ititutlonai OoT\V>ention :-f t^, Otate of 5 1 Uc^igan LIBRARY OF THE University of California. GIFT OF 1'1a,^.cJU,<^.c>. «..^^_._.Jo...k \jClass \ DOCUMENTS DEPT. Matttml of tb? (HottBtttuttonal OJonw^nttctt of iHtrlitgan. lanr. UNIVERSITY OF LANSING VVYNKOOP HALLBNBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS 1^' % AN ACT To provide for the publication, distribution and preservation of the man- ual of the Michigan Constitutional Convention of nineteen hundred seven; and prescribing the duties of the State Librarian appertaining thereto. The People of the State of Michigan enact : Section i. The State Librarian shall cause to be prepared and pub- lished twelve hundred fifty copies of a manual to be known as the "Man- ual of the Constitutional Convention of Michigan of nineteen hundred seven," to be distributed by said State Librarian to the persons and officers hereinafter named, as follows: Two copies to each delegate elected or appointed to said convention; one copy to each of the officers and em- ployes of said convention ; one copy to each of the members of the present legislature. Section 2. The number of copies remaining after the distribution, as above provided for, shall remain in the custody of the State Librarian for the purpose of preservation, distribution and exchange. Section 3, All work to be performed in the preparation and publica- tion of the said manual shall be under the direction and supervision of the State Librarian, and the printing and binding and plates necessary for the publication of said manual shall be furnished by the Board of State Auditors as part of the printing and binding for the state. 198415 PREFACE. This volume is designed to perpetuate the Constitutional Convention of nineteen hundred seven in the memories not only of the contemporaries of its members, but in the minds of those who shall come afterward. It is given to but few men to participate in writing the basic law of a state, and, in view of the history of previous revisions of the constitution of this State, to but fewer to have a part in drafting a fundamental law meeting with the approval of the people whom it is designed to govern. The Convention met at Lansing in Representative Hall on October twenty-second, nineteen hundred seven, the Legislatures of nineteen hundred five and nineteen hundred seven having taken the necessary steps to provide for its assembling, the former by submitting to the elec- tors of the State the question of whether a convention should be called and that question having been affirmatively decided, the latter by en- acting a law convening the assemblage and providing for its organiza- tion. It has been freely conceded that no more able, fair minded or conscien- tious body ever met within the state to consider questions involving the common weal. Problems intricate in character presented themselves for solution. In nearly sixty years the population of the State had in- creased from a number no larger than that of Detroit today to two and a half million people. Its wealth had multiplied many times, its interests expanded in every direction and its duties and responsibilities as a governmental organization largely increased. It was necessary to reconstruct the constitution to meet the needs of the times and to pre- pare in some degree for the demands of the future. The convention early determined that it would be unwise to attempt to write an entirely new instrument and decided to re-draft the constitution of 1850, preserv- ing in the main the form and essential parts of the original document, but adding necessary provisions and omitting those obsolete. How well it performed its work may be inferred from the expression of popular ap- proval when the result of its labors was submitted to the people for ratifi- cation. It is eminently fitting that the Legislature of nineteen hundred nine should acknowledge the importance and worth of the work of the Con- vention for which its predecessors had arranged by providing for the publication^'of this manual. STEVENS T. MASON, 183S-1840. HENRY H. CRAPO, 1865-1868. JOHN J. liAGLEY, i873-l«76. FRED M. WARNER IQOS-IpOp, 'f OF TiL,^ ^.' UNIVERSITY CONVENTION OF 1835. An act to enable the people of Michigan to form a constitution and state government. Whereas, it is ordained and declared, in and by the ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio, passed by Congress on the 13th day of July, 1787, that certain arti- cles therein contained shall be considered as articles of compact between the original states and the people and states in the said territory, and forever remain unalterable, unless by common consent; and Whereas, it is stipulated in and by the 5th of the said articles of com- pact, that there shall be formed in the said territory, not less than three nor more than five states; and that "the boundaries of the three states shall be subject so far to be altered, that if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two states in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan:" and Whereas, it is stipulated in said article that the said three states shall be bounded on the north either by the territorial line between the United States and Canada, or the said east and west lines ; and Whereas, Congress has not admitted the said three states into the Union, according to the boundaries mentioned in the said article ; and Whereas, it is provided in and by an act of Congress, entitled "An act to divide the Indiana territory into two separate governments," approved January nth, 1805, as follows, to wit: "Section i. That all that part of the Indiana territory which lies north of a line drawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan, until it shall intersect Lake Erie, and east of a line drawn from the said southerly bend through the middle of said lake to its northern extremity, and thence due north to the northern boundary of the United States, shall for the purposes of temporary government constitute a sep- arate territory, and be called Michigan." "Section 2. The inhabitants thereof shall be entitled to, and enjoy, all and singular, the rights, privileges and advantages granted and secured to the people of the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio, by the said ordinance;" and Whereas, it was the right and privilege of sixty thousand free inhabi- tants within the limits of Indiana, according to the said ordinance, to form for themselves a permanent constitution and state government ; and Whereas, the same right and privilege are granted by the act aforesaid to the people of Michigan, whenever there shall be sixty thousand free inhabitants within the limits mentioned within the said act; and Whereas, it is ascertained, under the authority of an act of the Legis- lative Council, passed on the 6th day of September, 1834, that there now are eighty-seven thousand two hundred seventy-three free inhabitants within the limits prescribed for Michigan by the act aforesaid: Therefore, for the purpose of enabling the free inhabitants of the said territory to secure to themselves the rights and privileges guaranteed to them by the said ordinance and act of Congress, Section i. Be it enacted by the Legislative Council of the Territory of Michigan, That the said free inhabitants of the territory of Michigan as the said territory was established by the act of Congress, entitled "An act to divide the Indiana territory into two separate governments," ap- proved January nth, 1805; that is to say, of all that territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or ex- treme of Lake Michigan, east of a line drawn from the said southerly bend through the middle of said lake to its northern extremity, and thence due north to the northern boundar}'^ of the United States, and west and south of the said boundary of the United States, be and they are hereby au- thorized to assemble to choose delegates in the manner and at the time and place hereinafter mentioned, to form for themselves a constitution and state government, upon the principles and according to the provi- sions, contained in the ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio," adopted in Congress the 13th day of July, 1787. Section 2. That the free white male inhabitants of the said territory above the age of twenty-one years, who shall reside therein three months immediately preceding Saturday, the 4th day of April next, in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-five, be and they are hereby au- 8 thorized to choose delegates to form a convention, who shall be elected in the several districts as follows, to wit: the county of Wayne shall form the first election district, and shall be entitled to elect seventeen dele- gates to the said convention; the county of Monroe shall form a second district, and shall be entitled to elect nine delegates ; the county of Lenawee shall form a third district, and shall be entitled to elect eight delegates ; the county of Washtenaw and the country attached thereto for judicial purposes shall form the fourth district and shall be entitled to elect fifteen delegates; the county of Oakland, and the country attached thereto for judicial purposes, shall form the fifth district, and shall be entitled to elect fourteen delegates ; the county of Macomb shall form the sixth dis- trict, and shall be entitled to elect six delegates; the county of St. Clair shall form the seventh district, and shall be entitled to elect two delegates ; the county of Jackson shall form the eighth district, and shall be entitled to elect two delegates; the counties of Hillsdale and Branch, and all that part of the territory lying south of the county of Branch, shall form the ninth district, and be entitled to elect one delegate; the county of Calhoun shall form the tenth district, and shall be entitled to elect two delegates ; the county of Kalamazoo and the country attached thereto for judicial purposes, shall form the eleventh district, and shall be entitled to elect three delegates ; the county of Cass and all that part of the territory lying south of the said county, shall form the twelfth district and be entitled to elect three delegates; the county of St. Joseph and all that part of the territory lying south thereof, shall form the thirteenth district, and be entitled to elect three delegates; the county of Berrien, and all that part of the territory situated south and southwest thereof, shall form the four- teenth district, and be entitled to elect two delegates; the county of Michilimackinac shall form the fifteenth and shall be entitled to elect one delegate; and the county of Chippewa shall form the sixteenth dis- trict and be entitled to elect one delegate. The aforesaid delegates shall be citizens of the United States, of at least the age of twenty-one years. Section 3. The election for the said delegates shall be holden on Satur- day the fourth day of April next, in the several townships within the said several election districts; and shall be in every respect held and con- ducted in the same manner, and under the same regulations, and the re- sults certified, transmitted and declared in the same manner as near as may be, agreeably to the provisions of an act entitled "An act to provide for the election of a delegate in the Congress of the United States," approved April 1 2th, 1827; and whenever any person shall present his vote or ballot at such election for delegates, if he shall be challenged by either of the in- spectors, or by any elector, said inspector shall cause to be read to such person so much of the second section of this act as relates to the qualifica- tions of voters, and shall then tender and administer to him the following oath: "I, A. B. do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I am duly qualified to vote at this election, according to law:" and thereupon, the said in- spector shall receive the vote of the person so taking the oath or affirma- tion as aforesaid; and in case such person shall refuse to take such oath or affirmation, he shall not be permitted to vote at said election. Section 4. That it shall not be lawful for any officer or minister of justice to serve any civil process on any person entitled to vote at said election on the day preceding the said election, on the day of the election, nor on the day immediately succeeding the same. Section 5. The delegates elected as aforesaid shall meet at the capitol, in the city of Detroit, on the second Monday of May next; and they, or a majority of them are authorized to adjourn the said convention to any other place within the said territory for the transaction of business. Approved January 26, 1835. Governor. 10 CONVENTION OF 1835. (Convened at Detroit May 11, and adjourned June 24, 1835.) OFFICERS. John Biddle, - - - - - - - -- - President. Charles W. Whipple, \ „ ,, TT> '>.-...-- {Secretaries. Marshall J. Bacon, J Olmstead Hough, ------- Sergeant-at-Arms. DELEGATES. First District. — Wayne county. — John Biddle, John Norvell, John Mc- Donell, John R. Williams, Alpheus White, Amos Stevens, Conrad Ten Eyck, Louis Beaufait, Peter Van Every, Jonathan D. Davis, Caleb Her- rington, Ammon Brown, Theophilus E. Tallman, George W. Farrington, Asa H. Otis, Charles F. Irwin, William Woodbridge. Second District. — Monroe County. — David White, Edward D. Ellis, Peter P. Ferry, Lemuel Colbath, Josephus V, D. Sutphen, Robert McClellen. Eliphalet Clark, Samuel Ingersoll, James F. Godfroy. Third District. — Lenawee county. — Ross Wilkins, Seleck C. Boughton, Allen Hutchins, John J. Adam, Joseph Howell, Joseph H. Patterson, Darius Comstock, John Whitney (a), Alexander R. Tiffany (6). Fourth District. — Washtenaw county. — Gilbert Shattuck, Abel Godard, William Moore, Robert Purdy, John Brewer, Alpheus Collins, Michael P. Stubbs, Richard Brower, Rufus Grossman, Nathaniel Noble, Russell Briggs, Orin How, Emanuel Case, Edward Mundy, Orrin White. Fifth District. — Oakland county. — Isaac L Voorheis, Randolph Manning, Seneca Newberry, Joshua B. Taylor, Elijah F. Cook, Ebenezer Raynale, (a) Held seat in convention until May 16, 1835. (b) Seated by the convention May 16, in place of John Whitney. II John Ellenwood, Jeremiah Riggs, Benjamin B. Morris, William Patrick, Jonathan Chase, Samuel White, Thomas Curtis, Norman Davison. Sixth District. — Macomb county. — Samuel Axford, Jacob Tucker, Henr}"- Porter, John S. Axford, Ephraim Calkin, Solomon Porter. Seventh District. — St. Clair county. — Ralph Wadhams, John Clark. Eighth District. — ^Jackson county. — Townsend E. Gidley, Rosevelt Davis (c), Roswell B. Rexford (c). Ninth District. — Hillsdale and Branch counties. — Lewis T. Miller. Tenth District. — Calhoun county. — Isaac E. Crary, Ezra Convis. Eleventh District. — Kalamazoo county. — Hezekiah G. Wells, William H. Welch, Lucius Lyon. Twelfth District. — Cass county. — ^James Newton, James O'Dell, Baldwin Jenkins. Thirteenth District. — St. Joseph county. — ^John S. Barry, Hubbell Loomis, Martin G. Shellhouse. Fourteenth District. — Berrien county. — Elijah Lacy, Titus B. Willard. Fifteenth District. — Mackinaw county. — Michael Dousman. Sixteenth District. — Chippewa county. — Bela Chapman. It was this convention that formed the first constitution of the state. (c) The vote for Davis and Rexford was a tie. Matter referred back to district for special election, when Rexford was elected, and seated by con- vention, June 3, 1835. Davis acted until June 3. 12 CONVENTION OF 1850. An act to provide for the time, place and manner of holding the convention to revise the constitution, and for the election of delegates thereto. Section i. Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the state of Michigan, That an election for delegates to the convention to revise the constitution of the state of Michigan, shall be held on the first Monday of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty. The township board of elections in the several townships and the inspectors of elections in the different wards and cities of this state, shall, upon the day above mentioned, open the polls of their respective town- ships, wards or cities, in the manner prescribed by law for the election of representatives to the state legislature, at the same place at which the polls may be opened for the election of township, ward and city officers at the next spring election, and shall receive the votes of all electors who are qualified by law to elect representatives to the state legislature. The electors shall be entitled to vote for as many persons as shall be entitled to a seat in said convention from their several counties or districts by the provisions of this act, which votes shall be taken in the same manner as is now pro- vided by law in elections for representatives to the state legislature. Section 2. The secretary of state is hereby required to publish the notice of this election, and send copies thereof to the sheriffs of the different counties and districts in this state, which said copies shall be sent to said sheriffs at least three weeks before the day appointed for holding said election. Said notice shall contain the number of delegates and their apportionment to each county and district, and the secretary of state shall cause said notice to be published in the state paper and in a paper pub- lished in each of the counties in this state (where a paper is published) three weeks in succession, previous to the day of holding the election. The copies of said notice to be delivered to the sheriffs, as aforesaid, shall con- tain the number of delegates to which the counties or districts to which 13 such sheriffs belong are respectively entitled; and the said sheriffs shall, immediately on the receipt of said notice, transmit a copy of the substance thereof to each of the township clerks in their respective counties or dis- tricts; and the township clerks shall, at least one week prior to the day appointed for said election, post up copies of such notice in three of the most public places in their respective townships. Section 3. The number of delegates in such convention shall be one hundred, to be apportioned among the several counties and representa- tive districts in this state as follows, viz: the county of Allegan, one; Barry', one; Berrien, three; Branch, three; Calhoun, five; Cass, three; Chippewa and the counties attached thereto for representative purposes, one; Clinton and the counties attached thereto for judicial purposes, one; Eaton, two; Genesee, three ; Hillsdale, four ; Ingham, two ; Ionia and the counties attached thereto for judicial or that may be attached for representative purposes, two; Jackson, five; Kalamazoo, three; Kent and Ottawa and the counties attached to Kent and Ottawa for judicial purposes, three; Lapeer, two; Lenawee, seven; Livingston, four; Mackinac, one; Macomb, four; Monroe, four; Oakland, nine; Saginaw and the counties attached thereto for judi- cial purposes, one; Shiawassee, one; St. Clair and the counties attached thereto for representative and judicial purposes, three; St. Joseph, three; Van Buren, one; Washtenaw, eight; Wayne, ten. Section 4. The several township boards of election and the inspectors of election of the different wards and cities, shall canvass and return the votes given at said election in the same manner as is now provided by law for the canvass and return of votes given at the election of representa- tives; and the county and district boards of canvassers shall be appointed in the same manner and shall meet and canvass the votes in their re- spective counties and districts in the same manner and in the same space of time after said election is held as is now provided for by law in the appointment of county and district canvassers, and the meeting and can- vassing of votes for representatives; and certificates of election shall be given the persons entitled thereto by the same officer and in the same manner as representatives now receive the same; and the county clerks of their respective counties and districts shall, within five days after such canvass, transmit to the secretary of state certified copies, under their hands and seals of office, of such canvass in their respective counties and districts ; and in case of contested elections to the convention, the con 14 vention shall have the same power to judge of the qualifications, return and election of its delegates as the legislature of this state now have. Section 5 . The delegates chosen shall meet in convention at the capitol in Lansing, on the first Monday of June, one thousand eight hundred and fifty. They shall be judges of their own privileges and elections, and the delegates thereof shall have the same privileges to which representatives to the state legislature are entitled, and shall by ballot appoint one of their number president, and may appoint one or more secretaries, asergeant- at-arms, one or more reporters, and such messengers as their conve- nience shall require ; and such delegates of the convention shall be entitled to the same mileage for travel and the same per diem allowance as is now paid to members of the legislature; and the president, secretaries, reporters, sergeant-at-arms, door-keepers and messengers shall receive such com- pensation as the convention shall see fit to allow. The amount due each person shall be certified to by the principal secretary of the convention, and countersigned by the president; and the treasurer of the state shall pay the certificates so certified to and countersigned, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated; and the said convention may furnish for its own use such stationery as it may require as is usual for legislative bodies, and the amount due therefor shall be certified to and paid for in the same manner as the delegates and officers are paid. And it shall be the duty of the secretary of state to attend said convention at the opening thereof, and he and all public officers shall furnish such con- vention with all such papers, statements, books or other public documents in their possession, as the said convention shall order or require. And the state printer shall perform the printing required to be done by said con- vention, at such times and in such manner as they shall direct, and said printer shall receive the same compensation and in the same manner as now provided by law for compensation and payment for legislative print- ing; and in case the said printer shall refuse or neglect to perform the duties aforesaid, the said convention may appoint a printer to perform said duties, who shall receive the same compensation and in the same manner as is now provided by law for legislative printing. Section 6. The proceedings of the said convention shall be filed in the office of the secretary of state, and the revision of the constitution agreed to by said convention shall be recorded in his office. The said revision shall be submitted by the convention to the people, for their adoption 15 or rejection, at such time and in such manner as the convention may prescribe. Section 7. All wilful and corrupt false swearing in taking any of the oaths prescribed by this act, or by the laws of this state made applicable to this act, or any other mode or form in carrying into effect this act, shall be deemed perjury, and shall be punished in the manner now prescribed by law for wilful and corrupt perjury. Section 8. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved March 9, 1850. Governor. lO CONVENTION OF 1850. (Convened at Lansing, June 3, and adjourned August 15, 1850). OFFICERS. Daniel Goodwin, __-----_ President. John Swegels, Jr., 1 Horace F. Roberts, i ------ - Secretaries. Charles Hascall, J David Hubbard, Jr., _ _ _ - . Sergeant-at-Arms. DELEGATES. Allegan. — Oak Town. Barry. — ^Joseph W. T. Orr. Berrien. — Calvin Britain, Jacob Beeson, Charies W. Whipple. Branch. — Wales Adams, Alvarado Brown, Asahel Brown. Calhoun. — Isaac E. Crary, Milo Soule, William V. Morrison, John D. Pierce, Nathan Pierce. Cass. — George Redfield, Mitchell Robinson, James Sullivan. Chippewa. — Elijah J, Roberts. Clinton. — David Sturgis. Eaton. — Charles E. Beardsley, John D. Burns. Genesee. — ^John Bartow, Elbridge G. Gale, Dewitt C. Leach. Hillsdale. — ^John P. Cook, Daniel Kinne, John Mosher, Jonathan B. Graham. Ingham. — Charles P. Bush, Ephraim B. Danforth. Ionia. — Henry Bartow, Cyrus Lovell. Jackson — Robert H. Anderson, John L. Butterfield, Jerry G. Cornell, Elisha S. Robinson, Wilbur F. Storey. Kalamazoo. — Hezakiah G. Wells, Samuel Clark, Volney Hascall. Kent and Ottawa. — Rix Robinson, Thomas B. Church, Timothy Eastman. 17 Lapeer. — Noah H. Hart, Jonathan R. White. Lenawee. — ^Addison J. Comstock, Alexander R. Tiffany, Peter R. Adams, Charles Chandler, George C. Harvey, Nelson Green, Ebenezer Daniels. Livingston. — Daniel S. Lee, Robert Crouse, Robert Warden, Jr., Ely Barnard. Mackinac. — ^William Norman McLeod. Macomb. — DeWitt C. Walker, Charles W. Chapel, Andrew S. Robertson, Hiram Hathaway. Monroe. — Robert McClellan, Alexander M. Arzeno, Emerson Choate, Henry B. Marvin. Oakland. — ^James Webster, Alfred H. Hanscomb, Seneca Newberry, Jacob Vanvalkenburg, Ebenezer Raynale, Gideon O. Whittemore, William Axford, Zebina M. Mowry, EHas S. Woodman. Saginaw. — ^Jabez G. Sutherland. Shiawassee. — Francis J. Prevost. St. Clair. — ^John Clark, Lorenzo M. Mason, Reuben B. Dimond. St. Joseph. — ^WilUam Conner, Joseph R. Williams, Edward S. Moore. Van Buren. — Isaac W. Willard. Washtenaw. — James Kingsley, Elias M. Skinner, Earls P. Gardiner, Daniel Hixson, Morgan O'Brien, William S. Carr, Benjamin W. Waite, James M. Edmunds. Wayne. — Daniel Goodwin, Benjamin F. H. Witherell, John Gibson, Ammon Brown, Henry J. Alvord, Henry Fralick, Peter Desnoyers, Henry T, Backus, Joseph H. Bagg, Ebenezer C. Eaton. The delegates to the convention were elected May 6, 1850, in pursuance of act No. 78 of the laws of 1850. The constitution as revised by the con- vention was submitted to the people November 5, 1850, and adopted by a majority of 26,736 votes. 18 CALL OF THE CONVENTION OF 1867. An act to provide for the revision of the constitution of the state of Michi- gan. Section i. The people of the state of Michigan enact, That at the general election to be held on the first Monday of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, the qualified electors of the several counties of this state shall elect as many persons delegates as each county has representatives in the state legislature; and in case several counties compose one representative district, said district shall be entitled to one delegate. The delegates so elected shall be qualified electors of the state, and shall constitute a convention for the revision of the constitution of this state. Section 2. The secretary of state, and the sheriffs of the several coun- ties, and the township clerks of the several towns and the city clerks of the several cities of this state, are hereby required to give notice of said election, similar to that now provided by law to be given for an election of members of the legislature. . *::'^'^'-:W^^i^!^- ^ ^' tfi.*^M^ Section 3. The names of the candidates for delegates shall be written or printed, or partly written and partly printed, on the ballot with the name of the candidate for justice of the supreme court. The boards of election of the several townships, and the inspectors of election of the several wards and cities of this state, shall open the polls of their several townships, wards, and cities and the elections shall be conducted, the votes counted, the returns made and canvassed, the results declared, and certificates of election issued, in all respects as are now provided by law for election of county officers; and in case several counties compose one representative district; the returns shall be made and canvassed, the 19 results declared, and certificates of election issued, the same as in case of an election for representative. Section 4. The delegates so chosen shall assemble at the capitol in the city of Lansing, on the third Wednesday of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, and it shall be the duty of the secretary of state to attend at the opening session of the convention, with a list of the names of the dele- gates elect, and he shall administer the oath of office to the members of the convention. They shall be the judges of their own privileges and elections, and shall, by ballot, elect one of their number to serve as presi- dent, and may appoint such secretaries, reporters, sergeants-at-arms, firemen and messengers as their convenience may require. The dele- gates shall receive four dollars for each day's actual attendance, and for each day's absence on account of sickness, and ten cents for each mile actually traveled in going to and returning from the place of meeting, by the usually traveled route; and the secretaries, reporters, sergeants-at-arms, firemen and messengers shall receive such compensation as the conven- tion may direct. The amount due each person shall be certified b}-- the principal secretary of the convention, and countersigned by the president, and the treasurer of the state shall pay such certificate out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated. And the convention may furnish its members with such books, papers and stationery as are now allowed by the constitution to the members of the legislature. And it shall be the duty of all state officers to furnish the convention with such papers, books and documents, in their possession as the convention shall order for the use of its members during the session. The contractor for the state printing shall perform the printing required to be done by the con- vention, in such manner and at such times as it shall direct. The pro- ceedings of the convention shall be filed in the office of the secretary of state, and the revision of the constitution, as agreed to by the convention, signed by the president and secretary, shall be recorded in his office. The said revision shall be submitted by the convention to the people, for adoption or rejection, at such time and in such manner as said convention may direct. Section 5. All wilful and corrupt false swearing, in taking any of the 20 oaths prescribed by this act, or by the laws of this state, made applicable by this act, shall be deemed perjury, and shall be punished as is now pre- scribed by law for wilful and corrupt perjury. Section 6. This act shall take immediate effect. Approved March ii, 1867. A^,^^. Governor. 21 CONVENTION OF 1867. (Convened at Lansing, May 15, and adjourned August 22, 1867.) OFFICERS. Charles M. Croswell, --__-__ President. Thomas H. Glenn, "] G. X, M. Collier, }.---_.__ Secretaries. T. P. Miles, J D. B. PuRiNTON, Sergeant-at-Arms. Seymour Foster, _______ Postmaster. DELEGATES. Allegan. — ^William B. Williams, William E. White. Barry. — Harvey Wright, Adam Elliott. Bay. — James Bimey. Berrien. — ^William S. Farmer, Lorenzo P. Alexander, Henry H. Coolidge. Branch. — Cyrus G. Luce, Asahel Brown, Julius S. Barber. Calhoun. — Charles D. Holmes, Eden F. Henderson, George Willard. Cass. — Levi Aldrich, Jacob J. Van Riper. Clinton. — Alvah H. Walker, Nathaniel I. Daniells. Eaton. — Joseph Musgrave, Milton P. Burch. Genesee. — Sumner Howard, Henry R. Lovell, Thaddeus G. Smith. Grand Traverse, etc. — De Witt C. Leach. Gratiot. — De Witt C. Chapin. Hillsdale. — Lewis J. Thompson, Daniel L. Pratt, Simeon P. Root. Houghton. — ^John Q. McKemon. Huron. — Richard Winsor. Ingham. — John W. Longyear, Lemuel Woodhouse. Ionia. — George W. Germain, Sanford A. Yeomans. Jackson. — Eugene Pringle, Freeman C. Watkins, William F. Goodwin. 