8 
 
 UC-N 
 
 B 3 ID? 
 
PICTURE 
 
 OF 
 
 ORGANIZED NATURE, 
 
 IN ITS 
 
 SPREADING OVER THE EARTH. 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN 
 
 OF 
 
 WILBRAND &T RITGEN. 
 
 SMITH AND SON, MAPSELLERS, 
 172, STRAND. 
 
 1828. 
 
PRINTED BY R. WATTS, CROWN COURT, TEMPLE BAR. 
 
WH f 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Introduction 1 
 
 Line of Perpetual Snow 2 
 
 Altitude of the Earth '. . 5 
 
 Depth of the Sea 12 
 
 General Extension of the Vegetable Kingdom, 13 
 
 Extension of the Acotyledones 17 
 
 Of the Monocolyledones 22 
 
 Of the Dicotyledones 29 
 
 Of Orders not described in the Picture 43 
 
 Of the Spreading of Animals 47 
 
 Spreading of the Mammalia 51 
 
 Of the Mammalia of the Seas . 51 
 
 Spreading of Birds 66 
 
 Spreading of the Amphibia 85 
 
 Spreading of the Other Animals 87 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IN the present Picture of Nature, it is intended to 
 afford, with as much accuracy as possible, an idea 
 of the manner in which plants and animals are spread 
 upon the earth. The solid portion of our planet 
 is surrounded by two principal elements water, and 
 atmospheric air : by the former, to an ascertained 
 depth: by the latter, to an unknown extent. Water 
 forms the sea ; out of which the earth rises : so that, 
 as the surface of the earth does not extend to hall 
 that of the sea, it therefore appears to swim in it : ot 
 this the Picture, at the first view, affords a sufficient 
 idea. On the main land, fresh water is found in rivers, 
 lakes, and ponds : these run into the sea. 
 
 All plants and animals live in one of these elements, 
 inhabiting either the water or the air ; being, in the 
 former, in a lower; and in the latter, in a higher degree 
 of perfection. The world of animated nature begins, as 
 a complete whole, in the water; whence it ascends to 
 the atmosphere, to a more delightful participation of 
 the sun's light ; finally terminating in the perfect 
 pattern of all organic formation man. 
 
 The greatest luxuriance of organic life is un- 
 A 
 
2 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 doubtedly in the plains of the Torrid Zone, at the 
 level of the sea. From hence life fluctuates, according 
 to the seasons, to a fixed limit, both in the Northern 
 and the Southern Hemisphere, as well as in the 
 depths of the Ocean ; similar to the action of the 
 sun, whose quickening beams extend, with varied 
 influence, to all places. Our Picture is therefore 
 founded upon this state of organic life, as it spreads 
 itself over the surface of the globe. 
 
 LINE OF PERPETUAL SNOW. 
 
 The limit to which, in every part of the globe, or- 
 ganized beings extend, in a perpendicular direction, 
 above the level of the sea, is marked by a region 
 where the cold is so intense, that the summits of 
 mountains reaching or extending beyond that limit 
 are covered with perpetual snow : this is called 
 the Snow-Line. The sea at both poles is covered 
 with ice; in the Southern Hemisphere, in a larger; 
 in the Northern, in a smaller proportion. The land, 
 if any exist, is enveloped with eternal snow, vegeta- 
 tion ceases, animals die, and the inquisitive disposi- 
 tion of man terminates. There, of course, the snow- 
 line is at the level of the sea; although water may 
 flow under the ice as far as the poles. At a greater 
 
. 
 
 LINE OF PERPETUAL SNOW. 
 
 distance from the poles, water appears between 
 the icy tracts; the land is not covered with snow 
 the whole year; minute vegetables cleave to the 
 ground ; and animals are found. At this point, the 
 snow- line rises from the level of the sea towards 
 the Equator, where it acquires its greatest perpen- 
 dicular height. 
 
 The snow-line, according toJHumboldt, begins under 
 the Equator at a perpendicular height of 16,790 ft.; 
 nor does it vary much from that point. In the 19th 
 degree N.L., the limit is fixed at 15,026 ft.; in the 
 35th N.L. at 11,510 ft.; in the 43d N.L. at 8632ft.; 
 and reaches, in 62 N.L. (according to Wahlenberg), 
 5968 ft.; gradually decreasing to 75 N.L., where it 
 is at the level of the sea. 
 
 Of the snow-line in the Southern Hemisphere but 
 little is known. Forster, however, found ice on the 
 sea in 60 S.L. ; and the mountains in South Georgia, 
 as well as in the Sandwich Isles, were covered with 
 snow to the level of the sea. The same reckons the 
 snow-line on Mount Egmont, in 39 s. L., to be 
 10,507 ft. We may therefore consider the region in 
 60, in the Southern Hemisphere, as the point at 
 which perpetual snow reaches the level of the sea. 
 
 The snow-line in the Picture is drawn according 
 to these observations. Its height, however, undergoes 
 A 2 
 
4 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 some change, in consequence of the different situations 
 of countries in the same degree of latitude : hence it 
 is, that countries in North Ameiica in the same lati- 
 tude are much colder than those in Europe; and 
 plants are found in Spitzbergen in 80 N. L. The 
 altitude of the snow-line is therefore drawn at a 
 mean ; the deviations from which are marked with a 
 star. 
 
 The snow-line, when considered as to its position 
 to the Meridian, appears as a curve nearly resembling 
 an ellipse ; forming an eternal covering of snow ; 
 having its range, in every part of the globe, at a 
 certain unchangeable height, beyond which organic 
 life ceases. 
 
 But besides this perpetual line of snow, there is 
 another, constantly varying according to the sea- 
 sons. In the Northern Hemisphere, after the Au- 
 tumnal Equinox, this line gradually becomes lower ; 
 being in the winter, according to circumstances, even 
 in the middle of the Temperate Zone, at the level of 
 the sea: on the contrary, in the Southern Hemi- 
 sphere, as the sun reaches the Southern Tropic, the 
 line rises, till it joins the perpetual snow ; and as the 
 sun returns towards the Northern Tropic, it again 
 gradually descends towards the sea. Thus organic 
 life fluctuates perpetually from North to South, and 
 
ALTITUDE OP THE EARTH. 
 
 from South to North. It is this varying- line of snow 
 which intimates to birds of passage their time of 
 migration. 
 
 This variable line of snow forms, in the direction of 
 the Meridian, a similar curve to that which the earth 
 describes when revolving round the sun ; viz. an 
 ellipse : being closely connected with the action of 
 the earth which occasions the seasons. 
 
 ALTITUDE OP THE EARTH. 
 
 In the five parts of the globe, there are detached 
 mountains as well as continuous ranges, which are 
 elevated above the perpetual limit of snow. In our 
 Picture, the chains of mountains and single mounts 
 are delineated according to their true degree of lati- 
 tude, together with their known heights. The lofty 
 mountains of Asia occupy the back ground : imme- 
 diately before them is the range of the Andes in 
 America, running from North to South ; and re- 
 markable for having considerable altitudes in both 
 Hemispheres. Before them appear the European and 
 African mountains ; the former being separated from 
 the latter by the Mediterranean Sea, which is repre- 
 sented in the Picture as existing at the foot of Mount 
 Etna. The African mountains are characterized by 
 
6 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 the elevated sandy plains terminating, in the South- 
 ern Hemisphere, at the Cape of Good Hope; the 
 summits of whose mountains are accurately designed 
 according to their height. Lastly, the mountains of 
 the Pacific Ocean, running from the Northern to the 
 Southern Hemisphere, are represented by Mowna 
 Roah, the Peak of Otaheite, and Mount Egmont. 
 
 1. Of the detached mountains, commencing at the 
 North, the first is, Parnassus in Spitzbergen. Its 
 height, according to Mulgrave, is 3956 ft., and is 
 covered with perpetual snow to its foot. 
 
 2. The next is Alkaware in Lapland, in 67 25' N. L. 
 Its height, according to Wahlenberg, is 5062 ft., and 
 considerably above the snow-line. 
 
 3. The lofty Sulitelma in Lapland, in 67 12' N.L., 
 whose height is 5798 ft., is covered with perpetual 
 snow on its summit. The line of perpetual snow, 
 according to Wahlenberg, is about 4369 ft. above the 
 level of the sea. 
 
 4. The Volcano Hecla in Iceland, in 64 N.L., gra- 
 dually rises, by seven ridges, to a height of 4900 ft. ; 
 and, of course, much beyond the snow-line. 
 
 
 
 5. The Areskutan in Jemtland, in 63 25' N.L., 
 (according to Wahlenberg, 5169 high,) reaches the dis- 
 tricts of perpetual snow. 
 
 6. Sncehatten in Norway, in 62 N.L., is, according 
 
ALTITUDE OP THE EARTH. 7 
 
 to Esmark, 8120 ft., topping the snow-line by 2152 ft.; 
 which, according to Wahlenberg, lies at the height of 
 5968 ft. 
 
 7. Mount St. Elias on the north-west coast of 
 North America, one of the loftiest summits of the 
 Andes, situated at 60 21' N.L., rises far beyond the 
 snow-line; being 17,038ft. high. 
 
 8. The Brocken in Germany, in 51 12' N.L., com- 
 pared with the preceding, appears quite minute ; its 
 height being only 3715 ft., and therefore far below 
 the limit of perpetual snow. 
 
 9. Schneekoppe in Silesia, in 5034'N.L., is 1598 ft. 
 below the snow-line, the altitude of which is 6820ft.; 
 whereas, according to Gerstner, Schneekoppe is not 
 more than 5105 ft. 
 
 10. The highest summit of the Carpathian Moun- 
 tains, on the contrary, which lies in 49 N. L., and is 
 called Lomnitzer Spitze, reaches the first part of the 
 snow-line, in consequence of its height being 8632 ft. 
 
 11. Grossglockner in Salzburg, in 47 N. L., is 
 12,780 ft. high, and extends far beyond the snow- 
 line. 
 
 12. Mount Pilatus, on the contrary, in the Canton 
 of Lucerne, on account of its height being only 
 6993 ft,, does not reach the snow-line : its summit is 
 however frequently enveloped in fog. 
 
8 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 13. The Rigi, in the same Canton, remains below 
 the snow-line ; its height being 5893 ft. 
 
 14. Mount St. Gotthard, on the contrary, in 46 40' 
 N.L., extends far beyond the snow-line; its height 
 being 12,021. In Switzerland, the limit of snow lies 
 at an altitude of about 8300, and 8900 ft. 
 
 15. TheJungfrau, in 46 25' N.L., is likewise much 
 elevated beyond the limit of the eternal snow. Its 
 height, according to Tralles, is 13,718 ft. 
 
 16. The same holds good in Oertler- Spitze in Tyrol; 
 whose height is, according to Gebhard, 15,364 ft. 
 
 17. The height of Mont Blanc, in. 45 41' N.L., is, 
 according to Saussure, 15,679 ft. The perpetual snow 
 begins, according to the same naturalist, on the north 
 side, in 8324 ft. altitude ; and on the south side, in 
 8953 ft. 
 
 18. The Great St. Bernard, in 45<> 25' N.L., whose 
 highest summit lies 11,062 ft. above the level of the 
 sea, is covered on the summit with perpetual snow. 
 
 19. The Puy de Dome near Clermont, in 45 25' 
 N.L., does not reach the snow-line. Its height, ac- 
 cording to Delambre, is 4853 ft. 
 
 20. Mont Mezin in the Cevennes, (its height being, 
 according to Adanzon, only 6567,) does not reach the 
 snow-line. 
 
 21. Mont d'Or in Auvergne, in 45 N.L., is yet 
 
ALTITUDE OF THE EARTH. 9 
 
 lower ; its height being, according to Delambre, 
 6196 ft. 
 
 22. The Pic du Midi of the Pyrenees, in 42 45' 
 N.L., penetrates the snow-line; its height being, ac- 
 cording to Ramond, 9640 ft. ; and the line of perpe- 
 tual snow commences on the Pyrenees at 11,180 ft. 
 
 23. The Marbore, also a Pyrenean mountain, in 
 42 25 N. L., extends yet farther into the snow-line; 
 its height being, according to Ramond, 11,190 ft. 
 
 24. The same holds good in the Maladetta, another 
 summit of the Pyrenees; which, according to Cordier, 
 is 10,679 ft. 
 
 25. Vesuvius, in the vicinity of Naples, in 41 N.L., 
 is, according to Saussure, 3899 ft. ; and therefore 
 remains much below the snow-line. 
 
 26. But the highest summit in Southern Europe, 
 Etna, in 2725 / N.L.,is covered with perpetual snow; 
 its height being 10,963ft. 
 
 27. Several summits of the Cordilleras, in North 
 America, are higher than the limit of perpetual snow. 
 Besides Mount Elias, there is the Peak of Louisiana, 
 in about 36; which, according to Pike, is 19,803 ft. 
 
 28. The Himalayan Mountains in Asia, between 
 the 40th and 30th degree of North Latitude, are un- 
 doubtedly the highest in the world. A peak in 35 
 of N. L., according to Crawford, is 24,964 high. 
 
 A 3 
 
10 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 Measurements of a more recent date, by Captain 
 Webb, and of which an account was given in the 
 Journal of Science edited at the Royal Institution 
 (Oct. 1818), point out much greater heights. From 
 the boundary of Thibet, Captain Webb measured 
 more than two hundred points of the Himalayan 
 Chain ; the most remarkable of which are : 
 
 In 30 46' 22"LAT. . . . 24,342ft. 
 
 30 17' 59" 24,793 
 
 30 21' 52" 27,357 
 
 30 12' 15" 24,163 
 
 29 59' 34" ...... 24,221. 
 
 The limit of eternal snow in 30 36' N.L. lies, ac- 
 cording to Webb, at the height of 12,307 ft. Captain 
 Hodgson, who, on the 31st of May 1817, discovered the 
 Sources of the Ganges, is of opinion that the very 
 spot where this river rises from under the snow is 
 13,754 ft. above the sea : which accords with Webb's 
 account relative to the snow-line. Their height, 
 moreover, coincides with that of the snow-line on the 
 Peak of Teneriffe, on the Atlas Mountains in Africa, 
 and Popocatepetl in Mexico. 
 
 29. Lebanon in Asia, in 30 N.L., whose height is 
 9535 ft., according to La Billadiere, does not reach 
 the snow-line, which lies at an altitude of 9708 ft. 
 
ALTITUDE OF THE EARTH. ] 1 
 
 30. The Atlas Mountains in Africa, in 32 o N. i,., 
 penetrates the snow-line ; their highest summit being 
 1378 ft. 
 
 31. The Peak of Teneriffe, in 28 17' N. L., does 
 not quite reach the snow-line ; its height being only 
 12,175ft. 
 
 32. The Pic d" Orizaba in North America, in 20 
 N.L., penetrates the snow-line ; its height being, ac- 
 cording to Humboldt, 17,406 ft. 
 
 33. Popocatepetl, in 19 3' N.L. (being, according 
 to Humboldt, 17,678 high), penetrates the snow-line, 
 the height of which is 15,027 ft. 
 
 34. MownaRoah,mOw\\y\\ee in the Pacific Ocean, 
 in 19 N.L., is divested of snow during the month of 
 June : its height is, according to King, 15,432 ft. 
 
 35. Cayambe in South America, and under the 
 Equator, nearly reaches the snow-line ; its height 
 being, according to Humboldt, 19,535 ft. 
 
 36. Pichincha in Quito, likewise under the Equator, 
 approaches the snow-line: its height is 15,974 ft. 
 
 37. Chimborazo in Quito, in 1 27' s. L., is covered 
 on its summit, to a great extent, with perpetual snow; 
 its height being, according to Humboldt, 21,464 ft. 
 
 38. The Volcano Cotopaxi, to the south-east of 
 Quito, penetrates to a great extent beyond the snow- 
 line ; its height being 18,870 ft. 
 
12 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 39. The Cordilleras in South America, from Chim- 
 borazo to 8 S.L., elevate themselves from 9851 ft. to 
 11478. Beyond the 8th degree, several summits 
 penetrate into the snow-line, varying in height 
 between 19,000 and 14,000 ft. Many of them are 
 active volcanoes. The Corderillas extend to the 25th 
 degree s. L. Among numerous summits, Descabezado 
 in Chili is particularly remarkable ; its height being, 
 according to Molina, 21,315 ft. 
 
