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 ANTHROPOLOGY LtBRA^V 
 
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 UC-NRLF 
 
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ON SPECIMENS IN 
 
 THE PETER REDPATH MUSEUM OF 
 McGILL UNIVERSITY, 
 
 ILLUSTRATING 
 
 THE PHYSICAL CHAllACTERS AND AFFINITIES OF 
 
 THE GUAKCHES 
 
 OR EXTINCT PEOPLE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 
 
 BY 
 
 Sm J. WILLIAM DAWSON, C.M.G., F.R.S., &c. 
 
 liEIXG A PAPER TO BE READ BEFORE THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 G. ROBERTSON & CO. Lim. 
 
 IsDiA: W. Thackee & Co, United States: G. T. Putnam's Sons, iV^.I'. 
 
 Australia and New Zealand : G. Eobertson & Co., Lim. 
 
 Canada : Dawson Beos., Montreal. 
 
 S. Africa: Juta & Co., Ca2)e Toum. 
 
 Paris : Galignani. 
 
V 
 
ON SPECIJIENS IN 
 
 THE PETER EEDPATH MUSEUM OF 
 McGILL UNIVERSITY, 
 
 ILLUSTRATING 
 
 THE PIIYSICAI CHARACTERS A^D AFFINITIES OF 
 
 THE GUANCHES 
 OR EXTINCT PEOPLE OF THE CANAHY ISLANDS. 
 
 BY 
 
 Sir J. WILLIAM J) AWSON, C.M.G., F.E.S., &c. 
 
 BEiaa A PAPER TO BE READ BEFORE THE VICTORIA ISSTITVTE. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 G. ROBERTSON & CO. Lni. 
 
 India: W. Thackee & Co. United States: G. T. Putnam's Sons, iV^.F. 
 
 Atjstealia and New Zealand : G-. Eobeetson & Co., Lim. 
 
 Canada : Dawsox Begs., Montreal. 
 
 S. Afeica : Jtta & Co., Cape Town. 
 
 Paeis : Galignani. 
 
(Abstract.) 
 
 This paper relates to the following subjects : — 
 
 1. General notice of collections presented to the Museum by Mr. R. S. 
 
 Haliburton and Dr. E. J. Lambert. 
 
 2. Notice of the historical facts as to the Canary Islands and their 
 
 people. 
 
 3. Characters of the Crania in the collection and discussion of their 
 
 affinities. 
 
 4. Objects of art in the collection. 
 
 5. General remarks and concl visions with reference to the relationship 
 
 of the Guanches to ancient peoples of Western Europe and Africa, 
 and their possible connection with the colonisation of Eastern 
 America. 
 

 ON SPECIMENS ILLUSTEATING 
 
 THE PHYSICAL CHAllACTERS AND AFFKITIES 
 
 OF THE GDAKCHES OR EXTIKCT PEOPLE 
 
 OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 
 
 1st. General Notice of the Collections. 
 
 THE Peter Eedpath IMnsenm has been so fortunate as to 
 obtain, through the kind agency of friends, a collection, 
 perhaps the best at present in North America, of the remains 
 of this remarkable extinct people. It was hoped that the 
 late iSir Daniel Wilson, our leading Canadian archseologist, 
 would have prepared, an account of this collection, which 
 he visited, and studied with that purpose in the spring of 
 ]8it2. It might have been expected, that his wide knowledge 
 of the cranial characters of American and other races would 
 have enabled him to determine more certainly than hereto- 
 fore, the relationship of the Guanches with other peoples. 
 Unfortunately his lamented death prevented the fulfilment 
 of this intention, and the present paper is intended, however 
 imperfectly, to render the specimens as useful as possible to 
 those interested in the subject, though without entering as 
 
 VICTORIA INSTITUTE TRANSACTIONS. i^w^^-w -^ 
 
 77;^ 
 
2 SIR J. w. DAWso^r, cm. a., f.r.s., etc., on s?ecimens 
 
 fully into their general an tliropo logical relations, as miglit 
 have been done by my late friend, ISir Daniel. 
 
 The first specimens obtained for the Museum were pre- 
 sented by Mr. R. S. Haliburton. and were collected by him 
 in a visit to the Canaries in 1881. They consisted of a skull, 
 a lock of hair, sotqc earthenware beads ; also photographs of 
 additional skulls, of earthenware objects known as stamps 
 or seals, of a vase or jar, of stone mortars, hooks and piercers 
 or bodkins ; with a few flakes of obsidian or pitchstone. 
 These objects were noticed in the annual report of the 
 Museum for I880, and some of them were figured in the 
 author's work, Modern Science in Bible Landi<, in 1888. 
 
 In presenting the specimens, Mr. Haliburton stated that 
 the ornamented clay discs were from Gran Canaria, and 
 were supposed to be seals of chiefs. The beads were 
 actually found in Guanche tombs or sepulchres, but there 
 was no certain evidence that they had been used as money, 
 or for records, in the manner of the American Indians. 
 Tiiey may have been merely for ornament. Polished green- 
 stone axes are sometimes found, but he was not able to 
 obtain an example of these. Li addition to human mummies 
 he had been informed that a specimen of a large lizard 
 preserved in the same way had been discovered, possibly, a 
 sacred animal.* With reference to the alleged want of 
 knowledge of navigation on the part of the Guanches, he 
 remarks : — 
 
 " If these islands were settled by a maritime people, the 
 memory of vessels, boats, or rafts would have been preserved. 
 But, strange to say, though these seven islands are in sight 
 of each other, and one can be seen from the African coast, 
 the natives have always apparently been isolated from each 
 otlier by not knowing that the sea may be traversed by boats 
 or rafts. So long has tliis isolation continued that the 
 natives of the Canaries were almost distinct from each other 
 in languages, religion, &c. 
 
 "It is possible that by an odd accident, in one island, 
 the natives may have forgotten the use of boats (and also of 
 bo\NS and arrows), but how can this have occurred in all the 
 islands ? 
 
 " It seems to be, in my judgment, a strong proof that this 
 people are the survivors of a very ancient agricultural race, 
 
 * According to Wallace there are no truly indigenous reptiles in the 
 Cauavies, and the only inanimals were two European species of bats. 
 
IN THE I'ETf^R REDPATH MUSEUM OF MCGILL UNIVERSITY, ETC. 3 
 
 that at a very remote period were isolated from each other 
 by being forced to take shelter on the snmniits of inoinitains 
 by a submergence, probably more or less rapid." This pos- 
 sibility will be discussed in the sequel. 
 
 A larger donation was made in 1S92, by Dr. E. I. Lam- 
 bert, who being about to visit the Canaries, kindly offered to 
 procure additional specimens ilhistrating the primitive 
 iuhabitants. In a letter accompanyhig the specimens Dr. 
 Lambert says : — 
 
 " I have been able to procure a Gnanche mummy and ten 
 Guanche skulls, in the selection of which I was assisted by 
 Dr. Wilson, late demonstrator in University College, London. 
 I also visited Los Palraas, and was received with much 
 courtesy by Don Gregorio Chil, the founder of the Museum 
 and author of the most important work on the history of the 
 Guauches. From him I received the skull specially marked 
 as from the Island of Gran Canaria, I procured together 
 with the mummy some beads used by the Guanches and 
 specimens of the awls with which they sewed, as well as a 
 supposed fish-hook. I was unable to procure an example of 
 the mill in which they ground their corn, or any pottery, 
 these objects being scarce." 
 
 The collection is accompanied by a certificate from the 
 German Consul at Santa Cruz that the objects were obtained 
 from an old Guanche cave in the Barranco Santos. 
 
 The mummy referred to in Dr. Lambert's letter is in fairly 
 good preservation, and swathed in the prepared goat-skins 
 in which it was originally wrapped. The skins are sewed 
 together apparently with tendon, and are wrapped around 
 with bands of skin neatly knotted. The process of preser- 
 vation applied to the body has been very imperfect. The 
 l)rain has Jiot been removed. The ^'iscera appear to have 
 been taken out and the body dried, seemingly without any 
 preservative substance. Little, therefore, remains of the 
 soft parts except hgament and skin. The body is apparently 
 that of a man of moderate stature, and in its present shrunken 
 condition, only five feet in length, so that it does not bear 
 out tlie statement of some writers that the Guanches were 
 of great stature. It lies on its back on a plank of dark- 
 coloured wood, somewhat split and broken, but which has 
 l)een slightly hollowed and has two projecting handles at 
 the head and one at the feet, so as to permit it to be used 
 as a bier. This plank seems to have been shaped by stone 
 im])lements. The mummy is not fastened to it. 
 
4 SIR J. W. DAWSON, C.M.G., F.E.S., ETC., ON SPECIMENS 
 
 The mummy and ten of the skulls are from the Island of 
 Teneriffe and therefore represent the typical Guanclies, 
 since the name is said to have originally been Guancldnall, 
 and to have meant " men of Teneriffe." The skull originally 
 sent by Mr. Haliburton has no precise locality indicated; but 
 it closely resembles the specimen obtained by Dr. Lambert 
 from Gran Canaria. The lock of hair which accompanied this 
 skull is line, straight, and of a rich brown colour. 
 
 2nd. The Canary Islands and Their People. 
 
 I present here a short summary of the more important 
 facts which seem to be certainly known respecting the 
 Guanches. 
 
 The Canary Islands appear to have been peopled in very 
 ancient times, and to have been visited by early voyagers * 
 Strabo mentions them inider the name " Islands of the 
 Blest," and attributes their discovery to the Phoenicians, who 
 must have seen them in their voyages, from the Strait of 
 Gibraltar along the west coast of Africa. Later notices of 
 them under the name of '• Fortunate Islands," occur in Pliny. 
 They are said to have been visited in the reign of Augustus 
 by an expedition sent out by Juba, King of Mauritania. At 
 that time it is stated that no inhabitants were seen, but as 
 remains of buildings were found as well as large numbers of 
 goats and dogs, there must have been inhabitants ; and 
 either these were for a time thinned off by some plague, or 
 they had retreated into the interior to avoid the strangers. 
 The name " Fortunate Islands," seems to have been due to 
 their climate and productions, and to the primitive condition 
 of their people, reminding their visitors of the golden age, 
 just as similar conditions seem to have impressed early 
 visitors to the islands of the Pacific in more modern times. 
 
 The islands were re-discovered by the French, Portuguese 
 and Spanish voyagers of the fifteenth century, who found 
 them well peopled and abounding in goats, sheep, grain and 
 fruits. At this time the number of fighting men in the 
 different islands was estimated at from 12,000 to 17,000, 
 but their weapons Avere only clubs, stones and wooden 
 lances with the points hardened in the fire or tipped with 
 
 * Boutier aud Le Verrier, Conquest of the Canaries, translated by E. 
 H. Major, F.S.A., Hakluyt Society, 1872 ; Glas in Pinkertou's Voijages, 
 vol. xvi, p. 808, give useful suuuuaries of iiiformatiou 
 
IN THK PETER EEDPATH MUSEUM OF MCQILL UNIVERSITY, ETC. 5 
 
 horn. For knives tliey tised chips of obsidian. They Avere 
 naked or clotlied only --.vith their long hair or with scanty 
 garments of palm leaf, woven grasses, or skin. In some of 
 the islands there were houses and other buildings of stone. 
 in others, they lived in huts or caverns. Monogamy pre- 
 vailed, but it is said there was polyandry in some of the 
 smaller islands, one woman having as many as three 
 husbands. As in many primitive peoples, descent was 
 reckoned in the female line. They had a tribal government 
 of kings or chiefs, and had also a priesthood or class of 
 '• .Medicine Men," or iShamans. In some islands there were 
 communities of nuns or vestals. In one of the temples or 
 sjicred buildings an image of stone is mentioned. In some 
 of the islands the people are said to have spent much time 
 in singing and dancing. 
 
 There are believed to have been two races of men in the 
 islands ; one of brown complexion, the other white. The 
 brown race was the ruder, but the taller in stature, and 
 predominated in the islands nearest the African coast, and it 
 was in these that polyandry occurred. This distribution 
 would seem to indicate that the whiter and more civilised 
 people were the earlier colonists. The greater part of the 
 s})ecimens in Dr. Lambert's collection being from Teneriflfe, 
 would represent the lighter coloured and smaller people 
 of the central and western islands. The single Gran 
 Canarian skull may belong to the other race. It seems to 
 have been in the central and western islands that the 
 practice of embalming the dead prevailed. There were 
 professional embalmers who were also physicians, but their 
 art was very rude and imperfect, compared with that of 
 Euypt in the time of its highest civilisation. The mummies 
 were sometimes deposited in caverns, and where these were 
 not readily accessible in cists or sepulchres of stone. 
 
 The languages of the islands, though said to differ from 
 each other, would seem to have been dialects of a common 
 tongue, differing just as we find among the American 
 aborigines, where the want of writing and intercourse allows 
 languages originally the same to become in a few genera- 
 tions distinct from each other. In so far as the few words I 
 have had access to can give information, the general 
 language would seem to have been Turanian rather 
 than Aryan. The dialect of Teneriffe seems to have been 
 more distinct than any of the others. Father Abreu 
 Gelindo, and Webb and Berthelot, Histonj of the Canaries^ 
 
6 SIE J. W. DAWSON, C.M.G., F.E.S., ETC., ON SrECIMENS 
 
 compare the Canarian words preserved to us with the Berber 
 language. There is said to hare been a system of hierogly- 
 phics, but I have seen no examples of these, and the marks 
 upon the so-called clay seals are apparently merely orna- 
 mental. 
 
 The absence of canoes has led to the theory already 
 referred to, that the islands are the remains of a submerged 
 continent ; but their volcanic character and the depth of the 
 ocean round them are adverse to tliis conclusion on physical 
 grounds, while the distinctness of the fauna from that of 
 Africa would seem to indicate long isolation.* At the same 
 time, if the inhabitants were colonists from the mainland, it 
 is very extraordinary that they shculd lose all knowledge of 
 navigation in islands holding out so many inducements to 
 seafaring habits. If the objects regarded as fishing hooks 
 are really of that character it would be interesting to know 
 in what way they could practise sea-fishing without the aid 
 of some kind of boat or raft. They are known, however, to 
 have fished with drag-nets from the shore. 
 
 By the Portuguese and iSpanish, the islanders were not 
 only plundered but hunted and sold as slaves. This led to 
 wars of extermination, in Avhich the unhappy natives perished, 
 except in so far as traces of their blood may remain in the 
 present inhabitants. Thus this interesting people became 
 extinct, and the valuable information which might have been 
 derived from a scientific study of their languages, physical 
 characters and habits, Avas lost to the world. This is the 
 more to be regretted, as we shall see in the sequel that the 
 aborigines of the Canaries may have been a survival of the 
 so-called Neolithic peoples of Europe, and may have served 
 to connect these with certain of the populations of Eastern 
 America. Fortunately some attention has recently been 
 given to the scanty remains still extant, and the accumula- 
 tion of a museum of Guanche objects in the Canary Islands 
 themselves, is an important step in advance, which it is 
 lioped may be very successful, and may be accompanied by 
 such publications of the objects obtained as may bring them 
 more prominently under the notice of archa3olcgists. 
 
 brd. Cranial Characters. 
 
 Of the eleven skulls which Ave owe to Dr. Lambert, one was 
 presented to Sir Daniel AVilson for his collection in the Tor- 
 
 * W;ill;ice, Geoyrapliical Dibtrlhution of Animals, cLaji. x. 
 
liN THE PETKK EEDPATH MUSEUM OF MCGILL UNIVERSITY, ETC. 7 
 
 onto University. The remainder, as well as that attached to 
 the mummy, are in the Peter Redpath ]\Inseum. Thus onr 
 collection eonsisis at present of nine detached skulls and a 
 complete mummy from Teneriffe, one skull from Gran Canaria, 
 and the original skull presented by Mr. Haliburton, twelve in 
 all. I shall here refer to the collection of Dr. Lambert ahnie, 
 though the remaining skull is similar in general aspect, but 
 its prLcise locality was not stated by the donor. 
 
 As a whole the skulls are of a more refined type and 
 texture than is usual with those of barbarous peoples. This 
 fine type of the crania at once attracted the attention of Sir 
 Daniel Wilson on his examination of the collection, and he 
 expressed himself as doubtful of any close resemblance to 
 certain Palanthropic skulls they have been said to resemble. 
 On more close inspection, however, we recognize some of the 
 characteristic appearances ScCn in the crania of rude and 
 primitive people, as for instance, somewhat pronouuced 
 superciliary arches, a narrow forehead somewhat retreating, 
 a certain angular character in the vertex, a tendency to 
 occipital protuberance, and a strong development of the 
 lines of attachment of the temporal muscles ; but these 
 characters are on the whole of a subdued type. 
 
 ]\Iost of the skulls are those of males, but two are probal)ly 
 females and are smaller and more delicate in form. They 
 fully vindicate the reports of the regular features and pre- 
 possessing appearance of these people. The length of the 
 single Gran Canarian specimen is 7 '37 inches, its breadth 
 5'(52 inches. The mean length of three male skulls from 
 Tenerifieis 7*27 inches, their breadth 5*41 inches. One of the 
 specimens figared is that from Gran Canaria, the other is an 
 ordinary example of those from Teneriffe ; but some of the 
 others approach nearer to the Gran Canarian type. 
 
 The whole of these Crania, particularly the ten from 
 Teneriffe, are somewhat imiform in type — more so than we 
 usually find in a miscellaneous collection of native North 
 American skulls of one tribe. They are oval in form and 
 mesito-cephalous, with fairly developed foreheads, but the 
 superciliary ridges somewhat prominent in most. The nasal 
 bones are prominent and not wide but much depressed at the 
 junction with the forehead. The cheek-bones are not unduly 
 prominent, the jaws orthognathous, the chin prominent and 
 sometimes pointed. The teeth are usually i-egrdar and well 
 developed though there are exceptions to this. They are 
 not much worn on the crowns. Some have one large U'or- 
 
8 
 
 SIR J. W. DAWSON, C.M.G., Y.B.S., ETC., ON SPECIMENS 
 
 mian bone, others two smaller lateral ones, and others mere 
 traces of these bones. 
 
 The skull from Gran Canaria presents some slight 
 differences from the others. It is thicker and heavier, the 
 eyebrows more prominent, the eye sockets with a tendency 
 to squareness; the chin is very pointed ; the Wormian bones 
 are small, tlie muscular impressions are sti'ongly marked ; the 
 tef'th are more irregular than in the specimens from Ten- 
 eriflfe. On the wdiole this skull has one of the best developed 
 foreheads, and the brain-case is wdde above.* 
 
 One of the Teneriffe skulls has three cervical vertebras 
 attached, shown'ng it to have belonged to a mummy. 
 
 The following are the measurements of the several skulls 
 in centimetres, the length being taken from the base of the 
 frontal bone to the occiput, and the breadth being that 
 between the most prominent parts of the parietal bones. 
 
 No. of Skull. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 Teneriffe 
 
 19-0 
 
 14-0 
 
 )) 
 
 18-1 
 
 14-2 
 
 
 17-3 
 
 14-0 
 
 
 17-9 
 
 14-2 
 
 
 17-8 
 
 13-3 
 
 
 18-7 
 
 13-8 
 
 
 18-6 
 
 14-2 
 
 
 18-8 
 
 14 4 
 
 
 18-6 
 
 13-6 
 
 )) 
 
 18-3 
 
 14-3 
 
 Gran Canaria 
 
 18-8 
 
 14-3 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 The largest skull. 
 
 Has a fractiu'e on vertex, 
 post-mortem. 
 
 Probably a female. 
 
 Indented behind by injury 
 or disease. 
 
 Probably a female. 
 
 Seems to have been tre- 
 panned. 
 
 Slightly flattened behind. 
 
 Has cervical vertebrae 
 
 attached. 
 On mummy. 
 Slightly different from 
 
 the others. 
 
 The cephalic indices and averages are as follows. — 
 
 Index often Teneriff"e skulls , . . . •7()4 
 
 Index of one Canarian skull , . » -758 
 
 Avei-age length often Teneriffe skulls 18"30 cm. 
 
 Average breadth of the same. . . . 1400 
 
 * In the history of the islands, the inhabitants of Gran Canaria would 
 seem to have excelled those of the other islands in eneigy and military 
 iirowess. 
 
IN THE PETEK REDPATH MUSEUM OF MCGILL DXiVEESriT, ETC. 9 
 
 The somewhat greater difference in the relative lei\ii,ths 
 compared with the breadths is due in part to tlie varying 
 projection of the front of the frontal bone, and to certain 
 protuberances or flatteuings of the occiput. Some of the 
 skulls show a marked occipital protuberance, while others 
 are so much flattened behind as to suggest the possible use 
 of a cradle-board in infancy. One of the skulls is remarkable 
 for a large irregular opening at the junction of the frontal 
 bone with the left parietal. It has cTidently been made 
 during life, and is probably the result of trepanning, or some 
 similar process.* 
 
 The Guanche crania have been stated by certain writers 
 to be similar to Palanthropic skulls found in European 
 caverns, and notably to those of Cro-Magnon and Engis ; 
 but this is evidently an error, as the above measurements 
 shoAV, and as I have satis-fied myself by comparison with 
 good casts of the skulls of Cro-Magnon, Laugerie-basse and 
 Engis in our collection in the Peter Redpath Museum. 
 
 The skull of the old giant of Cro-Magnon measures 7*9 
 inches in length, and that of the probably younger man from 
 the same rock-shelter nearly eight inches. Their breadths 
 are the same, or about 6T inches. The Laugerie-basse skull 
 measures 7 Go inches by 5'75. The Engis skull meat-ures 
 7-95 inches by 5*7. They are thus all larger and of somewhat 
 greater proportionate length. That of Laugerie-basse 
 approaches nearest to the Canarian skulls. A comparison ol 
 the specimens placed side by side brings out however their 
 differences much more strongly than measurenients. Li 
 general form, fating the skull of the old man of Cro-Magnon 
 as an example, the massive proportions, the long flattened 
 parietal bones, the great length of the frontal bone and its 
 tenrlency io form a vertical ridge in front, which owing to an 
 erosion of the forehead of the old man's skull is best seen in 
 the second skull from the same cave, the contrast of the 
 shortness and breadth of the face with the length of the skull, 
 the orbits lengthened laterally, the broad and heavy lower 
 jaw. and its somewhat prognathous character; these pecu- 
 liarities along with the great stature of the skeleton and the 
 remarkable development of the bones of the limbs separate 
 the Cro-Magnon and allied tribes from the Guanches by a 
 
 * Trepanning is known to have been practised among the ancient 
 Peruvians, Dr. Muuoz, exhibited at tlie ■World's Fair Congress of Anthro- 
 pology, in lb03, nineteen crania from I'eru, which had been subjected to 
 operations of this kind. 
 
10 SIR J. W. DAWSON^ C.M.G., F.R.S.^ ETC., ON SPECIMENS 
 
 wide interval, and indeed distinguish markedly tliese primitive 
 men from any modern races known to me. These characters 
 are well illustrated by Pruner Bey, Quatrefages, and Christy 
 and Lartet, and we cannot doubt that, with the Canstadt, 
 Neanderthal, Spy, and Grenelle remains allied to them in 
 some respects, though exaggerating some of their peculiarities, 
 this group of peoples, contemporary with the raammoth and 
 Tichorhine rhinoceros in Western Europe, . stands by itself 
 as a race or group of races markedly distinct from those of 
 later periods. The sohtary skull from Truchere referred by 
 Quatrefages to the Palanthropic period, is the only one of 
 that age which can bear any proper comparison with such 
 remains as those of the Guanches. 
 
 On the other hand our Guauche skulls may be better com- 
 pared with those of the so-called "Neolithic" age in Europe, the 
 men of the polished stone and early bronze ages, of the long- 
 barrows and cromlechs, and of the Swiss lake habitations, as 
 well as with the Iberian races of France and Spain and the 
 Berbers of North Africa. The crania of these races, as 
 tabulated by Quatrefages,* are those which most nearly 
 approach to our specimens from the Canaries, and their arts 
 and habits and state of civilization in early times are also 
 those which afford the best terms of comj^arison. 
 
 It maybe usefid to illustrate these points by the following 
 measurements of the Avhole series of Palanthropic crania 
 from Eui-ope in our collection, in comparison with those of 
 the Guanches : — 
 
 
 Length. 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 Neanderthal skull 
 
 20-8 
 
 cm. 
 
 15-0 cm. 
 
 Cro-Ma£,aion (old man) skull 
 
 20-3 
 
 
 15-3 „ 
 
 (2nd skull) 
 
 20-5 
 
 
 15-3 „ 
 
 Engis skull .... .... .... 
 
 20-1 
 
 
 14-1 „ 
 
 Laugerie-basse skull .... 
 
 19-2 
 
 
 14-3 „ 
 
 Largest Teneriffe skull 
 
 19-0 
 
 
 14-0 ., 
 
 Gran Cauarian skull .... 
 
 18-8 
 
 
 14-3 „ 
 
 It will be seen that all the old cavern skulls are larger 
 than those of the Guanches and that four of them are 
 remarkable for their great length. Some of the older skulls 
 are also noteworthy for the elongated form of the orbits, the 
 peculiar vertical ridge on the frontal bone, the prominent 
 
 * The Human Species. 
 
IN THE PETER REDPATH MUSEUM OF MCGILL UNIVERSITY, ETC. 1 1 
 
 eyebrows, the sliort face compared with the long heiuL 
 These characters are especially markeil in the ohl man of 
 Cro-Magnon. The Langerie-hasse cranium has more 
 resemblance to that of Truchere, has less of these peculiar 
 characters, and consequently approaches more nearly to the 
 Guanche skulls. We do not certainly know the relative 
 ages of the cave skulls. The Canstadt or Neanderthal type 
 is generally supposed to be the oldest. At Spy in Belgium 
 and at Grenelle on the Seine, it certainly appears in the 
 oldest deposits, though the Cro-Magnon type is accompanied 
 by the same fauna and belongs to the same geological 
 period. The fauna of Laugerie-basse is also the same, but 
 it is possible that while all are post-glacial, Palanthropic, or 
 Quaternary, as distinguished from recent, this series of skulls 
 may represent different phases of the period. Another view 
 however, is possible. There may have co-existed in Europe 
 two races of men, that of Canstadt, Spy, and Neanderthal 
 and that of Truchere, the latter being essentially similar to 
 the men of the Neanthropic age, of the Iberian type which 
 still exists. The gigantic race of Cro-Magnon, Laugerie- 
 basse and Mentone may have been the result of mixture of - 
 these races. If so, this would account for the considerable 
 diversity of cranial form, as mixed breeds are apt to present 
 various intermediate forms and also to revert toward the 
 pure races. 
 
 These are facts patent to ordinary observation ; but actual 
 measurements are not wanting. Dr. Franz Boas has 
 investigated the facts in the case of half-bloods between the 
 American Indian and the European.* He finds that the 
 stature of the half-blood is greater than that of either parent, 
 and this especially in the case of the men, and that the 
 half-bloods are more variable in this and other physical 
 characters than either of the pure races. Another remarkable 
 peculiarity is that the heiglit of the face tends to become 
 diminislied relatively to the size of the head in the 
 half-bloods. Thus we have good reason to beheve that the 
 giants of the Palanthropic age were half-bloods. I have 
 treaterl this question in some detail, and in its relation to 
 history, and have suggested the above explanation, in ix 
 little work lately published.! 
 
 * Popular Science Monthly, October, 1894. 
 
 + The Meiitinfi place of G(.oloij!j and Ilktonj, Louclou, 1894, whsd 
 Fv6sil Jlen, Londuu, ISSO. 
 
12 SIR J. W. DAWSON, C.M.G.; F.R.S., ETC., ON SPECIMENS 
 
 Ou this hypothesis one may regard the Guanches as a 
 comparatively unmixed race, but in the Gran Canarian 
 variety approaching more nearly to the more delicate type 
 of the Palanthropic age, wliile of the latter the types of 
 Laugerie-basse and Truchere approach nearest to the 
 Guanche and Iberian forms. On the whole, however, the 
 Guanches cannot be identified on physical grounds with the 
 Cro-Magnon or other Palanthropic races, and their nearest 
 aHfinities w^ould seem to be with the Neauthropic or "Neo- 
 lithic " peoples of Western Europe and wath the modern 
 Berbers and Basques. 
 
 I may add here that the study of many skulls and 
 skeletons leads me to the conclusion which I have elsewhere 
 mamtained that the bones of men knowm as those of 
 Canstadt, Neanderthal, Spy, Cro-Magnon, Laugerie-basse, 
 and Mentone,* which w^ere contemporary in Western Europe 
 with a land fauna now in large part extinct either wdiolly or 
 locally, and with geographical conditions which have passed 
 aw^ay, are distinguishable by w^ell-marked physical characters 
 from any modern races, including the Guanches ; and that 
 the characteristics of these extinct tribes appear only 
 occasionally by atavism, or locally and partially in hidividual 
 cases, especially in some of the more rude races of modern 
 men. 
 
 It thus appears that our Guanches are racially, as they 
 are geographically, connected Avith the older peoples of the 
 western Mediterranean area, and wath these as they existed 
 in the post-diluvian period, after the continents had attained 
 to their present forms. It remains, however, to inquire to 
 Avhat extent, the Guanches may approach to the abttriginal 
 peoples of Eastern America. Here there can be no question 
 that their crania distinctly resemble those of the Huron and 
 Algonquin peoples. This can easily be seen by com- 
 parison of the Guanche skulls in our collection with those 
 representing American tribes of these races, and it appears 
 also from the extensive series of measurements published by 
 the late Sir Daniel Wilson. t The index of thirty-nine Huron 
 skulls as given by him is •744, and that of thirty-two 
 
 * M. Louis Jiillien, who has made some excavations at Mentone, lias 
 kindly communicated to me photographs of a slcull found by him iu the 
 cave of Bamio Grande. Its measurements are 19'2 cm. by 141 cm., or 
 very near to those of the Laugerie-basse skull, but it is more {)rognathous. 
 
 t Prehistoric Man, chap. xx. 
 
IN THE PETER REDPATH MUSEUM OF MCQILL UNIVERSITY^ ETC. lo 
 
 Algonquin skulls is "TG^, so that the average Guanche skull 
 falls between those of these two great American races, and 
 the general character and appearance of the two groups of 
 skulls corresponds with these measurements. 
 
 Wilson has shown that this dulichocephalic or mesitoce- 
 plialic type prevails along Eastern America from the West 
 Indies to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and there are various 
 indications in tradition and in buried remains that these 
 peoples, of whom the Huron-Iroquois and Algonkin stocks 
 are northern extensions, roade their way to the north in times 
 not very ancient, and locally replaced feebler brachycephalic 
 Tribes which had preceded them. This process seems to 
 have been proceeding up to the European discovery of 
 America. I'he full significance of this relatively to the 
 Guanches will be noticed in the conclusion of this paper. 
 
 Aitli. Objects of Art, ^-c. 
 
 These are not numerous, and the subjoined list may serve 
 to indicate their nature. 
 
 Beads. — A thin flat bead or disc, being a small circular 
 plate of laminated or pearly shell with a somewhat large 
 central perforation. There is also a photograph of a string 
 of shell beads very like a string of North American 
 Avainpum. Cylindrical beads of brown baked clay of 
 different lengths. The ends of each bead are cut squarely 
 across. 
 
 Flakes of black obsidian or pitchstone, very little modified, 
 and perhaps used for knives or scrapers. 
 
 Bodkins or jyiercers neatly made of the leg bones of birds. 
 
 Hooks. — A large hook of some horny substance. It has 
 a knob at the top of the shank and a few notches to aid in 
 fastening it to the line. The point is gnawed away by 
 rodents, so that it is uncertain if it had a barb. There is 
 also a photograph of a large stout hook reminding one of 
 th')se used by the Pacific Islanders and in the Queen 
 Charlotte Islands. It is made of two pieces lashed together, 
 and has a strong barb. 
 
 Goatskin probably from the swathing of mummies. It has 
 been deprived of the hair, but is not tanned, and has the 
 texture of parchment. In some places it is sewed together 
 with tendons or strips of skin. Bands of skin used on 
 mununies are neatly knotted, 
 
 Earlhemvare.—K few fragments only of a brown colour 
 
14 SIR J. W. DAWSON^ C.M.G., F.R.S., ETC.^ ON SPECIMENS 
 
 and unglazc-d, also photographs of other objects. One of 
 these is an oval vase, suited to stand on its end, quite 
 iiuornamentod. Its form is similar to that of the jar found 
 bj Dupont in the cave of Frontal, in Belgium, and perhaps 
 one of the oldest known. Several others represent the so- 
 called seals, which are flat discs or squares of clay, marked 
 with radiating or concentric rows of dots, and concentric 
 and spiral bands. One of them has what appears to be the 
 remains of a handle at the back. These objects may have 
 been ornaments or distinctive badges, or may have been used 
 for stamping with colour, or on soft bodies : but they do not 
 seem well adapted for this. None of them show any 
 appearance of characters or imitative forms. 
 
 Mortars. — One of the photographs represents two mortars, 
 probaljly for grinding corn. They are made of round stones 
 hollowed out on one side. 
 
 htli. General Remarks. 
 
 In so far as the facts above stated give any evidence, it 
 would seem that ethnologically and probably historically 
 tlu; Guanches were most iiitimatelj related to the early 
 populations of Northern Africa and Western Europe in the 
 Neanthropic or early post diluvian period. We may imagine 
 them to have been derived from the ancient Berber tribes of 
 Ncn-thern Africa or from the Iberian race of South- Western 
 Europe, and to have remained at the stage of culture of 
 these people in what has been called the Neolithic or later 
 stone age. There is nothing novel in this suggestion, as 
 Humboldt and Pritchard long ago compared these people 
 Avith the Berber races of North Africa, their nearest neigh- 
 bours on the mainland in ancient times. They present also 
 in their ph_ysical character and in their arts, resemblances to 
 aboriginal America peoples, particularly to those of the East 
 Coast. Some of the Hochelagan or Algonkin skulls in our 
 collections are closely allied to those of the Guanches. and 
 their bodkins, wampum beads, and pottery are very similar, 
 while the systems of kinship, and of religion controlled by 
 medicine-men, seem to have been allied. I have placed in 
 our collection the skull originally presented by Mr. Haliburton 
 beside those from Hochelaga and from Central America as 
 Ihe most nearly related to it. Sir Daniel Wilson has already 
 referred to these resemblances in connection with the 
 possible migration of man from the Mediterranean region or 
 
IN THE PETER REDPATII MUSEUM OF MCGILL UNIVERSITY, ETC. 15 
 
 its islands to the islands or shores of America, and has men- 
 tioned the accidental discovery of Brazil by De Cobral in the 
 htteenth centnryas an illustration of the possibility of canoes 
 or vessels having been drifted across to America. 
 
 That the natives of the Canaries were not navigators is 
 perhaps no evidence against this conjecture, as it is plain 
 tliat the original colonists of the islands must have come by 
 sea. unless indeed there was a land connection in early times, 
 ill which case there may have been greater facilities for still 
 tiu-ther excursions to the westward. In any case there is 
 warrant for the belief that they afford some evidence of 
 kinship in the aboriginal populations ot the two sides of the 
 Atlantic. 
 
 GaiF.irel in his curious book Rapports de VAmerique et 
 de VAncien Continent, thus sums up the American affinities 
 of the Guanches. 
 
 1. Their brown colour, want of beard and long hair. 
 '2. Their use of pictographs or hieroglyphic writing. 
 
 3. Their disposal of the bodies of the dead. 
 
 4. The erection of pyramidal or round shaped tombs. 
 
 5. The institution of vestal virgins. 
 
 6. Their public and solemn dances. 
 
 7. Their addiction to song and oratory. 
 
 8. The use of beads or wampum. 
 
 9. The recognition of descent in the female line. 
 
 These resemblances are no doubt somewhat vague, and 
 might apply to other peoples besides those of America. But 
 to these may be added their cranial characteristics and tlie 
 probable affinity of their language to that of the early 
 ■furanian peoples of Western Europe, as the Basques or 
 Euskarians, which according to Hale, a very competent 
 authority, have distinct resemblances to those of America. 
 All these points of coincideiice apply most strongly to the 
 peoples of the West Indies and Central America, and of the 
 i..ist Coast of America, while Asiatic or Mongoloid and Poly- 
 iii sian features are more prevalent on the west coast. 
 
 With regard to the distance mtervening between the two 
 sides of the Atlantic, Hale reminds us that this is much less 
 than the spaces of ocean intervening between the islands of 
 the Pacific which are known to have been traversed by the 
 Polynesians in their canoes. The same veteran ethnologist 
 has recently collected traditions among the Wyandots, 
 supposed to be descendants of the peoples who inhabited the 
 
IG SIR J. W. DAWSON, C.M.G., P.R.S., ETC., ON SPECIMENS 
 
 ancient towns of Stadacona and Hochelaga found by 
 Cartiei" in the St. Lawrence in the sixteenth century, and 
 which have been replaced by the cities of Quebec and 
 ]\Iontreal. It would appear from these traditions that the 
 tribes of the Huron-Iroquois stock whose cranial resemblance 
 to the Guanches has been already stated, believed that their 
 original seat was on the Atlantic coast.* It would thus 
 seem probable that the resemblance of their crania to those 
 of the Guanches may have arisen from a common origin at 
 no very remote period, as the westward migration of these 
 tribes was still in progress at the time of the discovery of 
 America. 
 
 Mr. Hyde Clarke was I believe one of the first to direct 
 attention in England to the connection of the language of 
 the Guanches and allied peoples with those of the natives of 
 Brazil and the West India Islands. In America as well as in 
 Europe, Dr. Retzius has ably maintained a similar connection 
 on the basis of cranial characters. The latter says : — " With 
 regard to the primitive dolichocephali of America, I enter- 
 tain the hypothesis that they are nearly related to the 
 Guanches of the Canary Islands and to the Atlantic popu- 
 lations of Africa which Latham comprises under the appel- 
 lation of Egyptian Atlantidas. We find one and the same 
 form ol skull "in the Canaiy Islands, in front of the African 
 coast and in the Carib Islands on the opposite coast which 
 faces Africa. The colour of the skin on both sides of the 
 Atlantic is represented in both these races as being of a 
 reddish browm'^f 
 
 In all such comparisons tlie question occurs whexher the 
 analogies observed are mere accidental resemblances arising 
 from like conditions of existence, or depend on migrations ; 
 and it may be very difficult to attain to any certain con- 
 clusion. In the case of America, I have summed up in my 
 work Fossil Men, the evidence to show a threefold 
 resemblance pointing to Northern Asia and Pohnesia in 
 the Avest, and to the Mediterranean region and the Atlantic 
 islands on the east. This threefold indication, I thnik, 
 greatly strengthens the argument for migration. 
 
 In Canada, AVilson and Hale have advocated this 
 view. In the United States opinions seem divided, since, at 
 the Chicago Congress of Anthropology in 1893, the adven- 
 
 * Joxirnal of American Folk-lore, 1894. 
 t Smithsonian Report, iSSt), p. 20(3. 
 
IN THE PETER KEDPATH MUSEUM OE MCGILL UNIVERSITY, ETC. 17 
 
 titions or accidental theory was strongly supported by 
 Brinton and Ciishing, while that of migiation was main- 
 tained by Putnam and Mason,* who showed that the 
 resemblances were so marked and the conditions of their 
 occurrence so peculiar, as to preclude the accidental theory, 
 while there Avas actual evidence in some cases to show 
 repeated connections recurring at intervals, though the 
 predominant indications pointed to very early historical 
 periods. 
 
 Writers Avh.o have discussed the tradition handed down 
 from Egyptian priests, through Solon and Plato, of a lost 
 Atlantis, have often connected it with the population of the 
 Canaries.f If, however, we attach any historical value to 
 this tradition, we may, as the writer has already done,J 
 regard it as a reminiscence of the antediluvian period, when 
 lands existed in the Avest of Europe now submerged, and 
 were probably peopled by a formidable race of men who, 
 when pressed by the increasing cold of the period, or by the 
 progressive submergence of the land, may have invaded the 
 countries farther east, as recorded in the Egyptian story. 
 In this case the Guanches could have no connection with 
 the matter, since their affinities, as we have already seen, 
 are with Neanlhropic peoples; and in any case the depth of 
 water between their islands and the mainland is so gi-eat§ as 
 to render it improbable that these islands formed a portion 
 of the continent even in that second continental period when 
 Great Bril am and Ireland had not yet become islands. If 
 on the other hand we suppose, with the late Sir Daniel 
 Wilson, that the lost Atlantis represents vague intimations 
 reaching Egypt in early times of a great western continent 
 beyond the Atlantic, it is not impossible that these may 
 have been derived from early Phoenician voyagers to the 
 Canaries and from hints conveyed to them of lands still 
 farther to the west. In this case we may also connect these 
 traditions with those found by early explorers among the 
 Central Americans and Mexicans, in regard to visitors 
 alleged to have reached their thorr s from the east, and may 
 regard both as lending seme countenance to the idea that a 
 
 * Report by Holmes, American Anthropologist, 1893. 
 f Wilson, The Lost Atlantis. 
 X Meeting Place of Geology and History, p. 156. 
 
 § The depth of the channel between the Canaries and Africa is stated 
 at 5,000 feet. 
 
 B 
 
18 SIR J. W. DAWSON-, C.M.G., F.R.S., ETC., ON SPECIMENS 
 
 portion at least of the Araerican aborigines reached Amenca 
 trom the eastern side of the Athmtic. 
 
 Nor should -we omit to notice tiiat volcanic islands 
 like the Canaries, rising from great depths in the ocean, 
 may not be of long durati(.n in geological time, and that 
 in the early human period there may have been chains 
 of such islands connecting the Mediterranean volcanic belt 
 with that of the West Indies, and which have since disap- 
 peared by erosion or by subsidence. The existence even in 
 comparatively modern times of such insular connection 
 would be in no respect contradictory to the known facts as 
 to the ancient insularity of the Canaries already stated. 
 Even the supposition that the Canaries may in the early 
 modern period have belonged to a much larger insular 
 region is not excluded by the facts of physical geography 
 already referred to, since there may have been subsidence 
 correlative to the great elevation of the mountains of these 
 islands ; a consideration which has not been sufficiently 
 attended to by inquirers as to the fauna and flora of the 
 Atlantic Islands.* 
 
 The conclusions of this imperfect study of an extinct 
 people may be summed up in the following statement: — 
 
 1. The Guanches present the characters of a primitive and 
 little mixed race ; and their rudimentary civilization corres- 
 ],)onds wirh this, and assimilates them to such peoples as 
 those of the early Swiss Lake habitations, and the early 
 Iberian races of Western Europe and the earliest colonists of 
 Egypt and other parts of North Africa. 
 
 2. They are not. closely allied either in physical charac<"ers 
 or in arts and habits of life to the Palanthropic or ante- 
 diluvian peoples of the river gravels and caves of Europe ; 
 and their nearest analogues among them are the somewhat 
 exceptional types of Truchere and Laugerie-basse. On the 
 other hand they have closer physical affinities with the 
 earlier or postdiluvian peoples of Europe and Northern 
 Africa and with the Basque and Berber populations of more 
 recent times. 
 
 3. There are sufficient resemblances between them and 
 native American races of the eastern part of that continent, 
 to render it not improbable that there was early intercourse 
 between the two sides of the Atlantic, in which the Guanches 
 or peoples allied to them may have borne a part. 
 
 * The Peak of Teneriffe is 12,000 feet in height. 
 
IN THE PETER REDPATH MUSEUM OP MCGILL UNIVERSITY, ETC. .1.9 
 
 111 conclusion, the points referred to in this paper may be 
 sufficient at least to excuse geologists and archasologists on 
 the Western side of the Atlantic for interesting them- 
 selves in the extinct people of the C uiaries. 
 
 NOTJ^ ON GUANCHE SKULLS IN THE PEABODY 
 MUSEUM OF AECH2E0L0GY, CAMBRIDGE, U.S. 
 
 Professor Putnam, the director of the above-name 1 museum, 
 has kind]y communicated to me the measurements of two Gruanclie 
 skulls in his collection, which were measured for him by the late 
 Miss Studley, one of his assistants. 
 
 Of one of these (No. ,122) the length is 183 centimetres, or 
 exactly the average of our ten Teneriffe skulls, but the maximum 
 breadth is only 13'3, which is near to that of the narrowest of our 
 male skulls. The other (presented by Miss D ibney, and said to 
 be from an ancient cemetery in the island of Gran Canaria) is in 
 length 190, winch is the same with our largest Teneriffe skull, 
 bnt its breadth is 148, which is greater bj' "4 than that of any 
 of our Teneriffe skulls. It is larger in both dimensions than our 
 skull from Gran Canaria, but is somewhat less dolichocephalic. 
 
 Along with these Miss Studley has tabulated the average of 25 
 crania of New Baglind Indians, which amounts to 18'6 in length 
 and 13'5 in breadth ; of 14 Florida skulls with 19'] in length and 
 13 5 in breadth ; and 9 Coahuilan (Mexican) with length of 18'3 
 and breadth of 134, which comes ve:'y near to the average of the 
 Teaeritfe skulls. These measurements tend to confirm the con- 
 clusion deduced above from Canadian crania as to the resemblance 
 of Guanches to Eastern Americans in certain at least of their 
 physical characters. 
 
 The following are some of the other dimensions of one of the 
 Cambridge Guanche skulls (No. 122)* : Capacity 1,225 ; Lonijitu- 
 dinal diameters — glabello-occipital 18'3, ophryo-occipital 182 ; 
 Transverse diameters — minimum frontal 9'4, stephanoid 100, 
 bimastoid 12'1, biauricular 11 9, temporal 129, maximum 133, 
 
 II is not known to which of the Canary Islands this cranium belongs. 
 
20 NOTE ON GUANCHE SKULLS, ETC. 
 
 asteriac 106; Height— h^s'^-hregmaiic 126; Index of breadth — 
 glab. occ. -727 oph. occ. -703 ; Index of height '689 ; Horizontal 
 circumference 507 ; Angle (Daubenton) 90° ; Intermalar — superior 
 5'9, intermalar inferior 10"2. 
 
 Professor Putnam informs me that at the International Ex- 
 hibition at Chicago a large number of measurements of American 
 heads were obtained ; but they have not yet been published. 
 
 UABaiiOM AND SONS, FBINTEBS IN OltDINABT TO HeE MaJESTT, St. MaB71n'S LANE, LoNDOM. 
 
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