22 Kalamazoo. — Marsh Giddings, Delamore Duncan, Milton Bradley. Kent. — Solomon L. Withey, Jacob Ferris, Milton C. Watkins, Lyman Murray. Keweenaw. — Robert F. Gulick. Lapeer. — Myron C. Kenney, John M. Lamb. Lenawee. — Jacob C. Sawyer, Perley Bills, Martin P. Stockwell, Horace J. Sheldon, Charles M. Croswell. Livingston. — Benjamin W. Lawrence, Edwin B. Winans. Mackinac, etc. — Bela Chapman. Macomb. — Dexter Mussey, Thomas M. Crocker, William W, Andrus. Marquette. — Eleazer S. Ingalls. Midland, etc. — Perry H. Estee. Monroe. — Edward G. Morton, William A. Rafter, William Corbin. Montcalm. — George F. Case. Muskegon. — Henry H. Holt. Newaygo, etc. — William S. Utley. Oakland. — P. Dean Warner, Edward P. Harris, Willard M. McConnell, Jacob Vanvalkenburg. Ontonagon. — James Burtenshaw. Ottawa. — ^John Haire, Hiram Jennison. Saginaw. — ^Jabez G, Sutherland, Hiram L. Miller. Sanilac. — John Divine. Shiawassee. — Josiah Turner, S. Titus Parsons. St. Clair. — Marcus H. Miles, Ezra Hazen, Omar D. Conger. St. Joseph. — William L. Stoughton, Comfort Tyler, Levi T. Hull. Tuscola. — Benjamin W. Houston, Jr. Van Buren. — Samuel H. Blackman, Charles Duncombe. Washtenaw. — Thomas Ninde, Charles H. Richmond, Lyman D. Norris, Daniel Hixson. Wayne. — Robert McClelland, Daniel Goodwin, Peter Desnoyers, William A. Smith, Jonathan Shearer, William E. Warner, George V. N. Lothrop, Peter Henkel, William Purcell. The delegates to this convention were elected April i, 1867, in pursu- ance of act No. 41, of the session laws of 1867. The constitution as revised by this convention was submitted to the people April 6, 1868. It was rejected by a vote of 71,733 yeas, to 110,582 nays. 23 CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION OF 1873. Joint resolution to provide for a commission for the revision of the consti- tution of the State of Michigan. Whereas, the existing constitution of the state of Michigan is defective in many respects, and needs to be amended to conform to the growth and development of the state and the advanced ideas of the people, as well as in many other respects ; therefore, Resolved by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the state of Michigan, That the governor be and he is hereby authorized and em- powered to nominate and appoint eighteen able and discreet citizens, who shall be authorized to examine into and report to the next session, either special or general, of the legislature of this state, such amendments and revision of the constitution as in their judgment may be necessary for the best interests of the state and the people. Said commission shall assemble in the supreme court rooms, or some other suitable place, in the city of Lansing, at such time as the governor shall direct, and may remain in session such time as may be necessary to perfect their labors, not exceed- ing one hundred days in all, and shall be entitled to receive therefor the sum of five dollars per diem for each day actually employed. They shall take the constitutional oath of office, to be administered by one of the judges of the supreme court or the secretary of state; and may elect one of their number chairman. They may appoint a clerk at a compensa- tion not exceeding three dollars per day, and such messengers and assistants as they deem necessary, at a compensation ncft exceeding two dollars per day, and the state shall pay all expenses of such commis- sion, as near as may be, in the same manner as the expenses of the legis- lature are paid. No more than two of such commissioners shall reside in any one congressional district as now organized, and in case of death or resignation of any commissioner, the governor shall appoint another to fill the vacancy. Such commissioners shall have all the immunities and powers granted to members of the legislature or the House of Representa- 24 tives for the purposes necessary to discharge the duty imposed upon them. No proposition or amendment shall be adopted by them or reported by them that is not indorsed and recommended by two-thirds of the whole number of persons upon such commission. They shall cause their work to be laid before the governor on or before the first day of December eigh- teen hundred and seventy-three, and the governor shall cause the same to be printed for the use of the legislature, on or before the first day of January, eighteen hundred and seventy-four. The legislature at its next general or special session may cause such revision, or so much thereof as they may approve, to be submitted to the people for ratification. Approved April 24, 1873. Governor. 25 CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION OF 1873. (Convened at Lansing, August 27, and adjourned October 16, 1873. OFFICERS. Sullivan M. Cutcheon, ---_-__ Chairman. Henry S. Clubb, --------- Clerk. Stephen B. McCracken, ------ Assistant Clerk. William Burnham, ---__-_ Door Keeper. c . O U3 CO o U} ■« u u U +J 60.22 o o Members. Elijah W. Meddaugh Ashley Pond Ed%vin Willits Sullivan M. Cutcheon (o) Isaac M. Crane Charles Upson , Henry H. Riley Hezekiah G. Wells Solomon L. Withey Lyman G. Mason, (resigned September 2, 1873), WiUiam M. Ferry (6) Ira D. Crouse Lysander Woodward Edwin W. Giddings, (resigned October 8, 1873) . John Divine Counties. Wayne. Wayne. Monroe. Washtenaw. Eaton. Branch. St. Joseph. Kalamazoo. Kent. Muskegon. Ottawa. Livingston Oakland. Macomb. Sanilac. (a) Elected chairman. (b) Appointed October 2, 1873, vice Mason. 26 COMMISSION— Continued. Members. Counties. Herschel H. Hatch . . David H. Jerome . . . James R. Devereaux Seth C. Moffatt Bay. Saginaw. Houghton. Leelanau. This commission consisted of two members from each congressional dis- trict of the state, who were appointed by the governor, pursuant to joint resolution No. 19 of the legislature of 1873. It completed its labors Octo- ber 16, and made a formal report to the governor. The constitution as revised by the commission was submitted to the people November 3, 1874, in pursuance of joint resolution No. 4 of the session of 1874, and was re- jected by a vote of 39,285 yeas to 124,034 nays. 27 CONVENTION OF 1907. An act to provide for a convention for the purpose of making a general revision of the constitution. The people of the state of Michigan enact: Section i. At a special election to be held on the third Tuesday in September, nineteen hundred seven, delegates shall be elected to meet in convention for the purpose of making a general revision of the constitution of the state of Michigan. Section 2. The number of delegates to such convention shall be ninety six, consisting of three delegates from each senatorial district in this state as now existing. Each person entitled by law to vote for members of the legislature, shall be entitled to vote at the election provided for in section one of this act, for three delegates to the constitutional convention here- inafter provided for. The three persons receiving the highest number of votes for delegates to the constitutional convention in each senatorial district shall be elected delegates. Section 3. Candidates of all parties for delegates to said convention in every senatorial district in this state, shall be nominated on the second Tuesday in August, nineteen hundred seven. In every senatorial district where in nineteen hundred six, in the nomination of a senator, at least one political party adopted and operated under the direct nominating system provided for in act number one hundred eighty-one of the Public Acts of nineteen hundred five, or under any local primary law, the candidates of all political parties for delegates to the constitutional convention shall be nominated in the same way: Provided, That the provisions of chapter two of act one hundred eighty-one of the Public Acts of nineteen hundred five relating to party enrollment, shall not apply to nor be in force at such primary election, but every qualified elector shall have the right to receive from the inspectors, and vote, the party ticket he prefers without regard to any party enrollment, the general registration books of each election district being used at such primary election in place of the enrollment 28 books: And Provided further, That to obtain the printing of the name of any candidate of any political party for delegate to such convention on the ballot of his party at such primary election, there shall be filed with the secretary of state, nomination papers, signed by at least one hundred qualified electors, which shall recite that said signers are of the political party to which the candidate belongs, and who reside in the senatorial district in which such candidate resides: Provided, That in districts wholly within one county such nomination papers shall be filed with the county clerk of said county. The secretary of state shall furnish the county clerk of each county in the state, which, under the provisions of this act, must operate under the direct nominating system, a sufficient quantity of printed forms for such nominating papers, following substan- tially the form prescribed in section two of chapter five of act number one hundred eighty-one of the Public Acts of nineteen hundred five. Nomina- tion papers filed in accordance herewith shall be received up to four o'clock in the afternoon of July twenty-thfrd, nineteen hundred seven, preced- ing such primary election. Where nomination papers are required to be filed with the secretary of state, he shall forthwith prepare and certify to the board of election commissioners of each county which, under the provisions of this act, must operate under the direct nominating system, the names of all candidates mentioned in said nomination papers, to- gether with the name of the party. The various county clerks and county boards of election commissioners shall then proceed as directed in sec- tions three, four and five of chapter five of act number one hundred eighty- one of the Public Acts of nineteen hundred five. The returns of said primary election shall be canvassed and the results declared in the same manner and by the same officers as is provided by the general law for canvassing the returns of and declaring the result in general elections; and all the elections for the nomination of delegates shall be conducted, canvassed, certified and returned in the manner now provided by law for the nomination of candidates for senator in the state legislature, as nearly as may be: Provided, That in senatorial districts, the limits of which shall be greater than those of a county, the board of district can- vassers shall meet on the twenty-seventh day of August, nineteen hundred seven, for the purpose of canvassing the returns of such primary election. The three persons on each party ticket receiving the largest number of votes shall be the nominees of such party. In senatorial districts where 29 in nineteen hundred six no political party adopted and used act number one hundred eighty-one of the Public Acts of nineteen hundred five in the nomination of candidates for senator in the state legislature the candidates of all political parties for delegates to the constitutional convention shall be nominated by a delegate convention called by the senatorial committee of each political party in the usual manner. The names of the three can- didates nominated by each or any political party in each senatorial dis- trict in this state as herein provided, shall be printed upon the official ballots of the various political parties at the election provided for in section one of this act. Section 4. All laws, not inconsistent with this act, regulating the nomination of candidates for state senator to be elected at a general elec- tion, shall be applicable to the nomination of delegates to the constitu- tional convention. All laws not inconsistent with this act, regulating the printing of the ballots and the canvass of the votes for state senator at a general election, shall be applicable to the printing of the ballots and the canvass of the votes for delegates to the constitutional convention: Pro- vided, That in senatorial districts, the limits of which shall be greater than those of a county, the board of district canvassers shall meet for the purpose of canvassing the vote on delegates to the constitutional convention on the first day of October, nineteen hundred seven. All laws not incon- sistent with this act, regulating the election of public officers at general elections, shall be applicable to election of delegates to such convention, except as herein otherwise provided. Section 5. The electors may elect as a delegate any male citizen of this state above the age of twenty-one years, who is a resident of the dis- trict in which he is chosen. In case a vacancy occurs by reason of death, resignation or otherwise, the governor may appoint some duly qualified resident of such district to fill such vacancy, and the person so appointed shall, by virtue of such appointment, be a member of said convention, entitled to the same compensation, and in all respects have the same rights as if he had been originally elected a delegate. Section 6. The delegates so chosen shall meet in convention in the hall of the house of representatives in the capitol in the city of Lansing, on the fourth Tuesday in October, nineteen hundred seven, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon. A majority of the delegates elect shall consti- tute a quorum for the transaction of business, but a smaller number shall 30 have the power to adjourn from day to day and compel the attendance of absent members. The convention shall organize by the election of one of their own number as president and one as president pro tem. They shall also choose such secretaries, sergeants-at-arms, clerks, an official stenographer, who shall choose his assistants, messengers and other at- tendants as they may deem necessary for the proper transaction of busi- ness. They shall adopt their own rules of order, shall be the absolute judges of the election, qualification and return of their own members and may punish for contempt by fine or imprisonment in their discretion, but no term of imprisonment shall continue beyond the day of final ad- journment of the convention. The convention shall have power to fix the duties and compensation of its officers and employes. The compen- sation of the delegates of said convention shall be ten dollars per day dur- ing the session of the convention, and ten cents per mile for every mile traveled by the nearest practicable route in going to and returning from the place of holding the convention, but no per diem shall be paid for any services rendered after January thirty-first, nineteen hundred eight. The compensation of the delegates and of the officers and employes of the con- vention and all incidental expenses of the convention shall be paid in the same manner as is provided by law for the payment of similar claims in the legislature. The delegates and the convention shall be supplied all needful stationery in the manner provided in the case of the legislature. It shall be the duty of the secretary of state to attend said convention at the opening thereof, to call the roll thereof according to the returns on file in his office, which shall be certified to the convention by him, to ad- minister the constitutional oath of office to the members, and to preside at all meetings thereof until a president has been elected and has taken his seat ; but the secretary of state shall have no vote therein. All public officers, civil and military, and all boards and commissioners shall promptly furnish said convention with all such information, papers, statements, books or other public documents in their possession as the said conven- tion shall order or require for its use, from time to time, while in session. Section 7. A journal of the proceedings of said convention shall be kept and printed daily and be given to each member; this journal may be mailed by the secretary to any person who may request it. The journals and debates of the convention shall be published in such form and style as may be determined by the convention, and when so published 31 they shall be deemed the official records of such convention. All claims for paper, stationery, printing and binding shall be audited, allowed and paid by the board of state auditors in the manner provided by law and contracts therefor. The board of state auditors, previous to the meeting of the convention, shall prepare the hall of representatives and the senate chamber and the rooms connected therewith, for the use and occupation of the convention during its session. The doors of the convention shall be kept open to the public during all of its sessions. Every delegate to the convention shall in all cases except treason, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest. They shall not be subject to any civil process during the session of the convention, or for fifteen days next be- fore the commencement and after the final adjournment of the same. For any speech or debate in the convention the members shall not be questioned in any other place. Section 8. After the convention shall have approved the draft of the proposed new constitution, the same shall be printed in the same manner as acts of the legislature for presentation to the governor, shall be signed by the president and secretary, and, when so signed, shall be deposited in the office of the secretary of state and shall be deemed the official copy of the proposed constitution as adopted by the convention. The revised constitution shall be submitted by the convention to the people for adop- tion or rejection as a whole, on the first Monday in April, nineteen hun- dred eight. Every person entitled to vote for members of the legislature at a general election may vote on such adoption or rejection; and the board of election commissioners in each county in this state shall cause to be printed in an appropriate place on the ballot prepared for the pur- pose, the words : "Adoption of the Revised Constitution, ( ) Yes." "Adoption of the Revised Constitution, ( ) No." Should the revised constitution so submitted to a vote of the electors of this state receive more votes in its favor than shall be cast against it, it shall be declared adopted as the constitution of this state, otherwise it shall be rejected, and all votes cast at such election shall be taken, counted, canvassed and returned as provided by law for the election of state offi- cers. Section 9. All wilful and corrupt false swearing, in taking any of the oaths prescribed by this act, or by the laws of this state made applicable 32 to this act, or in any other mode or form in carrying into effect this act, shall be punished in the manner now prescribed by law for wilful and corrupt perjury. Section lo. The convention shall, before its adjournment, prepare and adopt an address to the people of the state, explaining the proposed changes in the present constitution, the reasons for each change, and such other matters as to the convention shall seem advisable. Not less than three hundred thousand copies of this address, in pamphlet form, containing the full text of the revised constitution, shall be printed and distributed as the convention shall direct. The board of state auditors is hereby authorized to publish the above address, together with the full text of the revised constitution, in one newspaper in each county in the state having one, at an expense not to exceed fifteen dollars each, choosing for this purpose in each county one of the newspapers having the largest circulation. This act is ordered to take immediate effect. Approved June|2 7 , 1907. %e^ nq. UAsuKy^^juc^ Governor. 33 CONVENTION OF 1907-1908. (Convened at Lansing, October 22, 1907, and adjourned March 3, 1908.) OFFICERS. John J. Carton, Flint, - - - - - - - President. Charles H. Watson, Crystal Falls, - - - President pro tern. Paul H. King, Lansing, - Secretary. Andrew J. Scott, Saginaw, ------ Sergeant-at-Arms. DELEGATES. First District. — Henry M. Campbell, Detroit; Thomas H. Brown, High- land Park; Louis E. Tossy, Detroit. Second District. — Clarence M. Burton, Detroit; Levi L. Barbour, Detroit; Charles C. Simons, Detroit. Third District. — Patrick J. M. Hally, Detroit; Frederick F. Ingram, De- troit ; Joseph Merrell, Detroit. Fourth District. — Ignatius J. Salliotte, Ecorse; William C. Manchester, Detroit ; George W. Coomer, Wyandotte. Fifth District. — Clarke E. Baldwin, Adrian; George B. Horton, Fruit Ridge; Leslie B. Robertson, Adrian. Sixth District. — Hugh P. Stewart, Centerville; Alfred Milnes, Coldwater; Victor Hawkins, Jonesville. Seventh District. — Walter C. Jones, Marcellus; Lawrence C. Fyfe, St. Joseph; Victor M. Gore, Benton Harbor. Eighth District. — Guy J. Wicksall, South Haven; Benjamin F. Heckert, Paw Paw; Charles N. Thew, Allegan. Ninth District. — Edwin C. Nichols, Battle Creek; Walter R. Taylor, Kalamazoo; Delos Fall, Albion. Tenth District. — Charles J. DeLand, Jackson; John Archibald Fairlie, Ann Arbor; Martin J. Cavanaugh, Ann Arbor. 34 Eleventh District. — George W. Moore, Port Huron; Nathan S. Boynton, Port Huron; Jefferson G. Brown, Avoca. Twelfth District. — William H. Acker, Richmond; Kleber P. Rockwell, Pontiac; Andrew L. Moore, Pontiac. Thirteenth District. — John J. Carton, Flint; Jay C. Walton, Howell; Herbert L. Freeman, Flushing. Fourteenth District. — Wm. M. Kilpatrick, Owosso; Albert B. Cook, Owosso, R. F. D. ; Lawton T. Hemans, Mason. Fifteenth District. — ^John M. C. Smith, Charlotte; Charles H. Thomas, Hastings ; Edward A. Turnbull, Grand Ledge. Sixteenth District. — James F. Barnett, Grand Rapids; Henry T. Heald, Grand Rapids; Edgar J. Adams, Grand Rapids. Seventeenth District. — Roger I. Wykes, Grand Rapids ; Horace T. Barnaby, Jr., Grand Rapids; George E. Rowe, Grand Rapids, R. F. D. Eighteenth District. — Frederick J. Baldwin, Coral; Herbert E. Powell, Ionia; Justin L. Sutherland, Portland. Nineteenth District. — Henry E. Walbridge, St. Johns; John W. Holmes, Alma; Frank R. Monfort, Ithaca. Twentieth District. — Charles D. Thompson, Bad Axe; James H. Hall, Port Austin; William Dawson, Sandusky. Twenty-first District. — Theron W. Atwood, Caro; William E. Brown, Lapeer; Walter S. Wixon, Caro. Twenty-second District.— John Baird, Zilwaukee; Wellington R. Burt, Saginaw; Ernest A. Snow, Saginaw. Twenty-third District. — Charles M. Black, Muskegon; Colon C. Lillie, Coopersville ; William E. Osmun, Montague. Twenty-fourth District. — Floyd L. Post, Midland; Frank S. Pratt, Bay City; James Van Kleeck, Bay City. Twenty-fifth District. — Archibald Broomfield, Big Rapids; Alfred M. Fleischhauer, Reed City; Edwin O. Shaw, Newaygo. Twenty-sixth District. — Roswell P. Bishop, Ludington (a) ; Ozro N. Cranor, Ludington (b) ; Frederick J. Russell, Hart; Robert S. Babcock, Manistee. Twenty-seventh District. — Leonard F. Knowles, Boyne City; Medor E. Louisell, Frankfort; Eugene F. Sawyer, Cadillac. (a) Resigned. (b) Appointed November 27, 1907, vice Roswell P. Bishop, resigned. 35 Twenty-eighth District. — Eugene Foster, Gladwin ; Osmond H. Smith, Harrisville; Henry H. Woodruff, Roscommon. Twenty-ninth District. — Andrew L. Deuel, Harbor Springs; Merritt Chandler, Onaway ; Willis L. Townsend, Gaylord. Thirtieth District. — Albert E. Sharp, Sault Ste. Marie; Frank D. Mead, Escanaba; William J. Oberdorffer, Stephenson. Thirty-first District. — Richard C. Flannigan, Norway; Charles H. Watson, Crystal Falls; David T. Morgan, Republic. Thirty-second District. — Gordon R. Campbell, Calumet; William D. Cal- verley, Houghton; Calvin E. Houk, Ironwood. The constitutional convention of 1907-8 consisted of 96 delegates, who were elected September 17, 1907, according to the provisions of act No. 272 of 1907. Three delegates were elected from each of the thirty-two senatorial districts as districted by act No. 264 of 1895. The convention convened at Lansing, October 22, 1907, and completed the revision March 3, 1908. The new constitution was submitted to the people November 3, 1908, pursuant to a writ of mandamus issued out of the supreme court March 9, 1908, and adopted by a vote of 244,705 to 130,783. 36 CONSTITUTION OF 1907-1908. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Article I. — Boundaries and seat of government. Article II. — Declaration of rights. Article III. — Elective franchise. Article IV. — Division of the powers of government. Article V. — Legislative department. Article VI. — Executive department. Article VII. — Judicial department. Article VIII. — Local government. Article IX. — Impeachments and removals from office. Article X.^ — Finance and taxation. Article XI. — Education. Article XII. — Corporations. Article XIII. — Eminent domain. Article XIV. — Exemptions. Article XV. — Militia. Article XVI. — Miscellaneous^ provisions. Article XVII. — Amendment and revision. Schedule. Note. — In printing the constitution of 1909, a comparison is made with the constitution of 1850. Italicized words indicate new matter. Refer- ences are to articles and sections of the constitution of 1850, unless other- wise specified. Sections of the constitution of 1850, eliminated by the present constitution, immediately follow the schedule. 17 CONSTITUTION. PREAMBLE. We, the people of the state of Michigan, grateful to Almighty God for the blessings of freedom, and earnestly desiring to secure these blessings undiminished to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution. The change was made to give recognition in the constitution to the Su- preme Being. ARTICLE I. BOUNDARIES AND SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. Section i. The state of Michigan consists of and has jurisdiction over the territory enjbraced within the following boundaries, to wit: Com- mencing at a point on the eastern boundary line of the state of Indiana, where a direct line drawn from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan to the most northerly cape of Maumee Bay shall intersect the same — said point being the northwest point of the state of Ohio, as established by act of congress, entitled "An act to establish the northern boundary line of the state of Ohio, and to provide for the admission of the state of Michigan into the Union upon the conditions therein expressed," approved June fifteenth, eighteen hundred thirty -six; thence with the said boundary line of the state of Ohio, until it intersects the boundary line between the United States and Canada in Lake Erie; thence with the said boundary line be- tween the United States and Canada through the Detroit river, Lake Huron and Lake Superior to a point where the said line last touches Lake Superior; thence in a direct line through Lake Superior to the mouth of the Montreal river ; thence through the middle of the main channel of the westerly branch of the Montreal river to Island Lake, the head waters thereof; thence in a direct line to the center of the channel between Middle 39 and South Islands in the Lake of the Desert ; thence in a direct line to the southern shore of Lake Brule; thence along said southern shore and down the River Brule to the main channel of the Menominee river; thence down the center of the main channel of the same to the center of the most usual ship channel of the Green Bay of Lake Michigan ; thence through the center of the most usual ship channel of the said bay to the middle of Lake Michi- gan ; thence through the middle of Lake Michigan to the northern boundary of the state of Indiana, as that line was established by the act of congress of the nineteenth of April, eighteen hundred sixteen ; thence due east with the north boundary line of the said state of Indiana to the northeast comer thereof ; and thence south with the eastern boundary line of Indiana to the place of beginning. The boundaries of the state are preserved as defined in the constitution of 1850. Sec. 2. The seat of government shall be at Lansing, where it is now established. No change from Art. II. ARTICLE 11. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. Section i. All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instituted for their equal benefit, security and protection. New. Sec. 2. The people have the right peaceably to assemble, to consult for the common good, to instruct their representatives and to petition the legislature for redress of grievances. No change from Sec. 10, Art. XVIII. Sec. 3. Every person shall be at liberty to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience. No person shall be compelled to at- tend, or, against his consent, to contribute to the erection or support of any place of religious worship, or to pay tithes, taxes or other rates for the support of any minister of the gospel or teacher of religion. No money shall be appropriated or drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious sect or society, theological or religious seminary; nor shall prop- 40 erty belonging to the state be appropriated for any such purpose. The civil and political rights, privileges and capacities of no person shall be diminished or enlarged on account of his religious belief. No change from Sees. 39, 40 and 41, Art. IV, except in phraseology. Sec. 4. Every person may freely speak, write and publish his senti- ments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of such right; and no law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. No change from Sec. 42, Art. IV, except in phraseology. Sec. 5. Every person has a right to bear arms for the defense of himself and the state. No change from Sec. 7, Art. XVIII. Sec. 6. The military shall in all cases and at all times be in strict sub- ordination to the civil power. No change from Sec. 8, Art. XVIII. Sec. 7, No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner or occupant, nor in time of war, except in a manner prescribed by law. No change from Sec. 9, Art. XVIII. Sec. 8. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, unless for the pun- ishment of crime, shall ever be tolerated in this state. No change from Sec. 11, Art. XVIII. Sec. 9. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law or law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. No change from Sec. 43, Art. IV, except in phraseology. Sec. 10. The person, houses, papers and possessions of every person shall be secure from unreasonable searches and seizures. No warrant to search any place or to seize any person or things shall issue without I describing them, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirma- tion. No change from Sec. 26, Art. VI. Sec. II. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- 41 pended unless in case of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- quire it. No change from Sec. 44, Art. IV, except in phraseology. Sec. 12. Any suitor in any court of this state shall have the right to prosecute or defend his suit, either in his own proper person or by an at- torney or agent of his choice. No change from Sec. 24, Art. VI. Sec. 13. The right of trial by jury shall remain, but shall be deemed to be waived in all civil cases unless demanded by one of the parties in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. No change from Sec. 27, Art. VI. Sec. 14. No person, after acquittal upon the merits, shall be tried for the same offense. All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for murder and treason when the proof is evident or the presumption great. No change from Sec. 29, Art. VI. Sec. 15. Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive fines shall not be imposed; cruel or unusual punishment shall not be inflicted; nor shall witnesses be unreasonably detained. No change from Sec. 31, Art. VI. Sec. 16. No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a wit- ness against himself, or be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law. No change from Sec. 32, Art. VI. Sec. 17. No person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness on account of his opinions on matters of religious belief. No change from Sec. 34, Art. VI. Sec. 18. In all prosecutions for libels the truth may be given in evi- dence to the jury ; and, if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true and was published with good motives and for justifi- able ends, the accused shall be acquitted. Sec. 25, Art. VI. "The jury shall have the right to determine the law and the fact' ' omitted. 42 Sec. 19. In every criminal prosecution, the accused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury, which may consist of less than twelve men in all courts not of record ; to be informed of the nature of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; to have the assistance of counsel for his defense; and in courts of record, when the trial covirt shall so order, to have such reasonable assistance as may he necessary to perfect and prosecute an appeal. Sec. 28, Art. VI. Sec. 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt arising out of, or founded on a contract, express or implied, except in cases of fraud or breach of trust, or of moneys collected by public officers or in any professional employment. No person shall be imprisoned for a military fine in time of peace. No change from Sec. 33, Art. VI. Sec. 21. Treason against the state shall consist only in levying war against it or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless upon the testimony of two wit- nesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. No change from Sec. 30, Art. VI, except in phraseology. ARTICLE III. ELECTIVE FRANCHISE. Section i. In all elections, every male inhabitant of this state, being a citizen of the United States ; every male inhabitant residing in this state on the twenty-fourth day of June, eighteen hundred thirty-five; every male inhabitant residing in this state on the first day of January, eighteen hundred fifty; every male inhabitant of foreign birth who, having resided in the state two years and six months prior to the eighth day of November, eighteen hundred ninety-four, and having declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States two years and six months prior to said last named day ; and every civilized male inhabitant of Indian descent, a native of the United States and not a member of any tribe, shall be an elector and entitled to vote; but no one shall be an elector or entitled to vote at 43 any election unless he shall be above the age of twenty-one years, and has resided in this state six months and in the township or ward in which he offers to vote twenty days next preceding such election: Provided, That in time of war, insurrection or rebellion no qualified elector in the actual military service of the United States or of this state, or in the army or navy thereof, shall be deprived of his vote by reason of his absence from the township, ward or state in which he resides; and the legislature shall provide by law the manner in which and the time and place at which such absent electors may vote, and for the canvass and return of their votes. Sec. I, Art. VII. Certain unnecessary words are omitted. Sec. 2. No elector shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his being employed in the service of the United States or of this state, nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of this state or of the United States or of the high seas, nor while a student at any institution of learning, nor while kept at any almshouse or other asylum at public expense, nor while confined in any public prison; except that honorably discharged soldiers, seamen and marines who have served in the military or naval forces of the United States or of this state and who reside in soldiers' homes established by this state may acquire a residence where such home is located. Sec. 5, Art. VII. Sec. 3. No soldier, seaman or marine in the army or navy of the United States shall be deemed a resident of this state in consequence of being sta- tioned in any military or naval place within the state. Sec. 7, Art. VII. Sec. 4. Whenever any question is submitted to a vote of the electors which involves the direct expenditure of public money or the issue of bonds, every woman having the qualifications of male electors who has property assessed for taxes in any part of the district or territory to be affected by the result of such election shall be entitled to vote thereon. New. Sec. 5. Every elector in all cases, except for treason, felony or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during his attendance at elec- tions and in going to and returning from the same. Sec. 3, Art. VII. 44 Sec. 6. No elector shall be obliged to do militia duty on the day of election, except in time of war or public danger, or to attend court as a suitor or vitness. No change from Sec. 4, Art. VII. Sec. 7. All votes shall be given by ballot, except for such township officers as may be authorized by law to be otherwise chosen. No change from Sec. 2, Art. VII. Sec. 8. Laws shall be passed to preserve the purity of elections and guard against abuses of the elective franchise. Sec. 6, Art. VII. ARTICLE IV. DIVISION OF THE POWERS OF GOVERNMENT. Section t. The powers of government are divided into three depart- ments: The legislative, executive and judicial. No change from Sec. i. Art. III. Sec. 2, No person belonging to one department shall exercise the powers properly belonging to another, except in the cases expressly pro- vided in this constitution. No change from Sec. 2, Art. III. ARTICLE V. legislative department. Section i. The legislative power is vested in a senate and a house of representatives . No change from Sec. i, Art. IV. Sec 2, The senate shall consist of thirty -two members. Senators shall be elected for two years and by single districts. Such districts shall be numbered from one to thirty -two, inclusive, each of which shall choose one senator. No county shall be divided in the formation of senatorial districts, unless such county shall be equitably entitled to two or more senators. Sec. 2, Art. IV. Sec 3. The house of representatives shall consist of not less than 45 sixty-four nor more than one hundred members. Representatives shall be chosen for two years and by single districts, which shall contain as nearly as may be an equal number of inhabitants and shall consist of convenient and contiguous territory ; but no township or city shall be divided in the formation of a representative district. When any township or city shall contain a population which entitles it to more than one representative then such township or city shall elect by general ticket the number of representatives to which it is entitled. Each county, with such territory as may be attached thereto, shall be entitled to a separate representative when it has attained a population equal to a moiety of the ratio of rep- resentation. In every county entitled to more than one representative, the board of supervisors shall assemble at such time and place as shall be prescribed by law, divide the same into representative districts equal to the number of representatives to which such county is entitled by law, and shall cause to be filed in the offices of the secretary of state and clerk of such county a description of such representative districts, specifying the number of each district and population thereof according to the last preceding enumeration. Sec. 3, Art. IV. The words "exclusive of persons of Indian descent who are not civilized or are members of any tribe' ' omitted. Sec. 4. At the session in nineteen hundred thirteen, and each tenth year thereafter the legislature shall by law rearrange the senatorial dis- tricts and apportion anew the representatives among the counties and districts according to the number of inhabitants, using as a basis for such apportionment the last preceding United States census of this state. Each apportionment so made, and the division of any county into representa- tive districts by its board of supervisors, made thereunder, shall not be altered until the tenth year thereafter. Sec. 4, Art. IV. This section abolishes the state census and bases the decennial apportionment of representatives upon the United States census. Sec. 5. Each senator and representative shall be a citizen of the United States and a quaHfied elector of the district he represents, and his removal from the district shall be deemed a vacation of the office. No change from Sec. 5, Art. IV, except in phraseology. Sec. 6. No person holding any office under the United States or this state or any county office, except notaries public, officers of the militia 46 and officers elected by townships, shall be eligible to or have a seat in either house of the legislature ; and all votes given for any such person shall be void. No change from Sec. 6, Art. IV. Sec. 7. No person elected a member of the legislature shall receive any civil appointment within this state or to the senate of the United States from the governor, except notaries public, or from the governor and senate, from the legislature, or any other state authority, during the term for which he is elected. All such appointments and all votes given for any person so elected for any such office or appointment shall be void. No member of the legislature shall be interested directly or indirectly in any contract with the state or any county thereof, authorized by any law passed during the time for which he is elected, nor for one year there- after. Sec. 18, Art. IV. Sec. 8. Senators and representatives shall in all cases, except for treason, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during sessions of the legislature and for fifteen days next before the commence- ment and after the termination thereof. They shall not be subject to any civil process during the same period. They shall not be questioned in any other place for any speech in either house. This modifies Sec. 7, Art. IV so as to limit the privilege from arrest to sessions of the legislature and for 15 days next preceding the commence- ment and 15 days after the termination thereof. No other change except in phraseology. Sec. 9. The compensation of the members of the legislature shall be eight hundred dollars for the regular session. When convened in extra session their compensation shall be five dollars per day for the first twenty days and nothing thereafter. Members shall be entitled to ten cents per mile and no more for one round trip to each regular and special session of the legislature by the usually traveled route. Each member shall be en- titled to one copy of the laws, journals and documents of the legislature of which he is a member, but shall not receive, at the expense of the state, books, newspapers or perquisites of the office not expressly authorized by this constitution. Sec. 15, Art. IV. General revision. 47 Sec. io. The president of the senate and speaker of the house of rep- resentatives shall be entitled to the same compensation and mileage as members of the legislature and no more. No change in meaning from Sec. 17, Art. IV. Sec. II. In case of a contested election, compensation and mileage shall be paid only to the person declared to be entitled to a seat by the house in which the contest takes place. No change from Sec. 29, Art. IV, except in phraseology. Sec. 12. The election of senators and representatives, pursuant to the provisions of this constitution, shall be held on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November, nineteen hundred ten, and on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November of every second year there- after. Sec. 34, Art. IV. Sec. 13. The legislature shall meet at the seat of government on the first Wednesday in January, nineteen hundred nine, and on the first Wed- nesday in January in every second year thereafter, and at no other place or time unless as provided in this constitution ; and shall adjourn without day, at such time as shall be determined by concurrent resolution, at twelve o'clock noon. Revision of Sees. 32 and 33, Art. IV. No change in effect except date. Sec. 14. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may com- pel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may prescribe. Sec. 8, Art. IV. Sec. 15. Each house, except as otherwise provided in this constitution, shall choose its own officers and determine the rules of its proceedings, but shall not adopt any rule that will prevent a majority of the members elected from discharging a committee from the further consideration of any measure. Each house shall judge of the qualifications, elections and returns of its members, and may, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members elected, expel a member. The reasons for such expulsion shall be entered upon the journal, with the names of the members voting 48 on the question. No member shall be expelled a second time for the same cause. Revision of Sec. g, Art. IV. This section places control of all bills in the hands of the majority. Sec. i6. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings and pub- lish the same, except such parts as may require secrecy. The yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall be entered on the journal at the request of one-fifth of the members present. Any member of either house may dissent from and protest against any act, proceeding or resolution which he may deem injurious to any person or the public, and have the reason for his dissent entered on the journal. Sec. lo, Art. IV. Word "elected" changed to "present." Sec. 17. In all elections by either house or in joint convention the votes shall be given viva voce. All votes on nominations to the senate shall be taken by yeas and nays and published with the journal of its proceedings. No change from Sec. 11, Art. IV. Sec. 18. The doors of each house shall be open unless the public wel- fare requires secrecy. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than where the legislature may then be in session. No change from Sec, 12, Art. IV. Sec. 19. All legislation shall be by bill and may originate in either house of the legislature. ■ New. Sec. 13, Art. IV. Sec. 20. The style of the laws shall be: "The People of the State of Michigan enact." No change from Sec. 48, Art. IV. Sec. 21. No law shall embrace more than one object, which shall be expressed in its title. No law shall be revised, altered or amended by reference to its title only; but the act revised and the section or sections of the act altered or amended shall be re-enacted and published at length. No act shall take effect or be in force until the expiration of ninety days from the end of the session at which the same is passed, except that the 49 legislature may give immediate effect to acts making appropriations and acts immediately necessary for the preservation of the public peace, health or safety by a two-thirds vote of the members elected to each house. Appropriation bills and acts necessary for the preservation of the public peace, health or safety only can be given immediate effect. Sees. 20 and 25, Art. IV. Sec. 22. No bill shall be passed or become a law at any regular session of the legislature until it has been printed and in the possession of each house for at least five days. No bill shall be passed at a special session of the legislature on any other subjects than those expressly stated in the governor's proclamation or submitted by special message. No bill shall be altered or amended on its passage through either house so as to change its original purpose. New. Sec. 23. Every bill shall be read three times in each house before the final passage thereof. No bill shall become a law without the concurrence of a majority of all the members elected to each house. On the final passage of all bills, the vote shall be by yeas and nays and entered on the journal. Words "joint resolution" omitted. Sec. 19, Art. IV. Sec. 24. The assent of two-thirds of the members elected to each house of the legislature shall be requisite to every bill appropriating the public money or property for local or private purposes. No change from Sec. 45, Art. IV. Sec. 25. Fuel, stationery, blanks, printing and binding for the use of the state shall be furnished under contract or contracts with the lowest bidder or bidders who shall give adequate and satisfactory security for the performance thereof. The legislature shall prescribe by law the man- ner in which the state printing shall be executed and the accounts ren- dered therefor; and shall prohibit all charges for constructive labor. It shall not rescind nor alter such contract, nor release the person or persons taking the same or his or their sureties from the performance of any of the conditions of the contract. No member of the legislature nor officer of the state shall be interested directly or indirectly in any such contract. No change from Sec. 22, Art. IV, except in phraseology. 50 Sec. 26. The legislature may authorize the employment of a chap- lain for each of the state prisons; but no money shall be appropriated for the payment of any religious services in either house of the legislature. Sec. 24, Art. IV. Sec. 27. The legislature may authorize a trial by a jury of a less num- ber than twelve men. No change from Sec. 46, Art, IV. Sec. 28. The legislature may provide by law for indeterminate sen- tences, so called, as a punishment for crime, on conviction thereof, and for the detention and release of persons imprisoned or detained on said sentences. No change from Sec. 47, Art. IV, except in phraseology. Sec. 29. The legislature shall have power to enact laws relative to the hours and conditions under which women and children may be em- ployed. New. Sec. 30. The legislature shall pass no local or special act in any case where a general act can be made applicable, and whether a general act can be made applicable shall be a judicial question. No local or special act shall take effect until approved by a majority of the electors voting thereon in the district to be affected. New. Sec 31. The legislature shall not authorize by private or special law the sale or conveyance of any real estate belonging to any person. Sec. 23, Art. IV. Last clause of above section transferred to Sec. 27, Art. VIII of this constitution. Sec 32. Divorces shall not be granted by the legislature. No change from Sec. 26, Art. IV. Sec 33. The legislature shall not authorize any lottery nor permit the sale of lottery tickets. No change from Sec. 27, Art. IV. Sec 34. The legislature shall not audit nor allow any private claim or account. No change from Sec. 31, Art. IV. 51 Sec. 35. The legislature shall not establish a state paper. No change from Sec. 35, Art. IV. Sec. 36. Every bill passed by the legislature shall be presented to the governor before it becomes a law. If he approve, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the objections at large upon its journal and reconsider it. On such reconsideration, if two-thirds of the members elected agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent with the objections to the other house, by which it shall be reconsidered. If approved by two-thirds of the mem- bers elected to that house, it shall become a law. In such case the vote of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journals of each house, respectively. If any bill be not returned by the governor within ten days, Sundays excepted, after it has been presented to him, it shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legis- lature, by adjournment, prevents its return, in which case it shall not be- come a law. The governor may approve, sign and file in the office of the secretary of state within five days, Sundays excepted, after the adjourn- ment of the legislature any bill passed during the last five days of the ses- sion, and the same shall become a law. Revision of Sec. 14, Art. IV. Abolishes distinction between concurrent and joint resolutions. Sec. 37. The governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items of any bill making appropriations of money embracing distinct items; and the part or parts approved shall be the law; and the item or items disapproved shall be void, unless re-passed according to the rules and limitations prescribed for the passage of other bills over the executive veto. New. Sec 38. Any bill passed by the legislature and approved by the gov- ernor, except appropriation bills, may be referred by the legislature to the qualified electors ; and no bill so referred shall become a law unless ap- proved by a majority of the electors voting thereon. New, Sec. 39. All laws enacted at any session of the legislature shall be pub- 52 lished in book form within sixty days after the final adjournment of the session, and shall be distributed in such manner as shall be provided by law. The speedy publication of such judicial decisions as may be deemed expedient shall also be provided for by law. All laws and judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person. Sec. 36, Art. IV. Sec. 40. No general revision of the laws shall hereafter be made. Whenever necessary, the legislature shall by law provide for a compila- tion of the laws in force, arranged without alteration, under appropriate heads and titles. Such compilation shall be prepared under the direction of commissioners, appointed by the governor, who may recommend to the legislature the repeal of obsolete laws and shall examine the compilation and certify to its correctness. When so certified, the compilation shall be printed in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Revision of Sec. 15, Art. XVIII. This section gives the legislature con- trol over a revision, while formerly the method was stated. ARTICLE VI. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. Section i. There shall be elected at each general biennial election a governor, a lieutenant governor, a secretary of state, a state treasurer, a commissioner of the state land office, an auditor general and an attorney general, for the term of two years. They shall keep their offices at the seat of government, superintend them in person and perform such duties as may be prescribed by law. The office of commissioner of the state land office may be abolished by law. Sees. I and 3, Art. V, and Sees, i and 2, Art. VIII. The election of a superintendent of public instruction is provided for in Sec. 2, Art. XI, herein. Sec. 2. The chief executive power is vested in the governor. Sec. I , Art. V. The remainder of the section is found in the preceding section of this article. Sec. 3. The governor shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe- cuted; shall transact all necessary business with the officers of govern- ment; and may require information in writing from all executive and ad- 53 ministrative state officers, elective and appointive, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. Sees. 5 and 6, Art. V combined. The governor may exercise power of inquiry as to all state officers, except judicial and legislative. Sec. 4. He shall be commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces, and may call out such forces to execute the laws, to suppress in- surrection and to repel invasion. No change from Sec. 4, Art. V, except in phraseology. Sec. 5. He shall communicate by message to the legislature, and at the close of his official term to the incoming legislature, the condition of the state, and recommend such measures as he may deem expedient. No change from Sec. 8, Art. V, except in phraseology. Sec. 6. He shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies as occur in the senate or house of representatives. No change from Sec. lo. Art. V. Sec. 7. He may convene the legislature on extraordinary occasions. No change from Sec. 7, Art. V. Sec. 8. He may convene the legislature at some other place when the seat of government becomes dangerous from disease or a common enemy. No change from Sec. 9, Art. V. Sec 9. He may grant reprieves, commutations and pardons after convictions for all offenses, except treason and cases of impeachment, upon such conditions and with such restrictions and limitations as he may think proper, subject to regulations provided by law relative to the manner of applying for pardons. Upon conviction for treason, he may suspend the execution of the sentence until the case shall be reported to the legislature at its next session, when the legislature shall either pardon or commute the sentence, direct the execution of the sentence or grant a further reprieve. He shall communicate to the legislature at each session information of each case of reprieve, commutation or pardon granted and the reasons therefor. No change from Sec. 1 1 , Art. V. Sec. 10. Whenever a vacancy shall occur in any of the state offices, 54 the governor shall fill the same by appointment, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, if in session. No change from Sec. 3, Art. VIII. Sec. II. All official acts of the governor, except his approval of the laws, shall be authenticated by the great seal of the state, which shall be kept by the secretary of state. No change from Sec. 18, Art. V, except in phraseology. Sec. 12. All commissions issued to persons holding office under the provisions of this constitution shall be in the name and by the authority of the people of the state of Michigan, sealed with the great seal of the state, signed by the governor and countersigned by the secretary of state. No change from Sec. 19, Art. V. Sec. 13. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor or lieu- tenant governor who shall not have attained the age of thirty years and who has not been five years a citizen of the United States and a resident of this state two years next preceding his election. No change from Sec. 2, Art. V, except in phraseology. Sec. 14. No member of congress nor any person holding office under the United States or this state shall execute the office of governor, except as provided in this constitution. Sec. 15, Art. V. Sec 15. No person elected governor or lieutenant governor shall be eligible to any office or appointment from the legislature, or either house thereof, during the time for which he was elected. All votes for either of them for any such office shall be void. No change from Sec. 16, Art. V. Sec. 16. In case of the impeachment of the governor, his removal from office, death, inability, resignation or absence from the state, the powers and duties of the office shall devolve upon the lieutenant governor for the residue of the term or until the disability ceases. When the gov- ernor shall be out of the state at the head of a military force thereof, he shall continue commander-in-chief of all the military force of the state. Sec. 12, Art. V. Words "in time of war" eliminated. Sec. 17. During a vacancy in the office of governor, if the lieutenant 55 governor die, resign, or be impeached, displaced, be incapable of perform- ing the duties of his office, or absent from the state, the secretary of state shall act as governor until the vacancy be filled or the disability cease. Sec. 13, Art. V. Secretary of state substituted for president pro tem- pore of the senate. Sec. 18. The lieutenant governor or secretary of state, while perform- ing the duties of governor, shall receive the same compensation as the governor. Sec. 17, Art. V. Similar change to that in preceding section. Sec. 19. The lieutenant governor shall be president of the senate, but shall have no vote. Revision of Sec. 14, Art. V. Sec. 20. The secretary of state, state treasurer and commissioner of the state land office shall constitute a board of state auditors. They shall examine and adjust all claims against the state not otherwise provided for by general law. They shall constitute a board of state canvassers to determine the result of all elections for governor, lieutenant governor, state officers and such other officers as shall by law be referred to them. They shall act as a state board of escheats and a board of fund commissioners. They shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. In case the office of commissioner of the state land office is abolished, anotJier state officer shall be designated by law as a member of the several boards mentioned in this section. Sec. 4, Art. VIII. Sec. 21. The governor and attorney general shall each receive an an- nual salary of five thousand dollars. The secretary of state, state treas- urer, commissioner of the state land office and auditor general shall each receive an annual salary of twenty-five hundred dollars. They shall re- ceive no fees or perquisites whatever for the performance of any duties connected with the offices. It shall not be competent for the legislature to increase the salaries herein provided. Sec. I, Art. IX, Supersedes provisions relating to salaries of officers named. 56 ARTICLE VII. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. Section i. The judicial power shall be vested in one supreme court, circuit courts, probate courts, justices of the peace and such other courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction, inferior to the supreme court, as the legis- lature may establish by general law, by a two-thirds vote of the members elected to each house. Sec, I, Art. VI. the supreme court. Sec 2. The supreme court shall consist of one justice chief and asso- ciate justices, to be chosen by the electors of the state at the regular biennial spring elections ; and not more than two justices shall go out of office at the same time. The term of office shall be prescribed by law. Recasts Sec, 2, Art. VI. Sec. 3. Four terms of the supreme court shall be held annually at such times and places as may be designated by law. No change from Sec. 4, Art. VI. Sec 4. The supreme court shall have a general superintending con- trol over all inferior courts; and shall have power to issue writs of error, habeas corpus, mandamus, quo warranto, procedendo and other original and remedial writs, and to hear and determine the same. In all cases it shall have appellate jurisdiction only. No change from Sec. 3, Art. VI. Sec 5. The supreme court shall by general rules establish, modify and amend the practice in such court and in all other courts of record, and simplify the same. The legislature shall, as far as practicable, abolish distinctions between law and equity proceedings. The office of master in chancery is prohibited. Sec. 5, Art. VI. Sec 6. The supreme court may appoint and remove its clerk, a re- porter of its decisions and a court crier, each of whom shall perform such duties and receive such salary as shall be prescribed by law; and all fees, perquisites and income collected by the clerk shall be turned over by him to 57 the state treasury and credited to tJw general fund. No justice of the su- preme court shall exercise any other power of appointment to public office. Portions of Sees. lo and 12, Art. VI. Adds appointment of court crier and provides that the clerk be paid a salary. Sec. 7. Decisions of the supreme court, including all cases of man damns, quo warranto and certiorari, shall be in writing, with a concise statement of the facts and reasons for the decisions; and shall be signed by the justices concurring therein. Any justice dissenting from a de- cision shall give the reasons for such dissent in writing under his signa- ture. All such opinions shall be filed in the office of the clerk of the supreme court. Revises part of Sec, 10, Art. VI. Additional proceedings in the de- cision of which the court shall file written opinions. CIRCUIT COURTS. Sec. 8. The state shall be divided into judicial circuits in each of which there shall be elected one circuit judge. The legislature may provide by law for the election of more than one circuit judge in any judicial circuit. A circuit court shall be held at least four times in each year in every county organized for judicial purposes. Each circuit judge shall hold court in the county or counties within the circuit in which he is elected, and in other circuits as may be provided by law. The legislature may by law arrange the various circuits into judicial districts, and provide for the manner of holding courts therein. Circuits and districts may be created, altered or discontinued by law, but no such alteration or discontinuance shall have the effect to remove a judge from office. General revision. Sees. 6, 7 and 11, Art. VI. Sec. 9. Circuit judges shall be elected on the first Monday in April, nineteen hundred eleven, and every sixth year thereafter. They shall hold office for a term of six years and until their successors are elected and qualified. They shall be ineligible to any other than a judicial office dur- ing the term for which they are elected and for one year thereafter. Corresponds with Sec. 20, Art. VI with changes in phraseology. Last sentence taken from Sec. 9, Art. VI. Sec. 10. Circuit courts shall have original jurisdiction in all matters 58 civil and criminal not excepted in this constitution and not prohibited by- law, and appellate jurisdiction from all inferior courts and tribunals and a supervisory control of the same. They shall also have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto and cer- tiorari and to hear and determine the same; and to issue such other writs as may be necessary to carry into effect their orders, judgments and de- crees and give them general control over inferior courts and tribunals within their respective jurisdictions, and in all such other cases and matters as the supreme court shall by rule prescribe. No change from Sec. 8, Art. VI, except in phraseology. Sec. II. The clerk of each county organized for judicial purposes shall be clerk of the circuit court for such county. The judges of the circuit courts may fill any vacancy in the offices of county clerk or prosecuting attorney within their respective jurisdictions, but shall not exercise any other power of appointment to public office. Revises portions of Sees. lo and 12, Art. VI. No change in effect. Sec. 12. Each of the judges of the circuit courts shall receive a salary payable monthly. In addition to the salary paid from the state treasury, each circuit judge may receive from any county in which he regtdarly holds court such additional salary as may be determined from time to time by the board of supervisors of the county. In any county where such additional salary is granted it shall be paid at the same rate to all circuit judges regularly court holding therein. Revises portions of Sees. 6 and 9, Art. VI. PROBATE COURTS. Sec. 13. In each county organized for judicial purposes, there shall be a probate court. The jurisdiction, powers and duties of such courts and of the judges thereof shall be prescribed by law, and they shall also have original jurisdiction in all cases of juvenile delinquents and depend- ents. Part of Sec. 13, Art. VI. Sec. 14. Judges of probate shall be elected in the counties in which they reside, and shall hold office for four years and until their successors are elected and qualified. They shall be elected on the Tuesday succeed- 59 ing the first Monday of November, nineteen hundred twelve, and every four years thereafter. The legislature may provide by law for the election of more than one judge of probate in counties with more than one hundred thousand inhabitants, and may provide for the election of such judges in such counties at alternate biennial elections. Substituted for Sec. 21 and part of Sec. 13, Art. VI. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. Sec. 15. There shall be elected in each organized township not to exceed four justices of the peace, each of whom shall hold the office for four years and until his successor is elected and qualified. At the first election in any township they shall be classified as shall be prescribed by law. A justice elected to fill a vacancy shall hold the office for the residue of the unexpired term. The legislature may provide by law for justices in cities. No change from Sec. 17, Art. VI, except in phraseology. Sec. 16. In civil cases, justices of the peace shall have exclusive jurisdiction to the amount of one hundred dollars and concurrent juris- diction to the amount of three hundred dollars, which may be increased to five hundred dollars, with such exceptions and restrictions as may be provided by law. They shall also have such criminal jurisdiction and perform such duties as shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 18, Art. VI. No change except that word " law " substituted for "the legislature." GENERAL PROVISIONS. Sec. 17. The supreme court and the circuit and probate courts of each county shall be courts of record, and shall each have a common seal. No change from Sec. 15, Art. VI, except in phraseology. Sec. 18. Justices of the supreme court, circuit judges and justices of the peace shall be conservators of the peace within their respective juris- dictions. No change from Sec. 19, Art. VI, except in phraseology. Sec. 19. Whenever a judge shall remove beyond the limits of the jurisdiction for which he was elected, or a justice of the peace from the 60 township in which he was elected, or by a change in the boundaries of such township shall be placed without the same, he shall be deemed to have vacated the office. No change from Sec. 22, Art. VI, except in phraseology. Sec. 20. When a vacancy occurs in the office of judge of any court of record, it shall be filled by appointment of the governor, and the person appointed shall hold the office until a successor is elected and qualified. When elected, such successor shall hold the office the residue of the unex- pired term. No change from Sec. 14, Art. VI, except in phraseology. Sec. 21. The legislature may provide by law for the election of one or more persons in each organized county who may be vested with judi- cial powers not exceeding those of a judge of the circuit court at cham- bers. No change from Sec. 16, Art. VI. Sec. 22. The style of all process shall be: "In the Name of the People of the State of Michigan." No change from Sec. 35, Art. VI. ARTICLE VIII. LOCAL government, COUNTIES. Section i. Each organized county shall be a body corporate, with such powers and immunities as shall be established by law. All suits and proceedings by or against a county shall be in the name thereof. No change from Sec. i, Art. X. Sec. 2. No organized county shall be reduced by the organization of new counties to less than sixteen townships as surveyed by the United States, unless in pursuance of law a majority of electors voting on the question in each county to be affected thereby shall so decide. When any city has attained a population of otie hundred thousand inhabitants, the legislature may organize it into a separate county without reference to geographical extent, if a majority of the electors of such city and of the remainder of the county in which such city may be situated voting on the 61 question shall each determine in favor of organizing said city into a sep- arate county. Revision of Sec. 2, Art. X. Population of a city increased from 20,000 to 100,000 before it may be organized into a separate county; and re- quires the affirmative vote of a majority of the electors of the city and of the remainder of the county. Sec. 3. There shall be elected biennially in each organized county a sheriff, a county clerk, a county treasurer, a register of deeds and a prose- cuting attorney, whose duties and powers shall be prescribed by law. The board of supervisors in any county may unite the offices of county clerk and register of deeds in one office or separate the same at pleasure. Sec. 3, Art. X. Change in phraseology, and the following words omit- ted, "and as often as vacancies shall happen." See Sec. 5, Art. XVI, herein. Sec. 4. The sheriff, county clerk, county treasurer, judge of probate and register of deeds shall hold their offices at the county seat. No change from Sec. 4, Art. X. Sec. 5. The sheriff shall hold no other office, and shall be incapable of holding the office of sheriff longer than four in any period of six years. He may be required by law to renew his security from time to time, and, in default of giving such security, his office shall be deemed vacant. The county shall never be responsible for his acts. No change from Sec. 5, Art. X. Sec. 6. The legislature shall by general law provide for the appoint- ment of a board of jury commissioners in each county; but such law shall not become operative in any county until a majority of the electors of the county voting thereon shall so decide. New. Sec. 7. A board of supervisors, consisting of one from each organized township, shall be established in each county, with such powers as shall be prescribed by law. Cities shall have such representation in the boards of supervisors of the counties in which they are situated as may be pro- vided by law. Combines Sees. 6, and 7 Art. X. No change except in phraseology. 62 Sec. 8. The legislature may by general law confer upon the boards of supervisors of the several counties such powers of a local, legislative and administrative character, not inconsistent with the provisions of this con- stitution, as it may deem proper. Subdivision of Sec. 38, Art. IV. Sec. 9. The boards of supervisors shall have exclusive power to fix the salaries and compensation of all county officials not otherwise provided for by law. The boards of supervisors, or in counties having county auditors, such auditors, shall adjust all claims against their respective counties; appeals may he taken from such decisions of the boards of super- visors or auditors to the circuit court in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Supplants Sec. 10, Art. X. Gives boards of supervisors exclusive power to fix salaries and compensation of county officials not otherwise provided for by law. Sec. 10. The board of supervisors of any county may in any one year levy a tax of one-tenth of one mill on the assessed valuation of said county for the construction or repair of public buildings or bridges, or may borrow an equal sum for such purposes; and, in any county where the assessed valuation is less than ten million dollars, the board may levy a tax or borrow for such purposes to the amount of one thousand dollars; but no greater sum shall be raised for such purposes in any county in any one year, un- less submitted to the electors of the county and approved by a majority of those voting thereon. Sec. 9, Art. X. Sec. II. Any county in this state, either separately or in conjunction with other counties, may appropriate money for the construction and maintenance or assistance of public and charitable hospitals, sanatoria or other institutions for the treatment of persons suffering from con- tagious or infectious diseases. Each county may also maintain an in- firmary for the care and support of its indigent poor and unfortunate, and all county poor houses shall hereafter be designated and maintained as county infirmaries. New. 63 Sec. 12. No county shall incur any indebtedness which shall increase its total debt beyond three per cent of its assessed valuation. Subdivision of Sec. 49, Art. IV. Sec. 13. No county seat once established shall be removed until the place to which it is proposed to be removed shall be designated by two- thirds of the board of supervisors of the coimty, and a majority of the electors voting thereon shall have voted in favor of the proposed location, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. No change from Sec. 8, Art. X. Sec. 14. No navigable stream of this state shall be either bridged or dammed without permission granted by the board of supervisors of the county under the provisions of law, which permission shall be subject to such reasonable compensation and other conditions as may seem best suited to safeguard the rights and interests of the county and the municipalities therein. No such law shall preclude the state from improving the naviga- tion of any such stream, nor prejudice the right of individuals to the free navigation thereof. Sec. 4, Art. XVIII. Change in phraseology, and italicized words added. Sec. 15. The board of supervisors of each organized county may organize and consolidate townships under such restrictions and limita- tions as shall be prescribed by law. Supplants Sec. 11, Art. X. TOWNSHIPS. Sec. 16. Each organized township shall be a body corporate, with such powers and immunities as shall be prescribed by law. All suits and proceedings by or against a township shall be in the name thereof. No change from Sec. 2, Art. XI. Sec. 17. The legislature may by general law confer upon organized townships such powers of a local, legislative and administrative character, not inconsistent with the provisions of this constitution, as it may deem proper. Subdivision of Sec. 38, Art. IV. Sec. 18. There shall be elected annually on the first Monday of April 64 in each organized township one supervisor, one township clerk, one com- missioner of highways, one township treasurer, not to exceed four con- stables and one overseer of highways for each highway district, whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by law. Sec. I, Art. XI. Office of school inspector eliminated. Sec. 19. No township shall grant any public utility franchise which is not subject to revocation at the will of the township, unless such pro- position shall have first received the affirmative vote of a majority of the electors of such township voting thereon at a regular or special election. New. CITIES AND VILLAGES. Sec. 20. The legislature shall provide by a general law for the in- corporation of cities, and by a general law for the incorporation of villages; such general laws shall limit their rate of taxation for municipal purposes, and restrict their powers of borrowing money and contracting debts. New. Sec. 21. Under such general laws, the electors of each city and village shall have power and authority to frame, adopt and amend its charter, and, through its regularly constituted authority, to pass all laws and ordinances relating to its municipal concerns, subject to the constitution and general laws of this state. New. Sec. 22. Any city or village may acquire, own, establish and main- tain, either within or without its corporate limits, parks, boulevards, cemeteries, hospitals, almshouses and all works which involve the public health or safety. New. Sec. 23. Subject to the provisions of this constitution, any city or village may acquire, own and operate, either within or without its cor- porate limits, public utilities for supplying water, light, heat, power and transportation to the municipality and the inhabitants thereof; and may also sell and deliver water, heat, power and light without its corporate limits to an amount not to exceed twenty-five per cent of that furnished by it within the corporate limits; and may operate transportation lines 65 without the municipality within such limits as may be prescribed by law: Provided, That the right to own or operate transportation facilities shall not extend to any city or village of less than twenty-five thousand inhabi- tants. New. Sec. 24. When a city or village is authorized to acquire or operate any public utility, it may issue mortgage bonds therefor beyond the gen- eral limit of bonded indebtedness prescribed by law: Provided, That such mortgage bonds issued beyond the general limit of bonded indebted- ness prescribed by law shall not impose any liability upon such city or village, but shall be secured only upon the property and revenues of such public utility, including a franchise stating the terms upon which, in case of foreclosure, the purchaser may operate the same, which franchise shall in no case extend for a longer period than twenty years from the date of the sale of such utility and franchise on foreclosure. New. Sec. 25. No city or village shall have power to abridge the right of elective franchise, to loan its credit, nor to assess, levy or collect any tax or assessment for other than a public purpose. Nor shall any city or village acquire any public utility or grant any public utility franchise which is not subject to revocation at the will of the city or village, unless such proposition shall have first received the affirmative vote of three- fifths of the electors of such city or village voting thereon at a regular or special municipal election; and upon such proposition women taxpayers having the qualifications of male electors shall be entitled to vote. New. The foregoing sections supersede Sec. 38, Art. IV and Sees. 13 and 14, Art. XV in so far as such sections relate to cities and villages. GENERAL PROVISIONS. Sec. 26. The legislature may by general law provide for the laying out, construction, improvement and maintenance of highways, bridges and culverts by counties, districts and townships; and may authorize counties or districts to take charge and control of any highways within their limits for such purposes. The legislature may also by general law prescribe the powers and duties of boards of supervisors in relation to highways, bridges and culverts; may provide for county and district road 66 commissioners to be appointed or elected, with such powers and duties as may be prescribed by law ; and may change and abolish the powers and duties of township commissioners and overseers of highways. The legis- lature may provide by law for submitting the question of adopting a county or district road system to the electors of the counties or proposed districts, and stich road system shall not go into operation in any county or district until approved by a majority of the electors thereof voting on stich question. The tax raised for road purposes shall not exceed in any one year three dol- lars upon each one thousand dollars of assessed valuation for the preced- ing year. Sec. 49, Art. IV. The three per cent limit on county indebtedness is placed in Sec. 12 of this article. Sec. 27. The legislature shall not vacate nor alter any road laid out by commissioners of highways, or any street, alley or public ground in any city or village or in any recorded town plat. Revision of part of Sec. 23, Art. IV. Sec. 28. No person, partnership, association or corporation operating a public utility shall have the right to the use of the highways, streets, alleys or other public places of any city, village or township for wires, poles, pipes, tracks or conduits, without the consent of the duly consti- tuted authorities of such city, village or township; nor to transact a local business therein without first obtaining a franchise therefor from such city, village or township. The right of all cities, villages and townships to the reasonable control of their streets, alleys and public places is hereby reserved to such cities, villages and townships. New. Sec. 29. No franchise or license shall be granted by any municipality of this state for a longer period than thirty years. New. ARTICLE IX. IMPEACHMENTS AND REMOVALS FROM OFFICE. Section i . The house of representatives shall have the sole power of im- peaching civil officers for corrupt conduct in office, or for crimes or mis- 67 demeanors; but a majority of the members elected shall be necessary to direct an impeachment. No change from Sec. i, Art. XII. Sec. 2. When an impeachment is directed, the house of representa- tives shall elect from its own body three members, whose duty it shall be to prosecute such impeachment. No impeachment shall be tried until the final adjournment of the legislature, when the senate shall proceed to try the same. No change from Sec. 3, Art. XII, except in phraseology. Sec. 3. Every impeachment shall be tried by the senate. When the governor or lieutenant governor is tried, the chief justice of the supreme court shall preside. When an impeachment is directed, the senate shall take an oath or affirmation truly and impartially to try and determine the same according to the evidence. No person shall be convicted with- out the concurrence of two-thirds of the members elected. Judgment in case of impeachment shall not extend further than removal from office, but the person convicted shall be liable to punishment according to law. No change from Sec. 2, Art. XII, except in phraseology. Sec. 4. No judicial officer shall exercise his office after an impeach- ment is directed until he is acquitted. No change from Sec. 4, Art. XII. Sec. 5. The governor may make a provisional appointment to fill a vacancy occasioned by the suspension of an officer, until he shall be ac- quitted or until after the election and qualification of a successor. No change from Sec. 5, Art. XII. Sec. 6. For reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground for impeachment, the governor shall remove any judge on a concurrent reso- lution of two-thirds of the members elected to each house of the legisla- ture; and the cause for which such removal is required shall b^ stated at length in such resolution. No change from Sec. 6, Art. XII, except in phraseology. Sec. 7. The governor shall have power and it shall be his duty, except at such time as the legislature may be in session, to examine into the con- dition and administration of any public office and the acts of any public 68 officer, elective or appointive; to remove from office for gross neglect of duty or for corrupt conduct in office, or any other misfeasance or mal- feasance therein, any elective or appointive state officer, except legislative or judicial, and report the causes of such removal to the legislature at its next session. Sec. 8, Art. XII. Change in phraseology. Authority of the governor to appoint a state officer for the remainder of an unexpired term is pre- scribed in Sec. lo, Art. VI, herein. Sec. 8. Any officer elected by a county, city, village, township or school district may be removed from office in such manner and for such cause as shall be prescribed by law. Supersedes Sec. 7, Art. XII. ARTICLE X. FINANCE AND TAXATION. Section i. All subjects of taxation now contributing to the primary school interest fund under present laws shall continue to contribute to that fund, and all taxes from such subjects shall be first applied in pay- ing the interest upon the primary school, university and other educational funds in the order herein named, after which the surplus of such moneys shall be added to and become a part of the primary school interest fund. Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide by law for an annual tax suffi- cient with other resources to pay the estimated expenses of the state gov- ernment, the interest on any state debt and such deficiency as may occur in the resources. The two preceding sections revise Sec. i, Art. XIV. Sec. 3. The legislature shall provide by law a uniform rule of taxation, except on property paying specific taxes, and taxes shall be levied on such property as shall be prescribed by law: Provided, That the legislature shall provide by law a uniform rule of taxation for such property as shall be assessed by a state board of assessors, and the rate of taxation on such property shall be the rate which the state board of assessors shall ascer- tain and determine is the average rate levied upon other property upon 69 which ad valorem taxes are assessed for state, county, township, school and municipal purposes. Sec. II, Art. XIV. Sec. 4. The legislature may by law impose specific taxes, which shall be uniform upon the classes upon which they operate. Sec. 5. The legislature may provide by law for the assessment at its true cash value by a state board of assessors, of which the governor shall he ex-officio a member, of the property of corporations and the property, by whomsoever owned, operated or condiicted, engaged in the business of trans- porting passengers and freight, transporting property by express, operating any union station or depot, transmitting messages by telepJwne or telegraph, loaning cars, operating refrigerator cars, fast freight lines or other car lines and running or operating cars in any manner upon railroads, or engaged in any other public service business; and for the levy and collection of taxes thereon. The two preceding sections revise and supersede Sec. 10, Art. XIV. Sec. 6. Every law which imposes, continues or revives a tax shall distinctly state the tax, and the objects to which it is to be applied; and it shall not be sufficient to refer to any other law to fix such tax or object. No change from Sec. 14, Art. XIV. Sec. 7. All assessments hereafter authorized shall be on property at its cash value. No change from Sec. 12, Art. XIV. Sec. 8. In the year nineteen hundred eleven, every fifth year thereafter and at such other times as the legislature may direct, the legislature shall provide by law for an equalization of assessments by a state board, on all taxable property, except that taxed under laws passed pursuant to sec- tions four and five of this article. Sec. 13, Art. XIV. Sec. 9. The power of taxation shall never be surrendered or suspended by any grant or contract to which the state or any municipal corporation shall be a party. New. Sec. 10. The state may contract debts to meet deficits in revenue, 70 but such debts shall not in the aggregate at any time exceed two hundred fifty thousand dollars. The state may also contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, defend the state or aid the United States in time of war. The money so raised shall be applied to the purposes for which it is raised or to the payment of the debts contracted. Combines Sees. 3 and 4, Art. XIV. Material change in phraseology. Sec. II. No scrip, certificate or other evidence of state indebtedness shall be issued, except for such debts as are expressly authorized in this constitution. Sec. 7, Art. XIV. Omits the words "except for the redemption of stock previously issued." Sec. 12. The credit of the state shall not be granted to, nor in aid of any person, association or corporation, public or private. Sec. 6, Art. XIV. Sec. 13. The state shall not subscribe to, nor be interested in the stock of any company, association or corporation. No change from Sec. 8, Art. XIV, except in phraseology. Sec. 14. The state shall not be a party to, nor be interested in any work of internal improvement, nor engage in carrying on any such work, except in the improvement of, or aiding in the improvement of the public wagon roads, in tJi£ reforestation and protection of lands owned by the state and in the expenditure of grants to the state of land or other property. Corresponds with Sec. 9, Art. XIV. The provision relative to the issu- ance of bonds by Grand Rapids city omitted. Sec. 15. No state money shall be deposited in banks other than those organized under the national or state banking laws. No state money shall be deposited in any bank in excess of fifty per cent of the capital and surplus of such bank. Any bank receiving deposits of state money shall show the amount of state money so deposited as a separate item in all published statements. New. Sec. 16. No money shall be paid out of the state treasury except in pursuance of appropriations made by law. Sec. 5, Art. XIV. 71 Sec. 17. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public moneys shall be attached to and published with the laws passed at every regular session of the legislature. No change from Sec. 5, Art. XVIII, except in phraseology. Sec. 18. The legislature shall provide by law for the keeping of ac- counts by all state officials, boards and institutions, and by all county officials; and shall also provide for the supervision and audit thereof by competent state authority and for uniform reports of all public accounts to such authority. Such systems of account shall provide for accurate records of all financial and other transactions and for checks upon all receipts and disbursements of all such officials, boards and institutions; and shall be uniform for all similar boards, institutions and county offi- cials. All public accounts and the audit thereof shall be public records and open to inspection. New. Sec. 19. No collector, holder or disburser of public moneys shall have a seat in the legislature, nor be eligible to any office of trust or profit under this state, until he shall have accounted for and paid over, as pro- vided by law, all sums for which he may be liable. No change from Sec. 30, Art. IV. ARTICLE XL EDUCATION, Section i. Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of edu- cation shall forever be encouraged. New. Sec. 2. A superintendent of public instruction shall be elected at the regular election to be held on tJie first Monday in April, nineteen hundred nine, and every second year thereafter. He shall hold office for a period of two years from the first day of July following his election and until his successor is elected and qualified. He shall have general supervision of public instruction in the state. He shall be a member and secretary of the state board of education. He shall be ex-officio a member of all other 72 boards having control of public instruction in any state institution, with the right to speak but not to vote. His duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law. This section takes the place of Sec. i, Art. XIII, and includes certain provisions of Sec. i. Art. VIII, and Sec. i. Art. IX. Sec. 3. There shall be a board of regents of the university, consisting of eight members, who shall hold the office for eight years. There shall be elected at each regular biennial spring election two members of such board. When a vacancy shall occur in the office of regent it shall be filled by appointment of the governor. In effect the same as Sec. 6, Art. XIII. Sec. 4. The regents of the university and their successors in office shall continue to constitute the body corporate known as "The Regents of the University of Michigan. No change from Sec. 7, Art. XIII, except in phraseology. Sec. 5. The regents of the university shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the university. The president of the university and the superintendent of public instruction shall be ex-officio members of the board of regents, with the privilege of speaking but not of voting. The president shall preside at the meetings of the board and be the principal executive officer of the university. The board of regents shall have the general supervision of the university and the direction and control of all expenditures from the university funds. Sec. 8, Art. XIII. Change also in phraseology. Sec. 6. The state board of education shall consist of four members. On the first Monday in April, nineteen hundred nine, and at each succeed- ing biennial spring election, there shall be elected one member of such board who shall hold his office for six years from the first day of July fol- lowing his election. The state board of education shall have general supervision of the state normal college and the state normal schools, and the duties of said board shall be prescribed by law. In effect, the same as Sec. 9, Art. XIII, except the provision for elec- tion in April. Reference to superintendent of public instruction is found in Sec. 2 of this article. Sec. 7. There shall be elected on the first Monday in April, nineteen 73 hundred nine, a state board of agriculture to consist of six members, two of whom shall hold the office for two years, two for four years and two for six years. At every regular biennial spring election thereafter, there shall be elected two members whose term of office shall be six years. The members thus elected and their successors in office shall be a body cor- porate to be known as "The State Board of Agriculture." New. Sec. 8. The state board of agriculture shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the agricultural college, who shall be ex-officio a mem- ber of the board with the privilege of speaking but not of voting. He shall preside at the meetings of the board and be the principal executive officer of the college. The board shall have the general supervision of the college, and the direction and control of all agricultural college funds ; and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. New. Sec. 9. The legislature shall continue a system of primary schools, whereby every school district in the state shall provide for the education of its pupils without charge for tuition ; and all instruction in such schools shall be conducted in the English language. If any school district shall neglect to maintain a school within its borders as prescribed by law for at least five months in each year, or to provide for the education of its pupils in another district or districts for an equal period, it shall be de- prived for the ensuing year of its proportion of the primary school interest fund. Supplants Sees. 4 and 5, Art. XIII. Sec. 10. The legislature shall maintain the university, the college of mines, the state agricultural college, the state normal college and such state normal schools and other educational institutions as may be estab- lished by law. New. Sec. II. The proceeds from the sales of all lands that have been or here- after may be granted by the United States to the state for educational pur- poses and the proceeds of all lands or other property given by individuals or appropriated by the state for like purposes shall be and remain a per- petual fund, the interest and income of which, together with the rents 74 of all such lands as may remain unsold, shall be inviolably appropriated and annually applied to the specific objects of the original gift, grant or appropriation. No change from Sec. 2, Art. XIII. Sec. 12. All lands, the titles to which shall fail from a defect of heirs, shall escheat to the state, and the interest on the clear proceeds from the sales thereof shall be appropriated exclusively to the support of the primary schools. No change from Sec. 3, Art. XIII. Sec. 13. The legislature shall appropriate all salt spring lands now unappropriated, or the money arising from the sale of the same, where such lands have already been sold, and any funds or lands which may here- after be granted or appropriated for such purpose, for the support and maintenance of the agricultural college. Revision of Sec. 11, Art. XIII. Sec. 14. The legislature shall provide by law for the establishment of at least one library in each township and city ; and all fines assessed and collected in the several counties, cities and townships for any breach of the penal laws shall be exclusively applied to the support of such libra- ries. Supplants Sec. 12, Art. XIII. Certain words omitted. Sec. 15. Institutions for the benefit of those inhabitants who are deaf, dumb, blind, feeble-minded or insane shall always be fostered and supported. Sec. 10, Art. XIII. ARTICLE XII. CORPORATIONS. Section i. Corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created, nor shall any rights, privileges or franchises be conferred upon them, by special act of the legislature. All laws heretofore or here- after passed by the legislature for the formation of, or conferring rights, privileges or franchises upon corporations^ and all rights, privileges or 75 franchises conferred by such laws may be amended, altered, repealed or abrogated. Revision and enlargement of Sec. i, Art. XV and omits the third sen- tence. The words "except for municipal purposes" also omitted. Sec. 2. The term "corporation" as used in this article shall be con- strued to include all associations and joint stock companies having any of the powers or privileges of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships. All corporations shall have the right to sue and be subject to be sued in all courts in like cases as natural persons. No change from Sec. 1 1 , Art. XV, except in phraseology. Sec. 3. No corporation shall be created for a longer period than thirty years, except for municipal, railroad, insurance, canal or cemetery pur- poses, or corporations organized without any capital stock for religious, benevo- lent, social or fraternal purposes; but the legislature may provide by general laws, applicable to any corporations, for one or more extensions of the term of such corporations, while such term is running, not exceeding thirty years for each extension, on the consent of not less than two-thirds of the capital stock of the corporation; and by like general laws for the corporate reorganization for a further period, not exceeding thirty years, of such corporations whose terms have expired by limitation, on the con- sent of not less than four-fifths of the capital stock. Revision of Sec. 10, A.rt. XV. Sec. 4. The stockholders of every corporation and joint stock associa- tion shall be individually liable for all labor performed for such corpora- tion or association. No change from Sec. 7, Art. XV. Sec. 5. No corporation shall hold any real estate for a longer period than ten years, except such real estate as shall be actually occupied by such corporation in the exercise of its franchises. Sec. 12, Art. XV. Words "hereafter acquired" omitted. Sec. 6. The legislature shall pass no law renewing or extending any special act of incorporation heretofore granted. Revision of Sec. 8, Art. XV. Sec. 7. The legislature may, from time to time, pass laws establish- 76 ing reasonable maximum rates of charges for the transportation of passen- gers and freight on different railroads in this state, and may pass laws establishing reasonable maximum rates of charges for the transportation of property by express companies in this state, and m.ay delegate such power to fix reasonable m.aximum rates of charges for the transportation of freight by railroad companies and for the transportation of property by express com- panies to a commission created by law; and shall prohibit running con- tracts between such railroad companies whereby discrimination is made in favor of either of such companies as against other companies owning connecting or intersecting lines of railroad. Sec. I, Art. XIX-A. Sec. 8. No railroad corporation shall consolidate its stock, property or franchises with any other railroad corporation owning a parallel or competing line; and in no case shall any consolidation take place except upon at least sixty days' public notice to all stockholders in such manner as shall be provided by law. No change from Sec. 2, Art. XIX-A, except in phraseology. Sec. 9. No general law providing for the incorporation of trust com- panies or corporations for banking purposes, or regulating the business thereof, shall be adopted, amended or repealed except by a vote of two- thirds of the members elected to each house of the legislature. Such laws shall not authorize the issue of bank notes or paper credit to circulate as money. Supplants Sec. 2, Art. XV. ARTICLE XIII. EMINENT DOMAIN. Section i. Private property shall not be taken by the public nor by any corporation for public use, without the necessity therefor being first determined and jtist compensation therefor being first made or secured in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Supplants Sees. 9 and 15, Art. XV. Sec. 2. When private property is taken for the use or benefit of the public, the necessity for using such property and the just compensation 77 to be made therefor, except when to be made by the state, shall be ascer- tained by a jury of twelve freeholders residing in the vicinity of such prop- erty, or by not less than three commissioners appointed by a court of record, as shall be prescribed by law: Provided, That the foregoing provision shall not be construed to apply to the action of commissioners of highways or road commissioners in the official discharge of their duties. Sec. 2, Art. XVIII. Sec. 3. Private roads may be opened in the manner prescribed by law; but in every case the necessity for the road and the amount of all dam- ages to be sustained by the opening thereof shall be first determined by a jury of six freeholders or by not less than three commissioners, and such amount, together with the expense of proceedings, shall be paid by the person or persons to be benefited. Revision of Sec. 14, Art. XVIII. Sec. 4. The regents of the university of Michigan shall have power to take private property for the use of the university, in the manner pre- scribed by law. New. ARTICLE XIV. EXEMPTIONS. Section i. The personal property of every resident of this state, to consist of such property only as shall be designated by law, shall be ex- empted to the amount of not less than five hundred dollars from sale on execution or other final process of any court. No change from Sec. i. Art. XVI, except in phraseology. Sec. 2. Every homestead of not exceeding forty acres of land and the dwelling hous'? thereon and the appurtenances to be selected by the owner thereof and not included in any town plat, city or village; or in- stead thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot in any city, village or recorded town plat, or such parts of lots as shall be equal thereto, and the dwelling house thereon and its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any resident of the state, not exceeding in value fifteen hundred dol- lars, shall be exempt from forced sale on execution or any other final process from a court. Such exemption shall not extend to any mortgage 78 thereon lawfully obtained, but such mortgage or other alienation of such land by the owner thereof, if a married man, shall not be valid without the signature of his wife to the same. No change from Sec. 2, Art. XVI, except in phraseology. Sec. 3. The homestead of a family, after the death of the owner thereof, shall be exempt from the payment of his debts in all cases during the min- ority of his children. No change from Sec. 3, Art. XVI, except in phraseology. Sec. 4. If the owner of a homestead die, leaving a widow but no chil- dren, such homestead shall be exempt, and the rents and profits thereof shall accrue to her benefit during the time of her widowhood, unless she be the owner of a homestead in her own right. No change from Sec. 4, Art. XVI, except in phraseology. ARTICLE XV. MILITIA. Section i. The militia shall be composed of all able-bodied male citizens between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, except such as are exempted by the laws of the United States or of this state; but all such citizens of any religious denomination, who, from scruples of con- science, may be averse to bearing arms, shall be excused therefrom upon such conditions as shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide by law for organizing, equipping and disciplining the militia in such manner as it shall deem expedient, not incompatible with the laws of the United States. Sec. 3. Officers of the militia shall be elected or appointed and be commissioned in such manner as may be prescribed by law. No change in above sections from Art. XVII, except in phraseology. ARTICLE XVI. miscellaneous provisions. Section i. The terms of office of all elective state officers and of all judges of courts of record shall begin on the first day of January next 79 succeeding their election, except as otherwise prescribed in this consti- tution. The terms of office of all county officers shall begin on the first day of January next succeeding their election, except as otherwise pre- scribed by law. This section is a condensation of like provisions appearing in various sections of the constitution of 1850. Sec. 2. Members of the legislature and all officers, executive and judicial, except such officers as may by law be exempted, shall, before they enter on the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the fol- lowing oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support the constitution of the United States and the constitution of this state, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of according to the best of my ability." No other oath, declaration or test shall be required as a qualification for any office or pub- lic trust. No change from Sec. i. Art. XVIII. Sec. 3. Neither the legislature nor any municipal authority shall grant or authorize extra compensation to any public officer, agent, employe or contractor after the service has been rendered or the contract entered into. Salaries of public officers, except circuit judges, shall not be increased, nor shall the salary of any public officer be decreased, after election or appointment. Revision of Sec, 21, Art. IV and Sec. 20 of the Schedule. Sec. 4. In case two or more persons have an equal and the highest number of votes for any office, as canvassed by the board of state can- vassers, the legislature in joint convention shall choose one of said per- sons to fill such office. When the determination of the board of state canvassers is contested, the legislature in joint convention shall decide which person is elected. No change from Sec. 5, Art. VIII. Sec. 5. The legislature may provide by law the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant and the manner of filling vacancies, where no provision is made in this constitution. No change from Sec. 37, Art. IV, except in phraseology. Sec. 6. The laws, public records and the written judicial and legis- 80 lative proceedings of the state shall be conducted, promulgated and pre- served in the English language. No change from Sec. 6, Art. XVIII. Sec. 7. The legislature may establish courts of conciliation with such powers and duties as shall be prescribed by law. No change from Sec. 23, Art. VI. Sec. 8. The real and personal estate of every woman, acquired before marriage, and all property to which she may afterwards become entitled by gift, grant, inheritance or devise shall be and remain the estate and property of such woman, and shall not be liable for the debts, obligations or engagements of her husband, and may be devised or bequeathed by her as if she were unmarried. No change from Sec. 5, Art. XVI, except in phraseology. Sec. 9. Aliens, who are or who may hereafter become bona fide resi- dents of this state, shall enjoy the same rights in respect to the possession, enjoyment and inheritance of property as native bom citizens. No change from Sec. 13, Art. XVIII. Sec 10. No lease or grant of agricultural land for agricultural pur- poses for a longer period than twelve years, reserving any rent or service of any kind, shall be valid. Sec. 12, Art. XVIII. ARTICLE XVII. AMENDMENT AND REVISION. Section i. Any amendment or amendments to this constitution may be proposed in the senate or house of representatives. If the same shall be agreed to by two-thirds of the members elected to each house, such amendment or amendments shall be entered on the journals, respectively, with the yeas and nays taken thereon; and the same shall be submitted to the electors at the next spring or autumn election thereafter, as the legislature shall direct; and, if a majority of electors qualified to vote for members of the legislature voting thereon shall ratify and approve such amendment or amendments, the same shall become part of the constitu- tion. No change from Sec. i, Art. XX. 81 Sec. 2, Amendments may also be proposed to this constitution by petition of the qualified electors of this state but no proposed amendment shall be submitted to the electors unless the number of petitioners there- for shall exceed twenty per cent of the total number of electors voting for secretary of state at the preceding election of such officer. All peti- tions shall contain the full text of any proposed amendment, together with any existing provisions of the constitution which would be altered or abrogated thereby. Such petitions shall be signed at the regular regis- tration or election places at a regular registration or election under the supervision of the officials thereof, who shall verify the genuineness of the signatures and certify the fact that the signers are registered electors of the respective townships and cities in which they reside, and shall forth- with forward the petitions to the secretary of state. All petitions for amendments filed with the secretary of state shall be certified by that officer to the legislature at the opening of its next regular session; and, when such petitions for any one proposed amendment shall be signed by not less than the required number of petitioners, he shall also submit the proposed amendment to the electors at the first regular election there- after, unless the legislature in joint convention shall disapprove of the proposed amendment by a majority vote of the members elected. The legislature may, by a like vote, submit an alternative or a substitute pro- posal on the same subject. The action of the legislature shall be entered on the journal of each house, with the yeas and nays taken thereon. But no amendment to this section may be proposed in the manner herein prescribed. If a majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of the legis- lature voting thereon shall ratify and approve any such amendment or amendments, the same shall become a part of the constitution: Pro- vided, That for any amendment proposed under this section, the affirma- tive vote shall be not less than one-third of the highest number of votes cast at the said election for any office. In case alternative proposed amendments on the same subject are submitted at the same election, the vote shall be for one of such alternatives or against such proposed amendments as a whole. If the affirmative vote for one proposed amend- ment is the required majority of all the votes cast for and against such proposed amendments, it shall become a part of the constitution. If the total affirmative vote for such alternative proposed amendments is the 82 required majority of all the votes for and against them, but no one pro- posed amendment receives such majority, then the proposed amendment which receives the largest number of affirmative votes shall be submitted at the next regular election, and if it then receives the required majority of all the votes cast thereon it shall become a part of the constitution. The legislature shall enact appropriate laws to carry out the provisions of this section. New. Sec. 3. All proposed amendments to the constitution submitted to the electors shall be published in full, with any existing provisions of the constitution which would be altered or abrogated thereby, and a copy thereof shall be posted at each registration and election place. Proposed amendments shall also be printed in full on a ballot or ballots separate from the ballot containing the names of nominees for public office. New. Sec. 4. At the general election to be held in the year nineteen hun- dred twenty-six, in each sixteenth year thereafter and at such other times as may be provided by law, the question of a general revision of the con- stitution shall be submitted to the electors qualified to vote for members of the legislature. In case a majority of such electors voting at such election shall decide in favor of a convention for such purpose, at the next biennial spring election the electors of each senatorial district of the state as" then organized shall elect three delegates. The delegates so elected shall convene at the state capitol on the first Tuesday in Septem- ber next succeeding such election, and shall continue their sessions until the business of the convention shall be completed. A majority of the delegates elected shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of busi- ness. The convention shall choose its own officers, determine the rules of its proceedings and judge of the qualifications, elections and returns of its members. In case of a vacancy by death, resignation or otherwise, of any delegate, such vacancy shall be filled by appointment by the gov- ernor of a qualified resident of the same district. The convention shall have power to appoint such officers, employes and assistants as it may deem necessary and to fix their compensation, and to provide for the print- ing and distribution of its documents, journals and proceedings. Each delegate shall receive for his services the sum of one thousand dollars and 83 the same mileage as shall then be payable to members of the legislature, but such compensation may be increased by law. No proposed consti- tution or amendment adopted by such convention shall be submitted to the electors for approval as hereinafter provided unless by the assent of a majority of all the delegates elected to the convention, the yeas and nays being entered on the journal. Any proposed constitution or amend- ments adopted by such convention shall be submitted to the qualified electors in the manner provided by such convention on the first Monday in April following the final adjournment of the convention; but, in case an interval of at least ninety days shall not intervene between such final ad- journment and the date of such election, then it shall be submitted at the next general election. Upon the approval of such constitution or amend- ments by a majority of the qualified electors voting thereon such consti- tution or amendments shall take effect on the first day of January follow- ing the approval thereof. Substituted for Sec. 2, Art. XX. SCHEDULE. That no inconvenience may arise from the changes in the constitution of this state, and in order to carry the same into complete operation, it is hereby declared that : Section i. The common law and the statute laws now in force, not repugnant to this constitution, shall remain in force until they expire by their own limitations, or are altered or repealed. Final words "by the legislature" omitted. Sec. 2. All writs, actions, causes of action, prosecutions and rights of individuals, and of bodies corporate, and of the state, and all charters of incorporation which shall not have been heretofore forfeited or be- come subject to forfeiture shall continue; and all complaints, informa- tions or indictments which shall have been made, filed or found or which may hereafter be made, filed or found for any crime or offense committed before the adoption of this constitution, may be proceeded upon as if no change had taken place. The several courts shall continue with the same powers and jurisdiction, both at law and in equity, as heretofore, until otherwise provided by law. No change. 84 Sec. 3. All fines, taxes, penalties, forfeitures and escheats, accruing to the state or any municipal corporation under the existing constitution and laws, shall accrue to the use of the state or such municipal corpora- tion under this constitution. No change. Sec. 4. All recognizances, bonds, obligations and all other instru- ments entered into or executed before the adoption of this constitution to the people of this state, or to any municipal corporation, or to any public officer or public body, or which may be entered into or executed under existing laws to the people of this state or to any such officer or public body shall remain binding and valid, and rights and liabilities upon the same shall continue and may be prosecuted as provided by law. And all crimes and misdemeanors and penal actions shall be prosecuted, tried and punished as though no change had taken place, until otherwise provided by law. No change, except in phraseology. Sec. 5. All officers, civil and military, now holding any office or ap- pointment, shall continue to hold their respective offices, unless removed by competent authority, until superseded under the laws now in force or under this constitution. No change from Sec. 6, Schedule. Sec. 6. All officers elected under the existing constitution and laws on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, nineteen hundred eight, shall take office on and after the first day of January, nineteen hundred nine, under this constitution. Supplants Sec. 8, Schedule. Sec. 7. Until otherwise provided, the salaries or compensation of all public officers shall continue as provided under the existing constitution and laws. Supplants Sec. 20, Schedule. Sec. 8. The attorney general of the state shall prepare and report to the legislature at the commencement of the next session such changes in existing laws as may be deemed necessary to adapt the same to this constitution. Supplants Sec. 14, Schedule. 85 Sec. 9. Any territory attached or that may be attached to any county for judicial purposes, if not otherwise represented, shall be considered as forming a part of such county, so far as regards elections for the purpose of representation. No change from Sec. 15, Schedule, except in phraseology. Sec. 10. This constitution shall be submitted to ths people for their adoption or rejection at the general election to be held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, nineteen hundred eight. It shall be the duty of the secretary of state to forthwith give notice of such sub- mission to the sheriffs of the several counties, and it shall also be the duty of the secretary of state and all other officers required to give or publish any notice in regard to said election, to give notice as provided by law in case of an election for governor, that this constitution will be duly submitted to the electors at said election. Supersedes Sec. i6, Schedule. Sec. II. Every person entitled to vote for members of the legislature under the existing constitution and laws may vote on said adoption or rejection, and the board of election commissioners in each county shall cause to be printed on a ballot separate from the ballot containing the names of the nominees for office the words "Adoption of the Revised Constitution [ ] Yes." "Adoption of the Revised Constitution [ ] No." All votes cast at said election shall be taken, counted, canvassed and returned as provided by law for the election of state officers. Should the revised constitution so submitted receive more votes in its favor than shall be cast against it, it shall be the supreme law of the state on and after the first day of January, nineteen hundred nine, except as herein otherwise provided ; otherwise it shall be rejected. Supplants Sees. 17, 18, and 19 Schedule. Adopted by the Constitutional Convention of nmeteen hundred seven at the capitol at Lansing on the twenty-first day of February, nineteen hundred eight. JOHN J. CARTON, PAUL H. KING, President. Secretary. 86 ELIMINATED SECTIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF 1850. Art. IV, Sec. 4. All that portion which directs the taking of a state census once in ten years. Art. IV, Sec. 16. Allowing the legislature to provide for the pay- ment of postage on mailable matter received by its members, but not on any sent by them. Art. VII, Sec. 8. Providing that any inhabitant engaging in a duel shall be disqualified from voting or holding office. Art. X, Sec. 10. Giving certain county boards of supervisors or auditors exclusive power to fix compensation for services rendered for and adjust claims against their respective counties, subject to no appeal. This section superseded by Sec. 9, Art. VIII. Art. XIV, Sec. 2. Providing for a sinking fund of at least $20,000 a year, beginning in the year 1852, to be applied to the extinguishment of the state debt. Art. XV, Sec. 1. All that portion which permits the legislature to create a single bank with branches. Art. XV, Sec. 3. Making the officers and stockholders of banking corporations which issue bank notes or paper credits to circulate as money individually liable for debts, etc. Art. XV, Sec. 4. Providing for the registry of all bills or notes issued or put in circulation as money. Art. XV, Sec. 5. Making the bill holders of any bank preferred creditors in case of its insolvency. Art. XV, Sec. 6. Providing that the legislature shall pass no law authorizing the suspension of specie payments by any person, association or corporation. Art. XV, Sec. 16. Requiring notice to be given of any application for an alteration of the charter of any corporation. Art. XIX, Sec. i. Providing that certain counties of the upper peninsula, with certain islands, shall constitute a separate judicial dis- trict. 87 Art. XIX, Sec. 2. Providing for the election of a district judge for the territory mentioned in section 1, and defining his powers and duties. Art. XIX, Sec. 3. Providing for a district attorney for said district. Art. XIX, Sec. 4. Prescribing the representation of said district in the legislature. Art. XIX, Sec. 5. Providing salaries in said district for the judge, district attorney, and extra compensation for members of the legisla- ture. Art. XIX, Sec. 6. Prescribing the time for election and the canvass of votes in said district. Art. XIX, Sec. 7. Providing for a division between the state and the several counties, of the annual tax of one per cent from mining corpora- tions of the upper peninsula. Art. XIX, Sec. 8. Permitting the legislature to change the location of the state prison from Jackson to the upper peninsula. Art. XIX, Sec. 9. Relative to amending special charters then exist- ing of mining corporations. Schedule, Secs. 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13. Schedule, Secs. 16, 17, i8 and 19, superseded by Secs. 10 and 11 of the Schedule. Schedule, Sec. 20. A similar provision appears in Art. XVI, Sec. 3. Schedule, Sec. 21. Schedule, Sec. 22. See Art. V, Sec. 3. Schedule, Secs. 23, 25, 26 and 29. Schedule Sec. 24. Substantially the same provision is found in Art. XVI, Sec. I. Schedule, Sec. 27. Similar provisions found in Art. V, Sec. 4. Schedule, Sec. 28. Superseded by Art. XVI, Sec. i. JOHN J. CARTON, President. UNIV'^^Pj PAUL H. KING, Secretary. -iA^rIa^ / OF The OF 4yfORN\h^ BIOGRAPHIES OF THE MEMBERS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1 oo r. WILLIAM H. ACKER delegate from the twelfth district, Oakland and Macomb coun- ties, was born in Portage, N. Y., in 185 1 and is of English de- scent. He graduated from the Rushford academy in 1870, afterwards taking a business course in a commercial college at Buffalo. He was married to Mary C. Gordon in 1873 and came to Michigan the same year, locating at Carson City, Montcalm county, where he engaged in the lumber and banking business. In 1878 he sold out his business and went to Richmond, where he established the Richmond bank, at that time the third bank in Macomb county. He was one of the organizers of the Higgins Land Co. and the Olean Land Co. of Minnesota, and is a di- rector in both companies. In 1896, he, with others, organized the Richmond Elevator Co., of which he is now president. He is a director in the Parker Plow Co. of Richmond, a mem- of the Michigan Bankers' Association, and chairman of the private Bankers' Executive Committee. He has always been a republican and never held any elective office, except the presi- dency of the village of Richmond. EDGAR J. ADAMS delegate from the sixteenth district, Kent county, was bom in Branch county in 1866, and is of English, German and Scotch descent. Mr. Adams was the son of a farmer, receiv- ing his education in the district schools and was employed as clerk and bookkeeper before he was admitted to the bar. He has held the office of justice of the peace, was member of the 91 House of Representatives in 1897 and 1899, being Speaker of the House the latter year, and was candidate for judge of the Superior Court of Grand Rapids. He is now engaged in the practice of law in that city. THERON W. ATWOOD delegate from the twenty-first district, Tuscola county, was bom in White Oak, Ingham county, in 1854, but has been a resident of Tuscola county since infancy. His early educa- tion was obtained in the schools of that county, graduating from the law department of the University of Michigan in 1875. He has engaged in the practice of law since that time. Mr. Atwood was prosecuting attorney for four terms, state senator for two terms and served as commissioner of railroads from 1903 to 1907. He is married and resides at Caro. ROBERT SIMEON BABCOCK delegate from the twenty-sixth district, Manistee county, was bom in Milwaukee, Wis., in 1868, and is of English and Ameri- can descent. He was educated in the public schools of Mil- waukee and Chicago and graduated from the high school at Manistee. He attended the University of Michigan, being a member of the class of '89. Mr. Babcock has been a resident of Michigan for thirty years, and has been engaged in the lum- bering business ever since he left college. He was a member of the Michigan National Guard for seven years, leaving the service with rank of lieutenant colonel. He is a member of the Masonic order, Elks and Foresters. 92 WILLIAM H. ACKER. EDGAR J. ADAMS. THERON W. ATWOOD. ROBERT S. BABCOCK. JOHN BAIRD delegate from the twenty-second district, Saginaw county, was bom in Quebec, Canada, the eleventh day of February, i860. He came to Michigan when fourteen years of age and was engaged in salt packing for thirty-two years. He was elected justice of the peace in the spring of 1890, and was elected to the legislature in the fall of 1894. He served as supervisor of his town for five years, and was elected to the Senate in 1900. He was re-elected in 1902 and 1904. He is now engaged in the poultry and pet stock business. Mr. Baird has been chair- man of the republican county committee for the past twelve years. CLARKE E. BALDWIN delegate from the fifth district, Lenawee and Monroe counties, was bom in 187 1 at Canandaigua, Mich., and is of English descent. He attended the country schools until he was six- teen years of age and graduated from the Adrian high school in 1892 and from the University of Michigan in 1896. He was married to Adelia A. Wing in 1900, and has one son, Clark Wing. He worked on a farm during his boyhood and moved to Adrian in 1888, where he has practiced law since 1896, and is now a member of the law firm of Smith, Baldwin & Alex- ander of that city. FREDERICK J. BALDWIN delegate from the eighteenth district, Ionia and Montcalm counties, was bom in Dexter, Mich, in 1867, ^^^ is of New England ancestry, being ninth in line from Richard Baldwin of Buckinghamshire, England, one of the founders of Milford, Conn., which was settled in 1639. He received his education 93 in the public schools and Albion college. He was married in 1890 to Mary Haviland, a granddaughter of "Aunt" Laura S. Haviland. Mr. Baldwin was a messenger in the legislature from 1883 to 1887 and is a member of the State Board of Library Commissioners. He has been engaged in the hardware busi- ness since 1888, and is located at Coral, Mich. LEVI LEWIS BARBOUR delegate from the second district, Wayne county, was born in Monroe, Mich., August 14, 1840, of American parents. He received his education at the State University, graduating with the class of '63, literary department, and the class of '65, law. He has practiced law since his graduation and has twice been appointed to fill a vacancy in the regency of the university. Mr. Barbour is married and has been a resident of Michigan all his life. He was elected to the convention during his absence from the country and gave no pledges in order to receive the election. He was a candidate for the office of Regent of the University at the republican state convention held at Grand Rapids in the spring of 1907. HORACE T. BARNABY, JR. delegate from the seventeenth district, Kent county, was bom in North Star township, Gratiot county, October 24, 1870, of American parents. His father was Bishop H. T. Barnaby of the United Brethren Church. He received his education in Hartsville College, Ind., Kalamazoo College, Ferris Industrial School and the University of Michigan. On April 5, 1893, he married Mary E. Ryno. The}^ have three sons. His occupa- tion was that of a farmer until April, 1893, when he began 94 JOHN BAIRD. CLARKE E. BALDWIN. FREDERICK J. BALDWIN. LEVI L. BARBOUR. teaching school, which occupation he followed until 1898, but continued to live on the farm until June, 1903, when he re- moved to the city of Grand Rapids, and took up the practice of law. He has always been a resident of Michigan, and has held the office of township clerk, supervisor and member of the legislature, and was a candidate for probate judge of Kent county in 1904. He was elected to the convention by a large majority. JAMES FOOTE BARNETT delegate from the sixteenth district, Kent county, was born in Grand Rapids in 1869 and is of American descent. He attended the public schools of Grand Rapids and graduated from Yale and Columbia universities. Mr. Bamett was admitted to the bar in 1896 and is engaged in the practice of law. He has contributed articles to magazines, chiefly to the legal journals. CHARLES MARION BLACK delegate from the twenty-third district, Muskegon and Ottawa counties, was bom on a farm near Three Rivers, St. Joseph county, February i, 1874. His ancestors came to America somewhere near the year 1740. Mr. Black is of Scotch, Eng- lish, French and German descent. He received a common school education, his parents being poor, and early in life was apprenticed to the trade of cigar making. What he has accom- plished in life has been through his own efforts. Mr. Black first came to Muskegon in 1882, and is married. This is the only office in the gift of the people to which he has ever aspired. He w^on the nomination under a keen competi- tion, running ahead of his ticket at the election. 95 NATHAN S. BOYNTON delegate from the eleventh district, St. Clair county, was bom in Port Huron, June 23, 1837, and is of English and German descent, his father's ancestry descending from Sir Mathew Boynton, of England, and his mother's from Capt. Louis Rendt of the German army. Mr. Boynton attended the country dis- trict schools and graduated from the Waukegan, Ills., high school when sixteen years of age. He lived on a farm until he was twenty years old. In 1859 he married Miss Annie Fields German, at Cincinnati, O., who is still living. He spent five years of his life in mercantile business and another five in the real estate and insurance business. Mr. Boynton be- came Great Commander of the Knights of the Maccabees in 1 88 1 and held the position twenty-seven years. He has held the position of city clerk at Marine City, and was also presi- dent of that village. He was supervisor from 1866 to 1870 and served as representative in the legislature in 1869. He was also mayor of Port Huron for four terms. ARCHIBALD BROOMFIELD delegate from the twenty-fifth district, Newaygo, Mecosta, Isabella and Osceola counties, was bom on a farm in Isabella county in 1875, ^^^ is of Scotch descent. He was educated in the district schools and worked on the farm until 1896, when he attended the Ferris Institute at Big Rapids. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1902, taking the degree of LL.B. He immediately began the practice of law in Big Rapids, forming a partnership with A. B. Cogger. In 1909 he was appointed city attorney of Big Rapids. 96 HORACE T. BARNABY, JR. JAMES F. BARNETT. CHARLEvS M. BLACK. NATHAN S. BOYNTON. JEFFERSON G. BROWN delegate from the eleventh district, St. Clair county, was bom in Kenockee township, St. Clair county, in 1872, and is of English and Irish descent. His father was Delmere Brown of the same township, prominent lumberman and farmer. He is a graduate of the Flint high school. In 1893 he married Edna Green and has three children. Mr. Brown was engaged in lumbering and the mill business for seven years and is now a farmer. He held the office of supervisor for six years. His post office address is Avoca. THOMAS H. BROWN delegate from the first district, Wayne county, was born at Greenfield, January 30, i860, of English parents. He received his education in the district school. In November, 1888, he mar- ried Miss Louisa Granzow, of Royal Oak, and has one daughter. He has been a resident of Michigan all his life and by occupa- tion is a farmer. Mr. Brown was supervisor of Greenfield for nine years. WILLIAM E. BROWN delegate from the twenty-first district, Lapeer county, was bom in Hadley township, Lapeer county, in 1863, and is of American descent. His father and mother were pioneer set- tlers of Lapeer county, coming from New York. Mr. Brown was bom on the farm where they settled. He received his education in the district schools, village high school and grad- uated from the University of Michigan. He worked on the farm while a boy and during vacations for a period of five years, at which time he was occupied as a school teacher. He 97 married Miss Grace E. Palmer, of Imlay City, and they have a family of four children, three sons and one daughter. In 1887 Mr. Brown was admitted to the bar and has practiced law ever since. He has held the office of circuit court commis- sioner, prosecuting attorney, state senator and city attorney. WELLINGTON R. BURT delegate from the twenty-second district, Saginaw county, was bom in New York state, August, 1831, of English parents. He has resided in Michigan since 1837, ^-^^ is a manufacturer. He was elected to the convention on non-partisan ticket. CLARENCE MONROE BURTON delegate from the second district, Wayne county, was born in California, November 18, 1853, of English parents. He re- ceived his education in the common schools of Hastings, Mich., and the University of Michigan. He graduated from the law department of the University in 1874, and has since been en- gaged as a lawyer and abstractor of titles in Detroit. Mr. Burton has been a resident of Michigan since 1855. He has held the offices of member of board of estimates and board of education in Detroit, and has for several years been the president of the Pioneer and Historical society of Michigan. WILLIAM DUDLEY CALVERLEY delegate from the thirty-second district, Houghton county, was bom in Canada in 1853, and is of English and Irish descent. He is the nephew of Charles Stuart Calverley, author and Dean of Oxford. Mr. Calverley attended the public schools at 98 ARCHIBALD BROOMFIELD. JEFFERSON G. BROWN. THOMAvS H. BROWN. WILLIAM E. EROWN. Houghton, but left school when he was fourteen years old. He sailed the lakes as a sailor for six years and then entered train service as a brakeman and afterwards conductor. He then went into the employ of the Shelden estate as bookkeeper and served in that capacity for twenty-three years. He is now an officer of the Shelden Estate Company and is interested in mines, real estate and banking. In 1904 he married Miss Mary Temby Roberts, and they have two sons, Harry Roberts and William Dudley, Jr. Mr. Caverley has served as supervisor of Portage township for six terms. GORDON. R. CAMPBELL delegate from the thirty-second district, Houghton county, was bom in Middlesex county, Ontario, in 1870, and is of Scottish descent. He was educated in the public schools and grad- uated from the Collegiate Institute at Strathroy, Ontario, and also from the law department of the University of Michigan in 1893. He was married in 1902 to Miss Lou C. Holly, of Mil- waukee, Wis. Mr. Campbell practiced law from 1893 to 1901 and has been engaged in the mining business since that time. He is secretary of the Calumet & Arizona Mining Company and the Superior & Pittsburg Copper Company, both operating in Arizona. He came to Michigan to attend the law school in 1 89 1, and located in Marine City in 1893, where he stayed un- til 1898 when he moved to Calumet. HENRY MUNROE CAMPBELL delegate from the first district, Wayne county, was born in Detroit, April 18, 1854, the eldest son of the Honorable James Valentine Campbell, associate justice and chief justice of the 99 Supreme Court of Michigan for over thirty-two years, who married Cornelia Hotchkiss, a daughter of Chauncey Hotch- kiss, one of the builders of the Erie Canal. He is of wholly American descent. In the fifth generation he is a descendant of Duncan Campbell, an officer of a Highland regiment who came to America during the French and Indian wars. His other ancestors were chiefly New Englanders, and include such names as Hotchkiss, Bushnell, Ensign and Sedgwick — ^Major General Robert Sedgwick who was appointed by Olive Crom- well a High Commissioner to Massachusetts, and who died as Governor of Jamaica, was a direct ancestor; and Horace Bush- nell, the famous Congregational divine, was a first cousin of Mr. Campbell's father. Mr. Campbell received his education in the public schools of Detroit and at the University of Michi- gan, where he was graduated from the literary department in 1876 with the degree of Ph. B. and from the law department in 1878 with the degree of LL.B. In 1878 he formed a partner- ship with Henry Russel, now general 'counsel of the Michigan Central Railroad. In 1880 he was appointed a master in chan- cery of the United States Circuit Court, which office he still holds. November twenty-second, 1881, he married Caroline Boardman Burtenshaw, a daughter of James Burtenshaw, a well known Detroit merchant, and has two sons. Mr. Campbell has lived without interruption, in Detroit, and has never held any political office. In addition to membership in the American Bar Association, the Michigan Bar Association and the Detroit Bar Association, Mr. Campbell has become identified with many non-professional and social organizations. He was an original member of the Michigan Naval Brigade and president of the Detroit Naval Reserves during the Spanish war. He belongs to the Detroit Club, of which he was president for three years, the Yondotega Club, Country Club, University Club, Detroit 100 WELLINGTON R. BURT. CLARENCE M. BURTON. WILLL^M D. CALVERLEY. GORDON R. CAMPBELL. Boat Club and Prismatic Club, in Detroit, and of the Huron Mountain Club. Mr. Campbell has been a lifelong member of the Episcopal Church and for years a vestryman of Christ Church, Detroit. Mr. Campbell led the poll in his district, both at the primary vote and the September election. In the convention he was made chairman of the committee on per- manent organization and order of business, which afterwards be- came a permanent committee, he was also made chairman of the committee on the legislative department. He was also made a member of the committee on schedules, and was added to the committee on phraseology and arrangement towards the close of the convention when that committee was required to put the general revision into its final form. When the con- vention determined that the revised constitution should be submitted to the people for ratification at the November elec- tion, instead of in April as the legislature had provided, Mr. Campbell represented the convention before the Supreme Court and secured an opinion sustaining the action of the convention. JOHN J. CARTON delegate from the thirteenth district, Genesee county, was born in Clayton, Genesee county, in 1856, and is of Irish descent. He was educated in the district schools in the township of Clayton, afterwards attended the Flushing high school and for a time attended the school in Flint. He was by turns a farmer, clerk and school teacher until 1877, when he worked in a drug store at Flushing until August of that year, then accepting a position with Niles & Cotcher, merchants at Flushing, as book- keeper. He remained there until December, 1880, in which year he was elected clerk of Genesee county, serving four years in that capacity. In the meantime he studied law and was lOI admitted to the bar in 1884. He at once formed a partner- ship with George H. Durand, under the firm name of Durand and Carton. Mr. Carton was city attorney for two years. He was a member of the House of Representatives from 1899 to 1905 and served as Speaker of the House in 1901 and 1903. At the opening of the Constitutional Convention of 1907, he was unanimously chosen its president and served in that capac- ity until the convention adjourned. MARTIN J. CAVANAUGH delegate from the tenth district, Jackson and Washtenaw coun- ties, was bom in the township of Manchester, Washtenaw county, on the twenty-third day of July, 1866, and attended the district school in the township of Sharon until about four- teen years of age, when he went to the village of Manchester and graduated from the Manchester high school in 1883 and from the literary department of the University of Michigan with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1887. The same year he was admitted to the bar and commenced the practice of law in the village of Chelsea, and shortly thereafter removed to the city of Ann Arbor, where he has resided ever since. Mr. Cavanaugh was married November sixth, 1889, to Miss Mary C. Seery, and has four children. He has always been interested in public education and has been commissioner of the schools of Wash- tenaw county and president of the board of education for the city of Ann Arbor for a number of years, and was elected dele- gate to the Constitutional Convention by the tenth senatorial district as a Democrat, although the district was overwhelm- ingly Republican, and has been nominated by his party for circuit judge of his district and for justice of the Supreme Court of this state. 102 HENRY M. CAMPBELL. MARTIN J. CAVANAUGH. MERRITT CHANDLER. ALBERT B. COOK. OF THE UN/VERSITY OF MERRITT CHANDLER delegate from the twenty-ninth district, Presque Isle county, was born in Lenawee county, November twenty -ninth, 1843, of English and Welsh ancestry, who located at Philadelphia about 1680. His father's sister was an anti-slavery poetess. He finished his education in a seminary. Mr. Chandler was born on a farm and lived there twenty-seven years. After that he became a lumberman, living in Cass county for five years, and moved to Cheboygan where he built the state road from Petoskey to Presque Isle Harbor, also seventeen miles of state road crossing at Onaway. In 1887 he moved to On- away and platted the village of Onaway in 1892. In 1898 he secured the location of a railroad and later the establishment of saw mills and hardwood manufacturing plant employing several hundred men. This raised the population from seventy-five to 3,000 people in five years. He was married in 1886. ALBERT BALDWIN COOK delegate from the fourteenth district, Shiawassee county, was bom at the Michigan Agricultural College in 1873, and is of Quaker descent. He was educated at the Agricultural College, graduating in 1893, and is a farmer by occupation. Mr. Cook is married and lives on his farm near Owosso. GEORGE W. COOMER delegate from the fourth district, Wayne county, was bom on a farm in the township of Troy, Oakland county, November third, 1843, and is of English and Holland descent. Both of his great grandfathers were soldiers of the Revolution. He received 103 an academic education and is also a graduate of the law de- partment of the University of Michigan, class of 1871. He was admitted to the bar in April of that year and has con- tinued in the practice of the law. He is married and has three children. Mr. Coomer has always been a resident of this state and for the past thirty-eight years a resident of the city of Wyandotte, and was elected a delegate to the Constitional Convention, receiving all the votes but nine of his home city. He served in the legislature in 1885 and was a candidate for circuit judge in 1887. OZRO N. CRANOR delegate from the twenty-sixth district, Mason county, was bom in Wayne county, Indiana, 1855, and is of English, German and Scotch-Irish descent. Mr. Cranor, after receiving a common school education, spent one year at the Hartsville University, Indiana, and one year in Otterbein University, Westerville, O. He farmed, taught school and lumbered until 1888. Since that time he has practiced law. He has been a resident of Michigan since 1901. Mr. Cranor was appointed to fill the vacancy oc- casioned by the resignation of Hon. Roswell P. Bishop. He served as representative and state senator in the Indiana legis- lature, and has held the office of justice of the peace. WILLIAM DAWSON delegate from the twentieth district, Sanilac county, was bom in 1845 at Markham, Ontario, and is of English and Dutch descent. He attended district school until twelve years of age, and studied with his father while working on the farm for three years. In 1865 he was married to Lorania Allen, daughter of Chancy Allen, an old pioneer of Sanilac county. Eleven chil- 104 GEORGE W. COOMER. WILLIAM DAWSON. CHARLES J. DeLAND. ANDREW L. DEUEL. dren were bom to Mr. and Mrs. Dawson, but only six are living. He resided at Peck, where he was engaged in mercantile busi- ness and farming. He held the office of postmaster from 1865 to 187 1, and was elected county clerk in 1876 and removed to Lexington, where he was instrumental in having the county seat moved to the center of the county, now city of Sandusky. In 1880 he was elected register of deeds and afterwards held the office of circuit court commissioner and judge of probate. He was alternate delegate to the republican national conven- tion that nominated President Roosevelt. He has always been a pronounced republican and wields a strong influence in the community. He has been identical with almost all the busi- ness interests of the city, and has a farm of 700 acres within and adjoining the city, which he has developed and improved. He has held all the various school, township and village offices and is prominent in Masonic circles, being a member of Custer Lodge No. 393, Sanilac Chapter No. 145 and Lexington Com- mandery No. 27, is also a member of Port Huron Lodge No. 343, B. P. O. Elks. CHARLES J. DELAND delegate from the tenth district, Jackson county, was bom in 1879 ^^ Saginaw, and is of American descent. He received a common school education and spent two years at the Agricul- tural College. Mr. DeLand was married in 1905 and has one child. He lived on the home farm until 1900 when he moved to Jackson and filled the position of bookkeeper until 1903 when he became deputy county treasurer. He began the study of law in 1900 and was admitted to the bar in 1905. He was elected chairman of the Republican county committee in 1906 and was re-elected in 1908 for the term ending Sept. i, 105 igio. He is engaged in the practice of law in Jackson and is a member of the firm of Potter & Deland. ANDREW L. DEUEL delegate from the twenty-ninth district, Emmet county, was bom in Oakland county in 1850, and is of American descent. He was educated in the district schools and graduated from the Ypsilanti Normal College and from the University of Mich- igan. In 1 88 1 Mr. Deuel married Miss Emma M. Lance, of Mt. Pleasant. They have one child. He taught school five years and for the past twenty-five years has been actively engaged in the practice of law and in the real estate, insurance and loaning business. He has held the office of prosecuting attorney, justice of the peace, county commissioner of schools, president of the village and president of the school board. ' He is well known in Northern Michigan, has always been a life- long Republican. He has been prominently identified with the growth and development of the northern part of the Lower Peninsula for the past twenty-five years. He is energetic and thorough in whatever he undertakes and generally pushes it to successful termination. JOHN ARCHIBALD FAIRLIE delegate from the tenth district, Washtenaw county, was bom in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1872, and came to the United States in 1 88 1, living for some years in the state of Florida. He at- tended Harvard College, and was graduated with the degree of A.B. in 1895. He then pursued post-graduate studies in history, government and economics at Harvard and Columbia Universities, receiving the degree of Ph.D. from the latter in 106 JOHN ARCHIBALD FAIRLIE. DELOS FALL. RICHARD C, FLANNIGAN. ALFRED M. FLEISCHHAUER. ^. 1898. In 1899 he was secretary to the committee on canals of New York state, appointed by Gk)vemor Roosevelt. In 1900 he was lecturer in municipal administration at Columbia University; and later in the same year was appointed to the chair of Administrative Law in the University of Michigan, Mr. Fairlie has published numerous articles on political and economic questions and the following books: "The Central- ization of Administration in New York state," "The Municipal Administration," "The National Administration of the United States," "Local government in counties, towns and villages," and "Essays in municipal administration." He has been sec- retary of the Michigan Political Science Association, and the League of Michigan Municipalities, a member of the executive council of the American Political Science Association and of the council of the National Civil Service Reform League, and one of the board of editors of the American Political Science Review, DELOS FALL delegate from the ninth district, Calhoun county, was bom in Ann Arbor township, Washtenaw county, in 1848. He was the son of B. F. and A. M. Fall, and is directly descended from the house of Percy. He received his education in the element- ary schools of Washtenaw and Livingston counties, Ann Arbor high school and the University of Michigan, graduating in the class of 1875. Mr. Fall is married and has five children, four sons and one daughter. Mr. Fall began his professional work in 1872, when he became teacher of science in the Ann Arbor high school. He was the principal of the Flint high school for three years and a professor in Albion College for thirty years. He served on the State Board of Education for 107 four years and the State Board of Health for twelve years. He was elected to the office of Superintendent of Public In- struction for the term of 1 901-1903. RICHARD C. FLANNIGAN delegate from the thirty-first district, Dickinson county, was bom at Ontonagon in 1857, and is of Irish descent. He at- tended the district school when a boy, and in 1870 moved to Marquette, where he worked for the M. H. & O. R. R. Co., with now and then a few months' schooling in the Marquette schools. From 1874 to 1877 he was employed in the law office of Parks & Hay den, lawyers, at Marquette. For six months he attended the law school at the University of Michigan. Returning to Marquette he studied law for one year in the office of Mr. Maynard, an attorney in that city, and in 1879 was admitted to the bar by the circuit court for the county of Marquette. Since that time he has practiced law. Mr. Flan- nigan is married and has one son. ALFRED M. FLEISCHHAUER delegate from the twenty-fifth district, Osceola county, was bom in Waterloo, Ontario, in 1867, and is of German descent. He received a public school education. Mr. Fleischhauer is married and has one son and two daughters. In 1877 his parents removed to Reed City from Canada and he has been a resident of that city since that time. He worked in his father's grocery until 1902. At that time he took up the real estate and insurance business. He was a member of the legis- lature 1897-1899, and held the office of justice of the peace for seven years and was village treasurer in 1907. He is a mem- 108 EUGENE FOSTER. HERBERT L. FREEMAN. LAWRENCE C. FYFE VICTOR M. GORE. ber of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In politics he has al- ways been a republican. At present he is chairman of the county committee. EUGENE FOSTER delegate from the twenty-eighth district, Gladwin county, was bom in the township of Caroga, Fulton county, New York, in i860, and is of American descent. He received his education in the public schools. When a boy he served as ''printer's devil" at Midland. When seventeen years of age he took charge of the Gladwin County Record and he was known as the youngest editor in the state. Mr. Foster has served as township, village and city clerk, and was also elected mayor of Gladwin for five terms. He was appointed postmaster by President Harrison. Mr. Foster is a large owner of Gladwin county lands and is director of the State Bank of Gladwin. HERBERT L. FREEMAN delegate from the thirteenth district, Genesee county, was bom in Flushing in 1859. He is of American descent. He received his education in the public schools at Flushing. In 1885 he was married to Miss Margaret McGinley, of Flushing. He was engaged in the farming business until 1904 when he went into real estate. Mr. Freeman has served as supervisor for nine years, and since that time has been county superintendent of the poor. LAWRENCE C. FYFE delegate from the seventh district, Berrien county, was bom in Fort Lennox, on the Isle Aux Noix, Richelieu river, Quebec, in 1850, and is of Scottish descent. He received his education 109 in Scotland, England, and at the University of Michigan. Mr. ¥yie is married and has lived in Michigan since 1869. He is engaged in the practice of law at St. Joseph. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1881 and 1883. VICTOR M. GORE delegate from the seventh district, Berrien county, was bom in Plain view. Ills., in 1858, and is of English and German descent. He received his education in the public schools of Illinois and at Blackburn University, Carlinville, Ills. He is a graduate of the law department of the University of Michigan. In 1882 he married Clara S. Whitaker, and they have four children, two daughters and two sons. Mr. Gore has been a resi- dent of Michigan for sixteen years. He resides at Benton Harbor and has served for many year^ as a member of the school board and other municipal boards. He has been engaged ex- clusively in the practice of law since 1882. JAMES H. HALL delegate from the twentieth district, Huron county, was born in Orange county. New York, in 1846, and is of Dutch and English descent, his great grandfather, John Hall, having served in the war of the Revolution. His maternal grand- father, Henry Wanamaker and his wife, Mary Dator, were of Holland parentage. At their marriage in the state of New York, Mary Dator was presented with a slave maid, and Mr. Wanamaker with a negro body servant. Mr. Hall received his education in the common schools and graduated in 1874 from the law department of the University of Michigan with the degree of LL.B. His wife was Miss Jessie Emery, and they no I JAMES H. HALL. PATRICK J. M. HALLY. VICTOR HAWKINS. HENRY T. HEALD. ^^^^ OF ThP^ c °'' have had nine children, of whom four sons and two daughters are now living. His early life was spent upon a farm. He has practiced law for thirty-five years, and for twenty-six years has been a banker. For twenty years he has owned and man- aged the 700 acre farm called "The Clover Blossom Farm." He is interested in the "Independent Farmer," a newspaper, which he founded, February, 1903, at Kinde. In 1874 Mr. Hall went to Port Austin, where he has since resided and prac- ticed law. PATRICK J. H. HALLY delegate from the third district, Wayne county, was bom in Wales, Michigan, in 1867, of Irish parents. A few years after his parents moved to Detroit where he was educated, graduat- ing with the degree of B. A. from* the Detroit College in 1888. He then took up the study of law and graduated from the University of Michigan in 1891. In 1896 he married Miss Mary G. Walsh. He has occupied the position of assessor in Detroit, and in 1900 became assistant corporation counsel. VICTOR HAWKINS delegate from the sixth district, Hillsdale county, was bom in Jonesville, in 1867, of English parents. He was educated in the public schools and at the University of Michigan. In 1897 he married Miss Jennie Eckler, of Jackson. He sold news- papers when a boy and before attending college was employed as a bookkeeper. He has practiced law since 1889 and has been very successful in his profession. Ill HENRY T. HEALD delegate from the sixteenth district, Kent county, was bom at Montague, Michigan, in 1876, of English parents. He was a graduate of the University of Michigan in the class of 1898, taking the degree of Ph.B. He is married and has been a resident of Michigan all his life. He served as a member of the House of Representatives in 1905. BENJAMIN F. HECKERT delegate from the eighth district. Van Buren county, was bom in Wayne county, Ohio, in 1840, of southern parents. He took the law course at the University of Michigan. Judge Heckert married Miss Emily M. Barr, daughter of Rev. Thomas H. Barr, a Presbyterian minister, and they have one daughter, He served in the Civil War, enlisting in the first call for troops and served for three years and six months, serving as First Lieutenant in Company K, of the i6th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He has held the office of prosecuting attorney and probate judge of Van Buren county and was a candidate for circuit judge of the 36th circuit. He has been a resident of Michigan for forty years. He is a 3 2d Degree Mason, belonging to the DeWitt Clinton Consistory, of Grand Rapids, Mich., and is a member of Saladin Temple of Mystic Shriners of the same place. LAWTON T. HEMANS delegate from the fourteenth district, Ingham county, one of the eight democratic members, was born at Collamer, N. Y., in 1864, where his father followed the trade of a blacksmith. He is of English and Dutch descent. In 1865 his parents 112 BENJAMIN F. HECKERT. LAWTON T. HEMANS. JOHN W. HOLMES. GEORGE B. HORTON. i^ OF The UNIVERSITY OF moved to Michigan, settling in Eaton county. The family later removed to Ingham county. Mr. Hemans graduated from Eaton Rapids high school in the class of 1884, and later after spending some time in the law department of the Univer- sity of Michigan, took up the practice of his profession at Mason. He married Miss Minnie P. Hill, and they have one son. For twenty years Mr. Hemans has been in almost continuous pub- lic service, either as mayor of his city or member of the common council. He served as a member of the legislature in 1901- 1903 and in other capacities, and is the author of several works of a historical and public nature. JOHN W. HOLMES delegate from the nineteenth district, Gratiot county, was bom in Livingston county, N. Y., in 1840, and is of English and French descent. He was educated in the primary schools of his native town and in the public schools of Hillsdale county, Michigan. He is married and has been a resident of Michigan for fifty years. He came to Michigan in 1858 and located on a farm in Hillsdale county. In 1861 he enlisted in the Seventh Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and served with the regiment until honorably discharged on account of physical disability. He taught school in Hillsdale and Jackson counties for ten years, afterward engaging in mercantile business in Mosherville and Horton until 1884, when he moved to Alma where he en- gaged in mercantile business and farming. He was several years president of the board of education of Alma and served twice as mayor of that city. He has always been a republi- can and was elected to the legislature of 190 1-2, 1903-4 and 1905-6. 113 GEORGE B. HORTON delegate from the fifth district, Lenawee county, was bom in Medina county, Ohio, in 1845, ^^^ is of English and American descent. He was educated in the country district schools with some college work. In 1877 he married Amanda M. Bradish, of Lenawee county. He is engaged as a farmer and cheese manufacturer, settling on a farm in Fairfield township, Lenawee county, with his father in 1853. He was appointed a member of the State Board of Agriculture under Governor Luce, but resigned because of private business. Was elected to the state senate in 1891, but lost seat after sixty days in order to give democratic majority. Mr. Horton was master of Fruit Ridge grange from 1873 to 1893, of Lenawee county grange from 1890 to 1908, and master of the Michigan State Grange from 1892 to 1908. He also served as president of the Lenawee county fair from 1867 to 1908. His father, Samuel Horton, built the first cheese factory in Michigan in 1864. He now owns 1,160 acres of land in Lenawee county and operates twelve cheese factories. CALVIN ELIAS HOUK delegate from the thirty-second district, Gogebic county, was bom in Ann Arbor, in i860, and is of German descent. He received his education in the public schools of Owosso. In 1885, Mr. Houk married Miss Susan M. Kelly, of Alpena. He went to Ironwood in 1887, when the town was in its infancy and engaged in the drug business. He has held various offices in Ironwood, holding the office of alderman for two terms from 1892 to 1896. He was appointed postmaster in 1898, and served as mayor in 1899 and 1900. He is a member of the board of education at the present time and has been for ten 114 years the secretary of the republican county committee. He is also president of the Ironwood Business Men's Club. FREDERICK FREMONT INGRAM delegate from the third district, Wayne county, was bom in Barry county, and is of English descent. His father's parents were pioneers, settling in Barry county in 1835, where they secured land and became farmers. Mr. Ingram received a common school education. In 1889 he was married at Hud- son, Wis., to Miss Laura Mayo, a native of Kentucky. When a young man Mr. Ingram was a telegraph operator for a short time. He then learned the drug business while clerking in a drug store in Hastings. On his twenty-first birthday he became the proprietor of a drug store in Ypsilanti, and after that travelled six years over the United States as a commercial traveler. He is now the proprietor of a manufacturing estab- lishment in the drug line in Detroit and is vice president of the National Manufacturing Perfumers' Association and active in numerous other commercial organizations. He has always taken an active interest in public matters, and was appointed and served as a member of the Detroit public lighting com- mission for six years. He was elected president of the com- mission twice. He is an advocate of the principles of the single tax as it was expounded by Henry George. WALTER C. JONES delegate from the seventh district, Cass county, was bom at London, Monroe county, in 1875, and is of English descent. He received his education in the district schools, Union City high school and studied law in the office of Judge Chester, of 115 Hillsdale, Mich. He was admitted to the bar in 1897, and has since been actively engaged in the practice of his chosen pro- fession at Marcellus, Michigan. Mr. Jones is married and has resided in Michigan all his life. WILLIAM MARVIN KILPATRICK delegate from the fourteenth district, Shiawassee county, was born at Middlesex, Yates county, N. Y., in 1840, and is of Scotch and Irish descent. He worked on his father's farm un- til nineteen years of age, with no advantages except an intelli- gent community and country school. He spent one year in the Genesee seminary in New York and taught school the two win- ters following. He then took a business course at the Pough- keepsie business college and went west in 1863, going to Illinois, where he again taught school. He came to Michigan in 1864, and spent the next two years at Ann Arbor attending the law lectures and on his father's farm in Grass Lake township, Jack- son county, to which place his father had moved from New York and where he died at the age of 92 years and his mother at the age of 94 years. He graduated from the law depart- ment of the University of Michigan in 1866, and came to Owosso where he has since lived and practiced law. Mr. Kilpatrick has been married three times and has four daughters and one son. He has served as supervisor at large and mayor of Owosso, prosecuting attorney two terms, state senator in 1880 and 1894, alternate delegate to the republican national conven- tion at Chicago and delegate to the republican national con- vention at Minneapolis, and is a member of the republican state central committee. 116 CALVIN E. HOUK. FREDERICK F. INGRAM. WALTER C. JONES. WILLIAM M. KILPATRICK. PAUL H. KING secretary of the convention, was born in Arapahoe, Nebraska, in 1879, and is of American descent. He received his early education at home under the instruction of his mother, entered school at eleven years of age and graduated from the Dowagiac high school in 1898. He was admitted to the bar on examina- tion after private study in 1904. Mr. King has been a resident of Michigan fourteen years. In 1891 his father, who was a physician, moved from Nebraska to Minnesota for his health, and located at Wadena, where he died, and his son went to work. He served as page in the Minnesota House of Repre- sentatives in 1893 and 1895. He then moved to Michigan, locating at Dowagiac, the home of his grandparents. He was appointed floor messenger in the state senate in 1897, secre- tary's messenger in 1899, assistant secretary 1901, working as grocery clerk and factory employe between sessions. He served as journal clerk of the house in 1903-5-7, and was elected clerk of the house at the special session of 1907. He also served between sessions as a clerk in the office of the Sec- retary of State from 190 1-5. LEONARD F. KNOWLES delegate from the twenty-seventh district, Charlevoix county, was bom in Spring Green, Wisconsin, February eighteen, 1876. The ancestry of Mr. Knowles in this country extends back to the time of the Revolutionary War. Originally his ancestors came from England. Mr. Knowles' father was bom in the southern portion of this state, when Michigan was a territory. Later he moved to Wisconsin where Mr. Knowles was bom. He came back to Michigan with his parents in the year 1879, 117 and they located on a farm near St. Louis. At the age of eleven years he started out to earn his own living. He main- tained himself in the St. Louis schools from which he graduated in 1897, and followed that by a business course in Yerrington College, St. Louis. At the age of twenty-one he went to Tennessee and taught Latin in the Dibrell Normal College for one school year, and then entered the law department of the University of Michigan from which he received his degree in 1 90 1. In the latter part of July in the same year he arrived in Boyne City, a small village of about eight hundred people, and began the practice of law. In 1905 he created the law firm of Knowles & Converse. Mr. Converse was a graduate of the University of Michigan in 1902. The business of the firm has kept pace with the growth of the city. December two, 1903, Mr. Knowles married Miss Florence Beardsley, daughter of A. J. and Emeline Beardsley, who were among the first set- tlers in Charlevoix county. COLON C. LILLIE delegate from the twenty-third district, Muskegon and Ottawa counties, was bom on a farm in Tallmadge township, Ottawa county, in i860, and is of English and Danish descent. He spent all of his boyhood on a farm, attended the district school and graduated from the Michigan Agricultural College in the class of '84. He received an appointment as cadet at West Point while in college, but resigned and finished his course at M. A. C. After leaving college Mr. Lillie taught school, became secretary of the board of school examiners and county com- missioner of schools. He has managed a farm ever since he left college; has made a special study of practical agriculture and dairy farming, and has been principal correspondent of the 118 LEONARD F. KNOWLES. COLON C. LILLIE. MEDOR E. LOUISELL. WILLIAM C. MANCHESTER. i/£OhNiA., Michigan Farmer for many years. He has been a traveling salesman, served as supervisor, village trustee, member of the board of education, is president of Coopersville State Bank, Coopersville Creamery Company and Michigan Dairymen's Association, and is also deputy State Dairy and Food Com- missioner. In 1890 he was married to Miss Julia A. Lawton and they have two children. MEDOR E. LOUISELL delegate from the twenty-seventy district, Benzie county, was born in Fond du Lac, Wis., in 1870, and is of French descent. When he was seven years of age his father, Joseph Louisell, moved with the family to Dakota, then Dakota territory, and took up a homestead near Sioux Falls. They resided there until 1883. In that year the family moved to Manistee county, Michigan. He attended the district school in the winter and worked in a shingle mill in the summer for five years. Being desirous of getting an education he abandoned the mill and entered the preparatory department of the University of Notre Dame, where he worked for his board and tuition. After re- maining three years at Notre Dame University he entered the Manistee high school and graduated with the class of 1891. In the fall of 1891 he matriculated in the literary department of the University of Michigan, and in June, 1896, he graduated from the law and literary departments, completing both courses in five years. During vacations he reported on newspapers and did other work to enable him to get means to complete his course. Since his graduation he has practiced law. Mr. Loui- sell has been prosecuting attorney of Benzie county and also served as assistant prosecuting attorney of Houghton county 119 for two years. He was married in 1903 to Miss Mary Tallon, of Calumet, Mich. They have three children. WILLIAM CHARLES MANCHESTER delegate from the fourth district, Wayne county, was born on a farm near Canfield, Ohio, December twenty-fifth, 1873, and is of English, Irish, Welsh and Scotch descent. He attended the district schools, later entering the public school of Canfield. Afterwards he spent six years in the Northeastern Ohio Normal College of Canfield, completing the six year classical course in 1894, taking the degree of A. B. He entered the law depart- ment of the University of Michigan in 1894, and took the de- gree of LL.B. in 1896. The following summer he spent in travel through the western part of the United States and Can- ada. After returning from the west he entered the law office of Hine & Clark, of Youngstown, Ohio. In January, 1897, he came to Detroit, and has been actively engaged in the practice of law ever since. He was married to Miss Margaret Katherine McGregor, of Bay City, in 1898, who graduated from the liter- ary department of the University of Michigan in 1896, with the degree of Ph.B. They have four children, two sons and two daughters. FRANK DAY MEAD delegate from the thirtieth district. Delta county, was born in Ann Arbor in 1856, graduated from the University of Michigan in 1879, and then moved to the Upper Peninsula, where he studied law in the office of Chandler & Grant, of Houghton. He was admitted to the bar in 1881, and began the practice of law in Escanaba in 1882, where he has since lived. In 1884 he was married to Sara F. Myrick. Mr. Mead has held the offices 120 FRANK D. MEAD. JOSEPH MERRELL. ALFRED MILNES. FRANK R. MONFORT. of prosecuting attorney of Delta county, city attorney of Esca- naba and member of the board of education of Escanaba. He was elected alternate delegate to the republican national con- vention at St. Louis in 1896, and in the absence of the delegate served as delegate from the twelfth congressional district. JOSEPH MERRELL delegate from the third district, Wayne county, was born on a farm near Belleville, Michigan, in 1859. He was educated in the public schools of Detroit. At the age of twenty-one years he engaged in the grocery business. He has been very successful and owns a large amount of real estate in Detroit. He served as alderman of the tenth ward for four years. ALFRED MILNES delegate from the third district. Branch county, was born in Bradford, Yorkshire, England, in 1844. He was educated in the public schools of Utah, Iowa and Michigan. He came to the United States with his parents in 1854, coming over in a sailing vessel which landed in New Orleans, thence up the Mississippi and Missouri rivers to Kansas City. They then took the overland route to Salt Lake City, going the entire dis- tance with an ox team. They lived in Utah five years returning to Iowa in 1859. Afterwards they removed to Coldwater. Mr. Milnes arriving there on his seventeenth birthday. He enlisted in the 17th Michigan Infantry in 1862 and served to the end of the war, taking part with his regiment in every engagement during the whole service. He entered the mercantile business in 1871 and continued the same until 1900. In 1868 he was married to Lucina E. Hull, 121 of Quincy, and they have one daughter living, Mrs. Joseph R, Watson, of Coldwater. FRANK R. MONFORT delegate from the nineteenth district, Gratiot county, was bom at Utica, Macomb county, December twenty-fifth, 1876, but has lived nearly all his life at Ithaca, Gratiot county. He is a graduate of the Ithaca high school, and is also a graduate of the law department of the University of Michigan. He began the practice of law in 1900, and in the same year was elected circuit court commissioner for Gratiot county. He removed to Lake City in 1901, where he remained until 1903, when he was tendered a partnership with Kelly S. Searl, which he ac- cepted, removing to Ithaca. He was married to Miss Anna E. Barber of Ithaca in 1903. Since Judge Searl's promotion to the bench he has continued in the practice of law alone. Mr. Monfort's grandparents were pioneers of Michigan, his grandfather, Isaac Monfort, being a member of the first legis- lature of Michigan, and also a member of the sessions of 1835-6 and 1837. ANDREW L. MOORE delegate from the twelfth district, Oakland county, was bom in West Bloomfield, in 1870, and is of American descent. He is a direct descendant of Gen. Nathaniel Green of the Revolu- tionary War. Mr. Moore lived on a farm until he was eighteen years of age. He went to the district school and worked his way through college, graduating in law and elocution at the Northern Indiana Normal, Valparaiso, Ind. After leaving col- lege he went into law practice with Judge A. C. Baldwin, at Pontiac. Mr. Moore married Miss Emma M. Hinkley, who was 122 ANDREW L. MOORE. GEORGE W. MOORE. DAVID T. MORGAN. EDWIN C. NICHOLS. bom in Shiawassee county in 187 1. In addition to his law business, which is extensive, Mr. Moore is interested in several manufactories, and is president and general manager and owner of the controlling interest of the Pontiac Turning Company. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows and Maccabees. GEORGE W. MOORE delegate from the eleventh district, St. Clair county, was bom in St. Clair township in 1859, and received his education in the district school of his neighborhood. At the age of seventeen he left his native place and secured work in a saw mill at Mus- kegon, but subsequently engaged in logging, and built and operated a steam logging road in Missaukee county. Returning to St. Clair county Mr. Moore organized the St. Clair county Savings Bank of Port Huron in 1890, in which he served as cashier. He has served as chairman of the St. Clair county republican committee and was a member of the board of supervisors of Missaukee county and chairman of the board. He served two terms in the state Senate, 1899-1900, and 1901- 1902, and was appointed Commissioner of Banking in 1905. DAVID T. MORGAN delegate from the thirty-first district, Marquette county, was bom at Charleston, Tioga county. Pa., in 1857, and is of Welsh parentage. He received his education in the common schools. In 1886 he married Miss Ella A. Manning. Mr. Morgan served as chairman of the county board of supervisors from 1893 to 1907. He entered the employ of the Republic Iron Company in 1879 as assistant cashier. Some years later he was advanced to the position of cashier and since December first, 1893, has 123 had charge of the mines under the title of agent, serving until May first, 1906. EDWIN C. NICHOLS delegate from the ninth district, was bom in Clinton, Lenawee county, and was educated in the public schools. He is engaged in the manufacturing business, is president of the Nichols & Shepard Company, Battle Creek, and also of the Old National Bank of the same place, and vice-president of the Common- wealth Power Company and the Duplex Printing Press Com- pany. WILLIAM J. OBERDORFFER delegate from the thirtieth district, Menominee county, was born in Germany, March eighteenth, 1855. He was educated in the national schools there and removed to this country in 187 1, coming to the upper peninsula of Michigan. He settled on a farm in Stephenson township, Menominee county, in 1876, where he now resides. He married Adelaide Corey, of Ingalls, in 1887, and they have two daughters. Mr. Oberdorffer has served on the board of education of the township of Stephen- son for six years and as supervisor of the township, twelve years. He was elected representative to the legislature on the republican ticket in 1896 and served two terms. In 1905 Governor Warner appointed him member of the board of agri- culture and he was elected as member of the board in April, 1909. WILLIAM E. OSMUN delegate from the twenty-third district, Muskegon county, was bom in Cayuga, N. Y,, in 1850, and is of German-American parents. He acquired his education at the Ithaca Academy 124 WILLIAM J. OBERDORFFER. WILLIAM E. OSMUN. FLOYD L. POST. HERBERT E. POWELL. /^ ^ OF THE ' UNIVERSITY OF and two years at Cornell University. He came to Michigan in 1880, and has published newspapers at Shelby and Montague. He was admitted to the state and federal courts in 1886, and has enjoyed a lucrative practice. He has been president of the village of Montague for five terms and president of the school board three years. He served as postmaster seven years, and is at present a member of the republican state central com- mittee, and also a member of the Commission of Inquiry on Michigan Tax Lands and Forestry. FLOYD L. POST delegate from the twenty-fourth district, was bom at Belvidere, N. Y., in 1857. He came to Michigan in 1868 and engaged in lumbering, milling and mercantile business. He is at present engaged in the practice of law. Mr. Post is a republican and has held the office of president of Clare village, township clerk, supervisor and treasurer of Midland county. HERBERT ERNEST POWELL delegate from the eighteenth district, Ionia county, was bom in Ronald township, Ionia county, in 1866, and is of American descent. He received his schooling in the district schools and the Ionia high school. In 1887 he assumed the management of his father's farm, part of which with other purchases he now owns, giving special attention to raising stock and the breeding of Shropshire sheep. He was married in 1888 to A. May Water- bury, and they have two sons and one daughter. Mr. Powell is a stockholder and director in the National Bank of Ionia, the president of the Webber Hardware Company, of that city, and is in many ways identified with the commercial interests of the country. He is chairman of the Ionia county republican 125 committee and has always been a worker in that party. He was elected a member of the House of Representatives for the terms of 190 1-2 and 1903-4. FRANK STERLING PRATT delegate from the twenty-fourth district, Bay county, was born in Scio, Allegany county, N. Y., October one, 1854, and is of English descent. His father was of the seventh generation from Lieut. William Pratt, who came to Newton, now Cambridge, Mass., in 1633, landing in Boston September fourth, from the ship Griffin, coming from Hertfordshire, England. He settled in Hartford, Conn., in June, 1636, removing from there to Saybrook in 1645. He married Elizabeth Clark, daughter of John Clark, first of Saybrook, and afterward of Milford, in June, 1636. See "The Pratt Family," edited by Rev. F. W. Chapman, and published by Case Lockwood & Co., Hartford, in 1864. Lieut. William Pratt was one of the party which went from Hartford and destroyed the Indian fort at Mystic which ended the Pequot War. He represented the town of Saybrook in the General Assembly and General Court con- stantly from 1666 until 1678. His twenty-third and last ses- sion in attendance was at the session which convened at Hartford on May 9, 1678. Mr. Pratt graduated from the Bay City high school, and commenced the study of law in the office of Geo. P. Cobb, at Bay City, in 1874, being admitted to prac- tice June 19, 1877. In December, 1885, he was married to Eleanor Louise Gaines, daughter of John and Mary Gaines. He was elected to the Constitutional convention by a large majority. Was a candidate for circuit court commissioner in 1877 and candidate for circuit judge, eighteenth judicial cir- cuit, April, 1893. 126 FRANK S. PRATT. LESLIE B. ROBERTSON. KLEBER P. ROCKWELL. GEORGE E. ROWE. LESLIE B. ROBERTSON delegate from the fifth district, Lenawee county, was bom in Ogden township, Lenawee county, in 187 1. He received his education in the West Blissfield schools, graduating from the high school in 1888, and from the law department of the Uni- versity of Michigan in 1891. He engaged in the active practice of law in Adrian until 1901, when he became connected with the Page Woven Wire Fence Company, and since that time has been treasurer and actively connected with the company. He was married in 1899 to Bertha H. Page, of Adrian. KLEBER P. ROCKWELL delegate from twelfth district, comprising the counties of Oakland and Macomb, was born at Bloomfield, Oakland county, Mich., November eighth, 1868, descendant of William Rock- well, who came to this country from England, May thirtieth, 1630. Was reared to young manhood upon his father's farm. His education was obtained in the public schools, supplemented by a college course. Followed the occupation of school teach- ing until 1892, when he took up the study of law, being ad- mitted to the bar January eighth, 1895, and has since been in active practice in Oakland and adjoining counties, maintain- ing his office with Congressman S. W. Smith, at Pontiac. Mr. Rockwell was married to Miss Maud A. King, September tenth, 1896, and to them were bom a son and three daughters. Poli- tically he is a republican. Was elected prosecuting attorney of Oakland county in November, 1898, and re-elected Novem- ber, 1900, and November, 1902. In the convention he was a member of the judiciary committee and the committee upon public service corporations. 127 GEORGE EDWIN ROWE delegate from the seventh district, Kent county, was bom in Fowlerville, N. Y., in 1864, and is of English descent. He received his education in the Grand Rapids schools, Little Rock University and the Chicago University. In 1892 he married Eckka M. Robinson and they have six children. Mr. Rowe has been in the ministry since 1891. He has been a horticulturist for thirty years and is editor of the Fruit Belt. FREDERICK J. RUSSELL delegate from the twenty-sixth district, Oceana, Lake, Mason and Manistee counties, was bom at Orion, Oakland county, October seventh, 1841, and spent his boyhood days on his father's farm which was located on the present site of the city of Greenville. He attended the district school and as soon as possible began teaching, earning enough to enable him to take a course at the State Normal School at Ypsilanti. In the spring of i860 he located in Oceana county, at that time a wilderness, and has been a prominent resident there ever since. He responded to the call for volunteers at the beginning of the Civil War and enlisted in the Twenty-first Michigan Infantry. Later he was transferred to the Twenty-sixth. On account of ill health he was not mustered into the service. He was married to Miss Nell C. Gumey and this union was blessed with three daughters. Mr. Russell took an active interest in politics and was elected and held the office of circuit court commissioner for two terms, and later was probate judge for nine years. At three different terms was nominated by acclamation for circuit judge of the fourteenth circuit, and held that office for nineteen years with credit to himself and to his constituents. He de- 128 FRED T- RUSSELL. IGNATIUS J. SALLIOTTE. EUGENE F. SAWYER. ALBERT E. SHARPE. clined a fourth nomination and retired to private life. He has always been deeply interested in stock raising, agriculture and horticulture, and has marketed as high as ten thousand bushels of fruit in a single season. His cattle and sheep interests have been extensive, and by careful selection he owns the best stock in the county. As a lumberman he assisted in the organ- ization of the Hart Cedar & Lumber Company, of which he is still its president, and holds valuable timber interests in Michigan and the West. For thirty-four years he has been engaged in the banking business, and at present is president of the First National Bank at Hart. Early in life he joined the Masonic Order and is now a Knight Templar. IGNATIUS JAMES SALLIOTTE delegate from the fourth district, Wayne county, was bom in Ecorse in 1877, and is of Irish, French and English descent. He received his education at the Ecorse public schools, Detroit College, where he received the degree of A.B. in 1896, and the Detroit College of Law, graduating therefrom with degree of LL. B., in 1899. In 1905 he was married to Miss Grace Stin- son, of Jackson, Michigan. He has been engaged in the prac- tice of law in Detroit, and has been village attorney of Ecorse since 1902. EUGENE F. SAWYER delegate from the twenty-seventh district, Wexford county, was born in Grand Rapids, in 1848, and is a descendant of English and French Huguenots. Until Mr. Sawyer was twenty-one years of age he lived on a farm near Grand Rapids. He is a graduate of the Grand Rapids high school and of the law de- partment of the University of Michigan. In 1875 ^^ married 129 Miss Kate M. Sipley and they have two daughters, both gradu- ates of the University of Michigan. Since 1873 he has resided in Cadillac, where he has a large practice in all the courts of that part of the state. He had never taken much part in politics and therefore this office was the first place of importance in the political field ever held by him, and in this case the office sought the man, and his election was conceded by all to be a worthy tribute to his standing in his profession. ALBERT EDWARD SHARPE delegate from the thirtieth district, Chippewa county, was born in Trenton, Ontario, in i860, and is of Scotch and Dutch de- scent. He received his education in the public schools and at Albert College, Belleville, Ontario. He came to Michigan in 1 88 1, and resided at West Branch, Ogemaw county, from i88i to 1 89 1. During that time he was in partnership with his brother, now Judge Nelson Sharpe, in the law and printing business, publishing the West Branch Times. He moved to East Tawas, Iosco county, in 1891, and held the offices of city attorney and prosecuting attorney of the county for six years, and was a member of the legislature in 1901. He removed to Sault Ste. Marie in 1901, and formed partnership with Sherman T. Handy in general law practice. EDWIN O. SHAW delegate from the twenty-fifth district, Newaygo county, was bom at Edwardsburg in 1846, and is of Scotch descent. He attended the common schools until he was twelve years of age. He established the Montcalm Herald at Stanton in 1867, and the following year took charge of the Newaygo Republican and 130 EDWIN O. SHAW. CHARLES G. SIMONS. J. M. C. SMITH. OSMOND H. SMITH. t'NI OF THE VERSITY OP ^^^^^itORNi^ has been its editor and owner ever since. He served in the 136th Ind. Infantry and 30th Michigan Infantry in the Civil War. He has been chairman or secretary of [the republican county committee of Newaygo for thirty years and is a member of the republican state central committee, and has been chairman of the republican congressional committee for fourteen years. Mr. Shaw served as state senator in 1895 and declined a re- nomination. He secured the passage of the bill creating the Mt. Pleasant normal school and the anti-fusion bill. He served as supervisor for many years and is postmaster at the present time. CHARLES C. SIMONS delegate from the second district, Wayne county, was bom in 1876, and is the son of David W. Simons, former president of the Detroit lighting commission. He received his education in the Detroit schools and the University of Michigan, graduat- ing from the department of literature, science and arts with degree of B. L. in 1898 and from the law department with the degree of LL.B. in 1900. In 1906 he was married to Miss Lillian Bernstein, of Chicago. Mr. Simons has practiced law since 1900. He served as state senator for the term 1903-4 and as circuit court commissioner, Wayne county, for the term 1905-6. JOHN M. C. SMITH delegate from the fifteenth district, Eaton county, was bom in Ireland. He received his education at Charlotte and the Uni- versity of Michigan. In early life he was a mason by trade. In 1887 he married Miss Lena Parkhurst and they have two children. Mr. Smith is actively engaged in the practice of law and is also a partner in the firm of Smith & Co., who are manu- 131 facturers of egg cases and fillers. Mr. Smith is a republican and has served as prosecuting attorney of his county and alder- man of the citv of Charlotte. OSMUND H. SMITH delegate from the twenty-eighth district, Alcona county, was born in Hillsdale county in 1853. He received his education in the district schools and the academy at Medina, Mich., and one year at Morenci high school, and one year in Oberlin, O., busi- ness college. He taught district school in Lenawee and Hills- dale counties, spending his spare time in studies and finally entered and graduated from the law department of the Uni- versity of Michigan in 1885, going directly from there to Har- risville, where he has practiced law ever since. His father died in the Civil War, when he was eleven years old, his mother dying two years previous. He lived with relatives until he was fourteen years of age and then went to live with the family of Edwin Brotherton in Medina township, Lenawee county, where he stayed until he was twenty-one years of age. Mr. Smith is married and has held the office of prosecuting attorney in Alcona county for a number of years. ERNEST ALBERT SNOW delegate from the twenty-second district, Saginaw county, was bom at Hanover, in 1875, and is of American descent. He was educated in the public schools of Saginaw, graduating from the high school in 1893, and graduating from the University of Michigan in 1896. He was married to Miss Jennie J. Frazee in 1900, and they have one daughter. After leaving the Uni- versity, Mr. Snow went into partnership with his father, Eugene 132 ERNEST A. SNOW. HUGH P. STEWART. JUSTIN L. SUTHERLAND. WALTER R. TAYLOR. A. Snow, at Saginaw, and has been in active practice since that time under the firm name of Snow & Snow. Mr. Snow hss been chairman of the Saginaw county democratic committee for six years. He served one term as judge of the recorder's court at Saginaw. HUGH P. STEWART delegate from the sixth district, St. Joseph county, was bom in 1856, and is of Scotch descent. He was educated in the com- mon schools supplemented by private teaching. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1878, and has practiced law since that time in Center ville, also for the past ten years has practiced law in Battle Creek as a member of the law firm of Stewart & Sabin. Mr. Stewart is married and has two children. He served as prosecuting attorney of St. Joseph county for four years. JUSTIN L. SUTHERLAND delegate from the eighteenth district, Ionia county, was bom on a farm near Grand Ledge, Michigan, in 1873. Mr. Suther- land attended district school until fifteen years of age, after- wards graduating from the public schools at Grand Ledge. Teaching school and working during vacations on a farm and in a store, then occupied his time for a while, and this was fol- lowed by a course at the Michigan Agricultural College. In 1896 Mr. Sutherland entered the law department of the Uni- versity of Michigan and graduated in 1899, immediately tak- ing up the practice of law. In 1905 he was married to Miss Marion L. Newton, a resident of his native town. He now resides and practices his profession at Ionia, Michigan. 133 WALTER R. TAYLOR delegate from the ninth district, Kalamazoo county, was bom on a farm near Grand Rapids in 1858. His education was re- ceived in the country school, except as supplemented by subse- quent reading. His legal education was acquired by private reading and office experience, and to quite an extent while assistant to the Supreme Court Reporter in 1889 and 1890, He removed to Newaygo in 1879, ^.nd engaged in the abstract of title business with a brother. Mr. Taylor removed to Kala- mazoo in 1888 and was appointed deputy county clerk in 1890 and held the office until 1904, when he was appointed county clerk to complete the term of a deceased incumbent. He re- sided in Lansing part of 1889 and 1890 and was admitted to the practice of law before the Supreme Court in June, 1890. He was elected president of the Michigan abstractors' associa- tion in 1904, and is at present vice-president of a national organization known as American association of title men. His chief occupation for twenty-eight years has been the com- piling of abstract books, preparing abstracts of titles, and the examining and perfecting of titles as an attorney. Mr. Taylor was elected mayor of Kalamazoo in 1905, and is politically a republican. He is a member of the Masons, Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias, the present Exalted Ruler of the Kala- mazoo Lodge No. 50, B. P. O. Elks, and president of "Michi- gan Elks." In 1885 he married Miss Ella Hubbard and they have two children. CHARLES N. THEW delegate from the eighth district, was born in Allegan in 1867, and is of American descent. He is a graduate from Hope Col- lege at Holland, taking the classical course. At the present 134 CHARLES N. THEW. CHARLES H. THOMAS. CHARLES D. THOMPSON. LOUIS E. TOSSY. time he is a practicing attorney at Allegan, Michigan. He has served as prosecuting attorney two terms. Mr. Thew is married. CHARLES HOWARD THOMAS delegate from the fifteenth district, Barry county, was bom in the township of Yankee Springs, Barry county, in 1870, and is of English descent, his mother's ancestors coming over in the Mayflower. When he was one and one-half years old his parents moved to Osbom county, Kansas, where they resided fourteen years. He then returned to Michigan. He is a graduate of the University of Michigan, taking the degree of LL. B, in 1892. In 1893 he married Miss Effie A. Snyder, of Hastings, and they have three children, two girls and one boy. Mr. Thomas served as prosecuting attorney of Barry county for two terms. He is Great Lieutenant Commander of the Knights of the Modem Maccabees. CHARLES D. THOMPSON delegate from the twentieth district, Huron county, was bom in Huron county in 1873, and is of Scottish descent on his mother's side and is a descendant of John Thompson, one of the first who arrived at Plymouth Colony in 1622. He was a student in the literary department and is a graduate of the law department of the University of Michigan with the class of 1896, and has practiced law since graduation. LOUIS E. TOSSY delegate from the first district, Wayne county, was born in Detroit in 1849, ^^^ is of French descent. He received his education in the public schools and through private study. 135 Mr. Tossy is a carpenter by trade and pursued that occupation until 1897. In 1870 he married Miss Eleanor St. Amour, known in early Detroit history and they had a family of ten children. Mrs. Tossy has since died and two of the children. He has eighteen grandchildren. Mr. Tossy has been interested all his life in the labor question. He served two terms as president of the Detroit federation of labor, tw^o terms as president of the State federation of labor and two terms as vice-president of the United brotherhood of carpenters and joiners of America. He is at present alderman of the ninth ward and has served eleven years in that capacity. WILLIS L. TOWNSEND delegate from the twenty-ninth district, Otsego county, was bom in Jackson county, in 1858, and is of English descent. He attended the district schools in Branch county, and then taught district school and attended high school fall and winter terms as long as his earnings from teaching lasted. He taught school eleven winters and seven summers. He graduated from the Hillsdale Commercial College in 1882 and from the law depart- ment of the University of Michigan in 1891. He commenced the practice of law at Gaylord, Otsego county, in the same year. He married Miss Fannie A. Beem, of Reading, Mich., and they have five children. Mr. Townsend has served as village assessor and village attorney of Gaylord and was prosecuting attorney of Otsego county for six years. EDWARD ^AUGUSTUS TURN BULL delegate from the fifteenth district, Eaton county, was bom in England in 1856, and is of English descent. He was educated in a private school in England, and after leaving school spent 136 WILLIS L. TOWNSEND. EDWARD A. TURNBULL. JAMES VAN KLEECK. HENRY E. WALBRIDGE. three years in London in an importing tea house. He then went to South Africa and spent some time there. He came to America in 1879. He is now engaged in the manufacturing business at Grand Ledge. Mr. Tumbull is married. JAMES VAN KLEECK delegate from the twenty-fourth district, Bay county, was born in Exeter, Monroe county, in 1846, and is of Dutch and Irish descent. He received his education in the district school, Monroe high school and the University of Michigan. He mar- ried Miss Juliet C. Carpenter in 1872, and they have one son and two daughters. Mr. Van Kleeck is a descendant of one of the oldest Dutch families settling on Long Island previous to 1659. Baltus Van Kleeck, from whom James Van Kleeck is a lineal descendant, was one of the first settlers in Duchess county. New York, and in 1702 erected the Van Kleeck house, which was used for many years as a court house and a meeting place for the supervisors. In this house the Whigs of Pough- keepsie signed the pledge, "Under all ties of religion, honor and love of country, to sustain whatever measures the Continental Congress and Provincial Convention of New York should resolve upon for preserving the liberties of the people." Sixteen Van Kleecks were signers. All or nearly all joined the Revolu- tionary Army, holding various ranks. Mr. Van Kleeck's people always took a great interest in matters pertaining to educa- tion. His maternal grandmother was especially noted in Monroe county because of her superior education in those early times and because of her possession of a library of such im- portance that judges and others came from Detroit and sur- roimding places to consult it. Mr. Van Kleeck served as a private in the 17th Michigan Infantry during the Civil War, 137 and was severely wounded in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. He was elected prosecuting attorney for four terms, was a member of the legislature one term, and was appointed Commissioner of Immigration under Governor Alger. He has served as a member of the board of education of Bay City and was its president for several years. He has taken a very active part in Grand Army affairs, and has been Judge Advocate and Department Commander of the Department of Michigan, and at the present time is Judge Advocate of the Department. HENRY E. WALBRIDGE delegate from the nineteenth district, Clinton county, was bom at Glover, Vermont, in 1850, and is of English descent. His father was a leading lawyer of central Michigan and his mother was a descendant of General Ethan Allen, the hero of Ticon- deroga. His early boyhood was spent in Saline, Michigan, and when six years of age his family moved to St. Johns, where he pursued his early education in the Union School and St. Johns high school. He took the scientific course in Olivet college, and then entered upon the study of law in his father's office. The week after attaining his majority he was admitted to the bar and also to a partnership with his father, which relation- ship continued until his father moved to Ithaca in 1890. Mr. Walbridge then entered into partnership with Gen. O. L. Spaulding, but the firm was discontinued in 1892. In 1893 he became associated with J. H. Fedewa, with whom he con- tinued until the latter's death in 190 1. In 1896 Mr. Walbridge was married to Mrs. Jessie Smead Caldwell, of St. Johns. By a previous marriage he has two daughters. He held the office of circuit court commissioner for six years, and is a member of the State Bar Association. 138 JAY C. WALTON. CHARLES H. WATSON. GUY J. WICKSALL. WALTER S. WIXSON. JAY C. WALTON delegate from the thirteenth district, Livingston county, was born in Hartland township, Livingston county, in 1856, and is of English and German descent. He attended the district school until he was fourteen years of age, and then went to a com- mercial college afterwards attending a dental college, graduating in 1 88 1. He was a drug clerk for seven years and practiced dentistry for twenty-five years. He was married in 1882. He is a large owner of real estate and is interested in farming. He is a breeder of registered Holstein cattle. Mr. Walton has served as village president and president of the municipal electric light and water commission of Howell. CHARLES HENRY WATSON President Pro Tem. of the Convention, and delegate from the thirty-first district, Marquette, Dickinson, Iron and Alger counties, was bom in Binghamton, N. Y., October twenty- ninth, 1870, and is of English descent. He received his edu- cation in the public schools at Berlin, Wisconsin, and in 1899 graduated from the University of Michigan with the degree of LL.B. Mr. Watson's parents moved to Wisconsin from New York state in 1876. In 1877 his mother died, and from that time he resided with his grandparents on a farm in Waushara county, Wisconsin, and afterwards at Berlin, until 1888. At that time he came to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and worked on various newspapers in the Upper Peninsula. In 1892 he married Miss Blanche Campbell. They have one son, John Campbell Watson, who is ten years of age. Mr. Watson has served as city attorney of Crystal Falls and held the office of prosecuting attorney of Iron county for five consecutive terms. 139 GUY J. WICKSALL delegate from the eight district, Van Buren count3^ was bom in Paw Paw, in 1872, and is of Scotch and English descent. He has resided in Van Buren county during his whole life, ex- cepting about five years spent in Houghton county and at the University of Michigan. He graduated from the Bangor high school in 1890, and from the law department of the Univer- sity of Michigan in 1895. After spending several months in the law office of Edwards & Stewart, of Kalamazoo, he commenced the practice of law in South Haven as a member of the firm of Johnson & Wicksall. In 1900 that firm was dissolved and the firm of Wicksall & Cogshall was formed, which still continues. In 1900 he was married to Miss Juliette L. McCart}^ of Ver- montville, and they have one daughter. WALTER S. WIXSON delegate from the twenty-first district, Tuscola county, was bom in Lexington in 1863, and is of Scotch- and English descent. He received his education in the public schools, the University of Michigan and the Poughkeepsie Collegiate Institute and the Michigan University law department. After graduating from the law department of the University he went into the law office of the late John Divine, who was a member of the con- stitutional convention of 1867, and of the constitutional com- mission of 1873. He then entered the employ of the American Express Co., at Milwaukee, as superintendent's clerk, where he remained for three years when he was transferred to Chicago as secretary to the general agent. He filled various positions in the express business at Chicago, as assistant cashier, traveling solicitor and special agent of the money order, tele- 140 graph transfer and order and commission departments of the American's service and the superintendent of local business covering said departments at Chicago. He resigned in 1895, and since 1897 has practiced law at Caro, Michigan, and is a member of the firm of Quinn, Wixson & Quinn. Mr. Wixson is married. HENRY H. WOODRUFF delegate from the twenty-eighth district, Roscommon county, was born at Flat Rock, Wayne county, in 1841, and is of Eng- lish descent. The state was just starting in settlements and was recovering from the wild cat times of 1837-8. He lived at Flat Rock until 1857, when his parents moved to East Sag- inaw. He received his education in the common schools, prepared for the University of Michigan under Claudius B. Grant, attending the union school at Ann Arbor. He however left for the war and never entered the University. He en- listed as a private in Company D, i6th Michigan Infantry; was made fourth sergeant before leaving Detroit and promoted to second lieutenant for good conduct on the field of battle by special order No. 99, August 2, 1862. He was promoted to first lieutenant and captain but did not muster as captain. After the war he was engaged in the lumber business until 1872. In 1866 he married Miss Caroline Ellsefer, who died in Lapeer in the year 1871. In 1877 he married Alicia H. Moiles, who died in 1907, leaving two daughters. Mr. Woodruff studied law in a law office and was admitted to the bar in 1876 and has followed the practice of law since that time. He moved to Roscommon county in 1874 and has lived in that county ever since. He has held many important public offices and was prosecuting attorney for eighteen years. 141 ROGER IRVING WYKES delegate from the seventeenth district, Kent county, was born in Grand Rapids in 1874, and is of English descent. He was educated in the Grand Rapids and South Grand Rapids high schools and taught two }'ears in the latter. He entered the law class of 1895 at the University of Michigan and was ad- mitted to the practice of law in 1896, engaging in practice at Grand Rapids. He soon after entered the office of the Attorney General and remained there until 1905. He was admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court in 1902, and in that court represented the state in its cases against the Wisconsin & Michigan railway, in which the right of the state to tax certain railroads north of the forty-fourth parallel of latitude was established, against the Grand Rapids & Indiana in which that company was compelled to reduce its passenger rates and in those of the different railroads against the state, constituting the railroad tax cases. In 1905, when Mr. O'Brien was appointed minister to Denmark, Mr. W^'kes en- tered the firm of O'Brien, Campbell & Wykes, continuing as a member of that firm for two years and retaining his connec- tion on behalf of the state, with its pending railway and tax litigation, as special counsel. In 1907 he severed his connec- tion with that firm and is now engaged in the practice of law in Grand Rapids. In the convention, he was chairman of the committee on finance and taxation. 142 HENRY H. WOODRUFF, ROGER I. WYKES. O. T. ALLEN, Lansing Journal. JOHN FITZGIBBON, Detroit News. HUGO A. GILMARTIN. Detroit Free Press. MILO E. MARSH Detroit Times. ROY C. VANDERCOOK, State Republican. J. E. WORTHINGTON, Grand Rapids Herald. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PRESS. JOSEPH H. BREWER, Official Stenographer. CHAS. H. McGURRIN, Assistant Official Stenographer ALEX. H. SMITH, Assistant Secretary. SYDNEY D. HALL, Assistant Secretary. ANDREW J. SCOTT Sergeant-at-arms. iisijd:e^j<: INDEX OF NAMES. Tags. Acker, William H 35, 91 Adam, John J 11 Adam, Wales 17 Adams, Edgar J 35, 91 Adams, Peter R 18 Aldrich, Levi 22 Alexander, Lorenzo P 22 Alvord, Henry J 18 Anderson, Robert H 17 Andrus, William W 23 Arzeno, Alexander M 18 Atwood, Theron W 35, 92 Axford, J. S 12 Axf ord , Samuel 12 Axford, William i8 Babcock, Robert S 35, Backus, Henry T Bacon, Marshall J Bagg, Joseph H Bagley, John J Baird, John 35, Baldwin, Clarke E 34, Baldwin, Frederick J 35, Barber, Julius S Barbour, Levi L 34, Barnaby, Horace T., Jr 35-94 Barnard, Ely Barnett, James F 35, Barry, John S 12, Bartow, Henry Bartow, John Beardsley, Charles E Beaufait, Louis Beeson, Jacob Biddle, John Bills, Perley Birney, James Bishop, Roswell P Black, Charles M 35, Blackman, Samuel H Boughton, Seleck C 95 16 17 17 17 1 1 17 II 23 22 35 95 23 Page. Boynton, Nathan S 35, 96 Bradley, Milton 22 Brewer, John , 1 1 Briggs, Russell 1 1 Britain, Calvin 17 Broomfield, Archibald 35. 96 Brower, Richard 1 1 Brown, Alvarado 17 Brown, Ammon n, 18 Brown, Asahel 17, 22 Brown, Jefferson G 35.97 Brown, Thomas H 34, 97 Brown, William E 35. 97 Bumham, William 26 Bums, John D 17 Burt, Wellington R 35, 98 Burtch, Milton P 22 Burtenshaw, James 23 Burton, Clarence M 74 98 Bush, Charles P 17 Butterfield, John L 17 Calkin, Ephraim 12 Calverley, William D 36, 98 Campbell, Gordon R 36, 99 Campbell, Henry M 34, 99 Carr, WiUiam S 18 Carton, John J 34, 35, loi Case, Emanuel 1 1 Case, George F 23 Cavanaugh, Martin J 34, 102 Chandler, Charles 18 Chandler, Merritt 36, 103 Chapel, Charles W x8 Chapin, Dewitt C 22 Chapman, Bela 12, 23 Chase, Jonathan 12 Choate, Emerson 18 Church, Thomas B 17 Clark, Eliphalet n Clark, John 12, 18 Clark, Samuel 17 145 Page. Clubb, Henry S 26 Colbath, Lemuel 11 CoUier, G. X. M 22 Collins, Alpheus 11 Comstock, Addison J 18 Comstock, Darius 11 Conger, Omer D 23 Connor, William 18 Convis, Ezra 12 Cook, Albert B 35, 103 Cook, Elijah F 11 Cook, John P 17 Coolidge, Henry H 22 Coomer, George W 34, 103 Corbin, William 23 Cornell, Jerry G 17 Crane, Isaac M 26 Cranor, Ozro N 35, 104 Crapo, Henry H 21 Crary , Isaac E 12, 17 Crocker, Thomas M 23 Crossman, Rufus 11 Crosswell, Charles M 22, 23 Crouse, Ira D 26 Crouse, Robert 18 Curtis, Thomas 12 Cutcheon, Sullivan M 26 Danforth, Ephraim B Daniels, Ebenezer Daniells, Nathaniel I Davis, J. D II Davison, Norman Dawson, William 35, DeLand, Charles J 34, Desnoyers, Peter i^ Deuel, Andrew L 36, Devereaux, James R Dimond, Reuben B Divine, John 11 Dousman, Michael Duncan, Delamore Duncombe Charles Eastman, Timothy Eaton, Ebenezer C Edmunds, James M EUenwood, John Elliott, Adam Ellis, Edward D Estee, Perry H 17 18 22 p 12 12 104 105 . 23 106 27 18 , 26 12 23 23 17 18 18 23 Fairlie, John Archibald 34, 106 Fall, Delos 34, 107 Page- Farmer, William S 22 Farrington, George W 11 Ferris, Jacob 23 Ferry, Peter P 11 Ferry, William M 26 Flannigan, Richard C 36, 108 Fleischhauer, Alfred M 35, 108 Foster, Eugene 36, 109 Foster, Seymour 22 Frahck, Henry 18 Freeman, Herbert L 35, 109 Fyfe, Lawrence C 34, 109 Gale, Elbridge G 17 Gardiner, Earls P 18 Germain, George W 22 Gibson, John 18 Giddings, Edwin W 26 Giddings, Marsh 23 Gidley , Townsend E 12 Glenn, Thomas H 22 Godard, Abel 11 Godfrey, James F 11 Goodwin, Daniel 17, 18, 23 Goodwin, William F 22 Gore, Victor M 34, no Graham, Jonathan B 17 Green, Nelson 18 Gulick, Robert F 23 Haire, John 23 Hall, James H 35, no Hally, Patrick J. M 34, in Hanscom, Alfred H 18 Harrington, Caleb 11 Harris, Edward P 23 Hart, Noah H 17 Harvey, George C 18 Hascall, Charles 17 Hascall, Volney 17 Hatch, Herschel H 27 Hathaway Hiram 18 Hawkins, Victor 34, in Hazen, Ezra 23 Heald, Henry T 35, 112 Heckert, Benjamin F 34, 112 Hemans, Lawton T 35, 112 Henderson, Eden F 22 Henkel, Peter 23 Herrington, Caleb n Hixson, Daniel 18, 23 Holmes, Charles D 22 Holt, Henry H 23 Holmes, John W 35, 113 146 Page. Horton, George B 34, 114 Hough, Olmstead 11 Houk, Calvin E 36, 114 How, Orin II Howard, Sumner 22 Howell, Joseph 11 Hubbard, David, Jr 17 Hull, Levi T 23 Huston, Benjamin W., Jr 23 Hutchins, Allen 11 Ingalls, Eleazer 23 Ingersoll, Samuel 11 Ingram, Frederick F 34, 115 Irwin. Charles F ii Jenkins, Baldwin 12 Jennison, Hiram 23 Jerome, David H 27 Jones, Walter C 34, 115 Kenney, Myron C 23 Kjlpatrick, William M 35, 116 King, Paul H 34, 117 Kingsley, James 18 Kinne, Daniel 17 Knowles, Leonard F 35, 117 Lacy, Elijah 12 Lamb, John M 23 Lawrence, Benjamin W 23 Leach, Dewitt C 17, 22 Lee, Daniel S 18 LiUie, Colon C 35, 118 Longyear, John W 22 Loomis, Hubbell 12 Lothrop, George V. N 23 Louisell, Medor E 35, 119 Lovell, Cyrus 17 Lovell, Henry R 22 Luce, Cyrus G 22 Lyon, Lucius 12 McClelland, Robert 18, 23 McClellen, Robert 11 McConnell, William M 23 McCracken, Stephen B 26 McDonell, John 11 McKernan, John Q 22 McLeod, William Norman 18 Manchester, William C 34, 120 Manning, Randolph 11 Marvin, Henry B 18 Mason, Lorenzo M 18 Mason, Lyman G 26 Page. Mason, Stevens T 10 Mead, Frank D 36, 120 Meddaugh, Elijah W 26 Merrell, Joseph 34, 121 Miles, Marcus H 23 Miles, T. P 22 Miller, Hiram L 23 Miller, Lewis T 12 Milnes, Alfred 34, 121 Moffatt, Seth C 27 Monfort, Frank R 35, 122 Moore, Andrew L 35, 122 Moore, Edward S i8 Moore, George W 35, 123 Moore, William 11 Morgan, David T 36, 123 Morris, Benjamin B 12 Morrison, William V 17 Morton, Edward G 23 Mosher, John 17 Mowry, Zebina M 18 Mundy , Edward 11 Murray, Lyman 23 Musgrave, Joseph 22 Mussey, Dexter 23 Newberry, Seneca 11, 18 Newton, James 12 Nichols, Edwin C 34, 124 Ninde, Thomas 23 Noble, Nathaniel 11 Norris, Lyman D 23 Norvell, John 11 Oberdorflfer, William J 36, 124 O'Brien, Morgan 18 Odell, James 12 Orr, Joseph W. T 17 Osmun, William E 35, 124 Otis, Asa H 11 Parsons, S. Titus . 23 Patrick, William 12 Patterson, Joseph H 11 Pierce, John D 17 Pierce, Nathan 17 Pond, Ashley 26 Porter, Henry 12 Porter, Solomon 12 Post, Floyd L 35, 125 Powell, Herbert E 35, 125 Pratt, Daniel L 22 Pratt, Frank S 35, 126 Prevost, Francis J 18 Pringle, Eugene 22 147 Page. Purcell, William 23 Purdy, Robert 1 1 Purington, D. B 22 Rafter, William A 23 Raynale, Ebenezer 11, 18 Redfield, George 17 Rexford, Roswell B 12 Richmond, Charles H 23 Riggs, Jeremiah 12 Riley, Henry H 26 Roberts, Elijah J 17 Roberts, Horace F 17 Robertson, Andrew S 18 Robertson, Leslie B 34, 127 Robinson, Elisha S 17 Robinson, Mitchell 17 Robinson, Rix 17 Rockwell, Kleber P 35, 127 Root, Simeon P 22 Rowe, George E 35, 128 Russell, Fred J 35, 128 Salliotte, Ignatius J 34, 129 Sawyer, Eugene F 35, 129 Sawyer, Jacob C 23 Scott, Andrew J 34 Sharpe, Albert E 36, 130 Shattuck, Gilbert 11 Shaw, Edwin 35, 130 Shearer, Jonathan 23 Sheldon, Horace J 23 Shellhouse, Martin G 12 Simons, Charles C 34, 131 Skinner, Elias M 18 Smith, J. M. C 35.131 Smith, Osmond H 36, 132 Smith, Thaddeus G 22 Smith, William A 23 Soule, Milo 17 Snow, Ernest A 35, 132 Stevens, Amos ". 11 Stewart, Hugh P 34, 133 Stockwell, Martin P 23 Storey, Wilbur F 17 Stoughton, William L 23 Stubbs, Michael P 11 Sturgis, David 17 Sullivan, James 17 Sutherland, Jabez G 18, 23 Sutherland, Justin L 35, 133 Sutphen, Josephus V. D 11 Swegels, John, Jr 17 Tallman, Theophilus E i r Page. Taylor, Joshua B 1 r Taylor, Walter R 34. 134 Ten Eyck, Conrad 1 1 Thew, Charles N 34, 134 Thomas, Charles H 35, 135 Thompson, Charles D 35, 135 Thompson, Lewis J 22 Tiffany, Alexander R 1 1 , 17 Tossy, Louis E 34, 134 Town, Oka 17 Townsend, Willis L 36, 136 Tucker, Jacob 12 TurnbuU, Edward A 35, 136 Turner, josiah 23 Tyler, Comfort 23 Upson, Charles 26 Utley, WilUam S ; 23 Van Every, Peter 11 Van Kleeck, James 3S> i37 Van Riper, Jacob J 22 Van Valkenburg, Jacob 18, 23 Voorheis, Isaac I 11 Wadhams, Ralph 12 Waite, Benjaman W 18 Walbridge, Henry E 35, 138 Walker, Alvah H "22 Walker, Dewitt C 18 Walton, Jay C 35, 130 Warden, Robert, Jr t8 Warner, Fred M ^t, Warner, P. Dean 23 Warner, WilUam F 23 Watkins,"^ Freeman C 22 Watkins,^ Milton C 23 Watson, ^Charles "!'H 34, 36, 13Q Webster, James 18 Welch, WiUiam H 12 Wells, Hezekiah G 12, 17, 26 Whipple, Charles W 11, 17 White, Alpheus 11 White, David 11 White, Jonathan R 18 White, Orrin .' 11 White, Samuel 12 White, WiUiam E 22 Whitney, John 11 Whittemore, Gideon O 18 Wicksall, Guy J 34, 140 Wilkins, Ross 11 Willard, George 22 Willard, Isaac W 18 WiUard, Titus B 12 148 Page. Williams, John R ii Willaims, Joseph R i8 Williams, William B 22 Willitts, Edwin 26 Winans, Edwin B 23 Winsor, Richard 22 Witherell, Benjamin F. H . . . . 18 Withey, Solomon L 23, 26 Wixson, Walter S 35, 140 Page- Woodbridge, William i r Woodhouse, Lemuel 22 Woodman, Elias S 18 Woodruff, Henry H 36, 141 Woodward, Lysander 26 Wright, Harvey 22 Wykes, Roger 1 35, 142 Yeomans, Sanford A 22 OF THE OF 149 "I'^^mjiV^-ii: ^'