 40. The Peak of Otaheite in the Pacific Ocean, in 
 18 s. L., does not reach the sivow-line ; its height 
 being only 10,230 ft. 
 
 41. Finally, Mount Egmont, in the northern part 
 of New Zealand, is represented in 39 25' s. L. Its 
 height, according to Forster, is 15,315 ft. ; and it 
 penetrates considerably into the snow-line. 
 
 DEPTH OF THE SEA. 
 
 The depth of the sea is opposed to the elevation 
 of the earth. In the air, a limit is placed to organic 
 life by the perpetual snow-line, beyond which it cannot 
 long exist. Whether in the sea, also, there be depths 
 where no creature is able to live, or whether a boun- 
 dary be assigned to organic life within those depths, 
 cannot be ascertained. It however clearly appears, 
 
EXTENSION OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 13 
 
 from the observations made by Biot and other Natu- 
 ralists, that fishes, according to their different dispo- 
 sitions, live in different depths of the Ocean. The 
 parallel circles drawn in the sea correspond with 
 the lines parallel to the snow-line : they, however, 
 refer only in part to a well-known condition of life, 
 and in part belong to a probable one. 
 
 GENERAL EXTENSION OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 
 I. 
 
 The vegetable world, according to distinctive cha- 
 racters which may be observed in plants, has been 
 arranged under three grand heads; to each of which 
 a name is assigned, from the peculiarities of seeds and 
 buds. 
 
 Many plants, especially herbs, shrubs, and trees, 
 bear seed, consisting of a single bud involved in two 
 seed-lobes, Cotyledones ; which, after germination, 
 when the lobes appear above the earth, form two 
 seed-leaves. Seeds of this kind are called Dicotyle- 
 dones ; a name which has been given to the plants 
 themselves, whose seeds are of the above-mentioned 
 description. Other plants bear seeds having a single 
 bud with one seed-lobe: these are called Monocotyle- 
 dones : and the name has likewise been given to the 
 
14 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 plants themselves. Of this kind are the grasses and 
 the palms. 
 
 Plants of the third kind either bear no seeds at all, 
 but, in their stead, buds, as the mushrooms ; or the 
 seeds are quite simple, and comparable only to the 
 buds in the seeds of Dicotyledones. These buds are 
 considered as seeds without seed-leaves, and the 
 plants which produce them are called Acotyledones 
 (having no seed-leaves). Mushrooms, lichens, mosses, 
 ferns, and marine plants, particularly wrak (fucus), 
 and laver (ulva), are of that kind. 
 
 From a careful comparison of these three kinds of 
 vegetables, it is unquestionably ascertained that the 
 plants without seed-leaves are in the lowest state of 
 vegetable existence : above them are the Monocoty- 
 ledones : and, lastly, the most perfect are the Dicoty- 
 ledones. We may therefore consider these three 
 tribes of plants as presenting three degrees of per- 
 fection. 
 
 II. 
 
 It has been fully demonstrated by observation, 
 that each of the foregoing tribes of plants is divisible 
 into several distinct Orders, or natural assemblages ; 
 every Order containing a multitude of plants, which 
 are distinguished, by their own peculiarities, from 
 plants of other Orders. Thus the mushrooms, lichens, 
 
EXTENSION OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 15 
 
 mosses, ferns, &c., constitute peculiar Orders among 
 the Acotyledones ; the grasses, the grass- lilies, sword- 
 lilies, the lilies generally, asparagus, palms, &c., 
 among the Monocotyledones ; the leguminous, pod- 
 ded, and umbellated plants, &c. among the Dicoty- 
 ledones : each Order being subdivided into Genera, 
 each Genus into Species, and each Species displayed 
 in individual plants. Thus the whole vegetable king- 
 dom may be compared to a tree, dividing itself into 
 branches, twigs, and shoots. 
 
 III. 
 
 From remarks hitherto made, the most satisfactory 
 conclusions are drawn, that certain Orders are found 
 in the various portions of the globe, either exclu- 
 sively, or in particular. 
 
 1. Although vegetation terminates on the line of 
 perpetual snow in Acotyledones of diminutive size, 
 they however appear in larger growth in temperate 
 and warm climes, and partly assume the shape of 
 more perfect plants, as is seen in the arboreous ferns. 
 
 2. Monocotyledones are found of most luxuriant 
 growth and beauty, and in most frequent appearance, 
 towards the Torrid Zone ; impressing, at the level of 
 the sea, at the Equator, their character to the vege- 
 table world, in the palms. 
 
 3. Dicotyledones are more proportionably spread 
 
16 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 over the surface of the earth : yet of these, herbaceous 
 plants only occur towards the snow-line ; and ar- 
 boreous ones rather grow in warmer countries. 
 
 IV. 
 
 In the Picture, the extension of the vegetable king- 
 dom is represented on the northern or left side ; that 
 of the animal kingdom, on the southern or right side. 
 The classes and orders of plants, the genera of the 
 mammalia, birds, amphibia, fishes, moluscae, insects, 
 crustaceae, worms, and zoophytes, are marked by lines 
 which refer to the limit of snow and the Torrid 
 Zone, as far as the special orders approach in their 
 extension, or, on the contrary, recede from them. 
 Where, according to well-known observations, an 
 order or genus peculiarly occurs, the name and the 
 lines are engraved. These lines, when supposed to be 
 moveable radii of a circle, will point out, by their 
 motion, that district within which the organized 
 beings either are found exclusively, or to which they 
 particularly belong. 
 
 As the world of organized beings, within a certain 
 district in the Equator, is distinguished by a propor- 
 tional and luxurious abundance, the lines also are 
 drawn up to a certain extent, lying around the very 
 point of the Equator ; and which appears to be the 
 
EXTENSION OF THE ACOT YLEDONES. 17 
 
 centre of organic vigour, from which the quickening 
 rays extend to all parts of the organic world. 
 
 Few naturalists have as yet, when inquiring into 
 the localities of plants and animals, taken into con^ 
 sideration the respective region of the earth to which 
 each was particularly attached ; and this was most 
 neglected with regard to those plants and animals 
 which, in the Torrid Zone from the level of the sea 
 in ascendant direction to the snow-line, inhabit the 
 different elevations. Humboldt and Bonpland have 
 first shewn the way, by their admirable Picture of the 
 Andes. Many observations ought therefore to be 
 collated, in order to design, in our Picture, the spread- 
 ing of various orders and genera; yet it could some- 
 times be pointed out only at a probable rate : it may 
 therefore happen, that an order or genus is placed 
 either farther from or nearer to the snow-line than 
 they really are in nature. Such deviations, however, 
 will not, we hope, be particularly detrimental to the 
 use of the Picture. 
 
 EXTENSION OF THE ACOTYLEDONES. 
 
 1. All marine plants are Acotyledones ; amongst 
 which the wracks (fad), and the lavers (ulva), are 
 most abundant, and generally diffused. The former, 
 
18 PKTOLE OF ORGANIZED 3f ATCKE. 
 
 the surface of the sea, producing an appearance MUU- 
 lar to a green meadow; and are therefore called sea- 
 grasses. Their extension cannot be accurately ascer- 
 tained : it appears, however, from different obsenra- 
 
 towards the poles, they extend beyond thai region 
 where the sow-fine reaches the level of the sea, hut 
 that they grow principally in the seas of wanner cli- 
 mates: their extension is therefore designed asm- 
 creasing towards the Equator. 
 
 2. Daring the summer, a green weed grows in fresh 
 water, which gradually IIIIM into xlank 
 threads (eon/erar), or extends to stdnn 
 
 or star-jellies (tremuOe). As such substances shew 
 the continual growth of plants out of the fluid ele- 
 nent, and as they occur in ponds and ditches in great 
 quantities during the latter part of the autumn and the 
 spring, their extension on the main land is designed 
 from the snow-line to the Torrid Zone; but their 
 native country is the vicinity of the limit of perpetual 
 
 3. The structure of Mushrooms (Fungi) essentially 
 coincides with that of the COJI/CTT* and trcmeU* : 
 they grow partly on the leaves and fruits of plants, 
 as well as on putrescent animal substances 5 shewing, 
 
EXTENSION OF THE ACOTYLEDONES. 19 
 
 in that way, a reviving vegetation, which is closely 
 connected with the decay of vegetable and animal 
 substances ; and resembling, in that way, the green 
 weeds which grow under water. The handsomer 
 mushrooms shoot from the earth, similar to other 
 plants; and are chiefly furnished with a cap, as 
 the flowers are with bells or crowns. The mush- 
 rooms are more numerous in the Temperate than in 
 the Torrid Zone : they chiefly vegetate in the latter 
 part of summer and in the autumn, but dying away 
 on the approach of frost. The line on the Picture has 
 therefore been so drawn, that their native country is 
 shewn to be much nearer to the line of snow than to 
 the Torrid Zone. 
 
 4. The Lichens (Lichenes) are found in all parts 
 near the snow-line, being the last signs of the vege- 
 table world ; extending between the snowy plains, be- 
 yond the limit of perpetual snow to the very extreme 
 of cold. In Lapland they are found, according to 
 Wahlenberg, at a height of 500 ft. They are nume- 
 rous at the commencement of the snow-line, impress- 
 ing, even there, their character upon vegetation. 
 They, it is true, spread also to the Torrid Zone ; but 
 are at some distance from the snow-line, withdrawn 
 by a happier vegetation ; maintaining a prepon- 
 derance over all other plants only near the snow-line. 
 
20 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 According to such observations, their extension is 
 represented on the Picture. 
 
 5. The Liverworts (Hepatica), as to their structure, 
 are between the lichens and mosses ; some of them, 
 for instance the star-lip, having 1 a closer affinity to the 
 mosses; others, as the marsh-liverworts, to the lichens. 
 They chiefly vegetate in the beginning of spring and 
 the latter part of autumn. Their native country, there- 
 fore, lies between that of the lichens and the mosses. 
 
 6. The Mosses do not penetrate so far into the 
 snow-line as the lichens. They are closer allied to 
 the other plants with regard to their structure, but, 
 according to general observations, very plentiful in 
 those parts where flower-bearing plants seldom occur. 
 In the Torrid Zone, they vegetate only in marshy 
 damp spots, growing chiefly in the autumn and 
 spring: accordingly, their native country is un- 
 doubtedly in the neighbourhood of the snow-line. 
 
 7. Between the mosses and ferns is the genus of 
 Club-Moss (Lycopodium) ; resembling the mosses 
 with regard to their growth, but vegetating like the 
 ferns, particularly during the summer ; bearing two 
 valved capsules, in spikes ; and, even in that view, ap- 
 proaching those ferns whose capsules are in the 
 spikes; as, for instance, the genus of Flowering-Fern 
 (Osmunda L.). 
 
EXTENSION OF THE ACOTYLEDONES. 21 
 
 8. The native country of the Ferns lies in the be- 
 ginning of the Torrid Zone. They are not however 
 so exclusively found in that part of the world as the 
 palms are, which, under the perpendicular rays of the 
 sun, at the level of the sea, acquire the utmost luxu- 
 riance. Their native country lies, according to Hum- 
 boldt and Bonpland, in a pendent line above that of 
 the palms; where they are arboreous, resembling the 
 palms in their exterior shape : whereas, in the Tem- 
 perate and Frigid Zones, they are herbaceous, vege- 
 tating only in summer. According to Crantz, only 
 four species of ferns are common to Greenland j and 
 some species of them (Pteris crispa and Pteris arch- 
 angelica) remain, according to Wahleriberg, 1400 ft. 
 below the snow-line. Accordingly, the extension of 
 these plants is so represented, that the Tropical 
 Regions appear as their native country. 
 
 9. The order of Dutch Rushes (Equisetacece) is par. 
 ticular to the Frigid and Temperate Zones, although 
 their native country cannot be accurately ascertained. 
 In consequence of their being cryptogamic plants, 
 they obtain a very low degree of perfection : shewing 
 however, in their membraneous structure, and in the 
 spikes (wherein they bear the buds of fructification), 
 a degree of perfection that becomes real in the grasses. 
 According to these circumstances, the native country 
 
22 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 of the grasses may be considered as that of these 
 plants. According to Cranz, Equisetum arvense is 
 the only one met with in Greenland. 
 
 10. The Palm Ferns in the Torrid Zone, of which 
 only two species, Zamia and Cycas, are as yet known, 
 bear a resemblance to the Equisetaceae in the Tem- 
 perate Zones, in the rudiments of their blossom. 
 Their native country is that of the arboreous ferns. 
 
 11. Of plants without seed-leaves, the Naiades 
 come nearest to the Monocotyledones. The genera of 
 the Duck-Meat (Lemnd), the Horn-Wort (Ceratophyl- 
 lum), the Milfoil (Myriophyllum), and the Chara, are 
 common inhabitants of fresh water in the Temperate 
 Zone. Of the Acotyledones, these only bear some, but 
 very few, rudiments of flowers. According to their 
 character, as being water-plants, and what observa- 
 tion of their extension furnishes, the Temperate Zone 
 must be regarded as their native country. 
 
 OF THE MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 1. Of all Monocotyledones, and even of all flowering 
 plants, the grasses extend nearest to the snow-line. 
 Grassy plains are found, however, in the Torrid, Tem- 
 perate, and Frigid Zones, on this side of the region 
 in which lichens prevail. Commencing in that re- 
 gion where they characterize the vegetable world, 
 they extend themselves in one way to the greatest 
 
MONOCOTYLEDON ES. 23 
 
 heat ; and, in the opposite, to the vicinity of the snow : 
 losing their character, however, towards the Torrid 
 Zone, in handsomer and more luxuriant plants. In 
 the Torrid Zone, the appearance of some grasses, for 
 instance the bamboo, approaches that of the palms, 
 both in their beauty and size j and the time of their 
 growth and blossoming accords with that local situa- 
 tion. According to these observations, the line of 
 the grasses has been drawn from the snow-line to the 
 Torrid Zone, and the prevalence of the grasses on 
 this side of the limit pointed out. 
 
 2. In the same way as the Monocotyledones termi- 
 nate at the snow-line in grasses, they become conspi- 
 cuous in the Torrid Zone by the luxuriant magnifi- 
 cence of the palms and plantain- trees. The palms 
 and plantains, from their structure, belong peculiarly 
 to the scorching sun-beams of the Torrid Zone ; and 
 scarcely extend to neighbouring parts in the Tempe- 
 rate Zones, either in perpendicular or horizontal 
 direction. The wax-palm is found on Chimborazo, 
 as high as 2800ft.; and the dwarf-palm (Chamarops 
 humilis) in the southern part of Europe, growing only 
 in the neighbourhood of the sea-coast The line 
 indicating the locality of this order of plants has 
 therefore been drawn from the Torrid Zone to the 
 middle of the inhabitable part of the globe. 
 
24 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 3. The Plantain-trees (for instance, the Figs of 
 Paradise, Musce), are, as to their luxuriant growth, 
 size of leaves, and colour, superior to the palms, but 
 much more confined to the Torrid Zone. 
 
 4. The Order of the Reed (Cann<e), as well as that 
 of the Ananas (BromeMte), are likewise peculiar to 
 the Torrid and Warm Zones: this chiefly holds good 
 in the spicy plants, Ginger (Amomum), Costus, and 
 Curcuma. From observations hitherto made, their ex- 
 tent, from the Torrid to the Temperate Zones, cannot 
 be ascertained. The Flowering Reed (Canna indica 
 L.), in the middle part of Germany, also prospers, in 
 the summer, in the open air. 
 
 5. The other Orders of the Monocotyledones are less 
 limited with regard to their extension. The most 
 beautiful, however, and particularly those which are 
 conspicuous for their magnificent flowers or spicy 
 properties, inhabit the warmer countries : they attain 
 their greatest number, and highest degree of perfec- 
 tion, in the Tropical regions. Several Monocotyle- 
 dones are diffused to a very great extent ; and parti- 
 cularly the Bee- Flowers (Orchidece), which commence 
 in the neighbourhood of the snow- line: for instance, 
 according to Wahlenberg, the Ophrys alpina occurs 
 in Lapland at SOO ft. below the snow-line. In the 
 Torrid Zone their frequency and beauty increase; 
 
MONOCOTYLEDON ES. 25 
 
 shooting, like the Mosses and Lichens of our climate, 
 from the stems of trees, and ornamenting them with 
 their lively green and magnificent flowers j " some- 
 times resembling winged insects ; at others, delicate 
 birds, as though attracted by the fragrance of the 
 honey-vessels : indeed, their beauty is so great, that 
 the life of a painter would be insufficient to depict 
 all the varieties of magnificent Orchideae which adorn 
 the valleys of the Peruvian Andes." (HUMBOI.DT.) 
 Several of these flowers, less beautiful in the Tempe- 
 rate Zone, adorn our meadows. The Vanilla, which 
 grows as a parasitical plant in the Tropical Zone, 
 is of this kind. It is curious that the Orchideae, 
 like the Lichens, keep on the ground in the Cold and 
 Temperate Zones, but grow out of the stems of trees, 
 as parasitical plants, in the Torrid Zone. The 
 Lichens, however, occur more frequently as parasi- 
 tical plants, as soon as shrubs and trees are met 
 with in the vegetable world, beginning in the snow- 
 line. In our Picture, the line corresponding with 
 these plants is marked as gradually decreasing from 
 the Torrid Zone to the 5th degree on this side of the 
 limit of perpetual snow. 
 
 6. The Order of Asphoddi is almost as far diffused 
 as the Orchidese. In the Grassy tracts, they bear 
 some resemblance to the Grasses ; as, the Spider-Wort 
 
26 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 (Anthericum ossifragum, A. calycinuni), the Garlic 
 (Allium schcenoprasum), &c. Their frequency, beauty 
 and variety increase towards the Tropical regions ; 
 and they themselves become shrubby and arboreous 
 in the Aloe, passing in that character to the Torrid 
 Zone. 
 
 7. Of a less extension is the Order of Asparagus 
 plants. These increase towards the warmer climates, 
 in size, frequency, and beauty ; and assume in the 
 Torrid Zone the character of Palms, in the Dragon- 
 tree. 
 
 8. The AroidetB begin in the cold climates (as in 
 Lapland), with the species Zostera and Calla ; gra- 
 dually passing over to the Torrid Zone, where the 
 Genera Draco7itium, Pathos, &c. are natives, and, 
 like the Orchidese of the Tropical regions, orna- 
 menting the stems of trees, as parasitical plants. 
 The fresh green of the Pothos-leaves corresponds 
 with the coloured flowers of the Orchidese. The 
 Sweet-smelling Rush (Acorus calamus L.), the Wake- 
 Robin (Arum maculatum), and the Ethiopian Arum 
 (Calla palustris), inhabit the middle of the Tempe- 
 rate Zone. 
 
 9. The Lilies, and Liliaceous plants, are common 
 to the Torrid, and to the warmer half of the Tempe- 
 rate Zone, where they in part prove arboreous ; as 
 
MONOCOTYLEDONES. 27 
 
 in the species of the Yucca Genus. They are remark- 
 able for their beautiful growth, lively green, and 
 large magnificent, bell-shaped flowers. Of this kind 
 are the Lilies (Lilia), and the Fritillaries (Fritilla- 
 ria), of which the Crown Imperial (F. imperialis) 
 ornaments our gardens ; and the Genus of superb 
 Lilies (G7orio.<M), Tulips (TitHpa), &c. Of those which 
 grow in a wild state, beyond the middle of the Tem- 
 perate Zone, are, the Wood-Tulip (T. sylvestris), the 
 Wood-Martagon (Lilium martagon), and the Fritil- 
 iaria mcleagris. The region which lies in the 54th 
 d-egree of Northern Latitude may be regarded as 
 the extreme point to which Liliaceous plants extend. 
 10. The Order of Daffodils (Narcissi) spreads 
 from the Torrid Zone, over great part of the Tempe- 
 rate, without entering into the Frigid. The Snow- 
 drop (Galanthus nivalis), and the greater Snow-drop 
 (Leitcojum vertmm), grow nearest to the Alpine 
 tracts. The Asphodel Lily (Crinum), the African- 
 blue Lily (Agapanthus), the Mountain- Saffron (Bui- 
 bocodium), the Sea- Daffodil (Pancratium), and the 
 Lily-Daffodil (Amaryllis), are natives of warmer- 
 countries. Several kinds of Daffodils are common 
 to the colder part of the Temperate Zone. Their 
 correspondent line on the Picture is drawn as far as 
 the 60th degree of North Latitude. 
 
28 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 11. Of the Order of Flower- de- Luce (Irides), the 
 common one (Iris pseudacorus) is a native of Lap- 
 land ; and some species of the Saffron Genus (Cro- 
 cus) are inhabitants of lofty mountains. The Corn- 
 Flag (Gladiolus communis) occurs in the middle of 
 the Temperate Zone. But most species, and the 
 handsomest of the kind, become common in those 
 regions which lie in the 30th degree of latitude, 
 passing from hence into the Warm Zone. This is 
 the case especially, with the Genus Ixia, Morcea, 
 Antholyza, Wachendorfia, Dilatris. 
 
 12. The Hydrocharides are natives of the Tempe- 
 rate Zone. But the Water-Lilies (Nymphcea alba 
 and lutea), which are of this Order, occur also in 
 Lapland. 
 
 13. The Rushes (Junci) first display themselves in 
 flowers without colour, and in the shape of Grasses, 
 in the neighbourhood of the snow line. They bear 
 coloured flowers in the Water-Plantain (Alisma), and 
 the Flowering-Rush (Butomus) : in which manner 
 they pass into the Torrid Zone, of which place the 
 greater number and finer sorts are natives; for 
 instance, the Commelinas. 
 
 14. The Order of the Cyperoidete is closely related 
 to the Grasses. They all bear a strong resemblance, 
 in their growth and flowers, to the Grasses ; among 
 
DICOTYLEDONES. 29 
 
 which they are found in great abundance, in marshy 
 places. Their native country closes with that of the 
 Grasses : the most beautiful species, however, (for in- 
 stance, the Cyperus,) are peculiar to warm countries. 
 
 OF THE DICOTYLEDONES. 
 
 The Dicotyledones consist of herbs, shrubs, under- 
 shrubs, and trees. In the vicinity of the snow-line, 
 nothing but herbaceous plants are found ; to which 
 succeed shrubs and dwarf trees. Their number and 
 size increase in the Temperate Zone. In the warmer 
 climates they form impenetrable forests. " Trees," 
 says Humboldt, " twice the^ size of our Oaks, are 
 adorned with blossoms as large and magnificent as 
 the Lilies of the Temperate Zone." 
 
 It was impossible, in the construction of the Pic- 
 ture, to represent all the Orders of Dicotyledones : 
 those only have been selected which are able to 
 throw some light on their extension. 
 
 1. Of all Dicotyledones, Species of the Saxifrage 
 (Saxifragefe) occur more frequently, and in greater 
 number on the snow-line : for instance, in Lapland, 
 according to Wahlenberg, Saxifraga stellaris, rivu- 
 laris, and oppositifolia. In Tyrol, from observation 
 made by Count Sternberg, Saxifraga burseriana, 
 and bryo'ides. In Switzerland, Saxifraga aspera and 
 
30 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 hryo'ides. Thence they extend, as herbaceous plants, 
 towards the Temperate Zone, without being- pecu- 
 liar to the Warmer one. Some shrubs and trees, 
 however, in warmer countries, especially the Hy- 
 drangea and Weinmannia, point out some affinity to 
 the Saxifrages. 
 
 2. The Order of CaryophyllecB is, in general, pe- 
 culiar to the Cold and Temperate Zones. The ex- 
 terior structure of these plants resembles that of the 
 grasses. The stalk bears knots, like that of grasses ; 
 out of which leaves, opposite in pairs, put forth, 
 which are confluent round the stalk. Silene acavlis. 
 Cerastium alpiiium, Lychnis alpina, Arenaria ciliata, 
 Alsine rubella and biflora, grow partly in the snow- 
 line, and partly in its vicinity : they spread over 
 greater part of the Temperate Zone, and are chiefly 
 herbaceous plants. 
 
 3. The Order of Gentian (Gentianecz) belongs 
 likewise to the Cold and Temperate Zones, and 
 commences at the snow-line, with the G. glacialis, 
 G. nivalis, G. tenella. It gradually increases in re- 
 gard to number and size, passing from the cold to 
 warmer climates. 
 
 4. The Order of Rammcidaceae consists, in a great 
 degree, of herbaceous plants, inhabiting principally 
 the countries of the Cold and Temperate Zone ; be- 
 
DICOTYLEDONES, 31 
 
 ginning near the snow-line in Lapland, with Ranun- 
 culus glacialis and nivalis, and attaining its greatest 
 degree of perfection in the Temperate Zone. 
 
 5. The same holds good in the Order Pediculares, 
 some plants of which, occur even in the snowy 
 plains ; namely, Pedicularis hirsuta and flammea, 
 in Lapland ; Pedicularis lapponica and Veronica 
 alpina, in Greenland ; Bartsia alpina, on the Alps. 
 
 6. The Order of Lysimachice consists chiefly of 
 herbaceous plants, belonging to the cold and Tem- 
 perate Zones. Several of this species grow on the 
 snowy plains, others in the vicinity ; as, Andro- 
 sace cham&jasma and carnea, Aretia alpina, Solda- 
 nella alpina, Primula viscosa andfarinosa, with many 
 others. 
 
 7. The Lipped-flowers (Labiates) spread to a great 
 extent, beginning at the snow-line or its vicinity, in 
 Alpine herbs ; viz. Ajuga alpina^ Scutellaria alpina, 
 &c. passing from thence from the Temperate to 
 the Torrid Zone, and increasing with regard to 
 their number, growth, and beauty of flowers. There 
 are, already, in one half of the Temperate Zone, some 
 shrubs of that Order ; for instance, the Rosemary 
 in Spain, and several kinds of sage. This Order is, 
 in general, more natural to the Temperate, than to 
 the Torrid Zone. 
 
32 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED -NATURE. 
 
 8. The Podded-plants (Cmciferte) include, in their 
 Order, all plants with four cross-shaped-petals, and 
 podded fruits : it begins in some herbs at the snow- 
 line ; namely, Arabis alpina and ccerulea, Cardamine 
 alpina, Draba hirta, Cochkaria groenlcmdica ; and 
 extends over the cold and greater part of the Tem- 
 perate Zone, without reaching that of the Torrid ; and 
 probably reaches its utmost perfection in the region 
 between the 50th and 60th of Northern Latitude. 
 
 9. The numerous Order of Leguminous plants 
 (JLeguminosai) begins near the snow-line, in some 
 mountain herbs, namely, Astragalus leontinus, alpi- 
 nus and montanus, Phaca alpina, &c. ; gradually in- 
 creases in size and beautiful growth, mimber of 
 individuals, species, and genera ; and proceeds from 
 the form of herbs into that of shrubs, and finally into 
 trees. It spreads, with a continually increasing- 
 abundance, over the Temperate and Warm Zones ; 
 becoming remarkable in the latter, from many tall 
 trees with winged leaves and beautiful blossoms. 
 Several of the Sensitive plants of this kind are par- 
 ticularly deserving of attention, from the irritability 
 of their leaves. Next to them, as chiefly remark- 
 able, are the Brosilettos, Locust tree, Mountain 
 Ebony, Three-horned Acacia, and Tamarinds. The 
 greater part of the alimentary herbs in the Temperate 
 
DICOTYLEDONES. 33 
 
 Zone are of this species ; as the different species of 
 Clover, Vetches, Peas, and Beans. Of the shrubs and 
 trees, are the Bladder-Senna (Colutea), Trefoil-tree 
 (Cytisus laburnum), and the False-Acacia (Robinia 
 pseudoacacia). 
 
 10. Plants with compound anthera (Syngenistes 
 Composites) spread over the whole earth ; com- 
 mencing in the vicinity of snow, with dwarfish plants 
 of herbaceous quality ; viz. the Sow-thistle (Sonchus 
 alpinus), Mountain Hawkweed (Hieraciumalpinum), 
 Mountain Sawwort (Serratula alpina), Mountain- 
 Cudweed (Gnaphalium alpinum), Groundsel (Eri- 
 geron uniflorum and alpinum), Coltsfoot (Tus- 
 sttago frigida), some species of Milfoil (Achillea 
 nana and atrata\ Mountain Wormwood (Artemisia 
 glacialis), and the Dandelion (Leontodon nivale). 
 These attain their greatest perfection in the Tempe- 
 rate Zone ; the plants being for the most part herba- 
 ceous, with a few shrubs. 
 
 11. The Umbellated plants (Umbellifera}, which 
 are related to the Syngenesia, commence at some 
 distance from the snow-line, in herbaceous plants ; 
 from thence spreading over the Temperate Zone to 
 the warmer climates, and increasing, in that direction, 
 in number, size, and beauty ; although the Temperate 
 Zone must be considered as their native country. 
 
 a 
 
34 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 Some are remarkable for affording volatile oil ; others, 
 for their poisonous qualities : for instance, the Fen- 
 nel, Cummin, Fennel-flower, Hemlock, Water-hem- 
 lock, and, in warmer countries, the Assafcetida (Fe- 
 rula assafoetida). Some are cultivated in gardens, 
 for their root ; as, the Parsnip, Carrot, and Water- 
 Parsnip (Slum sisarum). This Order does not ap- 
 pear to extend beyond the region in the 30th degree. 
 
 12. The Fig- Worts (ScrophnlariaB) are herbaceous 
 at some distance from the snow-line ; remain in the 
 same state in the Temperate Zone ; and become 
 shrubby in the Torrid. The plants, Antirrhinum, of 
 which the A. alpinum inhabits the Alps, the Scrophu- 
 laria, and the Digitalis, belong to this Order. 
 
 13. The Dwarf- rose-bays (Rhododendrd) begin in 
 herbaceous shrubs between the Alpine plants. Aza- 
 lea procumbens and lapponica, according to Wahlen- 
 berg, occur in some quantity in Lapland, at the- 
 height of 800 feet below the snow-line. They are 
 rather the natives of colder than of warmer climates. 
 The most beautiful species, however, are peculiar to 
 warm countries only. 
 
 14. The Order of Rose- like plants (Rosacece) con- 
 sists of a great number of herbs, shrubs, and trees, 
 and admits of several subdivisions. At some di- 
 stance from the snow line it commences with some few 
 
DICOTYLEDONES. 35 
 
 herbs ; as, the Dry as octopetala, Cinquefoil (Poten- 
 tilla nivea), and the common Strawberry (Fragaria 
 vesca). To these succeed, according to Wahlenberg, 
 at 3200 feet below the snow-line, some small shrubs : 
 for instance, in Lapland, the Raspberry (Rubus cha- 
 mcemorus), and the Rubus arcticus. Afterwards, 
 larger species of shrubs, and small and large trees, 
 are found. In the Temperate Zone, besides many 
 herbs and shrubs, all stone-fruits belong to this class. 
 15. Most of the Amentaceous plants (Amentacece) 
 consist of shrubs and trees : yet this Order begins 
 in the neighbourhood of the snow-line, in plants that 
 are partly herbaceous (Salix polaris and herbacea) ; 
 continuing from thence as far as the Tropics, in a 
 multifarious variety of under-shrubs and dwarf trees ; 
 and finally in the Torrid Zone, ending in trees. Salix 
 lanata and myrsinites, as well as the dwarf Birch- 
 tree (Betula nana), occur in Lapland, as far as 
 800 feet below the level of the snow-line, according to 
 WAHLENBERG. This Order contains most of the 
 shrubs and trees of the Cold and Warm Zones ; as, 
 the Willows, Poplars, Birch, Hazel, Beech, Elms, 
 Oaks, and Alders. As the frondiferous forests of the 
 Temperate Zone chiefly consist of plants of this 
 Order, the region from the 60th to the 40th degree 
 N.L. may be regarded as their native country. They 
 
36 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 all blossom in the spring ; and some of them, for 
 instance the Hazle, Alder, Willow, and Birch-trees, 
 very early. Among these, the Willow is most diffused ; 
 beginning at the snow-line, to the level plains of the 
 Equatorial region. 
 
 16. The Order of Coniferous plants (Coniftrce) is 
 closely allied to the Amentaceae. It begins at the 
 same distance from the snow-line; partly in the com- 
 mon Juniper (Juniperus communis) ; partly on moun- 
 tains, in the Dwarf- Pine (Pinus pumilio), which is 
 only a species of the common Fir, gradually becom- 
 ing tall trees and forming large forests. In the warm 
 countries, instead of these, the Casuarines (Casua- 
 rina) occur. The region which coincides with the 
 50th degree N.L. may be regarded as the native 
 country of this Order. 
 
 17. The Order of the Caprifolia commences at 
 some distance from the snow-line, in herbaceous and 
 shrubby individuals (Cornus suecica, Linnea borealis) 
 soon turning into shrubs and trees ; extending through 
 the Temperate to the Torrid Zone, where they, 
 chiefly with the Rizophora Mangle, form large groups 
 of trees. In the Temperate Zone, the following- 
 Genera of this Order occur : the Honeysuckle (Loni- 
 cera) y Elder-tree (Sambucus), pliant Mealy-tree (Vi- 
 burnum), and Dog. Wood or Cherry (Cornus). The 
 
DICOTYLEDONES. 37 
 
 region between the 60th and 40th degree of Latitude 
 is most abundant in plants of this Order. 
 
 18. The Order of Borage (Boraginece) extends 
 from the limit of snow to the Torrid Zone. It ap- 
 pears first in the neighbourhood of the Alpine snows, 
 in single herbaceous plants ; as in the Perennial 
 Mouse- ear (Myosotis perennis) ; and continues, for 
 the most part, in the same state in the Temperate 
 Zone, especially the Genera of the Mouse-ear (Myo- 
 sotis), Hound's-tongue (Cynoglossum), Bugloss (An- 
 chusci), Lungwort (Pulmonariti), Wryneck (Lycopsis), 
 Borage (Borago\ small Wild Bugloss (Asperugo), 
 Comfrey (Sympkytum), Viper's Bugloss (Echium), 
 Gromwell (Lithospermum), and Turnsole (Heliotro- 
 piu?n.) In the warm countries, shrubby and arbo- 
 reous plants are related to this Order. The middle 
 of the Temperate Zones may be considered as their 
 
 native country. 
 
 19. The Order of the Onagr<z begins in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the snow-line, with herbaceous plants ; 
 and continues, for the most part, in that quality in 
 the Temperate Zone ; but in the warm countries 
 it contains several shrubs and trees. On the Alps are 
 found of this Order, the Mountain-Enchanter's Night- 
 shade (Circcea alpina), and the Mountain- Willow-herb 
 (Epilobium alpinum) ; in the Temperate Zone, the 
 
38 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 species of Willow-herb (Epilobium), the Primrose- 
 tree (CEnothera), the Enchanter's Nightshade (Circcea): 
 and in warm countries, the Sanders (Santaluiri) , &c. 
 The native country of this Order is in the region of 
 the 40th degree N.L. 
 
 20. The Order of the Heaths (Erz'ctf) displays 
 itself, in the vicinity of the snow-line, in some herba- 
 ceous plants ; as, Andromeda tetragona and hyp- 
 no'ides, and Empetrum nigrum. Large districts of the 
 old world are covered with the Common Heath 
 (Erica vulgaris): it increases towards the warmer 
 countries, in variety, size, and beauty. Humboldt 
 found the most luxuriant Heaths in the African 
 Islands, on the declivity of the Peak of Teyde. In 
 the Southern Hemisphere, many Heaths grow in the 
 neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 21. The Order of Gerania begins at some distance 
 from the snow-line; namely, Geraniumsylvaticum,'m 
 Lapland ; reaching a higher degree of perfection in 
 warm countries, and finally displaying itself in the 
 Pelargoniums, which are herbaceous and 'shrubby in 
 warmer parts of the Temperate Zone, and occur in 
 vast numbers. The extension of these plants coin- 
 cides with that of the Heaths. 
 
 22. The Order of Madder (RubiacecR) appears some 
 degrees on this side of the snow-line, in several herbs 
 
DICOTYLEDONES. 33 
 
 with star-shaped flowers ; as the Ladies' Bed- straw 
 (Galium boreale), the Wood-roft' (Aspemla), &c. In 
 the greater part of the Temperate Zone they are 
 herbaceous ; but in the warmer part grow into shrubs 
 and trees, which last pass over into the Torrid Zone. 
 Of such are the China-trees, on the left declivity of 
 the Andes ; and in the warmer countries, the Coffee- 
 tree, and other plants. 
 
 23. The Order of the Mallows (Malvacea) is in its 
 greatest luxuriance and number in the Torrid Zone, 
 where large trees grow with short stems of great cir- 
 cumference and magnificent flowers. The Monkies- 
 B read tree (Adansonia digitata) has a stem of 12 feet 
 high and 30 in diameter. The Order of Mallows 
 spread, in shrubby and herbaceous plants, from the 
 Torrid through the warmer part of the Temperate 
 Zone; ending finally in herbaceous plants, as the 
 Sida pichinchensis, in the Andes ; and in the middle 
 'of Europe several herbaceous Mallows and Lava- 
 teras. 
 
 24. The Order of the Nightshade (Solane.ce) is 
 particularly common in the Torrid and Temperate 
 Zones, containing in warmer climates several shrubs; 
 in the Temperate, only a few under-shrubs, but for 
 the most part herbs, many of which are poisonous ; 
 iis, the Henbane (Hyoscyamus), the Thorn apple (Da-, 
 
40 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 turd), the Deadly Nightshade (Atropa), the Tobacco 
 (Nicotiana), the poisonous Nightshade (Solanum 
 nigrum) ; together with some kinds which bear bulbs 
 on the roots, as the Potatoe (Solatium tuberosum). 
 
 25. The Bindweed (Convolvuli) commences in the 
 vicinity of the snow-line, in the herbaceous form ; as 
 in the Diapensia lapponica, which occcurs inLapland 
 100 feet below the snow-line ; continues herbaceous 
 in the Temperate countries : and finally ends in the 
 warm climates in shrubs, although some herbs are 
 still found. 
 
 26. The Order of the Urticee begins at some di- 
 stance from the line of perpetual snow 5 viz. on the 
 plains of Lapland, with the common Nettles (Urtica 
 urens and dioica) ; and becomes shrubby and arbo- 
 reous in the Temperate Zone, passing into the Torrid 
 Zone in that quality. Of this kind are, the Mul- 
 berry-tree (Morus), the Fig-tree (Ficus), and, in the 
 Torrid Zone, the Trumpet-tree (Cecropia), and the 
 Bread-Fruit-tree (Artocarpus), &c. 
 
 27. The Order of the Gourds (Cucurbitacea) be- 
 gins, in the herbaceous shape, in the species of the 
 Bryonies (Bryonia), in the region which lies in the 
 58th degree of N.L. It spreads from the Temperate, 
 with increasing perfection, into the Torrid Zone ; and 
 contains in the Passion-Flowers (Passiflora\ on the 
 
DICOTYLEDONES. 41 
 
 boundary of the Warm Zone, several herbaceous and 
 arboreous plants ; to which are joined several trees 
 in the Torrid Zone. 
 
 "28. Of a similar extension are the plants with 
 Whirled Flowers (ApocynecB) ; as, the Periwinkle 
 (Vinca), and the Swallow Wort (Asdepias). 
 
 29. The Order of (Papaveracece} spreads over the 
 Temperate Zone. It commences, in the region which 
 lies in the 86th degree N.L., with the small herbs of 
 the Fumitory-plants (Fumaria\ gradually becoming 
 handsomer and herbaceous, as the Celadine (Cheli- 
 donium) and Poppy (Papaver) ; finally becoming 
 shrubby in the Bocconia. 
 
 30. The Order of the Guajacancs is a native of 
 the Torrid Zone, but passes over into the conti- 
 guous parts of the Temperate Zone, nearly as far as 
 the 42d degree N.L. The Genus of Storax (Styrax) 
 belongs to the latter. 
 
 31. The Order of Jasmines consists of shrubs and 
 trees, which are dispersed over the Temperate to- 
 wards the Warm Zone. Individuals of this class 
 are, the Privet (Ligustrwn), the Lilac (Syringd), the 
 Ash (Fraxinus), and the common Jasmin (Jasmi- 
 nuni) ; of which the Privet penetrates furthest into 
 the colder half of the Temperate Zone. 
 
 32. The Cacti are almost exclusively natives of the 
 
4*2 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 Warm Zone ; nor do they spread further than the 
 contiguous parts of the Temperate. 
 
 33. The Order of the Bay- trees (Lauri) spreads 
 from the Torrid to the middle of the Temperate Zone, 
 where it ends in the Bay-tree. In the Torrid Zone 
 the Nutmeg-tree is of this Order. 
 
 34. The Myrti are diffused over the Torrid Zone, 
 and the greater part of the Temperate. Of this Or- 
 der, the Mock Orange (Philadelphus) is found in the 
 Temperate Zone, as far as the 55th degree N. L. This 
 Order in the Torrid Zone consists of many general 
 Species and individuals; among which is the Clove- 
 tree. 
 
 35. The Order of the Soap-Berries (Sapindi) con- 
 sists, for the most part, of shrubs and trees, which 
 are natives of the Torrid Zone ; whence they spread 
 to the contiguous part of the Temperate. 
 
 36. The American-Gooseberries (Melastoma) are 
 likewise natives of the Tropical regions, and for the 
 most part arboreous. 
 
 37. The Order of Bead-trees (Melice) contains 
 many kinds of arboreous and shrubby plants ; which, 
 for the most part, are natives of Warm and Torrid 
 climates. 
 
 38. The Guttiferce are natives of the Torrid Zone. 
 
 39. The Aurantia are either shrubby or arboreous ; 
 
DICOTYLEDONES. 43 
 
 spreading from the Warm to the contiguous parts of 
 the Temperate Zone, and ending in about the 45th de- 
 gree of Latitude. The Citron-tree (Citrus), Lemon -tree 
 (Limonia), and the Tea-tree (Thea), are of this Order. 
 40. The Order of the Fig-Marygolds (Ficoideat) 
 is diffused over the Torrid, and warmer parts of the 
 Temperate Zone, nearly as far as 45 Latitude. It 
 contains a great number of succulent plants of 
 herbaceous and shrubby quality; of which several 
 species of the Fig-Marygold (Mesembryanthemum) 
 are met with in the green-houses of the Temperate 
 climate. 
 
 OF ORDERS NOT DESCRIBED IN THE PICTURE. 
 
 1. That of the Birthwort (AristolochicB), a native 
 of the Torrid Zone. In the colder half of the Tem- 
 perate Zone, this Order has but few herbaceous 
 specimens ; as the Asarabacca (Asarum), and the 
 Aristolochia clematitis. 
 
 2. The Order of the Wild-Olives (El&agni) begins 
 in the district of the Alps, in a few herbs ; namely, 
 the Bastard toadflax (Thesium alpinum), gradually 
 becoming shrubs and small trees ; and in Ihe forest 
 of the Torrid Zone, trees of a large size. In the 
 Temperate Zone, the Sea-Buckthorn (Hippophad), 
 and the Oleaster (Elceag?ius), are of this class. 
 
44 
 
 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 3. The Order of Knot- Grasses (Polygoneee) com- 
 prehends herbs of various size, which commence with 
 the snow-line, as the Rumex digynus in Lapland : 
 they, for the most part, inhabit the Temperate Zone ; 
 yet become remarkable in warm countries for their 
 growth and medicinal qualities, and in part becom- 
 ing shrubby. Of that kind are the Genera of the 
 Dock (Rumex), the Rhubarb (Rheum), the Knot- 
 Grass (Polygonum). These plants resemble, in some 
 properties, the Monocotyledones, from their leaves 
 shooting out of the sheaths, and the flowers of many 
 of them unfolding 1 themselves in proportion to the 
 number Three. The Buck-wheat (Polygonum fago- 
 pyrum) is made use of for corn. 
 
 4. The Order of Oraches (Atriplices) consists, for 
 the greater part, of herbs and a few shrubs ; chiefly 
 inhabiting the Temperate Zone, but extending also to 
 the Torrid. The Glasswort (Salsola and Salicornia) 
 belong to the latter, inhabiting the coasts and salt- 
 marshes : some of them are used as pot-herbs ; as, 
 the Spinage (Spinacia), the Beet (Beta), the Orache 
 (Atripleoc), the Blite (Blitum), and a kind of Goose- 
 foot (Chenopodium). 
 
 5. The Amaranthi are herbaceous plants, and flou- 
 rish in Temperate climates ; nor are they numerous. 
 Of this Genus, are the Rupture-wort (Herniaria), 
 
DICOTYLEDONES. 45 
 
 the Mountain-knot-grass (Illecebrum), the Amaran- 
 thus, and the Coxcomb (Celosia). 
 
 6. Most plants of the Order Fitices inhabit warm 
 countries. It consists, for the most part, of shrubs, 
 and but few herbs ; of which the Vervain (Verbena 
 officinalis), in the Temperate Zone, extends nearest 
 to the cold countries. 
 
 7. The plants of the Order Bignonife, in the Warm 
 Zone, and the warmer half of the Temperate, con- 
 sist of shrubs, under- shrubs, and trees; the latter 
 of which are peculiar to the warm countries. 
 
 8. The Order of the Sapota contains shrubs, un- 
 der-shrubs, and trees ; which chiefly grow in warm 
 climates. 
 
 9. The Order of the Bell-flowers (Campanulacece), 
 to which the Horned Rampions (Phyteuma), the 
 Sheep's-Scabrous (Jasio?ic), and the Cardinal-flower 
 (Lobelia) are to be reckoned, begins in the vicinity of 
 the snow-line, as the Campanula uniflora in Lapland, 
 and extends over the Temperate Zone. The hand- 
 somer species are met with only in warmer countries. 
 It consists only of herbs and a few shrubs. 
 
 10. The Order of the Scabiouses (Dipsacetz] spreads, 
 as herbaceous plants, over the Temperate and Warm 
 Zones. 
 
 11. The Order of the Caper-bushes (Capparides), 
 
16 
 
 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 in the Warm and the contiguous part of the Tempe- 
 rate Zone, consists of trees, shrubs, and herbs. 
 
 12. The Order of Barberry-plants (Berberides) be- 
 gins, in the form of herbs, in the colder tracts of the 
 Temperate Zone (Epimedium alpinum); proceeding- 
 afterwards into shrubs which inhabit the Temperate 
 Zones. 
 
 13. The Order of the Rutacea is herbaceous and 
 shrubby, and grows from the middle of the Temperate 
 towards the Warm Zone. Of this kind are the 
 Rue (Ruta), and the Dictany (Dictamnus). 
 
 14. The Order of the Portulacece consists of herbs 
 and shrubs ; which, beginning in the colder portion 
 of the Temperate Zone, extend towards the Torrid. 
 
 15. The Order of the Water-Willows (Salicaria] is 
 closely related to that of the rose-flowered plants; 
 and consists of herbs and shrubs, which are pecu- 
 liar to the Temperate and Warm Zones. It begins, 
 in some herbs, in the colder parts of the globe; as, 
 Glaux maritima, Peplis portula, Lythrum salicaria. 
 
 16. The Order of the Terebintaceee is nearly allied 
 to that of the leguminous plants. Its fruits have 
 stones ; and the pair of shells, wherein the stone lies, 
 resembles the pair of valves in the leguminous plants : 
 the relation to which appears, moreover, from their 
 consisting of many plants and trees ; which are, espe- 
 
SPREADING OF ANIMALS. 
 
 47 
 
 cially with regard to the handsomer species, peculiar 
 to the Torrid Zone. They extend over the greater 
 part of the Temperate Zone. 
 
 17. The Order of the Rhamni consists of shrubs 
 and trees, which extend from the warnixj" climates 
 over a large portion of the Temperate Zone ; parti- 
 cularly in the species of the Buckthorn (Rhamnus), 
 and some species of the Spindle-tree (Euonymus), 
 Bladder-Nut (Staphylea), and Holly (Ilex). 
 
 18. The Order of the Euphorbia is particularly 
 common to warm countries in several trees and 
 shrubs ; from whence it extends, in the form of herbs, 
 over the greater part of the Temperate Zone. Be- 
 sides the Euphorbium, there are the Box-tree (Buxus), 
 and the Castor-oil Plant (Ricinus) . 
 
 OF THE SPREADING OF ANIMALS. 
 
 Every Plant adheres to the ground, where it grows 
 either immediately, or, as a parasitical one, mediately: 
 and every class of plants is peculiar to a certain 
 soil, as well as to a certain climate. The Animals, 
 on the contrary, are not bound to the globe ; they 
 arbitrarily change the country they inhabit the more 
 they approach man with regard to gradual perfection. 
 Man, only, extends himself over the whole of the 
 
48 PICTURE OP ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 Zones: he boldly passes beyond the limit of eternal 
 snow, prying into the structure of Nature in regions 
 which are elevated above the common limits of terres- 
 trial life; and boldly, and at his pleasure, descends into 
 the earth, creating in its eternal darkness a new life. 
 Next to him, in rank, in partaking of life, are the Mam- 
 malia, Birds, Amphibia, Fishes, Molluscae, Insects, 
 Worms, Zoophytes; and even the minute Animalcules, 
 which, during the summer, grow in every water to an 
 infinite number, and are called animals of infusion. 
 Still, a certain portion of our globe is appointed to 
 each class, genus, and particularly to each species of 
 animals; and, there only, displays itself in the parti- 
 cular property of each species. Water-breathing ani- 
 mals inhabit water ; air-breathing animals, the air ; 
 either being in it, on the earth, or at some distance 
 from the earth. But few animals, namely, the Marine 
 Mammalia, live under water, and breath atmospheric 
 air. 
 
 The native country of each animal is situated in a 
 certain position wiih regard to the limit of organic 
 life, as well as to the level plains of the Torrid Zone. 
 Every species of animals lives within certain limits, 
 which are parallel to the snow- line, and the centre 
 of organic life under the Equator. The corporeal 
 and spiritual disposition of every animal is closely 
 
SPREADING OF ANIMALS. 49 
 
 connected with the respective position of the tract it 
 inhabits ; nor can a sufficient knowledge of an ani-? 
 mal's condition be learned, unless it be considered in 
 its own peculiar and natural situation. The Polar 
 Bear lives only on and between the frozen plains of 
 the North Pole ; the Lion, only in Africa's burning 
 deserts. The inhabitants of the snow-line, between 
 the Tropics, never descend to the warm level ; nor 
 do those of the level ascend to the snow-line: each 
 altitude having its peculiar animals. 
 
 The Mammalia remain always in their native 
 country, during the whole year; but Birds are sub- 
 jected to the change of seasons. They, for the most 
 part, keep at a certain distance from the snow line; 
 and in the Northern Hemisphere, accordingly mi- 
 grate, at the fall of the year, southward ; following 
 the apparent motion of the sun, and flying from 
 the approaching fall of snow ; but they return in the 
 spring as fast as the receding snow-line will permit 
 Subjected to the caprice of nature, their dwelling- 
 place is much limited ; although the very same spe- 
 cies seem to extend over immense districts. A well- 
 informed Naturalist ought not to leave those circum- 
 stances unattended to which are essential to the 
 existence of life on earth ; that is, to Physiology. 
 Nor does Natural History answer its purpose, when 
 c 
 
50 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 furnishing either insufficient, or, what is much worse, 
 incorrect explanations. 
 
 The native country of the more perfect animals is 
 better known than that of many Genera of plants. 
 Yet most Naturalists have hitherto paid but little 
 regard to the altitude at which animals live above 
 the level of the sea. Zimmermann himself has left 
 this circumstance quite unattended to, in his excel- 
 lent work on the Spread of Animals over the Earth. 
 In his Map, accordingly, the Names of Mammalia 
 of every Country appear in warm climates, and at 
 the same latitude, without distinction j the inha- 
 bitants of the snow-line being confused with those of 
 the Torrid Zone. To the Financier, who calculates 
 only on what may be made of these animals for the 
 use of man, this may be convenient ; but the able 
 Naturalist, as well as the Man of Letters, must 
 startle when he sees creatures jumbled together which 
 nature has designed to be for ever asunder. This, 
 perhaps, is convenient for those who look only at 
 the utility which can be made of animals for the 
 human body. But the diligent Naturalist, as well 
 as the Poet, cannot but be struck with the inconsis- 
 tency of seeing such creatures associated as are eter- 
 nally separated by nature. Humboldt is the only 
 one who (in his Natural Picture of the Tropical 
 
SPREADING OF THE MAMMALIA. 51 
 
 World) has placed the animals of that part of the 
 earth conformably to the different altitudes at which 
 they live above the level of the sea : but the true 
 native country of other animals, which he has not 
 enumerated, can be inferred only from properties 
 observable in each individual. 
 
 SPREADING OF THE MAMMALIA. 
 
 The Marine Mammalia are met with in all the 
 Seas of the world ; yet they are, more generally, 
 natives of the Polar Seas ; where they are found in 
 much greater numbers than the Quadruped Mam- 
 malia, in the vicinity of the snow-line, on dry land. 
 Mammalia which are furnished with hands, such as 
 Apes and Monkeys, belong to warm climates, spread- 
 ing from the Torrid Zone over a small part of the 
 Temperate Zone. The Quadruped Mammalia in- 
 habit the main land, each within certain limits, from 
 the snow-line to the Torrid Zone. 
 
 Of the MAMMALIA of the SEAS : 
 1. The Whale (Balcena) is peculiar to the icebergs 
 and plains of the Frozen Sea, and extends much be- 
 yond the 80th degree of latitude. Individuals of 
 this Genus are more seldom found in the Temperate 
 and Warm Zones ; although they are diffused in the 
 c2 
 
52 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 seas of all parts of the world. They swim with such 
 rapidity, that Lacepede compares their velocity to 
 that of sound. 
 
 2. The Genus of the Spermaceti Whale (Physeter) 
 chiefly inhabits the seas of the Southern Hemisphere, 
 between the icebergs ; but it is also found in the 
 seas of all climates. 
 
 3. The Unicorn Fish (Monodo?i) inhabits the same 
 seas as the Whale, but is rarely to be met with in 
 the middle of the Temperate Zone. 
 
 4. The Dolphin (Delphinus) is found in all seas, 
 but particularly in the Polar Seas. 
 
 5. The Walrus (Trichecus) inhabits, in the greatest 
 number, the seas of Spitzbergen, Greenland, Nova 
 Zembla, Kamtchatka, &c., and similar regions in the 
 Southern Hemisphere. It has sometimes happened 
 that, in the vicinity of the 75th degree N.L., more than 
 eight hundred Walrusses have been killed in seven 
 hours. Species of this Genus, but not in great num- 
 bers, are met with in the Temperate and Warm Zones. 
 
 6. The Seal (Phoca) does not seem to extend so 
 far between the icebergs of the Polar Seas as the 
 Whale : some species of it, however, are found in 
 both Hemispheres, in great numbers, in the Polar 
 Seas, and also in the Temperate and Warm Zones. 
 About Greenland, according to Crantz, there are five 
 
SPREADING OF THE MAMMALIA. 53 
 
 species of Seals ; and Forster met with many Sea- 
 Lions and Sea-Bears ' in the Frozen Seas of the 
 Southern Hemisphere. 
 
 RUMINATING ANIMALS, according to their nature, 
 are common to those parts of the earth of which 
 the Grasses are native ; from whence they spread, 
 in every direction, over the other tracts of the main 
 land. 
 
 7. The Hart (Cervus) extends, in its various spe- 
 cies, from the snow-line to the Torrid Zone. The 
 Rein-Deer (Cej-vus tarandus), which belong to that 
 Genus, are met with as far beyond the snow-line 
 as Lichens are found growing on the snowy plains. 
 They are the only ruminating animals in Greenland, 
 Spitzbergen, and Nova Zembla; and form, when 
 domesticated, the riches of those Laplanders, who, 
 in their nomade state, frequently possess numerous 
 herds of them. After these, comes the Elk (Cervus 
 alces) ; and, in the Old World, the common Hart, the 
 Roe, and the Follow Deer. Large Harts live in the 
 grassy tracts of the Andes ; and the Mexican Roe, 
 according to Humboldt, is met with in the region 
 of the Palms and Plantain-trees. 
 
 8. The Camel (Camelus) inhabits, according to 
 Humboldt, the grassy plains of the Andes. Flocks 
 
54 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 of Vicunas, Alpacas, and Huanacos, swarm on the 
 grassy plains ; in fact, up to the snow-line. The larger 
 Lamas inhabit a lower region : and the two species 
 of Camels of the Old World, which are the largest, 
 are, in a wild state, peculiar to the warmer half of the 
 Temperate Zone, and from thence spread to the Warm 
 Zone. They are met with, as domestic animals, 
 according to Gmelin, as far as the 56th degree of N.L. 
 The native country of these animals is, according to 
 such circumstances, and on account of the spreading 
 of several species, the region of the Grasses. 
 
 9. The Ox Tribe (Bos) does not extend, in its 
 various species, so far towards the snow-line as that 
 of the Harts and Camels. Most species are found 
 in vast numbers in the middle of the Temperate 
 Zone, and thrive best in grassy marsh-lands. This 
 remark particularly holds good in the common Ox 
 and Buffalo tribes. In Europe, the common Ox 
 tribes are found in Iceland, as domestic animals, 
 beyond the 60th degree of latitude ; but they there 
 decrease, both in size and beauty. Greenland and 
 Kamtchatka are without such animals. In Asia, the 
 Grunting Ox inhabits the warmer half of the Tempe- 
 rate Zone. The Musk-Ox, in North America, ex- 
 tends, of all the species of this Order, farthest towards 
 the snow-line 5 being plentiful in Hudson's Bay, in 
 
SPREADING OF THE MAMMALIA. 55 
 
 the 73d degree. The American Buffalo is met with 
 in the warmer part of North America. Buffaloes are 
 found, in great numbers, in the warmer countries of 
 the Temperate and Warm Zones : they, however, 
 prefer shadowy forests, are fond of wallowing in 
 marshes, and prosper, in temperate countries, equal 
 to domestic animals : they therefore are not exclu- 
 sively natives of the Torrid Zone. Agreeably to 
 these observations, the region within the 40th and 
 45th degree of Northern Latitude has been repre- 
 sented as the native country of these animals. 
 
 10. The Genera of Sheep and Goats (Ovis & Copra) 
 also extend, in some species, up to the snow-line. The 
 Wild Sheep (Ovis Ammori) inhabit the lofty moun- 
 tains of Greece, Sardinia, and Barbary ; the Argali, 
 according to Gmelin, the mountains of Siberia, from 
 Irtisch to Kamtchatka ; the Caucasian Goat, the 
 Caucasus. The Ibex lives in the highest snowy 
 mountains of Salzburg and the Pyrennees ; and, 
 according to Brown, in Jamaica. The astonishing 
 agility which these animals display in climbing, 
 indicates the regions to which they belong. The 
 common Sheep occurs, as a domestic animal, on the 
 shores of the Senegal, and in Iceland; but, accord- 
 ing to Cranz, does not thrive in Greenland. The 
 African Sheep (Ovis Guineensis) inhabits the tracts 
 
56 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 of Lybia and the Senegal, but casts off its wool. 
 The spread of these genera extends, of course, as 
 far as the warm climates ; but their native country, 
 in their wild state, is the colder half of the Tem- 
 perate Zone. 
 
 11. The Antelope (Antilope} is met with, in the 
 greatest numbers, in the warmer half of the Tem- 
 perate Zone; but extends as far as the Warm Zone : 
 they approach very near to the snow-line, but do not 
 reach it. Of these, the Chamois (Antilope rupicapra) 
 inhabits the Alps ; but descends, like the migratory 
 birds, during the winter months, towards the dwellings 
 of man : the Antilope Scythica migrates in a similar 
 manner. In the Torrid Zone are the Gazelles: they 
 are, principally, inhabitants of forests. 
 
 12. The Musk (Moschus) inhabits, for the most 
 part, the lofty mountains of the Temperate Zone : for 
 instance, the common Musk is to be found in China 
 and Thibet. In those countries they nearly reach the 
 snow-line ; though some species, as the Pigmy Musk 
 {Moschus pygmceus), extend to warm countries. The 
 native country of these animals appears, therefore, to 
 coincide with the plain level in the 50th degree N.L. ; 
 from whence they extend to the grassy regions on 
 one side, and to the warm countries on the other. 
 
 13. The Horse (Equus) is common to the Tempe- 
 
SPREADING OF THE MAMMALIA. 57 
 
 rate and Warm countries. The Wild Horse (E. ca- 
 ballusferus) lives in the Deserts of Arabia, and in 
 Java. The species of those Horses which, after 
 being domesticated, have become wild, are to be met 
 with in Russia, as far as the 52d or 53d degree N.L. 
 The Wild Ass, the Zebra, and the Quagge inhabit 
 warm countries only. Of all these species, the 
 Cloven-Footed Horse (E. bisulcus) in Chili, and our 
 common one, live only as domesticated animals to- 
 ward the Frigid Zone. There are Horses in Iceland 
 of a small size ; but not any in Greenland, Kaint- 
 chatka, or Lapland. The district which, in the 
 level, coincides with the 66 N.L., is accordingly to be 
 regarded as a limit to the spreading of this Genus. 
 
 The Order of CARNIVOROUS ANIMALS (Fera), al- 
 though extending over all the Zones, yet displays its 
 most horrible nature to the greatest extent under the 
 scorching sunbeams of the Torrid Zone. 
 
 14. The Dog (Canis) spreads from the limit of 
 perpetual snow to the Torrid Zone; in such a 
 manner, that species of it occur in every degree of 
 latitude, in both Hemispheres : but the most nume- 
 rous and various kinds are natives of colder cli- 
 mates. The common Dog everywhere follows man. 
 The Wo T f (C. lupus), and the common Fox (C. vulpes), 
 
 c3 
 
58 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 are peculiar to the Temperate and Cold Zones. 
 The Black Fox (C. niger), the Cross Fox (C. cruci- 
 ger), and the Corsac (C. corsac), belong- to cold coun- 
 tries. The Arctic Fox (C. lagopus) is numerous in 
 Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla, on the Frozen Sea, and 
 in Greenland ; and lives beyond the limit of snow, in 
 company with the Rein Deer and White Bear. The 
 southern Arctic Fox (C. antarticus) is found in the 
 Southern Hemisphere. The Jackall (C. aureus), and 
 Hyenas, inhabit the Torrid Zone, and the conti- 
 guous parts of the Temperate. The former live in 
 vast flocks in Syria, Persia, Arabia, Hindoostan, 
 Bengal, Algiers, and Egypt. 
 
 15. The Bear (Ursus) is a native of the Cold and 
 contiguous half of the Temperate Zone. The fiercest 
 and largest of this Genus inhabit Spitzbergen, Nova 
 Zembla, Greenland, the Icy Sea, and the Icy Plains 
 of the Northern Polar Sea. The Glutton (U. 
 gulo), and the Wolverene (U. luscus), live in the 
 region of the 70th degree N.L. The former is met 
 with in Lapland, according to Wahlenberg, 1500 feet 
 below the snow-line. The Brown Bear (U. arctos), 
 as well as the Black Bear in North America, inhabit 
 the northern countries, or the lofty mountains of the 
 more southern. In America, Bears are met with in 
 the neighbourhood of the snow-line. Of all Bears, the 
 
SPREADING OF THE MAMMALIA. 50 
 
 Grey in China, and the Small Bear with white fore- 
 head on the range of the Andes, spreads, according 
 to Humboldt, nearest to countries of a warm climate. 
 In America is to be found the Racoon (U. lotor), 
 also a native of warm countries ; yet, as it is found in 
 the 43d degree N.L., a region much colder than any 
 European region in the same degree, it seems by 
 no means to belong to warm countries, and pro- 
 bably inhabits mountains. We may therefore re- 
 gard the region in the 30th degree N.L. as a limit 
 to the spreading of those animals. It is curious, 
 also, that the species of this Genus decrease, with 
 regard to size and natural disposition, in the di- 
 rection towards the warmer climates. The Polar 
 Bear cannot support the warmth of the middle part 
 of the Temperate Zone. 
 
 16. The Cat (Fells') is of a nature quite opposite 
 to that of the Dog. It spreads, in its fiercest, largest, 
 and most numerous species, over the hottest coun- 
 tries of the globe ; decreasing in the Temperate 
 Zone, with regard to number, size, and fecundity. 
 The fiercest Cats, the Lion (F. Zeo), the Tiger (F. 
 tigris), the Panther (F. pardus\ the Great Leopard 
 (F. leopardus), the Small Leopard (F. leopardalis), 
 the Hunting Leopard (F. jubatd), the Ounce (F. 
 undo), the Jaguar (F. onca), the Ocelot (F. parda- 
 
60 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 /w), the Black American Lion (F. concolor), and 
 some others, are peculiar to the Torrid Zone. 
 The Lion is a native of Africa and Asia ; but the Ti- 
 ger, of Asia only. Towards the middle of the Tempe- 
 rate Zone, the Genus of these animals diminishes ; 
 the smaller kinds only being there met with. Of 
 all species of the Cats, the Lynx in the Old World (.P. 
 lynx), the Wild Cat (but not numerous), and, accord- 
 ing to Humboldt, the Small Lion on the Andes, are 
 found nearly up to that region which coincides with 
 the 65th degree towards the snow-line. In Kamt- 
 chatka, Greenland, Lapland, and Iceland, there are 
 no Cats; nor does the Lynx, in Europe, extend 
 farther than Norway. 
 
 17. Civets (Viverra), and the Weasel (Mustela), 
 are so closely allied to each other, that they ought 
 to be looked upon, in general, as being of the 
 same Order of animals. The Civets are peculiar 
 to the Torrid, and the warmer half of the Temperate 
 Zones, yet extending beyond the middle, and ap- 
 proaching the colder countries. In Europe there is 
 only one species of Civet ; namely, the Viverra gc- 
 netta : the Polecat {Viverra putorius) inhabits Ame- 
 rica, Canada, and Virginia. According to Hum- 
 boldt, the Viverra mapurito is found on the Andes, 
 at an altitude of 9840 feet. We may therefore 
 
SPREADING OF THE MAMMALIA. 61 A 
 
 consider that region, which, at the level of Europe, 
 coincides with the 50th degree of Latitude, as the 
 limit to the extension of this Genus of animals. Of 
 the Weasels : the Martin (Mustela foina), and the 
 Stoat (M. erminea), inhabit the warmer parts of 
 Europe and Asia. The Ferret (M. furo) is met with 
 in Barbary. These animals, however, are not pecu- 
 liar to the Warm Zone ; and even if they are found 
 in the Moluccas, it is still a question, in what ele- 
 vation, above the level of the sea, they inhabit. Most 
 species of this Genus spread northward in great num- 
 bers, especially Sables, Ermines, Martins, Stoats, 
 and the common Weasel ; but, as they like woody 
 tracts, they do not go further than where they meet 
 with wood. They are, in general, peculiar to those 
 countries which lie between the 30th and 70th de- 
 gree of Latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. 
 
 18. Moles (Talpa), Shrews (Sorex), and Hedge- 
 hogs (Erinaceus), inhabit, in various species, partly 
 the Temperate, and partly the Warm Zones ; and 
 are found even in the beginning of the Frigid Zone. 
 The common Mole lives throughout Europe, in Bar- 
 bary, and Northern Asia, as far as the River Lena. 
 The Gold Mole is found at the Cape of Good Hope. 
 The common Shrew inhabits Europe and Siberia ; 
 the Musk Shrew (Sorex moschatus], Asia, between 
 
62 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 the 50th and 57th degree N.L. ; the S. Surinamensis, 
 Surinam; the 8. murinus, Java. The common 
 Hedgehog lives in the warmer parts of Europe : it 
 is found in Norway, but neither in Lapland nor 
 Iceland. The Tendrac inhabits Madagascar. These 
 Genera of animals do not seem to go further than 
 the 5th degree on this side of the snow-line. 
 
 19. Opossums (Didelphis) inhabit the warm coun- 
 tries of America and New Holland, in the Southern 
 Hemisphere, extending nearly as far as the 40th de- 
 gree S.L. 
 
 20. Bats (Vespertilio), Schreber believes, extend 
 over the whole earth. It is however improbable 
 that they should come near the snow-line, because 
 they sleep, during the winter, in the Temperate 
 Zone. The common Bat (V. murinus) extends to 
 Norway ; but in Lapland, Iceland, Greenland, Hud- 
 son's Bay, and on the tracts in the vicinity of 
 the Frozen Sea, there are not any. Zimmermann 
 supposes the limit to be in the 63d degree N.L. In 
 our Picture it has been placed in the 65th degree. 
 
 DORMICE (Glires) are numerous in the Tempe- 
 rate Zone ; become more so in the Torrid; and ex- 
 tend towards the snow-line, without reaching it ; at 
 least, no species is peculiarly common to the neigh- 
 bourhood of the snow-line. 
 
SPREADING OF THE MAMMALIA. 6,3 
 
 21. The family of Mice (Mws), Squirrels (Sciurus), 
 and Hares (Lepus), are found in every part of the 
 habitable globe. The common Hare (L. timidus) 
 occurs throughout Europe. The Varying Hare (L. 
 varidbilis) inhabits the Snowy Mountains of Green- 
 land, Lapland, Siberia, &c. The Alpine Hare is 
 peculiar to the Alps. The Rabbit (L. cuniculus}, 
 lives in the middle and warmer part of the Tempe- 
 rate Zone ; the Dwarf Hare (L. nanus) in North 
 America ; and the Brazilian Hare (L.Brasiliensis) in 
 Brazil. Of the Mice Genus, the Rat follows the 
 habitation of man in every direction ; except in the 
 cold countries, where they have the Lemmings (Mus 
 lemmus), as in the snow-line of Scandinavia. The 
 Root Mouse lives in Kamtchatka; the Hudson's 
 Bay Mouse in Labrador. The Mountain Rats, 
 which are related to the Mice, are inhabitants of the 
 Alps ; but sleep, during the winter, like the Hames- 
 ters ; which circumstance clearly proves that they are 
 not natives of cold countries. Of the Squirrels, the 
 common one (Sciurus Europceus) spreads through- 
 out Europe, and Sc. Hudsonius throughout Labrador. 
 Some Flying Squirrels inhabit the colder countries 
 of the Temperate Zone; others, warm climates. 
 The Palm Squirrel (Sc. palmarum), and the Java 
 Squirrel (Sc. bicolor) in Java, are inhabitants of the 
 
64 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 Warm Zone. The Dormice (Myoxus), which are re- 
 lated to the Squirrels, are found in warm countries 
 only, and sleep during the winter; from which cir- 
 cumstance their natural condition may be inferred. 
 Agreeably to such considerations, the spreading of 
 those animals has been represented in the Picture. 
 
 22. Beavers (Castor) live in the Northern Hemi- 
 sphere only, belonging to the colder half of the 
 Temperate Zone, between the 65th and 42d degree 
 N. L. In Lapland, according to Wahlenberg, the last 
 structures of Beavers along the rivers are found 3410 
 feet below the snow-line. They, in. general, inhabit 
 countries of the same character, in Europe, Asia, and 
 America. 
 
 23. Cavies (Cavid) are peculiar to the New World, 
 and chiefly to its warmer part. The Damans (Hy- 
 rax), related to the before-mentioned animals, extend 
 to colder countries, as far as the snow-line. The 
 Hudson's Bay Hyrax (H. Hudsonius) lives on the 
 shores of Hudson's Bay. 
 
 24. Porcupines (Hystrix) are peculiar to the Warm 
 Zone, and the contiguous parts of the Temperate 
 Zone, in both Hemispheres. The Long-Spined Por- 
 cupine (H. cristata) occurs at the Cape of Good 
 Hope, in Barbary, Palestine, Bucharia, Persia, China, 
 Malacca, Java, Sumatra, and in the Southern part of 
 
SPREADING OF THE MAMMALIA. 65 
 
 Europe. The only species extending beyond those 
 countries, and living at Hudson's Bay, is the H. 
 dorsata. 
 
 25. The Jerboas (Dipus) inhabits, for the most 
 part, warm countries, and extends, in two species, as 
 far as the 55th degree N.L. The Alaglala (D. jacu- 
 lus), according to Pallas, does not occur beyond the 
 63d degree N. L. in Asia. D. Hudsonius lives in the 
 vicinity of Hudson's Bay. 
 
 26. Swine, to which, besides the Genus of the 
 Swine, belongs the Tapri in America ; the Ele- 
 phant, hi Africa and Asia; the two species of Rhi- 
 noceros ; and the Hippopotamos ; are peculiar to the 
 Warm and warmer half of the Temperate Zones. The 
 Genus of the Swine is the most diffused ; but it does 
 not, in a wild state, extend beyond the 60th degree 
 N.L. Domestic Swine are met with as far as the 
 63d degree of Latitude. 
 
 27. Sloths (Bradypodd) contain, besides the Ge- 
 nus of the Sloths, also that of the Ant-Eater (Myr- 
 mecophaga), the Mannis (Manis), and the Armadillos 
 (Dasypus). They are altogether natives of the warm 
 countries, not extending beyond the 30th degree of 
 Latitude. The Genus of Sloths represents in the 
 Picture the whole Order. 
 
 28. Handed Mammalia, Monkeys, and Apes are, 
 
66 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 for the most part, (as before stated,) natives of the 
 Torrid Zone; from whence they spread, in very 
 small numbers, to the warmer part of the Tempe- 
 rate Zone. According to Humboldt, some Apes are 
 found on the Andes, 6561 feet above the level of the 
 sea. In the Northern Hemisphere, in Japan, there 
 are Apes in the 37th degree of Latitude. In the 
 Picture, their extension has, therefore, been designed 
 from the Torrid Zone to the region of the 37th degree. 
 
 SPREADING OF BIRDS. 
 
 Marine Birds of both Hemispheres are most 
 abundant in the Polar Seas, and are found at the 
 utmost limits of organic life, among the icy plains. 
 In such regions, where, on the land, but few Birds, 
 and even those rare, are met with, the sea abounds 
 with Water-Fowl. Many different species are known 
 to be plentiful about Greenland, Spitzbergen, Kamt- 
 chatka, &c. Foster found, on the Southern Hemi- 
 sphere, in the 54th degree of Latitude, near the Bird 
 Island, large flocks of Sea-Ravens, Cormorants, 
 Penguins, and other Sea-Fowl. The very thick 
 covering of plumage with which the Sea-Birds are 
 furnished, and the large mass of fat under their 
 skin, accord with their abode. 
 
 1. On the Northern Hemisphere, the Auks (Alca) 
 
SPREADING OP BIRDS. 67 
 
 inhabit the Frigid and Temperate Zones, almost 
 between the 80th and 35th degree of Latitude : most 
 of them do not pass beyond the 50th degree from 
 the North. The Alca pica inhabits the Mediterra- 
 nean only ; and the A. cristatella, the Seas of Japan. 
 
 2. On the Southern Hemisphere, Penguins (Apte- 
 nodytes, 'without wings') are found in the same 
 regions which correspond with those inhabited by 
 the Auks in the Northern Hemisphere. In some 
 regions of the Frigid Zone, for instance, about New- 
 Year's Island, according to Forster, they are most 
 abundant, but less numerous between the Tropics. 
 
 3. The Terns (Sterna) spread over the whole sea, 
 from pole to pole. They inhabit Spitzbergen (S. 
 hirundo); Greenland, Kamtchatka, the Caspian Sea, 
 (S. Caspia) ; Africa (S. Africana) ; Egypt, Surinam, 
 (S. Surinamensis) ; Cayenne, New- Zealand, and 
 Sandwich Land. Seven species are also reckoned 
 to be natives of Germany. 
 
 4. Petrels (Procellaria) are found in the seas 
 of the Cold and Temperate Zones of both Hemi- 
 spheres, and appear to be less abundant in the Warm 
 Zone. They are met with in the Southern Polar 
 Circle (P. gellida and glacialis) ; on the icy plains 
 near the North Pole (P. furcata) ; near Kamtchatka 
 (P. cequmoctialis) ; in the 25th degree N.L. (P.pella- 
 
68 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 gica); in the 37th S.L. (P. marina),' between 47 and 
 58 S.L. (P.ccerulea); in the 61st S.L. (P.antarclica.) 
 
 5. The Tropic Birds (Phaeton) take their name 
 from their inhabiting the regions between the Tro- 
 pics : they do not extend beyond that limit, nor are 
 they numerous. 
 
 6. Albatrosses (Diomedea) inhabit the seas of 
 the Frigid and Temperate Zones of both Hemi- 
 spheres. The Wandering Albatross (D. exulans) 
 is met with about Kamtchatka, at the Cape of Good 
 Hope, and near Patagonia. They are also found in 
 37 S.L. (D. spadicea), and in 47 s.-L. (D. fuliginosa). 
 
 7. Pelicans (Pelecanus) spread over the zones of 
 both Hemispheres, and are found in fresh water as 
 well as in the sea. The White Pelican (P. onocro- 
 talus) inhabits the Northern, Temperate, and the 
 Torrid Zones. Species of this Order are met with in 
 Greenland, Iceland, Norway (P. cristatus) ; in Kamt- 
 chatka (P. violaceas); in Great Britain (P. graculus) ; 
 in Germany, where there are five kinds; in China 
 (P. piscatof) ; between the Tropics (P. aquilus} ; in 
 Jamaica, Barbadoes (P. fuscus) ; in the Philippines 
 (P. Philippensis) ; in Cayenne (P. fiber, P. parvus) ; 
 in New Zealand (P. ncevius, P. carunculatus, P. va- 
 rius) ; in Labrador (P. Magellanicus). 
 
 8. Gulls (Larus) seem to be peculiar to the 
 
SPREADING OF BIRDS. 69 
 
 Northern Hemisphere. Several species inhabit the 
 Frigid and Temperate Zones ; as in Spitzbergen 
 (L. tridactylusy L. rissa, L. glaucus); Greenland and 
 Iceland (L. fuscus, L. eburneus, L. canus, L. catar- 
 rhactes, L. parasilicus) ; Norway (L. argentatus). 
 Eight Gulls are also reckoned to be natives of 
 Germany. 
 
 9. Cormorants (Colymbus) extend over the Cold 
 and Temperate Regions, especially of the Northern 
 Hemisphere ; as, C. triole, C. immer, C. arcticus, C. 
 glacialis, C. borealis, C. septentrionalis. 
 
 10. The Mergus is peculiar to the Temperate 
 Zone. 
 
 11. The greatest number of Ducks (Anas) inhabit 
 the sea shores, and also, in a smaller degree, the 
 fresh water ; and spread over the whole earth : yet 
 they are more numerous in the Cold and colder half 
 of the Temperate Zone than in the Torrid. Our 
 common Goose (A. anser) is found, in a wild state, in 
 several regions of both the New and Old World, 
 throughout Europe, in Arabia, Persia, China, Japan, 
 at the Cape of Good Hope, in New-Zealand, Labra- 
 dor, and on the Falkland Islands. The Whistling 
 Swan (A.cygnus) inhabits the extreme North; the 
 Domestic Swan (A. olor) the northernmost parts of 
 Russia and Siberia. In the Frigid Zone of the 
 
70 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 Northern Hemisphere are found A. hyperborea, about 
 Hudson's Bay, in Unalashka, and Kamtchatka ; 
 A. grandis in Kamtchatka and Siberia. Several 
 species inhabit Africa, Ceylon, New-Zealand, the 
 Falkland Islands, and Labrador. Humboldt found 
 a great number of Ducks on Chimborazo, at the 
 height of from 7000 to 10,000 feet. Thirty-nine 
 species of this Genus are met with also in Germany. 
 Moor Fowls (Grall&), which are closely allied 
 to the Sea Birds, spread, in some species, over both 
 Hemispheres, from the snow-line to the Torrid Zone; 
 whereas, other Genera, although less numerous in 
 species, are natural to warm countries only. This is 
 chiefly the case in the Genus of the Flamingo (Phce- 
 nicopterus), Spoonbill (Platalea), Jabiru (Mycteria), 
 Bootbill (Cancroma), and the Trumpeter (Psophai), 
 which is nearly related to the Herons. Of all these 
 birds, the White Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) is 
 the only one met with in the Temperate Zone, and 
 in the Northern parts of Europe. 
 
 12. Herons (Ardea)are plentiful in the Tempe- 
 rate and Warm Zones. The common Rail is met 
 with in most countries of Europe, and in North Ame- 
 rica. The Crane is found as high as the Polar Circle. 
 The common Storks, in Europe, do not extend beyond 
 Sweden; nor, in Russia, beyond the 50th degree of 
 
SPREADING OF BIRDS. 71 
 
 Latitude. The Bittern (A.stellaris) approaches near- 
 est to the Polar Circle. The other species are met 
 with more to the South. Sixteen species of this 
 Genus are found in Germany. 
 
 13. Rails (Rallus) are found, in some species, in 
 both Hemispheres, but keep at some distance from 
 the snow-line. The Landrail (JR. crex) inhabits the 
 Temperate Zone as far as Norway, and is seen even 
 in Russia and Siberia. The Waterbill-Cock (R. aqua- 
 ileus) does not, in like manner, leave the Temperate 
 Zone. On the Southern Hemisphere, a species is 
 met with (R. obscurus) in the Sandwich Islands, 
 and the jR. troglodytes in New-Zealand. Several 
 species live in Cayenne, Jamaica, and similar regions. 
 
 14. Moor-Hens (Fulica) are closely related to 
 that of the Rails ; but appear, like that of the Pra- 
 tincoles (Glareola), to be found only in the North- 
 ern Hemisphere. The common Moor-Hen (F. atra) 
 inhabits the whole of the Old World, as far as Nor- 
 way, Jamaica, Carolina, and Greenland. 
 
 15. The Plover (Charadrius) spreads over the zones 
 of both Hemispheres, as far as the snow-line. The 
 common Plover (Ch. pluvialis) is met with in Lap- 
 land, Iceland, Hudson's Bay, and in Labrador ; the 
 Grey Plover (Ch. apricarius), in Iceland, Greenland, 
 and Hudson's Bay. Two species, Ch. novce Seelan- 
 
72 PICTURE OP ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 dice, and Ch. obscurus, live in New-Zealand ; and 
 Ch. fulvus in Otaheite. 
 
 16. Snipes and Plovers (Scolopax) appear to be 
 peculiar to the Northern Hemisphere, although not 
 exclusively : they prefer the Cold and Temperate 
 regions. Several of them are found far to the North ; 
 for instance, our Snipe (S. rusticola) breeds in Ice- 
 land, Kamtchatka, and Russia. The common Snipe 
 (S. gallinago) is found as high as the Polar Circle. 
 The Lapland Snipe inhabits the country from which 
 it takes its name; the Pool-Snipe, Iceland and 
 Greenland. 
 
 17. The Ibis (Tantalus), which is related to the 
 Snipes, is rather numerous in 'warm countries, and 
 hardly extends beyond the warmer part of the Tem- 
 perate Zone. 
 
 18. Sandpipers (Tringa) are diffused in a simi- 
 lar manner to the Snipes. Our Lapwing (T. va- 
 nellus), and the Ruff (T.pugnax), are met with 
 in Iceland also. Besides those, there are in Iceland, 
 T. ochropus, T. maritima, T. uniformis, T. striata. 
 Tringa borealis, and T. variegata, are found in King 
 George's Sound ; T. alpina, in Greenland, Iceland, 
 and the Siberian Alps. About twenty-two species 
 of this Genus are also natives of Germany. 
 
SPREADING OF BIRDS. 73 
 
 19. Of the Land Birds, the Vulture (Vultur], and 
 Falcon (Falco\ which are of nearly the same species, 
 extend over both Hemispheres, as far as the snow- 
 line, and sometimes even farther. Vultures, however, 
 are more numerous in warm countries, although some 
 are found beyond the snow-line. Falcons, on the 
 contrary, are more abundant in the Temperate and 
 Frigid Zones, where they likewise reach beyond the 
 snow-line. Germany numbers among its Birds three 
 Vultures: viz. the Common (Vultur cinereus), the 
 Crested (V. cristatus}, and the Angola Vulture (V. 
 leucocephalus) ; and thirty-seven Falcons, of which 
 nine are Eagles. 
 
 20. The Owl (Strix) is spread over all the habi- 
 table parts of the globe j but none of any of its 
 species are ever naturalized in the vicinity of the 
 snow- line. The regions of Greenland and New- 
 foundland are their natural limits. Germany has 
 fourteen species of this Genus. 
 
 21. The Butcher-Bird (Lanius) inhabits more 
 generally the Warm and Temperate Zones, and 
 never extends, as far as we know, to the Polar Circle 
 on the Northern Hemisphere. Some species of them 
 are seen in the Southern as well as the Northern 
 Hemisphere ; and the L. Melanocephalus, in par- 
 
 D 
 
74 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 ticular, is found in the Sandwich Islands. Germany 
 possesses four species. 
 
 22. The numerous family of PARROTS (Psittacus) 
 inhabits the Torrid Zone, and hardly extends be- 
 yond the Tropical regions. 
 
 23. .The Toucan (Ramphastos) inhabits South 
 America, on this side of the Tropic. 
 
 24. The Hornbill (Euceros) is met with in the 
 Old World, in the nether region of the Tropic. One 
 species is found in New Holland also. 
 
 25. Ravens (Corvus) are spread over both Hemi- 
 spheres, like Owls and Therns. The Common Ra- 
 ven (C. corax] is found on the Northern Hemisphere, 
 as far as Greenland ; on the Southern, in the Sand- 
 wich Islands, and at the Cape of Good Hope. Ger- 
 many possesses ten species of this Genus. 
 
 26. The Roller (Coracias), on the contrary, does 
 not reach so far towards the snow-line ; yet the Com- 
 mon Roller (C. garrula) is met with in Sweden. 
 
 27. In like manner are spread the families of the 
 Cuckoo (Cuculus), the Wryneck (Yunx), and the 
 Woodpecker (Picus). Of the latter kind, the Black 
 Woodpecker, the Ox-Eye Creeper, and the greater 
 Spotted Woodpecker, are found in Lapland ; and 
 
SPREADING OF BIRDS. 75 
 
 the Picus tridactylus, in Kamtchatka. Woodpeckers 
 in general inhabit warm countries ; as, Surinam, 
 Mexico, Jamaica, &c. Germany has eight kinds. 
 The Wryneck is met with from Lapland to Bengal. 
 The Genus of Cuckoos is particularly abundant in 
 the Torrid Zone : in Germany there are two species, 
 which are natives, the Common and the Sad-Red 
 Cuckoos ; the former appears to be a native of most 
 European countries. 
 
 23. Of the family of the Nut-hatches (Sitta), one 
 species only spreads through Sweden and Kamt- 
 chatka (Sitta Europaa). All the other species (more 
 than ten) inhabit warm countries. 
 
 29. Of Bee-Eaters (Merops), the common one 
 (M. apiaster) spreads Northward to Sweden, and 
 Southward to Arabia. Besides which, the Yellow- 
 headed Bee-Eater (M. congener) swarms from the 
 southern parts of Europe to Germany. Others 
 (more than twenty) inhabit the warmer regions of 
 the Old World. 
 
 30. Of the family of the Hoops (Upupa), the com- 
 mon species are found in Europe, as far as Lapland, 
 and also in Asia and Africa. The others (about 
 ten species) are inhabitants of the Torrid, and the 
 contiguous parts of the Temperate, Zones. 
 
 31. Of the Creepers (Certhia), the common species 
 
 D2 
 
76 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 (C. familiaris) are met with in Europe, up to Sand- 
 mor, and in the forests of Russia and Siberia. Ger- 
 many has the Spidercatcher (C. muraria). ' The 
 other species (more than seventy-six) are inhabitants 
 of the warmer regions, on each side of the Equator. 
 
 32. Humming-Birds (Trochilus), which are re- 
 lated to the Creepers, are all inhabitants of America, 
 and particularly of the Torrid, and contiguous parts 
 of the Temperate, Zones. There are about sixty- 
 seven species known. The Ruffed Colibri (T. rusus) 
 is the only one found in Canada ; and the Common 
 Colibri, in Carolina. Humboldt found Colibris on 
 Chimborazo, as high as 14,000 feet above the level 
 the sea. 
 
 33. The family of the Todies (Todus) is peculiar 
 to warm countries, and, for the most part, to America. 
 
 34. Birds of Paradise (Paradisea) inhabit the hot 
 countries, within a few degrees of the Equator, 
 and are more particularly common in New Guinea. 
 There are nine species of them known. 
 
 35. The Curucuis (Trogon), which also compre- 
 hends nine species, and the Barbets (Buccd), eighteen 
 species, are confined to the Torrid Zone ; and but few 
 species of them pass beyond the Tropical regions. 
 
 36. The Grakles (Gracula), which comprehend 
 about twelve species, spread from the Torrid Zone 
 
SPREADING OF BIRDS. 77 
 
 over the contiguous parts of the Temperate one only. 
 They are not natives of Europe. 
 
 37. The family of Kings'-Spears (Alcedo) is spread 
 over the whole world, but are most numerous in 
 warm countries. Of twenty-seven species, A. ispida 
 is the only one natural to Germany; inhabiting 
 besides, Europe, Asia, and Africa, without reaching 
 the cold countries. 
 
 38. The family of Oriole (Oriolus) comprehends 
 forty-seven species ; of which, the Common Oriole 
 (0. galbuld) only is to be found in Germany as a bird 
 of passage, which it quits as early as August. One 
 species (0. unalaskensis) is found in Unalaska ; and 
 the Green Oriole (0. viridis) at Hudson's Bay. All 
 the other species keep near the warm countries. 
 
 39. The family of Goatsuckers (Caprimulgus) is 
 met with, according to Humboldt, near the snow- 
 line on Chimborazo. The European Goatsucker is 
 found also in Siberia and Kamtchatka: they are, 
 nevertheless, natives of warm countries 
 
 The family of SPARROWS (Passeres) is diffused over 
 the whole of the inhabitable parts of the globe. 
 They are less numerous near the snow-line than in 
 the Temperate Zone; but most abundant in the 
 Warm Zone. Of Finches, Wagtails, Larks, Ham- 
 
78 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 mers, and Thrushes, some are met with near the 
 snow-line, or in its neighbourhood. 
 
 40. Of all the Finches, the Snow-Bunting (Em- 
 beriza nivalis) extends the farthest beyond the snow- 
 line. It is met with in flocks in Spitzbergen and the 
 neighbouring Icy Plains ; and is found in Lapland, 
 according to Wahlenberg, 2100 feet above the limit of 
 snow, where it is the only living animal found. Our 
 Yellow-Hammer (E. citrinella) spreads throughout 
 Europe. Several species of this Genus inhabit the 
 Temperate, and many of them the Warm Zones. 
 There are seventy-eight species known ; nine of which 
 are natives of Germany. 
 
 41. The family of Finches (Fringilla)is very abun- 
 dant in the colder part of the Temperate Zone : 
 in Germany there are, together with the Fi skins, 
 fourteen species of them. The Snowfinch (F. niva- 
 lis) inhabits the snowy summits of the Caucasus and 
 Persian Mountains ; the Lapland Finch (F. lappo- 
 nica) Lapland, Greenland, the middle part of Sibe- 
 ria, and Hudson's Bay; the Arctic Finch (F.flam- 
 rostris) is common to Norway, and the north-east 
 parts of Siberia. Our House- Sparrow (F. domestica) 
 is common throughout Europe, and in Egypt, Sene- 
 gal Syria, and other regions of Asia and Africa. Our 
 Chaffinch (F. ccelebs) inhabits the whole of Europe. 
 
SPREADING OF BIRDS. 79 
 
 There are one hundred and sixteen species ; many 
 of which inhabit the warmer part of the Temperate 
 and the Torrid Zones. 
 
 42. The family of the Wagtails and Nightingales 
 (Motacilla) comprehends almost two hundred species ; 
 of which, at least, twenty-nine, or, if Hedge-Sparrows 
 be included, thirty-two, species are found in Ger- 
 many ; most of them are natives of warm countries. 
 Our Nightingale (M. luscinia) is met with through- 
 out Europe, from Sweden to Greece, and also in 
 Siberia. The Alpine Hedge- Sparrow (M. alpina) 
 inhabits the Alps of Carinthia, Ukraine, Auvergne, 
 and Dauphine. The Wren (M. troglodytes) is met 
 with throughout Europe ; and also in Unalaska, 
 and at Aleppo. 
 
 43. The family of Cherryfinch (Loxia) compre- 
 hends almost one hundred species, and extends from 
 the Temperate to the Warm Zones. Six species only 
 are known in Germany. The Caucasian Cherryfinch 
 (L. rubicilla) is met with in the coldest tracts of the 
 Caucasian Mountains, and approaches nearest to 
 
 the snow-line. 
 
 44. The family of the Thrush (Turdus) is dif- 
 fused in a similar manner. Of one hundred and 
 thirty-five species hitherto known, there are only ten 
 in Germany. Lapland, Kamtchatka, Hudson's Bay, 
 and corresponding regions in the Southern Hemi- 
 
80 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 sphere, appear to be those tracts to which they ex- 
 tend. They are, like the Loxia, diffused over both 
 Hemispheres, but most numerous in warm countries. 
 
 45. The family of Starlings (Sturnus) is less nu- 
 merous. The Common Starling spreads farthest on 
 the Northern Hemisphere, and is plentiful in Iceland. 
 
 46. The same may be observed of the family of 
 Chatterers (Ampelis). The only species in Germany 
 (A.garrulus) lives in the vicinity of the Northern 
 Polar Circle. The remaining species known (twelve) 
 inhabit warm countries. 
 
 47. The family of Larks (Alauda), of which, in the 
 whole, there are thirty-four species, although only 
 eight of them are known, inhabit the warm coun- 
 tries. The Alpine Lark (A. Alpestris] appears to 
 approach nearest to the snow-line. Our Field Lark 
 (A. arvemis) is found in Kamtchatka. Their spread- 
 ing has, therefore, been described up to the 50th 
 degree on this side of the snow-line. 
 
 48. The Titmouse (Parus) is not a migratory bird. 
 Eight species of the thirty which are known inhabit 
 Germany; of which, the Ox-Eye (P. major) spreads 
 from Sweden to the Cape of Good Hope. The 
 Crested Titmouse (P. griseus) inhabits Greenland ; 
 the Amorous Titmouse (P. amatorius), the northern 
 regions of Asia ; and the Mountain Titmouse (P. 
 alpinus), Persia's lofty Mountains. They are, in 
 
SPREADING OF BIRDS. 81 
 
 general, common to the Temperate*Zone ; and their 
 extension has been said to reach the 5th degree 
 below the snow-line. 
 
 49. The family of Swallows (Hirundo) spreads 
 in thirty-eight species over the Frigid, Temperate, 
 and Warm countries. Our Chimney Swallow (H. 
 domestica) is found from Norway to the Cape of Good 
 Hope ; from Kamtchatka to India and Japan ; and 
 in all the regions of North America. The House- 
 Martin (H. urbica) is found in Europe and America : 
 the Swift-Martin (H. apus) inhabits the whole of 
 Europe, and is met with at the Cape of Good Hope, 
 and in North America. Unalaska possesses also a 
 peculiar species of Swallow. The Alpine Swallow 
 (H. melba) is found on the Alps. 
 
 50. Of the family of Flycatchers (Muscicapd), which 
 comprehends more than one hundred species, but 
 few are natives of the colder half of the Tempe- 
 rate Zone, and even these are only found in single 
 numbers. Four or five species are also in Germany. 
 The Spotted Flycatcher (M. grisola) does not reach 
 farther than the 55th degree N.L. ; and the second 
 species, which is peculiar to Germany (M. atrica- 
 pilla), does not appear beyond Sweden. Yet there 
 are probably two species in Kamtchatka. 
 
 51. The Colics (Colius), which are allied to the 
 
 D3 
 
82 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 Cherryfinches, and consist of eight species, and 
 also the Manakins (Pipra) of twenty-nine species, 
 are peculiar to warm countries ; and do not extend 
 above the 30th degree of latitude. 
 
 52. The family of Tanagers (Tanagra), which is 
 related to the Hammers, is confined to the Warm, and 
 to the contiguous parts of the Temperate, Zone. Only 
 one species (T. rubra) is found in North America. 
 
 Of the family of HENS (Gattince), Partridges and 
 Woodcocks (Tetrao) are the only species diffused 
 over all the zones, and met with near the snow-line. 
 All the other Genera become more numerous in the 
 warmer part of the Temperate Zone, but are found 
 most plentiful in the Torrid Zone. 
 
 53. Of the seventy- one known species of Par- 
 tridges and Wood-hens, the largest extend nume- 
 rously over the Cold and contiguous parts of the 
 Temperate Zone. The Heath-cock inhabits the cold 
 countries of Europe and Asia, and the Alps of the 
 Temperate Zone. The Heath-hen has also the same 
 range. The White Grouse (Tetrao lagopus) is found 
 partly on the Alps, and partly in the Polar countries ; 
 for instance, in Greenland, near the snow-line. The 
 Lapland Grouse (T. Lapponicus) inhabits the moun- 
 tains of Lapland. The Hazel Grouse (T. bonasia) 
 
SPREADING OF BIRDS. 83 
 
 belongs to the inhabitants of the Alps. Partridges 
 are natives of Temperate countries ; but Quails are 
 particularly common to warm countries. 
 
 54. Of Bustards (Otis), the Great Bustard (0. 
 tarda) extends only northwards, and not farther 
 than Sweden or Russia ; but is met with towards the 
 South, as far as Greece and Syria. The other eleven 
 species of this Genus inhabit the warmer parts of 
 the Temperate Zone. Besides the great Bustard, 
 there is in Southern Germany the little one also. The 
 Ruffed Bustard alone is found in Silesia. 
 
 55. Of the family of Pigeons (Columba), the 
 Wood-Dove, Ring-Dove, and Turtle-Dove, are na- 
 tives of the Old World, and extend nearly as far as 
 the 60th degree of latitude : arid in America the 
 Wood-Pigeon (C. migratorid) likewise reaches the 
 60th degree. The Wood-Dove is met with in Swe- 
 den, and the southern parts of Russia. The Ring- 
 Dove lives in Sweden, but not in Norway. The 
 Turtle-Dove keeps more southward. Of the other 
 Pigeons (nearly seventy-seven species), the hand- 
 somest, most numerous, and largest, extend towards 
 the warm countries. 
 
 56. The family of Pheasants (Phasianus) does 
 not extend beyond the 46th degree of latitude. The 
 Domestic Hen, which belongs to that family, lives in 
 
84 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 Greenland, but does not breed there, nor in any 
 other cold country. It is found, in its wild state, in 
 the forests of India. The other species of that 
 family, of which only fourteen are as yet known, are 
 natives of the warmer climates. 
 
 57. Of the family of Turkeys .(Meleagris), the 
 Grey Turkey is met with in America in a wild state : 
 but it does not appear, from its tender disposition 
 when domesticated, to belong to cold countries. 
 The other species (about five) inhabit warmer coun- 
 tries. 
 
 58. The family of Pintados (Numidd) is more 
 peculiar to warm countries. The common Guinea 
 Hen is found in a wild state at the Cape of Good 
 Hope ; others inhabit similar regions. Four species 
 only are known. 
 
 59. The family of Peacocks (Pavo) does not, in 
 a wild state, extend beyond the 30th degree of 
 latitude. Four species only are known. The Com- 
 mon Peacock is found in a wild state in several 
 countries of Africa and Asia ; for instance, on the 
 Ganges. 
 
 60. The family of the Curassous (Crax), of which 
 eight species are known, as well as the Ostrich and 
 Cassowary, inhabit solely the Torrid Zone, hardly 
 extending beyond the Tropics. 
 
( 85 ) 
 
 SPREADING OF THE AMPHIBIA. 
 
 The Amphibia of the Torrid Zone are the largest, 
 the most frightful, and the most numerous. In the 
 Temperate Zone they become smaller, and less nu- 
 merous ; and cease altogether at the Frigid Zone. 
 
 1. Of all Amphibia, Frogs and Toads are most 
 numerous in the colder portion of the Temperate 
 Zone ; and are found in the Northern Hemisphere, 
 between the 50th and 60th degrees of latitude, in 
 greater number than Snakes and Lizards. Although 
 the largest species of this Genus are natives of the 
 Warm Zone, as the Argus Frog (Rana occellata) in 
 the warmer part of America; yet they seem to 
 be particularly common to the Temperate Zone. 
 How near they approach to the snow-line cannot 
 be ascertained ; but, as they grow stiff by cold, 
 their native country cannot be in the neighbour- 
 hood of the snow-line. In Greenland there are 
 neither Frogs nor Toads. The Green Frog (R. 
 esculentd) is met with in Lapland ; and the Brown 
 Frog in most European countries. As these ani- 
 mals, when transformed from water-breathing fish 
 to air-breathing animals, gain a more perfect life 
 than fish have, they may extend farther towards the 
 snow-line than fish which inhabit fresh water. In 
 
86 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 the Picture, the region in the 5th degree, on the 
 nether side of the snow-line, is marked as a limit be- 
 yond which they do not extend. 
 
 2. After Frogs and Toads, Lizards are most nu- 
 merous in the direction of the snow-line. Their 
 native country, however, is beyond doubt in the 
 Torrid Zone, because in that region they attain 
 their greatest size (viz. the three species of Croco- 
 diles) : they are there more numerous, handsomer, 
 and more lively ; and in winter they do not become 
 torpid. The Green Lizard (Lacerta agilis) is sup- 
 posed to be met with all over Europe, but most 
 probably in small numbers in cold countries. Accord- 
 ing to such observations, the region in the 9th degree, 
 
 on this side of the snow-line, has been given as the 
 limit of their spreading. 
 
 3. After the Lizards, follow Snakes. Most of 
 them, including the Boa, and those which are poi- 
 sonous in a high degree, are natives of the Torrid 
 Zone. Yet there are some to be met with in the 
 colder part of the Temperate Zone : the Ringed 
 Snake (Coluber natrix), as well as the Blind Worm 
 (Anguisfragilis), is supposed to spread throughout 
 Europe. According to Crantz, there are no Snakes 
 in Greenland. They are less numerous in colder 
 climates than Lizards. According to such obser- 
 
SPREADING OF THE OTHER ANIMALS. 87 
 
 rations, the region 10 degrees on the nether side of 
 the snow-line has been given as the limit of their 
 spreading. 
 
 4. The family of Tortoises is peculiar to the 
 warm part of the Temperate Zone. The Marine 
 Tortoise does not extend beyond the 40th degree of 
 latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. Most of them, 
 and the largest, particularly the Green Turtle (Testudo 
 my das), are found in the seas between the Tropics 
 only. Those species which inhabit rivers and the main 
 land are removed somewhat further from the warm 
 countries ; yet, the region in the 50th degree of 
 latitude, on the Northern Hemisphere, may be re- 
 garded as the limit of their spreading. In Silesia 
 Mud Tortoises are met with in small numbers. 
 According to such observations, the line of the 
 spreading of the Marine Tortoise has been ex- 
 tended to the 40th degree : whilst the limits of the 
 species which inhabit rivers and the main land, 
 extend as far as the 50th degree. 
 
 SPREADING OF THE OTHER ANIMALS. 
 
 1. All Fish, inhabitants of the sea as well as 
 inhabitants of fresh water, gradually increase in 
 regard to number, size, appearance, and quickness, 
 from the cold to the Temperate Zones, and from 
 
88 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 thence to the Torrid Zone. As the snow-line of 
 the sea, however, begins in a higher degree of lati- 
 tude than that of the main land, the Marine Fish 
 approach much nearer to the Poles than those inha- 
 biting fresh water on the main land are enabled to do. 
 The Alpine Trout (Salmo Alpinus) according to Wah- 
 lenberg, is not met with further than 2100 feet below 
 the snow-line in Lapland, nor is any fish to be found 
 in a higher latitude. The Gwiniad, or Dace (Salmo 
 lavaretus), and the Grayling (Salmo thymalus), are not 
 found more than 3 150 feet below the snow-line. This 
 accords with Humboldt's observations, who, with Bon- 
 pland, did not find any fish in the lakes of Chimborazo 
 at a height of 17500 feet. According to such obser- 
 vations, the line of the spreading of the fresh-water fish 
 has been drawn as far as 70 on this side of the 
 snow-line. The snow-line of the sea lies more than 
 5 nearer the Pole ; and fish spread as far as the 
 water runs : at least they are met with about Spitz- 
 bergen. The line of the spreading of the Marine fish 
 has been, on that account, drawn about 5 beyond that 
 region where, on the main land, the snow-line lies. 
 
 2. The limit to the spreading of Insects can- 
 not be ascertained. Most of them, and the hand- 
 somest and largest, are found in the Torrid Zone ; 
 and their native country lies not beyond the snow- 
 
SPREADING OF THE OTHER ANIMALS. 89 
 
 line. Winged insects, however, pass sometimes 
 beyond the snow-line. Humboldt and Bonpland 
 saw insects in the snowy regions of Chimborazo ; 
 and Saussure met with some on the snowy re- 
 gion of Mont Blanc. As some winged insects 
 live but a very short time, and become stiff with 
 cold, without dying, it is easy to conceive why, in 
 cold countries, as in Greenland and Lapland, several 
 insects exist. According to such observations, the 
 line of the extension of the insects has been drawn 
 2 beyond the snow-line. 
 
 3. How far Crabs and Shell-Fish are diffused, 
 cannot be ascertained : but they probably are met 
 with on the Southern Hemisphere, beyond the 
 80th degree of latitude, being food for Whales. 
 According to Crantz, there are a great number of 
 Crawfish and Squills in Greenland. 
 
 4. The Snails and Worms of the main land and 
 fresh water are not diffused beyond the snow-line, 
 as they are unable to live there : how near they 
 approach to it cannot be ascertained ; yet some of 
 them are of a tenacious disposition, and are more 
 numerous in the Temperate than in the Torrid 
 Zone. The line of their spreading has been accord- 
 ingly drawn up to the 3d degree on this side of the 
 snow-line. 
 
90 PICTURE OF ORGANIZED NATURE. 
 
 5. The Mollusces and Worms of the sea are most 
 plentiful within the Tropics, where they grow the 
 largest, and are furnished with the handsomest 
 shells : but Zoega caught Nereides in the sea about 
 Iceland ; where Koenig also met with Aphrodites, 
 and particularly Amphitrites, in large quantities. 
 Several shells are found, according to Crantz, in the 
 seas about Greenland. They of course spread be- 
 yond that region where the snow- line on the main 
 land touches the earth, but how far has not yet been 
 ascertained. 
 
 6. The Zoophytes of the sea, and especially the 
 Coral Polypes, are peculiar to the seas between the 
 Tropics, where the beds of Coral gradually in- 
 crease so as to form Islands. According to Koenig, 
 some Zoophytes are found in the sea about Iceland ; 
 and Sea-Pads and Sea- Urchins, according to Crantz, 
 are met with near Greenland. They, however, in all 
 probability, do not spread beyond those regions. 
 
ATLASES, MAPS, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 C. SMITH & SON. 
 
 MAP of the MODERN WORLD, on Mercator's 
 Projection, comprehending the Whole of the Discoveries 
 up to the present Time ; corresponding in Size with the 
 Map of the Ancient World. Price, in Case, 18s. On 
 Rollers, Varnished, 11. 6s. 
 
 SMITH'S GENERAL ATLAS ; containing 
 
 Maps of all the Empires, Kingdoms, &c. throughout the 
 World ; particularly describing the late Discoveries of 
 Parry, Franklin, and Lyon, in the Northern part of Ame- 
 rica ; also those of Denham and Clapperton in Africa, &c. ; 
 together with separate Maps of the New REPUBLICS of 
 America. The whole carefully compiled from the most re- 
 cent Astronomical Observations. 
 
 Full Coloured and Half-bound, Price 31. 13s. 6d. 
 
 With the Boundaries Outlined, Price 3J. 3s. 
 
 A MAP of ENGLAND and WALES, on Two 
 
 Large Sheets, principally calculated for Travelling, on 
 which the Mail Routes are particularly distinguished by 
 Colour ; the distance between each Market Town, and also 
 from London. In a Case, Price 11. 
 
 A REDUCTION of the above Map of ENGLAND 
 and WALES. One large Sheet. Price 10s. 6d. 
 
 A TABLE, containing 5000 Distances between 
 the Principal Places in England and Wales, with the time 
 of Arrival and Departure of the Mail. On One Sheet, 
 Price 2s. 6d. 
 
 A COMBINED VIEW of the PRINCIPAL 
 MOUNTAINS and RIVERS of the WORLD, shewing 
 their comparative Heights and Lengths. On One large 
 Sheet, handsomely coloured, Price 12s. On Rollers, and 
 Varnished, 18s. In a Black and Gold Frame, 11. 10s. 
 
ATLASES, MAPS, &C. 
 
 A COMPARATIVE VIEW of the HEIGHTS 
 of the PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS, &c. in the WORLD, 
 with their Altitudes and Latitudes, carefully taken from 
 the most approved Authorities, and so arranged as to form 
 a most pleasing Picture. On One large Sheet, beautifully 
 coloured, Price 9s. On Rollers, and Varnished, Price 15s. 
 
 A COMPARATIVE VIEW of the LENGTHS 
 of the PRINCIPAL RIVERS in the WORLD, (being 
 a Companion to the View of the Mountains,) with a Co- 
 pious Description, tending to illustrate that interesting 
 subject. On One large Sheet, Price 9s. neatly coloured. 
 On Rollers, and Varnished, Price 15s. 
 
 THE STREAM of TIME, or CHART of UNI- 
 VERSAL HISTORY; shewing the Rise and Progress 
 of Nations, from the Creation to the Present Period. 
 Translated from the German of Strass : with the Addition 
 of a Stream for Biography. In Sheet, Price 18s. On 
 Rollers, and Varnished, Price 11. 8s.. 
 
 A NEW MAP of the NORTHERN PARTS of 
 FRANCE and GERMANY, including the whole of the 
 UNITED NETHERLANDS and SWITZERLAND; 
 
 particularly distinguishing the different Travelling Roads 
 and the Post Stations, with the number of Posts between 
 each Station. Compiled from the most recent Authorities. 
 On One large Sheet, Price 12s. In a Case for Travelling, 
 Price 17s. 
 
 A NEW MAP OF ITALY and SWITZER- 
 LAND ; particularly distinguishing the different Travelling 
 Roads and the Post Stations, with the number of Posts 
 between each Station. Compiled from the most recent 
 Authorities. On One large Sheet, Price 9s. In a Case 
 for Travelling, Price 13s. 
 
 A NEW MAP of the COUNTRY, TWELVE 
 MILES ROUND LONDON, on One very large Sheet, 
 drawn from a Scale of One Inch and a Quarter to a Mile ; 
 containing the whole of the Roads, Rivers, Woods, Parks, 
 and Gentlemen's Seats, with the Names of the Occupiers. 
 On a Sheet, 9*. In a Case for the Pocket, 13s. On 
 Rollers, 15s. On Rollers, and Varnished, 11. Or in a 
 Frame, Varnished, 11. 10s. 
 
RETURN BIOSCIENCE & NATURAL RE 
 TO*- 2101 VALLEY LIFE SCIENCE 
 
 LOAN PERIOD 1 2 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED f- 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BE 
 
 \ 
 
 DUF 
 
 JUN 06 
 
 SUBJECT TO RECl 
 
 
 UNIVERSE 
 
 FORM NO. DDO, 50m. 1 1 /94 f 
 
U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES