis et ecclesie Sancti Petri in Gippewico, et omnes sacerdotes parochiales ville predicte ex communi nostro assensu et consensu, die Mercurii in festo Apostolorum Philippi et Jacobi in ecclesia Sancte Margarete in villa predicta anno Domini m", ccc. vicesimo quinto, confraternitatem quandam inter nos et laicos quoscunque ad nos accedentes vel accessuros de eorum laicorum concessu pro nobis et confraternitate nostra noncupata guilda mercatorum, alias vocata guilda Corporis Christi, ordinauimus firmiter per presentes perpetuis temporibus deo dante duraturam, volentes et concedentes cum consensu confratrum nostrorum laicorum predicte guilde quod [a description of the procession is here given ; also regulations concerning the burial of brethren.] Item pro nobis et dicta confraternitate nostra cum dictorum laicorum concensu volumus et concedimus quod hec nostra con- fraternitas semper sit sub regimine duorum laicorum noncupa- torum Aldermannorum guilde predicte. Volumus eciam pro nobis et confraternitate nostra quod Tabernaculum nostrum sit in gubernacione dictorum aldermannorum, et- in loco honesto et sacro conseruetur, videlicet, in Ecclesia Sancte Marie ad Turrim, operariorum nostrorum omnium eisdem, si qui fuerint, curam penitus committendo ; cera nostra et pecunia nostra, si qua fuerit, eciam sit in custodia dictorum aldermannorum ; Et illos alder- mannos per sacramentum suum de anno in annum reddere debitum rectum et justum computum coram balliuis et port- mannis ville predicte et omnia que ad predictam guildam et confraternitatem pertinent \' The Court Book of Ipswich (3 Hen. V-2 Rich. Ill), deposited ' Cf. Rep. MSS. Com. 1883, p. 245. proofs anD Jllusttations* 127 in the British Museum, contains an occasional reference to the ipswich. Guild :— 'Curia generalis tenta ibidem die lune in festo Sancti Marce Euangeliste anno predicto [24 Hen. VI] .... Ad eandem a.d. 1446. Curiam per Balliuos, portmannos et totam villatam ville Gippewici electus est Johannes Caldewell in Aldermannum Gilde mercatorie Corporis Christi, et Johannes Geet et Willielmus Rydon erunt sibi associantes. Et ad eandem Curiam ordinatum est per predictos Balliuos, Portmannos et villatam quod ab hoc die infuturum nullus homo, cuiuscumque condicionis sit, decetero infra villam Gippewici et precinctum eiusdem emet nee mercandizabit aliquas lapides mo- lates, videlicet, millestones, quernstones, gryndstones, pathyngstones ac alios lapides quoscumque, nisi Aldermannus Gilde Corporis Christi ville Gippewici, qui pro tempore erit.' ' Curia generalis ibidem tenta die Jouis proxima post festum Sancti Gregorii pape anno regni regis Edward Illiti xxiio .... A.D. 1482. Et ad eandem Curiam ordinatum est per BaUiuos, Portmannos et Ordinacio. totam Communitatem quod quilibet Burgensis fforinsecus et extraneus soluet annuatim ad Sustentacionem Gilde Corporis Christi xvi.^. ad quatuor anni terminos per equales porciones, sub pena Amissionis Burgensie sue imperpetuum.' — {Addit. AfS., Mus. Brit., 30158, ff. f)b, 3 8 /a) The following are the ordinances of the Gild Merchant in its later form (probably temp. Henry VH ^) : — ' Cum inter alias ordinaciones et constituciones infra oppidum Gippewici a tem- pore quo non extat memoria consuetum fuerat ibidem habere guilde presbiterum ad orandum et celebrandum tarn pro pros- pero et bono statu omni omnium Confratrum et sororum guilde mercimonialis, alias vocate Guilde Corporis Christi, quam pro animabus omnium confratrum et sororum guilde predicte vniverse carnis viam ingressorum, Cui presbitero baud ignoratur annuatim per predicte confraternitatis aut guilde Aldermannos nouem marcas legalis monete Anglie pro salario et stipendio suo fideUter fuisse solutos ; — Preterea provisum fuit vt prefate confraternitatis ^ Wodderspoon, Memorials, i6^. 128 cSe (^iin ^etc{)ant IPSWICH, aut guilde confratres et sorores annuatim luctuosis et lugubribus indumentis ad Ecclesiam Marie Turris conveniant et occurrant die Sabbati proxime et immediate domini corporis festum se- quente hora prima post meridiem, quo in loco pro animabus omnium confratrum et sororum prenominate confraternitatis officia funeralia sine exequias ecclesiastic© more audituri sunt ; — Insuper statuitur proximo die dominico sequente festum domi- nici corporis quod omnes confratres et sorores eiusdem guilde eo modo quo prius dictum est, hoc est, vestibus mestuosis iterum conveniant circiter horam nouenam ante meridiem ad audiendam missam pro animabus omnium confratrum et sororum vniuerse carnis viam ingressorum, quo facto solitum fuit unumquemque sese conferre ad capitolium, vulgariter noncupatum /e Guilde Hall, predicte ville familiariter epulatum ac corpora sua talibus cibariis et lauticiis refocillanda que per prefatos Aldermannos et gubernatores eiusdem guilde apparantur; posthac statutum constat vnumquemque confratrum pro se et vxore sua soluere debere xvi.^. pro prandio suo ad comodum et sustentacionem eiusdem guilde. Sed quia ista consuetudo racioni consona ple- rumque ad predictorum confraternitatis aut gilde aldermannorum et gubernatorum ejusdem infamiam et detrimentum cessauit et obolevit, Pro Reformacione ejusdem ad laudem et honorem Summe et Individue Trinitatis, patris et filii et spiritus sancti ac beatissime et gloriosissime Virginis Marie necnon et omnium Sanctorum et Sanctarum, ordinatum et decretum est per balliuos, portinannos, coronatores et per commune consilium ville Gippe- wici vnanimi assensu et consensu quod decetero erit quidem idoneus Guilde presbiter ad orandum et celebrandum pro con- fratribus et sororibus dicte confraternitatis, sicut in antiquo tempore vsitatum et consuetum fuit. Et quod idem presbiter habeat pro stipendio et salario suo noueni marcas legalis monete Anglie juste et fideliter solutas per aldermannos aut gubernatores dicte guilde. Insuper ordinamus quod omnes ad vnum Confratres memo- rate guilde annuatim congregentur et conveniant tempore et loco supradictis, videlicet, ad ecclesiam beate Marie Turris ad audiendam missam ac funeralia officia pro animabus confratrum IPtoofs anD 3lUu,straticn0. 129 et sororum ab hac luce decessis, et quod vnusquisque confratrum ipswiCH. pro se et vxore sua deponat denarium post offertorium ejusdem misse ibidem celebrate per dictum guilde presbiterum. Que quidem oblacio erit bipartita inter predictum Guilde presbiterum et presbiterum parochialem Sancte Marie Turris. Preterea vo- lumus et ordinamus quod unusquisque confratrum Guilde pre- dicte presens existat ad predicta funeralia audienda et ad ob- lacionem deponendam, sub pena vnius libre cere. Quo facto et finite eat unusquisque confratrum et sororum ad capitolium, vul- gariter noncupatum /e Guylde Halle predicte ville, familiariter epulatum, sicut in antique tempore consuetum. Et quod vnus- quisque confratrum soluat pro se et vxore sua xvi^i^. pro prandio suo ad comodum et sustentacionem eiusdem guilde. Et si aliquis burgensis intrinsecus siue extrinsecus denegat soluere annuatim le predictos xvi.^. ad opus predictum, quod ipse erit abjuratus burgensie sue imperpetuum. Et si aliquis ducit secum ad prandium plusquam uxorem, soluat pro qualibet persona iiii.^. — Eciam ordinatum et decretum est quod dictus capellanus Cor- poris Christi vocatus le Guilde Preste celebret vnum Trigintale in qualibet ecclesia parochiali istius ville vbi corpus cujuscunque confratris siue sororis forte contigerit sepeliri, vel vbi ipse vel ilia in vita sua morabatur, per assignacionem aldermannorum et guber- natorum, qui nunc sunt vel qui pro tempore erunt ^ ' The following details concerning the later history of this Gild are taken from Wodderspoon's Memorials of Ipswich (pp. i68- 5 Henry VII. — John Squier was made farmer of the profits of stones with Jeffry Osborne and James Hill for the benefit of Corpus Christi. 12 Henry VII. — It was made known that every Burgess * Rep. MSS. Com. 1883, pp. 244-245. "^ See also Notices of the Corpus Christi Guild, Ipswich, by W. S. Fitch, — Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and Nat. Hist.,Proc., ii. 151-163 ; and Bacon, Annalls of Ipsw., 144-147, 170, 1SS-195, 353, 357, 399, 422, 493 ct passim. K 130 Cl)e <^ilti ^ercljant. IPSWICH, defaulting in his duties to the Gild should be summoned by the Wardens of the next Court to show cause why he should not forfeit his freedom. If he came not to the Court, he was reputed as ' foreign,' that is, no Burgess or member of the Gild. 1 6 Eliz. — Ordered by the Great Court of Ipswich 'that in respect of the grete skarsitie and derthe of all victualle in this realm at this present, the feast of the Guylde Merchant usually kepte in this towne shall be kepte by the Aldermen of the Guilde in such order and forme as it hathe ben used to be kepte. And that the said Aldermen shall have allowed to them out of the town treasury such some of moneye as shalbe agreed upon at the next Court after the saide feaste made.' 1 8 Eliz. — The occupations, or trades of Ipswich were newly drawn up into four Companies : I. The Mercers, including all * maryners, shipwryghts, bokebynders, prynters, fyshemongers, swordsetters, coks [i.e. cooks], fifletchers, arrowhed-makers, phisi- tians, hatters, cappers, mercers, merchaunts ' and several others ; II. The Drapers, including all 'joyners, taylors, carpenters, inn- holders, ffremasons, bryckelayers, tylers, carryers, casket-makers, surgeons, clothyers ' and five others ; III. The Taylors, including ' cutlers, smyths, barbers, chandlers, pewterers, mynstrells, pedlers, plumbers, pynners, millers, millwrights, cowpers, shermen, gla- siers, turners, tynkers, taylors ' and two others ; IV. The Shoe- makers, including the ' curryers, coler-makers, sadlers, poynters, coblers, skynners, tanners, butchers, carters and laborours.' It was ordered that each company should have an Alderman and two Wardens. All foreigners coming to the town should upon becoming members of the Gilds be distributed among the afore- said Companies at the discretion of the Baihffs. 3 James I. — The Great Court agreed that ' Roger Wallis hathe openlie confessed that he hathe offended the towne, in contem- minge the auntient orders and usages of this towne, by not holdinge and keepinge of the Guild Merchant of this towne, being elected thereunto ; and thereuppon hathe nowe made requeste to this courte to be a free Burgess of this towne and to be dischardged from keeping of the Guild Merchant, for a reason- IPtoofs anD Jllustrations. 131 able fyne.' Wallis was made free and discharged from entering ipswich. upon the duties of Alderman of the Gild for a fine of vii. //. 3 James I. — R. Seelie was elected Alderman of the Gild to serve with another and to keep two dinners in each year, at which every Burgess should pay i6d. for himself and his wife, and the first or next Gild was ordered to be held on Sunday se'nnight after Midsummer. 4 James I. — A tierce of claret was ordered to be provided for the use of the Gild at the cost of the town. 5 James I. — The Aldermen of the Gild were ordered to keep two dinners, and all freemen paying subsidy in the town should attend with their wives, and ' none other.' 6 James I. — The Portmen were ordered to pay 5^. each to the dinner of the Gild, the 'Twenty-four' ^s. 4^. each, and every Freeman 2s. 6d. None should be allowed to attend but such as were Burgesses ; whether they attended or not, they were bound to pay toward the feast. After the reign of James I the Gild declined in importance, and ' eventually the feast and the Gild are found dwindling to a dinner bestowed upon the Twelve and Four-and-Twenty.' Nathaniel Bacon, town clerk of Ipswich 1 651- 1660, writes as follows : — ' Albeit that the government of the Guild still continued [after the period of the Norman Conquest] in order to the profifit of them selves in matter of trade ; and soe did for a long time after, till those kind of ffraternities grew distastfull to kings in their government, by trenching too much, as was thought, uppon the prerogative of kings, by their ordinances, and by lawes, the same were committed to the cognisance of the Justices of the peace, or chief Governour of the Corporation, to be disallowed, or allowed and recorded by them, and afterwards to the Justices of the Benches and of assizes. And thus theire power being checked, they withered, and for theire better support, taking into theire society many fforrainers that minded not that way of Trade, by degrees the ffreedom of the Guild was changed into the freedom of the Towne, the Guildholder still retaining his title and name as a monument of an auncient freedom, and no more, allthough K 2 132 Cf)e (3x10 a^ercjjant IPSWICH, formerly he was looked uppon as a kind of check to the Bayliffs, and in somme acts, (even of the kings of this land,) sett in order before the Bayliffs. As it hath bein, therefore, the wisdome of this town hitherto, soe it will be theire wisdome for ye future, to continue constant regard of election of Guildholders, allthough it be merely tituler, and of no consequence in the government of this Town.' — {Bacon, Anna/Zs, p. vi.) Kenfig. ' Et quod nullus extraneus extra nundinas vel forum infra bundas predictas aliquas merchandisas de aliquo extraneo emat nisi tantum de burgensibus nostris eiusdem ville, preter gentiles homines de (?) Glamorgancie et Morgancie pro victualibus eorum, et non racione merchandise. Nee aliquis teneat seldam apertam de aliquibus merchandisis nee tabernam, nee Corf faciet in villa nostra predicta, nisi fuerit cum predictis burgensibus nostris lotantus et escotantus et infra guldam mercatoris ipsorum recep- tus. Nee non concessimus eisdem burgensibus nostris quod ipsi et heredes sui guldam inter eos facere possint quo tempore et quandocunque voluerint ad proficuum ipsorum. Et quod dis- tringi non debeant pro debito alicuius, nisi debitores aut plegii pro eodem fuerint. Et quod nullus ballivus seu minister noster colore ballivie sue sumoniciones seu attachiam.enta faciet nee infra bundas predictas districionem capiet, nisi tantum constabularius predictus et ballivi eiusdem ville, qui per ipsos burgenses electi fuerint. Insuper concessimus prefatis burgensibus nostris quod omnes mercatores tam Pannarii, Cerdones, Pelliparii et Cirotecarii quam alii diversi qui ex emcione et vendicione vivant infra domi- nium nostrum Glamorgancie et Morgancie, residere debeant in villis de burgh et non upland. Et quod omnimodas mercandisas faciant in nundinis, foris et villis de burg, et non alibi. Et eciam omnes mercatores cum eorum merchandisis alibi non transiant quam per regales vicos et per villas de burgh. Ita quod nos nee heredes nostri tolnetum nostrum nee aliquas custumas nobis pronfs ann 3inusttations. 133 debitas aliquo tempore amittanius.' — The above is extracted from kenfig. a charter granted by Edward le Despenser to his burgesses of Kenfig, 34 Edward III, which was confirmed by Thomas le A.D. 1360. Despenser in the year 20 Richard II. — {Archaeologia Cambrensis^ A.D. 1397. 1871, vol. ii. 178-182.) Kenfig Ordmances, 4 Edw. III. ' The ancient, true and laudable Ordinances of the said town a.d. 1330. newly drawn by the consent of the portreeve and aldermen there- of whose names are hereunder written, word by word and agree- able to the old decayed roule, with other more ordinances added thereunto, for the good government of the said town and libertys. Dated the twentyeth day of May and the fourth year of Edward the Third after the Conquest. 10. ' Item it is ordained that noe manner of burgess shall buy noe manner of merchandizes that shall happen to come to the said town, but such men as shall be appointed by the said portreeve and aldermen, upon pain of xl.j'. ; and all such mer- chandizes to be divided amongst all the burgesses, every man according to his ability. 20. ' Item it is ordained that noe burgess, chencer, nor inhabi- tant of the said town shall not suffer any stranger within his house privily nor openly to buy nor to sell any manner of merchandizes against the royaltys of the said town and the freedom thereof, upon pain of xx.x. 27. 'Item it is ordained that noe manner of person shall hold nor open shop to cutt carne or trawntrey or ostrey hold, unless he be a burgess, yielding and paying by the appointment of the portreeve, upon pain of a grievous amerciament. 30. * Item it is ordained that noe burgess shall not merchandize with noe strangers goods to their singular advantage and for to inhance merchandizes and for to imbeazle the lords royaltys, dutys 134 Cl)e (^ilD a^etcfiant KENFIG. and customs, upon pain of high amerciament at the portreeve's pleasure. 32. ' Item it is ordained that noe chencer nor stranger shall buy any corn within the markett nor within the franchise of the said town, to be sold again, upon pain of amerciament. 34. ' Item it is ordained that noe stranger shall buy any corn in the markett until the portreeve, aldermen and burgesses be served, except gentlemen for their own household, upon pain of amercia- ment. 39. * Item it is ordained that noe burgess shall buy no manner of wares, as boards, lathes, tyles, nor noe other chaffre for any strangers, whereby the libertys and freedom of the said town may be hurt and hindered to the annoyance .of any other burgess, upon pain of three shillings and four pence at every fault and offence comitled therein.' — {Ibid.^ 246-250.) Kilkenny. William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, conferred various privi- leges upon his burgesses of Kilkenny {temp. Henry III) : — ' NuUi mercatori extranio liceat discicionem pannorum facere vel tabernam vinorum habere in villa kylkenn' nisi per quadraginta dies, et si amplius hujusmodi [habere voluerit,] tantum [ ? tunc] faciat per communionem Burgensium ad proficuum ville [quod] remaneat Item liceat Burgensibus meis Gyldam mercatoriam & alias gildas habere & suos scotenos ^ cum omni libertate ad ipsos spectante, sicut consuetudo est aliarum bonarum villarum,' etc. — {Charfae, etc. Hiberniae, 34.)^ ' This clause {toiideni verbis^ occurs in several Irish charters. See Chartae Hiberniae, 37, 39, 47, 84, and P. Gale, Inquiry into Corp. System, p. xii. ' Scotenos ' seems to be a grant of the same privilege 'as ' hansam ' or • hansas ' in the English charters. * Cf. P. Gale, Inquiry into Corporate System of Ireland, App. No. 7. Proofs anD 3inu0ttation0. 135 The following and many other privileges and old usages of the Kilkenny. town were confirmed by Richard II in 1383: — 'Item elegi debent annuatim circa festum sancti michaelis in dicta villa duo prepositi de Chepmenesild ad faciendum que ad ilium ofificium pertinent, & ipsi prepositi cognoscere debent coram eis de metis & bundis factis in dicta villa inter vicinum et vicinum^ et si qui inde coram eis convincti fuerint per presentacionem vel ad sectam partis amerciamentur, & misericordia ilia est quinque solidi, & illud amerciamentum vertatur in usum dicte ville. Item prepositi dicte ville habere debent correccionem de assisa panis & ser- vicie & correccionem inde facere quociens defectus invenire con- tigerit, videlicet, per amerciamentum & penam pillorii juxta formam statuti inde editi Item clamant quod omnes laboratores, Furnitores, Cissores, Sutores, FuUones, Textrices, braceatores, pandaxatores & ceteri operarii & omnes Artifices infra metas ville manentes corrigantur per fines & amerciamenta coram Superiori & Prepositis ejusdem ville & non coram aliis ; et illi fines & amerciamenta dividantur, videlicet, quorum medietas domino ville & alia medietas Superiori & Communitati ejusdem ville. Item clamant quod nullus forincecus seu extraneus mer- cator, cujuscumque condicionis fuerit, ad villam predictam tem- pore quocumque veniens cum mercimoniis suis, videlicet, ferro, sale & vino & aliis mercimoniis, habeat potestatem, nisi per licenciam Superioris & Burgensium ville predicte, dicta merci- monia vendicioni exponere ; et si aliqua mercimonia predicta ex- ponere vendicioni vel tabernam vinorum facere voluerint contra voluntatem Superioris et Burgensium dicte ville, quod ilia merci- monia & vina sunt forisfacta dictis Superiori et communitati dicte ville, et predicti Superior et Burgenses habeant potestatem pre- dicta forisfacta recipiendi & in usum dicti ville expendendi sine aliqua calumpnia cujuscumque Judicis Item clamant quod nulli extranii mercatores habeant potestatem aliquas pellas ' This is the function of the Dean of Gild in Scotland. In only one other charter (those of Scotland excepted) do I find this peculiar clause, i. e. in the charter of 13 Richard II to New Ross, confirming many old privileges granted in the time of Henry III, — Chartae Hiberniae, 85. 136 C6e 6ilD ^ercljant KILKENNY, friscas emere infra metas ville nisi per licensiam Superioris 6c Communitatis, etc' — [Ih'd., 80-82.) Leicestek. Robert, Earl of Mellent, bestowed the Gild upon his town of Leicester (1107-1118): — ' R. Comes de Mell' R. pint' [?Pin- cerne] atque omnibus baronibus suis Francigenis atque Anglicis tocius sue terre Anglie salutem. Sciatis me concessisse merca- toribus meis Leyc' gildam eorum mercatorum cum omnibus consuetudinibus quibus [i. e. quas] tenuerunt in tempore regis Willielmi et regis Willielmi filii eius et modo in tempore Henrici Regis. Teste R. filio Alcitilli.' — (Le/c. Archives, Borough Charters, etc., fol. 68.) His son, Robert Bossu, who died in 11 68 or 11 69, allowed the burgesses to hold the town of him at the old rate with an incre- ment of £8. They were not to plead outside the town, but only at their portmanmote, and were to have their Gild Mer- chant. 'Concedo etiam eis tenere gildam suam mercatoriam, sicut melius umquam tenuerunt tempore patris mei.' — {Gent. Magaz., 1 85 1, vol. 35, p. 263.) He also granted them the fol- lowing : — ' Robertus comes Leycestrie Radulpho vicecomiti et omnibus baronibus et hominibus suis Francigenis et Anglicis salutem. Sciatis quod ego et uolo et concedo quod burgenses mei de Leycestria teneant omnes consuetudines suas bene et in pace et honorifice et quiete in Gilda et in omnibus aliis consue- tudinibus, sicut eas umquam melius et quietius et honorificentius de patre meo tenuerint. Testibus,' etc. — {ReJ>. 3fSS. Com. 1881, p. 404.) The subjoined charter was probably granted by Robert Bossu or by his father : — ' R. Comes Leycestrie omnibus fidelibus ... [a blank] Anglie salutem. Sciatis me concessisse omnibus burgen- sibus meis leycest' guildam marcatoriam cum omnibus consue- tudinibus quas habebant in tempore patris mei et antecessorum meorum. Precipio ut bene et honorifice et quiete teneant ut unquam melius. Testibus, R. pint', G. Turuill', Ric. Magistro.' — {Leic. Archives, Borough Charters, etc., fol. 67.) Iproofs ann 3inu$tration0. 137 The town archives of Leicester contain many valuable Gild Leicester. Rolls \ extending from 8 Richard I to 4 Richard II. The oldest Roll begins thus : ' Isti intrauerunt in Gildam mercatoriam die Sancti Dionisii proxima post aduentum Comitis in Angliam post deliberacionem suam de captiuitate sua in Francia [11 9 7], scilicet.' The third membrane of this Roll is headed : ' Isti sunt qui intrauerunt Gildam Mercatoriam die Martis primo post ascensionem domini anno primo post coronacionem Domini Regis Johannis.' In the year 1197 about 60 persons were en- rolled, arid in the four succeeding years 28, iii, 24 and 36 re- spectively. Subjoined are a few entries selected from the two earliest membranes (1197-1198) : — ' Walterus de Nichol' ; eius plegii, Wilke Waterman, Robertus de Burg ; quietus de introitu et de hansis. Robertus de Burch xx.^. ; eius plegii, Wilke Waterman ['taurus' in the margin]. Willielmus homo Walteri le Mercer iii. 5. viii.^. ; eius plegii, Robertus le Pot'; quietus de introitu et de ansis et de tauro et de omnibus rebus. Johannes de Knapetoft ; quietus de introitu et de bans et de tauro. Walterus filius Rogeri ; eius plegii, Rogerus pater eius, Ri- cardus filius Rogeri ; quietus de introitu et de hansis et de omnibus rebus. Wilke Onquom ; quietus de toto ; plegii sui, Warinus de Cor- stona, Aco de Vunch' ; quietus de introitu et de ansis per totam Angliam. Johannes filius Bald' ; non inuenit plegios quia quietus de omnibus pro iiii. sol. Willielmus de Arington' ii. sol. pro tauro, et debet iii. sol. ad proximam Marwinspeche, et quietus pro omnibus (?). Johannes Auenar' viii.^. ; quietus de tauro et de omnibus rebus. Radulphus filius Jocelini habet sedem patris sui. ' Cf. Rep. MSS. Com. 1881, p. 404, which, however, gives a very meagre de- scription of the contents of these important records. C{)e 6iiD ^ercfiant LEICESTER. Simon cum Barba habet sedem patris sui. Henricus Morkor dedit iii.^. ; plegii sui; et quietus de hansis et de omnibus \' Most of those admitted made a payment and presented two sureties. Among the names entered in the years 1200 and 1201 are WilHam the stabler, Peter the carpenter, Osburn the farrier, Adam the miller and Gerald the baker. The Gild Rolls also contain the judicial proceedings of the Fraternity; but its juris- diction was confined to mercantile affairs. Besides paying the entrance fees and finding two pledges or sureties for the fulfilment of his obligations, the new member took an oath of fealty to the Gild : — ' Le serment de ceux qentrunt la Gylde. — Ceo oyetz vos meyr et vos freres de la Gylde qe ieo leaument les leys de la Gylde tendray, et ma Gylde bien en totes eschoses sueray, et ou [i.e. oue] mes freres de la Gylde ou qe ieo soye escoteray, sur le fee le Euesqe ou . . . [a blank ; supply ' deinz la fraunchise ']. Et qe ieo garniray mon mair et le bone gentz de la commune, si ieo sasche nul home qe marchaunde deinz la fraunchise qe soit able dentrer la Gylde. Et qe ieo serray obedient et suaunt al comaundement del mair et a ses somounes, et les fraunchises et les bones custumes de la vile a mon poeer meynteneray. Si deux me ayde et ses seynz. Amen.' — (Leic. Archives^ Borough Charters., etc., fol. 10.) The above is in the handwriting of the thirteenth century. The same oath in English was used in the fifteenth century : — ' The Oath of them, that enter into the Chapman Gild. — This hear you. Mayor and ye Brethren of the Gilde, that I truly the customs of my Gilde shall lawfully hold, and my Gild in all things serve. I shall lote and scot with my brethren of the Gild, whether I dwell in the town frauncheses, or in the Bishop Fee, or in any other place. Also I shall warne Mr. Mayor and the good folks of the town if I know any man that merchandizeth within the fraunches of this town, that been able to enter into ' For various other entries see Thompson, Munic. Hist., 51-52, Hist, of Leic, 53-54, 61. Ptoof0 ann Jltotration^. 139 the Chapman Gilde. And also I shall be obedient and ready Leicester. at Mr. Mayor's commandement and sommons ; and the good customs and fraunchisses of this town to my power I shall main- tain, as God me help and all Saynts.' — {Nichols, Co. of Leic, i. 377.) 'Anno regni Regis Henrici fihi Regis Johannis XL quarto die A.D. 1260. Jouis proxima ante diem sancti valentini mense ffebruarii, com- muniter fuit prouisum et concessum per communitatem Gylde, quod omnes qui sunt in eadeni Gylda possunt libere et sine aliqua occasione emere a quibuscumque voluerint lanam, prout melius poterunt, per vellera seu per pondus et staterara; et quod poterunt partiri desuper lucro cum omnibus a quibus mutuo receperint denarios ad medietatem seu ad terciam partem seu ad quartam partem supradicti ^ lucri, prout melius potuerit conueniri inter ac- comodantes et mutuo recipientes; et quod accomodatores pote- runt adiuuare illos quibus suos denarios ad marcandisas emendas [accomodauerunt], vbicunque voluerint extra villam Leyc', sic ta- men quod accomodatores qui fuerint extra ipsam Gyldam non se intromittent aliquo modo de ipsis marcandisis in villa Leyc' neque de denariis inde recipiendis per manus mercatorum extraneorum quibus ipse mercandise fuerint vendite. Et nullus eorum qui fuerint in Gylda vendet mercandisas alicuius qui fuerit extra Gyldam, nisi idem venditor prius emerit fideliter et pure ipsas marcandisas. Et nullus eorum qui fuerint in Gylda ibit per patriam cum mercatoribus extraneis ad docendum seu ad iu- uandum illos ad marcandisas emendas ad detrimentum Gylde ; et si quis eorum qui fuerint in Gylda venerit contra istam proui- sionem, amittet Gyldam suam. Et si aliquis de Leyc' qui fuerit extra Gyldam eat per patriam cum mercatoribus extraneis ad illos docendos seu adiuuandos ad marcandisas aliquas emendas ad de- trimentum Gylde, prohibeatur illi introitus Leyc' per vnmn annum et diem vnum.' — {Borotigh Charters, etc., fol. 41.) * Cum diuers cuntecks furent unies entre le Meyre e les Bur- geis homes Sir Edmoun, frere nostre seygnor le Roy, de Leyc' de » MS. 'sup'.' I40 CJe (Silti a^ercljant. LEICESTER, vne part e la gent le Euesqe de Nichole de hors la porte del Est de memes la vile d'autre part, de diuers contribuciouns qe les auandis Burgeys demanderent de memes cele gent le Euesqe, audreyn [i.e. orendreit] deuant sir Waut' de Helyon e sir Johan de Metingham, justises nostre seygnor le Roj', e autre bone gentz, qe de la cord se entremistrent entre les parties, Est issi aconuenu e acorde, ceste a sauer, qe a totes les houres qe les tenaunz avantdis le Euesqe, qe digne sunt, voilent entrer la Gylde marchaunde de la vile, grauntent le Meyre e les Borgeis auantdits, tant cum en eus est, qe en la Gylde seyent rescuz solum la forme et la custume vsez ca e enarere. E qe les auandis tenans le Euesque eyent totes les franchises e franche custumys qe a cele Gilde apendent dedens vile e de hors e partot. E pur ceo vnt les auantdis tenans le Euesqe graunte qe desoremes seyent en escot e en lot en totes choses qe a Gylde apendent ou [i.e. cue] les Burgeis auantdis solum lour aferaunt ; e totes les houres qe les Borgeis front duns ou pre- sens au Roy ou a la Reyne en lour venues en les parties de Leyc' a la mountaunce de la value de vynt liuers ou de meyns, E a lour seygnor de la vile de Leyc' a ces [i.e. ses] venues a la value de vynt mars ou de meyns, e a ministres le Ray e a autres par enchesbn de ayder et de maintener les franchises de la Gylde, meymes ceus tenans escotront e eydront a ceus douns e presens solum la porcioun ke a eus apent, par renable taxacioun fete par prodes- homes a ceo eluys e suses des vns et des autres, issi ke, si les duns e les presens seient fiez par comune acorde des tenauns de plus grant pris e value qe nest supradit, le tenauns le Euesqe auandiz escotrount a ceo solum la cord auant fet. Et si ceo duns ou presens seyent fet de plus grant value saunz le assent e la vo- lente les tenaunz le Euesque suzdis, a ce meimes les tenaunz ne seyent tenuz. Et qant la vile de Leyc' chet a la merci le Roy ou face fyn par enchesoun de trespas qe touche la commune de la Gilde, les auantdiz tenaunt escoterount a ceo en la fourme avant- dite ; mes ceo nest mye a entendre pur merci ne pur fyn fete pur trespas de certeyne persone qe dust estre puny pur son trespas, demeyne si ceo fut par commune acord de tenauns auantdis. Ne ceo nest mie a entendre qe les tenans le Euesqe escotent a cele Iproofs anti jnustrations, hi manere de amerciement ou de fyn qe touche la commune de la vile Leicester. e ne mye la commune de la Gilde, fors pris ceus qe vnt terres ou tenemens en la vile de Leyc' ke sount Borgeys de la vile tut seyent il tenaunz le Euesqe. E kaunt les ministres le Roy venent pur a asaer les peys e les mesures en la vile e en le subburbe avantdit, E memes eels ministres voilent prendre commune fyn des vns ou des autres par enchesons de trespas truuez en celes peys e en celes mesures, bien grantent eels tenaunz le Euesqe escoter a cele fyn solum la porcioun qe a eus apent. E a tutes cestes con- tribuciouns a aser leaument, issi ke chescun seyt charge a la por- cioun ke a ly apent, serrount eluiz e apeles prodeshomes tenans le euesqe de ceo veer e de oyer la conte qe de ceo apent ensement oue les prodeshomes de Leyc'. E les auantdis Borgeis e la co- munaute de Leyc' e les auandis tenans le Euesqe voilent e gran- tent, pur eus e pur lour heirs e pur lor assignes e pur lor succes- sours, qe eus desormes tengent, gardent e facent e en touz poinz vsent totes les choses auantdites a tous iours. E en testimoine de totes cestes choses auantdites le meire et la comune pur eus vnt mys lour seel de la comunaute a la partie de ceste escrit endente ke remeynt de vers le tenans le Euesqe auandit. E Peres Vmfrey, Rauf Mikilloue, Geffrei de Lidington, William de Lidington e Johan Caritas, Pur eus e les autres gentz 1? Euesqe, a la partie de ceste escrit qe deuers les auantdis Meire e les Borges remeint vnt mis lor sels, E escrit ceo comunement, [e] Vnt procur ke les auantdis sir Waut' de Helyon e sir Johan de Metingham Justises e sir Thomas de Bray, Seneschal sir Edmund, a greignor testmonage de ambe pars, as escris vnt mys lour seels. Ay ces tesmoynes, Mestre Roger de Sarmhust, dunqes Archedekin de Leyc', Sir Andreu de Estle, Sire Geffrei de Skeftinton, Sir Ric. Burdeyt, Sir Robert Burdeyt, Sir William de Waleys de Anlep, Sir Johan le Faukener, Sir William Buck, Cheualers, Roberd de Swillynton, William de Heuoue, Clercks le Euseqe auantdit, Peres de Wakirle et altres. Done a Leyc' le disuitym jour de Septembre, Lan del incarnacioun nostre seignur mil e deuz Cent e vitant primeiz.' — [Borough Charters, etc., ff. 37-39-) In the ' Constitutions ' made by the Mayor and the whole 142 C6e (^ilD a^etcSant. LEICESTER. Community of Leicester 3 Richard II, there is only one refer- ence to the Gild : — ' Item ordinatum fuit quod Camerarii annu- atim coUigent omnes redditus nee non omnia alia et singula que pertinent ad communitatem uille predicte et ad gildam merca- toriam.' — [Borough Charters., fol. 78.) In the fifteenth century the Chamberlains of the town on assuming office swore to improve the 'livelode' and tenements belonging to the town; also to endeavour to improve the Chapman Gild ; to charge and dis- charge themselves of all lands and rents ' belonging to this town and of the Chapman Gilde,' etc. — {Nichols, Co. of Leic, i. 377.) At a common hall held in 1467, it was ordered that every person opening a shop in Leicester should pay yearly y. 4^., till he enter into the Chapman Gild. — {Ibid., i. 376.) Thompson has furnished us with many details concerning the Gild Merchant of Leicester \ He sums up his account thus : — 'Briefly stated these are the conclusions at which the writer arrived : That before the Incorporation of the borough whose history he was inquiring into took place, its inhabitants generally were members of a Merchant Guild ; that at their head was the Mayor of the Guild ; that a Council of the Guild was periodically chosen ; that they admitted new members every year, to whom an oath of allegiance to the Guild was administered ; that they kept a yearly account of receipts and expenses ; that they levied local taxation ; that they repaired the gates, walls and bridges of the town ; that they had frequent public meals of bread and wine at the common expense; that they were known as the " Community of the Guild " ; that from none but their own body were their officers chosen ; and that, in fact, the whole area of municipal administration was occupied by the Guild Merchant, which was the governing body of the town in regard to all matters except the enforcement of the civil and criminal law — the latter devolving upon the " Portmanmote," an institution identical in its nature and jurisdiction with the Court Leet of * See Hist, of Leic, pp. 29-30, 52-54, 60-61, 67-70, 75-85, 90-92, 187, 226, 228, 243; Munic. Hist., pp. viii-xii, 35-38,49-64,80,81,86; Gentleman's Magazine, 1851, vol. 35, pp. 261-263, 596-598 and vol. 36, pp. 248-249. lProof0 ant) anusttations?, 143 the borough. The writer further concluded that the Merchant Leicester. Guild merged in the Corporation erected in the reign of Queen EHzabeth, and that the members of the Guild acquired the name of "freemen" at the same period.' — {Munic. Hist., p. ix.) In the first volume of this work we have pointed out that some of these conclusions are not tenable. Subjoined is a brief survey of some of the transactions of the Gild at its meetings, which were called ' morrow - speeches ' (* morwenspeche ') : — A. D. 1254. — Roger Alditch was charged with offending the laws of the Gild, having made a blanket in one part of which was a good woof, but elsewhere in many places weak stuff. He also caused a piece of weak and inferior vermilion cloth to be attached to a good piece of the same kind of cloth. It was abjudged that he should pay a fine of 6j. 8^. and, if he should commit another offence against the Gild, he should be expelled. William of Ayleston was accused of having sold the wool of the men of Hinckley and Coventry against the rule of the Gild. He was fined 6ox. Robert of Kent was charged with selling the wool of strangers, contrary to the law of the Gild. William of Pailington transgressed in the same way. — ( Thompso7t, Leic, 68, 69.) A. D. 1257. — The whole Gild in full assembly agreed that the Leicester merchants going to the next fair at Stamford with wool, cloth and skins should have them carried to the shops in which the Leicester merchandise was usually deposited and cause them to be opened there in presence of the neighbours. Then they could take them where they pleased. Regulations were also made for the Leicester clothiers and wool-dealers, going to the next fair of St. Botolph. — {Ibid., 75-76.) Hugh at the Solar having struck Roger Alditch in the market of St. Botolph, and the latter having struck the former, both were fined a tun of beer by the community of the Gild. The words ' tunata cervisie ' often occur as the amount of the fines to be paid ; the brethren probably partook of this beer at the morrow-speeches. -{Ibid., 77-) 144 C!)e (^iin a^etcfjant LEICESTER. 44 Henry III. — John Keling was charged with trafficking with money of a man not in the Gild and receiving a share in the profits. He was fined i2d. Three others were fined for a hke offence. In September of the same year it was ordered that no gildsman should sell wool or other merchandise in Leicester, the property of strangers, for a share of the profits accruing therefrom, to the detriment of the liberties of the Gild\ — {I^id., 78-79.) A.D. 1 26 1. — Regulations were made for the clothiers and drapers at the fair of St. Botolph. — {Ibid., 79.) A.D. 1265. — It was ordered by the Gild that the weavers of Leicester should be allowed to weave as well by night as by day ; that they should take for every ell of each kind of cloth a far- thing, russets excepted, and for the latter three farthings ; and that they should not be permitted to- weave cloth for the men of other towns, while they had sufficient work to do for the men of Leicester. — {Ibid., 84.) A.D. 1467. — At a Common Hall it was agreed that in the future none should enter the guildhall at any Common Hall there held, except persons franchised, that is to say, entered into the Chap- man's QWdi.— {Ibid., 187.) In the middle of the fifteenth century the wardens and mem- bers of the Tailors' Company enacted that no tailor should set up his craft as a master within the town, unless the wardens of the craft brought in \os. in money, to be paid to the chamberlains of the town for his duty to the Chapman's Gild, upon pain of forfeiting 20s. of the gild of tailors' money. — {Ibid., 228.) During the reign of Henry VII there are entries of freemen admitted into the 'Gild Merchant.' — {Ibid., 226.) From the time of Elizabeth ' the municipal body ceased to be known as the Merchant Guild and was ordinarily called the In corporation, or by the abbreviated form of the term, the Corpora- tion.' — {Thompson, Munic. Hist., 86.) * Similar entries occur frequently in the Gild Rolls, the culprit being punished for forming a partnership with non-gildsmen, — ' quia habuit societatem in mercimonio [or ' mercandizis '] cum,' etc. Iproofjs anti JUustration^. 145 Lewes. ' Reginaldus de Warrenna vicecomiti de Lewiis et omnibus lewes. baronibus Comitis ceterisque uniuersis eiusdem hominibus tarn francis quam anglicis salutem. Notum uobis sit quod ego com- muni consilio prioris de Sancto Pancratio et baronum consulis reddidi Burgensibus lewiensibus mercatoriam Ghildam cum omni- bus consuetudinibus et dignitatibus que ad illam pertinent, tarn quietam et liberam sicut habuerunt illam in tempore aui et patris mei, pro xx. sol. reddendo annuatim prefecture de Lewiis, et tali conuencione quod si dominus Comes reduxerit, pro posse meo faciam quod eis ipse predicto pacto prefatam Gildam concedet ; si non autem, faciam pro posse meo quod dominus meus Comes Willielmus [de Blois] filius Regis eis eandam concedet Ghildam. Testibus, Willielmo priore de Sancto Pancratio, Ricardo Came- rario, Eustachio clerico comitis Willielm filii Regis, Hugone de petroponte, Rad. de Plaiez, Rad. de Wib[urtvill], Rob. de petroponte. Ad. Vicecomite, Baldewino de friuill', Simone de Hangelton.' — (MS. Cotton^ Nero C iii., fol. 190.)^ Lichfield ^ The Gild of Lichfield was established in the year 1387 by a charter of Richard II. Besides the master, four wardens and brethren, there were five priests belonging to the Fraternity, In the year 2 Henry VII the Gild made certain regulations ' for the worship of the City, unity, peace and welfare of the Commonalty.' The Master of the Gild and the forty-eight were steadfastly to abide together and see that good rule be kept in the City. The other ordinances relate to frays with blood-shed, to vagabonds, scolding women, etc. It is evident that this Fraternity was the governing body of the town. — {Harwood, Lichfield, 31 1-3 14.) ' The membrane in the Cotton MS. is evidently the original ; it was proba- bly granted during the reign of Stephen. The ' Comes ' referred to was Re- ginald's brother, the third Earl Warren. Cf. Horsfield, Lewes, i. 168-170; Turner, The Ancient Merchant Guild of Lewes, Sussex Archaeol. Collect., vol. xxi. 96-97. ^ See Harwood, Lichfield, 311-335, 398 ; Munic. Corp. Com. 1835, p. 1925 ; and A short Account of Lichfield, 1819, pp. 79-81. L 146 Cf)e (3110 Qietcftant. LICHFIELD. Soon after the dissolution of the Gild (2 Edward VI), the City was incorporated, two bailiffs and twenty-four burgesses being appointed, twelve of whom had been masters of the Gild. — {/h'd., 334.) The Bodleian Library has various documents relating to this Fra- ternity. Ashmole MS. 855,' Collections concerning the Antiquities and History of the City of Lichfield,' contains indentures of lands belonging to the Gild (fol. 232), and ordinances of the Gild of our Lady and St. John the Baptist, founded in the year 1387 (ff. 243- 249). Ashmole MS. 1521 A. is entitled 'Liber Fratrum Gildae et Fraternitatis in villa de Lichfeild in honore gloriosae virginis, seu ejusdem Institutio et Leges ; nomina magistrorum et Funda- torum atque Omnium Fratrum Sororumque nomina,' etc. (1387- 1444). Ashmole MS. 152 1 B., ff. 53-57, contains the ordinances of the Gild made in the reign of Henry VH. Neither in Harwood's account of this body, nor in the Bodleian MSS. do we meet with the term 'Gilda Mercatoria.' The Lichfield Fraternity has a strong religious colouring ; and there is a marked absence of mercantile regulations among its ordinances. Lincoln. ' Henricus [H] Dei gratia .... Sciatis me concessisse civibus meis Lincolnie omnes libertates et consuetudines et leges suas quas habuerunt tempore Edwardi et Willelmi et Henrici regum Anglie, et gildam suam mercatoriam de hominibus civitatis et de aliis mercatoribus comitatus, sicut illam habue- runt tempore predictorum antecessorum nostrorum regum Anglie melius et liberius. Et omnes homines qui infra quatuor divisas civitatis manent et mercatum dedecunt, sint ad gildas et consuetudines et assisas civitatis, sicut melius fuerunt tempore Edwardi, Willelmi et Henrici, regum Anglie.' {Foedera^ i. 40; Stiibds, Charters, 158.)^ ' Hoc est veredictum xii. juratorum villate Lude (2 Edward I) ^ Cf. ' Civitas Lincolnia,' p. 3. IPtoofs anti 3Uu0ttation0» 147 Dicunt quod major et cives Lincolnie ventur' [i.e. utuntur] Lincoln. quadam consuetudine nomine gilde contra regiam dignitatem, et ipsi distringserunt homines de Luda jam per octo annos elapsos ad dampnum et gravamen villate de Luda c"^ marcarum Item dicunt quod Rogerus filius Benedicti major Lincoln' cepit de Alano de Helgelofe dimidiam marcam antequam ducere potuit corias suas in regia via Lincoln', nomine cujusdam gilde anno regni regis Henrici l^ ad dampnum ipsius Alani viii sol Item dicunt quod Rogerus filius Benedicti major Line' fecit attachiare Simonem de Alwingham, Ricardum filium Walteri apud Lennam cum bonis suis, nomine gilde injuste et contra pacem domini Regis, ad dampnum predictorum Simonis et Ricardi c™ sol., anno regni Regis Henrici liio. . . . Item postea venit idem Willelmus tunc major Line' ad nundinas Sancti Botolphi et fecit attachiare Simonem de Alwingham, Walterum de Foro de Luda cum bonis suis, occasione dicte gilde, ad dampnum et gravamen eorum C^ sol., quamvis deliberati fuerunt per senescallos et mercatores curie Sancti Botulphi de pluribus regionibus ibi coUectos anno regni Regis Henrici lv" Item dicunt quod Rogerus filius Benedicti nunc major Line' cepit de Gilberto Rosel de Luda equum suum in regia via Line', ibi veniente ad mandatum domini Regis pro deliberacione gayole, et detinuit per duos dies, donee ballivi domini Regis predictum equum deliberaverunt, ad dampnum ipsius G. dimidie marce, occasione dicte gilde anno regni Regis Edwardi primo.' — {Hof. Hundredoriim^ i. 332-334.) ' Veredictum de Grimisby in Lindeseye in comitatu Line' anno regni Regis Edwardi [I] tercio, et est de dominico Regis.' Among other entries under this heading, there is one relating to Lincoln : — ' Dicunt quod Willielmus de Holegat', quondam major Line', cepit injuste de burgensibus de Grimesby equos, vadia, denarios et hujusmodi pro gildewite ad valenciam x, marcarum, contra cartam domini Regis Johannis et contra regiam potestatem, et adhuc ea detinet occupata.' — {Ibid., i. 291.) L 2 148 C!)e (^iin ^etcfiant. Liverpool. LIVERPOOL. Liverpool received a grant of the Gild Merchant from Henry III (1229) \ but it was annulled by the charter of Richard II (1382): — 'Ilia clausula superius [i.e. in the charter of Henry III] expressa, quod nullus qui non sit de gilda ilia mercandisam aliquam in predicto burgo faciat nisi de voluntate corundum burgensium, penitus excepta.' Henry IV inspected the charters of his predecessors without excepting the Gild, but in Queen Mary's grant of the year 1555 the Gild is again excepted. — {Ficion, Memorials of Ltv., i. 31, 49.) '^ In the year 1552 two seneschals of the Gild Court and two Leavelookers are mentioned. — {Picton, Selections fro?n Liv. Archives, 59.) A.D. 1565. — At a Port Moot of the Burgesses it is re- corded : ' We find and order that all wares transported and brought into this borough Corporate and Port town forth of the Queen's Majesty's realm of Ireland by the way of merchandize, shall be brought into the common hall, that is to wit into the common warehouse of this town, and that all such wares sold or bartered between foreigner and foreigner shall be forfeit as foreign bought and foreign sold, — felts and yarn only excepted, — and that it shall be lawful for any freeman of this town to seize and take the same ' Also we find, order, and decree, that no foreigner, as men of Bolton, Blackburne or any other places, sell any iron, wood, or any other kind of wares to any foreign person other than to a freeman of this town, on pain of forfeiture of the same.' —{Ibid., 75.) Produce imported was first to be offered for sale to ' the mayor and town.' A value was put upon it by the four Prizers (i. e. appraisers). If the merchant did not accept the price offered ' Harland, Mamecestre, 198-199; Madox, Excheq., i. 417. * For remarks on the Gild Merchant of Liverpool see Picton, Mem. of Liv., L 1 2, 49, 68 ; Selections from Archives of Liv., 1 7, 80, 295. Iptoof^ antJ Jllusttation.sf. 149 by the town, he had to bargain with the latter as to what he Liverpool. should pay for permission to sell in open market. 1590, November 5th. — 'George Hodser a merchante from Ireland, whoe brought hither certen grayne, to wete, Wheate and Rye, w^^ was thought conveniente to have ben hadd as a common bargain for the towne ; howbeit after some conference in the haule at a convocacion there, yt was agreed betwene Mr. Maior, his brethren and burgesses, and the said Hodser that the same George Hodser in consideracion of the summe of xxvi.j. VIII. ^. by him to be paid unto the towne, he should have libertie to take his best marquett for his said commoditie within the towne, which was to him graunted, and soe paide for the same the said summe of xxvi.s. vui.d. to the hands of Mr. Bailiff Formebie for the Towne's use.' — {/did., 80-81.) 1591, March 23rd, at an Assembly, — 'It was inquired whether corne or other victuals cominge or to be broughte unto this saide towne and porte of Liverpoole by waye of merchandize may lawfullie and by the orders of this howse be bargained and bought by anie freeman of this towne w^^^oute the speciall licence and consente of Mr. Maior of the same towne for the tyme being, w^b the assente also of the aldermen his brethren and burgesses, the same goods being before proffered to the towne to be solde. Whereunto all the whoU assemblie (by poles and afterwards wth a generall voice) made answer saying yt was not lawfull for anie one to bargain or buie any of the com- modities above mentioned, the same beinge first (to be) proffred to the towne to be solde as is above said.' An offence com- mitted by Gyles Brooke 'of this towne merchant ' was put over to another day. — {Ibid., 81-82.) 1591, April 14th. — 'Item, concerninge certen Tallowe called rendered tallowe, brought hither for a towne's bargain, the quantitie whereof beinge soe small as but fyve cwt. or there- abouts, yt is therefore thought mete and soe agreed upon by a common consente, that from henceforth anie freeman of this said towne, one or moe, may bargaine and buy as well the said quantitie of tallowe above mencioned as all other such like w^li I50 CJje (^iin Q^etcftant LIVERPOOL, shall fall oute as this doth, not fitte for a common bargaine; yet nevertheles, if any one free burgess of this towne, being a townesman shall buie anie suche quantitie, he shall not denie one or moe of his neighbours beinge free of the Corporacion to be partakers threof w^^ him ; soe he or they come in conveniente tyme. And that the first buier of the same shall, upon suche bargain or contracte made, geve undelaied notice and knowledge hereof to Mr. Maior of this towne for the tyme beinge or to his deputie, soe as either proclamacion maye be made or els particular warninge be geven at everie freeman's house by the under-bailiff to the same effects. And the like order and rule to be observed for corne and graine.' — {Pidon, Selections, 82-83.) The oath of the Burgess of Liverpool in 1610 contained this clause : — ' Youe shall lykewise, by no coloure, covin or deceipte, free anie forrenier, or the goods, catails or merchan- dizes of anie forreigner, or other person whatsoever not free within this towne, in the name of yo^ proper goods, cataills, or merchaundize, whereby the Quene's Majesties custome, her heirs and successors, and the custome of this towne or either of them, shall or maye in anie wise be empeached, empayred, hindred, delaied, or embeselled.' — {Ibid., 121.) LliANTRIS SAINT. Hugh le Despenser granted to his burgesses of Llantrissaint, A.D. 1346. among other immunities (20 Edw. Ill) : — 'quod burgenses nostri predicti esse non debeant receptores denariorum nostrorum nisi ta[ntu]m de denariisexeuntibusdeballivaPrepositatus eiusdemville nostre, nee aliquis seldam apertam de aliquibus merchandisis nee tabernam nee corf faciant in eadem villa nostra, nisi fuerit cum pre- dictis burgensibus nostris [injlocamum [i.e. lotamum] et scotamum et infra guldam libertatum receptus. Nee non concessimus eisdem burgensibus nostris quod ipsi et successores sui guldam inter eos facere possint quo tempore et quandocunque voluerint ad proficuum ipsorum.' — {Archaeol. Journal, xxix. 352.) jptoofs anti 3IIlu0ttatian0. 151 Lynn Regis. The Gild Merchant is" mentioned in charters granted to Lynn lynn regis. in the years 6 John and :^^ Edward I ^ The latter concedes : 'quod ipsi et eorum heredes ac successores burgenses uille pre- dicte in perpetuum habeant gildam suam mercatoriam cum omni- bus terris et edificiis ad gildam illam pertinentibus, saluis capi- talibus dominicis serviciis inde debitis et consuetis.' — (Town Archives of Ly?in, Aa. 6.) A charter of Henry V ordains that the Alderman of the Gild should choose four of the most sufficient Burgesses, who were to add eight others to their number. These twelve were to elect one of the twenty-four Jurats Mayor, and to appoint the other town officers ^ Almost all men of note in the town were members of this ' Gild Merchant of the Holy Trinity,' which was very intimately connected with the Corporation of Lynn, as is evident from the documents given below. 'The Alderman of it was always the leading man of the 24 Jurats, next to the Mayor in importance ; and its funds were always at the service of the Corporation, and served to stop a gap on many a pressing emergency. At one time the income of the Guild was from £300 to £400 (which represents at least from £3000 to £4000 of our money). Much of the Corporation property at the present day originally belonged to the Trinity Guild ^. Prominent in the town, in the centre of the Saturday Market place, stands the Guildhall, formerly the Hall of the Trinity Guild.' — 'There never was any great work going on for the advantage of the town to which it did not largely contribute. The conduit of St. Margaret at one time, the town defences at another, the church and chapels, all were largely indebted for gifts or loans.' During the reign of Henry V, the Gild held the bonds of the Corporation for loans of more than £450. — [Harrod, Report, 26-27, 3i-) The archives of Lynn are rich in materials illustrating the ^ Rot. Chart., 13S ; Mackerell, Lynn, 200. "^ Mackerell, 201 ; Harrod, Report on Records of Lynn, 96, 98. ^ Cf. Blomefield and Parkin, Norfolk, viii. 506. 152 Cfte <^ilti e0tuf)mt LYNN REGIS, history of this Fraternity. — Gild Rolls ^ :— The following is a schedule of the Bede Roll, iemp. Edward I . . . . Morowspeche Rolls, 14-31 Edward I . „ „ tenij). Edward III . Memoranda Rolls, 8 Richard II . . „ ,, 11-12 Henry VI . Gd. 44. Gd. 45. Gd. 46. Gd. 47. Gd. 48. Account Rolls ^ : — 47 Edward III. . . . Gd. 49. 8-9 Richard II (2) . . Gd. 50-51. lo-il Richard II . . . Gd. 52. 13-14 Richard II . . . Gd. 53. 19-20 Richard II (paper) Gd. 53''. 7-8 Henry IV . . . . Gd. 54. 12-13 Henry IV • • • Gd. 55. 4-5 Henry V . . . . Gd. 56. 9-10 Henry V .... Gd. 57. I Henry VI Gd. 58. 3-4 Henry VI . . . . Gd. 59. 10 Henry VI ... . Gd. 69». 16-17 Henry VI • • • Gd. 60. 17-18 Henry VI . . . Gd. 61. 19-20 Henry VI . 22-23 Henry VI . 3-4 Edward IV . 7-8 Edward IV . 8-9 Edward IV . 14-15 Edward IV 17-18 Edward IV 18-19 Edward IV I Edward V . . 8-9 Henry VII . 18-19 Henry VII. 23-24 Henry VII . Fragments undated Gd. 62. Gd. 63. Gd. 64. Gd. 65. Gd. 66. Gd. 67. Gd. 68. Gd. 69. Gd. 70. Gd. 71. Gd. 72. Gd. 73. Gd. 74. The Bede Roll is headed, ' Hii sunt fratres Gilde Mercatorie de Lenna defuncti,' and contains about 850 names '. The Morowspeche Rolls * record the entrance of new members at the four morowspeche-meetings held during the year, with the fees paid ; also fines, tallages, etc. imposed upon the brethren ; the election of new officers ; and the accounts of the ' scabini,' or ' skevins.' Subjoined are a few extracts : — A.D. 1289. ' Morowspeche die ueneris proxinia post Pentecostem anno * Harrod (Report, 25-33) also gives a brief account of these documents, with a few extracts from the Account Rolls. '^ In addition to the Rolls there are several other documents at LjTin relating to this Gild : — letters patent (19 Henry VI) incorporating the Gild, licences to hold lands on the quay, etc. (16 Richard II) and to purchase Scales' Mill (26 Henry VI), three pardons under the Great Seal to the Alderman, etc. of the Gild (Henry VI — Henry VII), and a Terrier of lands of the ' Gilda Mercatoria ' in South Lynn (4 Edward IV). ^ Two membranes, both sides covered with writing. * Gd. 45 consists of four tattered membranes and two fragments ; Gd. 46, four membranes, well preserved. Proofs and 3lUustration.s, 153 regni regis Edwardi xviio, Roberto de Lend' Aldermanno, W. de lynn regis. Lymar' Suffragano. Eodem die Radulphus filius Ricardi Sofucl' filius fratris intrauit fraternitatem, iuratus, dedit iura domus, finitum iiii. ^., quos statim soluit. Eodem die Alex' de Yspania intrauit fraternitatem, iuratus, dedit iura domus, finitum iiii.^., quos statim soluit. Thomas Schilling eodem die intrauit fraternitatem, iuratus, dedit iura domus, finitum xl.s., soluit statim xx.^., dabit alios XX. 5-. ad proximam potacionem. Plegii, Willielmus frater suus et Galfridus le Panere. Eodem die Willielmus Liburta intrauit fraternitatem, iuratus, dedit iura domus, finitum i. dolium uini, quod pacabit ad proxi- mam potacionem, per plegium Johannis Spaldingae et Ricardi de Docking'. Morwespeche die ueneris proxima septima quadragesime anno regni regis Edwardi fihi Henrici xxi^, Petro de Thrund Alder- A.D. 1293. manno. Eodem die computauerunt quod tota communa tenetur Gylde per tallagium de Gylda denariis eiusdem Gylde ad opus commune mutuatis xxxvi.//. vi.s. wii.d., et inde recepit Aldermannus tal- lagium integrum de Maiore et communa. Eodem die habuerunt lxxx. molas non uenditas et quatuor molas precii lx.//. Eodem die habuerunt in debitis per tallagium totum diuersas personas xxvii.//. w.s. \u.d. Morwespeche die ueneris prima septima quadragesime anno regni regis Edwardi xvo, Petro Thrund Aldermanno, Johanne A.D. 1287. Lambert, Roberto de London, Ranulpho Coco, Petro Lomb et Ranulpho Clerico, Scabinis. Eodem die dicti scabini reddiderunt compotum suum, unde omnibus expensis factis allocatis summa catallorum huius frater- nitatis, cum debita Philippi de Bek, scilicet, xvi. //. et i. marc', eciam cum V. taliis antiquis et xv. taliis nouis, est ccc./i. xiu.s. v.d. 154 C6e (SilD a^ercftant LYNN REGIS. Eodem die Johannes de Yspania essoniatus cum multis aliis de Alano de Lyndes, quod eos implacitat contra statuta. Eodem die Johannes de Balttuc essoniatus de Ricardo de Docking', quod ipsum, etc. contra statuta, et Ricardus optuht se satisfacere. Eodem die Aldermannus et Scabini cum consiho fratrum huius domus ex certa causa amouabant Johannem de Folesham ab officio decani domus huius, et elegerunt Johannem de Dylham ad exercendum illud officium ad uoluntatem confratrum per scru- tinium(?), et hoc ad dicta iura mehus(?) facienda.' — {Town Archives of Lynn., Gd. 45.) A. D. 1339. 'Eodem die [ueneris septima Pentecostes, 13 Edw. Ill] Aldermannus et confratres ex vnanimi assensu elegerunt [12 names], qui iurati elegerunt [4 names] ad officium scabinorum. A.D. 1328. Eodem die [2 Edw. Ill] confratres vnanimi assensu et uolun- tate ordinauerunt et statuerunt quod nullus homo extraneus de cetero intrabit fraternitatem Gilde, nisi det pro fine sexaginta solidos et iura domus.' — {Ibid., Gd. 46.) The Memoranda Rolls of 8 Richard II and 11-12 Henry VI (in all only two membranes) contain entries somewhat similar to those of the preceding Rolls, but the term ' congregatio ' super- sedes ' morowspeche.' The officers of the Gild in the reign of Henry VI were called ' magister,' ' thesaurarius,' ' clericus ' and * decanus.' ' Congregacio Gilde Mercatorie Sancte Trinitatis die ueneris A.D. 1385. septima Pentecostes anno regni regis Ricardi octauo, Thoma de Botkesham tunc Aldermanno eiusdem Gylde. Johannes Cotton burgensis uille Cantebrugg' ingressus est in fraternitatem Gilde predicte die Mercurii proxima post Epipha- niam domini anno regni regis Ricardi supradicto, et inuenit plegios de suo bono gesto et fine pro ingressu soluendo, Johannem de Titleshall et Thomam Drewe, et fecit finem pro dicto ingressu CI. J. VIII. ^., et inde habet in mense sequente diem, et dicitur.' Proofs ann 3lllu0trations» 155 There are twenty-nine Account Rolls, most of them consisting lynn regis. of several membranes each. The contents relate chiefly to entrance-fees, the sale of mill-stones, marble and other stones, rents of houses belonging to the Gild, 'cranage, kayage and plankage,' the stipends of chaplains, alms, expenses for burials and festivities, arrears of the ' scabini ' and members, and miscel- laneous expenses. The old name 'gilda mercatoria' still con- tinued to be used : — ' Computus , . . vnius scabini Gilde Mer- catorie Sancte Trinitatis ' (8-9 Richard II. — Gd. 50-51.) In a long composition made between the Bishop of Norwich, and the Mayor and Community of Lynn (a.d. 1309), we find the following : — ' Concesserunt eciam Major et Communitas ante- dicta ut omnes ordinaciones et statuta Gyldarum uel eciam ipsius Communitatis, si que fuerint, per quas vel que libertas vendendi et emendi in dicta villa Lenn' fuerit impedita, quominus Com- burgenses ville predicte possent libere mercandisare uel extranei quicunque pro estoueriis propriis necessaria sibi emere, vt in molis uel aliis mercandisis quibuscunque, ad dampnum tam Communitatis ipsius quam tocius patrie adiacentis, amodo et exnunc reuocentur et annullentur, nee talia fiant in futurum ; et si de ipsa Communitate aliquis in hoc culpabilis in posterum reperiatur per ballivos et ministros Episcopi ad querelam cuius- cunque ex hoc lesi debitam facere teneatur emendam, quociens- cunque et quandocunque de hoc ministris dicti Episcopi con- stiterit legitime. Si que autem statuta uel ordinaciones pro vtihtate communi in villa predicta fieri debeant, de consensu Episcopi, qui pro tempore fuerit, tanquam domini ville Lenn', et non aliter, sunt facienda. — Concesserunt eciam Maior et Com- munitas antedicta, sub forma qua prius, ut nullus de ipsa Com- munitate cum alienigenis aliquas mercandisas exercens quicquam de precio inter eos primitus conuento et concordato sine vendi- toris assensu defalcare presumat seu diminuere, cum ex hoc tam dictus Episcopus quam ipsa Communitas maxima et grauia dampna in preterito senserint euidenter. Et vt alienigene et ceteri mercatores, qui ex causis predictis a villa predicta, iam diu est, se subtraxerunt, ad eandem libertius et frequentius confluant 15^ CJe (^ilD a^ercftant LYNN REGIS, in futurum, concessum est per Maiorem et Conimunitatem ante- dictam, ut omnes alienigene ad dictam villam confluentes pro mer- cibus suis vendicioni exponendis, per quadraginta dies morentur libera absque eorum impedimento uel contradiccione, sicut alibi in Communitatibus uel Burgis Mercatoriis communiter in Anglia est vsitatum. Quod si quis super hoc alicui impedimentum prestiterit, per ballivos Episcopi ad sectam cuiuscunque querentis in Curia dicti Episcopi rectum inde teneatur. — Concesserunt eciam Maior et Communitas antedicta ut de nuUo dictam villam Lenn' inhabitare volente pro inhabitando quicquid violenter extorqueant uel aliquid eo pretextu requirant, cum hoc sit ex- presse contra libertatem et dominium Episcopi antedicti. Set si quis per annum moram traxerit in villa predicta et in ea vlterius tanquam incola morari voluerit, ita quod vlterius ex- traneus dici non valeat, extunc racionabilibus, vtilibus, debitis, consuetis et communibus predicte villeLenn' auxiliis, sicut ceteri de villa, iuxta facultates suas contribuere teneatur. Sic tamen ut pretextu solius inhabitacionis nichil a quocunque exigatur om- nino. — Concesserunt eciam Maior et Communitas antedicta ut voluntaria, immoderata, irracionabilia et onerosa talliagia, que per Potenciores ville predicte super mediocres et inferiores ad eorum oppressionem et dicte ville depauperacionem non modicam absque causa prius multociens sunt imposita et per graues dis- tricciones ab eisdem violenter extorta, amodo non fiant in futurum, sed cum vtilitas uel necessitas hoc exegerit, racionales et moderate fiant contribuciones indistincte iuxta facultates vnius- cuiusque absque personarum exceptione ; de quibus raciocinia coram aliquibus de quocunque gradu, videlicet, de Potencioribus, Mediocribus et Inferioribus pro loco et tempore per adminis- tratores et receptores contribucionum predictarum racionabiliter et legitime sunt reddenda.' — {^Addit. Charter, Mus. Brit., 2014.) ^ ' Memorandum quod die veneris in septima Pentecostes anno A.D. 1335. regni regis Edvvardi tercii a conquestu ix^, Conuocata in Aula Gilde communitate et confraternitate Magne Gilde Sancte Trini- ' Addit. MS., Mus. Brit., 31294, ff. 11-21, contains a transcript of this docu- ment ; an original is in the archives of Lynn, Iproofs ann Sinustrations. 157 tatis, concordatum fuit et ordinatum vnanimi assensu omnium lynn REGIS. ibidem existencium in perpetuum duraturum, quod omnes alieni- geni in portum de Lenn' cum meremio applicantes et per centum uel miliarium tignum vel bordas vendentes dabunt ad quodlibet centum duo tigna vel duas bordas vltra numerum centum, et sic de quolibet centum quamvis vendant per milia- rium.' — {Ly7in Archives^ Red Register, fol. 80 b.) The following Ordinances are taken from the Morowspeche Rolls of the reign of Edward III : — ' Ces sunt les Ordinaunces nouelement ordine de la Gilde seinte trinite, si les freres volent a sentir. Primes Ordine est que les eskiuenis, que serunt elus par les freres del auauntedite Gilde, trouent surte du chatel de la Gilde et pur duner a cunte du chatel et del enpruement a chef del an, issi que avauntdist chateus ensemblement seit deliuere devaunt le Alderman et les freres a chef del an. Ausi Ordeine est que nul frere ne autre humme pora clamer desoremes pro prete alimeines des rentes ne des tenemens que sunt apertenaunz a la Gilde ne nule esement saunz cunge demaunder le Alderman ou a les eskiuenis, que adunke serunt donunt a cunte des prouinenz des rentes et des tenemens a chef del an a le Alderman et a les freres. Ausi Ordeine est que desoremes nule frere ne meine ouue lui en la sale nul de ses garcuns pur seer, mes atende sun seingniur al hus et demaunde a beuier au deu, e hom le fra auer asez ^ Ausi Ordene est que desoremes nul fis de frere ne puse clamer nule auauntage de la gilde apres la mort sun pere la ou sun pere entrast e[n] la gilde saunz fin fere, mes si il volier entrer, entre ausi cum estraunge. Ausi Ordene est si nule frere i entre desoremes et sun fin seit arere apres le iur que lui sera done du paiment, desperte la fraternite pur tut iurs, si il ne face fin de nouel, et que le Alder- man puse purchacer par la ley vers le princepal et ses plegges ausi ben des dettes que sunt duues qui [i.e. que] ces que sunt auenir. ^ Cf. below p. 161 § 14. 158 Cf)e ^ilX} a^ercftant LYNN REGIS. Ausi Ordene est que nule frere ne face ses amaundement de nule ren saunz conge du den ou des skiuenis, mes ce que il vot auer seit demaunde a les eskiuenis ou au den, et si autrement face seit en la merci de deus sous a le aumone a prochein morwespeche. Ausi Ordene est que nule homme ne preste ren du chatel de la gilde a la comune ne a nule autre saunz conge le Alderman, et si ren seit preste a la comune, face bone surete a le Alderman et a les freres, et autrement nent. Ausi Ordene est si nul eskiuein seit elu par le Alderman ou par les freres del auaunt dite Gilde et ne vot mye receiuier le office que lui sera balie par le Alderman, seit en la merci de vn tonel de vin, ou desperte la fraternite pur tut iurs.' — {Lynn Archives., Gd. 46.) 3 Edw. I. 'Communitas Lenn' aliter utuntur libertate suaquam facere debent eo quod recipiunt in avocacione sua extraneos occa- sione gilde sua [i.e. sue], ita quod ipsi extranei sunt quieti alibi de toloneis in foris, nundinis etburgis,ad grave dampnum domini Regis et aliorum habendum fora et nundinas.' — {RotuHHund.., i. 461.) The subjoined account of the Trinity Gild with the 'Rules and Ordinances ' and ' Usages and Customs ' is taken from Richards' History of Lynn : — ' This Guild was said to have its rise and beginning before the reign of King John, as appears from the answer of Thomas Botesham, alderman of it, and his brethren, in the time of Richard II, to a writ of enquiry of that king relating to its foundation, authority, &c. : that its origin was not known, that King John, considering the great concourse of merchants to this town, granted the alderman that then was, and the commonalty and their successors, by Letters patents, bearing date in his sixth year, that they might have a guild of merchants in the said town ; and Henry III., son to the said King John, by his Letters patents, granted one of their own body and community to be mayor of the said town, which said mayor and alderman for the time being, should always have the rule and government of it ; and which said alderman, in the vacancy of a mayor, or in the IPtoofe anD 3inu0ttation0, 159 absence of the mayor from the said town, should have the rule lynn regis. and government of the said community, as the alderman and his predecessors, the aldermen of the said town, had and enjoyed. ' As to their possessions, &c. they are thus returned to the aforesaid enquiry : That they had a place called the Common Staith with its appurtenances, valued at 42/. 6s. Sd. per annum clear, besides all reprises, That the goods and chattels of the aforesaid Guild amount in the whole to 260/. 135'., viz. in ready money 60/. 13^"., In divers merchandize 200/., and in many books, vestments, and chalices, and other ornaments for the chaplains of the said Guild performing Divine service as well in the parish church as in the chapels annexed to the said church, and in wax for lights in the said church and chapels, in the honor and laud of the holy Trinity, yearly found, and for torches at the funerals of poor brethren, &c. of the said Guild ; and that out of the profits of the common Stathe, and out of the goods and chattels aforesaid, together with diverse goods and chattels be- queathed and left to the said Guild, the alderman, &c. sustain and find thirteen chaplains, daily and yearly to pray, as well for the king, his ancestors, and for the peace and welfare of his king- dom, as for the souls of all the aldermen, brethren, and bene- factors of the said Guild, also for the souls of all the faithful deceased ; six of which officiated in the church of St. Margaret aforesaid, four in the chapel of St. Nicholas, and three in the chapel of St. James in Lenne, who all day, as they are stated and appointed in the church and chapels aforesaid, celebrate high mass by note, and on Sundays and other festival days, celebrate mass at Mattins, and at Vespers by note ; and if any of the afore- said chaplains neglects his duty and office, or is not of an honest life and conversation, when he has been admonished by the alder- man, and does not amend, he is removed from the service, and the said alderman appoints another able and honest one in his place. And further, that out of the profits of the said Common- Stath, goods and chattels aforesaid, many almsdeeds and works of charity were yearly given, which, one year with another, are computed at 30/., viz. towards the support of the poor brethren of i6o ci)e (3i\r) e^tt^mt LYNN REGIS, the Said guild, to the bhnd, lame, and other distressed persons, to poor clerks keeping school, and poor religious houses, as well of men as women, to the lepers in and about Lenne, and in the repairs, &c. of the parish church and chapels aforesaid, and in the ornaments of the same, together with the alms given to the four orders of friers in Lenne, and to the maintaining of several aque- ducts for the use of the said town : all the goods and chattels aforesaid are in the hands of the said alderman, and of four men of the said guild, called skivins, who yearly distribute the said goods as aforesaid : and further that the brethren of the said guild never had nor used any one suit of livery, either in their vestments or hoods. — The following were the Rules and Ordinances of this Gild. 1. If any stranger is willing to enter into the fraternity, he ought to pledge into the hands of the alderman loo^. et jus f diet. [i.e. predide] domus, scil. to the alderman 4^., to the clerk 2^., to the dean 2d., and afterwards out of the looi". pledged with the alderman and his brethren ad melius . . . poterit., and shall im- mediately give one sextary of wine, viz. \od. 2. If any brother has a son, or sons, legitimate, who are willing to enter into the said fraternity, each one ought to pay for his entrance 4^., the aforesaid right being excepted. 3. Whoever will enter into the said fraternity, ought on the first day of his admission to wait and serve before the alderman and the brethren, honourably, in neat clothes, and [a coronet] of gold or silver. 4. The alderman to have, on the day of Pentecost, one sextary of wine, and the dean half a sextary, the clerk half, and each of the skivens the same day half a sextary, and every day after as long as the drinking shall continue, the alderman shall have half a sextary, the dean, clerk, and each of the skivins one gallon, and each of the attendants half a gallon, at evening. 5. If any of the brethren shall disclose to any stranger the counsels of the said guild, to their detriment, without the assent of the alderman and his brethren, he shall forfeit the sum of 32 pence. Iptoofs anu Sinugttation^. i6i 6. If any of the brethren shall fall into poverty, or misery, all lynn regis. the brethren are to assist him by common consent out of the chattels of the house, or fraternity, or of their proper own. 7. If any brother should be impleaded, either within Lenne or without, the brethren there present ought to assist him in their council, if they are called, to stand with him and counsel him without any costs ; and if they do not, they are to forfeit 32 pence. 8. None of the brethren is to come into the guild before the alderman and his brethren with his cap or hood on, or barefoot, or in any rustick manner ; if he does, he is to be amerced 4 pence. 9. If any one should sleep at the guild, either at the general meeting or at their feasts and drinking, he is to forfeit 4 pence. 10. If any one turns him rudely to his brother, or calls him by any rude name, [he is] to be amerced 4 pence. 11. If any one is called and cited at a prime (or general meeting) and does not come before the issue of the first consult, he is to pay id. by order of the dean ; and if he refuses and sits down, he is to be amerced 4 pence. 12. If any one should be cited to the prime, and shall be found in the town, or shall come late to the drinking, and the dean shall say to him to be there at the next prime, and he does not come before they begin to take judgments of defaults, he shall either make some reasonable excuse, or pay 12^., and if he comes before the defaults are abjudged, and shall depart without leave, shall pay 12^. 1 3. If any one of this house shall buy anything, and a brother shall come in unexpectedly before the agreement, or at it, he ought to be a partner with him that buy, and if the buyer refuses it, he is to be amerced half a mark. 14. If any servant of the brethren comes at the drinking, or the prime, he is to lay down the cap and cloak, and give it to the janitor to keep, whilst he enters and speaks to his master, and then he is to depart forthwith ; if it is at the drinking, let him drink once or twice, provided he does not sit, and then he is to depart, and if he does not, his master is to be amerced.- M 1 62 cbe (^ilD ^ercfiant /.l^w/v REGIS. 15. If any one refuse to obey the precept of the alderman, or dean, for the honour and profit of the house, he is to be amerced 12s. 16. If any poor brother shall dye, the alderman and brethren shall see that his body be honourably buried, of the goods, or chattels of the house, or out of alms, if he has not wherewith to bury himself. 17. If the alderman shall dye, none belonging to him, neither son, or any other can act in anything as alderman, but the brethren may choose a new alderman, whom they please. 18. If any brother shall dye, the dean is to summons all the brethren to make their offerings for the soul of the deceased ; and if any one is absent, he is to give one halfpenny at the next prime following, for the soul of the defunct, and the dean is to have 4^. of the alms collected for citing the brethren. 19. If any brother, or alderman shall act contrary to the ordinances of this house, he is either to forfeit his brotherhood, or pay half a mark for the good of the house. 20. No one shall intrude himself while the drinking continues. 21. If any brother shall offend another brother, in word or deed, he shall make no complaint but to the alderman first, and the mayor ; if he does not, he is to be amerced half a mark. 22. If the skivins shall merchandize with the chattels of the house, no brother shall have any part therein, but the whole profit to go tojhe use of the guild. 23. The skivins are to swear, when they receive the chattels of the house, that they will employ the same faithfully to the good of the guild, and will fully account and answer for the profit.' — {Richards^ Hist, of Lynn., 452-458.)^ The following additional Usages and Custoims were extracted from the same MS. volume^ by Mr. Richards : — (i.) ' There are four meetings of the alderman and his brethren, (viz.) ^\\t first on Friday in the first week of Lent, to settle and order their alms and other works of charity. The second on Friday next before the feast of the holy Trinity, to choose the * Cf. Blomefield and Parkin, Norfolk, viii. 516-51S. ^ See below, p. 167, Iproofs anti 3|Uu,$trations;» 163 officers of the said Guild, (viz.) the skivins, and to settle and take lynn regis, the accounts of them that are then removed. The f/iird on the ' vigil and day of the holy and undivided Trinity, to the laud and honor thereof at the vespers of the said feast, to have "placebo" and " dirige" decently and honourably performed, for the souls of all the ancestors of our lord the king, all the aldermen and brethren of the said guild, all their benefactors and faithful deceased ; and on the feast of the said festival to have the solemn masses, as well of the said festival, as the masses of requiem for the souls aforesaid, and to make their offerings for the same. The fourth on the Friday next after the feast of the exaltation of the holy cross, to look into the state of the said guild, and to receive the arrears, if any were left in the hands of the skivins of the foregoing years, and to dispose and order the goods and chattels of the said guild. (2.) If any brother of the said guild shall dye in the said town, another brother of the same, deputed by the alderman, shall ap- point 12 torches to be at the funeral of the said deceased ; and, further, every brother of the guild in town, shall be warned to make his offering for the deceased, at the mass that is celebrated on the day of the burial. (3.) If any of the aforesaid brethren shall dye in the said town or elsewhere, as soon as knowledge thereof shall come to the alderman, the said alderman shall order solemn mass to be cele- brated for him, at which every brother of the said guild that is in town, shall make their offering ; and, further, the alderman shall make every chaplain of the said guild, immediately on the death of any brother, to say 30 masses for the deceased. (4.) The alderman and skivins of the said guild are by duty obliged to visit, four times a year, all the infirm, all that are in want, need, or poverty, and to minister to, and relieve all such, out of the alms of the said guild. (5.) If any brother shall become poor and needy, he shall be supported in food and cloathing, according to his exigency, out of the profits of the lands and tenements, goods and chattels of the said guild. M 2 1 64 Cfje (^iiu ^etcfiant, iK/vw REGIS. (6.) If any one has a desire and is willing, for the honour of the holy Trinity, to be received into the said guild, that he may be partaker of the alms and benefactions thereof, he shall give to the said guild a certain sum of money to the maintenance of the said alms and benefactions, according to what shall be agreed upon by the alderman and brethren thereof. (7.) If any brother has a son, or sons, after his entrance into the guild, lawfully born and begotten, especially if such be of good and honest fame and conversation, they are to be received every one of them into the said guild, if he so thinks well, four shillings each. (8.) No born slave, or one of such like condition, nor any apprentice can be received, and if any one of such like condition should be received into the said guild, the alderman and his brethren not knowing it, when it is truly and lawfully proved, such a one shall lose the benefit of the guild. (9.) No one until he arrive at the age of 21 years, and is of honest fame and condition, can be received into the said guild. (10.) If any alderman shall happen to dye, or shall be removed • from his office on any just and reasonable cause, the community of the said town shall immediately choose another into the said office, which alderman so elected, in the presence of the said community, shall promise, that he will faithfully perform and observe all and singular those things which belong to his office. (11.) When any one shall be received into the said guild, he shall promise in the hands of the said alderman on his faith, that he will be obedient to the said alderman and his officers of the guild for the time being, in all lawful and honest things touching their office, and that he will faithfully observe, as far as he is able, all the lawful ordinances which, for the good rule and government of the said guild, and honourable support of the said chaplains, and the alms and good works of the said guild, are already made, or shall be made hereafter. (i2.) It was ordained on Wednesday in the week of Pentecost IPtoofe anD 3inusttationg. 165 in the 7[th year] of Edward that the bretheren should keep a lynn regis. general Morwespech three times a year ; to wit, on Friday in Whitsun week, on Friday after the exaltation of the Holy Cross, and on Friday on the first week of Lent. (13.) Likewise it was ordained, by common consent, that the alderman and his brethren should take care that a solemn mass should be celebrated for the soul of John de Grey, formerly bishop of Norwich, who first obtained the liberty of the said guild; viz. on the feast of the holy Trinity, where every one of the brethren was to make an offering of an halfpenny, and if any one made default, he was to give one sextary of wine to the alms of the said house and gild. (14.) And on Friday in the week of Pentecost in the 44 Edward III [1370], Thomas de Bokesham then alderman of, &c., it was agreed unanimously that all the brethren who were well in town should meet at Vespers at St. Margaret's church, and should hear together Vespers and Placebo for the soul of the aforesaid King John and John [de] Grey bishop of Norwich, and on the day following, on the feast of the holy Trinity, they should all be there present, and hear the mass said of the holy Trinity, and, immediately after that, the mass for the dead, by note, for the souls aforesaid. (15.) On Friday on the week of Pentecost, in the 23 Edward 3, A.D. 1349. it was provided by common assent, for ever, that no brother ought to buy or sell any millstones, or marble stones, brought to Lynn to be sold, as long as the "scabini " of this house would buy them for the profit of the guild and pay for them to the full ; and if any one brother should act contrary hereto, he should for ever be de- prived of the society. (16.) On Friday the week of Pentecost the 24 Edward 3, it A.D. 1350. was provided and agreed that every one of the skivins shall faith- fully and separately give in his account before the alderman and his brethren to show to them how many millstones he has bought or sold, to whom he has sold, and for what price ; and what size every millstone was which he either bought or sold : and all the ready money (silver) he has he shall bring with him ; and if he 1 66 c&e ^i\o a^etcbant^ LYNN REGIS, does not, as is here provided, he shall give six pound of silver to the use and profit of the said house, or be discharged the society. (17.) If any brother shall be elected to the office of a skivin and he shall refuse it, he shall pay 40^. to the good of the house, or be expelled. A.D. 1342. (18.) On Friday in Pentecost week, 16 Edward III, it was provided and ordained unanimously by the alderman and the fraternity that the skivins for the time being may at any time of the year distrain and bring their distresses for rents and farms belonging to the guild, according to the customs, &c. of the Burgh of Lynn, and that for the time to come the skivins should be responsible for the full payments of the said rents and farms till the time of their accounting shall come, and that the skivins for the time being, whether they are elected this present year or have been elected the foregoing year, shall every year at the feast of St. John the Baptist account with their tenants, and the said tenants shall hire again of the said skivins the houses which they shall hold beyond the term of the said St. John, as the said skivins shall see to be most for the profit of the said guild .... [And that the said skivins are to take keyage of merchandizes lying on the key in manner and form following .... Also the said day it is ordered that no bad persons, nor any spiritual person, should work upon the kay.] (19.) On Friday on the week of Pentecost in the 27 of Edward A.D. 1353. Ill, Jeffrey Drew then alderman, it is provided that if any brother was found guilty and convicted of any notorious and scandalous falshood to the loss or disgrace of the guild, he should be deprived [of his guild], and never be reconciled, but looked upon as a convict and perjured person. (20.) On Friday next after the feast of the exaltation of the A.D. 1357. holy Cross, in the 31 of Edward 3, Jeffrey Drew then alderman, it was unanimously agreed by the alderman and his brethren, that as by the grant of the king in his charter the Burgh of Lynn Episcopi had this Liberty, that the burgesses of the same in all fairs through the kingdom of England were free and enjoyed that Proofs antJ SIHusttations. 167 freedom; when therefore any one of the said burgesses or lynn regis. brethren should go to the fair at Stirbridge, or where any such Hke fair is held, and has taken his place by the consent of any of the bailiffs of those places, and marked it out by stakes or pins, by wood or stone, if any other burgess of Lynn, or brother, either by presents or favours should deprive of or expel the aforesaid burgess, or brother, from his place so taken as aforesaid, he is to be looked upon and esteemed as a transgressor of the aforesaid Liberty, and to be fined 40s., so that the person so deprived and expelled may have 20s. of it ; and if the transgressor shall happen to be a brother of the said guild, he shall be obliged by the alderman to pay 20s. for the benefit of the said guild ; and if the transgressor shall be a burgess, and not a brother of the guild, he shall be obliged to pay 20^-. by the mayor of the town, for the benefit of the commonalty of the said town. (21.) It is provided that none of our brethren shall come into the guild before the alderman and his brethren capped, or hooded, or barefooted, or in any other rude or rustick manner, and if he does he shall pay 4^. for alms. (22.) iC Richard 2, 1393. Licence was granted that John de Brunham and Thomas de Couteshale, of Lynn, might give to Henry de Betely, alderman, the rents and profits of five mes- suages, one Kay, 11/. 6s. Sd. rent, and the profit of one passage boat beyond the port of Lynn Epi. with the appurtenances in Lynn.' — {Richards.^ Hist, of Lyrm., 458-466.) The manuscript^ from which the above ordinances were taken seems to be no longer in existence ; the return of Thomas Botes- ham with the first eleven ' Usages and Customs ' is still extant in the Public Record Oiifice : — 'Thomas Botkesham, Aldermannus et Custos gilde vocate magne gilde Sancte Trinitatis in villa de Lenn' in Comitatu Norff', virtute cuiusdem proclamacionis apud Lenn' facte per breve domini Regis de modo et forma et auctoritate fundacionis et ' A volume belonging to Thomas Day, formerly in tlie possession of H. Partridge, — see Richards, p. 451. 1 68 cfte (^iin e^tubmt LYNN REGIS, omnium aliorum articulorum in dicto breve specificatorum dictam gildam concernencium, excellencie vestre regie cum omni subiec- tione ligea et reuerencia premissa certificat in hiis scriptis : Primo quoad auctoritatem fundacionis et incepcionis ac continuacionis et regiminis gilde predicte, predicta gilda est et incepta fuit a tempore cuius contrarii memoria non existit, eo quod in dicta villa est et fuit a tempore supradicto quidam Aldermannus et communitas, qui quidem Aldermannus qui nunc est a dicta communitate ville predicte est electus, et omnes Aldermanni ville predicte predecessores dicti Thome semper a communitate ville predicte electi fuerunt et eligi debuerunt pro regimine communi- tatis dicte ville, et regimen et gubernacionem habuerunt a toto tempore supradicto, qui quidem nunc Aldermannus et omnes predecessores sui Aldermanni ville predicte pro regimine dicte ville taliter electi Aldermanni et Custodes magne gilde Sancte Trinitatis in villa de Lenn' predicta fuerunt, et dictam gildam secundum consuetudines hactenus usitatas semper regere con- sueverunt ; et qui quidem Aldermannus sic electus officium Aldermannie sue et custodie magne gilde predicte habere et exercere debet ad totam vitam suam, et omnes predecessores sui Aldermanni ville predicte in forma superius expressata electi ad totam vitam suam custodiam gilde predicte secundum formam et effectum consuetudinum gilde predicte, quarum tenor sequitur, ha- buerunt et vsi fuerunt, nisi ex causa infirmitatis, impotencie seu alia causa rationabili fuerint amouendi ; [sicut] hoc dominus Johannes quondam Rex Anglie, progenitor domini Regis nunc, perpendens multitudinem mercatorum ad dictam villam adtunc confluencium concessit dictis Aldermanno, communitati et successoribus suis per litteras suas patentes, quarum data est anno regni sui sexto, quod ipsi haberent gildam mercatoriam in villa predicta. Et postea dominus Henricus quondam Rex Anglie, filius dicti domini Regis Johannis, concessit per litteras suas patentes quod vnuni de seip- sis eligent in maiorem, qui quidem maior et aldermannus qui pro tempore fuerint extunc regimen et gubernacionem ville predicte continue habuerunt, et qui quidem Aldermannus tempore vaca- tionis maioratus predicti siue dicto Maiore extra villam predictam Proofs ann JHustrations, 169 absente regimen et gubernacionem dicta communitatis post con- lynn regis. feccionem Maioris antedicti [habuit], prout ipse Aldermannus et predecessores sui Aldermanni ville predicte ante confeccionem Maioris predicti vsi sunt et habuerunt. Qui quidem Maior et Alder- mannus et communitas ville predicte post confeccionem Maioris in forma predicta, et Aldermannus et communitas ville predicte ante confeccionem Maioris in forma supradicta habuerunt unam communem placeam vocatam /e conwien stathe cum pertinenciis, que valet per annum casualiter vltra reprisas xlii. //. vi. s. viii. d. Et de exitibus dicte placee et aliorum bonorum et catallorum dicte gilde [pertinencium] eo quod ad laudem dei et Sancte Trinitatis specialem aiYectionem dicti Maior, Aldermannus et communitas postquam Maior ibidem sic constitutus fuerit et dicti Alderman- nus et communitas, eorum antecessores et predecessores ante ordinacionem dicti Maioris, a tempore cuius contrarii memoria non existit, affectuose gerebant dictam magnam gildam Sancte Trinitatis (sic a tempore cuius contrarii memoria non existit a progenitoribus et antecessoribus dictorum nunc Maioris, Alder- manni et communitatis fundatam et inceptam), continuauerunt et rexerunt secundum formam et effectum articulorum subsequen- cium, prout inferius continetur. Ac ulterius idem Aldermannus vobis certificat quod omnia bona et catalla prefate gilde pertinen- cia se extendunt ad summam cclx.//. xiilx., videlicet, in denariis numeratis lx.//. xiilj., et in diuersis mercandisis cc.//., ac in diversis libris, vestimentis, calicibus et aliis ornamentis pro capellanis dicti gilde in gilda dicta celebrantibus tam in ecclesia parochial! quam in capellis dicte ecclesie annexis, necnon in cera pro luce in dicta ecclesia et capellis in laudem et honorem Sancte Trinitatis annuatim invenienda et sustentanda quam pro torchis ad exequias sociorum dicte gilde pauperum defunctorum, de quibus quidem proficuis tam de commeti sfathe quam bonorum et catal- lorum supradictorum una cum diversis bonis et catallis dicte gilde legatis, predicti Aldermannus et communitas sustinent et [inueniunt] tresdecem capellanos ad annuatim et cotidie tam pro domino nostro Rege et progenitoribus suis quam pro tranquili- tate et pace regni sui ac animabus omnium Aldermannorum, I/O c&e (^iin a^etc&ant iKA/iV REGIS, sociorum et benefactorum dicte gilde [et] omnium fidelium de- functorum celebrandum. De quibus dictis capellanis sex in ecclesia parochiali predicta, quatuor in capella Sancti Nicholai, et tres in capella Sancti Jacobi in eadem villa Lenn' celebrant, qui quidem omni die, prout diuisi sunt, in ecclesia et capellis predictis ad magnam missam per notam celebrat' [i.e. celebrandam] ac in domi- nicis et aliis diebus festualibus ad matutinas, missam et vesperas per notam celebrat' [i.e. celebrandas] existunt. Et si quis capella- norum predictorum in officio suo exercendo, vt predictum est' .... — {^Record Office, Misc. Chancery, Gilds, 136 a.) ^ The Trinity Gild is also mentioned in an inquisition of 3 Henry V. In the year 13 Henry IV. several merchants, with a great multitude of adherents, elected the Mayor of Lynn contrary to the liberties and custom of the burgesses, 'ad dampnum proborum burgensium.' While he was in office he and his followers made ' diversos forinsecos habitantes ' burgesses, 'contra voluntatem proborum burgensium.' Again, 2 Henry V, ' sine consensu Burgensum et Majorum,' they quitclaimed the debts of the town. The jurors testified that in i Henry V these men and others came ' ad Gildam aulam sancte Trinitatis de eadem et ibidem noctanter super fratres eiusdem Gilde violenter et maliciose suj^er eos insultum fecerunt ' to the great injury of the brethren. In 2 Henry V certain ' probi viri ' were attacked by the accused ' cum magna multitudine populi.' In the same year they prevent the ' probi homines ' from electing the mayor, — ' probos burgenses et majores ab antiquo electos venire ... ad faciendum dictam electionem majoris.' — {Petyt MS., ii. 82-86.) The Fraternity was dissolved November 4th, 1547, and most of its property was vested in the Corporation of the town. Among the goods which the latter received was a stock of millstones valued at £40. — [Richards, 450, 468, 472.)^ * The lower half of this parchment is almost wholly illegible ; scarcely half a dozen lines of the part headed ' Usus et Consuetudines ' can be deci- phered. ^ Cf. Blomefield and Parkin^ Norfolk, viii. 506. IptooCs anD iJUustrations. 171 Macclesfield. ]\Iacclesfield received grants of the Gild 45 Henry III, 8 Macclesfield. Edward III, 13 Richard II, etc.\ In the year 24 Edward III the mayor and burgesses of Mac- A.d, 1350. clesfield were summoned by the Earl of Chester to show by what right they claimed the Gild Merchant and certain other liberties. They produced the charter of 8 Edward III. ' Et Johannes de la Pole, qui sequitur pro domino Comite, petit quod predicti Maior et Burgenses ostendant et declarent Curie qualiter et quomodo clament libertates predictas per verba in clameo suo contenta. Qui dicunt quod per dicta verba quod villa de Maccles- feld sit liber Burgus, clamant quod eadem villa sit liber burgus et habeat omnes hbertates et consuetudines quas liber Burgus de jure habere debet. Et per ilia verba quod Burgenses ejusdem ville habeant gildam mercatoriam, clamant quod nuUus recipiatur in Burgensem in eadem villa nisi per assensum et voluntatem predictorum Maioris et Burgensium, nee quod aliquis habeat libertatem sicut Burgensis ibidem ad merchandizandum, nisi per Maiorem et Burgenses predictos recipiatur.' They then explain their other liberties. — {MS. Hurley 21 15, fol. 157.) Malmesbtjky. * De Scot a His Malmesburiae.^ 'Omnibus Christi fidelibus praesens scriptum visuris vel audituris, Walterus ^ Dei gratia abbas Malmesburiae et totus ejusdem loci conventus, salutem in Domino. Ad universitatis vestrae notitiam volumus pervenire, nos divinae pietatis intuitu, et pro salute animarum nostrarum, ad devotam instantiam et petitio- nem burgensium de Malmesburia, eisdem et successoribus suis, quantum ad nos pertinet, remississe imperpetuum sectam trium scotallorum, quae consueverunt sequi per annum ; unius, scilicet, ad festum Sancti Michaelis, alterius contra Natalem Domini, et ^ Eanvaker, East Cheshire, ii. 460; Cony, Macclesf., 6, 9. ^ Probably Walter Loring (1205-1222), — see Monast. Angl., i. 255. 172 Cf)0 <3iin a§ercl)ant MALMESBURY. tertii in Quadragesima. Illis itaque remittimus sectam illam qui sunt de gilda mercanda in villa Malmesburiae, et aliis omnibus existentibus extra gildam mercandam, qui tantum pacare solebant et debebant ad dicta scotalla, quantum ipsi de praedicta gilda [' dicti burgenses ' are to give ^os. per year in place of these scot-ales.] Et colligentur isti denarii statutis terminis per manus senescallorum praedictae gildae et per manum servientis nostri,' etc. — {Registrum Malmesb., i. 446.) William^, abbot, and the monks of Malmesbury transferred certain lands to the burgesses in the Gild, — 'burgensibus qui sunt de gilda mercatoria Malmesburiae.' The latter in return gave the former a certain part of a heath called ' Portmannesethe.' This second document begins thus : ' Sciant praesentes et futuri quod nos Willelmus Hasard, aldermannus gildae mercatoriae de Malmesburia, Thomas Hasard, Willelmus de la Sale, senescalli ejusdem gildae, Henricus le Taillur, Willelmus de Hundlavin- tone, Nicholaus le Warre, Ricardus Hasard, Walterus le Clacker, Nicholaus et Hanr' Hansex, Hugo le Teynterer, Willelmus le Fyz, Johannes filius Martyni, Johannes Triok, Adam Sprot, Hugo Testard, Ricardus et Willelmus Pavi, Reginaldus le pang, Thomas de la Posterne, et tota communitas intrinseca ejusdem villae et gildae mercatoriae, remisimus et hoc praesenti scripto nostro quietum clamavimus.' — {Ibid., ii. 150-155.) ' Rex "^ vicecomiti salutem. Si Henricus Handsex, Bartholo- maeus Aunger, Hugo Testard, Willelmus de la Male et caeteri burgenses de communitate libertatis burgi Malmesburiae fecerint te securum de clamio suo prosequendo, tunc summoneas, etc, abbatem de Malmesburia quod sit coram justiciariis nostris apud Westmonasterium a die Paschae in xv. dies, ostensurus quare, cum praefati burgenses habere debeant, et ipsi et eorum ante- cessores, a tempore quo non extat memoria, habere consueverunt * Either William de Colern (i 260-1 296) or William de Badmenton (1296- 1324), — see Monast. Angl., i. 255-256. * Probably Edward I. — The ' Registrum Malmesburiense ' was written toward the end of the thirteenth, or beginning of the fourteenth, century, — see Regis- trum Malmesb., ii. p. xxiv. Proofs ann SlHustrations, 173 tales libertates et consuetudines ; videlicet, quod nullus pannos malmesbury. de lana aut coria alba vel tannata vel piscem vel carnes venales particulatim in burgo praedicto scindere ac vendere, sed ea integre et absque scissura aliqua ibidem vendere debeat. Et quod nullus pelles bidentium vel coria cruda emere ; nee aliquis sutor extraneus aut cyrothecarius de grossis cyrotecis, de corio equi sotillares aut cyrothecas hujusmodi ibidem vendere ; nee aliquis mercator lanae infra burgum praedictum emere vel vendere debeat, aut possit lanam aliquam per pondus suum proprium alio modo quam fieri solet in consimilibus burgis et villis mercatoriis regni nostri. Et insuper cum dicti burgenses stalla sua in locis certis ad mercandisas suas infra burgum prae- dictum vendendum habere, et textores, sutores, cyrothecarii et alii homines cujuscunque ministerii in praedicto burgo existant, qui non sunt de communitate gildae burgensium praedictorum, certos redditus occasione ministerii sui ad sustentationem gildae praedictae dare debeant et consueverunt, praefatus abbas prae- dictas consuetudines in burgo praedicto observari non permittit, in eorundem burgensium dispendium non modicum et grava- men, et contra hbertates suas, quibus ipsi et eorum antecessores temporibus quibus burgus praedictus fuit in manibus praedeces- sorum nostrorum regum Angliae, rationabiliter uti consueverunt, ut dicitur. Et facias ibi summoneri et hoc breve. Teste me ipso.' — {Registmvi Malmesb.^ ii. 393.) Mablboeoitgh. The Gild Merchant was conferred upon the burgesses of Marlborough by King John and Henry III. — {Rot. Chart., 135 ; Waylen, Marlb., 98.) 'Rex Archiepiscopis, etc. Salutem. Sciatis quod cum con- Pro hominibus tencio mota fuisset in curia nostra coram nobis inter probos j-^q s^Jjiamt^ homines nostros de Marleberg' querentes et probos homines nostros Suhamtonie deforciantes de Theoloneo quod predicti homines Suhamtonie capiebant de Hominibus nostris de Marle- berg' contra libertates suas, quas habent per cartam domini 174 Cf)e <3iir} 9§etc6ant MARLBOROUGH. Johannis Regis patris nostri et per cartam nostram, ut asserebant; tandem de licencia nostra taliter inter eos conuenit quod omnes homines nostri de Marleberg' qui sunt in Gilda Mercanda de Marleberg' et hoc affidare uolunt, quieti sint in perpetuum de omni consuetudine et omnimodo Theloneo in villa Suhamt' et in omnibus pertinenciis suis de quibus homines de Suhamp' infra libertatem suam dictos homines de Marleberg' acquietare possunt, non obstante eo quod carta ipsorum hominum Suhamt' prior est cartis predictorum hominum de Marleberg' ; et similiter homines de Suhamt' quieti sint de omni consuetudine et Theloneo in villa de Marleberg'. Nos igitur, uolentes quod predicta Conuencio firma sit et stabilis in perpetuum, ipsam pro nobis et heredibus concedimus et confirmamus, Testibus, Ricardo Comite Pictauie et Cornubie fratre nostro, etc., ut supra.' — {Reco7-d Office, Charter Roll 23 Hen. Ill, mem. 3.) Wantwich. ' With respect to its ancient jurisdiction, it appears that there was established here soon after the Conquest a Mercatorial Guild or Brotherhood, being a politic institution, and the groundwork of Bodies Corporate In judicial matters this Guild had the assistance of the Court Leet, and it provided six perpetual Chap- lains to say mass for the brethren belonging to it. It is supposed that this Institution is the same noticed on an inscription in the Church, as being the Brethren and Sisters of the Holy Cross. They were suppressed and the revenues forfeited under the statute of Edward VI ; notwithstanding which a bailiff, one of its chief officers, continued to be chosen annually at the Leet, and was considered the first officer in the town, although he possessed not a tittle of legal authority. This election, however, which took place at the first Court after Michaelmas, ultimately fell into neglect, and the present jurisdiction of the town is vested in the Constables. The other ancient officers of the Guild were the Rulers of the Walling, the Heath Keepers, the Leave Lookers, the Ale Tasters, the Fire Lookers, and the Kennel proofs antJ jnuettations* 175 Lookers The Leave Lookers was an office of some autho- nantwich. rity ; they inspected the markets, regulated the weights and measures, and destroyed all unwholesome meat.' — (Hafis/ia//, Cheshire^ 4 9 0-4 91.)^ Neath. Thomas le Despenser, son of Edward le Despenser, in the year A.D. 1359. 1397, inspected and confirmed an earlier charter {t^-^ Edward III) in which the Gild is mentioned : — ' Concessimus etiam prefatis Burgensibus nostris et eorum successoribus quod de cetero nullus Wallensis nee aliquis alius aliquam libertatem habeat ratione alicujus Burgagii in Burgo nostro predict©, nisi fuerit ibidem residens, videlicet, Potwallinge et cum eis Lotans et Scotans et infra guildam libertatis eorum receptus.' Thomas granted his burgesses of Neath, among other liberties : — ' Quod nullus extraneus extra nundinas et ferias infra bundas praedictas aliquas mercandizas dealiquo extraneo emat nisi turn [i.e. tantum] de Burgensibus nostris Villae nostrae praedictae ratione merchan- dizarum, nee aliquis teneat seldam apertam de aliquibus mer- chandizis nee tabernam, nee corff faciat in villa praedicta, nisi fuerit cum praedictis Burgensibus lotans et scotans et infra Guildam libertatis eorum receptus. Necnon concessimus eisdem Burgensibus quod ipsi et haeredes eorum Guildam facere possint quo tempore et quecunque [? quandocunque] voluerint, ad profi- cuum ipsorum Insuper concessimus predictis Burgensibus quod omnes mercatores tam pannarii, cerdones, pelliparii, chirothe- carii, quam alii diversi qui ex venditione et emptione vivant infra dominium nostrum Glamorganiae et Morganiae, residere debeant in villa de Burgh et non upland, et omnimodas mercandizas faciant in nundinis, feriis et in villis de Burgh, et non alibi. Et etiam quod omnes mercatores cum eorum mercandizis alibi non transeant quam per regales vicos [et] per villas de Burgh. Ita quod nos nee haeredes nostri Tolnetum nostrum nee alias custumas ^ Cf. Ormerod, Cheshire, iii. 426 ; J. Hall, Nantwich, 30, (>%, 73, 277. Hall (p. 68) says that the Leave-lokers also looked after the customs and tolls. 176 Cfje i^ilD a^ercfjant NEATH, nobis debitas aliquo tempore amittamus.' — {Francis, Charters of Neath.) ' Ordinaunces of the Towne of Nethe made by the Constable A.D. 1542. Porterive and the Burgesses of the saide Towne Item that noe Burgesse shall buy of any strainger any mar- chandize that shall fortune to come to the key or within the haven of the same Towne, as wyne, salte, wood, Iron or any other marchandize that may be devided, but such twoe Burgesses as shall bee chosen by the Constable, Portrive and Burgesses, and have experience and knowledge in the same marchandize ; and when it is soe by them boughte, any Burgess to have his porcion after his degree, that is to say, to a handy crafte man to have sufficient to serve his howse, a marchant lyveinge by buying and sellinge to have after his ; and that no Burgess buy of a strainger uppon the paine of fforty shillings and to be discommined of his libertie ; and such marchandice as bee broughte in any vessell the same goods to be devided by sixe of the twelve men with the Porterive and in his absence by one of the eleven, and not other- wise, uppon like paine Item that noe Burgesse bee made ne receaved into the Guile [i.e. Guild] of Burgesses except hee bee admitted by the Porterive and Councell, and agreement of the Burgesses, soe that hee be of such Condicions and birth as hee may bee ruled and governed by the Portrive and Councell of the saide Towne for the time being ; and hee or they to take noe maintayners, uppon payne of discommining, if hee bee found guiltye by sixe of his brethren the Burgesses, and amerceament to the Kinge of Sixe shillings and eighte pence Item that noe Burgesse shall withdrawe another Burgesses bar- gaine or marchant in hannsinge of his Stuffe, and blaming his naighbours, uppon paine of Tenne shillings of amerciament. Item that noe manner of person shall hould ne open shoppe, to cutt karve [i.e. corf], to entertayne ostrey [i.e. hostel] hold, unlesse hee bee a Burgesse, giveing and yeeldinge according to the Charter, uppon payne of a greivous amerciament. Item that noe gensor [i.e. chencer] nor estranger shall buy noe Iproofs anti 3Iltotration.s. 177 Corne within the markett nor within the ffranchise of the saide neath. Tovvne and sell it againe, uppon paine of amerciament. Item that noe gensor inhabitant nor estranger shall buy noe walshe Cloth, white Russett or Blacke, of any other estranger within the saide Towne or ffranchise of the same, nor shall buy noe yarne, wooll or any othing [i.e. other thing], except in the faire time, uppon paine of fforfeiture of the same. Item that noe Burgesse, gensor nor inhabitant shall colour anie estranger within his howse, privilie or openly to buy or sell any manner marchandice against the Royaltie and freedome of the Towne, unlesse it bee to a Burgesse of the saide [town], uppon paine of amerciament of tenne shillings.' — {Francis^ Charters of Neath.) Ne-wcastle-under-Ltme. Radulphus de Tycknes, Henricus le Barker, Thomas filius Staff'. Thome, Willielmus de Rowesleye et Hugo le Mariscall summoniti fuerunt ad respondendum Ricardo le Pestur de placito quare ceperunt Catalla ipsius Ricardi et iniuste detinuerunt, etc. Et vnde queritur quod predicti Radulphus et alii, die Lune proxima ante festum sancti Dunstani Anno regni Regis nunc septimo, A.D. 1279. apud villam de nouo Castello in domo cuiusdam Ricardi le Prude ceperunt decern vellera Lane ipsius Ricardi le Pestur precii sex solidorum, et ea iniuste detinuerunt contra vadium et plegium, etc. vsque diem Lune proximam ante festum sancte Margarete Virginis, quando deliberata fuerunt per Balliuum domini Regis, etc. ; vnde dicit quod deterioratus est et dampnum habet ad valenciam quad- raginta solidorum. Et inde producit sectam, etc. Et predictus Radulphus et alii veniunt et defendunt Vim et Iniuriam, quando, etc. Et bene cognoscunt quod ceperunt pre- dicta vellera, et iuste. Dicunt eciam quod Dominus Henricus [III] Rex concessit Burgensibus predicte ville de nouo Castello quod Burgenses eiusdem uille habeant Gildam Mercatoriam in predicto Burgo cum omnibus libertatibus et aliis consuetudinibus ad huiusmodi Gildam pertinentibus. Et quod consuetude illius Burgi talis est per libertatem ipsius Gilde quod non licet alicui N 178 C{)e <3i\X} ^ercbant. NEWCASTLE- infra predictum Burgum aliquam Lanam vendere uel emere nisi UNDER-LYME. ^jj-g ^^ predicta Gilda existentibus, nisi per saccos uel per aliud magnum pondus. Et dicunt quod quia predictus Ricardus le Pestur emit predicta vellera in predictum Burgum contra predic- tam libertatem Gilde, ceperunt ipsi predicta vellera, sicut eis licuit per predictam libertatem eis per predictum Henricum Regem concessam. Et proferunt Cartam ipsius domini Henrici Regis in hec verba : — Henricus dei gracia Rex Anglie, etc., Comes Andegauie Archiepiscopis, Episcopis, Abbatibus, Prioribus, Comi- tibus, Baronibus, Justiciariis, Vicecomitibus, Prepositis, Ministris et omnibus Balliuis et fidelibus suis salutem. Sciatis nos con- cessisse et hac carta nostra confirmasse pro nobis et heredibus nostris Burgensibus nostris de nouo Castro subtus Limam quod uilla nostra de nouo Castro subtus Limam sit liber Burgus, et quod Burgenses eiusdem uille habeant Gildam Mercatoriam in eodem Burgo cum omnibus libertatibus et liberis consuetudinibus ad huiusmodi Gildam pertinentibus, et quod eant per totam terram nostram cum omnibus mercandisis suis emendo et ven- dendo et negociando bene et in pace, libere, quiete et honorifice, et quod quieti sint de Theoloneo, Passagio, Pontagio, Stallagio, Lestagio et omnibus aliis consuetudinibus, saluis in omnibus libertatibus Ciuitatis nostre Lond'. Quare volumus, etc. Data A.D. 1225. apud ffeckeham octauodecimo die Septembris Anno nono. — Re- quisiti cuiusmodo libertates clament habere pertinentes ad pre- dictam Gildam. Dicunt quod nullus, nisi fuerit de libertate ipsius Gilde, potest Pannum scindere vendendum infra villam, nee car- nem nee piscem scindere, nee corea recencia emere, nee lanam emere per vellera, nisi per magnum pondus, scilicet, petras, saccum uel dimidium. Et predictus Ricardus le Pestur dicit quod ipse est Burgensis de Stafford', et quod Dominus Johannes Rex concessit et carta sua confirmauit Burgensibus de Stafford' quod villa Stafford' sit liber Burgus inperpetuum. Et quod ipsi Burgenses et heredes eorum sint quieti de Toloneo, Lestagio, Passagio, Paagio, Stallagio et Pontagio per omnes terras suas, salua libertate Ciuitatis Lond'. A.D. i2oe. Et proferunt Cartam predicti domini Johannis Regis que hoc IProofs ant) illustrations. 179 testatur, que quidem Carta fuit facta primo die Maii anno regni Newcastle- sui septimo. Proferunt etiam quandam Cartam domini Hen- rici Regis patris domini Regis nunc, que testatur quod predictus Henricus Rex predictam concessionem ipsius Johannis Regis patris sui concessit pro se et heredibus suis et confirmauit, que quidem carta facta fuit apud Rading' vndecimo die Aprilis Anno A.D. 1228. regni sui duodecimo. Et petunt Judicium, desicut quieti sunt de omnimodo paagio per totum Regnum Anglie, salua predicta libertate Ciuitatis Lond', per predictam Cartam domini Johannis Regis, que quidem Carta antiquioris date est quam predicta Carta domini Henrici Regis predictis Burgensibus de Nouo Castello inde confecta, si accionem possint habere ad huiusmodi Paagia contra Hbertates suas per predictas Cartas eis concessas exigere, etc. Et predicti Radulphus et alii dicunt quod qualescumque cartas ostendant de predicta libertate quod non debent eis obesse. Dicunt etiam quod dominus Rex Henricus concessit eis pre- dictam Gildam Mercatoriam, et quod ilia libertas, scilicet, quod non licet alicui lanam emere in predicta uilla de Nouo Castello per particulas, nisi fuerit de libertate predicte Gilde, pertinet ad Gildam illam. Vnde petunt Judicium, etc. Dies datus est eis de audiendo iudicio suo a die sancte Trinitatis in xv. dies, etc. — {Record Office^ Placita de JBanco, Hillar., 8 Edw. I, mem. 37.) A.D. 1280. Thomas filius Thome de Nouo Castro subtus Lymam, Hugo le StaflT. Marescair, Willielmus de Routisley, Hugo filius Thome, Wil- lielmus de Thycnes, Henricus le Barbur, Thomas le fforester, Johannes le Schot, Stephanus de Derby, Ricardus Warwe et Bene- dictus le Marchaunt summoniti fuerunt ad respondendum Wil- lielmo de Pykestok de placito quare ceperunt catalla ipsius Wil- helmi et ea iniuste detinent, etc. Et vnde queritur quod predicti Thomas et alii, die Sancti Edmundi Regis anno regni regis nunc septimo incipiente octauo, in villa de nouo castro subtus limam in A.D. 1279. selda sua ceperunt quatuor vlnas de Rayo afforsato, precii vine; quadraginta denar', et eas detinuerunt contra vadium, etc. vsque diemLune proximam post festum Sancti Ambrosii proximo sequens, N 2 i8o Cf)e (5ilti a^ercfiant. NEWCASTLE- quando deliberate fuerunt per predictum Dominum, vnde dicit UNDER-LYME. ^^q^ detcrioratus est et dampnum habet ad valenciam quadra- ginta solidorum, et inde producit sectam. Et Thomas et omnes alii veniunt. Et defendunt vim et iniuriam, quando, etc. Et bene cognoscunt quod receperunt predictas vlnas, et iuste. Quia dicunt quod ipsi Burgenses sunt Burgi de Nouo Castro subtus Limam. Et quod in predicto Burgo habent Gildam Mercatoriam ex dono Domini Henrici Regis proaui Regis nunc, cum omnibus libertatibus et liberis consuetudinibus ad huius- modi Gildam pertinentibus. Et quod consuetudo in predicto Burgo pertinens ad predictam Gildam talis est quod non licet alicui, nisi Burgensibus predicti Burgi, infra predictum Burgum aliquem pannum scindere, nee per vlnas vendere, nee schoppam tenere, nisi fuerit in predicta Gilda Burgi predicti. Et quia pre- dictus Willielmus ibidem tenuit schoppam suam in predicta villa et pannos suos scidit et per vlnas vendidit, nee fuit in predicta Gilda, contra libertates predicti Burgi, ceperunt ipsi predictas quatuor vlnas. Et proferunt cartam Domini Henrici patris Regis nunc que hoc testatur. Et Willielmus dicit quod non pertinet predicte Gilde, quin Mercatores venientes licite possint pannos suos scindere et per vellera vendere et shoppas tenere, absque hoc quod in predicta Gilda recipiantur. Dicit etiam quod ipse est Burgensis Stafford', et quod omnes Burgenses Staff' habent omnes libertates et liberas consuetudines quas aliquis liber Burgus Anglie habet, salua in omnibus libertate Ciuitatis Lond', ex concessione Johannis Regis aui Regis nunc et per cartam ipsius Regis, quam profert et que hoc testatur. Dicit insuper quod licet pertineat ad predictam Gildam quod mercatores venientes in predicto Burgo de Nouo Castro non possint pannos suos scindere, nee per vlnas vendere, nee lanam, nisi per magnum pondus et saccos et non per paruum pondus et per vellera, nisi sint de predicta Gilda ; tamen ipse et alii Burgenses Stafford' racione libertatum et liberarum consuetu- dinum, quas habent per predictam Cartam, que impetrata fuit A.D. 1200. primo die Maii anno regis Johannis predicti septimo, semper post confeccionem eiusdem Carte licite et libere pannos suos in pre- Proofs ann Jllustrations. 18 1 dicto Burgo de Nouo Castro sciderunt et per vlnas vendiderunt Newcastle- lanamque per vellera et per paruum pondus, absque hoc quod in predicta Gilda recepte fuissent, quousque iam vno anno elapso, quando impediti fuerunt per predictos Thomam et alios capiendo catalla predicti Willielmi et aliorum. Et Thomas et ahi dicunt quod predictus Willielmus et ceteri Burgenses Stafiford' nuncquam post impetracionem predicte Carte Henrici Regis, videhcet, xviii°. die Septembris anno regni sui A.D. 1235. decimonono, pannos suos in predicto Burgo de Nouo Castro sciderunt, per vlnas vendiderunt, nee lanam per vellera, nee shoppam tenuerunt, nisi prius in Gilda predicta recepti fuissent, immo semper postea inde impediti fuerunt. Et quod ita sit, petunt quod inquiratur per patriam. Et Willielmus similiter. Ideo preceptum est Vicecomitibus quod venire faciant hie in Crastino Purificacionis beate Marie xii., etc. per quos, etc. Et qui nee, etc. ad recognitionem in forma predicta. Quia tam, etc. Postea a die sancte Trinitatis in xv. dies anno viii°.^ venerunt Juratores, a.D. 1280. qui dicunt super sacramentum suum quod predictus Willielmus et ceteri Burgenses Stafford' semper consueuerunt pannos suos in predicta villa scindere, per vlnas vendere, et similiter lanam per vellera emere et vendere, et shoppam tenere, absque hoc quod essent recepti in predicta Gilda, donee impediti fuerunt iam sep- tem annis elapsis. Et ideo consideratum est quod predictus Willielmus recuperet predicta catalla. Et similiter dampna sua, que taxantur ad quadraginta solidos. Et Thomas et alii in mise- ricordia. — (/%?r. de Banco, Mich., 8-9 Edw. I, mem. 30.) On the same membrane is another plea, brought by Thomas Gerbod' of Stafford against Henry ' le Barbur ' of Newcastle-under- Lyme and 27 others for seizing 'duas vlnas de Russeto et duo vellera lane.' The pleading is very similar to that of the case preceding. Judgment was given in favour of the plaintiff, who was to receive back his goods and 60 shillings damages, while Henry and the others were fined. In 14 Edward I Simon Breton and other burgesses of Stafford A.D. 1286. were summoned for detaining the chattels of William, son of » MS. ' XIII.' Ib2 Cte (5iID 9§etcf)ant, NEWCASTLE Thomas Swanild' of Newcastle-under-Lyme. The former plead- UNDER-LYME. ^^ _ — , ^^^^ .p^. ^^^^ Burgenses ville Stafford', et quod Dominus Johannes Rex auus Domini Regis nunc concessit et carta sua confirmauit Burgensibus suis Stafford' quod ville de Stafford sit liber Burgus imperpetuum. Et quod Burgenses illi habeant Burgum ilium cum Soca, etc. et omnibus aliis libertatibus et liberis consuetudinibus quas ipsi antiquitus habere consueuerunt ; et proferunt Cartam domirii Henrici Regis patris domini Regis nunc, que predictam donacionem et concessionem confirmat. Vnde dicunt quod ipsi semper a tempore quo non exstat me- moria vsi sunt quod nullus extraneus qui non sit de libertate predicte ville possit aliquam lanam in predicta villa vendere per vellera. Et quia predictus Willielmus, qui non est de predicta libertate, vellet predictam lanam in forma predicta vendere per vellera, distrinxerunt ipsi predictum Willielmum per predicta vellera, et iuste, etc' William, on the other hand, claimed that Henry III made Newcastle a free borough, and granted to the burgesses a Gild Merchant and quittance of toll throughout England. Judgment was rendered in favour of the burgesses of Stafford, because the above monopoly had been exercised by them ' a tempore a quo non exstat memoria,' and because their charter was older than that of the burgesses of Newcastle, — ' Nee concessio domini Henrici Regis facta predictis Burgensibus Noui Castri, que est posterior, derogare non potest concessione domini Johannis Regis anteriori.' — (I'/ac. de Banco, Mich., 14 Edw. I, mem. 144.) Neavcastle-upon-Tyne. Among the old laws and customs (probably granted to the burgesses of Newcasde by Henry I) are the following: — ' Mer- candise que per mare burgo adportantur ad terram portari de- bent, preter salem et allecia, que in nave debent vendi.' — ' Nullus forinsecus debet emere pannum ad tingendum, nisi sit de con- suetudine burgi.' — ' Item mercatori forinseco non licet emere, nee in foro nee apud rus, nee lanam, nee coria, nee cetera.' — ' Nullus proofs aim Jllustrations, 183 forinsecus potest scindere piscem ad vendendum.' — {Brandy Netv- Newcastle- ,, .. .. UPONTYNE. castle, 11. 130.) ^ In the year 1 7 John the burgesses received a royal charter -A-.D. 1216. conferring upon them various hberties : ' Concessimus etiam eis gildam mercatoriam, et quod nullus eorum qui fuerit infra gildam mercatoriam placitet extra muros burgi Novi Castri de ullo placito preter placita de tenuris exterioribus. Conces- simus etiam eis quod nullus eorum faciat duellum ; et quod de placitis ad coronam nostram pertinentibus se possint disracionare secundum antiquam consuetudinem civitatis Winton' ; et quod omnes burgenses predicti burgi et heredes eorum de gilda mer- catoria quieti sint de theloneo, lestagio, pontagio et passagio tam in feria quam extra, et per omnes portus maris omnium terrarum nostrarum tam citra mare quam ultra ; et quod nullus de miseri- cordia pecunie judicetur nisi secundum antiquam legem ejusdem civitatis Winton', quam habuerunt temporibus antecessorum nostrorum ; et quod terras suas et tenuras et vadimonia et omnia debita sua juste habeant, quicunque ea eis debeat ; et de terris suis et tenuris que infra burgum predictum sunt rectum eis tenea- tur secundum consuetudinem civitatis Wint' ; et de omnibus de- bitis suis que acommodata fuerint apud Nouum Castrum super Tynam, et vadimoniis ibidem factis, placita ibidem teneantur. Si quis autem in tota terra nostra theoloneum vel consuetudinem ab hominibus Novi Castri super Tynam de gilda mercatoria ceperit, postquam ipse a recto defecerit, vicecomes Northumb' vel pre- positus Novi Castri namium apud Novum Castrum inde capiat. Concessimus etiam ad emendacionem ejusdem burgi quod omnes sint quieti de yeresgyeve et de scotallis ita quod,' etc.^ — {Rot. Chart., 219.) A charter of 42 Elizabeth prohibits foreigners or strangers from selling anything within the town to any foreign merchant, except victuals, unless it be at markets or fairs. — {Munic. Corp. Com. 1835, p. 1636.) * For a different version of these laws, see Acta Pari. Scot., i. 33-34 and Stubbs, Select Charters, 106-108. '■^ Confirmed in 1318 and 1357, — Record Office, Charter Roll 31 Edw. Ill, mem. 4. 1 84 Cbe (5ilti 9^tnbmt NEWCASTLE- ' Northumbria. Johannes de Shefeld venit coram Baronibus, J ' et protulit quoddam scriptum, quod testatur quod Willelmus Sadeler, Willelmus de Dalton, Ricardus de Londonia, Thomas le Leycester, Ivo Pistor, Thomas Laurence, Ricardus de Fennom, Ricardus de Egremond, Willelmus Smaley, Walterus filius Ricardi, Thomas filius Ricardi, Adam Guntor et Johannes de Roma, com- munis attornatus praedictorum Willelmi et Sociorum suorum praedictorum ac caeterorum pauperum Burgensium Villae Novi Castri super Tinam, ad hoc per breve Regis admissus, cognove- runt eis satisfecisse per dictum Johannem de Shefeld, tempore quo fuit Vicecomes Northumbriae, de xl. /., quae eos continge- bant de quinquaginta libris pauperibus Burgensibus dictae Villae Novi Castri coram Baronibus de Scaccario, versus Nicholaum de Carliolo et caeteros Burgenses de gilda mercatoria Villae prae- dictae, nomine dampnorum nuper adjudicatis ; et decem libras residuas praedictae sumniae l. /., dictus Johannes de Shefeld reddet Clericis de Scaccario, etc. ; cujus data est apud Novum Castrum super Tinam, xvii° die Januarii anno regni Domini A.D. 1307. Edwardi Patris Regis nunc tricesimo quinto.' Placita coram Baronibus, 2 Edward 11. — {Madox, Firma Burgi, 96.) Patent 16 Edward III. — ' Inspeximus quasdam litteras, per communitatem ville nostre de Novo Castro super Tynam nuper confectas et sigillo communi ejusdem ville signatas, in hec verba : Hoc instrumentum testatur quod die Veneris proximo ante festum Sancti Valentini episcopi anno regni Regis Edwardi tertii a con- A.D. 1342. questu sexto decimo, convocata communitate ville Novi Castri super Tynam apud hospitale beate Marie Virginis in le Westgate in plena gilda ejusdem ville tunc ibidem tenta pro bono pacis, dilectionis et unitatis confovendo et habendo, et pro lege firmius conservenda et manutenenda, et ad utilitatem et melioracionem ville predicte, de communi assensu et voluntate tocius com- munitatis predicte assensum est et ordinatum quod de cetero in antea articuli subscripti in predicta villa firmiter teneantur, utantur et conserventur Item quod omnes burgenses ville predicte tarn pauperes quam divites, cujuscunque conditionis existant, de omnibus navibus tarn lg)roof:0 antJ Jllustrations. 185 forinsecis quam intrinsecis portum ville predicte ingredientibus, Newcastle- quibuscunque mercandisis venalibus oneratis, possint libere emere ___ ' quod eis necesse fuerit. Et si quis dictas mercandisas emat in grossum de mercatoribus predictis, quod quilibet burgensis dicte ville, si voluerit, habeat de emptore illo partem mercandisarum illarum, prout sibi necesse fuerit pro sustentatione sua et familie sue, ad idem precium pro quo dictus emptor de dicto mercatore dictas mercandisas prius emerit, solvendo et satisfaciendo dicto emptori precium partis sue quam emerit infra bordam navis. Et quod per dictos inercatores nichil vendatur de mercandisis illis antequam planckum navi apponatur, sub poena forisfacture mercandisarum,' etc. — (Brand, ii. 155-156.) In the year 1343 the Gild Merchant complained that the other burgesses of the town were permitted to purchase mer- chandise out of the ships in the port, which was an infringe- ment of its immunities. — (Mackenzie, Neivc, ii. 664; Brand, ii. 220.) May 28th, 21 Henry VII, the king granted a licence to the A.D. 1506. governors and community of the Merchant Gild of Newcastle, empowering them to buy wool and woolfels of the growth of Northumbria, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Durham, Allerton and Richmond, and to ship them to foreign parts. The grant begins thus : — ' Rex omnibus ad quos, etc. salutem. Sciatis quod nos, ex parte dilectorum nobis Gubernatorum Gilde mercatorie Ville Novi Castri super Tynam, graviter nobis conquerentium, accepimus quod cum lane et pelles lanute . . . Nos statum ipsorum Guber- natorum ac totius Communitatis Mercatorum Gilde predicte pie compacientes,' etc. — (Madox, Collections^ Addif. MS., Mus. Brit., 4530, ff. 145-154.) In a petition of the governor, wardens, assistants and fellow- ship of merchant adventurers of Newcastle-upon-Tyne to par- liament, 1644, they set forth, 'that they have beene an antient company of merchants ever since King John's tyme ; and have been confirmed by several grants of his majesty's royal prede- cessors a distinct corporation of themselves ; ' and ' that the mer- chants of Newcastle are an antient guild of merchants ever since 1 86 Cbe (^ilD ^ercfiant NEWCASTLE- the 17th yeare of King John, which is a year before the grant to " ■ the merchants of London^.' — (Brand, ii. 219.) The following relates to Newcastle in the year 1777: — 'The fellowship with the whole body of the burgesses is called the freedom of the town, and may be taken up without that of the company.' This freedom of the town entitles one to a vote for representatives to parliament, to exemption from tolls and to common pasture. The fellowship with a particular trade is called the freedom of the company, which joined to residency entitles him to the further additions of enfranchising apprentices, serving on juries and holding ofifices. ' The court of Guild con- sists of the mayor and burgesses at large, assembled together, every one of whom has an equal voice, the Mayor having the casting vote.' The laws made in guild are not binding, except the same be ratified by the Common Council. — (Collier, Essay on Charters, 83, 84, 99, 100.)^ Subjoined is a later and much fuller account : — 'The powers to be exercised by the Court of Guild in the affairs of the Corporation, are by the charters clearly and definitely expressed ; and were it otherwise, the guild being the assemblage of the whole Corporation, it might be supposed the proceedings of that body would be of great authority ; yet it has so happened, that in fact the Court of Guild is now utterly bereft of power. It being maintained at present by the Common Council, that the Court of Guild is absolutely without authority of any kind or description — that it is a form, and nothing else. ' Merely the periods, therefore, at which the Guild is held, and the routine gone through, shall here be stated. There are three guilds every year, which are held in the Guildhall, viz. — On the third Monday after Christmas-day; the second Monday after ' For the history of the Merchant Adventurers of Newcastle, see Brand, ii. 217-240; Mackenzie, Newc, ii. 662-670; Walker and Richardson, Armorial Bearings, 2-5. This Society is still in existence ; the records still extant begin with the year 1480. * Cf. Mnnic. Corp. Com. 1835, p. 1638 ; Newcastle Freeman's Pocket Com- panion, 88-96; Hutchinson, Northumb., ii. 414.- Iproofs arm JUusttations. 187 Michaelmas-day; and the second Monday after Easter Sunday; Newcastle- when the Mayor presides, and such burgesses attend as think ^^o^-^*"^^- proper. The Sheriff's Serjeant opens each guild by making a proclamation in these words : — " Oyez ! Oyez ! All persons having anything to do at a guild, held this day, before the Right Worshipful Mayor, let them come forward, and they shall be heard. — All non-freemen are commanded to depart, under forfeiture of five pounds, and pain of imprisonment." ' After these words are repeated, it is customary for the Chair- man of the Stewards to call over a list of the companies, whose stewards, or some member of the company, answer. This is done in order that no guilds may be allowed to pass without the presence of the steward of the company to which the claimant belongs, or some one to represent it ; the presence of such steward, (if the guild be not stopped by him), shewing that the company does not object to the claim. After this list is called, the stewards, by their chairman and other freemen, state such grievances, and put such questions to the Mayor as they think proper ; and generally are answered by the Mayor or some of the Aldermen from the bench ; the Mayor also occasionally , communicates to the burgesses present any decisions come to by the Common Council, on questions of interest to the body at large. Some years ago, the Mayor and Aldermen present at the guild, were in the habit of endeavouring to pass on to calling the guilds, without listening to any statements made by the stewards or freemen ; but in this respect, they have given way ; and the stewards and freemen exercise full liberty of speech at the guilds. After they have stated all they think necessary, the Town Clerk, who always attends, proceeds to call the guilds, that is, reads a list of the persons claiming to be admitted to the freedom of the town. Any freeman, who objects to the persons claiming, has the power to stop his guild, viz. he repeats the words " I stop that guild." The Town Clerk then writes in the book, " Stopped by " ; and the Common Council, being petitioned at a subsequent period by such claimant, decides on the validity of 1 88 C6e (^ilD Q^ercfiant- NEWCASTLE- ^\^q objection. After the guilds are thus called, the assemblage UPON-TYNE. . ,. . , 1 , TVT IS dismissed, and the Mayor retires. ' Now it is to be observed, that nothing passes in Guild which can shew that court's power to do any one thing ; — no record is kept beyond this list of claimants ; — no motion is put, nor any other made; for the Mayor, pursuant to instructions received from the Common Council, declines putting any motion ; and the book, which is commonly called the Guild Book, is, in fact, merely an extract from the different petitions for the freedom, presented to the Common Council by the claimants. It seems to be read over, not because the sanction of the guild is required to confer the freedom, but merely because the Common Council are willing to know if any objection exists among the freemen to the different claims for the freelage. This list of petitions might as well be read over anywhere else to the freemen ; and it is an illusion to call such a list " The Guild Book." * How it has come to pass, that the Guild is thus rendered so entirely a nonentity, it is difficult to say The Court of Guild at present, in point of fact, is not allowed to make any order, or to exercise any authority; and thus the whole body ( of the Corporation, assembled together by ancient custom and by charter, is considered a nullity; and the power is confined to the Common Council. Endeavours have often been used to restore the Guild to its functions, by making motions for orders ; but hitherto without success.' — {Broivn, Short Account of Customs of Newc, 1823, pp. 14-17.) The Cornmissioners on Municipal Corporations reported in 1835 that 'guilds are holden at the Guildhall three times in every year. They are composed of the mayor and the whole body of burgesses. The business transacted there consists of making proclamations for freedoms. At these meetings also, the stewards of the several companies and burgesses state to the mayor any grievances they have to complain of.' — [Mufiic, Corp. Com. 1835, p. 1642.) Iproofs ann illustrations, 189 NE-WPOBT in WENTLOOG. NEWPORT IN WENTLOOG. In the year 1385 Hugh, Earl of Stafford, granted a charter to his burgesses of Newport, which among other Hberties mentions the Gild :— ' Concessimus eciam Burgensibus nostris et heredibus et suc- cessoribus suis quod nuUus teneat seldam apertam de aliquibus mercandisis nee tabernam nee corficinam nee aliquam cissuram artificii seu vitallariorum faciat in Villa nostra predicta, nisi fuerit cum predictis Burgensibus nostris commorans et residens et infra Gildam libertatis eorum receptus. ' Concedimus eciam eisdem Burgensibus nostris quod ipsi, heredes et successores sui Gildam inter eos libere facere possunt et habeant et gaudeant quo tempore et quandocumque voluerint ad voluntatem ipsorum.' — {Archaeologia, vol. xlviii. 442-444.) This charter was confirmed by Hugh's grandson Humphrey, Earl of Stafford, 8 Richard H. — {Idid., 432.) A.D. 1385. Norwich. A charter of 40 Henry IH to the citizens of Nor\vich contains A.D. 1256. the clause : — ' Quod singuli mercatores communicantes liberta- tibus suis et mercandisis sint ad lottum et scottum eorundem civium, et ad auxilia prestanda, ubicunque fecerint residentiam, sicut esse debent et solent, et quod nulla gilda de cetero teneatur in civitate predicta ad detrimentum ejusdem civitatis.' — {^Blonie- JieM, Norfolk, iii. 51.) In 1379 a royal charter granted : — 'quod nullus alius extraneus a libertate sua Norwici emat vel vendat victualia seu mercandisas aliquas ad retalliam, vel per parcellas, infra libertates civitatis predicte, nisi secundum formam et tenorem statuti nostri, in parliamento nostro apud Gloucestriam ' editi\ — {Ibid., 104.) The following is taken from a long composition entered into by the citizens of Norwich in 14 14 : — ' & yt alle maner of men now Citezeyns of ye Cite shal be enrolled of what craft ^ Cf. Rotuli Pari. iii. 41 (2 Rich. II). I90 Cj)e ailD ^ercftant NORWICH, yt he be wMn xii. months & i. day, upon peyne of forfaite of his fraunchise, payenge i. d. for ye entre ; & yt alle maner of men yt shal be enfraunchised fro ys tyme forth, shal be en- rolled under a craft, & be assent of a craft, yt is for to seyne, ye maistres of ye same craft yt he shal be enrolled of shal come to ye Chamber & witnesse yt it is her wille yt he shude be mad freman of her Craft, payenge to ye craft yt he shal be enrolled under XL.d., & payenge to ye Chamber atte lieste xx.j-. & more after ye quantite of his goods, as he may acord wit ye Chamberleyns ; & vi. men shal be chosen for to be of counsell wit ye Chamberleyns in resceyvynge of burgeyses ; ye men yat thus shal be resceyved shal make gree wit ye Shireves, as yey may acorde ; & yat alle foreyners burgeyses shaln be contributorie to alle ye Comone charges of ye Cite, whan it falleth ; also yat no alien fro now forth camynge into ye Cite, shal not be her- berwerd wit non alien, ne wit no foreyn ; and also yat no foreyn shal holde none hosterie fro yis tyme forth, ne none alienne none foreyn shall selle no marchaundise be retaille, savynge smale haberdassherie under serche & tribut, abydynge, com- ynge & goynge of her haberdassherie fre shewynge & owtyng' ; and yat no maner of alien shal bere no common ofifice in ye Cite.' —{Addit, MS., Mus. Brit., 27967, ff. 13-14.) Nottingham. The burgesses of Nottingham received the Gild from John when Earl of Morton and again when King : ' gildam mercatorum cum omnibus libertatibus et liberis consuetudinibus que ad gildam mercatorum debent vel solent pertinere.' — [Records of Nott., i. 8, 12; Rot. Chart., 39.) A.D. 1365. — 'Ad istam Curiam venit Johannes Burre; in plena curia juratus et examinatus, dicit se recepturum fuisse ad Gildam Mercatorum, in camera Rogeri de Hopwell, die Sabbati in Septi- mana Penecostes.' — {Records of Nott., i. 188.) 'Fines Forinseci: Nich. de Hill dat de fine pro licentia emendi habenda et vendendi infra libertates villae Nott' per tempus, ut IPtoofs anD 3nu0tration0. 191 supra, VIII. ^.' Thirty-nine similar entries follow, the fines ranging NOTTINGHAM. from 6d. to y. ^d., a.d. 1414-1415. — [Ibid., ii. 102-104.) Oswestry. 'Concessimus eciam eisdem Burgensibus et eorum heredibus quod habeant gildam mercatoriam cum hansa et aliis consuetudini- bus et libertatibus ad gildam illam pertinentibus. Et quod nullus qui non sit de gilda ilia mercandisam aliquam faciat in burgo pre- dicto nisi de voluntate eorundem Burgensium. Concessimus eciam eis et eorum heredibus quod si aliquis nativus alicuius in eodem burgo manserit, et eciam in eo se tenuerit, et fuerit in pre- fata gilda et hansa, lot et scot cum eisdem Burgensibus per vnum annum et vnum diem sine calumpnia, deinceps non possit repeti a domino suo, set in eodem burgo liber permaneat. Preterea concessimus eisdem Burgensibus et eorum heredibus quod quieti sint per totam terram nostram de theloneo, lestagio, passagio, pontagio, stallagio et de lene et de Danegildes et Gaywyt et omni- bus aliis consuetudinibus et exaccionibus per totam potestatem terre nostre, tam in Anglia quam in omnibus aliis terris, salua libertate Ciuitatis nostre London'. Concessimus eciam et hac carta nostra confirmavimus prefatis Burgensibus nostris quod nullus emat infra Burgum predictum coria recencia vel pannum crudum, nisi sit in lotto et scotto et in assisa et tallagio cum eisdem Burgensibus.' The above is extracted from a royal charter of 22 Richard II. — {Addit. MS. 30328, ff. 60-61 ; Shrop. A.D. 1398. Archaeol. and Nat. Hist. Soc, Tra?is., ii. 192.) The following is taken from a grant of Thomas Earl of Arundel (1407): — ^'Et quod burgenses eitisdem burgi habent liberam et plenam potestatem faciendi burgenses eis acceptabiles vsuros libertatibus et franchesiis burgi illius iuxta cartas et concessiones tam antecessorum nostrorum quam per nos ab antiquo et de nouo concessas ; et quod nullus qui non sit burgensis eiusdem burgi aliqua libertate burgensiali ibidem contra voluntatem burgensium predictorum infra villam predictam nee libertatem eiusdem quo- modo gaudeat nee vtatur. Et quod burgenses predicti quieti sunt infra villam predictam et libertatem eiusdem de theoloneis, 192 C6e ailD ^ercftant. OSWESTRY, lestagio et stallagio. Et eciam quod nuUus emet infra burgum predictum nee libertatem eiusdem pannum crudum nee coria receneia, nisi sit in lotto et skotto, in assissa et tallagio cum burgensibus predictis.' — {Ibid., Trans., ii. 199.) OXFOBD. Charters of i John, 13 Henry III and i Edward III specify the Gild among the liberties of Oxford ^ That of Edward III A.D. 1327. contains the clause : — 'Et quod nuUus qui non sit de eorum gilda vina aliqua seu mercimonia aut quecumque alia bona venalia infra dictam villam Oxon' vel ejus suburbia ad retalliam vendat.' A.D. 1320. An inspeximus of 13 Edward II to the Abbey of Oseney speaks of: — 'concessiones, etc. necnon donationem quas Will, de Chene aldermanus de gilda mercatorum Oxen' per cartam suam, de concensu et voluntate civium Oxenefordiae de communi civitatis et de gilda praedicta, fecit ecclesiae et canonicis praedictis in perpetuam elemosinam, de insula quae Middeleya vocatur, quam dicti cives praefato Willielmo in perpetuum feodum concesserunt.' — {Monast. Anglic, vi. 254.) This grant of Wm. de Chene, in a mutilated condition, is to be found in the Register of the Abbey of Oseney : — 'Will, de Chene Salutem. Sciatis quod . . . qui fuit aldremannus de [Gilda mer- catorum] . . . luce Regis Stephani et Regine . . . concede in per- petuam elemosinam . . . Marie de Oseneia et Canonicis . . . insulam que Middeleia uocatur, quam ciues de Oxen' de communi ciuitatis et de Gilda mercatorum michi in perpetuum feodum concesserunt. Et hoc facio predictorum ciuium consensu et voluntate,' etc.— (J/^. Cottoti, Vitell. E. XV, fol. 89.) Oct. 23, 1534. — 'Also it ys enacted and agreed by the same Mair, Aldermen, Bailyffs, and Comynalte of the seid Toune, that no person ne persons shall use any maner of marchauntdyse, or marchauntdysyng, nor use and exercise any vytelyng, bying or sellyng, or eny handy craft or ocupacon wythyn the seyd Town or subbarbs of the same, except he or they be free of the guyld of * Morins, Chronicon, p. 731 ; Liber Cust., 672 ; Petyt MS., ii. 305-314, Proofs anti Jllusttations. 193 the seid Mair and Comminaltie wythyn the seyd town and sub- oxford. barbs of the same,' etc. — {Aritiq. Mag. and Bibl.., vii. 229.) Oct. 12, 155 1. ' Thordre for the adniyssion of Fremen. — Memorandum at a Councell holden . . . yt ys enacted, concluded, and agreed by the Mayar, Aldermen, Baylyes, Chamberleyns, and thole Councell of the Cytye of Oxford, wyth the concent of the more parte of thenhabytants of the seyd Cytye, for thordre of admyssion of ffremen from hensforthe ynto the guyld and lyberty of thole body of the seyd Cyty of Oxford yn maner and forme as insuythe, that ys to wete [Only those who have served an apprenticeship of seven years with a freeman shall be made free, unless they pay at least £ 5 4^^. dd. to the use of the corporation of the City.] Item, the seyd som of v.//. iiii. .r. vi.^. to be payde before the othe be geven to any person or persons so comyng to be fre, and before hys^ he be admytted to be a freman of the seyd guyld. Item, that the seyd person and persons that wyll be fre of the seyd guyld, shall furste, before he or they be admytted to be fre, desyer the good wyll of the crafte or occupacion that he or they wyll [be] fre of, and paye unto theym x.j. and a brekefaste for hys admyssyon ynto the seyd crafte or occupacion ; and the seyd person and persons to be presented by the . . . Master and Wardens, or some two or iii. persons of the seyd occupacion to the Mayar and Councell of the seyd Cytye, and there by an eleccion to be admytted a freman of the seyd guyld and a burges or cytyzyn of the seyd Cytye, payeng the seyd v. //. iiii. s. Vi.d., or a more som, as before ys specyfyed, wythowt any further delay, and no suerty nor suertyes to be taken for or yn respect or delay of payment therof, provydyd allwey that yf the seyd Master and Wardens wyll not present suche person and persons so suying to be fre, that then the seyd person and persons may and shall come unto the Chamberleyns for the tyme beyng, and they to present hym or theym to the seyd Mayar and Councell yn manner and forme above seyde And be yt also consented and enacted that ■ Probably for ' that.' O 194 CJje (^ilD ^ttcbmt OXFORD, yf any persone hereafter at any tyme do interpryse to set upp yn the seyd Cytye to occupye any crafte or occupacion before he be fre of the guyld thereof, accordyng as before ys specyed, and ther uppon have warnyng to surcesse and leff hys occupyeng by the Chamberleyns for the tyme beyng, or the Master or Wardens of thoccupacion that he intendyth to occupye, except suche as by acte of Parlyament ys enacted and concluded, that then the same person and persons so afterwards offendyng shall forfeyte and pay to thuse of the body of thys seyd Cytye for every daye so occupyeng iii.i-. iiii.^.' Various other orders regulating the making of persons 'fre of the seyd guyld,' follow. — {Turner, Oxford Records, pp. 204-208.) Those admitted to the Gild or freedom seem to have borne the name of ' hanasters.' Among the town muniments there is a book containing lists of the latter. — (Ibid., pp. xvii, 29, etc.) Preston ^ The Gild Merchant is first mentioned in the ancient Custu- mal of Preston (thirteenth century). There is an old transcript of this Custumal in Harley MS. 21 12, ff. 63-64, headed, — 'Liber- tates Gilde Mercatorie eedem cum libertatibus de Nouo Castro subtus limam confirmate per Edwardum [HI] Regem.' It begins thus : — ' I. Ita quod habeant gildam mercatoriam cum hansa et aliis consuetudinibus et libertatibus ad gildam illam pertinentibus. 2. Ita quod nullus qui non sit de gilda ilia mercandisam aliquam faciat in predicta villa nisi de voluntate burgensium. 3. Si aliquis natiuus alicuius in prefata villa manserit, et terram in ea tenuerit, et fuerit in prefata gilda et hansa et lot et scot cum eisdem burgensibus per unum annum et i. diem, deinceps ne possit repeti a Domino suo, sed in eadem liber permaneat '^.' * Dobson and Harland, Hist, of Preston Guild ; Abram, Memorials of the Preston Guilds ; Abram, Rolls of Burgesses, Introd. ; Thompson, Munic. Hist., Ch. viii. For other works on the same subject see Abram, Memorials, p. 148. * Cf. Dobson and Harland, 73; Whitaker, Richmondsh., ii. 422. Iproofs anD Jlllustrations; 195 Charters of 8 Elizabeth, 14 and 36 Charles II, contain this preston. clause : — ' quod iidem Major, Ballivi, Burgenses et Successores sui habeant Guildam Mercatoriam in Burgo predicto cum om- nibus Libertatibus et liberis Consuetudinibus ad hujusmodi Guildam pertinentibus, prout antehac usi fuerunt.' — {Litigard, Preston Charters, 25, 53, 86.) At a Gild Merchant held at Preston 2 Edw. Ill, thirteen A.D. 1328. ' pointes and ordinances ' were made, four of which are of par- ticular interest to us : — ' 2. Also the same Maire, balifes and burges, with all the comonalte, be hole assent and consent, have ordered that it shall be leful to the sayd Maior, baliffes and burges, there heyres and successors to sett a Gyld Marchand at every xx. yere end, or ever if they have nede, to conferme chayrters or other distres that longis to oure Francis [i.e. franchise]. 5. Also the same Maire, baliffes and burges with all the comonaltie have ordent, be a hole assent and consent, that all manner of burges the which is made burges be court roll and oute of the Gyld Marchand, shall never be maire, ne Bale, ne Serjeand, but onlie the burges the which the name be in the Gyld Marchand last made before ; for the King gyves the freedom to the burges which arne in the Gyld and to none other. 7. Also the same Maire and baliffes and burges, be holle assent and consent [have ordered], if ther be any burges of oure towne longing that take partie with anie mon to helpe him or to strength him agaynes the peyce, and will not com to his Mayre to help him and strength hym to make peyce, that then hyt be lefull to oure Mayre and to his successors to discharge hym of his freedome for ever, and his tol to be taken dayle att hym, as a fals untrew and fals forsworne. 10. Also the Mayre, baliffes and burges, be a hole assent and consent, haue ordent, if it happyne onne of oure burges fall in age and in necesitye of gooddys that he may noght hold howse, ne craft, ne bying and sellyng, that he may not be of power to pay his freedome be yeare, yet he shall be free in all our libertyes yt longys to oure towne and enfranceys, as he was 2 196 Ci)e (^ilD a^ercl)ant» PRESTON, before it was that he be faulyn into that great necessitie of poverte.' — [Abrajn, Memorials, 8; Dobson a7id Harland, ii.) The archives of Preston contain Gild Rolls of the years 1397, 1415, 1459, 1542 and thence in regular succession every twenty years to 1882. Here is an abstract of the most ancient Roll : — ' Gilda Mercatoria Burgensium Ville de Preston' in Amon- dernes tenta ibidem, die lune proxima post festum Ascencionis Domini Anno regni Regis Ricardi secundi post conquestum A.D. 1397. Anglie vicesimo, per Will' de Ergham tunc maiorem dicte gilde et per Galf ' de Meles, Thomam de More, Johannem de Hacon- showe, senescallos dicte Gilde, Ric' Blundell, Henr' le Somnor, Symonem de Preston, Joh' le Marisshall, Ric' de Brethirton, Will' de Gany, Joh' de Alston, Will' de Walton mercatorem, Will' Grymbald et Joh' Lambard, tunc clericum dicte Gilde, qui qui- dem prescripti soluerunt pro feodis et iinibus suis, vt patebit inferius, et qui quidem predicti fuerunt Aldyrmen predicte Gilde et receperunt subscriptis in dextra parte de huius Gildam pro finibus suis vt patebit \ Hec sunt nomina eorum qui sunt in prefata Gilda et eorum quorum patres fuerunt in prefata Gilda. Rob' de Wigan, Capellanus Galfrid' de Meles. Will' Gyge. etc. etc. Rog' Alphin. Will' de Lydgreues senior. Thomas Trigs draperius. etc. etc. [108 names in all.] Ric' de Hoghton miles. Rog' de Etheleston. Ric' filius Joh' de Banastr' de Walton in le Dale, etc. etc. Burgenses forinseci. Thomas de Barton. Will' de Hoghton miles. Ed- wardus frater eius, Henr' de Hoghton miles, etc. etc. [25 names in all.] ' In Rep. Record Com. 1837, p. 476, the reading is: 'receperunt subscripta in dextra parte huius infra gildam pro finibus/ etc. IPtoof0 ann aiHustrationsf. 197 Adhuc nomina eorum [qui] jurati sunt [in prefata] Gilda et preston. [eorum quorum patres fuerunt] in eadem Gilda. " Rob' filius Henr' de Claghton. Joh' filius Willielmi Toppyng. etc. etc. Joh' filius Rogeri . . , Nicholson. Will' filius Ricardi Jonson. etc. etc. [87 names in all.] Hec sunt nomina eorum quorum patres non fuerunt in prefata Gilda, et ideo fecerunt finem. Will' de Ergham per plegium Symonis de Preston et Joh' de Haconshowe xl.x. Will' Wynter per plegium Willielmi de Ergham et Roberti Sille xL.s. Joh' Lambard per plegium Willielmi de Ergham et Joh' de Haconshowe vi.i'. viii.^. etc. etc. etc. [104 names in all, each with two pledges and a fine varying from 2S. to 40^, Among them are tailors, spicers, websters, ' souters,' drapers, glovers, saddlers, a ' fflesshewer ' and many mercers.] On the back of the Roll there is another list of names : — Alicia relicta Galf Nicholson. Matiir relicta Ade de Tokhole. Cecilia Roos. Xrfra filia Rog' de Haconshowe. Hen' fihus Ade de Balschagh. Margareta relicta Joh' de Ire- land. [39 names in all, most of them belonging to widows, sons and daughters of gildsmen.] On the dorse of the same Roll is the following : — ' Isti Articuli subscripti ordinati et statuti fuerunt ad istam Gildam tentam loco, die et anno infra scriptis per consensum Will' de Ergham tunc Maiorem {sic) istius Gilde et per senescallos et Aldermannos istius Gilde, sicut seriater [i.e. seriatim] post pre- dictum Maiorem infra scriptum, videlicet : quod si aliquis burgensis ville de Preston faciat aliquam forisfacturam erga libertates ville predicte sive liberas consuetudines eiusdem ville, 198 Cie (^iin a^etcfjant PRESTON, et exinde convictus fuerit, prodet [i.e. perdet] libertatem eiusdem ville ad voluntatem Maioris, qui fuerit pro tempore, et illorum duodecim qui sibi ordinati sunt predictas libertates et libris [i.e. liberas] consuetudines ville predicte ad gubernandum. Item quod nullus fiat Maior predicte ville de Preston donee prius fuerit Ballivus eiusdem ville. Item si aliquis burgensis ville de Preston electus fuerit per consensum communitatis ville predicte ad ministrandum in aliquo officio decente stat'm [i.e. statui] suo et illud recusat, p'd'ct [? perdet] libertatem suam ad voluntatem communitatis ville predicte. Item quod de cetero nullus ballivus ville de Preston reddet compotum suum de [...] cum domino nisi per rotulum burgagiorum ville predicte et burgensium forinse- corum et per perquisita Curie eiusdem ville et per capita illorum qui sunt stallagarii, sub poene' [i.e. poena] forisfacture libertatis sue ad voluntatem Maioris et illorum duodecem qui pro tempore predicti Maioris assignati et ordinati sunt. Item quod quilibet Ballivus ville de Preston reddat compotum suum modo prescripto ante electionem Maioris et sub poene forisfacture libertatis sue ad voluntatem Maioris et illorum duodecem qui sibi pro tempore assignati, electi et ordinati erunt. Isti articuli prescripti statuti fuerunt in predicta Curia coram Ricardo de Hoghton et tota communitate ibidem existente, quo [i.e. que] quidem communitas predictis articulis una voce consentunt [i.e. consentiuit]. Hie sunt [i.e. finit] ista Gilda Mercatoria tenta die, loco et anno suprascriptis. — {Abram, Rolls of Burgesses, pp. xviii and 1-7.)^ At the Gild of 1415 more than 200 'intrinsic' burgesses were enrolled; 52 others were admitted on payment of certain fines; and 22 foreign burgesses are entered on the Roll. Among those admitted by fine were several shoemakers. — {Abram, Memorials, 14.) Down to the reign of Charles II, the Gild was held before the Mayor, three Stewards and nine Aldermen of the Fraternity. These twelve were the ' principal burgesses,' and in the Corpo- ration they were sometimes called * benchers ' and ' aldermen.' ' Cf. Dobson and Ilarl., 17-23; Abram, Memorials, 9-11. Proofs! ann JHusttation?. 199 After this reign till 1835 there were three Stewards and only four preston. other Aldermen of the Gild. — [Dobson and Harl., 21,) The following shows that, though the Gild Merchant of Preston continued to exist, it no longer performed its ancient functions to the satisfaction of the burghers. In 1628 a new Company was established in Preston by an order of the town Council. Its preamble sets forth that, although an act of Philip and Mary (1554) had ordained that 'it should not be lawful for anie person inhabitinge in the countrye to come into anie citye, burroughe, markett towne, towne corporate, or within the suburbs or liberties of the same ' to ' sett on saile or sell by retaile any manner of woolen cloth, linen cloth, mercery wares, haberdasherye wares, grocery wares, or saltery wares, except it be in open ffaires, linen and woollen cloths made by themselves or ther meniall servants onlie excepted'; and albeit, by another Act of 5 Elizabeth, no one was to set up any craft or mystery, except he had been an apprentice seven years ; — yet, notwithstanding, divers handi- craftsmen and servants at husbandry leaving their own occupa- tions, seeking not only to live easily but rather idly, had taken upon them within this town of Preston to set up and live by trade of buying and selling of divers wares and merchandise contrary to the law, etc. : — for remedy whereof the Mayor, Bailiffs and Burgesses of Preston, on petition of the most part of the tradesmen of the borough, ordain that from henceforth there shall be within the town 'a Companie or ffraternitie called Wardens and Companie of Drapers, Mercers, Grocers, Salters, Ironmongers, and Haberdashers,' and it shall have power, with consent of the Mayor and Common Council of the town, to make laws for the better ordering of the said trades and for the governing of the said Company. Two Wardens of the Fraternity are to be yearly chosen. No person or persons not inhabiting the said town shall exercise any of the said trades upon pain of forfeiting 10^. per week to the use of the said town and Company; further, that no stranger coming within the town shall set on sale or sell by wholesale or retail any wares or merchandise belonging to any of the trades aforesaid, excepting at fair times, upon pain 200 cbe (3i\n ^erctant. PRESTON, of forfeiting the wares so sold or proffered, the half to the use of the town, the other half to the use of the said Company, except the wares be of their own making. — {Abram, Me7?iortaIs, 41-42.)' The subjoined is from a MS. written in 1741, probably by the Town Clerk of Preston : — * There is and time out of mind hath been a Guild Merchant held every Twenty Years, in and for this Burrough. The Freemen or Burgesses are of two sorts, viz., the Foreign Burgesses and the Inn-Burgesses. The Foreign Bur- gesses are admitted at the Guild Merchant and at no other time ; and they are exempt from payment of Toll for Goods that they buy in the Burrough for the use of themselves and their family. And this is all the priviledge they have [they cannot vote, hold civic offices, enjoy commons, etc.] And those admitted betwixt the Guilds, either by the Council or the Mayor, come in at the Guild and pay the usual Fine or Fee of Seven-pence, and are entered with the others, and from that time they all become Guild Burgesses. But until the Guild, those admitted by the Council or by the Mayor are called Inn-Burgesses by Copy of Court Roll.' — {Abram, Rolls of Burgesses, pp. xii-xiii.) At the Guild Merchant every person made burgess by court roll must appear and be admitted, and every guild brother must be re-admitted. — {Mimic. Corp. Coin. 1835, pp. 1687-1688.)^ Nicholas Grimshaw, mayor of Preston, writing in the early part of the present century, having mentioned Coke's assertion that the bestowal of the Gild Merchant upon a town implies in- corporation, continues thus : — ' But the grant of a Gilda Mer- catoria does not seem to have invested the Grantees with the local government of the Place, for a Gilda Mercatoria established in a Town, may be distinct from the general Corporation of the Town, though the Gilda Mercatoria and the Corporation may be connected. The officers of the Gilda Mercatoria of the Borough ' For a detailed account of this interesting Company see the Preston Guardian, Apr. 10, Apr. 17, May i and June 12, 1875. It was still in existence in the early part of the nineteenth century. * Cf Abram, Rolls of Burgesses, p. x. IProofs anD 3lllustration0. 201 of Preston were quite distinct from those of the Corporation, preston. though they are now selected from that Body. The former consisted of a Mayor, Stewards and Aldermen, and a Seneschal or Clerk of the Guild.' — {Preston Guardian, Sept. i6, 1876.) The Gild Merchant of Preston 'formed a kind of Court of Session of corporate legislation, held every twenty years [since 1542], at which all the laws for the government of the corporation were passed \ and at which all the privileges of the burgesses were first claimed and subsequently renewed.' 'The duration of the Guild, which was anciently for a month, was reduced in 1822 to a fortnight, and in 1842 and 1862 [and 1882] it lasted only a week.' ' At the conclusion of the Guild the masters and wardens of all the different companies^ attend, as on the first day of the Guild, upon the worshipful the guild-mayor, in open court at the Guild-hall, along with a number of the bur- gesses. The companies then have their guild-orders sealed and regularly entered in the books.' ' Formerly the purchase of freedom continued from Guild to Guild, and if not renewed at each returning celebration, it was lost. The Municipal Reform Act of 1835 by abolishing any peculiar trade privilege of freemen and opening the government of the town to all rate-payers, divested the Guild of much of its interest.' 'At the last two Guilds freemen renewed their franchise as of old, being incited thereto by considerations of ancient associations, though with the bulk of them the right is of no commercial value. Henceforth the main business of the Guild will be festivity and ceremonials.' — [E. Babies, Co. of Lane, 1870, ii. 465-466.) A programme of the proceedings at the Gild Merchant of 1882 will be found in Abram's Memorials, pp. 150-152. * Cf. Abram, Rolls of Burgesses, p. xi. ° The trades have always constituted the most prominent element in the pro- cessions of the Preston Gild Merchant. 202 Cbe <^i\\} a^ercbant READiisra ^. READING. 'Henricus [III] Dei gratia... Sciatis quod volumus et precipimus pro nobis et heredibus nostris quod omnes Burgenses de Radinges qui sunt in Gilda Mercatoria in Rading' imper- petuum quieti sint de shyris et hundredis et omnibus placitis, querelis, theloneis, passagiis et cariagiis ; et vendant et emant vbicunque voluerint, per totam Angliam, sine theloneo. Et nullus eos disturbet super forisfacturam nostram decern librarum. Hiis testibus . . . Datum per manum nostram apud Portesmuth' quinto die Julii anno regni nostri tricesimo-septimo.' This was confirmed by a charter of i8 Edward III. — (Man, Reading, 342 ; Liber Custu)?iariim, 671; Coafes, Reading, Append, vii.) 'Incipiunt Cyrographa siue finales concordie. Finahs concordia inter monasterium rading' et burgenses eiusdem uille super placito libertatum moto in Curia domini Regis. — Hec est finahs concordia facta in curia domini regis apud westmonasterium in crastino purificationis beate Marie, anno regni regis henrici fihi regis Johannis xxxviiio, Coram Henrico de Bathon', Henrico de la Mar', Henrico de Bratton' et Nicholao de Turri, Justiciariis, Ra- dulfo filio Nicholai et Bertranno de Curiel, tunc senescallis, et aliis domini regis fidelibus tunc ibi presentibus, Inter Henr' Wille et Danielem de Wolues', tunc senescallos Gilde de rading', et burgenses eiusdem uille, querentes, et Ricardum abbatem de rading', deforciantem, de consuetudinibus et seruitiis que idem abbas exigebat de predictis burgensibus. Vnde iidem burgenses questi fuerunt quod predictus abbas distrinxit eos ad placitandum alibi quam in gilda sua communi, et quod abstulit ab eis Gildam suam mercandam cum pertinentiis. Et preterea quod predictus abbas amouit mercatum uille de rading' a loco quo antiquitus teneri solet. Et preterea quod exigebat ab eisdem burgensibus alias consuetudines et alia seruitia quam facere debuerunt et facere consueuerunt temporibus predecessorum predicti domini regis, regum anglie. Quas consuetudines et que seruitia dicti ' For remarks on the Gild Merchant of Reading see Coates, Reading, 49-59 ; Man, Reading, 341-347; Mercw. and Stephens, 139-141. Iproof0 ann JUustrations. 203 burgenses eidem abbati non cognouerunt. Et unde placitum reading. fuit inter eos in eadem curia, s[cilicet], quod predictus abbas concessit pro se et successoribus suis et ecclesia sua de rading' predictis burgensibus et eorum heredibus quod mercatum bladi in uilla de rading' sit in loco illo in perpetuum ubi prius esse solebat, et quod omnia alia uendantur in locis illis in quibus prius uendi consueuerunt. Et quod predicti burgenses habeant gildhallam suam mercandam in uilla de rading' cum xii. mes- suagiis que ad gildhallam illam pertinent, simul cum prato quod uocatur portnianebroc, reddendo inde annuatim dicto abbati et successoribus suis et ecclesie sue predicte dimidiam marcam ad festum sancti michaelis, vbi prius nihil solebant reddere nisi unum denarium tantum. Et quod habeant gildam suam mer- candam cum omnibus pertinentiis suis in perpetuum. Et pro hac concessione, fine et concordia predicti burgenses conces- serunt pro se et heredibus eorum quod predictus abbas et suc- cessores sui de cetero assumant unum burgensem de predictis burgensibus qui sit in gilda mercanda et de quo predicti bur- genses sint contenti, qui sit custos gilde mercande et qui faciat sacramentum tarn dictis abbati quam burgensibus ad omnia que ad gildam mercandam pertinent fideliter obseruanda ; et quod de anno in annum amouebitur, et tunc loco illius substituetur secundum quod predictum est. Concesserunt etiam predicti burgenses pro se et heredibus ipsorum quod predictus abbas et successores sui habeant de cetero de filio cuiuslibet burgensis legittime nato iiii. sol. ad introitum gilde mercande, et de quo- libet homine forinseco medietatem finis quem facere poterit cum predicto custode per uisum unius monachi dicti abbatis et suc- cessorum suorum ad hoc testificandum assignati. Ita quod si finis ille testificetur per sex legales homines dicte gilde, quod finis ille sit racionabilis, dictus monachus non poterit ilium finem refutare. Et preterea dicti burgenses concesserunt pro se et heredibus eorum quod predictus abbas et successores sui de cetero habeant singulis annis ad festum sancti petri ad uincula V. denarios de quolibet burgense in gilda mercanda nomine cheping gauel. Et preterea concesserunt pro se et heredibus 204 Cbe (^iin Q^etcfjant. READiNQ. ipsorum quod bene licebit dicto abbati et successoribus suis tailliare dictam uillam de rading', quando dominus rex tailliat dominica sua. Concesserunt etiam predicti burgenses pro se et heredibus eorum quod bene licebit dicto abbati et succes- soribus suis uel eorum balliuis placitare in predicta gildhalla omnia placita que ad predictam uillam pertinent de rading' placi- tanda. Et quod habeant omnes emendas tam de Gildanis quam de aliis. Et quod clauis gildhalle remaneat custodi gildhalle, qui ipsam tradet dicto abbati uel balliuis suis sine contradiccione, quando ibi placitare uoluerint. Et si contingat quod aliquis predictorum burgensium de gilda mercanda pro aliquo delicto in misericordiam inciderit, secundum quantitatem delicti et eius facultatem amercietur. Preterea dicti burgenses recognouerunt pratum quod iacet ad caput prati quod uocatur port7nanebroc esse ius ipsius abbatis et ecclesie sue de rading', et illud ei reddi- derunt in eadem curia et remiserunt et quietum clamauerunt de se et heredibus ipsorum dicto abbati et successoribus suis et ecclesie sue de rading' in perpetuum.' — {Regisirum Cart. Abbatiae de Reading, MS. Harl. 1708, fol, 166.)^ ' PUNCTA GILDE.* ' II est establi en la uyle de Rading' qe nul taneour ne mette quyr en confytt, et si countre le etablisement eyt fayt et conuencu ensoyt, les chateux en la meyn labbe deuent estre seysis et son corps retenuz. — Item nul suour ne luise quyr a la manere de cordewan, ne en soudiers ne mette, ne ices sodiers ne aporte a vendre en bourgh. Et si il en fet, perde les chateux, et le s. homme remeyne en la mercy de senescals. — Item nul farse selles ne paneals de mussa ; et sil soyent trouetz farsietz, soyent ars, ;. el homme en la mercy al seneschals. — Item nul ne face draps ou burlee seyent melle en la layne ; et sil soyt ateynt qe ceo eit fayt, le drap seyt ars, et le feseour en la mercy al seneschals. — Item qe totes les choses qe en bourgh vygnent a vendre si soyent vendutz en Ius establis et coustemables ; et qi ailours les * Coates, Appendix v, gives an old English translation of this ' concord 'j cf. also Merew. and Stephens, 139. Iproofs anil 3iltotration.s. 205 achate, perde les chateux et en la mercy al prouoste remeyne, reading. sil ne seyt haut homme qi ad son creaunsour come a veysin par conoysaunce ses quyrs enuoye a vendre come leals. — Item blee. nul foreyn par iour de marche ne achate deuant la tierce, sil ne soit haut homme ; et sil achate, perde sun ble et en la mercy al prouoste remeyne. — Item nul marchant dedeyns deux lewes de [oysseaux, burgh oysseaux, ne pessons, ne nule chose qe a maunger et de seygnurs ne a prodeshommes aperteyne, ne nachatont les choses qe al bourgh sunt portes et [i. e. a] vendre deuant la tierce ; et qi countre ceo auera trepasse^ les merz achates si perde, et il soyt mys par Gage et plegge destier a dreyt deuant le seneschals. — Item les choses qe les regrateours achatont apres regrateours. la tierce deuent estre a tel marche achate qe a tel feor pusent a lur veysyns vendre. — Item pessoners qi ad deux pessoners. charettes oue pesson lun et lautre mette auant a vendre, et ensement sommages, et si a lempeyrement de la vile lun est auant mise et lautre est concele, la concele en la meyn labbe seyt seisi, et le pessoner par Gage et par plegge mys destier a dreyt deuant les seneschals. — Item cerueyse venale bone soyt Cemoyse. solom le marche de blee, issi soyt vendti, et payn ensement. — Item bochiers. Nient plus macecriers qe deux a plus achatont ensemble bieof ne motoun ne autre auier, issi qe entre eux seyt party par quarters a vendre ; et si nul eit fayt marche, nul autre sentremette deuaunt qe lautre soyt del bieof ou de lautre auer quil auera marche departi. Et qi autrement leit fait et soit atteynt par Gage et plegge seit mys destier a dreyt deuant les seneschals. — Item Chars. Chars sodeynement morte troue en mayn de macecrier a vendre ou char forsenee doit estre ars, et le macecrier en la mercy a seneschals. — Item nul foreyne ne doyt quir cruz ne peaux veluz quyrcruz.peux, de nul foreyn marchant ne layne ne fil en marche de Radyng' achatier ; et qi ceo auera fayt perde le chatel, et le chateur en la mercy a seneschals.— Item nul foreyn porte quyr tannes par nul quir tanne. houre de Ian en la vile de Radyng' a vendre, mes taunt soulement a feyres ; et qi autre leyt fayt, soyent les chateux seisis en la mayn le seneschals, et il en lour mercy; et qant il auera fayt lur assetz, eit ses chateux. — Item nul suour qi ne soyt de la fraunche g>'lde ne face suour. 206 Cfte (5iin a^ercftant. READING. Lynge tide. souliers en fourme for taunt soulement de seet pouz, et qi autre- ment en fra en la mercy soit a seneschals. — Item nul foreyn vende en marche tiele lanuga ne lynge par tayle for tant soulement en terme; et qi en contre ceo fra et soyt ateynt, remeynent les chateux en la mayn a seneschals de ci qi [i.e. desque] il eyent vers eux amende. — Item nul ferour estraunge ne uende en marche de Redyng' feer ne acier fors de le limunns de sa charette ou sur claye ou sur sun barhude de deyns le limuns ; et qi autrement le fayt remeyne en la mercy de seneschals. — Item nul feure foreyn ne vende en -marche sur estal beches, trubles ferres ne nul altre ferrealment for tant soulement alant et portaunt sur les espausles ; et qi autrement le fra soyt atache et en la mercy a seneschals. — Item nul parmenter estraunge neyt cuue ne counfite en sa mesone, ne nul peal en confite; et qi autrement le fra remeyne en la mercy a seneschals. — Item nul parmenter ne vende a estallage nul de ses merz, sil ne soyt en la leisiues (?) sur sun dos le aporte a vendre ; et qi autrement le fra soyt en la mercy a seneschals. — Item nul macecrier ne vende char freche ne sale fors entier ou par quartiers et nul char ne coupe a vendre ; et qi lauera fayt soit en la mercy a seneschals. — Item nul foreyn pessoner qi pesson porte a vendre a marche ne coupe nul pesson a vendre, si par le noun de seneschals ou de bailifs ; et nul foreyn ne peot ceo faere par nule conge, si nul gildeyn de pesson eit a vendre. — Item nul estraunge ne porte harange a uendre par nul iour de la symaygne en marche for tant soulement vn iour de marche, et si il veaut en la vile remeyndre et par autre iour son harange vendre et en marche ester a uendre, il vendra dieux harange plus qil ne fesoyt le iour deuant ou il sen irra ; et qi autrement le fait seit en la mercy a seneschals. — Item si estraunge qi porte harange ou pesson a vendre en marche eit remenaunt et la voile vendre, nul de la vile ne la chate, si sustener ne puse le marche a ses veisyns, si come lestraunge vendi le iour deuant, et si ne achate pas eel remenant deuant la tierce ; et qi autrement le fayt soyt en la mercy de seneschals. — Item nul regratier qi ne soyt de la ley ne vende par tail veil formage ne oynt ne siew ne eyre, et qi le fait seit en la mercy a seneschals. IPtoofe ann Jllustrations. 207 — Item nul braceresse estraunge qi bracer veoyle en la vile ne mette reading. sun sercle en la rwe deuant qe sa ceruoise soit tastie, et desques , ^ ' ^ braceresse. cele soit troue bone sil mette sun sercle tant soulement a iour de marche et ne mye plus ; qui auterment le fra soit en la mercy a seneschals. — Item nul ne achate myel en marche p[ur] la gildmele sur la forfeture a seneschals. — Item si nul gildeyn eit apele sun pier laroun ou cryme de felonye leit surmys a sun deshonour, et de ceo soit ateynt, greuousement soit chastie et en la mercy a seneschals.' — {^Registrum Cart. Abbaf. de Read., ff. 162-163.) 1 The oath of the Gild, ' Juramentum Gilde Aule Radingie,' as used about 14 Henry VI, is still extant. The new brother swore to be true to the king, to the mayor of Reading and the burgesses of the * gilde merchant ' ; to -notify the mayor of any person who would disturb the liberties of the Gild; to conceal ('heele') the common counsel of the gild, declaring it to no person out of the ' seid gildhall,' except it be a burgess of the same hall. — {Coates, 57-58.) Previous to this reign the head of the Fraternity was called 'custos gilde,' the keeper or master of the Gild. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the terms ' keeper of the Gild ' and ' mayor ' appear to be used interchangeably. — {Ibid., 54, 60 ; ^an, 343, 358.) The disputes between the Abbot and the Gild continued in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In 1430 the Abbot seized certain shambles, which, as the burgesses asserted, belonged to them. The latter also claimed that they had the title of a body corporate, a guild-hall and a common seal, that they returned two members to parliament, that they were discharged from all shires and hundred courts and were toll-free throughout England. ' Lastly they add that the warden and burgesses were seised of the premises in right of their Gild Merchant, by the service of one penny due to the king, before the monastery of Reading * Coates printed this record in the Supplement to the History of Reading (1809), but his transcript is marred by many verbal errors and several impor- tant omissions. The document is undated, but the handwriting appears to be of the fourteenth century. 2o8 cbe ^iin Q^ercfiant READING, was founded ; which Gild Merchant, messuages and appurten- ances, had they been in the king's own hands, he would have granted to the monastery in the same manner as he granted and gave "all the foresaid town of Reading.'" — [Coafes, 53-54.) Here are some later admissions to the Gild of persons of distinction : — ' Edw. 4*1 anno 2. MS. Com. 1877, pp. 576-579.) There are brief references to the Gild in many deeds of the 13th and 14th centuries. In the year 42 Henry III, Alexander Dublet, Mayor of Wallingford, and the Gildans of the town lend to Nicholas de Stalles dos. [Ibid., 589.) In a parchment deed of about the same date Richard the Cook, son of Andrew the Cook, grants to the Alderman and Gildans of the Gild of the town 28^. of yearly rent from a certain messuage, for 25i'. prepaid. There are two other deeds very similar to this, temp. Edward I. {Ibid., 585, 588.) In the year 18 Edward I, Bartholomew de Shire- burne grants to Thomas Hitone of Chauseye, Mayor of Walling- ford, Wm. de la Wike, Ralph Boueye, John Orfeure, Aldermen, and the Gildans of the burgh a certain tenement for 2 marks. [Ibid., 590.) Temp. Edward I, Thomas Saleman of Wallingford bestows upon the Alderman and Gildans of the town 6d. of yearly rent, they having granted him admission to the freedom (' ingressum libertatis ') of Wallingford. There are two more deeds similar to this of about the same date. {Ibid., 587.) In the same reign John de Pulham, Taverner, gives John de Luches, Mayor, and the community of Wallingford, for having freedom of the Gild for life, 6d. of yearly rent. {Ibid., 588.) In the year 4 Edward II, William, son of Ernald Boneface of Wallingford, transfers to the community of the said burgh 6d. of yearly rent * A portion of the Roll, containing the names of Fishermen and others, has been cut away. lProof0 ann jnustrations. 247 from a tenement, in return for which the said community has wallingford. admitted the said WiUiam as a burgess and brother (' confratrem '), it being in the time of John Maryot, Mayor, Osbert de Notele, Simon de Heyworth and Ralph le Taverner, Aldermen, {/did., 592.) During the reign of Henry IV, besides the Burghmote, the Portmote, the Piepowder and View of Frankpledge, there was held a Court of the Aldermen of the Gild, who granted the free- dom of the borough on receiving small annual sums as the purchase money for the privilege. — {Hedges, ii. 36.) In the year 15 Charles II letters patent were granted to the A.D. 1663. borough whereby it was empowered to establish a society, gild, or fraternity, of one master and two wardens of any art, mystery, or occupation. ' 20 Sept., 1667. At a court held this day, after reciting that the king had conferred on the borough a charter, granting large privileges, and among them the privilege of estabhshing a society, gild, or fraternity, of one master and two wardens, the mayor, burgesses and commonalty, at the request of divers tradesmen and for the advancement of trade within the borough, did create and establish the said gild accordingly, to be one body corporate, politique and corporate, with succession for ever.' The mayor for the time being was empowered to amove and depose the master and wardens on any lawful occasion. — {Hedges, ii. 234- 235-) Three months afterwards, in order to prevent divers foreigners from defrauding the ancient liberties and customs of the town by putting to sale their wares by subtle means, it was ordained that no person, not being a freeman, shall sell any wares by retail within the borough or use any trade or handicraft therein, under a penalty of 20s. for every offence. In 1681 fines from 4oj-. to £ 1 5 were imposed upon various persons ' for trading, not being a freeman.' — {Hedges, ii. 235-236.) New ordinances were made against any infringement of the trade monopoly, but, these proving ineffectual, the Gild was re- vived under the letters patent of Charles II. 'At a common council held on the 20th of Sept., 1701, the mayor, burgesses 248 CFje (^ilD a^etcftant. WALLINGFORD. and commonalty ordained that all persons who were then using or should thereafter use any art, mystery or occupation in the borough or the liberties thereof, should be a body corporate, guild, or fraternity, by the name of the master, wardens and assistants of every art, mystery and occupation used in the borough and liberties thereof, and have succession and a com- mon seal. Anthony Leaver was appointed master.' In 1703 this ordinance was made void on the ground that it was pre- judicial to the common weal and good government 'of us the said mayor, burgesses and commonalty.' There was, however, a reservation, whereby the income to be derived from fines on being made free, etc. was maintained. — {Hedges, ii. 237.) Walsall. * In the 15th century the crafts of the town formed themselves into a gild, at the head of which were three wardens, who exer- cised considerable control over the trade of the town.' — {Munic, Corp. Com. 1835, p. 2046.) In 1440 various laws were made ' for the gode rule and govern- aunce of the towne of Walsall' : — ' I. — First, we ordeyne and stablysshe all thies articles hereafter folowying, that is to say, after eny chosyng of eny Masters of the Gylde, that these articles shalbe rehersed in the counsell chamber before them which be so chosen for the tyme beynge, to the entent that they shall not fayle to kepe and folowe the goode rule and governaunce which be conteyned in the seyd ordynance, for the welth and profyt of the seyd Gylde, and in eschuying of such grete mysorder and inconvenyence as here of late hathe fortuned and happenyd. And also in lykewise at eny Mychelmas Courte when the Mayer, Bayly, Constable and Sergeaunt be chosen, alle the articles which concern the good rule and governaunce of the Boroughe, to be rehersed by the olde Mayer and his brethern before, and to, the newe Mayer, Bayley, Constable and Sergeaunt, for the good contynuence of gode rule and governaunce of the Boroughe, to be had and used all the yere after. Iproof0 ann 3inu0tration0. 249 II. — Also it is ordeyned and stablyshed that the Mayer, Masters walsall. of the Gylde, Constable and Sergeaunte shalbe openly sworne upon a prymer or the holy Evangelist, to obserue, fulfil and kepe these articles folo\vying; and in as moche as in them lyethe, to cause alle othyr of the Boroughe to kepe and obserue the same articles. XV. — Also it is ordeyned, stablyshed and aggreed that the Masters of Saynt John's Gylde, the Mayer and Wardens, shall not make gift or graunt of eny donacion of eny Chantrey, nor lese or lettyng of eny lyvelode belongyng to the said Gyldes, withoute the assent of the xxiiii., or the more part of the best and sadest of them. And also that none of the xxiiii., nor none within the Towne and dwellyng shall make eny labour or sute to eny of the patrons for eny donacion of eny of the said Chantrees withoute the assent and consent of the Masters of the Gylde and the more part of the xxiiii. XVII. — Also it is ordeyned that yerely when eny Masters of the Gylde shalbe chosen after the Gylde fest, accordyng to the olde custome, that then the olde Masters of the Gylde shall by byll indented and trip[ar]tite, imediately after the said election, delyver to the newe Masters alle the money, plate, jewels and evidences, and alle other stuff that belongeth to theyr kepyng and to the said Gylde, so that it may be knowen with what thynges the newe Masters shall be charged with at theyr incomyng and at theyr accompte makyng, and the one byll to remayne with the newe Masters, and [the] other with the olde Masters, and the iii[rd] in Saynt John's Cofer. XX. — Also it is ordeyned for the more suertye and saufgard of the tresure of the said Gylde, that there be iiii. keys of the tresor coffer belongyng to Saynt John, and that the Masters of the Gylde shall haue one of the grete keyes in kepyng, the Mayer shall haue the kepyng of one of the lytel keyes, and, in his ab- sence, the Constable and one of the sadest and weldesposed Prest 250 Cfie (5ilD ^etcftant. w-4i.s,4i/.. of Saynt John's Gylde, that shalbe assigned by the Mayer and Masters of the Gylde for the tyme being, to have the kepyng of the other small keye, so that nother one of thies persones, ne no other shall open the said Coffer, withe oute the consent and assent of alle the other. And also it is ordeyned that the sayd iiii. persones that be lymyted to the kepyng of the said iiii. keyes shall not open the same Gofer withoute the presence of iiii. or v. or more of the most honest brethern of the said Gylde, beynge of the xxiiii. . . . And that alle theyre keyes be brought forthe at alle tymes when it shalbe thoughte necessary by the Masters of the Gylde and the Mayer.' XXI. relates to the chantreys and coffer of ' oure Ladye's Gylde.' — {Gkw, History, etc. of Walsall, 100-107.) Wexfobd. .1317. Aymer of Valencia, Earl of Pembroke, in his charter of 1 1 Ed- ward II, granted to the burgesses of Wexford, among other liber- ties : — ' NuUi mercatori extraneo liceat decisionem pannorum facere, vel Tabernam vinorum vel aliorum mercimoniorum habere, in villa de Weiseford nisi ex consensu Superioris et communitatis ville predicte, nisi fuerit burgensis ibidem Liceat etiam eisdem burgensibus Gildam mercatoriam et alias Gildas habere et Scotenos suos cum omni libertate ad illos spectante, sicut consue- tudo est aliarum bonarum villarum.' — {Chartae Hiberniae, 47; Munic. Corp. CofJi., 1835, Ireland, p. 621.) A charter of 7 James I contains the following : — The said town shall be a free borough corporate by itself. .... The mayor shall be a justice of the peace The town to have a Gild of mer- chants and other gilds or fraternities within the borough ; and that no one who may not be of the Gild shall sell within the said borough unless at the pleasure of the mayor, bailiffs, free burgesses and commonalty of the same, and that they may be able to divide themselves into different gilds or fraternities according to their several arts and mysteries [a weekly court, fairs and markets.] And that there may be a Gild of the merchants of the proofs ann 3Uustrations, 251 staple within the borough consisting of one mayor, two constables wexford. and such number of the merchants of the town or borough as the said mayor and constables of the Gild may deem expedient ; and that the offices of mayor and constables of the staple be annual ; and that the mayor of the borough for the preceding year be for- ever mayor of the said Gild of merchants for one year then next following and not more ; and that the bailiffs of the borough for the year preceding be forever constables of the same Gild for one year next following and not more ; and that the mayor and con- stables of the said Gild for the time being forever may have full power from time to time to take and thereupon to certify all and singular statutes and recognisances of the staple taken within the borough. — {Afuni'c. Corp. Co7n.^ 1836, Irel., 622-623; Mereiv. and Stephens, p. 16 19.) Wilton. * Henricus [I] Rex Anglie Justiciariis et Vicecomitibus et Baro- nibus et ministris, etc. Precipio quod Burgenses mei Wiltonie de Gilda mercatoria et Consuetudine mea Wiltonie habeant omnes quietantias et libertates de Teloneo et Passagio et omni Consue- tudine, ita bene et plene sicut burgenses mei Lundun' et Winton' melius et liberius habeant. Et si aliquis eis super hoc inde in- juriam et contumeliam faciat, Justiciarii mei et Vicecomites faciant eis eas consuetudines suas habere ; ne super hoc injuste eos dis- turbent super x. //. forisfacturam.' — {Hoare, Modern IVt'/ts., vi. ;^^.) Henry II and John granted the burgesses charters in almost the same words as the above. — {Arch. Assoc, Journal, xvii. 311— 312 ; Rot. Chart., 125.) The Gilds at Wilton and Salisbury served as a model for An- dover, 22 Henry II \ WiNCHESTEE. An ancient tablet at Winchester, which begins by ascribing the foundation of the city to Ludor Rouse Hudibras, a descendant of ^ Above, p. 3 ; Madox, Firma Burgi, 27. 252 C()e <5iID ^ercfiant WINCHESTER. Brutc, 99 years before the first building of Rome, has the foUow- — ing inscription : — ' The Guild of Merchants here tempore king Ethelwald, anno 96 \ first confederate.' — (Mi'/ner, Winch., ii. 249-250.) Milner says : ' It was in the latter end of this reign, viz. in the year 856, that, its trade and commerce flourishing exceedingly, our principal citizens formed themselves, under the royal protec- tion, into a society, called a guild, being the first association of this nature, by the space of a whole century, recorded in history. Thus early were the foundations laid of this primitive corporation.' — {Hist, of IVinch., i. 121.) Milner refers to Trussel's MS. as his authority for the above, but the latter distinctly affirms (fol. 73), ' the origen of [this] corporacon I could neuer yet haue the happy- nes to find ^' And yet Milner's unfounded statement has been reiterated by many writers ; and various pregnant inferences as to the prevalence of the Gild Merchant in England before the Nor- man Conquest, have been based upon it ^. This, for example, is Thompson's sole source for the assertion that ' in England in most of the ancient boroughs. Merchant Guilds were established in the Saxon period.' — {Munic. Hist., 13.) ' Henricus [II] rex Angliae, dux Normanniae et Aquitaniae, comes Andegaviae, archiepiscopis, episcopis, abbatibus, comitibus, vicecomitibus, et omnibus fidelibus suis Francis et Anglis, et Ministris totius Angliae et omnium portuum maris salutem. Precipio quod cives mei Winton' de gilda mercatorum cum omnibus rebus suis sint quieti de omni thelonio, passagio et con- suetudine. Et nullus super hoc eos disturbet, neque injuriam neque contumeliam eis facial super forisfacturam meam. His testibus, Tho. Cancell. ; Com. Reg. ; Com. Gloec. ; Ric. de Hu- met, Constab. ; Gar. fil. Giroldi, Camerario ; Will. fil. Ham. ; Joe. Baillot.' — {Stubbs, Charters, 158.) ' Milner, in a note, says * Read 856.' ^ Woodward, Hampshire, i. 266. Trussel's MS. was written circa 1640, — Salisbury and Winchester Journal, July 26, 1884. ^ Bramston and Leroy, Winch., 15; Ball, Winch., Ii ; Thompson, Munic. Hist., 35; Owen and Blakeway, Shrewsb., i. loi. Milner even states that Trussel was 'a very indifferent critic,' — Hist, of Winch., ii. 252. Iproo© anD 31tottation0. 253 'Johannes Dei gratia Rex Anglie, etc. Sciatis nos concessisse WINCHESTER. et hac carta nostra confirmasse civibus nostris Winton', pro fideli servicio suo et heredibus eorum, quod monetaria nostra et escam- bium nostrum monete nostre inperpetuum sint in civitate nostra Winton' cum omnibus libertatibus ad monetariam nostram et es- cambium nostrum monete nostre pertinentibus ; et quod habeant sedem duorum molendinorum infra eandem civitatem apud Cor- tebir'^ ad emendacionem ejusdem civitatis. Concessimus etiam eisdem civibus nostris et heredibus eorum inperpetuum quod nullus eorum per aliquem distringatur extra eandem civitatem ad reddendum ahcui debitum aliquod un[de] non sit capitalis debitor vel plegius ; et preterea concessimus et carta nostra confirmavimus eisdem civibus nostris et heredibus eorum quod nullus eorum qui fuerit infra gildam mercatoriam placitet extra muros civitatis Winton' de ullo placito preter placita de tenuris exterioribus, ex- ceptis monetariis et ministris nostris. Concessimus etiam eisdem quod nullus eorum faciat duellum ; et quod de placitis ad coronam nostram pertinentibus se possint disrationare secundum antiquam consuetudinem ejusdem civitatis ; et quod omnes cives ejusdem civitatis Winton' et heredes eorum de gilda mercatoria quieti sint de theloneo, lestagio, pontagio et passagio, tam in feria quam extra, et per omnes portus maris omnium terrarum nostrarum, tam citra mare quam ultra; et quod nullus de misericordia pecunie judicetur nisi secundum antiquam legem ejusdem civitatis Si quis autem in tota terra nostra thelonium vel consuetudinem ab hominibus Winton' de gilda mercatoria ceperit, postquam ipse a recto defecerit, vicecomes Suhamton' vel prepositus Winton' namium apud Winton' inde capiat. Concessimus insuper eisdem ad emendacionem ejusdem civitatis quod omnes sint quieti de yeresgyeve et de scothale, ita quod nullus vicecomes noster vel aliquis alius ballivus scotalla faciat infra eandem civitatem anno regni nostri decimo septimo.' — (jRof. Chart., 217.) A.D. 1215. A charter of r Richard I also mentions the Gild in connection with the same two clauses as the charter of John. The latter ' I.e. Coitebir'. 2 54 Cf)e 6ilt) a^ercSant WINCHESTER. WES Confirmed by Henry III, Edward I and Edward 11. — (Foe- — dera, i. 50-51 ; Woodward, Hampshire, i. 271-272.) In the reign of Edward I {circa 1275), a dispute arose between the Bishop of Winchester and the citizens of that town, the latter claiming a certain street which the former had appropriated to himself In the 'veredictum xii. juratormii' we find the following: — 'Et quia in ilia libertate sic appropriata nichil solvunt, eo quod ballivi Winton' non habent ingressum in illam libertatem ad dis- trictiones faciendas, sicut prius facere consueverunt, fere omnes operarii burellorum et chalonum a civitate se subtrahunt et ibi manent, et omnes alii tenentes domini episcopi adeo liberi sunt sicut alii de gilda mercatoria, ad emendum et vendendum omni- modas mercandisas, ad magnum damnum civitatis predicte,' etc. — {ArchaeoL Journal, vii. 374, 383.) ' The Old Usages of Winchester' ^ are very valuable for the study of the crafts and other municipal institutions. In this place we can give only such brief extracts as throw light upon the history of the Gild Merchant : — 'Also, no man ne may bygge le)?er grene ne skyn grene in )7e towun, but jif he be of fraunchyse, vppeyne to nyme ]3at good to ]:e ferme of ]7e town. And ]?ulke ]?ath beth in fraunchyse, by whom hii hem mowe bygge, ne shulle hem nowt wi]3-ouj:e \^ fraunchyse lede. Also, no man out of fraunchyse, of what craft |?at he be, ne may bou}?e halde, ne bygge, by-]?ynne \^ power of }?e town. Also whan gaderynge shal be arered in }3e Citee, by J^e kynges heste, oj^er for commune nedes of |?e towne, sexe godemen shulde be y-chose by ]:e commune grauntynge, and y-swore, — ]?re of ]?e foure and twenty, and ]?re of J^e commune, — to gadery })ilke talage and vnderfonge, and trewleche hit spende and trewleche a-countes jelde. And whanne Mayre, o]?er baylyues, o]?er oj^ere godemen, go]? out of towne, for commune profyjt vp-on ]3e commune porse, so ]?ey sholde, at here a-je comynge, jelde trewe a-counte to J?ilke sexe a-fore seyd, by-]?owte taryjynge. And jif eny good man of ' Fourteenth century, — English Gilds, 363. Proofs anD jnusttations* 255 J)e town leif) his good to pe commune nede of J^e town, by pe Winchester. hondes of pese sexe y-swore by-fore y-seyd, be y-leued by score, cjjer by ]?ilke selue y-jolde. Also, whanne me porveyde gylde chaffare, me shal, by commune a-sent, by pe maystres of pe towne, a-spyje folke Ip^ be couenable and of good loos, and gadere ]?at ry^te of chepmen. And J?at euerych of hem habbe fowre hynen stalworthe, oj^er mo, and j^elke Jj* hep y-herborwed in foure houses, as hii ou5te to be in alle tymes. And whanne me ha}? wel trewe y-chaffared in pe foure howses, hii shulle hem a-sembly for to y-se J?* hii habbe]? a-rered, and of }?an |?at hii mowe a-rere. And 5if ]?* eny }?ing ys mysdoun, by com- mune assent J?at hit be a-mended. And jif eny hows is more worj? J?an an o}?er, be hit y-charched to hys wor]?y. And |?at seluer ]?* shal be a-rered o-f j^ilke hows by-fore y-seyd, be y-take to sexe godemen by-fore y-seyd y-chose and y-swore, for pe com- mune assent, and treweleche wetye, and trewleche spende, and treweleche a-countes jelde to godemen of |:e town twyjes by pe jere, by score opev by scryt.' — {English Gilds, 353-357-)^ The following is an older version (13th century), which throws much light upon the above : — ' Derechef nul homme ne put acheter quirs verz ne peau verte en la vile, si il ne soit de fran- chise, sus peine de perdre le avoir a la ferme de la vile. E ceus ke sunt en franchise, per unt il les pount achater, ne les deivent pas verz hors de la franchise mener. Derechef nul home hors de franchise, de quel mester ke il soit, ne pust sende tenir, vendre ne akater de denz le poier de la vile senz gre fesant as baillifs de la vile. Derechef quant taillage doit estre leve en la cite par le com- mandement li rois [o]v pur commun busung de la vile, sis prodes- homes deivent estre esleuz per commun assent e jurez, trois des vint e quatre e trois del commun, a asser eel taillage e a receivre e a leaument despendre e leal acunte rendre. E quant mere v baillifs v autres prodeshommes vunt hors de la vile pur commun ' Cf. Rep. MSS. Com. 1877, p. 602-603. 256 C6e <^iirj a^etrfjant WINCHESTER, pru sus commun burse, si deivent a lur retourner rendre leal acunte a ceus sis avantdiz sanz delai. E si aukun prudome de la vile preste son avoir al commun busung de la vile, per la main de ceus sis jurez avandiz soit enprompte per taille e per mesmes ceus renduz. Derechef kant len purvoit bevere [i.e. boire] gilde markande, len doit per commun assent par les mesters de la vile enquere genz ke covenable soient e de bone fame a requiller en gilde markande. E ke chescun de ceus eit en chatel quatre libres vaillant v plus. E ceus ke si serrunt aquilliz [i. e. acueillis] serunt hlotez a quatre meisuns, cume soleient estre a tuz tens. E kant len avera beu gilde markande ^, les quatre mesuns soi assemblerunt a voier ce ke il averunt leve e ce ke purrunt lever. E si trespas iad fet, per commun assent soit amende. E si nule mesun vaille plus de autre, soit charge a sa value. E ke li argent ke sera leve des quatre mesuns avantdiz soit bailie as sis prodeshomes avantdiz, esleuz e jurez par commun assent a leaument garder e leaument dispendre e leal acunte rendre as prudeshomes de la vile dous feiz per an per taille v per escrit.' — (yArchaeol. Journal., ix. 71-73.) ^ A.D. 1265. In the year 49 Henry III the citizens of Winchester and the burgesses of Southampton entered into a composition : — ' quod de cetero nee apud Wynton' de hominibus de libertate Suthampton', nee apud Suthampton' de hominibus de Gylda mercatoria Wynton', aliqua consuetude exigatur, nisi solomodo tronagium siue pe- sagium, cum acciderit.' — {Black Book of Wmch.,^ 21 1?.) ^ Cf. Liber Winton., Domesday Book, iv. 556: — ' ubi probi homines pota- bant Gildam suam.' " This version was unknown to the editor of 'English Gilds' ('Engl. Gilds,' p, xlvi). His interpretation of ' gylde chaffare ' as a ' Gild-sale ' is manifestly erroneous. It was simply a peculiar mode of raising money by an assessment of the merchants ('gadere J)at ryjte of chepmen '). While the business was being transacted, they drank and feasted. Hence the peculiar ex- pression in the text ' to drink the gild merchant.' A similar phrase was used in Germany : ' Die kaufleute und Gewandschneider tranken die Gilde,' ' Celebrata fuit gulda et perfortiter bibita,' — L. Goetze, Gesch. der Stadt Stendal, Stendal 1873, p. 105. ^ This MS. is in the British Museum, Addit. 6036, a folio on vellum in various hands, containing contemporary copies of the acts and proceedings of Proofs ant) Jllustrations, 257 The following was the oath for those entering the Gild Merchant Winchester. of Winchester, fe////>. Henry IV: — 'Juramentum pro hominibus in- trantibus in Gilda Mercatoria genuflectando dicentibus : Y schal be hool man & trewe to the kyng of Englond & to hys heyrs and to the cite of Wynchestr', and I schal here alle charges * & ofifices * ^ & paye alle talages of that cite to me yset wyth al my pouwer ; and y schal neuer plede man of that cite yn no temporal curt bute yn the curt of the same [cite], * onlesse than that courte faile me of right, without licens of the mair for the tyme beyng * ^ And y schal be obedyaunt to Mair & Bailyes & alle other officers Si mynystres of that cite * lawfull * ^. Ne no man keuer ne faver vnder my franchys, and alle maner statutes- & vsages of that cite y schal do & kepe well & trewelyche * to my power * ^ So helpe me god at the holy dom.' — {Black Book of Winch., fol. 2 ^.) The ' Black Book ' (fol. 42 ^) contains a later copy "^ of this oath with the heading, ' The othe to swere men to be ffre, knelyng on ther kneys, seyng.' ' Intratur in Camera Guyhalde Ciuitatis london' tempore dru- gonis Barantyn, Maioris eiusdem Ciuitatis, anno regni regis henrici quarti post conquestum decimo, in Kbro H.' The record then tells how on Nov. 5th, 5 Henry IV, there came before the A.D. 1403. mayor and aldermen of London, the mayor, recorder and one of the bailiffs of Winchester, as well for themselves as for the Gild Merchant of Winchester (' tam pro se quam pro Ciuitate Gylde mercatorie eiusdem Ciuitatis Wyntonie'), complaining that the officers of the sheriffs of London had distrained the freemen of the said Gild ('hberos homines de Gylda predicta') for the custom of two shillings on each cart-load of goods bought in London, contrary to the composition made between the mayor, aldermen and commonalty of London and the mayor and com- the corporation of Winchester, from Richard II to 5 Edward VI. Wherever the words ' gilda mercatoria ' occur, a mark (generally ^') on the margin of the page calls attention to them. These marks have evidently been made by a later hand, perhaps by a town officer searching for evidence in some such case concerning the Gild as we shall speak of below (Mayor of Winton versus Wilks). ^ The words between asterisks were added by a later hand. ^ Probably te»2p. Edward IV. S 258 Cbe (3ilT} a^etcfjant. A.D. 1304. WINCHESTER, monalty of Winchester, 32 Edward I, as follows: — 'quod omnes Ciues Wynton' de Gylda eorum mercatoria quieti sint in predicta Ciuitate london' de pondagio, muragio et panagio et aliis con- suetudinibus quibuscunque de mercimoniis eorundem capiendis, excepto tronagio lane antiquitus dato, videlicet, de primo Sacco sex denar' et [de] quolibet alio sequenti quinque denar', et ex- ceptis custumis coreorum et pellium lanutarum, et similiter con- suetudinibus capiendis in ripa Regine, de quibus non possunt esse quieti, tamen apponunt calumpniam suam, etc. Et quod omnes Ciues london' quieti sint ab omnibus consuetudinibus in Ciui- tate Wynton' tarn pontagii, panagii, muragii et aliis custumis et theoloniis quibuscunque. Et ad perpetuam huius rei memoriam composicio ista in paupiro Guyaule london' in presencia predic- torum maioris et aldermannorum et Ciuium fuit inrotulata,' etc. The Mayor (Barantyne) and the Aldermen of London agree to adhere to this composition; the citizens of Winchester of the Gild Merchant (' Ciues Gylde mercatorie ') shall not again be distrained, etc.—{B/ack Book, ff. 6 ^, 7, 1 1 ^.) ^ ' Ad communam conuocacionem habitam et tentam apud Ciui- tatem Wynton' die Martis proxima post festum Decolacionis sancti Johannis Baptiste anno regni regis henrici quarti post con- questum octauo, pro communi vtilitate et honestate omnium in dicta Ciuitate Commorancium, per Maiorem et pares suos necnon Communitatem eiusdem Ciuitatis concordatum et ordinatum est, secundum tenorem Carte nostre dicte Ciuitatis, quod nullus Ciuis qui fuerit in Gildam Mercatoriam placitet extra Curiam eiusdem Ciuitatis in vllo placito preter placita de tenueris exterioribus, exceptis monetariis et ministris nostris, sub pena perdicionis aut forisfacture libertatem suam. Et quod nullus alius indigines (sic) aut aliquis commorans in dicta Ciuitate non placitet aliquem alium indiginem aut Ciuem eiusdem Ciuitatis.' — {Black Book, fol. 8 <^.) ^ The same immunity, ' quod nullus eorum Ordinacio de placitis. A.D. 1407. ' Bailey (Transcripts, 2-5) gives an old English translation of this document in which ' Guilde of the cyte of London ' is substituted for ' Guildhall,' etc. ^ This ordinance was cited and enforced at a 'convocation' held in 1467, — Black Book, fol. 36. Iptoofs ant) 3inu.sttation5. 259 qui fuerit infra gildam mercatoriam placitet extra muros Ciuitatis WINCHESTER. Wynton' de vllo placito preter placita de tenuris exterioribus, exceptis monetariis et ministris nostris,' occurs in a writ of 5 a.D, 1381. Richard U.—{Ih'd., fol. 3.) ' Ad communam conuocacionem habitam et tentam apud Wyn- ton' die Sabbati proxima post festum Epiphanie domini anno regni regis henrici quarti post conquestum terciodecimo, pro com- A.D, 1412. muni vtilitate omnium Ciuium in dicta Ciuitate commorancium, per Marcum le ffayre, maiorem, et compares suos, necnon totam Communitatem eiusdem Ciuitatis vnanimi assensu et consensu concordatum et ordinatum est, quod nullus commorans infra Ciui- tatem predictam qui est extra gildam mercatoriam non faciat apprenticium sibi obligatum, sub pena amisionis seruicium ap- prenticiagii predicti, nisi solomodo illi qui sunt de gilda merca- toria ibidem. Et quod omnes illi Ciues de gilda mercatoria dicta Ciuitatis imposterum veniant ad Curiam coram maiore cum ap- prenticiis suis eis obligatis. Et faciant indenturas suas ibidem irrotulari in quodam rotulo cum rotulis de cartis, testamentis et aliis munimentis, iacens (sic) in communi bossetto stans in Curia cum rotulis et aliis munimentis Curie ibidem, si ipsi gaudere vellent infuturum de suis libertatibus. Et quod Clericus Curie, qui pro tempore fuerit, habeat pro labore suo ad indenturam sic irrotulandam cum signo cuiusdam littere, videlicet, A. I. E.V.O., iiii. d., et non plus, etc' — {Black Book, fol. 141^.)^ 'Quomodo Johannes Myst admissus est in Gildam Merca- toriam : — Ad communem congregacionem tentam apud Ciuitatem Wynton' penultimo die mensis Julii anno regni regis henrici V^i post conquestum x^o^ coram Willielmo Reson Maiore, paribus suis A.D. 1422. et tota communitate dicte Ciuitatis, ita vnanimiter concordatum est, videlicet, quod Johannes Myst pro quadam summa pecunie dicte Ciuitati pre manibus soluta admissus sit in Ciuem et iuratus in Gyldam mercatoriam, necnon admissus et iuratus in statum * At a common assembly Nov. 1 7, 1 7 Henry VIII, it was enacted, ' that fro hensforth that no person shall take no apprentice except he be franchesed, and at the next court to enroll his endentures, or els the hole couenant to be void.' (Black Book, fol. 59.) S 2 26o c&e (^ilti ^ercftant WINCHESTER, xxiiiio^ Ciuitatis predicte. Insuper, quod a die isto in futurum sit et erit exoneratus et quietus ab omni officio capiendo, habendo seu exercendo infra dictam Ciuitatem per totam vitam eiusdem Johannis, nisi fuerit ad voluntatem ipsius Johannis, Solo officio Maioratus duntaxat excepto ; pro quibus quidem concordia et exoneracione officii prefatus Johannes Myst optulit se daturum x.//. legalis monete Anglie, super graciam dictorum Maioris et parium suorum. Vnde c. solidi perdonantur, et alios c. solidos soluit, et quietus est.' — [jBlack Book., fol. 24.) Johannes « Item per xxiiii*^r^ etc. concordatum est quod Johannes Wryther Wryther. erit exoneratus de duobus officiis balliue Wynton' imperpetuum soluendo v. marcas ad commune proficuum dicte Ciuitatis, quas incontinent! soluit Johanni Bye, Maiori dicte Ciuitatis, pro com- muni proficuo, etc., et iuratus est in gildam mercatoriam et in xxiiiior^ et exoneratus de officiis predictis.' ^ — {Ibid., fol. 28.) The ' Black Book ' contains only a few entries of admissions to the Gild :— ' Ric' Pyt', Thomas Child, Will' Heycrafte jurati sunt in gildam marcatoriam xxii'io die Septembris anno xviio Regis henrici VIII. ' (fol. 57 b.) — 22 Henry VIII, 'Johannes Richarde juratus est in guyldam mercatoriam.' Two others were admitted the same year. (fol. 61 b.) — Thomas Geffrey was sworn into the Gild, 17 Henry VIII ; Wm. Lane, 3 Edward VI ; and Wm. Hayg, 5 Edward VI. (ff. 59, 79, 83.) — From another source we learn that in 1682 King Charles II and James, Duke of York, were ' pleased to condescend ' to be members ' of this Corporation,' and were entered accordingly ' to be free of the Guild of Merchants of this Citty.' In the year 1705 the Queen's Consort, Prince George of Denmark, ' was pleased to do this city the honour to be made a Citizen Freeman, and one of the Guild of Merchants of this city, and accepted the said Freedom accordingly by the Grant under- mentioned.' — [Bailey, Transcripts, 7.) ' Ordinacio facta tempore Johannis Gylmyn, Maioris Ciuitatis Wynton', anno regni regis Henrici VI, viii" : — Hec indentura facta inter Johannem Gylmyn, Maiorem Ciuitatis Wynton', ex parte vna, et Johannem Dutton et Thomam Gardyner, balliuos dicte ' No date, bnt probably belongs to the early part of the reign of Henry VI. Proofs anti ailuetration^, 261 Ciuitatis, ac Ciues et totam Communitatem eiusdem Ciuitatis ex Winchester. parte altera, testatur quod ad communem conuocacionem habitam ad Burghmotum tentum in dicta Ciuitate die Jouis proxima post festum Sancti Georgii martiris, anno regni regis henrici sexti post conquestum Anglie octauo, coram Johanne Gylmyn, Maiore pre- a.D. 1430. dicto, ad honorem dei patris omnipotentis et pro communi vtilitate et publico incremento dicte Ciuitatis et ad faciendum tam ex- traneos quam propinquos homines et mercatores ad dictam Ciui- tatem convenire et ibidem auidius inhabitare et eandem Ciuitatem gracia diuina mediante accrestere et meliorare infuturum, — Ita per prefatos Maiorem, Balliuos, Ciues et Communitatem dicte Ciuitatis ex eorum communi assensu et concensu ordinatum est et prouisum, perpetuo duraturum, quod omnes mercatores tam extranei quam indigene extra Gyldam mercatoriam, cuiuscumque status, artis vel operis fuerint, exceptis carnificibus et piscatoribus extraneis pro stallagiis et tabulis suis, erunt quieti et liberi infra dictam Ciui- tatem et libertatem eiusdem ad emendum et vendendum, scinden- dum, operandum, faciendum, excercendum et vsitandum omnes mercandisas, mercimonia et artes suas ; et omnes Brasiatores et tappatores et tabernatores pro signis suis expositis, et omnes Car- nifices indigene et extranei pro pesagio suo, et Pistores pro pistrinis suis, et Piscatores indigene pro tabulis suis, erunt quieti et liberi . similiter, sine aliqua custuma, tolneto vel aliqua consuetudine balliuis dicte Ciuitatis vel aliquo alio ofificiario pro mercandisis vel artibus suis venditis, expositis vel operatis aliqualiter infuturum persolvenda, facienda vel tradenda, pari forma sicut homines et mer- catores sunt infra villam de Covyngtr'^ et Ciuitatem Noue Sarum. Prouiso semper quod si quis mercator extraneus fregerit solum domini Regis Agendo stachias pro mercandisis suis exponendis et vendendis, quod ipse soluet custumam pro picagio, sicut soluere est consuetum. Et ista ordinacio facta est sub ista condicione, vi- delicet, quod si prefatus Maior vel aliquis alius temporibus futuris annuatim infra xl. dies post festum sancti Michaelis Wynton' venerit et tradat balliuis dicte Ciuitatis pro tempore existentibus octo libras bone monete Anglie, vel sufficientem securitatem in- ' Coventry. 262 C!)e 6illi ^etcbant. WINCHESTER, uenerit eis pro dictis octo libris sibl fideliter persoluendis ad festa — ' Pasche et sancti Michaelis equis porcionibus pro dicta libertate bene. (.Q^ggj-ujinda, de qua securitate dicti balliui se teneant contentos, quod tarn diu ista ordinacio supradicta in suo robore maneat et effectu. Prouiso vltra quod si aliquis indigena existens diues vel talis status vt infra Gyldam mercatoriam fieri mereatur, et ipse occasione istius ordinacionis hoc recusat, quod tunc ipse non gaudebit priuilegio istius ordinacionis sed finem faciat et soluat pro arte sua, vt facere consueuit. Ad quas quidem ordinacionem et libertatem penes omnes mercatores et artifices, vt predictum est, perpetuo duraturas sub condicione predicta, Ciues Ciuitatis predicte cum concensu tocius Communitatis dicte Ciuitatis Si- gillum suum Commune cartis presentibus indentatis apposuerunt. Datum anno, die et loco supradictis.' — {Black Book, fol. 29.) But this liberal policy did not continue very long, as the word 'vacat' in the margin and subsequent civic ordinances of Win- chester plainly show. ' Tempore Henrici Smart Maioris.' ' Ad conuocacionem communam habitam ac tentam apud Wynton' in Guyhalda ibidem die Jouis xxi^ die Nouembris anno A.D. 1471. regni regis Edwardi quarti post conquestum xio, coram Henrico Smart, tunc Maiore dicte Ciuitatis, et comparibus suis adtunc ibidem presentibus, videlicet [57 names follow]. Hit is ordeyned a cordid and also grauntyd by alle the ffulle semble that alle maner vitelers fro the said xxi. day a boveseid sholde come to the seid Cite with suche vitayle as they haue, so hit be holsome for mannes body, and there to vtter and selle hit yn dewe tyme, payng for theire stondynge euery of them, as ofte as they come, to the Baillyfes of the seid Cite for the tyme beyng '\.d., in releuacion of the kynges ferme. Also hit is ordeyned a cordid and grauntyd by the same ffulle semble, that hit be lefulle for euery man withyn the seid Cite, beyng ffraunchisyd or owte of ffranchise, to selle his ffelles or hydes to whom they wolle, that may be most Benyficialle vnto them, and also to bye suche fclles and hydes, etc. proofs ann 3inu0ttation0, 263 Also hit is ordeyned a cordid and grauntyd by the seid semble, Winchester. that alle maner mercers, drapers, hardwaremen and alle other that be byers or sellers, to come to the seid Cite hensforwarde at such tyme as the Market dayes be there, that is to seye, Wennesday and Saturday, and vpon non other dayes but yn the seid Market dayes, and there to bye and selle as they may a corde with the parties ; payng eueryche of them, as ofte as they come, vnto the Baillyfes of the seid Cite for the tyme beyng i.d.; and that they ne no man of them be non hawkers withyn the seid Cite, vpon the parelle that wolle falle therof, etc' — {Black Book, ff. 40-41.) 'Ad communem convocacionem Ciuium Ciuitatis Wynton' ibidem tentam die lune xxi" die Januarii anno regni regis henrici A.D. 1488. VII post conquestum Anglie tercio, coram Rogero Wylde, Maiore, Ricardo Bedam et Waltero Broman, Balliuis, concordatum est, viz. : That alle maner of men that wulle come to the Cite ffor to selle in Retayle that they haue power to shew and to selle in the seid Cite ii. market dayes, that is to sey, the wennysday and Saturday; and yf it ffortrne Cristmase eve or halown eve or eny other hie ffest ffalle vpon eny other eve then wennysday or Saturday, the seid strangers shalle not come to the seid Cite for to selle. Also that euery man that hathe warr to selle that they stond in ther places to theym alimeted, and to pay ffor ther stondyng, as oft as they come, \.d., and that they begyne to show at ix. of the cloke in the mornyng and to stond stylle vnto one of the clokk at afternone then next ffolowyng. Also that no Galyman come to the seid Cite ffor to selle in retayle but only apon the seid market dayes, and that they stond in ther places to them alymeted.'~(/^/V/., fol. 46 b^ II Henry VIII.— ' ffurthermore it ys enacted in maner and A.D. 1620. fforme afforeseid that no stranger ne other aleyn sell no mar- chaundyse ne warr wythin the seid Cite, but yff it be to a ffreman No Strannger of the Cite, nor that no ffreman by of any aleyn no warr ne ^^ ^ ffreman. marchaundyse in a howse^ [upon] payne of fforfetur of v\.s. viii.ia^. to thus [i.e. the use] of the Baylys of the Cite afforeseid, as often as they be takyn therewyth.' — {Ibid., 52 b.) 4 Elizabeth. — ' Item, that none Inhabitant of the cytie shall A.D. 1662. ' A word has been erased before 'howse.' 264 Cfje (^ilD 9^etcf)ant WINCHESTER, from hensforthe suffer anye foren person to sell anye wares by retayle within his howse, uppon payne to forfett, for everye tyme offendinge contrarye to this ordinance, 40.5. to the Chamber of the cytie, the tymes of the two faires onlye excepted.' — {Bailey, Trajiscripts, 58.) 17th Jan., 1650. — Whereas by ancient custom beyond the memory of man the Mayor and Aldermen of the city have annually assessed artificers and others using trades in the city 'and not free thereof,' as for the opening of their shop-windows, ' according to their discretions without any lymitations in proportion,' now for that such custom seems too arbitrary, etc., it is ordained, that inhabitants not free of the said city shall be annually taxed as formerly, but no person is to be assessed at any one time more than five pounds '^.—{Ibid., 59-60.) ' A Rate made and agreed upon by ye Mayor and Aldermen of the said citty upon the several persons hereunder named, for Using their Trades within ye said citty, not being free of ye Guild of Merchants there, time out of minde and beyond the memory of man had and used within the same citty, and termed Artificer's mony, for one whole yeare, to Comence from ye Feast of St. Michael th' archangell last past, 1671; yeoven this Twenty- sixth day of January, 1671,' Eighty-nine names follow with 6d., IS., IS. 6d., 2S., or y. ^d. opposite each. — {Ibid., 181-184.) A.D. 1656. ' It is ordained and established that every person and persons Vv^ithin this citty being free of the Guild of Merchants' shall on every Lord's Day and days of humiliation and thanksgiving go with the Mayor to church in their gowns and accompany him in attend- ing the Judges at the County Assizes. In 1546 a similar order had been made for all ' the freemen of the Citye.' — {Ibid., 69-70.) A charter of 30 Elizabeth (1587-8) has the following clause: — ' And, further, we will and by these presents grant for us, our heirs and successors unto the said mayor, bailiffs and commonalty and ^ The ' Compotus Ciuitatis Wyntonie' of 3 Edward I has this entry : — ' Et de xliiii.j. \\.d. ob. de hominibus habitacionibus {sic) in Ciuitate Wynton' quinon sunt de libertate, cjui dicuntur Censarii, per idem tempus' (i.e. May 20th to Michaelmas, 1275), — Black Book, fol. 31. IProofs ant) ^Uustrations. 265 their successors forever, that they shall and may from time to WINCHESTER. time ordain, create and establish a society, gild, or fraternity, of one master and wardens of every art, mystery and occupation used or occupied, or hereafter shall be used or occupied, within the said city and the suburbs thereof; and that they with the assistance of the wardens of the said arts and mysteries may make, constitute, ordain and establish laws, constitutions and ordinances for the public utility and profit and for the better rule and regiment of our city of Winchester and of the mysteries of the citizens and inhabitants of the same.' — {Alilner, ii. 258; Merezv. and Stephens, 1408.) ' In all Humbleness beseech your most Excellent Majestic The Mayor, Bayliffes and Comonaltie of your Majesties antient Citty of Winchester in the County of Southampton, That Whereas the said Citty is one of the most antient and formerly the Chiefest for keep- ing Parliaments, Councells, Coronations, Nuptialls and Sepultures of your Noble Progenitors, And was first built by Ludor Rouse Hudibrasse, Son of Liel, the son of Brute Greenchild, the Second Son of Ebranke, the Great Grand Child of the first Brute, 892 yeares before the birth of Christ, in the age of the world 2995; 99 yeares before the building of Roome. And it was first invironed with Stone Walls by Mulmusius Dumw^ald Anno Mundi 3528. And there was a Guild of Merchants made and Established by King Ethellwald, the first Confederate, Which Guild of Merchants had diverse Priviledges, Vsages and Customes. And that the said Guild of Merchants and many of their Vsages and Customes have bin and now are continued within the same Citty, and for preserva- tion of such Vsages and Customes many of them were Entred amongst the Records of and now remaining in the Tower of London and also entred and Inrolled amongst the Antient Records of the said Citty of Winchester. And that Whereas King Henry the first. King Richard the first and King Edward the fourth and severall other Kings and Queens of this Realm by several letters Patent or Charters under the Great Scale of England did grant divers Priviledges to the Citizens of the said Citty, free of the said Guild of Merchants, and Confirme other Priviledges, 266 Cf)e (^iit) ^etcbant. WINCHESTER. Liberties and Customes before there used, amongst which Cus- tomes and Vsages there now is, and time beyond the memory of man there was, such a Custome vsed and approved, to wit, That no person whatsoever shall vse or exercise any Art, Trade, mistery, or manuall occupation within the said Citty onles such person be a freeman of the said Guild of Merchants, or hath served as an Apprentice Seaven Yeares within the same Citty to such Art, Trade, mistery or manuall occupation, or otherwise thereunto lawfully Authorized according to the vsage of the said Citty, whereby there hath bin formerly severall summes of money paid into the Chamber of the said Citty for such persons freedome, by way of Composi- tion, as were not qualifyed, which said moneys were usually applied as well to vphold and maintaine the Walls, Gates, Bridges and other Ornaments of the Citty as to the Annuall payment of a fee ffarme Rent of 50*5' marks, formerly reserved to the Crowne, and of other moneys payable to the Hospitall of St. Mary Magda- len nigh the same Citty. And That Wheras Queen Elizabeth of ffamous memory by her letters Patents or Charters made in the 13th yeare of her Reigne did grant to the Mayor, Bayliffes and Comonalty of the said Citty of Winchester and their Successors (who are the ffreemen only of the said Guild of Merchants) other diverse Priviledges and Liberties, amongst which Priviledges and Liberties she was pleased by the same Charter to Ordaine and Grant vnto the said Mayor, Bayliffes and Comonalty and theire Successors that they or the most part of them should from time to time Ordaine, Create and Establish a Society, Guild, or ffraternity, of One Master and Two Wardens of any Arts, Mister}^s and occupations used or oc- cupied, or hereafter to be used or occupied, within the said Citty and Suburbs thereof. And that they or Major part of them with the Assent of the Master and Wardens of these Arts or Misteries might make, constitute,- ordaine and Es- tablish Laws, Constitutions and Ordinances for the better Rule and Goverment of the said Citty of Winchester and of the Misteries, Citizens and Inhabitants of the same, and therein Ordaine and appoint such Penaltyes, ffynes as to them should Ig)roof0 anQ Jllusttations. 267 seem necessary for the observing the sayd Ordinances. And, Winchester. farther, by the same Charter the said Queen Elizabeth did ratify and Confirm vnto them the said Mayor, Bayliffes and Comonalty and their Successors all and Singular the Customes, Liberties, Priviledges, ffranchises, Immunities, Exemptions, ffreedoms and Jurisdictions thentofore granted and Confirmed to them and their Predecessors, Citizens of the same Citty, by any name or names whatsoever, by any Charters, Grants or letter Patents of any of the said Queenes Noble Progenitors or by any other lawfull wayes, Customes, vsages, prescriptions or title heretofore vsed or accus- tomed, in as ample manner and form and as if the same were therein particularly expressed, any Statute, Act, Ordinance or re- straint to the Contrary in any wise notwithstanding. And Wheras now of late Sundry Persons not being qualified according to the said Custome, respecting their own private gaine without regard either to the Custome or Charter of the said Queen Elizabeth, or how the sayd Annual fee farme Rent and other Annual payments shall be payd, or the said Walls, Gates, Bridges and other Ornaments shall be vpheld and maintained, have of late intruded and infringed on the Liberties thereof, and have vsed Arts, Trades, Misteries and manual occupations there, and have and doe both by themselves and their Servants keep shops, ware- houses and other places within the same Citty, and doe vse and exercise diverse Arts, Trades, Misteries and manuall occupacions therein without making any agreement or Composition for soe doing, contrary to the said antient vsage and Custome and con- trary to the true meaning of the said Charter, tending to the vtter vndoeing of the freemen of the said Guild of Merchants and other Inhabitants there and decay of the same Citty. For redress whereof may it please your Most excellent Majesty, That it may be enacted by your Majesty, The Lords Spirituall and Temporall and the Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, and be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid. That the antient Custome and vsage before mencioned concerning the qualification of persons to vse and exercise any Art, Trade, Mistery or manual occupation within the 268 C!)e (^ilti a^etcbant WINCHESTER. Said Citty of Winchester and alsoe soe much of the said Charter as doth concern the premises shall from henceforth stand and be good, effectuall and sufficient in the Law to all intents and purposes according to the true meaning of the same Charter, and that the same vsage and Custome and all By Laws already made and hereafter to be made concerning ye said Custome by the said Mayor, Bayliffes and Comonalty and their Successors, freemen of the said Guild of Merchants, be ratifyed and confirmed by this present Parliament. Provided alwayes That it shall and may be lawfull to and for any person or persons to buy or sell in the time of faires there and also to buy or sell provisions in the Marketts there, soe as such provisions be not bought or sold contrary to any Statute made against fforestallers, Regrators and Ingrossers,' — {Addit. Charter, Mus. Brit., 15702.) A.D. 1705. Easter Term 4 Annae Reginae. Mayor of Winton versus Wilks. 'In an action upon the case the plaintiff declares, "quod cum civitas Winton est et a tempore, etc. fuit antiqua civitas, et in eadem civitate habetur et a tempore, etc. habebatur consuetudo, quod non liceat alicui personae praeter homines liberos de gilda mercatoria civitatis illius ad utendum vel excercendum publice infra eandem civitatem aliquod misterium, artem sive manualem occupationem in dicta civitate, tota tempore supradicta usitatam, nisi hujusmodi persona per spatium septem annorum prius educatus fuisset tanquam apprenticius in eadem civitate ad vel in hujusmodi misterio, arte sive occupatione, aut ad inde aliter fuit legitime modo authorizatus secundum morem civitatis illius, etc." Yet the defendant bringing him within the custom, ad damnum of the plaintiff, etc., upon not guilty pleaded there was a verdict for the plaintiff, and the court was moved in arrest of judgment.' In behalf of the defendant, Mr. Raymond 'urged that the guild of merchants ought to have brought the action and not the mayor, etc. of Winchester ; for the persons, whose franchises are broke and who are thereby grieved ought to bring the action. And accordingly in i Lev. 262 the action is brought by a free- man ; and in 3 Cro. 803 by the corporation, in whom the fraa- Proofs ant) Slllustrations. 269 chise is laid to be. But here the franchise is laid in the guild, Winchester. and therefore the guild ought to bring the actien and not the mayor, etc., for it is no franchise of the city, nor consequently does an infringement intitle them to an action.' And as to the second objection, that the guild of merchants ought to have brought this action, the plaintiff's counsel said, 'that being free of the guild of merchants was but one of the qualifica- tions which would intitle a man to set up a trade ; but if he had either served seven years apprenticeship, or were free by redemp- tion, he might set up a trade. And therefore it was not a damage to the guild of merchants only, but was as much a damage to every freeman ; and consequently, if the guild of merchants might bring an action, every freeman might bring an action. He said the mayor and corporation must bring the action for another reason, viz., that a corporation by letters patent, as the guild of merchants was, could not maintain this action, but only a corporation by prescription, such as the city was.' Chief Justice Holt said, 'that the words gi'/da mercatoria signify a corporation, and that where the king in ancient times granted to the inhabitants of a ville or borough to have gi/daf?i mercatoriam^ they were by that incorporated, lo Co. 30 «-, but what it signifies here in this declaration nobody knows ; for the plaintiff does not shew what it is, but only says that it is not lawful for any person to exercise a trade that is not free of the gilda mercatoria! Justice Powell said, 'that a custom to exclude people from exercising a trade, was a strange custom ; but if that were the point now to be determined, he would consider well of it, because the giving judgment to set aside such a custom, would have a very great influence ; because such a custom is claimed in most corporations by prescription ; but that there would be no need to come to that in this case, for that this declaration was naught : first, for not shewing that there is such a franchise in the corpo- ration ; for as this declaration is, the corporation would maintain an action fOr breach of their franchise, without shewing they have any : for the franchise is laid by this declaration in the gilda mer- catoria^ and we cannot take notice that the gilda mercatoria and 2 70 Cjje i^ilD Q^etcjant. WINCHESTER, the city are all one, though they may be so ; and upon the evidence it seemed probable they were so.' Judgment was entered 'quod querentes nil capiant,' etc., on the exceptions to the declaration. — {Lord Raymond, Reports, Lond. 1790, pp. 1129-1135.) According to another Report, Holt said, 'this declaration is naught. The action ought to be brought by the gilda mercatoria; how is the city prejudiced? Anciently the king's grant to have gildam mercatoriam made the whole town to have a corporation. But non constat to us whether the Guild here be the whole town, or part of the town, or what part of the town, nor by what right there is any gilda mercatoria in this place.' — {Salkeld, Reports, i. 205.) In 1835 the freemen of Winchester were still 'admitted and sworn free and freemen of the guild of merchants.' — {Munic, Corp. Com. 1835, p. 898.) WINDSOR. A.D. 1277. The Gild Merchant was granted to the burgesses of Windsor by a charter of 5 Edward I. In an inquisition of 1439 the Gild is again enumerated among the Hberties of the town. — (Tighe and Davis, Windsor, i. 104, 305.)^ A.D. 1466. In the year 6 Edward IV a mayor, two bailiffs, two bridge- keepers and two keepers of the Holy Trinity occur. ' The last- mentioned officers were trustees of a fund for the celebration of masses and obits for the souls of the brethren of the Guild of the Holy Trinity, as the corporation of Windsor was sometimes de- scribed.' — {Ibid., i. 321.)^ * The charter of 5 Edward I was confirmed by grants of 9 Edward II, 2 Edward III, 17 Henry VI, 2 Edward IV, 15 Henry VII, 6 Henry VIII and 3 Edward VI,— Tighe and Davis, i. 127, 135, 307, 360, 420, 472, 581. ^ The two ' Magistri Gilde sive Fraternitatis Sancte Trinitatis ' made grants of lands, 16 and 17 Henry VII,— Bib. Bodl., Ashmole MS. 1126, ff. 81-82. This MS. volume, entitled ' Materials for the History of the Town of New Windsor,' etc., collected by E. Ashmole, contains : — The Statutes of 14 Edw. IV (ff. 1-2 ^) ; ' The Statutes and Ordinances of the Gilde there,' etc., 2 2 Eliz. (ff. 9-143) ; Rents, etc. 'Out of a booke of the Accountes of the Guild,' etc. (ff. 16-19); Rents of the Gild of Trinity, 1455 to 3 Henry VII (ff. 31-34); etc, etc. Iproofs anti Jtottations. 271 In the year 14 Edward IV were made, decreed and ordained Windsor. The Statutes for the Order and Regiment to be hadde, used, ° A.D. 1474. and contynued in the Corporacion or Fraternitie of the Guylde hall in New Wyndesor.' Among them was the following : — ' Item, yt is established and agreed, That there shal be 28 or 30, at the most, of the substauncyelst and wysest men of the same Towne to be of one Fraternitie of the Guildehall; and of the 28 or 30 brethern, 13 of them shall be benchers and sitt upon the Benche, and shalbe called Burgenses, and of the same Burgenses 7 of them shal be called Aldermen, yf soe many have borne the office and charge of the Mayor within the said Towne of Wyndsor.' — (Tighe and Davis., i. 400-401.) There is a rental of the Trinity Brethren, or Corporation of Windsor, of the year 1500, £8 i8x. being the aggregate of the rents. It ends thus : — ' Memorandum that the Masters of the Guild make up their yeares Accompte the Monday after All Soules day, ending at Michaelmas before, and then New Masters were chosen for the yeare following.' The above was taken out of a 'Booke of the Accounts of the Guild, the Chamberlaynes, etc' — {Ibid., i. 450.) In the year 32 Henry VIII an order was made in the Gildhall A.D. 1541. by the mayor, bailiffs and brethren concerning the lands of the Gild, i. e. the ' lands or Tenements apperteyning or belonging to the Gwyld hawle of New Wyndesor, or to the Fraternity or brether- hode of the blessyd Trinitie.' — {Ibid., i. 520.) Every person admitted into the town corporation in the time of Elizabeth swore to aid the mayor, to keep the ' Cowncell of the Guildhall,' to assist and help ' in all Causes that may sownde to the Comon weale and profitt of the said Guild,' and to maintain the ordinances of the town. — {Ibid., i. 647.) James I in the first year of his reign granted the burgesses, a.D. 1603. among other privileges : — ' Et quod imperpetuum sint et erunt in Burgo predicto viginti octo homines vel aliquis alius numerus, non excedens numerum Triginta in numero tantum, de mehoribus et probioribus Inhabitantibus eiusdem Burgi, de tempore in tempus in huiusmodi modo et forma eligendi et constituendi, sicut ex 2'] 2 Wc^z (^iin ^etcjant WINDSOR, antique et temporibus retroactis secundum ordinaciones, vsus et consuetudines Burgi illius antehac vsi fuerunt aut consueuerunt, qui erunt, vocabuntur et nominabuntur fratres Guildehald' Burgi de Nova Windesor, ac sic continuabuntur et remanebunt in ffrater- nitate ilia, quandiu sese bene gesserint in eadem; Nisi interim pro aliqua causa racionabili ab officio et loco predicto amouebun- tur, aut eorum aliquis amouebitur. Qui quidem fratres, sic in forma superius specificata electi, prefecti et nominati, facient et erunt et imperpetuum perpetuis futuris temporibus vocabuntur Commune Consilium Burgi predicti Nullus fforinsecus qui non est Burgensis eiusdem Burgi de nova Windsor vendat seu vendi faciat aliquas merchandisas siue mercimonia infra Burgum predictum, libertates aut precinctum eiusdem aliter quam in grosso, nisi tantum tempore Nundinarum et fiferiarum in Burgo predicto tenendarum siue custodiendarum, prout in eodem Burgo antehac antiquitus vsitatum fuit. Et quod nullus fforinsecus aut alius quicumque emat vel vendat aliquas merchandisas, victualia vel mercimonia quecumque, venientia ad Burgum predictum, antequam eadem merchandise, victualia vel mercimonia ad Bur- gum predictum deducantur et ibidem ad aliqua loca publica et vsualia pro vendicione siue empcione huiusmodi mercandisarum, victualium vel mercimoniorum reposita et locata erunt.' — {Record Office, Fate?tt Roll i Jac. I, pars 19, mem. 26, 32.) A.D. 1641. 'A forreiner that openeth shopp. — Within the Burrough of New Windsor in the County of Berks, being a Burrough and corporation by prescription, there is and hathe beene a custome tyme out of mind of man, that no Inhabitant not being free of the said Burrough shall exercise and trade and open any shopp either inward or outward within the said Burrough to sell wares.' — [Tighe and Davis, ii. 156, 403.) Worcester. ' Et quod iidem Ciues et eorum heredes habeant Gildam merca- toriam cum hansa et aliis consuetudinibus et libertatibus ad illam gildam pertinentibus. Et quod nullus qui non sit in gilda ilia mercandisam aliquam faciat in predicta Ciuitate vel in suburbio Iproofs anD 3Itetratioa0. 273 nisi de voluntate eorundem Ciuium. Et eciam si aliquis natiuus WORCESTER. alicuius in prefata Ciuitate manserit, et eciam se tenuerit et fuerit in prefata gilda et hansa et lott et scott cum prefatis Ciuibus nos- tris per vnum annum et vnum diem sine calumpnia\ deinceps non posset repeti a domino suo, sed in eadem Ciuitate libere permaneat.* The Charter of 48 Henry III, from which the above is extracted, A.D. 1264. was confirmed by Edward HI, Henry V, Edward IV and PhiHp and Mary. The last-mentioned also incorporated the City and granted, among other liberties : — ' quod nullus extraneus a libertate A.D. 1555. Ciuitatis predicte vendat vel emat ab altero extraneo a libertate Ciuitatis predicte aliquas mercandizas seu mercimonia infra liber- tatem eiusdem Ciuitatis, sub pena forisfacture eorundem . . . ^ salua semper quod magnates et viri et proceres ac alii anglici et indigine, cuiuscumque condicionis fuerunt {sic), pro familia et vsu ^ suis propriis infra libertatem Ciuitatis predicte, hbere possint emere et vendere quascumque mercandizas in grosso, absque forisfactura siue perdicione aut impedimento quocumque. Ita quod aliqui[s] alteri mercandizas ^ et mercimonia sic empta non revendat seu re- vendi faciat.' — {Record Office, Fate?it Roll 1-2 Phil, and Mary, pars 4, mem. 33, 40.) * ' Ordinaunces, Constitucions and Articles, made by the kynges comaundement and by hole assent of the citesens inhabitantes in the Cyte of Worcester, at their yeld marchaunt, holden the Sonday in the feste of the Exaltacion of the holy crosse, the yere of the reigne of Kynge Edward the fourth after the con- A.D. 1466. quest, the vi^e. I. fifurst it ys agrede and accorded, that alle the articles of thys present yeld be openly redde and declared at euery law-day II. Also it ys ordeyned by this present yeld, that the Baillies for the tyme beynge shulle, after hur power and duete, dayly putt ya execucyon alle ordinaunces .and actes made at this present yeld, and at other yeldes precedentz, which ben affermed, and at the lawdayes before hadde and yerly to be holden w^yn the seid cyte, w*out grete delay. And yf the seid Baillies do not hur devor in ^ MS. ' columpnia.' * MS. ' usiis.' ^ MS. * mercandize.' * Cf. Noake, Wore, in Olden Times, 6-8; Mado.x, Firma Buigi, 272. T 2 74 Cbe (^ilD Q^etcftant WORCESTER, executynge these seid ordenauncez and Actes, when they ben proclamed, aftur the custom of the seid cyte, or sone thervppon, that then the chamberleyns of the cyte, kepers of the articles of the yeld, yeve the seid BailHes, or on of hem, warnynge for more hastyer remedy and executyon to be hadd of the same, in forme aboueseid, by them and by hur aucthoritie and power,' etc. VIII. The acts of this gild and preceding gilds shall be en- grossed on parchment and put in a locked ' casket,' the key of which shall remain with one of the chamberlains. A Roll of these acts or articles endented shall be engrossed, one part being given to the Bailiff and the other to the two chamberlains. The latter ' to be called conservitors or kepers of the articles of this seid yelde, to that entent that they make levey of summes forfett by the same, to the vse and profit of the seyd comynalte, dewly to be declared vppon ther accomptes amonge ther other receytes, and to to be delyuered to the comyn cofur,' etc. XVIII. . . . 'Also that no maner foreyn sille no lether in the seid cite, but it be in the yelde halle of the same, payinge for the custom of euery dyker, i.d. And who so doth the contrarie, to pay xl. d., in forme aboueseid to be payde. Also that no corvyser by eny lether comynge to the seid cite, but in the yelde halle, vppon peyne of xl. d.,' etc. XXXVII. If any citizen dwelling within the franchises of the city, or any citizen foreign dwelling without, refuse to pay tallages and other charges, * that then, by the enacte of this present yelde, he or they that so refusen be disfraunchised and not suffred to by and sille w^yn the seid cite, but as a straunger paynge his custom therfore.' XLI 'And that no citezen foreyn bye ne sille other ^ color of eny other person not citezen, in defraudynge of the kynges custom, no maner of merchaundise, vnder peyne of disfraun- chesynge ; and that euery citezen forein hire no house ne chambor accustumed to be hyred w^yn the yelde halle, but wekely, by the graunt of the keper of the halle and ouersight of the kepers of the articles of the yelde, as they mowe accorde, in peyne aboue- * I.e. under. Proofs ann ailu.sttations. 275 seid. That be he citezen or straunger that hyreth eny chambor in WORCESTER. that seide halle house, put no foreyn good but his owne in the same, vppon peyne aforeseid,' etc. LXXIII. 'Also, it ys ordeyned at this present yeld, how be it euery citezein of the old cheker pay at this tyme but vii.^., and euery citezein of the newe cheker but xiii.ia^., — that this shalle not be take for none example, but that euery citezein of the old cheker shallen pay at euery yeld, here aft^ to be holde w^yn the said cite, ix.^. ; and euery citezein of the newe cheker, xxi.^. ; as of old tyme hath ben vsed and acustomed.' LXXVIII. The craft gilds shall maintain their accustomed pageants. Strangers entering their respective crafts must pay the fees ordered by the wardens. — {E7iglish Gilds, 376-409.)^ While most of the articles relate to the regulation of trade, some treat of sanitary measures, inquests, town officers, etc. In the same MS. from which the above was taken, after the fee paid to the Town Clerk by any one who is made a citizen, it is stated that 'proclamations must be made in the accustomed places four times before the holding of the gild, that all who are citizens and are willing' may appear. — {Ibid., 411.) In the year 16 71, we are informed that the citizens and in- habitants of Worcester ' for the greatest part are vnited into Guilds, ffraternities and Brotherhoods.' — {Ibid., 411.) 9th Oct., 1676. — 'Whereas many of the citizens of this city have of late withdrawn themselves out of the liberties thereof into the country, and there do dwell and employ their stock and sell their corn and cattell in this market toll-free under colour of their freedom here ; and also take apprentices, though they use not their proper trades, and sometimes shelter them in the service of other persons, and then procure them to be made and sworn free- men of this city, though indeed they have not served as an ap- prentice ought to do, according to law and the custom of this city, and to the great damage and loss of the capitall officers of * See Green, Worcester, App. No. XIV, for the ordinances of a Gild Merchant held in the year 12 Henry VII, which repealed many of the articles of 6 Edward IV. T 2 276 C!)e <3iiX} ^ercf)ant WORCESTER, this city, and to the great injury of the resident freemen, who pay the taxes, bear the burdens and perform the duties of the said city. For the prevention of these great evils for the future, it is at this yeild ordered and ordayned according to the ancient law made in A.D. 1496. the yeild of this city in the twelfth year of the reign of King Henry the Seventh, article the 19th; and in pursuance whereof it is thereby ordered and ordayned, that if any citizen or citizens of this city shall discontinue his or their residence within this city, or shall dwell out of the same for the space of one whole year and a day, such citizen or citizens shall loose his or their privilege of a citizen or freeman of this city for so long time as he or they shall afterwards abide or dwell out of the said city, and shall pay all tolls, talleage, duties and customs, as though he or they had never been free of this city, unless such citizen shall appear at every court leete of this city, and shall serve on juries, and do other duties as a freeman, or have a licence from the common counsel for such non-residence.' — (Green, App. xcviii-xcix.) WYCOMBE. A.D. 1558. A grant of 5-6 Philip and Mary asserts that time out of mind the town of Wycombe had been an incorporated free borough, and that it had used and still used two fairs, a weekly market and a Gild Merchant : — ' ac gilda mercatoria cum aula et aliis consue- tudinibus et libertatibus ad huiusmodi gildam pertinentibus. Ita quod nuUus qui de gilda ilia mercatoria non existit, vendere seu emere posset infra Burgum ilium lineum, lanneum aut siletum [i. e. filetum] aut pelles vel coria seu aliquod aliud ad huiusmodi gildam mercatoriam pertinens, nisi per eos qui de eadem gilda fuerint.' — {Record Office, Patent Roll 5-6 Phil, & Mary, pars i, mem. 10-14.)' The Gild Merchant of Wycombe seems to have also borne the name of the Gild of St. Mary. — (Parker, 37.) ' For a translation of this grant, see Parker, Wycombe, App. 26-39. Iproof0 anti Jllusttations, 277 In 13 16 it was ordered by the Mayor and Commons, that all wycombe. weavers working within the liberties shall give only 1 2d. yearly to the ' Gildani ' for every loom, and shall henceforth be free in all things concerning the Gild of merchants, except stallages. ' The " Gildani " are frequently named with the Mayor and Bailiffs about this date ; it was their duty, probably, to regulate the gilds, or trades, of which the Merchants' gild seems to have been the chief.' There were two 'Gildani.' — {Re_p. MSS. Com. 1876, p. 556; Parker, 36-37, 44.) * At this date (20 Edw. Ill) meetings before the Mayor, Bailiffs A.D. 1348. and commons were known as "Gilds".' — {Rep. MSS. Com. 1876, P- 556-) 40 Edward III. — It was ordained that every child of a burgess, A.D. 1366. who at the time appears to be the oldest, after the decease of his father, on claiming the freedom, shall have the same on paying 10 1^., without any further payment, — namely, to the mayor i^., to the clerk \d., to the under-bailiff \d., to the ' gildans ' (' gildanis ') Zd., and to the master of St. John's \d., etc. — {Ibid. pp. 556-557.) The ' Gyldans,' or ' Yeldens,' are again mentioned in the reigns of Henry VII and James I. — {Ibid.., 557; Parker, 53.) Yarmouth, Great. The burgesses of Great Yarmouth received a grant of the Gild by a charter of 9 John, which was confirmed by several of his A.D. 1208. successors. — {Rot. Chart., 175; Petyt MS., ii. 1-18.) It was afterwards known as the Great Gild of the Holy Trinity. — {Man- ship, Hist of Yarm., 243 ; Swinden, Yarm., 812.) In the year ^-^ Henry VIII, it was agreed at an assembly held A.D. I54i. at the common hall, that every one of the four and twenty and eight and forty should pay yearly toward the finding of the Trinity mass-priest at the gild-day 4^. — {Swi^iden, 54.) ' In this hall [i. e. Gild-hall] in times past (viz., within miy re- membrance), was yearly holden on r^rinity Sunday, a solemn feast for the whole brotherhood and fellowship of the society called the Blessed Trinity, which by our first charter of King John, anno 278 CJ)e i^ilD a^etcfiant YARMOUTH, 1207, was granted unto us, by the name of the Merchants' Guild; ■ whereunto every one of the Common Council, at his first admis- sion and oath taken, doth still acknowledge himself a brother of that company. Which feast was, for the most part, yearly holden, at the cost of four of that brotherhood successively, according to the course of their incoming maintained ; over which the senior bailiff for the year precedent was, and is, nominated Alderman. Tlie hall itself being at that time richly hanged and adorned with cloth of Arras Tapestry, and other costly furniture ; not sparing any dainty fare which might be had for money. At which feast all private quarrels and emulations were heard and ended, to the glory of God and mutual love amongst neighbours Whereby thus much may be inferred ; that if laudable and praise- worthy is the bond of amity and friendship among mere natural men, then how much more especially is that which is amongst Christians, who be tied by the strongest bond of faith and religion; but above all amongst those Christians which be of one fraternity, bound and linked together by solemn oath for performance, as those be that are chosen into the society of [the] Common Council at Yarmouth Therefore, if any grudge of a private quarrel should be amongst them, the same will incense and provoke enmity, to the prejudice of the commonwealth where they govern; for most certain it is where anger beareth sway, there can be no- thing rightly and considerately advised ; therefore, the better to prevent all such unkindnesses, was this feast held.' — {Mans/ttp, Hist., 52-54.)^ A. D. 1564. 'Feb. 28, anno Eliz. 6. Ordered that the merchants' dinner, or feast of late called the Trinity Brotherhood, shall be erected • and heyned this present year to come, and so forth to continue until farther orders be taken. The names of those persons ap- pointed for the order of the same feast and for estimating thereof, viz., Mr. Bailiffs Wm. Garton, Anthony Loveday, Ralph Wool- house.' 'March 18, anno 6 Eliz. Imprimis, Every brother to pay for * Manship, who was Town Clerk of Yarmouth from 1579 to 1585, completed his book in 1619, — Manship, Hist, of Yarm., pp. ii-iv. Proofs ann Jllusttations, 279 hym and hys vrf(fe, whether they come or not, 2S. Sd. Every Yarmouth, brother and syster extraordinary, is. If they wyl be bretherne, to — pay bretherne lyke. The order of the drynkyn and dynner in the evening prayer, viz. spyce cake, good here and ale. Sunday Dynner. — The furste course : frometye, rost byffe, grene gese, weale. The second course : capon, pyggys, lambe, costard. Sunday Soper : Good brothe with boyled mete, rostyd mutton, capon, lambe, tarte. Monday Dynner: Frometye, rostyd byffe, grene gese, lamb. Note, that six persons to every mese, two grene gese to every mese, and a capon to a mese. The person appointed to heyn the feast refusing, to pay lo/. to his successor to buy things necessary \' — {Switidejt, 53-54.) In 1556, the corporation resolved that the money owing to the Trinity Gild be taken to the use of the town wall, and in 1562, the mace appertaining to the Trinity Gild was given to the water bailiff, he paying two shillings yearly to the church. In 1574, it was resolved that the money heretofore usually paid to the alder- man of the Trinity Gild by the members of the corporate body, on being sworn in, should thenceforth be paid to the chamber- lains. — {AfafisJiip, 245.) YOBK. 'Thomas de Everwic filius Ulvieti debet i fugatorem, ut sit Aldermannus in Gilda Mercatorum de Everwic' — [Magnum Rot. Pipae, 31 Hen. I, p. 34.) ' Johannes Dei gratia, etc. Sciatis nos concessisse civibus nos- A.D. 1200. tris de Eboraco omnes libertates et leges et consuetudines suas, et nominatim gildam suam mercariam et hansas suas in Anglia et Normannia, et lestagia sua per totam costam maris quieta, sicut ea • unquam melius et liberius habuerunt tempore Regis Henrici avi patris nostri. Et volumus et firmiter precipimus quod predictas libertates et consuetudines habeant et teneant cum omnibus liber- tatibus predicte gilde sue et hansis suis pertinentibus, ita bene et in pace, libere et quiete sicut unquam melius, liberius et quietius habuerunt et tenuerunt tempore predicti Regis Henrici avi patris 1 Cf. Manship, 54-55. 28o Cf)e (Siin ^etcftant YORK, nostri, sicut carta ejusdem patris nostri ^ et carta Regis Ricardi fratris nostri rationabiliter testantur. Preterea sciatis nos conces- sisse et presenti carta confirmasse omnibus civibus nostris Ebor' quietantiam cujuslibet theloney et lestagii et de wrec et pontagii et passagii et de trespas et de omnibus coscinis [i.e. costumis] per totam Angliam et Normanniam et Aquitanniam et Andegaviam et Pictaviam, et per omnes portus et costas maris Anglie et Nor- mannie et Aquitannie et Andegavie et Pictavie. Quare volumus anno regni nostri primo.' — (J^of. Chart., 40.) This was A.D. 1252. confirmed by a charter of 36 Henry III. — {Drake, Eboracum, 204.) A.D. 1581. ' Regina Omnibus ad quos, etc. salutem. Cum Prenobihs Pro- genitor noster henricus, nuper Rex AngHe, sextus per htteras suas patentes, gerentes datam apud Westmonasterium duodecimo die A.D. 1430. julii anno regni sui octauo, dederit et concesserit hominibus mistere Marceriorum^ Ciuitatis nostre Ebor' quod ipsi deinceps assent et forent vna et perpetua communitas, et quod eadem com- munitas eligere posset in die Annunciacionis beate Marie quolibet anno de seipsis vnum Gubernatorem ac duos Custodes ad super- tiidendum, regendum et gubernandum misteram et communitatem predictam; — Cumque iam credibiHter informamur quod Mercatores Ciuitatis nostre Ebor' multa et grandia detrimenta indies sustinu- erint super mare per magnum numerum piratarum, ac quamplurima alia dampna et detrimenta per Bankruptes, iidemque Mercatores [...], ex quo pons eorum de Owse cedidit tam racione rudcorum ' dicti pontis adhuc in aqua de Owse existen[cium] et remanen[cium] quam diuersorum naufragiorum in alto mare et in predicta aqua, per que mercatores Ciuitatis predicte multifaria dampna sustinue- runt multaque maiora sumptus et onera facere et perferre cogantur • in deferendo bona et mercandisas eorum vsque Ciuitatem predic- tam quam preantea soliti sunt; — Ac eciam pro eo quod iidem mercatores artibus et opificibus manuariis destituti sunt, Ita quod * Cf. Munic. Corp. Com. 1835, P- 1737- "^ In this grant of 8 Henry VI the Company is only called ' Mercers ' (' mistera mercerie,' ' communitas mercerorum,' etc.), and not, as later, ' Merchant Adven- turers,' — Record Office, Patent Roll 8 Hen. VI, pars 2, mem. 30. ^ I.e. 'ruderum.' IProofs ann Jllusttation^. 281 cum semel in pauperitatem inciderint, sibi ipsis auxiliari et inde YORK. emergere nullo modo possunt, sed ex charitate et eleemosinis locupleciorum virorum eiusdem societatis viuunt, qui similiter onerantur magno numero pauperum in hospitale suo sancte et in- diuidue Trinitatis Ciuitatis predicte morancium, in eorum magnos sumptus et custagia ; — Necnon pro eo quod maxima pars merca- torum in dicta Ciuitate commorancium, qui pro arte ilia deseruie- runt, in magnam pauperitatem et decasum ducantur, racione quod alii qui pro arte ilia nunquam deseruiebant se intrudunt et intro- mittunt in mercandisis tradendis in Ciuitate ilia absque aliqua gubernacione siue correccione, non habentes inde aliquam egesta- tem sed solum ad eorum auidam cupiditatem satisfaciendam, ad extremum decasum mercatorum et ad magnum nocumentum et abreuiamentum custume nostre, que antehac soluta fuit per multos diuites mercatores eiusdem Ciuitatis, qui modo racione intrusionis predicte non sunt habiles in mercandisis tractandis, sicut preantea solebant, contra formam legum et statutorum huius regni nostri, vt credebiliter informamur.' The Queen in consideration of all these evils allows them to elect yearly ' vnum Gubernatorem et octodecem assistentes ad superui- dendum, gubernandum et regendum omnes mercerios et merca- tores Ciuitatis predicte imperpetuum ' ; to constitute a corporation * per nomen Gubernatoris, assistencium et societatis mercatorum aduenturarum Ciuitatis Ebor' ' ; to have perpetual succession and a common seal; to plead and to be impleaded; to hold lands and chattels not exceeding the clear annual value of £40. They are to assemble yearly on the 26th of March to choose a Governor, — * nominare tres de magis idoneis personis existentibus liberis de mercatoribus aduentur' Anglie ac de societate predicta, de quibus ipsi eligent vnum per suffragium eiusdem societatis aut maioris partis eiusdem.' If the Governor dies while holding office, a successor is to be chosen to serve the remainder of the term. The Company shall also elect a Deputy Governor and the eighteen Assistants, the latter to remain in office until removed by a majority of the said Company. They may receive into the Fraternity all persons whom they consider proper and who have served an apprenticeship 282 Cbe (^iiu 9^tul)mt YORK, of seven years or have exercised merchandise ten years. The Company is granted power to try all suits arising among its members, or between the latter and others ; to make reasonable acts, constitutions, laws and ordinances for the good government of the Society and of all exercising the art or mystery of merchants or mercery (' arte siue mistera mercatorum siue merceriorum ') within the city and suburbs, and to alter the same at their discretion, provided they are in accord with the royal prerogative and the laws of the land ; to enforce these acts and ordinances by fine and imprisonment against all members of the Fraternity and against ' quamcumque aliam personam siue quascumque alias personas intromittentem siue intromittentes cum exercicio et vsu, aut que imposterum intromittent vel intromittet cum exercicio vel vsu, mercature \ aut que exhibebunt aut vendicioni exponent, aut per- mittent in eius vel eorum domo vel domibus exhiberi vel vendicioni exponi, aliquas merces, bona siue mercandisas crescentes, factas siue importatas a partibus trans mare, piscibus et sali tantummodo exceptis, infra Ciuitatem nostram Ebor' vel libertatem et suburbium eiusdem ' ; all the fines thus levied to be for their sole use. ' Et vlterius de vberiori gracia nostra pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris volumus ac per presentes firmiter iniungimus ^ et mandamus tam omnibus et singulis persone et personis nunc existentibus vel imposterum futuris membrum siue membra pre- dicte societatis siue corporis corporati, ac omnibus et singulis aliis persone et personis intromittentibus cum exercicio siue vsu, aut que imposterum intromittent cum exercicio siue vsu, mercature ali- quibus viis vel modis infra eandem Ciuitatem Ebor' et suburbium eiusdem, quod ipsi et eorum quilibet submittent seipsos et in omnibus erunt obedientes predicto Gubernatori siue Deputato ac Assistentibus predictis et eorum successoribus et eorum cuilibet, ac omnes predictos actus, ordines, regulas, leges, ordinaciones im- posterum fiendos et habendos, vt predicitur, absque defleccione, renunciacione siue inobediencia potestatis vel aucthoritatis eorun- dem Gubernatoris vel deputati et Assistencium, et absque aliqua vlteriore appellacione siue prouocacione quacumque. Ac eciam ' MS. 'mercator".' ^ MS. ' injungend'.' Iproofs ann 3|Uu.$tration0» 283 quod Maior, Vicecomites, Justiciarii, Balliui et alii Officiarii et YORK. Ministri Ciuitatis nostre Ebor', et eorum quilibet, pro tempore existentes, de tempore in tempus imperpetuum supportabunt pre- dictos Gubernatorem siue Deputatum et Assistentes societatis pre- dicte pro tempore existentes, ac eius et eorum successores, Necnon Ministros et Officiarios eorum et eorum quemlibet in debita execu- cione predictorum legum, actuum et ordinacionum, et in punicione offendencium et transgrediencium eas per penas et penalitates limitatas et appunctuatas siue limitandas et appunctuandas in eis- dem legibus, actibus et ordinacionibus factis per predictos Guber- natorem, assistentes et societatem siue maiorem partem eorum. Et si predictus Gubernator aut Deputatus vel eius aut eorum successores pro tempore existentes cum assensu predictorum Assistencium siue maioris partis eorum committent vel mittent aliquem de societate vel corporacione predicta vel quemcumque alium subditum nostrum, heredum vel successorum nostrorum, non existentem de eadem societate, alicui custodi Gaole siue prisone pro fraccione vel perpetracione contra aliquem predictorum actuum, ordinacionum siue legum factorum aut imposterum fiend- orum, — Tunc volumus et firmiter precipimus ac pro nobis, heredi- bus et successoribus nostris per presentes concedimus quod quo- cienscumque de tempore in tempus Gardianus siue Gustos Gaole siue prisone, aut Gardiani vel Custodes Gaolarum siue prisonarum, reciperint in eius vel eorum prisonas aliquam talem personam vel tales personas sic offendentes que ei vel eis misse vel commisse fuerint, et ibidem saluo custodient huiusmodi personam et personas sic commissas ad proprium sumptum et custagium eiusdem persone siue earundem personarum sic commissarum vel committendarum, absque ballio siue manucapcione, quousque dictus offendens vel offendentes exonerati fuerint de imprisonamento predicto per pre- dictos Gubernatorem siue Deputatum et assistentes vel maiorem partem eorum aut per successores suos ; ac quod nos aut heredes vel successores nostri aliquo modo non exonerabimus aut delibe- rabimus extra custodiam siue prisonam super plegio, ballio, manu- capcione aut aliter aliquem sic offendentem siue aliquos sic offen- dentes absque concensu predictorum Gubernatoris vel deputati et 284 Cfte (^ilD s^ercfiant YORK. Assistencium vel maioris partis eorum pro tempore existencium aut successorum suorum quos[c]umque, donee ipsi sic imprisonati et eorum quilibet sic imprisonatorum obediuerint et perimpleuerint ac obediuerit et perimpleuerit omnia iuxta dictos actus, statuta et ordinaciones factos aut imposterum fiendos, vt predictum est, ac eciam soluerint et soluerit talem finem et tales fines ac huiusmodi penaltates, forisfacturas et amerciamenta que eis vel eorum alicui adiudicabuntur soluere per predictos Gubernatorem aut deputatuni et Assistentes et eorum successores pro tempore existentes \^\ maiorem partem eorum assistencium pro aliquibus huiusmodi suis transgressionibus, abusibus et offensis com missis siue committen- dis, sicut predictum est, contra aliquem Actum, statutum, regulam vel ordinacionem factum aut imposterum fiendum, concernentem artem siue occupacionem mercature ; et quod bene liceat et licebit prefatis Gubernatori siue Deputato, Assistentibus et communitati societatis predicte et eorum successoribus pro tempore existentibus aut maiori parti eorum amouere, eiicere et expellere a societate predicta omnes et omnimodas huiusmodi personam et personas que commisserint aut perpetrauerint aliquam magnam transgres- sionem, abusum, offensam vel contemptum versus aliquem predic- tum actum, leges, statuta et ordinaciones factos vel faciendos, vt predictum est, in ea parte. Ac eciam concessimus ac pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris per presentes concedimus prefatis Gubernatori, assistentibus et societati mercatorum aduenturarum Ciuitatis Ebor' predicte et eorum successoribus pro tempore existentibus vel maiori parti eorundem quod ipsi habeant et habebunt plenam potestatem et legittimam auctoritatem de tempore in tempus omnibus temporibus imposterum imperpetuum assignandi, constituendi, faciendi et ordinandi duos, tres aut plures scrutatores eiusdem societatis, qui omnibus temporibus imposterum de tempore in tempus, ad eorum beneplacitum et quandocumque eis visum fuerit idoneum et con- ueniens, inquirent et scrutari facient tam de omnibus et singulis personis de societate siue corporacione predicta existentibus quam de quibuscumque aliis subditis nostris, heredum et successorum nostrorum infra Ciuitatcm nostram Ebor' aut suburbium eiusdem Iproofs anD illustrations!. 285 qui nunc exercent vel imposterum exercebunt mercaturam aliqui- YORK. bus viis siue mediis, tarn propter illicita pondera, mensuras et vlnas, quam eciam propter illicitas et fraudulentas merces et mer- candisas ; et quod predicti Gubernator vel deputatus et assistentes pro tempore existentes vel maior pars eorundem compellere possint aliquam personam siue aliquas personas existentes de societate predicta aut aliquem alium subditum nostrum ac heredum et successorum nostrorum in hac parte offendentem reparare et emendare eandem offensam, et pro delicto ^ commisso amerciare, mulctare vel imprisonare iuxta discrecionem dictorum Gubernatoris vel deputati et assistencium pro tempore existencium aut maioris partis eorum, modo et forma predictis.' Furthermore, they may appoint an officer or officers to collect all amerciaments for offences thus committed and, in default of payment, may arrest any person or seize his goods and chattels. All are admonished to uphold the Society in the exercise of these concessions. Those who do this will merit the Queen's favour, while those who do otherwise will incur her anger. — {Record Office., a.d. 1581. Patent Roll 23 Eliz. pars 4, mem. 20-22.) This Company of Merchant Adventurers is still in existence ^ YOUGHAL. ' Rex omnibus ad quos, etc. salutem. Cum lane et flocci regni a.D. I617. nostri Hibernie antehac non fuerunt conuersi et operati in pannum et alias manifacturas, sicut lane et flocci huius regni nostri Anglie sunt et fuerunt, nee populi illius Regni nostri Hibernie negociati fuerunt, anglice have bene sett on Worke, in conuersione et manufac- tura eorundem, sed lane et flocci ilU antehac tempora fuerunt transportati et exportati in partes exteras et alienas in exteris et alienis nauibus et vasibus, ad graue preiudicium vendicionis et vtteracionis pannorum et manufacturarum Regnorum nostrorum Anglie et Hibernie et in magnam depauperacionem subditorum nostrorum regni nostri Hibernie, qui seipsos in et circa operacionem 1 MS. ' dil'co." » Cf. Munic.Corp. Com. i835,pp. 1761-1762 J Rep. MSS. Com. 1870, p. no. 286 Cfte (^ilD Q^ercbant YOUGHAL. predictorum lanarum et floccorum exercere valeant et desiderant; Cumque lane dicti regni nostri Hibernie antehac tempora non fuerunt bene ordinate seu digeste nee secundum morem stapule operate et pro vesturis aptate, ex quo quodlibet genus lane conuer- sum foret in pannum abinde aptum et idoneum, sed fuerunt pro- miscue et indiuisim conuerse in diuersa genera manufacturarum, anglice vocatarum Cadowes, Blancketts, ffrizes and course Riigges, et in alias manufacturas parui valoris, ad permagnum et generale dampnum subditorum nostrorum ac deperditur[am] nostri in Customis et Subsidiis nostris, — Nos remedium congruum et refor- macionem in premissis prouidentes et consulentes et adintencionem quod lane illius regni nostri Hibernie fore possint stapulate, ordi- nate, digeste, divise et idonee facte pro omnibus generibus panni et aliarum manufacturarum secundum bonitatem et qualitatem cuiuslibet generis et qualitatem earundem lanarum, Quodque eedem lane valeant et possint esse sic stapulate, ordinate et diuise, vt meliori modo quo poterit forent operate, facte et conuerse in pannum et alias manufacturas infra predictum reg- num nostrum Hibernie ; ac pro meliori animacione subditorum nostrorum eiusdem regni nostri Hibernie ad nutriendum et fouen- dum quamplurimos oues diuersorum generum ac ad replendum et depascendum terras, agros et vasta sua idonea cum eisdem ; Necnon pro meliori et ciciori vendicione ac vendicioni exposicione lanarum suarum ad bona et resonabilia precia ac pro incremento nauigacionis et nautorum infra dictum regnum nostrum Hibernie in et circa premissa, — Nobis bonum visum fuit et videtur dare, con- cedere et dignari Mercatoribus Stapule et Successoribus suis im- posterum futur[is] ville nostre de Youghall' in Prouinicia Momonie infra regnum nostrum Hibernie inferius specificatis plenam, inte- gram et liberam licenciam, potestatem et authoritatem exportandi et abcariandi extra predictam villam de Youghall' omnia genera lanarum, floccorum lanarum, et pellium ouium et agnorum mortu- crum, anglice Mortky7ies, fili lanei, pellium lanatorum et aliorum pellium, anglice vocatorum Sherlijiges, pelts 6^ /a?jisky}is, et im- portandi, deponendi et exonerandi eadem ad eorum libitum ad Ciuitates et oppida inferius nominata tantummodo infra hoc regnum Iproofs anti Sllustrations. 287 nostrum Anglic. Et vt regalis nostra intencio in premissis pro youghal. bono et vtilitate dilectorum subditorum nostrorum vtrorumque dictorum regnorum nostrorum cicius, melius et efficacius perfici et effici possit, — Sciatis quod nos de gracia nostra speciali ac ex certa sciencia et mero motu nostris pro nobis heredibus eb> suc- cessoribus nostris volumus, ordinamus et per presentes pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris concedimus quod Nicholaus Galvvan', Walterus Vnet, Willielmus llewelline, Lionellus Cranfeild Miles, Johannes Poyntes Miles, Ricardus Weston' Miles, Thomas Lake, Arthurus Lake, Nicholaus ifortescue, Ricardus Wright, Ricardus Galthorpe, Arthurus Kynnaston',Georgius Mole, Johannes Aver)', Jacobus Coppinger, Thomas Ronayne, Edwardus Coppinger, Willielmus Noagle, Christmas Hertford', Johannes Rowley, Ma- theus ffloyer, Thomas Houldshipp, Johannes Gorman', Nicholaus Miiaghe, Pieres Miiaghe et Lancelotus Dalston', sint vna societas, communitas et corpus incorporatum de se [in] re et nomine ; habeantque successionem perpetuam perpetuis futuris temporibus duraturam. Ac sint et erunt in re, facto et nomine vnum corpus incorporatum per se imperpetuum per nomen Maioris, Consta- bulariorum et Societatis Mercatorum Stapule ville de Youghall' in Prouincia nostra Momonie.' Furthermore, the Society may annually elect a Mayor and two Constables of the Staple, who shall have the same powers as the Mayor and Constables of the Society of the Merchants of the Staple of England. They have power to plead and be impleaded in courts of law ; to admit new members into the Society ; to appoint and remove all officers of the Staple ; to make all reason- able ordinances necessary for their good government, in like manner as the Merchants of the Staple of England ; to freely deal in all kinds of wool, wool-fells, woolen thread, woolen flocks, sheep- skins, ' mortkyns ' and other skins known in English as ' sherlings, pelts and lambskyns' produced in Ireland, and to ship the same to London, Bristol, Chester, Barnstaple, Liverpool and Milthropp, paying on the same various customs, which are specified ; to sell the said goods in the said towns and in all other places assigned for the staple of wool, notwithstanding the Statutes of 1 3 Henry 288 C|)e (^ilD a^etcftant YOUGHAL. VIII. c. 22, 8 Henry VIII. c. i8, ii Eliz. c. lo, 13 Eliz. c. i, 13 Eliz. c. 4, or any other Statutes ; to have charge of the King's beam for the weighing of the above-mentioned merchandize ; to have all the laws and franchises enjoyed by the Society of the Mer- chants of the Staple of England ; and to hold lands and tenements A.D. 1C17. not exceeding the clear annual value of £20. — {Record Office^ Fatent Roll 15 Jac. I, pars 10, No. 16.) ^ * Cf. Caulfield, Council Book of Youghal, p. xxxii. Supplementary proofs anti SlHustrations;. Andover ^ 'Morespeche" in Vigilia epiphanie Anno regni regis Edwardi andover. tl] ^^Pt^"^°- A.D.I779. Stephanus Nuteflod petit societatem Gildanorum ; habeat et faciat, etc. ; et intrauit per Ix.s. Gilebertus miles petit quod possit habere Gildam Aubree filii Galfridi Garlik, quam proponit aue[rar]e ; in misericordia ; habeat, etc. Radulphus Erchebaud in misericordia pro Johanne Messeger ; Quietus, vadiet coram sen[escallis] ii. soHdos, et accipient vi.^. Johannes Horn petit vnam Gildam que fuit Willielmi Horn, aui sui, quam dedit Willielmo Scrapin, Auunculo suo, ad vitam suam et non ulterius ; Petrus Scrapin ponit se super rotulum de ilia Gilda ; dicunt quod Petrus habet Jus ad illam Gildam per filium Willielmi, fratris sui. Alexander Riche petit dare Margerie, cognate sue, Gildam que fuit Johannis de chelbacun' ; habeat, etc. Walterus Red petit locum in foro qui fuit Walteri, patris sui, quern locum Willielmus Goldston ei deforciat ; habeat, sicut pater eius. ^ King John's grant of the Gild to Andover (see above, p. 3) was confirmed by many of his successors, — Munic. Corp. Com. 1835, P- io8i. ^ This membrane measures i6| by 6| inches. Though the writing is well preserved, it is difficult to decipher some of the words. To this and the other Andover Gild Rolls from which I give extracts below, the following general remarks will apply : — They are all parchments. Both sides are written upon, and all are well preserved, unless otherwise stated in the foot-notes. In the entries ' de placito transgressionis,' the nature of the offence is rarely recorded. All the Gild records, except the Maneloquium books, are catalogued in the Andover archives as No. 31, ' A large number of miscellaneous documents and papers.' U 290 Cf)e (^iin ^ercftant AN DOVER. De Willielmo Winter quomodo recedet et qualem gratiam " habebit ; dicunt quod hucusque tenuerunt eum pro libero, et tenebunt donee aliud fiat de illis. Idem de Henrico Haunuil'. Idem de ceteris. Thomas Spircoc per preces Gildanorum admittit senescalliam ^ Potatio fiet die dominica post hokeday. Idem ^ considerant quod sen[escalli] et iiiio^. Gildani intererunt ad coligendum debitum quod continetur in veteri rotulo, et quod habeant predictos denarios ad proximam potationem. A.D. 1279. Morespeche die ueneris ante Festum apostolorum Philippi et Jacobi Anno regni regis [Edw. I] septimo. Auicia filia Alani petit Gildam que fuit Alani sutoris, patris sui. Dicunt quod bene sciunt qui heres est ; et est in respectum usque proximam morespeche. Walterus longus petit .Gildam que fuit Acelote, sororis sue; habeat et faciat quod pertinet ad illam Gildam. Item, considerant [quod] idem Walterus soluet ariragia de Gilda quam dedit filie sue tanquam plegius. Walterus renunciat Gildam. Petrus Golding petit dare vnam Gildam Ricardo Osward, illam Gildam que fuit Auicie filie Kel' ; habeat et faciet que pertinent ad Gildam, eteciamsacramentum, quod non recipit; et inueniet plegios. Memorandum, quod carnifices occasionentur, eo quod diuidunt carnes suas super diuersis Scabellis, unde probi homines conque- runtur. Dicunt quod quamuis plures emunt animalia plura uel vnum animal, uendatur super unum stallum et non super plures stallos, sub pena xii. d. Item, de piscariis considerant quod nullum habeant extraneum participem, nisi sit de ista uilla, de re que sit vendita in ista uilla, sub pena xii.^. De Thoma Fromund dicunt quod ipse et omnes alii qui sunt in libertate bene possunt emere de quibuscumque uolunt et munire venditores quod faciant consuetudinem. Prouisum est quod nullus carpentarius emet meremium infra villam ad regratandum, sub pena amisionis meremii. ^ Either this should read 'admittitur in senescalliam,' or 'admittit ' stands for ' amittit.' ^ I. e. ' Item.' Supplementary Iproofs anD SIHustrations. 291 Item, nullus regratarius emet Gallinas, oua, capones, ancas, andover. pullos, carnes, pisces, donee probi homines de uilla et de patria — emerunt ; et si inueniantur hoc facere, capietur in manus balli- uorum ante primam, nee sub simultate debent emere ad opus aliorum per fraudem. Item, prouisum est quod nullus in libertate uel extra quod nullus ponderabit filacium nee lanam donee bursa veniat foras, sub pena vi.d. Potatio fiet die dominica post ascencionem domini. Johannes Soeer' petit dare Gildam Johanni Picard ; habeat et faciat que debet unus et alter ; Picard dabit pro sacramento ii. solidos ; soluit. Petrus Red promittit vi.a'., vt possit habere locum suum quern Solide tenet, qui quidem itus fuit Thome Solide. Dicunt quod idem Solide ueniet et respondeat de quo tenet, si iuste in parte dei ; sin autem, dictus Petrus habebit, si ius habet. — Idem Petrus soluit vi.d., die veneris proxima post Festum sancte Lucie. Magister Johannes petit dare Gildam que fuit Claricie Gos Willielmo, Fratri suo ; habeat et faciet quod facere debet. Alexander Riche petit Justicium in gildam que fuit Roberti Cole, sicut heres suus, per unum Thomam, qui fuit filius Agmundi marescalli ; habeat et faciat, saluo jure omnium. Thomas Riche petit locum in foro qui fuit Thome Breghe, aui aui sui ; habeat et gaudeat. Johannes I[n]gulf distringatur pro Johanne Robin, et est in Quietus, misericordia ; plegii uolunt quod distringatur, et soluat miseri- cordiam vi.d. ; soluit. Proxima morespeche die martis post ascencionem domini A.D. 1279. • A ' l ' . CC '^ Anno regni regis Edwardi septimo. Johannes de Wimeledon' petit dare vnam Gildam, -etc., fratri Memorandum, suo ; dicunt quod uolunt scire que Gilda est ; et si poterit Juste Intrare, bene concedunt. Quod Walterus de Werewelle resignauit Gildam suam Johanni Memorandum. Osward, illam Gildam quam dedit cum Juliana Osward, cognata sua, ad vitam predicte Juliane. u 2 292 Ci)e (^iin ^ercf)ant. ANDOVER. A.D. 1280. Querela. Valentinus petit dare Gildam, que fuit Sibille, filie sue ; ponitur in respectum usque ad proximam morespeche. Ricardus Goudlac petit dare Gildam que fuit Roberti fratris sui Johanni fratri suo ; habeat et faciat quod facere debet. Thomas Beupayn ponit se super Forwrdmannos quod non tenetur aliquid super Gildam quam tenet, pro qua interrogatus fuit soluere suum bans. Dicunt quod illud quod inuenitur in the- sauro ^ non potest contradici nee debet, et si uult sequi et soluere que debet, habeat ; sin autem, capiatur in manus Gildanorum. Margeria Gode petit gratiam Gildanorum, eo quod ignoranter experta est De Gilda quam Alexander ei dederat. Dicunt quod per licenciam Alexandri habebit Gildam Roberti Cole, que con- si derata est predicto Alexandre. Nigellus Richensam petit dare vnam Gildam Petro filio Ade le Wite ; habeat, et faciant quod non dant, neque recipit.' ' Proxima Morespeche ^ die veneris post festum purificacionis anno regni regis Edwardi [I] octauo. [Three more petitions concerning admission to the Gild.] Simon Sumer queritur super Johannem Brun et petit, etc. ; et habet diem ad probandum die veneris ad xv. dies, si poterit pro- bare bene quid per tres Gildanos ; sin autem, Johannes faciei sicut curia considerabit. Stephanus Wluel facit se essoniari per Walterum Chafin de communi sumonicione. [Two petitions to transfer gilds, ' dare gildam.'] Querela Stephani Orpede super Stephanum Wluel. [Two more entries similar to this follow..] Ricardus Cor ^ de Hungerford petit societatem Gildanorum ; habeat et faciat que facere debet ; pro quo Alexander soluit dimidiam marcam. Johannes Ingulf in misericordia quia retraxit se versus Petrum Scrapin, de quo querelatur. 1 MS. ' thesharo.' " 13 by 7 inches; slightlj' injured; the meetings of 12 Edward [I] are recorded on the dorse. ' ? Coi. Supplementary proofs ann 3inustration0» 293 Consideratum est per forwardmannos quod Thomas le Riche an Dover. erit pincerna de domo superiori. Item, monstratum fuit quod sutores istius uille et alii uenditores sotular' [the entry is not completed in the MS.]. Proxima Morespeche die veneris ante festum beate Lucie Vir- A.D. 1283. ginis anno regni regis Edwardi [I] xiio. Willielmus Ingulf optulit se uersus Johannem le May apparen- tem, et petunt prece parcium diem amoris, et habent. [Two petitions concerning admission.] Proxima Morgespech die veneris proxima post festum sancti A.D. 1284. Gregorii anno Edwardi regis xii^. Johannes le May uersus Willielmum Ingulf de placito trans- Essoniatiis. gressionis, et habent diem usque ad proximam Morgespeche. [Three entrance petitions.] Concessum est per consideracionem gildanorum quod Magister Adam Richemund quod habeat tota [vita sua] vinarium ad domum sancti Johannis pro xii. denariis soluendis fratribus et sororibus dicte [domus], si dicti fratres et sorores concenciant ; habeat et gaudeat et faciat iura domus. Proxima Morspech die Mercurii proxima post festum Palmarum A.D. 1284. anno Edwardi regis xii^. [Two entrance petitions.] Prouisum est ex -consideracione formannorum quod potacio fiet die dominica proxima post Hokeday. Memorandum, quod Alexander Riche habet in custodia sua de denariis gildarum xiiii.^-. \yi.d. Prouisum est quod omne marettum ponitur in seu[er]allo a festo Pasche usque in festo sancti Petri qui dicitur ad uincula ; et sunt custodes Alexander Riche, Thomas Spircoc et Thomas le Riche. Morspech die Martis proxima post invencionem sancte crucis A.D. 1284. anno Edwardi regis xii".' [Five entrance petitions.] ' Morgespeche ^ Gildanorum de Andeuere die Veneris in festo ^ Originally 13 by 8 inches; almost one half of the membrane is now wanting. 294 Cl)e (^ilD e^ttchmt AN DOVER. Sancti Edmundi Episcopi anno regni regis Edwardi [I] vicesimo' is the last heading on a portion of a membrane which originally A.D.1289-92. contained the record of six meetings held in the years 17-20 Edward [I]. Most of the entries related to admissions to the Gild. Two ordinances were passed, but the membrane is so much mutilated that they cannot be deciphered. A.D. 1298. A.D. 1296. ' Poruu ^ est, le Mekerdy en la veylle de la seynt Lucie en le An du Rengne le Rey Edward [I] vynt et sink, par les seneschaus e sens ke sunt en la Gilde Marchaunte, ke nul homme ne deyt desoremes Gilde vendre ne doner vtre le tirs degre, e ceus pae- rent demy Mark a la Meysun ; e si le pere le done a son fys, il paera deus S03. A.D. 1297. [There was a ' morghespeche ' on Friday preceding Ascension- day, 25 Edward [I], and another on Friday next after the festival of Dionysius in the same year. Two transfers of gilds took place at the former and two more at the latter.] Morghespeche tenta die veneris proxima post festum Sancti Dunstani Anno xxvi". Ricardus le Curpse petit societatem Gildanorum. Dulcia Leiard petit Gildam que fuit Isabelle Syward, sororis sue. Thomas Remond petit gildam que fuit Petri Remond, patris sui ; habeat et faciat Jura. Thomas le Riche petit quod possit dare gildam que fuit Walteri le Wyse Alicie, vxori eius. Idem Thomas habet duas. Habeat alteram et faciat Jura. Johannes ^ Hughet petit gildam que fuit W., fratris sui ; habeat. Thomas Guide petit quod possit dare i. gildam Auicie, vxori eius ; habeat et faciat Jura. Amicia filia Henrici Goudghir petit gildam patris sui ; habeat et faciat Jura. * 19 by 6 J inches. On a small, narrow slip sewed to this membrane are twenty-seven names, ' Jur[atus] ' being placed after all but three. » MS. ' Joh'e.' ^upplementatp proofs ann Jllusttations. 295 Johannes Astlld petit gildam que fuit Petri Alayn ; habeat et andover. gaudeat. Dulcia Leiard petit quod possit dare gildam Emme, filie sue ; Us. habeat et faciat Jura. Johannes Hughet petit reward gildanorum de eo quod Johannes Spirekoc vendidit locum ad gildam suam spectantem, dummodo idem Johannes Hughet fuit in custodia. [Five more entrance petitions.] Morghespeche die Lune in festo translacionis Sancti Nicholai A.D. 1300. Anno xxviii*'. [Five petitions for membership.] Mattheus Erchebaud petit quod possit dare alteram gildam respectu. suam Waltero, filio suo. Johannes Houe^ et Auicia, vxor eius, queruntur de vxore J. Hathewlf in placito quod eadem eis deforciat vnum locum. Memorandum de Dimidia Marca que remanet in manu Ada de Marisco de Morghespeche tenta die veneris proxima post festum Sancti Dunstani Anno xxvi''. [A woman seeks a gild in the name of her son ; and John Aldred finds a surety to prosecute H. Cheke.] Morghespeche die veneris in festo Sanctorum Fabiani et Se- A.D. I30i. bastiani Anno xxix^. Felicia, vxor Johannis Hathewlf, uersus Johannem Houe et Auiciam, vxorem eius, de placito vnius placee pertinentis ad gildam mercatoriam, per Jacobum Prat. [Seventeen entrance petitions follow ; in the margin opposite one of them are the words, ' Vacat quia alius heres.'] Morghespeche tenta die veneris in vigilia Annunciacionis A.D. 1301. beate Marie Anno xxix*'. Consideratum est quod omnes busseli, I'agene vini et seruisie, et omnes alie Mensure sigillantur cum singno domini Regis in Ebdomoda Pasche ad vltimum ; et si qua predictarum Mensu- rarum sine singno imposterum inueniatur, capiatur, et ille cuius Mensura fuerit grauiter amercietur. Consideratum est insuper quod bestie nullius intrent Cimi- 1 ?Hone. 296 C!)e (5iin Q^etcftant, ANDOVER. terium nee ibi pascantur; set si prior uel vicarius herbagium velint possidere, metant et asportant pro voluntate. Consideratum est insuper quod Ricardus Kyng reddat com- potum suum de ouibus et eorum exitibus ecclesie nostre die Jouis in septimana Pasche. Consideratum est quod telonium tenentium Alberti de Tarent' capiatur, videlicet de Hussebu[rne] et alibi. Consideratum est quod mangne campane non pulsantur nisi pro morte hominis plenam etatem habentis, et hoc vsque deej ; et quod alie minime campane pro puero vii. annorum intestato. Consideratum est quod Mariscus ponatur in defensionem a die Annunciacionis beate Marie vsque ad Ascencionem domini. Ita quod nullius porci nee alie bestie ibidem intrent vsque diem pre- dictum. A.D. 1302. Morghespeche Die Jouis in festo Sancti Petri in cathedra anno tricesimo. Memorandum, quod cum Hospitale Sancti Johannis Baptiste de Andeuere tenebatur domino Johanni Barefot capellano in sexa ginta solidis sterlingorum, dictus Johannes remisit toti communi- tati de Andeuere de anno vicesimo octauo, nono et tricesimo, pro viginta solidis. Willielmus filius Rogeri Asselin dat Petro, fratri suo, vnam gildam liberam mercatoriam ; habeat et gaudeat, pro introitu dimidiae marcae ; plegius, Nicholaus Selide. Willielmus Porekyr dat Johanni filio Agnetis vnam gildam; habeat et gaudeat, pro introitu dimidise marcse ; plegii, Nicholaus Selide, Johannes Astil.' A.D. 1302, ' Morghespeche ^ t^nta die veneris in festo Sancti Edmundi Archiepiscopi Anno Regni Regis Edwardi [I] xxxo. Philippus le Ryche petit nomine vxoris sue gildam que fuit Petri atte Welle vt proximus heres. Habeat et Petrus le Frye petit quod posset dare Josepho de Wherewelle dedit dimidiam ., , r • n ■ • i 1 marcam. gildam suam, q[uiaj nepos ems m secundo gradu. ' J 5 bv S inches. Supplementary proofs anti jnustrations. 297 Johannes Attebrygende petit Societatem Gildanorum. Plegii AN DOVER. ]. le Whyte, N. Selyde et J. Goude. respec"tir Stephanus Foghel petit quod posset dare Gildam que fuit ma- Dimidia tris sue Roberto, fratri suo ; habeat, etc. [Twelve brief entries follow, similar to the above, being petitions for admission or for the transfer of membership. There is also mentioned a plea against the widow of Henry Cheke, ' in placito vnius Gilde.'] Prouisum est per forwardmannos quod Johannes Spirekoc, Petrus de Marisco, Philippus le Ryche, Nicholaus Spirekoc, Johannes Oriold, Adam de Marisco et Willielmus Kyng, super- videant loca et ordinaciones et emendas, provt viderint melius expedire pro tota Communitate. Petrus le Frye det domui ii.s. pro introitu Gilde Roberti, fratris sui, q[uia] Custumarius ; istud statutum obseruetur de omnibus custumariis hereditar[ie] intrantibus. Plegius, J. de Ponenton'. Albreda, vxor Thome le Ryde, det pro introitu gilde sue Jura respectu. domus ; plegius, Adam de Marisco. Christina, vxor Willielmi Osward, petit quod posset dare gildam Det dimidia suam Willielmo, viro suo ; habeat ad totam vitam suam, et det ^^^'^' Jura domus. Thomas Red petit quod possit dare gildam suam Roberto le Dimidia Whyte, nepoti suo ; habeat, etc. ; plegii, Thomas Stur et Johannes ™^'''^^- le Whyte. Johannes Flygham in misericordia pro transgressione facta xii. d. Alexandre le Skynnere ; plegii, R. Walklyn et J. Goude, Junior. Willielmus Auncel' in misericordia pro transgressione facta Jo- xii. d. hanni Ernoue ; plegius, R. Picard. Morghespeche tenta die Mercurii proxima post festum Sancti A.D. 1302. Edmundi Regis Anno xxxo primo [Edwardi I.] Alexander le Skynnere uersufi Johannem Flygham de placito Aff[idat]. transgressionis, per Jacobum Prat. [Five petitions relating to membership, and two fines for trans- gressions.] Johannes Sausir in misericordia quia defecit de lege sua uersus vi.. Manu uersus Senescallos Libertatis quod non cooperuit alios Custumarios per Libertatem suam ; plegius de lege, Edm. le Breghe.'] ^upplementatp IProofg anti JHustrations. 309 ' Morghespeche ^ tenta die veneris proxima post festum Natalis andover. domini Anno Regni Res;is Edwardi [III Nono. Henricus de Mortone optulit se uersus Johannem Kyng non apparentem in placito firme ; ideo distringatur. [At a ' Morghespeche ' held on Friday next after the purifica- A.D. 1316. tion of the Virgin Mary, there were four appHcations for admission.] Johannes filius et heres Ricardi Kyng vadiat Henrico de Mortone xx.s. pro arreragiis firme de Andeuere de tempore Ricardi Kyng et Henr. de Mortone, nuper BalHuorum, soluendos eidem Henrico ad festum Sancti MichaeUs ArchangeH proximo sequens, per plegium Edm. de Tangelye et Joh. Osward. [At a * Morghespeche ' held on Friday next after the festival A.D. 1316. of St. Matthias, 9 Edward [II], there was a plea concerning the detention of a place (' unius loci ') ; and John Beuchamp was admitted to the Gild.] Morghespeche tenta die veneris in festo Sancti Georgii Anno A.D. 1316. Regni Regis Edwardi Nono. Ordinatum est quod quilibet Carnifex extraneus veniat quo- libet die in septimana et vendat Merces suas decetero in villa de Andeuere, et quod emant et mactant in eadem villa pro volun- tate sua. Ita quod faciant BaUiuis Libertatis de Andeuere con- suetudinem, prout decet. [One entrance petition ; and a person appears ' in placito de- tencionis vnius loci.'] Morghespeche tenta die veneris proxima post festum Sancti A.D. isie. Marci Anno Regni Regis Edwardi Nono. Johannes de Ponynton' uersus Matillidam la Clothmangere de Essoniatus. placito detencionis vnius loci, per Johannem Scrapyn, Capellanum. Henricus de Mortone vadiat Communitati emendas pro eo quod vendidit vinum contra ordinacionem ; [two sureties]. Johannes Porker senior vadiat Communitati emendas pro eo quod vendidit ceruisiam contra ordinacionem, etc. ; plegius, Rog. Robyn. Alicia atte Schamele vadiat Communitati emendas pro simili ; plegii, Will. Lacy et Rob, de Wodynton'. ^ 16 by 9I inches. 3IO C6e (^ilti a^ercfiant ANDOVER. Ricardus Arnold summonitus ad respondendum Communitati non venit ; ideo Capiatur Libertas in manu domus, quous- que, etc. Will. Flemyng vadiat Communitati emendas pro simili vt supra : plegius, Thomas Stuer. Joh. Gautroc vadiat pro simili ; plegius, J. Kyng. C. le Calewe vadiat pro simili; plegii, N. de Holte et J. Spircok. Ricardus de Cutecumbe vadiat pro eo quod vendidit per mensuram non sigillatam ; plegii, R. Capellanus et R. Shutere. [Four others are to make emends ' pro simili ']. Johannes Kyng in misericordia pro eo quod vendidit cer- uisiam per mensuram non sigillatam; plegii, Will. Kyng et J. Gautroc. ^i-^- Walterus Red vadiat Communitati emendas pro eo quod emit i. bussellum frumenti pro iii.^-., desicut testatum est quod potuis- set habuisse pro xxxii.^. ; plegii, Will. Lacy et P. Brykeuyle. ^^-^- Ph. Brykeuyle vadiat emendas pro simili ; plegii, W. Lacy et R. Robyn. '^i''^- Agnes Bud vadiat emendas pro eo quod vendidit panem factam pro i.d. et contra [etc.] ; plegii, T. Stuer et J. Gautroc. Consideratum est quod Libertas Roberti Horn capiatur in manu domus pro eo quod iniecit manum in Thomam le Bonyere, communem seruientem, et pro eo quod contempsit communita- tem, etc., quousque, etc. Consideratum est quod Libertas Johannis Horn eodem modo pro simili. '^i'-'^'- Robertus de Muleburne vadiat pro eo quod coccauit, ante- quam elegit vtrum velit Coccare frumentum vel ordeum ; plegius, N. Selyde. Ricardus, Balliuus de Remrigch, petit Societatem Gilda- norum. [At a meeting held on Friday next after the festival of the A.D. 1316. finding of the Holy Cross, 9 Edward [H], John Horn, Robert Horn and Richard Arnold were fined for acting contrary to the ordinances of the Gild ; each of them found two sureties. Wm. Supplementary Proofs anti SIHustrations. 311 Lacy was fined two shillings for selling his beer outside the andover. town, contrary to an ordinance before ordained.] Ricardus Croul de Loullynton' intrat in Gildam Mercatoriam Soluit quinque per quinque Marcas, ita quod habeat Locum pertinentem ad ™^'''^^^- Gildam predictam ; [four sureties]. Johannes de Farham petit Societatem Gildanorum • habeat et Soluit i. gaudeat per Ix.i-. ; [four sureties]. Morghespeche tenta die veneris proxima post festum Sancte A.D. 1316. Petronille virginis Anno Nono. Joh. de Ponynton' uersus Matillidam que fuit vxor Rogeri Paterich in placito vnius Locy, per Joh. Scrapyn. [Peter Asselyn, Henry Kyllere, Reginald le Bud and John le Calewe are each 'ad legem se sexta manu quod non vendidit seruisiam contra ordinacionem.'] Willielmus Osward seriant conuictus est quod furniuit panem frumenti et panem ordei contra ordinacionem. Ideo considera- tum quod libertas eius capiatur in Manu domus. [At a meeting held on Friday next after the festival of St. Peter, 9 Edward [II], Nicholas Selide 'est ad legem' that a certain A.D. 1316. mazer in his custody was given to his wife by Nicholas Spircok. On Friday next after the festival of the translation of St. Thomas the Martyr, John Flygham was allowed to give to John 'le Coupper ' the gild which he inherited by the death of his sister ; fee, half a mark. Another person entered for 6o.r., finding four sureties.] Locus quem^ Joh. de Ponynton' tenet capiatur in manu domus per defaltam ipsius ad sectam Auicie la Clothmangere. Thomas Guide habet diem in xv. ad demonstrandam car- tam suam quam habet de quodam loco quem R. Schuetere petit.' ' Morghespeche ^ tenta die veneris proxima post festum Sancte A.D. 1316, Marie Magdalene Anno Regni Regis Edwardi [II] Decimo. [Eva wife of Nicholas Holt appeared against N. Selide for de- taining a mazer (' murra '). — Two persons find sureties ' ad satis- ' MS. q. ^ io| by 8 inches. 312 Cbe (^ilD a^ercftant ANDOVER. A.D. 1316. A.D. 1317. AD. 1318. A.D. 1318. Dimidia marca. Dimidia marca. faciendum vicario et communitati de duobus salteriis.' — 'Auicia le Clothmangere ' claims a place held by John de Ponynton. She says it is hers by inheritance. John asserts that ' idem locus pertinet ad liberum tenementum suum, quod perquisiuit de Johanne Asse.'] Rogerus le Schutere petit de Thoma Guide vnum Locum ; idem Thomas ostendit quoddam scriptum ; et facit mencionem de omnibus et singulis Juribus suis tam nominatis quam non nominatis, set non facit mencionem in scripto de Loco ; ideo in- quiratur per forwardmannos. [Two admissions ; fee, 60s. ; four sureties each.] Morghespeche tenta die veneris proxima post festum Sancti Jacobi Apostoli Anno Regis Edwardi Decimo. Nich. de Holte et Nich. Selide in misericordia pro Loquela que fuit inter Euam, vxorem N. Holte, et N. Selide ; plegius, alter alterius. Morghespeche tenta die veneris proxima post festum Exalta- cionis Sancte Crucis Anno Regni Regis Edw. vndecimo. [Two entries concerning new members.] Ex consideracione tocius congregacionis Gildanorum ordina- tum quod omnes Braciatores vendant Ceruisiam, videlicet, meli- orem Lagenam in Cuua pro denario, et in barello pro i. den. et ob., bonam et claram, dummodo busca ordei vendatur pro xv. denariis; sub pena quod ipsi qui sunt in Libertate amittant libertatem, Et ipsi qui sunt custumarii amittant Bracinam illam. Et facta est ordinacio ista die veneris proxima post festum Exalt. S. Crucis anno regni regis Edwardi filii Regis Edwardi vndecimo.' [On the Friday next after the festival of St. Ambrose, 11 Edward [II], William ' le Sadelere ' entered the Gild ; fee, 60s. ; three sureties. On Friday next after the festival of St. Andrew the Apostle, 12 Edward [II], there were twelve applications concerning membership. Among them were these two : — ] ' Johannes le Riche dat Thome fratri suo Gildam cum tall[iis], que fuit iuris sue. \Vill. Goude, filius Joh. Goude draperii, habet gildam que ^upplementatp proofs anD Slltotrations, 313 fuit Roberti Boniare ; et facta est libera pro dimidia marca ; per andover. plagium Job. Goude, patris sui.' At a ' Morghespeche ' ^ held on Friday next after St. Martin's- A.D. 1316. day, lo Edward [II], three persons petitioned to be admitted to the Gild. On Friday next after the festival of St. Lucy in the same A.D. 1316. year, ' Thomas de Celario petit quod possit dare Gildam suam quam habet hereditarie ex parte Thome de Celario, quondam patris sui, Ade Spircok cum Redditu prouenienti de quodam loco in piscaria fori de Andeuere ; habeat et gaudeat ; [two sureties].' At the same meeting John Goude, ' tinctor,' and William ' le Tannere ' were also admitted. On Friday before the festival of the Annunciation of Mary, lo a.D. 1317. Edward [II], four new members were enrolled, each being charged a fee of 605-., and finding four sureties. On Friday, ' in festo sancti Johannis ante Portam Latinam,' a.D. 1317. 10 Edward [II], Richard le Goer entered the Gild; fee, 60 i". ; four sureties. ' Morghespeche tenta die veneris in festo Concepcionis beate a.D. 1319. Marie Anno Regni Regis Edwardi xii". Will. Lucas petit quod possit dare Gildam suam, que non est ii.s. libera, Johanni filio suo ; habeat et gaudeat; et det domui ii.s. ; plegii, N. Selyde et Will. Lucas. Will. Hughet petit quod possit dare vnam Gildam, que est Dimidia hansere, Thome Pykard, filio amice sue ; habeat et gaudeat ; plegii, Job. Woluel et Rob. Pykard. Johannes filius Ph. le Riche petit quod possit dare vnam Dimidia Gildam, que est hansere, Alexandre fratri suo ; habeat et gaudeat ; et det Domui dimidiam marcam ; plegii, Edm. de Tangelye et Joh. Woluel.' * 12 by 7 1 inches. It is evident that the scribe at first recorded the minutes for the two meetings of 10 Edward II only on the preceding membrane, but, after completing the year 10 Edward II on the next membrane, returned to the preceding one to utilize the empty space for the three meetings of 11-12 Edward II. 514 €:U (^iltJ ^ercfiant ANDOVER. A.D. 1319. A.D. 1319, A.D. 1319. A.D. 1319. There were three more apphcations concerning membership at this meeting. Among the petitioners was John Horn ' tannator.' On Friday next after the festival of the finding of the Holy Cross, 12 Edward [II], John ' filius Giiberti le knyght' sought from Peter Selyde certain articles which the former claimed by inheritance from his father ' secundum consuetudinem et ordina- cionem Gilde Mercatorie de Andevere.' Peter had obtained them by marrying John's mother. Peter denies this, and ' est ad legem se vi^'. manu.' On Friday preceding Ascension-day, Peter appeared against John in the same suit, ' de placito detencionis catallorum.' At another 'Morghespeche' held on Friday next after Ascension- day, 12 Edward [II], Peter failed to appear ' de Lege sua facienda ; ideo consideratum est quod defecit de Lege sua,' and John was to recover his property. On Friday next after the festival of St. Peter 'ad vincula,' 13 Edwatfl [II], Henry de Schupton entered the Gild Merchant, being charged 60s. and finding four sureties ; and Johanna Hughettes was allowed to give her gild to her husband, John VpehuUe, who paid a fee of a half of a mark and produced two sureties. A.D. 1320. A.D. 1320. misericoidia, v'l.d. miseiicordia, ' Morghespeche ^ tenta die veneris proxima post festum Sancti Mathei Apostoli Anno Regni Regis Edwardi [II] quartodecimo. [John de Stocbrygge entered the Gild.] Morghespeche tenta die Mercurii in crastino Apostolorum Simonis et Jude anno supradicto. Ricardus Arnold vadiat Emendas Petro Asselyn de Maledictis, et remanet in misericordia ; plegius, Joh. Ode '^. Idem Ric. vadiat Willielmo Lacy pro simili, et remanet in miseric. ; pleg., predictus J. Ode. Johannes Ode est ad legem uersus Petrum Asselyn quod non maledixit ei sicut idem Petrus ei imposuit ; plegius de Lege, Ric. Arnold ; faciat ad proximam Morghespeche. • io| by 6 inches ; written on one side only. = I.e. Ede. Affidauit. Supplementary) proofs antj 3Uu0tration.s;. 315 Idem Job. Ode est ad legem eodem modo uersus Will. Lacy; andover. plegius de lege, Ric. Arnold. Job. Lotyn vadiat Emendas Johanni Osward eo quod maledixit misericordia, \i.d. ei ; et remanet in misericordia ; plegius, Rob. Ingulf clericus. Will, le Mew vocatus ad querelam Ade de Pomfreit non venit ; defaUa, lii. d. ideo in misericordia pro defalta. Morghespeche tenta die veneris in vigilia omnium Sanctorum A.D. 1320. Anno Regni Regis Edwardi xiiii^. Johannes Ede uersus Petrum Asselyn de placito transgressionis, ^ vnde Lex per Will. Capon. Joh. Ede uersus Will. Lacy de placito transg., vnde lex per Petrum Selide. Will, le Mew est ad Legem se iii^. Manu uersus, [etc.]. Will. Quenyld vadiat Senescallis emendas pro eo quod mactauit vnum taurum. Joh. de Wymbeldon' petit quod possit dare vnam Gildam suam dimidia Ricardo de Wymbeldon', fratri suo ; habeat et gaudeat, etc. ; ™^'''^^' plegii, N. Selide et J. Osward. Joh. de Stocbrigge est ad Legem se iii^-. Manu uersus Rog. le Lex. Schuetere quod non implacitauit ipsum Rogerum extra Libertatem contra ordinacionem, postquam idem Joh. habuit Libertatem suam ; [two sureties.] Morghespeche tenta die veneris proxima post festum Sancti A.D. 1320. Martini Anno Regni Regis Edwardi quartodecimo. Thomas Mangin uersus Joh. de Stokbrigge de placito transg., affidauit. per Joh. Chire. Will, le Mew uersus Adam de Pomfreit de placito transg., vnde affidauit. lex per Rob. Ingulf. Joh. Ode in misericordia pro Petro Asselyn ; plegius. Will. Capon. Rog. le Schetere queritur uersus Joh. de Stokbrigge de placito affidauit. transg., vnde lex per Joh. Gode. Morghespeche tenta die veneris proxima post festum Sancti A.D. 1320. Edmundi Regis Anno supradicto.' [John de Stocbrigge, Roger le Schutere and Adam de Pumfret 'in misericordia pro falso clamio.'] A.D. 1321. 316 Cf)e (^iin ^etcfjant AN DOVER. On Friday \ in the festival of St. Dionysius, 15 Edward [II], one gild was transferred, and there was a plea concerning a trans- gression. ' [Henry] de Mortone vadiat Joh. Woluel vnam Cistam meliorem, vnum Ciphum argenteum, precii xxx.i-.' A.D. 1321. At another ' Morghespeche ' held on Friday after St. Martin's day, 15 Edward [II], four gilds were transferred; and John de Husseburne, not appearing ' in placito transgr.,' he was distrained ' per Libertatem [suam].' A.D. 1321. On Friday next after the festival of St. Lucy in the same year, there were three cases ' de placito transg.' ; [Wm.] Quenild was ' in misericordia, quia non est presens ' ; and ' dies datus est ' in two suits. A.D. 1322. ' [Morghesp]eche tenta die veneris proxima post festum Epi- phanie domini anno supradicto. [Thomas] Spircok queritur de Rogero de Clatford eo quod dictus Rogerus defamauit ipsum Thomam, dicens ipsum esse furem [magnum], et quod cepit et appropriauit vnam estrauram. Et quod contrafecit sigillum Regis. Idem Rogerus presens in curia dedicit [totaliter] duas primas querelas, quod inde non est Reus in aliquo ; et est ad legem se sexta manu de fratribus gilde. [Plegii] de lege, Joh. Osward et Ph. Brikeuile; faciat ad proxi- mam Morghespeche. De tercia querela non vult iustificari. Ideo consideratum est [quod] distringatur per gildam suam, quosque, etc. [Idem] Rogerus de Clatford in misericordia pro falsa querela uersus Thomam Spircok ; plegius, Ric. de Cutecombe. [' Dies datus est ' in two suits.] [Will] de Tangelighe recognouit se teneri Johanni Woluel in vna cista pro Hen. de Mortone ; et remanet in misericordia. A.D. 1322. [Morghespeche] tenta die veneris in festo Sancti Vincencii Anno quintodecimo.' At this meeting there was one case ' de placito transg.' ; in another plea ' dies datus est ' ; one person was ' in misericordia pro Nich. le Webbe '; and '[Robertus] le Cartere petit quod possit dare gildam suam Gilberto le Skinnere, habeat et gaudeat.' ^ 16 by 7 inches ; written on one side only. The left margin has been cut away, and with it almost every initial word of each entry. Supplementary Proof0 antJ illustrations. oW On Friday next after the festival of St. Gregory, 15 Edward [II], andover. William Orpede gave the gild that belonged to his mother, to his ^ ^ ^ '^ . A.D. 1322. brother; and John Skirel and John ' le Killere' entered the Gild ' per Ix.^.' . * Morghespeche ' tenta die Veneris proxima post festum sancti A.D. 1326. Martini Episcopi Anno Regni Regis Edwardi [II] filii Regis Edwardi vicesimo. Johannes fflegham petit quod possit dare Gildam suam villanam Johanni filio Johannis le Cuppere. Et consideratum est per [etc.].2 Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum Annunci- A.D. 1327. acionis beate Marie Virginis Anno Regni Regis Edwardi tercii primo. [Two entries concerning membership.] Johannes flflegham petit quod possit dare Gildam suam hans- sariam Johanni filio Johannis le Cuppere, Nepoti suo. Habeat et gaudeat. Et faciat jura domus. Et soluet domui vi.s. \m.d. Plegii, Willielmus Orpede et Johannes Selyde. Rogerus le Beyr venit et petit quod possit habere Gildam mercatoriam. Et quia compertum fuit per omnes fforwardmannos quod idem Rogerus est Natiuus Thome Spircok, domini de Upclatford, et nullus Natiuus neque villanus esse^ debet in Societate Gildanorum istius Gilde, sicut apparet per ordinaciones et consuetudines istius ville. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum Ascenci- A.D. 1327. onis domini anno supradicto. Henricus de Mortone junior habet diem ad proximam Morghe- speche ad purgandum se uersus Robertum le Kyllere, de eo quod dictus Henricus dicebat dicto Roberto quod Iv. homines ville de Andeuere essent simul jurati ad destruendum Johannem de Ponynton', Johannem Spircok, Johannem Selyde, Adam Spircok et Ricardum Snow, et ad predandum dictos Johannem de Ponynton' de c. libris et Johannem Spircok de c. hbris, se vi*. • i6| by II inches. ^ The sentence is not completed in the MS. ^ MS. ' esset non,' the ' non ' being inserted above the line. 3i8 Cbe (^ilB a^ercftant AN DOVER, manu de Gildanis. Idem Robertus inuenit plegios ad essendum [presens] ad eundem diem, Petrum Asselyn et Robertum Pykard. distringere. Preceptum est distringere Egidium le Power citra proximam ad respondendum Henrico de fforstebury et toti communitati ^ Johannes le Breghe queritur pro tota communitate uersus Jo- hannem Selyde pro eo quod dicere debuit dicto Johanni, die Sabbati proxima post festum Ascencionem domini, quod frangeret brachia et tibias hominum ville de Andeuere, et Carectam suam accomodaret eosdem homines ad ducendum ad Gaolam Wynton', et eosdem dispercionaret. Idem Johannes presens dicit quod non est culpabilis de eo quod sibi impponitur ; et consideratum est per omnes Gildanos quod habeat diem ad purgandum se vi^'. manu ; plegius, Adam Spircok. Johannes Goselynch' senior vadiat emendas Rogero Spircok, pro eo quod idem Rogerus fatebatur se dixisse coram dicto Johanni quod frangeret tibias et brachia MatilHde Hikes de Suthclatford, citra proximam. A.D. 1327. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris in Septimana Pentecostes xA.nno supradicto. optulit. Petrus Asselyn optulit se uersus Johannem Cobbe non appa- rentem in placito transgressionis. Ideo preceptum est quod dis- tringatur citra proximam. Ad quem diem venit Henricus de Mortone junior et debito modo per Gildanos purgauit se de eo quod sibi superius impponi- tur per Robertum le Kyllere dicendo uerba superius notata, per quod idem Robertus attinctus est. Et quia dicti Gildani de judicio reddendo fuerunt inconsulti ad tempus, Ideo considera- tum est quod dictum judicium remanet vsque ad proximam. Et preceptum est quod idem Robertus sit ad proximam, etc. vna cum Roberto Pykard et Petro Asselyn, plegiis dicti Roberti. Ad quem diem Johannes Selyde vocatus fuit et non comperuit, qui ad proximam fuit ad Legem de certis sibi suppositis, prout patet supra. Ideo consideratum est quod habeatur pro conuicto. Thomas de Marisco petit quod possit dare Gildam suam ' MS. ' tutrim coninuinitaUni.' Supplementary IProofs anti Slltetcations. 319 Willielmo de Bekwode et Alicie, Sorori sue; ponatur in respectu an DOVER. vsque ad proximam. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum Sancti A.D. 1327. Barnabee apostoli Anno supradicto. Petrus Asselyn optulit se uersus Johannem Cobbe nullo modo Capiatur. apparentem in placito transgressionis ; set quia se ipsum non iustificat, Ideo consideratum est quod libertas eiusdem capiatur. Item, judicium quoad Johannem Selyde remanet usque ad proximam. Johannes Goselynch' senior vadiat Rogero Spircok emendas, Emendas. videlicet, xx.s., inde soluend[o] ii.i". ; surplus calumpniandum. Preceptum est quod Ballivi summoneri faciant Egidium le Preceptum Power citra proximam, sub pena libertatis sue in manu domus capiende. Robertus Ingolf electus est ad officium Pincerne in domo in- ferior! ; et quod potacio fiat dominica proxima post festum apostolorum Petri et Pauli. Thomas de Marisco petit quod possit dare Gildam suam Alicie, Dimidia sorori sue ; habeat, etc. ; plegii, J. de Wimbeldon' ec Ricardus de Wimbeldon'. Solvet dimidiam marcam ad festum sancti Michaelis. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris ante festum Nativitatis beati A.D. 1327. Johannis Baptiste Anno supradicto. [Four brief entries 'de placito transgressionis.' — ' Petrus Asselyn optulit se per Essonium suum uersus Johannem [Cobbe] nullo modo apparentem in placito transgressionis. Ideo preceptum est quod Gilda eiusdem capiatur in manu domus.' — All judgments pending were postponed till the next ' morghespeche.' — Alice, who received the gildship from her brother, Thomas de Marisco, now gives it to her husband, William de Bekkewode.] Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum aposto- A.D. 1327. lorum Petri et Pauli Anno Regni Regis Edwardi tercii primo. Cum Robertus le Kyllere conuictus sit in plena Morghespeche Judicium. quod ipse seminauit^ discordiam inter quosdam magnos ville de Andeuere et ceteros eiusdem Communitatis dicendo Iv. fore ^ paratos ad destruendum et ad depredandum dictos Magnates * This is the proper rendering, and not that given above on page 10. 320 Cbe (^iiri a^etcfiant ANDOVER. A.D. 1327. Emendas. fforisfecit gild am. Intrat. A.D. 1327. menciendo ; Ideo consideratum est per totam Morghespeche quod nuUus ipsum resettat, nee cum ipso emat neque vendat, nee sibi det ignem neque Aquam, neque cum ipso communicare, sub pene (st'c) amissionis sue libertatis. [Egidius le Power is summoned to answer at the next meeting ; also John Selyde. There are also two pleas for transgression.] Ricardus Snow et Willielmus Lacy veniunt et petunt quod possunt replegiare Libertatem Johannis Cobbe captam in manu domus ; citra proximam habent diem. Johannes Selyde vadiat Communitati Emendas; plegii, Johan- nes de Wymbeldon' et Robertus Ingolf. Gilda Egidii le Power capiatur in manu domus, et nulla gaudeat libertate quousque iustificare se ipsum voluerit erga frater- nitatem dicte communitatis. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum Trans- lacionis Sancti Swythyni Anno Regni Regis Edwardi tercii a conquestu primo. Johanna que fuit vxor Henrici le Barbour vadiat Communitati XX. s., sub eorum gracia, pro eo quod Communicavit cum Roberto le Kyllere, filio suo, sub ista forma, quod, si dicta Johanna cum dicto Roberto decetero communicauerit, quod dicti xx.s. statim dicte Communitati soluentur. Gilda Egidii le Power Capiatur in manu domus quousque se ipsum iustificare voluerit erga fraternitatem dicte domus; et quod tolneum de die in diem per Ballivos eiusdem capiatur. Ricardus filius Thome Ceuere fforisfecit Gildam suam pro eo quod cooperuit Thomam Porker, Custumarium, sub Gilda sua libera. Dictus Ricaidus qui fforisfecit Gildam suam, vt superius patet, venit et petit Societatem Gilde. Et consideratum est per omnes ffordwardmannos quod idem Ricardus intret per \x.s. per vnam Talliam talliando in tallagia sua lviii.5'. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum Sancte Marie Magdalene Anno supradicto.' Four persons enter, each paying 6oi-. and finding two sureties. ' Henricus de Vpauene venit et i)etit Societatem Gildanorum. ^upplementatp IProofs anD 3!ltotrations. 321 Habeat et gaudeat totaliter de dono domus. Et quod sit libera an Dover. et non hansoria.' "~" On Friday next after the festival of St. James the Apostle ^ A.D. 1327. John Spircok replevied (' replegiat ') the Gild of Giles le Power until the next meeting ; and John son of John atte Watere was admitted. On Friday in the festival of St. Augustine, John Spircok again replevied the Gild of ' Egidius le Power.' On Friday next after the festival of Birinus the Bishop\ there were three cases ' de placito transgressionis.' On Friday next after the festival of St. Nicholas the Bishop^ two persons were fined ' pro trangressione ' ; and ' Willielmus de Hampton' petit quod possit habere vnam Gildam Mercatoriam.' On Friday next after the festival of St. Thomas the Apostle', two A.D. 1327. persons entered the Gild. ' [Morghespeche ^ tenta] die veneris in festo Sancti Johannis A.D. 1328. ante Portam latinam Anno Regni Regis Edwardi tercii a Conquestu secundo. WilHelmus le Duynt ffaber Inuenit plegium pro arreragiis Gilde sue, videlicet, Ricardum Harold, soluend[is] citra proxi- mam. Robertus atte Watere clericus venit et petit Societatem Gilda- norum ; habeat et gaudeat Gildam suam liberam. Et faciat iura domus. Agnes filia Regen[aldi] cissoris venit et Reddit Gildam suam in manu domus, quam habuit ex dono Johannis Scrapyn, Capellani, Auunculi sui. Postea venit Walterus Coterel', Maritus dicte Agnetis, et petit vU. viild. societatem Gildanorum, illam videlicet Gildam quam dicta Agnes concessum. reddidit in manu domus; et de gratia domus concessum est ei per omnes ffordwarmannos ; faciat iura domus ; Et soluet domui vi..f. viii.^. ; plegii, Johannes Selyde et Robertus atte Watere. Johannes Lucas optulit se uersus Johannam filiam et heredem Alexandri Ingolf, in placito detencionis duorum locorum in ^ ' Anno supradicto,' i. e., i Edward III. * 1 6 by 12 inches ; somewhat discoloured ; one of the upper comers wanting. Y 322 Cbe (^ilD 9@etcf)ant AN DOVER. Andeuere, per plegium Willielmi Lacy et Johannis Ede, non apparentem. Ideo consideratum est per fforwardmannos et com- munitatem tocius Gildanorum quod predict! duo Loci capiantur in manu domus. Et datus est predicto Johanni diem (sic) hie in vigilia Ascensionis domini. Et preceptum est Balliuis quod predicta Johanna summoneatur veniend[am] hie ad eundum diem. A.D. 1328. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris in Crastino Ascencionis domini Anno supradicto. Johannes Lucas optulit se uersus Johannam fiham et heredem Alexandri Ingolf non apparentem in placito detencionis duorum locorum, qui prius fecit defaltam. Ideo consideratum fuit quod capiantur in manu domus per magnum cape ; et modo facit defaltam. Ideo consideratum est quod capiantur in manu domus per paruum cape. Et perceptum est BaUiuis quod dicta Johanna summoneatur ad audiendum iudicium suum. Et habent diem hie hodie ad proximam. Thomas Gerueys petit quod possit dare Gildam suam, quam habuit per WiUielTnum Note, Auunculum suum, Matillde filie sue ; ponitur in respectu usque ad proximam. Ad quem diem traditum fuit Johanni le Wylde i. Aketon, i. Basynetum et i. [par] Sirotecarum de Laminis. [Seven similar entries follow, each beginning ' Item eodem die traditum fuit.' The articles delivered are the same throughout. The recipients were Henry de Schypton', John Lucas, John Ede senior, Walter Osward, Adam Oryold, John Spircok and John son of William ' le Tannere.' In the margin opposite the last name and that of Osward is the word ' distringatur.'] Et tradite sunt sub ista condicione, videlicet, quod vnusquis- que ducat et demonstret ea bis per annum, videlicet, ad duos dies legales \ A.D, 1328. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum Sancte Petronille virginis Anno Supradicto. Johannes Lucas optulit se uersus Johannam filiam [et] heredem 1 In the MS. this passage stands opposite (at the right of) the eight entries spoken of above. Supplementary proofs anD Jllustrations. 323 Alexandri Ingolf non apparentem in placito detencionis duorum andover. Locorum, que ad proximum capte fuerunt in manu domus per magnum cape ; et modo facit defaltam ; set consideratum est quod iudicium remaneat vsque ad proximam, quousque ostenderit Cartam, quam habet, vt asserit. Et datus est dies partibus hie citra proximam. Ricardus Body venit et petit Gildam Willielmi Body, patris vii.c/. sui ; habeat et gaudeat, et faciat iura domus. Thomas Moton venit et petit Gildam que fuit Walteri Moton, AuuncuH sui ; ponitur in respectu usque ad proximam. PhiHppus fihus et heres Egidii le Power venit et petit Gildam vii.^/. dicti Egidii, patris sui, quam habuit per Willielmum Wilekyn hansar[ium] ^ ; habeat et gaudeat. Philippus filius et heres Egidii le Power venit et petit liberam Id. Gildam dicti Egidii ; habeat et gaudeat. Sampson Blaunchard venit et soluit pro areragiis duorum an- xiiiuf. norum Gilde sue ; habeat, etc. Memorandum, quod Senescalli habuerunt in communi cista in denariis xxii.i-. et iJ., vnde soluti Ricardo Snow pro libertate de Andeuere apud London' \i.s. et viii.is^. Et remanent in com- muni cista xv.s. \.d. Qui liberati^ fuerunt Johanni Ede. Et inde expendidit apud Wyntoniam pro communitate pro Comite Kantie y.s. et v.d. Et residuum remanet in custodia eiusdem Johannis. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum Transla- A.D. 1328. cionis Sancti Thome martiris Anno Supradicto. Johannes Lucas optulit se uersus Johannam filiam et heredem Alexandri Ingolf que summonita fuit essend[amj ad proximam Morghespeche tentam die Veneris in Crastino Ascencionis domini, ad quern diem non venit. Ideo preceptum fuit quod dicti duo Loci capiantur in manu domus per magnum cape Et preceptum fuit quod summoneatur citra proximam ad audi- endum iudicium suum, ad quem diem non venit de iudicio suo audiendo. Ideo consideratum fuit per^ omnes Gildanos quod ^ Perhaps ' hansar[iam].' ^ MS. ' liberate.' 3 MS. ' qiiod.' 324 Cf)C <3il^ e@etc6ant AN DOVER, dictus Johannes recuperet dictos duos Locos, et quod ponatur in seisina per Balliuos Libertatis, etc. A.D. 1328. [At a meeting held on Friday the eve of St. Catherine the Virgin, 2 Edward III, there were four petitions for admission to the Gild. A.D. 1328. On Friday next after the festival of St. Byrinus in the same year, four new members were admitted. Each paid 60s. and, with one exception, presented two sureties. The last of these entries reads thus : — ' Elyas le Drapyr de Hertford intrat in Gilda mercatoria per Ix.x., et soluit capellano de Domo Sancti Johannis xxv.j'.'] A.D. 1328. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum Sancti Nicholai Anno supradicto. Johannes filius Roberti Erchebaud optulit se uersus Johannem de Wymbeldon' et Johannem Selyde non apparentes. Ideo preceptum est quod libertates eorundem capiantur in manu domus. Et preceptum est Balliuis quod capiant ToUneum^ de die in diem, quousque, etc. Et habent diem ad proximam. Et datus est dies predicto Johanni filio Roberti ad proximam. A.D. 1328. [At a meeting held on Friday next after the feast of the Nativity, 2 Edward III, a gild was transferred from mother to son, two shillings being paid to Adam Spirecok, a steward of the Gild, for arrears.] A.D. 1329. ]\Iorghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum An- nunciacionis beate Marie virginis Anno regni Regis Edwardi tercii tercio. [Robert le Kyllere and Stephen Paywel were admitted.] Thomas le Ba[ker] inculpatus [fuit] per Senescallos eo quod cooperuit custumarium sub Libertate sua et asportauit Tollneum^ Balliuorum, et de hoc compertus fuit per xii. fforewardmannos et per recognicionem suam. Et consideratum est quod foris- faciat Gildam suam. Postea venit et petit quod possit habere Gildam de emcione domus et soluere [unam marcam pro bono] ^ gestu eiusdem Thome. Sol[uet] inde dimidiam marcam ad festum Pasche proximo sequens. Et dimidia marca remanet.' * MS. ' Toll'.' ^ A portion of the membrane has here crumbled away. ^upplementatp Proof0 ann jnustrations. 325 * Morghespeche ^ tenta die Veneris in festo Sancti Edmundi andover. Archiepiscopi Anno Regni Regis Edwardi tercii a Conquestu TZya tercio. Ad quern diem Stephanus Paywel soluit Edmundo de Tangele, Senescallo, pro Introitu Gilde sue, xxvi.i". yin.d., de quibus denariis soluit Roberto, Capellano domus Sancti Johannis, xxv.s. Et re- manent in Communi cista in custodia Senescall[i] xx.^. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum Exalta- A.D. 1329. cionis Sancte Crucis Anno supradicto. Stephanus le Knyght uersus Ricardum atte Burch de Newburys Affid'. de placito Transgressionis, per Henricum de Schipton'. Ricardus atte Burch optulit [se] uersus Stephanum le Knyght, Essoniatum in placito transgressionis. Et habent diem ad prox- imam. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris in festo Sancte ffidis Virginis A.D. 1329. Anno supradicto. Ad quern diem Ricardus atte Burch optulit se uersus Ste- phanum le Knyght non apparentem in placito Transgressionis. Postea venit. Et preceptum est quod Balliui capiantTollneum^ ipsius Stephani, quousque se ipsum iustificare voluerit, etc. Et quod Gilda eiusdem capiatur in manu domus. Et habent diem ad prox- imam. Stephanus le Knyght vadiat Ricardo atte Burch x\.s. pro amendis suis pro transgressione sibi facta apud Abbyn[don1, Soluendo inde dicto Ricardo in villa de Andeuere citra proximam Morghespeche Tresdecim solidos et iiii.^. Et residuum dictorum quadraginta solidorum leuetur de bonis et catallis dicti Stephani per Senescall[os], si decetero idem Stephanus conuictus fuerit quod grauat dictum Ricardum siue mercimonia sua peiorat, per misericordia, quod idem Ricardus grauetur siue vexetur ; plegii, Johannes Ede et Willielmus Orpede. Et remanet in misericordia. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris in festo Sancti Edwardi Regis a.d. 1329. Anno supradicto. ' 16 J by 12 inches. One of the lower corners is wanting, also a piece from the right-hand side toward the middle. The writing is, for the most part, very distinct. =* MS. ' Toll'.' o 26 Cl)e (^ilD ^etcfiant. AN DOVER. Amicia que fuit vxor Johannis Erchebaud vadiat communitati Emendas eo quod oues sui depascebant pasturam communitatis super Suthebouedon' que est in defensa usque ad tempus, etc. Et remanet in misericordia ; plegius, Ricardus de Wym- beldon'. Robertus filius Petri le Moleward petit Gildam dicti Petri, patris sui ; habeat et gaudeat, etc. A.D. 1329. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum Sancti Michaelis in Monte Tumba Anno supradicto. Johannes Whybery in misericordia pro transgressione facta Communitati ; plegii, Willielmus Goude et Johannes Astyl. A.D. 1330. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris in festo Sancti Wolstani Episcopi Anno Supradicto. Thomas Gerueys petit quod possit dare Gildam que fuit Willi- ehni Note, Auuncuh sui, Matillde fihe sue ; ponitur in respectu citra proximam. Anno Tercio Memorandum, quod pincerne de domibus inferiori et Superiori Potacio Gilde Hberauerunt Senescalirisl per compotum in Morghespeche red- vnde remanent l j 1. 1. or xx.s. ditum x\v.s. ii.d. ; unde soluerunt Roberto, Custodi domus sancti Johannis, xxv.s. Et sic remanent in communi cista xx.s. ii.,^. A.D. 1330. [At meetings on the Fridays next after the festival of St. Agatha and after the festival of St. Barnabas the Apostle, 4 Edward III, there were six petitions for admission. One new member was to pay los. to ' R. Capellano, Custodi Hospitalis Sancti Johannis Baptiste.' Two persons were also fined 'pro transgressione facta dicte communitati.'] A.D. 1331. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum Epi- phanie domini Anno regni regis Edwardi tercii a Conquestu [Quarto]. A.D. 1331. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum As- cencionis domini Anno Regni Regis Edwardi tercii a Conquestu [Quinto]. [Three petitions for membership. A portion (20^-.) of one entrance fee went to ' Roberto Capellano Hospitalis domus Sancti Johannis Baptiste.'] Preceptum est Johanni le Bonyere quod demonstrat Cartam ^upplementatp proofs ant) Sinusttations. 327 suam ad proximam Morchespeche de tenementis que dictus an Dover. Johannes habet ex dono et ffeoffmento eiusdem Robert! in An- deuere pro contencione cuiusdem Loci quern idem Robertus clamat. Agnes que fuit vxor Ricardi Walkelyn petit Gildam Merca- toriam et vnum locum ad dictam Gildam pertinentem que fuerunt Cecilie Horn, matris sue, que Johannes Goselynche tenet. Et preceptum summonere Johannem Goselynche essendum ad proximam Morghespeche, ostensurum si sciat dicere quare pre- dictus locus non debet deliberari dicte Agneti, sicut eum petit. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum Sancti A.D. 1331. Urbani Anno Regni Regis Edwardi Tercii a Conquestu Quinto. Agnes que fuit vxor Ricardi Walkelyn optulit se uersus Johan- nem Goselynche seniorem, non apparentem. Johannes le Bonyere uersus Robertum de Wodynton' de placito detencionis vnius Locy, per Johannem le Wylde. Agnes que fuit vxor Ricardi Walkelyn, filia et heres Cecelie Horn, optulit se versus Johannem Goselynch seniorem, qui modo facit defaltam, in placito detencionis vnius loci. Ideo consideratum est quod dictus locus capiatur in manu domus Capiatur. per magnum cape. Et perceptum est balliuis quod predictus Johannes summoneatur ad respondendum dicte Agneti ad proximam. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris in Vigilia Sancti Andree ■^•^- ^331. Apostoli Anno supradicto. Thomas Gerueys petit quod Matillda filia sua possit dare gildam suam liberam, quam habuit ex dono dicti Thome, patris sui, Johanni ffryk, Marito suo ; habeat et gaudeat. Et solvit domui vi.s. viii.^. taxatos per xii. fiforwardmannos, quos sex solidos et octo denarios Johannes Spircok et Johannes de Ponynton', tunc temporis Senescalli, receperunt in plena Morghespeche. Item, receperunt eodem die in plena Morghespeche de Willi- elmo le Lange pro gilda sua xx.^. Memorandum, quod Senescalli predicti soluerunt in plena Morghespeche eodem die Custodi domus Sancti Johannis vs. Et sic remanent in Communi Cista xl.^. 328 Clie (^ilQ a§etc{)ant» ANDOVER. A.D. 1332. Locus datns Ade Spyrcok. Willielmus Garscuyn queritur de Johanne le Large in placito transgressionis. Johannes le Wylde queritur de Johanne Gautroc juniore in placito transgressionis. Johannes le Large in misericordia eo quod dispercionauit WiUielmum Garscuyn, gildanum. Et vadiat communitati ii.s. soluend[os] citra proximam; plegii, RobertusleKillere et Johannes Ingolf. Morghespeche tenta die Veneris proxima post festum Circum- sicionis domini Anno Regni Regis Edwardi Tercii a Conquestu Quinto. Walterus Horn, Tannator, inculpatus [est] per Senescallos ad Sectam tocius Communitatis eo quod iuit ad Mercatum de Throkelleston' et ibidem emebat et vendebat et illud mercatum affirmabat in preiudicium ville et tocius communitatis de An- deuere et contra sermentum suum. Iuit dictus Walterus in plena Morghespeche ; hoc fatetur ; ideo consideratum est quod dictus Walterus foriudicatus sit se Gilda sua imperpetuum. Robertus le Lytherere inculpatus per Senescallos ad Sectam tocius Communitatis modo supradicto. Idem Robertus hoc fatetur. Ideo consideratum est quod dictus Robertus forisiudicatus sit de Gilda sua imperpetuum. Ex consideracione tocius Communitatis datus est Ade Spyrkoc pro suo labore quidam locus in foro de Andeuere situs in occi- dentali stacione piscarie ville de Andeuere, ex opposito tenementi quondam Roberti Cobbe, [inter] loc[um] Simonis de Tolouse ex parte australi et solum domini Regis ex parte boreali, Habend[us] et tenend[us] sibi et heredibus suis imperpetuum, Reddendo inde domino Regi v. denarios per annum. Memorandum, quod remanent in communi Cista die Veneris proxima post festum Sancti Mathie Apostoli xw.s. iiii. i^.' ' Scottpanyes \ \.d. Edmundus de Tangele. i.d. Ricardus Crul. 1 17 by 3I inches; the lower poition of the parchment is perforated. Supplementary Iproofs and JlUistration^. 329 i.d. Joh. Porker Junior. \.d. Idem Joh. pro Cabbel. i.d. Nicholaus le Power. [Forty-six more names follow, all except two preceded by ' i.^.'] Nomina Sedencium. Will, le Lange Nich. le Lyndraper ANDOVER. Sygepanyes. v.d. v.d. v.d. v.d. v.d. v.d. v.d. Joh. le Tannere Rob. de Craule Joh. le ffoghel . Matillda filia Th. Gerueys Heres Ric. Sutoris . Joh. le Ryde.' The following is on the dorse of the membrane : — 'Summa omnium denariorum de domo Superior! xxxvi.i-. iiii.d^. Vnde soluti pro ceruisia xviii.j-. ii.d. Et remanet in Communi Cista xviii.^. ii.^. Morghespeche tenta die veneris proxima ante ffestum sancti A.D. 1334. Vincencii anno regni regis Edw. tercii viiio. Ad quem diem Joh. Porker Junior petit quod possit dare Joh. filio Joh. Porker Senioris Gildam suam hanceriam, et dat domui dimidiam marcam. Ad quem diem Will, le Tannere petit quod possit dare Gildam suam hanceriam, que fuit Will, le Tannere Junioris, fratris sui, Roberto filio suo ; et dat domui ii.s. Ad quem diem Philippus Golston' intrat per xx.s., si soluerit.' ' Morghespeche ^ tenta die veneris proxima post festum Decol- A.D. 1334. lacionis sancti Johannis Anno Regni Regis Edwardi viii''. * Three small slips, tied together, measuring 5| by i|, 9I by i|, and 8 by i| inches respectively. The smallest membrane contains twenty-six names, opposite twenty-four of which is the word 'Jur[atus].' Of the other two membranes the longer contains the first five of the thirteen entries. The hand- writing employed in it differs slightly from that of the membranes on which are written the names of the jurors and the last eight entries. Perhaps the latter are records of the Hundred Court, and not of the Gild. 330 C6e (^ilD a^etcftant AN DOVER. Johannes Pycard vadiauit Joh. Goude seniori emendas pro transgressione sibi facta, per plegium Edm. de Tangeleye et Roberti. Consideratum est et ordinatum est per omnes tenentes domini Regis quod nullus habeat communem pasturam, nisi habeat Capita] e Messuagium, vnde communem pasturam pertineat. Item, ordinatum est quod nullus porcarius veniat cum porcis suis in Campo separali post dominicam proximam post Natiui- tatem beate Marie Anno Regni Regis Edwardi viii"., sub pena ii-i-. Item, consideratum est quod nulli porci veniant in communi marisco citra festum Natiuitatis domini proximo sequens, sub pena ii.s. Consideratum est per prefatos Juratores die Mercurii proxima post festum Epiphanie domini quod assumptus et expense exis- tunt versus Priorem in placito pro quodam h[er]ieto, quod exigit de Johanne Molend'. Item, ordinatum est quod per breve vicecomitis nulla execucio fiet, et iustificantur ipse et Manupastus eius ad sectam cuius- cumque in Curia et Hundredo. Item, consideratum est et concessum per predictos quod omnes oblaciones supersediant, preter oblaciones que de Jure habebit. Item, dicunt quod nullus de libertate faciat predicto Priori aliquam societatem in aliquibus, antequam fuerit concordatus cum parochianis suis. Item, ordinatum est quod nullus faciat querelam alicui Ministro domini Regis antequam ius ei disser[a]tur in Hundredo et Curia. Item, quod si Balliui faciant alicui iniuriam quod predicti Jura- tores faciant emendas. Item, consideratum est quod illi qui non sunt tenentes domini Regis non habeant faldas in Campo neque pasturam. Item, consideratum est quod illi qui non sunt tenentes domini Regis moneantur amoueri faldas, quod si non fecerint quod amercientur.' ^upplementatp Proofs anD Jllusttations, 331 ' Morghespeche ^ tenta die veneris in festo Sancti Luce Euan- andover. geliste Anno Edwardi tercii a conquestu decimo. . ^ TTl^ ^ ^ A.D. 1336. Ordinatum est per omnes fforewardmannos quod nullus de cetero siccat lanas, pelle drappas lineas neque lanutas, neque aliqua alia bona ibi inponit, sub pena duorum solidorum, soluen- dorum ad opus ecclesie. Et quod Senescalli incontinenti omnes in contrarium istius ordinacionis uenientes distringant, quousque pena predicta leuetur. Custodes, Robertus le Killere, Joh. Boleffost, electi sunt per Oidinacio ,_ , , cimilerii. communitatem tocius Morghespeche. Joh. lue petit cjuod possit habere vnum locum ex opposito ii.s. taberne sue, et concessum est ei, et dat domui ii.s. [Two similar petitions for places.] Morghespeche tenta die Mercurii proxima post festum apostolo- A.D. 1336. rum Simonis et Jude Anno supradicto. Preceptum est summonire (.s-/' ) r- Cirencestria. sitis, Ministris, Balliuis et fidclibus suis, salutem. Sciatis quod nos debita consideracione pensantes sinceram affeccionem quam dilecti ligei nostri homines ville de Cirencestria erga personam nostram, postquam regni gubernacula suscepimus, multipliciter ostenderunt, et volentes premissorum intuitu prefatos ligeos nostros fauore prosequi gracioso, de gracia nostra speciali con- cessimus pro nobis et heredibus nostris, quantum in nobis est, eisdem hominibus Hbertates et priuilegia subscripta, videlicet : — quod ipsi, heredes et successores sui habeant imperpetuum infra villam predictam vnam gildam mercatoriam cum omnibus et singulis libertatibus, priuilegiis et consuetudinibus ad gildam mercatoriam pertinentibus ; et quod iidem homines et heredes et successores sui predicti singulis annis in Crastino Epiphanie domini in certo loco infra villam predictam per eos limitando conuenire, et ibidem de eorum consensu et assensu vnum Magis- trum ac tot et tales alios gubernatores, officiarios et ministros gilde predicte quot et quales eis pro meliori gubernacione gilde predicte videbitur faciendos, nominare, facere et ordinare possint imperpetuum. Ac eciam quod ipsi ac eorum heredes et suc- cessores gilde predicte liberi sint et quieti de omnibus sectis shirarum, hundredorum et wapentachorum, ac de murdro et latrocinio, et de auxiliis Vicecomitum, fforestariorum et aliorum Balliuorum nostrorum quorumcumque, et de omnibus aliis rebus eis pertinentibus, necnon de custodiis et operacionibus castrorum, et de theoloneo, pontagio, passagio, pauagio, lestagio, kaiagio, stallagio, muragio, fossagio, picagio, cariagio, pesagio et chiminagio, de omnibus bonis, rebus et mercandisis suis quibus- cumque infra regnum nostrum Anglie et alibi per totam potesta- tem nostram tam per terram quam per mare, vbi libertates eis dare possimus, prestandis imperpetuum. Concessimus insuper 364 Cfte (5iiti 9^tnf)mt CIRENCESTER, eisdcm hominibus quod Magister, siue Gubernator, gilde predicte et vnus clericus per eos ad hoc deputandus habeant plenam potestatem et auctoritatem ad recipiendum in Gildam predictam quascumque recogniciones debitorum quorumcumque coram eis, iuxta formam statuti apud Acton' Burnell' in huiusmodi casu editi faciendas ; et quod predictus Magister, siue Gubernator, et clericus de nominibus huiusmodi recognitorum post terminos solucionum in huiusmodi recognicionibus coram eis faciendis contentos in Cancellaria nostra et heredum nostrorum, sub sigillo ad hoc ordinandum, certificare possint imperpetuum. Et in- super quod predictus Magister, siue Gubernator, Gilde predicte pro tempore existens, tam in presencia nostra et heredum nos- trorum quam in absencia nostra et heredum nostrorum, infra gildam predictam habeat assaiam et assisam panis, vini et cer- uisie et aliorum victualium quorumcumque necnon mensurarum et ponderum et omnium aliarum rerum ad officium clerici mercati hospicii nostri et heredum nostrorum pertinencium siue spectancium, et transgressores in hac parte habitos necnon eorum defectus, tam in presencia nostra et heredum nostrorum quam in absencia nostra et heredum nostrorum, corrigere et punire, ac amerciamenta et alia proficua inde proueniencia pro meliori gubernacione Gilde predicte ac in supportacionem custuum et aliorum onerium hominibus Gilde predicte et eorum heredibus et successoribus incumbencium ad opus suum leuare, colligere, habere et tenere possit imperpetuum ; Saluo iure cuiuslibet, vt est iustum. Quare volumus . . . Data per manum nostram A.D. 1403. apud Westmonasterium quarto decimo Julii anno regni nostro quarto.' — {^Bristol Comicil-Hoiise, Little Red Book, fol. 177.) COVENTBY \ ' Rex dilecto et fideli suo Magistro Thome de Wymundham, Thesaurario suo, salutem. Quum nuper quasdam consuetudines, quietancias et libertates a progenitoribus nostris Regibus Anglie ' The grant to the burgesses of Coventry, mentioned above on p. 48, is distinct from tliat to the Prior and Convent, — Merevv. and Stephens, 469. Supplementary ipcoofs ann Jllusttations. 365 et aliis Priori et Conuentui ecclesie Couentrie per cartas suas, Coventry. quas inspeximus [et] concessimus, concessas confirmauerimus eisdem, et eciam quasdam libertates de nouo sibi concesserimus, inter quas concessimus eis quod ipsi de hominibus suis ville predicte de Couentria Coronatores habeant infra villam ipsam, qui de omnibus que ad officium coronatoris pertinent coram iusticiis nostris itinerantibus in Comitatu predicto illo responde- ant, et quod homines ipsorum Prioris et Conuentus habeant in eadem villa gildam mercatoriam cum omnibus libertatibus et hberis consuetudinibus ad dictam gildam pertinentibus ; ac qui- dam de villa predicta, ut audiuimus, ipsos Priorem et Con- uentum, ad eorum dampnum, impedierint quominus Coronatores sui dicte ville visum cuiusdam hominis interfecti, aut homines sui eiusdem ville gildam predictam habere potuerint, iuxta con- cessionem nostram predictam; per quod ad querimonium dic- torum Prioris et Conuentus Vicecomiti nostro Warr' precepimus quod ad villam predictam accederet ad dictas libertates pupli- candas et conseruandas ; quidam de villa predicta, ut audiuimus, vi armata vna cum aliis de partibus illis Gilbertum clericum dicti Vicecomitis ad hoc ibi transmissum ceperunt, imprisonauerunt, et breuia nostra et rotulos nostros fregerunt et conculauerunt, et homines dictorum Prioris et Conuentus verbauerunt et male- tractauerunt in contemptum nostri et contra pacem nostram. Et quia super premissis plenius volumus certiorari et iusticiam fieri, assignamus vos ad inquirendum, etc. qui dictas transgres siones fecerint, et qualiter, et qua racione. Et ideo vobis man- damus, etc. Et inquisicionem, etc. In cuius, etc. Et manda- tum est Vicecomiti Warr' quod tot, etc. Et quod attachiet, ita quod habeat corpus, etc' — {Record Office, Patent Roll ^2 Hen. Ill, A.D, 1268. mem. 25, dorse.) DOKCHESTER. Subjoined are some of the most important clauses of the grant of 5 Charles I, an English abstract of which is given above A.D. 1629. on pages 56-57 :— 'Et ulterius volumus et concedimus pro nobis, heredibus et o 66 c&e <3i\X} e^ctcbant DORCHESTER, successoribus nostris Maiori, Balliuis, Aldermannis et Burgensi- bus Burgi predicti et Successoribus suis imperpetuum quod nullus mercator, artifex, agricola, laborarius, laborator aut aliqui usitantes siue exercentes aliquam artem, occupacionem siue misterium, vel alius quicumque qui non sit aut fuerit liber Burgensis vel liber inhabitans Burgi predicti, aliquem artem, occupacionem siue misterium infra Burgum predictum, libertates, precinctum, bundas, muros et fossata eiusdem exerceat, nee in aliqua arte, occupacione siue misterio infra Burgum predictum vel precinctum, bundas, muros et fossata eiusdem operet vel laboret, nee aliquam domum, shopam, locum siue stacionem habeat vel utatur in Burgo predicto aut precinctu eiusdem pro vendicione aut vtteracione aliquorum mercimoniorum siue mercandisarum ibidem, seu pro execucione alicuius artis, occupacionis siue misterii in Burgo predicto, nisi tantummodo tempore feriarum et nundinarum infra Burgum predictum. . . . [Various powers are granted to the Mayor, two Bailiffs, six Aldermen and six Burgesses, who constituted the fifteen Capital Burgesses and were entrusted with the general government of the town.] Sciatis vlterius quod nos pro meliori augmentacione, ordina- cione et direccione Comercii infra Burgum predictum, de ampliori gracia nostra speciali et ex certa sciencia et mero motu nostris voluimus, ordinauimus, constituimus et concessimus, ac per presentes pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris volumus, ordinamus, constitumus et concedimus quod omnes et singuli homines et inhabitantes Burgi predicti decetero imperpetuum sint et erunt vnum corpus corporatum et politicum in re, facto et nomine, per nomen Gubernatoris,assistencium et liberorum hominum Burgi de Dorchester in Comitatu Dorset' predicto. . . . [They are to have perpetual succession, to hold lands and chattels, plead and be impleaded, and to have a common seal] Et vlterius volumus ac per presentes pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris concedimus et ordinamus quod decetero imperpetuum sit et erit infra Burgum predictum vnus discretus vir de liberis hominibus Burgi predicti pro tempore existentibus, Supplementary Iproofs anti illustrations, z'^i in forma inferius in presentibus mencionata eligendus, qui sit, dorchester. erit et vocabitur Gubernator liberorum hominum Burgi predicti ; quodque similiter sint et erunt infra Burgum predictum viginti quatuor de melioribus et discretioribus liberis hominibus vel liberis inhabitantibus Burgi predicti, in forma eciam inferius in presentibus mencionata eligendi, qui sint, erunt et vocabuntur commune Concilium liberorum hominum Burgi predicti, et erunt de tempore in tempus assistentes et auxiliantes dicto Gubernatori pro tempore existenti in omnibus rebus, causis et materiis merca- turam siue commercium ^ infra Burgum predictum aut alias res dicti Gubernatoris et assistencium quoquomodo tangentes siue concernentes. Et vlterius volumus ac per presentes pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris ordinamus, necnon de vberiori gracia nostra speciali ac ex certa sciencia et mero motu nostris concedimus prefatis Gubernatori, assistentibus et liberis homini- bus Burgi predicti et Successoribus suis quod bene liceat et licebit prefatis Gubernatori pro tempore existenti ac quatuor assistentibus per liberos homines Burgi predicti vel maiorem ^ partem eorum de tempore in tempus de predicto numero viginti quatuor nominandis et eligendis, ac quinque aliis assistentibus per Maiorem Burgi de Capitalibus Burgensibus Burgi predicti pro tempore existentibus nominandis et eligendis, tenere quatuor Curias siue Convocaciones de eisdem Gubernatore et assisten- tibus vel maiori parte eorum, quorum Gubernatorem vnum esse volumus, quolibet anno decetero imperpetuum, ac in eisdem Curiis admittere in libertatem Burgi predicti quoscumque viros ad libitum et beneplacitum ipsorum Gubernatoris et assistencium vel maioris partis eorum pro tempore existencium, ac ibidem eciam tractare, referre, consultare, consulere et discernere de aliis rebus et negotiis suis specialibus quibuscumque predictos liberos homines vel liberos inhabitantes tangentibus siue concernenti- bus ; necnon quatuor alias Curias siue Convocaciones quolibet anno imperpetuum, ac in eisdem Curiis consulere et consultare de omnibus rebus et materiis mercaturam et mercimonium infra Burgum predictum concernentibus. Et quod dicti Gubernator ' MS. ' comerciam.' ^ MS. ' maiori. ' 368 cj)e (^illJ ^ercftant. DORCHESTER, et assistentes pro tempore existentes vel maior pars eorum, ' quorum Gubernatorem pro tempore existentem semper vnum esse volumus, in Curia siue Convocacione predicta siue earum aliqua habeant et habebunt plenam potestatem et authoritatem condendi, constituendi, ordinandi, faciendi, stabiliendi huius- modi leges, instituciones, jura, ordinaciones et constituciones quecunque in scriptis racionabilibus que ipsi aut maiori parti eorum, vt prefertur, bona, salubria, honesta et vtilia videbuntur pro bono regimine, ordinacione et gubernacione mercimonium et mercaturam infra Burgum predictum, libertates et precinctum eiusdem, ac omnes societates artium, misteriorum et occupa- cionum, ac omnes mercatores, artifices et mercaturam aut ali- quem artem, misterium, occupacionem ibidem vtendam vel exercendam, aut imposterum vtendam vel exercendam, ac res et causas alias quascunque dictos Gubernatorem, assistentes et liberos homines Burgi predicti tangentes aut concernentes . . . [They may levy fines for all contraventions of such laws and ordinances] ita quod in omnibus Curiis predictis et in omnibus premissis exequendis tot de Capitalibus Burgensibus Burgi pre- dicti semper presentes sint vel fuerint quot presentes erint de predictis Gubernatore et aliis assistentibus per hberos homines sic vt prefertur eligendis. Et vlterius pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris damns et concedimus prefatis Gubernatori et assistentibus pro tempore existentibus vel maiori parti eorum, quorum Gubernatorem vnum esse volumus, plenam potestatem et authoritatem dandi et ad- ministrandi sacramentum Corporale super sancta dei Evangelia in Curiis predictis omnibus et singulis personis in libertatem Burgi predicti admittendis, prout consimilibus casibus vsitatum est aut fieri debet ; necnon examinandi quascunque personas super sacra- menta sua corporalia de omnibus abusibus, falsitatibus et aliis rebus et materiis per quoscunque committendis siue perpetrandis mercaturam siue mercimonium infra Burgum predictum quoquo modo tangentibus siue concernentibus ; Ita quod equalis numerus dictorum assistencium per Maiorem nominandorum cum numero dictorum Gubernatoris et assistencium per liberos homines nomi- Supplementary iproofis anD Jllustrations. 369 nandorum semper sit prescntes. Volumus eciam ac per presentes DORCHESTER. pro nobis, heredibus et successoribus nostris preficimus et man- damns quod omnes et singuli liberi homines Burgi predicti pro tempore existentes, Justiciariis pacis ibidem tantummodo exceptis, ad Curias predictas presentes et attendentes sint de tempore in tempus imperpetuum. Et si comparere recusauerint vel neg- legerint, vel aliquam malegesturam vel insolenciam contra dictos Gubernatorem et assistentes committent, quod tunc dicti Guber- nator et assistentes vel maior pars eorum, quorum Gubernatorem vnum esse volumus, ac sic et equaliter per presentes fines et amerciamenta in et super huiusmodi personas comparere negli- gentes vel recusantes aut malegesturam aut insolenciam commit- tentes imponere et assidere possint, ac eadem fines et amerciamenta levare mode et forma predictis, ac eadem habere possint ad vsum dictorum Gubernatoris et assistencium, liberorum hominum Burgi predicti et successorum suorum. Et si dubitaciones, quesciones, differencie siue contenciones alique in aut circa execucionem premissorum aut eorum alicuius inter dictos Gubernatorem et assistentes aliquo tempore imposterum oriri seu moueri con- tigerint, quod tunc et tocies quocies Casus sic accident, omnes huiusmodi dubitaciones, quesciones, differencie et contenciones per Maiorem, Balliuos et Capitales Burgenses Burgi predicti vel maiorem partem eorum, quorum Maiorem vel eiusdem Maioris vlti- mum Predecessorem vnum esse volumus, adiudicabuntur et finaliter determinabuntur, aliquo in presentibus contento in contrarium non obstante.' John Long is appointed the first Governor. The freemen are to assemble yearly to elect from their Common Council a Governor, who is to take his oath of office before the Mayor. The first twenty-four of the Common Council are named, being appointed for life. They may be removed from office for proper cause by the Mayor, Bailiffs and Capital Burgesses. The latter are to fill vacancies in cases of death or removal from office. The Governor and his assistants are to appoint a Clerk, a Receiver ('Receptorem'), one or two Beadles and other necessary minor officers. The Mayor, Bailiffs, Aldermen and Burgesses are to have all franchises Bb 370 Cf)e 0iltJ ^ercfiant. DORCHESTER, granted by any of the king's predecessors. — {Record Office., Patent Roll % Car. /, pars 14, No. i.) Dublin. Sub initio 'Johannes dei gratia Rex Anglie, Dominus Hibernie, Dux regnijohanms. ^ormannie, Acquietanie, Comes Andegavie, Archiepiscopis, Episcopis, Abbatibus, Comitibus, Baronibus, Justiciariis, Vice- comitibus, Prepositis, Ministris, et omnibus BalHvis et Fidelibus suis, salutem. Sciatis nos concessisse et hac nostra carta con- firmasse Civibus nostris de Dublin' tam extra muros quam infra muros manentibus quod nuUus extraneus mercator emat infra Civitatem de homine extraneo, blada vel corea vel lanam nisi de Civibus. Et quod nullus extraneus vendat pannos in Civitate ad descicionem. Et quod nullus extraneus mercator moretur in Civitate cum mercibus suis pro mercibus vendendis, nisi per quadraginta dies. Et quod habeant omnes rationabiles gildas suas, sicut burgenses de Bristolia habent vel melius habere con- sueverunt.' — [Chartae, etc., Hiberniae, p. 11.) DUNHEVED alias Launceston. ' Concessimus eciam ipsis et heredibus suis, pro nobis et here- dibus nostris, vt habeant et teneant vnam placeam in eodem burgo ad quandam aulam Gilla toriam ^ exigendam, tenendam de nobis et heredibus nostris, vbi decencius et honorabilius prouiderint, per vnam libram piperis annuatim reddendam in festo sancti Michaelis pro omni seruicio, querela et exaccione. Concessimus eciam ipsis et heredibus suis, pro nobis et heredibus nostris, quando aliquis balliuorum nostrorum prisam fecerit de ceruisia in Castellum, quod non tenetur habere nisi primam bikam de vno obolo, minus quam alibi vendita fuerit secundum quod assisa facta fuerit per Burgenses.' The above is an extract from the charter of Richard, Earl of Cornwall (temp. Henry III), to the burgesses of Dunheved'^, * ' Glide mercatorie.' ^ A translation of the charter of Earl Richard is printed in Peter's Launceston and Dunheved, 72-74. Supplementary Iproofe atiD Jllustrations, 3 7 1 which was confirmed by Richard II, Henry IV and Henry V, — DUNHEVED. {/Record Office, Patent Roll 2 Henry V, pars 3, mem. 28.) Exeter. The Merchant Adventurers of Exeter received another royal A.D. 1560. grant dated June 17th, 2 EHzabeth. It contains most of the provisions of the patent of i EHzabeth (above pp. 87-89). It incorporates them by the name of the ' Governor, Consulls and Societie of Marchantes Adventurers of the Citie of Excester tra- fiquing the realme of ffraunce and dominions of the ffrenche kinge.' No one is to ship merchandise to France or import any wares from the latter, except members of the Company. A handi- craftsman must abandon his occupation or mystery on being admitted into the Society. — {^Cotton, An Elizabethan Guild,i-io,Y On July ist, 1560, twenty-seven assistants are mentioned ; and later we also meet with a Beadle, a Clerk and a Treasurer. — {Ibid., 12, 16.) Subjoined is ' The Othe to be mynstered to every one which is and shall be made free of the Companye of the Marchantes Ad- ventures of the Citie of Exester ' : — ' Youe shall swere youe shalbe good and trewe to our Sovereigne Ladye the Quenes Highnes, Ladye Elizabeth by the Grace of God Queue of England, France and Irlande, defender of the faithe, &c., and to her heires and successors Kinges and Quenes of Englande. You shalbe obedient to the Maior of this Citie of Exon and to the Governor and Consultes of this Companye of the Marchauntes Adventurers. You shall mainteine as muche as in youe shall lye all the liberties of the same, being not preiudiciall nor hurtfuU to the liberties of the Citie. Youe shall come to the election of every new Governor and Consulte. Youe shalbe contributorie to all maner of charges, after your liabilitie, as youe shalbe taxed with all by the Governor, Consultes and Assistaunte Councele of * According to Izacke's Antiquities of Exeter, 3rd edit., p. 65, the Merchant Adventurers also received a charter in 4 Mary, 1556. See also Freeman, Exeter, 170-173 ; Cotton, Guilds of Exeter, Devon. Assoc, Trans., v. 120. B b 2 3/2 Cbe <3i\^ ^etcftant EXETER, this Companye. You shall not coulor any foreyne goodes whereby the Quenes highnes may at any tyme lose any parte of her custome, or which maye be preiudiciall to the custome of the Citie. Yf youe shall knowe any nianer of parson or parsones being not free of this Companye to transporte any marchandize growen or made out of this realme of England or domynions of the same, contrarye to the graunte made by the Quenes highnes to the Marchantes Adventurers of this Citie of Exon, you shall furthwithe geve knowledge and warnying thereof to the Governor and Consultes of this Companye for the tyme being, or to one of theim at the leaste. Yf you shall knowe any unlawfull assembles, conventicles or conspiracies made ageyne the Queue's peace, youe shall geve knowledge of the same to Mr. Maior of this Citie or the Governor and Consultes of the Companye for the tyme being. Yf any variance or controversie shall at any tyme happen to ryse betwene any youre brethren of this Companye, youe shall put your helping hand for the pacifienge and asswaging of the same. Youe shall sharplie rebuke and reprove, bothe within this realme and also in the parties beyonde the seas, all mens sarvantes or factors of this Companye, yf at any tyme it shalbe your chaunce to see or knowe theim negligentlie, ryottoslie or dysceytfullie to handle their maisters busynes and goodes. That with all spede con- venyent youe open and reveale suche their mysbehavior and evel lyving and dealing to their masters, and not to conceale the same in any wyse. Youe shall not dysclose the secret talke communed by the Governor and Consultes or any of theim to be kept secret, which may be hurtfull to the said Companye. You shall observe, kepe and obeye all suche goode actes and ordynances as be, or hereafter shalbe, made and devised by the Governor, Consultes and Assistante Counsell of this Companye, for the good gover- ment and preservacion of the same Companye, in all poinctes and articles as moche as in youe shall or may lye. All and singuler these articles, youe shall well and trulie observe and kepe as a freeman of this Companye, as longe as you shall contynue a freeman of the same. So helpe youe God, etc' — {Coffon, 21-22.) The Company levied an imposition called ' Average money,' id. ^upplementatp Ptoofg anti Jltottations. 373 on every tun of wine and every fardell of cloth, imported or ex- exeter. ported. — (Ih'd., 28.) 'In 1577 overtures were made by the London Company "trading [to] Spain and Portingall," to establish a similar Guild in Exeter. This appears to have been done, and a charter granted,' the members being taken chiefly from the old Company of Merchant Adventurers. — {Ibid., 78.) Gloucestek. ' Johannes Dei gratia, etc. Sciatis nos concessisse et hac carta nostra confirmasse burgensibus nostris Gloc' totum burgum Gloc' cum pertinentiis, tenendum de nobis et heredibus nostris in per- petuum ad firmam, reddendo per annum quinquaginta et quinque libras esterlingorum, sicut eas solebant reddere, et decem libras numero de incremento firme ad scaccarium nostrum in termino Pasche et in termino Sancti Michaelis. Concessimus etiam bur- gensibus nostris Gloc' de gilda mercatorum quod nuUus eorum placitet extra muros burgi Gloc' de uUo placito preter placita de tenuris exterioribus, exceptis monetariis et ministris nostris. Con- cessimus etiam eis quod nuUus eorum faciat duellum, et quod de placitis ad coronam nostram pertinentibus se possint disrationare secundum antiquam consuetudinem burgi. Hoc etiam eis con- cessimus quod omnes burgenses Gloc' de gilda mercatorum sint quieti de theloneo et lestagio et pontagio et stallagio in feria et extra et per portus maris omnium terrarum nostrarum citra mare et ultra mare, salvis in omnibus libertatibus civitatis London' ; et quod nuUus de misericordia pecunie judicetur, nisi secundum anti- quam legem burgi quam habuerunt tempore antecessorum nos- trorum ; et quod terras suas et tenuras et vadimonia et debita omnia juste habeant, quicumque eis debeat. Et de terris suis et tenuris que infra burgum sunt, rectum eis teneatur secundum consuetudinem burgi. Et de omnibus debitis suis que accommo- data fuerint apud Glouc' et vadimoniis ibidem factis placita apud Glouc' teneantur. Et si quis in tota terra nostra theloneum vel consuetudinem ab hominibus Glouc' de gilda mercatorum ceperit, 374 C6e <3iir} ^etctant GLOUCESTER, postquam ipse a recto defecerit, vicecomes Glouc' vel prepositus Glouc' namium inde apud Glouc' capiat, salvis in omnibus liber- tatibus civitatis London'. Insuper etiam ad emendandum burgum eis concessimus quod omnes sint quieti de gyeresgyve et de scotale, si vicecomes noster vel aliquis alius ballivus scotale faciat .... Volumus etiam et concedimus quod iidem burgenses nostri Gloc' per commune consilium burgi eligant duos de legalioribus et discretioribus burgensibus Gloc' et presentent illos capitali justicie nostre apud Westmonasterium, qui duo vel alter eorum bene et fideliter custodiant preposituram burgi ; et non amovean- tur, quamdiu se in balliva sua bene gesserint, nisi per commune consilium burgi. Volumus etiam quod in eodem burgo Gloc' per commune consilium burgensium eligantur iiii. de legalioribus et discretioribus burgi ad custodiendum placita corone et alia que ad nos et nostram coronam pertinent in eodem burgo, et ad videndum quod prepositi vel prepositus illius burgi juste et legit- A.D. 1200. time tractent tam pauperes quam divites. Hiis testibus . . . xxi. die Aprilis anno regni nostri primo.' — {^Rotiili Chartaru?n, 56.) The above was confirmed by a royal grant of 1 1 Henry III, A.D. 1227. with this addition : — ' Concedimus eciam eisdem quod si aliquis natiuus alicuius in predicto burgo manserit, et eciam in eo se tenuerit, et fuerit in gilda mercatoria et hansa et loth et scot cum eisdem burgensibus nostris per vnum annum et vnum diem sine calumpnia, deinceps non possit repeti a domino suo, set in eodem burgo liber permaneat.' — {Madox, Firma Burgi., '^ZZ^ The grants of John and Henry IH were confirmed by a charter A.D. 1328. of 2 Edward HI, which also contains this clause: — 'quod ipsi et eorum heredes et successores predicti imperpetuum sint quieti de muragio, kaiagio, pauagio, passagio, gildagio et gilda mercatorum et omnibus aliis huiusmodi consuetudinibus per totum regnum nostrum et potestatem nostram.' — {^Record Office, Charter Roll 2 Edw. HI, mem. 3.) There used to be an ancient seal at Gloucester having, in the middle, a castle, with a turret on each side, and round it is this inscription, Sigillum Burgensium de Gilda Mercatorum Glouc. — [Fosbroke, Hist, of Glouc.., 204.) Supplementary Proofs ann Slflustrations. 375 Guildford. guildford. ' Rex, etc. salutem .... [the town granted to the burgesses in fee-farm]. Concessimus etiam pro nobis et heredibus nostris de gratia nostra speciali prefatis hominibus et tenentibus quod ipsi et heredes et successores sui habeant gildam mercatoriam juxta antiquas consuetudines, et prout cives civitatis Wintonie et aharum Civitatum et Burgorum [habentj. Eisque hominibus et tenentibus nostris et eorum heredibus et successoribus omnes antiquas hber- tates et consuetudines suas concedimus et confirmamus. Et quod Senescallus et balHvus dicte ville, qui pro tempore fuerint, homines resident es in eadem villa ad sacramentum ponere possint quotiens pro jure nostro conservando et pro justitia singulis hominibus coram eis conquerentibus expedierit et necesse fuerit faciendum. Quare 4oEdwardIIL volumus .... Data per manum nostram apud Westmonasterium primo die Octobris.' — {Addit MS., Mus. Brit, 6167, fol. 188.) The above was confirmed by Richard II, Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Elizabeth. — {Record Office, Confirmation Roll 19-23 Eliz., mem. 15.) The following is an extract from Addit. MS., Mus. Brit. 6167, fol. 195, which was accidentally omitted above on page 98, immediately preceding the last line : — ' Senescallus. — Walterus Wodeland. Et associantur eidem Ri- Electio offic'. cardus Privet, Henricus Colas, Tanner, et Johannes Semer, ad prebendum consilium suum simul cum Custodibus Aule et Ballivo, etc. Ballivus. — Petrus At Barr. ^ . . \ Rogerus Lumbard, Custodes Aule. \ ^ , \ Johannes Mauroks, Pincerne. J Henricus Cokeshall, Joh. Barber, I Joh, Mere, Rogerus Damoks.' Hope. From a long charter granted by the Black Prince to the burgesses of Hope in 25 Edward III, we extract the following: — A.D. 1351. ' Et quod habeant Gildam Mercatoriam cum hansa et aliis con- HOPE, suetudinibus et libertatibus ad Gildam illam pertinentibus. Ita quod nullus qui non sit de Gilda ilia Mercandizam aliquam faciat in eadem villa, nisi de voluntate Burgensium predictorum. Con- cedimus eciam eisdem quod si aliquis natiuus alicuius in prefata villa manserit, et terram in ea tenuerit, et fuerit in prefata gilda et hansa, et loth et shot cum eisdem hominibus nostris per vnum annum et vnum diem sine calumpnia, deinceps non possit repeti a domino suo, set liber in eadem villa permaneat.' — {Record Office, Chester Recogiiizance Rolls, No. 34, mem. 3.) A.D. 1399. Richard II granted the burgesses of Hope that they should not be impleaded in any Welsh court, ' lidem tamen Burgenses et eorum quilibet per Comburgenses suos Anglicos et non per aliquem Wallensem quouis modo convinci et acquietari possint vel possit ; et vlterius concessimus eisdem Burgensibus quod nullus Wallensis, cuiuscumque status et condicionis fuerit, aliquod merca- tum siue gildam mercatoriam de mercandisis seu victualibus qui- buscumque prope Burgum nostrum predictum per tres leucas in circuitu sub forisfactura eorundem faciat, teneat nee excerceat, nee aliquam ceruisiam infra dictum spacium vendendam de suo proprio pandoxari faciat, sub pena quod grauiter puniatur erga nos coram Justiciario nostro Cestrie pro tempore existente.' Welshmen of the lordship of Hopedale are to go to the said town of Hope to sell victuals, and not to other neighbouring markets. No great rout (' grandis routa ') to maintain any quarrel in behalf of Welsh- men within the said borough or in our court therein. — {Record Office, Patent Roll 22 Rich. II, pars 2, mem. 13.) IPS-WICH. The extracts from the Little Domesday Book of Ipswich given above on pages 1 16-124 may also be found in Addit. MS., Mus. Brit., 2501 1, ff. 30-33'. Subjoined are a few more examples of the admission of ' foreign ' burgesses : — 'Adhuc de Burgensibus forin.secis factis Anno regni regis predicti Johannis v**'., videlicet : ^ Vellum ; written in a hand of the early part of the fifteenth century. Supplementary proofs antJ Slllustrationg, m Dominus Rogerus de Monte alto factus est Burgensis de ipswich. Gippeswico, et fideliter promisit manutenere honorem et libertates eiusdem. Et concessit dare annuatim ad firmam ville predicte, vt ipse et omnes Nativi sui de fframesden' sunt quieti de theloneo de omnibus rebus suis crescentibus et renouantibus in suis propriis terris et dominicis [et] de omnibus rebus emptis ad suos proprios vsus, iiii.^. et ii. busselos frumenti. Juratus. Dominus Hugo le Rus deuenit Burgensis, et dat ad hansam predicte Gilde vnum taurum et vnum quarterium frumenti, et concessit dare singulis annis ad i^rmam ville predicte pro se et omnibus Natiuis suis in Akenham, Hemmyngston, Henleye, Asketon et alibi [vt] sint quieti de theloneo in dicta villa modo et forma supradictis, viii.^. et iiii. busselos frumenti. Juratus. Dominus Willielmus de ffreney deuenit Burgensis, et dat ad hansam Gilde ii. Multones et duodecim Capones. Et concessit dare pro se et omnibus Natiuis suis in Beschemere et Bresete ad firmam dicte ville annuatim, iiii.^. et ii. busselos frumenti. Juratus. Robertus de Reymes deuenit Burgensis, et dat ad hansam Gilde i. quarterium brasei, et concessit dare annuatim ad firmam dicte ville pro se et Natiuis suis in Wherstede, vt sint quieti de theloneo in forma predicta, iiii.^. et ii. busselos ordei. Et sciendum est quod omnes Natiui tam predict! Comitis et aliorum Burgensium predictorum semper dabunt Custumam suam ad firmam ville predicte de omnibus mercandisis suis emendo et vendendo in predicta villa de Gippeswico, et ita semper dare consueverunt.' — {Addit. MS. 2501 1, fol. t^-^ b^ Lincoln. ' Henricus [II] Rex Anglie et Dux Normannie et Aquitanie et Comes Andegauie omnibus Norrensibus qui veniunt ad portum de Grymesby vel ad alios portus meos de Lincolscire, salutem, Precipio quod faciatis Prepositis meis Lincolnie omnes rectitudines et consuetudines quas solebatis facere tempore Regis Henrici, aui mei, Prepositis Lincolnie ; et prohibeo ne quis vestrum detineat LINCOLN, eis theoloneum vel aliam consuetudinem iniuste super decern librarum forisfacturam. Teste, W. filio Johannis, apud Wirec'.' — {Record Office., Confirmation Roll 2 Rich. 3, pars 2, mem. 8.) 'Henricus [II] Rex Anglie et Dux Normannie et Aquitanie et " Comes Andegauie Vicecomitibus et Ministris suis de Lincolscire salutem. Precipio quod faciatis forinsecos Mercatores venire ad Lincolniam et ibi facere mercaturas suas, ita racionabiliter et iuste sicut facere solebant tempore Henrici Regis, aui mei, ne Prepositi mei Lincolnie amittant meas regales consuetudines. Teste, Ricardo de Lucy, apud Wodestoke.' — {Ibid.) 'Henricus [IIJ Rex Anglie et Dux Normannie et Aquitanie et Comes Andegauie Episcopo Lincolnie et Justiciariis, Vicecomiti- bus et Baronibus de Lincolnia et Lincolnscire salutem. Precipio quod nuUus Mercator qui sit extraneus et deforis sit residens in Lincolnia pro tingendis pannis suis vel vendendo ad taleam, nisi illi tantum qui sunt in gilda et ad omnes consuetudines ville, et qui reddunt gilda mea cum eis, sicuti solebant tempore Henrici Regis. Testibus, Rogero Comite Cornubie, Henrico de Essex, Constabulario, Ricardo de Humez.' — {Idid) 'Henricus [II] Rex Anglie et Dux Normannie et Aquitanie et Comes Andegauie Episcopo Lincolnie et Justiciariis et Vicecomi- tibus et Baronibus Lincolnie et Lincolscire salutem. Precipio quod omnes illi qui de mercato viuunt et mercatum deducunt infra quatuor diuisas que pertinent Ciuitati Lincolnie reddant communiter cum Ciuibus meis Lincolnie gelda mea et assisas Ciuitatis, sicut reddere solent tempore Regis Henrici, et sicut iuste cum eis debent, in cuiuscumque terra maneant. Testibus, Rogero Comite Cornubie, Henrico de Essex, Constabulario, Ricardo de Humez, apud Notyngham.' — {Ibid.) Pro probis ho- ' Rex Gilberto de Preston' et sociis suis Justiciariis itinerantibus Luda et ^"^ Comitatu Lincolnie salutem. Cum per cartam nostram nuper Sleford. concesserimus Ciuibus Lincolnie quod de aliquibus mercandisis per Mercatores transmarinos aut alios in villis aut locis aliis extra Ciuitatem Lincolnie, burgos aut mercata in Comitatu Lincolnie particulares fiant empciones aut vendiciones, ac probi homines de Luda et Sleford, a tempore cuius non extat memoria, empciones et Supplementary Proofs anti JHustrations. 379 vendiciones de quibuscumque negociacionibus ubique in Comitatu Lincoln. Lincolnie libere et sine impedimento quorumcumque exercere con- sueuerunt prout magis sibi videbatur expedire, vt asserunt, prefati Ciues prefatos homines de Luda et Sleford huiusmodi empciones et vendiciones infra Comitatum predictum facere non permittentes, sicut ipsi et eorum antecessores hactenus facere consueuerunt, dis- tringunt ipsos ad reddendum eisdem Ciuibus quandam pecunie summam occasione cuiusdam gilde mercatorie inter ipsos prouise, cui quidem gilde nee ipsi nee eorum antecessores pro rebus et mercandisis suis temporibus retroactis contribuere consueuerunt. Et quia sustinere nolumus, sicut nee debemus, quod predicti ho- mines de Luda et Sleford contra libertates suas et consuetudines hactenus usitatas et approbatas indebite grauentur, prefatis Ciui- bus per litteras nostras mandamus quod a prefatis grauaminibus dictis hominibus decetero inferendis desisterent, quod quidem niandatum nostrum facere contempserunt, et ipsos vt prius ag- grauant et molestant. Nos igitur, neutri parti in premissis in- iuriari set potius eis iusticie complementum celeriter exhibere volentes, vobis mandamus quod vocatis coram vobis partibus predictis et racionibus super premissis utrobique auditis ante recessum vestrum a partibus predictis quod iustum fuerit in hac parte fieri facialis. Mandauimus enim Vicecomiti nostro Comi- tatus predicti quod predictos Ciues summoniat quod sint coram vobis ad mandatum vestrum, facturi et recepturi in premissis quod de iure et secundum legem et consuetudinem regni nostri fuerit faciendum. Teste Rege apud Westmonasterium xviii. die a.d. 1271. Augusti.' — {Record Office, Patent Roll ^^ Henry III, mem. 6.) Lynn Regis. A royal grant of 4 Henry V states that when the mayor of A.D. 1417. Lynn should happen to die, the alderman of Trinity Gild was to take his place. — [Rep. MSS. Com. 1887, App. iii. 203.) ^ ' Rex Omnibus ad quos, etc. salutem. Sciatis quod cum nos A.D. 1448. * See also the same Report, App. iii. 186, 190, 195, 203-211, 225-231, for some account of the MSS. relating to this Gild, with extracts from the Gild Rolls. 38o ct)e (^ilD a^ercftant LYNN REGIS, quarto-decimo die fifebruarii anno regni nostri decimo-nono de ■ gracia nostra speciali concesserimus et licenciam dederimus pro nobis et heredibus nostris, quantum in nobis fuit, tunc Alder- manno, Custodibus seu Scabinis et fratribus fraternitatis siue Gilde mercatorie sancte Trinitatis ville Lenne Episcopi quod ipsi et successores sui terras et tenementa ad valorem centum librarum per annum, absque aliquo fine ad opus nostrum inde reddendo tarn illorum que de nobis tenentur in libero Burgagio quam de aliis, sibi et successoribus suis ad opus ffraternitatis siue Gilde mercatorie predicte adquirere possent,' etc. The document goes on to say that they may receive from the Bishop of Carlisle, Thomas Scales and William Goderede a mill called ' Scales-mylle ', and from Adam Gerard and Henry Wright two messuages and six acres of meadow-land. — {^Record Office^ Patent Roll 26 Hen. VI, pars I, mem. 9.) Newcastle-tjpon-Tyne. ' Whereas grete variaunces, strives, debates, discordes and dis- censions haue lately bene had, fallen, moued and stirred betwene the Mercers, Drapers, Bothemen and Spicers, Burgesses and Mar- chauntes of the Towne of Newcastell vpon Tyne, on the oon partie, and the Craftesmen, Artificers and Burgesses of the seid Towne, on the other partie, as well for and concernyng certeyn liberties to the Burgesses and Comynalte of the same Towne for the tyme beyng graunted by the kynges moost noble progenitours by their lettres patentes and the vsages of the same and the liberties by theym and their predecessours vsed, the tyme wherof mannys mynde is not to the contrarie, as for and concernyng certayn actes of Comen Counsell in their comen guylde by theym and their predecessours made, ordeyned and prouyded concern- yng the same, that is to say : — fifirst, wheder that any Burgesse of the seid Towne shuld occupie the feate of byeng and sellyng but oonly for their familie and household, and not to be sold ageyne, other then the seid Marchauntes, without the agrement of such of the felawship of the seid Marchauntes that any such Burgesse Supplementary proofs anD Jillustrations. 38 1 wold occupie with ; or wheder any Burgesse of the same Towne Newcastle- shuld occupie the crafte, mystery or occupacion of any other crafte J mystery or occupacion in the seid Towne then he is of, without agrement be made with the Wardeyns or Stewardes of that other crafte, mystery or occupacion that such Burgesse wold so occupie, — with which Craftymen and Artificers haue holden and kepte opinion that euery Burgesse of the seid Towne myght laufully vse and occupie euery others crafte, mysterie or occupacion, and frely bye and selle as Marchauntes without any such agrement ; the reuerse and contrarie wherof the seid Marchauntes haue holden and kepte. And where also there hath ben greate variaunces and contrarie opinions betwene the seid parties for and concernyng the maner of the eleccion of the Maire, Aldermen, Shirif, Cham- berlaynes and other Officers of the seid Towne ; and also con- trarie opinyons haue ben had and holden betwene the seid parties wheder eny personne shuld be made free of the same Towne before that he had dwelled there by the space of a yere ; and on this the seid parties haue varied also, in the namyng of auditours for heryng and takyng of accomptes of the Officers accomptable within the seid Towne, which the seid Craftesmen Artificers wold haue xxiiii., and euery oon of theym takyng for their laboures and costes at the charges of the seid Towne. And the seid Mer- chauntes wold haue lesse and fewer in noumbre to be auditours for the profet of the same Towne, to thentente to eschewe the charges that the Towne shuld bere for the hauyng of so many. Vpon which variaunces and contrarie opynyons,grete commocions, vnlaufull assembles, confederacies, embraceries, conuenticles, vn- laufull promyses and diuisions in the same Towne haue ben made and had, to the grete trouble, inquietnes and empoueresshement of the same Towne, and like to be the vtter destruccion and deso- lacion of the same Towne, if good remedie and redresse in brief tyme shuld not be prouyded and purveied in that behalf. Of which variaunces, strives and debates in and concernyng the premisses greuous compleyntes haue been by billes put and ex- hibited to the kinges highnes and to the lordes of his moost honorable counsaill by either partie ayenst other, which billes of 382 Cbe (^ilu a^etcbant NEWCASTLE- compleynt were receyued in the Sterre chambre . . . [The names UPON-TYNE. Qf (■]-,£ members of the Council of the Star Chamber are given.] The seid moost honorable counsaill in the seid Sterre Chambre, callyng to theym the kynges Justices of either Benche by the kynges moost dredde commaundement to theym given in thad- uoydyng of alle maner of doubles, questions and ambyguytees that myght ryse or growe vpon or by reason of the same lettres patentes, vsages or actes of commen guylde, the xviiit^^. daye of Aprill in the A.D. 1516. vii*^. yere of the reigne of oure seid soueraigne lord the kyng, haue ordeyned, declared and adiugged in the premisses, by the expresse consent and assent as well of thoos persones that were auctorised and had auctoritie to pursue for the Craftysmen, Artificers and Comens of the same Towne and by thagrement of the Counsaill lerned for the same Comynaltie as by the expresse consent and assent of the seid Merchauntes, Bothemen, Mercers, Drapers and Spicers, and by the agrement of their counsell lerned, in maner and forme folowyng, that is to seye : — ffirst, it is ordeigned, decreed and adiugged by the seid moost honorable counsell that noon of thies felawshippes or craftes here vnder written, named and specified shall occupie or vse the craft, mystery or occupacion of Mercers, Bothemen, Drapers or Spicers, or of any of theym, or of any other crafte, mysterie or occupacion in the seid Towne, but oonly theire owne propre craftes, mysteries or occupacions that they be of, though he or they wold agree and make and paye fynes therfor so to doo, except and oonles they will chaunge and renounce his or their copies, craftes or mysteries that they be of, and to be of the same crafte, mysterie or occupacion that they will desire to occupie, within which case they that so will doo shalbe admitted to the same, payeng such fynes after the rate of their goodes as hereafter shalbe declared, that is to sey, the craftes of Colyers, Shomakers, Bouchers, Weuers, Smythes, Dawbers, Porters, Kelemen, Sclatters, Tylers, Millers, Cokes, Spurryers, Barbours, Wrightys, ffurbysshours, Bowyers, fifletchers, Glovers, Cowpers, Girdelers, Chalon-weuers, Masons, Sadelers, Ship-wrightes and Wallers .... [Burgesses not having goods and chattels of the value of £io can occupy no craft but their own; Supplementary lProof0 ann IJllustrations. 3^3 those having goods and chattels of the value of £io may occupy Newcastle- one other craft besides their own, by paying lo^. to the Chamber- lains of the town, except the crafts before excepted ; those having goods and chattels of the value of from £40 to 100 marks to pay 20s.; those worth more than 100 marks to pay 26^'. 8^. The value of the property of a person thus desiring to occupy another craft is to be estimated by four of his own craft duly sworn before the Mayor.] And, furthermore, it is decreed, ordeyned and adiuged by the seid moost honorable Counsaill for and concernyng the ordre of the eleccion of the Maire, Aldermen, Shirief, Chamberlaynes and other Officers of the same Towne in maner and forme folowying : fifirst, at their auncient eleccion-day after the assemble of the xii. felawshippes or craftes folowyng, that is to saye. Drapers, Mercers, Skynners,Taillours, Sadelers, Merchauntes of corne called Bothemen, Bakers, Tanners, Cordwainers, Bouchers, Smythes and ffulers, that euery of the same craftes and felawshippes name and present two moost proued men and moost discrete of theym- self to the Maire and his brethern, which shalbe xxiiii. in nombre, which xxiiii. so named and presented, as before seid, then shalbe sworne vpon a boke before the seid Maire and his bredern and the seid craftes and felawshippes that they shall electe, chose and name iiii. Burgesses to their knowledge moost best, most feith- full and proued men of such Burgesses as hath been both Maires and Aldermen of the seid Towne, which foure so elected, chosen and named shalbe in like wise sworne to electe, name and chose to be comoyned with theym viii. Burgesses of the same Towne to their knowlege moost honest, most faithfull and moost proued men. Burgesses, of such as haue ben Maires, Aldermen or Shiriefis, Burgesses of the same Towne, to electe, chose and name other xii. Burgesses of the same Towne, moost feithfull and proued men of all the residue of the seid Burgesses of the seid Towne to be comoyned with the seid iiii. and viii. for the eleccion of the seid Officers, which viii. so electe, chosen and named by the seid iiii. sworne shalbe also sworne vpon a boke in like wise that they with the other iiii. with whom they shalbe comoyned shall electe. 384 Cf)e (^iln a^etcfjant NEWCASTLE- chose and name other xii. Burgesses of the same Towne to their UPON-TYNE. knowlege moost faithful! and proued men of all the residue and of all the seid Burgesses of the seid Towne to be comoyned with the seid xii., which then shall be xxiiii. in nombre, which xxiiii^i. shalbe sworne toguyder vpon a boke that they without any parcialite shall electe and chose able and sufficient personnes, Burgesses of the same Towne, oon for to be maire of the seid Towne for the yere folowyng and vi. for Aldremen, oon for Re- corder, oon for Shirief, viii. for Chamberlaynes, and two for Coroners, and oon for Swerdberer, oon for the Comen Gierke of the Town Chambre, and other viii. for Sergeauntes at mace, any opinions, lettres patentes, writinges, vsages or other thinges hertofore had or made or vsed to the contrarie not with- stondyng ^. Also it is further decreed, ordeyned and adiuged by the seid Counseill that no personne, of what condicion, astate or degree he be of, shalbe made free Burgesse of the seid Towne, before that he haue inhabited or dwelled by the space of a yere in the same Towne, to thentent and purpose that his conuersacion and behauyour may be the better knowen ; nor any Gentilman or lordes seruaunt be made Burgesse of the same, though he haue dwelled by the space of a yere in the same Towne, oonles that he haue serued as a Prentice by the space of vii. yeres in any crafte, mysterie or occupacion of the same Towne. And that euery man that shalbe made free Burgesse of the same Towne at the tyme when he shalbe admitted to his fredome shalbe sworne vpon a boke that he shall not be reteyned ne were any lyuery or token of or with any lord, Gentilman or any other personne foreyn, not being Burgesse of the same Towne. And, furthermore, it is ordeyned, declared and adiuged by the seid moost honorable Counsell that xxiiii. Auditors shalbe ap- poynted yerely and chosen by the seid xii. craftes before named * For further details concerning the participation of the crafts in the govern- ment of the town, see Brand, Hist, of Newc, ii. 157-158, 162, 178, 181-182, 186-189 ; J. F. Gibson, Newc. Improvement Acts, pp. xxix-1; Munic. Corp. Com. 1835, pp. 1634-1641. Supplementary Proofs ano JlHustrations. 385 for to take and here the accomptes of all Officers of the seid NEWCASTLE- Towne accomptable, and that they shall haue no money nor rewarde of the Towne for their labours in that behalf susteyned.' All these judgments and ordinances are to be firmly observed on pain of imprisonment and forfeiture of £40 for each offence. They are to be exemplified under the great seal and proclaimed in the town. The king graciously pardons the grievous offences committed by the burgesses. Done and decreed in the Star Chamber, May 2nd, 8 Henry VIII. To this decree are affixed A.D. 1516. the names of various members of the king's council and the legal representatives of both parties. ' Teste Rege apud Westmonas- terium quinto die Maii.' — {Record Office, Patent Roll 8 Hen. VIII, pars I, mem. 15-16.) The licence of 21 Henry VII to the governors and community of the Merchant Gild, or Society of Merchants (see above, p. 185), was again granted in i Edward VI to the same body under the A.D. 1547. name of the governor, wardens, assistants and Society of Mer- chant Venturers of Newcastle, which appears to have been made up of three members, the mercers, drapers and boothmen. — {Brafid, Neivcastle, ii. 314, 316, 647-654 \) Newton (in South Wales). ' Edwardus illustris Regis Anglie Primogenitus, Princeps Aqui- De Confirma- clone tanie et Wallie, Dux Cornubie et Comes Cestrie, Omnibus ad quos presentes littere peruenerint salutem. Sciatis quod de gracia nostra speciali et per finem decem marcarum concessimus dilectis et fidelibus nostris hominibus et gentibus Anglicis in villa nostra de Neweton' in Suthwallia commorantibus quod predicta villa de Neweton' decetero pro burgo libero habeatur, et quod omnes Anglici terras et tenementa die confeccionis presencium tenentes in eadem villa et eorum heredes et successores fiant decetero et habeantur liberi Burgenses, per totas terras et potestates nostras de tolneto, passagio, pauagio, pontagio, picagio et omnimodis aliis ^ Various similar grants were made before and after 21 Henry VII, — Brand, ii. 222-228, 655-657. c c 386 C6e (^iin ^ercfiant NEWTON, custumis totaliter quieti. Et quod habeant Gildam mercatoriam — cum hansa de omnibus Anglicis in eadem villa residentibus. Et quod ipsi, heredes et successores sui Anglici ibi habeant duas ferias quolibet anno, vnam videlicet in vigilia, die et crastino Natiuitatis beate Marie, et alteram in vigilia, die et crastino Sancti Luce euangeliste durantes. Et vnum mercatum qualibet septi- mana die Mercurii ; tolnetis, custumis et omnimodis aliis proficuis et commodis de eisdem feriis et mercato prouenientibus plene et totaliter nobis reseruatis. Et quod de eleccione sua propria eligant et habeant balliuos Anglicos capientes in eodem officio feodum annuatim quod alii balliui ante datam presencium racionabiliter receperunt. Quare volumus .... Data apud Kermerdyn primo die Junii anno regni carissimi patris nostri et A.D.1363. domini, domini Edwardi Regis Anglie tercii post conquestum tricesimo septimo, et Principatus nostri Wallie vicesimo primo. — {Record Office, Patent Roll i8 Rich. II, pars i, mem. 9.) Oxford. A grant of Henry II contains the following clauses : — ' Sciatis me concessisse et confirmasse Ciuibus meis de Oxenford omnes libertates et consuetudines, leges et quietancias suas quas habue- runt tempore Regis Henrici, aui mei, nominatim Gildam suam mercatoriam cum omnibus libertatibus et consuetudinibus suis in terris et insulis, pasturis et aliis pertinenciis suis, ita quod aliquis qui non sit de Gilda ilia aliquam mercaturam non faciat in Ciuitate vel in suburbiis, nisi sicut solebat tempore Regis Henrici, aui mei ^ Preterea concessi et confirmaui eis quod sint quieti de theolonio et passagio et omni consuetudine per totam Angliam et Normanniam, per terram et aquam et per ripam maris, biland et bistrand ; et habeant omnes alias consuetudines et libertates et leges suas quas habent communes cum Ciuibus meis London' ; et quod ad festum meum michi seruiant cum illis de Buteillaria mea ; et faciant communiter cum eis mercaturam suam infra London' et extra et in omnibus locis ; et si dubitauerint vel contenderint de » MS. 'nostri.' Supplementary IProofs ann Jillustrationg. 387 iudicio aliquo quod facere debeant, de hoc London' mittant oxford. Nuncios suos, et quod Londoniens[es] inde adiudicabunt firmum — et ratum habeant ; et extra Ciuitatem Oxenforde non placitent de aliquo vnde calumpniati sint, set de quocumque in placitis ponentur, se disracionabunt secundum leges et consuetudines Ciuium London', et non aliter, quia ipsi et Ciues London' sint de vna et eadem consuetudine et lege et libertate. Quare volo,' etc. — {Record Office, Cotifirtnation Roll 7 Eliz., pars i, mem. 2 ^) PETEESFIELD. * Sciant praesentes et futuri quod ego Hawisa comitissa Gloe- cestrie concessi et confirmavi burgensibus meis de Peteresfield qui in burgo de Peteresfield edificaverunt et manent, quique in illo edifiicabunt, omnes libertates et liberas consuetudines in eodem burgo quas cives Wintonie habent in civitate sua qui sunt in gilda mercatorum, et easdem habeant in gilda mercatorum de Peters- field [sicut maritus] meus, Willielmus comes Gloecestrie ^, eis per cartam suam concessit. Hiis testibus,' etc. ^ — {Atcheson, Case of Petersfield, 202.) KOCHESTER. Henry III granted the fee-farm of the town to the burgesses, and added the privilege of having the Gild Merchant : — ' et quod habeant Gildam mercatoriam cum hansa et aliis libertatibus et consuetudinibus ad Gildam illam pertinentibus. Ita quod nullus Vicecomes Kancie in aliquo se intromittat super eos de aliquo placito uel querela uel occasione, saluis nobis et heredibus nostris imperpetuum placitis corone nostre, que atlachiari debeant per eosdem Ciues nostros usque aduentum Justiciariorum nostro- A.D. 1227. rum.' — {Record Office, Charter Roll 12 Henry HI, mem. 11.) The above was confirmed by Henry HI, Richard H and various other kings. — {Rep. MSS. Com. 1883, pp. 286-287; Record Office, Confirmation Roll i Edw. VI, pars 2, mem. i.) ' Cf. J. Peshall, Oxford, 339; Boase, Oxford, 33-36. ' Died 1 1 73. ' The charter is not dated. C C 3 388 C6e <^ilti ^etcftant ROCHESTER. In 6 Edward II the burgesses of Rochester claimed to have, — among other Hberties, a Gild Merchant with a hanse. — {Addit. MS., Mus. Brit., 24797, fol. 138.) SCARBOROUGH. A.B. 1253. A royal charter of 37 Henry III states that former kings of England had granted to the burgesses of Scarborough the liberties of York. To give greater security to the said grants, those liber- ties are now specified. The burgesses are to be quit of toll, lastage and other customs throughout the King's dominions ; to levy distress for debts due them ; to defend themselves in all appeals by the oaths of thirty-six burgesses ; to hold the town at fee-farm, paying £66 annually. 'Concedimus eciam et confirma- uimus eisdem Burgensibus omnes libertates, leges et consuetudines suas, et nominatim Gildam suam mercatoriam et hansas suas in Anglia et Normannia, et lastagia sua per totam costam maris quieta ; et quod predictas leges et consuetudines habeant et teneant cum omnibus libertatibus predicte Gilde sue et hansis suis per- tinentibus.' This charter was confirmed by grants of 5 Edward II, 22 Edward III and I Richard II. — {Record Office, Patent Roll i Richard II, pars 2, mem. 13-14.) Wearmouth (i.e. Sunderland). A.D. 1247. ' Rex Archiepiscopis, etc. salutem. Sciatis nos concessisse et hac carta nostra confirmasse, pro nobis et heredibus nostris, Bur- gensibus nostris Noui Burgi de Warnemuth quod ipsi et heredes sui habeant omnes easdem libertates et liberas consuetudines quas Burgenses nostri de Nouo Castro super Tinam habent per cartam domini Johannis Regis, patris nostri, videlicet quod nullus eorum per aliquem distringatur extra eundem Burgum,' etc. The clauses relating to the Gild Merchant are the same as those given above on page 183. — {Record Office, Charter Roll 2,^ Henry III, mem. 7; Sutnmers, Sunder/., i. 231-235). ^upplementatp IPtoofs and illustrations. 389 Welshpool. welshpool. ' Et ne aliquis ballivus noster in dictis burgensibus meis et eorum heredibus contra libertates et consuetudines legis britannie manum imposuerit, quas eisdeni burgensibus et eorum heredibus quiete concessi, quod habeant et teneant predictam legem britan- niam tam liberam et integram ut cives Herfordie tenent in omnibus consuetudinibus ad [dictam legem] spectantibus. Ita quod ne aliquis aliquam faciat mercandizam in prefato burgo, nisi sit de dicta lege vel per voluntatem predictorum burgensium. Concessi etiam pro me et heredibus meis quod predicti burgenses gildam habeant mercandizandi cum hamso [i. e. hansa] et cum assisa panis ac servicie et cum omnibus libertatibus ad dictam gildam spectantibus. Ita quod si aliquis nativus extraneus veniat in prefato burgo et terram [teneat et sit in scott et in lott] cum prefatis burgensibus per unum annum et unum diem, liber ibidem maneat, et nunquam domino suo liberetur.' The above is from a charter of Gruffuth, son of Gwenwynwyn, Lord of Cyveiliog, who died ci'r^a 1286. This was confirmed by Edward de Charleton in 1406, who likewise granted {nfer alia: 'quod nulli forinseci manu- agentur nee aliquas mercandizas faciant aut utantur infra villam et libertates predictas seu infra metas libertatis predicte absque licentia predictorum nostrorum burgensium, heredum vel succes- sorum suorum.' — {^Powysland Club, Collections, 1868, vol. i. pp. 302-307.) Wilton. The grant of Henry I (above, p. 251) was confirmed by royal letters patent of 13 Henry HI, 2 Edward HI, 5 Richard U, I Henry IV, i Henry V and 11 Henry VI. — [Salisbury and Winchester Journal, June 9th, 1883.) ' Omnibus balliuis et ministris domini Regis et aliis quibus- Wilton, cumque, tam infra libertates quam extra per totum Regnum Anglie et ad portus maris, ac eciam omnibus aliis Christi fide- libus ad quorum noticiam hac scriptura peruenerit, Maior Burgi de Wilton et omnes burgenses eiusdem Burgi cum Communitate 390 C!)e (^ilD e^ztcbmt WILTON. Burgi predicti salutem in domino sempiternam. Nouerint vniuer- sitas vestra quod, cum Henricus dei gracia Rex Anglie et alii progenitores domini Regis qui nunc est dederunt et concesserunt nobis, predictis Maiori et Burgensibus Gilde Mercatorie burgi predicti, et successoribus nostris per cartas suas imperpetuum quod sumus quieti de omni theoloneo, passagio, pauagio, pon- tagio, muragio, britholt, childwite, yaregiue, keuerage et scotale, ac eciam adeo liberi prout Ciues London' vel Ciues Winton' sunt, qui melius et liberius existunt ; Et ne quis nobis iniuriam vel con- tumeliam faceret sub forisfactura decern librarum ; Et quibus eciam libertatibus nos et antecessores nostri a tempore quo non extat memoria vsi sumus et gauisi ; — Quare vobis testamur quod Johannes Gardin', alias dictus Pese, est Burgensis et Congildanus Gilde Mercatorie Burgi predicti. Quapropter vobis supplicamus et rogamus quod cum idem Johannes ad vos cum mercandisis suis propriis vendendis vel emendis peruenerit, quatinus ipsum quietum et absolutum ab omnia (sic) theolonio, passagio, pauagio, pontagio, muragio, britholt, childwite, yaregiue, keueragie et scotale in forma predicta indempne abire permittatis. Et si vos vel vestra in casu consimili ad nos venire velitis, libertatibus vestris vti et gaudere permittemus. In cuius rei testimonium has litteras nostras sigillo nostro communi vna cum sigillo maioratus Burgi predicti nostro communi assensu consignauimus ac eciam eidem Johanni fieri fecimus patentes. Data apud Wilton pre- dicto die Luna proxima post festum Exaltacionis Sancte Crucis A.D. 1442. anno regni Regis Henrici Sixti post Conquestum vicesimo primo.' — ^Bristol Council-House^ Little Red Book, fol. 203 b.) WlIyrCHESTER. 'Ad communem conuocacionem et ad communem Curiam Ciuitatis Wyntonie tentam in communi Aula vocata le yeldehalle, A.D. 1467. die Mercurie xxviii. die mensis Januarii Anno regni regis Edwardi IIII^'. post conquestum Anglie Sexto, coram Roberto Berel, Maiore Ciuitatis predicte .... [59 names follow arranged in four columns]. Et cognouerunt Antedictam Recognicionem inter Johannem Supplementary proofs! ann 3IUu0trations. 39 1 Kent et Johannem Galley ' in omnibus esse veram ; ideo dies Winchester. datus est eidem Johanni Kent quod sit coram prefato Maiore et . Tempore sociis suis ad proximam Curiam vel ad secundam Curiam commu- Robert! Berel, nem tentam in supradicta Aula vocata le yeldehalle, ad responden- ^^a-ioris. dum quare non forisfecit penam antedictam xx. /{. ad vsum dicte Ciuitatis leuandam. Notandum est eidem R. Berel, Maiori Ciuitatis Wyntonie predicte, comparibus eiusdem Ciuitatis et Communitatibus dicte Ciuitatis quod ad Conuocacionem communem habitam et tentam apud Wyntoniam die Martis proxima post festum Decollacionis Sancti Johannis Baptiste Anno regni regis Henrici quarti post conques- A.D. 1407. tum Anglie octauo, pro communi vtilitate et honestate eiusdem Ciuitatis commorantem, per Maiorem et pares suos necnon Com- munitatem eiusdem Ciuitatis concordatum et ordinatum est, secundum tenorem carte nostre domini Regis Ciuitatis predicte, quod nullus Ciuis^ qui fuerit in Gyldam Mercatoriam placitet extra Curiam eiusdem Ciuitatis in vllo placito preter placita de tenuris exterioribus exceptis Monetariis et ministris nostris, sub pena per- dicionis aut forisfacture libertatem suam. Et quia notandum est eisdem Maiori, comparibus ac Communitatibus eiusdem Ciuitatis [et] compertum est quod Johannes Kente, Ciuis^ Ciuitatis pre- dicte, contra consuetudinem et predictam ordinacionem implaci- tauit Johannem Calley, conciuem Ciuitatis predicte, in Curia domini Regis apud Westmonasterium de placito decepcionis, ac eciam propter diuersas discordes et discenciones et diuersas fabulas per predictum Johannem Kent, Ciuem dicte Ciuitatis, inter Mag- nates patrie et Maiorem et Communitatem dicte Ciuitatis factas in sectis et querelis contra iuramentum suum ; — ideo consideratum est per dictum Maiorem et communitates eiusdem Ciuitatis quod idem Johannes Kent sit expulsus et adiudicatus et plene absolutus a ffranchicia et libertate sua. Et quod nullus imposterum amittatur nee recipiatur eum pro Cive, nee inter Ciues intermitteret, [nee] gaudebit libertatem predictam infra regnum Anglie donee, etc' — {Black Book of Winchester, fol. 36.) ^ They had agreed to refer certain differences between them to arbitration. ' MS. ' Gives.' 392 Cf)e (^ilt) a^ercfiant. WOODSTOCK. Woodstock. ' Quod dicta villa nostra de Noua Wodestoke deinceps liber Burgus sit, et quod tenentes, residentes et inhabitantes eiusdem et eorum heredes et successores liberi Burgenses sint, et Gildam mercatoriam habeant, et eisdem libertatibus et liberis consuetudi- nibus vtantur in eodem Burgo quibus Burgenses ville nostra de Noua Windesore ante hec tempora racionabiliter vsi sunt et gauisi. Ac eciam concessimus et per presentes concedimus, pro nobis et heredibus nostris, quod ipsi decetero sint in re et nomine vnum corpus et vna communitas perpetua corporata,' etc. The A.D. 14=53. above is extracted from a royal grant of 31 Henry VI, which was confirmed by Edward IV and Henry VII. — {Record Office, Con- firmation Roll 3 Henry VII, pars i, No. 6\) Yarmouth, Great. The following note is extracted from Assembly Book A of Yarmouth : — A.D. 1551. 21 April, 5 Edward VI. ' Memorandum : That ther remayneth certeyn money in the hands of the Heyners of Tr}'nytie Gyld, whose names be these, William Heylat, John Barret and Thomas Nycolson.' — {Hist. MSS. Cotn. 1883, p. 314.) ' Cf. Marshall, Early Hist, of Woodstock, 128-129. GLOSSARY. This Glossary does not necessarily include old French and English words differing only slightly in form or spelling from the corresponding modern words. An asterisk is placed before Latin words that are not to be found, or are not fully explained, in Du Cange's Glossarium. All words used as French in the text are marked Fr. Abbreviated titles of works cited are explained in the list of Authorities, printed in vol. i. Abcariare, ii. 286. To carry away from a place. Abjurare, ii. 129. To abjure, reject. *Abreviainentuni, ii. 281. Diminu- tion. Abrokur, Broktir, ii. 226, 230. Fr. A broker. Accomodare, Aeoniodare, ii. 8, 29, 115, 139, for commodare. To lend ; accomodare debitum, to incur a debt. Accomodator, ii, 139. A lender of money. Aconvenu, ii. 140. Fr. Covenanted, agreed upon. Aequietare, ii. 174, 237. To acquit, to exempt from. Actenus, i. 275 = hactenus. Thus far. Adunare, i. 291. To assemble. Adunke, ii. 157. Fr. Then. Advocatus, i. 295. Chamberlain or treasurer (?). *Adwuneulus, ii. 7, 351 -avunculus. Uncle. Aferaunt, ii. 140. Fr. Share, quota, proportion. (Godefroy, ferant.) Affidare, ii. 174, 303, 307. To pro- mise or pledge ; to prove. *Affirinare, ii. 328. To support, strengthen. Afforsatus, ii. 179. Perhaps the same as afforciatus, pure, unmixed. (Du C, afforciatus.) Aketon, ii. 322. Gambison, defensive doublet worn under a coat of mail. Al, ii. 157. Fr. a le or a la. To the. Aldermannia, *Aldremanria, ii. 168, 341. An aldermanry. Alderneman, ii. 14 ; Aldreman, ii. 13; Aldyrman, ii. 196 ; Aldirman- nus, i. 228, 236 ; Aldremannus, ii. 192. Alderman. Alegere, ii. 71. Engl. Allowed (?). Alever, ii. 229. Fr. To lift. Alient, AUiant, Auliant, ii. 71. Engl. An alien. Alimeine, ii. 157. Fr. At the least. Alimete, ii. 263. Engl. To assign or limit. Allec, i. 233, 237; ii. 43, 182. Her- ring. AUenarly, i. 220. Only. Allocare, ii. 94, 96. To allow (in an account). *Allocatio, ii. 94, 96. Allowance. (Du C, allocantia and allocare.) Allutarius, i. 115. Cobbler, shoe- maker, or tawyer. (Wright, i. 685.) Almeyns, ii. 223. Fr. au moins. At least. Aloer, ii. 229. Fr. To place. (Rur- guy, loier.) Alower, ii. 222. Fr. To rent, to hire. Alterare, ii. 88. To alter. Amavindement, ii. 158. Fr. Profit. (Cf. Godefroy, amendir.) Ambe, ii. 141. Fr. Both. Araerciamentum, i. 146, 239. Amerce- ment, fine. 394 (^lossatp. Amerciare, ii. loo. To amerce, fine. Amercier, ii. 2 2 2. Fr. To amerce. Amercy, i. 133. To amerce or fine. *Amittere, ii. 391 =admittere. (Cf. Du C, admittere.) To admit. Amministrare, i. 2 76 = administrare. To administer. Ampiillosus, i. 27. Disdainful, pomp- ous. Anca, ii. 99, ioo = auca. Goose. Anchoragium, i. 195. Anchorage dues. Andegavia, ii. 41. Anjou. Andewra, Andeura, Andever, i. 9 ; ii. 3. Andover. Ansum, Ansa, i. 195, 197, 293 ; ii. 137. Hanse. Apendre, ii. 222. Fr. To belong. Appellare, i. 277. To appeal. *Appensio, i. 293. The act of append- ing, e.g. a seal to a document. *Appenticium, ii. 44. Penthouse, or pentice. *Apprenticiagiuni, ii. 259. Appren- ticeship. Apprenticius, ii. 259. An apprentice. Apprester, ii. 50. Fr. To lend. Appunctuare, ii. 88. To appoint, to determine. Arang, Arange, Araunk, Ayrange, ii. 218, 231. Fr. Herring. (Cf. Hohlbaum, Urk., iii. 538, arinc : Roquefort, arenc.) Sel de arang seems to mean herring salt. Arere, ii. 255. Engl. To raise. (Wright, i. 615 ; Murray, arear.) Arere, ii. 157. Fr. en arriere. In arrears. (Roquefort.) Arestare, ii. 300. To arrest. Armiger, ii. 208. An esquire. Arrentare, ii. 39. To rent, to let out at a rent. Arreragium, Ariragium, ii. 290, 309. Arrears. (Du C, arriragium.) Artificium, ii. 189. Goods made by craftsmen. As, Al, ii 204, 216. Fr. a les. To the. Asaer, ii. 141. Fr. asaier. To assay, try, examine. (Cf. Burguy, essai.) Aser, Asser, ii. 141, 255. Fr. To assess, to tax. (Godefroy, asseoir. Ash-burner, ii. 209. One who bums kelp for the preparation of potash (?). Aspyje, ii. 255. To seek, spy out. Assaia, ii. 364. An assay or examina- tion. Asser, ii. 255. See Aser. Assetz, ii. 205. Fr. Enough, satisfaction. Assidere, Assedere, i. 56, 294. To assess. Assigne, ii. 141. Fr. An assign, a person to whom property is con- veyed. Assisa, Assisia, i. 55, 293; ii. 146, 191, 192, 211, 212, 378. Assessment; mode of trial by jurors (i. 263) ; the fixing or regulation of the price of bread, ale, etc. (ii. 38, 238, 364). *Assisus, ii. 40. Fixed, accustomed. Assoiler, ii. 49. Fr. To assoil, ab- solve. *Assumptus, ii. 330 = sumptus. Ex- penses. Atacher, ii. 206, 224. Fr. To attach, to arrest. Attachiare, ii. 147, 387. To attach, to take by legal authority. Atteynt, Ateint, Ataint, ii. 204, 205, 216, 226. Fr. Convicted. Attinetus, ii. 318. Convicted. Attornatus, ii. 184. An attorney, authorised agent. *Auctorizare, ii. 30. To authorise, to clothe with authority. Auderman, i. 264. Fr. Alderman. Audomarus (Sanctus), i. 270. St. Omer. Audreyn, ii. 140. Fr. au dre}Ti, au derrein. At last. (Cf. Britton, ii. 369 ; Burguy, rier.) *Aula, ii. 102. Gild, fraternity. Cf. below, Domus. Autresy, ii. 215, 216. Fr. So, as, likewise. Autrieus, ii. 222. Fr. Goods of others. Auxi, ii. 224, 225. Fr. aussi. Also, just as. Auxilium, i. 54 ; ii. 189. An aid, a tax. Avenaunt, ii. 223. Fr. Proper, good. Aventiire, ii. 219. Fr. Risk. ♦Average money, ii. 372. Duty on goods imported and exported. (For (^io0satp. 395 other meanings of ' averagium,' see Du C. and Cowell.) Averare, ii. 289. To verify, to prove one's right to a thing. Averium, ii. 20, 306. Goods, chattel, vyrares. Avier, Aver, ii. 205. Fr. Cattle, goods, chattels. Avisamentum, Avisement, i. 265 ; ii. 88. Fr. Counsel, advice. *Avocatio, ii. 158. Protection. (Cf. Du C, advocatio.) Awher, i. 265. Fr. Doubt. (Britlon, ii. 367, awer.) A5e, ii. 254. Engl. Again. Bachelarius, ii. 31. Young man. (Du C, baccalarius. Cf. Annales Monast., iv. 138 : conjuratio ribaldorum qui se bachilarios publice proclamabant.) Baillia, Balliva, ii. 116, 150. Baili- wick. Baillie, ii. 221. Fr. Office of bailiff. Bale, ii. 195. Bailiff. *Ballium, ii. 283. Bail, surety. Bancum, ii. 236. Bench, seat of justice, the Court of Common Pleas. (Mait- land, Sel. Pleas, p. xii.) *Bankruptes, ii. 280. Bankruptcies. Ban-leuca, *Banna-leuca, i. 293 ; ii. 30. Precinct of the jurisdiction of a community. Cf. Fr. banlieue. Barbitonsor, i. 296. Barber. Barellus, ii. 312. Barrel. Baret, ii. 226. Fr. Strife, disorder. (Godefroy, barat ; Liber Cust., 698.) Bargaigner, ii. 218. Fr. To bargain for or buy. Barhude, ii. 206. Fr. barrote. A barrow. (Du C, barrote.) Baron, ii. 216. Fr. A husband. Barons, i. 1 86. Certain borough officers. In Irish towns they held the pleas of fairs. *Basket Stallagium, i. 195. Perhaps the market dues of those who sold goods in baskets, corresponding to the stallage of those who sold from stalls. *Basto, ii. 331, 335. Probably for pasto, pasty. Bastoun, ii. 216. Fr. A baton or staff. Basynetum, ii. 322. A light helmet or iron head-piece. (Du C, bacinetum.) Batel, ii. 225. Fr. A small boat or ship. Bede-roU, ii. 152. A roll or record containing the names of the dead, for v/hom prayers were said. Bene-placitum, ii. 19. Good-will, good pleasure. Berfredus, i. 234, 239. Belfry. Berivagium, i. 237 = beveragium. Drink-money. (Cf. Du C, bibera- gium.) BesillieZjii. 218. Lowered, embezzled, impaired. (Du C, besil.) Bevere, Bevier, i. 33; ii. 157, 256. Fr. boire. To drink ; bevere gilde markande, to hold a meeting of the gild merchant. *Bibitoria, i. 190. Gild-house, perhaps ale-house. Bier, i. 265. Fr. Baron. *Bika, i. 29 ; ii. 85, 86, 370. A beaker or measure of ale. (Cf. Du C, bicheta and bicarium ; and Pap- penheim, 488, 'debent confratres re- cipere bicaria,' etc.) Bilettum, ii. 298. A billet. Bistrand, ii. 386. Engl. By strand, on the sea-shore. Bladvim, ii. 124. Com, wheat. Blobbe, ii. 230. Blubber, fish-oil. Boiste, ii. 221. Fr. A box or chest. Bella, i. 230. A boll, a measure of capacity for grain, etc., generally containing six bushels. (Murray ; cf. Du C.) Boltere, ii. 246. A bolter, one who sifts meal. (.Murray, Diet., i. 976.) *Bonda, Bunda, i. 206; ii. 62. A boundary. Boothes, i. 82. The name applied to the court-house of Manchester. Cf. Celda. Borch, i. 258. Engl. A surety. Borda, i. 233, 239; ii. 352. Infra bordam, on board ; ante bordam navis, at the ship's side. Borgeis, Borges, ii. 141. Fr. Bur- gesses. 396 (^Io00at^. Borgeswyke, Borgesshippe, ii. 12. Fee of admission to burgess-ship. Boroghes, ii. 345. Sureties. Borth-selver, ii. 30 (borch-selver). Fee paid on finding sureties, frank-pledge fee. Boscus, ii. 21. Wood as distinguished from plain. *Bosset[um], ii. 259. Box, chest. (,Cf. above, Boiste.) Bote-hall, Booth-hall, i. 81. A town- hall. Botheman, ii. 382. Dealer in corn. Merchaimtes of come called ' Bothe- men' (ii. 383). Bounde, ii. 224. Fr. Boundary. Braeeator, Brasiator, ii. 135, 261. Brewer. Bracer, ii. 207. Fr. To brew. Braceresse, Braciatrix, ii. 207, 304. Brewster, a woman who brews ale. *Bracina, ii. 312. Malt, brew, ale. Brash, ii. 107. Refuse, rubbish. (Halli- well, brash, brashy.) Brassium, Braseum, Braserium, i. 230, 237; ii. 99, 125. Grain out of which beer was made, malt. (Cf. Du C, brace.) Braxare, i. 295. To brew. Bref, Brief, ii. 217, 232. Fr. A writ. Breser, ii. 219. Fr. To break. Brethred, ii. 71. A brotherhood. Breve, ii. 173. A writ. Bribour, ii. 306. Scrap-craver, beggar, low beggarly fellow. (Jamieson, bribour ; Du C, briba ; Burguy, bribe ; Murray, briber.) Brief, Bref, ii. 217, 232. Fr. A writ. Bristowa, BristoUum, BristoUia, i. 247-249. Bristol. Britholt, ii. 390 (?brichtol). Bridge- toll. (Liber Cust., 704 ; Liber Albus, Gloss., 299.) Broake, i. 195. A ' broke,' fee, fine, or tax. Broccarius, i. 234. A broker. Brocha, ii. 58. A tap or tube. Ven- dere vina ad brocham, to sell wine from the tap or by retail. *Bron-gavell, ii. 103 (read brougavell.) Tribute paid for the right to brew. (Cf. maltselver in Hale's Domesd. of St. P., 56.) Brotherede, ii. 68. A brotherhood. Bunda, Bonda, i. 206 ; ii. 62. A boundary. *Burcuni, ii. 239, for bursa. A purse. (^Cf. Liber Albus, Gloss., 379-) Burell[um], ii. 254. Burel, borel, a kind of coarse woollen cloth. (Mur- ray, burel; Catholicon, 48.) Burgagium, i. 71 ; ii. 21, 175. A bur- gage tenement. See i. 6, note 3. Burgeis, ii. 232. Fr. Burgesses. *Burgensia, i. 10; ii. 127, 129. Bur- gess-ship. *Burgensialis, ii. 191. Burgensic, burghal. Burgensis, ii. 271. Aa alderman, a member of the town council. The ordinary meaning of the word in the middle ages was a burgess. Burgh-motum, i. 64. Borough-court. Burgus, ii. 18. Borough. Burlee, ii. 204. Fr. Coarse woollen cloth. See above, Burellum. Bursa, Burse, i. 199; ii. 291. Bourse, exchange. (Cf. Rec. of Conv. iii. 679.) Busca, ii. 312. A bush, a measure of capacity. (Possibly for rusca, a measure of capacity. See Du C, rusca.) Busselus, ii. 124. Bushel. Busung, Bosoigne, ii. 225, 255. Fr. Need, business. Buteillaria, ii. 386. Butlery. Byrtton, ii. 71. A Briton. CachepoUus, ii. 237, 238. Catchpole, bailiff. Cadomus, i. 4. Caen. Cadowe, ii. 286. Rough woollen cloth used as a covering. (Murray, cad- dow.) Caduce, i. 131. A kind of worsted lace. (Nares, caddis.) Caesarisburgus, i. 292. Cherbourg. Caldarium, i. 295. Kettle, chauldron. Calvimpnia, ii. 191, 273. A challenge or claim. (Slosgarp- ;97 Calumpniare, Calumniare, i. 230 ; ii. 29) i35i 319- To claim or challenge; to charge or accuse. Calvunpniator, ii. 244. Accuser, chal- lenger, or plaintiff. Cameraria, ii. 88. A treasury in charge of the town chamberlain. Cf. Chamber. Camerarius, ii. 142. Chamberlain or treasurer. Campana, i. 231, 238. A bell. Cancellaria, ii. 50. The Court of Chancery. Cantaria, ii. 50- A chantry. Cantebruggia, ii. 154. Cambridge. Cape, ii. 322, 323. Judicial writ in pleas of lands containing an injunction to seize the same. (For the difference between Magnum Cape and Parvum Cape, see Bracton, v. 496.) Capella, ii. 61, 170. Chapel. Capellanus, ii. 169. Chaplain. Capitaneus, i. 94. Captain, head, or chief officer. Capitolium, ii. 128, 129. Gild-hall, town-hall, or moot-hall. (Wright, i. 184, dora-hus.) *Capitularius, i. 282. Head-man or chief officer. Capitvilum, i. 291. Chapter or as- embly. *Caput, i. 269. Head-court, court of appeal. Carbun de Mer, ii. 229. Fr. Sea- coal. Careetata, ii. 44. Cart-load. Cariagium, ii. 202. Cartage, cartage dues, impost on transport of goods through a country. (Murray, Diet., ii. 131.) Caritas, i. 292. Gild, fraternity. Carkes, ii. 99. Charges. Carliolum, Carleolum, i. 71 ; ii. 184. Carlisle. (^For C. Fareolum, i. 71, read Carleolum.) Carne, ii. 133. Evidently an error of the transcriber for 'carve.' See Corf. Carnifex, ii. 60. A butcher. Carte', ii. 7. Owing to the omission of the context in the MS., the mean- ing of this word is not clear. Cartula, Carta, i. 291 ; ii. 21. A charter or record. Castellanus, i. 291. Castellan, gover- nor of a castle. Catallum, ii. 32. Chattel. Cavil, i. 54, 232, 239. A share in trade or in trade privileges, i Jamieson, cavel.) Cajrum, ii. 124. A quay. (Du C, caya.) Celda, ii. 44. Booth, shop, shed, stall. See Selda. In Celdis may mean in the Booths, i. e. the gild-hall. See Boothes. Celdra, i. 238. A chalder. Celebrare, ii. 127, 169. To celebrate mass. Celler, ii. 66. Engl. To store in a cellar. *Censarius, Censer, Chencer, i. 49, 50. A person allowed to trade on pajinent of an annual cense or cess. (Cf. Murray, censer, censerie.) Centena, ii. 44. Hundred weight. *Cersegus, ii. 4 (erroneously printed tersegus). Kersey. (Cf. Rec. of Nott, iii. 138, 140, carsetum; Earle, Land Charters, 484, Caeresige.) Certificare, ii. 38, 168. To certify. Certitude, ii. 114. Certitude, cer- tainty. *Certum, ii. 125. A sum certain, a fixed amount. (Cf. certain in Liber Cust., 707 ; and Engl. Gilds, 465.) Cerum, ii. 305. Evening. (Du C, serum.) Cerveyse, Cervoyse, Cervose, ii. 205, 215. Fr. Ale. Cervicia, ii. 99 = cervisia. Ale. Cestria, i. 141. Chester. ChaflFare, Chaffre, ii. 134, 255. Com- merce, trade ; wares. (Catholicon, 57; Prompt. 333; Murray, Diet., ii. 245.) Chalo, Chalon, ii. 254, 382. A shal- loon, a woollen counterpane. (Catho- licon, 58 ; Prompt., 68.) Chamber, ii. 264, 266, 347. The town treasury. Cf. Cameraria. Charisement, ii. 232. Fr. Increase of price. 398 (^Io00atp. Chastel, ii. 225. Fr. Castle. Chatel, Chateux, ii. 204, 205. Fr. Goods, chattels. Chef, Chief, ii. 157, 214, 221. Fr. Head, end, beginning, En prime chief, in the first place. Cheffware, ii. 69. Goods, merchan- dise. Cheker, ii. 275. A checker-roll, an Exchequer-roll, an assessment-roll. (Of. ii. 2TI, 212; Murray, Diet., ii. 321. Every borough of Scotland seems to have had its ' chakker ' rolls. Rec. of Conv., i. 43 ; ii. 20. The civic treasury of Nottingham was called ' scaccarium.' Rec. of Nott., ii. 469.) *Chenicte-halla, i. 188. A cnihls' hall. See Cniht. Chenser, i. 49. A person allowed to trade in a town on payment of an annual cess. Cheping - gavel, Chepyn - gavell, Chep-gavell, i. 58 ; ii. 203, 208, 236. Annual payment due to a lord for the privilege of trading in his town. *Chepinane-sela, i'. 196. A merchants' hall. Chepmene-sild, ii. 135. Chapman gild, gild merchant. Chat. See Chiete. Cheveteyn, ii. 225. Fr. A chief, the principal officer. Chief, ii. 214. See Chef. Chief Mys, ii. 224. Fr. Capital mes- suage, a great house. Chierte, i. 128. Fr. Dearness. Chiete, Chet, ii. 140, 218. Fr. 3 sing, pres. ind. of cheoir, to fall. Childwite, ii. 390. Fine paid by the reputed father of an illegitimate child to the villein mother's lord. (Mur- ray.) Chiminagium, ii. 363. Road-tax, toll paid for permission to go through a forest. (Cowell.) Chirothecarius, ii. 175. Glover. See also Cirotecarius, Cyrothecarius. Chyveriz, ii. 228. Fr. Goats, kids. Cioestria, i. 90, 140. Chichester. Ciligo, i. 232. Rye. (Du C, siligo.) Cimiterium, ii. 120, 295, 296. Church- yard. Cingula, i. 290. Circuit, precinct. Ciphus, ii. 3i6 = scyphus. Drinking vessel or goblet. Cirotecarius, ii. 60, 132, 358. Glover. Cissor, i. 115. Tailor. Citatio, i. 236. A summons. Civilitas, i. 286. Citizenship. Clamare, ii. 171. To claim. Clamium, Clameum, Clamor, i. 188, 292; ii. 171, 172. A claim. *Clarus, ii. 5, 94, 102, 103. Clear, in full, net ; liquidated in full (ii. 5). Claye, ii. 206. Fr. Hurdle. (Liber Albus, Gloss., 304.) Clericus, ii. 96. A clerk, a town clerk. Cloth-drawer, ii. 208. Cloth-stretcher. Cloth-mangere, ii. 311, 312. Cloth- monger. Cniahta-gealdan, i. 188. A cnihten gild. Cniht, Chenicte, i. 183, 184, i88. Military retainer. Cnihtene-gild, Cnithe-gilda, Cnith- ten-gilda, ii. 186-188. A cnihten gild. *Coccare, ii. 310. To bake or cook. Cognoscere, ii. 194. To recognize, to acknowledge, or confess. Coler-maker, ii. 130. Collar-maker. Colli-strigium, ii. 301. Pillory. Colour, i. 48, 136 ; ii. 68, 82, 177,275. ' To colour a person or his wares,' ' to sell under colour of a gildsman,' means to sell goods in the gildsman's name, so that the stranger could evade dues or tolls demanded from non- gildsmen. Comblus, ii. 125. A measure of four bushels, a coomb. (Liber Cust., 714, coumble.) Comburgensis, i. 235. Fellow bur- gess. Comenaunce, ii. 73 = covenant. An agreement. (Cf. Engl. Gilds, 466 ; Halliwell, comnant; Matzner, i. 493.) Comercium, Comercia, ii. 366, 367. Commerce. ($lO00arp. ;99 Comes, ii. 136. Earl. Comitatus,ii. 36, 146 ; ii. 120. County; county court. Comitissa, ii. 387. Countess. Commestio, ii. 34. A feast. Conuninis, i. 119 = communis. Com- mon. Commoditas, ii. 360. Commodity. Common Bargain, ii. 149. A ' town bargain,' purchase of goods by a borough. See i. 135. Communa, Communia, Communitas, i. 21, 93-103, 269. Civic incorpora- tion, the privileges of a free incor- porated borough; the common people, commons ; a common payment ; a community, gild, etc. *Communarius, i. 112. Common- councilman. Commune, ii. 254. Engl. The com- munity or commons. Commune, ii. 4 = communitas. Com- munity. Communis, ii. 192, 235= communitas. ^Du C, communis.) Communitas. See Communa. Communitates, ii. 391. For com- munitas, community, commons. Comojm, ii. 383, 3S4. To common, to add or join certain persons to others for consultation, to associate. Complementum Justieiae, ii. 379. Complete justice. (Cf. Du C.) Componere, i. 295. To compound, to pay as a composition or fine. Compotus, Computus, Computum, ii. 3, 94, 99, 100, 103. An account. Comunier, ii. 218. Fr. Participating. Concencire, ii. 293=consentire. To consent. Concensus, i. 239; ii. 126 = consensus. Consent. Concernere, ii. loi, 16S. To re- gard. Conciliarius, ii. 39. Alderman, mem- ber of the town council. Concordatus, ii. 114. An agreement. Conculare, ii. 365=conculcare. To trample upon. *Conductivus, i. 295, 296. Hired. (Cf. Fr. conductif. Godefroy.) Conflt, Confjrtt, ii. 204, 206. Fr. Water in which skins are soaked. (Godefroy.^ Confraria, i. 297. Fraternity or gild. Confrater, ii. 247. Gildsman. Confraternitas, i. 296. Gild ; member- ship of a gild. *Congildanus, i. 29. Gildsman. Conjuratio, i. 21. Civic corporation or ' commune.' Conreatus, i. 115. See Coureatus. Considerare, ii. 238, 292. To decide, award, give judgment. (Cf. Madox, Exch., ii. 118.) Consideratio, ii. 8. An award or judgment. Consivis, i. 262 = concins. Fellow citizen. Constitutio, i. 233-240. Constitution (ii. 55) or ordinance. Consuetude, i. 59; ii. 183, 209, 252, 261. Customary payment, toll, etc. (Cf. i. 103.) Consult, Consull, ii. 371. Councillor. Consulantes in this sense occurs in many Scotch burgh records. Cf. con- suls of Utrecht, etc. i. 286, 294. Continentia, i. 27. Manner of doing anything, an act. Contrafacere, ii. 316. To counterfeit. Contre, ii. 227. See Encontre. Convener, i. 202, 222. The head of a convenery. See Convenery. Convenery, i. 202. A union of Scotch craft gilds. Convenientia, ii. 22. Appurtenance, lawful property. *Conventionarius, ii. 246. A cove- nanter, a person allowed to trade by entering into a covenant with a town. Conventus, ii. 171. Monastery. Conversatio, i. 230. Conduct, deport- ment. Convinctus, ii. 135 =convictus. Con- victed. *Convivium, i. 84, 284. A gild. Copies, ii. 382 = occupies. Occupa- tions. ♦CoQiuinaria, i. 195. Kitchen-dues. Cord, ii. 140. Fr. Accord, consent. 400 aiossarp» Cordewan, ii. 204. Fr. Cordovan leather, cordwain. Corduanarius, Cordewanarius, i. 115; ii. 60. Cordwainer, cordiner, or shoemaker. Corduanus, i. 115. Cordovan leather, cordwain. (Du C, cordebisus ; Liber Cust., 713.) Coreum, i. 46; ii. 8, 28, 52 = corium. Leather, hide. *Corf, Corflf, Corffe, Corficina, ii. 132, 133: i5o> 175, 176, 189, 358- The cutting of wares, selling by retail. (O. Engl, corven, to carve. Cf. Chron. of Rob. of Glouc, ii. 901 ; Ancren Riwle, 452.) Cornere, ii. 224. Fr. A corner. Cornu Communitatis, ii. 30, 32. The town horn, for summoning meetings, etc. See Mot-hom. Cornubia, ii. 174. Cornwall. Coronator, ii. 107. Coroner. Corporalis, ii. 368. Relating to the corporale or cloth covering the sacred elements. According to Du C. a corporal oath was one taken on the Gospels, Cross, or relics of a Saint. (Cf Liber Albus, 382.) Corporation, i. 135. A gild ; in Scot- land a craft gild. *Corpus Comitatus, i. 59. The un- privileged districts of a county, those portions that were under the imme- diate jurisdiction of the sheriff *Corrigiuin, i. 290. Strap, leather. (Diefenbach.) Corvesarius, i. 114. Shoemaker. Corveser, Corvyser, ii. 24, 274. Shoe- maker. Cf Fr. courvoisier. Costa, ii. 279. A coast. Costage, ii. 51. Fr. Cost. Cotel, ii. 216. Fr. Knife. Counfite, ii. 206. Fr. Vat for soak- ing skins. (Godefroy, confit.) Coureatus, i- 115 (erroneously printed conreatus). Curried or dressed. (Du C, coreare ; cf Liber Cust, 795.) Coustume, ii. 218, 221, 227. Fr. See Custuma. Coustumer, ii. 227. Fr. Customable, subject to tolls, etc. Coviengne, ii. 214. Fr. A covenant or agreement. Craftyman, ii. 381. Craftsman. Cranoke, ii. 69. {^Irish, cranog, basket or hamper for holding corn.) A measure supposed to be equal to a Bristol barrel. (Cal. Pat. and CI. Rolls, i. 196 ; Gilbert, Hist. Doc, p. xxxiv. Cf. Pipe Roll, i Rich. I, p. 163.) *Crassus Piscis, i. 292. Royal fish, i. e. whale and sturgeon, which when thrown on shore or caught near the coast were the property of the king. (Pipe Rolls, Litrod., 88.) Cum, ii. 139. Fr. As, whereas. *Cunibra, ii. 123. A form of cumba, a coomb of four bushels. (^Prompt., 97-) Cumbria, ii. 39. Cumberland. Cunteck, Contek, ii. 139, 226. Fr. A quarrel, strife, contest. (Godefroy, contec ; Catholicon, 75.) *C\iria Legalis, ii. 100, 104, 105, 242. Law-day, meeting of the Leet or principal local court. (Cf Law- day.) Curiales, ii. 99. Perhaps members of the town council. (Cf Wright, i. iii, curiales = burh-gerefa.) Custagium, ii. 281. Cost. Custuma, ii. 43, 48, 123, 124, 132; Custumum, i. 194; Coustume, ii. 21S, 221, 227; Customa, ii. 109. Any kind of customary payment, especially tolls for buying and sell- ing, etc. *Custumarius, i. 31 ; ii. 297, 308, 312. A person subject to customary pay- ments, tolls, etc. (For the ordinary meaning of this word, see Kennett, Gloss, s. V.) *Custumum, i. 194. See Custuma. Custus, ii. 364. Cost. Cutistannatus, ii 46 = cutis tannatus. Tanned skin or hides. Cuva, ii. 312. A vat. (Fr. cuve.) *C3rfus, i. 291. A drinking vessel. Cf Ciphus, Cyrotheca, Cyroteca, ii. 173. Glove. Cyrothecarius, ii. 173. Glover. (^lossatp. 401 Dacra, i. 239, A dakir or dicker, ten. Dampnare, ii. 31 — damnare. To con- demn. Dampnum, ii. 35 = damnum. Damage. Dapifer, ii. 40. Steward. Data, ii. 184. A date. Dawber, ii, 382. A dauber or plas- terer. ( Halliwell ; Liber Cust. , 7 1 6 . ) Day, i. 10. A meeting, a diet. (Cf. Law-day. *) Decanus, i. 208. Dean. Decasus, ii. iii. Decay. *Deeennarius, ii. 106. Tithingman, petty constable. (Rec. of Nott., i. 445-) Decennia, ii. 33. A tithing. Decern, i. 220. To decide, to judge. *Decisio, ii. 24. See Discicio. Decreet, i. 215. A decree, decision, or judgment. Dedecere, ii. 146. Mis-print for dedu- cere. *Deducere, i. 248. To deal with, to treat ; mercatum deducere (ii. 146, 378), to carry on trade, to traffic. Defacere, ii. 4 = deficere. To undo or disregard. Defactus, ii. 298 = defectus. A de- fault. Defencio, ii. 307. Prohibition. *Defendere vim et injuriam, ii. 177, 180. To deny a charge, (Cf. ii. 7, vim et justum defendere ; Rec. of Nott, ii. 457.) Defensa, Defensio, ii. 296, 326. A fence, an enclosure. Deforciare, ii. 7, 173, 202, 295. To take forcible possession of, to wrong- fully hold property, to defend one's claim to anything. (Du C, diffor- ciare ; Liber Albus, Gloss., 384 ; Cowell, deforceor.) Deforis, ii. 378. Strange, not having the privileges of a burgess. Delegare, i. 228. To bequeath, to give. Deliberare, ii. 62, 147. To liberate. Deliberatio, ii. 137. Liberation. Deliverer, i. 137. An officer of the Gild Merchant of Dublin who de- livered shares of a town bargain, Dementlers que, ii. 226. Fr. While. Demeyne, Demesne, ii. 230, 232 Fr. Own. Demeyne si, ii. 140. Fr. Unless. *Demittere, ii. 38. To demise, trans- fer, convey. (Du C, dimittere.) Demurr, ii. 74. To stop, remain, dwell. Den, ii. t 58. Fr. Dean or deacon. Denarius Dei, i. 233. God's penny, arles, earnest money, (Liber Cust., 797-) Denzein, i. 66. Citizen, (Godefroy ; Liber Cust., 717.) Deofol-gild, i. 190. Devil-worship. Departir, ii. 219. To share, (Cf. Partir.) *Deperditura, ii. 286. Loss, damage. Deputatus, ii. 282. Deputy. Derige, Dirige, ii. 15, 163. Hymn forming part of the burial service, a dirge. (Halliwell, dirige; Prompt, 121.) Desawoare, ii. 7. To disavow, deny or contradict. (Du C, desavouare.) *Deserere, Disserere, ii. 308, 330. To fail, to be wanting, to be denied. *Deservire, ii. 281, 308. To deserve, merit, or gain ; to earn a living, Deskarqer, Desqarker, ii. 225, 227. Fr. To unload, discharge. Despendre, ii. 221, 255. Fr, To lay out, to expend. Desperdre, ii. 157, Fr, To lose. Despersoner, ii. 217. Fr, To defame, insult, or slander. Desque, Deske, ii. 206, 207, 216, Fr. Until, unto. Desque a taunt que, ii. 220. Fr. Until. Destier, ii. 205 = d'estier. See Estier. Destrictio, ii. 5. Distress, distraint. Detaillum, ii. 47. Retail, detail. De ultra mare, ii. 5, 8. This was a lawful and common ' essoin ' or ex- cuse for absence from court. The ' xl, dies ' which is sometimes added in the Andover records means that the case is accordingly postponed for forty days. Devor, ii. 273. Duty. Dewling, ii. 71. Dublin. 402 (5loi50arp. Dies Amoris, ii. 7, 293. Love-day, day of reconciliation. Dieta, i. 230. A day. Difflnire, i. 269=definire. To decide, to determine. *DifiFranchisare, ii. 20. To disfran- chise. *Dignor, ii. 286. To deign, to vouch- safe to give. Discernere, ii. 367 = decemere. To decree. *Diseicio, Declsio, ii. 24, 134. A cutting up ; discicionem pannorum facere, vendere pannum ad decisionem, to cut cloth and sell it, to sell cloth by retail. Discommin, ii. 176. To discommon, disfranchise. Disiderare, ii. 2o8=--desiderare. To desire. *Dispercionare, ii. 328. To injure, slander, insult. (Du C, disper- sonare.) Disrationare, ii. 183, 357. To derain, disprove, refute, clear. (Liber Cust., 798.) Disserere, ii. 330. See Deserere. *Distillare, i. 276. To extend, to pro- pagate. Distringere, ii. 5. To distrain or levy distress. Disuitym, ii. 1 41. Fr. dix-huitieme. Eighteen. Divider, i. 137. A gild officer who divided town bargains. Dividers, i. 291. To arrange, to determine. Divisa, ii. 146, 378. Division or quarter of a town. Doble, i. i.;3=double. Dog-stones, ii. 122. Hearthstones, on which the fire dogs rested. (Haly- burton, 349.) Dolium, i. 27 ; ii. 43. A cask, 208 gallons. (Rec. of Nolt., ii. 458.1 Dome, i. 258. A doom or judgment. Domesday, ii. 123. Book or roll con- taining borough laws. Dominicum, ii. 204. A demesne. Domus, i. 196, n. 2 ; ii. 4-6, 8. Gild or fraternity. Cf. Aula. *Doinus thelonei, ii. 30. Toll-house. Dorra, ii. 216. Fr. 3 sing. fut. ind. of donner, to give. Dounk, ii. 220. Fr. Then. Doiira, ii. 351. Dover. Draperius, ii. 196. Draper. Drappa, ii. 331. Cloth. Dreiture, ii. 225. Fr. Justice, right. Drejrt, ii. 205. Fr. Law, right. Driturelement, ii. 220. Fr. Lawfully. Duellum, ii. 183. Duel or judicial com.bat. Dunelmia, i. 12. Durham. Durer, ii. 228. Fr. To extend. Dutchland, i. 150. Germany. Dyes, ii. 34. The two ',?). Cf. dee5 and deus = two, ii. 158, 296. Dyrd, ii. 51= dirge. Djrvlyng, ii. 65. Dublin. Ebba, i. 292. Ebb tide. Eboracum, ii. 21. York. Effoncer, ii. 230 = enfoncer. Fr. To push in. (For a different rendering of this word, see Davies, Southampt., 150.) Eicere, i. 231 =ejicere. To eject. Einz nei, Eine, i. 216. Fr. Elder, first-born. *Eldefadus, Eld-fader, i. 263 ; ii. 7. Grandfather, ancestor. (Cf. Engl. Gilds, 169; Matzner, aldfader ; Halli- well, eldfather.) Elde-stuard, i. 26 ; ii. 12. Elder or chief steward. Embracerie,ii. 381. Unlawful meeting. Emenda, i. 229; ii. 204. Amends, fine, reparation. Emendare,i. 228. To make reparation. Empeach, ii. 150. To impair. Empleder, ii. 217. Fr. To implead, sue at law. Enarere, ii. 140. Fr. In the past. Encheson, ii. 140. Fr. A reason or occasion. Encontre, ii. 227. Fr. To encounter, to go to meet. Encoru, ii. 218. Fr. Forfeited. Encrecement, ii. 231. Fr. An in- crease, an increased price. Enorestre, ii. 231. Fr. To increase. (^Io00atp. 403 Enfranceys, ii. 195. Engl. Fran- chises. En hest mot, i. 299. = In hastigem Muth. Germ. In anger. (Schiller und Liibben, mot.) Enpletter, ii. 229. Fr. To do, fulfil, or satisfy. Enprompter, ii. 256. Fr. To borrow. Enpruement, ii. 157. Fr. Profit. Enrouler, ii. 219. Fr. To enroll. Enseler, ii. 222. Fr. To seal. Ensement, ii. 141, 205. Fr. Like- wise, together. Entour, ii. 49. Fr. Regarding, about. Erene, ii. 69. Iron. Erogare, i. 234. To distribute. Escambium, ii. 253. An exchange. Escheatum, ii. 39. An escheat. *Eschippare, Eskippare, i. 292 ; ii. 87. To ship, to sail. Escot, i. 55 ; ii. 140. Fr. Scot or pay- ment. Escotantus, ii. i32=escottans. Being in scot, contributing to common rates and taxes. Escoter, Escotter, i 55 ; ii. 138, 140. Fr. To scot, to contribute to common payments. Esement, ii. 157. Fr. Easement, re- lief, or accommodation. Esgard, ii. 217, 222. Fr. Award or judgment. Eskiven, Eskevyn, ii. 157, 158, 215 = scabinus. Fr. Echevin, an officer of a gild. See i. 26. Essoniare, ii. 5, 154. To essoin or excuse from appearance in a court. Essonium, ii. 6. An excuse for not appearing in a court, an essoin. Establissement, ii. 224. Fr. Statute or ordinance. Estatut, ii. 220. Fr. Statute. Estaundar, ii. 222. Fr. Standard. Ester, Estier, ii. 205, 226. Fr. To stand. Estier a dreyt, to submit to justice or trial. Ester-gavell, ii. 236. Easter-gavel, rent due at Easter. Esteyn, i. 140. Fr. Tin. Estoverium, Estovium, ii. 124, 155. An estover, anything necessary for Dd sustentation or maintenance. Esto- vium is an incorrect reading of esto- verium. Estraura, ii. 3i6 = extrahura. Estrays, stray animals. (Du C, estrajeriae.) Eus, ii. 223. Fr. Door. Ewe, ii. 232. Fr. Water. Exhereditatio, ii. 238. Disherison, ruin, damage. Exigere, ii. 37o = erigere. To erect. Exitus, ii. 38, 169. Issues, revenues, profits. Exorare, i. 278. To exhort. Extraneus, Extranius, i. 66 ; ii. 44, 53, 102, 134. A stranger, one not free of the borough. Extreiuus, i. 228. In extremis snis, in his last days. Extrinsecus, i. 66; ii. 14, 52. A stranger, one not free of the borough. Faccultie, ii. 54. A trade, occupa- tion, or craft. Falda, ii. 307, 330, 339. Sheepfold, enclosure. Parse, Parsietz, ii. 204. Fr. 3 sing. pres. ind. and p. part, of farcir, to stuff. Feat, Feate, i. 155 ; ii. 362, 380. Occupation, business. Feel, Foial, i. 209; ii. 214. Fr. Faithful. Feez, Peiz, Fez, i. 74; ii. 219, 220. Fr. fois. Time. Peit, ii. 225 (bis). Fr. 3 sing. pres. ind. of fere, to do ; as in feit a saver, doth you to wit. Felling, i. 234. Breaking contract. (Innes, Anc. Laws, 208. Cf. Matzner, fallen, to destroy.) Feodum, i. 146; ii. 196. A fee or payment. Peoffatus, i. 72, 74; ii. 13. Feoffee one holding a fief. Feoffmentum, ii. 327. Enfeoffment. Peor, ii. 205. Fr. Price. (Godefroy fuer. ) Fere, i. 189. Engl. A fellow or com- panion. Peria, i. 297; ii. 175. Holiday, any day of the week ; a fair. 404 (^Ios0arp. Ferir hors, ii. 230. Fr. To knock out. (Cf. Burgny, ferir.) Perme, ii. 254. Engl. See Firma Burgi. Permer, ii. 216. Fr. To swear, give security to. (Burguy.) Perour, Peure, ii. 206. Fr. A smith ■ or ironmonger. (Roquefort.) Perrealment, ii. 206. Fr. Hardware, things made of iron. Perretyng, i. 131. Ferret, tape, ribbon. (Cf. Axon, Engl. Dialect Words.) Perro, ii. 245. Blacksmith, iron- monger. (Liber Cust., 802.) PerthingmannuSjPerthynman, Per- yngman, Purthyngman, i. 27, 228, 231, 238. Quarter- master, gild officer. Peru, ii. 330. See Ferir. *Pestualis, ii. 1 70. Festal. Peudum, ii. 29. A fief or fee. Peure, ii. 206. See Ferour. Pez, ii. 220. See Feez. Pfor', ii. 334, 335. Probably a con- traction of fore ward men. Pienz, ii. 223. Fr. Offal, rubbish. (Burguy, fiens.) Piert, ii. 216, 217. Fr. 3 sing. pres. ind. of ferir, to strike. Pilacium, ii. 291. Thick yarn. Piletum, ii. 276. Yam. Pilum, ii. 286. Yarn, thread. Pinire, ii. 153. To pay a fine. Pinis, ii. 43, 50, 92. A fine, payment for a favour or privilege. Pire-lookers, ii. 174. Overseers of fires, heads of fire department. Pirma Villae, Pirma Burgi, i. 6 ; ii. 100, loi. Fee-farm rent of a borough. Plesshe^wer, ii. 197. A butcher or flesher. Cf. Germ. Fleischhauer. (Catholicon, 135.) Poial, ii. 214. Fr. Faithful. *Poraneus, i. 66. A stranger, a person who did not enjoy civic privileges. *Pordede, i. 29; ii. 240. O. Engl. A good deed, a charitable action. (Matzner, fordede.) In the Totnes records it may mean a fi.\ed payment to the Gild for charitable purposes ; or surety-money payable by persons entertaining the gild. (Ancren Riwle, 444, fordede = surety.) *Pordele, i. 29 ; ii. 240-242. Cf. Germ. Vortheil, advantage. (Matz- ner, fordel.) Perhaps in the Totnes records, it may be another word con- nected with ferto or ferthelum, a measure [of ale or wine], given as an entrance-fee. See Du C. In a continental record of 1274 we meet with an entrance-fee of a gild con- sisting of unum fertonem ad con- vivium. (Salvioni, Glide, 5.) Porefactum, i. 298. A fine. Poreign, Foreigner, i. 27, 68, 130; ii. 71. See Forinsecus. Porensis, ii. 246. A stranger. See Forinsecus. Porestarius, ii. 363. Forester or forest officer. Porinsecus, i. 66 ; ii. 13, 37, 52, 124. A ' foreigner,' i.e. any person not a burgess or a member of the Gild Merchant, a person not enjoying the privileges of a borough. Cf. i. 27 ; ii. 130. Porinsecum Hundredura, ii. 341. The part of the hundred lying outside the town. Porisfacere, ii. 47, 64, 244. To for- feit ; to offend or transgress ; to punish. Porisfactura, Porisfactum, i. 9, 115, 227; ii. 197, 273. Forfeiture, a fine ; transgression, offence. Porisjudicare, Porjudieare, ii. 328. To deprive of anything by judicial process. Porjuger, ii. 217. Fr. To forejudge, to condemn. *Pormatores, i. 296, 227. The alder- men of a gild. (Hohlbaum, iii. 550.) Pornier, ii. 220, 222. Fr. To execute. Porsene, ii. 205. See Sorsene. Pors pris, ii. 141. Fr. Except. Porum, i. 233, 234. Market-place. Porwardmannus, ii. 297, 312; Por- wardesmeu, i. 31 ; Porewardman- nus, ii. 4, 8, 324 ; Pordwardman- nus, ii. 320, 331 ; Pordwarmannus, ii. 321 ; Porwardinus, ii. 308, 343, ($lo00arp. 405 345 ; Poreworwannus, ii. 29S ; Formannus, ii. 293. Forward-man, covenant-man, gild officer. (See i. 31 ; cf. Ancren Riwle, 444 ; Earle, Land Charters, 489.) Fossagium, ii. 363. Toll or duty for the maintenance of a fosse. Fossatum, ii. 366. Ditch or moat. Fra, ii. 220. Fr. 3 sing. fut. ind. of faire, to do. Franchesia, Franchicia, ii. 43, 61, 391. A franchise. Francigena, i. 4. Frenchman, for- eigner. Francis, Fraunches, ii. 138, 195. Franchises. Francus Plegius, ii. 94. Frank- pledge. *Fratres Guildhaldae, ii. 272. Bre- thren of the gild-hall, members of the Common Council of Windsor. Free, Freedom, Freemen, i. 12, 31, 123, 124. Those having free trade privileges were the ' freemen ' of a town, they were 'free' of the town, they enjoyed its ' freedom.' A ' free ' baker (^ii. 82) was a person who had all the privileges of that craft. Cf. i. 123, 124. Frimire, i. 115. (Incorrect reading of frunire.) To tan. Friscus, ii. 136. Fresh, undressed, un- tanned. Frometye, ii. 279. Frumenty. *Fugator, ii. 279. A hunting dog. *Fullerettus, ii. 39. Pertaining to fulling. Fumer, ii. 223. Fr. fumier. Dung, muck. Fundrible, ii. 230. Fr. fondrille. Lees, dregs. Funz, ii. 230. Fr. Bottom. Fura, ii. I04 = fultura. A prop or sup- port. Furnire, ii. 311. To bake. Furnitor, ii. 135 =frunitor. (Cf. Char- tae Hibern., 86.) A tanner. Furtliyngman, ii. 13. Sse Ferthing- men. Fyllyshape, i. 123. Fellowship, fra- ternity. Gablium, ii. 245. Rent or tax. Galy-man, ii. 263. A ship-man. (Ca- tholicon, 149, galy.) Garcio, Garcun, i. 235 ; ii. 157. Fr. Servant. Garde, ii. 216. Fr. Ward of a town. Gardianus, ii. 62, 63, 87. Warden. Gardinus, ii. 104. Garden. Garleke, ii. 96. Garlic. Garnir, ii. 138, 216. Fr. To warn, inform. Gate-waiters, i. 27. Certain town offi- cers at Wigan. Cf. ' custodes viarum qui vocantur Gategeters.' (Rec. of Nott., i. 54.) Gate = road, highway. Gavel-yeld, ii. 39. House-rent. (Cf. Schmid, Gesetze, 587 ; Domesday Studies, 142.) Gayola, ii. 147, Gaol, (Du C, gaola.) *Gay-wite, Gay-wyt, ii. 44, 191, 356. ' Et per hoc verbum Gayiuite clamant esse quietos ab omnibus muneribus et vadiis solvendis pro vigiliis non factis extra civitatem praedictam.' (i. e. Chester. Harl, MS. 2057, fol. 65.) Watch - money, ward - wite, ward- penny. (Cf. Rep. MSS. Com., 1883, p. 60; Plac. de q. W., 275; Hale, Domesd. of St. P., Ixxiii-lxxx.) Gefer-scipe, i. 189. Gild or frater- nity. GeiU (Sanct), i. 216. St. Giles. Geldabilis, i. 59. Subject to taxation. Geldable, Gildable, i. 59. The tax- able land or unpri\aleged part of a county. Geldare, i. 59. To pay Danegeld. Geldum, Gelda, i. 55, 59 ; ii. 378. A tax, impost. Cf. Gilda. Gemot-hus, i. 81. Moot-hall, court- house. *Generosns, ii. 348. Gentleman. Gensor, ii. 176, 177. See Chenser. Gentilis, ii. 132, 358. Gentle, noble. *Geres-givia, ii. 245. See Yeres-give. Gernemuta, i. 140. Yarmouth. Gerner, ii. 218. Fr. A granary, garner. Gersuma, ii. 32. Payment, fine, or exaction. (Hale, Reg. Prior. Wig., xlii ; Spelman.) 4o6 (5lo00arp« Ghesceden,i. 276=entscheiden. Germ. To determine. Ghewand, i. 296. Germ. Cloth. Ghilda, Ghylda, ii. 145, 2i2=gilda. A gild. Ghild-hus, i. 190. Gild-house, perhaps ale-house. Gialda, Gihalda, Gihalla, i. 80, 82, 189. Gild-hall. Gilda, i. 119, 216, 229 ; ii. 4, 187. A gild or fraternity ; membership of a gild ; meeting of a gild. Gilda, i. 60; ii. 146. Tax, impost, payment. Cf. Geldum. Gilda Aula, Guild-aula, ii. 33, 170, 207. Gild-hall. Gildable, i. 59. See Geldable. Gildagium, i. 49, 50 ; ii. 374. A gild payment or exaction. Gildalla, i. 291. Gild-hall. Gilda Mercatoria. Gild merchant. (For the various terms used to express this idea, see i. 6.) Gildan, Gyldan, i. 27 ; ii. 246, 277. Gild officer ; gildsman. *Gildanus, i. 29; ii. 5, 8, 204, 277, 290, 293. Gildsman ; gild-officer. *Gildare, i. 99. To gildate, to form into a gild. Gildate, i. 88. To form into a gild. Gild-day, i. 118; ii. 277. Corpus Christi day, when the crafts went in procession, etc. Gildein, ii. 206,207,217. Fr. Gilds- man. Gilde-silver, i. 58, 195 ; ii. 109. A payment made by stranger merchants for permission to trade in a town, or exercise the privileges of the Gild. Gildha, ii. 105= gilda. A gild. Gild-hall, ii. 207. A gild. Cf Aula and Domus. Gild-halla, i. 81 ; ii. 203. Gild- hall. Gild-holder, i. 27. A gild officer, one who provided the gild banquet. Gild-mele, ii. 207. Fr. Gild-meal, gild-feast. Gildonia, i. 283. A gild. Gildry, i. 201, 215. A Scotch Gild Merchant. Gildryman, i. 203. A member of a Scotch Gild Merchant. Gild-salle, i. 196. Gild-hall. Gild-town, i. 204. A town having a Gild Merchant. *Gild-wite, i. 49, 50 ; ii. 147. A gild fine or exaction. (For other mennings of the word, see Domesday Studies, 89, 117; Schmid, Gesetze, 604 ; Kemble, Codex Dip., vi. 240 ; Liber de Hyda, 44.) Gippeswicum, i. 140. Ipswich. Girra, ii. 216. Fr. 3 sing. fut. ind. of gesir, to lie. *Glenare, ii. 308. To glean. Gratum, ii. 40. Grace, good-will. Grawe, ii. 76. Grave, influential. Gre, Grey, ii. 217, 219. Fr. Agree- ment, satisfaction. Greignor, Greindre, i. 125; ii. 141. Fr. Greater. Grevousement, ii. 207, 223. F'-. Heavily, severely. Grossus, ii. 19, 37, 185. Great. In grosso, per grossam (ii. 87), by wholesale. Guelda, i. 294. A gild. Guihald, Guildehalda, i. 82; ii. 272. Gild-hall. Guild-aula, i. 10. Gild-hall. Guile, ii. 176. A gild. Gulda, i. 58, 286. A gild. *Gustatores, i. 27 ; ii. 335. Tasters ; officers of the Andover Gild who seem to have had charge of the pro- visions for the Gild feast ; testers of ale, etc. (ii. 106). Guyaula, ii. 258. Gild-hall. Guyhalda, ii. 262. Gild-hall. Guylda, ii. 260. A gild. Gwilde, i. 123. A gild. Gwyld-hawle, ii. 271. Gild-hall. Gyeres-gyve. See Yeres-give. Gyldan, ii. 277. A gild-officer. *Gyldanus, ii. 346. Gildsman. Gyll, ii. 75. Gaol. Habundans, ii. 61 =abundans. Abun- dant. Haia, ii. 8. A hedge, house, town. (Earle, Land Charters, 493, haga. (51o00arp* 407 The meaning of the word in ii. 8 is not clear.) Halla, i. 296. Hall, gild-hall. Halle-house, ii. 275. Gild-hall. Hamso, ii. 3S9. Apparently an in- correct reading of hansa. (Perhaps hamsocha is meant. See Du C, hamsocha.) Hanaperium, ii. 353. The hanaper or treasury of the King's Chancery. *Hanasterii, i. 195 ; ii. 194. Persons admitted to the Gild or freedom of Oxford. *Hancerius, ii. 329; Hansarius, ii. 323> 333, .^37, 339, 34° ; Hansorius, ii. 321; Hansere, ii. 313. Pertain- ing to the hanse, subject to certain payments. Cf. i. 31, 194. Hannse, ii. 1 76 = haunse. To enhance, to increase the price. (Halliwell, hanse.) Hansa, Hans, i. 192-198 ; ii. 16. A hanse ; a mercantile impost ; an en- trance-fee ; a gild or mercantile company. *Hansagium, i. 195. A tribute ex- acted by a gild, a mercantile exaction. *Hansare, i. 296. To pay hanse or tribute. *Hansarius, Hansere. See Han- cerius. *Hanseria, i. 195. A hanse or mer- cantile tribute. Hans-hus, Hanse-house, i. 82, 196 ; ii. 21, 22. A gild-hall; a hanse or gild. Hansing-silver, i. 32. Payment made to a hanse or gild. ♦Hansorius. See Hancerius. Hans-pane, i. 58 ; ii. 333, 335. Hanse penny, payment to the hanse. Hantachen-sele, i. 196. The hall of the cnihten hanse (?). Hantona, ii. 213. Southampton. Hanza, i. 198. A hanse. Harieta, i. 185. Heriot. See Herie- tum. Heele, ii. 207. To conceal. Hellier, ii. 57. Engl. Thatcher or tiler. Herbagium, ii. 296. Grass. Herbergier, Herbager, Herbiger, ii. 222,228. Fr. To harbour or lodge. Herberwerd, Herborwed, ii. 190, 255. Harboured, lodged. Herietum, Harieta, i. 185 ; ii. 330. A heriot, a deceased customary ten- ant's best beast or best chattel due to his lord. (For heriots payable to clergy, see Thomson, Magna Carta, 208 ; Kennett, Gloss.) Herle-breking, i. 234. Arle-breaking, breaking contract. (Innes, Anc. Laws, 210.) Heyn, ii. 278. 'To heyn the feast' seems to mean ' to raise, erect, or provide for the feast.' Heyn = highen, from M.Engl, hey = high. See Matz- ner, hcBen. Cf. i. 27. Heyners, i. 27, 33 ; ii. 392. Officers who provided for the gild feast. Heyr, ii. 226. Fr. Heir. Hloter, ii. 256. Fr. To separate or divide. (Cf Roquefort, lotir.) Holde, ii. 65. Whole. Holding, ii. 76. A share of a town bargain. Hool, ii. 257. Whole, good, loyal. Hostium, ii. 8 = ostium. Door. Hundredum, ii. 202, 341, 342. A sub-division of the county ; a hundred court. Hundredum forinsecum (ii. 341 \ that part of the hundred lying outside the town. Hurts, ii. 15. Whortle-berries. (Still common in Sussex dialect.) Hus, ii. 157. Fr. A door. Hutesium, ii. 341. Hue and cry raised in pursuing a malefactor. (Du C, huesium.) Hynen, ii. 255. Men. I, ii. 157 = Y. Fr. There. lad, ii. 256 = y a. Fr. There is. lUoeqes, ii. 232. Fr. There. Impecbiainentum, i. 44. Impedi- ment. Impetitio, ii. 62. Hindrance, demand, unjust claim. (Cf. Hohlbaum, iii. Implacitare, ii. 154. To implead. 4o8 (5los0arp. *Iinponere, Inponere, ii. 33, 307. To charge or accuse. Inbreviare, i. 234. To register. *Incidere, ii. 88. To belong or per- tain to. *Incompetenter, ii. 341. Immediately. *Inconsultus, ii. 318. Doubtful. Incontinenti, Incontinenter, ii. 95, 260. Incontinently, at once. Incorporeity, i. 104. Incorporation. Inde, ii. 61, 89. Thereon, thereof, therefrom. Indentare, ii. 239. To indent. Indentura, ii. 259. An indenture. *Indigines, ii. 258 = indigena. A native or resident of a town. Indilate, i. 231. Without delay. Infongen-thef, Infangene-thef.ii. 38, 356. Engl. Right of trying thieves caught within a privileged district or manor. (Bracton, ii. 540.) *Infortunituni, Infortiinia, i. 94 ; ii. 112. Misadventure, mishap. Ingesegil, i. 279. Germ. A seal. Ingrossir, ii. 268. An engrosser. (Cf. i. 128. Inn-burgess, ii. 200. A burgess dwelling in the town. Inninge, i. 114, 295. Germ. The privilege of trading ; a gild. (Cf. Hohlbaum, iii. 555.) *Inponere, ii. 307. To charge with an offence. Inprisonamentum, ii. 88, 283. Im- priionment. Inprisonare, ii, 307. To put in prison. Inrotulare, Irrotulare, ii. 258, 259. To enroll or register. Insultare, ii. 305. To assault, attack. Intermittere, ii. 391 =immiscere. To mix. (Cf. Du C.) Intrant, i. 50. Engl. A person al- lowed to exercise trade temporarily. *Intrinsecus, i. 66 ; ii. 13, 14, 52, 125. In-dwelling, resident ; a citizen. In- trinsecum hundredum, ii. 341, that part of the hundred situated within the town. *Intrinsus, ii. 352. Belonging to a citizen. Introitus, ii. 22, 137, 296. Entrance, entrance-fee. Intromittere, i. 115, 208; ii. 112. To interfere, intermeddle, or inter- pose. Inward, ii. 67, 70. Probably means within the town. *Irrevertere, ii. 31. Not to return. Irrigulatus, ii. 36o = irregulatus. Badly regulated. Irrotulamentum, ii. 124. Enroll- ment. *Irrotularius, ii. 334. An enroller or registrar. Issi, ii. 205. Fr. So, thus. Issir, ii. 215. Fr. To go out. Issue, ii. 221. Fr. Egress, issue, export. Itiel, ii. 214. Fr. Such. Ja le meynz ne, ii. 219. Fr. Never- theless, Jantaculum, Jentaculum, ii. 96-98, 102. Collation. Jheres-cheve, ii. 358. See Yares-give. Judieiarius, i. 298. A judge. ♦Judicium, i. 3, 17S. Judgment or regulation. Jurata, ii. 45, 53. Jury. Jurator, ii. 38. Juryman. Jurors, Jurats, Jureis, Jourez, i. 87 ; ii. 151, 217, 221. Civic magistrates, members of a town council. Jus, i. 29 ; ii, 4-6, A lawful fee. Justificare, ii. 316, 330. To try a person charged with an offence. Justicia, Justiciarius, ii. 116, 172. A justice or judge. Kaiagium, Kayagium, i. 195 ; ii. 363, 374. Quayage, dues for loading or unloading a ship, Kancia, ii. 387 = Kantia. Kent. Kele-men, ii. 382. Ship-men, mariners. *Kerka, i. 270. Judgment, charge. *Keverage, ii. 390, This seems to be the same word as cuveragium and coverage. (.See Devon. Assoc, xii. 324; Rec. Office, Conf. Rolls, 2 Hen. VIII, p. 6, m. 3.) Keyl-toU, ii. 44. Keel-toll, a payment (^Io00arp. 409 levied on every ship landing with merchandise at the town quay. Kief, i. 270. Fr. A head, a chief court of appeal. Knytte-gilda, i. 187. Cnihten gild. Kran, ii. 72. Engl. A crane. (Cf Hohlbaum, iii. .557.) Laborator, LaborariuSjii. 366. Plow- man, workman. Lage-mannus, i. 1S5. Law-man or judge. Lagena, i. 27; ii. 102, 237, 295, 335- Gallon. Lancettus, ii. 30 = North Engl, land- sete. A class of villein peasants, (Spelman ; Jose, de Brak., 150.) Lanuga, ii. 206. Fr. Woollen. Lanutus, Lanatus, i. 232 ; ii. 52, 2S6. Woolly. Pellis lanuta, a wool-fell. Lastagium, ii. 388. See Lestagium. Lastum, Lestum, Lasta, i. 233 ; ii. 43) 359- A load or last, a measure equal to twelve barrels of fish, twelve sacks of wool, etc. (Halliwell ; Prompt., 299.) Lauche, i. 199. Law. Laiiticia, ii. 128. Dainty food, a deli- cacy. (Du C, lautia.) *Lavagiuni, Levagium, i. 27. At Yarmouth this was a toll for landing wares, or transferring them from one vessel to another. Law-day, i. 65 ; ii. 105, 273. A court day, a meeting of the court leet or principal borough court, generally held twice or three times during the year. Leal, Leel, i. 209 ; ii. 256. Fr. Loyal, legal. Leaul, ii. 226. Fr. Legal, loyal. Leaumentz, ii. 229. Fr. Loyally, legally. Leave-looker. See Leve-looker. Leave-lookerage, i. 27. This word probably has the same meaning as Leve. Leawe, ii. 227. Fr. I'eau. Water. Legalis Homo, ii. 115, 116, 119. A law-worthy man, i. e. a man who has not ' lost his law ' ; hence a person qualified to appear as witness, etc. in a court of law, to serve on juries, etc. (Cf. Pike, Crime, i. 450.) Leisive, ii. 206 (?leisnie). Fr. A band wherewith to tie anything, a leash. LeiJ), ii. 255. Engl. Lendeth. Lene, i. 27. See Leve. Leodiensis, i. 269. Of Liege. Lerrount, ii. 224. Fr. 3 pi. fut. ind, of lesser, to leave, omit. Lestageum, Lastagium, ii. 178, 2ir, 3S8. Lastage, toll or payment ex- acted in markets and fairs, perhaps for buying and selling goods by measure. (Cf Spelman ; Liber. Cust., 812; 'Lestage, id est, consuetudo exacta in nundinis et mercatis.' Liber de Hyda, 44.) Lestum, ii. 359. See Lastum. Levagium, i. 27. See Lavagium. Levare, ii. 31, 34, 364. To establish; to levy. *Leve, i. 27; ii. 356. A mercantile levy or impost, a fee for permission to trade. Leve-looker, Leve-loker, Leave- looker, i. 27. A gild officer who looked after the collection of the 'leva' or fees for permission to trade. Lenna, ii. 147. Lynn in Norfolk. Lewe, ii. 205. Fr. lieue. A league, three miles. Lewe, ii. 68. Engl. Leave. *Lex, Ley, i. 108 ; ii. 206. The burghal freedom or franchise. *Lex, ii. 299, 305, 308, 315, 340-342. The wager of law, compurgation ; vadiare legem = to wage law, to give security to clear one's self by com- purgation, i. e. facere legem. (Rec. of Nott., i. 451.) Liber, Libertas, i. 236 ; ii. S, 87, 103, 2ijO, 310, 319. See Free. Liberalis, ii. 21= liber. Free. Liberare, ii. 38, 39, 305. To deliver or pay, Libertas, ii. 254. A liberty, franchise, or privileged district, with its own jurisdiction. Libertates, ii. 20. The boundaries of a franchise. 4IO aio00atp. Liberatio, ii. 333. Payment. Liber Burgus, ii. 385. P^ree borough. See i. 5. Licentiare, i. 115. To license. Ligeancia, ii. no. Allegiance. Ligeus, ii. 112. A liegeman, a subject. Limun, ii. 206. Fr. Shaft of a vehicle. (La C, limon.) *Linia, ii 44. Linen. Cf. Fr. linge. Liths-man, i. 186. Ship-man, ship- owner. Live-lode, ii. 142, 249. Livelihood, means of support, estate. Lok, ii. 219. Fr. A lock. Longevus, i. 276. Long. Loos, ii. 255. Reputation, good fame, report. (Prompt., 148, 313.) Lot, Loth, i. 53, 55 ; ii. no, 211, 374, 376; Lotamum, ii. 150; Lottum, ji. 189, 192. Lot, tribute, or pay- ment. (Cf. Du C, lot.") Lot, Loth, i. 232, 239 ; ii. 46. A lot or share. Cf. Cavil. Lote and Scot, ii. 138. To pay taxes. See Scot and Lot. Lotel, ii. 228 (read locel\ Fr. lusel. A box, tray. (Godefroy ; cf. Du C, locellus. ) *Lottantus, ii. 132 = lottans. See Lottare. *Lottare, i. 55 ; ii. 120, 123, 175. To be in lot, to contribute to local rates and taxes. Lotum, i. 291. A liquid measure of about two pints. (Du C, lothum ; cf. Hohlbaum, iii. 560.) Loynteignite, ii. 49. Fr. Distance. Ludelawe, i. 46. Ludlow. Luicens, Lycens, ii. 72, 73. Engl. A licence. Luminare, ii. 302. Lamp or candle kept burning on the altar of a church. (Cf. Kennett.) Luy, ii. 220. Fr. A place. Ly, ii. 218. Fr. For himself. Macecrier, ii. 205. Fr. A butcher. Mactare, ii. 309. To kill or slaughter. Maior, i. 227. A mayor. *Male-gestura, ii. 369. An evil deed. Mane-loquium, i. 32 ; ii. 345. A meeting of the Gild Merchant, a morrow-speech. Cf. loquela matu- tinalis, i. 32. Mangnus, ii. 296 = magnus. Great. Mango, i. 2. A trader, a monger. (Hohlbaum, iii. 561.) *Manu-agere, ii. 389. To manage, to carry on. Manu-capere, ii. 94. To give surety for. Manu-captio, ii. 283. Mainprise or surety. *Manu-factura, Mani-factixra, ii. 2S5. A manufacture. *Manu-operalis, i. 117. Manual, relat- ing to a handicraft. Manu-opus, i. 115. Handiwork. Manu-pastus, ii. 307, 330. Servant. Manus, ii. 305. A compurgator's hand, a compurgator. Est ad legem se sexta manu, the accused is to swear together with five compurgators. (Cf. Rec. of Nott., ii. 465.) Manu-tenere, ii. 184. To maintain. Marcatorius, ii. 348. Relating to trade. *Marcenarius, i, 128. A mercer or dealer in small wares, a retail dealer; later a silk or cloth merchant. Cf. below, Mercenarius. Marcher, ii. 205. Fr. To bargain, purchase. Marescallus, ii. 94. A marshal. Marettum, ii. 293. A marsh. (Du C., maretum.) Marinarivis, ii. 361. Mariner or sea- man. Mase, i. 296. The Meuse. Mastilio, i. 232. Mixed grain, maslin. Masuagium, i. 71. Messuage. Matutinae, ii. 170. Matins. Maudir, Mesdire, ii. 217. Fr. To speak evil, to defame. Maufere, ii. 217. Fr. To do evil. Maunder, ii. 218. Fr. To demand. Maundy, ii. 125. Maundy Thursday. Maylle, ii. 229. Fr. Half-penny, small piece of brass money. (Cf. Liber Cust., 740.) Me, ii. 255. Engl. They. (5lO09arp. 411 Media Xlma (Media Quadragesima), ii. 8. Mid-Lent. Mendre, Meyndre, Mener, ii. 226, 228. Fr. To dwell. *Mensura, i. 27. Moderation. (Cf. Prompt, 335.) Mentionare, ii. 367. To mention. *]Mercalis, ii. 40, 43. Relating to trade. Mercandizare, i. 54 ; ii. 16. To trade. *Mereandizius, ii. 113. Relating to trade. *Mercandus, ii. 202. Relating to trade. Mercantia, i. 206. Merchandise. Mercatorium, i. 235. Market, market- place. Mercatorius, *Mercantorius, i. 117; ii. 212. Relating to trade. Mercatus, i. 290. Merchandise. Mercenarius, *Marcenarius, Mer- cerius, Mercerus, i. 128; ii. 245, 2S0. A mercer oi dealer in small wares, a merchant, a retailer ; later a silk or cloth merchant. (Cf. lanes, Anc. Laws, 18, 213 ; Acta Pari. Scot., i- 339-) Merceria, ii. 280. Mercery. Merchandisa, Merchandiza, ii. 19, 191, 376. Merchandise, trade. Merchandizare, ii. 171. To trade. Merci, Mercy, ii. 217. Fr. A fine or amercement. Merciamentum, i. 239. A fine or amercement. *Mercimonialis, ii. 127. Mercantile. Meremiiim, ii. 157, 290. Timber. Merz, ii. 205. Fr. Merchandise. Mes, ii. 215. Fr. A mess or dish. Mas, ii. 230. Fr. Moreover, again. Mese, ii. 279. Engl. A mess, dish. Mesel, Meseau, ii. 215. Fr. A leper, a mesel. (Cf. Prompt., 339; Liber Cust., 742.) Messuagium, Mesuagium, ii. 203, 353. Messuage. Mester, ii. 255. Fr. Mystery or craft. Master, ii. 221, 225. Fr. Need. *Mastuosu3, ii. 128. Cf. maestus. Mourning. Mata-oyl, ii. 26. Meat-oil. Maynprendre, ii. 230. Fr. To be- come surety. Meyser, ii. 15. Mazard, a kind of cherry. Mia, Mye, ii. 140. Fr. Not. Miles, ii. 124. A knight. Mill-heymer, i. 27 (?mill-heyner). A mill-keeper. *Milwellus, ii. 44. A melwel, or green-fish, much used in former times for salting as stockfish. (Liber Cust., 816 ; Liber Albus, Gloss., 394 ; Du C, mulvellus.) Ministerium, i. 115, 292. Mystery, trade, or craft. Misericordia, ii. 6, 115, 297. Arbi- trary fine, amercement. (Liber Cust., 694; Schmid, Gesetze, 632.) Missa, ii. 12S. A mass. Mistera, Misterium, i. 124; ii. 38, 368. Mystery, trade, or craft. *Mistling, ii. 19. (A corruption of mis- kenning.) Fine exacted for an error in pleading. (Liber Cust., 743 ; Schmid, Gesetze, 632.) Modernus, ii. 361. New, modern, present. Moela, ii. 218. Fr. Mill-stone. Molatis, ii. 127. Relating to a mill. Momonia, ii. 28^. Munster. Monetaria, ii. 253. A mint. Monialis, ii. 45. Nun. Moot-hall, Mote-hall, i. 81. Court- house or town-hall. Moravia, i. 197. Moray. Morgaspecha, ii. 293 ; Magespeche, ii. 6; Morowspache, ii. 152, 34S ; Moraspeche, ii. 289, 293 ; Mor- ghaspeche, i. 32 ; ii. 294 ; Mor- spech, ii. 293 ; Morhespecha, ii. 5, 7, 8 ; Morwspeeh, ii. 344 ; Mor- wanspecha, ii. 143; Moregaspeche, Mornspeche, i. 32 ; Marwinspeche, ii. 137. Morrow speech or meeting of the Gild Merchant. See i. 32. Mortkyne, ii. 286. Skins of sheep which have died of disease. (Haly- burton, 354 ; cf Halliwell, morkin.) Mesa, i. 297. The river Meuse. Mot, i. 299. See En best mot. 412 (^IO00atp. Mote-hall, Moot-hall, i. 81. Court- house or town-hall. Mot-horn, ii. 32. The town-horn used for summoning courts, etc. (Cf. Jose, de Brak., 136.) Mote, ii. 100. A wether, mutton, or sheep. Cf. Multo. Mountance, ii. 140. Fr. An amount. Mouvoir, ii. 139. Fr, (Read mues for unies.) To stir, move, or arouse. *Mulctura, ii. 87. A mulct or fine. Multo, ii. 123. A wether or sheep. Maltotiens, ii. 156. Often. Multura, i. 232. Fee for grinding corn, multure. Munimen Sigilli, i. 298. The impres- sion of a seal. *Munire, ii. 290. To instruct or ad- monish. Muragium, i. 195 ; ii. 42. Murage, toll for the maintenance of the town walls. Murdrum, ii. 363. Penalty paid by the district in which a man is found secretly killed. Murra, ii. 311. A drinking vessel, a maser. Mussa, ii. 204. Fr. Moss. Mys, ii. 224. Fr. House, a mes- suage. ITaidgaives, i. 264. Fr. Not long ago, recently. Warner, ii. 219. Fr. To distrain, levy distress. Namium, ii. 183, 253. Distraint, legal distress. Naperie, i. 128. Fr. Table linen, napery. Narrator, ii. 7. An advocate, a pleader in a law court. (Cowell ; Liber Albus, Gloss., 395.) Natale, i. 238. Christmas. Nativus, ii. 123, 191. A naif, native (i. 30 , i.e. a born bondman. Nautorum, ii. 286 = nautarum. Sailors. *Negotiare, ii. 285. To engage in, to set to work. Nent, Nient, ii. 158, 205. Fr. Not. Noctanter, ii. 170. By night. Nocumentum, ii. 50. Damage, injury. Norhtz, ii. 225. Fr. North. Norrenses, ii. 377. Northmen, Nor- wegians and Danes. Cf. Fr. Norreis. Wosme, Noun, i. 94 ; ii. 206. Fr. A name. M"ule, Nul, Nullus, ii. 205, 256, 259 = ullus. Any, anyone. Wuzt, ii. 215, 216. Fr. Night. Obeysant, ii. 82, Engl. Obedient. Obicere, ii. 331 =objicere. To re- proach, to refute. Oblatio, ii. 330. An oblation from the parishioners to their priest. (See Kennett, Par. Antiq., Gloss.) Obolus, ii. 14. Half-penny. Occasio, ii. 139, 244, 387. Hindrance, molestation, charge. Occasionare, ii. 19, 290. To molest, accuse. *Occupare, ii. 105. To carry on a trade or occupation. Oeuli, i. 299. Dominica qua cantatur Oculi, Third Sunday of Lent. Od, ii. 214. Fr. With. Oeps, ii. 230. Fr. Use. Oflfertorium, ii. 129. Offertorj', part of the mass. Officium, i. 115, 234. A craft, trade, or occupation. Onnys, Oon, ii. 68, 380. Engl. One. *Opella, ii. 345. A shop. (Diefen- bach.) Optinere, i. 233 ; ii. 354 = obtinere. Ordum, ii. 99 = ordeum, hordeum. Barley. Ostrey, ii. 133. Hostel, inn. Ou, Ouue, ii. 140, 157, 255. Fr. ove. With. Oui, ii. 2 1 8. Fr. ou. Or. Ouster, ii. 219. Fr. To oust, remove. Outtane, i. 258. Engl. Except. Ovesque, ii. 214, 216. Fr. With. Owe, ii. 228. Fr. Goose. Ownestlye, ii. 73. Honestly. Owting, ii. 190. Putting out or dis- playing wares for sale. Oyer, ii. 141, 187. Fr. To hear. Oynt, ii. 206. Fr. Grease, lard. (Godefroy, oint ; Liber Albus, Gloss., 345-) (^Io00arp. 413 Paagiiiin, ii. 179. Toll or payment, comprising all kinds of tolls or mer- cantile exactions. Pacare, ii. 6. To pay, satisfy. *Pactionarius, ii. 245. A person al- lowed to trade after agreeing to pay tribute to the town. Pagina, i. 293. A charter. Paier, ii. 221. Fr. To satisfy, pay. *Pandaxator, ii. 135. A brewer. (Wright, i. 688, pandoxator.) Pandoxare, ii. 376. To brew. Paneal, ii. 204. Fr. panneau. Cushion of a saddle, pannel. (Cf. Du C, panellum.) Pannagium, ii. 44. Pannage, the privilege of feeding swine in the woods, money paid for this privilege. Pannarius, ii. 8, 132. Draper, clothier. Papira, i. 31. A paper or record. Parcella, ii. 99. A parcel or portion. Parcener, ii. 214, 218. Fr. Partner. Pares, ii. 259. Peers, bailiffs. (^Cf dusi- peri, in Kitchin, Winchester, 164.) Parmentarius, Parmenter, ii. 6, 60, 206. Tailor. Parrochianus, i. 291. Parishioner. Particulatim, Per Particulas, ii. 173, 179. By retail. Partir, ii. 205, 219. To share or divide. Passagium, i. 9; ii. 191, 2.51. Pas- sage money levied on merchants visit- ing markets and fairs. It was thus explained by the burgesses of Chester, probably in the early part of the six- teenth century : ' Et per hoc verbum passagium clamant quod ipsi sint quieti de omnibus passagiis pro ali- qnibus mercandisis et aliis rebus suis per ipsos emptis seu venditis in ali- quibus nundinis, marcatis seu aliis locis,' etc. (Harl. MS. 2057, ^o^- '^5 '■> cf. vol. ii. p. 44.) Pathing- stone, ii. 127. Paving-stone. (Cf Jamieson, pathit = paved. ) Patinus, i. 290. A clog or wooden shoe ; a counter. Patria, ii. 181. A jury. Paupirus, ii. 258 = papyrus. A register. Pavagium, i. 195 ; ii. 258. Pavage, toll levied for the paving of the town streets. Peal, ii. 206. Fr. peau. Skin or hide. Peer, i. 112 ; ii. 83. An equal, an ex- officer. ' Sheriff's peers,' persons who had held the office of sheriff. Pees, Pes, ii. 216, 220. Fr. Peace. Peletrie, Peltrie, Peletrine, i. 128; ii. 220. Fr. Peltry, skins, furs. (Per- haps poletrie, poultry, should be sub- stituted for peletrie, ii. 220. See Davies, Southamp., 143.) Pellifex, i. 295. A skinner. Pelliparius, i. 236; ii. 35. A skinner, Pendre, ii. 217. Fr. To belong. Pensio, i. 299. Payment or due. Peot, ii. 206. Fr. pent. Can. Per, ii. 289 = pro. For. *Peramenator, ii. 7. Parmenter, tailor. (Du C, permentarius.) *Periclitans,ii. 361. Venturing. Mer- cator periclitans, a merchant venturer. Permissere, ii. 4 — - permiscere. (Read permissent for promittant.) To mix. Perpetualiter, i. 276. Perpetually. Persona, ii. 342. Parson or beneficed clerk. Pertinentia, ii. 17, 203. Appurten- ance. Pes, Pees, ii. 216, 220. Fr. Peace. Pesagium, ii. 2.16, 261. Pesage, toll or duty for weighing wares. Peschalme, ii. 233. Pea-straw. (Halli- well, peasham.) Pessoner, Peissonyr, ii. 205, 225. Fr. Fisherman or fishmonger. Pestur, ii. 177. Baker. (La C, pastor.) Peys, ii. 141. Fr. pois. Weight. Picagium, ii. 261. Duty paid by a stranger in markets and fairs to break the ground and erect a stall. Pictavia, ii. 174. Poitou. Piert, ii. 49. Fr. 3 sing. pres. ind. of perer, to appear. Pillorium, ii. 238. Pillory. Pincerna, Pynserna, ii. 93, 331. A butler, an officer of the gild. Pipa, ii. 302. Pipe. 414 (©loissatp. Piratia, ii. 112. Piracy. *Piscaria, i. 195. Tribute or duty paid by fishmongers or fishermen. Pissis, ii. 30i=piscis. Fish. *Pixis, i. 146. Chest, treasury. Placea, ii. 39, 169, 295. A place, open plot in a town. Placebo, ii. 165. Vesper service for the dead, so called from the beginning of the anthem. Placidum, ii. 21= placitum. A plea. Placitare, i. 231 ; ii. 33. To plead or implead. Platea, i. 292. Street, open plot in a town. Play, Plait, i. 270; ii. 219. Fr. Plea or action. Pleayt, ii. 67. Engl. Impleaded. Plegium, Plegius, Pleggius, Plegge, ii. 4, 30, 34, 224. Surety or pledge. *Plena Gilda, i. 119. Probably a general or public meeting of the * gild, as distinguished from a meeting of the governing body. Cf. ii. 1-3. Plenarie, ii. 356. Fully. Plenarius, i. 233. Full. Plevir, ii. 224. Fr. To pledge, to put under surety. Plevyne, ii. 224. Fr. A pledge, surety- ship. Pleyne, ii. 66. Full. Poer, i. 56 ; ii. 230. Fr. Power. Poin, ii. 216. Fr. poing. Fist. Point, Poinct, Poynt, ii. 70, 214, 220, 372. Engl, and Fr. Ordin- ance or regulation. Point, i. 107. A lace used to tie to- gether parts of a person's dress. Pole, ii. 149. Engl. A poll or head. Polein, ii. 228. ¥r. Pulley. Pompesus, i. 27 = pomposus. Pom- pous, boastful. Pondagium, Pontagium, i. 195 ; ii. 17, 258. Pontage, toll for the main- tenance of bridges. Porca, ii. 94 = porta. Gate. Portage, i. 136. Cargo of imported wares (?) Portagiuni, i. 239. Carriage or trans- portation. Portmane-broe, ii. 203, 204. A mea- dow belonging to the burgesses of Reading. Portmannesethe, ii. 172. A heath belonging to the burgesses of Malmes- bury. *Port-inanni, Port-menni, ii. 118, 119,122,127. The twelve men form- ing the common council of Ipswich. Port-moot, ii. 148 ; Porti-motum, ii. 244 ; Port-manne-mot, i. 87 ; ii. 30. Borough moot or court. (Cf. i. 64.) Posse, i. 209. Power. Potatio, ii. 153, 331. (Cf i. 33; ii. 161.) Compotation, gild meeting. Potellum, ii. 104. A pottle, a measure of two quarts. Potestas, i. 14. Dominion or territory of a lord or ruler. Potua.ry, ii. 2o8 = poticary. Apothe- cary. Pot-wallinge, ii. 175. Pot-boiling, being a pot-waller. Poynct, Poynt, ii. 70. Engl. Or- dinance or regulation. Poynctement, ii. 71. Appointment. Poynter, ii. 130. Maker of point or lace. Preantea, ii. 280. Before, formerly. Precaria, i. 294. Tribute, payment. Preeintus, Precintum, Proeinctus, Procintum, ii. 19, 20, 54, 62-64, 213. A precinct, a bounded district. *Preficere, ii. 369. To admonish or command. Prslibacio, i. 292. Preliminary colla- tion, antepast. Pre manibus, ii. 259. At once. Premunire, i. 209 ; ii. 34 = prae- monere. To admonish, to cite. Prepositura, Prepositatus, ii. 116, 150. Provostship, office of borough reeve. Prepositus, i. 209 ; ii. 358. Borough reeve, bailiff, or provost. Pres, ii. 49 (read pies). Fr. Good, pious. Prester, ii. 22 t. Fr. To lend, to give on credit. Presumptor, i. 298. An offender. Pretor, i. 71. One of the principal town officers of Preston, a bailiff. (^Io00arp. 415 Pretorium, i. 216. Gild-hall or town- hall. Preu, Pru, ii. 230, 256. Fr. Profit, advantage. Prima, Prime, ii. 214, 230, 291. Fr. First, the first ecclesiastical hour. Prime, *Prima, i. 291 ; ii. 161, 162. A principal meeting. Prisa, Prise, ii. 119, 227, 370. Fr. Duty levied for the king upon pro- visions, especially wines. (^Cowell ; Liber Cust., 753, 821.) Priso, ii. T19. Prisoner. Prisona, ii. 61. Prison. Prisonam habere, ii. 35, to be in prison. Prive, Privet, ii. 218, 219, 221. Fr. Citizen. Privet Gild, ii. i. Meeting of the governing body of a gild, as dis- tinguished from the ' full,' ' public,' or ' common ' gild. Cf. ii. 2, 3 ; and Scott, Berwick, 258, 260. Prizer, ii. 148. Appraiser, one who fixes prices. (Promp., 413, prysare.) Pro, ii. 28i=per. By, through. Probi Homines, i. 197 ; ii. 119, 347. Approved men, persons of standing and respectability, ' good men and true.' (Liber Cust., 753.) Cf. Pro- deshomes. Procurare, i 227. To procure, to es- tablish. Prodeshomes, Prudeshomes, ii. 141, 205, 256. Fr. Law-worthy citizens, * good men and true.' Cf. Probi Homines. Profecuum, Proficuum, ii. 16, 22. A profit. *Propinator, i. 291. Cup-bearer, a gild-ofiicer. (Cf. Diefenbach.) Provinenz, ii. 157. Fr. provenances. Products, issues. Pru, Preu. ii. 230, 256. Fr. Profit. Prudhome, ii. 256. See Prodeshomes. Pryst, ii. 15. Priest. Pucinis, ii. 228. Fr. Chickens. Pugillum, ii. 9. A fistful, handful, an exaction. Du C. gives ' multure ' as one meaning of the word, the miller taking so many fistfuls per sack as his grinding fee. *Pullanus, i. 46. A fowl. The word also means a colt. Pulverulentum, i. 231. Dust, dirt. Punctum, ii. 204. Ordinance or regu- lation. Pupplieare, ii. 1 20, 365 = publicare. To jiroclaim. *Purcatium, ii. 4. Illegitimate birth, as opposed to legal descent. In the reign of Stephen, Robert of Glou- cester is called 'frater imperatricis de purcachio ' (Annales Monast., ii. 50). Cf Godefroy, porchas. Purceynt, ii. 232. Fr. A precinct. Purchaser, ii. 157. Fr. To prosecute, to pursue. (Cf. Jamieson, purchas.) Pynka, ii. 335. Scotch pinkie, the weakest kind of table beer. (Jamie- son.) The gild officers at Andover were to get an extra gallon when it was weak beer or pinkie. Quadragesima, ii. 172. Lent. Quam cite, ii. 118. As soon as. Quanque, ii. 228. Fr. Whatever, as much as. Quarter, i. 1 39. A share or part. Quarterage, ii. 69. Quarterly pay- ment (still used in Oxford college accounts). Quartermaster, i. 138, 139. An officer of a gild having charge of the gildsmen in a quarter of the town. Querelare, ii. 292. To complain, to accuse, to charge. *Quere-manni, i. 269. Town officers who supervised the execution of the keuren or local statutes, civic magis- trates. (See Hohlbaum, chorarius and kore ; cf Du C, choremanni.) Quernstone, ii. 122, 127. Hand-mill- stone. Querulans, i. 278. A plaintiff. Queu, ii. 223. Fr. A cook. Quietantia, Quietacio, i. 195 ; ii. 17, 35 1) 3.s6. Acquittance or exemption. Quietum Clamare, ii. 172, 204. To quit-claim. Quietus, i. 14, ii. 3, 93. Quit. Quir, ii. 204, 205. Fr. Skin, leather. Quizte, ii. 223. Fr. Cooked. 4i6 (^lo00atp. Quod, ii. 342, 343 = qui. Which, that. *Q,uousque, ii. 19, 320. Unto, until. Quo 'Warranto, i. 27 ; ii 16. A writ to inquire by what title or warrant a person or community exercised cer- tain privileges. Quy, ii. 221 =que. Fr. That. Kad-cniht, i. 185. A freeman who served his lord on horse. (Cf. Lewis, Laws of Wales, 357.) Hade Bra, i. 239. Engl. Landing place for ships at Berwick. Batificare, ii. 355. To ratify or con- firm. Rayum, ii. 1 79. Ray, a kind of fine striped cloth. *Realis, ii. 17. Real, actual. Recens, i. 46, 56. Fresh, green, un- dressed. Recordum, ii. 353. A record. Recorusant, ii. 227. Fr. Setting. (Kel- ham, rescous, recoursant.) Rectitudo, ii. 377. Right or privi- lege ; payment or impost. Recursus, i. 269. Recourse, appeal. Redditus, i. 119; ii. 100. Revenue, rent. Regalitas, i. 206. A district in Scot- land in which the lord exercised regal or criminal jurisdiction. *Regratare, ii. 290. To retail wares, or to buy in order to sell at an en- hanced price. Regratarius, Regratier, Regrateour, i. 234; ii. 205, 206, 291. Fr. Re- tailer, retail dealer, one who buys provisions, etc., to sell them again at a profit. Regrateresse, ii. 227. Fr. Female regrater or retailer. Relesser, ii. 231. Fr. To relax or remit. Religiosus, ii. 123. A religious, one bound by monastic vows. Remenant, ii. 206. Fr. Remnant. Remeyndre, ii. 206. Fr. To remain. Remuer, ii. 221. Fr. To remove. Ren, ii. 158. Fr. rien. Nothing, any- thing. Renable, ii. 140, 214. Fr. Reasonable. *Renovare, ii. 377. To grow. Rentale, ii. 1 2. Rental or rent-roll. Repleyez, Repleggez, ii. 229, 230, Fr. Replevied, bailed. Reprisa, ii. 169. Reprise, deduction, or expenditure. RecLuiller, ii. 256. Fr. recueillir. To gather. Requiller en gilde inarkande, to gather money in the gild, to collect money from the merchants. Rere, ii. 70, 71. To raise or collect. *Resettare, ii. 308, 320 = receptare. To receive. (Cf. Du C, recetta = recepta.) *Resonabilis, ii. 286. Reasonable. Respectuare, ii. 96, 98. To respite or postpone. Respectus, ii. 290, 323, 326, 3381 Respite, delay, or postponement. Retaillum, Retallia, Retalia, ii. 17, 61, 87. Retail. Retornare, ii. 50. To return, to send back or report. Retornum Brevium, ii. 17. The re- turn of writs, the privilege of making return of writs in place of the sheriff of the county. *Retro, i. 235. Against. Reveent, ii. 226. Fr. 3 sing. pres. ind. of revendre, to resell. *Reverberare, ii. 1 1 o = verberare. To beat or dash. Reward, ii. 295. Regard. (Halliwell.) Rewlacion, ii. 70. Relation or re- port. Ribaldus, ii. 306. A low or lewd fellow, a ribald, a rogue. *Ripa, ii. 258. Landing-place or hythe. Ripa Reginae, Queen-Hythe in London. Rofecestria, i. 90. Rochester. Rolla, ii. 30. A roll, a record-roll. Rothelan, ii. 357. Rhuddlan. Rotomagus, i. 4. Rouen. Roule, ii. 133. A roll. Routa, ii. 376. A rout, noisy crowd or rabble. Russetum, ii. 181. Russet, coarse cloth of undyed dark wool. Ryottoslie, ii. 372. Riotously, wan- tonly. aiosgarp. 417 By3te, Ryte, i. 29 ; ii. 255. Engl. A fee or payment. Sac, Sach, ii. 44, 356. The right to hold a court for one's tenants and to have the amercements arising from this court. (Cf. Maitland, Manor Courts, p. xxii.) *Sacrosaiictura, i. 297. Oath. Sad, ii. 249. Sober, substantial, dis- creet. (Catholicon, 315.) Saint Botolph, ii. 144. Boston. Saisina, i. 263. Seisin or possession. Saisire, ii. 4, 7. To seize, take pos- session, have possession or seizin. Sale, ii. 157. Fr. A room, hall. *Salicus, ii. 46. Salted. Salopesbiria, i. 46, 56. Shrewsbury. Salsare, i. 232. To salt. *Salteri[um], ii. 312. A psalter. (Du C, saltaris.) Saltery, ii. 199. Relating to salt. Saresburia, Saresberia, Sarum, ii. 3, 5, 8. Salisbury. Satisfacere, ii. 46, 52. To pay a satisfactory fine. Scabellam, ii. 290. A market-stall. (Cf. Hohlbaum, iii. 571.) Scabinus, i. 26 ; ii. 3S0. Ske-van, ' echevin,' a gild officer; on the Con- tinent, a judicial officer of a town (i. 269). Scaccarium, ii. 39. The Exchequer. Cf. Cheker. Scaccha, i. 290. Chess. Scalda, i. 298. The Scheldt. Scamnum Mali, i. 296. The mast bench, probably also the mast-step. Scawe, Schaye, i. 150. The Skaw, Cape Skagen in Denmark. Seededen, i. 2 76 = entscheiden. Germ. To determine, to pass judgment on. Scelaftieh., i. 276. Germ. Discordant, at variance, disunited. (Schiller und Liibben, schelhaftich.) Sceren, i. 296 = scheren. Germ. To shear, to cut hair. (Schiller und Liibben.) Schira, Shira, ii. 21, 363. Shire. Schoppa, ii. i8o = shoppa. A shop. Sclater, ii. 382. Slater, tiler. VOL. II. E Score, ii. 255. Notched stick or tally. Scot, Scotte, i. 53, 55. Payment, tax, contribution. Scot and Lot, i. ch. iv. Payments, pecuniary assessments, rates and taxes ; to pay taxes ; to share (i. 54, n. I ; ii. 46^ Scotalia, Scotalla, Scotallum, Scot- hale, ii. 171, 183, 245, 253, 358. Scot-ale, pecuniary exactions made by royal bailiffs. (The following was one of the articles of inquiry of the Justices Itinerant in 1254: — ' De parvis ballivis qui faciunt cervisias quas quandoque vocant Scot-alas, quandoque Fulst-ales, ut extorqueant pecuniam a sequentibus hundredum at eorum subditis.' Annales Monast., i. 332. Cf. Stubbs, Const. Hist, i. 62S.) *Scotanium, ii. i50 = scottum. Scot, payment, or tax. *Scotenus, i. 59, 197; ii. 134, 250. Person paying scot or taxes. Scoth, ii. no, 211. Scot or pay- ment. Scot-peny, i. 58, ii. 13, 14, 335. Scot- money. Scottare, i. 55, ii. 120, 123, 175. To be in scot, to pay taxes. Scottum, Scotum, Skottum, i. 59 ; ii. 189, 192. Scot, tax, or contri- bution. Scriptura, ii. 389. A writing, a charter. Scultetus, i. 294. Judge, mayor. Scute-man, i. 295. Seaman or sailor. Se, ii. 226. Fr. si. If, whether. Seal of Cause, Sigillum ad Causas, i. 202. A charter granted by the town authorities to a craft fraternity. ' Causa ' here probably means a plea. Secator, Seccator, ii.46, 239. A cutter. Seccator Burci, ii. 239. A cut-purse. *Secta, ii. 135, 177, 180. A suit; a body of witnesses or compurgators. (Bracton, ii. 564 ; Rec. of Nott., ii. 469.) ^Sedagium, i. 195. ' Tributum est quod a navi exigitur pro sede sua in portu.' (Spelman, segiagium.) Berth- dues. 4i8 (^Io00atp, Seel, Selj ii. 216, 221. Fr. A seal. Seele, ii. 50. Fr. celle, celui. That one. Seer, ii. 157. Fr. s'asseoir. To sit. Seet, ii. 206. Fr. sept. Seven. Seetz, Sietz, ii. 215. Fr. 3 sing. pres. ind. of seer, to sit. Seim, ii. 230. Fr. Fat, lard. Cf. Seym. Seisina, Seisyne, Saisina, i. 263 ; ii. Ill, 226, 324. Seisin or posses- sion. Seisire, ii. 65. To seize. Seiwer, ii. 224. Fr. suivre. To follow or pursue. Selda, ii. 132, 175, 189. Shed or shop. Cf. Celda. Sellarium, i. 237 = cellarium. A cellar. Semble, ii. 65. Engl. Assembly. Sende, ii. 229, 255. Fr. Shop, booth. Sene, ii. 68. Engl. To send. Senescallia, ii. 290. Stewardship. Senescallus, Seneschallus, ii. 236, 334. Steward. Sens, i. 50. A cense or cess. Senser, Sensere, i. 50. A censer. See Chencer. Sensus, i. 270. Judgment, sentence. Sententiare, i. 277. To pronounce sentence, to adjudge. Sentir, ii. 157. Fr. To consent. Separale, ii. 330. Relating to what is held separately or in severalty. Sepum, i. 295 = sebum. Tallow, suet. Sequela, ii. 4, 7. A suit. See Secta. Sequor, ii. 51, 171. To prosecute. Sercle, ii. 207. Fr. cerceau. Hoop, the hoop of a barrel, which was the sign of a brewster's occupation. Seriandus, Servians, i. 216; ii. 310. Sergeant. *Seriater, ii. 197 = seriatim. Sermentum, ii. 328. Oath. Serviens, Seriandus, i. 216 ; ii. 310. Sergeant. Servisia, Servitia, ii. 96, 99, 135, 311 = cervisia. Ale. Servoyse, ii. 220. Fr. Ale. Sessio, ii. 212. Session. Sester, i. 183. A sextary. (Henry of Huntingdon, 192, says that it was equal to a horse-load of grain ; there was also a 'sester' or 'sextarium' in Domesday equal to about a pint and a half; Spelman makes it a quart.) Sett, Set, i. 201, 217. The written constitution of a Scotch borough. Seur, Seurte, Surte, ii. 157, 219, 221. Fr. Surety, security. *Severallum, ii. 293. Severalty, sepa- rate possession. Sevier, ii. 57. Sieve-maker. Sextarium, i. 292. Sextary. See Sester. Seym, Seim, ii. 218, 230. Fr. Fat, lard. Sherling, ii. 286. Shearling. Sherman, ii. 89. Shearman or cloth- worker. Shira, ScWra, Shyra, ii. 21, 202, 363. Shire, shire-court. Shopa, Schoppa, i. 124; ii. 180. A shop. Shot, ii. 376. Scot, tax, or contri- bution. Shyra, ii. 202. See Shira. Si, ii. 204-207. Fr. ci. He, here. Si come, ii. 206. Fr. Just as. Sietz, ii. 215. See Seetz. Siew, ii. 206. Fr. Tallow, suet. (La C, sieu.) Sige-panes, Syge-panyes, i. 58 ; ii. 329, 335- Seat-pennies, seat-money. Sigillator, ii. 106. A sealer. *Sigillum ad Causas. See Seal of Cause. Sil, ii. 207. Fr. cil. This one. Siroteea, ii. 322. Glove. (Wright, i. 686.) Six-men, i. 121. Officers of a craft fraternity at Ludlow. Skevin, Skiven, Skivin, i. 26; ii. 158, 160. A gild officer, a steward. Soca, Soch, ii. 44, 182, 356. Juris- diction, the right to hold a court ; a district having this privilege. (Cf. Maitland, Manor Courts, p. xxii.) *Socagium, ii. 17. A soke or privi- leged district. The word generally means a free socage tenement, held by fixed service or rent, other than military or clerical. Soi, ii. 256. Fr. Themselves. Soiller, ii. 223. Fr. To soil. (^lossarp. 419 Solar, ii. 143. Aa upper chamber, a loft. (Cf. Rec. of Nott., i. 449.) Solidata, ii. 353. Shilling's worth. Solidus, i. 208. Shilling. Solom, ii. 219. Fv. selon. Sommage, ii. 205. Pack-horse laden with goods. (La C.) Somned, ii. 67. Engl. Summoned. Somnes, ii. 66. Engl. A summons. Somonce, Somounse, ii. 214, 222. Fr. A summons. Sorsene (not forsene), ii. 205. Spoiled, putrid, diseased. (La C. and Du C, sorccme ; cf. Rec. of Nott., i. 80, carnes sursemaj' ; Eritton, ii. 382.) Sotillares, Sotulares, ii. 173, 293. Shoes. Soudier, ii. 204. Fr. Soulier. Shoe. (Cf. Kelham, sourdlers.) Souter, ii. 197. Shoemaker. (Wright, i. 6S5.) Speche, Sprach, i. 32. A meeting. Specyed, ii. 194. Specified. Spices, ii. 96. Spices in the middle ages included spices, drugs, presers'ed and dried fruits, etc. ; spicer (ii. 98) was used for apothecary. (Murray, Diet., apothecary; Rec. of Nott., i. 4470 Spoelen, i. 296 = spiihlen. Germ. To wash. (.Schiller und Liibben.) Sprach, Speche, i. 32. A meeting. Spyce Cake, i. 33 ; ii. 279. Fruit- cake. Cf. Spices. Stablede, ii. 69. Established. Stablysshe, ii. 248, 249. To establish. Stachia, ii. 261. A stake. v.Du C, staca.) Stallagarius, ii. 198. A person having a stall for the sale of goods in a market or fair. (Innes, Anc. Laws, 218 ; Du C, stallangarius.) Stallagium, i. 195. Stallage, money paid for permission to have a stall in a market or fair. Stallum, ii. 173. Market stall. Standardus, Standardum, ii. 237, 238. A model or standard. Staple, i. 150. To bring goods to a staple port. *Stapulare, ii. 286. To staple. E e Stapulum, Stapula, i. 142. A staple or scaffold for the sale of wares, after- ward a town where alone by law certain goods might be vended. Stathe, Staith, ii. 159, 169. A wharf. Statio, ii. 337. Stall or table. Strata, ii. 100. Street or highway. Stronde, ii. 245. A strand, sea-shore. Suant, Sueray, ii. 138, 221. Fr. Pres. part, and 1st sing. fut. ind. of suivre, to follow. Sub, ii. 94. On condition of. Subsidium, ii. 286. Subsidy or tax. Suburbanus, ii. 30. A resident of the suburbs of a town. Sulon, i. 56. Fr. selon. *Summagium, ii. 359. The load of a pack-horse. Cf. Sommage. *Suininonieare, Summonire, ii. 6, 331 =summonere. To summon. Summonicio, ii. 292. A summons. Suour, ii. 204. Fr. Shoemaker. Super, i. 269 ; ii. 6-8, 260. Against, before, for, under. Superior, ii. 135. The superior or ' sovereign,' the chief officer of many Irish towns. Suppleo, ii. 45. To assist. (Probably the scribe intended to write : ' sup- plendi Hugone et Warenno, custodi- bus.') Supponere, ii. 3i8=superponere. To impose, charge. *Suprataxare, i. 290. To offer a higher price than another for wares. Surplus, ii. 319. Lat. Surplus. Suses, ii. 140. Fr. Probably for chusies = choisis, chosen. Suspeccio, ii. 238 = suspicio. Sus- picion. Sutarium, ii. 337. The shoemakers quarter or district. (Cf. Du C, sutorium.) Sygepanyes, Sigepanes, ii. 329, 335. Seat-pennies, seat-money. *Taberna, ii. 235. Tavern, shop, trade. Nomine taberne, in the name of trade, by way of trade. (Cf. Hohlbaum, iii. 576, tabernas facere.) 2 420 (25IO00arp, Tabemaculum, ii. 126. Tabernacle, receptacle for the pyx. *Tabernare, ii. 240. To sell by retail. Tabernator, ii. 261. Tavemer or inn-keeper. Tail, Tayle, ii. 206, 218. Fr. Par tail, de tail, by retail. Taille, ii. 256. Fr. A tally, score. Tailliare, i. 56 ; ii. 204. To tallage, to tax. Talentum, i. 299. A pound. Talia, Tallia, i. 31 ; ii. 153. A tally, a stick with notches to score an account. Tallagium, Talliagium, i. 54 ; ii. 108, 125, 156. A tallage or tax. Tallia, Talea, i. 46 ; ii. 378. Retail. *Talliare, ii. 241. To tallage or tax, to pay tallage. Tanator, ii. 46. A tanner. Tannare, ii. 173. To tan. Tannum, i. 115. Tan, bark. Tapp, i. 222. To sell, retail. *Tappator, ii. 261. 'Tapper' or inn- keeper. Tappus, i. 294. A tap. Ad tappum, at the tap, from the tap,, by retail. Cf. Brocha. *Tastator, ii. 98. Taster or tester, probably the same town officers as the gustatores in ii. 106. Tastir, ii. 207. Fr. To taste for the purpose of testing the quality. Taunt come, Tant cum, ii. 140, 215. Fr. ^Yhile, as much as, as far as. Taunt soulenaent, ii. 205. Fr. So much only, only. Taxa, ii. 352. A tax. Taxare, i. 290 ; ii. 327. To tax, to esti- mate the value of wares, to make an offer for wares. *Taxator, i. 290. One who sets a price on wares for the purpose of buying them. *Tela, i. 115 ; ii. 54. Cloth, web; yam. Telarius, i. 115, 213. A weaver. Teloneum, Telonium, ii. 251, 296. Toll, especially duty paid on buying and selling. Tenementum, ii. 236. Tenement, estate. *Teneri in, ii. 36, 153. To owe. Tensare, i. 50. To lay under tribute. Tenser, i. 50. See Chenser. Tenura, Tenuera, ii. 115, 258. A tenure. Terragium, i. 195. The same as Picagium, q. v. Tersegus, ii. 4. See Cersegus. Thalamus, i. 291. Bed-chamber, a room. Theloneum, i. 195 ; ii. 9, 124, 174. Toll. See Teloneum. Them, ii. 44, 356. The right to hold court for the vouching to warranty ; but medieval glossaries also ex- plain it as the right to have the progeny of one's villains. ' Garant et sequela nativorum ' is the definition in Liber de Hyda, 43. (Cf. Hale, Regist. Prior. Wig., i6'^; Maitland, Manor Courts, p. xxii ; Spelman.) Theoloneum, Theolonium, i. 195; ii. 16, 173. Toll. See Teloneum. Theoloneum, i. 82. A toll-booth. (Cf. Wright, i. 804, ' toloneum, a tolbothe.') Thesaurarius, Thesuerer, ii. 75, 154. Treasurer. Theutonice, i. 295. In German. *Theynesmen, i. 185 ; ii. 212. Certain persons in Shrewsbury, presumably town-officers. Thol, ii. 356. Toll. Cf. Toll. Tholoneum, ii. 44. Toll. Tholsel, i. 82. Toll-booth, town-hall. Tielle, Tiele, i. 128; ii. 206. Fr. Cloth, web. Tierce, ii. 205. The third ecclesiastical hour Tintinnabulum, i. 291. A bell. Tixtor, ii. 336 = textor. A weaver. Toler, ii. 222. Fr. To deprive, take away. Toll, Thol, ii. 44, 356. The right to hold a market and levy market-tolls ; also the right to be quit of toll. (Maitland, Manor Courts, p. xxiii ; Hale, Reg. Prior. Wig., 16" ; Schmid, Gesetze, 663.) Toll-booth, Tole-booth, Tol-both, i. 81, 82. Town-hall. (^Ios0arp- 421 Tolloneum, Tollonium, i. 205, 227, 238. Toll. Toll-sel, Tol-sil, Thol-sel, Tol-sey, i. 82. Toll-booth, town-hall. Tolneium, ii. 245. Toll. Tolnetum, ii. 44, 52, 53, 132. Toll. Tolnetum iatrinsecum (ii. 38) seems to mean toll collected from citizens ; tolnetum forinsecum, toll collected from strangers or non-freemen. Tolneum, ii. 320, 324. Toll. *Tol-setum, Tol-sey, i. 82. Toll- booth, town-hall. (Cf. Halliwell.) Tonel, ii. 158. Fr. tonneau. A cask. Torcha, ii. 169. Torch. *Tortata, ii. 335. Probably = torta. A cake. (Cf. Wright, i. 616.) Touker, ii. 14. One who 'tucks' or fulls cloth. Tourn, ii. 229. Fr. A pair. *Tractagiuni, i. 237. Carriage, the fee for drawing or carrying goods. Tractatus, ii. 113. A treaty. Trawntrey, ii. 133. Peddling. (Cf. Halliwell, traunter, a pedlar ; Nares, traunt, to peddle. Cowell gives trantery, amercement for breaking the assize of bread and ale.) Tresorer, i. 10. Treasurer. Trigintale, ii. 129. A trental, thirty masses for a deceased person. {Dv\ C, tricenarium.) Triturator, ii. 302. A thresher. (Wright, i. 617.) Tronagium, ii. 256. Payment made for weighing goods at the public beam. *Tronare, ii. 20. To weigh at the public beam or steelyard. *Tronaria, ii. 20. Public beam or steelyard, by which heavy articles were weighed. (Liber Cust., 832, trona. Cf. Edinburgh Tron-gate.) Truble, ii. 206. Fr. Pick-axe. Trusellus, i. 107. A small truss, a pack. Tumberellum, ii. 238. A cart, tum- brel, or cucking-stool. (Liber Cust., 771.) Cf. Fr. tombereau. *Tnius, ii. 7=nullus. Ulnare, ii. 46. To measure by the ell. Ultra, i. 236. By, before, beyond. ITnies, ii. 139 (misread for mues). See Mouvoir. Unkes, ii. 217. Fr. Ever. Upholder, ii. 349. Undertaker. Uplop, i. 299 = Auflauf. Germ. Up- roar, tumult, strife. (Schiller und Liibben.) Uppeyne, ii. 254 = upon peyne. Under penalty. Usser, ii. 214. Fr. Usher, door-keeper. Utfang-theif, ii. 44. The right to try thieves coming from other parts, but arrested within a privileged district. (Bracton, ii. 540. Bracton expressly states that this right did not authorise the lord to bring back into his liberty and try one who had fled from his jurisdiction and had been taken elsewhere. But later jurists define outfangthef as the right of the lord to try such fugitives. See Nichols's note in Britton, i. 229.) *Utteratio, ii. 366. The vending, offering for sale. V, ii. 255. Fr. ou. Or. Vadiare, ii. 314, 315. To give security for, to wage. Vadium, ii. 115.' A pledge or surety. Vas, Vas[um], i. 232 ; ii. 285, 360. A vessel or ship ; a pot or measure. Vastum, ii. 286. A waste place. Veluz, ii. 205. Fr. Woolly. Peaux veluz, wool- fells. *"Venturiarius, i. 152. A merchant adventurer. Verbotenus, i. 228. In word. Veredictum, ii. 146. Verdict. Vesperae, ii. 170. Vespers. Vestura, ii. 286. Vestment, clothing. Vewe, ii. 221, 222. Fr. vue. A view. Vicecomes, ii. 18. Sheriff. Vioecomitatus, i. 206, 214. Shire or county. Vicinus, i. 230, 231. Townsman, gildsman. *VillaiiuB, i. 30; ii. 317. Base, inferior. Villana gilda, limited membership of the gild, opposed to libera gilda. 422 (^lossatp. full membership. (See i. 31. Cf. ' villein wool ' in Rot. Pari., iii. 270.) *Villatus, Villata, ii. 21, 115. A town, a town community. (Villata gener- ally means township, e.g. ii. 213.) Vinai'mm, ii. 293. Vineyard. *Visus, ii. 96, 103, 104. View ; the view of frank-pledge. *Vitallarmni, ii. 189. Food, pro- visions. Vitant, ii. 141. Fr. huitante. Eighty. *Vloccatus, i. 296 = floccatus. Made of flocks or refuse wool. ^Cf. Hohl- baum, iii. 550.) Voerdmer, i. 276. Germ. Further- more. Voistz, Voysent, ii. 224, 228. Fr. 3 sing, and pi. pres. ind. of aller, to go. Volatile, ii. 301. A fowl. Cf Fr. volaille. Vytelyng, ii. I92=victualing. Wallensis, ii. 376. Welshman. Waller, ii. 106, 382. Stone-mason. (Prompt., wallare ; Wright, i. 688.) Walling, ii. 174. Rulers of the wall- ing, officers who had charge of the town walls. Cf the muragers of Chester and the murenger of Oswestry. (Gomme, Index of Munic. Offices, 65.) Wantier, ii. 245. Glover. Wapentachum, ii. 363. Wapentake or hundred. (Cf. Domesday Studies, 67.) Wapynne, i. 221. Engl. A weapon. *Wara, i. 290. Fur. (Cf Fr. vair, Du C, varius.) Warandia, Warrantum, i. 269; ii. 18, 61. Warrant, authority. Warderen, i. 298. To guard, examine, or search. (Cf. Hohlbaum, iii. 582.) Wardier, i. 298. Fr. Warden or searcher. Wardman, i. 31. An officer in a town having charge of a ward. Warr', ii. 50. Warwick. Waufer, ii. 96. Wafer. Wetus, ii. 6=vetus. Old. Wetye, ii. 255. To keep. (^Halliwell, wite.) White-drawer, ii. 349. Tin-wire maker. Winnys, ii. 72. Wines. Wintonia, ii. 3. Winchester. Wlnerare, ii. 305, 306 = vulnerare. To wound. Wonnyng, Woning, i. 263. Engl. A house. Wyght, ii. 69. Weight. XPO, i. 292=Christo. Christ. *Yare-give, Teres-gyeve, Jheres- cheve, G-yeres-gyve, ii. 183, 253, 358, 374, 390. Originally a com- plimentary new year's gift, later a customary payment extorted in favour of the crown. (Liber Cust., 777.) Cf Gersuma. Yelde, i. 13S; ii. 273. A gild. Yelde, Yealde, i. 55. To pay. Yelden, ii. 277. A gild officer. See Gildan. Yeld-hall, i. 82; ii. 67, 274. Gild- hall. Yerne, Yorne, ii. 68, 70. Engl. Iron. Yeres-gyeve. See Yare-give. Yeve, i. 55. To give. Y-Jolde, ii. 255. Yielded, paid. INDEX. Abbotsbury, Orcy's gild at, i. i8i- 182. Aberdeen, free hanse granted to, i. 197. gildry at, i. 203, 213, 214, 219-221, 225. convenery of, i. 202, 220, 221. surviving gilds of, i. 226. mother town of, i. 244. daughter town of, i. 244. appeal of, to Edinburgh, i. 258 ; to Newcastle, i. 263. Aberdeenshire : see Aberdeen, Fraser- burgh, Inverury, Kintore, Rose- hearty. Aberystwyth, gild merchant at, i. 16. hanse at, i. 193. mother town of, i. 244. Abingdon, mother town of, i. 244. Adventurers, Company of Merchant, i. 148-157. privileges of, i. 150. organisation of, 150-151. forbidden to exercise handicraft or open shops, i. 155. later companies of, i. 156. entrance fees of, i. 195. hanse of, i. 196. Affiliation of medieval boroughs,!. 241- 281. Agarslee, mother town of, i. 244. Agriculture, in boroughs, i. 3, 4, 126. Aldermen, gild officials, i. 24-28 ; elec- tion of, i. 24 ; duties of, i. 25. London, i. 78-80. origin of, i. 78-79. mayor of Norwich succeeds to alder- manship of gild, i. 84. Alnwick, gild merchant of, i. 9 ; ii. 1-3. toll-booth at, i. 81. functions of gild at, i. 120. freedom of, obtained through craft gilds, i. 124. Alnwick, common town bargains at, i. 130-131, 138. Company of Merchants at, i. 130- 131- trading companies at, i. 131, 138, 164. mother town of, i. 244. Alresford, daughter town of, i. 247. Altrincham, gild merchant of, i. 9, 90. judicial rights reserved on grant of gild to, i. 91. mother town of, i. 244. America (North), offshoots of colonial towns in, i. 242. Andover, gild merchant at, i. 9, 92, 123; ii. 3-12, 2S9-351. charter of, i. 9. constitution of gild at, i. 31 ; ii. 293, 304, 326, 329, 332-335- gild dues at, i. 31 ; ii. 328, 329, 333, 335 : collection of, i. 58 ; ii. 332. gild feasts at, i. 33, 34. gild of, witliout judicial powers, i. 65. later identity of borough and gild at, i-75- models for gild at, i. 9, 88 ; ii. 3. weavers admitted to gild at, i. 108. crafts in gild merchant at, i. u8. gild = select body at, i. 161. gildship subject to 'bans' payment at, i. 194. mother town of, i. 244. Anglesey : see Beaumaris, Newborough. Anglo-Saxons, gilds of, i. 1 74-191. trade and industry of, i. 3. official witnesses among, i. 31. burghal affiliation among, i. 258. Annan, gildry of, i. 203. Anstruther, Easter and Wester, gildries of, i. 203. 424 Jntier. Antrim (Co.) : see Belfast, Carrick- fergus. Appeal, courts of, in boroughs, i. 258- 281. Appleby, mother town of, i. 244. Arbroath, gildry of, i. 203. mother town of, i. 244. daughter town of, i. 251. Argyleshire : see Campbeltown, Inver- ary. Armagh (Co.) : see Armagh, Charle- mont. Armagh, gild merchant at, i. 18. daughter town of, i. 244. Arras, gilds of, i. 292. Artizans : see Craftsmen, Craft gilds. Asperton, staple for tin at, i. 141. Athboy, gild merchant at, i. 18. hanse at, i. 193. mother town of, i. 244. Athenry, mother town of, i. 244. Athlone, tholsel at, i. 82. mother town of, i. 244. Axbridge, gild merchant at, i. 9 ; ii. 12. freemen formed into craft gilds at, i. 123. Ayr, gildry of, i. 203, 208, 210. Ayrshire : sec k.jc, Irvine, Kilmarnock, Maybole. Bailiffs, duties of, as gild officials, i. 28 ; ii. 23, 174: as borough officers, i. 23-26. Bala, gild merchant at, i. 16; ii. 48. rights of gild at, i. 38. hanse at, i. 193, 194, mother town of, i. 244. Ballyshannon, gild merchant at, i. 18. Bamborough, gild merchant at, i. 9. Banagher, mother town of, i. 244. daughter town of, i. 249. Banbury, daughter towns of, i. 244, 248. Bandon Bridge, mother town of, i. 244. Banff, free hanse at, i. 197. convenery of, i. 202. gildry of i. 203, 223. mother town of, i. 244. Banffshire : see Banff, CuUen. Banna (Bannow), daughter town of, i. 252. Bargains, common town, i. 135-138, 208. Barnard Castle, mother town of, i. 244. Barnstaple, gild merchant at, i. 9; ii. 12-15. gild officials at, i. 28. gild feasts at, i. 33. distinct officials for town and gild at, i. 63. separation of burgesses and privileged strangers at, i. 67. re-organisation of gild at, i. 162. mother town of, i. 245, 259, 266. Barons, the eight (Corfe Castle), i. 185. title of, applied to burgesses, i. 186. Basingstoke, incorporation of, i. 94. relations of, to Andover, ii. 9. Bath, gild merchant at, i. 9 ; ii. 351. mother town of, i. 245. Beaumaris, gild merchant at, i. 16; ii. 15, 16. rights of gild of, questioned, i. 38. hanse at, i. 193, 194. mother town of, i. 245. Bedford, gild merchant at, i. 9; ii. 16- 18. rights of gild of, questioned, i. 37. burgesses and other inhabitants ad- mitted to gild at, i. 69-70 ; ii. 17- moot-hall at, i. 81. town- and gild-hall coexistent at, i. 82. ' communitas ' and gild merchant dis- tinct at (4 Ed. iii),i. 100 ; ii. 17, i8. mother town of, i. 245. customs of Oxford sent to, i. 266. charter to, i. 266. Bedfordshire : see Bedford, Dunstable. Belfast, gild merchant at, i. 18. tholsel at, i. 82. Belgium, gild merchant in, i. 288. Berkshire : sec Abingdon, Maidenhead, Reading, Wallingford, Windsor. Berwick-on-Tweed, gild merchant at, i. 9; ii. iS-20; gildry of, i. 170, 210-214. toll-booth at, i. 81-82. Flemish gild at, i. 109. functions of later gild at, i. 120. Jntier. 425 Berwick-on-Twccd, hanse at, i. 193. statutes of gild at, i. 210-213, 218, 227-240. one of the Four Burghs, i. 200, 258. daughter town of, i. 247. Beverley, gild merchant at, i. 9 ; ii. 21- 23- hanse house at, i. 82 ; charter for hanse at, i. 193, 196. exclusion of craftsmen from burgh rights at, i. 108. craftsmen's share in government of, i. 112. Merchants' Company of, i. 139. re-organisation of gild of, i. 163. mother town of, i. 245. daughter town of, i. 254. • Bideford, mother town of, i. 245. Birmingham, trade driven to, i. 52. town hall, origin of, i. 83. Holy Cross gild at, i. 84. Bodmin, gild merchant at, i. 9 ; ii. 235. Bohemia, affiliation of towns in, i. 272, 279. Booth-halls in boroughs, i. 81, 82. Borough : see Free Borough. privileges of, i. 6. distinction between gild and, i. 61- 76. amalgamation of gild and, i. 75. government, origin of, i. 77-86. rise and development of, i. 85-93. position of gild merchant in, i. 86. influence of gild merchant on forma- tion of, i. I, 77-86. position of cnihts in, i. 185-186. Boroughs, list of, possessing gild mer- chants, i. 9-20, 202-207. agriculture in, i. 3, 4. duties of officials of, i. 23. machinery for government of, i. 23. suspension of liberties of, by king, i. 57, 97- decay of, i. 51, 52. assessments in, i. 53-59. judiciary of, i. 64, 72, 79, 90, 98 : see Leet. population of, i. 73. professional element in, i. 74. office-holding a burden in, i. 75. jurisdiction of, i. 85. Boroughs, relations of, to mesne lords, i. 90-92. conflicts of, with ecclesiastical lords, i-9i- incorporation of, i. 93-105. federations of, i. 106, 198, 200, popular government in, i. 108. select body in, i. no, 124, 125, 160. crafts share in government of, i. 11 1- 112. lawmen of, i. 185. in Scotland, i. 199-201. affiliation of, i. 241-281. foundation of new, i. 242. courts of appeal in, i. 258-281. Bossiney, mother town of, i. 245. Boston, gild merchant of, i. 10. origin of town-hall at, i. 83. fraternity incorporated in, i. 99. Staple at, i. 141, 142, 143, 146. Merchant Adventurers of, i. 151, 154. mother town of, i. 245. daughter town of, i. 250. market and fair of, ii. 143-144, 147. charter of, ii. 352. Boyle, gild merchant at, i. 18. Brackel, charter to the merchants of, i. 299. Bradford, toll-booth at, i. 81. Bradninch, mother town of, i. 245. Brechin, gildry of, i. 203, 223. daughter town of, i. 244. Brecknock, mother town of, i. 245. Brecknockshire : see Brecknock, Builth. Brentano (Dr.), his theory of English gilds discussed, i. 167-172. Bridgnorth, gild merchant at, i. 10. hanse of, i. 193. Bridgwater, gild merchant at, i. 10 ; ii. _ 23, 24, 353. distinction between gild and town officials at, i. 63 ; ii. 23. Brisingham, origin of town-hall of, i. 83. Bristol, firma-burgi at, i. 6. gild merchant at, i. 10, 38, 39 ; ii. 24- 28, 353-355, 359- charters of towns entered in records of, i. 44. distinct officials for town and gild at, i. 63. 426 3lntJer Bristol, burgesses not members of gild at, i. 69. tolsey (town-hall) at, i. 82. tolsey and gild-hall co-existent at, i. 82. distinction between gild and ' com- munitas' in records of, i. loi ; ii. 354- dissensions at (1312-16), i. no. privileges of tailors at, i. 1 24. Staple of, i. 141, 142. Merchant Adventurers of, i. 151, 152. later trading companies at, i. 164. Calendars' gild at, i. 83, 189. daughter towns of, i. 242, 256, 257, 259- mother town of, i. 245, 264. charter to (11 71), i. 247. laws of, sent to Dublin, i. 263. Buckfastleigh, abbot and monks of, pur- chase rights of trading at Totnes, i. 40, 67; ii. 235. Buckinghamshire : see Wycombe. Builth, gild merchant at, i. 16 ; ii. 355- 356. hanse charter for, i. 193. mother town of, i. 245. Burford (Oxfordshire), gild merchant at, i. 10 ; ii. 28-29. early charter to gild at, i. 5. mother town of, i. 245. Burford (Salop), mother town of, i. 245. Burgage tenure, nature of, i. 6. burgesses required to hold by, i. 71, 126. Burgess-ship, villeins excluded from, i. 30 ; women and monks excluded from, i. 66. duties of, i. 71. qualifications of, i. 71, 125, 126. Burghs, Court of Four, i. 200, 208, 258. Burntisland, gildry of, i. 203, 223. mother town of, i. 245. Bury St. Edmund's, gild merchant at, i. 10 ; ii. 29-36. distinct town and gild officials at, i. 63 ; ii- 30, 33- burghal rights of suburban residents of, i. 69. toll-house at, i. 81. Candlemas gild at, i. 83. Bury St. Edmund's, power of abbot over mimicipality of, i. 94 ; ii. 29-36. gild and ' communitas ' distinct at, i. lOI. gild of bakers at, i. 1 15. hansing silver at, i. 194-5 i ii- 32- meeting of delegates from towns at, i. 242. Buyers, common, i. 136-137. Bye-laws, right of civic corporation to make, i. 96. Caergwrle : see Hope. Caerwys, gild merchant at, i. 16; ii. 356, 357- hanse charter of, i. 193. mother town of, i. 245. Caithness-shire : see Thurso, Wick. Calais, charter of, i. 293. Staple at, i. 140, 141, Calendars, records of Bristol kept by gild of, i. 83, 189. Calne, gild merchant at, i. 10 ; ii. 36. Cambridge, gild merchant at, i. 10 ; ii. 357-358. toll-booth at, i. 81. thane's gild at, i. 181-183. lawmen of, i. 185. mother town of, i. 245. Cambridgeshire : see Cambridge, Wis- beach. Campbeltown, gildry of, i. 203. Canterbury, gild merchant at, i. 5, 10; ii- 37-38- aldermen and wards of, i. 79-80. moot-, spech-, or gild-hall at, i. 32, 81. Staple at, i. 141. sale of land by cnihts at, i. 184. cnihts' gild at, i. 188. three ' gefer-scipas ' at, i. 189. ' ingan burgware ' at, i. 190. mother town of, i. 245. daughter town of, i. 254. Cardiff, gild merchant at, i. 16 ; ii. 358- 359- Staple at, i. 141. mother town of, i. 245. daughter towns of, i. 257. laws of Hereford sent to, i. 261. sinner. 427 Cardigan, gild merchant at, i. 16; ii. 359- hanse charter of, i. 193. mother town of, i. 245. daughter town of, i. 248, 256, 257. Cardiganshire : see Aberystwyth, Car- digan, Lampeter. Cariesfort, mother town of, i. 245. daughter town of, i. 244. Carlisle, gild merchant at,i. 10 ; ii. 38- 40. 359- burgage at, i. 71. moot-hall at, i. 81. town- and gild-hall co-existent at, i. 82. participation of craftsmen in govern- ment of, i. III. imion of craft gilds at, called gild merchant, i. 118. freedom of, obtainable through craft gilds, i. 124. Company of Merchants of, i. 132- 134; ii- .^59-360- modern trading companies at, i. 164. mother town of, i. 245. Carlow (Co.) : see Carlow, Old Leigh- lin. Carlow, gild merchant at, i. 18. Carmarthen, Staple at, i. 141. mother town of, i. 246. daughter towns of, i. 257. laws of Hereford sent to, i. 260. Carqiarthenshire : j^f? Carmarthen, Laug- harne, Llandovery. Carnarvon, gild merchant at, i. 16 ; ii. 48. rights of gild at, i. 38. hanse of, i. 193, 194. mother town of, i. 246. daughter town of, i. 257. Carnarvonshire : see Carnarvon, Con- way, Criccieth, Nevin, Pwllheli. Carrickfergus, gild merchant at, i. 18. tholsel (town-hall) at, i. 82. Staple at, i. 143. mother town of, i. 246. Cashel, gild merchant at, i. 18. tholsel (town-hall) at, i. 82. mother town of, i. 246. daughter town of, i. 255-256. Censers, privileges of, i. 49-50 ; ii. 133, 134, 176, 177, 264. Chambers of commerce, value of, i. 165. Chaplains, gild officials, i. 28, 34 ; ii. 151-170. Charlemont, gild merchant at, i. 18. Charters of towns, entered on borough records, i. 44. priority of, confers right of trading toll free, i. 44. trade fraternities founded by, i. 113. resemblances between, i. 243. Cheshire : see Altrincham, Chester, Congleton, Macclesfield, Nantwich. Chester, gild merchant at, i. 10 ; ii. 40-46. leve-lookers of, i. 27. picketing by crafts of, i. 36. rights of gilds of, i. 42-43. freemen's oath of, i. 55. burghal tolls for support of gild at, i. 62 ; ii. 43, 44. distinct officials for town and gild at, i. 63 ; ii. 43. St. Mary's nunnery at, i. 70. common hall at, i. 82. craft gilds at, i. 115. trading at, confined to persons free of companies, i. 118. union of crafts at, called gild, i. 119. trading companies at, i. 129, 164. Staple at, i. 142. Company of Merchant Adventurers at, i. 152 ; ii. 360-362. civic barons of, i. 186. mother town of, i. 246. daughter town of, i. 254, 256. customal of, i. 263. Chesterfield, gild merchant at, i. 10 ; ii. 46-47. gild of St. Mary at, i. 83. dyers limited to burgesses of, i. 108. Merchants' Company of, i. 139. mother town of, i. 246. Chichester, gild merchant at, i. 10, 90 ; ii. 47-48. similarity of gild of, to that of Hor- sham, i. 13. Staple at, i. 141, 142, 143. re- organisation of gild at, i. 162. 428 3[nDer, Christianity, influence of, on inception of gilds, i. 175. Cinque ports, no gild merchant in, i. 21, 116. importance of, i. 106. barons of, i. 186. charters of, i. 242. affiliation in, 1. 258. court of appeal of, i. 258. Cirencester, gild merchant at, i. 11 ; ii. 363-364. Clare (Co.) : see Ennis. Clergy, gilds of, i. 177. Clerk, gild official, i. 28; 11.93-104,154, 160, 196, 239, 335, 364. Clitheroe, mother town of, i. 246. laws of Chester sent to, i. 262. Clonmel, tholsel at, i. 82. mother town of, i. 246. daughter towns of, i. 253, 255, 256. Cnihten gild of London, i. 78, 80, 186-188. Cnihts, position of Saxon, i. 183-186. gilds of, i. 78, 80, 186-188. Colchester, absence of gild merchant at, i. 22. moot-hall at, i. 81. Leet regulates trade at, i. 125. Collectors, gild officials, i. 28 ; ii. 6, 95, 96. Commerce, modern chambers of, i. 165 ; see Trade. Common Council : see Council. ' Communa,' difference between, and gild merchant, i. 98, 102. of London, not a gild merchant, i. 20. * Commnnitas,' Brady's view concerning, i. 86. in formula of incorporation, i. 93. difference between, and gild merchant, i. 99. Companies of merchants, i. 126-139. Conflicts between gild and manorial lords, i. 91-92. Congleton, gild merchant at, i. 11. tolls in charter of, i. 44. town-hall at, i. 82. Conquest (Norman), gild merchant in- troduced into England by, i. 2. Conquest (Norman), influence of, i. 2-3. Constables of the Staple, i. 144. Continent, commercial relations between England and, i. 3. villeinage of, i. 30. gild merchant of, i. 77, 282-300. boroughs of, compared with those of England, i. 106. monastic unions on, i. 190. hanses of, i. 198. affiliation of towns of, i. 241, 267- 281. Conveneries of Scotland, i. 202, 220, 221, 225. Convention of Royal Burghs, i. 200. Conway, gild merchant at, i. 16; ii. 48. rights of gild at, i. 38. hanse of, i. 193, 194. mother town of, i. 246. daughter town of, i. 257. Corfe Castle, ' eight barons ' of, i. 185. Cork (Co.) : see Bandon Bridge, Cork, Kilmaclenyn, Kinsale, Mallow, Youghal. Cork, gild merchant at, i. 18. union of, with other towns, i. 106. union of craft gilds at, i. 123. Staple at, i. 141. mother town of, i. 246, 259. daughter towns of, i. 247, 255. Cornwall : see Bodmin, Bossiney, Gram- pound, Helston, Launceston, Lis- keard, Lostwithiel, Truro, West Looe. Coroners of towns, duties of, i. 23, 25 ; ii. 48, 116-122, 365. Corporations, development of municipal, i. 93-105. Corpus Christi gilds, crafts connected with, i. 118-119. Council (Common), of London, i. 112. crafts represented in, i. 111-112, 214- 225. County Courts of Norfolk and Suffolk, charter of Ipswich read in, i. 24. Court, municipal, called hundred, i. 79- Court Leet : see Leet. Court of Four Burghs, i. 200, 258. 3lnlier» 429 Courts of appeal, for boroughs, i. 259- 381. Coventry, gild merchant at, i. 1 1 ; ii. 48- 51,364-365. exemption of merchants of, from toll, i. 44. incorporation of, i. 93. charters to, i. 93, loi. union of craft gilds at, i. 123. craft companies at, i. 129, 164. mother town of, i. 246. daughter towns of, i. 253-254. Craft gilds, limited authority of, i. 113. trade monopoly of, i. 114. multiplication of, i. 115-116. absence of political functions in, i. "3- incorporation of, i. 99, 113. no conflict of, with English gild mer- chant, i. 109-110, 170-171. participation of, in town government, i. 111-112, 214-224. early history of, i. 114-116. gild merchant replaced by, i. 116- 123. relations of, to Corpus Christi gilds, i. 118-119. freemen of, i. 124. increased importance of, i. 125. conflicts of, with Scotch Gildries, i. 213-225. on the Continent, i. 284-286. Craftsmen, relations of, to gild, i. 107- 109, 213-224. admitted to gild merchant, i. 107, 224; ii. 4,6-8, 14, 60, 138, 143, 197, 198, 205, 210, 227, 240, 245, 246, 277, 313, 3H, 316, 328, 334, 336, 340> 345- engaged in buying and selling, i. 74. Criccieth, gild merchant at, i. 17 ; ii. 48. rights of gild at, i. 38. hanse of, i. 193, 194. mother town of, i. 246. Cullen, free hanse at, i. 197. gildry of, i. 203. Culross, gildry of, i. 203, 223. Cumberland : see Carlisle, Egremont, Skynburgh. Cupar, gildry of, i. 204, 223. Cupbearers, gild officials, i. 28 ; ii. 13, 14. 93-98, 100, 293, 319, 326, 331, 335, 375- Daventry, gild merchant at, i. 11. moot-hall at, i. 81. Dean, gild official, i. 28, 208, 217-226 ; ii. 154, 158, 160-162, Denbigh, gild merchant at, i. 17. leve-lookers of, i. 27. hanse charter of, i. 193. mother town of, i. 246. laws of Hereford sent to, i, 262. Denbighshire : see Denbigh, Ruthin. Denmark, gild merchant in, i. 284, 288. Derby, gild merchant at, i. 11 ; ii. 51- 53- villeinage at, i. 30. functions of gild at (1330), i. 40-42. gild and borough revenues, i. 62, 69. forinseci in gild at, i. 67. mother town of, i. 243, 246. Derbyshire : see Chesterfield, Derby. Devizes, gild merchant at, i. 11; ii. 53-56. union of craft gilds at, i. 120. Merchant Adventurers of, i. 151. mother town of, i. 246. Devonshire : see Barnstaple, Bideford, Bradninch, Buckfastleigh, Exeter, Lidford, Plymouth, Plympton, Earle, Totnes, Woodbury. Dingle, tholsel at, i. 82. mother town of, i. 246. Dinglecushe : see Dingle. Dingwall, gildry of, i. 204. mother town of, i. 246. Doncaster, gild merchant at, i. 12. moot-hall at. i. 81. Donegal (Co.): see Ballyshann on, Done- gal, Lifford. Donegal, gild merchant at, i. 18. Doorkeeper, gild official, i. 28; ii. 13, 14, 161, 214, 215. Dorchester, gilds at, ii. 56-58, 365- 37°- gild of St. Mary at, i. 99. consolidation of crafts at, i. 1 22-123. Merchant Company of, i. 139. Dordrecht, charter of, i. 293. 430 3[nlier« Dornoch, gildry of, i. 204. Dorsetshire: see Abbotsbury, Corfe Castle, Dorchester, Lyme Regis, Melcombe Regis, Newton, Poole, Weymouth. Dover, early gild-hall at, i. 80, 189. Down (Co.) : see Hillsborough, Newry. Drogheda, gild merchant at, i. 18 ; ii. 58-59- tholsel at, i. 82. union of two towns of, i. 94. union of, with other towns, i. 106. craftsmen's rights in government of, i. 112. Staple at, i. 141, 147. hanse charter of, i. 193. mother town of, i. 246. daughter towns of, i. 247, 255. Drokedale, mother town of, i. 246. Drusselan : see Rhuddlan. Dublin (,Co.) : see Dublin, Swords. Dublin, gild merchant at, i. 19 ; ii- 59- 85, 370. tholsel (town-hall) at, i. 82. union of, with other towns, i. 106. participation of craftsmen in govern- ment of, i. III. civic freedom conferred through craft- gilds in, i. 124. Merchants Company at, i. 134—139; monopoly of, 134; common town bargains of, 135-138. Staple of, i. 141, 147. gild of English Merchants at, i. 156. daughter towns of, i. 242, 255, 259. mother town of, i. 247. charter for men of Bristol to inhabit, i. 247. laws of Bristol sent to, i. 263. Dumbarton, gildry of, i. 204, 215. 223. mother town of, i. 247. Dumbartonshire : see Dumbarton. Dumfries, gildry of, i. 204. convenery of, i. 202. Dumfriesshire : see Annan, Dumfries, Lochmabin, Sanquhar. Dunbar, gildry of, i. 204, 223. Dundalk, gild merchant at, i. 19. hanse charter of, i. 193. mother town of, i. 247. daughter towns of, i. 255. Dundee, gildry of, i. 204, 223, 225. convenery of, i. 202. surviving gilds of, i. 226. mother town of, i. 247. Dunfermline, gildry of, i. 204, 223. daughter towns of, i. 245, 251. Dungannon, gild merchant at, i. 19. Dungarvan, gild merchant at, i. 1 9. Staple at, i. 143. mother town of, i. 247. daughter town of, i. 255. Dunheved : see Launceston. Dunkeld, gildry of, i. 204. Dunleer, gild merchant at, i. 19. Dunstable, mother town of, i. 247. Dunwich, gild merchant at, i. 12. liberties of, suspended, i. 97. hanse charter of, i. 193. Durham (Co.) : see Barnard Castle, Durham, Gateshead, Hartlepool, Stockton, Sunderland. Durham, gild merchant at, i. 12 ; ii. 41. toUbooth at, i. 81. share of crafts in government of, i'. III. functions of gild at, i. 120. freedom of, obtainable only through gilds at, i. 124. constitution of Mercers' Company at, i. 129. survival of gilds at, i. 164. mother town of, i. 247. Dutch immigrants, restrictions on, i. 109. East India Company, i. 156. Eastland Company, i. 156. Edinburgh, gildry of, i. 204, 209, 216- 219, 224-225. seat of Four Burghs at, i. 200, 201, 258. convenery of, i. 202, 225. Merchant Company of, i. 219. surviving gilds of, i. 226. daughter towns of, i. 247, 252. Edinburghshire : see Edinburgh, Leith. Edward I, endeavours to repress trade restrictions, i. si- 3lnDer. 431 Edward III, endeavours to repress trade restrictions, i. 51. policy of, toward merchants, i. 116. Egremont, villeinage in, i. 30. Elgin, free hanse at, i. 197 ; gildr}' of, i. 204, 223. Elginshire : see Elgin, Forres. EUesmere, mother town of, i. 247. Enclosures, i. 52. Ennis, Staple at, i. 143. Enniskillen, gild merchant at, i. 19. Entrance fees on admission to gild mer- chant, i. 29. Essex : see Colchester, Saffron- Walden. Evesham, booth-hall at, i. 81. booth-hall and gild-hall co-existent at, i. 82. Mercers' Company at, i. 129. Excommunication, punishment for se- rious infringement of gild laWs, i. 32- Exeter, absence of gild merchant at, i. 22. decline of, i. 52. gild-hall of, f. 81. judicial powers of craft gilds in, i. 113. freedom of city obtained through crafts of, i. 124. tailors of, i. 124, 171. Staple of, i. 141, 142. Merchant Adventurers at, i. 150, 152, 153, 156; ii. 86-89, 371-373. Saxon laws made at, i. 178. Saxon gild at, i. 181-183. hanse charter of, i. 193. mother towns of, i. 247, 259, 264. daughter towns of, i. 254, 259, 264. Fairs, freedom of trade at, i. 47. Family, not the germ of the gild, i. 169, ^74-175- Farnham, daughter town of, i. 247. Faversham, craft gild established by corporation of, i. 120 ; ii. 89-91. mother town of, i. 247. Feasts, gild, i. 33, 161. Federations of towns, in Great Britain, i. 107, 200, 201. on the Continent, i. 107, 197, 19S. Fee farm : see Firma Burgi. Ferm, yearly payments of, by craft gild, i. 1 14. Fermanagh (Co.) : see Enniskillen. Ferthingmen, gild officials, i. 27 ; ii. 13, 14, 93-97. Fethard, tholsel at, i. 82. m.other town of, i. 247. Fifeshire: see Anstruther Easter, An- struther Wester, Burntisland, Crail, Cupar, Dunfermline, Inverkeithing, Kilrenny, Kinghom, Kirkcaldy, Newburgh, St. Andrews. Fines (judicial) of gildsmen not paid to town officers, i. 69. for hawking goods in towns, i. 128. for trading, at instance of Merchants Company, i. 131, 133. Firma burgi, a burghal privilege, i. 6. importance of, i. 57. relation of, to gild merchant, i. 57, 93- influence of, on incorporation, i. 97, 104. Five Danish Boroughs, i. 106. Flanders, gild merchant in, i. 4, 284, 288. federation of towns in, i. 198. relations of Scotland to, i. 199. affiliation of towns in, i. 268-270. Flemings, immigrate to England ,temp. Hen. I , i. 108. in Berwick, i. 109. in Scotland, i. 199, 214. Flint, gild merchant at, i. 17. hanse charter of, i. 193. daughter to^vn of, i. 245. mother town of, i. 247. Flintshire : see Caerwys, Flint, Hope, Overton, Rhuddlan. Florence, laws of, sent to Rome, i. 270- 271. gilds of, i. 299. Folkstone, mother town of, i. 247. Fordwich, gild merchant at, i. 12, 21. Forestalling, i. 49. Forfar, gildry of, i. 205. Forfarshire : see Arbroath, Brechin, Dundee, Forfar, Montrose. Forinseci : see .Strangers. 432 Sinter. Forres, free hanse at, i. 197 ; gildry of, i. 205. Fortrose, gildry of, i. 205. Forwardmen, at Hereford, i. 31. section of Andover gild, i. 31 ; ii. 4-8, 292-347. Foster-brotherhood, influence of, on for- mation of Danish gilds, i. 176. Four Burghs, court of, i. 200, 258. France, gild merchant in, i. 4, 283-288. communes of, i. 21, 30. villeinage in, i. 30. English kings' charters to towns of, i. 102. merchants of, i. 145. federation of towns in, i. 198. relation of Scotch towns to, i. 199. affiliation of towns in, i. 267-270, 281. Francheville (Newtown in Hants), mother town of, i. 247. Frankpledge, absence of, in some dis- tricts, i. 21. confounded with gild, i. 190. Fraserburgh, gildry of, i. 205. Free borough : see Borough, grants of, i. 5, 243. relation of gild to, i. 77. rise and development of, i. 86-93. position of gild merchant in, i. 86. corresponds to later incorporation, i. 97. Freedom of borough, required to be possessed by trader (i & 2 Ph. & Mary), i. 117. Freemen, trading rights of, i. 117. required to belong to a gild, i. 123- 124. privileges of, i. 124. successors of old gildsmen, i. 126. French immigrants, restrictions on, i. 109. become burgesses of English towns, i. 4. Frith-gild ^London), i. 170, 175, 178. Fullers, limitation of rights of, i. 108, 213. Gainsborough, gild merchant at, i. 12, 90 ; ii. 91. forinseci at, i. 68. Gainsborough, reserve of judicial rights by lord, on grant of gild to, i. 91. Galloway (New), gildry of, i. 205. Galway (Co.) : see Athenry, Galway. Galway, gild merchant at, i. 19. tholsel- (town-hall) at, i. 82. common bargains at, i. 136. Staple at, i. 142. mother town of, i. 247. Gateshead, Mercers' Company of, i. 129. survival of gilds at, i. 164. mother town of, i. 248. Gegilda, Anglo-Saxon, i. 169, 177- 179- Germany, villeinage in, i. 30. town meetings in, i. 32. Ausbiirger in, i. 68. population of towns of, i. 74. Merchant Adventurers in, i. 150. hanses of, i. 198, 272. affiliation of towns in, i. 271-281. gild merchant in, i. 284-288. Gildans, gild officials, i. 27; ii. 277, gild members, i. 29. Gild-hall, history of, i. 80-83. town-hall, why called gild-hall, i. 82. Gild Merchant, first mention of, i. 5. designation of, in charters, i. 6. limitation of trading rights to mem- bers of, i. 8. list of boroughs having, i. 9-20. prevalence of, in England, i, 22. provision for support of (Ipswich), i. 25. officials of, i. 23-28. membership, entrance fees, etc., i. 29. meetings of, i. 32, 33 ; ii. 6, 13, 14, 34, 91-103, 132, 150, 175, 184, 189, 198, 214, 255, 273-275, 277, 358. its functions, i. 36, 52. members (only) of, allowed to open shops, i. 45 ; forbidden to enter in partnership with strangers, i. 48 ; forbidden to cover goods of non- members, i. 48 ; rights of (non- resident\ i. 54 : see Gildsmen. sinner. 433 Gild Merchant, freedom of toll through- out England of members, i. 44, ?^- assessments of, i. 58. distinction between borough and, i. 61-76. judicial authority of, i. 65. amalgamation of borough and, i. 75. influence of, on corporative growth of borough, i. 97-98- craftsmen admitted to, i. 107 ; ii. 4, 6-S, 14. 60, 138, 143, 197, 19S, 205, 210, 227, 240, 245, 246, 277, 313. 314, 316, 328, 334, 336. 34O' 345- union of craft gilds becomes, i. 114- 123. reasons for disintegration of, i. 117. decadence of, i. 159-160; causes of, i. 160. hanse exactions of, i. 195. in Scotland, i. 199-226; statutes of, i. 227-240. on the Continent, i. 2S2-300. Gildry : see Gild Merchant in Scot- land. Gilds : see Craft Gilds, Gild Merchant, exactions of, i. 36, 39 ; ii. 32-35> 51-53, 147, 155, 156, 184, 189, 232, 379- decay of towns caused by, i. 51-52- etymology of the word, i. 60, 169, 177. connection of, with town government, i- 83. social-religious, sharing in burghal government, i- 83-84- influence of, on civic incorporation, i. 99. power of to'wn council to incorporate, i. 113. Corpus Christi gilds, i. 11S-119. literature of, i. 166-173. origin of, i. 167-170, 175-176. Anglo-Saxon, i. 169-170, 174-191. frith-gilds, i. 170, 175, 17S. classification of, i. 1 7*5-1 77- Gildsmen, method of becoming, i. 29. privileges of, i. 36-49 ; privileges of kinsmen of, i. 29. duties of, i. 53-60. obligation to share purchases among. i. 49 ; ii. 46, 150, 161, 185, 218, 219, 226, 290, 352. obligation of, to pay ' scot and lot,' i- 53-57- Glamorganshire : see Cardiff, Glamor- gan, Kenfig, Llantrissant, Neath, Swansea. Glasgow, gildrj' of, i. 205, 221-222, 224-225. convenery of, i. 202, 221, 225. surviving gilds of, i. 226. Gloucester, gild merchant at, i. 12 ; ii. 373-374- booth-hall at, i. Si. gild-hall of, i. 81. trading companies at, i. 129. hanse charter of, i. 193. mother town of, i. 243, 248. daughter towns of, i. 248, 255. Gloucestershire : see Bristol, Cirencester, Gloucester, Redcliff, Sodbury. Goslar, gild of, i. 294. Gowran, mother town of, i. 24S. Grampound, gild merchant at, i. 12. Grantham, gild merchant at, i. 12. Gravesend, town-house at, i. 82. formation of freemen into craft gilds at, i. 123. all freemen enrolled in trade com- panies at, i. 124. Mercers' Company at, i. 123, 129. Greatanlea, Saxon laws made at, i. 178- . ^ .. Great Gild of Lynn Regis, 1. 161 ; 11. 151- Great Yarmouth : see Yarmouth. Greenock, gildry of, i. 205. Grimsby, gild of Holy Trinity at, i. 27, 84- hanse charter of, i. 193, 195- mother town of, i. 248, 259. daughter town of, i. 254. plea of, against Lincoln, ii. 147. Grocer, definition of, i. 128. Guildford, gild merchant at, i. 12, 123; ii. 91-106, 375. officials of gild at, i. 28. gild feasts at, i. 33, 34- collection of gild dues at, i. 58. later select body at, i. 161. mother town of, i. 248. VOL- II- F f 434 3lnt)er. Guildford, daughter town of, i. 255. Haddington, gildry of, i. 205. seat of Four Burghs at, i. 258. Haddingtonshire : see Dunbar, Had- dington. Halberstadt, gild of, i. 298. * Hall- wardens, gild officials, i. 28 ; ii. 93-98- Hamburgh Company, i. 156. Hampshire : see Alresford, Andover, Basingstoke, Newtown, Petersfield, Portsmouth, Southampton, Win- chester. Hanse, the English,!. 8, 59, 192-196. meanings of term, i. 194-198. in Ireland, i. 197; Scotland, i. 197; on the Continent, i. 198, 29^4, 299. London Teutonic Hanse, i. 154, 192 : see Hanseatic League. Hanse of Merchant Adventurers, i. 195, 196. Hanse de Londres, i. 19S. Hanse of Paris, i. 198. Hanseatic League, i. 192, 197, 198. Harlech, gild merchant at, i. 17 ; ii. 48. rights of gild at, i. 38. hanse of, i. 193, 194. mother town of, i. 248. Hartlepool, gild merchant at, i. 12; ii. 106-107. functions of gild at, i. 120. mother town of, i. 248. Hastings, freemen sworn to pay ' scot and lot ' at, i. 55. daughter towns of, i. 755. Pevensey in ' scot and lot ' with, i. 258. Haverfordwest, gild merchant at, i. 17. villeinage at, i. 30. survival of gilds at, i. 164. mother town of, i. 248. laws of Hereford sent to, i. 260. Hawking goods, fines for, i. 128. Hedon, gild merchant in, i. 12, loi ; ii. 107-10S. incorporation of, i. 93. hanse charter of, i. 193, 197. mother town of, i. 248. Heirs, use of term in town charters, i. 95- Helston, gild merchant at, i. 13 ; ii. 108. mother tovi'n of, i. 248. Henley-on-Thames, gild merchant at, i. 13 ; ii. 108-109. exactions on strangers at, i. 195. Henry I, gild merchant in reign of, i. 5. HenryH, gild merchant in reign of, i. 5. Hereford, gild merchant at, i. 13; ii. 109-110. French burgesses in, i. 4. burgage tenure at, i. 6. villeinage in, i. 30. forwardesmen of, i. 31. ' scot and lot' at, i. 57, 59. forinseci at, i. 68. booth-hall at, i. 81. Mercers' Company at, i. 129. in Domesday, i. 186. hanse charter of, i. 193. daughter towns of, i. 242, 257. mother town of, i. 248. laws of, sent to daughter towns, i. 259-262, 266. Herefordshire : see Hereford. Hertfordshire : see St. Alban's. Heyners, gild officials, i. 27, 33 ; ii. 278, 392- Higham Ferrers, mother town of, i. 248. daughter town of, i. 244. Hillsborough, gild merchant at, i. 19. daughter town of, i. 249. Hope (^Flintshire), gild merchant at, i. 17; "• 375-376. hanse charter of, i. 193. mother town of, i. 245. Horsham, gild merchant at, i. 13. Hull, societies of merchants at, i. 139 ; ii. 110-114. * scot and lot' at, i. 55. Staple at, i. 141. Merchant Adventurers at, i. 150, 152, 154- mother town of, i. 248. Hundred, boroughs or wards of bor- oughs constituting, i. 79. officials of Saxon, i. 180. in Scotland, i. 201. Hundred Court, of boroughs, i. 79- Huntingdon, weavers' gild at, i. 114. Huntingdonshire : see Huntingdon. 3lntiejc. 435 Ilchester, mother town of, i. 24S. charter of, i. 248. Incorporation, municipal, i. 93-105. influence of gilds on, i. 97, 99. Inistioge, gild merchant at, i. 19. mother town of, i. 248. Initiation fees, of gild, i. 29. mentioned, ii. 4-8, 13, 68, 85, 93- 104, no, 123-125, 137, 138, 153, 154, 160, 164, 197, 203, 208, 211- 214, 24^-242, 289-347, 354, 377. Inverary, gildryof, i. 205. Inverbervie, gildry of, i. 205. Inverkeithing, gildry of, i. 205, 223. Inverness, free hanse granted to, i. 197. gildryof, i. 205, 223. convenery of, i. 202. daughter town of, i. 246. Inverness-shire : see Inverness. Inverurie, gildry of, i. 205. Ipswich, gild merchant at, i. 13, 93 ; ii. 114-132,376-377. charter of gild merchant (1200), i. 7. officers of gild at, i. 24-27. town government of (circa 1200), i. 23. provision for support of gild at, i. 25- gild meetings at, i. 33 ; ii. 128. admission fees of gild at, i. 34. alderman's trading monopoly at, i. 49. gild obligations limited to money pay- ment, i. 57, records of gild of, i. 26, 62. distinct officials for town and gild at, i. 63, 75- gild without judicial authority at, i. 65- forinseci at, i. 67. gildsmen of, free from toll, i. 69. manorial lords on gild roll of, i. 74. persons holding both gild and town offices at, i. 75 ; ii. n6-i2i. moot-hall at, i. 81. records of, i. 93. seal of, i. 95. democratic constitution of, i. 108 ; ii. 116-123. Ipswich, supersession of gild merchant by craft gilds at, i. 118. trades formed into four fellowships at, i. 123. petition for erection into Staple re- fused, i. 141. connection of, with Staple, i. I42, 143- Merchant Adventurers at, i. 150. Corpus Christi gild at, i. 119, 162 ; ii. 125-129. hanse charter of, i. 193 ; hanse pay- able to gild at, i. 194. hansa and gilda synonymous at, i. 196. Ireland, boroughs of, having gild mer- chant, i. 18-20. burghal ta.xes in, i. 59. union of boroughs of, i. 106. boroughs of, allowed to form frater- nities, i. 113. town bargains in, i. 136. Staple towns of, i. 141-143, 146. Staplers' organisation in, i. 146. craft gilds of (1835 \ i. 164. hanse privileges in, i. 197. founding of towns in Ulster, i. 242, towns in, modelled after Bristol, i. 242, 256-257. Irvine, gildry of, i. 205. Isolation (social) in the middle ages, i. 241. Italy, gilds of, i. 172, 282-288. affiliation of towns in, i. 270. Jamestown, gild merchant at, i. 19. mother town of, i. 248. daughter towns of, i. 245, 248. Jedburgh, gildry of, i. 205. Jews, in boroughs, i. 70. Judicia Civitatis Limdoniae, i. 178. Jurors (town officers), duties of, i. 87. Keepers, gild officials, i. 27 ; ii. 15, 207, 270, 274. Kells, mother town of, i. 248. charter of, i. 248. Kelso, gildry of, i. 205. Kendal, gild merchant at, i. 13. moot-hall at, i. 81. f 2 436 3lnDer. Kendal, trade fraternities collectively called gilds at, i. 119. mercers of, i. 128, 152, trading companies at, i. 129, 139, 164. Kenfig, gild merchant at,i. 17 ; ii. 132- 134- town bargains at, i. 136 ; ii. 133. Kent : see Canterbury, Dover, Faver- sham, Folkestone, Fordwich, Gravesend, Lydd, Maidstone, Queenborough, Rochester, Rom- ney. Sandwich, Shepway. Kerry (Co.) : see Dingle, Tralee. Kildare (Co.) : see Kildare, Naas. Kildare, mother town of, i. 248. Kilkenny (Co.) : see Gowran, Inistioge, Kilkenny, Rathcoole, Rosbercon, Thomastown. Kilkenny, gild merchant at, i. 19; ii- 134-136. tholsel (town-hall) at, i. 82. crafts at, .112. Statute of, i. 136. Staple at, i. 143. mother town of, i. 248. daughter towns of, i. 255. Kilmaclenyn, mother town of, i. 249. Kilmallock, mother town of, i. 249. Kilmarnock, gildry of, i. 205. Kilmeadan, mother town of, i. 249. Kilsyth, gildry of, i. 205. Kincardineshire : see Inverbervie, Stone- haven. Kinghorn, gildry of, i. 205. King's Co. : see Banagher, Portarling- ton. King's Lynn : see Lynn Regis. Kingston-upon-Thames, gild merchant at, i. 13. freemen of, formed into craft gilds, i. 123. trading companies at, i. 129, 164. mother town of, i. 249, Kinsale, Staple at, i. 143. mother town of, i. 249. Kintore, free hanse granted to, i. 197 ; gildry of, i. 205. Kirkby Johannis, mother town of, i. 249. Kirkcaldy, gildry of, i. 206, 223. Kirkcudbright, crafts of, i. 223. Kirkcudbright (Stewardry) : see Kirk- cudbright, Galloway (New), Kirkham, gild merchant at, i. 13. moot-hall at, i. 81. Kirkwall, gildry of, i. 206. Lampeter, gild merchant at, i. 17. hanse charter of, i. 193. mother town of, i. 249. Lanark, gildry of, i. 206. one of Four Burghs, i. 200. convenery of, i. 202. appeal of, to Edinburgh, i. 25S. Lanarkshire : see Glasgow, Lanark, Rutherglen. Lancashire : see Clitheroe, Kirkham, Lancaster, Liverpool, Manchester, Preston, Salford, Wigan. Lancaster, gild merchant at, i. 13. toll-booth at, i. 81. mother town of, i. 249, 259. charter of, i. 249. Lands, pleas relating to, gild merchant not concerned with, i. 104. Lanesborough, gild merchant at, i. 19. tholsel (town-hall) at, i. 82. daughter town of, i. 249. Laughame, mother town of, i. 249. Launceston, gild merchant at, i. 12 ; ii. S5-86, 370- entrance fees to gild at, i. 29 ; ii. 85. daughter towns of, i. 245, 248, 249. Lawmen, Anglo-Saxon, i. 185. Law-merchant, i. 143-144. Leeds, trade driven to, i. 52. moot-hall at, i. 81. mother town of, i. 249. Leet, burghal functions of, i. 64, 65, 87, 90, 125. in towns of mesne lords, i. 75, 90- 92. decadence of, i. 75, 126, 160. Leges Burgorum of Scotland, i. 200, 210, 2i3> 243- Leicester, gild merchant at, i. 13; ii. 136-144. seal of gild of, i. 28. entrance fees to gild at, i. 29 ; ii. 137, 138, 292. gild members not allowed to share profits with non-members, i. 48. 3InDer. 437 Leicester, tenants of bisliop's fee, pur- chase gild rights at, i. 56, 68, 72. distinct officials for town and gild at, i. 63. judiciary of, i. 65, 87. moot-hall at, i. 81, 196. purchase of hall of gild by borough, i. 83. Corpus Christi gild at, i. 84. influence of gild at, i. 87. hanse at, i. 194, 195 ; ii. 137, 138. Leicestershire : see Leicester. Leighlin (Old), mother town of, i. 249. Leith, convenery of, i. 202. Leitrim (Co.) : see Jamestown. Levelookers, gild officials, i. 27 ; ii. 41- 43, 148, 174, 175. Lewes, gild merchant at, i. 13 ; ii. 145. Liber burgiis : see Free borough. Lichfield, gild of, i. 84; ii. 145-146. origin of town-hall of, i. 83. survival of gilds at, i. 164. mother town of, i. 249. Lidford, mother town of, i. 249, Lifford, gild merchant at, i. 19. Limerick (Co.) : see Kilmallock, Lim- erick. Limerick, gild merchant at, i. 19; ii. 59. tholsel at, i. 82. union of, with other towns, i. 106. Staple at, i. 142. mother town of, i. 249, 2:9. Lincoln, gild merchant at, i. 13 ; ii. 146- 147, 377-379- villeins in charters of, i 30, 103 entrance into Leicester gild purchased by tenants of bishop of, i. 56, 68, 72. 'scot and lot ' at, i. 59. distinct officers for gild and town at, i. 63. strangers in gild of, i. 67. fullers not received into gild of, i. 70, 108. aldermanries of, i. 80. weavers' gild at, i. 114. Staple at, i. 141. lawmen of, i. 185. gildwite fgild exaction) at, i. 195. mother town of, i. 249. daughter towns of, i. 254. Lincolnshire : see Boston, Gainsborough, Grantham, Grimsby, Lincoln, Luda, Stamford. Linlithgow, common bargains at, i. 137- one of Four Burghs, i. 200. gildry of, 206. Linlithgowshire : see Linlithgow. Liskeard, gild merchant of, i. 13; ii. 108. mother town of, i. 249. Liverpool, gild merchant at, i. 13,90; ii. 148. levelookers of, i. 27. election of chief officer in, i. 97. town bargains in, i. 136 ; ii. 148- 150. hanse charter of, i. 193. Livery (London), elective rights of, i. 112. Llandovery, booth-hall at, i. Si. Llanfyllin, gild merchant at, i. 17. mother town of, i. 249. Llanidloes, burgages at, i. 71. Llantrissaint, gild merchant at, i. 17 ; ii. 150. mother town of, i. 249. Lochmabin, gildry of, i. 206. London, in Anglo-Saxon period, i. 3. French burgesses in, i. 4. commune of, recognised by John, i. 20, 21, lOI. no gild merchant in, i. 20, 116, 171. charters of trading towns entered on records of, i. 44. cnihten gild of, i. 78, 80, 186-1 88. aldermen of, i. 78-80. gild-hall of, i. 81. incorporation of, i. 94, loi. exclusion of certain craftsmen from burghal rights at, i. 108. election of officers and council at, i. 112. judicial powers of craft gilds in, i. 113- weavers in, monopoly granted to, i. 114, 115. subdivision of crafts, i. ii7- citizenship of, obtainable through crafts, i. 124. Staple at, i. 141. 438 3lntier. London, company of Merchant Adven- turers of, i. 1 40-15 1, I54j 155- survival of gilds at, i. 164. frith-gild at, i. 170, 175, 178. history of, peculiar, i. 172. Judicia Civitatis of, i. 17S-181. barons of, i. iSi, daughter towns of, i. 242, 254, 259, 264, 266. customs of, sent to Oxford, i. 264, 265. tallages in, i. 265. Richard I's jest concerning, i. 280. Londonderry (,Co.) : see Londonderry. Londonderry, mercantile fraternity at, i. 122. Staple at, i. 143. mother town of, i. 249. Longford (Co.) : see Lanesborough, Longford, St. Johnstown. Longford, tholsel (town-hall) at, i, 82. mother town of, i. 249. Lostwithiel, gild merchant at, i. 13. Staple for tin at, i. 141. Louth (Co.): see Drogheda, Dnndalk, Dunleer. Luda (Louth in Lincolnshire), plea of, against Lincoln, i. 146-147. Liidlow, gild merchant at, i. 14. burgesses of, in Montgomery, i. 46. origin of town-hall at, i. 83. association of trades at, i. 121. survival of gilds at, i, 164. hanse charter of, i. 193. mother town of, i. 250. Lydd, mother town of, i. 250. Lyme Regis, gild merchant at, i. 14. moot-hall at, i. 81. mother town of, i. 250. Lynn Regis, gild merchant at, i. 14, 29; ii. 151-170, 379-380. ofticials of gild at, i. 28. seal of gild at, i 28. gild feasts at, i. 33. skevins' trade dealings at, i. 49. alderman of gild acts as deputy mayor of borough at, i. 63. loan by gild to borough of, i. 63. strangers at, free of toll, i. 67. distinction between burgesses and gildsmen at, i. 69 ; ii. 167. Lynn Regis, tollbooth at, i. 81. origin of town-hall at, i. 83. corporation of, i. 9-1. craft gilds of, i. 115. petition for erection into Staple re- fused, i. 141. Staple at,«i. 142. German hanse society in, i. 154. charter to merchants of, i. 156. gild of Holy Trinity at, i. 161. charter of Bishop of Norwich to, i. 243. mother town of, i. 243, 250, 266. Macclesfield, gild merchant at, i. 14, 90 ; ii. 171. rights of entrance into gild at, i. 39. moot-hall at, i. Si. non-identity of borough and gild at, i. 89 ; ii. 171. daughter town of, i. 244. Maidenhead, religious gild of, i. 84. Maidstone, mother town of, i. 250. Mallow, gild merchant at, i. 19. Malmesbury, gild merchant at, i. 14 ; ii. 171-173- two gild-halls at, i. 82. Manchester, rise of, i. 52. tollbooth at. i. 81-82. mother town of, i. 250. Market, clerks of, i. 26. Market days, free trading on, i. 47. Market towns, absence of gild merchant in, i. 92. Mark system, in England, i. 174. affiliation of mark communities, i. 242, 259. Marlborough, annual gild merchant at, i. 14; ii. 173-174- town meetings at, i. 32. exclusion of craftsmen from burghal rights at, i. 108. mother town of, i. 250. daughter town of, i. 255. Marriage. Merchant Adventurers re- quired to many natives, i. 148. Marshal, gild official, i. 28 ; ii. 93- 98. Marj'borough, mother town of, i. 250. Masters, gild officials, i. 26. anter. 439 Maybole, gildry of, i. 206. Mayor, alderman of Lynn gild deputy of, i. 63. not identical with alderman of Lei- cester gild, i. 63. importance of office of, i. 97. of Staple, i. 141-143; appointed by king, i. 144. Meath(Co.): see Athboy, Drogheda, Kells, Trim. Mechlin, statutes of gild of, i. 297. Melcombe Regis, Staple at, i. 142. mother town of, i. 250, 266. daughter town of, i. 250. Melrose, daughter town of, i. 247. Mercantile Companies, i. 127-157. Mercer, craft of, i. 128, 129, 139. Merchant, medieval meanings of term, i. 107, 127, 155, 157. Merchant Adventurers: j^r^ Adventurers. Merchants, thegn-right of, after making three voyages, i. 3, 185. not synonymous with burgesses, i. 66. prosperity of, temp. Edw. Ill, i. 116- 117- later companies of, i. 127-139. Merionethshire : see Bala, Harlech. Middelburg, statutes of gild of, i. 295- English Staple at, i. 140. Middlesex : see London, Westminster. Minehead, mother town of, i. 250. Monasteries, union of, i. 190. Monks excluded from burgess-ship, i. 66. Monmouthshire : see Newport. Monopoly in trade belonging to gild, i. 25, 29, 43-52 ; in Scotland, i. 20S, 209. Montgomery, gild merchant at, i. 1 7. charter of, i. 46. hanse of, i. 193. mother town of, i. 250. daughter town of, i. 257. laws of Hereford sent to, i. 262. Montgomeryshire: jcV Llanfyllin, Llani- dloes, Montgomery, Newtown, Welshpool. Montrose, gildry of, i. 206, 223. mother town of, i. 250. Moot-hall, identity of, with town-hall, i. 81. CO - existence of, with gild - hall, i. 82. Moots, burghal, gild not connected with, i. 64, 85, 86, 90 : see Leet. Moray, free hanse granted to, i. 197. Morning-talks (gild meetings;, i. 32, 284. Morocco Company, i. 156. Morpeth, gild merchant at, i. 14. tollbooth at, i. Si. participation of craftsmen in govern- ment of, i. III. functions of later gild at, i. 120. freedom obtained through crafts at, i. 124. Merchants' Company at, i. 139. survival of gilds at, i. 164. Mortmain, statute of, extended to cities and boroughs, i. 95. Much Wenlock : see Wenlock. Municipal Corporations Act, rights of free trading by, i. 165. Commission's report on gilds, i. 164. Municipalities : see Boroughs. Munth, free hanse granted to merchants north of the, i. 197. Mysteries : see Craft gilds. Naas, mother town of, i. 250. Nairn, free hanse granted to burgesses of, i. 197. gildry of, i. 206. Nairnshire : see Nairn. Name, right of incorporate borough to distinctive, i. 96. Nantwich, gild merchant at, i. 14; ii. 174-175- Neath, gild merchant at, i. 1 7 ; ii. 1 75- 177. scot and lot payable by gildsmen in, i. 55. town bargains at, i. 136 ; ii. 176. mother town of, i. 250. Netherlands, gild merchant in, i. 284. Netherwere, mother town of, i. 250. laws of Hereford sent to, i. 262. Nevin, gild merchant at, i. 1 7. mother town of, i. 250. 440 3lnDejc» Newborough (Anglesey), gild merchant at, i. 17 ; ii. 48. rights of gild at, i. 38. hanse of, i. 193, 194. mother town of, i. 250, 259. daughter towns of, i. 256. Newborough (Co. Wexford), daughter towns of, i. 248. Newburgh (Fifeshire), daughter town of, i. 251. Newcastle-under-Lyme, gild merchant at, i. 14 ; ii. 177-182. exactions by gild at, i. 39. daughter town of, i. 251, 259. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, gild merchant at, i. 14; ii. 182-188. villeins in, i. 30. action by burgesses against gild at, i. 69 ; ii. 184. moot-hall at, i. 81. town- and gild-hall co-existent at, i. 82. crafts share in government of, i. 1 1 1 ; ii. 380-385- later court of gild of, i. 119. trading companies at, i. 129, 164. common purchases of Cordwainers' Company at, i. 139. Staple at, i. 141, 142, 143. Merchant Adventurers at, i. 150, 152, i53> 154. 155- hanse charter of, i. 193, 19;. daughter towns of, i. 242, 256. mother town of, i. 250. charter of, i. 262. customs of, sent to Scotland, i. 263. Newport (Monmouthshire), gild mer- chant of, i. 17 ; ii. 189. Newport (Salop), gild merchant at, i. 14. New Ross, gild merchant at, i. 19. Staple at, i. 143. daughter town of, i. 246. mother town of, i. 252. Newry, gild merchant at, i. 19. Newton (Dorset), mother town of, i. 250. Newton (Wales), gild merchant at, i. 17; "• 385-386. hanse charter of, i. 193. Newtown (Hants) : see Francheville. Newtown (Montgomeryshire), mother town of, i. 250. Norfolk : see Brisingham, Lynn Regis, Norwich, Thetford, Yarmouth (Great), Yarmouth (Little). Normandy, gild merchant introduced into England from, i. 4. Northampton, absence of gild merchant at, i. 22. mother town of, i. 250. daughter towns of, i. 254, 259. Northamptonshire : see Daventry, Higham Ferrers, Northampton. Northumberland : see Alnwick, Bam- borough, Berwick, Morpeth, New- castle-upon-Tyne. Norwich, absence of gild merchant at, i. 22. French burgesses in, i. 4. decline of, i. 52. scot and lot at, i. 56. tollbooth at, i. 81, 82. gild of St. George at, i. 84. all freemen enrolled in trade com- panies at, i. 124; ii. 189-190, Staple at, i. 141. Merchant Adventurers at, i. 1 50. mother town of, i. 250, 259. daughter town of, i. 254. Nottingham, gild merchant at, i. 14; ii. 190-191. French burgesses in, i. 4. residence in, condition of emancipation from villeinage, i. 30. town- and gild-hall co-existent in, i. 82. petition of, for erection into Staple refused, i. 141. cnihts' gild at, i. 188. daughter towns of, i. 243, 254. mother town of, i. 251. Nottinghamshire: see Nottingham. Oath of town officials, i. 24, 25. of gildsmen in England, i. 29 ; in Scotland, i. 209. of burgesses, i. 55; ii. 81, 150. Orford, gild merchant at, i. 14. Orkney : see Kirkwall. Oswestry, gild merchant at, i. 14 ; ii. 191-192. Inner. 441 Oswestry, hanse charter of, i. 193. mother town of, i. 251. Overton, gild merchant at, i. 17. hanse charter of, i. 193. mother town of, i. 251. Oxford, gild merchant at, i. 14, 65 ; ii. 28, T92-194, 386-3S7. morning-talks at, i. 32. officials of town and gild distinct at, i. 63. exclusion of craftsmen from burghal rights at, i. 108. craft gilds of, i. 114-115. freedom of, obtained through gilds, i. 124. later trading companies at, i. 129, 164. hanseria (toll) of, i. 195. mother town of, i. 251. daughter towns of, i. 254. customs of London sent to, i. 264, 265. Bedford and Lynn appeal to, i. 266. Oxfordshire : see Banbury, Burford, Henley, Oxford, Woodstock. Paisley, mother tovra of, i. 251. Paris, Hanse of, i. 198, 285. Butchers' Gild of, i. 285. Peebles, gildry of, i. 206. Peeblesshire: see Peebles. Pembrokeshire : see Haverfordwest, Tenby. Perth, gildry of, i. 206, 213, 214, 223, 225. convenery of, i. 202. surviving gilds of, i. 226. daughter towns of, i. 245, 250, 253. Perthshire : see Culross, Dunkeld, Perth. Petersfield, gild merchant at, i. 14 ; ii. 387- mother town of, i. 251. Pevensey, freemen sworn to pay 'scot and lot ' in, i. 55. union of, with Hastings, i. 258. Pincernae, gild officials, i. 28, 33. Plead, right to, characteristic of corpora- tive borough, i. 96. Plymouth, gild merchant at, i. 15. gild of St. George at, i. 83. incorporation of, i. 94. Plymouth, town bargains at, i. 136. merchants of, i. 156. mother town of, i. 251. Plympton Earle, mother town of, i. 251. Poland, affiliation of towns in, i. 271, 279. Pontef'act, gild merchant at, i. 15. moot-hall at, i. 8r. mother town of, i. 251. daughter towns of, i. 254. Poole, gild merchant at, i. 15. Staple at, i. 142. mother town of, i. 251. Population of medieval boroughs, i. 73. Portarlington, tholsel at, i. 82. Portmanmote, functions of, i. 87. Portmen, duties of, i. 23, 24. remuneration of, i. 26. Port- reeve, bargains to be concluded in presence of, i. 3. Portsmouth, gild merchant at, i. 15. mother town of, i. 251. daughter town of, i. 255. Pre-emption, gildsmen's right of, i. 48 ; ii. 21 8. Preston, gild merchant at, i. 15 ; ii. 194- 201. officials of gild at, i. 28. assessments at, i. 59. distinction between gildsmen and burgesses at, i. 69 ; ii. 195. burgage at, i. 71. moot-hall at, i. 81. tollbooth at, i. 81. later trading companies of, i. 121, 163, 164; ii. 199. modem celebrations of gild at, i. 165. hanse charter of, i. 193. mother town of, i. 251, 259. Priest, Saxon bargains to be made before, i- 3- Privileges of gildsmen, i. 36-49. Proctors, officers of Merchants' Com- pany at Alnwick, i. 130. Protection, gilds erected to procure trade, i. 50-52. Provost, gild official, i. 28 ; ii. 135. chief officer of Scotch towns, i. 20i. Pwllheli, gild merchant at, i. 17. hanse charter of, i. 194. mother town of, i. 251. 442 Jntier. Queenborough, Staple at, i. 141-142. Queen's County : see Maryborough, Portarlington. Rathcoole, mother town of, i. 251. Rathmore, mother town of, i. 251. Ravenspurne, mother town of, i. 251. Reading, gild merchant at, i. 1 5 ; ii. 202- 209. town meetings at, i. 32. fourteenth century regulations for trading at, i. 45-46. burgesses not members of gild at, i. 69. supersession of gild merchant by craft gilds at, i. 118. Records kept by gild, i 62. Redcliff, mother town of, i. 251. Regrating, i. 49. Religious element in medieval gilds, i. 34, 176. Renfrew, gildry of, i. 206. Renfrewshire : see Greenock, Paisley, Renfrew. Residence in town not required for membership of gild, i. 29, 72. Retail trade to be carried on only by members of gild, i. 45. Revenues of gild, how provided, i. 25. 28. Rhuddlan, gild merchant at, i. 18. hanse charter of, i. 194. mother town of, i. 252. daughter towns of, i. 256, 259. laws of Hereford sent to, i. 259, 262. Richard I, gild merchant in reign of, i. 5. Richmond, survival of gilds at, i. 164. daughter town of, i. 244. Ripon, daughter town of, i. 253. Rochester, gild merchant at, i, 15, 90 ; ii. 387-388. hanse charter of, i. 194. Roman influence in Great Britain, i. 176, 201. Romney, mother town of, i. 252. Rosbercon, gild merchant at, i. 19. mother town of, i. 252. Roscommon (Co.) : see Athlone, Boyle, Tulske. Rosehearty, gildry of, i. 206. Ross (New) : see New Ross. Ross, burgess duties at, i. 74. Ross-shire : see Dingwall, Fortrose, Tain. Rouen, charter of, i. 292. Roxburgh, one of Four Burghs, i. 200, 258. Roxburghshire : see Jedburgh, Kelso, Melrose, Roxburgh. Royalty in England, strength of, i. 109, 170, 199. Russia, affiliation of villages in, i. 242. Russia Company, i. i 56. Rutherglen, gildry of, i. 20<^. Ruthin, levelookers at, i. 27. survival of gilds at, i. 164. mother town of, i. 252. Ruyton, gild merchant at, i. 15. mother town of, i. 252. Rye, mother town of, i. 252. Saffron-Walden, gild merchant at, i. 15. moot-hall at, i. 81. governing gild at, i. 84. St. Alban's, court leet at, i. 87. common seal for borough of, i. 96. craft gild meetings at, i. 1 20. union of craft gilds at, i. 123. all freemen enrolled in trade com- panies at, i. 124. Mercers' Company at, i. 129. mother town of, i. 252. St. Andrews, gildry of, i. 207, 223. convenery of, i. 202. St. Johnstown, gild merchant at, i. 19. tholsel (town-hall) at, i. 82. mother town of, i. 248. St. Omer, statutes of gild of, i 290-292. Staple at, i. 140. Salford, daughter town of, i. 250. Salisbury, gild merchant at, i. 15; ii. 209-210. seal of, i. 95. Merchants' Company at, i. 139. Merchant Adventurers of, i. 151, survival of gilds at, i. 164. mother town of, i. 252. daughter towns of, i. 244, 253. Sandwich, Mercers' Company at, i. 129. Staple at, i. 142. daughter town of, i. 247. Sanquhar, gildry of, i, 207. 3lnDcr. 44> Scarborough, gild merchant at, i. 15 ; ii. 3SS. survival of gilds at, i. 164. hanse charter of, i. 194, 197. mother town of, i, 252. daughter lovi'ns of, i. 254. ' Scot and lot ' paid by gildsmen, i. 53- 59- Scotland, ferthingmen in. i. 27. toUbooths in towns of, i. 8i. tosvn bargains in, i. 136. hanse in, i. 197. municipal history of, i. 198-202. gild merchant of, i. 199-240. classification of burghs of, i. 200. Convention of Burghs of, i. 200. Court of Four Burghs of, i. 200, 258. craft gilds of, i. 202, 211-225. Burgh Reform Act, i. 225. burghal affiliation in, i. 256-258. Newcastle sends laws to, i. 263. Seaford, mother town of, i. 252. Seal of borough, i. 24, 95. grants of, i. 93-94. right of incorporate borough to pos- sess, i. 96. Scotch seals of cause, i. 202. Selkirk, gildry of, i. 207. Selkirkshire : see Selkirk. Sergeants, gild officials, i. 28 ; ii. 215. Sheffield, trading company at, i. 164. Shepway, court of appeal at, i. 258. Ships, strangers allowed to retail wines from, i. 45. Shops to be kept only by members of gild, i. 45. Shrewsbury, gild merchant at, i. 15 ; ii. 210-213. French burgesses in, i. 4. burgesses of, in Montgomery, i. 46. scot and lot at, i. 56. separation of burgesses and forinseci, i 67. re-entry of burgesses into gild, i. G9 ; ii. 212. booth-hall at, i. 81. Mercers' Company at, i. 129. Staple at, i. 141. survival of gilds in, i. 164. theynesmen of, i. 185. Domesday account of, i. 1S6. Shrewsbury, hanse charter of, i. 194. mother town of, i. 252. daughter towns of, i. 254, 256. Shropshire : see Bridgnorth, Burford, Ellesmere, Ludlow, Newport, Os- westry, Ruyton, Shrewsbury, Wen- lock. Six-men, officers of craft gild, i. 121. Skanor, synods of gild federation at, i. 241. Skevins, officers of gild, i. 26; ii. 152- 166, 214-225, 380. continental scabini, i. 26. Skynburgh, daughter town of i. 249. Sligo (Co. ^ : sec Sligo. Sligo, giid merchant at, i. 20. Staple at, i. 143. mother town of, i. 252. daughter town of, i. 256. Sodbury, daughter town of, i. 252. Somersetshire : see Axbridge, Bath, Bridg^vater, Bristol, Ilchester, Minehead, Netherwere, Taunton, Wells. Southampton, gild merchant at, i. 15, 46; ii. 213-334. officials of gild at, i. 28. gild festivities at, i. 34. toll paid for trading at, by non-gilds- men, 1. 44 ; ii. 218. charters of trading towns entered in records of, i. 44. pre-emption of gildsmen at, i. 48. records of gild alderman at, i. 62. gild without judicial powers at, i. 65. strangers in gild of, i. 67. protection of gildsmen of, i. 69 ; ii. ■217. distinction between gild and muni- cipality at, i. 67, 69, 70. later identity of borough and gild at, i. 75. gild-hall of, i. 81. fine for hawking at, i. 12S. trading companies at, i. 128, 129, 164. Staple at, i. 142. statutes of gild merchant at, i. 159. mother town of, i. 252. daughter towns of, i. 255. 444 3lntier, Spain, Hermandad of, i. 106. affiliation of towns in. i. 271. Spanish Company, i. 1 56. Stafford, daughter town of, i. 244. burgesses of, in Newcastle, ii. 178- 182. Staffordshire : see Lichfield, Newcastle- under-Lyme, Stafford, Tamworth, Walsall. Stamford, gild merchant at, i. 15. religious gild at, i. 84. petition for erection of, into Staple refused, i. 141. lawmen of, i. 185. daughter town of, i. 251. Staple, law of, i. 143-144. Staple towns, i. 141-143. fiscal functions of, i. 144. mayor of, duties of, i. 141-143 ; ap- pointed by king, i. 144. mayor of, often mayor of borough, i. 145. of England, Company of, i. 145. merchants of (Staplers), i. 140-147. Statuta Gilde (Berwick), i. 207-213, 226-240. Statute of Kilkenny, i. 136. Statute of Mortmain, i. 95. Stewards, gild officials, i. 26; ii. 12, 23. 25, 36, 43, 93-103, 148, 172, 202-207, 214-215, 237, 238, 240, 241, 289-347, 353, 375. required to be members of fraternity, i. 42. Stirling, gildry of, 207, 214, 223. one of Four Burghs, i. 200, 258. crafts of, i. 223. surviving gilds of, i. 226. mother town of, i. 252. Stirlingshire : see Kilsyth, Stirling. Stockton, toll-booth at, i. 81. mother town of, i. 252. laws of Newcastle sent to, i. 262. Stonehaven, gildry of, i. 207. Strangers, trade restrictions imposed upon, by gild, i. 43-52. forbidden to retail wares, i. 45 ; or to trade in town more than forty days, i. 47. not allowed to trade together in gild boroughs, i. 17. Strangers, provision for e.xamination of wares of, i. 47. gildsmen not to buy or sell for, i. 48. exemption from gild restrictions pur- chasable by, i. 49. allowed to enter gild, i. 66, 67. Stranraer, gildry of, i 207. Stratford, origin of town-hall, i. 83. governing gild of, i. 84. mother town of, i. 252. Succession to property, in incorporated boroughs, i. 96. Successors, use of term, in town char- ters, i. 95. Suffolk : see Bury St. Edmund's, Dun- wich, Ipswich, Orford. Sunderland, gild merchant at, i. 15 ; ii. 388. villeins in charter of, i. 30. mother town of, i. 253. Sureties required from persons joining gild, i. 29. Surrey: see Famham, Guildford, Kings- ton-upon-Thames. Sussex : see Chichester, Hastings, Hor- sham, Lewes, Fevensey, Rye, Sea- ford, Winchelsea. Sutherlandshire : see Dornoch. Swansea, gild merchant at, i. 18 ; ii. 234- Switzerland, affiliation of towns in, i. 279. Swords, mother town of, i. 252. Tain, gildry of, i. 207. Tamworth, mother town of, i. 252. Tasters, gild officials, i. 27 ; ii. 98, 33.S- Taunton, mother town of, i. 252. daughter town of, i. 255. Tenby, daughter town of, i. 252. Teutonic Hanse, i. 154, 196. Thanes' gild (Cambridge\ i. 183. Theft, prevalence of, in Saxon England, i- 3- Thegn-right conferred by three voyages, i. 3. 185. Thegns, position of in towns, i. 184- 186. Thetford, origin of town-hall of, i. 83. Jntieic- 445 Tholsel (town-hall I, i. 82. Thomastown, gild merchant at, i. 20. mother town of, i. 252. Thunresfeld, Anglo-Saxon laws enacted at, i. 178. Thurso, common bargains at, i. 137. gildry of, i. 207. Time, limit of, during which merchant strangers might trade or reside in gild town, i. 47. Tipperary (Co.} : see Cashel, Clonmel, Fethard. ToUbooth (town-hall), i. 81. Toll-house in towns, i. 81. Tolls payable to gild merchant, i. 29. exaction of, by gild from strangers, i. 43- freedom from, in towns, i. 44, 71, 93, 97, 104. Totnes, gild merchant at, i. 15, 123 ; ii. 235-244. entrance fees to gild at, i. 29 ; H. 240- 241. liberty of gild at, purchased by Abbey of Buckfastleigh, i. 40, 67. toll taken from non-gildsmen at, i. 44; ii. 236,237. gild obligations limited to money payment at, i. 57. officials of town and gild distinct at, i. 63. strangers made free of toll at, i. 66. select body at, i. 161. mother town of, i. 252, 264. Town bargains, common, i. 135-138, 208. Town-halls, history of, i. 80-S3. Towns : see Boroughs. Trade, growth of, i. 2-5, 74, 116, 125, 126, 147, 160. freedom of, confined to gild, i. 37- 49. Tralee, gild merchant at, i. 20. Treasurer, gild official, i. 28 ; ii. 154. Trim, mother town of, i. 253. daughter town of, i. 256. Truro, Staple for tin at, i. 141. Tulske, gild merchant at, i. 20. Tyrone i^Co.) : see Dungannon. Ulster, towns founded in, i. 242. Usher, gild official, i. 28. Utrecht, hanse of, i. 294. Villages, no gild merchant in, i. 92. Villeins, charters in favour of, i. 8, 30, 59- disqualified for certain gilds, i. 30. position of in boroughs, i. 30, 70, 74, 103. Virginia, gild merchant in, i. 163. Wakefield, moot-hall at, i. 81. Wales, list of towns with gild merchant, i. 16-18. town bargains in, i. 136. Staple towns in, i. 141-143, 146. hanse in towns of, 1. 194. towns of, modelled after Hereford, i- 257. Wallingford, gild merchant at, i. 15; ii. 244-248. provost of, prohibited from inter- fering with gild, i. 63. forinseci at, i. 67. trading companies at, i. 121, 129. in Domesday, i. 186. mother town of, i. 253. Walsall, gild merchant at, i. 15; ii. 248-250. union of crafts at, i. 121. Wardens, gild officials, i. 26 ; ii. 15, 23, 42, 45. 49> 50, 109, 167, 203, 204, 207, 242, 248, 380. War\vick, payment of fine in, i. 59. burgher barons of, i. 186. Warwickshire : see Birmingham, Coven- try, Stratford, Warwick. Waterford i^Co.) : see Dungarvan, Kil- meadan, Waterford. Waterford, gild merchant at, i. 20. rights of censers at, i. 50. burgesses swear to pay ' scot and lot ' at, i. 55- town bargains at, i. 1 36. Staple at, i. 141, 146. mother town of, i. 253. daughter towns of, i. 247, 256. Wearmouth : see Sunderland. Weavers, limitation of rights of, i. 108, 213. Wells, Mercers' Company at, i. 129. 446 Sinter- Wells, freedom of, obtained through crafts, i. 124. survival of gilds at, i. 164. Welshpool, gild merchant at, i. 18 ; ii. 389. hanse charter of, i. 194. mother town of, i. 253. Wenlock, gild merchant at, i. 15. Westchep, mother town of, i. 2,^3. West Looe, villeinage at, i. 30. We.-tmeath : see Athlone. Westminster, Staple at, i. 141, 142. daughter town of, i. 253. Westmoreland : see Appleby, Kendal. Wexford (Co.) : see Banna, New- borough, New Ross, Wexford. Wexford, gild merchant at, i. 20; ii. 250-251. tholsel (town-hall) at, i. 82. Staple at, i. 143. daughter towns of, i. 244, 246, 252. Weymouth, gild merchant at, i 15. mother town of, i. 253. Whitby, toll-booth at, i. 81. mother town of, i. 253. Wick, gildry of, i. 207. Wicklow (Co.) : see Cariesfort, Wick- low. Wicklow, gild merchant at, i. 20. Wigan, gild merchant at, i. 16. levelookers or gatewaiters of, i. 27. hanse charter of, i. 194. Wigtonshire : see Stranraer. William I, ports and roads opened by, i. 2. security of trade imder, i. 2. Wilton, gild merchant at, i. 16 ; ii. 251, 389. mother town of, i. 253, 259. daughter town of, i. 244, 254, 255. Wiltshire : see Calne, Devizes, Mal- mesbury, Marlborough, Salisbury, Wilton. ^^'inchelsea, mother town of, i. 253. Winchester, gild merchant at, i. 16, 123, 189; ii. 252-270, 390-391. firma burgi at, i. 6. gild feasts at, i. 33. Winchester, gild causes decay of trade of, i. 52. collection of dues by gild merchant at, i. 58 ; ii. 254-256. right of bishop's tenants to trade in, i. 68. charter to citizens of gild of, i. 70, 71. 105- gild-hall of, i. 80. gemot-hus at (901), i. 81. exclusion of craftsmen from burghal rights at, i. 108. settlement of dyers, fullers, and wea- vers at, i. 109. craft gilds of, i. 114. Staple of, i. 141, I42. suit against non-gildsman for trading at, i. 163. cnihts' gild at, i. 188. hantachensele (gild-hall) at, i. 196. daughter towns of, i. 88, 243, 255, 257. 258. mother town of, i. 253. Windsor, gild merchant at, i. 16 ; ii. 270-272. town meetings at, i. 32. freedom of, obtained through crafts, i. 124. retailing of wares at. i. 128. select body at, i. 161. daughter town of, i. 253. Wisbeach, gild officials at, i. 26. religious gild of, i. 84. Witnesses, official, in boroughs, i. 31. Women, members of gild merchant, i. ■ 3°- in brewing trade, i. 30. excluded from burgess-ship, i. 66. Woodbury, Saxon gild at, i. 181, 183. Woodstock, gild merchant of, i. 16 ; ii. 392- mother town of, i. 253. Worcester, gild merchant at, i. 16 ; ii. 272-276. days of court leet and gild distinct at, i. 65. tolsey (gild-hall at, i. 82. gild-hall and tollbooth at, i. 82. petition of, for erection into Staple re- fused, i. 141. survival of gilds at, i. 164. 31ntier. 447 ^^'orcester, hanse charter of, i. 194. Worcestershire : see Evesham, Worces- ter. Wycombe, gild merchant at, i. 16 ; ii. 276-277. officials of town and gild distinct at, i. 63; ii. 277. weavers admitted to gild merchant at, 1. 108. cnihts at, i. 18S. V'armouth (Great), gild merchant at, i. 16 ; ii. 277-279, 392. gild officers of, i. 27. gild feasts at, i. 33 ; ii. 292. religious element in gild at, i. 34. charters of trading towns entered on records of, i. 44. moot-hall at, i. Si. toll-house at, i. 8r. corporation of, i. 94. Corpus Christ! Gild of, i. 119. trade of, regulated by leet, i. 125. Staple at, i. 141. Merchant Adventurers at, i. 151. exactions by bailiffs of, levied on men of Grimsby, i. 195. mother town of, i. 253. Yarmouth (^Little), dispute with bur- gesses of Great Yarmouth, i, 94. York, gild merchant at, i. 16 ; ii. 21, 279-285. decline of, i. 52. distinction between town and gild officials of, i. 63. origin of town-hall of, i. 83. right of weavers of, to make cloth in county, i. 108. rights of craftsmen in election of mayor of, i. iii. charter to weavers of, i. 115. crafts in, i. 129. Merchants' Company of, i. 139. Staple at, i. 141. Merchant Adventurers at, i. 150, 152. survival of gilds at, i. 164. civic barons of, i. 186. hanse charter of, i. 194, 197, daughter towns of, i. 254, 258. Yorkshire : see Beverley, Bradford, Don- caster, Hedon, Hull, Leeds, Pon- tefract, Ravenspurne, Richmond, Ripon, Scarborough, Sheffield, Wakefield, Whitby, York. Youghal, Staple at, i. 143 ; ii. 285-288. mother town of, i. 253. daughter towns of, i. 256. THE END. '^ook is DUE on the last date stamped below 3 1158 00941 3823 ,c.uTU«MRfr,10NALUBfyVRYFAC^^^^^^ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ^