''',5' ^^ University of California. FROM THE LIBRARY OF Dr. martin KELLOGG. GIFT OF MRS. LOUISE B. KELLOGG. I..,, f^.^ >^ i ■ ,.^^..v. X ♦ • I '.'>> ^ - . m' t '* s * # #• PPPHimWMlK'P' II! pi I J 11. - mm'; :t*^' % * \ \ m % CATALOGUE OF GREEK VERBS. FOR THE USE OF COLLEGES By E. a. SOPHOCLES, A. M. HARTFORD : H. HUNTINGTON 1844. "\ !"» '» ,• -t' P 5T Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1844, by E. A. Sophocles, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. Cf .-^ ^' CAMBRIDGE: METCALF AND COMPANy PRI?rTERS TO THE UNIVERSITT, JH .1 PA33:? MAj^j 7'^ e WORKS REFERRED TO. iElianus. ^schines, Dobson's (Slephan.). ^schylus, Dindorf 's. Alcaeus, Melhorn's, 1827. Alcidamas, Dobson's (Reisk.). Anacreon, Brunck's ; also Bergk's Fragments, 1834. Andocides, Dobson's (Reisk.). Anthologia Grseca, Palatini Codi- cis, 1819. Antiphon, Dobson's (Reisk.). ApoUonius Rhodius, Brunck's, 1810. Aratus, Buhle's. Archilochus, Gaisford's. Aristophanes, Dindorf 's. Aristoteles, Bekker's. Athenaeus, Leipzig, 1834. Bekker's Anecdota Graeca. Bion, Leipzig, 1825. Brunck's Analecta. Callimachus, Blomfield's, 1815. Ctesias, Schweighseuser's. Demades, Dobson's. Demosthenes, Dobson's (Reisk.). Dinarchus, Dobson's (Reisk.) Diogenes Laertius. ' Dionysius Halicarnasseus. Euripides, Dindorf 's. HephsBstion. Herodes Atticus, Dobson's. Herodotus, Schweighaeuser's. Hesiodus, Goettling's, 1831. Hippocrates, Linden's, 1665. Homeric Hymns. Ilias. Isaeus, Dobson's (Reisk.). Isocrates, Dobson's (Stephan.) Longinus. Lucianus. Lycurgus, Dobson's (Reisk). Lysias, Dobson's (Reisk.). Moschus, Leipzig, 1825. Naumachius, Gaisford's. Nicander. Novum Testamentum. Odyssea. Oppianus. Orphica, Hermann's. Palaephatus, Fischer's, 1789. Panyasis, Gaisford's. Phocylides, Gaisford's. Pindarus, Donaldson's, 1841. Plato, variorum, London, 1826. (Reference to § , generally.) Plutarchus, Wyttembach's (Mora- lia), and Coray's (Vitae). Pythagoras, Gaisford's. Sappho, Neue's, 1827. Septuaginta Interpretes. Simonides, Schneidewin's, 1835. Sophocles, generally Dindorf 's. Theocritus, Leipzig, 1825. Theognis, Gaisford's. Theophrasti Characteres, Ast's, 1816. Thucydides, Arnold's. Tyrtaeus, Gaisford's. Xenophon, Schneider's. WORKS CONSULTED. Boeckh's Corpus Inscriptionum Greecarura. Budeei Commentarii Linguae Grsecse, 1548. Buttmann's Greek Grammar and Lexilogus. Carmichael's Greek Verbs. Clemens Alexandrinus, Poller's. Dawe's Miscellanea Critica. Eckhel's Doctrina Numorum Vete- rum. Ellendt's Lexicon to Sophocles. Etymologicum Magnum. Eustathius, Romee, 1542-1550. Gregorius Corinthius, Schasfer's, 1811. Gruter's Corpus Inscriptionum. Hesychius. Maittaire's Greek Dialects, 1807. . Matthias's Greek Grammar. ^ Moeris. \ Phrynichus. A Priscianus, Putchius's, 1605. Richardon's Dictionary. Rose's Inscriptiones GrsecGB, 1825. Stephens's Thesaurus. Sextus Empiricus. Suidas, Thiersch's Greek Grammar. Thomas Magister. Villoison's Anecdota Grseca, 1781. Vossii Etymologicum, 1695. Webster's Dictionary, 4to. -. >j:>jsi«i! J iHiy.in^t '■•*'.■ 'Ai' REMARKS COMMUTATION OF CERTAIN LETTERS. § 1, The DiGAMMA was the sixth letter of the old Greek alphabet. In most of the ancient inscriptions it is represented by F, the same as the Roman F; hence its name digamma (dig, ya^^a), that is, two capital gammas united. Its real name is Bav, which is nothing more than Vav or Vau (•)), the cor- responding letter of the Oriental alphabet. Dionysius the Halicarnassian (Roman. Antiq. I, 20) con- siders it equivalent to the diphthong 02* or the Latin V. We may suppose then that F had the sound of the English W, or the Latin V as the Romans pronounced it ; and that, in the time of Dionysius, the diphthong ov was sounded like French OM, or English oo, as in moon. Compare the exclamation oval, Latin vcb^ English wo or woe. Herodotus in one instance (4, 110) represents it by the diphthong 01 (if the reading be genuine). He states that oloq in the Scythian language means avr^Q, man] which seems to be nothing more than the Teutonic wer^ and Latin vir. It is supposed further that the proper name 'O'iXivg was origi- nally FtAsi;?. If so, F was changed into O. Pindar (Olym. 9, 167) has ^Hidda, for 'OiXioida, of the son of Oileus. Hesychius and other glossarists represent it by B or r, probably because in their time /5 was pronounced like v, and y had the Romaic sound. Most of the digammated words contained in the following list are to be found in Hesychius. AASl, original theme aFaSI- aa^axroi, a§Xa^ug, that is, aduTOL. Compare avaxa, that is, «F«Ta (uu-), for the common arri, Find. Pyth. 2, 53; 3, 42. See also below . (§ 3- 1' 3)- ayvvfiL — F^rSl' ^dyog, xlda/xa ocqtov, that is, to ayogr yu- Ktog, xXaafia. See also the following, a/w — fctyoj* pdyog, ^aadevg, aTQunmijg, that is, 6 dyog. "Z REMARKS. Compare Latin vagus^ vagor, veho, vagabundus, English wagon, wain, vagabond. See also the preceding. ahg — ^ttXig ' yuXi, ixavov. avtt^ — pavwl, Dionys. Hal. Rom. Antiq. 1, 20. avdavta — ^A/iSL' /Sddofiai, ayanoj ' yadsdav, j^a/^jstv * yadso), ;f«^« * yad slv , x<^Qlaaa&aL ' yddsa&aL, ^'^sa^at * ydaaav, rfdovrjv, formed from fAJSl after the analogy of do^a (doxacc) from doxsco {/tOKJl). Compare yulm, yavqog, ytj&tM, Latin gaudeo, gaudium, English gay. dv7]Q — FavTjQ, Dionys. Hal. Rom. Antiq. 1, 20. ynaxriQ — FA2THP' ysvTsg, xoiUa, the same as the Latin venter. Compare German Wanst, English waist. dsidco — Jr'^EIJl' ^diXlcov, TQSfioov' rj ^dmv ^dvXXsLV, ds- dievaif TQSfjieLv ' 7] (Sdelv. It seems then that dsldai is con- nected with ^dsco. (Compare Arist. Plut. 693, vno tov diovg ^diovan dQifAVisgov yaXrjgl) iUQ, TjQ — p€a^, JT^Q' y^(*Qt i'ocQ' Compare Latin vcr. '^ id(a — «p«ft}' e^aaov, Eaoov, aor. imperat. Wo), to eat — pc5w yeofia, ytvfia, that is, td-j^ia, after the analogy of aa^a from adio. Compare Saxon fed-an, English feed, fed, food, fodder. 8&M — p5i9^W ^saov, e&og' yn&la, ^j&tj, analogous to p«Tta from sTog, in the Orchomenian inscription. ETA SI or I/lJl — ^EI/lfL or p/J ff yiadfisvai, sldivaL, for lad(XBV(XL {iadvai) from ladcfii' yoldrjfii, snlata^aL, from oida. Compare Latin video, English wit, wot, wise, wis- dom. si'xoai, Doric eixaii — pcrxaxt* ^sIhutl, sl'xoai. The Or- chomenian inscription has fixan. Compare the Latin viginti. sl'xo), yield, give way — pftxw* (SsixrjXd, vwxfXrj, uxQ^ia' yi^ai, xmgrjaaL, that is, sl^ixi. Compare English zoeak, Ger- man schwach, weich. siX(o, uXifo, EJTJl, sXlaaco — p£:y/J2* ysXlxr], sXi^, connected with kXiaaot)' ysXl^uL, avved^aai, from sXlaoco ' yiXovjQov , tXoviQov, from EJTfL. Compare Latin volvo (the original form of EATSi), volumen, English wallow, welter, German walzen. EinSl or EnSL — VEinSL or fEHJl' yinov, slnov. The Elean inscription has fsnog for snog. Compare Latin voco, vox {oifj), English voice. sxdg — p€xa?* ^slxag, fiaxgdv ' ^sxoog, fjaxgo&ev. excav — p£x(w>'* yexa&d, sxovaa. » hXlaaa, see uXoi. COMMUTATION OP CERTAIN LETTERS. 3 I'Axw — FsAxft), VeJSI ' ysXXuL, tXXai, aorist infinitive. Com- pare Latin vello, vellico, English pull. I'jLtjcj — fsXnfo' ystig, iXnlg. The Potidean monument has IlEAnTJ, that is kXni8\ for the common iXnlda. Compare the English help ? , EASly see dla. 'EASL, to take — ^EAfl ' yivxo, for I'Aeto * yivvov, for kXov, evvvfiL — ^ESl' yil&QOV, ivdv^a' yififiaTa, Ifidna' ysoTia, svdvaig' yeoTQU, OToXrj ' yrjfia, ifiditov. The Etymologi- cum Magnum has ^iaxov or ^ixxov, Ifidjiov. Compare Latin vestis {ia&rig), veltrni (?) English vest. EnSl, see EIUJl. EPrSl, work — fEPrSl' ya^sgyog, tqyov fiia^arog. The Elean inscription has fagyov, that is, tgyov. Compare English work {i'oQyu), German Werk. sgQO) — fsgga) OV f'EPJl' /Sag g si, dnoXet' ^sggTjgf dganhrjg' ^sggsvsi, dgotnBxsvsi. The EtymologilAa)v, Apollo, For^'AniXXav, see Eustath. ad II. 2, 103. laog — f^iaog' ^iojg, i'oag^ axsdov ' yiayov, i'acv. The com- pound ptaoTsAtav, for iaoxiXsiav, is found in an ancient inscription (Rose's Inscript. Graec. tab. 45). The form yiayov implies that i'aog was originally fiafog. olnog — foixogt Diony^. Hal. Rom. Antiq. 1, 20. Compare the Latin vicus. olrog — ^oivog' yolvog, olvog. Compare Latin vinum^ Eng- lish wine. OV, of him — fov ' ylo, avxov, that is to* yw, eavrm, Idlay, aal aw ■ ylv, aol, that is, Iv. — See also Priscian (p. 546, Putsch.), IViaiogn ds pov ^(xi86g. godov — ^godov' ^goduygoda. gonaXov — fgonaXov ^gdxaXov. For the commutation of 71 and X, see below (§ 7). 4 REMARKS. § 9, 1. In many words the digamma was changed into h('). E.g. 'Msvrj, for fslEVT], Dionys. Hal. Rom. Antiq. 1, 20; Pris- cian. p. 546, Putsch. kansQa, saiia, Latin vespera, vesta. ^yio^ai, from ayco (F«/(w) * 'lozmq, from IJJl (flJIl). 2. In a few instances f seems to take the place of h {' ). Thus to;;fui/ (originally ttf;^t;V) becomes ^laxvv or yiaxvv, in Hesychius. Also yiatiai, laxovgyol' yioTiSy navaofiai, both from laxrjfih in the same glossary. ^ 3. 1. The digamma f has T for its corresponding vowel, by which we mean that when p (v, w) is attenuated, it becomes T {U, or 00 y as in moon). E. g. tti'^o) (ATrJl), Latin «M^eo, m^eo, we^eo. ^fivo), English dew. dvo, Latin <^m^Fj1. Compare the Pamphylian cpd^og for qxiog (Eustath. ad Odys, 10, 192); also the proper name JrjfiocpdFwv for Ai]fio(pd(av (Pris- cian. p. 546). 7tv8(o, TiXsvfKov, nvBVfiwv, Saxott hlowan, English hlow. QBO), Qsvfia, rivus, river. '^PTJl, EQva), Latin se-rvo : Xv(a, so-lvo. So auceps, from avis, capio ; monui, for monvi (rnonevi), from moneo ; fautor, from faveo. 2. On the other hand, T (U) may be hardened into its corresponding consonant p (v, w). E. g. peruke, periwig, wig; lieutenant, pronounced lutenant, levtenant, livtenant, liftenant, &/C. We remark further, that the Romaic diphthongs av, sv, tjv, before a vowel, a liquid {I, fi, v, g), or a middle mute (/?, y, d), are pronounced essentially like av, ev, eev. In all other cases, like «(jD, i(p, Tjcp. That is, v in these diphthongs is a consonant, V, or /. 3. It is' believed by many that the diphthongs av, sv, rjv, arose out of ap, sp, »^p, by the attenuation of p. "In a later age," says Thiersch (Greek Gram. § 16), " the original pronunciation of ev and av returned universally, so that the COMMUTATION OF CERTAIN LETTERS. 6 sounds eu and au disappeared from the speech of the modern Greeks." According to this hypothesis, there was a time when au, ev, ^i/, were pronounced «F, cp, i;F> respectively ; as a^og, ^spw, ^ p^ov, for avog, dsvco, rjvdov. Then, as the Greeks became more civilized, and their ears more delicate, the vowel v took the place of its less civilized colleague p. But when the language began to decline, the Greeks unani- mously^ and probably on the same day, adopted the ante-Ho- meric pronunciation of these diphthongs. This hypothesis is not as satisfactory as it might be ; we propose the following. We have every reason to believe that in many words (not in all) the syllables which are represented by av, ev, rjv, were originally pronounced ap, sp, »jp. Thus, there was a time when vavg, navQog, avdrav, Zsvg, were pronounced vafg, na- Fgog, a^aiuv, Zsfg (compare Latin divus). In fact, avaiav in Pindar is an anapaest (u u -), not a creticus (-«-); which clearly shows that av in this word is not a diphthong (§ 1). In course of time, the educated in general, and the Athenians in particular, softened ap and cp into av and «i;, and pronounced av like on in out^ and bv like eh'-oo (rapidly) ; we mean to say, that they spelled as they pronounced, v The mass of the people however — the uneducated, of course — who are always averse to changes in language, never troubled themselves about refinements, and continued to pronounce ap, «p, and Tjp after the manner of their forefathers, not even excepting contracted words, as avw from avw, bv from ev, 'inlBV from BTtUo. 4. It may be remarked here that i (as in machine) when hardened becomes y as in yau (Italian j). So that i has the same relation to j, that u (as in hull) has to w (v, p). Per- haps the Greek t when followed by a vowel was often hard- ened ; still we cannot suppose that it had the power of an ordinary consonent. E. g. Ugtvovo^ pronounced 'g^Qsvova', Odys. 14, 94. TtoXiog, noXyog, II. 2, 811. 'laxlaiav, "Joxyaiav, II. 2, 537. r^ia, riya, Odys. 5, 266. Perhaps the endings -iw, -lov^ai, of the future, were in com- mon conversation often pronounced by synizesis nearly like -yo, -you-mai, § 4, In a few instances, p was changed into s, a(piv, Oifog, oq:oji, for afs, afiv, ffpo*?, apwt. acpeXag, German Schwelle {threshold). q>oXn6g, Latin valgus 1 % 5, 1. We may suppose that words which in the old language — the theoretical parent of Greek, Latin, Gothic, Saxon, German, English, and other kindred languages — began with 2f (sv, sw), not unfrequently drop one of these consonants, p, when a is dropped, is often changed into h {' ); see above (§ 2). Sometimes both consonants disappear. This hypothesis seems to be necessary because it is easier to believe that ^ or p is in certain instances dropped, than that a labial is changed into ^, and vice versa. For example, it is more satisfactory to suppose that ^p£,7C jTPO^ (German Schwa- her) became Greek fsavgog (now written sxvQog)^ Latin socer, Italian suocero, than that the labial p («, w) was changed into 5. -2'p.4 J gives 'A/JJI, avddva, advg, §a8vg, Latin suavis (and per- haps suadeo), English s2oeet. ^Y^AA — allo(Aai, ^aXU^oj, naXXta, Latin ballistea, salio, Italian ballo, English ball i^dance). ^fAP — oalQO), avQia, sgnoj, I'q^oj, Latin verro, serpo, errOy Romaic a^aQvl^w {to drag). :sVat or s^AA — A/iSL or AAESL (to be sated), Latin satur, sa^25, English 5«^e, and wad? Also aXig (paXtj); for the commutation of d and X, compare ddxQvov, lacryma ; 'odva- asvg, 'OXvauEvg (Eustath. p. 289, 1. 38, Rom.), Ulysses ; the augmentative prefixes da-, Xa- ; daovg, Xduiog. ^^E/i — Wog, e^ofi,ai, I'^w, aaTivT], aiX^a, acpeXag, 'eJI (to seat), Latin sedeo, sedo, sido, sedes, sedile, sella, solum (?), English seat, set, sit, sell, saddle, sill, settle, soil (?), German Schwelle. 2Veo — %^(a, i&L^w, s&og, tdvog, Latin suesco. Connected with the preceding. 2:Feik — si'xoj {to yield, give way), oi'ycj, (SsixrjXd, German schwach, weich, English weak. sVekTP — havQog {^BnvQog), Latin socer, Italian suocero, German Schwdher. S^EA — TjXiog, dsXiog, (Sa/SiXiog, d^iXiog, ^AniXXtav commonly ^AnoXXwv, ^eXa, ^eXXdaeTai, aiXag, atX^vrj, ye'Xcc, yeXodviiix, Latin sol. See above (§ 1). .^FeA, different from the preceding — h'Xog {F^Xog), ntjXog, aiXlvov (sXso&QenTov oe'Xivov, II. 2, 776), Latin palus, English pool, puddle (?), Romaic ^dXtog {swamp, marsh). For i'Xog, see Dionys. Hal. Rom. Antiq. 1, 20. COMMUTATION OP CERTAIN LETTERS. 7 sVeJA or sVeJK — f/lxcD, yiXlai, Latin wc//o, vellico, sul- cus (oXxog), English pull. ^p£/7 — s7i(o, Ino^av, ianov (sasTiov), Latin sequor, Italian seguire, French suivre, English seek. S^EP — iXqm (to join) ^ FsLQtivu for ugi^vri (Priscian. p. 546, Putsch.), Latin sero. 2WeX — 'EXSl,iXf^,taxov {bobxov). 2W1 — ISl, tJfii, Xfjfii (ESl)j Xbt, 2:ETfL, Latin eo, ire, venio, via, sino (?), English way, went (wend), send; all implying going, coming, or their causatives. ^pr — avg, vg, Latin sus, English swine, sow. 2^T/I — vdbiQ, 15q6{o, Latin sudo, English ?^>a^e7*, trc^, sweat; Phrygian /Ssdv {water), Clem, Alex. p. 673. 2Ftf — GifVQov, Latin sura? 2. " The Epic word xeXuLvog" says Buttmann (Lexil. § 69), " exhibits in sound so evident a connexion with the common word fisXag, fisXavog, fieXaiva, that it is impossible to avoid con- sidering it to be a dialectic variety ; and the only wonder is how two letters [(j, «] which appear to have so little affinity could change from one to the other Most cases of this kind may be explained by supposing that in the old language there existed a form containing both letters ; and i leave the inquiry still open for particular cases, as to whether the fuller form was the parent of the two others, or whether it was only the form which one took in its transition to the other." We think the former hypothesis is simpler, and therefore more satisfactory than the latter. The following roots contain both consonants ; generally speaking, the modified form is more common than the original. T'NO or KNO gives FNOSl, FNOEJl, KNOEJl, voim, xovveo), xosto, Latin nosco, English know, Saxon cnawan. — For the omission of v after x, compare xvdfinrto, xd^mta. — For the commutation of x and y before v, compare yvacpivg, xvaqitvg' yvdfiJiKO, xvdfimto ' I^cjoog, Kvmaog ' xvicpag, yvocpog, Romaic ov-yvfcpov {vi(pog) ; ry'alog, Cneius ; yovv, Latin genu, English knee ; xvxvog, cycnus or cygnus. JpO or T^ O — dvo, dva, dig, ptxaxt or ^elxuTi, d'xoai, Latin bis (dvis, vis), duellum, bellum (dvellum, vellum), viginti, English ti€o, twain, twin, twice, twenty. *FPAr — Vat SI, 'PAFJI, Syw^i, qriywiii, Latin frango^ English tcreck, rag, break, German brechen. — Compare German Rasen, Wasen (provincial), Wrasen (Hessian). Buttmann's Lexilog. § 69. 5. KfAPn or kVaII — xaQTiaXlfi(ag, xdnxoif aqnri, agyid^coy atpij, 8 REMARKS. ttTTTw, ^gdipm, Latin carpo, capio, rapio, rapax, English carp, rap (to seize), Saxon hrepan, repan. This root modified gives (idgntb), sfiagmoVf Bfianov. In Hesychius ^Qaipai means avXXa^slv, dvaXwaai, &f}QSvaai, acpv^ai, niuv, (paytiv, yiatacpayuvy tw aio^axi kluvoai, nqvipm, 0L(pavlaai, aisvd^ai. In the sense of nQvipai, dcpavlaai, it may be connected with the English wrap. KFOP — ogam, -xogog (overseer), xogm {to see, look after), ovgog (toatcher), -ovgog {xtjn-ovgog), -agog {nvX-agog), Latin cura, English care, guard, re-gard, ward, warn, wary, a-ware, he-ware ; all implying sight. KMEAAIS — (liXag, fiilavog, (jlHulvu, xskaivog, Romaic fieXavog* K2AA or 2KAA — adlov, xrjXov, ^vXov. K2TN or 2KTJS — ^vv, ^vvog, aotvog, avv, Latin cum, con-, com- munis, English common. KTAN or KTEN — HTUva, xalvm, &elva, ^vrjaxa (OANJl), na- rdaow, Latin ccBdo, cudo, English cut, batter (?), battle (?), Hebrew xaxaX, Scythian natd (Herod. 4, 110). See also below (§ 7). 2KE/1 — aaeddvvv^L, xsddvvv^i, ;if£w, ;^«tw, axcog {anaxog), Latin sagitta, English shed (Saxon seed), ewer (Saxon huer), shoot, shot, scatter (1), spatter {!), German schossen ; all implying ^ownw^. 2KVon — Latin scopes, English sweep, ^ G. In many instances, 2 seems to be changed into A (')• E.g. aXg, (iXag, {^dXaaacc,) aXfit), Latin sal, salum, English salt. t|, sex, six : kmd, septem, seven. The Heraclean tables have 7]p,iovg, riiiv-, semis. > ofiogy ofioiog, similis, same, similar : vXri, sylva. vTisg, vno, vmiog, super^ sub, supinus, vnvog, somnus. ^ 7. Not unfrequently, the sounds K (k, c, q) and n are changed into each other. ElllSt or EnJl{FEnSl), Latin voco, vox {oip), English voice. ivsnw or ivvenoj, Latin inquam. EUM, eno^ai, sequor, seek. See §§ 2 : 5. 1 (^Feh). Xnnog, equus : xeXXta, pello. XduM, XifindvM, linquo, liqui. Xvnog, lupus : xvaaao), v-nvaaaa ? Ttolog, onoiog, novj Ionic xolog, oxolog, xov» PRONOUNS. W OnSl {to 8€fi), omlkog or omlXXog, oxTuXXog, Latin oculus. Ttf/^TTc, another form of nivTs, Latin quinque. ninxoy {llElISl), cocus, coquo, coquina, Italian cucina, Eng- lish cook^ cake, bake, kitchen. TtlavQtg, TETOQsgf Tsaaagfg, rsTTocQfg, Latin quatuor. arjitog, Latin sepes, sepio : oxvXov, spolium, spoil. a(prj^, ace. acpTjya, Latin vespa (by metathesis for svepa), English wasp. See also ^ 4. § 8. Not unfrequently the sound K is changed into h ('); and vice versd. E. g. kxarov, centum : xaXd^t], culmus, halm. x(X(jdia, jtsocQj cor, cordis, heart, core. xfv&u (ktOJI), hide, Saxon hydan. xiQug, cornu, horn. xXivb}, clino; Saxon hlinian, hence English to lean. xolXog, hollow : xoX(ov6g, xoXoivr}, columna, collis, hill. xvQwg, Latin herus 1 xvoar, canis, German hund, English hound. PRONOUNS. § O, We may now suppose that the old language had but one pronoun, T^02 (tvos, twos) ; that this pronoun was DEMONSTRATIVE in its character ; and that it represented all persons, that is, it stood for that, this, he, she, it, thou, L 1. This pronoun modified gives all the pronominal forms of which the element is a lingual (t, 8, S; a, ^), or a lingual followed by a labial (p, q),'v, w). E. g. TO^, trjvog, roaog, amog, ovrog, Tig, rig, rots, tv, rot, rsog, tvids, Latin turn, tarn, tot, totus, tantus, talis, tu, tuus (§ 3), English that, this, the, thou, thus, then. dslva, dsvQo, dsvTs, German das, dessen, die^ du. a(ps {§ 4), acfwi, aq)6g, av, aog, Latin sui (§ 3), se, suus (§ 3), sic, English she, so (Saxon swa). 2. By dropping the first letter, we obtain all the pronominal forms of which the element is a labial (p, v, w, (p, ^). Observe that p {v, w) may be changed into h {' ), and (m, softened into v. E. g. p/ (7), fov {ol). Pot (oi), P« (g), Voi (o?), cflv (for aq>iv), Latin vos, vester, Italian voi, English we, German wie. 10 REMARKS. o, ^, og (relative), oaog, mq, tW, English he, her, here, (lov (ifiov), ins (fjM«)> Z"'^*' i^^^)' W^^?> vfiEig, voji, voj, Latin me, nos, English me, mine. 3. Not unfrequently the initial consonants disappear ; in which case the origin of the form becomes very obscure. E. g. IV (Fi'v), I'diog, Latin is, id, ibi, English it (Saxon hit), us, as § 10. L The form TfO:s became kF02 (qvos, Kwos), which produced all the pronominal forms beginning with a PALATAL {it, q, h). Observe that most of these forms are interrogative. (See also "§ 8,) E. g. urivog or anvog (whence inEXvog) ; K02, xov, xdlog, xotsgov, Latin quus, quis, qui, quum (cum), quot, quotus, quam, Saxon hwcBt {what), hwcenne (when), hoi (why), htccBr (where), hwcether (whether, xotsqov). 2. Either of the initial consonants may be dropped. Some- times both disappear. E. g. how, who (pronounced without the w, hoo), Saxon hu (how), German was (what), wann (when), Dutch waar (where) ; Latin ubi, uter, for quubi (hov), quuter (xoteqov, hwcBther). 3. The modified form K02 becomes n02 (§ 7), which produces all the Greek interrogatives beginning with n. E. g. nov, noXog, norsgog, Tioaiog, nrjXlxog, noog, 7ir}vlxa, 7it]fiog. 4. The pronominal adjective hsgog, Latin ceterum, English other, either, is, strictly speaking, the comparative of the per- sonal pronoun s ("/) ; its primary meaning is that, in connexion however with another that; not that but that, that or that. § 1 1. L We suppose now that tJTo^ was strengthened by the addition of a palatal (x, y, x) \ and that thus modified it produced Latin tunc, hoc, hinc, hie, &c., English such, which, &c. Also the nominative of the first person singular of the personal pronoun ; as, Gothic ik, Saxon ic, German ich, Greek iyw, Latin ego, Boeotic Greek tw, Italian io, English /. 2. The root thus strengthened gives also the comparative kx-disQog, one more than that, that and that, or simply, both, each (said of two). Its corresponding superlative is ex-aaiog, all that, each (said of many), every. § 12. 1. This pronoun (tFO^) is also the parent of the numeral MI02, whence the feminine fxla. Also of oiog, alone, which modified becomes I02, whence the Epic Xa, iw, &c. It is moreover the parent of ^6vog, alone, Romaic fiovog, single. PRONOUNS. 11 It is also the parent of slg^ gen. evog (root ev-), Latin unus (fiovog), English an or a, one (pronounced wun, which differs but little from the possessive fov). 2. The adjective I'ffo?, originally ptao^or ptapo? (§ 1), is formed from p/ or p/^ ("/, Latin is) after the analogy of Toaog from TO^, or of oaog from og. Its pMmary meaning therefore is so much. ' 3. The numeral dvo or dvea, also 5o£(b, Latin duo, English two, German zwei, is nothing but the dual of TpO^; its primary meaning is that and that, or one and one. The ordi- nal dsvTSQog is its comparative ; its original form must have been 8VsrBQog, by metathesis Se^TEgog, demsgog (§ 3); the corresponding superlative is dBviarog, last. § 13. 1. A table containing the principal modifications and derivatives of the theoretical demonstrative TpO-2'. T — T02, TO, irjvog, aviog, ovTog, Tig, t«?, tv, le, to/, tlv, teog, Toaog, Totog, TrjXixog, ivvvog, trjvlxa, Trj/dog, jvids, xocpga. 2 — a(f)i («//£'), aq)l ((jPtV), aqtug, acpuL, acpco, acpus, acpog, acpiiegog, av, as, aog, aaaoc or «tt«. /f — delvoc, doioj, dvo, devteoog, dsvtUTog, 8lg, devgo, dsvis. \^ ) — /, ov, s, 0, t), sag, og, sisgog, eyeategog, Exaaiog, sig, oaog, olog, ^Uxog, oXog (?), r^vixa, rifxog, Xva, (ag. M (n) — filv (vlv), fiov, fioL, fii, rifiug, afi^sg, Vfislg, vfxfxeg, vwi, v(6, fiia, fAOvog. i'v {Fiv), i'diog, olog, 102, Xaog (Vioog), sya, m, uXXog (?), ocpga. K — K02, xrjvog, xslvog, exHvog, ixu, xdiog, xorfgov, xov. n — n02, noaog, nolog, ntjXixog, noxtgog, noarog, noaialog, nrj- vlxa, nrjfiog, nag gen. naviog (?). 2. The verbal terminations are nothing but modified frag- ments of pronouns. Thus, -fit {-v), -ftni, -fjiBv, -fisS^a, -fiTjv, Latin -m, -mus, -mur, -mini, English -m (only in am, u-n'i, su-m), are connected with ^s, ® voii, me, nos, Slc. ; as dlda^ii, dlbofiai, dldofisv, didofis&a, idt- dofirjv, sdidtav, Latin dicam, dicimus, amamur, amamini. See above (§ 9. 2). -01, -g, -aai, -ada, -vol, -aav, &lc., Latin -s, sti, English -5, -st, are connected with av, acps, se, smis, &c. ; as iaal, dlda- ai, did(ag, didoaai, sq)r]a&a, Xsyovai (for Xsyovai), s(paaav^ fii- (xvriao, Xsysa&s, Latin amas, amavisti, English has, hast. See above (§ 9. 1). -It (-^l), -tai, -Ts, -Toy, -Tfjv, -vn, -vtai, -vto, -vioav, &.C., Latin 12 REMARKS. 't, 'tis, -nt, -niur, English -th (-^), are connected with tO^, tv, tUf English this, &lc. ; as sail, cpdd^i, didotoci, Xsysis, Xi/s- tov, XiyovxL, Xtyoviaiy iXsyovto, XeyovKav, Latin amat, amatis, amant, amantur, English asketh. See above (§9. 1). 3. It is easy now to see why acpML differs so little from acpcos, rifiEig from iifxEig, fit from fiiv, ic from hie, as from se and she, aog from suus, poi (ol) from voi, fs (I') from we, -rov from 'triv, &c. ; further, why aq)iaiv is used for vfuv (II. 10, 398), acpiag for vfiag (Herod. 3, 71), acphsgov for vfihegov (lies. Op. 2), eavzovg for rjfxac avtovg or vfiag avvovg, dmxsTov for dKanhriv (U. 10, 364), &c. &c. AUGMENT. ^,^.. , ''' ^14. The following verbs, beginning with' a liquid, take «t mstead of the reduplication ; which is nothing more than the syllabic augment e lengthened. Xayxdvca, eVXrjx^^y ^IXrjyfiai. Xafi^dva, siXrjcpa, si'XTjfifiat. L Xsyca, to collect, uXoxoc, tllsyfiuL. (xsigofinL, HfiuQfiaL, stfidQfirjv, both with the rough breathing, ^PEfL, say, sigrjita, si'grjfiai, ng^oofxai. Also aor. pass. nQ7}&7}v, slgs&'riv. § 15, The Epic dialect lengthens c in the reduplication into ei in the following verbs. dsido) {/lETSl), deldoma. dslyvvfii, dddsyfiai, dsidexro, dsidexcciai, dfidi'%aTO. dim, to fear, dsldifisv, dsidvla, idsidifisv, fee. § 1 6. The following verbs are not uniform in the augment of the perfect ; that is, sometimes they take the usual redu- plication of the perfect, and sometimes only s. Observe that the second consonant is a liquid (A, v, g). Properly speaking, MNJSl is the only Greek verb beginning with (XV. /SXaaTavo), (Ss^Xdairjxa, i^Xdairixa. yXixpo), yEyXv(j,(iai, syXvfiixai. xuTayXtoTxl^M, xaT(yX(6iTiafiai, Arist. Eq. 352; Thesm. 131. xXfjiCu), xsxXrjiofiaL, ixXtjiafiai, sxXrjiafxtjv. * fAifivriGnw, (if'fiVTjfxai, ifisfivrjfjrjv, fKfivr'faofiai. fivTjfiovtv(o, f'lxvrjfiovsvxa, Plat. Phaedo, 119. tgiqxa, avviigocpa, Te'x^oqpa. AUGMENT. 18 § 1 7. The following verbs take the reduplication contrary to the general rule. tctdofiui, xsxirjfiaiy syrrj^ai, xBKTi^aofiai, imriao^ai. Ttnnvvv^i, nsnstaa^ni, nsniafiai. nlmoa, mTnojyca, nsnxmg, nsmrjwg, TiinjTjxa. nt^aaco, tnzrjxoi, nsmrjiog. The perfect nimafiai is formed from nsnsiaficti (from Ttstda) by syncope. As to nimoma, nsnjswg, Ttsmrjmg, and nemrjxa, they are formed from nETSl by metathesis ; thus, nsnsT-xa, ntnet-dog become nimi^xa, nsmeug and Ttsnjrjojg ' nsnjtjxa is further changed into nenjcuxa, not unlike egQtjya, eQ^wya from the^ theme 'PHTSl. § 1 8. The augment of the perfect and pluperfect of I't/ii^- (li (UTASL) takes the rough breathing. Further, the pluper- fect active may lengthen h into d. perf. caxTjxa, caTctxa, tuTua, tarafini. pluperf. iairi^uv or uottihuv, eorutiv. This apparent anomaly is explained as follows; 2'TJJl, perf. ^soTfjxa (compare xsxTrjfiai) ; and by changing the first a into the rough breathing (§ 6), eoirixa. It must not be supposed that the rough breathing of the perfect is borrowed from the present, after the analogy of other verbs. If this were the case, we should have also aor. Burrjaa, EaTfjv, instead of the actual forms toTtjaa, eairjv. ^19. The following lengthen the syllabic augment s into rj, contrary to the general rule. anoXavco, aniXavov, ani]Xavov, unsXavaa, dnriXuvaa^ ^ovXofxai, i^ovXo^tjv, t]^ovX6(j.r}v, i^ovX^&Tjv, ri^ovXiqdriv.. dvvttfxoci, idvvdfiTjv, rjdvvd^rjv, e8uvi]&rjv, rfdvv^&ijv, jisXX(o, EfiEXXov, rjfisXXov, tfieXXtjaa, i^fxeXXtjaa. * naqavofim, ixaQtivonovv now edited nagsvouow, Dem. 217; Thuc. 3, 67. §20. In the Epic dialect, the second aorist active and: middle of the following verbs takes the reduplication of the perfect. Observe that ixexXofitjv, ensipvov, iniipQadgov, and hsTfAov pre- fix s to the reduplication ; that is, they follow the analogy of the pluperfect. t^ ^ ^ i M ,. 2 14 REMARKS. daxvoa, didaxoV /tASL, didaov. xdfivoi, xsxaixov ' xilofxai, xsxXofirjv and ixsxXofiijv. xevdb), xixv&oV XayxdvWt XiXcexov. Xafi^dvot), XsXalSofATjv' Xnv&dvw, XsXa&ov. Xdoxbi, XsXaxofifjV ' ^dgnioi^ fjsfzagnov and fis'(ianov. ndXX(a, dfinsnaXoiv {nenaXojv). nd&a, ninir&ov ' nX^aao), nsnXrjyo^irjv, TAFSl, TEiaycov ' TEMSl, xhfxov and hstfiov. TSQTKa, leTagnofirjv • xirQMaxbj, rhogov. TltVaXOfXai, TilVXOV^ TBTVXO^itjV. TVTiTOi, rtJVTiov • (fsldo^ai, necpLdofirjV. 0ENJI, nicpvov and snfcpvov. q)QU^(a, 7ii(pga8ov and ini(fga8ov. Xd^o), xsxadoy, xExad6}i7}v • ;fa/^w, xfxagofiriv. ^21. The following Poetic forms take the reduplication contrary to the analogy of verbs beginning with g. ganl^io, gtgdniaiiai, Anacr. frag. 105. ginxdi, geglcp&ai, Find. frag. 281. Qvnom, gfgv7i(afiivog, Odys. 6, 59; § 22, Some Poetic forms do not double the g after the the syllabic augment i. gdntot), eganiov, Odys. 16, 379. gsXf^t sg^tov, sgE^oii gljiim, sgiipa, igicpriv. ^ 33* The following Poetic forms double the initial con- sonant after the syllabic augment s, after the analogy of verbs beginning with g. Observe that, with the exception of dsidca and 2:ETIl, the root begins with a liquid. dslda) {/JETJl), tddstaa, Tiegiddeiaa, vnodSslaocg. Xayxdvfo, XXXaxov. Xan^dva, eXXu^ov, iXXa^ofirjv. Xiaaofiixi, iXXiadfxtjv. MEIPIly EfAfxogov, Efi^ogtx. vim J to swim J tvveov. aEiio, iuaeiovto, avaaaslaaxE. 2ETII, iaaEv6[X't]v, taav^ai, iaavfirjv, Eaasva, iaavd^rjv, aniaaova. jEidia, according to Dawes (Miscel. Critic, p. 168), was originally dF^iSa, with the digamma after the first d' hence sdf^tiaa, nsgid^Eiaa, vnodfeiaagy and finally, after the AUGMENT. 15 disappearance of the digamma, i'ddsiaa, neQiddsiaa, vnodddaag ' the initial consonant being doubled in order to make the pre- ceding syllable long by position. It is well known, however, that the Greek, as such, does not admit of the combination z/F {dw). We must therefore assume fJEISl (§ I). It is observed further, that dsl8(o and its derivatives, in Homer, make the preceding syllable long by position, as II. 11, 10; 14, 387; but not always, Odys. 11, 203, twv 5' aga dsi- udvjbiv ix xsiQbiv i'muT egiTfta. Further, the adjective i9^ sot; 5 ?J? (for ^ sod si^g, like vijXi^g for vtjXsi]?), compounded of ^sog and /lEISl, must have been origi- nally S^io^drig. The o was lengthened into ov after the dis- appearance of F • or perhaps the digamma was attenuated into V {% 3). As to the perfect dsldoixa, dudifisv, they must have been formed after the disappearance of F* SETfL also, according to the same critic (Miscel. Critic, p. 165), was originally ^^ETJl, with the digamma ; hence sa^Bvcif sa^VfiaL, &.C., and finally eaasva, i'aavfiai, &c. See also § 5. § 34. The following verbs lengthen « into h, contrary to the general rule. idat, Bl'aov, ElaoUy Bi'axa, nd&rjv, i&l^(o, d'd^iaa, Bi&iHtt, si&iafiai, fl&ia&rjv. kXlaoci, elh^a, nhyfiai, eWxd^tjV. bXxow, BiXkM^rjv, slXxio&rjv, Hippocr. It is regular in the Attic dialect. bXxo), flXxo^rjv, BlX^a, sXXxvaa, BiXxvxa, BiXxvafxaij elXxva&i]V. 'EAJI, fUov, BiXofir^v. Bvvv^i (EJI), flfxai. enw, t'lnov, slnofirjv. igyd^oficii, BlQya^6fit]V, Bigyaafiat, Blgyda&Tjv, Bigyaadfjiijy. BQTiv^M, (Xgnvaa. egna, eIqtiov. BOTiaci), fioTiaaa, Blaiiaxa, BlaTioifiai, BioTid&ijv. BXOJ, tlxov, BixofirjV. ESI, placCy Biua, Biad^tjv. Xrjfii (^ESl), Blxa, Bifxoii, BL&fjV, bXixtjv. For Brjxnc, Buxa, mvrai (suvTai), see ^ 26. With respect to EnJl, EPOMAI, bqv(o, and igmdatj which are often referred to this head, it will be observed that slnov, 16 REMARKS. Bina, and their dependent moods, come from the lengthened form EtnSl ' ugo^irivy from the Ionic tlqa^ai ' tlgvooc, tX^vfiai, elgvofiiu, si^m&Tjv, from slgvo) ' and hqojtuov, ei^cjirjaa, from the Ionic uQOiidm. — For the forms dgrjitoi, el'fjtjfiocL, eiq^&tjv, and et(je&r)v, see ^ 14. 'jEacj. The augment of this verb will be easily accounted for, if we suppose that there was a time when its full form was Fcaw or rather ptpaw (§ 1). The first of these forms would give sfsaaa, F«Fe«x«, &Lc., and by dropping the digamma and contracting the initial syllables, Haaa, el'aaa, &/C. It may possibly be connected with "EJl, to send; see § 5. I 'jfe'i^/^w is a prolongation of £,^g) • its original form therefore was fsd^i^M, hence ffe&iaa, F«F«i9-txa, and finally, by dropping F ^"d contracting se, el&iaa, ei'^ixa. 'Ella a (a is connected with ul(a ' therefore its original form was ^iXiaabi' hence «F«^tl«. V^V^^^Y^oiiy &.c. And finally, by dropping F and contracting ««, «l'Ai|a, uXiy^m, &c. 'EXxom is derived from iXnog, a derivative of eAxw * therefore it was Ffi^'tow* hence s^sXnoi&riv, ^sfsXxMixrjVf and finally siXHOj&r]v, slXxoifiTjv. ''eXzoj was originally fsXno) (^ 1); hence «F«^la> F«- fsXuvTtot, &C., and finally, by dropping F and contracting es, eiX^a, elXhvxci, &c. 'EJSI was originally ^EJSL {% 1); hence cFt'toj', sF*- Xo^Tjv, and finally slXov, uXofiriv. ^'EvvvfAi has ^EfL for its theme, of which the original form was ^EJl (§ 1); hence F«F«iW«^ and finally fs^at, «I/uttt, with the breathing of the present. For hadfirjv, see below. "Enat. We assume fEHJl, hence imperf. Effnov, senov, Binov with the breathing of the present. For the 2 aor. we assume 2EnfL, hence E2tnov, syncopated sonov, after the anal- ogy of 0ENJI, Tifcpvov ' TtsXo), snXs, suXeto ' ntiofiai, intofitjv ' iyELQw, tj/Qofirjv * niXo^m, exfxXo^rjv. We see, then, that the a in tanov is not an intercalation ; and that i- is the syllabic augment. We cannot suppose that eanov comes from an assumed theme anca, because a grammatical root without a vowel cannot be satisfactorily proved to exist. And if we write (/ttw, we virtually assume anica, which cannot by any sound grammati- cal principle give 2 aor. sotiov. The same remarks apply also to sj^oo, soxov, which see. See also § 5. 1 {^Veii). AUGMENT. 17 ''Egyn^ofini, h a prolongation of EPrsi, a digammated theme; its original form therefore was fsQya^ofiai , hence sfsQya^ofirjv, fe^eQ/aafiai, &c., and finally, by dropping p and contracting eg, dg/a^ofitjVf slgyaisfiaif &^c. 'Eqtiv^m is a prolongation of egna), and follows the same analogy. See bqtko below. "Eqttoi). We may assume fsgnoo as the original theme; hence sfsQnov, segnov, slgnov with the breathing of the present. See above (^ 5. 1, 2fAP). 'Eajiaa is probably derived from iajla, originally psax/a (Latin vesta) ; we may therefore assume p€aTt«w, hence « pfiffTtceora, pc peart ax«, &-C., and finally uatluaot, siatiaxa, &C. as in igyn^o^m. "Ex (a was 'jEXJI, with the rough breathing. For the imper- fect, p«;f(o may be assumed; sps;^ov, b^x^v, slxov. For the second aorist, 2:f%(o, sS^xov, syncopated taxov. Compare inm, I'anov, and i'ax(o. See also ^ 5. 1 (JSfEX). 'eji, to place, seat, put, originally fEJl (% 1) ; hence Bfsacc, «Ea«, slaa, with the breathing of the present. See also § 5. 1 (^p£z/). "lr]fii, from'EJl, originally perhaps p£J2 * hence «p8^i^y, pgpsxa, ^c, and finally sX&tjv, slxa, &c., as in the preced- ing. As to erjya, k'axa, lavrai, they take the syllabic augment fn addition to the temporal. See also § 5. 1 (-2'p/). § S5. The following verbs take the syllabic augment in- stead of the temporal. ayvv[ii, la|«, eayce, idyrjv. aXiaxofiai, stiXayoc, edlcov. avddvoj, edvdavov, edda (sdda), sadov and svadov. Also k'^vdavov, syllabic and temporal. ainoa, sdqf&rj. EI/IJl, leiadtfirjv, rjeldsiv (g- lengthened into rj-), si'xw, soixa {sloix(6g), smxsiv syllabic and temporal. flXi,(a, ieiXsop, ioXrjtai, ioXtjio. silm, BeXaa, ssX/xaif mXrjv. tlfit, to go, isiadfXTjv. EinSlf i'sina, ssinov. sI'q(o, to jotJi, BSQfiai, ee'gfiTjv. i'Xno), XXno^ai, eoXnce, swXtibiv syllabic and temporal. evvvfii, Uafxriv, hodixTjv. i'gdo) {EPrSl), sogya, iogyfa, icogyetv syllabic and temporal. ovghif iovQEov, iovgrjoa, eovgrjaa. 2* 18 REMARKS. (o&t(o, Eojaa, l'(ona, ewa^at, iwa&rjv, (ovtofiai, ffavoviAtjv, i(6v7}fiai, icovijdrjv, icovtjadfirjv. *'Ayvvfiiy theme ArSl, originally fAFJl (§§ 1 : 5.2) ; hence « Fa|«, pe Ffxyoc, fcc, and finally, after the disappearance of p, «'«|«, say a, &^C. 'Allano^ai, theme 'AyllL, '^AAOSl, connected with ''EJSl {to take) ; we may therefore assume JTAylll, FaJOJI ' hence epwAcDy, pfipceAwxa, and finally sdkoiv, edXooxa, with the breathing of the present. See ^ 1 (^EJSL). 'Avddvo), theme 'AzISl, originally fAAJl (§ 1); hence sFadov, p£p«(5a, fcc, and finally, sadov, eada, &>c., with the breathing of the present. The Epic aorist svadov is explained as follows; fAJJl, 2 aor. sfFaSov, like £XXal3ov, i'fifia&ov, from Xa^^dvm, (iav&d~ v(o. By dropping one of the digammas, and changing the other into v, in order to preserve the quantity of the antepenult, svadov with the smooth breathing. See ^3. 1. See also xavd^aig in the Catalogue. '^AnTbi, original theme perhaps fA?jTo, from IxdQOfiai (MOPESI). Ei'Xb), theme FeASL (§ 1); hence epcXffa (like xc'AXw, sxsAaa), pfp«A|M«f, cpttAT/v (like (p^siQw, (cp&dQijv)^ and finally lsA(j(X, hX^ai, idXrjv. El (II, theme /J2, originally perhaps p/i2 or p£/J2 (§5. 1, 2'p/) ; hence ff^ioafitjv, iHad(.ii]v. Hence also sptov or « pi«, 1? ptov or 1? pta (like /if'AAw, rj^ieXXov), and finally ^'tov or ^'tcc. Observe further that in the Epic language the final vowel AUGMENT. 19 of a preposition may not be dropped before this verb; as inuiaafisvrj {Enifsiou^isvrj) ; another fact in favor of a di- gammated theme. Einil and £nJl, originally fEinsl and fEHJl (§ 1) ; hence e^smov, sfima, and finally ssmov, tsma. EiQca, to join, theme fEPJl (§ 5. 1, 2'F-EP); hence F«- "eXttco, theme feXnoi) (§ 1) ; hence p« foXna, like 8i8oQK(i from d€Q}co^iai, and finally eolTiQc. The pluperfect iaXnsiv comes directly from the perfect (oAzrw) after the analogy of kwQaov from ogdo). Compare ecoxeiv, iwQysiv, from d'x(o, sgda. "Evrvfii, theme fEJl (§ 1) ; hence peps ', iuXnsiv, from cl'xw, I'Atico. Ovgioy originally perhaps Fovgea, hence epoi/piyaa, F^Fovgtjxa ' iovgrjaoiy iovgtjxa. ^JZi^e'w, theme perhaps p^0J2, hence epwaa, pspwxa, &c., and finally I'waw, e'wxw, &c. 'flviofiai, originally perhaps Foivso^ai' hence «pwy«o- /iT^v, p€ pwvi^^ttt, dz/C, and finally iavsofirjv, mvrmai, &LC. § 26. The following take the syllabic augment in addition to the temporal. avoiym (ovytxii), avsca^a, avtrnxoi, avmyfiai, ocvs(ox&f)v, avimyct. e&(o, tw&a commonly tlw&a, ico&sa commonly slm&siv. Xrjfii, (eji), trina, ta)xa, mvtai (or sovioci, § 25). See also §24. olicioo, eojxEov or axeov, Hippocr. oivoxoiio, icavoxoEov or mvoxoEov, II. 1, 598 ; 4, 3. ogocto, stogaov, mgaxa also eogaxa, sagafiai, ^Avolyta. The simple verb oXyoa seems to be connected with tXxtx), to yield, give way, make room. We may therefore as- sume Foiyio (§ 1); hence «pof |of, pfpot;^a, &c., and finally c'wla, tmxot, ^-c. The temporal augment was probably introduced after the disappearance of p. *je^w, theme P«,^w (§§ 1 : 5, 1, sFeo) ; hence p«po^a, iio&a' F^Vo&tiv, ea&siv. And by lengthening i-, iim&a, um&Hv. If we assume p7/0J2 (whence ^^o$), the perfect cw^a becomes analogous to tggwya from ^PlirSl (griyvvfn). 30 REMARKS. OlnEM is derived from ohogj originally foixog (§ 1) ; hence potxsw, s^oixsov, iwxsov. IV 0X0 SO) is derived from oivoxoog {otvog, xi(a). But olvog was originally foivog (§1); hence Fotroj^oew, sfoivo- XOBOV, itOVOXOEOV. 'OqcIm, theme perhaps foQam (§5, 2, XpOP); hence sfoQdov, fsfogaxa, &LC., and finally Icogav, sogaxa, ewgaxa, &/C. with the breathing of the present. §27. The verb kogrd^ca is the Ionic ogrd^o) with the prefix £-, and follows the analogy of o^«w. It is not absurd therefore to assume Fo^t«^w. .§ 9 8. Only three verbs beginning with si, take the syllabic augment. EI/IJl, fi^HVy jjSr], jjdta. slxd^M, jjxa^ov, jjxaaa, ijxaafiai,. § SO. Some verbs may dispense with the augment even in the Attic dialect. drj&ioata, d^-&£aaov, ai^&eaa. arjfiif ar]v. d'ia, aiov. avalvw, ttvdvd^Tjv, but rivrjva. oiaxoaTQOCpsWi oiaxooTQocpsov, also MaxoaTQ6q>sov, iEsch. Pers. 767. oifKoCoif otfi(ayfiaij but wfiw^a. ohoo^ai, oi'vojjxai, also c^vwfiai, Soph. Trach. 268 ; Plat. Leg. 6, 18. oiaTQeo), oiaTQfjaa, Eurip. Bac 32 ; Compare Soph. Trach. 653. oi'xofictif oVxfoxa. oiwvl^ofiai, oitavi^ofirfV, oi(aviadfi7)v, Xen. Hel. 1, 4, 12; Dem. 794. § 30. The following verbs take the Attic reduplication. The pluperfect lengthens the first syllable in r^xrixouv, riqriQHv^ '^lr)Xd[ii]v, TigTiQUOfiriv, udwdsiv, wlojXeiv, wgrnQStv, and wgcogvyfirjv. Observe that the Epic forms dxdxtjfxai, axaxfisvog^ dldXri^ai, aXaXvxTrjfxai, dgagvla, iQSQimo, also the later ffis/jisxEiv^ do not lengthen the second syllable. Observe further, that the EjJic rigriqua^m and uX^Xov&a, lengthen the first syllable. AUGMENT. 21 Lastly, the penult of «>Ic/syv6r)aa. avexM, t)vsix6fi7jv, rjvfaxofitjv. ttvoQ&oo), riv(i)Qd^ovixr]V, tjvwQ^coaay ^vmQ&atfiai. dioixs'(o, dEdi(oxrjij,ai later, Athen. 8, 26. ivoxXeo), rivwxXtov, '^vtoxXrjaa, rlvcoxXrjfiai,, TjVtaxXi^d^rjV. nagoivio3, enagcavsov and inagoivsov, ijiagiuvriaa, nenago^Vfixa^ nsnagaviji^ai, inagmvri^riv, " m REMARKS. § 3 4. The augment is put after the preposition even when the simple verb has no existence. E. g. dnoXavo), aniXavov, aniXavaa. i/x(O{ii(x^03, iv8X(0(ilaaa, eyxsxwfiiaxa, iyxexatfilaafiai, from eyxoj- fiiov [iv, xwfAog). iyX^QSiay ivexilgrjooi, from sv and x^lg, hand. ixxXrjaid^o), e^sxXtjalci^ov, e^sxXi^aiuaa, from ixxXrjala (ex, xXrjaig, xaXsw). iv&Vfisofiai, ivTE&vfi7]fiai, ivs&Vfxi^&rjv, from iv and ^vfxog. inittjdsvo), sTtSTtjdevov, from inlTrjdsg or inurjdsg. xatriyoQBbi, xaTtjyogeov, xuiTjyogriupt, from xuT^yoQog (xara, «/o- gsv(a). nagrjyogeoj, nagriyogrioa, Eurip. Hec. 288. ngoq>«(jl^o^aiy ngovcpaaiadfitjv for ngofg^aaiadfirjv, from ngo- qiaaig (ngo, (frjfxl). ngocfrjTfvo), TrgoEcprjisvaa, from ngog)i]Trjg {ngo, (fr]^i). avvsgyeoj, avv^gyeov, from avvsgyog {avv, EPrJl). ^30. The verbs dianda and 8 laxoveu), although de- rived from the simple dlaira and didxovog, are nevertheless augmented, as if they were compounded of did and octraw, xovsa. diaiTuoj, idirjirjoa, dedujit^fiai, dii^tcofirjv, 8irjTi]&rjv. Compare §§ 32 : 33. didxovm, dirjxovsov, dsdirjxovrjxa, ds8i7}x6v7}fiai, idiaxov^&tjv. The persons who first introduced these verbs doubtless knew their origin. But it is not absurd to suppose that the Greeks, being misled by the sound of the finst syllable, really imagined that the first component part was the preposition did. Com- pare the absurd plural Mussulmen for Mussulmans, from Mus- sulman ; as if this Arabic word were compounded of Mussul and the English man! § 36. The following take the augment after the first com- ponent part, although that part is not a preposition. avrevnoiia, avTtvnsTTolrjxa, from dvvl, sv, noiico. agiatoTioiiofiai, '^giaTonenoiiifiai {agiatov, noiita), before and after. imtOTgocpioj, InnorsTgotprjxa and ImioTgocprjxa, XttOmnoTgocpri' xtt, {lmiorg6q)og, Xnnog, jgiqxa), Lycurg. 233 ; Isaeus, 116. fisXonouw, fxefisXonsTioirjUEVog (ueXonoiog, us'Xog, noUa), Athen. 10, 79. ndaxoj, avvsvnsnovd^wgf from avv, sv, ndoxoi. AUGMENT. 25 ^37. 1. The present of some verbs beginning with a consonant, followed by a vowel or liquid, prefixes that conso- nant together with i. This is essentially the same as the reduplication of the perfect. /?i/?a(jxw, /5t/5act), /5//?j?/4t, from the simple /5«a). /Si^gwaxw — BOPSl, BPOSl ylyvofiai — rENIl. Formed as follows ; rENJl, yiyivw, syn- copated yiyvoi, hence yiyvofiai. The Latin retains also the active form, gigno. yiyvojoxb) — FNOJl. diddaxoj — J All, to teach. dldrjfii — dea, to bind. didob), dldojfiL — JOJl. didgaaxai — JPASl, to run away. xtxXi]Oit(o — nc(Xi(a, xiaXrjxa, nixlrificti. iilxQrjfii — XQ^^> xixgr^xa, to borrow. Idaiofiai — Aaw Xoo, to wish. (Aifiv^axci) — MNASl, fisfivrjfiui. filfjiva — fisvM. The steps are (xivoj, fii^svM, (il^ivoi by syncope. 7ilfi7iXrj(j,i — IlylASl, ninXijxa' ft is an intercalation. Com- pare 7llfi7lQ1]fAl. TtlfxTTQi^fii — UPASl. See TtifiTtXtj^t- ninlaxb) — nlvb), mSL. nlnloa — IIAAJl, nifinXrjfjL. TtinQoiaxG) — nfQcxo). The steps are tisqccm, TitnfQatd, by syn- cope or rather metathesis ningaaxia, after the analogy of the perfect nsngaxa, ninQvi^mi. nlnzfa — IJETSl, nsuKana. The steps are IIETJly Trtneioj, niTiTca, by syncope. ^ >i->- TiKpavaxo) — (IjAJI, originally (i^^pJZ (§ 3. 1). .. - tixTto — TEKfl. The steps are TEKSl, titbxo), titxm, iIxtm, by syncope and metathesis : the combination xx is inad- missible in Greek. TiTalva — THVco, TANJ2, isiaxa. TngdcD — TPAJl. tiTQwaxbi — TOPfL, TPOSL. TiTvaxofiai — TEVxoo, TTXSl, TTKJl. 2. In a few instances the present takes the reduplication of the perfect. Verbs, which are formed directly from the perfect, of course retain the augment of that tense ; as yeydxa, ysywvco, yFy(oviax«-)» a/5«x«'oi, Baxxog, "laxxog, av'Caxog {a^iaxoq). U(o, trjfiL — '£11. We may assume F£J2, hence f if ESI, Uco, Xrjfii, like &ia), ti&ia), xl&tj^i. See §§ 2 : 5. 1 (-2'F/). XnTafiui, — UTASl, TlETSl. The regular form would be /7t- maf^ai, analogous to the perfect Tiimafxai, from the same theme. Compare I'j^tw (I'Tiaw), nimm. lotdos, Xairi^i — 2TASL. The regular form would be Siaxata (compare Latin sisto from sto). For the commutation of s and A, see § 6. Xaxfa — t^fl, ^naipov, andqxa. aQotQiayiO) — APSl^ 7Jq&l(a, cp&iaojf ecp&iaa, BCpd^i(.iai, i(p&lfit)v, iq)dl&i]V. XaXcioj, xaXcicao), ixaXaaa {exdXa^a), xf^oiXaxiXf nix^^Xaa^aiy t^a- Xda&Tjv. XS(a, XEXVita, xex^fiai, ex^&rjV. § 46. The quantity of the penult of the following pure verbs is variable in the derived tenses. AAfl, aaaa, uda&rjv, uaaocfirjv. aivio), alviaco and atvi](j(a, aipEaojAai, jjveaa and tjvrjocc, ijvexoc, jjvE[dai, rivi&riv. 0UQE03, ouQriaoi, 7] throughout except fjQid^rjv. axa^/^w, unuxriGM, t] throughout except dxrjXEdazai, cixrjxsfiBVog. dvco, dva(o (i)), r/vVa {v), but a'vaov (v). jSalvM, ^^aco, (3^(J0fiDHf E^-qoa, ^E^rixa, ^E^afxaL and ^f'^aoiAUi, yafiEO), ycx^r'iooj, tj throughout except yufiE&Elaa and yct^iaao- di(o, to bind, dijaM, Edrjaa, 5f^£x«, dids^av and dideafioti, ids- '&riv, dedrjaofiai. dldcafii, dwaoj, Edcoxoc, dsdo)y.a, didofxai, edodrjv. dvvaficci, dvvrjaofitti, t] throughout except idvv(ia&i]v» dvb), dvab) {€), Edvaix, didCxa, didvfiai, edv&rjv [v). (Iqvo), ELgvaa {v), ti'Qvaa, fV^v^ai, and Eigva/iiai, ei^vo&r}V. tXao), eXxvooj, v throughout except iUxiJaa {1). (fiEca, EfisoMf i^e'oofiai, s throughout except iq^r^aa. tvpnoj, svprjab), rj throughout except svvsd^rjv. iVQtanoi, svQ^oco, 1] throughout except Ev^e&rjv. tvivxEO), Evivx^aio, r} throughout except the later EVTvxsaa for the classical Evivxriaa, Anthol. Epigr. 9, 40. EXM, ox^(S(a, rj throughout except Eoxsxtrjv. xi^da), xTjdi^aa), yEyMd^aofxai, xi^dEaai. xoQEPvvfii, xoQEab), EXOQEoa, xExo^rjfiai and xExogfOfiaii ixoQE- a&rjv. ^vw, Xva(o {v), tXvaa, XiXvxn, XsXvfxai, eXvDt-jv (v), XEXvaofxai (v). fidxojj.ai, [laxiaofittL and iinx^aofxai, fiffddxrjfxat, and fxEfioixs- Ofxui, ifiaxEan^rjV. VEfiw, veiii^oM, Tj throughout except iveuid^rjv. o^(o, o^ijam and o^iaco, ^^^oa and al^Eoa. 7ilfinQi]iii, nQ^aw, rj throughout except sTtQEas. Ttivvoxto, nETiv€[iai, tieuvvgo, ininvvfjLfiv (v). nivmy nsTKOxa, ninofiai, ino&rjv. TENSES. 31 notion, no&T^aoa, no&s'ao^ai, snodrjaa and ino&saa, nsno&tjxoc. novsoj, novr\a(x), rj throughout except novioM, inovsaa. 'PEJl, to sai/, si'QTjxa, tj throughout except sqqs&tjv and eigi&riv. qvofiaiy QVodfXTjV and gvaotfxrjv. a/SkvvvfiL, a^bow, a^tiaofxai, ea^saa, eo/SrjHoc, so^safiai. ffTf^s'w, UTsgrjaa), tj throughout except earegsaa. tl&Tjfii, -d^riam, sd-rjxa, rs&iixa, Ts&eifiaL, sis&tjv. ^ENJl, 7itcpa(xat, nffprioo^ai. cprjijil, cp^aoj, sq)r}aa, Ttscpufiai. q)ddvw, cp&dao) (a), ifpddaa and i'cp^a^oi, sq)&oiica, cp&i^aofiui. (p&ovsoj, (p&ov^uM, regular except the rare i(p&6v€aa for €(p^6- vrjaa, Anthol. 5, 304. (fogib), cpogi^ato, regular except iq)6gtaa. FUTURE AND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE. § 4 7. The following liquid verbs have -aw, -aofiat, in the future, and -oa in the aorist. ailgm, aeggw, TJsgoa. v anoiggca, tggb), dndsgaa (^sgacc). agnglaxco (APJI), rigaa. silco (EyJJl), flaw. •d^sgojuaL, -d^sgoofiai. mlgut {KEPJI), ysgaWy sxegaa. xiXXo) {KEylSl), xsXao), txslaa. xvgo)^ xvgaio, sxvgaa, ogvvfii (OPJl), ogaca, wgoa. Tslgoi (tEPJI), tigobi. cp^slgb) {(liOEPJl), cpS^sgao). (fvgWy i'cpvgaa. As to d(xsgaaL and yivauL which are sometimes referred to this head, the former comes from dfiegdio, and the latter from KENTJl. § 48. 1. Futures in daco («), and iara, from verbs in doj or w^o), and i(o, may drop o and be contracted like verbs in aw and SM. The Ionic dialect often uses the uncontracted future, but only in verbs in ew. We select the following. dfAqnivvvfii — u(iq)isa(o, (diug)Ub)) df4q)iM. aw, to sate — aaco, liao^oti, 3 sing, ^asrai, asTai, drcct) pro- tracted liaxai. /5i/?a^w — (5i(3ua(o, (/5t/?a(u) /?t/?w, Plat. Phaedr. 7. ya^eo) — {ynixia(a), yafisw, ya^M. The future middle ya- fiiaaofxac implies yafiiota. dixoc^o) — dixdato {dixdo)), diHOj, infin. dixdv, Herod. 1, 97. 32 REMARKS. iXavvco — iXdaoj, (iXam) iXoJ. ifieo) — €fJisa(o, ifiiao^ai, {efisofxai) i^ov(xni. cIsTft^w — i^exdam, («|ct«w) e'lftw, Dern. 229 ; Isocr. 195. nEQavvvfiL — KSQaaw, {mQata) xsqw. noXd^io — xoXdaofiai, (xoAao^ai) xoXSfiaL, Arist. Vesp. 244. Ttgsfidi'vvfii, — xQffidaw, (x^Sjuao), jtQefidj) protracted kqs[i6o3. fidxofiaL — (xux^ao(im, fiaxsofiai, fiaxovfxai,. oXXvfii — oXsob), oXs'co, oXoo. neXd^oj — neXdato, (neXdco) tisXm, ng, -^sch. Prom. 282 ; Eurip. Orest. 1684; Soph. Elec. 497. nsidvrvfit — nndoco, (7r«T«co) nnw. Tim^jdaxo) — {nsgdoa), rnqdm, infill, nsgasiv, nsgav) protracted infin. Tiegdav. ''"^k-'-' xsXt'co — TeXsaa, xeXioj, tsAw. Xi(a — ;jf£w, ;jf a?, x^~'^' 2. In a few instances the contracted present is used as future, even when the regular future lengthens the radical vowel. E. g. dgdw, to do — dgdoa (a), dgcj. igrjfiOM — igrjficoasTS, egr^fiovis, Thuc. 3, 58 ', See also Thuc. 2,8; 4,85; 6,23. 3. Futures in lam (i) from verbs in /^w often drop the a and are inflected like contract verbs in icj, that is, /aw, ioofxai be- come iM, lovfxai, respectively. (See also ^ 3. 4.) E. g. ayXai'^cxi — ayXai'ob), dyXaioj, ayXa'iov^ai, Arist. Eccl. 575 ; 11. 10, 331. dydganodl^a) — {dvdganodlaia) dvdganodia, dvdganodiovuai, Xen. Hel. 2, 2, 20. xofAi^M — xofAtaofiac, xofiioiifxai, Ionic xoixisvfini (by resolution and contraction, xofiiov^iat, xofAiiofiat), Herod. 8, 62. oixl^OJ (otx/tfw) otxioij, olxiOVfXKL. olxiiCco — (otxr/aco) olxriw, yEsch. Prom. 68. oixctXi^oj — {o^aXhofxai) ofxaXiovf^ai. ogl^co — oglaofiui, ogiovfiaL, Ionic ogievficei, Hippocr. de Art. § 4. Compare xo^i^oa. nvil'^M — (nvilaco) tivtlw, Athen. 7, 42. Tdxt^oi — {xBLxlaoi) Ttixiw, TEixiov^tti, Dem. 69 ; Xen. Cyr, ^ 6, I, 19. ' v^gl^M — v^glaw, v^giw, v/Sgiovfiai. voTfgl^oi — {vaifglata) varfgiM, Dem. 49. (pgovil^M — {(pgoviia(o) q)govTioj, (fgovTiovy.ai, Xen. Mem. 2, ^ 1, 24; Eurip. Taur. 343. cwffT/^o^at — ((aatiaofxai) waiiovfim, Arist. Ach. 24. TENSES. 33 4. A {ew verbs in v(o (v) drop the a of the future ; in which case the future does not differ from the present. E. g. * Sqvoj — igvaco, egvia. Tttvvo) — ravvaoj, ravva* It will be seen that the combination uw was not contracted ; and that synizesis in this instance would be very difficult, on the supposition that v liad the sound of French w. § 49. 1. The verbs iadia or l'5w, nlv(a and 0ArSL, form the first future middle without the usual characteristic a. io&lo) or sdca — edo^at ' also idovfiai, after the analogy oC liquid verbs. nivoi — nionai' also niovfiai, after the analogy o( idovjuni. 0ArSl — (fayo^m ' also ipayov^ai,, after the analogy of idov- fiai. It is evident that the future middle of I'^w, if formed accord- ing to the usual analogy {ed-aofxai, laofioLi), would be con- founded with ioofiai from eifiL It is not absurd, then, to suppose that the maker of the word, perceiving this confusion, tacitly dropped the a, and formed at once idofiuL. And as nlvm belongs to the same general idea as I'^w, it is fair to sup- pose that it followed the analogy of its sister-form. Compare the Latin edo^ which in some of its parts (as est for edit) agrees with suvi, 2. The later future dgccfiofiaL from JPAMJl, Wgafimf, was evidently formed after the analogy of fl>Aril, tcpayov, (pdyofim, § 50. The following mute verbs form their future middle after the analogy of liquid verbs. fiav&dvbj, fiadsvfiui Doric for fia&ovfxai {fia&eofxai). x/xTtO, TEXOVfiai. As to ntaovfiai, from nlnioa, sometimes referred to this head, it may be considered as a Doric future, like y,Xaivaovfxat for xXavoofiai. The Ionic form maiopiaL is a resolution of neaovfiai. It is not necessary to assume a theme nE2Sl. § 51. The future middle of many verbs is equivalent to the future active. ayvoefo, ayvotjaci), ccyvorjaofiai. (id (a, auM, aao^ai, aasvfiaL. ueido}, aelao), dtlooficci. 34 REMARKS. alvim, alvtao), alvr^aia, alv^aofiai, axovM, attovaofiui, C / c / c / ui^Tsixd^bJ, avTSixdaofiai. dTiavzdoj, aTcavxriaui doubtful, dnavtrjaofiai, Eurip. Sup. 772 J Dem. 230. aTTSDiaQfo, ansixaaofiai. anoXavoj, unoXavao), dnoXavaofiai. anonaTso), dnonaT^aa), dnonaTi]aoiiai, Arist. Plut. 1184. » aQTia^oi), dqndaWy «^7ia|w, aQTidaof^cei. ^adl^m, l5(xdiov^ai, later ^adlow, Arist. Plut. 90 ; Lucian. Demosth. Enc. 1. §alv(a, /Si^ao^ai, ^ciasvfiai, (Si^ao) causative. (SXs'tko, (SXiipta, ^Xiipo^ai, Herod. 2, 111; Eurip. Aul. 1192. ^X(oax(o, fioXovfiai. ^odco, ^o'^ao), ^oduoj, ^oTjOOfiai, ^odao^oii, ^(oaofiai. §Qvdt,(a, ^Qvdaofiai. ysXaa, ysXdoco, ysXdoofiai. y7]gdax(o, yrjgdaco, yrigdaofAai. yiyvfuaxto, yvojaofiui. yoaa, yoT^aofioci. ygv^bi, yQv^b), yQV^ofiai. ddxma, d^^o^ai. dsidb), diloofiai. didgdaxm, dgdao^ai. didgrjOHM, dgi^aofxoti. di(6x(o, dioj^co, dioj^ofiai. iyy(0(Aid^(o, eyxtofiidaco, iyxoofiidao^iai. Bifil, saofiai. sifxi, iXao^ni' inioQxsM, inioQK^aojy iniogTc^oouai, Arist. Lys. 914: Dem. 1269. ia&io), I'dofiat, idov/ncci, (pdyo^iai. sipio, kip^aco, siprjaoixai. ■&(xviud^(a, ^av^dom, ^avfidao^ai, Xen. Cyr. 5, 2, 12 ; Eurip. Ale. 157. '&SQnnsvca, 'dtqamvata, -SfQanevaofjcti, Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 12 ; Hom. Hym. 1, 390. * TEJNSES.'^ 35 ^60), run, ^evaofiai* ■ ■~ ■ ^vrianta, d^avov^ai, xt^vrylw, TS&v^^ofiat* &Q(6axoj, &0QS0fiai, &0Q0V(j.ai. ivscD, Ivrjuo^aL, Hippocr. de Morb. Mulier. <5 81. xd^voi), yafiioixaif zafiovfiai. ydadib), xsXadi^ob), nhkadtiaofiai, Pind. 2, 3 ; 10, 96. xcAa^v^w, xeXagvaofiai, in Hesychius. | xegdaivat, xBgdavioi, nsgdavM, xsgdrjata, xsgdrjaofiott* xi^oivta, xixtjaofiai. aXala), xXavato, xXaiTjato, xXarjOca, nXavaofiai, xXavaov^ai. xXiJiico, xXixpo), icXsifJOfjioii. xoiiw, xoTEGOO^ai. ^^i itvt(o, xuTjtfw, xv^ao^ai. ,i> icvvBca, xwi^aofiCii. XU7ITW, HVlpM, XVlpOfiai. xwnvM, xcoHvaa {v), xtoxvaouai, JEsch. Agam. 1313; Arist. Lys. 1222. Xayxrivcj, Xiq^o^ai, Xa^o^ai. Xaixd^w, Xaixdab), Xaixdaofiai, Arist. Eq. 167; Athen. 15, 40. Xafi^(iv(o, Xt^ipofiocL, Xaipov^ai, Xoifjipo(j.ai. Xdniw, Xdipbi, Xdipofiai, II. 16, 161 ; Arist. Pac. 885. Xdax(xi, Xax^aofiai. Xixfido), Xix^T^ao/xai,, II. 21, 123. fxotv&dvM, fxa&rjOOfiai, (xa&tv[im* .ifil*! a* *^ valcj, vdaaofim. vavaxoXm, ravaioX^aoi}, vavaioX^aouai, Eurip. Sup. 474 ; Troad. 1048. VBV(a, nod, vivam, vsvaofdui, Odys. 16, 283; II. 1, 524. vico, swim, vtvaovfxai' oi8a, d'aofiUL. olxiCca, oixtM, olxiovfifxi, Thuc. 1, 100 ; Eurip. Heracl. 46. oXoXv^dn, oXoXv^ouai, Soph. Elec. 691. ofiVVfii, ofxoabJ, ofj^ovfiai. ovo^d^oj, ovofidubi, ovv^d^Ofiai. ogdo), oipofiai. OTOTV^W, OTOTV^OfifXL, Aust. LyS. 520. ni^QVl'J^ 0VQS(0, ovgr,a(o, ovQ^aofiai. ,n nal^co, nal^oj, nal^ofiai, nm^ovnai. - .\%\\\ ndaxoJ, mlao^av. TiTjddbj, nrjdr^aoi later, nr^di^aouai, Anthol. Planud. 54 : Plat. Lys. 29. nlroj, nlofiaif Tiiovfiai. 36 REMARKS. TtlnTOj, TTsaovfiai, niaiofiai. 7iXi(o, nXevow, nXsvaofiai, nXsvaovfiai. nXao), nXanjOfiai. nvEoo, nvtvacx), nvEvaofiai, nvsvaov/xai* novico, nov^aio, norsao), Ttovtiaoy^ai. mv(a, TiTvaa, Tnvao^ai. Qsta, QEvao), QEvaofiUL. goq)S(o, Qocpriooi, Qoq)^aofiai, Arist, Ach. 278 ; Vesp. 814. aiyaco, aiyrjao), aiy^aofiai, Arist. Ran. 252 ; Anthol. 9, 27 ; Soph. Col. 113. aicoTidto, oitanriaoi, aL(ani]aoy.ai. axonsM, ansipo/xai. axMTTTco, ax(6ip(o, ax(x)ifjofiai, Arist. Nub. 296; Ach. 854. antvdco, amvaai, onevao^cci,, Eurip. Hip. 183 ; 11. 15, 402. anovda^b), anovdaao), anovSdaoixai, Dem. 583," Plat. En- thyph. 3. aiQo^ita, aTQo^^aofiai, Arist. Ran. 817. ovqICm, avQiObi, ovQibJ, avql^ofxai' TAAASl, TXrjaofiai. tUtO), TS^Ca, TE^O^tXl, tlHOVflUL- TQFX^> S-Qs^ofittLf dgotfiiofiai, dgafiov/Aai, dgnfioj, dgd^ofiai, Tvyxdvbjj lev^ofiui. toj&d^w, Tca&daofjai, Plat. Hip. Maj. 22. v^QL^b), v^QiGbi, v^Qibi, v^QLov^ai, Arist. Thesm. 719 ; Dem. 685 ; Arist. Eccl. 666. vaxigm, voTEQ-qaonai, Eurip. Aul. 1203. VTlsixO), VTtsl^b), VTlEl^OfiaL. (fSVyOi, CpEV^OfiUl, (fEV^OVflOCl. cp&ccvco, (pd^dao), q)&i^aoftaL. &ovi(a, (px^ovriQ(xlvo[iai, (aacpQOfirjv — (aacpgdfirjv. (pigfo, TJvsynov — fjvsyxct, iviyzaifiif i^veyxafxriv. ^5^0 The aorist active has two endings; namely, aa (sometimes aov, ^54. 1), and ov (sometimes «, ^§ 53 : 54. 2). In the middle, the former becomes adin^v (sometimes a6fj,f}v)j and the latter ofiTjv (sometimes dfiijv). ^^6. 1. With respect to the first aorist of %Mfrf verfes, we may suppose that originally it was formed by annexing au to the simple root of the verb (§ 47). In process of time the a was dropped and the penult was lengthened. E. g. ocpdXXo) (I'acfaXaa), ea(pi]Xa. atsXX(o {eoTsXaa), eaieiXa* * liXXta {i'riXaa), siVXa. vififo {svfftaa), svsifia. fiBvoi {sfisvaa), Bfiuvu. KUQfa, Exsgaa, sxeiga. i 40 REMARKS. 2. This being admitted, it will not be difficult to perceive that the diphthong ai in the penult of the actual present must first be shortened into a and then lengthened anew into ij or «. E. g. Y^nlQta, iysQoiQnc, Pind. Olym. 5, 10. xtt&alQ(0, exd&fj^a or sxd&ocQcc, xa&dgw, &C. jumtVw, efxiTiva or e^lavcc, fii^vw, &c. q>alv(o, Bq)tjV(x, (p^vca, &LC. q)Xsy(ialt>(a, icpXey^xrjvay Hippocr. de Aer. ^ 22. 3. Observe further, that the radical vowel (a) of alga) and ulXofxaL becomes t] only in the indicative in consequence of the temporal augment. In the other moods it becomes «. Thus, aXqbi), '^goi, agm («), agai^i, ugov, agag, &C. aXXo^ai, riXdfirjVf wAw^ott (w), ^C PERFECT ACTIVE AND PASSIVE AND AORIST PASSIVE. § 57. In a few instances the last vowel (usually c) of the root becomes o or w in the first perfect. oly(o, dyrioxu, aytiyoxoty ayctyoxsia. dugoi) (AEPSl), pluperf. pass. 3 sing. SmgTO (for i^sgTo). dsldia (JETJl), dtdoixa analogous to XsXoina from Xdnco. ia&io) {td(o), id^doxa, idrjdofxai, implying EJEJl formed from the simple theme td(o. sxoj, perf part, avvoxcoxwg (for avvoxwxag)* itjfii (^ESl), I'cDxa, I'wvTat, dviavxai or dvsovTat, analogous to e(o&a from t^w, and soXna, sooXnuv, from 'dXnoa. xXsTTTb), xixXocpa, analogous to ninov&a from JIENOSl. Xayxdvto {AErXJl), XiXoyxoi. Xiyoo, to collect, slXoxa. fislgofim (MEPJI), perf. pass. part, fiffiog^ivog. $vvvs(pB(o, ^vvvivocpa. ' i -ii Ttdaxoi, TTsnoaxot, analogous to aytjyoxa from aya* nsfino), ninofxcpa, Thuc. 7, 12. nXsxoJi TifTiXoxn, Hippocr. • aigegxa, saTgocpoi. rgsTico, rdrgocpa and eigocpct. cpigta {ENEKSI), ev^voxoc- ^58. The perfect passive subjunctive of a few verbs in dm and sco is formed after the analogy of verbs in fii {Xairjfih luiaifiai, dcpiairjToci ' dvva/j-ai, dvvcofiai). TENSES.' ' 4^ xidofioci, xixtrjfieii — xtxTMfiai, hsxttJ, xsxT^tat, plur. nsxrMfiE- <&a, xExzrja^s, xexibivzai ' or xixuxi^ai, xe'xri], xsxiritttt, plur. xfKTWjusi^a, XBXtr,a&f, xfxioovTai. fiifiV7}axta, fisfjivrj^ai — fisfivwfiai, fiffiVjj, liffxvrjrai, plur. ^SfAVw- fisda, ix(fj,vrja&6, fif^vwvraL * or fis^vfa^ai, ^ifivri, fxsixvrjTai, plur. fiSfxvb)(AS&a, fis^vrja&s, fiifivojvtai. oQvvfii, oQcoQSfiocL — pcrf. mid. subj. 3 sing, ogaigjijai. TSfiva, TST^rifiai — EXTSTfjii]a&ov. ^ ^9. 1. The perfect passive optative of a few verbs in u(o follows the analogy of verbs in fii, (XuTrjfn, laxai^riv ' dvva- poth dvvalpriv), but almost always changes at into rj. , /5aUw, ^i^lripai — ^f^hlprjv, 2 plur. ^elSlrja^e, dia^f^Xjja-&s. Compare ^Xfjo, and fpnhjprjv from nipnlripi. xalioj, xixXtjpaL — xsxXi'jptjv, xsxXjjo, xsxXfjXO, plixr^^xsxXf/ps&a, • xsxXjjads, xsxXjjVTO. XTciofxai, xixTTjpaL — xexTrj^rfV, xsxTjjo, xixxfjio, plur. xsxTjjps&a, XSXrjjG&S, XSXTJ]VTO. Xv(o, XeXvpai — XeXvprjv, 3 sing. XeXvto, like dairvTO from dal- vvpi. The L is rejected, because the diphthong vu cannot stand before a consonant (Eustath. ad. II. 13, 379). pipvi]axca, pb'pvrjpat — pffivrjfifjv, fispvjjo, pspvjJTo, plur. (xspv^- Ij-s&a, pfpvf]a&s, pfpvfjVTo, also ^fpvalaxo (Ionic for pi- pvaivro like dvvaivjo). 2. Two verbs, xxdopai and ^ifivT^axm, form the perfect pas- sive optative also after the analogy of contract verbs in do) {xi- pdoj, xtpaolptjv xip(a(ir}v). xxdofiai, xixT7]fiaL — x(xi(ojur)v, xsxxo)0, xExxaxo, plur. xexx(upe- -&«, XEXXWO&By XEXXMVXO. pipvi^axWf pspvTjpat, — pspvMprjv, ps^ivmo, pfpvMxo (resolved pSpVSWXo), plur. pSpVMpi&Olf (XEpVMO&S, pSfiVMVXO. 3. Further, for pepvjjo or pspvao, we find pipvoiOy a genuine form, because contrary to analogy. Compare xQfjAolfATjv, xgs- poiad^e, from xgspapat ' also pififeo, pEpvopsvog. 4. The subjunctive of xd&rjpai (from the theme ^EJl) is xa&afpai, xd&jj, xd&rjxai' xa&iapsd^a, xd&rjo&s, xd&(avxai, with the accent as far back as possible. The optative, xa&olptjVf xd&oio, xd&oixo, &LC. follows the analogy of verbs in w {xvnxol- ptjv, -oio) ; compare pipvoio (§ 59. 3). ^ GO. In a few instances, the perfect passive infinitive and participle take the accent of the corresponding forms of the present, that is, on the antepenult. 4* '^' ■'':'-' •^- 42 REMARKS. anuxKoi, oix(xxt}fio(t — axa/riadai, anaxriii^vog OX oncrjXsfitvog, like rl&eadaL, ii&^fMSvog and ri^efisvog. nXdo^tti, aXdXr}fj.ai — cddkria&ai, uXaX^fievog. aXngalro} — uXiTrJi^evog. iXavvco, eXi]Xa[xaL — sX7]Xufi6vog. 'ESI, xd&Tjfxoii — ^ifievog, xa&i^fxsvog, the infinitive always y.a- ■&7ja&ai properispomenon. (XL^vi^axb)^ {iifivrjfiat — ixsfivoixEvog with the ending of the present. 2ETSI — iaavfisvog. Observe that the perfect of these verbs has the force of the present. ^61. Not unfrequently the perfect and aorist passive of pure verbs insert a before ^lai, ^ijv. AAfL, dda&riv. ^ liyotfiai, 7]ydad^f]V. ciidsoiJ.cci, fidsufiai, rjdea^rjv. duovoj, rjxovGfiai, '^aova&tiV. aXs'oi, aX^Xso(iai, r)Xia&r}v. aXd^ofiah dXd^Ea&^vuL. dfx(piivvvfxi, rjfi(flsofiaL. ax&ofiaif r]X&ia&7]V. ^od(o, f^wad^rjv. ^VEOJ, (Ss^va^ai. ^ yiXdoi, iyiXda&7]v. yLyvwaxw, eyvcaa^aif Eyvwa&riv. dalof-iai, dt'daafiai. 8i(a, to bind, dsdeafioti. dgdca^ didgaofiixL, id^dadriV. dvvafxoci, idvrdodrjv. dgvo), d'Qva^ai, uqvo^iiv. IXavvm, eXrjXaafitxt, 7iXd(s3i]V, EATfL, iXva^fjv. Evvvfii, ea^ai, Ua^r^v. iadloi, idi^8eo^ai, rjdsa&rjv. ^blvvvfii, E^wafiai. "^ -■s '&Xd(a<, Ts&XaofiaL. '&gaiia), ti&Qavfiat and ri^gavofxaiy i&gava&i}V, Plat. Leg. 6, 5 ; Xen. Ages. 2, 14 ; Soph. Antig. 476. TENSES, u 43k iXaattofitti, lXda&r}V. itaXsco, ixaXia&tjv. xsXsvcj, }CBxiXsva{j,ai, iy.sX(va&rjv, Xen. Cyr. 8, 3, 14; Thuc. 1, 139. xfgccvvvfxi, xEHsgaaf^aL, ixsQua&fjV. xXalo), enXava^Tjv. xXuM, break, xixXaafiat, iaXua&rjv. xXiia, to shut^ x^xXsiai^ai, inXsla^rjv. itXrjlb}, icsxXT^iafitti,, ixXrjla&rjv. Hvaio), xhvaia^oiL, ixvaia&tjVf Arist. Nub. 120 ; Pac. 251 ; Hippocr. «vd(o, KBxvria^ai, iKvtja&tjV. xoXovco, iyoXovo&i]v and ixoXov&tjVy Thuc. 7, 66. xoQSvvv^t, xsxoQEUfiai, exogsa^fjv. XQffidvfVfii, eKQSfiua&rjv. xgovoj, xexQovfjiaL or xsxgovafiai, ixgovad^rjv, Arist. Ach. 459 ; Xen. Hel. 7, 4, 26 ; Thuc. 4, 7. xvXloj, xexvXiGficiL, fxvXca&rjv. Aft'w, to stone, iXtvadtjv, Soph. Col. 435. fidxofiai, [X((X(xxsafiai. fiifxv^axo), f^vi]a&T}v. ralco, vsvaofiai, ivda^rfV. ,^. ^ ^^ - V8(o, to heap, vfvrjoiJiai. yfw, to spin, vsvriOfzaL. '^6(0, e^sGfiai. oi'ofxaL, Wi'a^^v. hvofiai, (ovoad^rjv. 7ial(x), Tisnaiofiaii inaia&Tjv. nocXaioi, nsndXaiOfiai, eTiaXala&ijv. naieofiai, ntndafi7]v. 7isjdvvviJ.i, TisTTSTaafiai, insTdad^rjv. nl^nXr^fii, ninXijaf^ai, inXi^a&rjv. ^ nlfiTTgrjfii, nsngrjafiui, ing^adrjv. ninlaxo), inlad^rjv. TiXioj, nsnXsvaftai, snXsva&rjv. » nvscn, i7iv8va&7jv. ngiMy nengtaixai, sTigia&i^v. galea, iggulad^rjv, ALsch. Prom. 189. gcjvvi'ixi, tggcaa&rjv. ad(o, sift, oearjafxai. a^ivvvfii, sa/Seafiai. asibi, aiasLGfxai, eadadriv. 44 REMARKS. axEduvvvnii iaxf'Saoficii, eansdda&i]V. onaca, eanaofiai, ionda&rjv. aTOQivVVfXL, faTOQEO&TJV. Tuvvio, TSTUvva(xai, iiavva&rjv. jsXsco, TBieXsafiai, iisXsa&rjV. tlvm, TETiafiai, hla&riv. i;w, va^cti, vu&tiv, Xen. Ven. 9, 5 ; Herod. 3, 10. cpsQW, {bla&tjv) ola&riao(Am. g)Xu(a, niq^Xaa^ui, icpXdaS^Tjv. (fXvo), scorch, nicpXhvafiai, TtsQinicpXeva^ai. (p^fft), icpQT^a&riv, in Suidas (voc. excpgrju&ivicav). %ciX(i(a, KS/dXaofiai, ixaXda^riv. x6(a and /uwv^l, xixouofiai, fj^wai^Tjv. XQdo), xexorjOfjioiL, i/Q'qa&rjv. Xgib), at^o^M^'' ^"^ xf;^^/a^«f, (xglodriv, Herod. 4, 189 ; Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 22 ; ^sch. Prom. 675. X(avvv(jm see xooa. xpaixa, eipavofiai, Hippocr. ; itfjava&rjv later. THIRD FUTURE PASSIVE. § 6S. The number of verbs, of which the third future passive is used, seems to be small. It is observed that liquid verbs and verbs beginning with a vowel have no third future passive ; except q^vQO), TisqjVQaofiai. It is hardly necessary to remark, that, with respect to signi- fication, the third future passive is equivalent to the perfect passive participle and the future of dfii. Thus, ysygocipofxat is ye/QCffj^ivog eaofiai, iSdXXfo, ^s^Xrjaai — ^s^X^aofiai. ^i^QMoxb), ^i^Qtaaai — iSs^gbjaofiai. /JAoeTTTO), ^s^Xaipat, — (Se^XuipOfiuL. ygdcpa), y^yQcupai — ysygdipofiai, Soph. Tyr. 411. dafidb), dedfitjaaL — dedfi^aofiai. dsxofiai, dede^ai — dsds^ofxaL. dsM, dideaai — dsdi^ao^ai equivalent to ds&ijaofiat. drjX6dv(a, TjAqpov. a^aQT(xv(t)y TJ^agTOV, Epic rjp^gorov. d^inexa, rjfj.niaxov • '^/xniaxofxrjv, rjfineaxofitjv, afj.7iXaxlaxat, i]jj.7iXnxov, i^fx^Xaxov. afivvco, rj(j.vva&ov ' r}fivva&6i^7}V. avddvb), sadov, ddov, Epic tvadov ' scida, Doric I'a^a. ANEOJl, dvrjvo&a as present. avolyco, '^voiytjv ' avsoyya as present neuter. dvayo), avaya as present. ( TENSES. , 2|y anacplayito, rjnncpov ' rjnacpofirjv. agaQlaxw, rjgagov ' '^Qagofirjv ' agdga, lonic agrjQtt, Epic. part. agaQvia, as present neuter. agioTao), r^glajaa. ofgnd^oj, rjgndyrjv. ATPJl, see enavglaxto, inavglaxofiai. (Salvb), /?«/?««. ^dXXa, B^aXov ' i^aXofirjv. BAPEIL, 2 perf. part, ^e^agrjiag as passive. ^i^gwaxta, 2 perf. part. ^s/Sgwg. ^Xdmco, i^Xd/SfjV. ^Xaoidv(a, s^XaoTOV. ^Xtoaxo) (MOASl)f ffxoXov. ^ovXofiai, Epic ngo^s^ovXa as present. JBPAXSl, t^gaxov. ^gsxM, e^gdxr,v. ^gl&ta, §i^gT^a as present. BPOXJl, fPgoxnv. ysyavlaxojj yeytova as present. yrj&eoi), ysyrj&a, Doric yiy&d^a, as present. yiyvo^ai, eysvofxriV ' yeyova, Poetic yf'yaa. yXvqxa, iyXvq)i]v. ygd(pa, iygd(pTjV, Thuc. 1, 133. The 1 aor. pass, iygdcp&rjv does not occur, at least in good Greek. daict), to burn, idaofitjv ' dedrju as present neuter. daxvoj, sdaxov {dixaxov). dafxdoj, iddfirjv. , dag&dvot), tdag&ov, Epic tdga&ov ' iddg&rjVy idgdd^rjv, as ac- tive. A All, to teach, sdaov {didaov) ' iddijv, dsdaa. deinvso), d sdscnvaa. dsgxoixai, sdgaxov ' idgdxTjv ' didogxa as present. digto, iddgrjv. AIKSl, tdixov. 8iMX(o, idiuxa&ov. dovnsb), idovnov ' didovna. dgsTKo, i'dganov. dvco, idvT}v. iydgo), tjygoixrjv syncopated : sygrjyoga as present neuter. iigy(o, iigya&ov. s&(a, eV(o&a, Ionic eco&a, as present. ETAJl (lASl), eUov {i'Sov), sida (§ 54. 2) : ddofiriv, idofitjv ' olda as present : 2 pluperf. fidsiv as imperfect. S REMARKS. «rxw, to appear, seem, sotTta (sha), Ionic oha, as present : 2 pluperf. ialitEiv as imperfect. il'xG), to yield, sl'iCtt&ov» silto, idlrjv, aXriv. EinSL, Einov, una (§ 54. 2), Epic ssmov, I'anov. sigya, d'gya&ov ' UQya&o^riv. iXnoi, BoXna as present middle : 2 pluperf. icoXnEiv as imper- fect middle. ivalga, rjvagov. ENEOSl, ivrivo&a as present. ivSTKO or ivVETKO, EVLOnOV. ivlnxdj and ivlaaco, to chide^ ivivVnoVy rivlnanov, ivevrnxoVi or ivsvianov. iTiavglaxw, sTiaVQtaHO^ai, inavgov ' in7]vg6^rjv, 871(0, sno^ai, sarcov ' sanofir^v. EnSl, see EinSl. igym {sXgytxi), egya&oV igya&ofxrjv. tgda or egdia {EPEII), to do, eogya' 2 pluperf. iojgysiv. igsixco, figixov commonly intransitive. igEino), TJginov intransitive : riglni]v ' igrigma as neuter. EPOMAI, to ask, rig6(jiriv. igvyyavti, ^]gvyov. igvxta, rigvxaxov. egXOfxaL {EATOSI, EAOfL), ojXv&ov, ^X&oV iXi]Xv&(x, Epic siXi^Xov&a, eXrjXov&ojg, rarely 7JXv&a. ia&lo) and sdco {^AFJl), tcpayov ' tdtjda. svgiaxco, svgov ' evg6fj.rjVi Bvgafiriv (§ 54. 2). £^(M, ea%ov, (.ax^d^ov ' iaxof^rjv. ^svyvv(^i, i^vyr]V. ■&dXX(o, e&aXov ' Ts&rjXa (js&aXvla), Doric xi^dXa, as present. •&u7ti(x), hacf)i]V. OAdiJl, ixa(pov' T£^ij;ra as present. ■&Elv(a, E&IVOV. Sego/Aai, e&egrjv. S^iyyavo), E&iyov. ■&Xl^oi, i&Xl^rjv, ix&Xi^M, Hippocr. de Loc. in Homin. § 15. '&v'^ax(o, B&avov ' Te&vcca. S^gvuim, ergvq)r]V. S^goiaxfo, £&ogov. lxvsoiJ,aiy IxofiTjV. XaTfjfii, taxaa as present intransitive. xalvto, Exavov. xalot), ExdfjV. xdjuvo), Exotfiov (xExafiOv) ' ixafioftrjv ' 2 perf. part. xEXfirjcog* KA, xoTiTW, ixonrjv • xixona. xogevvvfiii 3 perf. part, xsxogriag as middle. Mojsa, 2 perf. part. xsxoTriwg. xgd^o), I'xQuyov ' xixqdya as present. -^ KPIZSl, sxQixov ' xixgVya as present. . KQvmoi, txQV^ov ' ixQV^rjVf also (exQV(pr}v) XQV; XTvnio), i'xTvnov. Xayxavbi, tXaxov (Xe'Xaxor). Xafi/Sdvco, sXoc^ov ' iXa^ofiriv (XEXa^ofifjv). .1 Xd^nta, XiXafina, Eurip. Andr. 1025. Xav&dvta, tXa&ov {XsXad-ov) ' iXu&ofiriv {XBXa&ofirjv) ' XiXrj&a (Doric XsXa&a as middle). Xdaxa, i'Xaxov ' eXaxofirjv {XsXaxofitiv) ' XiXdxa, Epic XiXrjxa {XeXaxvla), as present. Xiyb), to collect^ tXeyrjv. Xslnoi, sXinov ' iXmofnjv ' XtXoina. Xdxfa, 2 perf. part. XfXEixiifag. Xinta, iXdnriv, Arist. frag. 2H. The 1 aor. pass, is not found. Xiaoo^m, iXuoixrjv. j^ (laivcj, ifidi>r}v ' fifij,r)va as present middle. ^ fiav&dv(o, sfxa&ov. fidgnia), f'fiaTtov {fis^anov, fAt^agmov) • fxsfiagnoc. fidaob) {MArSl), ifidyrjv, Plat. Theaet. 118. MAJl and MENU, fisfiaa, ^i^ova, as present. MEIPfLy Efifiogov ' e'fi^oga as middle. fieXto, fie'fiTjXa as present. , - a fxrjxdofiai, sfiaxov ' fxifiTjxa as present. fiiyvvijif E^lyriv. fivxdofiai, sfivxov ' ij.ifivxa as present. vicpm, ^vvve(pi(a, ^vvvivocpa, oi'yw, ol'yrjv, i'loya, see the compound dvolya. oXia^alvM, o)Xia&ov. oXXvfxi,, (oXo^Tjv, oXcaXa. ogdfa {OIlJl)f onwna. 5 5i REMARKS. oQvvfii, bjQOQov ' MQontjv ' oQ(OQ(x as presciit middle, ogvaaw, wQvyrjv. oaq>Qalvo^(tL, waq>q6^riv, aa(pgoifii<}V (^ 54. 2). ocpuXbif wcpeXov. ocpXiaxdvo), acpXov. ^ ndXXa, 2 aor. part. TtsnaXfov, aimenotXwv ' indXriv. 7t(xax(o, ETia&ov mnovd^a. Epic 7tsnr}&a {nETiot&v'ifA), rare and Doric ninoaxot' Ttsid^Wf mi&ov (nini&ov) ' im&6(j,fiv {neni&oiirjv) ' ninot&ot as present middle. nsgdofiui, snaQdov ' nsnogda as present. TisQ&w, snga^ov ' inga&ofirjv. nhofxai, inzofirjv. TtTJyvv^i, indyrjv ' ninriya, Doric ninaya, as present middle. nlvco, miov. nlm(o, tnsrov, sneaov (^ 54. 1 ) * 2 perf. part. itBTur^ag, ns- meojgt nsmug. nXiHw, inXdxrjv, Eurip. Hip. 1226. The 1 aor. pass. inXs- X&rjv is also used as middle, Odys. 23, 3 ; ^Esch. Eum. 259. nXi^d^(o, ninXfj^a. nXi^aaoj, ninXrjyov ' inXi^yrjv, inXdyriv ' nBnXijyofxrjv • ninXfjya. nvlyco, inviyrjv. IIOPSI, enoQOV {tteticcqsIv). ngdaaoo, nsngaya, Ionic nsngrjya, intransitive. TiTcxgvvfiai, eniagov ' inxdgriv. mrjaado, smajtov ' 2 perf. part. nsTiTrjwg. TiivgofiaL, inrvgrjv, Hippocr. TTTvaata {nTrrJl)y inTvyrjv, Hippocr. mva^ i7iTVi]v. nvv&dvo^ai, inv&ofiriv. gdnio) (PArjv. -s*^ aaigw, oiarjga as present neuter. 2'ETJl, 2 aor. pass. sing, dnsaaova (Jaaova). arjnw, iadnrjv ' asarjua as passive or middle. uxdmw {2KA^Sl), iaxd(p7)v, Eurip. Hec. 22. The 1 aor. pass, is not found. 2KEAylSl, 2 perf part. taxXTjw? as middle. a^vxw, iafivytjv doubtful, Lucian. Dial. Mort. 6, 3. ondgw, iondgtjv. TENSES. 51. GtUXW, EOtlXOV. atiXko), eatdXrjv. (jtsgyb), iOTOQya, Herod. 7, 104. aiegio), iajigrjv. aTgicpai, ioTQucpriv. atvyica, eaivyov, avgwj iavQtjv^ oq>ai^oi or acpdiTca, iacpdyrjv. aifdkXoi, iaopdXr^v. TAFSLy 2 aor. part. Tnayav, TAylAIl, TExXaaf xeiXrimq. tdaaw, ixdyTjv. TSfxvtOj sTs^oVy ttafiov ' iTBfiOjj^ijVy itafiofitiP . 2 p€rf. part, tc- T(ir]fog as passive. TEMSLy TSTflOVy BTSTjXOV, TtQTKOy iidQTiTjv (jQaTidofiEv) ' staQTtofirjV (jEzaQTiofiriv), tigaofiaiy hiqariv. T^xaty hdxriv ' jhrjxa as middle. TIEIL, 2 perf. part. Tsuriojg. t/jCTWj BTSXOV ' hsXOfiTjV ' TSTOXa. %nQ(OaX(0, TBTOQOV. TiTvaxofiai, rhvxov ' rtjvxofirjv* jfiTiyoj, hfiuyov ' itfxdyTjVy iTfU^yrjv* tOQECO, BTOQOV' rQETKt), EZQCtnov ' itgdnriv ' Ejga7i6fir}V. TQE(foay sTQttq)OV ' iTgd(f)fjV. 4 jgsxto (jPAMfLy JPEMJl), sdgafiov ' didgo^oc. rgl^o), hgl^riv (i), Arist. Pac. 71. tgl^Wy xhgxya as present. xgojywy txgayov* Tvyxdvoiy Exvxov. Tvnxojy SXV710V {xExvTiov) ' ixvnrjy. jv(p(ay ixv(prjv. (falvoj, ecpavov ' icpdvriv ' i(pttv6fir}V doubtful : niipijva as mid- dle. (fEido^at, TXECpidoixrjV. fPENSl, JXECpVOVy E7lE(fV0V. ffEg^cjy TiECfog^a. (figo) (ENErKSl), rjvEyxoVy rjvEyxa (% 54. 2). (fEvyWy Eq)Evyov • nECpEvyUy nstpv^oxEg* , perf part, aw-oxojywg as present. i^()«(rff(w, TST^7;;^a as present. Xayxdvo), XsXoyxa- '^ '^i% t ^vvvsipeo), ^vvvivocpa. ryTidaxWj ninoaxot' T i, axdntco (SKAfltJl), saxacpa, Isoc. 298. * OTQSCpcj, XaiQoqxi. rsi'xca, rsTSVxa. . ^i '^ AH'mtm^ TQtifca, T8TQoq>a. '' ^6 8. 1. The second perfect of a few verbs in «w is syncopated, after the analogy of verbs in (n (as XaTrjfii), in all the moods except the participle. The second pluperfect of course follows the analogy of its second perfect. The verbs to which this remark applies are ^alvaj, ylyvofiai, ■&vijax(o, YoTrjfii, MAJl, and TAAASl. Balva {BAJl), 2 Perf. Ind. S. /Ss/Saa not used. P. /Ss/SafiBv, /?£/?«??, ^BjSviai, and regular SB3daai, Soph. Trach. 345 ; II. 2, 134. Subj. S. /S£/9w, -fjg, -fi, Plat. Phaedr. 72. p. ^B^w^Bv, -rjiB, -wai, Plat. Phsedr. p. 252 (Steph.). 5* 54 REMARKS. Opt. ^E/Salrjv not found. Imp. §s(iad-i not found. Inf. ^s^dvm («), Eurip. Heracl. 610; Epic /?6- (Sd^sv, II. 17, 359. Part. ^s^acog, -via, -wto?, Epic, II. 5, 199; 24, 81 ; contracted /5£/5(wV, -waa, -wto?, Eurip. Sup. 850 ; Elec. 453; Soph. Phil. 280. 2 PI up. S. elSs^dsiv not used. D. i^a^aTOVf -dirjv. P. s^e^ufiEv, -ms, -aaav, II. 2. 720. ? «# rlyvofiai (rAIl). ^M*^ i\ .tB^ 2Perf. //i(?. S. ;/£>«« not used. ""*'^;^ P. yeyuaxs (for ysyduis), Hom. Batr. 142,* /i- ydaaij II. 4, 41. /»/*. ysydfisv, Epic, Pind. Olym. 9, 64. Parf. /e/aw?, -ma, -wto?, II. 3, 199; contracted ygycog, -ajaa, -dotog, Soph. Tyr. 1 168 ; Arist. Lys. 641. 2 PI up. S. fysydsiv not used. D. ysydtfjv («), Odys. 10, 138. The penult of ytydaxs was perhaps lengthened after the analogy of ytydaav (ytya-a-vai). The supposition that it is protracted from ysydis (contracted from yEydviis) does not seem to be very satisfactory. OvijatKo {ONAJl). . v.,^- > 2Perf /«c?. S. Ti^y«« not used. '^^'^J ,^*- D. TE&vaTov, Xen. Anab. 4, 1, 4. P. Ts&vai^ev, -«T?, -dai, Plat. Gorg. 104 ; Xen. Anab. 4, 2, 17. Subj. TE&vM not found. Opt. S. Ts&valtjv, -ttirig, -all], 11. 18, 98; 6, 164; Xen. Cyr. 4, 2, 3. D. x£&alr]Tov, -an^Trjv. P. T6&valr]/^sv, -ali]zs, -ah}aav. Imp. S. Ts&va&i, -dxio, II. 22, 365; Dem. 122. D. xe&vaxov, -dxtov. P. Ts&vaxs, -dxataav. Inf. tt&vdvai («), Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 16; also TE&vdvttL (contracted from xE&vaivai), iEsch. Agam. 539; Theog. 181; Epic TENSES. 55 tB&vdfitvai, and isd^vd(xev, II. 24, 225 ; 15, • ,i 497. .uu>B Part. Ts&vi(ag, -6g, -mtog, Xen. Hel. 6, 4, 15; Herod. 1, 112; also Epic ts&psioig or TsS^VTjOjg, isdvYivla^ ^Tog or -oiog, II. 17, 161; Odys. 10, 494; 11, 84; Doric Ti^vawV, -oTog, Pind. Nem. 10, 139. 2 Plup. S. iTi&vdsLv not used. D. iii&vatov, -oLTTjv 'i 1 P. iTt&vafiEv, -UTS, -aaav, Xen. Hel. 4, 5, 10. "ratrjfii {2TASi). 2 Perf. Jwf/. S. «(7Taa not used. D. laTttToy, II. 23, 284. P. I'aTocfxBv, -ttxs, -dai, Thuc 6, 18; Dem. 99; Xen. Cyr. 6, 2, 17 ; Ionic 2 piur. saiiaTs (for fcaT«aTf), Herod. 5, 49-; Epic 2 plur. I'axrjTB for tataTs, II. 4, 243; 246; Ionic 3 plur. eoTsuai (for eaTdaai), Herod. 1, 200. Subj. S. £(jT(w, -jjg, -ji, Eurip. Bac. 319. D. saxrJTOV 1: P. eajw^sv, -rjzs, -wai Opt, S. saxttlfjv, -alrjg, -alrj^ Odys. 23, 101 ; 169. D. eaxairjtov, -ai^xtjv P. kaxalriuBVy -alrjxs, -airjaav Imp. S. eaxa&t, -dxa, Odys. 22, 489. D. soxttxov, -dx(ov, II. 23, 443. P. taxaxs, -dxcoaav, II. 20, 354, Inf. eaxdvai (a), Eurip, Rhes. 92 ; Epic eaxccfisiai and haidixsv, II. 10, 480 ; 4, 342. Part, kaxaajg, -oxog, Epic, II. 19, 79 ; also eaxrjcog, -ma, -WTO?, Epic, Hes. Theog. 519 ; Ionic eaxscog, -waa, -Mxog, Herod. 2, 38 ; *' contracted eaxoog, -^aoi, -tog, -wxoq, Soph. Aj. 87 ; Tyr. 565. 2 Plup. S. EaxdsLv not used. D. Eoxatovy -dxfjv, Plat. Epist. 7, 349. P. eaxafisv, -axs, -aaav, II. 5, 781. MAS!. 2 Perf. Ind. S. [lifAoca not used. D. ixifiaxov, II. 8, 413. P. fiifiafiEv, -ax(, iif^ddai, II. 9,641; 7, 160; 10,208. 1 56 REMARKS. Imp. S. 3 pers. fiffiuKa, II. 4, 304. Part. fiB^awg, -via, -wrog, Epic, II. 4, 40 ; 440 ; S, 118; also fisfiuojg, -oiog, II. 2, 818; Horn. Hvm. 2, 204. 2 Plup. j S. i^ffiaeiv not used. - ./m .; P- 3 pers. fiifiaaav, II. 2, 863 ; 7, 3. TAAAIl {tAASI). 2 Perf. /wd S. t£tX«« not used. D. TixXaiov P. iMof^f*', -at?, -aat, Odys. 20, 311. ^m6/. lerAw not found. Opt. S. TSTXalfjV, -alrjg, -alri, II. 9, 373. D. TeTlatfjTov, -aitijriv P. TSTXaltjfxeVy -airjTS, -alrjaav Imp. S. tirXad-i, -aiw, II. 1 , 586 ; Odys. 16, 275. D. TSTlatOV, -«Tft)V p. jsiXaTB, -uTOtaav Inf. TExXdvai, Epic jstXafiEvat, and TsiXdfisv, Odys. 13, 307 ; 6, 190. Part. TSTXrjwg, -via, -ojog, Epic, Odys. 20, 23 ; 4, 447. 2 Plup. S. hszXdsLv not used. D. hdxXaTOV, -dxi^v P. ixsxXafitv, -axe, -aaav, Apol. Rhod. 1, 807. 2. The verbs dgLaxdo) and dsinvicD, in some of the parts of the second perfect, follow the analogy of I'oxaa from Xaxri^i. cx^tffTaw, 2 perf. ind. 1 plur. riQlaxaf^EV like eaxafiev, Arist. frag. 428 : 2?i/?w. rjQiaxdvat like eaxdvai, Athen. 10, 20. dsLnvsd) (AEinNAJl), 2 perf ind. 1 plur. dEdsinvafiev, Athen. 10, 20 : fw/- ^f5ci;ry«Vat, Athen. 10, 20. 3. The second perfect of dim, to fear, may be syncopated after the analogy of slfn, to go, in all the moods, except the participle. 2 Perf. Ind. S. dsdia, -ag, -e, Epic dsldia D. dsdlaxov P. dtdlafisv, -ax8, aai ' also 1 plur. dsdifisv, Epic dsidi^sv, Thuc. 3, 53 ; II. 7, 196; 2 plur. af^as, Thuc. 4, 126. ^^y. 5«5/ft), -7??, -T}, regular, Xen. Rep. Ath. 1, 11 ; Isocr. 73'. 96. 401. TENSES. 57 Opt. S. 1 pers. dedisirjv (like telfiv from sl^i), Plat. Phsedr. 66. Imp, S. 2 pers. didi^i, Epic dsidL^i, Arist. Vesp. 373 ; II. 5, 827. P. 2 pers. Epic dsldns, II. 20, 366. Inf. dsdisvai, Epic dsidlfisv, Odys. 9, 274. Par^ dsdKog, fem. Epic dsidvla, Apol. Rhod. 3, 753. 2 Plup. P. I pers. Epic idsldLfisv, II. 6, 99 ; 3 pers. idediaocv, Epic idddcaav, Plat. Leg. 3, 6 ; 11. 5, 521. ^00. A few mute and liquid verbs drop the connecting vowel in some of the parts of the second perfect and pluper- fect. arw/o), av(oya — 2 perf. ind. I plur. avayfisv for avwyafisv ' imperat. avwj^&i, avdj^d^cj, avtox^s. The forms avM/^ca and avwx&s are explained as follows; full forms avaytTco, avw- yns' syncopated avcoy-to), avwy-rs' the combinations yTco, yxs naturally suggested the passive endings x^ta and x&^ (ksXsx^oi), XiXsx&s) ; hence the actual forms oiv(a%&(a, uvmx&s. Compare iygrjyoQd^s, ninoa&s, ngocpvlaxd^B* iyslgco, iygi^yoQU — imperat. 2 plur. iygi^yogd^s' infin. eygii- yog&ai written also iygrjyog&at. These forms are explained as follows ; full form sygrjyogEis • syncopated sygi^yog-TS • the combination grs suggested the passive ending gd^s {ecp^ag- S^s); which again suggested g&ai' hence the actual forms iygrjyog&s, eygi^yog&ai. Further, eygrjyog^ai, with the accent on the antepenult, follows the analogy of ttx(ixt]o&ai and aXdXTja^ai. The other form, igyrjyog&ai, with the accent on the penult is more analogical. Compare avwya and ninov^a. uycm, Eoiaa — ind. 1 plur. soiyfisv Poetic for ioUa^Ev ' 2 dual E'ixTov Epic for koixaxov ' 2 plup, 3 dual si'xTf}v Epic for ico- Kslirjv. sgxoiiiui, iXriXv&a Epic dXi^Xovd^a — 1 plur. elX^Xov&fAsv for siXi]- Xovd^afxsv. xga^co, xExgciya — imperat. 2 sing, nengaxd^i' the 2 plur. nEKga- yeTs is not syncopated, Arist. Vesp. 415. nocox(o, TiBTiov&a — 2 plur. nsnoa&s Epic for ntnov^aTe. The steps are nenovd^aTs, 7ii7iov&-ie, Ttsnova-xs, nsnoaxE ' the com- bination -oTs suggested the passive termination -o&b {nmEi- O&e). Compare avcoya, iygriyoga. TtdS^oi), 7iE7ioi&a — 2 plup. 1 plur. iniTii&fiEv Epic for inETtol^ei- fXEV. 58 REMARKS. § TO. Ot^a, the second perfect of EI/lSl, drops the con- necting vowel in the dual and plural of the indicative, and in the imperative. In the subjunctive and optative it follows the analogy of -tl&ri^i (ii^ico, ri&firjv), that is, it presupposes EI- /lEJl. The pluperfect of course follows the analogy of the perfect. 2 Perf. Ind, S. d8a, oia&a, oldsv, Soph. Tyr. 569, 570. D. i'axov, Arist. Plut. 100. P. i'ofisv, Epic and Ionic i'dfisv, II. 1, 124. I'oTs, X«n. Anab. 1, 5, 16. laaai, Arist. Nub. 1186. The regular forms oldag, ol'dafisv, oi'daTs, ol'daoL are not much used by the early au- thors; they belong chiefly to the later Greek; Odys. 1, 337; Herod. 2, 17; Xen. CEcon. 20, 14. Subj, S. sidw, Epic tidso), Soph. Phil. 238 ; Odys. 16, 236. ddrjg, II. 1, 185. Bld'tj, II. 8, 406. D. sidijrov P. etda^sv, Epic el'dofiev, II. 1, 363. sld^Ts, sldojai. Xen. Anab. 1, 3, 15. Opt. S. sldeiTjv, Soph. Elec. 660. eldsifjg, Odys. 5, 206. sidsirj, Xen. CEcon. 18, 4. D. Hdslr,Tov, udsLrjTrjV P. sldslrjfisv, Eidsh]TE stdsirjaav or ildslsv, Herod. 3, 61 ; Xen. Anab. 4, 1, 23. I?np. S. i'a&i, Xen. Anab. 2, 1, 13. IffTCtf, Bceotic i'vTco, Soph. Antig. 184 ; Arist. Ach. 911. D. laiov, i'ai(av, Eurip. Hel. 1684. P. lais, XoTOiaav. Inf. stdivai, Epic Idsfiev, or Id^svcei, i'd^sv, Eurip. Hec. 218; Pind. Nem. 7, 36; II. 13, 273; 11, 719. Part. std(og, sldvloc, sldog, -oiog, Soph. Aj. 13. Fem. part. Epic idvla, II. 1, 608 ; 18, 380. 482. 2 Plup. S. jjdsiv or jjdf], Epic and Ionic ^jdsa, Eurip. Troad.' 650; Soph. Antig. 18; Herod. 2, 150. TENSES. 59 j]deig or fidrjg, rjdsia&a Or jjdrja&af Soph. An- tig. 447 ; Trach. 988 ;' Eurip. Cycl. 108 ; Elec, 92G. jjdsL or jjdrj, jjdeiv Or jjdrjv, Epic and Ionic ijdss or (i'dss, Xen. Cyr. 8, 1, 10; Soph. Tyr. 1525 ; Eurip. Ion, 1187 ; Arist. Ach. 35 ; II. 18, 404; Herod. 8, 113. D. ^dsiTov or jiaiov, ^dsitrjv or ffatrjv P. jjdsifisv or^^ofisv, Eurip. Heracl. 658. ijdeixs or ^axs, Ionic ^diatSf Soph. frag. 317 ; Herod.' 9, 58. tjdEoav or ^aav, Epic Vaav, iEsch. Prom. 451 ; ' Eurip. Cycl. 231 ; Odys. 4, 772. For fjdsiv, ijdsig, jjdsif the Epic Poets have TjildEiv, rjsidsig or '^(IdTjg, i]sldsi or rjfldr}, II. 22, 280 ; Odys. 9, 206. — For 3 sing. risidsi, Herodotus has 'ijsids, with the ending of the aorist (tJds), 1, 45; a genuine read- ing, because contrary to all analogy. 1. The forms idixev, Idifi^v, IS^svai, show that i'afisv, i'orov, tars, Xa&ij i'atmv, and laTwaav come from IJJl (i8-fiiv, id-tov, id-Ts, 18-&L, id-T(ov, id-T(aoav). — The forms of the pluperfect rjafisv, riaxBi jjaav come from EIJJI {jjd-fisv, rjd-ts, rid-aav) ; the Epic i'aav comes from IJJl (id-aav).' 2. The 3 plur. i'oaai evidently annexes the ending of the perfect (-dai) to the root followed by the characteristic of the Jirst aorist (id-a-aai), like ei'^aai {ux-a-aai) from sl'xa. 3. The forms lafisv, Xotov^ tare, i'adai, i'a&i, I'aToov, and VaTm- oav are often referred to the Doric I'aufii' But the omission of the radical vowel « (i'a-(iiv for I'a-a-fisv) ; the Ionic forms I'dfisv, i'dfiEvav ' the accent of VaaaL (not iaaoi like tataai), and the forms rjGfisvj 'tjaxs, ^aav are facts against this hypothesis. It may be said that they are exceptions ; but we should remember that the probability of a hypothesis diminishes as the number of exceptions increases. 4. Eustathius (ad Odys. 15,20) says that o7a&ag was also used for ohda. Moeris (p. 283) has " oJaS^a xa^lg lov g "At- TiKwg " implying that the other Greeks said also ola&ag with g. (Compare the curious Homeric pronoun ToXadsaai for xoiaids, II. 10, 462.) 5. The prefix 17 of the Epic pluperfect rjddsiv seems to be the syllabic augment i- lengthened (§ 25) ; compare rj^eXlov for efislXov from fiiXXcj. 60 REMARKS. Others suppose that it was formed from jjdsiv by protraction, like dgMOLfiL, '^^(ooLfAi, for dQMfXL, rj^ufii, from dgab), ly/Ja'w. §71. In a few instances, the second aorist middle of mute and liquid verbs drops the connecting vowel in the Epic lan- guage, after the analogy of the pluperfect and perfect passive, or of verbs in fii, algiw, dX6(i7]v — 2 aor. mid. ind. 3 sing, yivio for eXsio, not to be confounded with ytvTo for iysveTo. aXXofiai, riXo^Tiv — 2 sing, alao, 3 sing. cJAto* part. aknEvog, indXfiEvog. avdavct), {ad6ij,r}v) — part. Saiisvog as an adjective ; compare ocXfisvog, agfiEVog, dsyixsvog, Ixfisvog, oQfiivog. agugloKco, APfL — part, agfisvog as an adjective. yiyvofxaiy iysvofzrjv — 3 sing. yivTO or e'ysvio. Not to be con- founded with ysvTO from ulgioi. SsxofiaL — 2 aor. mid. 3 sing. sdsxTo or dixTo ' imperat. 2 sing. da^o, 2 plur. dex&s ' infin. Ssx^ul • part, diyfisvog. The present and imperfect also are in some of their parts syncopated : 3 plur. dixociai (ds^vTai) Ionic form for ds/ov- tai ' part, dsyfisvog for dsxofisvog. Imperf. idiyfirjv for ids^o- jUTjv, was expecting. iXsXl^fo — imperf. or 2 aor_. mid. 3 sing. iXiXixjo. EvxofjLaL — 2 aor. 3 sing, evxto. ixvsofioci, ixofiriv — 2 aor. 3 sing, [xto for I'jcfio • part. Vxfievog adjectively, with the smooth breathing. Xsya, to collect — 2 aor. 1 sing. iXiy}ir]v, 3 sing. Xixxoy not to be confounded with the corresponding forms of AEXJl. Xelnta, eXsiTiofifjv — imperf. pass. 3 sing. eXsimo as aorist, later Epic, after the analogy of such forms as «Ato, Sexto. AEXJl — 2 aor. 3 sing. eXexjo or Xixjo ' imperat. 2 sing. Xito and ;i£|£o * infin. Xix&ah xotTaXtx&ai'. Not to be confounded with Xsyta, to collect. — For the imperative Xs^eo, see ogwfti. The syncopated participle Xiy^Evog belongs to the pre^ sent, inasmuch as it denotes continued action. Compare dEyfiEvog from dfxo^ai. filyvvfit — 2 aor. 3 sing. sfxixTo or jxlxro. ogvvfiL, agoiiTjv — 2 aor. 3 sing, (ogjo ' imperat. ogao, or ogoEo contracted ogoEV infin. og&ai' part. ogfj,Evog. The form ogoEo follows the analogy of ^?J(7«o and dvoEo, from /?«tVa), dvm ' that is, it implies an indicative (agaofiriv. The same remark applies also to Xe^eo from AEXfL.^ naXXbi — 2 aor. 3 sing. ndXto, after the analogy of aXxo from dXXonai. VERBS IN ftl. 61 ntQ&ca — 2 aor. infin. nsQ&ai as passive. jirjyvv^t — 2 aor. 3 sing, tnrinio. VERBS IN (it. ' %7fi» Verbs in (ii (real or imaginary) which have a second aorist active and middle. (xXlaxofiaL — ^AAIIMI) iaXoav or riXwv, like tyvmv, from ^/^yw- GHOi ' subj. aXw, like yvia, ^Esch. Sept. 257 : opt. olXoItiv, like yvoirjv, Xen. Cyr. 8, 1, 2 : infin. otXm'ai, Soph. Phil. 1440 : part. aXovg, aXovaa, aXov, -ovTog, Xen. Mem. 3, 12, 2. afi^Xloxm — (^AMBASIMI) ^fj,^Xtov, like eyvoov. agnd^m — (APUHMI) 2 aor. raid. part. uQnufisvog, like Trra- fisvog from Xntctfiai. ^aivoti — ^ll^rjfii, ejSrjv like I'dTfji' * subj. (Sm, like aiw, Eurip. Hec. .■ 1057 : opt. ^airjv, like aralrjv, Eurip. Taur. 1055 : imperat. |(J^^t, (Si^TG), like axri^i, Eurip. Rhes. 1 : infin. (Sijvai, Eurip. Sup. 729 : part, ^dg, /Sdoa, (Sdv, -dvxog, Eurip. Med. 180. §dXX(a — (BylHMl) b^Xtjv, ^vvs^Xrjv, ^vfx^XrjTTjv * infin. Epic ^v^~ iSXrjfisvai for ^vji/SXrjvai, II. 21, 578 : 2 aor. mid. i^XTJfirjv, s/SXrjTo or ^XrJTo, s/SXrjVTo ' subj. 3 sing. Epic ^XrjSTai (for j3Xrj- .vtai, ^Xirixm), ^v^/SXrJTaL or ^vfi^XrjTcct, Odys. 17, 472; 7, 204 : . opt. (SXiJi^rjv, or iSXiifxtiv (like S^ufirjv), f^o or fto, II. 13, 288 : . infin. ^Xija&ai, II. 4, 115: part, hx^usvog, 11. 4, 211 : Odys. 11, 126. ^i^Qiaaxta — {BPSlMl) e^qwv, like iyvtov. §10(0 — {BIfLMi) e/JtW, like lyvrnV subj. |5t(w, like ^vw, Plat. Rep. 9, 5 : opt. ^imtiv, rjg, t], tjfiBv, rjTBy Tjaav, Arist. Ran. 177 : imperat. {(Slaai) /Slmtw, like ypM&i, II. 8, 429 : infin. ^n^vai, Xen. Mem. 4, 8, 2 : part. (Siovg only in the nom. sing, mascul., Thuc. 2, 53. yrjgdayw —{rHPHMl) iyr^qav, like X^qav, II. 17, 197; Herod. 6, 72 : infin. yrigdvai, Soph. Col. 870 : part, yrigdg, yrjguv- Ttaai, Hes. Op. 186. yiyvtaaxM — {rNJlMl) I'yvav, (og, w, ojtov, anrjVy Mfxsv, wt«, (aaotV subj. yvm, yvwg, yvm, yvMTOV, yvtofisv, yvojjs, yvwai, Soph. Elec. . 43 : opt. yvolrjv, rig, t], r}tov, rjtrjv, tjfisv, tjTs, rjaav, Xen. Hel. • 6, 3, 13 : imperat. yvw&i, bhojjuiov, (oioov, wts, (artoaav, Soph. Col. 1025 : infin. yvuvai, Thuc. 4, 60 : part, yvovg, yvovaa, yvov, -ovTog, Xen. Hel. 4, 1, 34 : 2 aor. mid. opt. yvolxo, ^vyyvoiTo, JEsch. Sup. 216, the only instance. didgdaxM — (JPHMI) sdgciv Ionic tdgTjv, ug, w, atov, dtrjv, a/LttP, UTS, aaav ' subj. dgw, ^g, a, Sfiev, die, aai, Xen. Mem. 2, 6 O^e REMARKS. 10, 1 : opt. dQalrjf, like oTalriv, Xen. Anab. 2, 5, 7 : infin. dqavmy Thuc. 4, 46 : part, dgag, 8qaaa, dgdv, -dviog, Herod. 9, 118. didbyfiL — td(ov, oag, (o, oiov, oitjv, ofisv, ots, oauv ' subj. da, dmg, dSy dcoTOV, dbifiiv, dais, dwai ' opt. doltjv, tjq, rj^ rjiov, i^jtjv, rjfisv, 7;t£, rjoav ' imperat. dog, doTtu, dorov, doToyv, doTS, 56xta~ anv ' infin. dovvat ' part, dovg, dovaa, dov, -ovrog ' 2 aor, idofii^v, daficti, dolfifjv, doa&aiy dofisvog. dvv(o — {JTMl) edvv, vg, v, mov, vtijv {v), -Ufxiv, vts, vaav ' subj. dv(o, jjg, Tj, oifisv, 7}Ts, (aoLy H. 7, 186 ', Herod. 4, 13, 2 : opt. 8vriv {v), rig, 7], rjfisv, tjts, rjaav, II. 16, 99 ; imperat. dv^i, dvT(o, dmovy dvimv, dvTS, dviwaav, II. 16, 64: infin. dvvai, Eurip. Sup. 469 : part, dvg, dvaa, dvv, -vvjog, Plat. Phaedo, 142. sx(o — {2XHMI) 2 aor. imperat. 2 sing, axig, like ^«V> h> ^og, Soph^ Elec. 1013. 'iriiii — i5*'i ^?> ^> ^'nov, sXtijv, slfisv, «h«, siaav, or without the augment I'tov, hrjv, b(xsv, ets, saav ' subj, w, f^g, fi, wfisv, ^t«, ftjfft : opt. HTjv, tjg, Tj, 7]Tov, i^Trjv, ri(xBV, 7]rs, rjaav ' imperat. sg, Ito), I'tov, h(ov, hs, I'Ttaaav' part. eXg, uaa, IV, svrog ' 2 aor. mid. sXfirjv or Efirjv ' subj. w^aL' opt. EXfitjv ' imperat. (lao, I'o) ov, Soph. Tyr. 1521 : inf. i'a^ai : part, k'lxsvog. Xmafiai — (lIITHMl) btittjv, like sattjV opt. TiTalrjv, like ajttlrjv, Anthol. 5, 152: infin. nxrivai, Anthol. 5, 212: part, mug, ntaaa, nidv, -dvTog, iEsch. Sup, 782 : 2 aor. mid. imd^tjv, aaoj mo, aa&ov, dad^rjv, d^B&a, aa&s, avro ' subj. nTOjfiai, J, rjxai, TJa&ov, (ofAsd^a, ija&s, wvtui, II. 15, 170 ; Arist. Lys. 774 : infin. mda&ai, Eurip. Med. 1 : md[Aivog, Arist. Lys. 106. Xatriiiv — mxriv. Tig, ri, rixov, rixriv, i]fiev, rixs, riaav ' Subj. oxw, axjjg, axfj, axrjxov, axwfiev, axrjxs, axwai ' opt. axalriv, rig, ii, ijxov, vixriv, fifiBv, rixE, riaav ' imperat. axij&i, ijiw, rjxov, rixtaVy rixe, rixaoav ' infin. axijvai ' part, axdg, axdaa, axdv, -dvxog. xixeoa — (KIXHMI) enlxriv, rig, ri, rixov, rixriv, rifisv, rixs, riaav' subj. Epic {xixeb)) rnxslm, rig, ri, &c. for mxw, II. 1, 26; 21, 128 : opt. xixslriv, riQ, ri, H. 2, 188 : infin. ai^vvcd, Epic yixij- fisvai, Odys. 16, 357; II. 15, 274 : part, xixdg, II. 16, 342 : 2 aor. or pres. mid. xixrj^svog, II. 5, 187. xXdco, break — {KAHMl) 2 aor. part, xldg, dnoxXdg, like axdg, ^X{,(a — {KATMI) 2 aor. imperat. nlvd^i, and xixlv&i, xXi/xs and TcsicXvxs ' 2 aor. mid. part. xXv^xevog as an adjective. itxsiva) — (KTHMI) Enxav, dg, d, dxov, dxriv (u), d}iiv, dxf., daav ' subj. xxb), like axoj, Odys. 22, 216 : infin. Epic nxd^ivm or HidfiEV, for xxdvm, II. 5, 301, 675 : part, xxdg, like axdg, Eurip. Ale. 3 : 2 aor. mid. ixxdi^riv, dao, dxo, &c. like imd- VERBS IN fit. 63 fifjv' infin. uraa&ai, II. 15, 558: part. xTUfisvog, iEsch. Pers. 923. xTttw, — (kttmi) 2 aor. mid. part, xrl^svog as an adjective. Xvfa — (yiTMl) 2 aor. imperat. Xv&i, like ykv^l from vXvoi ' ^ aor. mid. Epic, Iv^riv {v), Avro, Xvvto, II. 21, 80 ; 21, 114. ^ 425; 24, 1 ; 7, 16 ; 15,435. i>vlvri(xi — (ONHMl) 2 aor. infin. ovijvai, like atrjvaL ' 2 aor. mid. wvdf/irjv, like inTocfxrjv • opt. ovaifirjt; aw, ano, like latal- fitjv, Arist. Thesm. 469 : infin. ovao&ai, Eurip. Hip. 517 : also Mv^fitiv or ovr^fiijv, like i^lri^i^v • imperat. ovrjao, Odys. 19, 68: infin, ov^^^at, like ^X^a^m, Hippocr. : part, ovij^svog, like ^Xrjfievog, Odys. 2, 33. oviaw — {OTTHMI) 2 aor. 3 sing, oma^ like «fTa ' infin. Epic ovTocixevat, or ovidfiiv, Vihe xjdfiivai or xtw/ifi', 11.21,68; 5, 132: 2 aor. mid. part, ovid^evog as passive, II. 11,658; Hes. Scut. ^3. nddoj — (ZIJUMI) 2 aor. mid. inXtifit^v with tj throughout; not to be confounded with inXri^riv from nijinXQ^^u, 7ilfj,7fXrjfii — 2 aor. mid. inXri^iriv' ojrt. nX^fxijv, ifjmXj}(49]v, Arist. Ach. 236 ; Lys. 235;: imperat. nXrjoo,' efinXtjoo^ Arist. Vesp. 603 : part. TiXi]fisvog, ifinXi^^evog, Arist. Eq. 935. Tilvto — {niMl) 2 aor. imperat. wi&i. 7iX(0(o — {nAUMl) ETiXfov, like lyvav^ part. nXwg, II. 6, 291. JlPIAMAI—2 aor. mid. eTiQKxfitjv, inflected like ijiiu/ifjv from XnxttjKu ' subj. nQtfafi&i, like SvvMfjai, Arist. Ach. 812 : opt. TiQial^rjVf like dvvai^tjv, Arist. Fac. 1223 : imperat. n^laao and 71^10), like Xaiaao, lana, Arist. Ach. 870. 34 : infin. nQtaa&aL, part, ngidixsrog, Xen. Hel. 3, 2, 31. 32. ?rt»Jffff« — {HTHMI) tmriv, like %atriv. o/SivvvfiL — {SBHMl) ta^7}v, Whe taTtjV infin. a^rjvat, Herod. 4, 5. part, a^eig, like ^ftV, Hippocr. -ZEril — (2:rMl) 2 aor. mid. iaavfitjv^ U. 16, 585. oxtXXoiiuL — (^KAHMl) tanXriv, like fcaTT^v * opt. GytXairiv, like Gialrjv^ infin. axA^vat, like at^ya*, Arist. Vesp. 160. Gvvavidca — {ANTIIMI) 2 aor. 3 dual ffUj'aj'TTjTT^v, like ixjii^t^v. TAAASl — (TAHMI) tiXrjv, like a;T»;v • subj. tA«, like arw, Soph. Aj. 1333: opt. iXalriv, like ffTa/??v, Arist. Nub. 119: imperat. tXrj&i, like ai^^^t, Eurip. Hec. 1251 : infin. lA^vat, Eurip. Orest. 1527: part tA«?, tXdua, -dvtog, Eurip. Here. 1183. 1250. tl&rj/ii — B&rjv, fjg, rj, sioVj eVijr, (fiev, ere, taav ' subj. ^w, ^^j, '^^^, &r]Tov, ^cSjUfv, iS^^Tf, iS^wat ' opt. -ddriv, tjg, rj, rjjov, rjTtjV, fjfisv, r]tB, riaav ' imperat. ^ig, Q^hta, ^hov, ^hajv, &sts, d^hw- Gttv ' infin. ^nvai ' part. &slg ' 2 aor. mid. i&i^tjv, ^wfiai, 64 REMARKS. (p&dvG) — (ipOHMl) E(p^r}v, like i'arrjv subj. <^v9(w, like arw, Odys. 16, 383: opt. q>&alrjv, like aTairjV. infin. (p&rjvai ' part, (p&dg, like atw? * 2 aor. mid. part, (p&d/isvog, II. 5, 119. <;p^/w — {(liOIMl) 2 aor. mid. icp&lfiriv subj. cp&ioj^ai Epic (fd^lo^ony cp&lsraL, II. 14, 87 ; 20, 173 : opt. (p&l^r]v (r), g)^*- To, analogous to 8vriv, (fvtjv, Odys. 10, 51 ; 11, 330 : imperat. (p&la&(o, II. 8,429: infin. (p&ludm, 11.9, 246; 13, 667: part, (p&lfifvog, II. 8, 359. q>v(a — ((I^TMl) tcpvv, like Idvv ' subj. q)V(a, like 5i5a), Xen. Hier. 7, 3 : opt. (jpvjji' (d), like ^ut^i', Theoc. 15, 94 : infin. q>vvai, Xen. CEcon. 19, 8 : part, cpvg, like dig^ Soph. Col. 1113. ;^€ft) — {XTMI) 2 or. mid. f;fi^/i»?v {v), like c7v//?j>', Odys. 19, 470 ; 10, 415 ; II. 23, 385; 4, 526. § 73. The optative xQf^V ^^ ^^^ impersonal xqv is analo- gous to -dsir} from Tl&tjfii, {Tidico) ; that is, it presupposes XPIIMI, formed from XP£JL, Ionic for xgda. § T4:, Observe further, that the second aot^ist middle ojjta- five retains the radical vowel of the indicative. E. g. ovlvTjfxi, avdfiTjv — ovcdfirjv, uvaio, $ido}(ii, idofiTiv — dolfArjV, doio. In a fevi^ instances, hovy^ever, m is changed into rj. Thus /SccA/lto has ^XfjfitjVf and nlfinlrj^i nXf^fii^v, for ^Xaifirjv, nXatfirjv^ Compare perf. pass. opt. ^s^XfjfxrjVf yexXjIfitiv, ysxT^fitjv, fiffiv^- As to the form ^Xslfinv from /?«U(w, it follows the analogy ofxQ^^V (^'^^)t ^^^^ ^^> it presupposes BMIMI {B J EJl not BAAJl). § 70, The original theme of tlfil, to 6e, is ESSl, the root of which is found in ia-al, ia-rl, ia-ixiv, ia-rov, ia-Ts, rjo-ior, ^a-TTjv, and in the imperative. The form Ell (whence sifii) is a modification of E2:Jl. Present. Ind. S. dfil, Doric f>^/, Theoc. 20, 32. iig or fl, Epic iaal, II. 16, 515 ; 1, 176. sail, Doric ivzi, Theoc. 1, 17 ; 11, 46. D. iaiov. P. cff/isV, Epic and Ionic hihsv, Doric sluig, Poetic ffiiv, II. 5, 873; Herod. 1, 97; Theoc. 2, 5; Call, frag. 294. VERBS IN jUt. ^^ eial, Doric ivil, Poetic caat, Find. Olym. 9, 158 ; II. 2, 125; Theoc. 25, 14. SubJ. S. w, Epic and Ionic I'w, Epic also el'w, II. 1, 119; 23, ^ 47; Herod. 4, 98. ^, Epic ^GL and r>?(7t, II. 19, 202; Odys. 11, 434. D. TJJOV. P. (aixBv, Doric w^f?, Theoc. 15, 9. (aai, Epic and Ionic sojai, II. 9, 140 ; Herod. 1, 155. Oj>t. S. d'r}V. el'rig, Poetic er^ff^a, Epic lot?, Theog. 715; II. 9, 234. €1'?;, Ionic EOi, ivioi, Herod. 7, 6. D. el'rjTov, HTjTTjv and cl'r^jv. Plat. Tim. 11 ; Parm. 46. P. ei'rjfisv, H^sv, Eurip. Hip. 349. sl'rjTs, SITS, Odys. 21, 195. si'rjaav, ehv, Xen. Mem. 1, 4, 19. Imp. S. I'ai^t, |'(jo, IWo, Odys. 1, 302. ItfTw, rare rjia, Plat. Rep. 2, 4. D. soTov, saTtaVf II. 1, 338. P. i'oTs, II. 16, 422. taxmaav, i'artov, ovrtov, Xen. Cyr. 4, 6, 10: 8, 6, 11 ; Plat. Leg. 9, 15. Inf. Bivm, Epic i'fitvai and sfifisvai, sfisv and e'^u/uc*', Doric ^lusv and ^'/ws?, stiucv and «t^£?, II. 3, 40 ; 1, 117 ; 4, 299; Pind. Olym. 5, 38; Theoc. 2, 41; 7, 129; 13,3; Plat. Locr. 1. Part. Mv, ovaUf 6V, Epic and Ionic iojv, iovaa, iov, II. 2, 27; Herod. 1, 59: Doric fern, eolaa and svaa, Pind. Pyth. 4, 471 ; Theocr. 2, 76 ; also saaa or eaaaa, Plat. Locr. 3 : Doric ace. svvta for coVtw, Theoc. 2,3. Imperfect. S. ^v, ^, i]firjv, Epic sTyv, Iov, ianov, la, ^a, II. 11, 762; ^ 7, 153 ; 4, 321 ; Odys. 2, 313. T/g, commonly ^a^a, Epic etjg, erja&a, sag, Theoc. 19, 8 ; II. 22, 435 ; Herod. 1, 187. ?), 7jv, Epic rjrjv, i^e{v), eijv, I'tfxs, Doric rjg, Odys. 19, ^^^^^ ^ 283 ; II. 3, 41 ; 2, 642 ; 5, 536 ; Theoc. 2, 90. 92. D. r^Tov and rJaTor, ^tijj' and rjatrjv, Plat. Euthyd. 55 ; ^ Xen. Anab. 2, 6, 30. P. rifiev, Doric ly^tj, Theoc. 14, 29. 6* 66 REMARKS. r,T8, ijuTF, Ionic EUTs, Hcrod. 4, 119 ; 5, 92. rjaav, Epic and Ionic saav (oa), taxov, Ionic also maav, II. 1,267; Find. Olym. 9, 79; Herod. 1, 196 ; 9, 31. 1. The 2 pers. sing. eI follows the analogy of the middle voice ; that is, it is formed from EJi after the analogy of (pdiei, (fdel, from cpiXm, (piXs'o^ai. 2. The Doric 3 pers. evrl is formed by annexing the ending rxt to the root i-. The singular must not be confounded with the plural. 3. The 3 plur. euai is formed from ESI {lIMl) after the analogy of Ti&idai, didouai, from Tldriy.i, dldcofii. 4. The subjunctive and optative follow the analogy of the corresponding moods of T/^r//^t. As to the forms toig, sol, they come directly from JEJl, like (pdsoig, q>iXioi, from (pdeoj. 5. In the imperative i'ad^i the radical vowel becomes i. This form must not be confounded with i'a&L from olda. — The 2 sing, eao or iaao, takes the ending ao of the passive, like t/- •d^sao from Tl&7]^a^ il&efiaL. 6. The 3 plur. ovrav of the imperative must not be con- founded with the genitive plural of the participle wV. Compare such forms as iovicov for Urcaauv, didovrcav for didoTiauav. 7. According to Eustathius (ad Odys. 15, 435), the partici- ple was once formed after the analogy of Ti&rjfn, thus, ei'g, tvzog, like n&ug, Ti&ivxog. 8. In the imperfect^ the 1 sing, riv comes from the root «-, like iti&-r]v from jl&rjfii. The 1 sing, rj is contracted from I'a. But 3 sing, rjv is contracted from ^ev, theme EJl. 9. The Epic forms Etjv, tJtjv, i'rjg, seem to be formed from 'n^f V9> ^y prolongation. 10. The forms I'w, ^a, tag, i'ats, maav, take the endings of the first aorist active ; tov comes directly from EJl, like icpl- Xeov from cpdico. Compare iil&Ea, and rja, tJkx, from Tl&r}[it and 11. The forms ttfxov, eoxe, are iterative; the endings axov, ffxcg, are annexed to the root «-. 12. As to TJufjv, it takes the ending [xrjv of the middle voice. It is supposed to belong to the later Greek, as N. T. Acts 10, 30. See also Etymol. Magn. under i"fir]v. VERBS IN fit. ^ 13. The 3 sing, tjv of the imperfect, in certain passages, by a peculiarity of Syntax (Gram. § 157. N. 1), agrees with a plural nominative, and sometimes with more than one nomi- native ; a fact which has induced some to suppose that it stands for the plural '^aav, after the analogy, for example, of ix6a^T}&iv for ixoafiti&riaav, and that without the augment it would be IV. See Hes. Theog. 321 ; 825 ; Soph. Trach. 520. 521 ; Xen. Anab. 1, 5, 7. 14. According to the old grammarians, d'aio (Odys. 20, 106) stands for ^vto from ^jfirjv ; according to Buttmann and others, the old reading was eXocto for dvio, from 'ESI, ^fiai, to place. For our part, we cannot tell what the old reading was. 15. For sl[xi, some ancient inscriptions have EMI. (Rose's Inscript. Graec. tab. 1, 2.) The vowel s, however, may repre- sent the diphthong si. — One of the Orchomenian inscriptions has i(ov&i, for subj. 3 plur. ecovti, that is, aai. Compare ano- dsdoavS^t from anodldiofii, in the same inscription. (Rose's Inscript. Graec. tab. 39, 1. 46.) § 76. The theme of slfii, to go, is III, which lengthened becomes ETIl (like Xtino) from AinSl), whence ti^i, fjsiv. Present. Ind. S. Bifii. $lg, «r, Epic da&a, Odys. 19, 69. thi, Hom. Hym. 1, 182. D. Itov. P. I'fisvi I'lSf luai rarely iJai, Hes. Scut. 1 13, Subj. S. t'o), rarely ti'co. Irig, Epic J^Vyff^a, II. 10, 67. I);, Epic I'jjat, II. 9, 701. D. XriTOV. P. l(a^tv, Epic XoiiEVy II. 2, 440. i'ljTS, Xaai. Opt. ^i'otfii or loirjv, Xen. Conv. 4, 16; once Uhiv, II. 19, 209. i'oig or ioirjg. i'oi or loir], rarely sir], Ods. 14, 496. D. Xoixov, iolTr]V. P. loifisv, loiTS, I'oiaav- Imp. S. i'&i, in composition also sJ, Arist. Nub. 633. t'rw. D. iToy, It&v. , ■ 68 REMARKS. P. tje, Viwaav or lovtav, also I'tav, Xen. A nab. 1, 4, 8 ; JEsch. Eum. 42 (?). Inf, Uvai, Epic l>/emt, lyiv, II. 20, 32; 1, 170; rarely ivai (i^lvai), Athen. 13, 43. Part, l(6v, iovaa, iov, -oyro?, with the accent on the last syllable, like iav, uKav, from dfii, xlm. Imperfect. S. i;siv, ,?(«, ^«, Odys. 4, 427 ; Plat. Apol. 6. 'fjBtg, 'fjsLa&a, Plat. Euthyph. 4. ^'€(, ^'«tv usually before a vowel, Arist. Plut. 696 ; ' ' Epic also ^te, ^%, re, II. 1, 47; 2, 872 ; Odys. 7, 82; 18,253.257. D. jJHTov, ^HTfjv, commonly ^tov, jjnjv, Plat. Euthyd. 54; Epic also i'ir]Vj II. 1, 347; 'Hes. Op. 197 (written also I'tov). P. rjsL^ev or ^fiEv, Arist. Plut. 659; Epic also jjo^isv, ' Odys. 10,251. 570. jjeiis or j]TE, Eurip. Cycl. 40. rjsaav, ^en. Cyr. 4, 5, 55 ; Epic and Ionic TJiaav, ' ?jaav, II. 10, 197 ; Odys. 19, 436; Herod. 2, 163; 'Epic also ijiov and laav, Odys. 23, 370; II. 1,414. 1. The indie. 3 plur. Iuol follows the analogy of Ti&suai, that is, it changes the v of the termination vol into a • its regu- lar form would be i-vai, l-ai, like xid^Evoi, Ti&Biai. Its accent shows that it does not come from the imaginary IHMI. As to the 3 plur. slai, it comes directly from ii(XL. 2. The opt. 1 sing, luriv, and the infin. livai, follow the analogy ofri^Elrjv, jL&ivai, that is, they presuppose IHMI. The opt. 3 sing, ei'rj (if it really belongs to slfn) comes from the root u-. The t of the ending -it^v is dropped, after the analogy o^ q)&lfi7)v for q^&ufirjv, dvr^v for dvir^v, &lc. 3. The imperfect jjeiv is inflected like a regular second plu- perfect from ETJl. — According to Buttmann, jJhv yas pro- tracted from siv, the regular imperfect of el^t, after the analogy o^'^Eidfiv from jjdsLV (also of dgojoiini, ^^(ooifxi, from dgafxi, jy/^w- fii). The orthography jjeiv with i subscript was, according to the same grammarian, introduced only by the grammarians on account of the erroneous derivation from ^'m. One would suppose that the Greek language was invented by the Alexan- drian Grammarians. 4. The forms ijia, rjie, ^lov, ijiaav come from IJl {iMl), by VERBS IN |Ut. 69 prefixing r], which prefix seems to be nothing more than the syllabic augment lengthened (like that of ^fisXXov, r^^ovl6(xriv), — By dropping this augment, ^u, Tjiaav become t'c, Vaav, re- spectively. — By contracting rjia, tJis, rjioav, we obtain f^a, f/Sy Others suppose that rjia, tJis, rjiov, rjiaav were formed by resolution from ^a, ^t, ijov, ^aav, from EIJl, bi[ii. As to r,Tov, jjxrjv, ^fisv, ^ts, they evidently follow the analogy of ^a, 7]s, fjoav. — The dual ^T7Jv follows the analogy ofi'oav. 5. The form 7jia, contracted ?]«, takes the ending of the first aorist active, after the analogy of iiideu for hl^sov from n^cw, and ta or ifa for %ov or r^ov from hiaL It cannot be a second perfect^ because it cannot be shown that the perfect was ever used for the imperfect. But it is a well-known fact, that when the perfect loses its peculiar signification it acquires that of the present ; as (lifivrjfiai, xsygaya, olda ' in which case, its pluper- fect has the force of the imperfect ; as ifit^vijfiijVy ixexgdysiv, jjdsiv. 6. The Etymologicum Magnum (voc. ccnfifisv) has subj. 1 sing, li'w for i'co, formed from EISl. 6. The infinitive nQoaEtvat, at Hes. Op. 351, according to some, belongs to elfii, to be. But " si," says Goettling, '* ngo- auvuL ab etfii, non ab hixl derivaris, perditur omnis in hoc antiquo proverbio membrorum aequalitas, quae ut (pih'ovTcc cpiXstv, 86(xtv og x« d(a, etc. requirit, ita etiam hie slfii, verbum flagitat, non sifxl Sequendus igitur ApoUonius erat Lexico Ho- mer ico : slvai' 'Halodog dvrl tov Uvat ' xal tw ngoaiovTi n Q a tlv on,y w ^Jtnm ^:?(m' CATALOGUE OF VERBS. /■1<> a.UT}o;iATAD CATALOGUE OF VERBS. 1. Forms in ^'aw, tjua, r,xa, rjfiai, and rjd^r,v, from barytone verbs in to, presuppose a present in c'w. Thus ft/lfl/y'aw, 5cda- ax7/(jfi), fisXX^acj, from aki^o), diddoxoji /Uf'AAw, imply AytEZEJl, JTJAZKESl, MEAAESL. Imaginary themes of this descrip- tion are not given in this catalogue, simply because they can be formed or imagined without the least difficulty. 2. Obsolete or imaginary presents are printed in capitals. The reason of this practice is thus given by Buttmann ; ** in order that the eye may not become accustomed by means of the common letters to a multitude of unused and merely imagi- nary forms, and thus rendered less capable of detecting barba- risms at first sight." A. AASl^ to injure^ lead into error, ruin. Epic, aor. oiaaa contracted daa, II. 8, 237; Odys. 21, 296; 10, 68; 11, 61: aor. pass, adad^riv^ Odys. 4, 503 ; Horn. Hym. 4, 246. — Mid. 3 sing, ddxat (contracted from ddsTai), as active, II. 19, 91 : aor. daadfiriv contracted dadfit^v, II. 9, 537; 19, 95 ; the contracted form dadfirjv is active in sig- nification. — See also drdo^ai. The quantity of the two first syllables (««) is variable in the aorist. — The verbal adjective ccaxog (««), with the ac- cent on the antepenult, has an active signification, hurtful, injurious, Apol. 1, 459. It is not found in the early EjDic Poets. — From aaio? comes war?? contracted art], in Pindar (xvdju, injury, ruin, destruction, misfortune. — With «- priva- tive, auTog becomes vidccjog (aad, or aau), with a passive signification, not to be sligfited, inviolable, II. 14, 271 ; Odys. 21,91. 7 74 a^Qo The original theme was ^p^J2, hence the adjective an^ayixoi, and the substantive avaVa (a para). ABPOTJIZSI (afiagrdvco), to miss, stray from, occurring only in the aor. subj. 1 plur. ajSgoxd^o- ixsv, Epic for dSgoxd^aixev, II. 10, 65. It is formed from the Epic 2 aor. ijfx^QOTov, from a^aQrdvta, by rejecting the augment and dropping ^. For the omission of ^, compare anlaawv for a^nXuaoiv from afinXnxlaHa). dyaCo^ai (a/a^at), to revere, worship, Pind. Nem. dyaLOfiat (d/dofxac) , to be indignant at, envy, Epic and Ionic, Odjs. 20, 16; Herod. 8, 69. dyafiai (dj^dofiai), to admire, be struck with ad- miration, inflected like lojaiiat in the present and imperfect : fut. d^^daofxat • aor. fi^dad^t^v the usual Attic aorist, Xen. Anab. 1, 1, 9 ; Pind. Pyth. 4, 424: aor. mid. i^yaadfiT^v, Odys. 18,70. dydofjiai, to admire ; also to envy, be jealous of, Hes. Theog. 619 : fut. dydaoixai^cia), Odys. 4, 181. aydao&s, pres. 2 plur. protracted, for a/«ff^€ {dydea^e), Epic, Odys. 5, 119. — tjydaa&e, imperf. protracted, for rj/oca&E {riydsade), Epic, Odys. 5, 122. dyykXXo {ArFEASl), to announce, fut. dyyeXeo, dyyeU, II. 9, 617; Soph. Col. 1429 : aor. yiyyu- la, Eurip. Med. 1111: perf. riyysXxa, Dem. 343: perf. pass. TJyyslfxat, ^sch. Choeph. 774, aor. pass. rjyysld'T^v, Eurip. Hec. 59 1 : 2 aor. rjyysXov, Herod. 4, 153: 2 aor. pass. -qyyeXijv, Eurip. Taur. 932. — Mid. dyyikkofxai, to announce as from one's self. Soph. Aj. 1376 : aor. i^yyeiXdfir^v, Plat. Gorg. 32 : 2 aor. ^yyaXo^riv, Xen. Anab. 5, 6, 26. Many critics suppose that the forms rjysXov, ^^yydofirjv were never used by the Attic, writers. dyetgco {AFEPSl), to collect, bring together, as- ayvv 76 semble, aor. rjysiga, Xen. Anab. 3,2, 13: aor. pass, rjyig&tfv, 11. 1, 57. — Mid. d/sigofxai, re- flexive, pluperf. 3 plur. Epic dy-qyegaxo, II. 4, 211: aor. rjystgdfxriv, Odys. 14, 248: 2 aor. riysgofxriv, II. 2, 94. «/9o//«yo?, 2 aor. mid. part, syncopated for a/SQo^srog, II. 7, 134. — Apol. 3, 894, aydqavxai, pres. 3 plur. for uydgovjai ' Brunck changes it into aysgovjo. dylvia (dyo), Epic and Ionic, to bring, Odys. 2, 192; Herod. 3, 89: imperf. ^/cvsov, II. 18, 493: fut. dyLVT^awy Horn. Hym. 1,67. — Mid. dyivk- o^ai, Herod. 7, 33. aylvsaxov, imperf. iterative, Odys. 17, 294. dyvoeco (dvoos), not to know, to be ignorant of, regular : fut. dyvorjacs, Isoc. 286 ; also dyvo^ao' According to Thomas Magister, the fut. mid. ayvoi^aofiat, is preferable to ayvorjaco. This assertion, however, does not seem to be supported by classical authority. ayvcaaaaxs, aor. iterative, for ayvo^aaaxs, Odys. 23, 95. The adjective uvoog is compounded of «- privative and voog. But voog is derived from FNOH) the theme of yiyva- axca' therefore its original form was rN002' hence the adjective AFNOO^, like aXoyog from «- and loyog (Uyu) ; hence the verb ayvos'oj, like oUoysM from aXoyog. See also dyvoiico, Epic for dyvosco^ aor. subj. 3 sing, dyvoi- tfdi for dyvoty^ Odys. 24, 217 : riyvolricia, II. 1, 637. dyvvfii and dyvvc) (^ArSl), to break, Xen. CEcon. 6, 5 : fut. d^co, II. 8, 403 : aor. I' a|a, rarely ^|a, Xen. Anab. 4, 2, 20 ; II. 23, 392 : 2 perf. eaya, Ionic eriya, as intransitive or passive, to be broken, Eurip. Cycl. 684 ; Herod. 7, 224 : aor. pass. idyr^v, rarely dyr^v, Lysias, 144; II. 16, 801. — See also ytaxdyw^i. The penult of iuyriv is long in Attic Greek : Arist. Vesp. 1428, ytmmyr] may be scanned ^j kj . In the Epic language it is usually shorty as II. 3, 367 ; unless we contract 76 ayog ia- in pronunciation. — The penult of ayrjv follows the anal- ogy of iayijv, Arist. Ach. 944 ; II. 16, 801. — Hes. Op. 432. tTfQov y' a^aig most probably stands for sregov yd^aig {fa^aig). See the next paragraph. The original theme was pAFSl, hence /Sdyog, yaxtog. See also xavd^aig under naiayvv^t. — We suppose further that ^AI'Jl is a modification of fPAFJl, the original theme of Q^ywfii, which see. d/ogdofxat (d/ogd), to harangue, Poetic, imperf. rjyogaofiffVy Herod. 6, 11 ; Soph. Trach. 601: aor. dyogriaduriv, II. 1, 73. — In prose, d/ogev(o, ngoa/ogsvco, regular. ayoQocaa&e, pres. protracted, for ayoQua&s {ayoQuea^s), 11.2,337. — riyoqaaad^f, imperf. protracted, for riyoQuax^B {'^yogdea&s), II. 8, 230; 3 plur. '^yoQoojvTo, for ^yogwvro {tiyoQaovTo), II. 4, 1. — Pind. Isth. 1, 73, sv dyogri^iig, now edited ivayoQtiddg, from the Doric tvuyoQioi for ivtjyoQsm, to praise, opposed to }iaxi]yoQe(o. aycD {AFAFSl), to lead, brings fut. d^ca, Xen. Anab. 2, 3, 6 : aor. :^|a, Thuc. 2,97: perf. ^/a, rarely a/?^'o/a, Dem. 346. 237: perf. pass, -qyixai, Plat. Leg. 6, 21 : aor. pass. rj%d^r^v, Xen. Anab. 6, 3, 10: 2 aor. -qyayov the usual Attic aorist, Xen. Cyr. 5, 5, 31. Verbal Adjective docisos^ Xen. Hel. 6, 4, 5. — Mid. dyoixai, to lead for or to one^s self, to marry, fut. d^ofiai. Soph. Col. 1460 : aor. mid. rj^dfxriv not Attic, Herod. 1, 190 : 2 aor. Tfyayofiriv the usual Attic aorist, Arist. Plut. 529. «|«T«, aor. imperat. 2 plur. Epic for a^ais, II. 3, 105; 24, 778. — (xyr}yoxoi, the original form of the perfect dyi^oxui in an ancient inscription, Buttmann's Lexil. 21 , 30. — avvaya- yox^ioc {(xyayoxtia), pluperf. for a way tjyoxsn, avvayTjy ox ftVi in an ancient inscription, Matth. Gram, under the Anoma- lous ayto. — ayeofj-svog, pres. pass. part. Ionic for ayofisvog, Herod. 3, 14. It seems that there was a time when uym was pronounced f ayoi, whence f^nyog {dyog). Compare Latin ago, vagor, vagus, veho, vagabundus, English wagon, wain, vagabond. dyovi^ofxai (^dyciv), to contend, fut. dyaviovfiai, a£i8 77 Xen, Anab. 4, 6, 7; Dem. 516 (passively?): perf. yy(6vLa[xai actively or passively, Eiirip. Ion, 939 ; Sup. 465 : aor. pass. TJ/ovcad'rfv passively, Lysias. Verbal dycovioiios, Dem. 129. aycovldaTai, perf. 3 plur. Ionic, used passively, Herod. 9, 26. A J ESI [A/ISl)^ to he sated, disgusted loith, feel disgust or dislike^ Epic, aor. opt. ddrjastsv, Odys. 1, 134: perf. part. dSr^xm, II. 10, 98. — See also do, to sate. These forms are commonly written with 68, addrjasuv, addrjKwg, because the penult of the derivative adog, disgust, weariness, is short, while Homer makes the first syllable of the verb everywhere long. The form AJSl seems to be connected with the adverb aXig, Latin satis, satur, English sate. 'AASl, to please, see avdavco. adcj {dsiBco), to sing, fut. aaofiac, Thuc. 2, 54 ; Doric doS, dasvi^ai, Theoc. 1, 145; 3, 38: aor. yda, Arist. Pac. 1296 : perf. pass, ^aixat, Athen. 15, 1 : aor. pass, yax^r^v, Xen. Mem. 2, 6, 11. Verbal adrios, Arist. Nub. 1025. « 5s Tat, pres. pass. 3 sing, impersonal, equivalent to Xs- f ysrai, it is said, later, Palaeph. 28, 1. dsidca, to sing, Poetic, fut. dsiaofxai, dsicfco, Pind. Isth. 7, 53 ; Theoc. 22, 26 : aor. ijstcia, Pind. Olym. 10, 28. CCS I a so, aor. mid. imperat. 2 sing Epic, Hom. Hym. 16, 1 ; 19, 1 ; edited also asidso. — Pind. Nem. 4, 146, Heyne's asiaazo is now edited asiasv. In some of the Homeric Hymns (as 11, 1), and also in Theocritus (7, 41), the first . syllable of asl8(a is long. Its original form was ap«t(5D)* hence the Boeotic forms nvXtt^vdog, xi& a ga^vdog, xw^uapf^o?, Qaipa^vdog, TQuyaJTvSog, in one of the Orchomenian inscriptions, for, the common avXaidog (avX-aoidog), xi^uQcodog {xix^ag-aoidog), ytcofiadog (yccofi-aoidog), ^aifj(od6g {gaip-aoidog), Tgaywdog (iQuy- uoidog). For the commutation of ot and v. compare pvxta 7* ..ibi:jj-.im :l -^ . 78 asip for otx/«, in the second Orchomenian inscription (Rose's Inscript. Grjec. tab. 41, 40). dsigo {AEPSl), to raise, lift up, Poetic and Ionic, fut. d^gco, contracted dgco (a), Msch, Pers. 795 : aor. rjsiga, Soph. Antig. 418: perf. pass, rjeg^ai, Apol. 2, 171 : aor. pass, rjsg&riv, Herod. 1, 165: aor. mid. Tjsigdixyiv transitively, Herod. 7, 156. — See also atgco. vtagio, pluperf. pass. 3 sing, for ^'eoio, II. 3, 272 : 19, 253. ' ' di^G) (AEFSI), Poetic and Ionic for ai/'la, to in- crease, Eurip. Hip. 537 ; Herod. 3, 80 : aor. rii^r}oa, x4nthol. Epigr. 299 : aor. pass, ds^ij&rfv. Anthol. 9, 631 : fut. mid. ds^}]00fiai, Apol. 3, 837. — With pure writers it is found in the pres- ent and imperfect only. The original theme was probably aVetjI, connected with the Latin vegeo, vigeo, vigor. This theme modified becomes ATFSl, hence av^w, av^dvto, Latin augeo. dsggo {AEPSl), Mo\\c for deigco, Sapph. 73 : aor. T^sgoa, Panyas. 6, 13. dsgrd^a {deigco), imperf. i^igia^ov, Apol. 1, 738. AEP£2, see deigco, digga, AES2, to sleep, aor. d£(ja (a), Odys. 3, 151 ; 15, 40 ; but deaa (a), Odys. 3, 490 ; contracted dda, Odys. 16, 367. dti&soao) (drj&ris), to be unused, imperf. dij&saaov, II. 10, 493: aor. djj&saa, Apol. 1, 1171. It takes no augment. oirifiL {AESl, d(o), to blow, breathe, Epic ; 3 plur. deiai for dEiai, Hes. Theog. 875 ; driTO), d^vai or djjfisvai, dsis, II. 9, 5 ; Odys. 3, 183 ; II. 23, 214: imperf. dr^v, Odys. 12, 325. — Pass, dr^fxat, to be blown upon, exposed to the wind, Odys. 6, 131 ; to be noised abroad, be in circulation, Pind. Isth. 4, 15: imperf. dijfirfVf Hes. Scut. 8. — It retains 7f in inflection. aige 79 dd'sgc^co, to slight, treat slightly, Epic, Odys. 8, 212: imperf. dMgi^ov, 11. 1, 261 : fut. d&egi'C(o later, Apol. 3, 548 : aor. dd-igt^a later Apol. 2, ^488. atSiofiai, to respect, fut. albsao^aL (dcf) , Xen. Mem. 3,5, 15: perf. j^dsofxai, Dem. 645: aor. pass. y8ia&riv Eurip. Hec. 286 : aor. mid. ydeadfxrfv, Soph. Aj. 506. aid si 0, imperat. contracted from aidiso, Epic, Odys. 9, 269. — Odys. 14,388, aldiaoofim is written also aldi^aoixau aidofiai, Poetic for at^ko^ai, II. 21, 74; 1, 331 ; ^sch. Eum. 549: imperf. aldoixriv, II. 21, 468. alvico, to praise, fut. aiveaco, alvicfofiai, Eurip. Orest. 499; Xen. Hel 3, 2, 6; Epic atvijaco, Odys. 16, 380: aor. ^i/f(7a, Epic j^'i/T^cra, Eurip. Med. 223 ; II. 23, 552 : perf. yvsxa, Isoc. 276 : perf. pass, jjvtffiai, Isoc. 281 : aor. pass, yvid^jjv, Thuc. 225. Verbal atveieog. Plat. Ph^dr. 25. — In prose commonly enaivio, inaivsai {aivsai), pres. pass. 2 sing, syncopated for inaivssai, Herod. 3,34. — enaiviw {aivim), Laconian for inmvifa, Arist. Lys. 198. al'vrifit, another form of alvsco, Hes. Op. 681. alvitonai, another form of alvea, as active, II. 13, 374. ulvLaaofiaL or atviTjofiai, to hint obscurely, fut. aivi^o^ai, Eurip. Elec. 946 : perf. ^viy^ai pas- sively, Arist. Eq. 196: aor. pass. ]7V£;^i9^?^i^ pas- sively. Plat. Georg. 109: aor. mid. i^vi^dfiriv, Soph. Aj. 1158. aivvfjiaL, to take, Epic, Odys. 14, 44: imperf. alvv- l^ir^v, Odys. 21, 53. Inflected like 8sLxvv^ai, iSsLTcvviJtriv, OLigkco (EAIl), to take, fut. algrjaco, Xen. Hel. 3, 5, 1 ; also iXS rare, Arist. Eq. 290 : perf. ygr/xa Ionic dgaigrfxa, Thuc. 1, 103; Herod. 5, 102: 80 aigm perf. pass, ygrffxai Ionic dgaigr^fxat, Soph. Antig. 493 ; Herod. 4, 66 ; 7, 83 : aor. pass, ygi&rfv, Eurip. Sup. 635: 2 aor. sT}.ov, eXo, Xen. Hel. 1, 5, 21. Verbal aigeiioSf as active (dst atguv), Xen. Anab. 4, 7, 3 ; or as middle (Set! algsiad'ai), Isoc. 135. — Mid. aigiofiai, to choose, select, pre- fer, fut. algrjaofiat, Xen. Anab. 1, 3, 5 ; also ikovixai rare and later, Anthol. 9, 1 08 : perf. ygi^^ai, Xen. Hel. 3, 1, 3 : aor. ^grfod^r^v rare, Arist. Thesm. 761 : 2 aor. slXofir^v, ilofxat, Msch. Pers. 7 ; also slkdfiriv later. — The fut. dcpaigij- aoixat of the compound dcpaigBoiiai is used pas- sivehj, shall he deprived, Eurip. Troad. 1278; Herod. 5, 35. Simonid. frag. 9, slXdfirjv, for which Hermann writes Hlof^rjv. — Arist. Eq. 290 nsQisXat is supposed by some to come from nsQLEXavvco, but compare Arist. Nub. 844. As to s^slovvjfg, Herod. 3, 59, it may easily be changed into f|«- X(ovTeg, from i^sXavvcj. — yivjo, he seized, 2 aor. mid. 3 sing. Epic for hXhTo, II. 8, 43. It is formed from the original theme fEylSli in the following manner; fsXsTo, fsXio (like dXto for i]Xsro), psi'To (like '^v&ov, /Se'vxiaTog, for '^X&ov, (SiX- Tiotog) ', finally, after the disappearance of p, ysvTo. We suppose that ^EyJH became 'AJJl (whence aXlaxofiai), after the analogy of tqetko, tqoitiu) ' tQEcpco, iQuqxo. The form 'AJJI was changed into 'APfL (compare xXl^avog, KQl^avog), hence 'atpsI, alQSM. But ^EJfl was fEASL^ therefore algm must have been ^aiQEut. In fact, the Homeric uno- algeo (II. 1, 275) seems to imply ano^aiQBo. aigo) {AFS2, dsiga), to raise, lift up, fut. dga (a), Soph. Aj. 75 : aor. ffga, dgco (a). Soph. Aj. 129 : perf. ^gxa, Thuc. 8, 100 : perf. pass, ^gfiai, Thuc. 7, 41 : aor. pass, ijg&r^v, Thuc. 1, 49. The fut. dgS (a), should be referred to dsigo, which see. — Mid. atgo^ai, to lift up for one^s self, gain, loin, fut. dgov^ai (a). Soph. Col. 460 : perf. fig^iai. Soph. Elec. 54 : aor. tjgdfxrfv, dgco- fiai (d), Thuc. 3, 39 ; Find. Isth. 5, 87 : 2 aor. aiTL 81 -^go^riv, agonal (a), 11. 23, 592; jEsch. Sept. 316. Homer uses rjQa^rjv and tjQo^rjv in the indicative ; in the other moods, the second aorist only, agolfitjv, agia&ai. The Attic poets generally use '^ga(j,riv' sometimes fJQ6fir]v, but only in the dependent moods, as agoifiriv («). Prose writers use only rigafxriv with its dependent moods. i^agri [uQr]), 2 aor. subj. 3 sing, with short «, Athen. 1, 62; edited also i^uyjj from f^dyat, ayta. — i^Qd, aor. mid. 2 sing, for r^goy, Arist.Ach. 913, in the mouth of a Boeotian. atad-dvo^at (^AI2^0Sl), to perceive, fut. ala&rjao- fiai^ Xen. Cyr. 7, 1,9: perf. ijcf&rfi^ai, Eurip. Hip. 1403: aor. jfO&ofiriv, Thuc. 1, 72. aiad^o^uL for alod^dvo^ai, Plat. Rep. 10, 8; doubt- ful. dio&co {dri^i, dco), to breathe, breathe forth, II. 16, 468 ; 20, 403. dtddc) or diTTo, to rush impetuously, aor. rji^a, II. 4, 78 : aor. pass, rfi/d^r^v as active, II. 3, 368. — Mid. diaaofiat as active, II. 6, 510 : aor. i^t^dfir^v, II. 22, 195. — See also aaao) or arra), ai'^aaicov, aor. iterative, II. 18, 159. at6xvvca {AI2XT2), long v, to shame, disgrace, abuse, fut. ataxw^. Eurip. Hip. 719 : aor. ^axv- VOL, Thuc. 4, 92 : perf. pass. jjcixvfjLfxai, II. 17, 189 : aor. pass. ^a^vvB^riv as middle, Xen. Anab. 2, 3, 22. Verbal ala/vvrios as middle (8ei at- a/vvsad-ai), Xen. Cy. 4, 2, 40. — Mid. aiaxvvo' fjiai, to be or feel ashamed, respect, fut. atoxwov- fjiuL, Xen. Mem. 3, 1, 11. ahidofiat (ahta), to blame, find fault with, fut. ahidc^ofiai (a), Plat. Gorg. 156 : perf. jfxid^ai usually passive, Thuc. 3, 61 : aor. yridd^r^v (d) passively, Xen. Hel. 2, 1, 32: aor. mid. yjidad- fiffv, Xen. Anab. 7, 8, 23. Verbal atnaiios, Xen. Cyr. 7, 1, 11. alxidua&ai, infin. protracted for alTiaa&at {alTioieo-&ai), 82 aw Epic. II. 10, 120. — ijitaaff^fi, imperf. 2 plur. for jjima^s (^^n«£(ji^s), II. 16, 202 : 3 plur. ^tiocovto, for ipiwvjo {fijid- oVto), II. II, 78. ail 10 M via I, pres. 3 plur. protracted for alimviai {alud- oviai), Epic. Odys. 1, 32: air 1 6 coo, opt. 2 sing, for ahiwo {ahidoLo), Epic, Odys. 20, 135: 3 sing. alTiocoTO, for uUl- WTO {altidoiro), H. 11, 654. dio, to hear, jEsch. Agam. 55 : imperf. ai'or, Eu- rip. Med. 148; Find. Pyth. 3, 47. — See also avddco, II. 15, 252, d'l'co is supposed to be synonymous with dt- a&(o, to give up the ghost. dxa;^it(o {AXSl^ AKAXJl^ d^icj), to grieve, afflict^ sadden, Epic. Odys. 16, 432: fut. dxaxTJaco^ Horn. Hym. 2, 286 : aor. dxd/rfaa, II. 23, 223 : 2 aor. Tjxaxov, II. 16, 822. — Mid. dxa;^i^ofiai, to sorrow, grieve, be afflicted, Odys. 1 1 , 486 : perf. dxdxriuai as present, dxd/r^od'ai, dxa^rjfiS' vos or dxri%sfi£vos, Odys. 19, 95 ; II. 19, 335 ; 5, 24, 364 : 2 aor. 7fxaxo(X7jv, dxa/oi^riv, Odys. 16,342; 1, 236. oixrj/edatcii, perf. 3 plur. for dici^x^vTat, II. 17, 637. — dxaxelaTO, pluperf. 3 plur. for dxdxtjVTo, U. 12, 179. The root of this verb seems to be an onomatopy. Compare the interjection ah! Romaic ax! denoting pain, grief. — From the theme AXIl comes the noun axog. dxa/^ivos, see AKSl. dxsofxaL, to heal, mend, remedy, fut. dxidofjiat (cio), Mus. 199: aor. rixsad^riv, Eurip. Hec. 1067: aor. act. part, i^axsaas (dxiaas), Pythagor. 66. ditso, imperat. 2 sing, for dxsso, Herod. 3, 40. dxr^dio {dxr^dijs), to 7ieglect, iEsch. Prom. 508 : aor. dxTJdeaa, II. 14, 427. dxovd^a, for dxovo, Horn. Hym. 2,423. — Mid. dxavd^ofzai as active, Odys. 9, 7. dxovo) (AKOSl), to hear, fut. dxovaofjiai, Arist. Ach. 302 : aor. rjxovGia, Xen. Mem. 2, 5, 1 : perf. axovxa. Doric, Plut. Lycurg. § 20 : 2 perf. dxrj- aXba 83 ;coa, Soph. Aj. 480 : 2 pluperf. ^xj^xoslv^ Ionic dxr^xoeiv, Xen. Hel. 5, 1, 26; Herod. 2, 52: perf. pass. Tjyiovaiiai later, Etymolog. Magn. under aLvdficogoL • aor. pass, rixovad^r^v, Thuc. 3, 38. Verbal dxovctTBos, Arist. Ran. 1180. — Mid. axovofxat as active, imperf. r(xov6^riv, II. 4, 331 : aor. '^xovadfXTfv, Mosch. 3, 126. dxgodo[xai (dxovo), to hear, fut. dxgodcfofxai (do), Plat. Apol. 27 : aor. '^xgododixriv, Arist. Nub. 1343. Verbal dxgoarios, Arist. Av. 1228. It seems to be a prolongation of axov oj (akOJI). For the insertion of g, compare dagdocnrto from ddmoi, ayQvnvog for avnvoq from «- and vnvog. AKSl, to sharpen, perf. pass. part, dxax^svog, r^, ov^ sharpened, pointed. Epic, II. 10, 135. Observe that the y, of the root is changed into x ("Ot into y) before ^. — The nouns alxiir], anfiri, axi], nxmxi] (like ayco- yri from ciym) are derived from this theme. Further, it is connected with the Latin acuo, acus, acies. dXaivo), another form of dXdoixai, ^sch. Agam. 82. dlaXd^co (ccAaAot), to raise a war cry, fut. dXaXd^o- [xai, Eurip. Bac. 593 : aor. ^AaAa|a, Xen. Anab, dXaXxov, see dXi^co. dXaXvxTTi^at, see dXvxTd^o. dkdo^ai, to ivander, Poetic, fut. dXrfao^ai, Hes. Scut. 409 : perf. dldXrffxat, as present, dkd- XriG&ai, dlahjfisvos, II. 23, 74; Odys. 12, 284; 13, 333: aor. pass. dXrj&^v, Odys. 14, 120. dkyvvco (dXyeivos, AAFTX), to vex, give pain, sadden, fut. dlyvva^ Soph. Phil. QQ : aor. TjXyv- ra, Soph. Tyr. 446 : aor. pass. riXyvvd^ijv, ^sch. Prom. 245 : fut. mid. dXyvvov^ai, Soph. Antig. 230. dXdatvco {AAJANSl), to nourish, increase. Poetic, ^sch. Sept. 12: 2 aor. ^kdavov, Odys. 18, 70. — See also dldrjoxo). 84 aUtf Arist. Nub. 28*2, for aXdofiivav, Dindorf edits aQ^o^ivav, It seems to be etymologically connected with the Latin alo. dldrjaxci) (dkSaLvo), to nourish; also to grow ^ intran- sitive; Theoc. 17, 78; II. 23, 599: aor. dXdriaa- axov iterative, later Epic, Orph. Lith. 364. — See also dXdaivcD. dXseivo (dkiofxat)^ to avoid, II. 11, 794; 6, 167. dXuipc) {AAI^h), to anoint, fut. dXeixpo, Eurip. Aul. 1486: aor. rjXsLxpa, Arist. Eq. 490: perf. rjlsKpa and dXriXicpa, Dem. 1243: perf. pass. '^XsififxaL and dkrjXt^fiaL, Dem. 791 ; Thuc. 3, 20: aor. pass. riXncpd^riv, Eurip. Taur. 698: 2 aor. pass. f(Xi(priv, Plat. Phaedr. 88. d^sLTtiios, i^aXsiTiTios, Lysias, 202. — Mid. dXsicpofxaL re- flexive, to anoint one^s self, dketyjofiaL, TJXeiyjd- fiTiv, Thuc. 4, 68 ; Arist. Nub. 977. dUleo {AAEKIl, AAKIl, AAKASSl), to help, assist, ward or drive off, Poetic in the active, fut. dks^rjaa, II. 6, 109: aor. ?jAi|?/(;a, rarely ^'Af|a, Odys. 3, 346; ^sch. Sup. 1052: 2 aor. rjkak- xov, also rjkxadov, dkxd&siv, Pind. Olym. 10, 125; jEsch. frag. 417; Soph. frag. 827. — Mid. dks^ofiat, to avert from my self, repel an enemy, defend my self, fut. dX£^rjao(jLac, Xen. Anab. 7, 7, 3 : aor. ijks^dfir^v, Xen. Cyr. 1, 5, 13. nXixb), pres. for aki^to, later, Anthol. 6, 245. The themes AAEKJl, AAKSL seem to be connected with agriyo) and aquiix). For the commutation of ;i and g, com- pare aVi^avog, XQt^avog ' "EASI, aXiaxo^ai, aigsco ' EAOSL, tQXOfiai • xnlvmu}, xQvmo). dkiofxat (aXsva), to avoid. Epic, II. 5, 34 : aor. ^Af a- fjLifv, dlsaifxr^v, dkiaa&s, dXiaad-ai, II. 13, 436; Odys. 20, 368 ; 4, 774. dkevco, to avert, ward off, protect, Poetic, jEsch. Prom. 368 (?) : fut. dkevaa, Soph. frag. 825 : aor. iiXevaa, dXevaov, iEsch. Sept. 87 ; Sup. 528. — alia B5 Mid. alsvoixat, to avoid, Epic, Odys. 24, 29 : aor. dlsvdfirfv, II. 3, 360. ^ ^ aAfo, /o grind, Arist. Nub. 1358: fut. dkiaco, aXo, doubtful, Arist. Nub. 1299: aor. ijXem (aa\ Odys. 21, 109 ; Theoph. Char. 4 : perf. dXrjlsxa, ■) Anthol. 11, 251 : perf. pass. dlriXao^aL and aA?/- As^at, Herod. 7, 23; Thuc. 4, 26. aA?/^fi} (akk(o), to grind, Anthol. 11, 154. dXijvai, see ft'Afij. dld^ofiai, to become healed, Epic, imperf. dXd^o^riv, II. 5, 417: fut. dld^TJaoi^iai passively, II. 8, 405: ' aor. pass. dk&sa&ijvaL, Hippocr. ^ dXi^Svo) (a'Ag, dvo), long v, to submerge in the sea, Call. frag. 269. For dvHv, the ^olians said ^8viiv, that is p^vf/y, Ety- mol. Magn. voc. &Xi^dvsiv. dXivdo or dXivSofiai, and dhvSscs, dXtvSiofiai, to roll, Nic. Ther. 156; Anthol. 7, 736 : aor. rjkiaa, Arist. Nub. 32 : perf. rjXlxa, Arist. Nub. 33. dliaxofiat (AAQ, 'AAOSl, 'AA£2MI), to be taken, captured, Thuc. 1, 121 : imperf. i^Xiaxo- fxr^v, Thuc. 7, 23 : fut. dl^ooiiai, Xen. Anab. 1, 4, 7 : perf. idXcoxa the usual Attic perfect, also ^ Ulcoxa, Thuc. 3, 29; Herod. 1, 83: 2 aor. la- Xov the usual Attic aorist, also r/Aoj/, ctAco, dXoirfv, dXcovai, dXovs, Arist. Vesp. 355; Herod. 1, 84. All these forms have a passive signification. The active is supplied by aiQso), to take. a A WW, (ar]g, ojt], 2 aor. subj. Epic for «Aw, tog, w, II. 11, 405 ; 14, 81 ; Hferod'. 4, 127: aX(o7}v, 2 aor. opt. 'not Attic, for aXolrjv, Odys. 14, 183: aXoj^svtxi, 2 aor. inf. Epic for aXw- vai, II. 21, 495. The penult of eaXmr is long in the indicative, but short in the other moods. But alovrs, II. 5, 487, has « long. The theme "jlJJl is evidently a modification of 'EyJSlf a.iQE(a, which see. We may therefore assume ^AAfL as the original theme. 86 aliT dhigatva) (dXixgog, AAIT£2), to sin, err against, Hes. Op. 239 : aor. dUirfoa rare, Orph. Arg. 642: 2 aor. ^'Atrov, II. 9, 375. — Mid. dhrgaL- voixac as active, written also dXijaivo^ai, Hes. Op. 328 : aor. i^hjofirfv, Odys. 6, 1 08 : perf. part, dhnjfxsvos as an adjective, sinning, offend- ing. Hes. Scut. 91, ahTrjfisvog seems to be equivalent to aAaij- (xtav, wicked. dXxd&SLv, see dki^co, dXXdaacD or dXXdno) {AAAAFSl, aXXos), to change, fut. dXXd^co, Eurip. Bac. 1332 : aor. rj XXa^a, Eurip. Phoen. 1246 ; perf. rjXkaxa, Xen. Mem. 3, 13, 6 : perf. pass. ijXlayuai, Arist. Pac. 1128: aor. pass. "^Ikd/d^r^v, Eurip. Aul. 798 : 2 aor. pass, iflld/riv, Arist. Ach. 270. Verbal dXlaxiios^ Dem. 410. — Mid. dlXdaofiat, to exchange, dXld^ofxai, Eurip. Hel. 1088; aor. '^UaldfxTfv, Thuc. 8, 82 ; Pind. Olym. 10, 21. Eurip. Ale. 672, '^IXa^ditjv, aor. 2 dual for the usual form ijXXd^aiov 1 1 aXXo^ai (AAS2), to leap, fut. dXov^ai, Doric dX^v- fxai, Xen. Eq. 8, 4 ; Theoc. 3, 25 : aor. ^Aa/i?/v, dXo^uL (d), Arist. Ran. 244 : 2 aor. riXo^riv, dXa- [xai (a), Xen. Hel. 4, 5, 7. alao, 2 aor 2 sing. Epic, for {akfao, also) ijlov, II. 16, 754; 3 sing. dXTo, for rjhro, II. 1, 532 : all with the smooth breathing ; compare ri^^goiov from dfiagrdvco. The « is long in consequence of the anomalous temporal augment. — alsxai, 2 aor. subj. 3 sing. Epic, for dXrixai, II. 11, 192: aXfisvog, 2 aor. part, in composition, for'dXoi^fvog, II. 11, 421 : with the smooth breathing. — We have already at- tempted to connect nXXo^m with /SaXXl'CM, ndXXw, Latin salio, ballistea, Italian ballo, English ball (dance). dXodco and dXada, to thrash out corn, to smite, Xen. CEcon. 18, 3: aor. i^Xor/aa, Arist. Ran. 149: perf. pass. r^Xorif^ai, Athen. 14, 17. a^ag 87 aXoidco^ Epic for dkodco, Theoc. 10, 48 : aor. T^loh^- aa, II. 4, 622. ^AA012, see dXlaxofxai^ dvaXoco. dXvxid^a, to be troubled, in distress, Herod, 9, 70 : perf. mid. dXaXvyciri^aL as present, Epic, 10, 94; as from a present in -da, dXvad-aLvo (aAv«), to be sick at heart. Call. Del. 212. dXvaxo and dkvaxd^o) {AATKn, AATZKA- NSl), to avoid, escape. Poetic, Odys. 23, 363 : fut. dXv^G) and dlv^o^ai, iEsch. Pers. 93 ; Hes. Op. 361 : aor. ^Ai;|a, iEsch. Pers. 100: 2 aor. dlv^ycavov, Odys. 22, 330. Soph. Aj. 656, i^aXv^(o[io(i, aor. mid. subj. is edited also i^aXsvawfiai from i^aXsvofiat. dXvaaco, to be distressed in mind, rave, II. 22, 70. dXvco, sometimes dXvo, to be mentally moved from joy or grief, to be in agony, to be in a state of perplexity, jEsch. Sept. 391 ; Arist. Vesp. 111. The penult is long in Attic Poetry ; the Epic Poets make it generally short. dX(paLvco {AA0SI), to find. Poetic, Eurip. Med. 298 ; Arist. frag. 308 : 2 aor. r]A^ov, II. 21, 79. '^AA£2, see dXioxouat, d^agidvco (AMAPTS2), to err, miss, fut. d/xagTyj' oco Ionic, Hippocr. ; Attic dfiagri^aofxat, Xen. Hel. 2, 4, 16: aor. i^fidgxriaa later, Orph. Arg. 641 : perf. y/Adgrr^xa, Thuc. 3, 53 : perf. pass. rnxdgTtfixai^ Soph. Tyr. 621 : aor. pass, rffxagrrj- d^riv, Thuc. 2, 65 : 2 aor. rlf^agxav, Epic rjf^^go' Tov, Arist. Nub. 1076; II. 5, 287. Verbal dfiag- TTfTsog, Dem. 595. The Epic form ti^^qoxov is formed from rifiaQiov as follows; TJ^agxov' by metathesis rifigmov by changing « into o, rjuQOTov by inserting /9, and changing the rough breathing into the smooth, ijfijSQOTov, like fisarjfi^gla, from 88 ufi^k fiEarjfieQia, fisarj^-Qia ' yafj^igog, from ydfiog, ya^fgoq, ya^-goq' «//,/5ooT0^, from MEIPSl, ^ogrog, afiogjog, afi-goiog ' t^^gaim for H^icngtai. dfx6Xiaxa) and dfx^koco, to miscarry, Plat. Theaet. 18; Eurip. Andr. 356: diOv, r'l^i^loaa, Plat. Thecet. 21: perf. TJfxjSlcoxa, Arist. Nub. 138: perf. pass. ri^Slco^ai^ Arist. Nub. 140: 2 aor. r'l^SXcov, like eyvcov from yiyvcoaxco^ in Suidas. i^ixfi^XsETai, pres. pass, implying a present active in icj, Hippocr. d/xSkvvo) (dfi^lvs), to blunt, fut. dfi^XvvS, jEsch. Sept. 715: perf. pass. riix^Xv^^ai, Athen. 13, 61: aor. T^f.idlvv&rfv, Anthol. 5, 220: fut. mid. dfxSkvvovfiai as passive, Hippocr. d^eigcD and dixsgdo (^AMEPSl), to deprive,^ Pind. Pyth. 6, 27 ; Odys. 19, 18 : aor. ri^egaa, Odys. 8, 64 : aor. pass, i^fxigd-r^v, II. 22, 58. For ocTtoalvvTaL, the accepted reading, Odys. 17, 322, Plato reads anofielgsTaL, Leg. 6, 19. dfiTtdkXo), Poetic for dvanaXXco^ see ndXXo* a[i7cs/a) (d^(pi, l/o), to wrap around, to clothe, Soph. Col. 314: imperf. d^nuxov, dfX7t£/ov, Odys. 6, 225: fut. dficps^o, Eurip. Cycl. 344: 2 aor. rf^maxov, Eurip. Ion, 1159. — Mid. d^i- 7i£;(0fjLaL and dixTttoi^^vsofiai, to put on, clothe one^s self, wear, Arist. Av. 1567. 1090: imperf. runteL- Xo^iriv, and dficps/ofiriv (?), Plat. Phaed. 82 ; Apol. 1, 324: 2 aor. rifXTtiaxo^riv and rj^Ttsa/ofxT^v, Arist. Eccl. 540; Thesm. 165; Eurip. Med. 1149. dfiTtLa/co (df^icpi, to/o), another form of df^iniyco, Eurip. Hip. 193. — Mid. dix7Zto;^oixat, Eurip. Hel. 422. dfi7t?.axtaxco {AMHAAKn, AMBAAKil), to err^ miss, perf. rjfXTtkdxrffjtai, iEsch. Sup. 916: 2 aor. rjfiTtXaxov and rjixdkaxov, iEsch. Agam. aixfi 89 1212; Find. Olym. 8, 89 ; Archil, frag. 30; part. dfiTikaxcov, and dnXaxcov without the [x, Eurip. Ale. 241. dixTtvvco, (dvd, IINTJl), short v, to recover breath, Epic for dvaTtvio, II. 22, 222 : aor. pass, djx- nvvv&riv as active, II. 5, 697. ccfinvvzo, 2 aor. mid. 3 sing, as active, syncopated, II. 11,359. dfjiv^G) (fiv^G)), to suck, Xen. Anab. 4, 5, 27. d^vvco (^AMTNAOSl), to assist, defend, avert, keep off, fut. d^vveco, dfxvva, Herod. 9, 60 ; Eu- rip. Orest. 523 : aor. rjfxvva, Xen. Cyr. 3, 3, 67 : 2 aor. rjfxvvad^ov in Attic Poetry, Arist. Nub. 1323; Soph. Col. 1015; Eurip. Andr. 1079. Verbal dixwiio?, as active (Set d^vvsiv), Soph. Antig. 667. — Mid. dfivvofxai, to repel an enemy, defend one's self, fut. dfxwovinai, Xen. Cyr. 5, 4, 21 : aor. ^fxvvdi^ir^v, Soph. Tyn 277 : 2 aor. 9J- livvad'oiiriv in Attic Poetry, Eurip. Andr. 721 ; iEsch. Eum. 438. d^cpid^G), later for du(ptivvvfit, aor. ^fi(pLaaa, An- thol. 7, 76 : perf. '^ficpiaxa, Athen. 6, 70. d^(piyvoEco [d^cpt, vobg)), to doubt, imperf. ri^cpLyvo- sov and riiicpeyvoEov, Xen. Anab. 2, 5, 33 ; Plat. Soph. 46 : aor. rj>i(p£yv67iaa, Plat. Soph. 30 : aor. pass. part. diicpiyvoyid^Hs, Xen. Hel. 6, 5, 26. d^cpisvvv^t (d^(pi, 8vvvf.a), to put on another, to clothe, imperf. r(^cpikvvvv. Plat. Tim. 53 ; fut. d[x(pii(ji(D, dficpia, Odys. 5, 167; Arist. Eq. 89 1 : aor. riiKpieaa, Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 17. — Mid. d^q}L- ivvvi^u, to put on one's self, clothe one^s self, fut. diKpdao^ai, Xen. Cyr. 4, 3, 20 : perf. ^ficpieafjiai, Xen. Mem. 1, 6, 2: aor. mid. dp.(pLBadnriv Epic, ^ Odys. 23, 142. duwivoio, for dp^cpiyvoico, Soph. Antig. 376. 8* 90 a^(pi diKpicSi^Tea (dfi(pt^ j3aLvo 7), to dispute, imperf. ^fKfLO^rJTSov and ri^cpBoSrfceov, Dem. 347 ; Plat. Menex. 13 : aor. ri^icpia6riTricia and T^ficpsa^iJTriaa, Dem. 818; Plat. Gorg. 70: perf. -^fxfiaj^rlTr^xa^ Dem. 820 : aor. pass. r^[x(pLcipi^Ti]d^riv, Plat. Polit. 18 : fut. mid. di.i(pia^riT7jao^aL as passive, Plat. ^ The^t. 73. dvayiyvadycco, see yiyvdayia, dvacvofiat (d-, alvos), to refuse, strictly to say no, imperf. '^vaivofirfv, jEsch. Agam. 300: aor. ^v?^- vdfxriv, dvjjvaixai, II. 7, 185; 9, 510. We assume a theme ATSl, to say, the same as the Latin aio. By annexing > to the root, AINJl, like itW from t/w, nh'(o from TITJl' with ar- privative, ANAINJl, uv-aivo^ah after the analogy of ailoi from «-, t/o>. The words alvog, (uvi(a come from AINJl. Further, Hesychius has ai'vcov, /SuQvioi'oyg, enairoiv ri, where the adverb ^aQVTovcog implies that the accent should be on the penult. We observe fur- ther, that alacc, fate, is derived from ATJl, after the analogy of 56^(x from Soxem {AOKSI), and liari from aw • -a« or -ari, being used instead of the common -ate, -ola. Compare the Latin faium, from for, fari. — It is often considered as a prolongation of ar- privative ; but there is no analogy in favor of this supposition. dvaXi(jxa) and dvaloco (dvd, 'AAIZKQ, 'AAO^) to expend, Thuc. 7, 48 ; Xen. Hel. 6, 2, 13: im perf. dvTjhaxov and dvdkoov, Xen. Cyr. 1,2, 16 Thuc. 8, 45: fut. dva},(6a(o, Xen. Hel. 1, 5, 4 aor. dvdXaaa and dvjjkcocfa, Thuc. 8, 31 ; Dem 1223 ; also 'ycaxrivdXcoaa from xaTavaXtaxco, Isoc 201 : perf. dvdlcoxa and dvrjlaxa, Thuc. 2, 70 Xen. Cyr. 2, 2, 15: perf. pass, dvdlco^ai and dvijkafiai, Xen. Cyr. 6, 1, 4 ; Xen. Hel. 2, 1, 11 also xaxrivdXconai from xajavaXiaxco, Isoc. 33 aor. pass. dvaXad-qv and drr^kcodi^v, Thuc. 3, 1 7 Dem. 1216. Verbal dvaXoTsos, Plat. Leg. 8, 12 dv8dvo (AJS2), to please, Ionic and Poetic, Soph Antig. 504 : imperf. rjvdavov and irfvdavov and avia 91 idvSavov, II. 1, 24 ; Herod. 7, 172 ; 9, 5 ; Odys. 3, 143 : fut. ddrjoo^ Herod. 5, 39 : perf. dSrixa very rare, Eustath. ad Odys. 12, 281 : 2 perf. adda, Doric IWa, II. 9, 173; Theoc. 27, 22: 2 aor. k'aSov and ddov, Epic svadov, dda, ddstv, Herod. 1, 151; Find. Isth. 4,24; II. 14; 340.— Mid. dvSdvofiat as active, Anthol. 10, 7. ccG^svog, 2 aor. part, syncopated {ad-fi(vog), as an adjec- tive, pleased, loith pleasure, Pind. Olym. 13, 104. Compare aXfisvog, from aXXo^ai. . *^A The original theme was FaJJI, hence ^ddofini, (Sadvg "^ '^ {rjdvg)f yadsdav, yadf(6y yadslv, yddsa&aL, ydaaav, evocdsv (Rem. § 25). Compare Latin suavis, suadeo (?), English sweet. Compare also yaiw, yavqog, yri&ia, Latin gaudeo, gaudium, English gay. • ANE0Q, 2 perf. dvrjvo&a as present, to spring, trickle out, issue forth, Epic, Odys. 17, 270. II. 11, 266, dv^vo&sv is a new imperfect. Compare agrjQEV, fiifiasv, tstsvx(tov, and enicpvicov, from ttqaQlaxo), MASl, Ttv/w, and qpt^w. dviao, dvictaifii, from dvir^fu, see ir^fit. dvsxo {dvd, s%G>), to hold up, imperf. dvuxov, fut. dvi^co, 2 aor. dvia^^ov, &lc,, as in l^a. — Mid. dvkxoiiai, to endure, primarily to hold one^s self up, imperf. 9jvft;^d^?^v, Thuc. 1, 77: fut. dvs^o^iai and dva(Jx^ao^at, Xen. Hel. 4, 8, 4 ; Arist. Ach. 299 : 2 aor. rive6x6p.riv, rarely drsa^ofirfv, Xen. Anab.. 1, 8, 26 ; Arist. Pac. 347 ; Herod. 5, 89. dvi\vo&a, see AN EG SI, dvid^co, to be vexed, to sorrow, equivalent to dvK^- fiat from dvido, II. 18, 300. Sometimes it is equivalent to dvido), Odys. 19, 323. dvida (dvia), to vex, fut. dvidaco (a), Xen. Anab. 3, 3, 19 : aor. rivLdaa, Xen. Hel. 5, % 33 : aor. pass, dvidd^riv (d), as middle, Xen. Hel. 6, 4, 20. — Mid. dvLdofiai, to be grieved, fut. dvtdaofiai, Xen. Anab. 4, 8, 26 : perf. r^va^fLai Ionic, Mosch. 4,3. ^je^. 92 avoi avoiya (dvd, oiyco)^ sometimes dvoiyvvfit^ to open, Dem. 765 : imperf. avscpyov and rjvot^^ov, Xen. Anab. 5, 5, 20; Hel. 1, 1, 2; Epic and Ionic dvayov, ll. 14, 168: fut. dvoi^cj, Arist. Pac. 179: aor. uvi(p^a and ijvoi^a, dvoi^co, Thuc. 2, 2, Xen. Hel. 1,5, 13 ; Epic and Ionic dvS^a and dvoi^a, Theoc. 14, 15; Herod. 1, 68 ;' 4„ 143: perf. ai/6«;^a, Dem. 1048 : perf. pass. dvs(ayy,aL, Thuc. 2, 4 : aor. pass. dvs(6/d^riv, later T^votxO^riv^ dvoi- X&S, Eurip. Ion, 1563; N. T. Act. 12, 10: 2 perf. dvBcoya as present neuter, to stand open, Brunck's Analect. 2, 230 (376). Verbal dvoi- XTSos, Eurip. Ion, 1387. avaol/saxov, Imperf. iterative, II. 24, 455. dvogd'oco (dvd, 6g&6co), to set upright, imperf. pass. rivcoQd^o6^r}v, Plat. Theaet. 2 : fut. dvogd-coaa, Dem. 1232 : aor. i^vSg&coaa and dvSg&coaa, Dem. 140; Eurip. Ale. 1138: perf. pass, i^poyg- d-cofiai, Dem. 329. Verbal dvogd'OTeos, ena- vog&azsog, Plat. Leg. 7, 14. dvxdco (dvit), to meet, Poetic and Ionic, imperf. TJvTsov for TJvTaov, II. 7, 423 : fut. dvTjjoo, II. 16, 423: aor. :^VTr^(ra, Herod. 1, 114; Pind. Olym. 10, 49. — The compound avvavidah^s aor. mid. cfvvrivTr^adfiT^v, II. 17, 134. — See also djiavxaa), avvavT/jxriv {avTi^Trjv), 2 aor. 3 dual, as if from ANTHMT, Odys. 16, 333. dvTBLxd^co, to compare, see elxd^a, dvrevTtoLsco (dvTi, sv, noieo), to do a favor in re- turn, Xen. Anab. 5, 5, 21 : aor. subj. avxev- TtoLrjcfa), Dem. 494 : perf. dvievnsTtohfxa, Dem. 476. . dvndo, another form of dvxdo, II. 6, 127; 13, 215 : fut. dviidao (da), Odys. 22, 28 : aor. yvrtdaa, 11. 12, 356. — Mid. avTidoixat as active, imperf. dvTiaoiLriv, II. 24, 62. OLvoiy 93 vt-vxiofd, pres. Epic, protracted from avxi^\avxiu(ii)^\\. 12, 368 (future?); 3 plur. uvjioaiai for uvTiMai, H- 6, 127 : in- fin. avxidnv for avxiav {uvxidsLv), II. 13, 215 : part. fern. uvxioaaa for dvximaa. {dvxidovoa), Odys. 3, 436 (future?). — dvxiocaaxov, imperf. iterative, Apol. 2, 100. dvTi^oXia (avTL^ j^dkXco), to meet, supplicate, beg, pray^ imperf. r^vii^oXsov, Arist. Eq. 667 : fut. dvTL^oXrjaco, Odys. 18, 272: aor. avxe^oXriaoL and iqvTs^oirfda, Pind. Oljm. 13, 43; Arist. frag. 101 : aor. pass. part. dvji^oXri&eis, Arist. Vesp. dvxLxgda (dvri, X9^^)^ ^^ ^^ sufficient, equivalent to dnoxgdco, used only in the aor. dviixgriaoL, Herod. 7, 127. avTOfxac (dvrdo), to meet, supplicate, Soph. Col. 250 ; Arist. Thesm. 977 : imperf. ^vto^t^v, II. ^ 22, 203. dvvo and dvvTco (dvco), short v, to accomplish, pe?'- form, Arist. Plut. 413 ; Xen. (Econ. 21, 3 ; Soph. Antig. 231 : fut. dvvaa ^v), Arist. Ran. 649 : aor. i'lvvaa (aa), Odys. 4, 357; Pind. Pyth. 12, 20 : perf. rjvvxa, Plat. Polit. 7 ; perf. pass. ^Vv- afiac, Xen. Cyr. 1, 4, 28: aor. pass. TJvva&rjv, Hes. Scut. 311 : fut. mid. dvvaofiat (aa) as pas- sive, Odys. 1 6, 373. — Mid. dvvop,aL as active, Pind. •Pyth. 2, 90 : aor. rivvad^riv, Herod. 1, 91. dvvix), fut. Epic for uvvom, II. 11, 365. — livvfiBg, imperf. 1 plur. Doric, implying ANTMT, Theoc. 7, 10. — avvxo and rjvvxo imperf. pass. 3 sing, implying ANTMI, Theoc. 2, 92 ; Odys. 5, 243. ,aV« (d), the original theme of dvvco, Arist. Yesp. 369 ; Plat. Cratyl. 68 (?) ; II. 10, 251 : imperf. ^ fjvov, Odys. 3, 496 ; Herod. 1, 189. dvcoya, to order, request, exhort. Poetic and Ionic, II. 4, 287; Herod. 7, 104: imperf. ^vo/ov and Tiv^y^ov, II. 9, 578 ; 5, 805 ; 7, 394 : fut. dvci^co, Odys. 16, 404: aor. ^V»|a, Hes. Scut. 479: 94 aTtav 2 perf. avcoya as present, jEsch. Eum. 902 : 2 pluperf. yva/sLv as imperfect, Soph. Col. 1598. uvmyfxsv, 2 perf. 1 plur. Poetic for avcayufisv, Horn. Hym. 1, 528. — ocv(ax&i, 2 perf imperat. 2 sing, uvax^i, II. 10, 67; Eurip. Ale. 1044; 3 sing, avmx^f^^ H- H, 189; 2 plur. avMx&h Odys. 22, 437; Eurip. Rhes. 987. dnavgdo) (dno, ATP All ATP SI), to take away, Poetic, imperf. ditrivgcDv as aorist, II. 9, 131 : aor. part, ajtovgas, — Mid. aor. dur^vgdfiriv^ jEsch. Prom. 28 ; part. djtovgdfAsvos as passive, being deprived, Hes. Scut. 173. iEsch. Prom. 28, am]VQO) is equivalent to inrivgov from inavglayiofiai. dmcacpiciTio (A0S1, AIIA^Jl), to deceive, Poetic, Odys. 11,217: fut. dTtacpyjcfo, Anthol. 12, 26: aor. rJTtdfi^aa rare, Horn. Hym. 1, 376: 2 aor. rJTiacpov, dndcpo, II. 14, 360; Odys. 23, 79: 2 aor. mid. opt. ditacpoiiiriv as active, II. 9, 376. ajtsLxd^ca, see elxd^co, djtixL^av (sTCL^av), thef blew off or away, scattered about, a defective aor. 3 plur., Arist. Ach. 869 in Boeotic speech. Hesychius has xl^avisg, eX&ovTsg, noQsv&Evjeg, implying KIKJl (probably the original form of I'xw). This being un- derstood, aninL^av must proceed from the same root, although it has a causative signification, they made go off^ox away. Compare ^alvca, t^jjaa, causative. ajts^O'dvofxai and dnex^oiiai (dno, s/d^o), to be hated, Arist. Plut. 910; II. 21, 83; Thuc. 1, 1 36 ; Theoc. 7, 45 : fut. mid. d7t£xO'rj(yoixaL as passive, Eurip. Ale. 71 : perf. dnrj^d^rifxaL, Xen. Anab. 7, 6, 35 : 2 aor. mid. dnr/x^ofzrfv as pas- sive, Xen. Anab. 5, 8, 25 ; Arist. Lys. 699. Strictly speaking, anrjx&ofitjv is an imperfect with the force of the aorist. II. 3, 454, amfix^ixo is evidently equivalent to ifiiaelTO, not to (fiia^&ij. dTtodidofjLt (dno, dido^i), to give back or away, fut. aTtTCO 95 djtoBcocio, &LC. as in the simple didofii. — Mid. d7io8idoixai, to sell, dispose of, Xen. Anab. 7, 2, 3: fut. d7to8co(jo^at, Arist. Pac. 1259: 2 aor. dTtsdofXTfv, Thuc. 1, 55. — See also niTtgdoxo. dnosgaa, see sggo, djioxgLva (drto, xgivco), to separate^ fut. dTtoxgtvdo, &c. as in the simple xgiva. — Mid. dTtoxgivofxai^ to anstver, fut. duoxgLvov^ai, Arist. Nub. 1245: perf. dnoxixgi^ai actively or passively, Xen. ^ Anab. 2, 1, 5; Plat. The^t. 108. ditolavco (dno, AATSl), to enjoy, imperf. ditekavov, and duTikavov, Isoc. 3 : fut. dnoXavaoiiai, Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 81 ; also dnoXavam later: aor. dnkXav- (?a, and dTtrjlavda, Arist. Plut. 236 ; perf. dnoXe- Xavxa, Xen. Mem. 1, 6, 2. dnoXoyioiioLL {dnoXoyog), to make a defence^ fut. dTtokoyr^oofjiac, Thuc. 5, 21: perf. dTCoXeXoyrn.iat actively or passively, JEsch. 52, 31 ; Plat. Rep. 10, 8 : aor. dneXoyrfadiiYiv and dTtsXoyrjd'rfv, Xen. Cyr. 2, 2, 13 ; Hel. 1, 4, 13. Verbal dnoXoyri- 7809, Plat. Apol. 2. dnovga?, dTtovgdfjisvos, see dTtavgda, dTtoxgdoi (djto, /paw), to be sufficient, Herod. 5, 31 ; Athen. 7, 80 ; infin. dnoxgdv, Herod. 9, 94 : fut. dTtoxgijaa, Arist. Plut. 484 : dus^grioa, Herod. 7, 43. — Mid. aTtoxgdofxai, part. dTto/gsdfisvos Ionic, to be contented, satisfied, Herod. 1,37: imperf. impersonally dnexgeexo equivalent to dukxgtf^, Herod. 8, 14. Impersonal duoxgri, it suffices, it is enough; Ionic dnoxgd, Herod. 9, 79 : infin. dnoxgdv Io- nic, Herod, g, 137 : imperf. dTti/gri, Ionic dnexgoL, Plat. Phaedr. 136; Herod. 1, QQ: fut. dnoxgri- 681, Herod. 8, 130 : aor. avtixgr^os, Dem. 520. UTiTG) (A^Il)^ to fasten, to cause to take hold of; also to kindle: fut. ai/y«, Xen. Anab. 1, 5, 16: 96 agao I aor. 7i\pa, .Esch. Eum. 307 ; Find. Isth. 3, 73 : perf. pass. ^fi[iai, Odys. 12, 51 : aor. pass. rjcpd'T^v, Hippocr. de Art. §21 ; Herod. 1, 19. — Mid. d7tTO(xai, to take hold of, touch, fut. dxpofxai, Soph. Col. 830 : perf. i/^^at, Soph. Trach. 1009 : aor. mid. ^ipd^jirfv, Thuc. 2, 48. Verbal aTtjiog, as middle (dec dnrsad-aL), Plat. Rep. 2, 16. sacp&t] or edcp&rj, was fastened, aor. pass. Epic, 11. 13, 543; 14, 419; in both cases preceded by uanig, shield. dgdofxat, to pray, fut. dgrjaofiai Ionic, Odys. 2, 135 ; perf. rjgdjAai, Bwqgdiiai, Dem. 275 : aor. rigdctd- fxTfv, Soph. Tyr. 251. aQtjfitvai, pres. infin. Epic, as if from APIIMI, like «»J^«- vai from «V^' ^^ys- 22, 322. dgaglayico (^AP£2), to Jit, adapt, join. Epic, Odys. 14, 23: aor. ^pv(o, cpd^lco, and Xvco. Baio^aL (JASl), to divide, allot. Find. Pyth. 3, 146 ; Odys. 15, 140: fut. ddaofjiaL (a), II. 22, 354: perf. didact^ai and daidaifiai passively, 11. 1, 125 ; Odys. 1, 23 : aor. iddad^riv {oa), Find. Pyth. 4, 263 ; Olym. 7, 138 ; Xen. (Econ. 7, 24. Saoda^iBTo, aor. iterative, II. 9, 333. — Odys. 9, 551, dmofiivoiv is passive in sense. daigco, another form of dsga, Arist. Nub. 442. J A III, to entertain, see daiwfii. .An^Avf- dalco {AA£2), to burn, II. 9, 211 : perf. pass, ^i^av- liai, Call. Epigr. 52 ; Simonid. 135 : 2 perf. BsByiol as present intransitive, to burn, blaze, Latin ar- dafxv 115 deo^ II. 13, 736. — Mid. Saiofxai, to burn, be on fire, intransitively, II. 8, 75 : 2 aor. {idaofiriv), subj. ddi^xai, II. 20, 316. 11.4, 5. 7, daTs is transitive anc^ agrees with ^A&rivrj' compare II. 18, 206. 227, ex d' amov dais cpXoya nafxcpavo- (aauV to (sc. nvg) ds dais d^sa yXotvxwTiig A&rjvt], We may suppose that the original theme was J A F^t hence didavfiai, davXog, and the adjective daF^og (Priscian. p. 546). daxvd^o^at (ddxvo), to be distressed, Poetic, iEsch. Pers. 571. Sdxvo {JAKSl, JHK£2), to bite, fut. 87JlofA,ai, Eurip. Bac. 351 : perf. ^diss, di8rf^f.iai, Arist. Ach. 1 : aor. pass, idrjxd'r^v, Arist. Ach. 18:2 aor. edaxov, Msch. Prom. 1009. dsduits, 2 aor. with the Epic reduplication, Anthol. 12, 15. The verse si rgacpinov nvyrjv aavlg dsdax' iv (^aXavsica is as its corrupt author left it ; the verse, as such, does not seem to be corrupt. The reader would do well to remember that Straton was not Simonides. SafiaXi^o) (Sajxdo), to subdue, tame, Pind. Pyth. 5, 162. daixdo) {J AMU, JMAS2), Poetic for the regular Sufxato, to subdue, tame, II. 1, 61 : fut. (da^daeo, dafxa) protracted 8a^da, daiAocoai, II. 6, 368 ; 22, 271 : perf. pass. diSfxr^fxai, II. 5, 878 : aor. pass. idfXTJ&riv, II. 4, 79 : 3 fut. pass. dsSfiijaofiai, Horn. Hym. 1, 543 : 2 aor. pass, iddfxriv, Soph. Elec. 844. ddfisv, 2 aor. pass. 3 plur. Epic for iddfirjanv, 11. 8, 344 : subj. dujiisio}, da^slsTs, Odys. 18,54; 11.7,72: 3 sing. dafiTJr}, fordafi^, 11.22, 246: infin. dafiri^svai, 11. 10,403. The theme JaMR is evidently connected with the Latin verb domo^ English tame. dafivdo, for dafxdco, Odys. 11,221 : imperf. 15a- ^vaov, II. 5, 391. — Mid. da(xvdofiaL transitive, II. 14, 199. 116 ^a^v ddifzvaaitsy imperf. iterative, Horn. Hym. 3, 252. It may be referred also to ddfivfj^i* Safivi^lxL, from da(xvdco, II. 5, 893. — Mid. ddf^vufiat transitive, Odys. 14, 488. 8ag&dvG} (JAP&Il), usually xaTadag&dvo), to sleep, Plat. Phaedo, 43 : perf. deddgSriyca, Plat. Conv. 42 : 2 aor. s8ag&ov, Epic edgad'ov, Odys. 20, 143; 8, 296; Xen. Hel. 7, 2, 23: 2 aor. pass, iddg&riv and idgd&r^v as active, Apol. 2, 1231; Odys. 5, 471. dajiofiai (daiofiat, darrjg), to divide, Herod. I, 216 ; Pind. Olym. 7, 102 ; aor. infin. Saiiaadai, Hes. Op. 765. J AH, to divide, see Satof^ai, J A SI, to hum, see dai(o, JA£1, to teach, cause to learn, Epic, 2 aor. eSaov, §idaov, Theoc. 24, 127; Odys. 6, 233: perf. dsSdi^xa as middle, to have learned, know, Odys. 2, 61 ; Herod. 2, 165 : 2 perf. 8idaa, to have taught; also as middle, to have learned, Horn. Hym. 2, 510; Odys. 17, 519: 2 aor. iddriv as middle, to learn, JEsch. Ag. 123 ; Pind. Olym. 7, 166. — Mid. JAOMAI, to teach one's self, simply to learn, fut. dajjaofiai, Odys. 3, 187: perf. dsddr^fxai, Theoc. 8, 4. — See also diddo- daslo), 2 aor. pass. subj. Epic for daS {daico), II. 10, 425: inf. dariixBvaiy II. 6, 150. Biaxo or boazo (^JEASl, JO All) , he appeared, a defective imperf. mid. (like lajajo from laxaiiai), Epic, Odys. 6, 242 : aor. dodaaaio, II. 13, 458; subj. dodadsiai, II. 23, 339. ** Whenever Homer describes any one as having been in doubt, and after consideration making up his mind what course to pursue, he uses this verse, wds ds oi ipgoviovTi dodaauTO itsgdiov dvai." Buttmann. deis 117 dsddofiat {JASl^ diSaa), to learn, find out, infin. dsddaadat protracted from 8edda6at (Seddeadat), Odys. 16, 316. 8edL(ixofxaL {plco), to frighten, Arist. Lys. 564. dsdiaxofiac (delxvviii), to welcome, greet, Odys. 15, 150. SsdiTTOfxat (pLco), to frighten, Plat. Phaedr. 50. dsdoLxco, see deldaj, dedoxrifxevos (dsixvvfii, or Si^^ofiai), on the look out, watching, a defective perf. mid. part. Epic, II. 15, 730. Bel, it is necessary, see 8sco, to ivant, detdioxofxai (dstxvvfit), another form of dedcaxoijiai, to welcome, greet, Odys. 3, 41. Apol. I, 558, dsidlaxoiJ,tti is equivalent to dsiytavdw. dsidioaofxai {plco), to frighten. Epic, II. 4, 184 : fut. 8£i8iioiAai, II. 20, 201 : aor. e8BL8Lld^riv, II. 18, 164. U. 2, 190, deidlaaea^ai is intransitive, to fear. 8ei8(o (JEIJl, J ESI), to fear, Epic in the present and future, II. 11,470: fut. 8Biao^iai, II. 15, 299: aor. s8£iaa. Epic s88£Laa, Xen. Cyr. 1,4, 22; II. 1, 33: perf. 8i8otxa, Epic 8eL8oixa, as pres- ent, Soph. Aj. 278 ; II. 1, 555 ; 12, 244. — See also 8lg), nsQiddeiaa, aor. Epic for Trs^te'^aaa, II. 11,508: part. VTiodd sluag for vnodslaag, 1\. 18, 199. — dedolnoj, anew present from dedotxoii Theoc. 15, 58. — dedoiy^isv, perf. 1 plur. for dsdoUafitv, Etymol. Magn. The form JESl gives 8sog, after the analogy of EIJIJI {EnSl), tnog' MEIPfL (MEPII), fiigog. The original theme was f^EIJl or ^JESl. We may therefore suppose that nsgiddeiaa, vnoddsiaag, ^eovdrjg, were originally tisqi F^ siaa, vno F^ siaag, ^so fd rj g. 8€t£hrj(]iaL (8dXri, 8si£},os), to take an afternoon^ s luncheon, found only in the aor. part. 8£Ls?0eljaas, Odys. 17, 599. 118 ditx detxavdG) (detxvvfXL), to stretch out the hand^ hold out something in the hand, show, Theoc. 24, b6, — Mid. dsLxavdofiat, to welcome, greets imperf. 3 plur. 8sLxav6a)VT0, protracted from deixavcovjo (deixavdovro), II. 15, 86. dstxvvfii and detxvvco (JEIKSI), to show, point out, Hes. Op. 449 : fut. dsc^co, Xen. Cyr. 3, 3, 53: aor. I'^a|cc, Thuc. 1, 74: perf. diSsixa, Athen. 2, 55 : perf. pass. deSsiyfiat, Xen. Cyr. 2, 3, 9 : aor. pass. Ideiyd^riv, Eurip. Sup. 1209. Verbal dsixieog, Xen. Mem. 3, 5, 8. — The lo- nians say ds^co, sSs^a, ^sBey^ai, ids;^d'rfv, Herod. 3, 122; 5,22; 9, 27 ; 6, 104. The mid. dsUvvfiai, in the Epic language, means also to welcome, greet, drink to, II. 9, 196; Horn. Hym. 1, 11. See also dsDcuvdofiai. dtldeyfxai, perf. mid. Epic for dsdsiyfiav' 3 plur. dsids- X ax a by Odys. 7, 72. — deldsxTO, pluperf. 3 sing, as aorist, II. 9, 224 ; 3 plur. dsLdixaro as imperfect, II. 4, 4 : all in the sense to welcome, greet, or drink to. They are often referred to the kindred dsxo^ai. dsmvio, to sup, regular. — For the syncopated perfect dsdeinvafisv, dadsinvdvai, see Rem. ^ 68. 8stgo, Ionic for Ssgo), Herod. 2, 39 ; 4, 64. JEISl, see Seido. 8ixoiiai, Ionic for Sixofxai, Herod. 7, 177. difxo (JMESl), to build, Hom. Hym. 2, 87 ; Odys. 23, 192: aor. edsLfia, Herod. 1, 179; II. 7, 337: perf. pass. diSfij^fxai, Herod. 7, 200: aor. mid. idsifjidixrfv, to build for one's self, Herod. 4, 78. degxofiai, to look sharply, see, catch a view of, aor. i8sg/&r^v, jEsch. Prom. 53 : 2 aor. sdgdxov, Eu- rip. Orest. 1456 ; later eSgaxa, Orph. Argon. 133 : 2 aor. pass. iSgdxrjv, Pind. Pyth. 2, 38 : 2 perf. di^xa as present, Soph. Aj. 1. Pind. Olym. 1, 152 ; Nem. 3, 148 ; 9, 98, didogxa is in- transitive, to be conspicuous, shine. Sso 119 Sigo, to flay ; scourge, fut. dsga, Arist. Eq. 370 : aor. edsiga, II. 1, 459 ; Herod. 4, 60 ; Arist. Lys. 740. 953. dsvo^ai, Epic for ^so^ai, to need, II. 5, 202 ; 1, 468 : (ut, devTJaoixai, II. 13,786: aor. idsvriaa, Odys. 9,483. dixrvf^ai, later for 8s%ofiai, Anthol. 9, 553. bexo^at, to receive, accept, fut. Si^ofiai, Soph. Col. 4 : perf. diSs^fjiai, Thuc. 1,9: aor. pass, idix^r^v actively or passively, Eurip. Heracl. 757 ; Dem. 1012: aor. mid. ideldiir^v, Eurip. Ale. 683: 3 fut. deSi^o^aL actively, II. 5, 238. Verbal ds- ocrios, Xen. CEcon. 7, 35. dixajaiy pres. 3 plur. Epic for dixovtat, II. 12, 147: pres. part. ds'/fiEvog for dexoixsvog, waiting for, II. 2, 137 ; or for ds^dfisvog, Pind. Pyth. 4, 226. — idsyixrjv, imperf. for idsxo- firjv, was expecting, Odys. 9, 513. — dsxio or edsnTo, 2 aor. mid. 3 sing. Epic, Odys. 9, 353 ; U. 15, 88 : imperat. 2 sing, ds^o (dsxao), II. 19, 10 : 2 plur. dsx^e, Apol. 4, 554 : infin. dsx^ai, II. 1, 23; Eurip. Rhes. 525. — II. 10, 62, dsdsyfisvog is equivalent to dsxof^srog, loaiting ; II. 4, 107, it is equivalent to dsdoxrifisvog, on the look out, watching. 8sa), to bind, fut. drjao, Xen. Anab. 5, 8, 23 : aor. edrfda, Soiph, Antig. 1112: perf. Sedsxa, Dem. 764 : perf. pass. diSsfiai, Xen. Anab. 3, 4, 35 ; also dsdedixai, Hippocr. : aor. pass, idid^r^v^ Xen. Hel. 1,7, 39 : 3 fut. pass. dedTJaofiaL equivalent to dsd^TJaofxai, Xen. Cyr. 4, 3, 18. Verbal ds- Tsos, Arist. Eccl. 785. — Mid. diofiai transitive, imperf. ideofn^v, II. 18, 553 : aor. i8riod[xr^v, II. 2. 44. In this verb bo, f(o, sov are contracted contrary to the analogy of dissyllahic verbs in c'w • 8ovv, Plat. Cratyl. 76; avadoiv, Arist. Plut. 589; KaTsdovv, Thuc. 7, 53; ava~ doviiai, Xen. Hel. 5, 1, 21 : evidently in order to make a distinction between this and the following. — drjadaxeTo, aor. mid. iterative, II. 24, 15. It may possibly be etymologically connected with the English tie, tight. 120 S€(o died, to ijba/nt; he wanting, lack, fail, Msch. Prom. 1006: fut. dsriaco, Plat. Rep. 3, 8: aor. idir^aa, Dem. 678; Epic %(ra, II. 18, 100: perf. de- Sirfxa, Plat. Polit. 19 : aor. pass, ids^&rfv as middle, Thuc. 1 , 27. — Mid. diofiac, to need, beg, fut. ds^ctofxaL, Xen. Anab. 5, 4, 9 : perf. dsdir^- fiai, Dem. 415. Impersonal dst, it is necessary, there is need, ditf, dsot, 8siv, dsov, fut. dsijast, Xen. Cyr. 6, 1, 17: aor. iSsi^c^s, Arist. Vesp. 612. JHKS2, see 8dxvo, drjXofjiaL, to ivish, Doric, equivalent to &ika), ^ovlo- fxat, Theoc. 5, 27. Sfjco {JA£2), I shall find, Epic, II. 9, 418. 685; Odys. 4, 544. We may assume a future da^atxi from JAJl, hence 5««w, and, by contracting the first two syllables (as), (JtJw. Com- pare xtw or neioa ' also atdilo from aide'ofxoci. Sianda (8tatTa), to decide, arbitrate, fut. BiatTijao), Dem. 861: aor. idLjjirfaa , Dem. 542; Doric dcaiTdaa, Pind. Pyth. 9, 121 : perf. dsdij^ir^xa, Dem. 902 : perf. pass. dsdcyTrnxat, Dem. 542. — Mid. dLaiTciofiai, to pass life, live, divell, Hippocr. de Aer. §44: imperf. dLjfiaofxr^v, Lysias, 13: fut. dLatTijaofjiac, Plat. Rep. 2, 12: perf. Be^t^xri' fjiai, Thuc. 7, 77: aor. pass. SLjfTT^&i^v, Ionic dcaLZTJ&rfv as middle, Thuc. 7, 87; Herod. 2, 112. Verbal SLacTrfTiog as middle (dec StaiTOr a&ai), Hippocr. dLdxovico (diaxovos), to minister, wait upon, imperf. 8li}x6vovv, Eurip. Cycl. 406: fut. diaxovT^ao, Plat. Gorg. 61 : perf dsdir^xovr^xa, Athen. 7, 42: perf pass, dedtrjxovrffxai, Dem. 1230: aor. pass. idiaxovijd'i^v, Dem. 1206. diaXiya (did, Xeyo)), to separate, select, — Mid. diaUyoiiai^ to discuss, converse with, fut. dLaXi- Mg 121 |o^ai, Dem. 140: perf. Sutkeyfiai, Xen. Hel. 5, 4, 29 : aor. pass. Siels^^d^tfv as middle, Xen. Mem. 1, 6, 1 : aor. mid. duXs^dfXT^v Epic only, 11. 11, 407: fut. pass. SiaXsx^rjoofiaL as middle, Isoc. 195. Verbal diaXsxisog^ Isoc. 101. Siddaxco {/IA£1, AIJAXiT), to teach, fut. Md^o), Arist. Plut. 582: aor. idtda^a, Thuc. 2, 60; also iSLddaxr^aa Epic, Hes. Op. 64 : perf. Sedidaxa, Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 18: perf. pass. deSida/fiai, Xen. Conv. 9, 6 : aor. pass. idtddxO't^v, jEsch. Prom. 10. Verbal didaxjeog, Xen. Hel. 6, 3, 7. — Mid. Siddaxofiai, to cause to be taught, give an education ; also to learn, that is, to teach one^s self: fut. didd^o^ai, Xen. Mem. 1,2,20: aor. idtdaldfiriv, Arist. Nub. 1338; Soph. Antig. 356. The derived tenses show that the last consonant of the root is a palatal ; the noun didixx^ presupposes a theme in -X(o ' therefore diddaycoj is formed by inserting a before ;^, and changing the latter into its corresponding smooth palatal. Compare H'oxm, Xdania, fxloyo). — /II/lAXfL without the redu- plication may be compared with the Latin doceo, disco. Bldrffjii (Sid)), to bind, imperf. idiSr^v, II. 11, 105. dMo {JO 11), to give, 2 sing. Sidoig, dLdoiad^a, II. 9, 164; 19, 270; 3 sing. diSot, Herod. 1, 107; imperat. 8t8ov (8180s), Eurip. Med. 617 : imperf. i8l8ovv (i8i8oov), Xen. Cyr. 8, 2, 17; Hes. Op. 138 : fut. 8L8coda) Epic, Odys. 13, 358; 24, 314. didoi, imperat. 2 sing, for dldov {dldos), Find. OJym. 1, 136. It is the same as the Latin do; the derivative dos of course is the same as 5wV. 8i8gdax(o (JPAS2), only in composition d7to8i8gd- Gxco, 8ia8i8gdaxc}, ix8i8gdaxc), to run away, skulk, fut. 8gdao^ai (a), Dem. 130: aor. e8gdaa, Xen. Cyr. 1, 4, 13: perf. 8s8gdxa, Xen. Anab. 1, 4, 8 : 2 aor. e8gdv Ionic s8grfv, 8gco, Sgairiv, 8gdvai, Sods, Eurip. Heracl. 14; Rem. § 72. 11 122 dt8g Sidgrldxo), SgyjaofjiaL, &LC,, Ionic for 8i8gdaxo, Sida/iU (8t86o, JOS2), to give^ fut. 8c6(jco, Xen. Anab. 7, 3, 10: aor. e8coyca, only in the indica- tive, Xen. Mem. 1,1, 9 : perf. 8s8oxa^ Thuc. 5, 11 : perf. pass. 8s8ofxat, Xen. Hel. 7, 1, 5 : aor. pass. i86d'rfv, Xen. Hel. 3, 1, 6: 2 aor. £8cov, 8S, 8oLrfv, 86s, 8ovvai, 8ovs, Thuc. 2, 27. Verbal 8oTiog, Xen. Eq. 10, 12. — Mid. 8i8oiiaL, see d7io8L8ofiL, — See also 8i86a). The fut. raid, ixdcoaofiai, of sxdld(Ofii, is passive in signifi- cation, Hippocr. The singular edaxa, tdmaag, tdaits, and the 3 plur. sdmxav, with good writers are much more common than the remain- ing forms of the aorist edMxa. On the other hand, the singular of the 2 aor. tdcav is not used in the indicative. didbi&L, pres. imperat. 2 sing, for dido&i, Odys. 3, 38 : infin. didovvai, Epic for Sidovai, II. 24,425. — doanov, 2 aor. iterative, II. 18,546; Odys. 19, IQ. — Smm, dojpg, dcoT], dwMoi, 2 aor. subj. Epic for 5w, dug, do), dajai, U. 6, 527 ; 1, 137 ; also dcotjai for dm^, II. 1, 324. Also 3 sing. dm a I for 8m, II. 1, 129; 1 plur. droofisv for 5w^£)/, II. 7, 299: infin. dofisvat and dofxsv, for dovvai, II. 1, 116; 479. — dcorjv, d(oi]g, Scatj, 2 aor. opt. for 8oit]v, doltjg, dolrj, Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 35; Herod. 9, 111. Many critics suppose that these forms belong to the later Greek ; compare aXaJriv from aXlaxo(j,ai. — dtdoav&iy anodsdoavd- l, 2 perf. 3 plur. BcBotic, in an ancient inscription, Rose's Inscript. Graec. tab. 39, 1. 35. Compare iwv&i, for Iwvn {coai), in the same inscription. 8i^rif.iaL, to seek, Epic and Ionic, 8L^riadat, 8L^7]fz£vos, retaining ?/ in the inflexion, Odys. 11, 100; II. 4,88; Herod. 1, 94: imperf. i8Lt7]fii]v, Herod. 1, 214: fut. 8itr]aofiaL, Odys. 16, 239: aor. i8i' triadiiriv, Plutarch, p. 1118, quoted. 811(0, to consider, cpgovjilo), doubt, Herod. 1, 65 : im- perf. Uilov, II. 16, 713. Compare Xen. Apol. 15. — Mid. 8L^ofiai equivalent to 8t^rffA,ai, Theoc. 25, 37; Hes. Op. 601 : imperf. i8t:6fxriv, Mosch. 2,28. 8iax ' 123 Sifixovio), Ionic for Siaxovia, Herod. 4, 154. 8i7fiJii (Sid, ir^fit), to moisten, sprinkle, part. Sisig, Athen. 7, 41. — Mid. disfxaL as active, Arist. Plut. 720. diTffii (dtco), to chase away, imperf. 3 plur. iSuaav, 11. 18, 584. —Mid. Bufiai, to speed, II. 23, 475; 12, 304. JIKS2, to fling. Poetic, 2 aor. sdixov^ 8lxs, Stxeov^ Find. Olym. 10, 86; Eurip. Bac. 599 ; ^sch. Choeph. 99. dtyjoio (a), to thirst, be thirsty, Odys. 11, 583: fut. diyjTJaci), Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 17 : aor. idixprfcia, Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 81 : perf. dedlipr^xa, Hippocr. dixpio, another form of ^ti/^ao, Athen. 10, 43. dia, to fear, Epic in the present and imperfect, II. 9, 433 : 2 perf. dsdta. Epic Ssi8ta, as present, dedio, SsdLstrfv, diSidt, Sedisvai, dsStds, 11. 10, 93; Hes. Scut. 248; Arist. Eq. 224; Isaeus, 101: 2 pluperf. ideduiv, Dem. 915. —Mid. dtofiai, to cause to fear, simply to frighten, scare, jEsch. Eum. 357 ; II. 5, 763. — See also deidco, dsidis, imperf. 3 sing, from anew present /lETz/ISl, l\. 18, 34. Compare agtjQsv from aQotQlay.bi. — For the synco- pated forms of the second perfect and pluperfect, 8i8i^sv or dild ifi8v, ds8 Ltf, dsdislrjv, d id i&i or dsldi^ i, d sidi- ts, deidlusv, dstdyla, idsidifisv, idediaav or ddsidi- aav, see Rem. ^ 68! Sicoxa (J III K AS SI), to pursue, fut. dialo, dico^o- /xai, Arist. Thesm. 1224; Thuc. 7, 85: aor. iSia^a, Xen. Hel. 2, 4, 13: aor. pass. s8ico;(6rfv, Thuc. 3, 4 : 2 aor. i8t(6xadov, 8LcoxdQo, 8LC)xoi- 6siv, Arist. Vesp. 1203 ; Nub. 1482; Plat. Gorg. 85*; Euthph. 20. Verbal 8LcoxTeos, Xen. Anab. 3, 3, 8. — Mid. 8Lc6xofxai transitive, II. 21, 602. diMxsTov, imperf. 3 dual for dmxsir^v, II. 10, 364; like Xacpvoasiov for iXacpvaasirjv, from Xa(pvau(o, II. 18, 583. 124 iixaa JMAft, see Safid^a. JMES2, see difxco. dodaaaio, see diaro. 86axo, see Ssaro, doxia (JOKJ2), to seem, think, fut. 5o|o, Xen. Anab. 1, 4, 15; aor. sdo^a, Xen. Cyr. 6, 3, 6 : perff pass. 8£8oyf.iai, Arist. Eccl. 759 : aor. pass, part. doxO'Si?, Antiph. 630. — The regular forms 80X7(0(0, e86xrioa, 8s86xrffiai, 8oxrfd'£ts are Poetic; ^sch. Prom. 386 ; Pind. Olym. 13, 79 ; Eurip. Med. 763; Ale. 1161. Impersonal 8ox£l, it seems, appears, 86^si, 88o§s, 8e8oxTai, — Also 8oxr(a£t, i86xrfas, 8e86' xr/xs, 8£86xrfTaL, Eurip. Heracl. 261 ; Sup. 129; jEsch. Eum. 309 ; Herod. 7, 16. 8ov7T£G) (^JOTUSl), to sound heavily, as in falling, Poetic, imperf. iSovTtsov, Apol. 2, 1057: aor. e8ov7tri. JFEMJl, see tqsxg)* dgsTtco, sometimes dgsTtto, to pluck, enjoy, Mosch. 2, 69 : aor. sdgeyja, Herod. 2, 92 : 2 aor. %a- 710V, dgancov. Find. Pyth. 4, 231. — Mid. SgeTto- fiai, to pluck for one^s self, enjoy. Find. Nem. 2, 13 : fut. dgiyjojAat, Doric dge\p£v[xai, Theoc. 18, 40 : aor. idgsxpoifiriv, iEsch. Sept. 718. Sgrjaaa, for dgda, to do, Apol. 3, 274. dgrfOTsvo, for diSgdaxcj, Herod. 4, 79. dgofido or dgafjido (JPEMJl), to run, 3 sing. Bgco^a, in Hesychius : imperf. iterative dgoiidadxs, Hes. frag. 156. dgvTtTO) and 8gvq)o, to tear the flesh, Eurip. Elec. 150 ; II. 24, 21 : aor. sdgvxpa, II. 16, 324 : aor. pass. i8gv(p&riv, II. 23, 395. — Mid. dgvjiToixai, to tear one^s own flesh, Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 13 : aor. idgvyjdfxtfv, Odys. 2, 153. Sgoixdco, see dgofida. SvvufiaL, to be able, can, like icfja^ai in the present and imperfect : imperf. edvvd^riv and ^Swdi^r^v, Xen. Anab. 7, 2, 33; Herod. 1, 10: fut. dvvrj- aofiai, Soph. Antig. 90 : perf. BsHvYiiiai, Dem. 48 : aor. iSvvij&riv and rfdvvjjd'rfv, also idvvd- a&riv. Soph. Aj. 1067 ; JEsch. Prom. 206 ; Xen. Hel. 7, 3, 3 : aor. mid. iSwriadfjirfv Epic, II. 14, 33. Verbal bwaios, possible, able, dvvji, pres. 2 sing, for 8vvaauv, Eurip. Hec. 253 : subj. 2 sing, bvvriai Epic for 8vvri, II. 6, 229 ; 1 plur. 5vvsw^«- ^«, 3 plur. dvvE(ovTai, Ionic for dvvwus&a, dvviavtai, He- rod. 4, 97 ; 7, 163. The accent of the present subjunctive and optative is thrown as far back as possible ; dvvcofiai, dvvriTat, dvpfja&s, dvvMvtaL ' dvvaio, dvvano, dvvaia&s, dvvaivio. 8vvcs (dva), to enter, put on one's self, go down, set, sink, Herod. 7, 218; II. 5, 845; equivalent to 11» 126 8v7it .1 dvofxai from Svcj • perf. dedvxa, Arist. VcvSp. 140: 2 aor. sSvv, 8vco (v), dvriv (y), dvOt, dvvat, 8vg, Xen. Cyr. 8, 3, 1 . — Mid. dvvo^ai as active, Call. Epigr. 19, 6; 21, 2. dvvBovai, pres. 3 plur. for dvvovai, Herod. 3, 98. — dvoTcsv, 2 aor. iterative, II. 8, 271 : 3 plur. idiJv for edv- aav, 11. 4, 222. — dvfisv, 2 aor. opt. 1 plur. for dvrj^sv, like ddlfisv, S^flfiev, for dolrjfist', &slri(j.sv, II. 16, 99. — According to Buttrnann, the subjunctive dvrj, Odys. 9, 377 ; 18, 348; 20, 286, ought to be written Svrj^ optative, because it de- pends on a historical tense. 8vjnco, for dvvo) or 8v^«to, pluperf. pass. 3 plur. Epic, II. 17, 354. eg^^o) {EPFAOSl), the original form of ugyo), to shut out^ exclude, debar, prevent, Herod. 3, 48 ; Odys. 3, 296 : aor. sg^a, in composition ciusg^a, Herod. 2, 124: perf. pass, sgyixai^ ansgy^ai^ Herod. 2, 99 : 2 aor. sgya&ov, II. 1 1, 437 : 2 aor. mid. igyad^ofiriv, igyd&ov, transitive, iEsch. Eum. 666 : fut. mid. sg^ofiai as passive, Soph. Tyr.. 890. — See also iegya. It seems to be etymologically connected with the Latin? arceo. As to ugxeta, it probably has little or no relation tO' eQytj and arceo. See also aU^w. egda and sg8a} (EPFJl), to do, sacrifice, Poetic and Ionic, II. 10, 503; .Esch. Sept. 233: im- perf. i'gdov and egdov, 11. 1, 315 ; Herod. 9, 103:; fut. k'g^o. Soph. Phil. 1406: aor. sg^a, iEsch. Sept. 924: 2 perf. eogya, II. 2, 272: 2 pluperf.. iSg/siv, Ionic iogyea, Odys. 4, 693; Herod. 1, 127. — See also gei^w, tgdiaxov, imperf. iterative, Odys. 13, 350. — togyuv,. 2 perf. 3 plur. for iogydai, Horn. Batr. 179 ; with the ending of the first aorist. The original theme was ^EPTSl, hence ^aqyov, in the Elean inscription ; ya^tqyoQ, in Hesychius. Compare Eng- lish work^ German Werk. igssivo (igio), to ask. Epic, II. 6, 1 45 : imperf. kgsBLvov, Odys. 4, 137. — Mid. igesivofiai as active, Odys. 17, 305. igsida, to prop, fut. egsiaco, Call. Del. 234: aor. rjgsiaa. Soph. Antig. 1236: aor. pass, rigeiodijv^ as middle, II. 7, 145. — Mid. igsldofiai, to lean upon, II. 14, 38: perf. ygsLOfiai and igrjgsiofiai, Plat. Loc. 5; Herod. 4, 152: aor. i^gstodfi^Vy II. 5, 309. iQi]Qi8aTai and eQi^QsivraL, perf. raid. 3 plur. Epic, II. 23, 284; Apol. 2, 320: pluperf. 3 plur. iotjoidaxo andi 13 146 egsi rjg^QSivTo, Odys. 7,95; Apol. 3, 1397. — r^Qrigtiarai, perf. mid. 3 sing. Orph. Argon. 1142 : pluperf. 3 sing. riqriQBioro, II. 3, 358. igsLxco • (EPIKSl), to rend, tear, burst, break in pieces, aor. rjgsL^a, Arist. Vesp. 649 ; frag. 88 ; also rjgi^oi, Hippocr. : perf. pass. igtjgiyfiaL, Hip- pocr. : 2 aor. rjgixov. Soph. frag. 184 ; i^gixov is commonly intransitive, to be rent, torn, burst, broken in pieces, II. 17, 295. It may possibly be connected with 'PAFSl, the theme of Q^yvvfii. (Compare igeina), from qlnxM.) iguTia {EPinSl), to cast down, overthrow, fut. igsiyja, Xen. Cyr. 7, 4, 1 : aor. rjgsiipa, Pind. Pyth. 4, 469: perf. pass. igTJgsLiifxathter: plu- perf. pass. 3 sing. igigcnTo, II. 14, 15 : 2 aor. TJgiTiov intransitive, to fall down, II. 5, 47: 2 aor. pass. part. igiTzivzi, Pind. Olym. 2, 76 : 2 perf. igjjgLTta, intransitive, to have fallen, 11 14, 65 : aor. mid. dvrfgsiijjdfirfv Epic, impelled upwards, carried off, Odys. 1, 241. It is probably connected with qlmw, gini]. Igtvyo^ai, Epic and Ionic for igvyydvo, II. 15, 62 1 : fut. igsv^ofiat, Hippocr. : perf. sgEvy^ai, Hippocr. — See also Igvyydvco, igev&co and igv&alvc) (EPTGSl), also igvdgaivo) (igvdgog), to redden, II. 11, 394; 10,484; Xen. Cyr. 1, 4, 4: aor. sgsvoa, igsvoai, and igvdi^va, II. 18, 329; Apol. 1, 79i: 2 aor. pass. opt. igsvdsLTfv, Hippocr. Etymologically connected with the English red, ruddy, German roth, and perhaps with the Latin ruber. For the commutation of &, b, and d, compare ov&ag, Latin uber, English udder. igsG), to ask, Epic, II. 7, 128 ; not to be confounded w ith igio, the future of stgca, to say, — Mid. ■ igioixac as active, II. 1, 332. sgg a 147 fQflofifv, s\}h']. 1 plur. Epic for iQSMfxsv, II. 1, 62: im- perat. eqsio (f'^iso), for the common (qov, II. 11, 611. igidaivo) and igiB^alvco, for igii^o, II. 1, 574; Theoc. 12, 31 : aor. igldriva, Apol. 1, 89 : aor. mid. in fin. igtSrjaaoOaL as active, II. 23, 792. — II. 16, 260, igidfiatva, to provoke, igt^o, to contend, quarrel, fut. igtaofiai, Odys. 4, 80: aor. rjgiaa, Xen. Ages. 1, 6. — Mid. igi^o- fiat as active. Find. Isth. 4, 49 : perf. igijgtafiai as present, Hes. frag. 152. EPOMAI, to ask, question, fut. igijaofiat, Xen. Hel. 4, 5, 6 : 2 aor. ygo^iriv, sgcofiat, igoifir^v, igov, igea&ai^ igoi^ievog, Eurip. Orest. 874 ; Soph. Phil. 576. The rest is borrovv^ed from igcoTOLco. — See also sigofxai, to ask. As the 2 pers. of the subjunctive of this verb is found after fxri in prohibitions, it is cJear that the dependent moods belong to the aorist tjqoiaijv, and not to the present EPOMAI. Arist. Ran. 434-5, firj^iv ^a^gav ansX&jjg, fxtjd^ av&ig sgnvtco, for SgitG)^ II. 23, 225 : aor. signvaa^ Arist. Ran. 488; part, igjtvoas (v), Theoc. 22, 15. egito, to creep, crawl, imperf. ugnov^ Soph. Tyr. 83 : fut. Sgxpco, iEsch. Eum. 500. Etymologically connected with the Latin serpo. Com- pare %QQ(a. sggo {EPSl), to go away., go to destruction, perish, fut. eggijaco, Arist. Vesp. 1329: aor. rjggrfaa, Arist. Ran. 1192; also tgaa, dnosgaa, causative, to force or sweep away, wash or hurry away, II. 6, 348; 21, 283. 329: perf. riggriTca, Arist. Thesm. 1075. The original theme was fEPSl or FfQQ(», hence (SeQQtjg, (SiXQQsT, ^sQQfvsi, in Hesychius; (Sig^jg, ^tgTjdivH, in the Ety- mologicum Magnum. — The Epic anof'gari (^ ), ano- EQOsiE (v/ u) were probably wtt op F« 4* «/?> anoffsg^ a ELS, respectively. — In its usual acceptation it corresponds 1 48 (Qvy with the Latin erro ; as a causative verb, it seems to be connected with verro {to sweep away). igvyyavo {EPTFSl), to erud, disgorge, Eurip. Cycl. 523: 2 aor. ijgvyov, Arist. Vesp. 913. It is an onomatopyy etymologically connected with the Latin erugo, ructo. igvOalvco and sgv&gaLvcD, see igsv&c), igvxdvo and igvxavda), for igvxoy Odys. 10, 429 ; 1, 199. igvxco {EPTKAKSl), long v, to keep back^ detain^ impede, Poetic, fut. igv^o, II. 8, 178 : aor. ijgv^a, Xen. Anab. 5, 8, 25 : 2 aor. rigvxdxov {y), II. 5, 321. —Mid. igvxofiaL as active, Theogn. 1207. igvc9 (if) to draw, pull, Epic, imperf. egvov, II. 12, 258: fut. egvco {v), without the a, 11. 11,454; 15, 351 : aor. agvoa {ao), II. 1, 459 ; 10, 490 ; Odys. 8, 61. — Mid. igvofxai, to draw to one^s self, to draw, move, rescue, deliver, protect, guard, imperf. igijofxriv, II. 6, 403 : fut. igvaofiac (oo), Odys. 21, 125; also igvofjiai without the o, II. 14, 422 : aor. egvod^riv (aa), II. 1, 466; 4, 530. — The forms scgvov, sigvaa, sigvfiai, etgva^ai, etgvfiriv, slgvad'Tiv, and elgvadixr^v are referred to elgva, tgvTcei, pres. mid. 3 sing, from EPTMT, Apol. 2, 1208 : infin. 8Qva&ai, Odys. 5, 484. — eqvuo, imperf. mid. 2 sing, likewise from EPTMI, H. 22, 507; 3 sing, bqvto, II. 4, 138; 3plur. '^qwto, Theoc. 25, 76. — Hes. Theog. 304, SQVTO as aorist is passive, ivas confined, watched. — «^i;- aaaxs, aor, iterative, U. 10, 490. The Latin servo seems to be parent of igvco and qvofiai. Compare solvo, Xvio, and sorbeo, Qocpsa. sg^ofiat {EAETSSl, EATGSl, EAOSl), to come, go, fut. iksv(jOfiai, jEsch. Prom. 854 : 2 aor. rjXv&ov Poetic, II. 1, 152; commonly ^kd^ov, eXd-co, sk&oifxi, eXd^B, iXd^uv, iXd^av, to come: 2 perf. i^kvda, Epic £ihj},ovd'a rarely rilvd-a, sad^L 149 eXr^Xv&otriP, Soph. Trach. 7 ; Xen. Cyr. 2, 4, 17; II. 1, 202; Hes. Theog. 660; part. Epic dlriXovd^as and iXriXov&as, Odys. 19, 28; II. 15, 81. Of the full form of the second aorist only ^Xv&ov, rJXv&fg^ i]Xv&s are found. As to rjkv&ofiEP in Goettiing's Hesiod (Theog. 660), it is usually edited rjXv&afisv. — ^ikrjXovd^^sv, 2 perf. 1 plur. syncopated, Epic, for iXriXv&a^sv, II. 9, 49. — Also eXi]Xvixsv for eXtjXvdafisv, and iXi^Xvzs for iXrjXv- ^«T£, Hephaest. 1, 3. — ^v^ov, 2 aor. Doric for tjX&ov, Theoc. 1, hO : subj. sXam, opt. sXaoifii, part. sXobiv, Laconian for n^M, U&oifii, iXdwv, Arist. Lys. 105. 118. 1081. The present i'gx-ofiai is a modification of EAOSl. For the commutation of X and q, see uXil^on. For the change of & intOjj-, compare ogvi^tg, oQvixfq ' IIAOSl, ndaxw. EPSl^ see hqco^ sgofiai, and sgga, igcoj see Siga, to tell ; also igico^ to ask. igcosa (igcorj, gio), to flow, move, hasten, give ivay, desist, Epic, II. 2, 179 : fut. igorjaa, II. 1, 303 : aor. T^gdr^aa, II. 23, 433 ; opt. 2 plur. igarjaaas causative, cause to give way, drive back, II. 13, 57. — Theoc. 13, 74, igeorfas, forsook, left, fled from, iad'Tfixsvo?, Ionic for rjad'T^fiivog, iad^icj, sometimes soda and eSco [^AFSl), to eat, II. 24, 213; Odys. 9, 75: fut. s^oixai, later idov^ai and (pdyo^ai -saai, Arist. Nub. 129; Athen. 8, 23: perf. ihjBoxa, Xen. Anab. 4,8, 20; Athen. 7, 71 : perf. pass. sSTJdsaixat, Epic iSrjSofiai, Plat. Phaedo, 137; Odys. 22, 56: aor. pass. rjSsaOr^v, Athen. 12, 58 : 2 perf. sStfda Epic, II. 17, 542: 2 aor. ecpayov, Xen. Anab. 4, 8, 20. s(i{isvai, pres. infin. Epic, syncopated for eds^fvai (I'dsiv), II. 4, 345. — (payioig, 2 aor. opt. 2 sing, almost barbarous for qxiyoig, Phocylid. 13, 145. The form ta&oi is obtained by annexing ^w (for the usual 13* 150 BdTto e&a) or d&o)) to the root of Idco ' thus td-d(o, ta-x^w. — The usual form so&Ioj is a prolongation of Ba&a. Its original form was p£<5c.), hence y to ij a, in Hesychius ; compare ytm), x^d(o, a/edoLfzi, a/iOs^ oxsOslv, axsOcov, II. 12, 184 ; Arist. Lys. 425 ; Eurip. Rhes. 602 ; Odys. 8, 537; ^sch. Prom. 16; Pind. Pyth. 6, 19 : perf. part. (o^oxSg) avvoxcoxas Epic, found only once, II. 2, 218. Verbal ixjios and a^sTios, Arist. Ach. 259 ; Plat. Ph^dr. 126.— Mid. s/ofxai, to hold one's self, endure, get hold of, hold by, border upon, imperf. sl/6^riv • fut. a^oiiiac and 6/rjaoixai, Xen. Anab. 7, 6, 41 ; II. 9, 235: perf. sa/r^fiat, Xen. Anab. 7, 6, 11: 2 aor. iaxoiiriv, a^cofiai, axol^riv, o/ov, a^sadai, axofisvog. Soph. Tyr. 1387; sometimes used passively^ as Herod. 1, 31 ; Odys. 3, 284. ei'xsf, imperf. 3 sing. Ionic for sl^^f Herod. 1, 118. — axs&8Biv,2 aor. infin. Epic for axe&siv, II. 23,466. — Xen. Anab. 3, 4, 2, didaxf], paroxytone, is referred to diiaxov ' but diaaxf], perispomenon, the other reading, must be re- ferred to the assumed theme 2XIIMI, whence also oxBg. — ETKaxoLTo, were closed or defended , II. 12, 340. It seems to be a pluperf. pass. 3 plural, Ionic as to form, from EnOXJl, compounded of ini and OXSl, whence also ox^g. Compare avvox(07i(ag. The original form was 'exSL, with the rough breathing; hence fut, £|w, and the derivatives f'|a), see d'adoaco, d'av^ULvo (d-avfia), Epic for d'av^id'Cco, fut. d^oLv- fiavio), Odys. 8, 108. 0A0S1, to bury, see d^ditjco, 0A0II, to be astonished, Epic and Ionic, perf. lidacpa transitive, to astonish, Athen. 6, 72 : 2 perf. TsOrfTia as present, Tsdrfjtas, Odys. 23, 105 ;: 11.4, 243: 2 pluperf. iTsdrJTtsa, Odys. 6, 166:. 2 aor. ha(pov, Tacpcav, Pind. Pyth. 4, 168 ; Odys. 16, 12. GASl, to suckle, Epic, aor. infin. &rjaai, in Hesy- chius. — Mid. d^dofxat, infin. d'^oOat (d^deodat), to milk, Odys. 4, 89 : aor. iOr^adfiriv, to suck,. II. 24, 58 ; also to suckle, Horn. Hym. 1, 123. d^sdofiai, to behold, 5^^, fut. d^sddofiat (a), Xen. Cyr. 7, 1, 22: perf. pass, xedi&^ai, Arist. Nub. 370 : aor. idedadftT^v, Xen. Anab. 5, 7, 26 : aor.. pass. iOsdOriv passively, Thuc. 3, 38 ? Verbal d^sariog. Plat. Soph. 65. d'sivG), to smite, Poetic, II. 17, 430: imperf. edsivovy JEsch. Pars. 418: fut. d^svS, Arist. Ach. 564:. aor. sOsiva, II. 20, 481 : 2 aor. sOsvov, Osvcs, 14 158^ ^bXo Osvs, 6sv£Lv^ Oevdv (divav), Eurip. Rhes. 687 ; Heracl. 271 ; Cycl. 7; Arist. Av. 54. d^iXo, the same as id^iXa, fut. OslTJao, Xen. Mem. 1,4, 18: aor. ioariaa, Soph. Col. 757: perf. Tsdilrixa, JEsch. 306. According to Phrynichus, the perf. Ts&iXrjxa belongs to the Alexandrian dialect ; he condemns it. d'egajtsvco, to serve, court, regular : fut. mid. Osga- TievGOfiaL usually passive in sense, Plat. Ale. Prim. 61. Horn. Hym. 1, 390, ^sgansvaovTccL is transitive. &sgofiai, to warm one's self, heat, burn, Poetic, II. 6, 331: fut. Mgao^ai, Odys. 19, 507: 2 aor. pass, adigriv as middle, subj. dsgio) (Osgco), Odys. 17, 23. d^iaaaoOat, to pray that it may be, to obtain by prayer, found only in the aor. mid. 3 plur. diaoavTo, and part. Osaadfisvo?, Pind. JVem. 5, 17 ; Hes. frag. 9 ; Apol. 1, 824. d'ics, to put, see Jidrffii. ma (OEYJl), to run, imperf. sdsov, II. 20, 229 : fut. devdofxai, Arist. Av. 205. d'rieo^ai (ddo^ai), to gaze at, behold with admira- tion, behold, Ionic, Herod. 1, 10: fut. Orfrfaofiai, Hes. Op. 480 : aor. i^rir^adfir^v, Herod. 3, 23. d^Lyydvo) (OIFSl), to touch, as v^ith the hand, fut. Oi^ofxai, Eurip. Hip. 1086 : 2 aor. ediyov, diyuv, diydv. Soph. Antig. 546. Etymologically connected with the Latin tango (root tag-). d^Xdo, to bruise, break, Athen. 8, 41 : fut. dXdao, Hippocr. : aor. adldaa, Odys. 18, 97 : perf. pass. Tadiaofiat, Doric ledXay^ai, Athen. 11, 30; Thuc. 22, 35. d^vrjaxo {0ANSI, 9 NASI), to be dying, die, fut. OaviofLac, Oavovfxai, II. 4, 12; Xen. Cyr. 7, 1, .mksSS^ 159 19 ; also rsOvrj^co, xBOvrj^o^at, JEsch, Agara. 1279; Lysias, frag. 42: perf. xiOvT^xa, Xen. Cyr. 4, 6, 2: 2 aor. edavov, Soph. Col. 1706: 2 perf. ridvaa, rsdvairiv, TsdvaOi, rsdvdvai, ts- OvsSg, see Rem. § 68 : 2 pluperf. haOvdeiv^ Rem. ^ 68. d^od^o, for dadaoo^ in Attic Poetry, Soph. Tyr. 2. d^oLvdtco, to feast, feast upon, Xen. Ages. 8, 7 ; equivalent to doivdofxai from Ootvdeo. d^oLvdcD, to entertain festively, Eurip. Ion. 982 : imperf. idoivaov intransitive, / feasted, Hes. Scut. 212: aor. iOoiviaa (as if from -i^o), Herod. 1, 129: aor. pass, idoivrjdriv as middle, Odys. i 4, .36. — Mid. Ooivdofiai, to feast, feast upon, Eurip. Cycl. 248 : fut. OoLv-qaoiiaL and doivdao' fxai (d), jEsch. Prom. 1025; Eurip. Cycl. 550: perf. Tsdoivdfiai, Eurip. Cycl. 377 : aor. idoivr^- adfirfv, Anthol. 9, 244. OOP SI, see Ogadxo, &gdcicio (ragdaaa)), to disturb, Eurip. Rhes. 863: aor. adga^a, dgd^ai, iEsch. Prom. 628 : perf. xixgrixoL, as present intransitive, to he tumultuous. Epic, II. 7, 346 : pluperf. zsrgjj^^siv as imperfect, intransitive, II. 2, 95 : aor. pass. IdgdxOriv, Soph. frag. 812: fut. mid. Oga^ovfxai, in Hesychius, explained jagd^oixat. It is formed from Tugdaaa by metathesis and contraction, TaQaaaa, TQaaoaeo, jQuaoM, &Q(xaa(a. The change of t into & may be considered an anomaly. Perhaps the original theme was OPAXSL. — This form gives jgax^s. Ionic x^r^vV, rough, uneven. GPE0SI, see rgicpo), GPEXSl, see r^i/o. d^gvKTco (OPT0J2), to break in pieces, crumble, debilitate, aor. sdgvipa, Hippocr. : aor. pass. idgvq)dr^v later, Anthol. 5, 294, 15: 2 aor. pass. hgvcpriv, II. 3, 363. — Mid. dgvTtTo^ai, to put 160 dg(ot;|fo? (Ft F« jc;(f o?), dvlaxog (a Ft«/o?), rixog, rixia, Romaic dxoq {rixog). ISgoOy to sweat, fut. l^gdaca, II. 2, 388 : aor. ibga}- aa, Xen. (Econ. 4, 24. In the Epic and Ionic dialects, it is contracted as if the present were in -aw • as opt. 3 sing. IdgMr}, Hippocr. de Aer. ^ 17; part. fem. Idgwaa {Idgaovaa), for Idgovaoe, II. 11, 597; IdQOJOvtag, protracted from Idgrnvrag (IdgaovTag), Odys. 4, 39. — II. 11, 119, Id^ojovaa presupposes a theme in -WW. Etymologically connected with vdag, Latin sudo, English water, wet, sweat. tdgva and 'IJPTNJl (tt«, sdga), to seat, place, lo- cate, fut. idgvaco (v), Eurip. Bac. 1339: aor. iBgvaa, Herod. 4, 124 : perf. pass, idgvfxai, Eu- rip. Heracl. 19; Thuc. 2, 15: aor. pass, idgvdr^v and Idgvvdriv usually as middle, Arist. Av. 45 ; Thuc. 4, 44; II. 3, 78; Xen. Cyr. 8, 4, 10. Verbal tdgviiog, Soph. Aj. 809. — Mid. Idgvofiai, to place, establish, build, erect a building, dedi- cate, consecrate as a temple, Dem. 256 : fut. idgvaoiJLai, Arist. Plut. 1191 : perf. idgv^at, He- rod. 2, 42 : aor. i8gvddfjLfiv, Thuc. 6, 3 ; pre- ferred to its equivalent eladiiriv from 'ESI, IJSl, see EUSl. leizat {dill), to hasten, Xen. Cyr. 4, 1, 17; II. 12, 274; 2, 154; Herod. 6, 134: imperf. if>9^i/^ Arist. "Eq. 625. 14* 162 u(o This verb is the middle of tl^i, to go. Many modern critics, however, refer it to Xripn, to send, that is, to cause to go, and accordingly write I'e^wt, with the rough breathing. U(o (EIl\ to send, fisduco, II. 6, 523 ; 10, 121 ; im- perat. lec (iff), II. 21, 338 ; Odys. 1, 271 ; infin. htv, avvLHVf Theog. 565: imperf. low (lsov), Arist. Vesp. 355; II. 1, 479; Herod. 4, 125. The forms Ulg, let are often written Xsig, hi, in which case they are referred to I'w. Tfo and l^dvo) (Ito^at), to seat, place, establish, institute; also intransitive, to sit, settle, sink, Msch. Eum. 18; Soph. Antig. 1000; II. 23, 258; Thuc. 2, 76: imperf. I^ov, II. 18, 422.— Mid. i^ofiai, to sit, II. 3, 162; Herod. 1, 119.— See also Ttadi^o, i'rffiL (lio), 'E£2), to send, imperf. it^v, Find. Isth. 1, 34 : fut. Tiao, Epic also eaa, dviaa, Arist. Ran. 823; Odys. 18, 265: aor. ^xa only in the in- dicative, Xen. Anab. 4, 5, 18 ; Epic stfxa only in composition, dcpii^xa, icpsr^xa, ^vvarixa, II. 18, 108; 1, 8; also opt. aaaifii, dvEdai^i, II. 14, 209 : perf. elxa, Dem. 966 : perf. pass, d^ai, Dem. 292 ; Herod. 8, 49 : aor. pass, aidriv and Wriv, idS, Eurip. Phoen. 1376 : fut. pass, idrjao- fxai, Xen. Ven. 7, 11: 2 aor. ^v, S, sir^v, eg, SLvai, 8is, Arist. Vesp. 574; Soph. Tyr. 1405. Verbal hios, see dcpirifiL, — Mid. ufiai, to send one's self, hasten on, desire, fut. rf(SOfiaL, Eurip. Hel. 1 629 : aor. i^xdfit^v rare in the Attic writers, used only in the indicative, Eurip. Elec. 622: 2 aor. eifXTiv and l'^?/v, Sfiat, stfiriv, ov (bo, eao), gadai, sfjLSvog, Xen. Hier. 7, 1 1 ; Odys. 4, 76 ; 11. 1, 469 ; Soph. Tyr. 1521. — See also a^jt^^i. The singular ^xa, ^xag, ^xe, and the 3 plur. ^xav, with good writers are much more common than the remaining forms of the aorist ^xa. — On the other hand, the singular tXa& > 163 of the 2 aor. ^v is not used in the indicative. See also Rem. § 72. Xblv, imperf. 1 sing, for Xr^v or rather Xow (Xtov), rjqilEiv, see acplrjfii' tiqo'leiv, Odys. 10,100; 3 plur. 'Ep'icXsv for Xsaav, II. 12, 33. — I'w, h]g, btj, or «l'w, 2 aor. subj. Epic for w, ^g, Slc, II. 1, 567; 3,414; also 3 sing, rip, oivi]rj, for «y^^, II. 2, 34. — sfoxa, perf act. for ilxa, Etymol. Magn. voc. avrjTiev. — twvtai, perf. pass. 3 plur. for eIvtoii, see acplrjfii, otcpewrToii ' avtovrai, perf. mid. 3 plur. for aveXviai (not for the present avievzai), Herod. 2, 165. The Floren- tine Codex has civstavTai, analogous to acpicavtm. See Buttmann's Lexilogus (avrjvo&ev, 29). — ttqooIto, 2 aor. mid. 3 sing, for ttqohto, Xen. Anab. 1, 9, 10. — The fut. eaoj, avtoa, and the aor. opt. oiviaai(jii are by some referred to *£Ji, to place^ put^ seat, set ; the former, however, clearly belongs to l'?;p. ldvv(o (Idvg), long v, to direct straight forioard^ Odys. 9, 78: aor. iOvva, Odys. 23, 197: aor. pass. Idvvdriv, II. 16, 475. — Mid. idvvo^ai tran- sitive, II. 6, 3 ; Odys. 5, 270. idva (v), to rush straight forward, Epic, II. 11, 552 : aor. idvaa, II. 6, 2 ; Herod. 4, 122. lycdvoi (ixo), long a, to come, Poetic, II. 1, 254 : im- perf. ixdvov as aorist, II. 6, 370. — Mid. Ixdvo- fiUL as active, Epic only, II. 10, 118. ixviofjtat (lxcs), to come, Soph. Tyr. 798 : fut. r|o- fiai, Herod. 2, 29 : perf. fyfA,ai, Soph. Trach. 229 : 2 aor. txofirjv, II. 1, 362. — Prose v^^riters use the compound dcpixviofiai, acpl^o^ai, dcpiy^ai, acpixo- fxr^v, — See also ixdva, txo. IxTo, 2 aor. mid. Epic for I'xsto, Hes. Theog. 481 : part. inUBvog adjectively, favorable^ jfair, as wind, Odys. 2, 420. ixco (I), to come. Epic, II. 10, 142 : imperf. Txov, II. 1, 317: aor. T^ov, Hom. Hym. 1, 230; II. 5, 773 ; Hes. Scut. 32. — See also Rem. ^ 54. IXdaxo^ai, Epic also IXdo^iai and ikdiiat, to pro- pitiate, II. 2, 550 ; Hom. Hym. 20, 5 ; rarely tXio^at and Ueoofxai, ^sch. Sup. 1 16. 127 ; Plat, 164 iXTf/i Leg. 7, 10: fut. IXdaofiai (a), later Epic IXdiO' fjiai, Call. Epigr. 46, 5 ; Apol. 2, 808 : aor. pass. Udadr^v passively, Plat. Leg. 9, 6: aor. mid. Ikd- ddfitfv (aa), later Epic lla^dfxriv, 11. 1, 100; Apol. I, 1093. — See also the following. 'I AH MI (IkdofiaL), to be propitious, imperat. iXddi and ilrfdi, Theoc. 15, 143 ; Odys. 3, 380 : perf. subj. Ikijxo as present, Odys. 21, 365; opt. Uifxaifu as present, Horn. Hym. 1, 165. TAAo, for si2a or frAAo, Lysias, 359. IfjLscgo {'IMEPSl\ to desire, Odys. 10, 431 : aor. pass. LfxigOriv as active, Herod. 7, 44. — Mid. ^iBigoiiaL as active, Odys. 1, 41 : aor. Ifisigdfxr^v, II. 14, 163. iixsggo, ^olic for Ifietgo), Sapph. 1, 27. iTiiafxai (jihofxai, HTASI, inTHMI), to fly, as a bird, inflected like tWa^a*, in the present and imperfect, imperf. iTndfxT^v, Eurip. Aul. 1608: fut. TtTrjaofjiat, Arist. Vesp. 208 : 2 aor. ijiTdfitiv, TtTSixat, TirdaOaL, mdfxevog, II. 5, 99 : 2 aor. act. STtrriv Doric anxdv, Tnalr^v, nirjvaty jizds, Hes. Op. 98; iEsch. Prom. 115. The early writers commonly use nhofzai, insro^rjv, and in poetry nojoiofiai, inoxaofiriv, instead of Xma^ai, imdfirjv. ic(d(xc {12 A SI, EIJ^, Old a), to know, a Doric verb, Pind. Pyth. 4, 441 ; 2 sing, tarig, Theoc. 14, 34 ; 1 plur. taafisv, Pind. Nem. 7, 20 ; 3 sing. ladTi, Theoc. 15, 146; 3 plur. laavii, Theoc. 15,64; part. dat. sing. taavTi, Pind. Pyth. 3, 52. — See also Rem. § 70. This verb is derived from the noun I2A or I2H, formed from IJSl after the analogy of 86%a from donioi {JOK/l), aat] from «ai or AJJl. Compare aadofiai from aarj. — Others suppose that it was suggested by I'aaah the 3 plur. of oida. — See also inlatafiai. tdTco, for itaxto, II. 1 1, 799 ; 16, 41 ; Odys. 4, 279 : imperf. laxov, Odys. 19, 203 ; 22, 31. icfTtf 165 Theoc. 22, 167, and Apol. 1, 834; 2. 240 ; 3. 396; 4, 1718, i'axov means tkei/ said. Many critics, both ancient and modern, are of opinion that the later Epic poets misuri' derstood the Homeric passage (Odys. 19, 203) Xok^ ifjsvdea nokXa Xeyoav stviioigiv 6fiolc},ijciofxai, Soph. Aj 1368. Verbal xkr^Tsog, Plat. Rep. 4, 6. — Mid Tca^iofiac, to call, summon to a court, fut. ycaXov l^ai, Arist. Eccl. 864 : aor. ixaXsadfXTfv, Xen Anab. 3, 3, 1. — Eurip. Orest. 1140, fut. mid 2 sing. xaXsi as passive. xsTtlEaiai, perf. pass. 3 plur. Ionic for ysAtjVTai, Herod. 2, 164: opt. 2 sing. xsxXfjo, Soph. Phil. 119; 1 plur. xs- xXji^sd^a, Arist, Lys. 253. — xitXiBoxov and xuX^axov, imperf. iterative, II. 6, 402; 9, 562; Apol. 4, 1514: pass. xaXiaxETO, II. 15, 338. Etymologically connected with the Latin calo^ English call. xdXri^L, from xakia, Soph. 1, 16 ; infin. ocaXijfxsvai for xa}.rjvai, II. 10, 125. xakivdiofiai (xvXlvdco), to roll about, spend one^s time in, Herod. 3, 52 ; Thuc. 2, 62. Tcdfiva (KAMS2, KM A SI), to labor, grow iceary, be sick, fut. Tcufiiofiai, xufiovfiat, Apol. 3, 580 ; Soph. Trach. 12, 15: perf. xsxfxrixa, Thuc. 6, 34 : 2 aor. sxafiov, Xen. Hel. 3, 3, 1 ; Epic (xe- y xufiov) xExdixo), II. 1, 168: 2 perf. part, xsxfxi^ag, -6tos or -ozos, II. 23, 232; 11, 802; Thuc. 3, 59 : 2 aor. mid. ixa^opiv as active, Epic, II. 18, 341. KAIITSl, to breathe, Epic, aor. exdnvaaa, II. 22, 467. xaxdyvv^L and xoLxayvva (d/vvfxi), to break in pieces, fut. xaxd^a • aor. xaria^a, rarely xaxij^a " 15 170 Tcaxa 2 perf. xatidya, Ionic xaiii^ya, rarely xdirfya, Hippocr. : 2 aor. pass. xaTsd/rjv, ^tatsd^txg, aor. part, for xatu^(xg, Lysias, 159. — xaTsayM, 2 aor. pass. subj. for xwtm/w, Hippocr.; part, xatsa/fig, Lysias, 156. — xctva^aig, aor. opt. 2 sing, for HUTu^aig, Hes. Op. 664. 691. It is formed as follows ; original theme F^r'iZ, with Tcaid, tcaia^AFJl, xatafu^aig, xax- pa|a*?, xapp«|at?, like xaxa^aXuv, xctT^aXsiv, xu/5^uXhv, also xwra yovv, xatyovv, xayyovv ' finally, by dropping the second p and changing the other into v, xavd^aigt the actu- al form. Compare svads from avddvo). TcarasLvvov, see evvvfit, TcaravaXiaxG)^ see dvaXiaxco, xaTa/gdo (xard, )^gd(o)^ Ionic for aTto/gdco, to be sufficient, imperf. 3 sing. xaT£;^ga, Herod. 7, 70. Impersonal xaia^^gd, for the common dno^^gri, Herod. 1, 164: fut. xaia^gi^aei. xavd^aig, see xard/vv^t, KA0E£2, to pant, Epic, 2 perf part. xsxaq)r^6s as present, II. 5, 698 ; Odys. 5, 468. xa^^d^co or xa%yXd^co {XAAJ£2), to bubble up, swell, Find. Olym. 7, 3 ; Apol. 2, 570. It seems to be an onomatopT/, connected with the Ro- maic xoxXd^oj. xdco, see xaio, xeddvvvfAL {KEJASl), Epic for dxsddvvvfn, pass, part, xsdavvvfxsvog, Anihoh 6,276: ^or, ixidaaa {aa), II. 5, 88 : pluperf pass, xexibaajo, Apol. 2, 1114: aor. pass. ixsddaOi^v, II. 15, 657. icsSoMviai, pres. pass. 3 plur. protracted from ntdavTai {xsddovxqi), Apol. 4, 500. xsLfxai, Epic and Ionic xiofiai (KES2, KEISl), to lie down, xiofiai, xsolixrfv, xilao, xstodai, xsifis- V05, li. 22, 510 ; Xen. (Econ. 8, 19 ; Herod. 1, 67 : imperf ixeifiriv • fut. xeiao^ai, Soph. Antig. 73. The infinitive of the compounds takes the circumflex on xbXo 171 the penult ; as didy.fi inai, 8iax(7a&(ti' yMT^v.^ifiai, KcnanHo^ai ' as if yELo&ai were contracted from aiwdau — xf tat, 2 sing. Epic for yslaaiy Horn. Plym. 2, 254 ; 3 plur. xtatai and HslaTcti, Ionic for auvxai, Herod. 1, 14 ; Odys. 24, 527. — Subj. 3 sing. xrjxaL, contracted from xii]iai, Odys. 2, 102; 19,147; 11.19,32; edited also yslrai. — xtlojvTai, subj. 3 plur. in an ancient inscription, Boeckh's Corp. Inscript. Graec. 102, 10. — didxsifiai, subj. for diaxiio^ac, Plat. Phifido, 77. — TiEoysTOy imperf 3 sing, iterative for i'ysuo, Odys. 21, 41 ; Ionic 3 plur. ixiaro or ixsluTo, for tysivio, Herod. 1, 167 ; Hes. Scut. 241. 175; Apol. 4, 1295. Tcsiga (KEPJl), to shear, fut. oisgso), xsgS, also Tcsgaa, II. 23, 146; Plat. Rep. 5, 16; Mosch. 2, 32 : aor. exsiga, Poetic also exegaa, Soph. Trach. 1196; Hes. Scut. 419: perf. pass, xixagfxai, Xen. Hel. 1, 7, 8 : aor. pass, ixegdriv, Pind. Pyth. 4, 146: 2 aor. pass, ixagrfv, Anthol. 9, 56. — Mid. xsigo(xai, to shear ojie^s own hair^ixxX, xsgovfiat, Eurip. Hip. 1426 : aor. ixsigdfjii^v, ixsgadixrfv, Arist. Nub. 826 ; JEsch. Pers. 952. Etymologically connected with the Latin curtus, Saxon SCI/ran, English shear, short. xHo and xeco^ I will lie down, Epic, Odys. 19, 340; 14,532; 7, 342. The regular future of KEIfL or KESl would be yEioM, xcaw * by dropping the a, xf/w, jtsw. Buttmann supposes that xf/w is contracted from xse'w, the second future of xfco, after the analogy of yUHog for Kliovg for ylhog. Compare drita. xixXo^ai, see xiXofiat, xeXsvTLdo (xsXsvco), to cheer on, Epic, part, xsksv- Tiocjv protracted from xekevxiav (xeXsvTidcov), II. 12,265; 13, 125. xslXo (KE^S2), to come or bring to land, as a ship, fut. xeXdco, ^sch. Sup. 330 : aor. exeXaa, Soph. Trach. 804". Etymologically connected with the Latin pello. xeXofiai, to order, request, exhort, Poetic, fut. xskyj- ooixai, Odys. 10, 296: aor. exslriodiiriv, Pind. 172 X€VT Olym. 13, 113 : 2 aor. xsxX6i.i7^v and ixsycXofxr^v, II. 4,508; Hes. Scut. 341. xsxXofisvog, 2 aor. part, as present, 11.8,346; Soph. Tyr. 159. This form gave rise to xixXofiai used by the later Epic Poets, as Apol. 1, 716. xBVTsco {KENTQ), to prick, puncture, regular. Epic aor. infin. xsvaai for xevTrjaai, II. 23, 337. xiofiai, see xscfxat. xsgdvvijfxL and xsgavvvo (xegdco), to mix, as wine and water, Athen. 2, 3: fut. xsgdao (a), xsgS, dg, a, in Hesychius : aor. ixsgdaa, Xen. Anab. 1, 2, 13 ; Epic and Ionic (sxgr^aa) iTtcxgrjaai, xg7J(iag, Odys. 7, 164; Hippocr. : perf. pass, xe- xsgadfiai, commonly xixgd^at Ionic xixgr^fiai, Athen. 13, 36; Arist. Plut. 853: pluperf. pass. ixsxgdfX7]v, Plat. Polit. 15: aor. pass. ixsgdaOtfv and ixgdOffv (a), Ionic ixgrjdrfi^, Xen. Anab. 5, 4, 29 ; Soph. Trach. 662 ; Herod. 4, 152 : aor. mid. ixsgdcfdfiTfv transitively, Odys. 3, 393. Verbal xgariog, Plat. Phil. 147. — See also xsgdo, xig- - vdo, xigvq^L, The forms xex^oT^at, ixQu&rjv are formed by metathesis and contraction from aBxEQafiui, txsQu&rjv. Compare ^gdaom. xsgdco, to mix. Epic, imperat. xf^aand xigais, Athen. 2, 29 ; II. 9, 203 ; part, xsgav, Odys. 24, 364 ; Athen. 11,33: imperf. ixegaov, Apol. 1, 1185. — Mid. xsgdofxac transitive, 2 plur. xsgdaaOs protracted from xsgdods (xegdsade), Odys. 3, 332 ; subj. 3 plur. xsgcovTat as if from xsgafiai, like dvvcovraL from dvvafiai, II. 4, 260 : imperf. ixsgaofitfv, Odys. 15, 500; 8, 470. xsgdaiva (KEPJ^SI, KEP^AN£2), to gain, fut. xsgdavia, xegSava, later xsgdrjoa, Ionic xsg- Srjaofiai, Herod. 1, 35 ; 3, 72 ; Arist. Nub. 1115; Anthol. 9, 390: aor. ixigddva, Ionic ixsgdr^va, ixsgdr^aa, Pind. Isth. 5, 33 ; Herod. 8, 5 ; 4, 152 : perf. xsxigSa/xa and xsxsgdrixa, Dem. 1292. xLxoi' 173 ycevOco, Epic Tcsvddvco (KT0S2)^ to hide, conceal^ fut. xsvao, Odys. 3, 187 ; II. 3, 453 : aor. exsvaa, Odys. 15,263: 2 aor. axvdov, Epic also (xsxv- dov) xBxvda, -C3(ji, Odys. 3, 16 ; 6, 302 : 2 perf. xixsvda as present, II. 22, 118: 2 pluperf. ixs- xsvdsLv as imperfect, Odys. 9, 348. The root KTO- seems to be etymologically connected with the Saxon hydan^ English hide. x£%ld8ay see XAAZ£2, xico, see xela, xrjdco (KAJS2), to vex, trouble, afflict, Epic, II. 17, 550 : fut. xrjdrjaco, II. 24, 240 : 2 perf. xsxrida as present middle, to sorrow, Tyrt. 3, 28. — Mid. xrjSofxat, to sorrow, care for, II. 6, 55 : fut. xe- xddrjooixai, II. 8, 353 : aor. ixy^dscfdixr^v, imperat. 2 sing, xijdsaai, -^sch. Sept. 139. xLy^dva, see xi/dvco, xiSvi^fit, for xehdvvv^a, axsSdvvvixt, Poetic, Herod. 7, 140. — Mid. xidva^ai, Eurip. Hec. 916. xlxXtjoxg), Poetic, for xa}.i(o, Msch. Sept. 217. KIKS2, see dnsxt^av. xlvsco, to move, regular. — The fut. mid. xivqaoi.Lai is either reflexive or passive, / shall move myself, or / shall be moved, Xen. Cyr. 1, 4, 19; Plat. Theaet. 98. — The fut. pass. xLvi^drjaoixac is also used as middle, iEschin. 547. Xivvfxai, to move one's self Epic for xiveouai, Odys. 10, ^6Q', II. 14, 173: imperf. Ixivv^iriv, II. 4, 281. xigvdco and xigvrnxi, for xsgdvvv^i, Herod. 4, 52 ; imperat. xigva&i, Pind. Nem. 9, 119 ; infin. Epic xigvdfisv for xigvdvai, Pind. Isth. 5, 31 ; part. xtgvdg, MoYic xlgvai?, Odys. 16, 14 ; Ale. 1,3: imperf. ixigvaov and ixigvr^v, Odys. 7, 182; 14, 78. — Mid. xlgvafxaL, Eurip. Hip. 2o4. xLxdvca (KIXHMI), Poetic; in the Tragedians 15* 1 74 xij^g also xiyx^^vco, to find, reach, II. 17, 672; Eurip. Ale. 477 ; also tclxscj : imperf. ixi^avov and iycL- X^ov, II. 2, 18 ; Odys. 24, 284: fut. xixTJaofiat, later Epic also xi^yjaco, II. 2, 258; Apol. 1, 1482: 2 aor. EXLxov and £xt/?^r, xl^sccj (xi^S), xixslriv, ycLxr]fi£vail xLxsis, Odys. 16, 379. 357; II. 1, 26; 2, 188; 15, 274; 16, 342. — Mid. xLxdvo ^lac diS active, II. 11, 441 : aor. ixt%7fadixr^v, II. 4, 385 : 2 aor. (or pres.) part, xtxfj^evos, Epic, II. 5, 187. xt'laxo, aor. mid. 3 sing, in Hesychius, explained dgsv, sXot^Ev, TJvfy'AEv. — Anthol. 15, 27, cxtla is by some referred to this verb. We are not prepared to say that it means any thing. When a poem has the form of ** a Swallow's Egg" it is absurd to suppose that there is any sense to it. xixgri^i (XQ^co), to lend, Dem. 1250: fut. xgr}(yG), Herod. 3, 58: aor. sxQriaa, Arist. Thesm. 219: perf. pass. xf/^7//xa£, Dem. 817. — Mid. xtxga- ^at, to borrow, imperf. ixixgdfirfv, Anthol. 9, 584: aor. l;^^?/(;a^tt?/v, Eurip. Elec. 190. — Com- pare davsi^a), to lend ; dav£t^of.iai, to borrow, mxQviad^ai, pres. mid. infin., Theoph. Char. 30. xia (KIAGJl), to go, Poetic, xico, xcoLfic, xis, xisiv, xl6v, iEsch. Choeph. 680; Sup. 504; Odys. 1, 311 ; 7, 50 ; Plat. Cratyl. 91 ; II. 1, 35 : imperf. sxLov usually as aorist, II. 1, 348 ; 12, 138 ; Hes. Scut. 284 : 2 aor. ixiad^ov (I), only in the com- pound [iSTExtad^ov, II. 11, 52. 714. The part, xiojv takes the acute on the last syllable, after the analogy of Icov and eiov, from flfn and n^l. xXayyaivco and xXayyia {xXd^co), to bark, JEsch. Eum. 131 ; Theoc. Epigr. 6. xld^co {KAArSl, KAArrsi, KAHrSl), to shout, scream, clang. Poetic, Soph. Antig. 112: fut. xldy^co, xsxldy^oixai, JEsch. Pers. 947; Arist. Vesp. 930: aor. exXay^a, 1, 46 : 2 aor. xXsi 175 sxXa/ov, Eurip. Aul. 1062: 2 perf. xixXr^ya and y.k'n'ka'y'ya as present, 11. 2, 222 ; Arist. Vesp. 929. Arist. Vesp. 929, 2 perf. subj. xfxXayyw, in Dindorfs edition xExXdy/co, implying ainlayxoC' It is an onomatopy, connected with the Latin clangOy English clang. TcXaico {KAATSl), also xXda, long a and without contraction, to weep, cry, Arist. Ran. 654 : fut. xXavoo, xXavaofxac or xXavaovfxai, also xXairj- OG) and TckaTJaa, Theoc. 23, 34 ; Arist. Lys. 505 ; Pac. 1081; Dem. 546. 440: aor. sxXavaa, -^sch. Sept. 828 : perf. pass. xsxXavfiat, Soph. Tyr. 1490; later and doubtful ycixkav a fxai, An- thol. 7, 281 : aor. pass, ixlava&i^v later, Anthol. App. Epigr. 341 : 3 fut. pass. xsxXavao^ai, Arist. Nub. 1436. —Mid. xkaiofxai, Msch, Sept. 920 : aor. ixXavcid(.iriv transitively, Soph. Trach. 153: perf. xexXav^ai, to he bathed in teai^s^ ^sch. Choeph. 457. 731. KAA£2, to call, see xaXico. xXdo (a), to break, aor. sxXdcfa, Odys. 6, 128: perf. pass. xixXaaixai, Xen. Eq. 7, 6 : aor. pass. ixXdod-qv, Thuc. 4, 37 : 2 aor. part. xXds, dno- y.Xds, implying KAHMI, Anacr. frag. 16. TcXsLo, to shut, close, fut. xXeloco, Xen. Anab. 6, 6, 13: aor. IxXeicia, Xen. Anab. 7, 1, 36: perf. xk- xXeixa, Theoph. Char. 18: perf. pass. xsxXsifxai, commonly xexXstcffiai, Herod. 2, 121 (2) ; Arist. Vesp. 198: aor. pass. ixXstaO^r^v, Xen. Anab. 4, 3, 21 : 3 fut. xexXslaofiai, Arist. Lys. 1071. — Mid. xXsLOfiai, aor. ixXsiGd/xriv reflexive, Xen. Cyr. 7, 2, 5 ; sometimes transitivelv, as Thuc. 6, 101. xaTaxXiilf fut, 3 sing, for xaiaxXiiaei, Bekker's Anecd. 1290. 176 xUl Etymologically connected with the Latin daudo, cJavis, {Asig, xXrjig). Its original form was probably xileFiw, whence the Ionic xXrjioi. xlsio), to celebrate, see xXico, xXsTtTco (KyiEIIJl), to stcttl, fut. xXsipco, TcXsyjofiui^ Arist. Eccl. 667; Xen. Cyr. 7, 4, 13: aor. exXsyja, Soph. Aj. 1137: perf. xixXocpa, Arist. Plut. 356 : perf. pass. xixksfXfxaL, Soph. Antig. 681 : aor. pass. ixXiq)&r^v, rather Ionic, Herod. 5, 84: 2 aor. sxXanov later : 2 aor. pass. IxXd- Ttr^v, Xen. Hel. 5, 4, 12. Verbal xXstitsos, Soph. Phil. 57. xiyAafi^ai(1), perf. pass, for yJxXffifiai, Etymol. Magn. VOC. inniTfjdfpmai. TtXico and xXstco, to celebrate, name, Odys. 1, 338; Hes. Theog. 32 : imperf. sxXeov, Apol. 3, 246. — Pass. xXeo^ai, Pind. Isth. 5, 33: imperf. 2 sing. kxXio or bxXeo (for ixXsso), II. 24, 202. xXjj^o contracted from xlrilto, to celebrate, name, call, Soph. Tyr. 48 : fut. xXjjaa, Horn. Hym. 31, 18: aor. exXxfaa, Arist. Av. 905; also exltf' |a, Orph. Arg. 1007. xXr^L^co (xXsico, xXia), to celebrate, call. Poetic, Apol. 4, 1153; Xen. Cyr. 1, 2, 1 : fut. xXet^a) Doric, Pind. Olym. 1, 176: perf. pass. xsxXtjl- (Jixai and ixXijic^fxai, Apol. 4, 618. 990 : pluperf. ixXriLdfjiriv, Apol. 4, 267. — See also xX^^tj, xXrfiG) (xXeico), to shut, Ionic, Herod. 4, 7: aor. exX-qiaa {ao), Herod. 1, 37; Odys. 24, 165: perf. pass. xsxXTJia^iaL and xsxXyji^uai, Herod. 7, 129; 3, 117: aor. pass. ixXijiG&riv, Herod. 1, 1 65, — See also xXrjc), xXjjo contracted from xXrjLa), to shut, Herod. 7, 129: imperf. exXrfov, Eurip. Rhes. 304: fut. xXyoa, Thuc. 4, 8 ; Doric xXa^co, Theoc. 6, 32 : aor. exXjiaa, Doric 'ixXa^a, Thuc. 4, 35 ; Theoc. XVI? 177 15, 77: perf. pass. ycsxXrffiat, Eurip. Hel. 977: aor. mid. ixkifadixrfv, Doric ixXa^dfii^v, Thuc. 7, 52; Theoc. 18, 5. The Doric forms xAw^w, sxXa^ce, ixXa^dfxrjv are written also Tikivci) (7), to bend, incline, fut. TchvS, Arist. Plut. 62 1 : aor. sxXlva, Xen. Cyr. 7, 3, 3 : perf. tcs- xX^xa, Anthol. 12, 213: perf. pass. xexXt^ai, II. 3, 135: aor. pass. txXid^riv Q), Soph. Trach. 1226; also ixXivd^rfv Poetic, ll. 3, 360: 2 aor. pass. syMvriv (^), Arist. Lys. 906. — Mid. xU- vofiat, to lean, incline, reflexive, fut. xXtvovixai, Arist. Lys. 910: aor. ixhrdfir^v, Odys. 17, 340. The Latin cU7io is evidently the same as yMvta * clivus is connected with it ; also the Saxon hlinian hleoniarij and the English lean. xXvco {KATMI), to hear, Poetic, Soph. Antig. 1207: imperf. axXvov as aorist, Odys. 2, 42; Soph. Col. 1766 : 2 aor. imperat. xXvd-i ov xe- xlvd^i, II. 1, 37; 10, 284; 2 plur. xXvxe or xexXvTs, II. 2, 56; 3, 86: 2 aor. mid. part. xXv^evo9,2iS an adjective, celebrated, renowned, Theoc. 14, 26; Athen. 11,38. KMASl, see xdfiva, xvdo for the regular xvala, to scrape, Arist. A v. 533; infin. xv-qad-ai. Plat. Gorg. 107: imperf. 3 sing, axvri contracted from exvae, as aorist, II. 11, 638: fut. ^cvT/'cro, Plat. Theaet. 60 : aor. IW?/- aa, Arist. Vesp. 965 : perf. pass, xsxvrfafjtai, Arist. Plut. 973: aor. pass. axvr(od^riv, — See also xvL^co, xvL^co, to pinch, claw, tear, fut. xvi^^a, Arist. Ran. 1198: aor. exvLoa, Doric sxvi^a, Arist. Vesp. 1286; Pind. Pyth. 10, 94: perf. pass, xbxvl- Ofxai, Arist. Plat. 973 : aor. pass, exviadiiv as middle, Theoc. 4, 59. — See also xvda. 178 ocoscD These two verbs, yvdo) and xvl^co, seem to be etymologi- cally connected with the English knife, 7(0SG), see voioj, xovafit^a, to rattle^ ring, resound, Epic, II. 2, 466 : aor. ixovdpriaa (?/), II. 2, 334. xovico (t), to raise dust, sprinkle with dust, II. 13, 820 : fut. xovtaco (i), aor. ixovlaa, perf. pass. xsxovlfiai, II. 14, 145; Msch. Pers. 163; Hes. Op. 479. — Mid. 'novio^ai, xovLaofxai, ixovlad- fiTfv (aa), reflexive, Anthol. Planud. 25 ; Orph. Lith. 25 ; Xen. Conv. 3, 8. The perf. pass. nBKoviGixaif sometimes subjoined to this verb, belongs to the regular ycovi^M, Theoc. 1, 30. xovvicj, see voec), xoTtTo (KOUJl), to cut, strike, knock, fut. xoyjo, aor. sxoipa, perf. xsxocpa, Xen. (Econ. 18, 5; Hel. 5, 4, 7 ; 6, 5, 37 : perf. pass, xixo^^ai, Thuc. 4, 26 : 3 fut. pass, xsxoyjofiat, Arist. Ran. 1223: 2 perf. xexoTta Epic, II. 13, 60: 2 aor. pass. ixoTtriv, Thuc. 6, 27. — Mid. xomofxai, to smite one's self for grief, bewail, lament, Herod. 2, 61 : aor. ixorpoifirfv, Eurip. Troad. 623. xogsyvvfXL (K0PEJ2), to satiate, fut. xogiaa, Epic xogicj, Herod. 1, 212; 11.8, 379: aor. ixogsaa, Soph. Phil. 1156: aor. pass, ixogsa&rfv as mid- dle, Eurip. Hip. 112: 2 perf. part, xsxogr^as as middle. Epic, Odys. 18, 372. — Mid. xogevvv- fjiai reflexive, perf. xsxogsa^iai, not Attic xsxogr^- ^ae, Xen. Mem. 3, 11, 13; II. 18,287; Odys. 8, 98 : aor. ixogsadfxrfv (aa), II. 11, 87. xog&vvo and xogd-va, to heap up, raise up, collect, muster as strength, aor. ixogd^vva, Hes. Theog. 85. — Pass, xogd-vofiat (v), II. 9, 7. xogvaaa (KOPT0SI, xogvs), to arm, Poetic, II. 2, 273 : aor. ixogv^a Doric, to butt as a horned animal, Theoc. 3, 5. — Mid. xogvaaoiiat reflexive, xgao) 179 II. 10,37: perf. part, xsxogv&fiivos, II. 3, 18; Eurip. Andr. 279: aor. ixogvadfxrjv (aa), not Attic sxogv^dfiT^v, to butt, II. 19, 397; Hippocr. X0T8O and xoiaivco, to be atigry, Poetic, II. 14, 143; iEsch, Sept. 485 : aor. ixozsoa, Horn. Hym. 4, 255: 2 perf. part. xsxoTt^m, II. 21, 456. — Mid. xoTSouai as active, imperf. ixoTSOfir^v, II. 2, 223 : fut. xoTsaofiat (oa), II. 5, 747 : aor. ixoTsadfir^v (aa), II 23,383; 5, 177. xo/vo (x^G))f ^0 trickle down, imperf. xo^^vsaxov or xoxvSsaxov (v), Epic, Theoc. 2, 107. xgd^a {KPAJTD.), to cry aloud, fut. xgd^co, com- monly xsxgd^ofiai, Anthol. 11, 141 ; Arist. Ran. 258 : 2 aor. exgayov, Arist. Plut. 428 : 2 perf. xBxgaya as present. Soph. Aj. 1236 : 2 pluperf. ixsxgdysiv as imperfect, Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 10. yiivQax^h 2 perf. imperal. 2 sing, syncopated, Arist. Vesp. 198 ; but 2 plur. xsxQa/sxe, Arist. Vesp. 415. KQuyov, 2 aor. part. neut. as an adverb, vociferously ^ loudly, Arist. Eq. 487. It is an onomatopy^ connected with x^w'^co, hoqu^, xo^wvt}, • yrJQvg, yrjQVb), xrjgvaaoj, k^qv^ (crier), Latin corvus, crocio, English crow, cry, croak, Saxon hrcsfn or hrefn {raven). xgaiatva, a prolongation of xgaiva, Epic, imperf. ixgaiaivov, II. 2, 419 : aor. ixgrjrfva, Hom. Hym. 3, 223 ; II. 1, 41 ; 9, 101 : perf. pass. 3 sing, xe- xgdavxai (da), Odys. 4, 616 : pluperf. pass. 3 sing. xsxgdavTO, Odys. 4 132: aor. pass, ixgd- dvdrfv, Theoc. 25, 196. xgaivo (KPAN£2), to finish, complete, rule over, Poetic, fut. xgava, Eurip. Sup. 375 : aor. sxgdva. Epic axgrfva, Msch. Agam. 369 ; Odys. 20, 115: perf ^ass. 3 sing, xixgavvai, ^sch. Sup. 943 ; Eurip. Hip. 1455: aor. pass. ixgdvOriv, Pind. Pyth. 4, 311 : fut. mid. xgaviofiat as passive, II. 9, 626. KPASl, see xsgdvw^c. 180 x^f^ ^^gifiafiai, to hang, be in a state of suspension, be hanging, inflected like laxa^iai, opt. xgsfxaifirfv ^ and xgsfioiixTfv, Arist. Nub. 870 ; Vesp. 297 : imperf. ixgs(xdfirfv, II. 15, 18: fut. xgsfi7J60(xai, Arist. Vesp. 808. — See also xgsfxdvvvfii, xgrj- xQEfiTjui, the active form, occurs in the part. xgsfidvTsgy Athen. 1, 46. xgsfidvvvfiL (xgsixdco), to hang, suspend, fut. xgsfid- aa (a), xgsfxS, Arist. Plut. 312: aor. ixgsixdaa, Arist. Nub. 229 : aor. pass. ixgsfxdaOr^v, Xen. Anab. 7, 4, 17. — Mid. xgsfxdvwfiaL, to hang, intransitive, usually xgifxa^ai, which see : aor. ixg£fia(jdf.ir^v reflexive ; sometimes transitive, as Hes. Op. 627. KQSfiobJ, fut. protracted from nQEfjoj {xQf^daa), x^ffidco), II. 7, 83. The simple theme ygsfidco is not used by the classi- cal writers. xg-q^vdo and xgjjfxvr^fXL, for xgsiidvvv^i, part, xgr^- fjLvdg, Pind. Pyth. 443. — Mid. xgrjfxvafiai, iEsch. Sept. 229 : imperf. ixgrifivcovxa, xaj txgri^vavxo, Horn. Hym. 6, 39. KPIZQ, to creak, shriek, squeak, 2 aor. exgixov, II. 16, 470: ^Y^ed, xkxglya as present, Arist. Av. 1521. xgivo {I), to separate, judge, decide, fut. xgivEo, xgLva, Hippocr. Jusjur. ^ 1 ; Soph. Col. 79 : aor. sxgiva, Xen. Hel. 1, 7, 38: perf. xsxgixa, Dem. 283 : perf. pass, xixg^^ai, Eurip. Phoen. 1663 : aor. pass. ixgiOriv (^), Epic ixgivOr^v, Pind. Pyth. 8, 121 ; II. 3, 98. Verbal xgnios, Hippocr. de Art. ^ 15. — Mid. xgivofxai, to de- cide, dispute, choose, select, interpret as a dream, fut. xgivsofxai, xgcvovfjiai, Odys. 18, 149 ; Eurip. Med. 609 : aor. ixgtvdfiriv, Odys. 4, 778 ; 8, 36. — See also dnoxgivo^ai. XtH 181 It is clearly connected with the Latin cerno, crevi, cretum. xgvTtTco (KPTBS2), to hide, conceal^ fut. ^cgvipcD, Xen. Cyr. 7> 3, 12: aor. axgvyja, Thuc. 2, 34: perf. ycexgv(pa, Hippocr. : perf. pass. xixgvfi[.iai, Soph. Tyr. 1398 : aor. pass. ixgvcpOrfv, Thuc. 2, 39 : 3 fut. Tcexgvifjoixat, Hippocr. : 2 aor. pass. exgy^-qv the usual aorist passive, Soph. Aj. 1145. Verbal xgvTuio?, Soph. Antig. 273. — Mid. xgv7tT0f.iai reflexive or transitive, Xen. Anab. 1, 1,6; Soph. Aj. 647 : fut. xgytpofxat, Soph. Trach. 474 ; Eurip. Bac. 955 : perf. pass, xe- xgyfifxai^ Dem. 836 : aor. ixgvxpdfir^v, Soph. An- tig. 246. lnQv^oVy N. T. Luc. 1, 24, usually regarded as a second aorist active. — xQvmaaxov, imperf. iterative, II. 8, 278. — Soph. Aj. 1145, the 2 aor. part, xgv^slg is edited also x^v- cpslg, implying KPTfPfl. Eurip. Bacch. 955, for tcqv^tj^ vat, the Codex Palatinus has xQV(f)7Jvcii. See Matt. Gram. § 193. Obs. 3 (5th edit. 1832). It is not absurd to suppose that tcQvmco is a modification of xaXvTtib) ' see aXe^f^a, Eurip. Heracl. 282. xTstvo {KTENn, KTANn, KTASl), to kill, slay, fut. XTsvio, xtsvS, Epic also xiaveo, Herod* 3, 30; Thuc. 3, 58; II. 18, 309: aor. ixrstva, Soph. Tyr. 1392: perf. sxrdxa and sxiayxa. 182 TCTlll later, Aristotel. ; also ixjovr^xa rare, Xen. Hier. 3, 8 : aor. pass. ixTddr^v Epic, and ixjdvdtiv later, Odys. 4, 537; Anthol. 14, 32; 2 perf. exiova the usual perfect active, Xen. Anab. 2, 1, 8: 2 aor. exTuvov Poetic, II. 2, 701 ; also (from KTHMI) exxdv Poetic, xtw, xidfuvai or xid- (jl£v for xxdvai, xids, Soph. Trach. 38 : fut. mid. xxavso^at as passive, II. 14, 481 : 2 aor. ixid- fxi]v Poetic, xidadai, xxdfxsvos, as passive, II. 15, 437. 558; ^sch. Pers. 923.— See also Rem. §72. nTBwuBv, 2 aor. subj. Epic for xiMfisp, dissyllabic in pro- nunciation, Odys. 22, 21G. It is connected with xalvM, and Latin ccsdo, cudo, English cut. Its primary meaning seems to be to smite, strike, beat, cut ; hence to kill, slay^ put to death. — We suppose further that xTslvb) is the causative of -^v^axta, to die ; hence the construction ano&aviiv vno tirog, to die hy the hand of any one. xxi^uvog (xTito, KTIMI), r/, ov, Epic, built, found- ed, a defective 2 aor. mid. part, w^ith a passive signification ; used only in composition, ivxTi- fxsvos, II. 2, 569. xTivvvfiL and xrivvvco (xxslvco), to kill, only in com- position, ditoxxlvvv^L, Xen. Hel. 6, 5, 7 ; 4, 4, 2 ; Plat. Gorg. 53. anoHTlvvvfisv, subj. 1 plur. for anoxTLvvv(Ofisv, Plat. Gorg. 53 ; rather doubtful. Compare otiEdavvvoi, axsddvvv- xai, from axeddvvv^i. xxvTiico {KTTUSl), to sound, crash, Poetic, II. 13, 140: aor. ixxvnrioa, Soph Col. 1606: 2 aor. exxvTtov, II. 8, 75. — Mid. xxvnio^aL as active, Arist. Plut. 758. xvito and xva, to he pregnant, II. 23, 266 ; Arist. Lys. 745 ; also to bring forth, later, Palaeph. 2, 1. 5: fut. xv7\(So, xvijaoiiuL, Hippocr. : aor. ixvr^- xcofia 18S aa, Arist. Thesm. 641 ; also sxvaa causative, to impregnate, iEsch. frag. 38 : perf. xsxvrixa, An- thol. 7, 385. xvtaxco, to conceive, — Mid. xviaxofjiai as active, Herod. 2, 92: aor. mid. ixva a ^ir^v or ixvad^iriv (ad), II. 6, 26 ; Hes. Theog. 125. xvXLvdo), xvXivbsco^ and xvXlo (i), to roll. Soph. Antig. 590 ; Arist. Vesp. 202 ; Xen. Anab. 4, 2, 3 : fut. xvXivdr^ac) rare, Herodes Attic. Pag. Triop. 35 : aor. ixvliaa, Arist. Thesm. 767; Pind. frag. 2 (i^sxvhctaev) : perf. pass. xsxvXidiiai, Xen. Cyr. 5, 3, 1 : aor. pass. ixvkLodi^v, Soph. Elec. 50. — See also xaXivSiofiai. xvvio {KTSl), to kiss, fut. xvvrjaofiai, Eurip. Cycl. 172: aor. sxvaa (aa), Arist. Ran. 788; II. 8, 371. — The compound ngoaxwico, to ivorship, is regular ; as aor. ngoasxvvriaa, Poetic also jigoai' xvaa, Soph. Phil. 533. It is not absurd to suppose that it is etymologically con- nected with the Saxon cyssan, German kussen, English kiss. xvuTCi (KT0SI, xifcpoc;)^ to stoop ^ fut. xvxpo), com- monly xvi/^o^at, Arist. Av. 146; Plat. Euthyd. 71 : aor. sxvyja, Xen. (Econ. 11, 5: perf. xsxv- (pa, Arist. Lys. 1003. XV go (v), to fall in with, meet, chance^ Eurip. Hip. 746 : fut. xvgdc). Soph. Col. 225 : aor. exvgaa, Herod. 3, 77. — Mid. xvgoiiai as active, II. 24, 530. xva, to he pregnant, see xvicn. KTSl, to kiss^ see xvvio. xoixd^cD (xSuos), to revel, celebrate in song, regu- lar : aor. ixafiaaa, Doric ixS^a^a, Eurip. Here. 180; Pind. Nem. 2, 38. — Mid. xofxa^o^ai ap- parently as active, xcoixdaoijiai, Pind. Isth. 4, 124; Pyth. 9, 157. 184 Aa/3« AABH^ see Xafij3dvo, Xayx(^vco {AAXSl, AHXSl, AEFXn), to obtain by lot, fut. lrj^of,iaL, Ionic Xd^ofxai, Plat. Rep. 10, 14; Herod. 7, 144: perf. slItixol and 'kkloyx^-t Doric aad;^a, Soph. Aj. 1058; Col. 1235; The- oc. 16, 84 : perf. pass. sHrf/ixac, Dem. 873 : aor. pass. iX7J%driv, Dem. 990 : 2 aor. IXaxov, Thuc. 5, 21. Verbal kr^xTsos, Isaeus, 176. iXXnxov, 2 aor. Epic for 'ilaxov, Horn. Hym. 4, 86. — l^laxia, 2 aor. subj. Epic, to cause to partake^ 11. 7, 80. Xd^ofxai and Xd^vfxai, Poetic for Xaii^dvco, II. 4, 357 ; xALrist. Lys. 209. XdBo^ai, Doric for XijOofxat. A AG SI, see Xavddvco, la-adla for Acctrxa, -^sch. Sup. 872; Sept. 186. XdycEco, Doric for Xr^xico, Xdaxco, AAKSl, see kdctxa, Xafi^dva) {AABSl, AAMBSl, AHBH), to take, fut. kijipofxac, Ionic Xdfxxpofxai, Doric Xaxpovfiai, Xen. Anab. 1, 7, 9 ; Herod. 1, 199; Theoc. 1, 4: perf. SLkrjcpa, Thuc. 1, 77; Ionic leXdjii^xa rare, Herod. 4, 79 : perf. pass, ellrf^ixai, some- times IsXr^fjifxai, Ionic XiXafxfiat, Xen. Con v. 3, 13; Arist. Eccl. 1090; Herod. 3, 117: aor. pass. ilrjfdriv, Ionic iXdfjKpOr^y, Soph. Trach. 810; Herod. 2, 89 : 2 aor. 'da^ov, Soph. Tyr. 276. Verbal At^tttIo?, Arist. Eq. 603.— Mid. Aa/^^Sa- vo^ai, to take hold of, Eurip. Heracl. 48 : 2 aor. ika^ofiriv, Soph. Col. 373. tXXa^ov, eXXa^ofirjv, 2 aor. Epic for sXa(Sov, fXa^ofjrjv, Odys. 1, 298; 5, 325. —XsXai^ia&ah^ aor. mid. Epic for Xa^sa&m, Odys. 4, 388. XufXTtsToayv (kdfiTTco), shining, a defective participle, protracted from kaj-inejcoy (-dcov), II. 1, 104. Xas(o ' servo, 'PTjfl {igva) ; compare also English slack, Xco, Doric for d^iko, contracted from Xda, X^g, Xj}, Xcofiss, Xrjis, XcovTi, Arist. Lys. 981. 1105. 1162. 1163; Theoc. 1, 12; Athen. 6, 28; infin. Xrjy, Thuc. 5, 77; part. A«v,, Athen. 6, 28. — See also XiXacofxai. Xo^do^ai, to maltreat, insult, fut. Xa^rjciofxai, Plat. Crito, 7: perf. XsXdjSruxai passively, Herod. 3, 1 55 : aor. pass. iXa^rid-qv passively. Soph. Phil. 330: aor. mid. iXaSriad^riv, II. 1, 232. Soph. Aj. 217, anEX(a^)]&7}, according to the Scholiast, is either passive or reflexive. Ellendt prefers the latter mean- ing, has been disgraced. M. MAG SI, see fiavd^dvo. [laifida {MA II), long a, to desire earnestly, to liagn 191 rage, Poetic, II. 20, 490; 13, 78; Soph. Aj. 50 : aor. ifx-aifxr^aa, II. 5, 670. fiaificoaai, 3 plur. protracted for fiaifiwai {(^uifjdovai), II. 13, 75 : part. fiuificaMv, -(owaa, -cowrrog or -looviog, II. 15, 742. 542 ; Apol. 2, 269; Herod. 8, 77. fjiaivcj (MANSl), only in the compound ixfiaivG), to madden, Eurip. Hip. 1229 : aor. sfir^va, Arist. Thesm. 561; Soph. Trach. 1143: 2 aor. pass. ifidvr^v as middle. Soph. Aj. 726 : 2 fut. pass. fxavrjdofiai as middle, later, Anthol. 11, 216: 2 perf. fisfjii^va as present middle, to be mad, rave, Soph. Antig. 790. — Mid. ^atvoftai, to be mad, raving, fut. ^avov^ai, Herod. 1, 109: perf. [xffjioivrffjLai Epic, Theoc. 10, 31: aor. i^rivd^riv Epic, II. 6, 160. fiaioiiai {MASl), to feel after, touch, seek, probe, Odys. 13, 367; Soph. Aj. 287: fut. fxdao/xai {aa), II. 4, 190: aor. ifiaadixriv (ao), Odys. 13, 429. MAKSl, see firfxdofxai, fxav&dva {MAS12), to learn, understand, fut. ^a- d^7Jao(xai, Soph. Aj. 284 : perf. fisfidd^r^xa, Xen. Mem. 3, 3, 11: 2 aor. sfia&ov, Thuc. 1, 40: fut. mid. fiad-svfxai Doric, contracted from fia- d'iofjiat, Theoc. 11, 60. Verbal ^a^T^iios, Arist. Vesp. 1262. t^fia&ov, 2 aor. Epic, Odys. 17, 226 ; 18, 362. [jidgvaixai, to fight, Poetic, inflected like laxafiai in the present and imperfect, II. 4, 513; subj. fxdgva^ai, Hes. Scut. 110; opt. fiagvotfir^v, Odys. 11, 513; imperat. [xdgvao (fidgvaao), II. 15, 475: imperf. sfiagi/dfxrfv^ Eurip. Phoen. 1142. Pind. Nem. 5, 86, ind. 3 sing, [idgvarai may have a long penult. (xdgTtTO) {MAPnSl, MAHSl), to take \old of, seize, catch, fut. fidgxpo), II. 15, 137 : aor. efiagyja, 192 fiaciT Soph. Aj. 444 : 2 aor. fiifxagTZov, also without the g, e^anov and ^sixanov, Hes. Scut. 231. 252. 245 : 2 perf. fisfiagjia, Hes. Op. 202. i^Bfiagnto, pluperf. pass. 3 sing, Hes. Scut. 245, in Goetling's edition, for the usual ^s^txQnov. fxac^Tioav, protracted from fiaaiLcov (fxaaTtdov), f scourging, a defective Epic part, equivalent to • fiaaxcycov from the regular ^aaxiyoco, Hes. Scut. 431. fxaoTt^c), Epic (iadTico, to scourge, whip, lash, II. 1 7, 622; Hes. Scut. 466: aor. s^dajila, II. 5, 768. fidxo^ai. Epic and Ionic also fxa^eofxat, to fight, II. 1,272; Herod. 7, 104: fut. fxa;^sciofxai, ixaxso- ^lat, fia^ovfxai Attic, also fia/rjaofiai Epic, He- rod. 7, 209; II. 2, 366; 1, 298; Soph. Phil. 1253 : perf. fXBiidxriiiai, rarely ixsfxd^^eo^iai, Isoc. 127; Xen. Cyr. 7, 1, 14: aor. ifxa^^sadfir^v {do), Xen. Anab. 1, 7, 17; Theoc. 22, 74. Verbal fxa^^sjios or fia^^riTeos, Plat. Soph. 73. 66, Some critics, for the sake of uniformity, write aor. mid. ifiax^oaTo for Ipiaxioattxo, a reading not supported by manuscript authority, and therefore worth little. — Xen. Cyr. 7, 1, 14, avfifiE[i(xx^o(iiv(av is written also ov/i/ua/«- aafisvav. — f^axsiofiEvog and ^a%Bov[iBvog, pres. part. Epic, Odys. 17, 471; 11,403. MA SI and MENQ, to desire earnestly, or strong- ly, to he eager, intend, Poetic, 2 perf. fiifiova and fzifxaa as present, fisixdicj, fisfiacos, II. 5, 482 ; ' .^sch. Sept. 686: 2 pluperf. ifisfidsiv as imper- fect. — Mid. fidofiai as active. Soph. Col. 836 ; infin. ficoso as if from -eoco, Doric, Xen. Mem. 2, 1 , 20 ; infin. ^coad-ai, Theogn. 769. — See also fiifjLvijaxco, Theoc. 25, 64, fii^aiv is an imperfect from a new pres- ent. Compare avrjvo&sv, agrigBV, ifj.siiirjiiov, tetsvxstoVj from AJSEOSLy aQaQiaxa), fiTjxdofiai, %Evx(a<. — The 2 perf. fiifiovu evidently belongs to this theme. Compare ye'yaa, ye/ova, from ylyvofiai. ixsig 193 This theme may possibly be connected with the Latin moveo, meo; perhaps it once had the digamma, MAF^^- Further, Mavors, the original form of Mars, the impetuous god, may be connected with it. The Latin mens, mind, is usually referred to MENU, whence fievog. [zidoiiai, to concern one's self about, think of, plan, machinate. Epic, II. 2, 384 ; 4, 21 ; 9, 622 : fut. fxedijaoixaL, II. 9, 650. Etymologically connected with fi^^dofiai, fiiXo), iiilo^ai, and perhaps with the Latin medeor, meditor. For the commuta- tion of 8 and I, compare "Obvaafvg, "OXvaasvg, Ulysses ; 8d- xQvov, lacryma ; da-, k(x- ' daavg, XixoLog ' AJJl, aUg ' o^w (O/IJl), odor, oleo. fxeda), to rule, Soph. x\ntig. 1119; II. 2, 79; part. [ledav and ^edscov, II. 2, 276. — The participle fiidav has usually the force of a noun, ruler* fxs&ti]fiL (^erd, uiut), to send off, let go, fxed-rjaco, &c. as in irffxt: perf. fjLS^id'etxa, Anacr. frag. 78: perf. pass. part. fx£(A£ii^ivos Ionic, Herod. 5, 108 : fut. mid. fxsTrjao^aL as passive, Ionic, Herod. 5, 35. — See also la, fied^vaxco (i,i£&vo), to intoxicate, aor. i^id^vaa, Athen. 9, 51 : perf. pass, lisiis&vafiat, Athen. 4, 78: aor. pass, ifisd^va&r^v as middle, to get drunk, Eurip. Cycl. 167; Arist. Vesp. 1252. — Mid. (.led-vaxoaai, to get drunk, Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 1 1 . See also fxa&vco, fis&va&rjv, aor. pass, infin. iEolic for jLtsdva&rjvai, Ale. apud Athen. 10, 35. Some editors, without manuscript authority, write ^s&va&^v, with the circumflex on the last syllable. As to the infinitives ysvvij&tjv, snt'/Q(xq)r)v, OTecpavb)&i]v, SLaevex^V^ ^^ the inscriptions (Gregor. Corinth.), they prove nothing, inasmuch as the accents are omitted. fi£&vco (if), to get drunk, defective, Odys. 18, 240. MEIPSl {MEPSl, MOP SI), to divide, distribute, allot. Poetic, 2 aor. h'fifxogsg, Apol. 3, 4 ; 4, 62 : 2 perf. e^fiogs as middle, II. 1, 278 ; Odys. Op. 17 194 iiax 345. — Mid. fistgofiaty to obtain, transitive, II. 9, 616; Hes. Op. 576; perf. pass. 3 sing, imper- sonal eifxagxat, it is fated^ Dem. 1 435 ; part. sifxagfiivos, fated, ordained by fate, Soph. Trach. 169; also fxefiogr^rai, (xsfiogrf^ivos and fxefiogfii- vos, Apol. 1, 646; Anthol. 7, 466. 700: pluperf. pass. 3 sing, impersonal si^oLgjo, it loas fated, Dem. 293 ; also fisixogrfTo, Apol. 1, 973. sfifioQavTi, 2 perf. 3 plur. Doric, in Hesychius. — (xifio- Q a XT at, perf. pass. 3 sing, in the sense of sfi^oQs, Plat. Loc. 2; implying MOPAZSL. — Efx^QaxaL for u^aqjai, and Efi^gafiivTj for dfxaQixsvr], in Hesychius; formed as follows; MElPIl, e^ccQittL, f(xaQiA,svf}, like cpx^slQa, tip&aQfiai, icpdaqfii- VT] ' by metathesis and epenthesis, i'^/Sgarai, s/n^Qafievfj. Com- pare ufi^QOTog from «-, fiogrog ' 7]fi(3QOTov from afiagTccvo) ' ya^^Qog from ydy.og ' usarj^^gla from fxsaog, rjfisgci ' cucum- ber ^ French coucombre, Latin cucumis or cucumer ; number^ French W07n6re, Latin /iw/werws. — (iipga^ivwv for elfiag- fiEvtav, in Hesychius ; formed from MEPJl by changing ^ into /5. Compare ^eUelv, fiekkeiv ' ^dyiov, fiiya, Latin magis, magnus, English big. Etymologically connected with the Latin morior, mors {^ogog). fieklco, to be about to do any thing, to intend, delay, imperf. eixsXXov and rj^ellov, Thuc. 7, 20 ; Dem. 292: aor. ifxiXXTfaa, and T^ixskh^aa rare, Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 15 ; Hel. 5, 4, 65. — Pass. fiiXko- fiai, to be delayed, Xen. Anab. 3, 1, 47. Verbal luXXr}TBo?, Arist. Eccl. 876. liilo), to be an object of concern, to concern, also to care for, rare in the personal form, Odys. 9, 20 ; II. 10, 92; Soph. Antig. 873; Aj. 689: fut. ^eXr^aco, II. 5, 228; 20, 137: 2 perf. ^£>?/Aa as present, Epic, II. 2, 25 ; 4, 353 : 2 pluperf. I^f- fi7J}.£tv as imperfect, Odys. 1, 151. Verbal ^f- Xt^tsos, Plat. Rep. 2, 8. — Mid. [xiXoixat as ac- tive, Eurip. Hip. 60, 109; Hel. 1161; Soph. Col. 1138: fut. fieXTJdoixal, II. 1, 523: perf. /wf- fisra 195 fiiXr^fxat as present, later, Anthol. 10, 17: plu- perf. (.isixeXrjfxriv as imperfect, later, Theoc. 17, 46 : aor. pass. part. fieXr^d^sls as active, having cared for, Soph. Aj. 1184. — See also iTtif^i- Impersonal ixsXet, it concerns, is an object of concern, fxi^jf, fiikot, hsXetco, ^iXeiv, ^ikkov, im- perf. I'^fAf: fut. [xslrjast, Xen. Cyr. 4, 5, 17: aor. I^f A?/tff, Xen. Cyr. 6, 3, 19: perf. [xe^elrfxs, fisfiskrixsvai, lASiisXtfTcos, Dem. 1350: pluperf. sfxsijLskTJxsi, Xen. Hel. 3, 3, 9. fxifx^Xixai, perf. mid. 3 sing. Epic, II. 19, 343; Hes. Theog. 61; 2 plur. fiifilSXea&e, Apol. 2, 217: pluperf. 3 sing. fis^^XsTo, II. 21, 516. Formed from fiilo), by meta- thesis and epenthesis ; see ^)i(oax(a. fiSfjLvoixsvos, see ixifxvTjaxco. f^ifAova, see MA£1, iihco, fisvco, to remain, wait for, await, fut. ixsvico, fisvS, Herod. 8, 62 ; Xen. Cyr. 4, 4, 5 : aor. sixstva, Thuc. 5, 40: perf. fisixivrfxa, Isoc. 116: 2 perf. fjLSfiova very rare, Eurip. Aul. 1495. Verbal IxsvsTEos, Thuc. 2, 88. The 2 perf. ^sfiova must not be confounded with the corresponding form from MASl, MENU. Etymologically connected with the Latin manco, English re-main. lisg^riQiCco, to ponder, reflect, devise, fut. fisgfxrigL^a), Odys. 16, 261 : aor. ifxsgfiTJgtia, 11. 1, 189; also infin. fjtsgfirfgiaat, dTtoiisgiiT^giaai, to doze, Arist. Vesp. 5. fiSTafzskst (fisid, fiiXei), it repents, like the simple fiSTUfxiXofiai (ixsid, neXo^ai), Ionic ^fra^fAfo^at, to repent, fut. part. fxeTafis?.ria6fievos as passive, Xen. Mem. 2, 6, 23. Impersonal ^sja^ilsrai, (israfiskead'ai, Plat. Demod. 3. 196 ^m (.UTLtfiJii, Ionic for ixs&u^^t. fir^xdofxat (3IAKS2, MHKS2), to bleat, as sheep or goats, ^sch. frag. 54: 2 aor. sfxdxov, II. 16, 469 : 2 perf. fis^rixa as present, II. 10, 362. s^i^riKov, imperf. from a new present, Odys. 9, 439. See also aQaglaxca. — {x 8 five it via, 2 perf. part. fern, for /xf/UJj- Kvla, II. 4, 435. fiT^^^avdoixai (f^r^x^'^v)^ ^^ contrive, machinate, de- vise ; rare and Poetic ^r^xot^vdco, Soph. Aj. 1037: fut. fxrixoLvjjaoixai, Xen. Mem. 3, 11, 9: perf. fxs^rixdvT^fjtat actively or passively, Xen. Hier. 11, 4; Cyr. 8, 3, 1 ; Soph. Trach. 586; Dem. 604 ; Isoc. 27 : aor. sfjii];^av7jadfxriv, Xen. Ages. 2, 5. Verbal ixTf^avr^Tsos, Plat. Gorg. 80. fArixcivotxivxag, part, protracted from urixav^vxag {firjxoc- vaovxag), Odys. 18, 142. Connected with the Latin machina, machinor. fiialvo) [MIANIl), to stain, dye, pollute, fut. [iiavco, Antiph. 638 : aor. if^idva and ifiirfva, Eurip. Hel. 1000; II. 4, 141: perf. ^fpa^jca later, Plutarch. Tiber. Gracch. ^ 21 : perf. pass, fis- fiiaofiat, Thuc. 2, 102: aor. pass, i^idvd^riv, Soph. Col. 1374. ^luvd-riv, aor. pass. 3plur. Epic for (xlav&sv {ffiidv&rjaav), 11. 4, 146. Compare 2 aor. 3 plur. syvcav for i'yvov (Jyvta- aav), from yLyvoioyxo. fiiyvvfjLi or ^lyvvco or ^iayco (MUTSl), to mix, mingle; iilayco is the oldest form, Pind. Nem. 4, 35; II. 3, 270: fut. ^t|«, Soph. Col. 1047: aor. a^L^a, Msoh, Choeph. 546 : perf. pass, fxe- fii/fiat, Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 10: aor. pass, i^ixd-qv as middle, Soph. Tyr. 791 : 2 aor. pass, e^iyriv as middle, Arist. Av. 698 : 3 fut. pass, fis/xi^o^at, Hes. Op. 177. Verbal fiixzios, Plat. Tim. 21. — Mid. ^iyvvixat or [XL(jyo[.iat, to mingle with, join one^s self to, have intercourse with, fut. ^t- |o^at, Odys. 24, 314. fllfiV 197 fiUta or sill XT 0, 2 aor. mid. 3 sing, syncopated, Odys. 1,433; II. 11,354. Etymologically connected with the Latin misceo, mixtus, English mixj mingle. ^unEo^aL^ to imitate, fut. ixifiTjitoixai, Eurip. Rhes. 211 : perf. fisf/.tfir^fxaL actively or passively, Plat. Cratyl. 66 ; Arist. Lys. 159: aor. pass, iixtfijjd^riv passively, Plat. Leg. 2, 1 : aor. mid. ifxifXT^odfiriv, Dem. 420. Verbal fxtfiriTsos, Eurip. Hip. 114. fiLfivd^c), for fjiifivco, fiivG), [itixvrjaxco {MNA£2)^ to cause to remember, remind^ Odys. 14, 169 : fut. ^vt^Vo, II. 15, 31 : aor. a^vq' ca,l\, 1,407: aor. pass, i^vrjadifv as middle, to remember, Thuc. 3, 90 : 3 fut. pass. fjtsixvrlctO' ixat as middle, will remain mindful, Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 27. — Mid. ^ufjLVTJaxofxai, to remember, recol- lect, call to mind, mention, Odys. 15, 54; Epic also fifdofxai, to remember, Theoc. Epigr. 14: fut. fivrjcfOfiac, II. 4, 172: perf. iieiivrniat as present, to remember, Soph. Tyr. 1401 : aor. ifivrfddfiriv Poetic, II. 4, 222. Verbal iivt^otbos. Plat. Tim. 72. fiv(0E0y pres. mid. imperat. 2 sing, as if from -ww, Apol. 1, 896; compare /^cJeo from MAJl. — (ivaofisvog, pres. part, protracted from fivwusvog (fivaof^evog), Odys. 4, 106 : fivojovro or ifivaovro, imperf. 3 plur. protracted from efivwvTo (e/uvccovto), II. 11, 71; 2, 686. — (xsfivrjai, perf. 2 sing, for fisfivrjoai, contracted fidfivrj, Epic, II. 21, 442 ; 15, 18: imperat. 2 sing, fiiiivso for fisfivrjao, Herod. 5, 105: part, ^sfivofisvog for nsfivrjfiivog, Archil, frag. 1: subj. fiBfivojfisS^a, 1 plur., Soph. Tyr. 49; Odys. 14, 168; perhaps the only person in use: opt. fisfxvjjfirjv, II. 24, 745; 3 sing. fisfivjJTo, Arist. Plut. 991. Also 2 sing. fisfiVMo or ^tfivoto, Xen. Anab. 1, 7, 5 ; 3 sing. iis(j,vmto, Epic fisfivsMTo, Xen. Cyr. 1, 6,3; 11.23, 361; 3 plur. fizvalaxo, Ionic for ^uf^rati'To, Find. frag. 277. This verb is etymologically connected with the Latin memini, memor, memoro, English remember. ^ifivco, Poetic for fiivcD, iEsch. Agam. 74. 17* 198 fiLvv liivvd-a (MINTSl, fisLov), to diminish, make less, also intransitive, to be less, 11. 15, 492; Hippocr. : aor. ifitvv&riaa and iixcvvd^iaa, Hippocr. : perf, IxB^Lvvd-qxa^ Hippocr. : aor. ifxivv&r^v^ Hippocr. Connected with the Latin minor, minus, minimus, minuo, diminuo, English diminish. ^idyco, see [xiyvvfiL, fivdoixac, to remember, see ^i^vqaxco, — fxvdofxai, to courts 1000, Odys. 16, 77; Herod. 1, 96. 205: aor. ifivfiddfirjv, ngofivriadfxsvog, Xen. Mem. 2, 6, 36 : in this sense it is not restricted to the Epic language. fxv7](jxa), fxrijaxo^ai, for iJit^v7J(yxco, iiL^vqcixo^ai, Orph. Hym. 76, 6; Anacr. frag. 69. MO A SI, see ^X66xco. liogyvv^i, fjLogyvvfiai, ifiog^dfxriv, for ofxogyvvfiL, Mosch. 2, 96; Simonid. frag. 108, Gaisford's edition. fiv^o, later fjLvtdc) and fiv^io, to suck : aor. ifiv^rf(^a, 11. 4, 218. Not to be confounded with the fol- lowing. ^v^o {[XV fiv), to mutter, grumble, (to cry fiv [xv, Arist. Thesm. 231,) aor. sfxv^a and s^ivaa, II. 4, 20 ; Hippocr. Not to be confounded with the preceding. [xvxdoiJLat {MYKSl), to bellow, Odys. 10, 413: fut. fxvxrjaoixai, Anthol. 9, 724 : aor. i^ivxriad- [iriv, Arist. Nub. 292; later aor. act. ifxvxriaa, Anthol. 6, 220 : 2 perf. [is^ivxa as present, II. 18, 580 : 2 pluperf. ifxsfxvxecv as imperfect, Odys. 12, 395: 2 aor. s^cvxav, II. 749. It is an onomatopy ; compare the Latin mugio, Romaic fiovyxQi^(o, [iovyKoq)Vooj, ^oyxoj or (Sovyxoj. fivo (if), to close the lips or eyes, Athen. 8, 34: aor. sfxifoia and efivaa, Hom. Batr. 192; Soph. Antig. 421 : perf. fxsixvxa, II. 24, 420, not to be confounded with fiifivxa from fxvxdoixat. vs[.ia 199 - iV. vaisraG) (vaihri?^ vato), short a, to inhabit^ or to be inhabited^ situated^ Epic, Odys. 9, 21 ; II. 4,45. yaterawaa, part. fem. Epic, protracted from vam^aa (vaiEToiovaa), II. 2, 648. Compare adco, iadm, from a«ow. — yatexaaaxor, imperf. iterative, II. 2, 539. vaio (N^£2), to inhabit, settle, Poetic, Soph, Trach. 40: fut. vdao[iaL (aa), Apol. 4, 1751: aor. evaaa {aa) causative, to cause to dwell, build as a city, establish, Odys. 4, 174; Pind. Pyth. 5, 94 : perf. mid. vivaa^ai, Herodes Attic. Sim. Reg. 8: aor. pass, ivda&rfv, II. 14, 119; Eurip. Med. 166: aor. mid. ivaodfxriv {ao) re- flexive, Hes. Op. 637. Eurip. Taur. 1260, dnevdaaato seems to be equivalent to the causative svaaas. — Arist. Vesp. 662, xativaa&s is novi^ edited xccTsvaa&sv for xaTEvda&rjaav, the reading of the best manuscripts. vdaao or vdzto), to stuff, press close together, fut. vd^a (I), in Hesychius : aor. fVa|a, Herod. 7, 36. 60; Odys. 21, 122: perf. pass, vkvaa^ai, Ionic vivay^ai, Arist. Eccl. 840 ; Theoc. 9, 9 ; Hippocr. NASI, to dwell, see valo, vdo (a), to flow, II. 21, 197; Odys. 6, 292: im- perf. vdov and vaiov, Odys. 9, 222. Arist. Ran. 146, act vojv is now written dslvav, from dsivaog (ae/yw?), ever jlowing. vstaaofxai, see vlat^o^ai, vsLycia, to reproach, chide. Epic, fut. vsixiaa, II. 10, 158: aor. ivsixsaa (aa), II. 3, 59. 38. vifico, to distribute, think, consider, pasture, transitive, Soph. Elec. 150: fut. vsfxS, vsixrjtsa, Plat. Phileb. 156; Eurip. Epist. 5, 77: aor. sveifia, Thuc. 3, 48 : perf. vevifxrixa in composition, Xen. Cyr. 4, 200 vsofi 6, 45 : perf. pass, vsviixi^fiai, Xen. Anab. 7, 3, 21 : aor. pass, iv € ^r^Orfv ^nd ivsfiiOrfv, Xen. Hel. 7, 4, 27 ; Dem. 956. Verbal vsfirfTsos, Xen. Eq. 7, 36. — Mid. vifiofiai, to allot to one^s self, inhabit, feed or pasture, intransitive imperf. evs- fiofiffv, Epic also vsfiiOofiriv, II. 11, 635: fut. vsixeofiat, vsixotifxaL, Herod. 1, 173; Dem. 579: perf. vsvsfii^fxaL, Isoc. 298 : aor. ivsifxdfiriv and ivsfiTfadfir^v, Thuc. 8, 21 ; Athen. 12, 58. viofiac, contracted vsvfiat, to go away, return, usu- ally as future. Epic, II. 18, 101. 136; Theoc. 18, 56; 2 sing, vslul (visai), Odys. 11, 114; subj. 2 sing, viriai, II. 1, 32. v£(pia) (vscpos, NE0S2)y only in composition, ^vvvs- (pa, to be clouded, to lower, Eurip. Dan. frag. 4, 7; Arist. Av. 1502: perf. ^wvivocpa, Arist. frag. 142; 349. via), to swim, Herod. 8, 89 : fut. vevaovfxai, Xen. Anab. 4, 3, 12 : aor. svsvaa, Thuc. 2, 90; Find. Olym. 13, 163: perf. vivsvxa, Plat. Rep. 4, 16. evvsov, imperf. Epic for Vvtov, II. 21, 11. The kindred noun vavg, ship, that is, floater, sioimmer, and the Latin navis, connected with no, nare, presuppose a digammated theme, NA fJl. VBO, to heap up, Herod. 4, 62 : aor. evrjcia, Eurip. Cycl. 387 ; Thuc. 2, 52: perf. pass, vivrffiat and vivrf6fiai, Xen. Anab. 5, 4, 27 ; Arist. Nub. 1208. — See also vr^io, vrivkco, vBvittTai, perf. pass. 3 plur. Ionic for vevrjiTui, Herod. 2, 135 ; 4, 62. via and vrlSa, to spin, Hes. Op. 775 ; Plat. Polit. 29: fut. vrJGio, Arist. Lys. 519: aor. evr^aa, II. 20, 128 : perf. pass. vhriafiuL (?), Etymol. Magn. (voc. vYiydjEov) : aor. pass. ivrjOrfv, Plat. Polit. 23 : aor. mid. ivr^adixr^v as active, Odys. 7, 198. vfiio and vriveco, Epic and Ionic for vea, to heap VVdT 201 up, II. 23, 139; 7, 428; Odys. 1, 147: aor. ivTJr^aa, Herod. 1, 50 : aor. mid. iviiriad^riv transitive, II. 9, 137. vijOco, see via, to spin, vr^vico, see vriio, vrjxa, commonly vrjxojxai, to swim, Poetic, Odys. 5, 375; 7, 275: fut. vrjlofxai, Arist. Eccl. 1104: aor. ivr^^dfXTfv, Call. Dell. 47. vitco, later vltito (NIBS2), to wash, as the hands or feet, fut. viipco, Herod. 6, 19 : aor. svixpa^ Eurip. Sup. 765 : perf. vfV^^^at, II. 24, 219 : aor. pass, hicpdriv, Hippocr. — Mid. i/tfo^ai and viTZTo^at, Odys. 18, 178: fut. vcipo^ai, Arist. Av. 1 163 : aor. iviyjdfiriv, II. 16, 230. The form vLTtTo^aL is rare in pure Greek. viaofiai and vsiaaofiai, for veo^ai, Epic, Odys. 10, 42 ; Hes. Op. 235. vitpa, to snow, cover with snoiv, impersonally, Arist. Ach. 1141: fut. vLipco, Plutarch, p. 949: aor. evLipa, Arist. Ach. 138. Etymologically connected with tbe Latin nix^ nivis, ningo, nivesco, nivo, Saxon snaw^ English snow. vosa (FN Oil), to think, perceive, regular in the Attic dialect. — The lonians have evcoaa, vevaxa, vivcjfiaL as active, ivevSfiriv as active, ivG)G:dfirfv, for ivoTfaa, vsvor^xa, &c., Herod. 1, 68; 3, 6 ; 9, 53 ; Theoc. 25, 263. The original form of this verb was FNOEJl. Compare the compound a-yvoico. For the omission of y before v, compare the Latin nosco for gnosco, nascor or gnascor, vvcud'Co, to feel sleepy, drowsy, Arist. Av. 638 : aor. Ivvaxaoa, later ivvaia^a, Athen. 1 , 62 ; Theoph. Char. 7. 202 « |f« |ffi), to scrape^ scratch, aor. s^eaa (do), II. 5, 81 ; Odys. 5, 245 : perf. s^safxai, Alcidam. 85, 18. ^rigaiva {^ijgos), to dry, fut. ^rfgava, Eurip. Cycl. 575: aor. i^r^gdva, Ionic i^rjgriv a, Thuc. 1, 109 ; Herod. 7, 109 : perf. pass. i^TJgaafiai, Herod. 7, 109 : aor. pass, i^rigdvd^riv, II. 21, 345 : fut. mid. ^r^gavovi^iat, Hippocr. ^vvvsepio, see vscpsco, ^vgico and ^vgdco, to shave, regular. — Mid. com- monly ^vgofiat, ivo, to polish, Odys. 22, 456: aor. e^vda, II. 14, 179; but iyivajf (v), Eurip. Beller. frag. 11: perf. pass, s^vafiat, Hippocr. : aor. pass, i^vadr^v, Plat. Rep. 3, 14: aor. mid. l|v(yoc^?^v transitive, Xen. Cyr. 6, 2, 32. odd^ofiat (oSovs), to bite, fut. oSa^rjt^o^at as passive, Hippocr. : perf. coBay^at, Soph. frag. 708 : aor^ Gida^di^r^v, Anthol. 9, 86. odd^o, to smart from a bite, imperf. ada^ov, Xen. Conv. 4, 27. OJTS2, Poetic, perf. mid. 686dv(ffiat as present, to be angry, Odys. 5, 423 : aor. mid. todvaadixr^v (aa), Odys. 1, 62; Hes. Theog. 617; but cau- satively, codvdaro, made angry, Horn. Epigr. 6, 8. It is probably connected with the Latin odi, odium. o'Cg) (OJS2), to emit a smell, have the smell of, fut. o^TJaa, Ionic o^idG), Arist. Vesp. 1059; Hippocr.: aor. S^r^aa, Ionic co^eoa, Arist. frag. 538 ; Hippocr.: 2 perf. odada as present, Athen. 2, 9 : 2 pluperf. oSSdsLv and aSadscv as imperfect, Odys. 5, 60 ; Anthol. 13, 29. oioiA, 203 Connected with the Latin odor, oleo. oOofiai, to care about, mind, Epic, II. 1, 181 : im- perf. odofirfv^ 11. 5, 403. oi/o and ofyvvfii, to open, Poetic, Hes. Op. 817; Arist. Eccl. 852 : fut. olIo, Eurip. Cycl. 502 : aor. «|a, commonly Qf|a, U. 6, 298 ; Eurip. Ale. 547 : aor. pass. part, ot^dsis, Pind. Nem. 1,61. — Pass, imperf. olyoixriv and myvv^iriv, Apol. 2, 574 ; II. 2, 809. — Prose writers use the com- pound avoiyo), which see. It may be connected with u>c^v, 6uro, Odys. 10,248; Hom. Hym. 1,342: aor. (oi'a&rjv, Odys. 4,453: aor. mid. oiadfirjv (t), later modfiijv, Odys. 1, 323; Mosch. 2, 8. — The form oia has sometimes T, II. 1, 558 ; 11, 609 ; 13, 153; 204 oixo Odys. 2, 255. — Arist. Lys. 156, for ol'w, Dindorf has 'ola circumflexed. — The syncopated form ol^at is used paren- thetically, / think, met/links, in my opinion. ** According to the ancient grammarians, the forms olfxai, M^riv were em- ployed only in cases of conviction [^inl ofioXoyovixivov^ ; where however Attic urbanity avoided in this way the harsh- ness of positive assertion." Buttmann. OL^ofiai as perfect, to be gone, imperf. a/ofiriv as aorist, sometimes as pluperfect, Odys. 16, 24 Xen. Anab. 4, 3, 30 ; 4, 5, 24 : fut. oL;^rjaofAai Arist. Vesp. 51 : perf. ot^o^ca, sometimes toxcoxa Epic also OTxa, Soph. Aj. 896 ; frag. 227 ; II 10, 252 : perf. mid. axriuai, Ionic olxrffiac, equiv alent to oi'xoxa, Hippocr. de Art. ^ 15 ; Herod. 4, 136. The perfect ol'xataci presupposes OIXO ft. According to Buttmann, it contains the Attic reduplication, after the anal- ogy of avv-o%(ox(6g from avv-ex(a. But then, as the Attic re- duplication shortens the radical syllable (compare uQ-aiQTjxa, ifiv-rjfivxoi, from algioj, rifiixo), the analogical form would be O'Hoixdt or o-xoiHo., not oi'-xaxoi. OLO, to think, see OLo^ai. OISl^ to bring, see (pega), ohadatvo also ohaOdvco {OAI20£1), rarely oXl- addto, to slip, slide, Thuc. 7, 65; Athen. 6, 28: aor. aUadrfda, Anthol. 1 1 , 238 : perf. coXtaOr^xa, Hippocr. : 2 aor. aXtadov, Soph. Elec. 746. oXXv^L and oXlvco {OASl), to destroy, lose, Soph. Antig. 673 ; Archil, frag. 79 : fut. oUaco (aa), 6Ua>, oXS, Hes. Op. 178; Odys. 2, 49; Herod. 1, 34 ; Soph. Tyr. 448 : aor. «AfO 207 98 ; Thesm. 32. 33 : perf. pass, sagdfxat and Sfxf^iai, Dem. 1121. 314 ; jEsch. Prom. 998: aor. cocpdriv, rarely cogddrjv, Plat. Def. 4 ; Anthol. 12, 197 : 2 perf. oncoTta Ionic and Poetic, Herod. 3, 63 ; 7, 125 ; Soph. Antig. 6 : 2 aor. fr^oi/, T^ov, see EIJJ2. Verbal oTrifog, Thuc. 8, 48.— See also ogyji^u, — Mid. ogdofiai as active, to see, Epic, II. 13, 99 ; 1, 56 ; 20, 45; Hes. Op. 532: aor. oyjdfir^v, inoyjafn^v, very rare, Pind. frag. 58 : 2 aor. sldoixriv, Idoixr^v, see EIJSl, It is not absurd to suppose that oQam is connected with -noQog (overseer), nogioj {to see, look after), ovqoc (watcher), -ovQog (as in yrjnovQog)^ -(OQog (as in nvXagog), Latin aira, English care, guard, ward, warn, wary, a-ivare, he-ware. The obsolete OnSl is connected with ocpdal^og, ouTlXog or oTirlXlog, oxTaXog, Latin oculus. ogiyo and ogiyviffii, to stretch out^ II. 1, 351 : fut. ogs^a, Eurip. Med. 902 : aor.-^^f|a. Soph. Col. 846 : aor. pass. cogixOriv as middle, Xen. Mem. 1,2, 16. — Mid. ogsyofiai, to stretch one^s self forward^ desire, II. 24, 506 : fut. oge^ofiac, Eurip. Hel. 353 : perf. 3 plur. ogcogixf^Tai Epic, II. 16, 834: pluperf. 3 plur. 6pfi)^f;^aT0 Epic, II. 11, 26: aor. (oge^dfiTiv, Hes. Theog. 178; Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 15. Etymologically connected with the Latin rego, por-rigo, English right. bgso^ai, see ogofiui. ogrifiL (ogdo), to see, Doric, Theoc. 6, 22. 25 ; subj. 2 sing, ogr^at or ogrjai, Epic, Odys. 14, 343. The form ogrjai comes directly from ogdo^ai • thus, oqixi- aae, oqueui, contracted after the Doric manner ogrjai ' com- pare ^v&uai for ^v&ij] from fiv&esai. ogvvfxi and ogvvcy {OPS2), to rouse, raise, Pind. Olym. 13, 15 : fut. optra. Soph. Antig. 1060: aor. ^gaa, Msch. Pers. 496 ; II. 17, 423 : 2 aor. ago- gov, Odys. 4, 712: 2 perf. ogcoga as present 208 ogoii middle, II. 3, 87 : 2 pluperf. oq&qhv and ^gcygBiv as imperfect middle, 11. 2, 810; Soph Col. 1622. — Mid. 6gvv(,iat, to rise, rush, JEsch, Sept. 90: imperf. also ogsofxr^v from ogeofxai, II. 2, 398 ; 23, 212: fut. ogov^ai, II. 20, 140: perf. ogags- fiat as present, Odys. 19, 377. 524 : 2 aor. ago- p/v, II. 12, 279. — See also ogofxai, ojQTo, 2 aor. mid. 3 sing, syncopated, XL 5, 590 : imperat. 2 sing, ogao, and oqoeo contracted ogafv, II. 4,204. 264; 3,250: infin. og&aif II. 8, 474: part. oQi^svog, II. 11, 326. — 6gwQr}r(xi, perf. mid. subj. 3 sing, from o^sofxaif II. 13, 271. — II. 13, 78; Odys. 8, 539, 2 aor. 3 sing, oigoge has the force of the perfect, that is, it is intransitive. It is etymologically connected with the Latin o?'ior, and ruo (ogovm), and perhaps with the English raisCj rise, rouse, rush. ogofxac (ogvvfiL), 87ii6gofiai, to exercise watch over, superintend, imperf. 3 plur. In-ogovTo, Odys. 3, 471; 14, 104. The passage en\ d^ arsQfg iad^Xol oqovto may be com- pared with Inl d' avriQ ia&Xog oqmqsi, H. 23, 112. 6gv(iG!co or ogvTJco (OPTFJl), to dig, fut. cgv^co, aor. aigv^a, Xen. Anab. 5, 8, 9 ; Soph. Aj. 659 : perf. ogagv^a, •aaxogcigvy^a, Plutarch, p. 1141 : perf. pass, oguigvyinai and agvyfiat, Herod. 3, 60; 2, 158: pluperf. pass, ogcogvy^riv and aga- gvy^iriv, also «^i^';^^«?^v, Herod. 1, 186. 185 ; Xen. Anab. 7, 8, 14: aor. pass. c}gv;(d7^v, Herod. 2, 158: 2 aor. pass, agvyr^v, Xen. Anab. 5, 8, 11 : 2 fut. pass, ogvyrjaofiat written also 6gv)^i\oo^ai, Arist. Av. 394 : aor. mid. agv^dixr^v, to cause to be dug, Herod. 1, 186. oaao^aL (OnSl), to see, to see mentally, foresee, forebode, Epic, Odys. 7, 31; 18, 154; 5, 389; II. 1, 105: imperf. oaaoi^tr^v, Hes. Theog. 551. It is formed from Or/Jl after the analogy of nioaoj from mmu {llEIIJl), and iviaoo) from ivimm {ENinJl). ocpsX 209 oocpgaivofxai^ rarely oacpgdofxat (O2J0PJ2), to smell, perceive by the smell, Athen. 7, 55 : fut. oacpgri' dofxai, Arist. Pac. 152: aor. pass, dacpgdvdrfv not common, Athen. 7, 32; 13, 39: aor. mid. 6a(pg7fadui]v later: 2 aor. mid. codcpgofiriv, Ionic adcpgd^rfv, Arist. Ach. 179 ; Herod. 1, 80. ovXoijlsvos, see oXXvfxi. ovveads, see ovivTffii, ovgia, mingo, imperf. iovgsov and ovgsov, Dem. 1257: fut. ovgijaco, commonly ovgjjcfoixai, Arist. Pac. 1266: aor. iovgr^aa and ovgijaa, Hippocr. de Loc. in Homin. § 39 : perf. iovgrfxa, Arist. Lys. 402 : aor. pass. ovgijOriv, Hippocr. We suppose that the original theme of ovqso) was fovQfcj, formed from p^ew (the original theme of ^g'w, to flow) by inserting the kindred diphthong ov after F« — It is etymo- logically connected with the Latin urina. ovido (OTTHMI), Epic for the regular ovrd^o), to wound, aor. ovTrfda, ovrrjOi^v, II. 4, 469 ; 22, 375 ; 8, 537 : 2 aor. (ovrdiv), 3 sing, ovxa, infin. ovidfisvai or ovxd^sv, II. 4, 525 : 2 aor. mid. part. ovidfievos as passive. ocpdXo (O^EASl), Epic ocpsklco, to owe, I ought, must, II. 19, 200 : fut. ocpsiXrjaa}, Dem. 866 : aor. s}(p£L?.rfaa, Thuc. 8, 5 : pluperf. GxpstXrixBtv im- plying perf. cofslh^xa, Dem. 1111: 2 aor. eofps- Xov or ocpsXov, used only in expressing a wish, that ! would to God ! Latin utinam ! ^sch. Prom. 48; Soph. Tyr. 1157; Eurip. Med. 1; II. 24, 254 ; it may be preceded by uds, aids, or as, wcpBlXov, 2 aor Epic for wcpdov, II. 14, 84 ; 24, 764. — lies. Op. 172, the imperf. mqxdov is equivalent to cocpflov. In the later writers the 2 aor. wcpdov or ocpiXov has the force of ?i particle, N. T. Corinth. 1, 4, 8 ; Galat. 5, 12. 6(piXXa), to increase, enlarge, glorify, assist, II. 3, 18* 210 ocpli . 62 ; 15, 383: aor. opt. 3 sing. ocpiUetev, II. 16, 651 ; Odys. 2, 334. ocphaxdvco (O0AJI), to be guilty, incur as a pen- alty, owe, Soph. Antig. 470 : fut. ocpXijaco, Dem. 459 : aor. acpXijaa rare, Lysias, 488 : perf. coXe, Herod. 8, 26 ; com- pare f^w, eip(o. oxdi\(jai, to feel vexed, indignant, Epic, found only in the indie. 3 plur. coxdrfdav, and part. oxOrjaas, 11. 1,570; 15, 101; 4,30; 11,403; Hes. The- og. 558. U. mirS2, see nijyvv^t, nASQ, see ndaxco. ciTli nai^co, to play, sport, jest, fut. Ttai^ofiat or itai^ov- (xai, later also nai^a, Anthol. 12, 46. 211 ; Xen. Conv. 9, 2 : aor. luaica, later Inai^a, Arist. Thesm. 947; Anthol. 5, 112: perf. niTtaixa, Anthol. 2, 86 : perf. pass. Tcinatafiac, also zri- naiyiiai, Arist. Thesm. 1227; Plat. Sisyph. 4: aor. pass. BTtaixd^v later, N. T. Matt. 2, 16. Verbal naLaxios, Athen. 15, 4. naico, to strike, fut. naiaco, and naLrj^co in Attic Poetry, Xen. Anab. 3, 2, 19 ; Arist. Nub. 1125: aor. sTtaiaa, ^Esch. Pers. 409 : perf. nenaLTca, in composition, Dem. 1217: perf. pass. mTtaiaixai, ifx,7is7taLaixivos, embossed, stamped, Athen. 12, 62 : aor. pass. eTtaiad^rfv, -^sch. Choeph. 184 : aor. mid. inatadfiriv transitive, Xen. Cyr. 7, 3, 6. naXaico, to wrestle, contend, fut. naXalao, Pind. Isth. 4, 90: aor. eTtdXaiaa, Odys. 4, 343: perf. mjidXatxa, Anthol. 12, 90 : perf. pass. nsTidr Tta^x 211 Xaidfiai, Anthol. 9, 411 : aor. pass. inaXaiad-riv^ Eurip. Elec. 686. naXriasiB, aor. opt. 3 sing, for naXalaeis, Herod. 8,21. It implies lIAylAIl. TtahlXoyico, to repeat, pluperf. pass. 3 sing, ina- XiXXoyriTo^ Herod 1, 118. ndXXa (tlAAH), to shake, brandish, agitate, aor. STiTfXa, Soph. Elec. 710: 2 aor. part, nsnalav, d^nsnaXcov Epic, II. 3, 355 ; 5, 280 : 2 aor. pass. indXriv later. — Mid. ndXXoiiaL, to he agi- tated, tremble, perf. nenaXfiai, ^sch. Choeph. 410. 524: aor. imfldfiriv, Call. Jov. 64. naXio, 2 aor. mid. 3 sing, syncopated, like uho from alXo(xm, 11. 15, 645. nagoLvio (ndgoivog, oivos), to act improperly when under the influence of wine, insult, imperf. l/ra- g', Odys. 12, 174: pres. pass, part, nis^eofitvog contracted nis^sv^evoc, Herod. 3, 146; 6, 108. Ttid^aa, Ttidrjoas, see tislOc), nilvdco (itsidco), to cause to approach, bring near, Epic, Hes. Op. 508. — Mid. nlXva^ai, to ap- proach, like tWa^af, II. 19, 93; Hes. Theog. 703. ni^nXdvo^ai, Epic for miinXa^ai, II. 9, 679. ni^Tt 219 TtifiTtXrifii {nAA£l^ Tti^Ttkdco), Ionic also TtiunXsa, to fill, inflected like loiafiac in the present and imperfect, II. 21, 23; Arist. Av. 1310; Hes. Theog. 880; Herod. 7, 39; Hippocr. : imperf. BTt^mXriv, rarely im^TtXcov (-aov), Xen. Anab. 1, 5, 10 ; Cyr. 6, 1, 26 : fut. nXijac), Eurip. Hip. 691 : aor. sTtXtfaa, Herod. 2, 87 : perf. TtsnXr^xay ifXTtajtXrfxa, Plat. Gorg. 157: perf. pass, niitlri- a^ai, Plat. Rep. 7, 3 : pluperf. pass. iTtsjzXTJfii^v, Lysias, 820 : aor. pass. enXriadriv, Eurip. Heracl. 646. Verbal TtXr^axsos, Plat. Rep. 2, 14.— Mid. TttfiTtlai^aL, aor. iTiXr^adfiriv transitive, He- rod. 2, 87 : 2 aor. iTiXrjfir^v as passive, II. 17, 499; Odys. 8, 16; Hes. Scut. 146; Theog. 688 ; in the Attic dialect ijikTJfxriv is reflexive. The present and imperfect drop the first fi when, in com- position, another ^ comes to stand before the first syllable ; as ifininlrjfii, not ifxnlfi7iXrj}ii. The same remark applies also to nliJ,7iQrjfxi, as ifini7iQr]fiL. ifini7iXr)&i, imperat. 2 sing, for i^ninXa&i, II. 21, 311. — ifinmXslg, part, from ffininXeai, -nXruii, Hippocr. Etymologically connected with nXrj&oc, noXvg, nXiog or nXicng, nXrjgrjg, Latin plus, populus (with the reduplication), plebs, plu7imus, plenus, pleo, pkrusque, English Jill, full. nl^Tcgri^L and jtcfiTTgdco {IIPASl)^ rarely TtgijOo, to burn, like loxaaai in the present and imper- fect, Eurip. Troad. 893; Xen. Anab. 7, 4, 15; Hel. 6, 5, 22; II. 9, 689: fut. itgriaG), iEsch. Sept. 434: aor. sTtgrjaa, Xen. Anab. 4, 4, 14: perf. TtSTtgijxa, vTtoneTzgrixa, Hippocr. : perf. pass. neTtgr/iiai and 7iS7igrf6fiai, Arist. Vesp. 36 ; Herod. 8, 144: aor. pass, iizgrjad^riv, Thuc. 4, 29: 3 fut. pass. nsTigTJaoixai, Herod. 6, 9. — See also nlfXTtXriui, nlfinQTiai, VTronlfingrjoi, pres. subj. 3 sing, with the Epic termination -ai, for the analogical tti^ttqi], Arist. Lys. 348. Compare ffxf^aVi/iifft from axf<5«>'yi;|Ut. — sngsaa, aor, act. for tngriaa, Hes. Theog. S5Q. 220 mvv Etymologically connected with nvg, English J?re, hum, brown. Tiivvaxo, later nLvvaaco (IIINTJl, UNTJl), to ren- der intelligent, advise^ jEsch. Pers. 830 ; Nau- mach. 32 : perf. pass, ninvif^ai as present, to be animated, tvise, discreet, II. 24, 377 ; imperat. 71S7TVVOO, Theogn. 29 ; infin. nauvvodai^ 11. 23, 440 ; part, nenvv^kvo?, Hes. Op. 729 : pluperf. STienvv^Tlv (v) as imperfect, Odjs. 23, 210. The forms ninw^aL, &c. are generally subjoined to nvia. The theme niNTJl is formed from llJNTSL by simply in- serting i before v. Compare ^va, Latin mina. nivco (IIISI, II0J2), to drink, fut. TiLOfiat com- monly long I, also TtLovfjiac rare in the early au- thors, Soph. Col. 622; Xen. Con.* 4, 7: perf. TiSTtcoxa, Eurip. Cycl. 536 : perf. pass. Ttsnofxai, Dem. 34 : aor. pass, iitodrfv^ iEsch. Choeph. 66 : 2 aor. btzlov commonly short i, Ttia, nioLfic, me commonly nidi, niSLv, ni6v, Soph. Tyr. 1401 ; Arist. Vesp. 1489; XL 16, 825. Verbal Ttoxeo?, Plat. Leg. 2, 14. nslVf 2 aor. infin. for ntuv, Anthol. 11, 140; perhaps an attempt at synizesis. — Find. Olym. 6, 147, nlofiUL com- monly considered as a present, I drink. " But I can see no reason," says Donaldson, *' for making this an excep- tion to the general rule. The meaning [of the passage jag iQUTHvov .... v^vov] is, * wkosc pleasant water I will drinky when I weave a hymn for warriors.' " Connected with the Latin poto, hiho (with the reduplica- tion). TtiTtiaxo (IIIJl, ntva), to give to drink, to water, Hippocr. de Loc. in Homin. ^ 39 : fut. niaco (i), Pind. Isth. 6, 108: aor. sTttaa, evautaa, Pind. frag. 77, 1 ; Hippocr. de Loc. in Homin. § 38 : aor. pass, iniad-riv later Epic, Nicand. Ther. 624 : aor. mid. iTttadfirfv later Epic, Nicand. Ther. 877. niTtXco, BTtLTckov, for miinXrini, rare and doubtful, Hes. Scut. 29 L TtLTV g2i TiiTTgdoxa) (jtsgdo, IIP A SI), to sell, Call. frag. 419 : fut. TtegdacD (d), Epic infin. nsgdav {jiegdasiv, nsgdv), II. 21, 454: aor. sTtegdaa (oa) Epic, Odys. 15, 428. 387: perf. nsTtgdxa, Dem. 104: perf. pass, nkngd^ai, Xen. Con. 4, 31 : aor. pass, ingdd^riv (d). Soph. Trach. 252 : fut. pass. ngad-qaoiiaL rare, Athen. 4, 51 : 3 fut. pass. 7rs7rgdao[xat the usual future passive, Xen. Anab. 7, 1, 36. — Ionic TtiTtgijaxoj nsTtgrifiat, iTigij&rfv. Verbal ngaxio?, Plat. Leg. 8, 13. For the Epic mQuaa, iusQaacx, Attic writers use anodcoao- fiai, unsdofirjv, from anodldojfui. — The perf. pass, infin. ne- TjQoia&ai is often equivalent to the aor. pass, infin. TTgaS^rjvai, Arist. Ach. 734. 735. — The forms ninQuojiajj nenQuHa, nsTXQafiat, and inQu&tjv are formed from nsgdm by metathesis and contraction. Compare xsgavvvfti. TtLTtto) (HETSI, nTESI, HTOSl), to fall, fut. ne- aov^ai, resolved neasofiac Epic and Ionic, Thuc. 5, 9; Herod. 7, 163; II. 11, 824: aor. sneaa rare in the early authors, commonly sTtsaov, ^schin. 303 ; Soph. Aj. 620 : perf. Tiimcoxa, Thuc. 4, 112; rare and later TtiTtrrfyca, nsTtTtf- Tcoias, Anthol. 7, 427 : 2 aor. STtsrov Doric, Pind. Olym. 7, 126; Pyth. 5, 66: 2 perf. part, ns- TTTfwg, -cSrog, and TtSTtrrfcos, -via, -arog or -orog, Epic, Odys. 22, 384 ; II. 21, 503 ; Apol. 2, 832 ; Attic 7t£7tTcos, '6x0?, Soph. Antig. 697 ; Aj. 828. The part. nsnTrjMg must not be confounded with the corresponding form from nirjaato, TtiTvdo) and nixvri^i (jtsxda), for Ttsxdvvvfjii, to ex- pand, Epic, part, jiixvds, Odys. 11, 392: imperf. 3 sing. Tttxvd, 3 plur. nlxvdv for iTtlxvaaav, II. 21, 7 ; Pind. Nem. 5, 20. — Pass, imperf. 3 plur. BTtixvavxo, Eurip. Elec. 713. nixva (UETIl), for ninxa, to fall. Poetic, ngoa- TtLXvofxsv, Ttgoamxvovxss, nixvovxcov, Soph. Col. 19* 222 mcpa 1754; iEsch. Pers. 461; Eurip. Elec. 691: imperf. sniTvov as aorist, Soph. Col. 1732. The forms nlxvta, nitveig, nhvei, nlxvovai, nltvajv, niivovKg, are written also nnvoj, -slg, -tl, -ovai, -oiv, -ovvrsg, as if from nirvsoi, the existence of which, however, will always be considered doubtful, until its supporters produce the forms niTvovfisv, niTvelie, sniivovv. — Eurip. Heracl. 617, ngonl- TVBi, in Dindorf's edition nQonltvcov, Elmsley's emenda- tion. — Pind. Isth. 2, 39, nixvtavxa, implying mxvdoi' Donaldson edits nixvovxa^ 2 aor. part, as from nuxv^v nlxvovxtt (pres. part.) would be more exquisite ; but exqui- siteness is no test of genuineness. TtLcpavaxG) ((pddxco, ^ASl), to say, tell, Msch, Eum. 620 ; 11. 10, 202. 478 ; also to show, JEsch. Pers. 661. — Mid. 7ii(pavaxo[xai and 7tiq)dcixofiat, Hes. Theog. 655; 11. 21,99. Originally «J»^Fji, tt 1 9 « pa >{ m. IIIS2, see Tttva. nAAri2, see nXrlciaa), nXd'Co {IIAArrSl), to cause to wander, Poetic, 11. 2, 132: aor. enlay^a, Odys. 24, 307: aor. pass. ijiXdyx^rfv dis middle, Odjs. 1, 2; 11. 1, 59. — Mid. TtXd^ofxat, to wander, Soph. Aj. 886 : fut. TtXdy^o^ai, Odys. 15, 312: aor, mid. InXaLy- ^dfiTfv later Epic, Apol. 3, 261. HA A SI, see m^itXri^i, nXr^d^co, nU(o {UAETSl), to sail, fut. nXsvoo, commonly nXevao^ai or nkevaovfiai, Dinarch. 92; Xen. Anab. 5, 6, 12; Thuc. 1, 53: aor. STrXsvaa, Eurip. Med. 7 : perf. ninX^vxa, Soph. Phil. 72 : perf. pass. nsTtXsvafiai, Dem. 1286: aor. pass. i7t?.sva&r^v not classical. Scholiast. Thuc. 2, 97. nXrjd'c) {UAASl), to be fall, abound, iEsch. Pers. 272: 2 perf. nsTtlrf&a as present, Theoc. 22, 38 : 2 pluperf. ijtSTtXrjd^scv as imperfect, Apol. 3, 271. TtXriaaa) or TtXTJtTco {IIAArSl, IIAHm), to Ttvso) 223 strike, fut. nhj^a), Msch, frag. 255 : aor. sjiXtf^a, Eurip. Aul. 1579 : perf. pass. nkTcXriy^ai, Arist. Ach. 1218: aor. pass. mXrix^^^ rave, Eurip. Troad. 183: 3 fut. nsithj^ofiat, Arist. Eq. 272: 2 aor. Ttenlriyov Epic, 11. 23, 363. 660 : 2 perf. nenXriya, II. 2, 264; Arist. Av. 1350: 2 aor. pass. iTtirj/riv, Doric iuldyriv (d), in composi- tion ijtldpjv (a), as ycaxsTiXdyriv, Dem. 525 ; Thuc. 1,81; Call. Cer. 40. Verbal 7rA)^xT£og, Dinarch. 72. — Mid. nXiiaao^ai also Ttkrjyvv- ^ at, Thuc. 4, 125: aor. inkri^d^riv, Herod. 3, 14: 2 aor. nsitXriyo^riv Epic, II. 12, 162. sninXrjyov or ninXrj'/ov, a new imperfect, U. 5, 504 ; Odys. 8, 264. — xaisnXrjyrjv and i^snXi^yrjv, 2 aor. pass. for -dytiv, in Homer, II. 3, 31 ; 18, 225 ; Horn. Hym. 7, 50. — nsnlriy (av, part, from a new present nsnXrjyco, Call. Jov. 53. — The 2 perf. ninXriya sometimes is nsQdi passive- ly, especially by the later writers. nXvvo, to wash as clothes, fut. nXwea, nXvva, Odys. 6, 31; Arist. Thesm. 248: aor. ejilvva, Dem. 1259 : perf. pass. ninXv^ai, Athen. 9, 22: aor. pass. Bnlvdriv (v), Hippocr. Verbal nXv- Tsos, Athen. 3, 86. — Mid. nkvvofiat reflexive, aor. iTiXvvdfitfv, Herod. 4, 73 : fut. nXvvov^ai^ Arist. Plut. 1064. nlaa, Epic and Ionic for jrAfw, to sail, Odys. 5, 240 ; Herod. 8, 23 : fut. nkado^ai, aor. anXaaa, perf. ninXoTta, Herod. 8, 5 ; 4, 99 ; II. 3, 47: 2 aor. STtXcov, iitinXas, Hes. Op. 648 ; Odys. 3, 15; 12, 69. "The use of ninlMna by Aristophanes [Thesm. 878] who puts it into the mouth of Euripides is supposed to have been in ridicule of the Tragedian for introducing it at Hel. 532, where however Matthiae edits nsnXivxoTa." Carmichael. Ttvio {UNETSl), to blow, breathe, fut. nvsvao, commonly nvsvao^iat or nvsvaovfxai, Dem. 284 ; Eurip. Andr. 555; Arist. Ran. 1221: aor. I- 224 nviy nvevaa, Xen. Hel. 7, 4, 32 : perf. nsTtvsvxa, Plat. Phaedr. 100: aor. pass. invsvoOriv hter.-r-See also dfZTtvvco, tclvvgxco. We have already attempted to connect this verb vi^ith the Saxon blowan, English blow. TCVLya (I), to choke, strangle, suffocate, fut. Ttvi^a, Athen. 2, 74: aor. envi^a, Xen. Hel. 3, 1, 14: perf. pass. nsTtviyiiai, Arist. Vesp. 511 : 2 aor. pass, ijtviyjjv ()), Dem. 883 : fut. mid. Ttvi^ov- fiat, Athen. 2, 57. UNTSl, see dfXTtvvo), TtLvvaxco, noLnvvco, TCosco, see nodco. TtoOio (jiodos), to desire, regret, miss, fut. itoB-qaa, TtoOsao^ai, Xen. Mem. 3, 11, 3; Plat. Phaedr. 106: aor. enoOriaa and iitoOsaa, Xen. Hel. 1, 1, 30; Isocr. 385: perf. nenodTjxa, Anthol. 11, 417. no&rjIuBvai, infin. Epic, as if from 7io&rjfii,Odys. 12, 110. — The noun 7ro5o? is derived from UAOJl (nEOfL, UENOfL). And as the primary meaning of nuaxm is to ex- perience an emotion or sensation^ the primary meaning of 710 &og must be emotion , feeling. Ttoisco and noso, to make, do, regular, Arist. Ran. 522. 526 : 3 fut. pass, nsnoirjaoixai, Hippocr. : fut. mid. TTOirjao^at as passive, Hippocr. The form nosco, vt^ithout the i, is of frequent occurrence in ancient inscriptions ; as inorjocxTav, nouv, inosiasv, for eTioiTjodiTjv, noiuv, enoli]oev, Boeckh's Corp. Inscript. 25 ; 103, 17 ; 8, 9. Add to this fact the analogy of the Latin po'efa, noiijTrjg. TZOivdofiaL (jtoivri), to exact retribution, punish, in Hesychius : fut. 7toLvdao[.iaL (d), Eurip. Taur. 1431. noLTtvvco (nveo, ITNTSI), long v, to bustle about, Epic, II. 1, 600 ; 24, 475: aor. iTtoiTtvvaa, II. 8, 219. 7toXei.u^co and nioXsfutG) (ttoXs^os), Epic for noks- ngaa 225 ^£0), to war, fight, 11. 13, 123. 223: fut. noXe^l^o and TtToksiii^co, II. 24, 667 ; 2, 328 : aor. nzoU- ^f|a, Apol. 3, 1233. novea (novog), to labor, feel fatigue, suffer pain, produce by labor ; sometimes to cause pain, dis- ti^ess, Pind. Pyth. 6, 268 : fut. novijoo, noveaco, jEsch. Prom. 343 ; Hippocr. : aor. inovi^aa, ino- vsaa, Xen. Anab. 7, 6, 41 ; Hippocr.: perf. ns- novr^xa, Arist. Pac. 820 ; Xen. Cyr. 4, 5, 22 : perf. pass. Tcenovrniai, Isoc. 43 : aor. pass, ino- vijOrfv, Doric ijiovdOrfv, Pind. Olym. 6, 17; as middle, Eurip. Hel. 1509. Verbal novrfTsos, Isoc. Antid. p. 123. — Mid. novko^ai as active, fut. novjjaofxat, Odys. 22, 377: perf. nsTtovr^- fiai as present. Soph. Trach. 985 ; Herod. 2, 63 : pluperf. ijtsTtovTJfjirfv as imperfect, II. 1 5, 447 : aor. iTtovr^ad^MTiv, Odys. 9, 250. nOPJl or nPOn, and HAP SI, to give. Poetic, 2 aor. STTogov, II. 17, 196; Soph. Tyr. 921 ; infin. TtSTtogetv and nsTtaguv Epic, to show, make known, cause to appear, Pind. Pyth. 2, 105: perf. pass. 3 sing, ningcjiat, is fated, -^sch. Prom. 519 ; part. TteTtgaixivos, decreed by fate, II. 3, 309: pluperf. 3 sing. nsngcoTo, it loas fated, Hes. Theog. 464. — Perf. part, neitgcoiikvri as a sub- stantive, fate, destiny, Hesychius has nsnagsvaLfiov, ivcpgaaTov, ancpig * jtB- naQtlv^ evdsl^ai, arjiiijvai. — The form TlAPfL may safely be connected with the Latin pario, pareo. nogsva, to cause to go, convey, carry, rather Poetic in the active, regular : aor. pass. enogevOriv as middle, to go, march, Xen. Anab. 3, 4, 10. Ttotdofiat, also TtoTeofiaL not Attic, Poetic for Ttixo- liai, to fly, regular. nOQ, see ittva, ngdaaco or ngdnco {nPAPSl), to do, fut. ngd^co^ 226 Ttgao Soph. Col. 645 : aor. sTtga^a, Xen. Cyr. 5, 4, 23 : ningaxoL, Dem. 972 : perf. pass, nkngayiiai^ Eurip. Hec. 1038: aor. pass, eugaxdriv, Thuc. 6, 28 : 3 fut. pass. TtsTtgdlofiai, Arist. Plut. 1027 : 2 perf. TisTtgdya intransitive, to have done well or ill, Pind. Pyth. 2, 134. Verbal ngaxisos, Soph. Tyr. 1439. — Mid. ngdactofiai, to exact as money, require for one's self, ngd^ofxai, TtingayixaL^ ijigaldfxr^v, Thuc. 8, 37; Dem. 786. 931. 845; Xen. Hel. 1, 5, 19; Soph. Tyr. 287. The lonians change « into tj throughout, as ngrjaoco, ni- •nqriya, which shows that the penult of this verb is also long hy nature. In connexion with certain adverbs (as sv, naxmi), the ac- tive is intransitive, to do well or ill, to he prosperous or un- fortunate, in which case Ttingaya is its proper perfect. — Xen. Hel. 1, 4, 2, nsngaya has the force of the perfect middle ninqay^uL ' the antecedent of wv is put in the geni- tive by attraction ; navTmv (ov, for ndvTa tav, IIPA£1, see m^Ttgrnii, niTtgdaxa. Ttgr^dco, see ni^Ttgri^L, IIP I AM AI^ to buy, 2 aor. iTtgidixrfv, ngicofiat, ngiai^riv, ngiaao and Tigico, ngtaodai, ngtdfiS' vog, Arist. Nub. 23. The rest is borrowed from aviofiai. Ttgico (i) and Ttgi^o, to saio, gnash the teeth, Arist. Ran. 927 ; Plat. Theog. 4 : aor. eTigtaa, Thuc. 4, 100: perf. pass. nsTtgici^ai, aor. pass. iTtglodriv^ Arist. Pac. 1135. 1261. Tcgo^s^ovXa^ see ^ovXofiai, Ttgotaaofxat, to offer an extended hand (for charity), to beg, Archil, frag. 28, 2 : fut. ngotcfaofxaL only in composition Tcaiangotaaoixai, will get off un- punished, do any thing with impunity, always ac- companied by ov, not, Herod. 3, 36 ; Arist. Vesp. 1396. ngooxvvso, see xwio. TtTvo) 227 Ttgovaskso), to abuse, insult, defective and Poetic, 1 plur. TtgovasXovfiev, Arist. Ran. 730 : part, pass. ngovaeXoviABvos, jEsch. Prom. 438. Hesychius has nQoa iXsi, nQonrjXaxl^si ' nQOvyeXsTv, TiQOTTTjhixl^Eiv, v^Qt^Eiv. Thc Ety mologicum Magnum (voc. 7iQoasXi]voi) has TrgovaelXs'lv Xe/ovai ro v^qI^siv. Its equivalent nQonrjXaxiCo) {nqo, TxrjXog) suggests I'Xog, marsh, swamp, pool. We may therefore assume ngoofs- Xsm. By dropping p, we obtain ngoaiXsi, ngovaeXXelv. The form ngovyeXftv is obtained by dropping a and changing f into ;'. Buttmann, oddly enough, objects to this derivation on account of its apparent agreement with a word of a simi- lar meaning, ngom^Xaxl^a), which is derived from ntjXog, mud. 7tgo(paai^ofiai (Ttgocpadig), to make pretexts, feign an excuse, fut. ngocpaOLov^ai, -^schin. 416: aor. 7igov(paoLod[xriv (jcgosipaaLod^riv), Thuc. 5, 54 : aor. pass. part, ngocpaaicdiv passively used, Thuc. 8, 33. npoa, see nop SI, Tiidgv^fiat (^IITAPSl), to sneeze, Xen. Anab. 3, 2, 9 : 2 aor. Imagov, Arist. Ran. 647 : 2 aor. pass, part. Ttragsig^ Hippocr. TLTAQ., see iTtiafxai, Ttiijaaco, TtTrjaoo {UTAKSl, UTHKSl, UTAH, UTHMI), to crouch from fear, to fear, be terrified, fut. nxr^^co, Anthol. 12, 141 : aor. sjnrf^a, Soph. Aj. 171; Col. 1466; sometimes causatively, /o ^er- rify, II. 4, 40 ; Eurip. Hec. 180 : perf. smtf^^a, Isoc. 94 : 2 aor. ejiraxov, ^sch. Eum. 252 ; also 2 aor. 3 dual jiiiJTtfv Epic, II. 8, 136: 2 perf. 7ismri(6s, -via, -mos, Epic, Odys. 14, 354. 474. The 2 perf. part. nEnrrjag must not be confounded with the corresponding form of nlmw. moXsfii^cD, see noXsixi^a. IITOn, see nlnjco, TiTvco, to spit, fut. TCTvaa, 7tTV(jOjj,ai (v), Hippocr.: Anthol. 5, 197: aor. snivaa, Soph. Antig. 653: 228 nvdco aor. pass. irtTvodriv, 2 aor. pass. Itttvt^v, Hip- pocr. It is an onomatopy^ connected with the Latin spuo^ English spit. TtvOco (if), to cause to decay, rot, transitive, Hes. Op. 624: fut. Ttvaco (i>), II. 4, 174: aor. STCvaa, Horn. Hym. 1,371. 374; but nvas {v), Call, frag. 313. — Mid. TCvdo^aL, to rot, intransitive, 11. 23, 328. Etymologically connected with the Latin puteo, puter, putris. Ttvxd^o), to make dense, cover up, regular: perf. pass. part. TtSTtvxaSfiivos for itEJivxaa^ivo?, Sapph. 30. nvvOdvoiiai {nETBSl, UTSSl), Poetic also nzv- dofxai, to inquire, tear?} by inquiry, hear, jEsch. Agam. 988 : fut. itevao^ai and jcsvoov^ai, Xen. Cyr. 6, 2, 11 ; ^Esch. Prom. 998: perf. nsTtv- aixai, Thuc. 8, 51 : 2 aor. mid. invdofirfV, Epic nsTtvdofiT^v, Soph. Col. 11 ; II. 6, 60; 10, 381. Verbal navaiios. Plat. Sophist. 61. ninvaaai, perf. 2 sing. Poetic for nenvaoti, Odys. 11, 494. nvgiaacD or nvgijrco, to have a fever, fut. jivgi^a, aor. iTivge^a, and ijtvgsaa, Hippocr. ncoksofxai {niXo), to go about, to go. Epic, Hes. Theog. 781 : fut. ncoXTJaofiai, II. 5, 350. Odys. 4, 811, TiwAfi" stands for ncoXiai (TKaXimi), not for ncaXso. Compare Odys. 5, 88, ndgog ys fjtsv oint x^a/iil- ^Eig' also II. 18, 385. — TKaXsaxsTo, imperf. iterative, II. 1, 490. P. 'PAr£l, see gi^yvvfii, galva (PANSl, Pu^JSI), to sprinkle, fut. gavco, Eurip. Thes. frag. 1 : aor. sggdva, Ionic sggrfva, Epic sggaaa, Eurip. Cycl. 402; Odys. 20, 150: fs» 229 perf. pass. e^ga&^aL and aggufif^iai (?), -avaai, -ai/roct, Schol. ad II. 12, 431; Hesych. voc. iggadazaL ' aor. pass, iggdv&riv, Find. Pjth. 5, 134. iQQoidatai, perf. pass. 3 plur. Epic, Odys. 20, 354: pluperf. pass. 3 plur. sQQadctTO, II. 12, 431. Etymologically connected with the English rain, gdaaco (PAFU), for grjaoo, grj^^wfii, fut. gd^co, Thuc. 8, 96: aor. sgga^a, Xen. Hel. 7, 5, 16: aor. pass, iggd^^rfv doubtful, Thuc. 7, 6. gs^o (EPFJl, PEFSl), for Ighco or tg^co, to do, Poetic, II. 21, 214: fut. geiG), Soph. Phil. 1191 : aor. eggs^a^ Poetic also k'gs^a, II. 9, 536 ; Soph. Col. 539 : aor. pass. part. gs/&stg, II. 17, 32. 'PErSl is formed from EPrSl by metathesis. But EPril was ^EPrSl' therefore the original form of qi^oa was F^c^w. Compare the English wrought ^ wrighty with the kindred words QsxTfjg, qsxtijq. gsco (PETSl, PTSl), to flow, fut. gsvaofiou, later gevaa, Eurip. Thes. frag. 1; Anthol. 5, 125; Athen. 6, 94 : aor. sggsvaa, Arist. Eq. 526 : perf. iggvrixa, Isoc. 159: 2 aor. pass, iggvr^v as active, Thuc. 2, 5 : 2 fut. pass. gvyjoo^iaL as ac- tive, Isoc. 187. — Pass, imperf. l^^fo^T^v, Eurip. Hel. 1602; Xen. Anab. 1, 5, 4. Qsovfisvog, pres. pass. part. Ionic for geofisvog, as if from ^BBOfifvog, Herod. 7, 140. Its original form was qs foj, or perhaps F^fpw. Com- pare ^fjva, Latin rivus, English river, brook (gva^). 'PESl, to say^ perf. sigr^xa, Soph. Col. 414: perf. pass. etgri^aL, Thuc. 1, 139 : aor. pass. iggjjd-TfVy gr^&S, Xen. Cyr. 6, 1, 19; sometimes f^^f^?/v, Ionic dgrj&rfv and slgsd'rfv, but only in the indic- ative, .^Eschin. 216; Herod. 4, 77. 156: 3 fut. dgTJaofxat as future passive, Thuc. 6, 34 ; Xen. Cyr. 7, 1, 9. Verbal gr^jsos, Dem. 612. — See also EinSI. 20 230 gr^r^ Its original form was ^PJESl, hence fgarga for qi^tqu, in the Elean inscription. It is moreover connected with (Tqco, to say, and EPOMAI, to ash, and perhaps with |a- firjv, Herod. 8, 99. The original theme was fPArsi, connected with the Latin frango, English ivreck, rag, break^ German brechen. According to Trypho (§ 11), Alcaeus used p^TjJt? for gjyico (^PIFSl), to shudder, fear, Poetic, Pind^ Nem. 5, 92: fut. giyrjaco, II. 5, 351 : aor. iggt- yriaa. Soph. Col. 1607: 2 perf. agglyoL as pres- ent, Odys. 5, 52 ; II. 3, 353 : 2 pluperf. iggiyeiv as imperfect, Odys. 23, 216. eg^l/ovti, part. dat. sing, from a new present, Hes. Scut. 228. — Connected with Qiyow, cpQiaaw, and the Latin frigeo, frigus, rigeo, rigor, Enalish fright. We may suppose that the original theme was ^Pirsi. gtyoco, to shiver ivith cold, infin. giyovv, part. gen. plur. giyovvTcov, Xen. Cyr. 5, 1, 10; Hel. 4, 5, 4 : fut. giycoacj, Xen. Mem. 2, 1 , 17: aor. iggt- yaaa, Arist. Plut. 846. QiyM, subj. 3 sing, for Qiyol (giyorj), Plat. Gorg. 155 : opt. 3 sing. QiyX£t^v, d^idstv, see s^^, oa^co (aaoa, acoco), to save, fut. a&co, Dem. 622 : aor. saoda, Thuc. 1 , 74 : perf. (jiaaxa, Dem. 25 : perf. pass., aiocodfiat, Xen. Anab. 7, 7, 56 ; sometimes aiacofiai, Plat. Critias, 4 : aor. pass. iaoOtfv, Soph. Tyr. 1457. — Mid. (yS^ofxai usu- ally transitive, to save for one^s self, fut. aSaofiat reflexive, Dem. 355 : aor. icKoadfir^v, Eurip. Ale. 146. — See also aaoo, odo, aoa, aaa, a (a (a, fut. for awaw, in an ancient inscription (Boeckh. 70, h, 7), after the analogy of iqvm, lavvia. ado, another form of aa^w, Odys. 9, 430 ; II. 8, 363. — Pass, aaoiiai, Apol. 2, 612. T. TAFLl and TASl, to take, Epic, imperat. 2 sing. T^ (contracted from zots like ^t/ from ld{), take thou, there, Odys. 9, 347; II. 14, 219 : 2 aor. part. T£Ta;/«v, II. 1, 591 ; 15, 23. xa(m 241 This verb is connected with the English take, Swedish taga. Those who class it with the Latin tango, virtually admit its connection with ^lyydvia, English touch. T^AASl and TAASl^ to bear, suffer, endure, dare, venture, Poetic, fut. jX^Go^ai, Soph. Aj. 463 : . aor. hdlaaa {ao), II. 17, 166; 13, 829: perf. . TSTXrfxa, II. 1, 228: 2 perf. jhlaa, TSTlairfv, TexXaOi, TBxXdvai, TfxPvT^wg, see Rem. § 68 : 2 aor. hXriv, xX6, TXalriv, rk^Oi, xh'jvai, jXas, II. 18, 433 ; see also Rem. § 72. Etymologically connected with the English toil. ToifjLvo, see te^vco, TavvG) (tslvco), short v, to stretch, Epic, II. 17, 390; Ionic ^Iso javvvc)' fut. lavvaco {v), Epic xavvco, aor. hdvvaa (aa), Odys. 21, 97. 174. 409; II. , 11, 336: perf. pass, xsidwafxat, Odys. 9, 116; .11. 10, 156: aor. pass, havvadr^v as middle, ; Hes. Theog. 177 : 3 fut. xsxavvaaofxat later, Orph. Lith. 319. — Mid. xavvofxai usually re- flexive, Tavvaofiat (aa). Archil, frag. 4 : aor. ixa- vvad^-qv (aa) reflexive or transitive, Odys. 9, 298: II. 4, 112. TDcvviai, pres. pass. 3 sing, as from TANTMI, II. 17, 393. xdcK^co or xdxxo ( TAFSI), to arrange, order, fut. Ta^co, Xen. Cyr. 8, 3, 7 : aor. ha^a, Thuc. 4, 32 : perf. xixa^a, Dem. 888 : perf. pass. zfTot- 2^fiai, Msch, Sept. 448 : aor. pass. ixdxOriv, Xen. Ages. 2, 17: 3 fut. pass, xaxd^o^ai, Arist. Av. 637 : 2 aor. pass. Ixdyriv very rare, Eurip. frag, incert. 142 (Variorum, Glasgow, 1821). — Mid. Tdaaofiat or xdxxo fiat reflexive or transitive, Xen. Anab. 1, 8, 14: aor. txa^d^r^v, Thuc. 2, 83. — The compound iTttxdaaofiaL has fut. imxd^ofiaL as passive, Eurip. Sup.. 521. TETaxaTUL, perf. mid. 3 plur. Ionic, but common with Attic writers (Xen. Anab. 4, 8, 5). The same is true of 21 242 Tua the following, — ijETaxaio, pluperf. mid. 3 plur. Ionic form, Thuc. 4, 31. TASl, see TAFSl. ridrfTia, see OAfPSl, to be astonished, TBivco (TENS2, TAS2), to stretch, extend, fut. tsvS, Arist. Thesm. 1205: aor. hstva, Soph. Antig. 716 : perf. Tsxaxa in composition, Plat. Gorg. 47 : perf. pass, xha^ai, aor. pass. hdOffv, Soph. Phil. 831 ; Antig. 124. Verbal Tajios, Plat. Epist. 7,340,19. "'\;':>./^ .w' Etymologicallv connected with the Latin ienao. > Tsigco (TEPSl)y to rub, afflict, fut. Tsgdco, Theoc. 22, 63. ^ TEKSl, see rtxro. xeXsco, to finish, pay, fut. jslsao) {(^o), xeXso, rslco, Pind. Nem. 4, 70; II. 23, 559; 8, 415; Soph. Tyr. 232: aor. hiXsaa (aa), Xen. Mem. 2, 9, 1 ; II. 1, 108: perf. Tsiilsxa, Plat. Apol. 4: perf. pass. TBxiXsa^ai, Eurip. Ale. 132: aor. pass. irsXsadr^v, Thuc. 1, 93 : fut. mid. Tsliofxai, jekov- liai, Odys. 1, 201 ; 23, 284. Verbal tsIbotbos, ETtLTeXecfTEos, Isoc. 240. teXXco (TEASl), to perform, produce, raise, com- plete. Soph. Phil. 1138 : aor. sTEiXa, Pind. Olym. 2, 126. Also intransitively, to spring up, rise, as the sun, Soph. Elec. 699 ; Herod. 4, 40 ; iEsch. Agam. 27. — Mid. TEXlo^xai, to be, exist, Pind. Olym. 1, 122; Pyth. 4, 457. — It occurs chiefly in composition. ,ji^ ^EvteXXcs commonly ivTEXXo^ai, to enjoin, commission, Xen. Cyr. 5, 3, 46 ; Soph. frag. 252 ; Antig. 218 {euevteXXg)) : perf. ivThal^iai always passive, Herod. 1, 60: aor. ivETSi^dfirfv, rarely EVETEiXa, Xen. Anab. 5, 1, 13 ; Pind. Olym. 7, 73. ^J<^ TSQTt 243 ^ETtitsXXo, to enjoin, command, II. 9, 369 : aor. BTthsLla^ II. 5, 818: pluperf. pass. eTteTSzdXfxr^v, Odys. 11, 624. — Mid. iniTelXoiiaL as active, 11. 2, 802 : aor. iTtszBikdfxi^v, Odys. 1, 327. Also, to rise^ as a celestial body, Hes. Op. 381. 565. Ts^vco {TEMSl, T^MS2), Epic and Ionic Ta>v«, II. 3, 105 ; Herod. 2, 39 : fut. Te^ia^ rsfiS, Hip- pocr. Jusjiir. ^ 2 ; Plat. Cratyl. 9 : perf. xiifxrixa in composition, iEschin. 555 : perf. pass, jizfjirfixai, Soph. Elec. 901: aor. pass. hfxrjdrfVyThuc, 1, 143: 3 fut. pass. TSTfiijaofxai, Plat. Rep. 8, 14: 2 aor. hsfxov, rarely ha^ov, Eurip. Hel. 231 ; Thuc. 1, 81 ; 2, 55: 2 aor. mid. hs^oixriv, rarely ixafiofir^v, Xen. Hel. 3, 1, 7; Herod. 5, 82: 2 perf. part, xsjfxrjcos as passive, later Epic, ApoL . 4, 156. Verbal tfXTfiios, Plat. Sophist. 9. — Mid. Toifxvofxac transitively in the present and imperfect, Herod. 4, 70 ; Odys. 5, 243. — See also TfXTJya. Tsfist, pres. 3 sing, written also rs^si, II. 13, 707. — iisTfiETo, 2 aor. mid., like ixixXeio, Orph. Arg. 366; Her- mann edits hsfivsTO. — liifxrja&ov, ixjixfjiriad^ov, perf. pass. subj. 3 dual, Plat. Rep. p. 564, b (Steph.). — Eurip. Troad. 480, ir^ri&r,v as middle. T€Q7ta), to delight, amuse, xegxpo, hsgxpa, Thuc. 2, 41 ; Soph. Col. 1281 : aor. pass. higfOr^v, Epic iidgfpdr^v, as middle, Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 24 ; Odys. 6, 99 : 2 aor. pass, hdgnriv as middle, Epic, Odys. 23, 300. 346. — Mid. jegno^ai, to feel delight, enjoy one^s self, be sated, xigipofiai, ix£gyjd[ir^v, Soph. Antig. 691; Odys. 12, 188; 16, 26 : 2 aor. ixagTtoixijv and xexagnoiiriv Epic, II. 24, 636. 513; 23, 10. TQansiofifv, 2 aor. subj. 1 plur. Epic for xaqniafisvy TfXQuafiEv, II. 3, 441 ; 14, 314 ; Odys. 8, 292 ; in the ex- pression jqando^tv svvt}&svTs. Hesychius explains it t«^- 244 Tsgd Tsg(faLVG) (tigbofiai), to dry, make dry, aor. hsgari- va, II. 16, 529. — Mid. rsgaaivo^aL, Apol. 4, 1405. — See also the following. Tsgaoixai, to become dry, be drying, Epic and Ionic : aor. hsgaa later Epic, to dry, Nic. Ther. 96. 693 : 2 aor. pass, infin. jegOTJfxevai, jegarjvai, Odys. 6, 98; II. 16, 519: aor. mid. iTsgadixr^v later Epic, Nic. Ther. 709. It may possibly be connected with the Saxon drig, Eng- lish dri/, tSTfxov or eTSTfxov (TEMS2), to find, a defective 2 aor. act. Epic, II. 6, 374 ; 4, 293 ; subj. Thfics, Odys. 15, 15 ; opt. TST{j.oLfxi, Theoc. 25, 61. Tsrgaivo {TPASl), to perforate, bore, fut. rsrga- via^ rsjgavS, Herod. 3, 12 : aor. hkxgriva, Odys. 5, 247 : aor. pass. hsTgdvOr^v, Anthol. 6, 296 : aor. mid. heigfivafir^v transitive, Arist. Thesm. 18. The rest is borrowed from TCTgda, TsrgTfxoi, see dgdaaco, TSTvxsLv, TSTvxdixrfv, see Tcrvaxoixai. TETXEIl (TftJ/og), perf. mid. infin. Tsrsv^ijoOai, to arm one^s self. Epic, Odys. 22, 104. TEYXS2, to happen, see jvy^^dvco, rev^co (TTXJ2), to prepare, make, rsv^a, hsv^a, II. 14, 240; Odys. 1, 244: perf. tst^v/ol as pas- sive, Odys. 12, 423 : perf. pass. jsTv^fxai, JEsch. Agam. 751 : aor. pass. hvxOriv, Ionic hevxO^v, lies. Scut. 366 ; Anthol. 6, 207 ; Hippocr. : 3 fut. pass. TSTsv^oiiaL, II. 12, 345. — Mid. fut. Tsv^ofiaL transitive or passive, II. 19, 208; 5, 653: aor. hiv^dp^riv transitive, Hom. Hym. 1, 221. 245. — See also tv^x^vo, rnvoxoixai. The forms Thvyfiai, srixO^riv are found intransitive, nearly equivalent to slfil, rvyxavM, tjvxov. jsTsvxocTui, perf. pass. 3 plur. Ionic, Odys. 2, 63; II. 13, 22: pluperf. 3 plur. iiETfvxato and TeievxciTo, II. riOff 245 11,807; Hes. Theog. 581. — tstsvxoiiov or Tstevxsrov, imperf. 3 dual, II. 13, 346. The former is rejected, because it belongs to jstevxoc which*cannot be used as imperfect. The latter comes from a new present, with -rov for -ttji', like diojitsTov, XacpmasTov, for diojichriv, XucpvaasTrjv. Compare also agrjQSv, ^({xasv, iniopvaov, ifiefiijitov, from aqixqla-nia, &^C. T3/, see TAFSI. T-qyco (T^KSI), to melt, regular: aor. pass. iT7J%6riv rare, Eurip. Sup. 1029 : 2 aor. pass, hdxr^v, - Eurip. Hel. 3 : 2 perf. Thr^xa as middle, to melt aivay, Arist. Plut. 1034; Soph. Elec. 1311; Xen. Anab. 4, 5, 15. TTfTaofiai, to be deprived. Poetic, TrjTdodai, ztiTafie- vos, Hes. Op. 406; Soph. Elec. 265; Col. 1200; Find. Nem. 10, 146. TIESl, to sadden, vex, 2 perf. part, isxirim as pas- sive, saddened, dejected, vexed, afflicted, II. 9, 13. 30 : perf. pass. jSTtri^ai, tstlt^^svos, II. 8, 447. 437; Hes. Theog. 163. TLdia (d'Eco), to put, place, imperat. xidsi (tlOss), Find. Pyth. 8, 14; Herod. 1, 133; Thuc. 6, 14: imperf. htdow (hideov), Arist. Nub. 59. 63 : fut. mid. Tidyjaofxai, Hippocr. TLdrifxL (j id SCO, Ma), to put, place, fut. d-i^aco. Soph. Aj. 573 : aor. sdrfxa only in the indicative, iEsch. Prom. 444 : perf. Tsdetxa, Eurip. Elec. 7: perf. pass. TsOeifiaL, Demad. 271 : aor. pass. heOriv, Dem. 714:2 aor. aOriv, d^S, Mir^v, Ms, Mivat, Mtg, Eurip. Troad. 6 ; Soph. Col. 480 ; Xen. Mem. 4, 4, 19. Verbal Mzios, Xen. Mem. 4, 2, 15; Hippocr. de Art. § 15. — Mid. jids- [xai transitive, d'ljdo^at, TsOstfiat, Thuc. 1, 35; Dem. 530 : aor. iOrfxafiriv not Attic, Herod. 1 , 26 ; Pind. Pyth. 4, 52 : 2 aor. idifxriv, d^S^iai, MtfiTfv, (Mao) Mo, d^ov, MaOai, Mf^svog, Dem. 1007; Odys. 10, 333; II. 4, 410; Soph. Tyr. 1448. 21* 246 rixT The singular s&rjxa, B&r)xag, t&rjxs, and the 3 plur. e&r}xav, with good writers, are much more common than the remain- ing persons. — On the othei*tiand, the singular of the 2 aor. t&r]v is not used in the indicative, at least by good writers. Of the aorist middle only the indicative i&Tixdfiriv and the participle d^rixdfxevog are found. rid-rjfiEvaL and Ti&ifisv, infin. Epic for Tt^gVa^ II. 23, 83; Find. Pyth. 1, 78: part. Tt^7?>£j^o?, II. 10, 34. — i^s'w and^«/w, 2 aor. subj. Epic, Odys. 24, 485; II. 16,83; 1 plur. S^elofisv for &wfisv, II. 23, 244: infin. ^ifxt-vav and ■&E^sv, for ■dBivm, II. 2, 285; Find. Olym. 2, 33. — ^£/o- ixai, 2 aor. mid. Epic for ^w^wt, II. 19, 17: opt. 3 sing. S-o7to in composition, gvv&oTto for awd^uxo, Xen. Anab. 1, 9, 7; Ionic ^iono, nQoa&soito, Herod. 1, 53; 7,237. — ixl&Ba, imperf 1 sing. Ionic for iii&rjv, or rather m- ^(ov from TL^em, Herod. 3, 155; 3 plur. sti&saai, for irl&Eov, later, Villoison. Anecdot. Graec. vol. 2, p. 122. Compare tJicc, ^a, £«. The radical' d^sa occurs in the compound 3 plur. ngo- ■&sovai, II. 1, 291. TiXTo {TEKS2), to bring forth, beget, fut. ri^o), commonly zs^oixat, Arist. Thesm. 509 ; Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 23 : aor. hs^a rare, Arist. Lys. 553 : perf. pass. Tsrs/fiat later : aor. pass, irix^rfv rare in the classical authors, Eurip. Dan. 44 ; Hippocr. ; Boeckh. Inscript. 1907. bb : 2 aor. hexov, Xen. Hel. 4, 4, 19 : 2 perf. Teioxa, Arist. Vesp. 651. — Mid. TixiofiaL rare and Poetic, as active, ^S^sch. frag. 38: 2 fut. infin. T€xsLa&at very rare, Horn. Hym. 3, 127: 2 aor. hsxoixriv Poetic, Hes. Theog. 308; Arist. Av. 1193. Ttj/o (tio), to pay, expiate, atone for, xioco (I), exicfOL, Soph. Aj. 113; II. 1, 42: perf. TBiixam. composition, Dem. 543. 1036: perf. pass, tbtl- (jfiai, aor. pass, hlad^riv, Dem. 758. 836. Ver- bal TLcfTSog, oLTtoTiajBos, Xen. Rep. Lac. 9,5. — Mid. Tivofiai and Ttvvvfiai or xivviiai, to avenge one^s self punish, II. 3, 279 ; Herod. 5, 77 ; Eurip. Orest. 323: fut. jidofiac, Odys. 14, 163: aor, hiadiiriv, Soph. Aj. 182. Ttratvo (rsLVo), to stretch, pull, draw. Epic, II. 2, 390: aor. (ixarfya) Tixjjvas, II. 13, 354. — Mid. TLjaLvofiat transitive or reflexive, Odys. 21, 259 ; 11. 22, 23. Ttigdo {TPAIl), to perforate, bore, aor. hgrfda, Dem. 977 : perf. pass. Teigrffiai, Arist. Lys. 680: aor. pass, hgjjd'riv, Plat. Tim. 53. — See also TeTgaiva, Etymological ly connected with the Latin terebra, terehro. Tugaaxo {TOP SI, TPO£2), to wound, fut. Tgcoaco, Xen. Hel. 2, 4, 15: aor. hgaaa, Xen. Anab. 4, 3, 33 : perf. pass, zhgcofiat, Pind. Pyth. 3, 85 : aor. pass. iTgco&ijv, Xen. Cyr. 4, 1, 4: fat. mid. rgdaofxai as passive, II. 12, 66: 2 aor. jhogev, in Hesychius, explained hgcsaev. Tvtvoyco^ai (zsvxo, TTXSl)^ to prepare, arrange, take aim at, deliberate, Epic, imperf. xixvayco^riv, II. 21, 342; 8, 41 ; 13, 23. 558: 2 aor. {xexv- Tcov) xExvxstv, Odys. 15, 77. 94: 2 aor. mid. xsxvxoixriv, II. 1, 467; Odys. 12, 283; 21, 428. — The active xixvaxo is very rare, Simonid. 18 (Gaisford's) ; Arat. Phaenom. 418. The rough mute x i^ changed into its corresponding smooth X. Compare didaaao) (root didax-), and jtsxadov, tcsxadoixr^v from ;fa^(w. XLG), to honor, fut. ittfo (i), II. 9, 142: aor. hlt^a, Soph. Antig. 22 ; perf. pass, xixlfxat, xsxlfiivos, Hes. Theog. 415. — Mid. xloiioll as active, Hes. Theog. 428. TAASl, see TAAASl. TMASl, see xe^vco. xfi^ycj (xifxvco, xixfii^xa), also Xfjirj£vos, II. 8, 359. (p&sia&oa, q)&87a&ai, \ater i'or (pdla&w, (pd la &ai, Apo\. 3, 778. 754. — The analogical form of the 2 aor. mid. opt. would be q)&ufiriv, (f&uo, like laxn-i^riv, laxa-'io. Hesychius has &si, dvr^axEi' (p&slijg, q)&(XQdrig' cp&ri' GOVT a I, diaip&aQT^aovTai, implying (fdita and ipOIIMl. yo/3f 257 (piXeo {^lASl), to love, entertain, regular: 3 fut. nscpLirjaofiat, Call. Del. 270 : fut. mid. (pcXijao' ixai as passive, Odys. 1, 123. Epic aor. mid. fcpTXdfxrjv as active, from ^TAIl, II. 5, 61 ; subj. (fU(a(i(xt, (r), Horn. Hym. 4, 117 ; imperat. cptlai (ana- logically (plXm), 11. 5, 117; part. cplXdfisvog, Apol. 4, 990 cpiXtj^svai, pres. infin. Epic, as if from (piXrjfiii II. 22, 265. 0AAZSI {0AAJJI), to rend, burst asunder, swell as with lust, 2 aor. ecpXadov, ^Esch. Choeph. j^ 28 : perf. pass. necpXaa^at, dva7t6(p?,aafAai, Arist. Lys. 1099. ^Xdco, another form of d^kda, to bruise, Arist. Plut. 784: fut. (pXdao, Doric cpldaco, Theoc. 5, 148: aor. EcpXdca, Pind. Nem. 10, 128; ecpXaaa, Theoc. 5, 150 : perf. pass, nicpkaafiai, aor. pass. ^ i(pXdadrfv, Hippocr. de Genitur. § 9. fpXsykdca (^cpXeyG)), Poetic, transitive or intransitive, to burn, Latin uro or ardeo, II. 17, 738; 18, 21 1. — Pass. (pXsyidoixat, II. 23, 21 1 . (pkva, to boil up, blab, II. 21, 361 : aor. scpXvda, iEsch. Prom. 504; Anthol. 7, 351 ; also sfXv^a, Apol. 3, 583. ; Archil, frag. 104, aor. anicpXoaav may be referred to this • verb. (pXvG), to scorch, whence the compound nsgicpkvco, Arist. Nub. 396 : perf. pass. 7isgt7zeq)k€vafiat, Herod. 5, 77. (po^ea, {0EBJI, cpo^os), to terrify, frighten, cause to fear, regular : aor. pass. kcpoS-qdriv as middle, Eurip. Rhes. 47: fut. pass. (poPrfdjjaofiat as middle, Xen. Cyr. 3, 3, 18. —Mid. (po^eo^ai, to fear, (po^rjaofiai, necpoPT^fiai, Xen. Hel. 2, 3, 39; Soph. Aj. 139: aor. mid. acpo^riad^iriv later and doubtful, Anacr. 3, 11. Etymologically connected with the Latin paveo, pavor. 258 (page (pogia {(psga), to carry, wear, regular: SlOV, icpogr^- GOL and icpogsGa, II. 19, 11 ; Isaeus, 71. (fOQTjVtti and (pogi^fiEvai, infin. implying (pogrj^i, II. 2, 107; 15, 310. — (poQsrjaiv, pres. ind. 3 sing, implying g)OQsr}fii, Bion, 1, 84. fgadda, for cpgaXa, in Hesychius (pgaSdov, aor. (pgdSaaas, Pind. Nem. 3, 45. (pgdto {OPAJSl)^ to tell, explain, fut. (pgdaco. Soph. Tyr. 330: aor. ecpgaaa, Thuc. 3, 42: perf. Ttsipgaxa, Isoc. 101 : perf. pass, nscpga- Ofxai, Isoc. (Antid.), 97 : aor. pass, icpgdadrjv as middle, Pind. Nem. 5, 62; Herod. 1, 84: 2 aor. Ttscpgadov and inicpgabov Epic, II. 1 4, 500 ; Hes. Theog. 74. 162. Verbal (pgaariog, Plat. Epist. 2, 312, 30. — Mid.- cpgd^o^iai, to consider, perceive, fut. (pgdaofxaL (aa) Epic, Odys. 19, 501; 5, 188: perf. nicpgaafxai. Soph. Antig. 364: aor. ifpgacfdiitfv (aa) Epic, II. 1, 537. nQonscpQudfiivog, perf. pass. part, for ngontcpQaaftivog, previously named, Hes. Op. 653. (pgdaaco or (pgdrrco {0PAr£2), to stop up, fence; rarely (pgdyw^i, Thuc. 7, 74 : aor. £(pga^a, Odys. 5, 256: perf. pass, nscpgay^ai, Arist. Vesp. 352 : aor. pass. ecpgd^O-qv^ Xen. Hel. 5, 2, 5 : 2 aor. pass, icpgdy-qv later. — Mid. (pgd/vvfiai transitive, Soph. Antig. 241; Arist. frag. 336: aor. i(pga^dixT]v usually transitive, II. 15, 566 ; iEsch. Sept. 63 ; Thuc. 8, 35. (pgiaoa or cpgixxco (0PIKJ1), to shudder, shudder at, to be rough, aor. ecpgi^a, Dem. 559 : 2 perf. nifgixa, Arist. Nub. 1 133. TiEcpQlxovTag (i), part, from a new present 7isq)Qi,xa, Pind. Pyth. 4, 325. (pgvyo) {if) and (pgvTTca, to roast, parch, Arist. Ran. 511 ; Theoc. 6, 16 : fut. Doric tpgv^^, Theoc. 7, 66 : aor. s(pgvla, Athen. 9, 34 : perf. pass. Tte- (pgvy^oLi, Thuc. 6, 22 : aor. pass. B(pgvxdriv, (pva 259 Horn. Epigr. 14, 4: 2 aor. pass. Bipgyy-qv^ Anthol. 7, 293. Etymologically connected with the Latin frigo. (pvyydvo, another form of (pevyoy Soph. Elec. 132; Herod. 6, 16. 0YrS2 and 0rZS2, see (psvyo). (pvXdoaoi or yvAarTw {^TAAKil\ to guards (pv- Xd^co, mid. (pvXdaaofiai, to guard against any thing, regular. ' ngocpvXax&s (cpvXax^s), pres. imperat. 2 plur. Epic < for 7tQO(pvXoiuasts, Horn. Hym. 1, 538; formed from (t>TAA- KSl after the analogy Svmx&b from avwyta ' thus, ngocpvXaxe- Ts, TiQocpvXaxTS, 7tQ0(pvXax-&s. cpvga (v), to knead, mix, aor. ecpvgaa, Odys. 18, 21: perf. pass. 7tiq)vgfiai, Xen. Ages. 2, 14: aor. pass. i(pvgdriv, Msch. Agam. 732: 3 fut. pass, necpvgdo^ai, Find. Nem. 1, 104 : 2 aor. pass, ecpvgriv later. The forms from ^TPAfL are regular ; thus, (fVQuata, Ionic (pvo, to produce, beget ; rarely as middle, to grow, spring up, II. 6, 149 : fut. (pvaa (v), Soph. Tyr. 438: aor. Bcpvaa, Xen. Mem. 2, 3, 19: perf. 7ts(pvxa usually as present middle, to be by na- ' ture or naturally, to be, to be born, Thuc. 3, Ab ; Soph. Phil. 79 : pluperf. inscpvyiHv as imperfect middle, Odys. 5, 238 : 2 perf. necpva, necpvag, -aTos, as present middle, to be, grow. Epic, II. 4, 485; 1, 5 13; J 4, 288; Odys. 5, 477; Theog. 396 : 2 aor. ecpifv usually as present middle, to be, to be born, (pvco, (pvr^v (y), (pvvai, q)vs. Soph. ' Antig. 79; Col. 1113; Theoc. 15, 94: 2 aor. pass. i(pvr^v, q)vijvat, (pvsis, not Attic, Hippocr. ; Palaeph. 6, 3. — Mid. (pvofiai, to be begotten, produced, to spring up, grow, fut. (pvciop,ai, jEsch. Prom. 871. The rest is borrowed from the ac- tive, 7ti(pvxa, insfpvxHv, necpva, ecpvv. 260 x<^tcD nEcpvxtj, pluperf. 1 sing, contracted from n^cpvxEa, Theoc. 13, 40. — ijiicpvxov, imperf. from a new present, nsqivxa), Hes. Op. 148; Theog. 152. — Hippocr. 1, 399 (Kuhn's), ixcpvaoixai, transitively. It is etymologically connected with the Latin fuo (whence fui, fore), Jio, facio (?). — It seems to be the parent of noiifa or nodta {nOR). .*^^itv X. XoCg) {XA/I£1), used only in the compound avaxd- ?G), commonly /afo^at, to give way, yield, retreat, mostly Epic, II. 5, 34. 249; Xen. Anab. 4, 1, 16: fut. x^oo^ai {aa), II. 13, 153; also xsxadjj- 6(0 causative, will cause to give up, deprive of, bereave, Odys. 21, 153: 2 aor. xf;«a^ov causative, to cause to give up, deprive, II. 11, 334 : aor. mid. inf. /doaodoLi, dia^daaadat, Xen. Cyr. 7, 1,31: 2 aor. mid. XExadofiriv, II. 4, 497. For the change of x into x, compare TSTVxEir, rsivxia^ai, from TiTvoxofiai ' dexofjat, for de'xofxai. It is etymologically connected with the Latin verb cedo. ^aivco, see xdcjxco. #*t^ Xo^^gco {XAPSl), to rejoice, fut. xaigrjaa, Herod. I, 128; also xexagijaco, xf/a^T/Vo^at, Epic, II. 15, 98: aor. ixaigrfcia later, Plutarch. Lucul. ^ 25 : perf. ycs^dgTixa as present, Arist. Vesp. 764 : 2 aor. pass, i^dgr^v as active, Arist. Av. 1743: 2 fut. pass. x^gjjaofiaL later, as active, Gregor. Corinth. : 2 perf. part, xs^agr^as as present. Epic, II. 7, 312. — Mid. as active; present and im- perfect not used : perf. xs/dgi^fmi and xf/ap^aat as present, Poetic, Eurip. Aul. 200 ; Cycl. 367 : aor. £;^7^^a^?/v not Attic, II. 14, 270: 2 aor. xs- Xag6i.iriv, Odys. 4, 344 ; 2, 249, The present middle xf^'Qoi^ai was probably considered a barbarism; Arist. Pac. 291. Xakdo, to loosen, fut. x^kdaco, in Suidas : aor. l/a- Xtttti 261 X^ooL (^aa), Arist. Thesm. 1003: Horn. Hym. 1, 6; Doric i;(dka^a, Pind. Pyth. 1, 10: perf. xe- ^dkaxa, Hippocr. : perf. pass. xf;^ocAa<7^mt, An- thol. 9, 297 : aor. pass, ixakdadi^v, JEsch. Prom. 991 : aor. mid. ixakaad/jiriv transitive, Apol. 2, 1264. ^aXeTtaiva (;^aAf7rog), to be offended, fut. ;^aAf7ra- v6, Plat. Crito, 16 : aor. i;^aki7ir^va, II. 16, 386 : aor. pass. i%aks7idvdrfv as active, Xen. Anab. 4, 6, 2. — Mid. xaXsnaivoiiai as active, Xen. Cyr. 5, 2, 18. — Pass. ;^aAf7raAvo^(af, fo 6e treated harshly, Plat. Rep. 1, 10. XavUvo {XAjn, XANJSl, XENJSl), to con- tain, grasp, hold, fut. ;^ft(?o^a£, Odys. 18, 17; Hom. Hym. 3, 253 : 2 aor. sxaSov, II. 4, 24 ; 14, 34: 2 perf. xixavSa as present, Odys. 4, 96: 2 pluperf. xsxdvdsLv as imperfect, II. 24, 192. XANSl, see xdaxa. XOLgi^ofiai, to gratify, present, fut. /agioviiai, He- rod. 1, 90; 3, 39: perf. xs^dgiafiai, Isoc. 392: aor. ixagLodfxTfv, Xen. Cyr. 3, 3, 1. Herod. 8, 5, pluperf. 3 sing. sxf;^«^taTo impersonally, «M acceptable service was done, the request [of the Euboeans] was complied with. — x^xngiafxivog, rj, ov, usually as an adjective, acceptable, II. 5, 243 ; Xen. Mem. 1,3, 3. Xdaxa, later ;^atVfi) (XAS2, XANSl), to gape, fut. Xavov^ai, Arist. Lys. 272 : 2 aor. sxolvov. Soph. Aj. 1227 : 2 perf. xix^va as present, /o 6g open, gape, Arist. Av. 51 : 2 pluperf. ixsxrjvsiv, ixsxrj- vri, as imperfect, Arist. Ach. 10. Arist. Ach. 133, xcj^^JveTc, 2 perf. imperat. usually written It is a kind of onomatopi/, connected with x^jv, Latin hiOf hisco, German gdhnen, English yawn, gape, gander (x^v, anser), and perhaps goose. xi^o (XEJS2), cacare, fut. x^fJop,ai, commonly x^- aovnai, Arist. frag. 207; Vesp. 941 : aor. sxeoa 262 xHQ and €x^(iov, Arist. Eccl. 320 ; Thesm. 570 : perf. pass. Tckx^a^ai, Arist. Ach. 1170 : 2 perf. xs;^o8a, Arist. Av. 68 : aor. mid. ixeoajxr^v, Arist. Eq. 1057. It is not absolutely absurd to suppose that the form x^oocito (Arist. Eq. 1057) was coined by the poet for the purpose of making a chime with finxianno. It seems to be etymologically connected with ;fiw, uawq gen. analog. See also axedavvvfu. Xugooiiat (x£ig), to subdue ; sometimes passively to be subdued^ Eurip. Elec. 1168; Arist. Vesp. 439 ; rarely /f t(po«, to handle roughly^ treat with violence, Arist. Vesp. 443 : fut. x^igaaofiat, Soph. Phil. 92 : perf. xs/eigcofiaL passively, Thuc. 5, 96 : aor. pass, ix^tgadriv passively, Herod. 4, 96 : aor. mid. ixetgcoadixriv, Thuc. 3, 40. X^Gi (XETS2), to pour: fut. ;^i«, ^^ets, %si^ like the present, Eurip. Sup. 773; Arist. Pac. 169; Epic ^svaa, ;^fVG}, Odys. 2, 222 ; later ;^f«, ix;(£co, Septuag. Joel, 2, 28 : aor. s/sa^ ;^la, %iov, Xen. Cyr. 1 , 3, 9 ; Epic, e/svda, h'/sva, II. 4, 269 ; Odys. 24, 81 ; rare and doubtful s^vc^u, Arist. Av. 210: Xen. Mem. 4, 3, 8: perf. tcs^^vxu, ixxi;(vxa, Anthol. Planud. 242 : aor. pass, i/v- drjv (v), Arist. Vesp. 1469. — Mid. xiofiat, Epic /svofiai, transitive, Eurip. Orest. 472 ; Hes. Op. 681: fut. x^oixat like the present, Isaeus, 149: perf. xixvuai, II. 5, 141 ; Eurip. Bac. 456 : aor. ixedijirfv, Epic ixBvd^^v, Soph. Col. 477 ; II. 5, 314: 2 aor. Ix^^riv (v), Epic, Odys. 19, 470; 10, 415; II. 23, 385; 4, 526; iEsch. Choeph. 401. syx^vvxa, or exj^ciJira, part. fut. contracted from iyxiovTu, Theoc. 10, 53. This verb may possibly be connected with a>cf5(xvvv/ui, ye- ddvvv^i, Xf^ci* Latin sagitta, Saxon huer (ewer)^ English shed (Saxon sced)f shoot, shot, German schossen. ^gao) ^ 263 XA^ZSl {XAJ[JSl),to sicell, sound loudly, bubble up, 2 perf. part. xs/kaSas, Pind. Olym. 9, 3. xf/Xadb), a new present, hence infin. xf;^ AatJstr, part. ysxlddoiv, Find. frag. 48; Pyth. 4, 318. %ok6(D (xokos), to incense, render angry, regular : aor. pass. exoXadriv as middle, II. 13, 206 : 3 fut.' pass. xf;^oAft>(yo^at as future middle, II. 1, 139; 5, 421. — Mid. xoloofxai, to be incensed, angry, fut. ^okaaof^iai, l\. 14, 310: perf. xsxokcofiai, to be angry, Odys. 1, 69; II. 1, 217: aor. i/oXcj- adfjLTfv, 11. 14, 155. Xogbva (%og6s), to dance, regular: fut. yogsvaco, Xogsvooiiai, Dem. 1001 : perf. pass. 3 sing, im- personal Tcsyogsviai, Arist. Nub. 1510: aor. mid. ixogevadfiriv as active, Arist. Thesm. 103. Xoco, to heap up, dam ; also x^vvvfii and xavvvo, rare in the early authors, Herod. 2, 137; Plat. Leg. 12, 9; Ctes. Epitom. 36: fut. %aaa, Xen. Cyr. 7, 3, 11: aor. ex^oa, Dera. 795 : perf. xf- ( XoyyiOL, dvaxsxaxa, Dem. 1279 : perf. pass, xixa- o^iai, Herod. 2, 138: aor. pass. ixGyaOr^v, Xen. ^ Cyr. 7, 3, 17..>qJ .Isf'i^i&^^X.Iill :di%:^ A-Al XPAIUMSl, to assist, help, ward off, avert. Epic, - fut. xgaLafiTJoo, II. 20, 296 : aor. ixgoLcofir^aa, II. 16, 837: 2 aor. sxgoLiafiov. With respect to sense, it is related to aU^co, afjvvco, uq^- yoi, UQK80), which see. XgdofiaL, to use, fut. xqM^F-^^^ Arist. Plut. 941 : perf. xeygriiiai generally transitive, Dem. 297; Herod. 7, 145: aor. pass, ixgrjadriv generally ^ transitive, Dem. 520 ; Herod. 7, 144 : 3 fut. pass. , x€xgi]OOjiaL, Theoc. 16, 73: aor. mid. ixgr^odfit^v, Thuc. 1, 6. Verbal ygj^aisos^Xeu. Mem. 3, 1, 11- »«4u'5 ^ Xgda, to lend, see xlxgri^i* Xg(i'^ (d), to give an oracular response, Herod. 4;^ 264 ;{gsfi 164: fut. /grjoo), Herod. 1, 19: aor. l^Q'^^aa, Thuc. 5, 32 : perf. Tcexg^y^a (?), Call. frag. 456 : perf. pass, xi^grniai and xs^^grfOfiat, Herod. 4, 164 ; 7, 141 : aor. pass. ixgrjaOr^v, Thuc. 3, 96. — Mid. xgdofxai, to consult an oracle^ Herod. 4, 150: fut. xgrjaof^at, Odys. 8, 81 ; Herod. 1, 46. XgsfASTi^cj and XPEMIZi2\ to neigh, aor. i^^gs^iaa, II. 12, 51 ; Hes. Scut. 348. Xgrj {XPASl), it is necessary, there is need, imper- sonal, subj. XQJ}} opt. xgsirj, infin. xgrjvai and Xg^^i part. %g£G)v, Arist. Lys. 133; Nub. 1059 ; Soph. Tyr. 555 ; Aj. 520 : imperf. i;^g^v or Xg^v (never sxgr^v). Soph. Phil. 1062: fut. xgV' OH, and aor. s^grias, see the compound dnoxgrj* The inf. xQ^v occurs as a noun, to xq^^> necessity^ Eurip. Hec. 260. — The part. XQ^^^^ occurs also as an indeclinable noun, 10 xQftav, tov ;^^«wV, Eurip. Here. 828. 21. — X9V? ^"^ XQjia&a, 2 pers. sing, personally, thou needest, Ari'st. Ach. 778 ; Cratinus apud Suid. — Mid. perf. nexQnfiai, xfj^^i^^eVo?, to need, Eurip. Aul. 382 ; Odys. 1, 13. Xgii^f^, to need, wish, beg. Soph. Trach. 408 ; also to deliver an oracle, equivalent to %gdco, Eurip. Hel. 516: fut. XQV^^f ^IslL Loc. 6: aor. s/gifoa, Herod. 5, 20. XgriL^co, the uncontracted form of XQV^^f Ionic, He- rod. 1,41: fut. ;^grfLao, Herod. 7, 38. Xgot^^, for/p«r«, Eurip. Heracl. 915: fut. ;^poi|o- ixai, Theoc. 10, 18: aor. pass. ixgouaOriv {ou) later. Xg^^f^ {XPOS2), later /povvv^t and XQ^'^^^^i ^o color, pollute, stain, Eurip. Phoen. 1625: aor. exgcoaa, Anthol. Planud. 138: perf. pass. yJx9^' ofiat, Eurip. Med. 497 : aor. pass, ixgaadr^v, Athen. 14, 17. XvvG), later for xio. XTI2, see ;^f «. XG)VVVfll, see XOO, w ?-;* n^^ ? ^^ VJ ?/(;a, Herod. 1, 189. — Mid. xjjdo^ai reflexive, Arist. Eq. 910: fut. xprjaofiai, Arist. Pac. 1231 : aor. ixpriadiiiriv, Arist. Eq. 572. yjT^cpi^oiJiai (xjjfjcpos), to vote, decree ; also xpricpi^o later, commonly to calculate, compute, AnihoL 11, 168. 171 : fut. ipr^cpiaofiat, yjrfcptovfiai, Lysias, 414; Thuc. 7, 48: aor. iyjrjcpiaa, commonly iyjrfq)Ladfirfv, Soph. Aj. 449; Xen. Anab. 5, 1, 4 : perf. iyjijq)ixa, Xen. Anab. 5, 6, 35 ; com- monly iip7Jq)iafjiai actively or passively, Dem. 427; Thuc. 6, 15: aor. pass. ixpr^floOrfv pas- sively, Isoc. 170: fut. yjT^cptadyjaofxac passively, Isoc. 135. Verbal xpr^cpLaTios, Xen. Hel. 2, 4, 9. ddia (J10S2), to push, fut. (^dtjaco, commonly cida), Arist. Eccl. 300 ; Xen. Cyr. 6, 4, 18: aor. ecoaa, Thuc. 2, 90 ; Epic and Ionic ©ca, Odys. 9, 488 ; Herod. 7, 167: perf. eaxa, i^smxa, Plutarch, p. 48 : perf. pass, soo^ai, Ionic Sctfiai, Xen. Cyr. 7, 1, 36 ; Herod. 5, 69 : aor. pass, iaadriv, Xen. Hel. 4, 3, 12. aTteoj&rjv, aor. pass, for wji^wai^^ji', Hippocr. — ngmaag, aor. part, for ngoataag, Ant hoi. 12, 206. We have already assumed fjiosi as the original theme of this verb. Compare English push. For the commuta- tion of F (v, w) and n, compare naaaaXog, palus {paxiUus), vallus, English pole ; nai^g, pater ^ vitricus ; nugw, veru ; vello, pull. aviojjLai, to buy, imperf. icoveofirfv and (oveofiriv, Dem. 987 ; Lys. 263 : fut. (ovnaoixaL, Arist. Plut. 23 266 Qveo 140: perf. iSvr^iiat actively or passively, Dem. 975. 406 : aor. pass, iavr^drfv passively, Xen. Mem. 2, 7, 12: aor. mid. icovr^ddfirfv or (ovrfc^d' fxriv chiefly later, Hippocr. ; Lucian. Dial. Mort. 4 ; Boeckh. Inscript. 2840, 1 ; infin. iovr^O^vat later, Diogen. Laert. 2, 66 (Aristipp.). — Instead of icovr^ctdfiriv, classical writers almost always use ijtgid^r^v from IIPIAMAL mvdai]Tai, aor. mid. subj. Doric for wyija^jiat, Etymol. Magn. voc. tiw. Its original theme is probably favsofiai. And since to buy and to sell are correlative words, it is not absurd to sup- pose that ^oivto^ai is etymologically connected with the Latin veneo, vemtrn, vendo. The same confusion is observed in aiidao), audio; ai'(^, aio. APPENDIX X -lAi - - .... j^ i -A >n^;."^-;^ nt^i^ APPENDIX I ANCIENT INSCRIPTIONS. (From Boeckh's Corpus Inscriptionum Grsecarum.) 1. (A)fTO(; Hvis Hod andLxoa au u (agt)(iaTov a edsTcs xai te ^oia xai x^aXkix ^ Xea Tcai a)yaaid£a d^vyaxgaa Hoa cpiko(i) ' ^*'^ AriTovg vlk, og cicpdnog oust tl, "AQtaaToav a' s&rjxs xal rs Bola you KaXXU- Xna xal 'Ayaai&ia, (ag &iTog, contrary to the common rule. — 2. agiaaiov, with aa, for uQiaxov, iSfjiiv .... og. o , . . , oTgadaa TtOTU^OV Ttai adsvsXaa Ho vvaaio 5 xae i7ioii€dov Tcai &agov Ho agx^aika xai aBgaOTOd xoLL ^ogdayogaa xai xXsiToa Ho divjovod 10 xai agiaio^a^oa xai V, iov8a(f>^^*^^^ ^ 23* 270 APPENDIX I. xal 2&EVEXag o ' Tyaolov - ^ 5 xat 'iTiTiofiedwv ital Odgav 6 'Agx^alXa ; xat *'AdQaaTog aoel BoQ&ayogag xal KXsltog 6 2lvT(avog 10 aul ^AqLOTOfjiaxog Line 4. vvaaio, without the aspirate //. — 5. mo^sdov, with one 7r, and without the aspirate. — 6. Odgojv, for the common O'^gav. — 'AgxsalXoc, from ^Agx^olXag, compounded of agxia and Xmgy equivalent to ^AgxiXaog. — 8. JBog&ayogag, supposed to be the same as ^Og&ayogag. 3. Ttac dtoa exUHavTOL 8eK2Jat rod afxsvIIHsa a- aoi yag eTtsvKHofxsvoa rovt BxsXeacia ygoUHov ntxl Aiog, '£xq)dvT(o de^uL to5' dfitiKfsg ayaXfitx. * aoi yccg insvxofisvog lovz* sTaXsaas Fgocfxav, In this inscription iiH stands for ^t, K2 for S, and KH for X. — 1. afievIlHsa, for aftsficpsa. d'soa Tv^a cfaoTia 8i8 on cfLxaivLat tuv fol e^^v,K Tccav Tcai rakka navr a dafiiogyooi nagayog 5 a avid^saav tm JlI jav Kogiv&o&sv. Here TagysiFoi stands for rot ^Agyuot. It is not certain that Tugy . . . OL was jagyuYoi, with the digamma. Still we may safely suppose that the original form of ^Agyuog was Agysi^ogy hence the Latin Argivi. — avs&ev, 2 aor. 3 plur. for avi&saav. — diFt, the dative of A12:. The original form of Zsvg was ^AE F-2'. By dropping 2, and changing « into i, we obtain A I F^, hence At Pi, in this inscription ; this nominative modi- fied becomes AI^, hence Aiog, Ady Ala ' also Latin Dies-piter, Dis, divus, deus^ dium. By dropping A, we have :Si6g, 0s6g. Further modifications, Ztjv, Jupiter ^ Jovis. The root of the oblique cases of Jupiter is Jov, which in Greek letters would be /0F> strikingly resembling the Hebrew n*)j^^. 30. tsVOS oXvVTtLO ■ XMiX Zrivog "OXvfiniov. 31. Qototf iia Ttoeas .... Kotog fis norjas 37. ds^srac tov Hogq,ov ds^nai JOV ogxov. 39. sao ave&ijxsv . . . a^a oacot totz okkcDVL 276 >^ APPENDIX I. iag avi&rjXEV . . . ClfiCt ^WO) 7M71- Line 3. TwnoXXtoii, by crasis for xw 'j^jicXXavi. It is in the Ionic dialect. The character // here is not a breathing ; the character Ji stands for O long. ATTIC INSCRIPTIONS. 'n'iH 76. (About B. C. 416.) (s8)o%(j£v TEL ^oXet xai xoi dsfxoc ycsxgoTZLci STigviavevs ^vaad'eoaa s (y)gafifiaTSve avTisid^sa eTtsaxais ycaXXiaa bltzs anodovaL xoia d-soia (T)a /pf^ara xa ocpskoixsva £7t£t3e xei ads vataL xa xgLd^tkLa TaAarT(a) avsvBvsyytxai sa noXiv Ha scpascpiaxo vofii (S^LOLxoa Heix£8{a)7to a7io8i(^8) 5 (o)voLi 8s ano xov ^^gsf^iaxov a ea a7io8ooiv eaxLv xoLO Oeoia ecposcpian^s) va, xa xs naga xoia £}.ksvoxafiiaiG ovxa vvv xoLi xaXkcf, a saxt xovxov (t) ov ;^g£fiaxov xac xa sx xea 8£xax£a B7tei8av ngadei loyiaaodov 8s H(o) (l X)oyLaxat Hoa xgtaxovxa Hoivsgvvv xa ocpsXoixsva XOLO Bsolc aycg(i) a avvayoysa 8(s) xoX Xoyiclxov s ^oXs avxoxga xog saxo ano8ovxov (8s x) 10 a xgs^axa Hot ngvxavsa (isxa xsa ^oXsa xai sxoaXsLcpovxov S7t£i(8av) 1 ATTIC INSCRIPTIONS. 277 ano^odiv ^eiscfavTSd xa is nivaxia xai ra ygajx fiaisia xuL safjL 7t(o aX) Xodt €c ytyga^ixsva ajtocpULvovTOv ds la ye ygaix(xsva Hot rs Hug(£ta x) » m% at Hoi Hugonoioi xat si ria aXXoa oiSsv la ^laa ds a7toxva[xsv£(iv to) viov Tov xgs[iaTov Horafi nsg rati aX},aa ag %aa xaOansg roa tov Hi i^iaju^y^ m 15 H TOV Tsa adsvaiaa Hovroi ds jafiisvovTov sfi TtoXsi sv Toi 07tiad(o8o) [jLoi ja TOV Osov /^6^0Mra Haca dvvaTov xai oaiov xai ovvavoiyov \^v ^^^.^r TOV xai avyxXsiovTOv ratf Ovgaa to OTtidOodofjio xai ovas^aivsaQo V Toio TOV Tsa adsvaiaa Ta^iiaia naga Ss tov vvv Ta^iov xai tov i snio TaTov xai tov Hugonoiov tov sv TOia Hugo noia Hoi vvv 8Laxsgilo{ai) ; ^^^,4,^;. 20 V ajtagiOfisaaodov xai anoadsdaodov toc x9^ jwara svavTiov Tsa PoX(s) a (s)iA, noXsi xai nagadsxciaadov Hot Tafjuat Hot Xa^ovTsa naga tov vv(v) agxovTov xat sv ctsXsi avaygacpaavTOv di(x)aia navTa xad^ sxacfTov ts TOV Osov ra xg^l^ccxa Honooa sdTiv sxacfTot xat ovfiTtavTov xscpaXaio V xogi(i TO TS agyvgiov xat to ^gvOf-ov xat to Xoiuov avaygacpovTov H 25 01 aisi Taixiai so arsXsv xat Xoyov dibovxov tov TS ovTOv ;^gsfxaTov 24 278 APPENDIX I. * : .^xai TOP Ttgoaiovxov joia d^sotcf xai sav ri a(v) avahaxerac xutu tov s ir vtavTov Ttgod lod Xoyiaxaa xaisvOvvaa didov TOV xat ix TtavaOavai a\A ^lAt^iiviv A i (o)v 86 TiavaOsvata toX Xoyov SlSovtov xada Ttsg Hot Ta Tsa adevaiaGi T(a) ([jLi)6vovT£a xaa de aisXaa ev aid ava-ygatpctoat la xgs[xaTa ra Hug (a tl) 30 {d'ev)xov sfi TtoXsi Hot jafxtuL eneiBav da ano dedofieva sl tolo Osoia (la) ?i ^% hs (;^^)f^aTa sd to veogiov xai ra tbl^e TOcd ne giodL xgsddai ^gs^iad^Lv) . *'£dotsv jj] /SovXf] xai tw 5ij^(o ' Ksxgonlg iTrgvTavsvs, Mvri~ ald^Boq i- ygufifiUTSvs, HvTisl&ijq insaiaTSiy KaXUag dns ' uTtodovvai ToTg ^solg IOC ;^^7?'|uaTa tw ocpsdofisvcc, insid^ tj] 'A&tjvala i« xgiaxlha '"■ Takavioi avivriviyxim ig noXiv a iip^qiiaio t'o^lafiatog rj^idanov' 5 ovcti ds ano xwv xgrjfiuTOiV a ig anodouiv iaiiv xoig d^toXg i^rjcpiafis- va, xd XE naga xoig 'EXXrivoxa^laig ovxa vvv xai xaXXa a iaxi XOVKOV X- ^j.', cjv ;f^7j^aTw»', xat xa ix xrjg dsxaxrjg, iTieidav Ttga&jj ' Xoyiad- a&biv ds 0- I Xoyiaxal IJog xgidxovxa Iloivsgvvv xd ocpnXo^iua xoig ■&eo7g ' axgi- g avvayiayrjg dt xojv XoyiaxSv i) ^ovXtj avxoxgdxag saxto • duo- ■~ dovtav ds X- 10 a XQW^^^ ®^ Txgvxdvsig fisxd xrjg ^ovXrjg xai i^aXsicpovxcov insiddv djiodijoatv ^tjx^aavxeg xd xs nivdxia xai xd ygajjf^axsla xai idv nov dX- ATTIC INSCRIPTIONS. . 279 Xo&i Tj ysyga^fiiva* aTioifmvovKov ds rot yfygnfi^iva oX ts ae oi UgoTtoiol yal si Tig akXog cildev ' rafilag ds anoxvaficvtiv TO- VTWV Ttav XQ'']fJi'OiTav oTav TiSQ Tag aXXag ag^oiS aa&ansQ rovg TOV Hi 15 // TOV T^g 'A&rjvalag' ovroi ds TafiisvovTOJV iv noXei iv tm OTTia&odo- fico Tct TMV &SOJV xQ'^fJ^otTa oaa dvvarov xal ooiov, kocI avvavoi- yov- Toov xltl GvyxXsiovTtov Tttf ^VQtxg TOV onia&odofiov xal avari- (j,mvEa&(o- V Tolg Twv TTfg 'A&ijvalag Ttxiiiaig ' naga ds rav vvy Ta^mv xai Twv enia- '^ m'^t^H^ . TaTMV xal Twv Uqotioimv twv iv ToXg Hisgonoig 6i vvv dia- XBiqI^ovgi- 20 V (xnaQi&fzijada&cov xat aTtoaTtjaaa&av t« xgi^fiaTa ivavrlov Trig ^ovXij- g iv TioXsi, xal nagadB^da&cav oi Toifilai oi XaxovTsg notga twv vvv agxovToaVf xal iv ar^Xj] avaygaipavrav dlxaia navTUf xa&* exaoTov Tfi Twv S^ewv Ttt ;|f^jj/u«Ta onoaa ioTiv sxdoTM xal av^ndvTiav xBcpdXaio- v, xo^gh 10 TS agyvgiov xal to xgvolov • xat to Xomov dvayga- cpovitav 25 oi aid Tafilat ig ari^XvjVj xal Xoyov didovitov twv ts ovtcov Xgri(xdT(av xal Twv ngoaiovTfov lolg &so7g, xal idv ti dvaXlaxrjrai xaia TOV i- viaVTOv, ngog Tovg Xoyiardg, xal sv&vvag didovKov, xal ix Uttva&Tjvai- (av ig nava&T^vaia tov Xoyov didovTWV^ xa&dneg oi t« Ttjg Idd^ijvaiag ra- ^uvovTsg ' Tag de ai^Xag iv alg dvaygdtfjovat t« xQW^^^ tw hgd Ti- 30 divTWV iv noXu oi Tafilai * insiddv ds dnodsdofiiva tj Totg S^eolg Ttt -wu J 280 APPENDIX I. XQrifiaxa, ig to vbwqiov xat t« tsIxi] Tolg negiovai XQV^^^'' Xgri^otoiv. Line 1. £(5o|€v before a consonant. — fiviai^^oaa, a mistake for fivsaid^soa. — 4. uvsvi^vsyxTai, for the common avsv^vsxrai. — 5, 6. a, without the aspirate, for Ha. — eXXsvototfiiaia, with- out the aspirate. — 8. axQia, a mistake for axgia. — 9. s, for lis, that is, ^. — 17. avoifiaivsa^ov, for avaas^aivsa&ov, com- pounded of auy and arjfialvw. — 20. anoadEa&aa^ov, a mistake for anoatsaaa&ov. — 22. x«^ f xaarov, for the modern }ta&' I'xa- ^joy. — 23. exaaioi, without the aspirate, for Ilsxaaroi, — 29. aia, for IJaia. 147. (About B. C. 408.) adsvaioL aveXoaav stzl yXavxinnov ag/ovTOs xac S7ti TBd ^oXsm st TcXeysvsa HaXauva ngo(Toa) eyga^^ajBVB jafiiat Hugoy xQ^fxarov xsa ads vaiaa TcaXXiaTgaxoa ixagaOovtoa Tcai x^^ vag%o(v) Tftf nagsdoaav ex rov STtsrstov (pcfsipKfafiSvo TO Ssfio £7ti Tftf aiavTidoa Ttgorsd ngvza vBvodsa He(XX e^voTai^uaid nagedoOe xaXXifia^oi Hayvoatoi ngaatieXiSsc ixagui HimtoKS aiioa sdods adsvaiaa noX^ia) 5 3oa .... vtxscK .... sni Tscf atystSoa dsvrsgaa TcgvxavBvoasa aOXoOejaia nagsS^o) &£ ea TtoLvadsvaia ra fisyaXa (piXovi xv8a BevaisL xai avvag^oaiv aOevaiaa nohados .... HisgoTfotoLO xax (f) viavTov SivkXoL Hsg/isi xat ovvag^oaiv bo tbv BXaXOfX^BV .... B71L TBCf OLVBldod XgiTBd TtgV xav(B) voaBd IlBXXBvoxafiiaia nagBdods rcBgixXBi ;^o ATTIC 28Y Xagysi ycai avvag^oaiv HntTtoia aiToa edo Os STsgov TOi(S avxoia HeXXsvoiaiiiaKS Hntnoia (SLT06 sSods .... BTsgov TOia OLVTOid HsXXs voTUfiia^ia) 10 HsgiiovL adods ag^ovji sa nvkov .... ersgov -. Tota avTOKJ eX^evoraijiiaKf scf T€v dio^sXiav .... STtL Tscf ax a^iavTidoa zejagTsa ngvTavsvoasa HslXsvora ''iV ' liiaid TtagsSods TtsgixXsi xoXagysi xat av vag%odiv a(i) 10(5 HinnoLd eSods .... srsgov row avxoia HsXXevoTa^Laia sci rsv dio^ahav s8o6s .... €7Ct T(f) o xsxgoTttdoa nsfinrsa ngvTavsvoasci HsXXsvo Tafiiaid Ttagsdods nsgixXst ^oXagysi xat av vagxoaiv s(a) Tsv dio^sXtav .... £7tL Tsa ksovTidoa Hextbs ngvravevoasa Tgtrst s^agai rsa ngvTaveiaa 15 eXXsvoxaiiiaia Ttagsdods Siovvaioi xvSadsvaist. Tcat avvag^oaiv .... svaxsi xsa ngvxavs^i) aa HsXXsvoxa^iaia d'gaaovi ^ovxaBsi xat aw agxoaiv .... HsvBsxaxsi xsa ngvxavsiaa Hs XXsvoxa^iaia nagsSods ngo^asvot a(pidvaioi xai avvag^oaiv axgaxsyoi s/a sgsxgiaa svxXstdst avo^ioXoy v.^^.,;,. siia .... xgixsi xat Ssxaxet rsa ngvxavstaa HsXXsv ox agitata nsgtxXst ^oXagyst xat av vag%oaiv ■ '""^^■^ v>"M&ii\» t r^liJmEl" t)» . ,- ■ ^'.ii^i oydost xat stxoaxst xsa ngvxavstaa HsXX 24* :.>:,^^ APPENDIX I, £V0TafitaLc( dTtovdiai q)XvH xai avvag)^o 61V .... 20 .... TgiaxodTei ts(S ngviavsiaa xa s/ aa^io a vo^oXoysde HeXkevoTafiiai avaixLoi a^sTTtoL XUL TtagsSgoi (jt) oXvagaxoi ^oXagyec .... sni Tsa avxioxtdos s ^dofiss ngvtavsvoasd TtefiTtrsi zed ngvxavHa a 7tag£8(o) i^- d'B dLovvcftoi xvSadsvaLst xat avvag/oatv sa xsv Sio^shav .... e^doiisL xscf ngvxavuaa Hs XXsvoxufjitaca 'd'g(ci) Uyv^ ■ aovL l^ovxadsi xat ovvag^oaiv scf xev Sio^eXiav .... x£L avxsc sfisgat HeXXev ox aetata (paX avdoL (a) XoTTsxedav xai avvag^o^iv axov Hinnoic .... 10 imH^xxH xai dsxaxec xed Ttgvxavstaa HeXXsvo xafiLaia 7tgo(%(i£) 25 voc acpidvaioL xai avvag^oaiv .... xsxagxei x at BLxoaxu xea ngyxaveiaa HsXksvoxafjLLata £V7tok(L8l a) (pidvaLOL xai ovvag^oaiv .... B^dofiBt xai £ixo ax£t x£(S 7tgvxav£Laa H£XX£voxa^tat(y xaXh at £VOVV^(j£l x) at avvagxoaiv .... £7tL x£0 Hntnodoovxidoa oybo£a 7tgvxav£voGi£a dod£xax£L x£a 7igvxav£ tad H£X(X£vo) xafiiaia 7tag£8od£ 7tgoxa£voi afiSvatot xat aw agxodtv . . . x£xagx£L xai £Lxo6x£l x£d 7tgv(xa) vtiaa H£XX£voxaiiLaLa £dod£ BiovvdioL xvda6£v AvTi ?atft xai ovvagxodiv 4m9 ^w Hexxei xai xgiax oa(x£i) ATTIC INSCRIPTIONS. 283 30 Tftf TtQVTavHad HeXXevoiaixtata edods d-gaaovt poviaSet xai avvagxoaiv .... eni xea sgsx esid(oa) svuTSd ngviavevoded Sodsxaisi Tftf ngviavsLaa HeXlsvoTafiiat(f sSode ngo^^asvoi acpLdvaioi x at (Svvagxodiv .... a .... TgiTSi Tcat stxoaxsL xsa Tigviavsiad HsXXs vojafiiaia edoOe diovvaioc xvdaOevaiei xat a vvagxo6Lv .... .... HexTSi xat rgtaxoarsi Tscf ngviavEiaa H eXXevoTa[xiai(i sSoOs dgadovi ^ovTaSsi ;cat ci(vv agxo6L)v .... BXTBL xai rgiaxocdsL Tsa ngvja vsiaa TOL sx aa^o avofio}.oyeaa(To) , . , , fi a . . . . 35 .... (a)TgaT£yoLXvsX xal avvdgxovaiv .... ATTIC INSCRIPTIONS. 266 20 TQtaxoatrj irjg ngviavslag toc ex 2'dfiov avotfioXoyr^&ri 'EXXtjvo- tufxla 'AvocitIo) 2'q)rjTxl(o xal nagedgco H- oXvagaTM XoXagyst. Em Trjg AvxioxlSog £^d6fj.7jg ngvTavsvov- ajj?, Ttiumji T^? Tigviavtlag, nagedo- S^ri Jiovvaico Kv8a&Tjvaisl xal avvdgxovaiv ig t^v dKa/SsXiav • . . . 'jE^dofiij Trjg ngvtavilag 'EXXrjvoiotiulaig Ogd- amvi Bovtudr} xal avvdg%ovaiv ig Ttjv diOi^tXlav .... Tf^ avtjj ri^iga 'EXXfjVOTafxlaig tov d^agyrjXiavog lxr}vog tov inl 'innlov ag^oviog, %g6vov oaov Enaarog aviav rjgxfv, olg /I16- 5 dagog ^OXvfAniodoi^ov . ^tttxfi^wvidrig eygafifidtixieVf otTio Xa- giaavOg- ov agxovTog iSKottjg Osoyivovg 'Axotgvivg (isxgv tov kxatofi- ^amvo- g fiijvog tov inl 'innodufiavtog agxovtog, 2(oaiyivrjg Zoaaid- dov Avns- taiwv iviavtov inl KoiXXsov agxovtog' ^Eniyivi^g Mstayivovg ix Ko- . . vi«^^xl' ^ 4 o IXrig, ^Avtlfxaxog Evd^vvov Magad^wviog . ..'. ga ....,., qr Me- vsatgdtov 77- . 10 aXXrjvsvg* A'lSs tuv noXsav .... toxov ansdoaav * Mvx6~ viot .... 2^vg^ lOL .... I'Tjvioi .... KuoL .... Ssglcpioi .... 2l(fVioi .... 'ir^tai .... Olvuloi i^ 'ixagov .... .... OegfialoL e| 'ixdgov .... xzq>dXaiov toxov nagd tuv noXtav .... .... 0X8s tuv iditotav tov toxov dntSoaav * ^Aglatof 15 V AriXiog vnkg 'AnoXXodcogov ArjXiov .... tva .... fWff A^Xiog vnig rXttVXbtov Ar^Xiov . • . • * TtpoxXitjg A^Xiog, &-€. • APPENDIX I. 158 (B). aids xcDv noXsov to to(x)o ov sSet aviaa stcl jT^ci rffxsTsgaa ag^riG anodovat .... vsX . no . xai ox aneBo6 av Tcov TSTTagco V STCDV xeioL .... fivxovioi .... dvgioi .... .... aicpvLoi .... TT^vLoi .... Segfiaco 5 A f| ixago .... Tcagioi .... oivaioL f| ixago .... aide TCOV noXscov tov toxov ox ansdoGav TOV S7tl TTl a ri^eTsgaa agxr^a T£TTa(g)c)v btov mi agxov- TCOV adf^vr^ac xakXso ^agtaavdgo iTcnoSaiiavToa dcoxgaTido sv driXoL 'i ■■ de STtiyevoa TtaXaioVknio nvggdtOd &c. jXds Twv noXsMV TOV toTtov ov edsi aviag Inl t^? ^^STsgag agx^ig anodovvaL , , . , veX . no . xal ovx anidoaav rmv tsttoc' V hav • KBioh .... Mvaovioi .... 2vqioi, .... .... 2l 'i.*?Uxo-j^\' ... * vi'3Ufi\ ^m■^■^f.■■*K•:^ \ •' ATTIC INSCRIPTIONS. 170. Inscriptio PotidcBa. (About B. C. 430.) ai^ava .... ' asfxaiv .... ^ ., xai Ttgoyo .... VL-HBV SVTtolSfl .... .^^ 5 aid'sg fisfi (pavxoLci v7ts8£;^(jaTO (?o . . .*. Tovds 7toT£L8aiaci aixcpi nvXaa eA . . . . B^Ogov d ot fi£v s^ocL xacpo fxsgoa H * , , , T£i;^oa TiLOTOxaxav HaXnid s&svj .... avdgaa ^iB^i noXia Hede nod^ei xat 5 . . . . 10 Ttgoa&s noTSidaiaa Hot d'OLvov £[jl ng . . . \ Ttaidea aOsvatov (pav^^ad d av . . . . ggo .... .... ^aavT agsTEv xat naj f, i t.^ vxX .... vUfjv BvnoXifi .... 5 ttl&rjQ fisv ipvxag vnsds^aio, ao . . . v^ >*^^* Y^ *'*'^^ Twy^fi UoTSidalag n^cpt nvXag £^ . . • . ^ iX^QWV d' oi fih B^ovat xdcfiov fiigog, H • >• • T.\ thixog niaioxdirjv iknid^ e&svt .... uvdgocg fih noXig ^ds no&si xal 5 . . . . 10 ngoa&B Iloisidaiag oi S^dvov iv ng , . , , ,^_l^.i noudtg ^J^d^r^vamv ' ipvxdg S' av .... gq . . • • .... lavT dgsjriv ncu nax .... vaX .... Line 5. vnedsxoono, without the aspirate, for Hvnsdsxaato. — 7. 01, for Hoi. — 8. HsXmd, with the aspirate, for iXnid', iXnida. iMnia is a modification of the original fsXnia. In one of the later inscriptions we find acprjXniafisva, for dnriXTtia^ivwy from dnEXnl^o) («7io, iXnl^ca), implying eXnl^w, old orthography HEAniZO. (See Gruter's Corp. Inscript. p. lxxi.) 290 APPENDIX I. BCEOTIC INSCRIPTIONS. 1504. d'toa . ' TLOvxoLV ayadav aXsva cx>Q - • • XovToa sdo^s TV dafjLv £{g) • — -'p- ^ofjLSviov ayeSixov 8a (pLxao rfoXsia ait aXs^av 5 Sgscaa ngo^Bviov sifiev (x) 71 evBgysxav jaa noXioa t(^g) ^ofxsvLCDv xri avTOv tct^ ^ci{y) ovos ytri sifxsv avrv yad (xrf) Fvxiaa sitaaiv xrj aacpaXi 10 (av) ycq a(x)shav xr^ aaovXia(v x) ri ;ljov Aiolia an' 'u4XE^av- 5 dgsiag ttqo^svov slvul x- ai Evsgyhriv Trjg nohcog 'Eq- XOfiBvlcov ical avxov xat iay- ovovgf Hal uvai amm yijg xal oixlag maaiv x«t aacpdXsi- 10 av xa* aTiXnav xal aavXiav x- ttl xaia yrjv xal xaxa ^ukaTia- B(EOTIC INSCRIPTIONS. V xal TToXifiov Kul siQiivijg ov- arjg, xctl t« alia onoaa xotg aXXoig ngo^ivoig xal 15 ivegyiTttig. (6)so(y tvxol{v 8a^o) otb (At) otf ag^ovTod s8o^e TOi 8a[ioi Ttgo^Bvov sifJLSv ^oicDTov xai svs 5 gysxav va^av a|t ov^cD xag^^adoviov xai eiixsv Fot yoLiov xafidodoga x^gavH a x-q XvaiBa^iov 8a[iOT£}.ios ns da TCOV noXaiiagxcov x-q tcov xaTO nTacov 25 agxovTos sv sg^ofxevv d^vvag^co fjiei vos aXaXxoiievLo ev de FekaTiq ^a BCEOTIC INSCRIPTIONS. 293 voLxao ag^sXao) fisivos Ttgaro 0^10 Xoya ev^cokv FsXarii^v ycq t7^ noXi sg XO^BVLcov bulBsl xsxofiidiri ev^a 30 los nag ras TtoXios to Savstov anav xuTias oiioXoyias rag xed'SLctas dv vag^G) ag^ovTos fieivos ObiXovBlo Tiri ovT ocpeiXBTri avxv bti ovOsv nag xav noXiv aAA ans^^i navra negi navTos 35 X7^ anoSedoavOt tt^ noXi tv bxovtbs xas onoXoyia? sl^sv noxi dedofis vov xgovov Bv^aXv anivoinas FSTta nsTtaga ^ovsctdt aovv mnva diaxa TLffs FixaxL ngo^arvs aovv riyvs ^bl 40 Xiris ag/L xco ;^povo o Bviavxos o ^iBxa Ovvagxov ag^ovxa Bg^ofiBvivg ano ygaq)Bodri 8b bv^oXov xax svtavxov Bxactxov nag xov xay^iav Tcq xov vofia vav xa xB xavfiaxa xov ngo^axcov xtf 45 xav riyav xtf xav ^ovav xr^ xav mnav xri xa xLva ada^a icovOi xr^ xo nXBiQos (jibi anoygacpBoOco 8b nXiova xov yBygafi fjLBvov Bv xri (Sovy^^ogBLdi rf 8b xa xis (ngax)xri xo bvvo^lov bv^oXov 0(pBiXB(x 50 o a noXis) xov Bg^o^iBviov agyovgio (fivao n)Bxxagaxovxa bv^oXv xaO Bxa axov Bviavxov x-q xoxov (pBgBxo 8ga(xiias 8ovo)xas fivas Bxaaxas xara fiBiva {Bxaa)xov xrf Bfingaxxos Baxo Bvj3(oXv 55 .... a noXcs) x(o)v Bgxo(iBvi{o)v 25* 294 APPENDIX I. Qvvdgxov aQXoy^og, ftfjvog Ost- Xov&iov, ^Agx^agog Ev^ulov tafil- ag Ev^ovXm 'Agx^^oifiov ^mxel xgi- og anidojxu ano zr^g avyygoiffrig 5 fiBia twv TioXefAagxoiV xal tav xaroTiTaVf oiveXofiEvog tag avyygacpag tag XBifisvag nag' Ev- q>gova not ^SLdlav xal IlaaixXrj xal Tifiofiedov 0(oxiag, yal Jr^iio- 10 TsXriv Avaiddfiov, xal Jiovvaiov Krjq)iaod(6gov Xaigoovioiy Hard to ipiq- q)iafjia tov d^fiov. Ovvocgxov agxovTog, (xrjvog ^AXaX- / xofisvlov, *'Agv(av IloXvxXsovg 15 Tttfilag dnidmxs Ev^ovXto 'Agx^- d^fioi fprnxu dno trig avyygacpijg TO TcaTuXomov, xaTa to yjT^cpiafia TOV drinoVf dveXofi^og tag avy- ygoKfdg zdg xeifievag nagd 2(a(pL- 20 Xov not Evcpgova ^taxiag, xal nagd Aiovvaiov KT^cpLGodagov Xaigtavi- ' a xal Avaidafiov AafiOTdXovg (is- T« Twi' noXtfidgxoav nal tojp xuto- nxmv, 25 **AgxovTog iv ^OQXO(iBV(a Ovvdgxov, /^rj- vog AXaXxofisvlov, iv ds 'EXartla Me- voliov Agx^^dov, ^rjvog ngcjTov. 'Ofio- Xoyia Ev^ovXto 'EXaieiaia xal Ttj noXet 'Og- XOfisvlcov . Ensid^ xexofiiatat Ev^ov- 30 Xog nagd xrjg noXscog to ddvsiov dnav xard rdg o^oXoyiag xdg -lE&Eiaag Ov- vdgxov agxoVTog firjvog OuXov&lov xal ovt' (xpslXttai aviia m ov8iv nagd f^v noXiv, dXX"* dnixu ndvia nsgl navtog, 35 xal dnodedaxaai tfi noXu ol exovisg BCEOTIC INSCRIPTIONS. 295 lag ofioXoylag ' livai nqoq dsdofj^s- vov xQovov Ev^ovXco inivofilag, Bifj ThxaQdy §oval avv Xnnoig diaxo- alttig Bi'xoai, Ttgo^dioig avv aUl xt- 40 Xiaig ' agxsi tov xqovov o iviaviog 6 fiSTu OvvaQXO^ clgxovta 'Ogxofisvloig • wtto- ygaq)sad^aL ds Ev^ovlov -aaT iviavxhv exaaxov naga tov xafiiav xal xov vofiw- vrjv, xa xe xav^axa xav ngo^ocxcov xal 45 xcSv atyujv xal xwv ^owv xal xojv Xtitkov xav xiva aarjfia loai, xal x6 nXrld^og ' (i^ anoygacpia&a ds nXsiova xwy ysygafi- fiivtov iv xrj avyxoigiqaU' ^Eav de xig TigdxxTj x6 ivvofitov Ev^ovXov, ocpstX- 50 exft) ^ TioXig xav 'Ogxoixsviaiv dgyvglov ^vdg Tsxxagdxovxa Ev^ojXca xa&' lx«- axov iviavxoVf xal xoxov cpsgixoj dgaxfidg dvo xijg fivdg exdaxrjg xaxct firjva Exaaxov xal sfingaxxog I'axo) Ev^ovXco 55 ^ noXig xav "Ogxofiivlav. 2329. Tenian, ^ 7tgvTavB(jov yvci^)ri ejisidrf a^i fiavioa afi^xoviov avrig ayadoa eaziv xat svvovci tcdl dr^icoi 6 Toi Tffvtav xai Siaisksi ;^paa(tf ) Ttage/ofisvod xai xotvsi th noXu ocac xad tStav toks ivTvy^avov^iv avTot avaSsSsxTut 8s xai x-qv -^sagodoxLUv xav dr^Xicov aya 10 d^u Tv^ei dsSo^dat xsi ^ovXbl xai TcoL 8r^ixoi enaiveaai ts avxov 296 APPENDIX I. xai c(TS(pava)(tac i9'(a)AA(o)i/ ciTS(pav(ot tv t) OL isgcjL TO Tov Ttoasi^covoci xai Tf^a afKfLTgLTt^cf agexria svbtcbv xac 15 Bvvoiaa xtia ua xov dr^fiov rcov Tfiviav SLvai 8e avxov xat xov6 ex yovovd avxov ngo^evovd xoll €v . egysxoLcf xi^d noXecoa SsSoaOat 3s xai TtgosSgtav sv xoia aycodiv 20 Old dvvxskei r^ noXid xai Ttgoao dov Ttgod xTp/ ^ovXrfv xat xov di^ fxov eav xov Ss'qxai avaygaxpai 8s xo8s xo y)Tiq)Lcf^ia sia axr^Xriv (Aa) 'd^LVTjv xai axriaai sic xo isgov xov (no) 25 cisi8a)vo0 xai xr^d a^cpixgixria .... ngviavtav yvw(j,ri ' 'Ensidrj 'j4fx,^ fiMViog ^Ay-^oavlov avr]Q aya&og ioTiv xai Bvvovg tw drjfia) 5 Tw Tfjvlwv, Ttal dLuisXEl XQ^iag naqsxo^svog xat Ttoivrj t^ noXsi nai xa&^ idlav xolg ivTvyxapovaiv avTM, avadtdsxTat ds xai t^v ■&eaQodoxlav t^v jYiklmv ' aya- 10 ■&ri Tvxj], dsdoxd-ai tij ^ovX^ xai Tft) otj^m ETiaiVBoai ts avtov xai axBCfavwaav &aXXov aiscpuva iv t- w isg^ TO TOV noasid^vog xai Ttjg ^AncpLTqhrig aQttrig I'psxev xai 15 Evvolag irig sig top drjfiov tmv Triviav ' fdvai de avTOV xai Tovg ix- yovovg avxov ngo^ivovg xai tv- BQyixag xrjg noXeog ' dsdoa&ai ds xai TtQOsdgiav iv xolg aymatv 20 oig avvxsXst ^ noXtg xai ngoao- IONIC INSCRIPTIONS. 297 $ov TtQog triv ^ovXtjV xal tov 5^- fiov, idv tov dsTjiat. Avot/Qaipai> 5s rods TO xj}^(f)ia^a uq axriXriv Xl- ■divriv not GTrjaai eig to Isgov tov JIo- 25 asidwvog nal t^$ 'A^cpngltrjg. ^m IONIC. aeoi. e. (About B. C. 350.) ersi 7t£[X7tToi aQxa^sg^svci ^aaiXsvovxoa [xavaacoXXov s^aidgaTtsvovToa fxavtra tov Ttaxivco STtt^ovXevdavToa fiavadoXXai toi sxax ofiv(o) €v Tcol legat tov diod tov ka(iPgavvdov d'vcuria eviav 5 mrid Tcat Ttavr^yvgioa eovcfrfcf xai [xavaaXXov fisv cfcodsvTOd aw tcoi du fxavLTa Se avTov Ttjv dixriv ka^ovTod ev ;^f«pwv vo^oi Byvodav iivXaaeics n agri voixTffjLSvov TOV Lsgov xai (lavaoXXov tov evsg ysTecD sgsvvav notr^aadOai ei ti'Q^v vo/icn, syvcaaav MvXaaslg Tragr}- voiJ,r]fisvov TOV Ugov xal MavaawXXov tov svsg- ystsb), egsvvav non^aaa&at, si' xtg xal SXXog fiBTsa- 10 x^v rj ixoivojvrjasv TTJg ngd^iog ' iXiyx^iVTog ds xal Ovaaov tov 2vax(a xal xgi&ivjog avvadixstv fiSToi Mttvka, sdo^s MvXaasvaiv, xal inExvgaaav al rgBtg cpvXal, xa Mavha tov IlaxTva xal Ovaaov tov 2vax(a ngooTsd^ijvat MavaaojXX(a, xal tu 15 xTi^fiaTU in(6XfjaBv ^ noXig drjixoalt], indgag TtoiTjaafiivrj tovtodv Tag tovdg Totg ngLafie'voig xvglag Blvai, xal fi^Ts ngoTL&ivai /mtJxs imxpricpl^uv fiTjdsva * BL ds Tig TavTa naga^aivot, i^wXij yive- a^at i^al avTov xal wvg ixslvov ndvtag. Line 1. "AgTa^ig^svgj gen. sing, contracted from 'Agxa^ig^eog, In the common dialect UgTaUg^v? ^^^ gen. -ov. — 2. i^ai^ga-- nsvovxog, the same as the common auTgansvoviog. — Mavha, gen. sing, from Mavhag. — 3. naxTvoa, gen. sing, for Jlaxtvsw, from naxTvrjg. — 7. nagtjvoixrj^ivov, perf. pass. part, from naga- vofisca. The syllabic augment is lengthened into t], after the analogy of its imperfect nagrjvSfiow (Rem. ^ 19). Compare slXrixoi, stXfjcpa, &c. (Rem. § 14.) — 11. ^vaxta, gen. sing, im- plying nom. ^vaxrig ? REMARKS ON THE INSCRIPTIONS. 299 REMARKS ON THE INSCRIPTIONS. Changes of the preposition in, it 1. The preposition ex before /?, 5, A, ^i, is often changed into «/. E. g. ty ^svdidsioav — ex Bsvdidslav (157) ey diovvatoiv — ix /I lovvaiav (157) sydoasia, sydoTOj — ixdoasig, ixdoTO) (1570. a) sy Xta^o — ix Aia^ov (139) iy Xifisvoa — ix Xtfiivog (525) tylv&svxav — ixlv&ivTcjv (Boeckh. Athen. Nav. p. 453) ty (isyagav — ix Msydgav ( 175) sy fiVQivrja — ix Mvgivtjg (168. b) By fivQQivovTria — sx Mvggivovxrjg (Boeckh. Athen. Na^r: p. 450) 2. When the word governed by ix begins with a, x is chang- ed into;^. E. g. EX aa^o — ix 2'(Xfiov (147) 3. Frequently ix and the noun governed by it are written as one word. E. g. s^aXufjiivoa — ix ^^aXocfuvog (2907) S^llQOV ix JSVQOV (2347. c) i^v^QiTiaa — ix ^v^gnlag (3049) 4. The full form of this preposition, «|, is found before a consonant; ?? grjveiaaf for ix 'Privdag (158. -4). Changes of the preposition elg and the article tag* 5. Before a word beginning with 2, the preposition elg sometimes drops a. E. g. cfffTTjAaff -— €t? ffTTjAa? ( 1 08 ; 93) Compare the article lag before the same word ; Taaiijilaa for idff atriXotg (3044). IV before a labial, 6. At the end of a word, iv is very often changed into M^ when the next word begins with a labial {n, /5, cp). E. g. T»j/i noXiv — T1JV noXiv (105) TO)/i noXimv — twv noXsoav (75) /u6/< no^EL — fihv no&ei (170) 300 .mmj appendix i. tfi noXsi — iv noXiL (J^) HOTUfl 7TSQ OTaV TISQ (76) soTiii nsQi — iailv ttcqI ( 101 ) avTOfji TiQO^svov — avTOV ngo^svov (1052) (ylsysi^ nag avTOV — exXiysiv nag' avrov (101) ffi l3ovXsvtr)giiav — av ^ovXBVirjQtai ( 124) TO(X ^OflOV — JOV I5(0fi6v (160) TO/i CpOQOV %6v (fOgOV (75) (j,s(i (pavxota — fih ipvxdg (170) 7. Sometimes iv before a labial remains unchanged even in the middle of a word. E. g. avvfiaxia — avfifiaxloc (11) sXav^avsv — iXdfi^avsv (71) Further, not un frequently iv takes the place of M before a labial. E. g. ' '«»tipw^ afievcpsa — dfie(i(f>ig^ (3) xXsov^QOToa — KXsoi^PQOTog {165) oXvvnio — 'OXvfMTilov {30) oXvvniot — ^OXv^inico (11; 99) N before a palatal. 8. Before a palatal (x, y, x), N at the end of a word is very often changed into J'. E. g. j(oy naiQbiV — -iwv xaigav (101) sy xvxXoi, — iv xvxXca (IQO) ay xat — «V xal (101) Btay xai — imv xal (1052) aisXsiay xai — dxsXBiav xal (1052) Toy yga^f^UTsa — tov ygafifiaTea (84) Hiegoy XQ^f^oiTOV — Ugojv XQ^h^Ttav {147) jay x^Q^v — jdv xojgav (2905, 46) 9. Sometimes iv before a palataj remains unchanged even in the middle of a word. E. g. Bvsvxafisvov — ivsyxafisvov (401) evygaipai — iyygdipuL (93) XavxavovT(ov — Xayxavovtwv (2556) Further, not unfrequently N takes the place of r before a palatal. E. g. avavxija — ava^x^? (1001) Bvyva — iyyvg (22 ; 1794. A) > h,.-* snavysXXBiai -^ inayyiXXsjai (107) i^ »;;> REMARKS ON THE INSCRIPTIONS. 301 These orthographical phenomena will be easily accounted for, if we suppose that N or r before a palatal had the sound of NG. N before a Liquid. 10. IV at the end of a word before a liquid (A, (i) is often changed into that liquid. E. g. ToX XoyiOTov — Tb)v Xoyiarav (76) ToX Xoyov — Toy Xoyov (76) TMfi fUia&OJOfOiiV TWy (JLiadwOfbiV (82) Tf|tt fivoKxv — itJv Mvolav (143) Sometimes N remains unchanged before a liquid ; as naXiv- XiiTcav (Boeckh. Athen. Nav. p. 408). Changes of the Prepositions iv and ovv. 11. The preposition iv before 2: is often changed into cor. E. g. ea aidcovi — iv ^Jidaivi (87) (a oay,OL — iv 2a^b} (147) ia aiyyoi — iv 2'iyya) (171) £0 avXcoL — iv avXio (2447, 6) Ea OTTjXtj — iv air'iXrj (ibid.) Before (jttJA/; it often drops the v • as sottjXtji, for iv aTrjXrj (S7). Sometimes v is dropped and s becomes u ' as EiairjXriij for iv ai^Xj] (213). 12. The preposition uvv sometimes drops v before a followed by a vowel ; as uvasixaivfo&ov, for ovaati^aiviad^tav (76). Sometimes it remains unchanged even before a followed by two consonants ; as uvvucpgocyiuaixivoiv, for avacfoayLaauivav (3137). IV movable {iq)EXxvaiiy6v). 13. It is often omitted before a vowel. On the other hand, it is as often found before a consonant. E. g. EyQafifiatsvs svnEi&Ea — iygafifiaTEVEv, EvnEl&Tfg (76) Eins anodovat, — sinEv ' anodovvSti (76) Ta^iaai Hoia — ra^laoiv olg ( 139) EdoxoEv Tsi ^oXEi — i'do^E tjj /SovXjj (76) edianEv ovxeevulv — bdaxs ^vhhevolv (8) 26 302 APPENDIX I. Doubling of Consonants. 14. Not unfrequently a word is written with a simple conso- nant when commonly that consonant is doubled. E. g. aXaXoia, aX — aXXaXoig, «AA' (11) s/gafxsvot — i/Qaix^s'va (H) ngoxovsaio — llgoyovvrjalov (8) ocga^doTa — aQQa^dtatu (160) inofxidov — 'inTTo^usdwv (2) 15. 2 is often doubled before a consonant ; most commonly before t. E. g. agiaarov — ^AgloTcav ( I ) aQiaaioda^oa — 'Agiaiodajaog (13) TsXeaoxaa — TsXEOiag ( 166) aaaxXrjTiiodagoa — ''Aai(Xr]ni6da)Qog (879) agiaaToq^avTja — ^Agioiocpdvrig (1638) 16. A rough mute (^9^, og i'airja' ivd^ads, ydvovg -d-* exaxi xdgsjrjg oaij via. q)gadaiaL vvficptav to avrgov s^rjgyaaaTO (456, a) (pgadaluL Nv^cptav xuvTgov i^rjgydaaTO Eifii 8s agiGToxXfja nugauva nata ds fxsviovoa (749) sifil d* AgiaTOxXrjg IIsigaiEvg, nalg di Mevoivog ovaav xav xaxa yrja xai Tifiijab} as axgi ocv ^o> (808) ovaav xal xatd yrjs xal Tifi^Qta a' cyf^t aV ^w 304 APPENDIX I. aafia nvorjv ds aid^TjQ tla/Ssv naXiv oansQ sdtoxsv (1001) awfia ' nvoT}v 5' ai&tjQ tXa/Ssv ndhv ooTifQ tdwxEV sixova TTjvds ars&rjxs (pOQvajaa naia o rqiaaoa (1582) slxova Tijvd^ avs&Tjxs (PoQVOTOiq naUg o Tqldxog xeifit&a xai svaB/Sscav ev oaifgoia &aX(Xfioig (2055, b) TtHfis&a x£vus^t(ov ev axiegolg ^aXdixoig Dative Plural in aai, and Adverbs in rjai. 22. The usual form of the dative plural of xafxlag is xufiia- at, that is lafiiaov (138 ; 139). 23. The adverbial ending r^ai is never found with iota sub- script ; thus, adrjvTjoi, that is 'a&^vtjoi, never a&rivtjiai, (158, A, B.) Nominative Plural in rjg from Nouns in evg. 24. We find ol nXvvtjg, for oi nXvvrjg or nXvveig, from the noun o nXvvsvg (455). Nominative Dual in u for rj from Neuters in og. 25. The ending es of the nominative dual of nouns in og, gen. sog, is contracted into h. E. g. axsXs, that is axsXei, from axsXog (150, A) ^sv/8, that is ^ivysi, from i^tvyog (150, B) Doric Future. 26. The Doric dialect often changes the ending -gco, -to^aiy of the future of liquid verbs into /w. E. g. ifxixEvloj for ifxfi8VE(o from ififisvoo (2554) 27. The endings -aw, -oov^m, of the Doric future, are often resolved into -acw, -oEOf^ai, which may be changed into ~ai(o, -aiofiat, according to the preceding paragraph. E. g. oQxi^ico for oQxi^w {oQxl^o)), from oqhI^oj (1688). Compare {ne'aofiai) nsaovfiai, nfaeofiai. ^oot&aal(o for ^oa&uom {^orj&i^ato), from ^oi]&£(o (2554) TiQoXsiiplco for nQoXsupb) {ngoXslipb)), from ngoXslTKo (2554) nga^lofisv for nQa^ov^fiV [nQci^ousv), from ngdaato (3048) Xagi^iofis&cc for ;^«pt?oi;/i€^a (;faotaoii«^a), from x'^Q'XofiocL (3048) 28. The new endings -asofiep, -aeovTL, -aso^ai, -asofie&Uf REMARKS ON THE INSCRIPTIONS. 305 -asovxaL may be contracted into -aevfiev, -oevvti, -oEVftat, -asv- ^s&a, -aevvTtti. E. g, diaivasvvTi for diaXvaovvii {diaXvaovai), from diaXvoj (2671) VTtag^tvvTi for vnaQ^ovPTv {v7idQ^ovai)j from vnaqx^** (2671) 29. Even the future passive changes o^m into ovfxai, as av- vax^rjoovviai for avvax&i^aovTaL, from ovvuya) (2448). Aorist Active of Verbs in aivca, algco. 30. The endings -tjvu or -ava, -tjQa or -aga, are always found without the iota subscript. This fully establishes our rule (Rem. § 56, 2. 3). E. g. intitgoivs from inixQalvco (2237) avsq)riV6 — avaq)alr(a (2374) xa&rjQCCVTOJV — nadalgb) (2374) icatuQUL — xuTalfjoj (2347) indgr], indgag — inocigo) (2953) Tigs, ugaio — al'g(o (247 ; 1907) We find also perf pass, imperat. 3 sing, r^g&o) from algw. BcBotic third Person Plural in -v&i. 31. The Boeotic dialect changes the pronominal suffix -vn into -v^i. E. g. anodsdoav&i — aTiodsdoavtif from dnodidoojiL (1569) ifov&L — EoovTi, 80)01, ojoi, from H^l (ibid.) The element {&) of analogical ending of the third person sin- gular {-&!,) is found in the English indicative ; as ha-ih (d-&), ende-th {evde-^)* Compare -&l of the 2 sing, imperat. active ; as (pd&i, i'o&if Tiidi. Perfect Active Participle in -sia, -vet, for -via. 32. In a Doric inscription (2448, I.) we find the participles iniTSteXsiisla, sffTuxela, avra/ctyoxela, for the common enirsXsitvXa, laxay,v'la, ovvayrjyoxvla or avvaytjoxvTu, from iniTsXsM, Xortjfuif avvdya. The same inscription (II. III.) contains the indica- tive avvaydyoxce, for the common avvayriyoxu (3595) the full form of avvay^oxa* * The reader will perceive that when the author erroneously stated under aya that truvayaya^^ttet stood for pluperf. truvxynye^ta, he went on the supposi- tion that Matthiae (to whose Grammar he referred) could easily perceive the difference between a verb and a participle. There is no such pluperfect as ayayi^tm* 26* 306 APPENDIX I. 33. In some of the recently discovered Attic inscriptions, -va is used for -vice. E. g. Ttagsdrjcpva — TiaQsdtjcpvla (Boeckh. Athen. Nav. p. 540). Aorist Passive Infinitive in -r^v. 34. In an iEolic inscription (3524) we find ovrs&rjv, ysvrj&rjv, fiasvfx&Tjv, STtiyQoccprjV, aiecpavco&rjv, to be accented ovTsd^tjV, ys- v^d-rjv, Hasve;(&rjv, sniyQacprjv, aTsq)uv(a&rjV, for the common ivTS- •&r]vai, ysvrjdrjvai, da^vtxOrirai, enLyQa(prjvaif aTe(pav(o&^vai. See also fis&va&Tjv under (je&voxw. Imperative 3 pers. plur. in -vtco for -vt(ov. 35. In some of the Doric inscriptions the 3 plur. of the imperative active takes -via for -viojv. E. g. naQ^X^vTW — naQfxovTMv, from nuQix^ (1699) iovtm — iovTOJv (ovrojv), from Hy.1 (1699) anooTsiXdvTOti — dnooTsiXdvTwv, from ajioaTskXo) (1845) noiovvifa — noiovvioiVy from noisco (1845) This ending is evidently the same as the Latin -nfo ; as, sunto (toVrw), amanto [q)dovvT(o), docento {didaaaovzoi), faciunto {jlOlOVVT(o)' hifinitive of Verbs in -aw. 36. The contracted form of the infinitive of verbs in -aw is found without the iota subscript, which shows that it is con- tracted not from -a'av, but from the Doric -div. We may therefore safely reject the orthography -av. E. g. tifidv from ii^d(a (2569) nsQiogdp from TtsQiogdoj (2919) Iota Subscript. 37. In inscriptions cut before the Roman period, the iota subscript, so called, is a regular letter; as ttji ^ovXrji, rwt ra- fiiaif for our jjj ^ovX^, tw tuiaIoc. 38. In inscriptions cut during the Roman period, the iota subscript is generally omitted. E. g. ysQovaia, ^ovXtJ^ yvfivaalto a/a, -Xtjj -aiw (2782) 39. The authography a, ji, w, as also the absurd expression 8lq>^oyyoi xazaxgrjaiixal, improper diphthongs, was introduced long after this i ceased to be pronounced. REMARKS ON THE INSCRIPTIONS. 307 40. It must be observed, however, that in some of the less cultivated dialects (as the JEolic), the c subscript was often (not always) omitted, even during the flourishing period of the Greek language ; especially in the dative singular of the second declension (Gregor. Corinth, p. 606), and the third person singular of the subjunctive active. E. g. Tw ddfxcj, ^EXnivlxb) — tw ddfiw, 'eXttivIxm (3523) XQVosa), ai£(pdv(o — /Qvasca, axsqxivm (3640) td exxXrjala — xa ixxXrjaia (ibid.) 86xrj, ndaxr] — doxjj, ndaxj] (1841 ; 1843 ; 1850) ivdsvr], 7id&7], uIqs&tJ — svSfvt], nd&t], alQBdfj (2166 ; 2448) dva/Qixqirj, dvuTS&rj — avaygacpjj, avais&jj (3640) Compare the Latin dat. sing, of the 2d declension ; as domino. 41. The formula iq)' Ztf, on condition that, is always found sq) mis, without the i subscript; see Inscription 93 ; 1704. 42. According to Buttmann (Larger Gram. § 116. n. 8), the I subscript under r] is improperly written in those forms of which no actual nominative, as root, is extant; consequently 7r?J, onriy ndvTti, ocXXuxrj. His theory, however, is contradicted by onrj, Doric oTia, actually found in ancient inscriptions of undoubted authority (Boeckh. 1841 ; 1843; 3053). It is per- fectly clear, therefore, that the i under rj, in the forms njj, 7i% onrj, is improperly omitted. JEtolic aiOy oia, from ava, ova. 43. When v is dropped before a, the ^olic dialect lengthens the preceding «, o, into ai, oi, respectively. E. g. dixduaig — dixdaug (^diJtaoavTg, dixocaoivg) nalg, nouaa — ndg, ndaa {navrg narg, navraa navaa) oiif^aoiai, efiixEfsoiai — oiHi^aovai, epfjievtovai {oixtjaovah t^ps- vtovai) fidlaa — [iovaa or ^waa {(xaoviaa^ paovaa, paoiaa) We may therefore assume that the common aa, ova become, in the ^olic and Doric dialects, aia, oia only when they arise out of (xva, ova- 44. In the first declension, the ^Eolic dialect changes ag of the accusative plural into aig. In the second declension, for the common ending ovg, it uses oig. E. g. Totg dlxaig — rag dixag (3640) ei'xovag XQvaiaig — sixovag XQVoiag (3524) xdiTOig vopoig — xaid xovg vofiovg (3640) argondyoig — argaTayovg, otQatrjyovg (ibid.) TtQog Tolg ^aalXijag — ngog xovg ^aaiXslg (216^, c) 308 APPENDIX I. This shows that the accusative plural of all the declensions is formed by annexing g to the accusative singular ; thus Tovg, aya&ovg, tag, ayaddg come from zovg, aya&ovg, xdvg, dya&dvg. In fact, Tovg for jovg, and nQsiysvidvg for nQeiysvrdg {nQsa^svidg) are found in some of the Cretan inscriptions (3050, 14; 3058, 4). 45. Digammated Words in the Inscriptions. apVTo — amovy from aviog (10) agysifoif doubtful — "AqyuoL (29) avXa p V dog — avXcadog ( 1583) ^axsvfai — for Baytsvoc, from Baxsvag, a man's name (1639) difi — for Jil, from Zsvg, Jiog (29) SQjr«oiotg — 'Hgnoloig, from Hgctoiog (H) pa X s t o i ? — ^HXsloig, from ^Hlslog, an Elean (11) pof gyov — sgyov (11) fagvwv — *'AQV(av, a man's name (1569) ICav^Kov, the same as pavltwv — 'a^Icjv, from "A^iog, a native oV'A^og, Axos (3050). The other name of this city is "Oa^og (Stephanus Byzantinus). *'A^og is derived from ayvvfiL (pa/w), and its original form was pa^o?, which was changed into "Oa^og. (Compare "oUsvg, from piAsi;?, Rem. ^ 1.) fsXuTia — ^Eldiua, a city (1569) peAwTtT^i' — 'jSAofTfta/o), from "ElaTuatog, a native of Elatea. pcTTO? — enog (H) p€To? — hog (11 ; 1569). This word was also pronounced hog, with the rough breathing; hence the formula sq)sir]i that is, 6(jd' hf), for in I'ttj, in a later inscription (Gruter's Inscript. p. cccxxvii.) ; also nsvTa\-ET7]gida, that is, nsv- rasTfjQLda, in the Heraclean tables. C id tog, the same as fidiog — I'dtog, in the Heraclean tables. Compare Latin viduus. *'ldiog was sometimes pronounced Xdiog, with the aspirate, in the expression ita& idiav, that is, xa^' idlav, in the Tenian inscriptions, (2329 ; 2335). ptxart — (i'xaxi, d'noai (1569) ptaoTsAta — iaoisXla, laoTiXsia (^1562] 1563) po I — ol, from "/ ( 1565 ) foixia — otx/a (4 ; 1565) p^ttT^a — gdxQoi, grJTga (H) fvxia, Boeotic — potxta, oixla (1562; 1563; 1564) ici&aQa^vdog — tti&aQMdog {\5S3) xfofia^vdog — xa^codog (ibid.) gaipa^vdog — gaipcodog {\h\d.) tgccya^vdog — jgaymdog (ibid.) APPENDIX II. REMARKS ON THE ALPHABET. Attic. Oriental. Old Greek. Old. New. . Greek. Latin. K «x«^ A aX^a A A A A 2 ^.-a B /3^T« B B B B :\ yif^tX r yd/^f^» r r r G 1 "^^Xi^ A rikra. A A A D n ^ E sT E E E E r evxu F z Z H Z H F z F Z n «':^ H ^T* H H D T«':^ ;^;jra I I TH h ;^J I K K I I, J iZtx A A K C(K) L ;t:«^ K xafifot. M M A Aa>£S A kilA^^a, N N M M D A*«^ M flM n N N J MWV N »« »*> ? S D «'a>«;t; h ®^) suBidnp, nqa^si — snfiddv, nga&jj (76) jEi ad^svaiai — xp 'A&rjvctlcc (76) 4. The character H, in the old Greek alphabet, had the power of the Latin H; that is, it corresponded to the rough breathing (daatHa) of the later Greeks. It was often omitted. HisQOTtoioi, Iloaa — IsQonoioly oaa (76) IIovxoi, oaiov — ovxoi, oaiov (ibid.) Ha, a, JF/of, oi, Ileds, s, aia — a, ol, ^de, ^, alg (ibid.) REMARKS ON THE ALPHABET. 311 H£(4SQatf sfiSQui, HvTidQyvQOV — Vf^iga, vnaQyvgov (144 ; 139) Hsxiei, sxtsi, Hayeaavdgoa — «xt/?, 'A/^aavdgog (147; 1637) 5. The aspirate H was also used in the middle of a word. Thus, we find • iQiHsfiinodioa — TQLrjfjmodiovg, from rglg, ^funodiov (160) svHodia — ivodlaf from eV, odog (26) Compare the Latin enhi/dris, enhydrus^ from iwdglg, ewdgog, compounded of iv and vdmg * polyhistor, noXvi'atwQ (noXvg, XaTtog) ,' Polyhymnia^ from noXvg^ vfxvog. Also the barbarous word Sanhedrim, from avvedgiov {avv, s'dga). — We may sup- pose however that the aspirate // was as frequently omitted in the middle of a compound wc/d, as it was at the beginning. In fact we find nagsdgot (147, 20), for nagHtdgoiy that is 71a- gidgco, compounded of nagd and edga. 6. When a smooth mute {a, n, t) came in contact with the aspirate H, it was changed into its corresponding rough mute {x» fp> ^)> ^"^ H disappeared. In the old language, however, the combinations KH, IIH, TH were sounded like x, (fi &, re- spectively. (See below.) E. g. dfxiQfiEgog, originally dtKHsfngoa {dsxa, Hsfxega) acpltjixL — allHiefii {ano, Hu^i) xa&aigi(o — xaTHaigeo (xaia, Ilaigto) The same change took place when, of two successive words, the first ended in a smooth mute, and the second began with the aspirate //. E. g. Kct& Bnaaxov (76, 21), from xara, sxaaiov — xaTHsKaaiov sq) i]{jiv {inl, '^fuv) — sUHsixiv ovx ^ipofiUL [ovx, Eipofitti) — oKHi(fao^ai> It is clear therefore that in such cases the rough mute arises from the connection of the smooth mute with the aspirate //, and that the latter disappears after the change. Nevertheless, in order not to disturb the usual orthography of the second word, the rough breathing is suffered to retain its place ; thus, instead of x«^' sxaaxov, eqo' Vf^^^> ^^X f'^ofiai, we write xad-' txaaxov, eg)' tjijXv, ovx sipofj-ai, which mode of writing is incor- rect inasmuch as it repeats the aspirate //; thus, xaTHHtxa- GTOV, snHIIsiJ.iv, oKIIHs(fOOfiai. 7. The aspirate // is never found in connection with p or pp. Thus, we find gsyivota (74), agga^dojoa (160), nvggoa (167), anogguivovxai, (138), for our "Priylvoig, agga/SdcoTovg, JIvggog, anoggaivovjai.. It is fair therefore to suppose that the 312 APPENDIX II. orthography g was introduced by the later Greeks in order to indicate the rolling sound of q at the beginning of a word. When Q was doubled in the middle of a word, only the second one was rolled ; hence the orthography qq, as agQ^Tog. — The ancient Grammarians placed the rough breathing also over q after a rough mute (&, cp, x) I as ^govog, dq)Q6g ' and the smooth breathing over g after a smooth mute (t, n, x) ; as "'AiQsvg, xangog. (Villoison. Anecd. Grsec. Vol. II. p. 114.) — The Romans indicated the rolling sound of g by placing an h after it ; as gaiprndla, gv&^iog, Jlvggog, rhapsodia^ rhythmus^ Pyrrhus. 8. In the course of time, the character // became a vowel. Thus, in the new Attic alphabet it is always the same as our ri, that is, it stands for long E. E. g. firjvog, "A^'^vrjOL (158, A) 9. The diphthong ///, even in inscriptions cut after the time of Euclides, is not unfrequently represented after the old method, that is, by EL E. g. e^eX&eif uubi, ennprjcpiaei, for i^sX&fj, si'nr], innpr^fpiaji, (93.) 10. After // became a vowel, the character |- , resembling the first half of //, was employed to denote the rough breath- ing. This character is found in the name f-i^^tfo)?, from 'idgievg, in an Ionic inscription (2919). Also, in the Heracle- an Tables; as nsvta}" tTi]gida (see above, 5), compounded of ns'vTs, and sxog for hog. Also, in Tarentine and Heraclean coins; as ]rr]gaHX7]icov, that is '^iJgaxXrjicav (Eckhel. Vol. I. pp. 148. 153). See also Villoison. Anecd. Graec. Vol. II. pp. 144. 122. — In process of time this character became ^, which coincided with one of the later forms of E (Inscript. 246 et seq.). This being further modified produced the Byzantine rough breathing ('). — The character ^, resembling the second half of // was employed by the Grammarians to de- note the smooth breathing [ipd^), which, properly speaking, required no representative. This character, by a series of changes analogous to those of the rough breathing, became {"). We observe here that the smooth breathing is not found in any inscription. 11. According to the Grammarians, the Jilolians did not use the rough breathing ; " oi AloXslg ayvoovai Trjv daasTuv." We suppose further, that the lonians, who delighted in smooth sounds, did not use it much ; thus, they pronounced xaidnsg (x«r' dnfg), dnixso&txi {uno, ixso&ui), ovx '^dtrai, for xtx&ixrtfg {xaTIlajiig)j oi^, respectively. Further, in Attic inscriptions cut before the archonship of Euclides (B. C. 403), we invariably find X2, ^2, for a, ^' as, TiQoxoevoa, E(paeq>iaTO, for ngo^svog, itprjcpiaiO' — Hence the following rules. Rule I. In the Attic dialect, a palatal (y, y) before a was changed into;^. A labial (n, (3) before a was changed into (p. The aspirates cp and x, of course, underwent no change before a. E. g. sdox-asv — fboK-asv, sdo^v, from doxsa, JOKSl (76) XovviXsx-aoifisv — ^vveXsy-aafiev, ^vveXe'^afjEVf from ^vXXiyoj (145) nagadfx-aaa&ov — naQixde^da&mv, from naqadixo^ai (76) YQVCp-a — yQvn-g, ygvip gen. ygvnog (139) aviygacp-aav — uviygayjuv, from avaygucpoi (160) Rule II. In most of the less cultivated dialects, a palatal before a was changed into x, and a labial into n. In process of time, the latter rule became general ; that is, I and iji were by the later Greeks sounded like xa and na re- spectively. (Dionys. Hal. de Compos. § 14; Sext. Empir. advers. Gram. 1, 5 ; Villoison. Anecd. Vol. II. p. 121.) Com- pare such Latinized words as apsis^ rhapsodia, from ««/;/?, Qai/j(hdla, h, 2, ^, 9. 32. The original form of a///ua (corresponding to the Ori- ental Samech) was Lj , seen in many of the most ancient in- scriptions (as the Elean). Compare the Samaritan Samech. — This figure slightly modified became S, the same as the Latin S. It is the prototype of s, g, a, and the ^oargvxog ilXiy^ivog of Euripides (fragm. Thes). See also Boeckh. In- script 8 ; 10 ; &c. 33. The original form of ^aV (corresponding to the Oriental Shin) was 2, the same as the old Hebrew Shin. The Greeks pronounced it like aZ/^ua, most probably because they disliked the sound SH^ peculiar to its prototype ^Am. — This figure 318 " APPENDIX II. modified became C, seen in some of the later inscriptions. Its latest form is C (a modification of c)j seen in some of the latest inscriptions, and also in the earliest manuscripts. — In the Septuagint, the sound of the Oriental Shin is represented by ;^ff* thus, QTixg, for rhesh; /aev, for shin. 34. It is clear therefore that a and ^ were originally two different letters, and that the early Greeks confounded the latter with the former. It is also well known that the alyiiu of the lonians and other tribes was called 2:dv by the Dorians (Herod. 1, 139; Dionys. Hal. de Comp. § 14; Athen. 10, 81), from which confusion of names one might infer that the early lonians used only // , aly^a, and the early Dorians only ^, 2av. — It is hardly necessary to remark here, that in the new Attic alphabet, al/fia occupies the place of ^aV, and that the characters ^, g, a, in our Greek alphabet, are each called al/fioc, 35. With respect to the later numeral character '^ , found only in manuscripts, and called ^afinl, it is a modification of ^dv (j^), and looks as much like its prototype as g does like F. Its name, Sa^nH, is compounded of ^«V and 771, and is as fanciful as the compound ^jiya^fia, the epithet of Bav. The most reasonable hypothesis is, that the character 7>^ was so called by the later Greeks (or, if you please, the Alexandrian Grammarians) merely because it had the appearance of an abbreviation for C (one of the later forms of ^) and 77 • that is, C resting upon 77. The supposition, that ^afinl means " 2:dv which stood next to nl," is not satisfactory, because the character '^ was never used as a letter of the alphabet, and consequently never stood next to nil. In the numeri- cal system it stands next to Ji * as to its prototype 2'aV, it stands between p and T. 36. The letter Konna (corresponding to the Oriental p ) was by the Greeks pronounced like Kanna, probably be- cause their vocal organs were not well adapted to Oriental sounds. It was chiefly used by the Greeks of Italy and Sicily. It is observed further, that it is usually followed by the vowel o. E. g. Xv 9 odoQxaa, avga cp oaiov — JlvyoSogxag, ^^VQattoolav, (Boeckh. 166; Eckhel. Vol. I. p. 170). 37. The Latin Q is the same as the Greet Konna. By the ancient Italians it was sounded like C (K). The combina- REMARKS ON THE ALPHABET. 319 tion QU is equivalent to Oriental p (kw), and has the power of a single consonant. (Priscian. p. 543.) — The later Greeks represented the Latin qu by xo ' as Kolviog, for Quintus. (2870.) 38. The characters 9 and 2 were used also as brands (yavfiUTa) on horses, which thus branded were respectively called xonnarlai, Koppa-branded, and accfifpoQai (a«V, cpigta), San-branded. (Arist. Nub. 23. 438. 112. 298 ; Athen. 11, 30.) 39. In the later numerical system, Konna stands for 90, and 2a[nu for 900. (See Greek Grammars.) APPENDIX III. REMARKS ON PARTICULAR WORDS. (Boeckh's Inscriptions.) aygm, iEolic for ouqeoh, aor. pass. part. a/Qs&EVTsg (2166), for the common algs&evreg * perf. pass. part. nQoaygri^fiirm (3524), for the common nQorjQTjfiivov ' the doubling of ^ is an ^olic peculiarity. The latter form may possibly be pres, pass, from AITHMT, after the analogy of di^tjfisvog from dl^T]fiai. Verbal adjective u/(jsiog, occurring in the compounds aviaygsTogf nalLvdygsTog. It is formed from APJl, the theme of algica, by inserting y after a, and changing w into io). Compare uyQvnvog, from a-, and vnvog {llvnvoa) ', axQodo(j,ai, from «xovw (AKOII); daQddnxbj from ddntto. — We cannot suppose that it was formed from alQscD by changing t into y, because there is no affinity between t and y. As to ^«/w, it is formed from 'PArsi, the theme of gtjyrvfii, by dropping y and lengthening the penult. 'AQiaaiaai^g, -aa£(o, Ionic for'AgTa^ig^ijg, -ov. (2919.) aqpsjTwAxa/ifv, later, for dnsaTaXxa^sv, implying eaTockxnfisv, with the rough breathing. (2852.) Compare tuTtixa from XaxrjixL {srAii), i^aL&ganevo) or e^afXTgansvo), for the common auTganevMy to be a satrap, (2691; 2919.) For the insertion of a alter $ (xG, xa), compare Latin maxsumo^ for maxumo, from maxu* mus, (Montfaucon's Antiquity, Vol. II. p. 269.) ilrigydaaxo, for i^sigydaotto, from i^sgyd^ofiai. (456, a.) nsTTugsg, nsuagdxovTa, in the BcEOtic inscriptions (1569), for jhtagsg, jSTTagdxovta. Compare niavgsg. noi