I ,^^">: i v^ /■ ■ oil k 7 ^ Ik ■?//: ^ r /^ ;'^^ (?,' RtRT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CUIFORNIt QjJ LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY 3RARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY /TO - BRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY ^mr f LIBRARY OF THE UKIVERSITY Of CALIfORHI* LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY Of CALIfORNIA Tft) ^^^-^"^^ S ><^^S=s... ^^IWp .'^^S^ T^53?^x^ '^IW' LIBRARY Of THE UNIVERS LIBRARY Of THE U»I»ERSITY OF CAllfORHIA LIBRARY Of THE UKIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA :^ "0.^ ^ QM "- //- '^1 -■•■■^'J£-A7H68: Vi F LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERS n %. #1^ ^ ^ P IIBRARY Of THE UNIVERSITY Of CALIfORNIA LIBRARY Of THE UNIVERSITY Of CALIfORNIA M LIBRARY Of THE UNIVERS Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/dictionaamericanOOwebsrich r^ '^' J '? f ^^ ^'A ^^f^^e^^^. / / c ^^^^. /^^f^ \ y '^r \. \^ \ Cv ENGEfiED TDK THE OTJAETO XDlTHm OF -YlEBaTEKS .AMEHIOAH DlCTiaSSKr AN AMERICAN DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE; CONTAINING ^ THE WHOLE VOCABULARY OF THE FIRST EDITION IN TWO VOLUMES QUARTO; THE ENTIRE CORREC- TIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS OF THE SECOND EDITION IN TWO VOLUMES ROYAL OCTAVO ; TO WHICH IS PEEFIXED AN INTRODUCTORY DISSERTATION ON THE ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND CONNECTION, OF THE LANGUAGES OF WESTERN ASIA AND EUROPE, WITH AN EXPLANATION OF THE PRINCIPLES ON WHICH LANGUAGES ARE FORMED. BY NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D., Member of tfit American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia; Felloto of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Massachusetts Member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences ; Fellow of the Royal Society of Northern Antiqiuiries in Co- penhagen ; Member of the ConnectictU Historical Society ; Corresponding Member of the Historical Societies in Massachttsetts, New York, and Georgia ; of the Academy of Medicitie in Philadel- phia, and of the Columbian Institute in Washington ; and Honorary Member of the Michigan Historical Society. ' GENERAL SUBJECTS OF THIS WORK. I ETYMOLOGIES OF ENGLISH WORDS, DEDUCED PROM AN EXAMINATION AND COMPARISON OP WORDS OF CORRESPONDING ELEMENTS IN TWENTY LANGUAGES OF ASIA AND EUROPE. 11.— THE TRUE ORTHOGRAPHY OF WORDS, AS CORRECTED BY THEIR ETYMOLOGIES. IIL — PRONUNCIATION EXHIBITED AND MADE OBVIOUS BY THE DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES, BY ACCENTUATION, BY MARKING THE SOUNDS OF THE ACCENTED VOWELS, WHEN NECESSARY, OR BY GENERAL RULES. IV. — ACCURATE AND DISCRIMINATING DEFINITIONS, ILLUSTRATED, WHEN DOUBTFUL OR OBSCURE, BY EXAMPLES OP THEIR USE, SELECTED FROM RESPECTABLE AUTHORS, OR BY FAMILIAR PHRASES OP UNDISPUTED AUTHORITY. REYISED AND ENLAHGED, BY CHAUxNCEY A. GOODRICH, PBOPE880B IN TALE COLLEOE. WITH PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES OF SCRIPTURE, CLASSICAL, AND GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. SPHINGFIELD, MASS. PDBLISHED BY GEORGE AND CHARLES MERRIAM, CORNER OF MAIN AND STATE STREETS. 1857. KSTERBD ACCORDISO TO ACT OF CONORESS, IS TUB YEAR 1840, By NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D., Ig THB (Xebk'b OrricK op tub District Court of the District of Connecticut. Entered accoudixo to Act ok Congress, in the Year 1847, Bt GKORGE ASD CHARLES MERRIAM, Ik THB Clerk's OrricE op the District Court of tiie District of ilASSAcnusBTTS. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the Year 185G, i3t EMILY W. ELLSWORTH, JULIA "W. GOODRICH, WILLIAM G. WEBSTER, ELIZA S. W. JOXES, AND LOUISA WEBSTER, Is THE Clerk's Ofhce of the District Court op the District of CoNiracncuT. STEREOTYPED AT THE BOSTON TYPE A.VD STEREOTYPE FOUNDEY. rtlKTKD BT J CAHE, TlFFA^t AND COMPAWT, OJlT i I ARTr ORD. Bmcroft Librty PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. a. BY THE EDITOR. / The demand for The American Dictionary or the English Language has increased so rapidly within a few years past, that the publishers have felt the necessity of its being stereotyped, for the greater convenience of the public, in a single quarto volume. In deciding upon this measure, they were desirous that the work should be thoroughly revised anew, and that each department which it embraces, should be brought down, as far as possible, to the latest advances of science, literature, and the arts, at the present day. With this view, it was placed in the hands of Rev. Chacncey a. Goodrich, Professor in Yale College, as one of the members of Dr. Webster's family, in the expectation of his obtaining such additional aid as might be necessary for the accomplishment of this design. The Editor has not acted, however; upon his own personal responsibility in executing this trust. He has, from time to time, laid open the sheets to the inspection of the other members of the family ; and no important alterations have been made, especially in any of the lead- ing characteristics of the work, except with the concurrence, or at the request, of Dr. Webster's legal representatives. In laying before the public an edition thus prepared, the fruit of nearly three years of care and attention, the Editor will be expected to make some brief statement of the principles on which he has conducted the revision, and the results of his labors as exhibited in the present volume. This work was first published, in two quarto volumes, in the year 1828. At the expiration of twelve years, or in the year 1840, a second edition was published by the Author, in two royal octavo volumes. Of this he thus speaks in the Advertisement prefixed : " The improvements in this edition of the American Dictionary consist chiefly in the addition of several thousand words to the vocabulary, the division of words into syllables, and the correction of definitions in several of the sciences, which are made conformable to recent discoveries and classifications. For the latter improvements, the Author is indebted chiefly to Professor Tuli.y, of the Medical College in New Haven. To these improvements may be added the introduction and explanation of many phrases from foreign languages, frequently used by English authors, and in conversation ; and also of many foreign terms used in books of music." In conducting this revision. Dr. Webster was aided in some part of his labors by his son, William G. AVebster, Esq., of New Haven; who, also, at a subse- quent period, prepared the revised Addenda, under the direction of his father. The later im- provements of the Author, down to the period of his death, are here inserted under their proper heads, from the manuscripts which he left. By these successive revisions, and the one which has now been made, new matter, to the amount of more than three hundred pages, has been added to the m7' KMVJry PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. work ; all of which, by the use of a smaller type, and by careful compression, is now brought within the compass of this volume. Of the course pursued in the revision, it will now be proper briefly to speak. In respect to the Etymologies, the Editor has not considered it as lying within his province, to make any material alterations. In a very few cases of obvious necessity, some slight change has been made. But the chief labor, in reference to this part of the work, has been bestowed on the difficult task of giving with accuracy the numerous words from Oriental and foreign languages, which are used in tracing the origin of our own. The chief value of a dictionary consists in its Definitions ; — in giving a clear, full, and accurate exhibition of all the various shades of meaning which belong, by established usage, to the words of a language. It is in this respect, especially, that Dr. Webster's Dictionary has been generally con- sidered superior to every other, both of this country and of England. To this point, therefore, the labors of the Editor have been mainly directed. No efforts have been spared to obtain the most recent and valuable works, not only in lexicography, but in the various departments of science and the arts embraced in the American Dictionary. As these subjects are in a state of continual progress, every important word, in its various applications, has been diligently examined and compared with the statements made on each topic, by the latest and most approved authorities. Smart's English Dictionary, in the edition of 1846, has been carefully collated with this work, and also the unfinished one, in a course of publication, by Gilbert, so far as the numbers have appeared. Reference has likewise constantly been made to Richardson's Dictionary, — although this had been previously examined by Dr. Webster, — and also to the Analytical Dictionary of Booth. Each of the articles in Brande's Encyclopedia of Science, Literature, and Art, has been collated with the corresponding portions of this Dictionary, as the starting-point, when necessary, of investigation in larger treatises. The Penny Cyclopedia has been consulted at every step, especially in matters of science ; and the Encyclopedia Americana (based on the German Conversations-Lexikon) has been relied upon, partic- ularly on subjects of continental literature, philosophy, history, art, &c. In order to secure greater accuracy, numerous special dictionaries, or vocabularies confined to some single department, have also been collated with this work ; and the ablest treatises on important branches of science and art have been diligently examined. In architecture, the chief reliance has been placed on the Oxford Glossary of Architecture, (1845,) and the Encyclopedia of Architecture, (1842,) by Gwilt, author of the articles on this subject in Brande's Encyclopedia. In agriculture, Johnson's Farmer's Encyclopedia, (1844,) and Gardner's Farmer's Dictionary, (1846,) have been chiefly used. In general antiquities, the large treatise of Fosbroke has been frequently consulted, while in classical antiquities, the principal reliance has been placed on the recent dictionary of Smith, (1846,) as a work of the highest authority. In respect to the antiquities of the church, the elaborate work of Coleman (1841) has been frequently consulted; and Hook's Church Dictionary (1844) has been collated throughout, with reference to the rites, ceremonies, vestments, &c., of the Church of PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. England, and also of the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches. In botany, use has principally- been made of the writings of Lindley and Loudon. In natural history, Partington's British Cyclo- pedia of Natural History, (1835—7,) and Jardine's Naturalist's Library, (1834—43,) have been much consulted, in connection with the articles on these subjects in the Penny Cyclopedia and similar works. In geology, mineralogy, and some associated branches of natural history, Humble's Dic- tionary of terras in these departments (1840) has been compared with this work throughout. In respect to mercantile subjects, banking, coins, weights, measures, &c., McCulloch's Commercial Dictionary (1845) has been collated at every step, as the standard work on tliese subjects. In manufactures and the arts^ Dr. Ure's Dictionary of Manufactures, Arts, and Mines, with its Supple- ment, (1845,) has been relied upon as of the highest authority. In engineering and mechanical philosophy, Hebert's Engineer's and Mechanic's Cyclopedia (1842) has been carefully collated, with a constant reference to the more popular and recent dictionaries of Francis, Grier, and Buchanan, in the editions of 1846. la seamanship, the Dictionary of Marine Terms, in Lieutenant Totten's Naval Text-Book, (1841,) has been taken as a guide. In military affairs, the dictionary of Campbell (1844) has been followed, in connection with the more extended articles contained in Brande and the Penny Cyclopedia, on the kindred topics. In the fine arts, much use has been made of the dictionary of Elmes. In domestic economy, the Encyclopedia of Webster and Parkes on this subject (1844) has furnished many important statements, on a great variety of topics, presented for the first time in a scientific form ; and to this has been added Cooley's Cyclopedia of Practical Receipts, (1846,) as exhibiting much collateral information, in respect to the arts, manufac- tures, and trades. Such, in general, are the authorities which have been relied on in this revision. But it is obviously impossible for any one mind to embrace with accuracy all the various departments of knowledge which are now brought within the compass of a dictionary. Hence arise most of the errors and inconsistencies which abound in works of this kind. To avoid these as far as possible, especially in matters of science, the Editor at first made an arrangement with Dr. James G. Percival, who had rendered important assistance to Dr. Webster in the edition of 1828, to take the entire charge of revising the scientific articles embraced in this work. This revision, however, owing to causes beyond the control of either party, was extended to but little more than two letters of the alphabet ; and the Editor then obtained the assistance of his associates in ofiice, and of other gentlemen in various professional employments. To these he would now return his acknowledgments, for the aid they have afibrded. The articles on law have been collated with Blackstone and Bouvier's Law Dictionary, by the Hon. Elizur Goodhich, formerly Professor of Law in Yale College, and the errors discovered, which were few in number, have been carefully corrected. The departments of ecclesiastical history and ancient philosophy have been thoroughly revised by the Rev. James Murdock, D. D., late Professor in the Andoyer Theological Seminary, who has furnished, in many instances, new and valuable definitions. The terms in chemistry have been s^ibmitted to Professor Silliman, of Yale College ; and whatever changes were requisite PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. in the explanations, have been made under his direction. In the departments of botany, anatomy, physiology, medicine, and some branches of natural history, Dr. Webster received assistance, in the revision of 1840, as mentioned above, from Dr. William Tully, late Professor in the Medical Institution of Yale College. Still further aid has been received from the same source in the present revision, and much of the accuracy of this work, in these branches, will be found owing to the valuable assistance he has thus afforded. On topics connected with Oriental literature, aid has frequently been obtained from Professor Gibbs, of Yale College. A part of the articles on astronomy, meteorology, and natural philosophy, in the edition of 1828, passed under the revision of Professor Olmsted, of Yale College. This revision has now been extended to all the articles on thfse subjects throughout the work, and new definitions have been furnished in numerous instances. The definitions in mathematics, after having been compared with those given in the dictionaries of Hutton, or Barlow, have been submitted to Professor Stanley, of Yale College, and the alterations have, in all cases, been made under his direction. In the sciences of geology and mineralogy, a thorough revision of the whole volume has been made by James D. Dana, Esq., Geologist and Mineralogist of the United States Exploring Expedition, and associate editor of the American Journal of Science and Arts, to whom the Editor is likewise indebted for assistance on various other subjects, which has greatly enhanced the value of the work. In practical astronomy and the science of entomology, aid has been frequently received from Edward C. Herrick, Esq., Librarian of Yale College. The articles on painting and the fine arts have, to a great extent, passed under the inspection of Nathaniel Jocelyn, Esq., Painter, of New Haven, and new definitions have in many cases been furnished. A correspondence has likewise been carried on with literary friends in England, and especially with one of the contributors to the Penny Cyclopedia, with a view to obtain information on certain points, in respect to which nothing definite could be learned from any books within the reach of the Editor. Extended lists of words have been transmitted for examination, and returned with ample notes and explanations. Much obscurity has thus been removed in respect to the use of terms which have a peculiar sense in Englemd, especially some of frequent occurrence at the imiversities, in the circles of trade, and in the familiar intercourse of life. To the friends who have given their assistance in these various departments, the Editor would return his cordial thanks. Whatever im- provement the work may have gained from this revision, in respect to clearness, accuracy, and fullness of definition, will be found owing, in a great degree, to the aid which they have thus afforded. With regard to the insertion of new words, the Editor has felt much hesitation and embarrassment. Some thousands have been added in the course of this revision, and the number might have been swelled to many thousands more, without the slightest difficulty. There is, at the present day, especially in England, a boldness of innovation on this subject, which amounts to absolute licen- tiousness. A hasty introduction into our dictionaries, of new terms, under such circumstances, is greatly to be deprecated. Our vocabulary is already encumbered with a multitude of words, which PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION have never formed a permanent part of English literature, and it is a serious evil to add to their number. Nothing, on the contrary, is so much needed as a thorough expurgation of our dictionaries in this respect, — the rejection of many thousands of words which may properly find a place in the glossaries of antiquarians, as a curious exhibition of what has been proposed, but never adopted, as a part of our language, but which, for that reason, can have no claim to stand in a dictionary designed for general use. All words, indeed, which are necessary to an under- standing of our great writers, such as Bacon, Spenser, Shakspeare, &c., ought, though now obsolete, to be carefully retained ; and in the present revision a considerable number of this class have been introduced for the first time. Other words have likewise been admitted to a limited extent, namely, the familiar terms of common life in England, which have been much used of late by popular writers in Great Britain. Many of these need to be explained for the benefit of readers in this country; and, if marked as "familiar," "colloquial," or "low," according to their true char- acter, they may be safely inserted in our dictionaries, and are entitled to a place there, as forming a constituent part of our written and spoken language. One of the most difficult questions on this subject, relates to the introduction of technical and scientific terms. Most of our general diction- aries are, at present, without any plan as to the extent and proportion in which such words should be inserted ; nor can they ever be reduced to order until each department is revised by men of science who are intimately acquainted with the subjects, and who are competent to decide what terms ought to be admitted into a general dictionary, and what terms should be reserved for special dictionjiries devoted to distinct branches of science. Something of this kind, on a limited scale, lias been attempted in the progress of this revision. Lists of words have been obtained from the gentlemen mentioned above, which might properly be inserted in this volume ; and very few terms of this class have been admitted except under their direction. In accordance with their advice, a small number have been excluded ; but in this respect the Editor has not felt at liberty to carry out his views in their full extent. In respect to Americanisms, properly so called, it is known to those who are conversant with the subject, that they are less numerous than has been generally supposed. Most of those familiar words, especially of our older states, which have been considered as peculiar to our country, were brought by our ancestors from Great Britain, and are still in constant use there as local terms. The recent investigations of Porby, Holloway, and Halliwell, have thrown much light on this subject ; and the names of these authors are, therefore, frequently placed under the words in question, to indicate their origin and their present use in England. Notes have also been added to some words which are peculiar to our coimtry ; but their number is comparatively small. In reference to Orthography, some important alterations have been made, but in strict conform- ity, it is believed, with the Author's principles on this subject. The changes in our orthography recommended by Dr. Webster, are of two distinct kinds, and rest on very different grounds. These it may be proper for a moment to consider. His main principle was, that the tendencies of PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. our lang^uage to greater simplicity and broader analogies, ought to be watched and cherished with the tttmost care. He felt, therefore, tliat whenever a movement toward wider analogie:^ and more general rules, had advanced so far as to leave but few exceptions to impede its progress, those exceptions ought to be set aside at once, and the analogy rendered complete. On this ground, he rejected the u from such words as favour, labour, &c. Of these we have a large number, which came to us, in most cases, from Latin terminations in or, through the Norman French, but encum- bered with a silent u, as in emperour, authour, editour, &c. From this entire class, except about twenty words, the u has been gradually dropped ; and iu respect to these, scarcely any two persons can be found, however strenuous for retaining it, who arc in practice consistent with each other, or with themselves, as to the words in which this letter is used. In fact, we have reached a point where, unless we take Webster and the dictionaries which agree with him as our guide, we have no standard on the subject; for Jolmson, Walker, and others, retain the u in numerous words, into which no one would thiuk of introducing it at the present day. Public convenience, therefore, demands that we do at once what must ultimately be done. No one can believe that the progress of our language will be arrested on this subject. The u will speedily be omitted in all words of this class, miless, from the sacredness of its associations, it be retained in Saviour, which may stand for a time as a solitary exception. Nor is it Dr. Webster who is the innovator in this case, but the English mind, which has for two centuries been throwing off a useless encumbrance, and moving steadily on toward greater simplicity in the structure of our language. - Such, too, is the case with certain terminations in re, pronounced like er ; as, centre, metre, &c. We have numerous words of this class derived from the French, all of which originally ended in re; as, cider, \cidre,) chamber, (chambre,) &c. These have been gradually conformed to the English spelling and pronun- ciation, till the number in re is reduced to not far from twenty words with their derivatives ; and in respect to them also the process is still going on. Center is, to a considerable extent, the spelling of the best mathematicEd writers. Meter is the word given by Walker in his Rhyming Dictionary, from a sense of the gross inconsistency of attaching to this word and its derivative diameter a different termination. Others are gradually undergoing the same change. Dr. Webster proposes, therefore, to complete the analogy at once, and conform the spelling of the few that remain to the general principles of our language. Acre, lucre, and massacre, present the only difficulty, from their liability, if changed, to be mispronounced, and may therefore be suffered to stand as necessary exceptions. Another departure from the principles of English orthography which Dr. Webster has endeavored to correct, is one that was pointed out by Walker, in very emphatic terms, nearly fifty years ag^. The principle in question is this, — that, in adding to a word the formatives m.?) od, cr, &,c., a single consonant (if one precedes) is doubled when the accent falls on the last syllable, as in forgetting, beginning, (fcc, but is not doubled when the accent falls on any of the preceding syl- lables, as in benefiting, gardening, (fcc. Walker, in his fifth Aphorism, says, " Dr. Lowth justly re- nivks that an error frequently takes place in the words worshipping, counselling, ,c, but if BO, the word was undoubtedly formed in the East. So we find Morpheus, the god of sleep, to be probably formed with the pre- fix m, from the Ethiopic I\Oi(^ aorf, to rest, to fall asleep; whence we infer that Morpheus is sleep deified. t But as many words in all the languages of Europe and Asia are formed with prepositions, perhaps it may be found, on exami- nation, that some of these prefixes may be common to the fami- lies of both stocks, the Japhetic and the Shemitic. We find in German gemiith, in Dutch gr.moed,{rom muth, moed, mind, moorf. We find mad in Saxon is gcmaad ; polish, the Latin pojio, is in Welsh caboli; mail in Italian is both maglia and camaglia ; belief in Saxon is geleaf, and in German glaube. We find that in the Shemitic languages, Kba signifies to fill or be full, and we find in the Arabic V,g^ kamala, has the same signification. In Syriac, ^ y^giJ, signifies to remove ; and \^ kagal, signifies to wander in mind, to be delirious. In Chaldee and Syriac, "l?:i is to wonder, precisely the Latin demiror, which is a compound of de and miror. We find also that nations differ in the orthography of some in- itial sounds, where the words are the same. Thus the Spanish has • According to Dr. Edwards, there is a remarkable resemblance between the Shemitic languages and the Muhheltaneew, or Mohegan, one of the native lan- suaees of New England, in the tise of the pronouns as prellies and affixes to ierbs.- Observations, Ifc. p. 13. t Ludolf, Col. 446, 417. INTRODUCTION. xxvii Uamar^ Itorar, for the Latin clamOj pforo ; and the Welsh has LlaicT^ for the English floor, llabi^ a tall, lank person, coinciding with flabbyy llac for slack, and the like As the prepositions and prefixes, in all languages, constitute an important class of words, being used in composition to vary the sense of other parts of speech, to an almost unlimited extent, it may be useful to give them a particular consideration. The simple prepositions are, for the most part, verbs or parti- ciples, or derived from them ; when verbs, they are the radical or primary word, sometimes varied in orthography by the addition or alteration of a single vowel, or perhaps, in some cases, by the loss of the initial consonant, or aspirate. Such are the Greek naoa, ;ie(ji, nara ; the Latin con and per ; the English/or, which retain their original consonants. The following, of, by, in, on, uh; the Latin ab, ad^pro, prMic\\vcrgeeten. Hence INTRODUCTION. we Bee that the Sajion for, fore, fyr, the English /ur,/or«,/ar, and the German /fir, vor, and ter, are from tlie same radii. In Dutch, /or and fore are represented by roor, and rer repre- sents/or and^r. The Danish also unites /or and /ore, as does the Swedish. The French has this word in pour, and the Spanish and Portu- guese in por. The latter signifies not only for, but through, as m Portuguese, " Eu passarei por Franqa," 1 will pass through France. Here we see the sense of moving. In Spanish and Portuguese, this word is written also para, as if from the Greek. It is evidently the same word, probably received through a differ- ent channel from that of por. Now, through is the exact sense of the Latin per; and per is the Italian preposition answering to for and por. But, what is more to the purpose, the Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese word, equivalent to the English forgirc, is in Spanish perdonar, in Italian pcrdonart, and in Portuguese perdoar ; and the French is pardonnrr. Here, tlien, we have strong if not conclusive evidence, that for, pour, por, per, par; and para, in different languages, are all from one stock, the word being varied in dialect, or by the different families: just as we have far, as well as the Saxon fyr, and the English forth, further, from the same primitive word. We have the same word m pursue and purchase, from the French pour. The Greek has ntna\, and jio(>ti, probably from tlie same root, as well as nuotvijuai. m^qoi. Ga, in Gothic, which is ge in Saxon, is a prefix of very exten- sive use. In Saxon, it is prefixed to a large portion of all the verbs in the language. According to Lye, it has sometimes the sense of the Latin cum; but in most words I can not discern any effect of this prefix on the signification of the simple verb. It is retained in the Danish and in some German and Dutch words, especially in the participles of verbs, and in nouns formed from them, but it is remarkable that, although the Saxon is our mother tongue, we have not remaining in the language a single instance of this prefix, with the original orthography. The only remains of it are in the contraction a, as in atcnkc, adrift, ashamed, &c., from gncttean, aicacan ; gedrifan, adrifan ; gesccaviian, ascamian. The letter y prefi.xed to verbs and participles used by Chaucer, as yberied, yblent, ybore, ydight, and a few others, is the remnant of the ge. The words yclad and ycleped are the last English words used in which tliis letter appears. It is possible that the first syllable of gonern, from Latin gu- berno, Greek iti'*iniBi», may be the same prefix ; or it may be the Welsh prefix go, which occurs in goberu, to work, which the Romans wrote operor. But 1 know not whetlier the first syllable of govern is a prefix or not. There is another word which retains this prefix corrupted, or its equivalent ; this is common, %vhich we have received from the Latin eommunis. This word in the Teutonic dialects is, Saxon gemane ; German gemein ; Dutch gcmeen ; Danish gemeen ; Swedish gemen. Now, if this is the Latin communis, — and of the identity of the last component part of the word there can, I think, be no doubt, — tlien the first part of the word is the Teu- tonic ge altered to com ; or, what is more probable, com is the eqaivuent of ge, or ge may be a contracted and corrupted form of cant, com. In either case, we arrive at the conclusion that the Teutonic ge and the Latin cum are equivalent in signification. In is used in the Saxon and Gothic, as in modern English. It is in German ein, Dutch and Swedish in, Danish ind, Greek ir, Latin in, French en. This is radically the same word as on and un, the German on, Dutch aan, and Welsh an. In its origi- nal sense, it implies moving, advancing toward ; and hence its use as a particle of negation or contrariety. " Eunt in urbem," They are going to the city. " Hac audio in te dici," I hear these things said against you. In modern military usage, on is used in the same sense of advancing; "The army is marching on Liege." Mid, in Saxon, signifies with. It is the Gothic mitk, German mit, Dutch mede or met, and the Greek ^tro ; but not retained in English. It seems to have the same origin as mid, middle, amidst. In the Gothic it is used as a prefix. Mis, a prefix, is the verb miss, to deviate. It is used in Saxon, German, Dutch, Swedish, and Danish, in nearly the same sense as in English. Its radical sense is to depart, or wander. Of is a preposition and prefix of extensive use in the Saxon, as in English. It denotes, primarily, issuing or proceeding from ; hence separation, departure, and distance : in the latter sense, it is written off. It is the Latin ab, written by the early Romans af; the Greek tt,To, the German ab, the Dutch af, Danish and Swedish af. The Saxons oflen prefixed this word in cases where we use it afler the verb as a modifier j as, of-drifan, to drive off; as it is still used by the Germans, Dutch, Swedes, and Danes. We retain it, as a prefix, in offset and offspring, Saxon of-spring. As it denotes proceeding from, it is the proper sign of the genitive case; the case expressing production. Ofer, English over, Gothic vfar, German Hber, Dutch over, Danish over, Swedish ofrcr, is a preposition and prefix, in all the Teutonic and Gothic languages which I have examined ; and in the same or similar senses. This seems to be the Greek iniQ, from which the Latins formed super by converting the aspirate of the Greek vowel into s. This is probably the Heb. Ch. Syr. Ar. 13S) to pass, a passing, beyond. On is a Saxon preposition and prefix, of very extensive use. It is obviously a different orthograpliy of in, and it is used for in in the Saxon ; as, " on onginn," in the beginning. It has also the sense we now give to on and upon, with other modifications of signification. In composition, on signifies into, or toward ; as, on-blawan, to blow in ; onclijian, to adhere, to cleave to ; and it is also a parti- cle of negation, like un; as, onbijidun, to unbind. This on is only a different spelling of un, in Dutch on, German uti, used as a word of negation. The Gothic has nn and nnd, in the like sense, as the Danish has un ; the Dutch ont. In this sense, un answers precisely to the Greek oin, and as this is sometimes written und in Gothic, as in is written ind in Danish, there can be little doubt that in, on, uji, arrt, are all from one stock. The original word may have been han, hin, or hon; such loss of the first letter is very common ; and inn, from the Ch. and Heb. n-H, presents us with an example. See Is and I.\s, in the Dictionary. The German has an, and the Dutch aan, in the sense of in and on. 0th is a Saxon preposition and prefix, sometimes written ath and ed, and answering nearly to the Latin ad and re; as in otk. witan, contracted, to twit, to throw in the teeth. It has also the sense of from, or mcay, or against, as in othswerian, to abjure. This preposition is obsolete, but we have the remains of it in ttcit, and perhaps in a few other words. Sam, samod, a prefix. See the Danish and Swedish, infra. To is a preposition and prefix, of extensive use in our mother tongue. It occurs as a prefix in such words as to-bra:can, to break ; to-beran, to bring or bear, [ad-fcrrc,'] We retain it in to- gether, Saxon togadere ; and in toward, Saxon tozcard, towardes ; and in tomorrow, today, tonight. The Dutch write it toe, and the Germans :w, and both nations use it extensively as a prefix. In Gothic it is written du, as in du-ginnan, to gin, that is, to begin. It would be gratifying to learn whether the Ethiopic T", which is prefixed to many verbs, is not the remains of the same prep- osition. Un is a Saxon prefix, of extensive use as a privative or parti- cle of negation. See On and In. Under is a Saxon preposition and prefix, of considerable use in the present English sense. Tlie Germans write it anlcr, and the Dutch onder, and use it in like manner. The Danes and Swedes write it under, and use it in the same sense. L'p, uppe, is a Saxon preposition and prefix, of considerable use in the present English sense. The Gothic has vf, in the sense of the Latin sub. Tlie Germans write it auf, and the Dutch op, the Danes op, and the Swedes up, and all use it as a prefix. Us, in Gothic, is a preposition and prefix. This is the German aus, and equivalent to the Latin ex. It is the Saxon ut, the Eng- lish out, Dutch uit, Swedish ut, and Danish ud, dialectically varied. To this answers the Welsh ys, used in composition ; but ys seems rather to be a change of the Latin ex, for the Latin ezpello is written in Wclsli yspeliaw, and extendo is estyn. Wither, in Saxon, from tlio root of with, denotes against, or opposition. It is a prefix in Saxon, written in German wider, in Dutch wedcr ; Danish and Swedish veder. It is obsolete, but retained in the old law term withernam, a counter-taking or distress. In the German language, there are some prepositions and pre- fixes not found in the Saxon ; as, Ent, denoting from, out, away. Er, without, out or to. Danish er. Jfack, properly nigh, as in nachbar, neighbor ; but its most common signification in composition is after ; as in nachgehen, to go after. This sense is easily deducible from its primary sense, which is close, near, from urging, passing, or following. In Dutch, this word is contracted to na, as in nabmir, neighbor; nairaan, to follow. The Russ has na also, a prefix of extensive use, and probably the same word. This fact suggests the ques- INTRODUCTION. tion, whether the ancestors of these great families of men had not tlieir residence in the same or an adjoining territory, it deserves also to be considered whether this na is not the Shemitic :. oc- curring as a prefix to verbs. Weg is a prefix used in the German and Dutch. It is the Saxon, German, and Dutch vieg, way ; in the sense of away, or passing from, from the verb, in Saxon wagan, wcgan, to carry, to weigh, English to tcag, the sense of which is to move or pass ; as German wegfallen, to fall off or away. Zcr, in German, denotes separation. In the Gothic dialects, Danish and Swedish, fra is used as a prefix. This is the Scottish fra, English from, of which it may be a contraction. Fram in Swedish, and frem in Danish, is also a prefix. The primary sense is to go, or proceed, and hence it denotes moving to or toward, forth, &c., as in Danish fremforer, to bring forth ; fremkalder, to call for. But in Danish, frcmmed is strange, foreign, and it is probable that the English /rom is from the same root, with a different application, it may be from the same stock as the Gothic frum, origin, beginning, Latin primus, signifying to shoot forth, to extend, to pass along. GUn, igien, in Danish, and igen, in Swedish, is the English gain in again, against. This is a prefix in both these Gothic languages. It has the sense of the Latin re, as in igienkommer, to come back, to return ; o{ against, as in igienkaldcr, to counter- mand, or recall ; of again, as gicnhinder, to bind again. This may be the Latin con. Mod, in Danish, and mot, emot, in Swedish, is a preposition, signifying to, toward, against^contrary, for, by, upon, out, &c. ; as "mod staden," toward the city; modstridcr, to resist; mod- gift, an antidote ; modhor, a contrary wind ; modvind, the same. This is the English meet, in the Gothic orthography, motyan, to meet, whence to moot. O, in Swedish, is a negative or privative prefix, as in otidig, immature, in English, not tidy. It is probably a contracted word. , Paa in Danish, pa in Swedish, is a preposition and prefix, signifying on, in, upon. Whether this is allied to be, by, and the Russ. po, I shall not undertake to determine with confidence ; but it probably is the same, or from the same source. Samman, signifying together, and from the root of assemble, is a prefix of considerable use in both languages. It answers to the Saxon sam, samod, equivalent to the Latin con or cujn. It seems to be allied to same and the Latin similis. Til, both in Danish and Swedish, is a prefix, and in Danish, of very extensive use. It is equivalent to the English to or toward, and signifies also at, in, on, by, and about, and in composition often has the sense of back or re, as in tilbage, backward, that is, to back ; but generally it retains the sense of to or onward; as in lilbyder, to offer, that is, to speak or order to ; tUdriver, to drive on ; tilgiver, to allow, to pardon, that is, to give to, and hence to give back, to remit. This js the English till, which we use in the game sense as the Danes ; but in English it always refers to time, whereas in Danish and Swedish it refers to place. Thus we can not say, " We are going till town ; " but we say, " Wait till I come, till my arrival ; " literally, " Wait to I come, to my arri- val ; " that is, to the time of arrival. The difference is not in the sense of the preposition, but in its application. The Scotch retain the Danish and Swedish use of this word ; no slight evidence of their origin. U in Danish, the Swedish 0, is a prefix, equivalent to in, and is used as a privative or negative ; as in uaar, an unseasonable year; uartig, uncivil. RUSSIAN. Vo, or Tt, signifies in, at, by, and may possibly be from the same root as the English be, 'ly. But see Po. Za is a prefix signifying /or, on account of, by reason of, after; as in zariduyu, to envy, from rid, visage ; viju, to see, Latin video; zadirayu, (rom deru, to tear; zamirayu, to be astonished or stupefied, from the root of Latin miror, and Russian mir, peace ; miryu, to pacify, to reconcile ; mirnie, pacific ; zamirenie, peace, pacification ; zamiriayu,to make peace ; Arm. miret, to hold, to stop; the radical sense of wonder, astonishment, and of peace. Ko, a preposition, signifying to, toward, for. Na, a preposition and prefix, signifying on, upon, at, for, to, ■eems to be the German nach, Dutch na ; as in nagrada, rec- ompense ; na, and the root of Latin gratia ; nasidayu, to sit down, &c. J^'ad, a preposition, signifying above or upon. O, a preposition, signifying of or from, and fur. Ob, a preposition and prefix, signifying to, on, against, about; as, obnemayu, to surround, to embrace ; ob and Saxon neman, to take. Ot is a preposition, signifying from, and it may be the English out. Po is a preposition and prefix of extensive use, signifying ire, by, after, from. Sec. ; as, podayu, to give to; polugayu, to lay, to expend, emploj-, lay out ; to tax or assess ; to establish or fix ; to believe or suppose ; po and lay. This corresponds with Eng- lish by, and the Latin has it in possideo, and a few otlier words. [Saxon bcsittan.l Fomcn, remembrance, po and mens, mind. Rod, a preposition, signifying /or, or for the love of. So, a preposition and prefix of extensive use, signifying with, "/i /'■"'"'■ """i 43 a mark of comparison, it answers nearly to the English so or as. ¥, with the sound of u, is a preposition and prefix of extensive use. it signifies near, by, at, with, as uberayu, to put in order, to adjust, to cut, to reap, to mow, to dress, French purer, Latin paro ; ugoda, satisfaction; ugodnei, good, useful, English good; udol, a dale, from dol. WELSH. The prefixes in the Welsh language are numerous. The fol- lowing are the principal. Am, about, encompassing ; Saxon amh, Greek anifi. An. See Saxon In. ^ Cy, cyd, cyv, cym, implying union, and answering to rum, con, and CO in Latin. Indeed cym, written also cyv, seems to be the Latin cum, and cy may be a contraction of it, like co in Latin. Ca seems also to be a prefi.T, as in caboti, to polish, Latin polio. Cyn, cynt, former, first, as if allied to begin. Di, negative and privative. Dis, negative and preciye. Dy, iterative. E and ec, adversative. Ed and eit, denoting repetition, like re, Saxon ed, oth. Es, separating, like Latin ex. See Ys. Go, extenuating, inchoative, approaching, going, denotes dim- inution or a less degree, like the Latin sub ; as in gobrid, some- wliat dear. This seems to be from the root of English go. Ilan, expressive of origination Lied, partly, half. on, all. Rhag, before. Rhy, over, excessive. Tra, over, beyond ; Latin trans. Try, through. Ym, mutual, refiective. Is, denoting from, out of, separation, proceeding from, answer- ing to the Latin ez ; as, yspeliaw, to expel. So cs, Welsh, estyn, to extend. Most of these prepositions, when used as prefixes, arc so dis- tinct as to be known to be prefixes. But in some instances, the original preposition is so obscured by a loss or change of letters, as not to be obvious, nor indeed discoverable, without resorting to an ancient orthography. Thus, without the aid of the Saxon orthography, we should probably not be able to detect the component parts of the English twit. But in Saxon it is written edwitan and othwitan; the preposition or prefix oth, with witan, to disallow, reproach, or cast in the teeth. It has been above suggested to be possible, that in the Shemit- ic languages, the 3 in triliteral roots may be the same prefix as the Russian na, the Dutch na, and the German nach. Let the reader attend to the following words. Hebrew 1533, to look, to behold, to regard. The primary sense of look is, to reach, extend, or throw. Ch., to look; also to bud or sprout. Ar. J^j^ nabata, to sprmg, or issue as water ; to flow out ; to devise or strike out ; to draw out. If the first letter is a prefix, the Hebrew word would accord with Latin video ; the Chaldee, with video and with bud, Spanish botar, French bouton, bouter, to put, and English to pout, and French bout, end, from shooting, extending. INTRODUCTION. Ar. i^XnJ nabatha, to bud; to germinate. See Ch. supra. Heb. i^ naval, Xofall ; to sink down ; to wither ; to fall off, as leaves and flowers; to act foolishly; to disgrace. Derivative, foolish; A fool; bM nafal, Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam., to fall. Ch. bS3 natal, to make foul; to defile; that is, to throw or put on. Ar. Vaj nabaltt, to shoot, as an arrow ; to ilrive, as camels ; to excel ; also to die; that is, probably, to fall. Can there be any question, that fall, foul, And fool are this very word, without the first consonant .' The Arabic, without the first consonant, agrees with Or. jtaiiio), and the sense of falling, then, is to throw one's self down. Heb. "i:;: natar, to keep, guard, preserve, retain, observe. Ch. to observe ; to keep ; to lay up. Syr. and Sam. id. Eth. hiWi natar, to shine. Ar. Ui natara, to keep ; to see ; to look ; to attend. Remove the first letter, and this coincides with the Greek No person will doubt whether ifZZ namal, to circumcise, is formed on i"!"; mul. ^ Ch. 123 nasar, to cut ; to saw. Syr. id. LiSt. serra, scrro. At. JiJU nt^UU, to fade, to vanish, to perish, to be empty, to fail. Heb. nc: nafack, to blow, to breathe. Ch. Syr. Eth. Ar. id. from TV.S, puaeJi, to blow. If the Shemitic I in these and similar words is a prefix or the remains of a preposition, it coincides very closely with tlie Russ. and Dutch na, and the latter we know to be a contraction of the German nack. Now, the German nack is the English nigh ; fur no person can doubt the identity of the German nachbar and the finglish neighbor. In the course of my investigations, I very early began to sus- pect that b, f p, e, g, and k, before I and r, are either casual letters, introduced by peculiar modes of pronunciation, or the remains of prepositions; most probably the latter. I had ad- vanced far in my Dictionary, with increasing evidence of the truth of this conjecture, before I had received Owen's Dictionary of the Welsh language. An examination of this work has con- firmed my suspicions, or rather changed them into certainty. If we attend to the manner of articulating the letters, and the ease with which W, lr,fi,fr, pi, pr, cl, cr, gi, gr, are pronounced, without an inttrvening vowel, even without a sheva, we shall not be surprised that a preposition or prefix, like he, pe, pa, po, or ge, should, in a rapid pronunciation, lose its vowel, and the con- sonant coalesce closely with the first letter of the principal word. Thus bloTik, prank, might naturally be formed from belank,perank. That these "words are thus formed, I do not know ; but there is nothing in the composition of the words to render it improbable. Certain it is, that a vast number of words are formed with these prefixes, on other words, or the first consonant is a mere adven- titious addition ; for they are used with' or without the first con- sonant. Take the following examples : — Hibemo-Celtic, or Irish, brae or brach, the arm, is written also nigh, Welsh 4ratf, whence j^oa/imr, brachium. Braigh, the neck, Sax. hraca, Eng. raek, Gr. ^a/tg. Praoch, heath, ling, brake, L. erica. * H before I and r in Saxon corresponds to the Greek k, and l.atin e, before tbe same lenerm. t I do not follow Owen to the last step of bis analysis, as I am of opinion that, in making monosyllabic words to be compound, be of^n errs. For ex- ample, he supposes frroc, a tumult, to be from rho^, a broken or rough utterance ; a grant or groan ; and this, to be a compound of rkp, excess, what is over or beyond, and oc, a forcible utterance, a groan. I believe r?w^ to be a primitive nncompounded word, coinridins with the English rouffh, Owen supposes plod, a flat thing, a plate, to be from Uad, with py. X2ad he explains, what is given, a gift, good things, and py, what is inward or involved. I have no doubt that the first letter is a prefix in pUid, but, beyond all question, Uad is from the same root as lUd, br&'Ldth, coinciding with Lat. latiu ; both from a common root signifying to extend. But 1 do not l)elieve Uad or tied to be com- pound words. Dug, a duke, Owen supposes to be formed on ug, over; which can not be Welsh llaicr, Basque lurra, Eng. floor Li^t. flocciis, "Eng. flock or lock. Sax. hraccan, Eng. to reach, in vomiting.* Sax. hracod, Eng. ragged. Ger. rocA', Eng. /rocA. Dutch geluk, Ger. gluck, Eng. luck. Greek, Eolic dialect, fi^oSor. for qoSov. a rose. Latin clunis, Eng. loin, G. lende, W. clun, from Hun. Eng. cream, Ger. rahm, Dutch room. Sax. hiaf, Polish chtieb, G. leib, Eng. loaf. Sax. hladan, Eng. to lade or load, Russ. kladu, to lay. Greek xXtrai, Lat. clino, Sax. hlinian, hleonan, Russ. klonyu, Eng. to lean. Greek laytjyot, Lat. lagena, Eng. flagon. Sax. hrysan, Eng. to rush. French /ru/);)cr, Eng. to rap. Sax. gcra:dian, to make ready ; in Chaucer, greith, to make ready. Sax. hrad, quick; hradian, to hasten; hradnes, Eng readiness. Spanish /rw«r, to curl or frizzle ; rizar, the same. Sax. gerefa, Eng. reeve, G. graf, D graaf. Lat. glycyrrhiza, from the Greek ; Eng. liquorice. But in no language have we such decisive evidence of the formation of words by prefixes, as in the Welsh. Take the following instances, from a much greater number that might be produced, from Owen's Welsh Dictionary. Blanc, a colt, from llanc. Blith, milk, from lith. BHant, fine linen, from lliant. Plad, a flat piece or plate, from Had. Pled, a principle of extension, from lied. Pledrcn, a bladder, from pledyr, that distends, from lied. Pleth, a braid, from llelh, Eng. plait Plicciaw, to pluck, from llig. Ploc, a block, from Hoc ; plociaw, to block, to plug. Plieng, a plunge, from Ihcng, our vulgar lunge. Glicth, a glutton, from llwth. Glas, a blue color, verdancy, a green plat, whence Eng. glass, from lias. Glyd, gluten, glue, from Uyd. Claer, clear, from llaer. Clav, sick, from llav. Clwpa, a club, a knob, from llwb. Clwt, a piece, a clout, from llwd, llwt. Clamp, a mass, a lump. Clawd, a thin board, from llawd. Cledyr, a board or shingle, whence cledrwy, lattice, from Ued. Bran, Eng. bran, from rhan; rhanu, to rend. Brid, a breaking out, from rhid. Bro<;, noise, tumult, a brock, from rho<;. Broi;, froth, foam, anger, iroft, to chafe or fret, from briec, a boiling or ferment, from rhwc, something rough, a grunt, Gr. Bryd, what moves, impulse, mind, thought, from rhyd. Brys, quickness, JrysiuK', to hasten, to shoot along, from rhys, Eng. to rusk, and erysiaw, to hasten, from rhys, to rush. [Here is the same word rhys, with diiferent prefixes, forming brysiaw and erysiaw. Hence W. brysg, Eng. brisk.'\ Graz, [pronounced grath,] a step, a degree, from rfiaz, Lat. gradus, gradior. Greg, a cackling, from rheg. Grem, a crashing, gnash, a murmur, grcmiaw, to crash or gnash, from rhem. Hence Lat. fremo, Gr. |9(i«iitu.l We have some instances of similar words in our own language ; such a.Teflag and lag ; flap and lap ; clump and lump. There is another class of words which are probably formed with a prefix of a difierent kind. I refer to words in which s precedes true, unless the Latin dux, duco, are compounds. Dut, steel, he derives from vr, extreme, over ; but doubtless it is from the root of the Latin durus. So par, signifying what is contiguous, a state of readiness or preparation, a pair, fellow, or match, Owen makes a compound of py, and ar; py, as above explained, and ar, a word of various significations, on, upon, surface, &.c. But there can be no doubt that par is from the root of the Latin paro, to prepare, being the Latin par, equal ; the root of a numerous family of words not only in the Japhetic languages of Europe, but in the Shemitic languages of Asia. It certainly is not a Welsh compound, nor is there the least evidence to induce a belief that it is not an nncompounded word. Had the learned author of the Welsh Dictionary extended his researches to a variety of other languages, and compared the monosvllabic roots in them with each other, I think he would have formed a very different opinion as to their origin. I am very well con- vinced that many o"f the words which he supposes to be primitive or radical, are contractions, such as rhy, lie, Uy, the last consonant being lost. INTRODUCTION. XXXI another consonant, as scalp, skvil, sUp, slide, sluggish, smoke, smooth, speed, spire, spin, stage, steep, stem, sitell, spout. We find that tego, to cover, in Latin, is in Greek ortyio ; the Latin /alio is in Greek oifaJLiia. We find fiaQaySoc is written also Ofia^tXYSoi ; and it may be inquired whether the English spin is not from the same root as nrivri, web or woof, ttj^viot, a spindle, 7ir,yitia. to spin. Sprout in English is in Spanish hrota. We find the Welsh ysbrig, the English sprig, is a compound of ys, a prefix denoting issuing oi proceeding from, like the Lat. ex, and brig, top, summit. Ysgar, a separate part, a share; ysgar, ysgaru, to divide; ysgariaw, to separate, is composed of ys and car, according to Owen ; but the real root appears distinctly in the Gr. xci^ci. This is the English shear, shire. Ysgegiaw, to shake, by laying hold of the throat, to shake roughly, is a compound of ys and cegiaw, to choke, from ceg, the mouth, an entrance, a choking. This may be the English shake; Sax. sceacan. Ysgin, a robe made of skin; ys and «n, a spread or covering. Ysgodi, to shade ; ysgawd, a shade ; y5 and eawd. Ysgrali, what is drawn up or puckered, a scrip ; ys and crah, what shrinks. See Eng. crab, crabbed. Ysgraru, to scrape; ys and crav, claws, from rhav. Ysgret^, a scream, a shriek, ysgret^iaic, to shriek, from crcf, a shriek, cre(;ian, to shriek, from creg, cryg, hoarse, rough, from rhyg, rye, that is, rough ; the grain so named from its roughness. This is the English rough, Lat. raucus. Here we have the whole process of formation, from the root of rough. We retain the Welsh cre^ian, to shriek, in our common word to creak, and with a formative prefix, we have shriek, and our vulgar screak. The Latin ruga, a wrinkle, Eng. rug, shrug, are probably from the same source. Ysgritenu, to write, Lat. scribo, from ysgriv, a writing, from criv, a mark cut, a row of notches; criviaw, to cut, to grave; from rhiv, something that divides. Hence scrivener. Ysgub, a sheaf or besom, ysgubaic, to sweep, Lat. seopie, from cufi, a collection, a heap, a cube. Ysgud, something that whirls ; ysgudaie, to whisk or scud ; from cud, celerity, flight; ysguth, ysguthaw, the same. Ysgwth, a push ; ysgwthiaw, to push or thrust ; from gicth, gtcthiaxc, the same ; probably allied to Eng. shoot. The Welsh has ysgythu, to jet or spout, from the same root. Yslac, slack, loose ; yslaciaw, to slacken ; from Uae, loose, slack, llaciaw, to slacken, from Hag, slack, sluggish; allied to Eng. lag and slotc. Yslapiaw, to slap, to fiap, from yslah, what is lengthenefl or distended, from llab, a flag, a strip, a stroke. Uabi, a tall, lank person, a stripling, a looby, a lubber, is from the same root ; Uabiau), to slap. Ysled, a sled, from Ued, says Owen, whirh denotes breadth ; but it is probably from the root of slide, a word probably from the same root as lied, that is, to extend, to stretch along. Ysmot, a patch, a spot ; ysmotiauj, to spot, to dapple, from m/»d, Eng. inote. Ysmvociav, ysmygn, to dim with smoke, from mteg, smoke. So smooth, from Welsh mwyth. Yspaii^ spoil, from pail, farina, says Owen. I should say from the root of palea, straw, refuse, that is, from the root of peel, to strip. Ysfeiliota, to be pilfering. Yspeliatr, to eipel, from pel, a ball, says Owen ; but this is the Latin expello, from pello. Ball may be from the same root. Yspig, a spike, a spine ; yspigaw, to spike ; from pig, a sharp point, a pik&. Hence Eng. spigot. Yspin, a spine, from -pin, pen. Ysgynu, to ascend, Lat. ascendo, from eyn, first, chief, fore- most. The radical sense is to shoot up. Yslwr, a slough, from Ihoe, a collection of water, a lake. Yspar, a spear, from p&r, a cause or principle of producing, the germ or seed of a thing, a spear. This consists of the same ele- ments as ber, a spit, and Eng. bar ; and in Italian bar is sbarra. The primary sense is to shoot, thrust, drive. Yspinr, & finch, from pine, gay, fine, brisk; a sprig, ». finch. Ysplan, clear, bright ; ysplana, to explain ; from plan, that is parted off, a ray, a shoot, a planting, a plane; whence plant, a child ; Eng. a plant; planu, to shoot, as a plant. Hence splen- dor, W. ysplander. Ysporthi, to support, from porth, a bearing, a port, passage, &c. Lat. porta, porta, Ystac, a stack, a heap ; ystaca, a standard ; from tag, a state of being stuffed or clogged. Ystad, a state; ystadu, to stay ; from tad, that spreads, a con- tinuity. The primary sense is to set. Ystain, that is spread; a stain; tin, Lat. stannum; yslaeniaw, to spread over, to stain; ystaenu, to tin, or cover with tin; from taen, a spread, a layer. Qu. is tin from spreading .' Ystawl, a stool, from tawl, a cast or throw. The sense is to set, to throw down. Tawl is the root of deal. Ystor, a store, that forms a bulk, from tor, a swell, a promi- nence. Ystorm, a storm, from torm, that is stretched, but the sense is a rushing. Ystrym, a stream, from trym, compact, trim, that is, stretched, straight, from extending. Ystwmp, a stump, from ticmp, a round mass, a tump. YswatiaiD, to squat, from yswad, a throw, orfalling down, from gjcad, a denial; gwadu, to deny or disown. If this deduction is correct, the sense of denial is a throwing or thrusting back, a repelling. It is so in other words. Yswitiaw, to chirp, twitter, from yswid, that makes a quick turn. Qu. twitter. In some of the foregoing words, it appears evident that the Welsh prefix ys is an alteration of the Latin ez, and the words in which this is the case were probably borrowed from the Latin, while the Roman armies had possession of England. But there is a vast number of words, with tliis prefix, which are not of Latin origin ; and whether ys is a native prefix in the Welsh, may be a question. One thing is certain, that s before another consonant, and coalescing witli it, is, in a great number of words, a prefix. The modern Italian affords abundant proof of the extensive use of t, as the remains or representative of ez; as, sballare, to un- pack, unbale ; sbarbato, beardless ; sbattcre, to abate ; shrancarc, to pluck off* branches; scaricare, to discharge; scommodare, to incommode ; sconcordia, discord ; scornare, to break the horns ; scTostare, to pull off the crust ; and a great number of others. Now, if the same manner of forming words with this prefix has actually prevailed among the northern nations of Europe, we may rationally suppose that many English words, and perhaps all of this class, are thus formed. Thus scatter may be formed from a root in Cd ; shape, from Cb, Cf, or Cp ; skill, from the root of Lat. calleo ; slip, from the root of Lat. labor ; smart, from tlie root of Lat. amarus, bitter, Heb. "1!^ ; smite, from the root of Latin mitto ; span, from the root of pan, to stretch; spar, from the root of bar ; speak, from the root of Lat. toco ; speed, from a root in Pd, per- haps Lat. peto; steal, from the root of Lat. tollo ; steep, from the root of deep ; stretch, from the root of reach ; sweep, from the root of wipe ; swan, from wan, white ; swell, from the root of to well. Sax. wellan, to boil, &c. That many English and other Teutonic and Gothic words are thus formed, appears to be certain. These facts being admitted, let us examine a little further. In Russ. svadiba is a wedding. Is not this formed on the root of wed, with s for a prefix .' Srara is a quarrel. Is not this formed on the root of vary, variance, or of spar ? Sverlo is a borer ; qu. bore and veru; svertivayu, to roll; qu. Lat. verto ; skora, furs, peltry; qu. Fr. mir ; shot, a beast; qu. cattle; skupayu, to pur- chase in gross; qu. cheap, Dan. kioben, and its root; slabei, weak; qu. Li^t. labor, lapsus ; slagayu, to fold; qu. lay,andplico ; slivayu, to pour out liquors; qu. Lat. libo ; slupayu, to peel off bark or skin; qu. Lat. liber; snimayu, to take away; qu. Sax. ncman, to take; snova, new; qu. Lat. novus ; snig, sneig, snow, Fr. neigc. The Lat. niris is from this root, with g opened to v. Russ. spletayu, to plait, &c. The Russ. prefix so occurs in a great number of words; sobirayu, to collect or assemble, precisely the Heb. and Ch. "122' It now becomes an interesting question, to determine how far any analogy exists between the languages of the Japhetic and Shemitic families in regard to prefixes. For example, in the Shemitic languages, 2 is a prefix of extensive use, corresponding almost exactly with the English and Dutch by, the Saxon be, and German bei. This preposition and prefix has several senses in the Saxon which are now obsolete ; but its present prevailing sense occurs in all the Shemitic languages. fl'S Dinp mia, by a strong east wind. Ex. xiv. 21. Compare the following defini- tions of this preposition ; the Sax. from Lye, and the Shemitic from Castle. Sax. de, e, ez, in, secus, ad, juxta, secundum, pro, per, super, propter, circa. Heb. Ch. Syr. in, e, ex, cum, propter, usjui ad, adeo ut, ad, super, per, contra, ante INTRODUCTION. Eth. in, peT^ pro, propter, cum, secundum, apud. Ar. in, cum, propter, per, ad, erga. In Numbers xiv. 34, it signifies according to, or after ; 15S>:2 t3'i?3"'n, according to the number of days. This signification is now perhaps obsolete in English, but was common in the Saxon ; as, "i« kis magnum," according to his strength ; pro riribus suis. So "i« *A«m uutstan," by the most, is now expressed by, at the most. Now, it is remarkable that this word in Hebrew, Arabic, and Persic, is the preposition used in oaths, precisely as it is in Eng- lish. Gen. xxii. 16, '2, By myself have I sworn. Arabic, bul- 3 lah, or l/y Mlah ; Persic, Ia^cvj bechoda, or begoda, by God, the very words now used in English. The evidence, then, is de- cisive, that the Shemitic prefix 2 is the Teutonic be, by, bei, con- tracted, and this Teutonic word is certainly a contraction of big, which is used in the Saxon, especially in compound words, as in bigspell, [by-spell,] a fable ; bigstandun, to stand by. This prefix, then, was in universal use by the original stock of mankind, be- fore the dispersion ; and this word alone is demonstrative proof of the common origin of the Shemitic and Teutonic languages. Now, it is equally certain that this is the prefix b, and probably p, before I and r, il> block, braigh, and a multitude of words in all the modern languages ; and, probably, the same letter is a prefix in many Shemitic words. We know that be in the Saxon bedttlan, and Dutch bedeelen, is a prefix, as the simple verb is found in all the Teutonic and Gothic langtiages. The Hebrew and Chaldee i^2 corresponds exactly, in elements and in signification, with the Saxon and Dutch. Whether the first letter is a prefix in the latter lan- guages, let the reader jud^. See the word Deal, which, when traced, terminates in the Welsh tawl, a cast o9°, a throw ; separa- tion ; tawlu, to cast or throw ofi°, to separate. In Chaldee, "^12 badar, signifies to scatter, to disperse. The word has the same signification in the Syriac and Samaritan. In Ethiopic, the word, with A prefixed, signifies to wish, love, desire ; and with "V prefixed, to strive, to endeavor ; and without a prefix, strife, course, race. Both these significations are from stretching, straining. In Arabic, j*^ badara, signifies generally to hasten, to run to ; but j<^ badtara, signifies to disperse, to sow or scatter seed. This verb is written in Hebrew 1T2> with precisely the same signification. The -Arabic, also, has the verb with this orthogra- phy, signifying to sow, and also to beat or strike with a stick. Now, in Syriac, >; dar, signifies to strive or struggle. ' Here we have the simple verb, without the prefix, with the sense of the Ethiopic ir<(A a prefix. Supra. • We find also the Arabic jii tharra, the simple verb, signifies to sprinkle. We find in Chaldee fklTI, rTlT, and ''"1", the simple vcr\j, signi- f .-^ fies to disperse ; in Syriac, the same. In Arabic ' ji tharaa, signifies to sow, like the foregoing verb, and hence to procreate. Both this and the former verb signify also to whiten, as the hair of the head; as we say, to sprinkle with gray hairs. The Arabic i — Ij^ darutt, signifies to drive, to impel, to repel, to contend, to strive; to shine, to sparkle. And here we have the literal signi- fication of this whole class of verbs; to drive, urge, throw, send; hence to scatter, to strive, to shoot as rays of light, procreate, &c. The Hebrew corresponding verb is niT or SIT, to scatter, to sow ; and the word with the like orthography occurs in Ch. Syr. and Ar. This is the Latin sero. And who can doubt that 2 is a prefix in the verb ^"2 above mentioned .' In Welsh, goberu signifies to work, to operate ; gober, work, operation ; formed by the prefix go znd per ; go denoting progress toward, approach ; and per rendered by Owen, that pervades, a fruit, a pear ; but the real sense is to strain, to bring forth ; to drive, thrust, urge, &c. This word, in the Armoric dialect, is written either gober or ober ; in Latin operor, whence Eng. operate. The same word is in tlie Ethiopic, /tI^ gi'l'cr, to make, to do ; (1/(14 agahar, to cause to be made ; T' /fl^ tagabar, to work, operate, negotiate ; vXi, gabar, a maker. This is the Heb. and Ch. "123i to be strong, to prevail, to estab- lish ; and as a noun, a man ; Ar. _>-*-=?• jabara, to make strong, to heal, as a broken bone ; to strengthen. That this Shemitic word and the Welsh and Ethiopic are all radically one, there can not be a question ; and the Welsh proves, indisputably, that go is a prefix. This, then, is a word formed on 12 or S12. The Heb. "li2Hi strong, that is, strained, and "12», a ~.i wins, that is, a shoot, are from the same root; and in Arabic \ abara, signifies to prick, to fting, and its derivatives, the e.xtrem- ity of a thing, a point, a needle, corresponding with the Welsh bar, a summit, a tuft, a branch, a bar, and the Welsh t.cr, a pike, a lance, a spit, a spear, Lat. rent; in Welsh, also, par, a spear, and per, a spit, are all doubtless of the same origin. In Syriac, i-O . tsabar, signifies to make, to work or operate. Is this the same root with a different prefix .' The same word in Arabic, _^^-^ tsabara, signifies to be patient, to bear, to sustain. We observe, tliat in the Teutonic and Gothic languages, the same word is used with different prefixes. Thus, in our mother tongue, begin is written gynnan, the simple radical word, and aginnan, beginntin, and ongynnan; and in the Gothic, duginnan, which, in English, would be togin. Should it appear, upon investigation, that verbs in the Assyri- an languages have the same prefixes which occur in the European languages, the fact will evidence more afiinity between the lan- guages of these two stocks than has yet been known to exist. Let us now attend to the natural causes which may be sup posed to have obscured or destroyed tlie identity or resemblance of languages which had a common origin. Tlie affinity of words, in two or more different languages, is known by identity of letters and identity of signification ; or by letters of the same organ, and a signification obviously dcducible from the same sense. Letters of the same organ, as, for example, b,f, p, and r, are so easily converted, the one into the other, and the change is so frequent, that this circumstance seldom occasions much obscurity. The changes of signification occasion more difficulty, not so much by necessity, as because this branch of philology is less understood. 1. CHANGE OF CONSONANTS WHICH REPRESENT THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE ORGANS OF SPEECH. Consonants are the stamina of words. They are convertible and frequently converted into their cognates. The English word bear represents the Latin fcro and pario, and fero is the Greek (f cow. The Latin tentus is wind in English ; and habco is have. The Latin dens, in Dutch, Danish, and Swedish, is tand ; and dance in English is in German tanz. These changes are too familiar to require a multiplication of examples. But there are others less common and obvious, which are yet equally certain. Thus in the Gaelic or Hiberno-Celtic, 7n and mb are convertible with v ; and in Welsh, m and » are changed, even in different cases of the same word. Thus, in Irish, the name of the hand is written either Imnh or lav, and in Welsh maen, a stone, is written also vacn. The Greek ,* is always pro- nounced as the English », as ^i>v).o^at, Lat. volo, English will, German wollen ; and the sound of 6 the Greeks express by uft. In the Chaldee and Hebrew, one remarkable distinction is the use of a dental letter in the former, where the latter has a sibi- lant. As niD cuth in Chaldee is w12 cush in Hebrew ; 2mi goldjinChaldaic is 2nT in Hebrew. The like change appears in tlie modern languages; for ■tealer, which in most of the northern languages is written with a dental, is in German written wasser INTRODUCTION. and the Latin dejis^ W. dunt, Dutch tatid, Swedish and Danish land, is in German zahn. The like cliange is frequent in the Greek and Latin. *7>gaTTo>, in one dialect, is ifuaaata, in another ; and the Latins often changed t of tiie indicative present, or in- finitive, into * in the preterit and participle ; as, mitto^ mittere^ misi, missus. L and r, though not considered as letters of the same organ, are really such, and changed the one into the other. Thus the Spaniards write blandir for brandish^ and cscolta for escort. The Portuguese write brando for bland, and branquear, to whiten, for blanch. The Greek has fot, fet, Toet, fuss, fot, ^ P ' feet, 5 ^^- ^'"■'S- hook, hoc, haak, haken, hake. day, dag, dteg, daag, tag, dag. have, habban, hebben, haben, hafva, habco. [Fr. avoir ; ai, as, a, avons, avez, ont.] leap, hleapan, loopen, laufen, , Ibpa. burn, byrnan, branden, brennen, brinna. will, willan, willen, wollen, willja, volo, velle. stone, Stan, steen, stein, sten. broad, bred, breed, breit, bred, earth, eorth, aarde, erde, jord, Dan. iord. who, hwa, wie, ho, Dan. hvo. seek, secan, zockcn, suchen, sokia, sequor. bean, bean, boon, bohne, bona, Dan. bonne. Here are scarcely two words written with the same letters in two lantruages ; and }'ct no man ever called in question their identity, on account of the difference of orthography. The diver- sity is equally great in almost all other words of the same original. So in the same words we ot\en find the vowel changed, as in the tiSL\..facio,feci ; ago, cgi ; sto, stcti ; TeUo,Tulsi. Nothing is more certain than that the Welsh gwyz and the English wood are the same word, although there is one letter only common to them both. It is pronounced gooyth, that is, g and icyth ; as, guard for ward. This prefixing of g to words wiiich in English begin with w, is very common in Spanish and French. The word war in French \a guerre; Sp. guerra. 3. CHANGE OR LOSS OF RADICAL LETTERS. There are some words which, in certain languages, have suffered a change of a radical letter ; while in others it is wholly lost. For example, word, in Danish and Swedish, is ord : wort, a plant, is urt ; the Saxon gear, or ger, English year, in Danish is aar, in Swedish is ar, in Dutch jV/ar, and in German JaAr. In the word yoke, and its atlinitics, we have a clear and deci- sive example of changes in orthography. Yoke, the Latin JM^m, is from the Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic 31t zug, to join, to couple ; a word not found in the Hebrew. The Greeks retained the ori- ginal letters in tvyo;, ivynm; the Latins changed the first letter to j in jugum, and inserted a casual n in jungo. From the Latin the Italians formed giogo, a yoke, and giugnr.re, to join ; the Spaniards, 7/ugo, a yoke, and juntar, to join ; the French, joug, a yoke, and joindre, to join. In Saxon, yoke is geoc or ioc; in Dutch, jkA; G.joch; Sw. ok. One of the most general changes that words have undergone, is the entire loss of the palatal letl<'r g, when it is radical and final in verbs, or the opening of that articulation to a vowel or diphthong. We have examples in the English bow, from Saxon bugan, to bend; buy, from bycgnn; brow, from breg ; lay, from lagan, or lecgan ; say, from siegan ; fair, from fitter ; fiail, from the German fiegel, Lat. flagellum ; French nier, from Lat. rugo, negare The same or similar changes have taken place in all the modern languages of which 1 have any knowledge. The loss and changes of radical letters in many Greek verbs deserve particular notice. We find, in the Lexicons, -uQayua, TtQayo?, nQaxnxui, are referred to 7i(tanaio, ^rpl^rrw, as the theme or root; Tuywa, to tuooui; o^roio, to {iito ; and (poa/fta, to q^Quanaj. This reference, so far as it operates as a direction to the student where to find the verb to which the word belongs, and its expla- nation, is useful and necessary. But if the student supposes that these words are formed from the theme, so called, or the first per- son of the indicative mode, present tense, he is deceived. I am confident no example can be found, in any language, of the pal- atals Y and x, formed from the dentals and sibilants t and a ; nor is j>;roin, or any similar word, formed by the addition of the dental to'a verb ending in a vowel. The truth is, the last radical in ^iti) is lost, in the indicative mode ; and in TrtHtanw, ttouttoi, it is changed. The radical lost in //tm is J or ; the original word was ijila or (itSia, and the derivatives /ii;tuij, ^ijiofixi;, were formed INTRODUCTION. before the radical letter was dropped in the verb. No sooner is the verb restored to its primitive form, than wc recognize its con- nection with the Irish raidham^ to speak ; Saxon rizd^ speech ; radan, to read ; German redrn, Ttde ; Dutch raad. Sea. The original root of noaaaut was nqayia, -.Tjaxtoy or 7rnaxo>, and from this were formed Trjujiia, .Tga)trixuc, before the last radical was changed. No sooner is the original orthography restored, than we see this to be the Teutonic verb, German brauchen, Dutch getrttikcn, Danish Itruger, S\v. bmka, Sax. brucan, to use, to practice, and hence the English broker. The same remarks are applicable to rayiia and racjao\; tf.Qayna and tf^annat; aikayr^ and uiiitaata ; x"t!'*''^*:Q ^^^ j^anatjaw, and manv other words of like formation. In all these cases, the last radical letter is to be sought in the dert"r but obviously the palatals y and x have, in many in- stances, been dropped. There seems to be no question that the Greek oi..; is the English whole, and perhaps all. This in Welsh is oU or holl, in Saxon al or geM; and this is undoubtedly the Shemitic ^j. So the Greek uUt ui is the Welsh colli, to lose; and «i/no may be the English coil, Fr. eueitlir. In like manner the Greek has, in many words, lost a labial initial, answering to the English b, f, or r. The Greek jiijiii is undoubtcdlv the Latin video ; tf.yoi is from the same root as work ; kiiug is from the root of vid, in the Latin dicido, and indiniduus, that is, separate, and from the Arabic i\j badda, to separate. In many in&tances, the Latin retained or restored the lost let ter : thus hmruixa for u«a;a , harpago for uQTtayr^ ; harmonia for uPuijr'tx ; cideo for tiSta. 'if the marks of breathing, called spiritus asper and spiritus lenis, now pref xed to Greek words, were intended to represent the letters lost, or to stand in the place of them, they answer this purpose very imperfectly. The spiritus asper may stand for a palatal or guttural letter, but it does not designate which letter, the n, or the : ; much less does this or the other spiritus justly represent the labials, b,f, v, or w. Whenever the Latins wrote A in the place of the Greek spiritus, we may conclude that the original letter was rii or a cognate letter ; and we may conclude also that the v in video, and in divido, viduvs, indiriduus, stands for the original labial lost in tidvi and i(!iu;. But there are many words, I apprehend, in which the lost letter is unknown, and in which the loss can not be recovered by any marks ])refixed to the words. We may well suppose that hyvinus exhibits the correct written form of vuvof ; but what is there in the Greek t'xfi; to lead us to consider this word as the English woof, and vifaot to be the same as weave ? Both fhe Greek words have the spiritus asper. What proportion of Greek words have been contracted by the loss of an initial or final consonant, can not, I appreliend, be de- termined with any precision ; at least, not in the present state of philological knowledge. It is probable the number of contracted words amounts to one fourth of all the verbs, and it may be more Similar contractions have taken place in all other languages ; a circumstance that embarrasses the philologist and lexicographer at every step of his researches, and which has led to innumer- able mistakes in etymology. We know that the Swedish ar, and Danish aar, a year, have lost the articulation g, and that the English y in year is the representative of g, as j is in the Dutch jaar, and German ^aAr: for the g is found in our mother tongue ; and in a multitude of words, one language will supply the means of determining tlie real origin or true orthography, which can not be ascertained by another. But doubtless many changes have taken place, of which the evidence is uncertain ; tlie chain which might conduct us to the original orthography being broken, and no means now remain of repairing tlie loss. In no language has the rejection or change of consonants served so effectually to obscure the original words as in the French. So extensive have been the changes of orthography in that language, that, had not the early lexicographers indicated the loss of letters by a mark, it would be impossible now to dis- cover the original orthography, or to trace the connection of words with other languages, in a large portion of them. And it is with regret we observe the influence of the Frencli practice of suppressing consonants extending itself to other countries. It is owing to the most servile obsequiousness of nations, that Basil or Basilea, the elegant name of a town in Switzerland, has been corrupted to Ba.ile, and pronounced most barbarously Bale. The Germans are pursuing a like course in suppressing the pala- tal letters ; a most unfortunate circumstance for the strength of the language. The Italians also have a disposition to reject letters when they interfere with their habits of pronunciation ; and hence we see, in their language, piano, written for piano ; jiore for flore ; Jiocco for Jlocco ; a change that has removed a radical consonant, and thus obscured, or rather destroyed, the affinity between the Italian and the Latin words. Another difference of writing and pronouncing has been pro- duced by the change of a sibilant letter into an aspirate ; or, e converso, by the change of an aspirate into a sibilant. No person doubts whether the Latin super is the Greek vnfQ ,• or 6ita/.og is similis ; or liAs is sal, salt. The latter in Welsh is halen, hal. So lielyg, a willow, in Welsh, is in Latin salix. The Greek inra is the Latin septem, English seven. This in Persic is ,^2tx£> f^'^fi o' haft, which approaches the Greek enra. It has been commonly supposed that, in this case, the aspirate in Greek has been con- verted into an s. There are, however, strong reasons for be- lieving that the change has been the reverse, and that « has been dropped, and its place supplied by an aspirate. The word seven is, beyond a question, the Shemitic v:irm, xQv kefar, to deny. Gen. xviii. 15. Luke xii. 9. 2. To wipe, to wipe away, to annul, to abolish. Prov. xxx. 20. Is. xxviii. 18. Castdl. Arabic, yiS> kafara, to deny ; to disbelieve ; to be an infidel ; to be impious; to blaspheme. Acts iii. 13, 14. 2 Pet. ii. 1, 5. Jude 15. 2. To cover ; to conceal. 3. To expiate ; to make expiation for one, and free him from crime. Castell. Now, the senses of the Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic, to deny, to reject, to annul, to wipe, wash, or to cleanse by these acts, can not be deduced from covering. In Hebrew, the word has the sense of covering, as the ark, with bitumen or pitch, in Gen. vi. 14; that is, to smear, or pay over, as our seamen now express it. But it should be considered that the sense of covering is rarely or never primary; it is usually from the sense of putting on, which is from the sense of throwing or pressing, or it is from ocerspreading, which is a spreading, stretching, or throwing over ; Iience the derivative senses of cov- ering and hiding. These latter senses are sometimes derived from others ; but these are the most general. And in this pas- sage of Genesis, the literal sense is probably to put on, or to ruh or spread over, a sense which coincides with that of tiie Chaldee and Syriac, Prov. xxx. 20, though differently applied ; or what is more probable, the verb, in Gen, vi. 14, is from tlie noun, which is the name of the substance used ; as we should say, to pitch with pitch. The real original sense of this Shemitic verb is to remove, to separate, by thrusting away or driving off. Hence its application, in the Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic, to denial, the rejection of God or truth. To deny or reject is to thrust away. Hence from the Arabic coffer, an infidel, one who denies and rejects the Mo- hammedan religion ; hence Caffraria, the southern part of Africa, the country of infidels ; so called by the followers of Mohammed, just as the Christians gave the name of pagans to the inhabitants of villages [pagus] who rejected the Christi.an religion. This signification explains the Hebrew uses of this word. Its literal sense is applied to tlie cleansing or purification of sacred things, as the altar. Lev. xvi. 18 In a spiritual sense, to the purification of the soul, a type of tlie purification by the blood of Christ; hence it is rendered atonement, or erpiiition. Hence, probably, the sense of appeasing, Gen. xxxii. 21, Prov. xvi. 14, though this may be from removing or smoothing. The sense of forgivenesa is from thrusting away or giving back, precisely as in the modern languages ; Lat. rcmitto, to send back or away ; forgive, to give back or away ; pardon, in French, Spanish, and Italian, has a like sense, which is more clearly exhibited by the Dutch vergeeven, German vergeben; ver being the English far, to give far, to give away; hence to reject, and remember no more. The sense of ^tue, and of the French donner, is nearly the same as that of "|E3- To give is to send, to cause to pass; and so of donner. Now, it is a question of some moment, whether the opinion that ItD is the same as the English cover, has not inclined lexicog- raphers and commentators to render it by this word, in several passages, where the true sense is to forgive, or to purify by cleansing from sin. However this may be, the interpretation given above will fully disprove Lowth's assertion, that this word is never used in the sense of breaking or annulling a covenant. So confident is the learned bishop on this point, that he ventures to call in question the reading, Isaiah xxviii. 18, and to suppose the true word to be isri, from T!!:, to break. With respect to the reading, I shall offer no opinion ; but if the present reading is correct, I am confident that no word in the Hebrew language is better fitted to express the sense. Your covenant with death shall be wiped away, abolished, or, as in the version, annulled. And so is the rendering in the Syriac. If 123 is a compound word, and the first letter a prefix, it may be from the same root as the Arabic %jtc gafara, whose signifi- cation is to cover. But the primary sense is, to throw or put on. It signifies, also, to forgive ; but to forgive is to send back or away, remitto, and not to cover. And I apprehend that for want of knowing the primary sense of such verbs, the word cover has been often substituted for 'forgive, in the translating of this verb. •^3 kal or kol. No. 1. Heb. ins, is, to hold, to contain ; Sw. halla. isis, to hold, to sustain, to maintain, to comprehend. Ch. bl3> to measure ; that is, to ascertain the contents, or to stretch, and comprehend the whole. Pah. To feed, to nourish. See ^^K. Deriv. A measure ; also custom, rite, manner ; probably from holding or continued practice. Syr. In Aph. to measure. Deriv. A measure. Eth. ln®n, to follow; to go behind; Gr. axoiou^iw ; that is, to hold to, or to press after. Deriv. The hinder part; the poop of a ship; behind. French cu<. No. 2. Hub. iir, to finish ; to complete ; to make perfect. Gr. xa).o^. bD, all; the whole; Gr. oios, Eng. all, by the loss of the first letter; butjn Welsh hoH, or oil; and in Saxon al, ibI, and geall. Ch. ;:3, to crown; to adorn. Pih. To perfect; to complete ; to comprehend ; to embrace. Deriv. Comprehending ; universality ; a general rule, &c. Syr. '^Xo, to crown. Deriv. A crown ; all; every one. Sara. Zii3, as the Chaldee. Eth. llAn, the same ; also, to cover. Ar. J.^3 katla, to be weary or dull ; to be languid ; to tire ; also, to crown ; to shine. Deriv. All ; dullness ; heaviness. No. 3. Heb. sbD, to hold; to restrain; to shut or confine; to check; Gr. xmivm; Sw. halla. Deriv. A place of confinement ; hat. caula. Ch. &<^3, nbS, ^b3, to hold ; to restrain ; also, to trust ; to con- fide in, or rely on ; to hope. (See No. 6.) Also, to finish ; to perfect ; also, to consume ; to cause to fail. In Aph. To call; to cry out; to thunder; Gr. xajlxu ; Lat. calo ; W. galw; Eng. to call; Lat. gallus, from crowing. Syr. ^^wO, to hold ; to restrain ; to forbid ; to deny. Deriv. all; a cork, bar, or bolt. Sam. /f Zi5, to hold, or restrain. Eth. TiAn, to hold, restrain, or prohibit. Deriv. Lat. alius ; a fellow, or companion. Ar. Mtc^ kaln, to keep ; to preserve ; to turn the face toward a thing and look repeatedly. So in English, to behold. Also, to come to the end, as of life ; also, to feed, to devour food ; also, to abound in pasture ; also, to hinder, or detain ; also, to look atten- tively ; also, to sprout; also, to take upon a pledge, or upon trust; supra, Chaldee. (See No. 6.) No. 4. llcb. nba, to finish; to consume; to bring to naught; to waste ; to fail. (Sec No. 8.) No. 5. Ch. b~!4, to eat ; to consume ; also, to take ; to hold ; to contain. In Aph. to feed ; to give food ; also, to call ; to thunder ; to roar, or bellow ; also, to publish ; to accuse ; to defame. Heb. to cat ; to consume. Sam. ZiJA-, to eat. Syr. vvol, to publish ; to divulge, as a crime ; to accuse. Eth. /^TlA, to suffice ; as we say, it is well, Lat. valeo; also, to be or exist ; that is, to be held, or to be fixed or permanent, to continue. Ar. to eat ; to devour ; to corrode ; Lat. helluo. No. 6. Ar. V^^ j wakala, to trust ; to commit to another in confidence. (See No. 3.) I zlu INTKODUCTION. Eth. ©tlA icakal, with a prefix ; to trust, as above. No. 7. Heb. br", to be able ; to prevail; Lat. «aWeo; Vf.gallu; Eng. could. No. 8. Ch. bS9, to digest; to consume. (No. 5.) Ar. ^y5^. to collect; to tie ; to bind; to unite ; also, to divide, impel, or compel. This is the primary sense of the word, or rather of this root ; to press ; to strain ; to urge, or impel ; also, to extend. These verbs are different modifications of one radix ; and hence the English hold, call, hoUoto, heal, hate ; the Latin calo, eaulis, calleo, callus ; Greek xolXa. xu>lo;, or x^tXloi; ; and a multitude of words in all the modern languages of Europe. The sense of holding, restraining, forbidding, hindering, and keeping, are too obvious to need any explanation. They are from straining. To this sense is nearly allied the sense of meas- uring, or ascertaining what is held or contained. That which is contained is all, the whole that is comprehended, from the sense of extension. The signification of finishing or perfecting seems in a good sense, to be from that of soundness ; a sense which is from stretching or strength. Or it may be from coming to the end, Xi\ie finish and achiere, or from shutting, closing. And the sense of consuming, wasting, failing, may be from bringing to an end. In Latin, to consume is to take all ; and possibly this may be the sense of this verb. But the .\rabic sense of failure would seem rather to be from holding, stopping, or coming to an end. The sense of eating may be from consuming, or taking apart ; bat from some of the derivatives of No. 5, I am inclined to think the primary sense is to feed, to crowd, to stuff; the primary sense of the root applied to this particular act ; for under the Chaldee root we find words which signify the nut of a species of oak, the Gr. a/iiiif, and a collection or crowd of people, [Gr. o/io{,] both of which are from collecting or pressing together. The sense of jrfe/iio-and looking is from reaching or casting and striking, or from holding or firing the eyes on. The sense of trusting seems also to be that of holding to or resting on. The English hold in behold is from this root. The sense of calling, roaring, and thunder, is from impelling the voice or sound ; a pressing, driving, or straining, applied to sound ; like the Latin appello, from pcllo. Hence the sense of pubhshing, accusing, and defaming. The sense of sproutmg, in the Arabic, is a shooting or pushing out, as in other cases ; Lat. caulis. The sense of ability, power, strength, in No. 7, is from strain- ing, stretching, or holding, as in other words of the like sense. Hence Lat. calleo, to be skilled, and to be hard, callus. On this root b- is probably formed b-wi a word differently pointed in the Hebrew and Chaldee. This word signifies, in Hebrew, to pervert, to err, to be foolish or infatuated, to act foolishly. In Chaldee, to understand, know, or consider ; to look or be- hold ; to cause to understand ; Rabbinic, to be ignorant ; whence its derivatives, knowledge, wisdom, ignorance. These different significations may result from the different effects of the prefix on the original verb. In Syr. '■ \'-\m (the same word) signifies to be foolisli, or mad ; to cause to know, or to give understanding ; to observe ; to search or know thoroughly ; to ask or seek to understand ; to discern or distinguish ; also to err, to sin, to be foolish or perverse. In Sam. the same word signifies to look, and to be accustomed. See Castell, col. 2523. That ;r~ is formed on the same root with a different prefix, is obvious and certain, from the corresponcience of significations. This word in Hebrew signifies to understand, or know ; to cause to understand; to be wise, or to act wisely ; corresponding with the Ch. tZZ above ; and being a mere dialectical orthography of the word. It signifies, also, to deprive, strip, bereave ; and to waste, scatter, and destroy ; also, to cast, as fruit or offspring ; also, to prosper. Ch. to understand, and Ch. birr, to complete, to finish ; also, to found, to lay the foundation. This is ^'^^ with C prefixed. Syr. to found, to finish, to adorn. Ar^ 3^^—--" thakala, to bind under the belly ; to gird ; to bind the feet; to fetter; to shackle; to form, or fashion; to be dubious, obscure, and intricate ; to agree, suit, or answer to ; to be like ; to have a beautiful form ; to know, perceive, or compre- hend ; to hesitate ; to be ignorant. Derivative, a shackle. See Castell, col. 3750. To this root Castell refers the English skill ; and it is certain the words correspond both in elements and in sense. Now, in the Gothic and Teutonic languages, the verbs correspondino* to these Shemitic verbs, signify, in Saxon, scylan, to separate, to distinguish ; Icelandic and Swedish, skilia, to divide, separate, sever; whence shield, that which separates, and hence defends; D. scheeten, to differ ; schillcn, to peel, or pare ; whence scale and shell. To this root our lexicographers refer skill. The prefix in this word would seem to have the force of a negative, like L. ex. Now, is it possible to suppose that these words can be formed from a common root ? The sense of sin and folhj is probably from wandering, devi- ating, as in delirium; and this is only a modification of the pri- mary sense of b-, to stretch or extend ; that is, departure, sepa- ration. Or the 3 has, in these senses, the force of a negative. The sense of knotcing, understanding, is usually or always from taking, holding, or extending to; as we say, I take your meaning. In tliis application, these words would seem to be directly from the Eth. and Ch. br!2, to be able ; the Latin calico, to be hard, and to know or be well skilled. That this word bilS is from the same root as bi-, sb::, "bj, we know by the Samari- tan Z5[i5, which signifies all, and which is a mere dialectical spelling of the fleb. and 'Ch. b^. The sense of depriving and wasting, in the Hebrew, is from separation, the sense of the Gothic and Teutonic words ; but it is to be noticed that this sense seems to imply throwing, as one mode of parting, and this is also the direct act of founding, laying the foundation. When we turn our attention to the Arabic, new affinities are disclosed. The first definition is, to bind, to gird, to shackle, and hence the English word. The radical sense of bind is to strain, the sense oi' hold. And here we arrive at tlie origin and primary sense of sliidl, should; Saxon scealan, to be obliged; tliat is, to be bound or constrained. Hence we see why the words scale, shell, and shall, are all written alike in Saxon, scenl ; for scale and shell are from peeling, or covering, binding. From this verb the Saxon )ias srtjid, a crime, or guilt, Lat. scelus, and scyld, a shield. The German lias the same word in schuld, guilt, culpability, debt; Dutch, sclmid; Danish skulde, should^ and scyld, a debt, a fault, a crime; Sw. skuld, the same. This word scyld, skuld, and schuld, is the English should, tlie preterit of the verb shall; and it is the word used in the Saxon, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and Swiss Lord's Prayer, to express what is rendered in English debts; forgive us our debts. Here we see the primary sense of the word is to be held, or bound ; hence, liable. The English word guilt may be from the same root, without a prefix; but whether it is or not, we observe the word expresses more than the English word debt, trespass, or offense ; it comprehends the sense of fault, or sin, with that of being held or liable to answer or to punishment. Debt, in the modern use of the word, implies the latter, but not the former ; trespass and offense imply the sin, but not the liability to answer. We have no English word that includes both senses except guilt, and this seems to be hardly adequate to express the full sense of scyld. To account for the various significations of the same word, in different languages, and often in the same language, it is neces- sary to find the primary action expressed by the root ; and in compound words it is necessary to observe or ascertain the differ- ent effects produced on tlie original word by the prefixes. Thus the verb inculjjo, in Low Latin, signifies to excuse; but some modern writers use inculpate in a directly different sense ; that is, to blame. In like manner impartible has two different significations ; that mny be imparted ; and in law, not partible, or divisible. Such is the fact also with impassionate. I am persuaded a vast number of instances of similar diversities in the application of prefi.tes, may be found in the Shemitic languages ; and this will account for differences which otherwise seem utterly irreconcilable. We find in our mother tongue, that the same word signifies to heal and to conceal, Lat. celo ; Saxon hal, health ; limlan, helan, to heal, to conceal ; ge-ha^an, and ge-helan, to heal, and to con- ceal ; Old English hele. Hence we see that the English heal and the Latin celo are the same word differently applied, but from a common signification, which is, to make strong or fast, or to hold, from the sense of pressing. Or perhaps the Latin celo may have INTRODUCTION. xliii this sense of holding, restraining ; and heal may rather be from making perfect. No. 2, supra. We may now also see the radical sense of Ao/y; Saxon kal and ge-hal^ tchole^ sound, safe; fialig, holy; halglan^ to hallow. If this word contains the sense of separation, or driving off, like Latin sacer, as it may, it is from shutting, confining, or restrain- ing intercourse. But I am inclined to believe the primary sense of holy is sound, entire, coinciding with the radical sense oihcal. CLOD, LAUDO, CLAUDO In Welsh, clod is praise, from Worf, a forcible utterance. This is the English loud^ and Lat. laudo^ which, with a prefix, becomes plaudo. In Welsh, Uodi signifies to reach out, to crave, from the radical sense of Hod, to thrust out or extend ; but according to Owen, Uodi is from llawd, which signifies a shooting out, or a going onward, productiveness, a lad; and as an adjective, tending forward, craving, lewd; Itodig, craving, brimming; Uodinch, lewdness. Now, beyond all question, these words are the Chal- dee, Syriac, Hebrew, and Samaritan "i"', to beget; to bring forth ; to cause to be born ; and as a noun, a child of either sex, a lad. The Arabians and Ethiopians use vau ot waic, where the Hebrews use yod. The Arabic corresponding word is «>Jj wa- lada, the Ethiopic QAJ? walada, to beget, to bring forth. But this is not all. In Greek, the verb xinm, a contraction of xkitSotD, signifies to praise, to celebrate. Here we have pre- cisely the Welsh Uod move, corresponding with the Latin laudo and plaudo. But the same Greek word x/.nta. x).tdutui, fit' rnur, Lat. mensus, with a casual n, that is, mesus, Fr. mesure. ^metan, gemetan, to meet, to find, to measure. Gemeting, gemetung, a meeting. Gemet, gemete, fit, suitable, Eng. meet; also, painted or poi- trayed. Gemetegan, gemetian, to moderate ; gemetlie, moderate^ modest. Mete, measure, mode, Lat. modius, viodus. Meter, measure in verse, meter [not metre.] Mcterc, an inventor, a painter. Mate, middling, [incdiocris,] modest, moderate. Mot, gemot, a meeting, a council. IVilena-gemot, a council of wise men. Motion, to meet, especially for debate. Eng. to moot. Gothic. — Motyan, gamotyan, to meet, to find. Mota, a place for the receipt of toll or customs. Dutch. — Ontmoeten, to meet, to encounter. Meetcn, and tocmetten, to measure. Mccter, a measurer. Gemoeten, to meet ; gemoct, a meeting. German. — Mass, measure, meter; masse, moderation. Messen, vermcsscn, to measure ; messer, a measurer. Gemass, measure; also, conformable, suitable; Eng. meet, suit- able ; German gemassigt, temperate, moderate. Swedish. — Mata, to meet, to fall on, to come to, to happen. [This is the sense o{ finding.} Mote, a meeting. ^ Mot, and emot, toward, against ; as in motsta, to stand against, to resist. Mata, to measure; matt, measure, meter, mode. Mattelig, moderate, middling, frugal, temperate. Malta, to be sufiicient, to satisfy, to cloy. Da.vish. — Moder, to meet, to convene ; mode or mode, a meet- ing; mod, contrary, opposite, against, to, toward, for, on, by, xliv INTRODUCTION. aside, abreast, as in modsetter, to set against, to oppose ; mod- riger, to say against, to contradict ; modviad, a contrary wind. Motd, moden, ripe, mellow, mutvre. [Qu. Lat. mitii] Mode, manner, fashion. [Probably from the Latin.] Mimde, measure, form, style of writing, way, mode, manner, fashion. [This is the native Danish word corresponding to the Lat. modus.] Maadelig, moderate, temperate. MtEt, enough, sufficient ; matter, to satisfy, or sate, to glut. From the same root are the G. ini<, D. met, mede, Sw. and Dan. med, Gr. mra. signifying with. By the first signification of the Saxon matan, orm^etan, we find that this word, which is the English meet, is also the French meltre, and Lat. mitto, the sense of which is to throw or send, to put, to lay. Meet is only a modification of the same sense, to come to, to fall, to reach, hence to find ; as we say, to fall on. The sense of painting or portraying is peculiar to the Saxon. I am not confident that this sense is from finding ; but we ob- serve that metere is rendered an inventor and a painter. The sense of paint, then, may be, to find out, to devise or contrive. The sense of dreaming is also peculiar to the Saxon. The sense may be to devise or imagine, or it may be to rove, as in some other words of like signification. If so, tiiis sense will accord with the Syriao ^, infra. The other significations present no difficulty. To meet is to come to, to reach in proceeding or in extending; hence to find. The primary sense of measure is to extend, to stretch to the full length or size of a thing. Meet, fit, suitable, like par, peer, pair, is from extending or reaching to. So suit is from the Latin sequor, through the French, to follow, to press or reach toward. See par, under S"l2i supra. ' The English meet and mett appear to be from the Saxon dia- lect, but moot from tlic Gothic. Let it be remarked tliat the Saxon meet and mete are united in the same orthography ; and in the Dutch the orthography is not yery different ; onlmoetcn, gemoetcn, to meet, and mecten, to measure. Not so in the other languages. In German, mass is measure, and messen, to measure ; but the sense ofmeet does not occur. Yet that mass is the same word as meet, fit, varied only in dialect, appears from this, that gemass, with a prefix, is suitable, answering to the English meet. The Swedish and Danish words follow the Gothic orthography ; Swedish mota, to meet, to fall on, to come to, to happen. These significations give the sense of finding, and are closely allied to the senses of the Arabic verb iX.« madda, infra. The Danish verb is moder, to meet ; but in both the Swedish and Danish, the sense of measure is expressed by a different orthography. Sw. mdta, to measure ; matt, measure ; Dan. moiuU, measure, mode, la these two languages we find also the sense of sufficiency, and to satisfy. See infra, the Ar. d os," God's goodness or mercy toward us. In other cases, mod signifies against, and implies counteraction or opposition ; as modgift, an antidote ; modgang, adversity. So for, in English, signifies to- ward, or in favor of; and also opposition and negation, as in forbid. In the Danish we find moed, moden, ripe, mature. We shall see this sense in the Chaldee vafZ- The sense is, to reach, ex- tend, or come to. The Latin modus is from this root, and, by its orthography, it seems to have been received from the Gothic race. The sense is measure, limit, from extending, -or comprehending. This, then. becomes tlie radix of many words which express limitation or restraint, as moderate, modest, modify ; a sense directly contrary to that of the radical verb. This leads us a step further. In Saxon, Gothic, and other northern languages, Tnod, moed, signifies mind, courage, spirit, anger, whence English moody. 'Tlie primary sense is an ad- vancing or rushing forward, which expresses mind, or intention ; that is, a setting or stretching forward, and also spirit, anima- tion, heat, and, lastly, anger. So the Latin animus gives rise to animosity ; and the Greek ^svoi;, mind, signifies also strength, force, vehemence, and anger. Mania is from the same radical sense. Let us now connect this root, or these roots, with the Shemitio .languages. In Hebrew and Chaldee, nn>3 signifies to measure ; IXi, a measure. This coincides with the Latin metior, and Gr. finqtm, as well as with the Saxon, Dutch, Danish, and Swedish, which all write the word with a dental, but the German is mass. In Syriac, ^^ mad, signifies to escape, to get free ; that is, to depart, a modification of the sense of extending in the Arabic. A derivative in Syriac signifies a duty, toll, or tribute ; and we have seen in the Gothic, that mvta is a toll-house. It may be from measuring, that is, a portion, or perhaps income. This word in Arabic, >X« madda, signifies, 1. To stretch or extend, to draw out, to make or be long, to delay or give time, to forbear, to bring forth. To extend is the radical sense of measure. v 2. To separate, or throw off or out ; to secern, secrete, or dis- charge. Hence to become matter or sanies, to produce pus, to maturate. Here we have the origin of the word matter, in the sense of pus. It is an excretion, from throwing out, separating, freeing, discharging. Here we have the sense of the Latin mitto, einitto. 3. To assist, to supply. This sense is probably from coming to, that is, to approach or visit. " I was sick, and ye visited me. I was in prison, and ye came to me." Matth. xxv. This application coincides with the English meet, but particu- larly with the Swedish and Danish sense of the word. 4. To make thin, to attenuate ; probably from stretchmg. Among the Arabic nouns formed under this root, we find a measure, or moJius, showing tliat this verb is the same as the Chaldee and Hebrew ; we find also matter, or pus, and lenity. Qu. Lat. mitis. In Chaldee, («t:>3 or TV^Iz signifies to come to, to happen, to reach, [to meet,] to be ripe or mature, to cause to come, to bring or produce. The first sense gives that of finding, and the latter gives that of maturing, and we observe that matter, c : pus, is from the Arabic »X»o madda, and the sense of mature, from the Chaldee Ht3?3 meta. Yet in the use of maturate, from the Latin maturo, we connect the words ; for to maturate is to ripen, and to generate matter. In Syriac, this verb signifies the same as the Chaldee, to come to ; and also to be strong, to prevail ; that is, to strain or stretch, the radical sense of power. In Hebrew, ^'2'^ has the sense of the foregoing verb in the Chaldee ; to find, to come to, to happen. In Chaldee, this verb signifies to find, and to be strong, to prevail ; hence, both in Hebrew and Chaldee, to be sufficient. Here we see the Danish and Swedish mwtter, and Tnatta, to be sufficient. This is also meet, dialectically varied. In Syriac, also, this verb signifies to be strong or powerful ; also in Pah. to bring or press out, to defecate, which sense unites this word with the Heb. m'O, to press, to squeeze. In Ethiopic, this verb signifies to come, to happen, to cause to come, to bring in, to bring forth. Now, it is evident that i3, and the Chaldee Kw?2> are dialectical forms of the same word ; the former coin- ciding with the German mass in orthography, but with the other languages in signification. In Chaldee, I'ZIZ signifies the middle, and, as a verb, to set in the middle, to pass the middle ; in Syriac, to be divided in the middle. Qu. Is not this a branch of the family of meet.? In Chaldee, ~?:8t amad, to measure, is evidently from T>2^ with a prefix or formative 8. This word, in Syriac, signifies, like the simple verb, to escape, to be liberated. In Pael, to liberate. INTRODUCTION. xlv In Arabic, thia verb ,S^\ amida^ signifies to be terminated, to end ; whence the noun, an end, limit, termination, Latin incta ; which, Ainsworth informs us, signifies, in a metaphorical sens^, a limit. The fact is the reverse ; this is its primary and literal sense, and that of a pillar and goal are particular appropriations of that sense. In Hebrew, 1^3 signifies a cubit, a measure of length. The same in the Rabbinic, from "l*^, with a prefix. In Chaldee, this verb signifies to he contracted^ to shrink. Is not this sense from "T]^, measure, modus; a limit, or a drawing ? That the Shemitic words, T:?:, »t2^, xr?2 and "l>:fi^, are words of the same stock with meet^ mete, Lat. metior, there can be no doubt ; but it is not easy to understand why the different signifi- cations of meeting and measuring should be united in one word, in the Saxon language, when they are expressed by very differ- ent words in the Shemitic, and in most of the Teutonic languages. We know, indeed, that in German a sibilant letter is often used, in words which are written with a dental in all the other kindred lanMic\i gcmoeten, Goth, motyan, Sw. mota, Dan. modcr, with the Chaldee fc^::*^, but not with the word VCZ'*2. It may not be impossible nor improbable that all these words are from one stock or radix, and that the different orthographies and applications are dialectical changes of that root, introduced among ditierent families or races of men, before languages were reduced to writing. In the Latin mensus, from metior, the n is probably casual, the original being m.esus, as in the French mesure. I have reason to think there are many instances of this insertion of n before d and s. From this exhibition of words and their significations, we may fairly infer the common origin of the following words. Lat. mitto, Frencli incttre, English meet, to come to, meety fit, and mete, to measure, Lat. metier, meter, Gr. /<(Tyor, fitT(Jtw, Lat. mensura, Fr. mesure, Eng, measure, Lat. modus, mode. Sax. and Goth. mod, mind, anger; whence moody, Eng. moot, Lat. maturus, ma- ture, and Eng. matter. In Welsh, madu signifies to cause to proceed ; to send ; [Lat. mitto;] to suffer to go ofi*; to render productive; to become beneficial ; and mdd signifies what proceeds or goes forward, hence what is good ; and mad, the adjective, signifies proceeding, advancintr, progressive, good or beneficial. This word, then, affords a clear proof of the radical sense of good. We have like evidence in the English better, best, and in prosperity, which is from the Greek nnonifioo>, to advance. In Welsh also we find madrez, matter, pus ; madru, to dissolve, to putrefy, to become pus. That these words are from the same root as the Arabic »X-o supra, I think to be very obvious ; and here we observe that the Welsh have one important sense de- rived from the root, that of good, which occurs in none of the other languages. But the primary sense is the same as that of the other significations, to go forward, to advance ; hence to pro- mote interest or happiness. Here we have undeniable evidence that the sense of good, Welsh m^d, and the sense of matter, pus, proceed from the same radix. LEGO. The Greek Xiytu is rendered, to speak or say ; to tell, count, or number; to gather, collect, or choose; to discourse; and to lie down. This last definition shows that this word is the Knglisli lie and lay ; and from this application, doubtless, the Latins had their lectus, a bed ; that is, a spread, a lay. The Latin Ugo, the same verb, is rendered to gather ; to choose ; to read; to steal, or collect by stealing; and the phrase legtre oram signifies to coast, to sail along a coast ; legere vela, is to furl the sails ; legere halitum, to take breath ; legere littua, to sail close to the shore; legere milites, to enlist or muster sol- diers ; legere pugno, to strike, perhaps to lay on with the fist. It would seem, at first view, that such various significations can not proceed from one radix. But tlie fact that they do is indubitable. The primary sense of the root must be to throw, ■train, or extend, which in this, as in almost all cases, gives the sense o^ speaking. The sense of collecting, choosing, gathering, is from throwmg, or drawing out, or separating by some such act; or from throwing together. The sense of lying down is probably from throwing one's self down. The sense of reading, in Latin, is the same as tliat of speaking, in the Greek, unless it maj' be from collecting, that is, separating the letters, and uniting them in syllables and words ; for in the primitive mode of writing, diacritical points were not used. But probably the sense of reading is the same as in speaking. The phrases legere oram, legere littus, in Latin, may coincide with that of our seamen, to stretch or lay along the shore or coast, or to hug the land ; especially if this word lay, in Sanscrit, signifies to cling, as I have seen it stated in some author, but for which I can not vouch. If this sense is attached to the word, it proves it closely allied to the L. ligo, to bind. That the sense of throwing, or driving, is contained in this word, is certain from its derivatives. Thus, in Greek, anoXiyvt signifies to select, to collect ; and also to reject, to repudiate, and to forbid ; which imply throwing, thrusting awav. Now, if throwing, sending, or driving, is the primary sense, then the Latin lego, to read, and lego, legare, to send, are radi- cally the same word ; the inflections of the verb being varied, arbitrarily, to designate the distinct applications, just as '\Xi pello, appello, appellere, to drive, and appello, appellare, to call. And here it may be worth a moment's consideration, whether several words with prefixes, such as slay, fog, and the Latin plico, W. plygu, are not formed on the root of lay, that is, lag or lak. The sense o{ slay. Sax. slogan, sltean, is properly to strike, to beat ; hence, in Saxon, " Hig slogan heora wedd,^' they slew their It-ague, or contract; that is, Ihey struck a bargain. It signifies also to throw, as to slag one into prison ; also, to fall ; to set or lay. The sense of killing is derivative from that of strik- ing, a striking down. Flog, hat. figo, signifies, primarily, to rush, drive, strike, Eng. to lick ; and, if formed on the root of lay, is precisely the popular phrase, to lay on. If plico is formed with a prefix on lay or its root, it must have been originally pelico, that is, helico, belay. Then, to fold would be to lay on or close ; to lay one part to anotiier. Now, this word is the Welsh plyfftiy to fold, which Owen makes to be a compound oi py and II y. The latter word must be a contraction of llyg. We know that the word reply is from the French repliquer, the Latin replico. Now, to reply is not to fold back, but to send back, to tlirow back, as words, or an answer ; and this gives the precise sense of lay, to throw, to send, which must be the sense of the radical word. It is no inconsiderable evidence of the truth of my conjecture, that we constantly use the phrase to lay on, or lay to, as synony- mous with -ply, a word belonging to tiiis family. To pledge, another of this family, is to lay down, to deposit; and the pri- mary sense of play, Saxon plegan, Dan. legcr, Sw. leka, is to strike or drive. In Welsh, llu^ato signifies to throw, fling, cast, or dart; to pelt; to drifl ; from Hue ^ darting, a flash, glance, or sudden throw ; hence llured, lightning. Llug signifies, also, that breaks, or begins to open; a gleam, a breaking out in blotches; the pl.igue. Lhrg signifies, also, that is apt to break out, that is bright, a tumor, eruption. These words coincide with English light, Lat. luceo ; the primary sense of which is to throw, shoot, or dart; and these words all contain the elements of fog and fling. In Welsh, lly^u signifies to fall flat, to lie extended, or to squat. This is evidently allied to lay and lie. These senses agree also witli that of luck, to fall, or come sud- denly ; that is, to rush or drive along. In Russ. vlagayu is to lay, or put in ; equivalent to the German einfegen. Tlio Latin fuo is contracted from fugo; and the radical sense off 010 is the same as that of light. So tiie river Jlar, in Europe, is doubtless from the same source as the Oriental ^1X, to shine, whence air. And ^n3, which, in Hebrew, signifies to flow as water, as well as to shine, chiefly signifies, in Chaldee and Syriac, to shine. To show the great importance, or rather the absolute necessity, of ascertaining the primary sense of words, in order to obtain clear ideas of the sense of ancient authors, more particularly of difficult passages in dead languages, let the reader attend to the following remarks. In commenting on certain parts of Isaiah xxviii. Lowth ob- -^■'- I jdvi INTRODUCTION. Berves, in his Preliminary Dissertation, the difficulty of deter- mining the meaning of ntn, in verse Ijth. In our version, as in others, it is rendered agreemetU ; but, says Lowth, " tlie word means no such thing in any part of the Bible, except in the 18th verse follon-ing ; nor can the lexicographers give any satisfactory account of the word in this sense." Vet he agrees with Vitringa, that in these passages it must have this signification. The dif- ficulty, it seems, has arisen from not understanding the primary sense of seeing, for the verb generally signifies to see ; and as a noun the word signifies sight, vision ; and so it is rendered in the L^atin version annexed to Vanderhooght's Bible. The Seventy render it by avr!^i,xr,. a covenant or league; and they are fol- lowed by tlie moderns. " Nous avons inielligenct avec le se- pulchre : " French. "Noi habbiam fatta lego, col ucpulcro : " Italian of Dioitati. Parkhurst undorstauds the word to signify, to fasten, to settle, and he cites 2 Sim. xx. it, tnr, " Joab took Amasa by the beard." Here the sense is obvious ; and from this and other passages, we may infer with certainty, that tlie radical sense is to reach to, or to seize, hold, or fix. If the sense is to reach to, then it accords with covenant, conveniens, coming to ; if the sense is to fix, or fasten, then it agrees with league, Lat. ligo, and with pact, pactum, from pango, to make fast ; all from the sense of exten- sion, stretching, straining. Hence the meaning of HTn, the breast; that is, the firm, fixed, strong part. And if the English ga:e is the same word, which is not improbable, this determines the appropriate sense of seeing, in this word, to be to fix, or to look or reach with the eye fixed. But we have other and decisive evidence of the primary signi- fication of this word in the obvious, undisputed meaning of triSt, the same word arilh a prefix, which signifies to catch, or lay hold on ; to seize ; hence behind, following, as if attached to ; and hence drawing out in time, to delay. Now, it is not improbable that the Arabic \l=>. hauza, may be a word of the same stock ; and this signifies, among other senses, to collect, contract, or draw togellier, to accamulatc, to have in- tercourse or commerce with another. The latter sense would give nearly the signification of the Hebrew word. Lexicographers are often embarrassed to account for the differ- ent signiBcation of words that ore evidently derived from the same root. Thus, in Hebrew, 1";3 is rendered to sing; to look, behold, oi observe ; and to rule ; and its derivatives, a ruler, a wall, tlie navel-string, a chain or necklace, &c. How can a word signily to rule, and to sing, and to look ? Nothing can bo more easy or natural. The sense is, in both cases, to stretch or strain, to reach. To s'mg is to strain the voice ; to rule is to re- strain men ; and to see is to reach, or to hiU in view. In Latin, sero signifies to sow, to plant, to beget, to spread ; ccnsero, to sow, aud to close cr join ; desero, to leave off, to de- sert; asscro, to plant by or near, and to assert, affirm, and pro- nounce ; disscro, to discourse ; inscro, to insert, to implant ; rcscro, to unlock, to open, to disclose. Desero, to desert, Ainsworth says, is a compound of de and scro, " ut sit descrtum quod non seritur nee colitur." And dissero he supposes must be a meta- phorical Hse of tile word. Now, on the principles I have un- folded, nothing is easier than an explanation of tliese words. The sense o{ scro is to throw, to thrust ; its literal sense is applied to sowing and planting ; consero is to thrust or drive together ; desero is to throw from ; assera is to throw in words, or to throw out, as in appello; dissero is to throw words or arguments, with the sense of spreading, expatiating ; insero is to throw or thrust in ; rtsero is to throw or drive from, hence to unlock or open. It is by resorting to the primary idea of words, that we are able to explain applications, apparently, or in fact, diverse and even contrary. A very common example of this contrariety occurs in words which signity to guard or defend. For instance, the Latin arcco signifies to drive off, and to protect, secure, hold, restrain, or keep from departing or escaping ; two senses directly opposite. This is extremely natural ; for arcco signifies to thrust off, repel, drive back; and this act defends the person or object attacked. Or if we suppose tiie sense of straining to be anterior to that of repulsion, which is not improbable, then the act of straining or holding produces both effects ; to repel or stop what advances to assault, and protect what is inclosed or assaulted. The words guard and warren present a similar application of tlie primary idea ; and all languages which I have examined furnish a multitude of similar examples. These examples illustrate the utility of extensive researches in language ; as all cognate languages throw light on each other ; one language often retaining the radical meaning of a word which the others have lost. Who, for instance, that is acquainted only witli the English use of the verb to hare, would suspect that this word and happen are radically one, and that the primary sense is to fait or rush, hence to fall on and seize .' Yet nothing is more certain. In the Spanish language the senses of both verbs are retained in hal/cr; and the VVelsh hapiaw gives us the true origi- nal signification. In like manner the primary sense of venio, in Latin, can not be certainly determined, witiiout resorting to other words, and to kindred languages. In Latin, the word signifies to come or arrive ; but in Spanish, Tcnid/i, from renir, the Latin TcnUi, sig- nifies not only a coming or arrival, but an attack in fencing. Venio coincides in origin with tiie English ^nr/; S^xc a jmdan ; German and Dutch finden, to find, to fall or light 'r, Danish finder; Swedish, finna, to find, to discover, to mf.;'., to strike against, [o^cn//ere.] The primary sense of Tenia, then, is not merely to come or arrive, but to rush or move *ith a driving force ; and this sense is applicable to coming or going. That the primary sense is to fall or rush, we i.ave evidence in the Latin ventus, and English wind, both from the root of this verb. We have still further evidence in the word venom, which in Welsh is gwenwyn ; given, white, and gwtjn, rage, smart, whence gwifut, wind. Venojn is that which frets or excites a raging pain. Hence we may infer that Latin venor, to hunt, to chase, is of the same family ; and so is renia, leave, or leave to depart, or a departure, a leaving, coinciding in signification with leave. The latter word. Tenia, proves another fact, that the primary sense of retiio is, in general, to move in any direction, and that the Latin sense, to come, is a particular appropriation of that sense. In ascertaining the primary sense of words, it is often useful or necessary to recur to the derivatives. Thus the Latin la;do is rendered to hurt; but, by adverting to allido, elido, and coUido, we find tliit the original signification is to strike, hit, or dash against. Hurt, then, is the secondary sense ; tlie effect of the primary action expressed by the verb. So tlie Latin rapio, to seize, docs not give the sense of rapidus, rapid ; but the sense of the latter proves the primary sense of rapio to be to rush, and in its application, to rush on and seize. These examples will be sullicicnt to show how little the affini- ties of language have been understood. MeT have been generally satisfied with a knowledge of the appropriate sense of words, without examining from what visible or physical action, or pri- mary sense, that particular application has been derived. Hence the obscurity that still rests on the theory of language. It has been supposed that each word, particularly each verb, has an original specific sense, or application, distinct from every other verb. We find, however, on a close examination and compari- son of the same word in different languages, that the fact is directly the reverse ; that a verb expressing some action, in a general sense, gives rise to various appropriate senses, or partic- ular applications. And in the course of my researches, I Iiave been struck with the similarity of manner in which different nations have appropriated derivative and figurative senses. For example, all nations, as far as my researches extend, agree in expressing the sense of justice and right by straightness ; and sin, iniquity, wrong, by a deviation from a straiglit line or course. Equally remarkable is the simplicity of the analogies in language, and the small number of radical significations; so small, indeed, that I am persuaded the primary sense of all the verbs in any language may be expressed by thirty or forty words. AVe can not, at this period of the world, determine, in all cases, which words are primitive, and which are derivative ; nor whether the verb or the noun is the original word. Mons. Gebelin, in his Monde Primitif, maintains that the noun is the root of all otlier words. Never was a greater mistake. That some nouns may have been formed before the verbs with which they are connected, is possible ; but, as languages are now constructed, it is demon- strably certain, that the verb is the radix or stocK from which have sprung most of the nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech belonging to each family. This is the result of all my researches into the origin of languages. We find, indeed, that many modern verbs are formed on nouns ; as, to practice from practice; but the noun le derived from a Greek verb. So we use wrong as a verb, from the adjective wrong ; but the latter is pri- marily a participle of the verb to wring. Indeed, a large part of INTRODUCTION. xlvii all nouns were originally particles or adjectives, and the things which they denote were named from their qualities. So pard, pardus^ is from "712 barad, hail ; and the animal so named from his spots, as if sprinkled with hail, from the sense of separation or scattering. Crape, the Fr. cripe, is from criper, to crisp. Sight signifies, primarily, seen ; it being the participle of seon, con- tracted from sigan. Draught is the participle of draw, that which is drawn, or the act of drawing ; thought is the participle of think. As the verb is the principal radix of other words, and as the proper province of this part of speech is to express action, almost all tlie modifications of the primary sense of the verb may be comprehended in one word, to move. The principal varieties of motion or action may be expressed by the following verbs. 1. To drive, throw, thrust, send, urge, press. 2. To set, fix, lay. But these are usually from thrusting, or throwing down. 3. To strain, stretch, draw ; whence holding, binding, strength, power, and often health. 4. To turn, wind, roll, wander. 5. To flow, to blow, to rush. 6. To open, part, split, separate, remove, scatter. See No. 16. 7. To swell, distend, expand, spread. 8. To stir, shake, agitate, rouse, excite. 9. To shoot, as a plant ; to grow ; allied to No. 1. 10. To break, or burst; allied sometimes to No. 3. 11. To lift, raise, elevate; allied to No. 9. 12. To flee, withdraw, escape ; to fly ; often allied to No. 1. 13. To rage ; to bum ; allied to Nos. 7 and 8. 14. To fall; to fail; whence fading, dying, &c. 13. To approach, come, arrive, extend, reach. This is usually the sense ot gaining. No. 34. 16. To go, walk, pass, advance ; allied to No. 6. 17. To seize, take, hold; sometimes allied to No. 31. 18. To strike; to beat; allied to No. 1. 19. To swing; to vibrate. No. 29. 20. To lean ; to incline ; allied to the sense of wandering, or departing. 21. To rub, scratch, scrape; often connected with driving, and with roughness. 22. To swim ; to float. 23. To stop, cease, rest ; sometimes, at least, from straining, holding, fastening. 24. To creep ; to crawl; soraetimes connected with scraping. 25. To peel, to strip, whence spoiling. 26. To leap, to spring ; allied to Nos. 9 and 1. 27. To bring, bear, carry ; in some instances connected with producing, throwing out. 28. To sweep. 29. To hang. No. 19. 30. To shrink, or contract; that is, to draw. See No. 3. 31. To run; to rush forward; allied to No. 1. 32. To put on or together; to unite ; allied to Nos. 1 and 3. 33. To knit, to weave. 34. To gain, to win, to get. See No. 15. These and a few more verbs express the literal sense of all the primary roots. But it must be remarked that all the foregoing significations are not distinct. So far from it, that the whole may be brought under the signification of a very few words. The ^nglish words to send, throw, thrust, strain, stretch, draw, drive, urge, press, embrace the primary sense of a great part of all the verbs in every language which I have examined. Indeed, it must be go, for the verb is certainly the root of most words ; and the verb expresses motion, which always implies the appli- cation of force. Even the verbs which signify to hold or stop, in most instances at least, if not in all, denote, primarily, to strain or restrain by exertion of force; and to lie is, primarily, to throw down, to lay one's self down. So that intransitive verbs are rarely exceptions to the general remark above made, that all verbs primarily ex- press motion or exertion of force. The substantive verb has more claims to be an exception than any other; for this usually denotes, 1 think, permanence or continued being ; but the pri- mary sense of this verb may perhaps be to set ot fix; and verbs having this sense often express extension in time or duration. So TKio), in Greek, is to stretch, but the same word teneo, in Latin, is to hold ; hence continuance. Let us now attend to the radical lense of some of the most common verba. Speaking, calling, crying, praying, utterance of sounds, is usu- ally from the sense of driving or straining. Thus, in Latin, appcllo and compello, though of a diflerent conjugation from pello, depcllo, impello, are from the same root ; and although the Latin repello does not signify to recall, yet the corresponding word in Italian, rappellare, and the French rappeler, signify to recall, and hence the English repeal. Hence also peal, either of a bell or of thunder. This is the Greek fiaiXc, and probably naUm is from the same root. The sense of striking is found in the Greek verb, and so it is in the Latin lot/nor, English clock. But in general, speaking, in all its modifications, is the straining, driving, or im- pulse of sounds. Sometimes the sense coincides more exactly with that of breaking or bursting. Singing is a driving or straining of the voice ; and we apply strain to a passage of music, and to a course of speaking. I am not confident that I can refer the sensation of hearing to any visible action. Possibly it may sometimes be from striking, hitting, touching. But we observe that hear is connected in origin with ear, as the Latin audio is with the Greek oif, wTo{, the ear ; whence it appears probable that the verb to hear is formed from the name of the car, and the ear is from some verb which signifies to shoot or extend, for it signifies a limb. The primary sense of secijig is commonly to extend to, to reach ; as it were, to reach with the eye. Hence the use of be- hold, for the radical sense of hold is to strain ; and hence its sig- nification in beholden, held, bound, obligated. See the verb See, in the Dictionary. The sense of look may be somewhat different from that of see. It appears, in some instances, to have for its primary signification, to send, throw, cast ; that is, to send or cast the eye or sight. The primary sense of feeling is to touch, hit, or strike; and probably this is the sense of taste. Wonder and astonishment are usually expressed by some word that signifies to stop or hold. Hence the Latin miror, to wonder, is the Armoric miret, to stop, hold, hinder; coinciding with the English moor, and Spanish ainarrar, to moor, as a ship. To begin is to come, or fall on ; to thrust on. We have a familiar example in the Latin incipio, in and capio ; for capio is primarily to fall or rush on and seize. See Begin, in the Dic- tionary. .Ittempt is expressed by straining, stretching, as in Latin tento. See Assay and Ess.yv. Power, strength, and the corresponding verb, to be able, are usually expressed by straining, stretching, and this is the radical sense of ruling or governing. Of this the Latin rego is an example, which gives rectus, right, that is, stretched, straiglU. Care, as has been stated, is usually from straitung, that is, a tension of the mind. Thinking is expressed by selling. To think is to set or fix or hold in the mind. It approaches ts the sense of suppose, Latin supfiono. And under this word, let us consider the various applications of the Latin pnto. The simple verb puto is rendered to prune, lop, or dress, as vines ; that is, according to Ainsworth, putum, t. e. purum reddo, purgo, by which I understand him to mean, that putum is cither a change of purum, or used for it ; a most improbable supposition, for the radical letters t and rare not com- mutable. Puto is rendered, also, to make even, clear, adjust, or cast up accounts ; also to think or consider ; to sxippose ; to de- bate. Its compounds are amputo, to cut off*, prune, amputate, to remove ; eomputo, to compute, to reckon, to think or deem ; dis- puto, to make clear, to adjust or settle, to dispute or debate, to reason ; imputo, to impute, to ascribe or lay to, to place to ac- count ; reputo, to consider, to revolve, to reckon up, to impute. The Latin deputo signifies to think, judge or esteem, to account or reckon, and to prune ; but the Italian dcputare, Spanish dipu- tar, and French depalcr, from the Latin word, all signify to send. How can the sense of think, and that of lop or prune, be deduced from a common root or radical sense i* We find the solution of this question in the verb to depute. The primary sense is to throw, thrust, or send, or to set or lay, which is from throwing, driving. To prune is to separate, remove, or drive off"; to force off"; to think is a setting in the mind ; to compute is to throw or put together, either in the mind or in numbers; to dispute is to throw against or apart, like debate, to beat from ; to impute is to throw or put to or on ; and to repute is to think or throw in the mind repeatedly. To amputate is to separate by cutting round. Puto, then, in Latin, is from the same root, probably, as the English put, or the same word differently applied ; and also the Dutch pooten, to plant; poot, a paw, a twig or shoot, Or. ^ivTor, &-c. xlviii INTRODUCTION. In attempting to discover tlio primary sense of words, we arc to carry our reflections back to the primitive state of mankind, and consider how rude men would effect their purposes, before the invention or use of the instruments which the moderns em- ploy. The English verb to cut, signifies, ordinarily, to separate with an edged tool ; and we are apt to consider this as the chief and original sense. But if so, how can cut, the stroke of a whip, which is a legitimate sense of the word, be deduced from the act of severing by an edged tool.' We have, iii this popular use of the word, a clew to guide ns to the primary sense, which is, to drive, urge, press; and, applied to the arm, to strike. But we have better evidence. In the popular practice of speaking in New England, it is not uncommon to hear one person call to another when running, and say, Cut on, cut on ; that is, hurry, run faster, drive, press on ; probably from striking a beast which one rides on. This is llie original sense of the word. Hence we see that this verb is the Latin ciedo, to strike, to cut down, some- what differently applied and cado, to fall, is only a modified sense of the same root, and tlie compounds incido, to cut, and iacido, to fall on, are of one family. To cut is, tlierefore, prima- rily, to strike, or drive ; and to cut off, if applied to the severing of bodies, before edged tools were used, was to force off, or to strike off; hence the sense of separating in the phrase to cut off a retreat or communication. So the Latin carpo is the English came, originally to separate by plucking, pulling, seizing and tearing ; afterwards, by cutting. Asking is usually expressed by the sense of jtre^sinff, urging. We have a clear proof of this in the Latin ptlo and its com- pound*. This verb signifies, primarily, to rush, to drive at, to assault ; and this sense, in Dictionaries, ought to stand first in the order of definitions. We have the force of the original in the words impetus and impetuous. So the Latin rogo coincides in elements with reach. The act of understanding i» expressed by reaching or taking, holdings sustaining ; the sense of comprehend, and of understand. We have a popular phrase which well expresses this sense, " 1 tats your meaning or your idea." So in German, begrei/en, to btgripe, to apprehend. Knotoing seems to have the same radical sense as under- standing. Pain, grief, distress, and the like affections, are usually ex- pressed by pressure or straining, ,'ijjliction is from striking. Joy, mirth, and the like affections, are from the sense of rous- ing, tzciting, lirehj action. Covering, and the like actions, are from spreading over or catting off, interruption. Hiding is from covering or from withdrawing, departure ; or concealment may be from withholding, restraining, suppressing, or making fast, as in the Latin celo. Heat usually implies excit^^ent; but as tlie effect of heat, as well as of cold, is sometimes to contract, I think both are some- times from the same radix. Thus cold and the Lat. caleo, to be warm, and callus and calleo, to be hard, have all the same ele- mentary letters, and I suppose them ail to be from one root, the «ense of which is, to draw, strain, shrink, contract. I am the more inclned to this opinion, for these words coincide with calleo, to be strong or able, to know ; a sense that implies straining and holding. Hope is probably from reaching forward. We express strong desire by longing, reaching toward. Earnestness, boldness, daring, peril, promptness, readiness, will- ingness, love, and favor, are expressed by advancing or inclining. Light is ofien expressed by opening, or the shooting of rays, radiation; and probably, in many cases, the original word was applied to the dawn of day in the morning. Whiteness is oflen connected in origin with light. We have an instance of this in the Latin caneo, to shine and to be white. And that the primary sense of this word is to shoot, to radiate, that is, to throw out or off, we have evidence in the verb cano, to sing, whence canto, the sense of which is retained in our popular use o( cant ; to cant a stone; to rant over a cask; give the thing a cant ; for all these words are from one stock. The Latin virtus, the English worth, is from the root of vireo, to grow, that is, to stretch forward, to shoot ; hence the original sense is strength, a sense we retain in its application to the qualities of plants. Hence the Latin sense of virtus is bravery, coinciding with the sense of boldness, a projecting forward. Pride Is from swelling or elevation, the primary sense of some other words nearly allied to it. Fear is usually from shrinking or from shaking, trembling; or sometimes, perhaps, from striking, a being struck, as with surprise. Holiness and sacredness are sometimes e^ressed by se.paration, as from common things. The Teutonic word holy, however, seems to be from the sense of soundness, entireness. I'liith and belief seem to imply a resting on, or a leaving. It is certain that the English belief Is a compound of thP prefix be and leaf, leave, permission. To believe one, then, is to leave with him, to rest or suffer to rest with him, and hence not to dispute, contend, or denj*. Color may be from spreading over or putting on ; but in some instances the primary sense is to dtp. See Dye and Tinge. Spots are from the sense o{ separating, or from sprinkling, dis- persion. The radical sense of making is to press, drive, or force. We use make in its true literal sense, in the phrases, MaJie your horse draw. Make your servant do what you wish. Feedinir is from the sense o{ pressing, crowding, stuffing ; that is, from driving or thrusting. Eating seerns to have a somewhat dllVerent sense. Drinking is from draicing, or from wetting, plunging. Drench and drink are radically one word. .Inger, and the like violent passions, imply excitement, or violent action. Hence their connection with burning or inflam- mation, the usual sense of which is raging or violent commotion. Jlgreement, harmony, are usually from meeting or union, or from extending, reaching to. Dwelling, abiding, are from the sense of throwing or setting down, or resting, or from stretching; as we see by the Latin continuo, from teneo, Gr. rtivoi, to extend. Guarding and defending are from roots that signify to stop, or to cut off ; or, more generally, from the sense of driving off; a repelling or striking back. In some cases, perhaps, from holding. Opposition is usually expressed by meeting, and hence the prepositions which express opposition. Thus the Danish prepo- sition mod, Swedish mot or emot, against, contrary, la the English word to mat. Words which express spirit, denote, primarily, breath, air, wind, the radical sense of which is to flow, move, or rush. Hence the connection between spirit and courage, animus, animosus ; hence passion, animosity. So In Greek tfi^tyiTig, frenzy, is from ((','»,''i the mind, or rather from its primary sense, a moving or rushing. So in our mother tongue, mod Is mind or spirit ; whence mood, in English, and Saxon modig, moody, angry. Hence mind in the sense of purpose, its primary signification, is a setting forward, as intention is from intendo, to stretch, to strain, the sense that ought to stand first in a Dictionary. Reproach, chiding, rebuke, are from the sense of scolding, or throwing out words with violence. Sin is generally from the sense of deviating, wandering, as is the practice of lewdness. Right, justice, equity, are from the sense of stretching, making straight, or from laying, making smooth. Falsehood is from falling, failing, or from deviation, wander- ing, drawing aside. The primary sense of strange and foreign, is distant, and from some verb signifying to depart. Wild and fl.erce are from a like sense. Vain, vanity, wane, and kindred words, are from exhausting, drawinir out, or from departing, withdrawing, falling away. Paleness is usually irom failure, a departure of color. Glory is from opening, expanding, display, or making clftir. Binding, making fast or close, is from pressure, or straining. Writing is from scratching, engraving, the sense of all primi- tive words which express this act. A croicd, a mass, a wood, &.C., are from collecting or pressing, or some allied signification. Vapor, steam, smoke, are usually from verbs which signify to exhale or throw off. Stepping seems to be from opening, exp.anding, stretching. Thus passus in Latin is from panda, to open, but this agrees in origin with pateo, and with the Greek nunm. Gradus, in Latin, coincides with the Welsh rhawd, a way, and this, when traced to its root, terminates in the Oriental Tt, mi, Chaldee, to open, stretch or expand ; in Syriac, jti reda, to go, to pass. Walking may be sometimes from a like source ; but the word walk signi- fies, primarily, to roll, press, work and full, as a hat, whence walker signifies a fuller. Softness and weakness are usually named from yielding, bend- INTRODUCTION, xlix ing, withdrawing, as is relaxation. Softness, however, is some- times connected with smoothness, and perhaps with moisture. Sweetness seems to have for its primary sense, either softness or smoothness. Roughness is from sharp points, wrinkling or breaking; and acidity is from sharpness or pungency, and nearly allied to roughness. Death is expressed by falling or departure ; life, by fixedness or continuance, or from animation, excitement. Selling is, primarily, a passing or transfei. Sellan, in Saxon, signiHes to give, as well as to sell. A coast or border is usually the extreme point, from extending. Law is from setting, establishing. The primary sense of son, daughter, offspring, is usually a shoot, or, as we say, issue. Hence, in Hebrew, "p ben, signifies both a son, a cion, a branch, and the young of other animals. A son, says Parkhurst, is from ~3 banah, to build ; and hence he infers that a son is so called, because he builds up or continues his father's house or family. But if so, how does the word apply to a branch, or an arrow .' What do these build up ? The mis- take of this author, and of others, proceeds from their not under- standing the original meaning of the verb, which is not to erect, or elevate, but to throw, to set, to found ; and this verb is probably retained in our word found. A son is that which is thrown or shot out ; a cion or branch is the same, an offset, one an offset of the human body, the other of a plant, and an arrow is that which is shot or thrown. Hence, probably, the Hebrew "CSt ehen or eren, a stone, W. maen or vatn, that which is set, so named from — E its compactness or hardness. And in Arabic ^i abana, signifies to think, Lat. opinor, that is, to set in the mind. Few and small are senses often expressed by the same word. Thus, although /eio in English expresses merely a small number, yet the same word in French, pcu, and in the Italian, por.o, sig- nifies little in quantity, as well us few in number. Cause is from the sense of urging, pressing, impelling. Hence it well expresses that which produces an effect; and hence it is peculiarly expressive of that by which a man seeks to obtain a claim in law. A cause in court is properly a pressing for right, like action from ago; and prosecution from the Latin sequor, wiiich is our word seek. Hence the Latin accuso, to accuse, to tarow upon, to press, or load with a charge. The Saxon som, C'jntention, suit in law, is synonymous with cause, and from the root of seek, sequor. It is the English sake. The word thing is nearly synonymous with cause and sake. See Thixg, in the Dictionary. The primary sense of time, luck, chance, fortune, is to fall, to come, to arrive, to happen. Tide, time, and season, have a like original sense. Tide, in Saxon, is time, not a flow of the sea, the latter being a secondary and modern application of the word. This primary signification of time will unfold to Us what I for- merly could not understand, and what I could find no person to explain ; that is, why the Latin tempora should signify times and the temples. It seems that tcmpura are the fulls nf the head. Hence, also, we understand why tempest is naturall}* dcduciblo from tempos, as the primary sense is to fall, to rush. Hence tempestivus, seasonable, that comes in good time. Season has a like sense. Hence, also, we are led to understand, what has seemed inex- plicable, how the French heureux, lucky, happy, can be regu- larly deduced from heurc, an hour. We find that in Greek and Latin the primary sense of hour is time, and time is a coming, a falling, a happening, like the English luck, and hence the sense of lucky ; hence fortunate and happy. The word fortunate is precisely of the same character. The primary sense of the Shemitic "i-T darnr, or tharar, cor- responds almost precisely with thatof coMi« and thing in English ; that is, to strain, urge, drive, fall, or rush. Hence it signifies to speak, and in Ch. and Syr. to lead, to direct, to govern. As a noun, it signifies a word, that which is uttered ; a thing, cause, or matter; that is, that which happens or falls, like event from evcnio ; also a plague, or great calamity ; that is, that which falls or comes on man or beast, like plague; a stroke or affliction, from striking. And it may be observed, that if the first letter is a prefix answer- ing to the Gothic du, Saxon and English to, in the Saxon to- drifan, to drive, then the root 1U coincides exactly with the Welsh peri, to command, which is retained in composition in the Lat. impero. Indeed, if the first syllable of guberno is a prefix, the root of this word may be the same. The object, however, for which this word is here mentioned, is chiefly to show the uniformity which men have observed in expressing their ideas; making use of the same visible physical action to represent the operations of the mind and moral ideas. Silence, deafness, dumbness, are from stopping, holding, or making fast. War is from the sense of striving, driving, struggling. Good is generally from enlarging, or advancing, like pros- perous. Evil is from wandering, departing, or sometimes from softness, weakness, flowing or fluxibility, as is the case with the Latin malum, from the Welsh mall. The primary sense of the names of natural and material ob- jects can not always be ascertained. The reasons are obvious. Some of these names are detached branches of a family of words which no longer form a part of our language ; the verb and all the derivatives, except a single name, being extinct, or found only in some remote country. Otliers of these names have suf- fered such changes of orthograpliy, that it is difficult or impossible to ascertain tiie primary or r,Tdical letters, and of course the family to which they belong. Numerous examples of such words occur in English, as in every other language. . But from such facts as have occurred to me in my researches, I may venture to affirm with confidence, that most names of natural objects are taken from some obvious quality or action, or some supposed quality of the thing; or from the particular action or operation by which it is produced. Thus tumors are named from pushing, or swelling ; and redness, or red, seems, in some instances at least, to be named from eruptions on the body. The human body is named from shaping, that is, setting, fixing, or ex- tending, and hence, sometimes, the general name of the human race. The arm is a shool, a push, as is the branch of a tree. A board, a table, a floor, is from spreading, or expanding, ex- tending. Skin and bark are from peeling, stripping, &c. The names of particular animals and plants can not always be traced to their source ; but, as far as I have been able to discover their origin, I find animals to be generally named from some striking characteristic of external appearance ; from the voice, from habits of life, or from their office. There is reason for believing that the Greek cnnvfoc and Latin struthio, or ostrich, is from the same root as the English strut, the strutter; the primary sense of which root is, to stretch, which explains all the senses of the Greek and Latin words of this family. It is certain that the crow is named from its cry, and the leopard from his spots. Thus plants were named from their qualities; some from their form, others from their color, others from their effects, others from the place of their growth. The English root, Lat. radix, is only a particular application of rod and ray, radius; that is, a shoot. Spurge is, undoubtedly, from the root of the Latin purgo. There is reason to think that many names of plants were originally adjectives, expressing their qualities; or the name was a compound, used for the same purpose, one part of which has been dropped, and the other remaining as the name of the plant. Thus pine, pinus, is from pin, pinna, penna ; for in Welsh pin is a pin and a pen or style for writing, and pinbren is a pine-tree. The tree, then, was named from its leaf. Fir has a similar origin and signification. It is probable or rather certain, that some natural objects, as plants and minerals, received their names froni their supposed qualities; as, in ages of ignorance and superstition, men might ascribe effects to them, by mistake. The whole history of magic and enchantment leads us to tliis conclusion. Minerals are, in many instiinces, named from their obvious qualities, as gold from its yellowness, and iron from its hardness. The names can, in some cases, be traced to their original, as that of gold and of the Latin /crru7n; but many of them are not easily ascertained. Indeed, the greatest part of the specific names of animals, plants, and minerals, appear to be obscure. Some of them appear to have no connection with any family of words in our language, and many of them are derived to us from Asia, and from roots which can be found only, if found at all, in the Asiatic languages. These observations and explanations will be sufficient to show the importance of developing, as far as possible, the origin of words, and of comparing the different uses of the same word in different languages, in order to understand either the philosophy of speech, or the real force and signification of words in their practical application. 1 INTRODUCTION. If it should be found to be true, that many of the Shemitic verbs are farmed with prefixes, like those of the European lan- guages, this may lead to new illustrations of the original lan- guages of the Scriptures. In order to determine this fact, it will be useful to examine whether the Chaldee and Hebrew 3 is not often a prefix answering to be in the Teutonic languages ; whether 3 and 2 are not prefixes answering to the ga and ge of ihe Gothic and Teutonic ; whether 1, S, and r, and t, a dialectical form of a, do not coincide with the Gothic du, the Saxon to, the Dutch toe, and the German zu ; whether 3 does not answer to the Russ. and Dutch na, the German nnch ; and whether and ™ do not answer to s, sh, and sch in the modern English and German. If many of the Shemitic triliteral verbs are compound, it fol- lows that the primary radix has not been detected. At any rate, I have no hesitation in affirming, that the primary sense of many of the roots in the Shemitic languages, that sense which is almost indispensable to an understanciing of many obscure passages in the Scriptures, has been hitherto overlooked or mistaken. In order fully to comprehend many uses of the words, it will be necessary to compare them with the uses of the words of the same family in the modern languages ; and this comparison must be far more extensive than any hitherto made, and conducted on principles which have not been before duly appreciated and applied. 1 have introduced the foregoing comparative view of the several significations of the same word in dltferent languages, not merely to illustrate the general principles of language, but with a special reference to an explanation of the etymologies which occur in this work. Should my Synopsis ever be pub- lished, the learned inquirer might pursue the subject at his pleasure. The results of the foregoing remarss and illustrations may be thus recapitulated. 1. The nations which now constitute the distinct families or rfcceo of Japhcth and Shem, are descendants of the common fam- ily which inhabited the plain of Shinar before the dispersion. 2. The families at the dispersion retained a large proportion of the words which were in common use before that event, and the same were conveyed to their posterity. In the course of time, some of these words were dropped by one family or tribe, and some by another, till very few of them are retained in their origi- nal form and signification, by all the nations which have sprung from the main stock. A few of them, however, are still found in all or nearly all the languages which I have examined, bearing nearly the same signification and easily recognized as identical. 3. Although few of the primitive words can now be recognized as existing in all the languages, yet as w^e better understand the changes which have been made in the orthography and sig- nification of the same radical words, the more affinities are dis- covered; and particularly, when we understand the primnrij sense, we find this to unite words whose appropriate or custom- ary significations appear to have no connection. 4. A. great number of the primitive radical words are found in compounds, formed in different languages, with different affixes and prefixes, which obscure the affinity. Thus tcritas in Latin, is viihrhtU in German ; the first syllable in each is the same word, the last different. In other instances, both difference of orthography, of formation, and of application, concur to obscure the affinity of words. Thus the English woid strong is in Danish streng, signifying stern, severe, rigid, strict ; and strtng- hcd [stronghood] is severity, rigor, strictness. Now, n in these words is not radical ; remove this letter, and we have strog, streg, which coincide with the Latin stringo, strictus; and these words are found to be from the same radix, which signifies to draw, to strain, to stretch. 5. It appears that i, p and / are often prefixes, either the remains of prepositions, or casual additions to words, introduced by peculiar modes of pronunciation, which prefixes now precede consonants, with which they readily coalesce in pronunciation, as I and r, forming triliteral words on biliteral roots ; as in block from Hoc, or lock; play, Saxon plegan, from leg or lek, Swedish leJia, Dan. Uger ; fioir, Lat. Jiuo, from lug, or luc, which appears in light,lux, tuceo, and in lug, a river, retained in Lugdujiuvu 6. It appears, also, that c or k and g are often prefixes before the same consonants, I and r, as in Lat. clunis, Eng. loin; W. doi, praise, from Hod, Latin laus, laudo ; German gluck, English luck ; Lat. gratia, W. rhad. 7. It appears, also, that j is a prefix in a vast number of words, as in speed, spoil, swell, sweep ; and it is very evident tiiat st are prefixed to many words whose original, radical, initial consonant was r, as in struight, strict, strong, stretch, from the root of right, rectus, reach, and in stride, from tlie root of the Latin gradior, W. rhnz. If those inferences are just, as I am persuaded they are, it follows that there is a more near resemblance and a much closer aliinity between the languages of Europe and of Western Asia, than has hitherto been supposed to exist. It follows, also, that some of the most important principles or rudiments of language .have liitlierto escaped observation, and that philology is yet in its infancy. Should this prove, on further examination, to be the state of philology, it is reserved for future investigators to ex- amine the original languages of the Scriptures on new principles, which may serve to illustrate some obscure and difficult passages, not hitherto explained to the general satisfaction of critics and commentators. If any persons should be disposed to doubt or contradict these facts, let them first consider that my conclusions are not hasty opinions, formed on isolated facts ; but that they have been forced upon me, in opposition to all my former habits of thinking, by a series of successive proofs and accumulating evidence, during a long course of investigation, in which 1 have compared most of the radical words, in more than twenty languages, twice, and some of them three times. No part of my researches has given me more trouble or solici- tude than that of arriving at the precise radical signification of moral ideas; such, for example, as /io/>c, loce, favor, faith. Nor has it been with much less labor that I have obtained a clear knowledge of some of our physical actions. It is literally true that I have sometimes had a word under consideration for two or three years, before 1 could satisfy my own mind as to the pri- mary signification. That 1 have succeeded at last, in every instance, can hardly be supposed — yet, in most cases, I am perfectly satisfied with tlie results of my researches. PROGRESS AND CHANGES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. It has been already observed that the mother tongue of the English is the Anglo-Saxon. The following are specimens of that language as it was spoken or written in England before the Norman conquest. The first is from the Saxon Chronicle. The original is in one column, and the literal translation in the other. The English words in Italics are Saxon words. The number of these will show how large a proportion of the words is retained in the present English. An. DCCCXCI. Her for se here east, and Earnulf cyning gefeaht with thcem riede-here ter tha scipu comon, mid East- Francuin, and Seaxum, and BiEgerum, and hine geflymde. And thry Scottas cwomon to iElfrede cyninge on anum bate, butan telcum gerr thiim, of IJi- bernia ; and thonon hi hi bestie- lon, forthon the hi woldon for Godes lufan on eltheodinesse bion, hy ne roliton hwa;r. Se bat wses geworht of thrid- dan healfre hyde, the hie on foron, and hi namon mid him that hie liosfdon to seofon nih- tum mete, and tha comon hie ymb seofon niht, to londe on Cornwealum, and foran tha sona to jElfrede cyninge. An. 891. Here [this year] fared the army east, and Ear- nulf, the king, fought with the cavalry [ridearmy] ere the ships come, with the East-Fra.ncs, and Saxons, and Bavarians, and put them to flight. Jlnd three Scots come to iElfred, the king, in a [an] boat, without any rowers, Irom Hibernia, and thence they privately withdrew [bcstole'] be- cause that they would, for God's love be [or live] in a state of pilgrimage, they should not be anxious — [reck, care] where. The boat was wrought of two hides and a half [third half hide,] in which they fared [came] and they took with them that they had for seven nights meat, and they come about the seventh night, to land in Cornwall, and fared [went] soon to iElfred, the king. The following specimen is from the Anglo-Saxon version of Orosius, supposed to be made by King Alfred. INTHOnuCTION, Olithere sffide his hlaforde, jElfrede kyninge, thaet he palra North-manna north mest bude. He cwasth that he bude on thsrm lande northeweardum with tha west SEB. He siede theah thiet thiEt land sy swythe north tha- non ; ac hit is call west buton on feawum stowuiu sticce niffilura wiciath Finnas, on huntathe on wintra, and on suinera on fis- cothe be there sffi. He siede thiEt he tet sumum cyrre wolde fandiam hu lange thajt land north right liege. Octhere told [snid] his lord, king Alfred, that he lived ?iorth most of all the north men. He quoth that he dwelt in the [thcw] land northward, opposite [with] the west sea. He said though, thut that land is due north from thence, and that it is all tcastc except [bvf] in a few places [stows] where the Finns for the most part dwell, for hunting i7i winter, and in summer for ^'A- ing in that sea, [by the sea.] He said that he,, at some time, would find how long that land lay right north. Laws of King iEthelbert. Gif Cyning his leode to him gehatath, and heom mon thier yfel gedo, II bote and cyning L. scillinga. Gif in Cyningcs tune man manaain ofsleah, L. sciU. ge- bete. Gif on Eorles tune man man- nan ofsleath, XII soil, gebete. Gif man thone man ofslffihth, XX scil. gebete. Gi/thuman (of a slsehth) XX scil. Gif thuman nsegl of weor- deth III scil. gebete. Gif man scytefinger (of a sliehth,) VIII scil. gebete. Gif man middle finger (of a sliehth,) IV scil. gebete. Gif man gold-finger (of a sliehth,) VI scil. gebete. Gif man thon litlan finger (of slajhth) XI scil. gebete. If the King shall call [cite] his people to him, and any one [man'] shall there do evil, let double compensation be made, aitd fifty shillings to the King. If in the King's town a man slay a man, let him compensate [boot] with fifty shillings. If in an EarVs town one man slayeth another man, let him pay twelve shillings for reparation. If man [any one] slniieth any man, let him compen.-*ate with twenty shillings. If the thumb shall be cut off, twenty shillings. If the thumb nail shall be cut oiT, three shil' lings shall be the compensation. If any one [off slayeth, stnketli off,] cutteth off the fore finger, [shoot finger,] let him compen- sate with eight shillings. Ifuny one cutteth off the middle finger, let him pay four shillinirs. If any one cutteth off tlie gold finger, [ring finger,] let him pay six shillings. If any one cut- teth off the little finger, let him pay eleven shillings. Laws of King Eadgar. We terath that lelc cristen man his beam to christendome gcornlice wffinige and him paler nostcr and credon tscce. Wc order (or instruct) that each Christian man earnestly accustom [wean] his children to Ciiristianity, [Christendom,] and teach him the Pater Noster and Creed. We liErath that preost ne beol We direct that a priest be not hunta ne hafecere ne lipflere ; a Aun/fr, nor Aa»p/.'cr, nor a game- ac plegge on his bocum swa his ster; but that he apply to Am hade gebirath. \books, as it becomes A/5 order. We observe by these cxtracta that rather more than half the Saxon words have been lost, and now form no part of our language.* This language, witli some words introduced by the Danes, continued to be used by the English till the Norman conquest. After that event, great numbers of Saxon words went into dLsuse, not suddenly, but gradually, and French and Latin words were continually added to the language, till it began to assume its present form, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Yet the * Mr. Meidinger of Frankfort, In the Introdtictinn to his Etymological and Compamlive Dictionary of the Teuto.Gothic Lani:uai(^"», notii-i^s thi-s ohsorva- lion of mine, respecting the proportion of Haxon word* wliich have been lost, and then staler the opinion ff Mr. Turner, that more than fitur-Hfthn of tlie words in modem English areof 3axon origin. Thi» difference in the two state- tatnu proceeda from a circumstance overlooked. My statement refers only to writings of Gowcr and Chaucer can not now be fully understood without a glossary. But it was not in the loss of native Saxon words and the acces- sion of French and Latin words alone, that the change of our language consisted. Most important alterations were made in the sounds of the vowels. It is probable, if not certain, that our first vowel a had usually or always the broad sound, as we now pronounce it in fall, or in some words perhaps the Italian sound, as it is now called, and as we pronounce it in far. The sound of e was probably nearly the same as it is in French and Italian, and in the northern languages on the continent of Europe ; which is nearly that of a in facor. The Saxon sound of i was probably the same as it is still on the Continent, the sound of ee or long e. The sound of u was that of our present oo, French on, the sound it still has in Italian, and in most countries on the European continent. It is probable that the change of the sound of u happened in consequence of the prevalence of the French pro- nunciation after the conquest; for the present sound of u may be considered as intermediate, between the full sound of oo, or French ou, and the French sound of u. These changes, and the various sounds given to the same character, now serve to perplex foreigners, when learning Eng- lish ; and tend, in no small degree, to retard or limit the ex- tension of our language. This is an unfortunate circumstance, not only in obstructing the progress of science, but of Chris- tianity. The principal changes in the articulations are the use of k for c, as in look for locian ; the loss of A before /, as in loaf from hlaf, lot for Mot, lean for hlinian ; and the entire loss of the prefix ge or ga, as in deal for ge-dtElan, deem for ge-deman ; and of /o as a prefix, as in to-kelpan, to help ; to-dailan, to deal. In no in- stance do we feel more sensibly the change of sounds in the vowels, than in that of i, which in French, Spanisii, and Italian, is e long ; for in consequence of this, persons who are not ac- quainted with tlicse foreign languages, mispronounce such words as viarino, Messina, Lima, giving to ( its English sound, when in fact the words are to be pronounced marerno, Messcena, Leema. In grammatical structure the language has suffered consider- able alterations. In our motlier tongue, nouns were varied to form cases, somewhat as in Latin. This declension of nouns has entirely ceased, except in the possessive or genitive case, in which an apostrophe before * lias been substituted tor the regular Saxon termination es. Some of our pronouns retain their declensions, somewhat varied. The plural termination in en has been dropped, in a number of words, and the regular plural termination been substituted, as houses for Itousen. In most cases, the Saxon termination of the infinitive mode of verbs has been dropped, and for gifin we now write, to give. The variations of the verb, in the several persons, have been materially changed. Thus for the Saxon — In lufige, Thu lufast, He lufath; wc now write - I love, Thou lovest, He loveth or loves ; We lufiath, Ge lufiath, Hi lufiath; We love, Ye love, They love. In the Saxon plural, however, wc see the origin of the vulgar practice still retained in some parts of England and of this coun- try. We loces, they lores, which are contractions o[ lufiath. - In the substantive verb, our common people universally, and most persons of better education, unless they have rejected their traditionary language, retain the Gothic di.alect, in the past tense. We was, I was, Thou wast. He was; Ye was. They was. However people may be ridiculed for this language, it is of genuine origin, as old as the Saxon word were. In Gothic the past tense runs thus — the Dhly actual proportion of Sa.Ton words retained In the vocahulary, which is prot>- _./Ies» than half of the whole number of words in the language. Mr. Turner's statement refers to the prfpjwrtion of Saxon words actually usetl in our coninion language, which is, doubtless, as great as he represents it. The words of Saxon origm are the more necessary words ; such as are wanted in all the common concerns of life; and therefore in use they compose the body of the language. lu INTRODUCTION. -1 Ik was, Thu wast. Is was ; Weis wesum, Yus wesuth, Eis wesun." In the present tense of the substantive verb, our common people use dn't, as in this phrase: "he in't present" This is evidently a contraction of the Swedish and Danish dr, er, present indicative singular of the substantive verb vara or rcrc" to be, which we retain in arc and tcere. In Swedish, han ar, and in Danish, han er, he is. Hence*he er not or ar not, contracted into he (in't or en'(. These facts serve to show how far the Gothic dialect has been infused into the English language. It would be tedious, and to most readers uninteresting, to recite all the changes in the forms of words or the structure of sentences which have taken place since the Norman conquest. Since the invention of printing, changes in the language have been less rapid than before ; but no art nor effort can completely arrest alterations in a living language. The distinguished writers in the age of Queen Elizabeth improved the language, but could not give it stability. Many words then in common use are now obsolete, or have suffered a change of signification. In the period between Queen Elizabeth and the beginning of tlie eighteenth century, tlie language was improved in grammar, orthograph3-, and style. The writers in the reign ot Queen Anne and of George I. brought the language nearly to perfection ; and if any improvement has since been made, it is in the style or diction, by a better selection of words, and the use of terms in science and philosophy with more precision. In regard to grammatical construction, the language, for half a century past, has, in my apprehension, been suffering deteriora- tion, at least as far as regards its written form. This change may be attributed chiefly to the influence of the learned Bishop Lowth, whose Grammar made its appearance nearly seventy years ago. I refer particularly to his form of the verb, which was adjusted to the practice of writers in the age of Queen Elizabeth, instead of the practice of authors in tlie age of William and Mary, Queen Anne, and George I. Hence he gives for the form of the verb in the subjunctive mode, after the words which express a con- dition, if, thouffh, &c., / lore, thou lore, he lore, observing in a note, that in the subjunctive mode, the event being spoken of under a condition or supposition, or in the form of a wish, and therefore doubtful and contingent, the verb itself in the present, and the auxiliary both of tlie present and past imperfect times, often carry with them somewhat of a future sense ; as, " If he come to-morrow, I may speak to him" — " If he should come, I should speak to him." This is true ; but for that very reason, this form of the verb belongs to the future tense, or should be arranged as such in Grammars. 1/ he come, would be in Latin si venerit, in the subjunctive future. But the learned author has entirely overlooked the important distinction between an event or fact, of uncertain existence in the present time, and which is mentioned under the condition of present existence, and a future contingent event. " If the mail that has arrived contains a letter for me, I shall soon receive it," is a phrase that refers to the present time, and expresses an un- certainty in my mind, respecting the fact. " If the mail contain a letter for me," refers to a future time, that is, " If the mail of to-morrow contain [shall or should contain] a letter for me." The 6rst event, conditional or hypothetical, should be expressed by the indicative mode, and the latter by the suiyunctive future. The Saxon form of the verb, if he slay, if he go, is evidently a contingent future, and is so used in the laws. This distinction, one of the most important in the language, has been so totally overlooked, that no provision has been made for it in British Grammars ; nor is the distinction expressed by the form of the verb, as used by a great part of the best writers. On the other hand, they continually use one form of the verb to express both senses. The fact is the same in the common ver- sion of the Scriptures. If he go, if he speah, sometimes express a present conditional tense, and sometimes a contingent future. In general this subjunctive form of the verb, in Scripture, ex- presses future time. " If he thus say, I have no delight in thee," expresses a future contingent event. 2 Sam. xv. 26. " If in- iquity be in thine hand, put it far away," expresses a fact, under a condition, in the present time. Job xi. 14. • This ts pfxibably the Latin «j£. The Latins dropped the first articulation v, which answen to our le. The preasnl tense, indicative mode, of the Latin verh, with the « restored, would be wiitten thus: — In many instances tlie translators have deviated from the original, in using the subjunctive form of the English verb to express what in Greek is expressed in the indicative. Thus Matthew iv.6. Ki viu( tt Ton 0iuv, If thou be [art] the son of God. Ch. V. 29 and 30. Ki 9t 6 o^duXitv; aov o (Ji^iof axitviaXttti at. If thy right eye offend [offendcth] thee ; Ei I, 3ii.ia aov x"( axar- daliitt nt. If tliy right hand offaid [offendeth] thee. So also in chapter xviii. 8 and 9. Ch. xii. aG. El a Saturai ruv Saratav tx^aXiti, If Satan cast [castctli] out Satan. Ch. xix. 10. Et ot'roif i=iv i, aunt tov ui'^ow.TOL- /MTo T»;ff yvvuf *us. If the case of the man be [is] so with his wife. Ch. xxii. 45. El oiv Jn^iii xu/m avtoy Kv(>iov, If David then call [callcth] him Lord. 2 Cor, iv. 16. El 6 e;o> [uoiv ov^ouirto? iiaif^ttntrai. Though our outward man perish [perishes, or is perishing.] In all these passages, the English verb, in the subjunctive, properly expresses a conditional, contingent, or hypothetical fu- ture tense, contrary to the sense of the original, except in the last passage cited, where tlie apostle evidently speaks of the perishing of the outward man as a fact admitted, which renders the transla- tion still more improper. Let us now attend to the following passages. Matthew vii. 9. // tj? e^iv f^ luwv aiSjjojTroff, qv tav airrjatj 6 v!o; oiTou ooTof, Or what man is there of you, whom if his son ask [shall ask] bread, will he give him a stone .' Kui lar ixSvv oiri.oij, If he ask [shall ask] a fish, will he give him a serpent .' Here the original tense is varied to express a future or hypo- thetical event, yet the verb in English is in the same tense as in the first class of examples ; and what renders the version more objectionable is, that the verb in the first clause docs not corre- spond with that in the second clause. There is no possible way of making g^od English of the translation, but by supposing the verb in the first clause, asfi, to be in the future tense. So it would be in Latin, and so it is, " si petierit." If thy son shall ask (or should ask) a fish, will he give (or would he give) him a serpent ? This fault runs through the whole English version of the Scriptures, and a distinction of tenses clearly marked in the original languages, is generally neglected in the translation. Now, the most unlettered man in this country would express the sense in English with the same marked distinction of tenses which appears in the Greek, If thou art tlie son of God ; if thy right e^'e offends thee ; if the case of the man is such ; if David calls him Lord ; or, if the sense is understood to be future and contingent, if thy son shall ask bread, or if he should ask bread, would be the uniform language of any of the common people of our country. There would not, probably, be a single exception, unless in the use of the substantive verb, which is often nsed in the subjunctive form. And the most unlettered man would use the corresponding verbs in the two clauses, if he shall ask, will he give ; or, if he should ask, would he give. The use of the verb, in all similar phrases, is perfectly well settled in this coun- try, and perfectly uniform among the higher and lower classes of men ; unless when the practice has been varied by the influence of Grammars, in which the conjugation of the verb is according to the antiquated practice of the age of Elizabeth. 1 Tim, v, 4. Et di Tig /J^oa Ttxru »; ezyova «^f(. If any widow hare [has] children or nephews. Verse 8. Ei St ng tuh' i^ioir xai yaXiza ruiv oixtiiav ov noovott, If any provide [provideth] not for his own, and especially for those of his own house. This subjunctive form of the verb, if he be; if he have; if he go; if he say ; if thou write; whether thou see; though he fail, which was generally used by the writers of the sixteenth century, was in a great measure discarded before the time of Addison. Whether this change was in consequence of the prevalence of colloquial usage over grammar rules, or because discerning men perceived the impropriety and inconsistency of the language of books, I pretend not to determine. Certain it is, that Locke, Watts, Addison, Pope, and other authors of the first distinction, who adorned the close of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century, generally used the indicative mode to express condition, uncertainty, and hypothesis in the present and past tenses. Thus Locke writes — " If these two propositions are by E^o vesum, Tu ves, llle vest : *.os vesumus, [was,] Vos vestis, [was,] llli vesuDt, [was.] INTRODUCTION. liii nature imprinted." " If principles are innate." " If any person huth never eiaminpd this notion." " Whether that substance thinks or no." " If the soul dotli think in sleep." "If one considers well these men's way of speaking." " If he does not reflect." " Unless that notion produces a constant train of suc- cessive ideas." "If your lordship metnis." Such is the lan- guage of LocJic. Now, what is remarkable, the learned Dr. Lowth, the very author who has, by his Grammar, done much to sanction the subjunctive form of the verb, in such cases, often uses the indica- tive in his own writings. " If he does not carefully attend to this — if this pleasure arises from the shape of the composition — if this is not firmly and well established." These verbs are in contradiction of his owu principles. On Isaiah, Prelim. Diss. Addison. " If the reader has a mind to see a father of the same stamp." " If exercise throws off all superfluities — if it clears the vessels — if it dissipates a growing distemper." Such is the language of Addison, the most elegant writer of tlie genu- ine English idiom in the nation. "If the thief is poor — if it obliges me to be conversant with scenes of wretchedness." Jf'ilberforce. " If America is not to be conquered." Lord Chutham. "If we are to be satisfied with assertions." " \{\\. gives blind confidence to anv executive government." "If such an opinion has gone forth." "If our conduct has been marked with vigor and wisdom." Fox. " If my bodily strength is equal to the task." " A negro, if he irorks for himself and not for a master, will do double the work." " If there is any aggravation of our guilt." " If their conduct displays no true wisdom." "The honorable gentleman maj-, if he chooses, have the journals read again." "Whether this is a BuSicient tie to unite them." " If this measure comrs recom- mended." " If there exists a country which contains the means of protection." Pitt. "If the prudence of reserve and decorum dictates silence." "If an assembly is viciously or feebly composed." "If any persons are to make good deficiencies." " If the King of the French has really deserved these murderous attempts." " If this representation of M. Necker teas false." " Whtthet the system, if it deserves the name." " The politician looks for a power that our workmen call a purchase, and if hejinds the power." " If he feels as men commonly feel." Burke. " If climate Itas such an effect on mankind." " If the effects of climate ore casual." Coze's Rass. " K hejinds his collection too small." " If he thinks his judg- ment not snfiiciently enlightened." "Whether it leads to truth." " If he warns others against his own failings." This is generally the language of Johnson. In regard to this distinguished author, I would observe that, except the substantive verb, there is in his Rambler but a single instance of the subjunctive form of the verb in conditional sen- tences. In all other cases the use of the indicative is uniform. Such also is the language of the most distinguished men in the United States, particularly of those who wrote their native lan- guage as they received it from tradition, and before grammars nad made any impression on its genuine construction. "The prince that acquires new territory, if he_^n(/» it vacant." "If we are industrious we shall never starve." "If one fuis more corn than he can consume, and another has lees.' Buch is the language of Franklin. " If any persons thus qualified arc to be found." " If it is thought proper." " If the Congress does not choose to point out the particular regiment." " If 1 am rightly informed." "If the army has not removed." " If a proposition has not been made." Such is the language of fVashingfon. " If any philosopher pretends." " If he has food for the pres- ent day." " If a revelation is not impossible." " If the Christian system contains a real communication to mankind." " If the former of these facts opposes our reception of the miraculous history of the gospel." " If the preceding reflections arc just." Such is the language of the late i^resident Smith.* " If any government deems the introduction of foreigners or their merchandise injurious." " Unless he violates the law of nations." ** If a person has a. settlement in a hostile country." " If he resides in a belligerent country." " If a foreign consul carries on trade as a merchant." Such is the language of the ex-Chancellor Kent. — — ~— — — « • The iubrtantlr© vRrb is oftpn iiied in the niihjunctlve ftjrm by writers who Dover use that furm in any other verb. The reason doubtlein U, that be ii pri- But neither the auth.ors here mentioned, nor most others, even the most distinguished for erudition, are uniform and consistent with themselves in the use of the tenses. In oift sentence we find the indicative used, " If it is to be discovered only by the experiment." " If other indications are to be found." In the next sentence, " If to miscarry in an attempt lie a proof of having mistaken the direction of genius." Johnson. "If the former be refined — if those virtues are accompanied with equal abilities." Gibbon. " If love reward him, or if vengeance strike." Cowpcr. " Or if it does not brand him to the last." Cowper. " If he is a pagan — if endeavors are used — if the person hath a liberal education — if man be subject to these miseries." Milner. The following expressions occur in Pope's Preface to Homer's Iliad, in the compass of thirteen lines. " If he has given a regular catalogue of an army." " If he has funeral games for Patroclus." " If Ulysses visit the shades." " If he be detained from his return." " If Achilles be absent." " If he gives his hero a suit of celestial armor." I recollect one English author only, who has been careful to avoid this inconsistency ; this is Gregory, who, in his Economy of .Vature, has uniformly used the indicative form of the verb in conditional sentences of this kind. The like inconsistency occurs in almost all American writings. " If moral disposition lie here." " If preference necessarily in- volves the knowledge of obligation." " If the proposition is true." " If the proposition be confirmed." " If hi; refutes any thinor." In a pamphlet now before me, there are no less than fifty of these inconsistencies in the compass of ninety pages ; and three of them in one sentence. How, in this case, is a foreigner to understand the author.' and how can such sentences be translated into another language without a deviation from the original .' The propriety of using the indicative form of the verb to ex- press a present or past event conditionally, does not rest solely on usage; it is most correct upon principle. It is well known that most of the words which are used to introduce a condition or hypothesis, and called, most improperly, conjunctions, are verbs, having not the least affinity to the class of words used to connect sentences. If is the Saxon gif, give, having lost its first letter ; if fur the ancient gif. Though is also a verb now obsolete, except in the imperative mode. Now let us analyze this con- ditional tense of the verb. "If the man knows his true interest, he will avoid a quarrel." Here is an omi.-ntment." The verb here ought to be vas. " The orati«n [of Isocrates] has been [was] a favorite of Dio- njrsius of Haliearnassus." This form of expressing the time would be good in French, but is very bad in English. And it may be here remarked, that the tense he vas, he arrired, he irrole, is not properly named imper- fect. These verbs, and all verbs of this form, denote actions finished or perfect; as, '* In six days God created the heaven and the earth." Imperfect or unfinished action is expressed in Eng- lish in this manner — he teas reading, they icert tcriting. The error of calling the former tense imperfect, has probably pro- ceeded from a servile adoption of the Latin names of the tenses, without considering the difference of application. There are some errors in all the English Grammars, that have been derived to us from antiquity. Such is tlie arrangement of that among the conjunctions, like the Greek on, and the Latin ut. Kai fiaxuQta i/ mztvnana, on t^at Tiifiotettq rot; Xijia/.r;uerots avrn Tjuna Kiniw. And blessed is she who believed tluit there shaU be a performance of the things which were told her from the Lord. Luke i. 4.'>. In our version, on is rendered for, but most erroneovisly. The true meaning and character of on will best appear by a transposition of the clauses of the verse : " There shall be a performance of the things told her from the Lord; blessed or happy is she who believed that." Here on, that, appears to be what it really is, a relative or substitute for the wh'o oranges from the basket ; that is, any two oT the number. Bring me three oranges from the basket ; that is, any three of the number; and so on to any number, ad infinitum. When thus used, an, two, three, are all indefinite ; that is, they are used with nouns which are indefinite, or expressing things not particularly designated. But this is not owing to the essen- tial character of the adjectives, an, one, two, three; for any of them may be used with definite nouns ; and an is continually thus used. " I will be an adversary to thine adversaries." " The angel stood for an adversary against Balaam. " Make this fellow return, lest in the battle he be aa adversary to us " " Rezon — was an adversary to Israel all the days of Solomon," ".\nd he spake a parable to them to this end." " And there was a. widow in that city." " And seeing the multitude, he went up into a mountain." " I will be a God to thee and thy seed after thee." '* Thou art a God ready to pardon." Now, let any of these phrases be tested by the common defini- tion of an or a, '* that it is used in a vague sense, to point out one single thing of the kind; in other respects indeterminate." Loirth. " I will be an adversary to thine adversaries ; " that is, " I will be any adversary, one of the kind, but vague or indeterminate." " Rezon was an adversary to Israel ; " that is, in a vague sense, any adversary, indeterminate. " And he spake a parable to them ; " that is, any parable, inde- terminate. "Thou art a God ready to pardon ; " that is, any God, one of the kind, in a vague sense, indeterminate I If it should be said, the noun is rendered determinate, by other words in the sentence, and not by an or a, this may be and gen- erally is true ; but this shows that an does not give to the noun its character of definiteness or indefiniteness ; it always retains its proper signification, which is one, and nothing more ; and it is used indilierently before nouns definite or indefinite. This mistake of the character of ati is found in other languages ; but I was gratified to find a French Grammar in Paris, recom- mended by the Institute, the author of which had discarded the indefinite article. In English, an or a is, for the most part, entirely us-.?Ies'!. Used with a noun in the singular number, it serves no purpose, except that which the form of the word in the singular number is intended to answer. It expresses unity only, ai « lj'< it tlie INTRODUCTION. Ivii province of the singular number. Were it not for habit, " Give me orange," would express the sense of '* give me an orange," with precision and certainty. In this respect the Latin language has the advantage over the English. But the use of such a short word is not very inconvenient, and the usage can not be changed. Other languages are subject to the same inconvenience ; even the definite articles, or definitives, in Greek and in French, are very often useless, and, were it not for usage, would be improper. ORTHOGRAPHY. From the period of the first Saxon writings, our language has been suffering changes in orthography. The first writers, having no guide but the ear, followed each his own judgment or fancy ; and hence a great portion of Saxon words arc written with differ- ent letters, by different authors ; most of them are written two or three different ways, and some of them fifteen or twenty. To this day the orthography of some classes of words is not entirely settled ; and in others it is settled in a manner to confound tiie learner, and mislead him into a false pronunciation. Nothing can be more disreputable to the literary character of a nation, than the history of English orthography, unless it is that of orthoepy. 1. The Saxon diphthong ff, which probably had a specific and uniform sound or combination of sounds, has been discarded, and crt generally substituted in its place ; as, brteth^ breath. Now, ea tlius united have not a uniform sound, and of course they are no certain guide to pronunciation. In some instances, where the Saxon spelling was not uniform, the modern orthography follows the most anomalous and difficult, instead of that which is regular. Thus the Saxons wrote fiether and fetfier, more generally the latter, and the moderns write feather. a. The letter g, in Saxon words, has, in many English words, been sunk in pronunciation, and either wholly lost, or it is now represented by y or lo. Thus dai^^ or dug, has become day ; geur is year, bugan is boic, And faiger in fair. •i. The Saxons, who adopted the Roman alphabet, with a few alterations, used c with its close sound like that of k. Thus lie, like ; locian, to look. But after the Norman conquest, c before e, I, and y, took the sound of s; hence arose the necessity of changing this letter in words and syllables, where it was neces- sary to retain the sound of A- before these vowels. Thus the Saxon licean, pronounced originally liheun, becomes, with our present sound of c before «, Usean ; and iueian becomes losian. To remedy this evil, our ancestors introduced k from the Greek, writing it generally after c, as in lick, stick, though in some in- stances omitting c, as in like and look. Hence, in all monosvl- lables in which a syllable beginning with e or 2 is added to the word, as in the past time and participles of verbs, we use k in the place of the Saxon c, as in licked, licking. Our early writers attempted to extend this addition to words introduced from the Latin and Greek, in which no such reason exists for the use of k. Thus they wrote publick, musick, rheto rick. In these and similar words tiie Latins used c for the Greek X : as, musicus, for umuMxni; ; and the early English writers took both letters, the Roman e and Greek x. This was absurd enough ; but they never proceeded so far as to carry the absurdity through tlie derivatives ; never vrr'itmg publickati.on,muaickal, rhctorickat, aitliolickism, skeptickism, stoickism. After a long struggle with the force of authority, good sense has nearly banished this pe- dantic orthography from use; and all words of this kind now appear, in most of our public acts and elegant writings, in their proper simplicity ; public, publicatioyi, viusic, musical. 4. In many words, fijrmerly ending in ic, these letters have been discarded from the singular number, and y substituted. Thus remedie, memorie, are now written remedy^ memory. But, what is very singular, the plural of these words retains the ie, with the addition of t, as in remedies. This anomaly, however, creates no great inconvenience, except that it has been ex- tended by negligent writers to words ending in ey, as in attar- nics. But words ending in ey properly make the plural by simply taking s, as in surveys, attorneys. The same rule applies to verbs when an s is added, as in conveys. 5. In a vast number of words the vowel c has been discarded as useless ; as in eggs, for e^ges ; certain, for certaine ; empress, for empresse ; goodncis, for goodnesse. This is an improvement, as the e has no sound in modern pronunciation. But here again we meet with a surprising inconsistency ; for the same reason which justifies this omission, would justify and require the omission of e final in motive, pensive, juvenile, genuine, sanguine, doctrine, examine, determine, and a multitude of others. The introduction of e, in most words of these classes, was at first wrong, as it could not plead any authority in the originals; but the retaining of it is unjustifiable, as the letter is not merely useless, but, in very numerous classes of words it leads to a false pronunciation. Many of the most respectable English authors, a century ago or more, omitted e in such words as examin, detcrmin, famin, ductil, fertil, definit, &c. ; but these improvements were afterwards re- jected, to the great injury of orthography. In like manner, a final e is inserted in words of modern coinage, as in alumine, salicine, chloride, oxyde, »S:c., without the least necessity or propriety. 6. A similar fate has attended the attempt to anglicize the orthography of another class of words, which we have received from the French. At a very early period, the words chambre, d.esastre, desordre, chartre, 'monstre, tendre, tigre, entre, fievrc, diarnetrc, arbitre, iiombre, and others, were reduced to the English form of spelling; chamber, disaster, disorder, charter, monster, tender, tiger, enter, fever, dinmcttr, arbiter, number. At a later period. Sir Isaac Newton, Camden, Selden, JVlilton, Whitaker, Prideaux, Hook, Whiston, Bryant, and other authors of the first character, attempted to carry through this reformation, writing scepter, center, sepulcher. But this improvement was arrested, and a few words of this class retain their French orthography ; such are metre, mitre, nitre, spectre, sceptre, theatre, sepulchre, and sonictimes centre. It is remarkable that a nation distin- guished for erudition should tlius reject improvements, and retain anomalies, in opposition to all the convenience of uni- formity. I am glad that so respectable a writer as Mitford has discarded this innovation, and uniformly written center, scepter, theater, sepulcher. In the present instance, want of uniformity is not the only evil. The present orthography has introduced an awkward mode of writing the derivatives, for example, cen- tred, sceptred, sepulchred ; whereas Milton and Pope wrote these words as regular derivations of center, scepter, sepulcher; thus, " seepttred king." So Coxe, in his Travels, " The principal wealth of the church is centered in the monasteries." Tiiis is correct. 7 Soon after the revival of letters in Europe, English writers began to borrow words from the French and Italian ; and usually with some little alteration of the orthography. Tlius they wrote authour, embassadour, predece-ssour, ancestour, successour ; using our for the Latin termination or, and the French eur, and writ- ing similar words in like manner, though not of Latin or French original. What motive could induce them to write these words, and errour, hanour, favour, inferiour, &c., in this manner, follow- ing neither the Latin nor the French, I can not conceive. But this orthography continued down to the seventeenth century, when the « began to be rejected from certain words of this class, and at the beginning of the last century, many of these words were written, ancestor, author, error, &.C., as they are now written. But favor, honor, tabor, candor, ardor, terror, vigor, inferior, su- perior, and a few others, were written with u, and Johnson intro- duced this orthography into his Dictionary. Nothing in language is more mischievous than the mistakes of a great man. It is not easy to understand why a man, whose professed object was to reduce the language to some regularity, should write author with- out u, and errour and honour with it ! That he should write labour with a, and laborious without it ! Vigour with u, and vigorous, invigorate, withcjut it ! Inferiour, supr.riour, with u, but inferiority and superiority without it ! Strange as it is, this inconsistency runs through his work, and his authority has been the means of continuing it, among his admirers, to this day. In this country, most of our best writers have rejected the u from all words of this class, and reduced the whole to uniformity. This is a desirable event; every rejection of an anomaly being a valuable improvement, which sound judgment approves, and the love of regularity will vindicate and maintain. 8. There is another class of words, the orthography of which is not uniform nor fully settled — such as take the termination able to form an adjective. Thus Johnson writes provcable with e, but approvable and reprovahle without it. So moveable, but immov- able and reinovable ; tameable, but hlamable, censurable, desirable, excusable ; saleable, but ratable. With like inconsistency Walker and Chalmers write d^ub with «, and bediiuh with w, deviating in this instance from John- son. Chalmers writes abridgement and judgement with c, but acknoieledgment without it. Walker writes these words without e, but adds it to lodgement. I have reduced all words of this kind, as far as possible, to uniformity. Iviii INTRODUCTION. 9. Johnson writes oetoedrical ; Chalmers, octoedrat ; Sheridan. Wa]ker, and Jones, follow Johnson ; but Jones has octahedron^ which is not in the olier Dictionaries. The Greek, in words of this kind, is inconsistent, for uxrci is changed, in compound words, to ojfra. 1 have followed the Greek compounds, and have in- serted A, which I consider as almost indispensable in the English orthography ; as, octahedron. 10. Johnson introduced instntcter, in the place of instiructoT, in opposition to every authority which he has himself adduced to exemplify his definitions — Denham, Milton, Roscommon, Locke, Addison, Rogers, and the common version of the Scriptures. But what is more singular, this orthography, instructer^ is con- trary to his own practice ; at least, in /our editions of his Rambler which I have examined, the word is uniformly written instructor. The fact is the sauie with risitor. This is a point of little importance in itself; but when in- ttructor had been from time immemorial the established orthog- raphy, why unsettle the practice ^ I have in this word and in euttor adhered to the old orthography. There is not aparticle of rea«>n for altering instructor and risitor, which would not apply to eolUctor,.ruUirator, oijertor, projector, and a hundred other words of similar termination. 11. Most of these and some other inconsistencies have been of long continuance. But there are others of more recent date, which admit of no apology, as they are changes from right to wrong. Such is the change of the correct orthography of de- ffMse, expense, offense, pretense, and recompense, by substituting e for s, as in defence. This change was probably made ur en- couraged by printers, for the sake of avoiding the use of the old long«; bat since this has been discarded, that reason no longer exists. The orthography defense, &c., is justified, not only by the Latin originals, but by the rule of uniformity ; for the deriv- atives are always written with s — defensive, extensive, offensive, pretension, recompensing. 12. No less improper was the change of sceptic into skeptic. In favor of this innovation, it is alleged that the word is from the Greek (tx^.ttixu?. True ; but is not scene derived from the Greek ojti^ti;. and scepter from (ijti;7ir<)o>', and ascetic from uoxrjiieus, and ocean from uixiai u; ? Are not all these words in exact analogy with each other, in their original orthography .' Were they not formerly analogous in the English orthography .' Why violate this analogy .' Why introduce an anomaly ! Such innovations, by dividing opinions and introducing discrepancies in practice, in classes of words of like formation, have a mischievous elFect, by keeping the language in perpetual fluctuation. But as usage inclines to the use of A in this class of words, I have adopted it. 13. In like manner, dispatch, which had from time immemorial been written with i, was changed into despatch, on the wonderful discovery that the word is derived from the French deptcher. But why change one vowel and not the other .' If we must fol- low the French, why not write despech, or dipech ? And why was this innovation limited to a single word .** Why not carry the change through this whole class of words, and give us the benefit of uniformity ' Is not disaster from the French desaslref Is not discharge from derharger ? Is not disarm from desarmerf Is not disobey from desobeir? Is not disohlige from desoblifer 9 Is not disorder from desordre ? The prefix its is more properly English than de, though both are used with propriety. But dis- patch vraa the established orthography ; why, then, disturb the practice ? Why select a single word from the whole class, and introduce a change which creates uncertainty where none had existed for ages, without the smallest benefit to indemnify us for the perplexity and discordance occasioned by the innovation ? Now, let it be observed that Johnson himself wrote dispatch ; for this orthography occurs twice under Send in his Dictionary, and Jire times under Speed. It is gratifying to observe the stern good sense of the English nation, presenting a firm resistance to such innovations. Black- stone, Paley, Coxe, Milner, Scott, and Mitford, uniformly use the old and genuine orthography of instructor, risitor, and dispatch. 14. The omission of one I in befall, install, installment, recall, inthratl, &c., is by no means to be vindicated ; as by custom the two letters II serve as a guide to the true pronunciation, that of broad a or aw. According to the established rules of English pronunciation, the letter a in instalment would have the sound it has in balarue; it is, therefore, expedient to retain both letters in all words of this class. 15. It is an established rule, in the English language, that monosyllabic verbs ending in a single consonant, not preceded by a long vowel, and other verbs ending in a single accented consonant, and of course not preceded by a long vowel, double the final consonant, in all the derivatives, which are formed by a termination beginning with a vowel. Thus, /«, blot, bar, when they take the terminations cd, eth, ing, are written fitted, filtelh, fitting; blotted, bloltclh, blotting ; barred, barreth, barring. Jlbet, compel, form the like derivatives ; abetted^ abettcth, abetting ; com- pelled, compelleth, compelling. The reason of this rule is, that without this duplication of the last consonant, the vowel of tlie primitive word would, in the derivative, be naturally pronounced wrong, that is, with its long sound ; fued. Moling, bared, compeled. Hence we see the reason why verbs, having the long sound of a vowel, do not double the last consonant ;• as, feared, repealed, repeated. The converse of this rule is, that verbs ending in a single con- sonant, but having the accent on the first syllable, or on a syllable preceding tlie last, ought not to double the final consonant in the derivatives. Thus, limit, labor, charter, clatter, pardon, deliver, hinder, have for their derivatives limited, luborelh, chartered, clattered, pardoning, delivering, hindcrest. But, strange as it may seem, the rule is wholly neglected and violated in numerous words of this class. Thus we observe, in all authors, biassing, bevel- ling, levelled, traveilcd, cancelled, rerelling, rivalling, worshipped, vor.^hipper, apparelled, emboicelled, libelling, and many others, in which the last consonant is doubled, in opposition to one of the oldest and best established rules in the language. Perry, in his Dictionary, lays down the rule for guidance, but has not been careful, in all cases, to observe it. I have endeavored to reduce these classes of words to a regular and uniform orthography. In like manner, nouns formed from such verbs are written with a single consonant, as jeweler, traveler, icorshipcr, for the purpose of establishing a general rule, to which there may be no excep- tion. What should we say to a man who should write audiitor, alterrer, barterrer, banterrer, gardenner, laborrer ? Yet no good reason can be assigned why the final consonant should not be doubled in these words as well as in jeweller, traveller, enameller. The truth is, the syllable to be added to the original word is the usual termination er or or, and nothing more. Not less remarkable is the practice of doubling the last conso- nant in equalled, equalling, but not in the verb equalize. And to add to the inconsistency, the last consonant is sometimes doubled in tranquillize, a word in exact analogy with equalize. [The /, however, is properly doubled in crystallize and metallize, as if de- rived from xnvaTaHtZoj and ftiTu/.i.i^vt, in which the / is doubled; and for the sake of uniformity the double I is retained in the other derivatives of xnvnru/./.ui and iitTuiXor. A few other words have the I doubled on the gromid of their derivation ; as, tran- quillity, from tranquiUitas ; chancellor, from cancellarius, &c.] A singular instance of inattention to analogy or uniformity, occurs in the formation of certain words from the Greek. Thus, in anatomy, broncholomy, cacophony, euphony, lithotomy, and others, the final vowel of the Greek original is represented in English by y, which makes a syllable. But in epitome, catas- trophe, hyperbole, and many others, the final vowel of the Greek is represented by e, which, in words of English origin, rarely or never makes a syllable at the end of a word. The consequence is, that the last two syllables are liable to be pronounced in one, tome, trophe, hole. Sucii a departure from analogy is very incon- venient. Besides, if the letter y closed the words in the singular number, the plural would be regularly formed by changing y into ies. A like fault is observable in the spelling of certain derivatives ending in er. In barometer, hygrometer, thermometer, and all similar derivatives, the G^eek ^fTfior gives meter, in English, while in English books the word is written metre, like the French word. The French are consistent, for they write the word in the same manner, both when single and in composition. Such discrepancies in_ the English language are little honixable to English philologists. In the use of the prefixes en, em, in, im, there is not uniformity nor settled usage. The French changed the Latin in into en or em, and English authors have adopted one or the other, without regard to any settled rule. Johnson's Dictionary has done some- thing toward reducing the number of discrepancies of this kind ; but some changes have, since his time, been mtroduced. I have, in most words, followed his orthography; but, in a few instances, have adopted the more modern usage ras, indorse and insure, with their derivatives, according to prevailing mercantile practice. In the use of the prefix un, many changes have taken place within the last century or two, and the use of in has been substituted for un ; as, inaccessible, for unaccessible. The in- INTRODUCTION. lix quirer will observe that 1 have, uuder each word, noticed this change. In the use of the termination /ze, the English books are all at variance with each other ; and no lexicographer is consistent with himself. Hence we every day see authorise and authorize^ apos- tatise and apostatize^ temporise and temporize. As this termina- tion from the Greek or Latin has a definite signification, to make^ 1 have adopted the mle to write it uniformly tze, when it is from either of those languages ; as in legalize^ to make legal. The French write the termination ise, and this has led to the English discrepancies. In other cases, when the French ise does not proceed from the Latin izcj 1 have retained the original orthograpiiy of words from the French ; as in enterprise^ adcise^ surprise. This is a distinc- tion of some importance. In many cases, when a false orthography has been long estab- lished, 1 have noticed the fact, without making any alteration in the common spelling. In a few words I have followed Milton, Dryden, Pope, and other autltors of the Augustan age, who were more correct than more modern writers ; as they followed the etymology, from which later writers have deviated, sometimes by mistake in taking the word from the French, instead of the Saxon. In a few instances, I have discarded English innovations, which are evidently mere blunders. Such are comptroller and others, which convert the words into absolute nonsense. The words disannul, unloose, and others, fall under the like condem- nation. No lexicographer, knowing the proper origin of these words, can be justified in giving support to such outrageous de- viations from etymology. They are a reproach to the literature of the nation. The negligence of the English in giving currency to such errors, hardly admits of an apology. Philology has indeed been neglected during a century and a half; it is not cultivated, to any extent, in the universities and schools; or it is studied in very superficial writers. Indeed, in etymology there is no accurate scholarship, either in English or French writers. No autlior, whose works have come under my observation, has explored the wide field of my researches; none has traced words to their pri- mary source, and discovered the radical signification, willi the manner in which derivative senses have been drawn from the radical signification, and moral ideas have been expressed by words denoting physical action or properties. The discoveries on this subject constitute an era in philology, and it is hoped that the advantage gained will be pursued. If men of adult years do not choose to examine the subject of orthography, and correct their own practice, their children, learn- ing the language as corrected, will become familiar with the true orthography, and familiarity and habit will lend support to truth and uniformity. There are many words in the language containing superfluous letters, especially in the terminating syllable. Thus, one s in the syllables less and 7iess, at the end of words," is useless ; one / in gill, rill J sill, dull, one/ in cliff, bluff, are superfluous; but in such words no alteration is made. The rule for adding two consonants of a sort should be, to add two letters to the original word, when they are both wanted in the derivatives. Thus Jil would give the sound o^ fill ; but this being a verb, the two letters are required in the past tense and participles, filled, filling. So in the adjective stiffs the second letter is wanted in stiffen, otherwise a person would be apt to pronounce the word sfifen. But in some words the terminating consonant is doubled, not only without necessity or use, but in oppo.sition to propriety. Plaintiff is the French plaintif; pontff is tlie French pontifc ; and no possible reason can be assigned for adding an fin the original word, any more than for adding the same letter to hrirf a.nd relief. And what is worse, the letter is doubled in pontiff, the original, and then omitted in all the dcT\va.i\vcs, pontificatr, pontifical, &,c. [In such words, however, the alteration has not been insisted on, as the public do not seem prepared to unite in rejecting tlie second /.] In like manner, the vowel e is added to a multitude of words, in which it is not pronounced, and is worse than useless, as it oflen misleads the learner in the pronunciation. If the final e were omitted in jurenil, volotil, the pronunciation could not be mistaken; but a.^ tiie preceding vowel is sometimes long and sometimes short in the terminating syllables He, ine, ite, the final c serves only to perplex the learner. In such words, however, no alteration is made. I , ,. — . In the terminating syllable ive, the final e is worse than useless, as the I IS always short, iv, and the addition of c contravenes the general rule, that the vowel followed by a consonant, and e final, is generally long, as in mate, mote, mute, dissipate. When I wai* young, the popular pronunciation of ire was ive, with the i long. The general use of my Spelling Book has nearly banished that pronunciation, and the orthography is not altered. Our modern writers seem to delight in this useless addition of e final; as they annex it to words without reason or authority. This fault occurs frequently in words borrowed from foreign languages, in which the letter is not found in the original lan- guage. One would suppose that good taste alone ought to correct this error. With regard to words which recent discoveries, have introduced into ^he sciences, there may be some apology for differences of orthography, as \Mriters have not established usage for a guide. Hence we find oxyd is written also oxide and ozyde ; oxygen and hydrogen are written also oxigene, oxygene, and hydrogene. Sul- jikate, nitrate, &c., are written aldo sulphat, nitrat. In this case, what curse is the lexicographer to pursue ? Shall he adopt the method by which Walker attempts to settle pro- nunciation, and cite a'jthoritics in favor of each mode of spelling ? Then the result is, to manj* names appear on one side, and so many on the other. But who, it may be asked, will undertake to graduate the scale by which the weight of authorities is to be determined.'' Numbers will not always decide questions of this sort to the satisfaction of the public. In this case I have determined to conform the orthography to established English analogies; the only authority from which there can be no legitimate appeal. Now, no rule in orthography is better established, than that which we have adopted from the Latin language, of representing the Greek upsilon by the letter y. In the orthography of oxygeji and hydrogen, from o^fs and n^trio, this rule has been observed; and why should oxyd be an exception } With regard to sulphate, nitrate, and other names of that class of compounds, I consider the final e as essential to the words, to prevent a false pronunciation ; the vowel a having its first sound as \\\ fate, though slightly pronounced. The wurd usually written chemistry has undergone two or three changes, according to fancy or to conjectural etymology. Men have blundered about the plainest thing imaginable ; Tor to de- termine its true orthography, nothing was necessary but to open an Arabic lexicon. The inhabitants of the south of Europe, who introduced the word, doubtless knew its origin, and wrote it cor- rectly, chimistry, with i, not with // or e ; and had the English been contented to take it as they found it, the orthography would have been correct and uniform. {"This alteration has not, however, been insisted on, as men of science have not as yet seemed ready to adopt it.] In introducing words from other languages, it is desirable that the orthography should be conformed, as nearly as may be, to established English analogies. For this reason, I have written maneuver, reconnoitcr, as English words; and should prefer to pronounce aiddecamp, as an English word, with English pro- nunciation and a regular plural termination. So also rendezvous. The word talc is ill-formed. The original word on the conti- nent of Europe is talk or talg ; and the change of k into c is not merely needless, but worse, for it precludes the use of the regular adjective, talcy. Hence we see the adjective used is tnlcose, an awkward compound of a Teutonic word with a Latin termination. This word would more properly be written talk or talck, which admit regular derivatives, taUky, talckiness. In like manner, zinc, if written zlnk, would admit the regular adjective, zinky, as written by Klrwan. It is with no small regret that I see new terms formed, without a due regard to regular English analogies. New terms are often necessary, or at least very useful ; but they ought to be coined according to the settled principles of the language. A neglect of these principles is observable in the word systematize, which, not being borrowed from the Greek, ought to follow the general rule of English formation, in agreement with legalize, modernize, civilize, animalize, and others, and be written systcmize. This is the more important, as the derivates systemizing, system ization, are of more easy utterance than those of systematize, and particu- larly the noun systematization. On this head 1 would subjoin a remark or two on the mode of writing Indian names of rivers, mountains, and places in America, which we have adopted. The French were the first Europeans who explored the country Iz INTRODUCTION, between the great lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, and, of course, the first to commit to writing the Indian names which occurred lo them in their travels. In doinw this, they attempted to express the sounds in letters, according^ to the French uianuer of pro- nunciation. Hence it happened that they wrote ch where we should hare written jA, had we first reduced those names to writing. Thus we have Chenango, Michigan, and Michiflimacki- nac* in the French orthography. And as the French have no w in their language, they could not express the proper sound of the first syllable of Wabash, H'tsconsin, }yuckitn, otherwise tlian by writing them Ouahache, Ouisronsin^ Ouachita; and Missoori in French is Missouri, All this is very proper for Frenchmen, for the letters used express the true sounds of the words. But in £nglish, the letters used lead to a false pronunciation, and for this reason should not be used in English compositions. It is to be deeply regretted that our language is th»a doomed to be a heterogeneous medley of English and foreign languages; as the same letters representing different sounds, in different languages, serve to embarrass the reader who understands only his own. The irregularities in the English orthography have always been a subject of deep regret, and several attempts have been made to banish them from the language. The first attempt of this kind was made by Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth ; another was made by Dr. Gill, a celebrated master of St. Paul's School, in London; another by Charles Butler; sev- eral attempts were made in the reign of Charles I. ; an attempt was made by Elphinstone, in the last century ; and lastly, another eflTort was made by Dr. Franklin. The latter gentleman com- piled a Dictionary on his scheme of reform, and procured types to be cast, which he offered to me, with a view to engage me to prosecute his design. This offer 1 declined to accept; for 1 was then, and am still convinced, tliat the scheme of introducing new characters into the language, is neither practicable nor expedi- ent. Any attempt of this kind must certainly fail of success. But that some scheme for expressing the distinct sounds of our letters by visible marks, ought to be adopted, is a point about which there ought to be, and I trust Uiere can be, but one opin- ion. That such a scheme is practicable as well as expedient, I should presume to be equally evident. Such is the state of our written language, that our own citizens never become masters of orthography, without great difficulty and labor; and a great part of them never learn to spell words with correctness. In addition to this, the present orthography of some classes of words leads to a false pronunciation. In regard to the acquisition of our language by foreigners, the evil of our irregular orthograpliy is extensive, beyond what is generally known or conceived. While the French and Italians have had the wisdom and the policy to refine and improve their respective languages, and render them almost the common lan- guages of all well-bred people in Europe, the English language, clothed in a barbarous orthography, is never learned by a for- eigner but from necessity ; and the most copious language in Europe, embodying an uncommon mass of science and erudition, is thus very limited in its usefulness. And to complete the mis- chief, the progress of arts, science, and Christianity among the heathen, and other rude or unevangelized nations, is most sen * This WM^ is, I believe, customarily pronounced MackUaK, and the original mi^ well be suffered to fall into disuse. t We bear iC said thai a lexico«rapher should adopt or follow the eommrm Oltb(^^^ltay of words. This is true Vfhia the orthosmphy arcord^ with etymolofy, and is settled or undisputed. But in the En^li^b lan^jn^e there are many words whose spelling is not settled ; some \vhos3 spelling is a deviation from established aniilosies ; some whose spelling presents wrong compon>>Dt syllables or radical letters. In other words, whose origin is known, authors diScr in the manner of writing them. Take the fulluw- ing examples. In Johnson's Dictionary we find blamable, hlamahly^ appeasahh, approrable, dairablf^ rafoMe, without tht? final < of the original words; but saieabUj iam^ abU, with e : pnycecble, with e ; improvablt^ reprovabley witliout it ; mooeablt^ with c, but immovable^ remarabir, without it. Daniel H. Barnes, in the Rod Book, re- marks, that in this class of words, Johnson's contradictton citmce; endorse^ endortementy and indorsey indorseinent : £-u^/ and s^iJph; par- tian and pdrtitMi cowMctuni and eonnexicn; chemist and chfmist, both wrong; sibly retarded by the difficulties of mastering an irregular or- tiiography. Tlie mode of ascertaining the proper pronunciation of words by marks, points, and trifling alterations of the present characters, seems to be the only one which can be reduced to practice. This mode, resembling the use of points in the Hebrew, has been adopted by some of the nations on the Continent; and 1 have pursued it, to a certain extent, in designating distinctions in the sounds of letters, in this work. The sciieme I have invented is not considered as perfect; but it will accomplish sojne importunt purposes, by removing the most numerous classes of anomalies. With this scheme, the visible cliaracters of the language will pre- sent to the eye of a reader the true sounds of words; and the scheme itself is so simple, that it may be learned in a few mo- ments. To complete a scheme of this kind, a few oilier alterations would be necessary, but such as would not materially change the orthography, or occasion the least difliculty to the learner or reader. After these alterations, there would remain a few words whose anomalies may be considered as incorrigible, such as know, gnaw, rough, &c., which may be collected into tables and easily learned ; and all the other irregularities may be so classed udder general rules, as to be learned with very little labor. The adoption of this or any otlier scheme for removing the obstacles which the English orthography presents to learners of the language, must depend on public opinion. The plan I have adopted for representing the sounds of letters by marks and points, in this work, is intended to answer two purposes, first, to supersede the necessity of writing and printing the words a second time, in an orthography adapted to express their pronun- ciation. The latter mcliiod pursued by the English orthoepists, as applicable to most words, is, 1 think, not only unnecessary, but very inexpedient. The second purpose is, to exhibit to my fel- low-citizens the outline of a scheme for removing the difficulties of our irregular orthography, without the use of new characters; a scheme simple, easy of acquisition, and sufficient to answer all the more important purposes of a regular orthography.! Note. — In the formation of tlie plural number of nouns end- ing in ance, ancy ; ence, ency ; the general rules are to be observed. When the letter c terminates the word, the letter s only is to be added; as in compliance, compliances ; but if the letter y termi- nates the word, this letter is omitted, and ies are added; as in discrepancy, discrepancies ; dependency, dependencies. In some cases, the same word is sometimes written with c, and sometimes witli y; in which cases the word admits of either form of the plural termination. PRONUNCIATION. As our language has been derived from various sources, and little or no systematic effort has been made to reduce the orthog- raphy to any regularity, the pronunciation of the language is subject to numerous anomalies. Each of our vowels has several different sounds ; and some of the consonants represent very different articulations of the organs. That part of the language which we have received from the Latin, is easily subjected to hedge, pltilge, but allege, and many others. What then, and where, is the common ortJiutfraphy ? In our lang'mge, the unqualified rule of following the common orthography can net have place, for in respect to many words there is no such thinj. It is, therefore, wrong in principle, for it would sanction mistakes and tend to per- petuate them ; it would preclude correctness and regularity. Such a rule would ha\'e been a« just in the age of Chaucer as it is now, and had it been observed, what would have been the present stale of English orthography ? Many of the anomalies in our language have originated in carelessness, or in mistakes, respecting the origin of words. Philology, for a long series of jears, has been most shamt-fully neglected. In this condition of our lani^uage, I hold it to be the duty of a lexicographer to ascertain, as far as it is practicable, the genuine orthography of words, and introduce that which is correct ; prirticularly when the true orthography serves to illustrate their sisnificaliim. When this is known, men will be satisfied with it, anrl fluctuations of spelling will cease. V\'ith a full conviction of the value of truth and correctness in language, as in every other department of literature, I have diligently sought for truth, and made it the guide of my decisions. I can not consent to give countenance to errors, which obscure the origin or pervert the signification of words, and be an instrument of corrupting the purity and disliguring the beauty of the language. A due regard to the purity of the language, to the convenience of learners, whether citizens or for- eigners, and to the usefulness of a language which is to be tiie most extensive on the globe, and the chief instrument of civilizing and christianizing: nations, seems to demand, and surely justifies, the labor of correcting the more enormous anomalies which deform it. One would suppose that these considerations, con- curring with the honor of our nation, would induce the lovers of literature to make some concessions of private opinions for the accomplishment of these desirable objects. INTRODUCTION. Ixi a few general rules of pronunciation. The same is the fact wit!i most of the derivatives from the Greek. Many words of French origin retain their French orthography, which leads to a very erroneous pronunciation in English ; and a large portion of our monosyllabic words of Saxon origin are extremely irregular both in orthography and pronunciation. If we can judge, with tolerable certainty, from the versification of Chaucer, the pronunciation of words must have been, in many respects, different in his age from that of the present day ; par- ticularly in making a distinct syllable of e final, and of the termi- nation cd. But no eff'ort was probably ever made to settle the pronunciation of words till the last century. In England, which was settled by various nations, there are numerous dialects or diversities of language still retained by the great mass of the population. The first settlers of New England were almost all of English origin, and, coming from different parts of England, they brought with them some diversities of language. But in the infancy of the settlements, the people lived in towns adjacent or near to each other, for mutual aid and protection from the natives ; and the male inhabitants of the first generation frequently assembled for the purpose of worship or for government. By the influence of these and other causes, particularly by that of common schools, the differences of language among our citizens have been gradu- ally lost ; so that in this part of the United States, there can hardly be said to e.\ist a difference of dialect. It is to be remarked, further, that the first ministers of the gos- pel, who migrated to this country, had been educated at the English universities, and brought with them all the learning usually acquired in those institutions, and the English language as it was then spoken. The influence of these men, who were greatly venerated, probably*had no small effect in extinguishing differences of speech. Hence it has happened that the traditional pronunciation of the language of well-educated people has been nearly the same, in both countries, to this day. Among the common people, whose pronunciation in all countries is more or less corrupt, the diver- sities in this country are far less numerous than in England. About sixty or seventy years ago, Thomas Sheridan, an Irish gentleman, who had been the pupil of an intimate friend of Dean Swift, attempted to reduce the pronunciation of English words to some system, and to introduce it into popular use. His analysis of the English vowels is very critical, and in this respect, there has been little improvement by later writers, though I think none of them are perfectly correct. But in the application of his prin- ciples, he failed of his object. Either he was not well acquainted with the best English pronunciation, or he had a disposition to introduce into use some peculiarities which the English did not relish. The principal objection made to his scheme is, that he gives to * the sound of »A, in sudorific, aiipcrb, and other words where » is followed by u long. These he pronounces shoodoT- ifie, ahooperb, shooperfluihj, &c. This pronunciation of 5, corre- sponding to the Sheinitic r, he probably learnt in Ireland, for in the Irish branch of the Celtic,* has often the sound of sh. Thus scan, old, is pronounced shtan. This pronunciation was no sooner published, than condemned and rejected by the English. Another most extraordinary innovation of Sheridan was, his rejection of the Italian sound of a, as in father, culm, ask, from ev«ry word in the language. Thus his notation gives to a in bar the same soimd as in barren, barrel, bat; to a in father, pass, mass, pant, the same sound as in fat, passion, massacre, pan, fancy. Such a gross deviation from established English usage was of course condemned and rejected. In his pronunciation of ti and ci, before a vowel, as in par- tialitij, omniscience, Sheridan is more correct than Walker, as he is in some other words ; such, for example, as bench, tench, book^ took, and others of the same classes. Sheridan also contributed very much to propagate the change of tu into chu, or tshu; as in natshur, cuftshur, xirtshue. This innovation was vindicated on the supposed fact, that the letter u has the sound of i/u; and natijar, cultyiir, rirti/ue, in a rapid enunciation, become natshur, &.c. And to this day, this error respecting the sound of a is received in England as truth. But the fact is otherwise, and if not, it does not justify the practice ; for in usage, u is short in nature, culture ; so that on the princi- ples of Sheridan himself, this letter can have no effect on the preceding articulation. This innovation, however, has prevailed to a considerable extent, although Sheridan subjected the change oftu to no rules. He ■■ consistent in applying this change equally to tu, whether I the accent follows the ( or not. If tu is to be changed to tshu, in future and perjyetuaj, it ought to undergo the same change in futurity and perpetuity ; and Sheridan, in pronouncing tutor, tutelage, tumult, as if written tshootor, tshootelnge, tshoomuU, is certainly consistent, though wrong in feet. In other words, however, Sheridan is inconsistent with himself; for he pro- nounces multitshood, rcciitsltood, servitshood, while habitude, betUitude, certitude, decrepitude, gratitude, &c., retain the proper sound of t. Walker's rule for changing tu to chu only when the accent precedes, is entirely arbitrary, and evidently made by him to suit his own practice. It has, however, the good effect of reducing the chus, and removing 'he outrageous anomalies of tshootor, tshoorault, &c. There are many other words which Sheridan has rriarked for a pronunciation, which is not according to good usage, and which the later orthoepists have corrected. In general, however, it may be asserted that his notation does not warrant a tenth part as many deviations from the present respectable usage in Eng- land, as Walker's; yet as his Dictionary was republished in this country, it had no small effect in corrupting the pronunciation of some classes of words, and the effects of its influence are not yet extinct. What the precise effect of Sheridan's scheme of pro- nunciation was in England, I am not able to determine. But I have had information from the late venerable Dr. Johnson, of Stratford, and from the late Dr. Hubbard, of New Haven, who were in England between the year 1765 and the revolution, that about that period, the change off into chu had not taken place, to any extent. It began to prevail on the stage and among the younger barristers and members of parliament before Dr. John- son left England, just before the war with America; and Sheri- dan's Dictionary, published soon after, undoubtedly contributed to extend the innovation. This change presents a new obstacle to the acquisition of a language, whose anomalies were before frightfully formidable and perplexing. The favorers of innova- tion seem not to reflect on the immense convenience of a correct notation of sounds in a language, by its proper characters ; the utility of uniformity and permanence in that notation ; and the extensive evil of destroying or impairing the use of alphabetical writing. The man who perverts or changes the establislied sound of a single letter, especially of a tonsonant, does an injury to tliat language, and to the conmiunity using it, which fifty men of the same talents can never repair. In a few years after the publication of Sheridan's Dictionary, appeared Walker's, the author of which introduces the work to the ])ublic with the following remarks on the labors of his pred- ecessors, ** Among those writers who deserve the first praise on this subject, is Mr. Elphinstone, who, in his Principles of the English Language, has reduced the chaos to a system, and laid the foun- dation of a just and regular pronunciation. But this gentleman, by treating his subject with an affected obscurity, and by absurdly endeavoring to alter the whole orthography of tlie language, has unfortunately lost his credit with the pulilic, for the part of bis labors which entitles him to the highest j)raise." " After him. Dr. Kenrick contributed a portion of improvement, by his Rhetorical Dictionary ; but he has rendered his Dictionary extremely imperfect, by entirely omitting a great number of words of doubtful and diflicult pronunciation ; those very words for which a Dictionary of tliis kind would naturally bo con- sulted." Let it be noted, that the same objection lies in full force against Sheridan, Walker, and Jones. "To him succeeded Mr. Sheridan, who not only divided the words into syllables, and placed figures over the vowels, as Dr. Kenrick had done, but by spelling these syllables as they are pro- nounced, seemed to complete the idea of a Pronouncing Diction- ary, and to leave but little expectation of improvement. It must be confessed that his Dictionary is generally superior to every thing that preceded it, and his method of conveying the sound of words by spelling them as they are pronounced, is highly rational and useful. But here sincerity obliges me to stop. The numer- ous instances I have given of impropriety, inconsistency, and want of acquaintance with the analogies of the language, suf- ficiently show how imperfect I think his Dictionary is, upon the whole, and what ample room was left for attempting another, that might better answer the purpose of a guide to pronun- ciation." " The last writer on this subject is Mr. Nares, who, in his Elements of Orthoepy, has shown a clearness of metjiod, and an extent of observation, which deserve the highest encomiums. bcii INTRODUCTION. But he seems, on many oeeatimis' to have mistaken tlie best lua^, and to have paid too little attention to the first principles of pronunciation." Soon after tJiR publication of Walker's Dictionary, appeared the Dictionary of Stephen Jones, who undertakes to correct the errors of Sheridan and Walker. This author objects to Sheridan, that he has not introduced the Italian sound of o, [as in father,] in a single instance, and tliat Walker has been too sparing in the use of It. He objects that Sheridan has not, by any peculiar marks, pointed out the sound of oi or oy, as in noise and clo)/ ; and that Walker has given distinct marks of pronunciation to the diphthong ok, which are terrific to tlie learner, and not well calcu- lated to express the exact sound. He considers it as no trivial error in Walker's system, that he uses the long e in place of the short y, which gives to asperity, for example, the ludicrous sound of aspereetet. He notices also, as a fault in Walker's scheme, that he makes no difference in the sound of oo in tool, tooth, and in look, took. In all these particulars, except that of oi and oy, I think every man who understands genuine English, will accord with Jones. From careful observation, while in England, I know that Jones's notation is far more correct tljan that of Sheridan or Walker; and, except in two or three classes of words, his pronunciation is exactly that which I uniformly heard ^n England, and nearly the same as that o) well-educated gentlemen in New England. A few years after the appearance of Jones's Dictionary, Wil- liam Perry published a Pronouncing Dictionary, in which an attempt is made to indicate the sounds of the letters by certain arbitrary marks. In this work, the autlior has rejected most of the peculiarities of Sheridan, Walker, and Jones, and given the language nearly as it was spoken, before those authors undertook to regulate the pronunciation. This author's manner of desig- nat:ng the sounds of the letters is too complex for convenience, but his pronunciation is nearer to the actual usage in England, than that of either of his predecessors before mentioned. His orthography also is more correct, according to present usage, than that of his predecessors. During the year 1828, appeared the Dictionary of R. S. Jame- son, of Lincoln's Inn, intended to combine the merits of the most popular Dictionaries, and to correct the false pronunciation of Walker, whose notation in some classes of words he entirely rejects. He condemns, as a slovenly enunciation, the sound given to d, which, before i and «, Walker directs, in certain words, to be pronounced like j. He rejects also his notation of eh, or tsh, in congratulation, fiatidcnt, natural, and all similar words. He rejects also the affected pronunciation of Sheridan and Walker, in such words aa guide and kind. Most of the other er- rors of Walker he copies, as he does his antiquated orthography. The English orthoepists have analyzed, and in general have well defined or described, the sounds and appropriate uses of the letters of the alphabet. Slicridan's analysis, which appeared a few years before Walker's, is, for the most part, correct; but, in describing the sounds of what may be called the diphthongal vowel i", I think he has erred, in making it to consist of tlio broad a or aie and «. He admits, indeed, Uiat the voice does not rest on the sound axe, but he contends that the mouth is opened to the same degree of aperture, and is in the same position, as if it were going to sound aic ; but before the voice can get a passage to the lips, the under jaw is drawn up to the position for sounding e. On this it is justly remarked by Walker, that aw and e are precisely the component elements of the diphthong oi and oy. if the ow is pronounced, I would add, then i and oy must be pronounced exactly alike ; and if air is not pronounced, then it is not a component part of the diphthongal vowel t. Walker contends that this diphthong i is composed of the sound of the Italian a, as in father, and the sound of «. If so, he must have given to o a very different sound from that which we are accustomed to |;ive it. But this is a mistake ; that sound of a is no more heard m i, than the sound of ate. Tlie sound of i in fight, mind, time, idle, is not faweght, mawend, tawem, aicedle ; nor is it faeglu, maend, taem, aedle. Let any man utter the aw or the Italian a before the e, and he will instantly perceive the error, and reject botli definitions, as leading to a false pronuncia- tion. The truth is, the mouth, in uttering i, is not opened so wide as in uttering oie or a ; the initial sound is not that of aw or a ; nor is it possible, by any characters we possess, to express the true sound on paper. The initial sound is not formed so deep in the throat as oi* or a; the position of the organs is • Jm mmy iiutcxea, I sappose the writer means. nearly, yet not exactly the same. The true sound can be learned only by the ear. Equally inaccurate is the definition of the first sound of «, or long u, which these writers allege to consist of the sounds of e and 00, or you. It has this sound, indeed, in certain words, as in unite, union, and others; but this is a departure from the proper sound of this character, as heard in cuhe, abuse, durable, human, jury. These words are not pronounced kcoob, abeoosc, deoorable, heooman, jeoory. The efl'ort to introduce this affected pronuncia- tion is of most mischievous tendency. The sound of c is not heard in the proper enunciation of the English u, and for that reason it should not be so stated on paper, nor named yu ; as the error naturally leads to a corrupt pronunciation. Dr. Kenrick remarks, that we might as well prefix y to the other vowels, as to M, and pronounce them ya, ye, yi, yo. But this is not tlie whole evil ; this analysis of tt has led orthoe- pists to give to our first or long u two distinct sounds, or rather to make a diphthong and a vowel of this single letter. Thus they make it a diphthong in almost all situations, except after r, where they make it a vowel equivalent to oo, or the French ou. They represent u as being equivalent to ew, that is, « and oo, in cuhe, tube, duty, confusion, endure, pronounced kevihe, tetcbe, detcty, confeicsion, endewre ; but in brute, fruit, rude, intrude, ruby, they make u equivalent to oo ; thus, broote, froot, roode, introode, rooky. I know not where this affectation originated ; it first appeared in Sheridan's Dictionary, but it is a most unfounded distinction, and a most mischievous error. No such distinction was known to Dr. Johnson ; he gives the long u but one sound, as in con' fusion; and no such distinction is observed among good speakers generally, either in this country or m England. I was particu- larly attentive to the public speakers in England, in regard to this point, and was happy to find tliat very few of them made the distinction here mentioned. In that country, as in this, the lonf u has a uniform sound after all the consonants. The source of the error in thip, as in another case to be men- tioned hereafter, may be an inattention to the manner in which tlie articulations affect the vowels which follow them. To understand this, it will be necessary or useful to examine the anatomical formation of articulate sounds. " An articulate sound," says Lowth, " is the sound of the human voice, formed by the organs of speech. A vowel is a simple articulate sound." These definitions seem not to be sufficiently accurate. Articu- lation, in human speech, is the jointing, juncture, or closing of the organs, which precedes and follows the vowels or open sounds, and which partially or totally intercepts the voice. A vowel or vocal sound is formed simply by opening the mouth. Thus, in sounding a or o, the mouth is opened in a particular manner, but without any articulation or closing of the organs. In strictness, therefore, a simple vowel is not an articulate sound, as Lowth supposes; and it is certain that many irrational ani- mals, without the power of articulation, do utter vowel sounds with great distinctness. An articulate sound, then, is, properly, a sound preceded or followed, or both, by an articulation or junction of the organs. Thus 4a, ab, and bad, are articulate sounds; the vowel being begun or closed, with a junction of the lips, interrupting the voice, in ba and ab; and in bad, the vocal sound being preceded by one articulation and followed by another. The power of articulation constitutes the great difference between men and brutes; the latter, being unable to articulate, can utter only vocal sounds. The imperfect articulations of the parrot and some other animals, form no exception that deserves notice. I give the name articulation to the act of joining the organs, and to the character or letter which represents the junction. In the latter sense, the word is equivalent to consonant ; and articu- lation may be considered the preferable term, as it expresses the fact of closing the organs. Human speech, then, consists of vocal sounds separated and modified by articulations of the organs. We open the mouth in a particular manner, to utter a vowel ; we then close the organs, interrupt that sound, and open the organs to utter a second vowel ; and continue this opening and closing, to the end of the word. This process is carried on with surprising rapidity. Now, in passing from an articulation, or close position, to an open position for uttering a vowel, it happens often that a very slight sound of e is uttered so as to be perceptible to the ear, either before or after the utterance of the proper vowel. This is remarkably the case with the long vowels preceding r; for such INTRODUCTION. Ixiii is the nature of that letter, that hare, mire, more, parent, appa- rent, &c., can not well be pronounced without a slight sound of e between the long vowel and the consonant. Thus the words above named are pronounced nearly bacr, mier, moer, pderent, appacrent; and bare, viire, approach toward two syllables drawn very closely together. A like case, though less obvious, occurs in uttering u, particu- larly after the labial and palatal articulations. In passing from the articulations eb, eg, em, ep, or pe, to the sound of u, as in mute and pure, we are apt, insensibly, to utter a slight sound of e; and this utterance, which proceeds from the particular situa- tion of the organs, has been mistaken for the first component sound of the long or open u. The same cause has given rise to the pronunciation of e before the vowel in such words as guide, guard, kind, guise. This is precisely similar to the vulgar pro- nunciation of cow, gown, county, town, &c., that is, kcow, geown, kcounly, teown • — a pronunciation formerly common in New Eng- land, and not yet wholly extinct. This vicious pronunciation, in all words of this kind, whether countenanced by men of low life or of fashionable life, ought to be carefully avoided; as the slen- der sound of e, in such cases, gives a feebleness to the words utterly inconsistent with that full, open, and manly enunciation which is essential to eloquence. The genuine sound of « long, detached from the influence of consonants, is the same in all the words above specified; and the reason why it has been made a distinct vowel after r, as in rude, [rood,] is, that the organs are open before the sound commences ; whereas, when it follows most of our consonants, the sound is commenced immediately after an articulation, or close position of the organs, as in mutable and infusion. For this reason, u has more distinctly its long or open sound after labials and palatals, than after r; but this accidental circumstance should not be the ground of radical distinctions, equivalent to the sounds of differ- ent letters. There is, in Walker's analysis of the alphabet, an error pecu- liar to himself. This is, in making a distinction between the short i when it is followed by a consonant, and when it is not ; as in ability. In this case, he calls the first i, in abil, short ; but the second he cnlls open, and equivalent to c in equal. (See Principles 107, 54-1.) He also makes the unaccented y, at the end of a syllable, precisely like the first sound of e in me, meter. Ability, then, written according to his principles, would be abileetee. Never was a grosser mistake. The sound of i and y in unaccented syllables, whether followed by in articulation or not, is always the short sound of e long, that is, e shortened ; the same sound in quality or kind, but not in quantity. To prove this fact, nothing is necessary but an attention to the manner in which the words little and tiny are pronounced, when they are made emphatical by utterance. They are then pronounced leetle, teeny ; and this we hear every day, not only among children, but often among adults. In this change of pronunciation, there is nothing more than a prolongation of the sound of i, which, in the syllables lit, tin, is short, in leetle, teeny, is long. In consequence of this mistake. Walker has uniformly made a different notation of i when accented, and followed by a con- sonant in the same syllable, and when it stands alone in the syllable and unaccented. Thus to the first s in ability he assigns a different sound from that of the second ; and in article, he gives to i the sound of c long, arteecle; but in articular, articulate, he givt^s it the short sound, tik. It is in consequence of this mis- take, that he has throughout his Dictionary assigned to i and y unaccented, and to y unaccented terminating words, tlie sound of e long; an error, which, it is ascertained by actual enumeration, extends to more than eleven thousand rowels or syllables ; an error, which, if carried to the full extent of his principles, would subvert all the rules of English versification. Jones and Perry have corrected this error in their notations, throughout the language. If it should be said that Walker did not intend to direct y, in this case, to be pronounced as e long, but that his notation is in- tended only to mark the quality of the sound, it may be replied, he either intended the sound to be that of e long, according to his express direction, or he did not. If he did, his notation is not according to any good practice, either in England or the United • From the Ihct, which Walker relates of himself, (Prin. 34^;) Ihnt he made n distinction between the found of tt In fiee and in mttt, until he had consulted good speaknrs, and particularly -Mr. Garrick, who could find no ditF'jrence in the ■ound, it might be inferred that his ear wa-i not very accurate. Hut hia miiitnko evirienlly arose from not nttendine to the effect of the articulation in the Inltcr word, which stops the sound suddenly, but does not vary it. It is the same States; and by changing a short vowel into a long one, his nota- tion would subvert the rules of metrical composition. If he did not, his notation is adapted to mislead the learner, and it does mislead learners, wherever his book is strictly followed. In truth, this notation is generally condemned in England, and universally rejected in practice.* In the notation of sounds, there is a mistake and inconsistency in most orthoepists, which deserves notice, not on account of its practical importance so much, as to expose an error in syllab- ication or the division of words into syllables, which has been maintained by all writers in Great Britain, from time immemorial. The rule is, that " a single consonant between two vowels, must be joined to the latter syllable." According to this rule, habit, baron, tenet, are to be divided thus, luirbit, Im-ron, te-net. This rule is wholly arbitrary, and has for ages retarded and rendered difficult the acquisition of the language by children. How is it possible that men of discernment should support a rule, that in thousands of words makes it necessary to break a syllable, detaching one of the letters essential to it, and giving it a place in the next .' In the words above mentioned, hab, bar, ten, are distinct syllables, which can not be divided without violence. In many words, as in these, this syllable is the radix of the word ; the other syllable being formative or adventitious. But where this is not the case, convenience requires that syllables should, if possible, be kept entire ; and in all cases, the division of syllables should, as far as possible, be such as to lead the learner to a just pronunciation. As in our language the long and short vowels are not dis- tinguished by differences of character, when we see a single consonant between vowels, we can not determine, from the pre- ceding vowel character, whether the sound is long or short. A stranger to the language knows not whether to pronounce habit, ha-bit or hab-it, till he is instructed in the customary pronuncia- tion. It was probably to avoid this inconvenience, that our ancestors wrote two consonants instead of one in a great number of words, as in banner, dinner. In this respect, however, there is no uniformity in English; as we have generally retained the orthography of the languages from which we have received the words, as in tutor, rigor, silent, and the like. Now, it should be observed that although we often see the consonant doubled, as in banner, yet no more than one articula- tion, in these cases, is ever used in speaking. We close the organs but once between the first and second syllable, nor is it possible to use both the letters n, without pronouncing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, opening the organs and closing them a second time. Hence, in all cases, when the same conso- nant is written twice between vowels, as in banner, dinner, bet- ter, one of them only is represented by an articulation of the organs; the other is useless, except that it prevents any mistake as to the sound of the preceding vowel. In the notation of most orthoepists, there is inconsistency, at least, if not error. If they intend to express the true pronuncia- tion by using the precise letters neces.sary for the purpose, they all err. For instance, they write bar'run for bar'on, when one articulation only is, or possibly can be, used ; so also ballance, biggot, biggamy, viellon, mcttaphor, mellody. This is not only use- less, for the use of the accent after the consonant, as bar'on, baU- ance, big'ot, mcl'on, &.C., completely answers the purpose of determining the pronunciation, but it is contradictory to their own practice in a vast number of cases. Thus they write one consonant only in civil, civic, rivet ; and Walker writes kollonade, doubling /, but kolony, kolonisc, with a single /. This want of system is observable in all the books which are offered to the public as standards of orthoepy. A still greater fault, because it may lead to innumerable prac- tical errors, consists in the notation of unaccented syllables. In this particular, there Is error and discrepancy in the scliemes of the orthoepists, which shows the utter impossibility of carrying them into effect. The final y unaccented Walker makes to be e long, as I have before observed ; while Sheridan, Jones, and Perry, make it equivalent to short i, or, at least, give it a short sound, according to universal practice. Walker pronounces the last vowel in natural and national, as a short; Sheridan, as c short, nnturcl ; Jones, as u short, naturul. Sheridan's notation mistake which he made in the sound oft in the second syllable of ability, which he rallH short, while the sound of the second i and of y is that of long e. 'I'he celebrity of VValker as a teacher of elocution, and his Key to tlie Pronunciation of Ancient Names, which, with a few exceptions, la a ftood standard work, have led many persons to put more cnnfidtmce in his English Orthoepy, than a close examination of its principles will support. Ixiv INTRODUCTION. may be a mistake, for he gives to al in naliontil, the sound of ril. In the adjective dtlibrrate. Walker and Jones give a in the last syllable its proper long sound ; and Sheridan, the sound of e short, dclibertt. Dignitary is pronounced by Sheridan dignilcTy, and Walker and Jones give to a its short sound, as in at. The terminating syllable ncss is pronounced by Walker and Jones nM, by Sheridan n/^; as, Olessedncs,blrsgrdnis. The same differ- ence exists in their notation ot trss ; Sheridan pronouncing it lis, as in hiamelis, and Walker and Jones giving e its proper sound. These differences, and many others, run through tlieir works, and appear in a large portion of all the words m the language Now, it is probable that all these gentlemen pronounced these words alike, or so nearly alike, that no difference would be noticed by a bystander. The mischief of these notations is, that attempts are made to express minute distinctions or shades of sounds, so to speak, which can not be represented to the eye by characters. A great part of the notations must, necessarily, be inaccurate, and for this reason, the notation of the vowels in unaccented syllables should not be attempt<-d. From a careful attention to tnia subject, 1 am persuaded that all such notations are useless, and many of tliem mischievous, as they lead to a wrong pronun- ciation. In no case can the true pronunciation of words in a language be accurately wid completely expressed on paper ; it can be canght only by the ear, and by practice. No attempt has ever been made to mark the pronunciation of all the sounds, in «ny_ other language; and in our language it is worse than on less. As Walker's pronnnciation has been represented to the people of this country as the standard, I shall contine my remarks chiefly to his work, with a view to ascertain its merits, and correct any erroneous impressions which have been received from such representations. 1. The first class of words which I shall mention, is that in which a has what is called its Italian sound, as we pronounce it in father, psalm, calm. From a hasty enumeration of words of this class, I find there are two or three hundred in number, in which Walker gives to a its short sound, as in fat, bat, fancy, when, in tact, the most respectable usage hi England, as well as in the United States, gives that letter its Italian sound. This error Jones and Perry have corrected. To be correct in this class of words, we have only to retain the customary pronuncia- tion of the Northern States. 2. The notation of the sound of oo by Walker is wrong in most or all the words in which oo are followed by k, and in some others. Notwithstanding the distinction between the long and short sound of oo is clear, and well established in a great number of words, yet he assigns the short sound to eight words only, viz. vool, vood, good, hood, foot, stood, understood, and withstood. (Prin. 307.) It seems inconceivable that a man, bred or resident in London, should assign to oo in book, cook, took, and other like words, the same sound as in cool, boom, hoot, food. Jones and Perry have corrected this notation, and given the pronunciation according to good usage, and just according to our customary pronunciation. While in England, I did not hear a single word of this class pronounced according to Walker's notation. 3. To the letters ch in benck, bunch, clinch, drench, inch, tench, wrench, and many other words. Walker gives the French sound, that is, the sound of sh, instead of eh ; as, bensh, insh, &c. It would seem by this and other examples of wrong notation, that the author had been accustomed to some local peculiarities, either in l.ondon, where all kinds of dialects are heard, or in some other place. In this instance, he gives to tlicse words a pronunciation different from that of other orthoepists, and one which I have never heard, either in England or in this country. His notation is palpably wrong, as our customary pronunciation is universally correct. 4. It has been already remarked, that Walker's notation of the sound of t and y short, in unaccented syllables, which he directs to be pronounced like e long, in me, mete, is contrary to all good usage, and is rejected by every other orthoepist, except Jameson. Walker admits i to be short, when followed by a consonant in the same syllable. Thus the first i in ability is short, but the second i and the y are long e, ahilcctee. Now, observe the con- sequence. In the plural, abilities, according to his rule, must be pronounced abileeteez; but the word is never thus pronounced; universally it is pronounced ahilitiz ; the last vowel sound is, in practice, immediately followed by a consonant, and 'oy his own rule, must be short. Then the result is, y in ability is long e, but it in the plural, is short i. And for this change of sound, no provision is made in Walker's scheme, nor in any other that I have ever seen. 5. In the analysis of the sounds of our letters. Walker alleges the diphthong ov, ow, to consist of the broad a or aw, and the Italian sound of u. According to his scheme, about, abound, round, noic, vow, are to be pronounced abawvt, abawund, rawund, natcu, TUWH. But who ever heard this pronunciation ? The fact is not so ; the broad sound of a is not the initial sound of this diphthong; it is not commenced as deep in the throat, or with the same aperture, as aw ; it is a sound that can be learned only by the ear. The pronunciation of this diphthong is uniform in both countries. 6. In noting the sonnd of the unaccented vowels, and those which have the secondary accent, there are mistakes without number, in all the schemes which I have seen, and one continued series of differences between the orthoepists. The following is a specimen. Walker. Deliveranse, Dignetare, Ansur, Assembladje, Averaje, Barren, Penal, Pennansp, Penneteushal, Pennetensharc, Persunidje, Proksemat, Proflegat, Pcnnetrant, Akkuzatore, Akkremone, AJlemunne, Seremone, Jones. Deliveranse. Dignytary. Ansur. Assembladzhe. Avercdzh. Barren. Penul. Pennunsc. Pennytenshul. Penny tenshary. Persunedje. Proksymet. Proflyget. Pennetrant Akkuzatury. Akkrymunny. Allymunny. Scrymony. Sheridan. Doliverense, Dignytery, A user, Assembledzh, Averaje, Barrin, Penal, Pennens, Pennyte!ishcl, Penny tensherry, Persunidzh, Proksymet, Proflyget, Pennetront, Akkuzaturry, Akkrymunny, Allymunny, Seremunny, I take no notice of the different letters by which these writers express the same sound, one using c where another uses y, but of the different sounds which they give to the vowels in the second, third, or last syllable. Now, I appeal to any person who has a tolerably correct ear, whether it is the sound of a that is uttered by good speakers, or any sjjeakers, in delirerance and dignitary. Is it the sound of a that we hear in the last syllable of penance, penetrant, and assemblage? Do we hear, in the last syllable of profligate, the short a, as in fat ? So far from it, that a public speaker, who should utter the sound of a so that it should be distinctly recognized in any polite audience, would expose him- self to ridicule. The sound of the last vowel approaches to that of e or M, and the notation of Sheridan is nearest the truth. But any notation is worse than useless ; for without it, there would be no difference in customary pronunciation. To show the utter impracticability of expressing the unac- cented vowels, in all cases, with precision, let the reader observe Walker's notation of a in the word moderate, and its derivatives. In the adjective and verb, the a is long, as in fate; in moderately and moderateness it is short, as \nfat. This is certainly incorrect notation ; no good speaker ever pronounces these words mod- eratly, moderatncss. In addition to this, the a in the verb to moderate, is more distinctly pronounced than it is in the adjective, in which it has rather the sound of e short, modcrct ; at least the sound is more nearly that of e than of a.. And this distinction of sound, between letters in the same word, when an adjective, and when a verb, occurs in a multitude of cases — a distinction for which no provision is made in any system of orthoepy that I have seen, and one which must be left to the cognizance of the ear alone. There is another class of vowel sounds that comprises too many inaccuracies to be overlooked. This is the class in which the first syllable has an unaccented e, as in debate. In all words of this kind, Walker directs the letter e to have its long sound, as in me, mete. Then, become, bedeck, begin, debate, debar, declare, elect, legitimate, mechanic, medicinal, memorial, necessity, peculiar, petition, rebuke, recant, relate, secure, select, velocity, Ac, are to be pronounced beecome, heedeck, heegin, deebate, dcebar, deeclare, eclect, leegitimate, meechanic, mecdicinal, mecmorial, neecessity, peeeuliar, peetition, rechuhe, reecant, rcelate, seecure, seclect, vec locity, &c. According to this notation, the first vowel e in eril, even, and in event, is to have the same sound, being all marked with the INTRODUCTION. Ixv same figure. Now, let me ask, where a speaker can be found who pronounces these words in this manner. Who ever heard of such a pronunciation? This notation is erroneous and mis- chievous, as it is inconsistent with the regular accent, which carries the stress of voice forward to the next syllable, and must, necessarily, leave the first vowel with the feeble sound of short i or y. This short sound, and not the long one, as in eveuj is that which we always hear in such words. The like error occurs in Walker's notation of i in direct^ di- minish^ and many other words. Walker himself, under despatch^ calls the sound of c the short i; but under rule 107, says this sound of I can not be properly said to be short, as it is not closed by a consonant; yet it has half its diphthongal sound, the sound of e.' .' This reason, that i or e is not short, because the sound is not closed by a consonant, is entirely groundless, and contra- dicted by the universal pronunciation of thousands of Knglish words. To direct such words to be pronounced deerect, dceinin- isk, is inexcusable. This error corresponds with that specified under No. 4, supra. Thus there is neither uniformity nor consistency among the ortlioepists, in the notation of the unaccented vowels; and it is hardly possible there should be, for many of the sounds are so slight, in ordmary pronunciation, that it is almost impossible for the ear to recognize the distinctions, and absolutely impossible to express them on paper. In truth, as Dr. Ash remarks, in a dis- sertation prefixed to his Dictionary, the sounds of the five vowels, in unaccented, short, and insignificant syllables, are nearly coin- cident; and it must be a nice ear that can distinguish the diff*er- ence of sound in the concluding syllable of altar, alter, manor, murmur, satyr. It is for this reason that the notation of such vowels at all savors of hypercritical fastidiousness, and, by aiming at too much nicety and exactness, tends only to generate doubts and multiply differences of opinion. If the accent is laid on the proper syllable, and the vowel of that syllable correctly pro- nounced, the true pronunciation of the word will follow of course ; at least the pronunciation is more likely to be right than wrong, and no mistake will occur, which shall be an object of notice. Nor can I approve the practice of writing all words in differ- ent characters, to express their pronunciation, as if their proper letters were so many hieroglyphics, requiring interpretation. A great part of English words have an orthognij)hy sufficiently reg- ular, and so well adapted to express the true pronunciation, that a few general rules only are wanted as a guide to the learner. 7. Another error of notation, in most of the English books, is that of the vowel in the first syllable of circle, circumstance, and many other words, the first syllable of which Sheridan first, and afterwards Walker and Jones, directed to be pronounced ser. This pronunciation 1 have never heard either In England or in this country. Perry's notation makes the syllable sur, according to all the usage with which I am acquainted. 8. Another objection to the books offered as standards of pronunciation, particularly to the Dictionaries of Sheridan and Walker, is, that the rules are inconsistent, or the execution of the wmk is inconsistent with the rules. Thus Walker lays it down as a rule, (No. 357,) that c after the accent, and foUoWed by ea, in, ie, io, or eous, takes the sound of sh, as in ocean, social, Phocion, saponaceous, which are pronounced as if written oshean, sosheal, Phoskeon, saponasheous. But in the Dictionary, the author departs from the rule, and directn tliese words to be pronounced as if written oshun, soshal, saponashus. So also in fracious, anrient, especial, prorincial, tenacious, rapacious, and I now not how many others, the author departs from his own rule ; so that either his rule or his practice must be wrong. And here it may be proper to notice a mistake of the author, which has led to an erroneous notation in a great number of words. The mistake is, that he assigns to c and t before the vowels ea, ia, ie, eo, and io, the sound of sh. Thus in ocean, he considers c as pronounced like sh ; and in partial, he considers the sound of sh as proceeding from t only. Now, the truth is, that the sound of sh, in thesc*and in all similar cases, results from the combination of c, t, or s, with the following vowel; that is, from the rapid enunciation and blending of the two letters. Then the sound of the first vowel being blended with c or t, it ought not to be repeated, and form a distinct syllable. To make three syllables of ocean, is to use the vowel c twice. In most cases, all the orlhocpists agree in pronouncing these combinations correctly in dissyllables, and primitive words ; as, oshun, grashus, tenashus, parshal, suhstanshal, nashun, rclashun, preshus, and the like. But in a number of words that arc primitive in our lan- guage, Walker and Jones depart from this rule ; for although they pronounce conscience in two syllables, conshcnse, yet they pronounce nescience and prescience in \hTee,neshyense,preshyense. So also when they make tial one syllable in the primitive word, they make two syllables of these letters in the derivatives j par- tial is parshal, but partiality is parsheality. Thus one error has led to another, and a large part of all words of this kind are mis- pronounced. Sheridan and Perry, in this respect, are consistent and correct ; making one syllable only of cia, cie, cio, tia, tio, both in primitives and derivatives, throughout the language. A single line of poetry ought to settle this point forever. Expatiate free o*er all this scene of man. Pope. m 0. A remarkable instance of inconsistency occurs in the fol- lowing words. Armature, aperture, brcviaturc, feature, &c.. Walker pronounces annatshure, apert.thtire, breviatshure, ovcr- tshure ; hut forfeiture is forfcctyure, and judicature, ligature, lite- rature, miniature, nunciature, portraiture, prefecture, quadrature, signature, are pronounced as here written. Can any reason be possibly assigned for such inconsistency ? 10. Obedience and its family of words Walker pronounces obejeence, obejcent, obejcenthj ; but disobedience, disobedient, as here written. Expedient is either as here written, or expcjccnt ; but rjpcdience without the alternative. Why this inconsistency ? 11. Obdurate, obduracy, are marked to be pronounced obdurate or objurate, obduracy or objuracy ; but objuratehj, objurateness, without an alternative. In these last words occurs another error; the a in the third syllabic is made short, as if pronounced rat — a deviation from all good usage. This notation of obdurate is inconsistent, also, with that of in- durate, and witli that of ob dure — an inconsistency which appears to have no plausible pretext. The conversion of d into j before i is rejected, I believe, in all words, by Jones, Perry, and Jameson, and before w is rejected by Perry and Jameson, and in many words by Jones. It is a de- parture from orthography wholly inexcusable. 12. Walker (Principles, No. 92) lays it down as a rule, that when a is preceded by the gutturals hard g or c, [ho should have said palatals,] it is, in polite pronunciation, softened by the inter- vention of a sound like e, so that card, cart, guard, regard, are pronounced like heard, heart, ghcard, regheard. Now, it is re- markable that in the vocabulary or dictionary, the aijthor has departed from his rule, for in not one of the foregoing words, except ^/orrf, nor in a multitude of other words which fall within the rule, has he directed this sound of c before the following vowel. Had he conformed to his own rule, he must have per- verted the pronunciation of car, carbuncle, care, carcass, cardinal, cargo, garden, garter, discard, and a long list of other words, too long to be here enumerated. The English orthocpists now con- fine this prepositive sound of e to guard, guaranty, guardian, fuilc, kind, and a few others. The probable origin of this fault as been already assigned, in treating of the letter u. It is an affected pronunciation, which Nares calls ** a monster, peculiar to the stage." Indeed, this slender sound of c before another vowel, is wholly incompatible with that manly enunciation which is peculiarly suited to the genius of the language. Perry and Jameson have rejected it. 13. In the first edition of Walker's Dictionary, the author, under the word tripod, observes, that " all words ol two syllables, with the accent on the first, and having one consonant between two vowels, ought to have the vowel in the first syllable long." But this was too rash, for such words as ccm'ent, dcs'ert, preface, prcs'ent, profit, rcb'el, trop'ic, and a multitude of others, stand, in the author's book, in direct opposition to his own rule. In a subsequent edition, the author, or some other person, has qualified the rule by an exception in favor of settled usage. This excep- tion destroys the value of the rule ; and indeed there is, and there can be, no rule applicable to words of this class. The pronuncia- tion of the first vowel can be known only by the usage. 14. The derivatives of nation and ratio Walker and Jones pronounce nash'onal, rash'onal. If this should be defended on the ground of the shortening power of the antepenultimate ac- cent, then let me ask why we have not nosh'onal from notion^ decosh'final funw devotion, prohash'oner from jnobation, stash'on- ary from station^ Why make rules and not apply them ? Why indulge such palpable inconsistencies and multiply anomalies.'' J 5. Possfi.ss is, by the English orthoepists, pronounced pozzess ; but why not, then, pronounce assess, a.ssist, tissassin, concession, obsession, with the sound of z ? Can any good reason be assigned for making possess an exception to the pronunciation of this class Ixvi INTRODUCTION. of words? This utterance of sounds through the nose is always disagreeable to the ear, and should be restricted to words in which usage is established. Good taste should rather Induce a limitation than an extension of tliis practice. This remark applies also to some words beginning with dis, in which Walker goes beyond other orthoepists in giving to s this nasal sound. 16. Walker lays it down as a fact, that u has the sound of e aud oo or yu. This is true in many words, as in union, unite, unanimitij, &c. Hence, according to his principle, u in these words is to be pronounced yunion, yunite, without the letter y prefixed. Yet he writes these and similar words with y, yunion, which, upon his principles, would prefix yu to the sound of yn, and the pronunciation would be yuyunitc, or cooyunile. But his notation of this sound of u is not uniform; for he writes lisuniun and disunite witliout y, though it must be as proper in tiie com- pound as in the simple word. The same inconsistency occurs between use, written yuse, yuze, and disuse, disuze. 17. There is a fault in Walker's notation of o, when it has the sound of oo, the French ou. In the Key, he marks o, when it has this sound, with the figure 2, and gives jnore as an example. Then, according to his Key, o alone, when thus marked, sounds as oo. But in the Vocabulary, he thus marks both vowels in book, took, boot, and all similar words. Then, according to his notation, each of the vowels has the sound of oo, and book, look, are to be pronounced 6oO'OoA-, loo'ook. He certainly did not in- tend this; but such is precisely his direction, or the result of his notation ; and a foreigner, without counter-direction, must be led into this pronunciation. The same fault occurs in hia notation of M, as in meet and seek. 18. yolume. Walker and Jones pronounce Tolyume, but this is not exactly correct. Will it be said that in volume the u is long .' This is not the fact; at least I never heard it thus pronounced either in England or America ; it is always short in common usage, i. e , has the first sound of u, shortened. 19. Ink, uncle, concord, concourse, concubine, are pronounced by Walker, ingk, ungkl, kongkord, kongkorse, kungkubine ; and these odious vulgarisms are offered for our adoption. There can be no apology fur such attempts to corrupt our language. 20. It Is known that tlie word imagery is, by Walker and the other orthoepists, pronounced in four syllables; the final e of the primitive word being detached from it, and uttered with r, as a distinct syllable. Why savogery has escaped the same fate, I do not know. It is obvious that, in negligent practice, these words have ot\en been thus pronounced. But the most correct pro- nunciation retains the original word entire m the derivative, the slight sound of e before r no more constituting a syllable, than it does in more and mire. Take the following examples : — Of marble stone was cut An altar carv'd with cunning imagery. Spenser. When in those oratories might you see Rich carvings, portraitures, and imagery. Dryden. Your gift shall two large goblets be Of silver, wrought with curious imagery. Dryden. What can Ihy imagery of sorrow mean.' Prior. Pronounced in four syllables, imagery, in these lines, makes a syllable too much, and Injures the measure, and in the last example utterly destroys it. The true pronunciation of Spenser, Dryden, and Prior, is the same as it always has been in my ele- mentary books. [Although the same remarks may be applicable to such words as hrarery, jinery, knavery, scenery, slavery, &c., it has been thought best to make a distinct syllable of the e and r, to avoid misunderstanding as to the sound Intended.] 21. Formerly the words puissance, puissant, had the accent on the second syllable ; although the poets seem, in some in- stances, to have blended the four first letters into one syllable. But the modern change of the accent to the first syllable. Is not in accordance with Kngllsh analogies, and it impairs the measure of many lines of poetry, in which these words occur. In the adverb puissantly, it has a very bad effect. The foregoing observations extend to whole classes of words, in which the gennine pronunciation has been changed, unsettled, and perverted. It would be inconsistent with the limited nature of this Introduction, to enter into an examination of every par- ticular word of disputable pronunciation. It seems to be Inex- pedient and useless to bestow, as Walker has done, half a page, or a page, on a single word, in attempting to settle some trifling point, or, in many cases, to settle a point that, in this country, has never been disputed. To give a brief statement of the errors, diversities, and contra- dictions of the principal schemes of orthoepy which have been oflfered to the public, within the last half century, two classes of words only will be sufficient as specimens. The following lists are not complete, but they comprehend the greatest number of words In their respective classes. The dates at the head of the columns, designate the year when the Dic- tionaries in my possession were published, indicating nearly, but not exactly, the origin of each scheme. In the orthography, I have given the letters used by each author, in the syllable which contains the difference of pronunciation ; in the others, [ have followed the common orthography. Sheridan 1784. Abbrcvyatnre, Accentuate, Accentuation, Actual, Actuate, &c., Admikstshnr, Adventual, Adventshur, Agriculture, Aperture, Arkitektshur, Armature, Artuate, Attaintsbnr, Avcntshor, Befortune, Bounty us. Calenture, Capitulate, Capsular, Captshur, Cartulary, Celature, CInctshur, Claushur, Commensurate, Commutual, Compactshur, Compostshur, fValker. 17;»4. Abbreveatshore, Accentshuate, Accentshuation, Actshnal, Actshuate, Admikstshure, Adventshual, Adventshurc, Agricultshure, Apertshure, Archltectshure, Armatshure, Artshuate, Attaintshure, Aventshure, Befortshune, Bountcheous, Calentshure, Capitulate, Capshular, Captshure, Cartshulary, Celatshure, CInctshure, Clauzhure, Commenshurate, Commutshual, Compactshure, Compostshure, Jones. 1798. Abbreviature, Accentuate, Accentuation, Actual, Actuate, Admixture, Adventual, Adventure, Agriculture, Aperture, Archltectshure, Armature, Artuate, Attalnture, Aventure, Befortune, Bounteous, Calenture, Capitulate, Capshular, Captshur, Cartulary, Celatshure, Cincture, Clauzhure, Commenshurate^ Commutshual, Compacture, Compostshure, Perry, 1805. Abbrev'iature, Accentuate, Accentuation, Actual, Actuate, Admixture, Adventual, Adventure, Agriculture, Aperture, Architecture, Armature. Attalnture. Befortune, Bounteous, Calenture, Capitulate, Capsular, Capture, Cartulary, Celature, Cincture, Clauzhure, Commensurate, Commutual, Compacture, Composture. Jameson. 1827. Abbreveature Accentuate. Accentuation. Actual. Actuate. Admixture. Adventual. Adventure. Agriculture. Aperture. Architecture. Aventure. Befortune. Bounteous. Calenture. Capitulate. Capsular. Capture. Cartulary. Celature. Cingkture. Clauzhur. Commensurate. Commutual. Compacture. INTRODUCTION. JtVll Sheridan. 1784. Concretshur, Congratulate, Conjectshur, Conjunctshur, Connatural, Constituent, Constructahur, Contextshur, Conventual, Counternatural, Courtshus, Creatshur, Cultshur, Debentshur, Decoctshur, Defeatshur, Dejectshur, Departshur, Dicta tshur, Diseomfitshur, Discourtshus, Disnaturalize, Disnatshured, Divestshur, Dutyus, Effectual, Euraptshur, Estuary, Estuate, Eventual, Expostulate, Fac tshur, Fastuous, Featshur, Fistula, Flatulence, Flatuous, Fluctuate, Fortune, Fractshur, FructuouB, Futshur, Garnitshur, Gestshur, Gratulate, Guttural, Habitual, Uorticultshur, Hortulan, Illnatshur, Immensburable, Impetuous, Importunate, Impostshur, Incestuous, Indentshur, Ineffectual, Infatuate, Insculptshur, Insular, Insulated, Intellectual, Jolntshur, Junctsbur, Lectshur, Legislatshur, Mantua, Manufactshur, Maturate, Menshurable, Meteor, Misfortshun, Mixtsbur, Moistshur, Morshur, Mutshual, Natahur, Natabural, Walker. 1794. Concretshure, Congratshulate, Conjectshure, Conjunctshure, Connatshural, Const! tshuent, Constructshure, Contextshure, Conventsbual, , Counternatshural, Courtsheous.^ Cretshure, Cultsbure, Debentshure, Decoctshure, Defeatshure, Dejectsbure, Departahure, Dictatshure, Discomfityure, Discourtshus, Disnatshuralize, Disnatshured, Divestsbure, Duteous or Dutsheous, Effectshual, Enraptshure, Estshuary, Estsbuate, Eventshual, Expostsbulate, Factshurc, Fastshuous, Featshure, Fistsbula, Flatshulence, Flatsbuous, Fluctshuate, Fortshune, Fractshure, Fructshuous, Futshure, Garnitsbure, Gestshure, Gratshulate, Guttshural, Habitshual, Horticultsbure, Hortsbulan, Illnatshure, Immenshurable, Impetshuous, Importsbunatc, Impostsbure, Incestshuous, Indentshure, Ineffectshual, Infatahuate, Insculptshure, Insbular, Insbulated, Intellectabual, Jointshure, Junktsbure, Lectabure, Legialatsbure, Mantshua, Manufactsbure, Matsb urate, Menahurable, Meteor or Metsheor, Misfortsliune, Mixtshure, Moiatabure, Morsbure, Mutshual, Natshure, Natshural, Jones. 1798. Concretshure, Congratulate, Conjectur, Conjunctur, Connatshural, Constituent, Constructure, ■Contextshure, Conventual, Counternatural, Courteous, Creatshure, Culture, Debenture, Decocture, Defeature, Dejecture, Departahure, Dictature, Discomfityure, Discourteous, Disnaturalize, Dianatabured, Divestsbure, Duteous, Effectual, Enraptshure, Estuary, Eatuate, Eventual, Expostulate, Facture, Fastshuous, Featshure, Fiatsbula, Flatulence, Flatuous, Fluctuate, Fortshune, Fractshure, Fructuous, Futshur, Garniture, Gestshure, Gratulate, Guttural, Habitual, Horticulture, Hortulan, Illnatshure, Immenshurable, Impetshuous, Importsbunatc, Impostsbure, Incestshuous, Indentshure, Ineffectshual, Infatuate, Insculptshure, Insular, Insulated, Intellectshual, Jointure, Junctsbure, Lectshure, Legislature, Mantua, Manufactsbure, Matshurate, Menshurable, Meteor, Misfortshune, Mixtshure, Moistsbure, Morsbure, Mutshual, Natshur, Nattshural, Perry. 1805. Concreture, Congratulate, Conjecture. Conjuncture, Connatural, Constituent, Constructure, Contexture, Conventual, Counternatural. Curtcheous, Creature, Culture, Debenture, Decocture, Defeature. Dejecture, Departure, Discomfiture, Discurcheous, Disnaturalize, Disnatured. Divesture, Duteous, Effectual, Enrapture, Estuary, Estuate, Eventual, Expostulate, Facture, Fastuous. Feature, Fistula, Flatulence, Flatuous. Fluctuate, Fortune, Fracture, Fructuous, Future, Garniture, Gesture, Gratulate, Guttural, Habitual, Horticulture Hortulan, Illnature, Immenshurable, Impetuous, Importunate, Imposture, Incestuous, Indenture, Ineffectual, Infatuate, Insculpture, Insular, Insulated, Intellectual, Jointure, Juncture, Lecture, Legislature, Mantua, Manufacture, Maturate, Mensurable, Meteor, Misfortune, Mixture, Moisture, Morsbure. Mutual, Natchure, Natural, Jameson. 1827. Concreture. Congratulate. Conjecture. Conjunkture. Connatural Constituent Constructure Contexture. Conventual. Courteous Creture. Culture. Debenture. Decocture. Dejecture Departure. Dictature. Discomfiture. Discourteous. Disnaturalize Divesture. Duteous. Effectual. Enrapture Estuary. Estuate. Eventual. Expostulate Facture. Feteyer. Fistula. Flatulence Fluctuate Fortune. Fracture. Fructuous. Futyure. Garniture. Gesture. Gratulate. Guttural. Habitual. Horticulture. Hortulan. lUnatyur. Immcnsurable Impetuous. Importunate. Impostyur. Incestuous. Indentyur. Ineffectual. Infatuate. Insculptyur. Insular. Insulated. Intellectual. Jointyur. Junctyur. Lectyur. Legislatyur Mantua. Manufactyur Maturate. Mensurable Meteor. Misfortune. Mixtyur. Moistyor. Mutual. Nateyur. Natural. Ixviii INTRODUCTION. Sheridan. 1784. NocUhuary, Nurtshur, Uvertshar, PainUbur, PasUhur, Peninshula, Periostshura, Perpetshual, Perpetshuity, Pictshur, Piteous, Plentshos, Postsbur, Pos tabulate, Presumptuous, Projectshur, Promptsbur, Punctsbual, Punctshur, Pnstshul, Raptsbur, Recapittsbulate, Ritsbual, Ruptsbor, Sanctshuarj, Satsburate, Scriptsbur, Sculptsbar, Septsbuagint, Sittsbuate, Spirituhual, Sportshul, Stattsbaarjr, SUttsha, Stattshur, Stattsbut, Strictahur, Structsbur, Sumptabuous, Sbootshur, Taran tabula. Tempestuous, Tenshur, Teitshuary, TexUbur, Tinctsbur, Titsbular, TorUhur, Tortshuous, Tritsburation, Tshooniultshuous, UnctshuouSf Unstattshutable, Ve«tsbur, Ventshur, Veolentchelo, Vertshu, Vitshuline, Voluptshuous, Vultshur, Waftshur, 1794. Noctshuary, Nurtshure, Overtshure, Paintsbure, Pastshure, Peninshula, Periostsbum, Ferpetsbual, Perpetuity, Fictshure, Pitcheous, Plentshus, Postahure, Pnatsbulate, Prezumtshuous, Projeetsbure, Promptshure, Punctsbual, Punctshure, Pustshule, Raptshure, Recapittsbulate, Ritahual, Ruptahure, Sanctsbuary, Satsburate, Scriptshure, Sculptsbure, Septsbuagint, Sittsbuate, Spirittsbual, Sportsbule, Stattabuary, SUttshu, Stattsbure, Stattshute, Strictshure, Structsbure, Sumptabuous, Sutshure, Taran tshula, Tempestshuoua, Tenshure, Teitshuary, Teitsbure, Tinctshure, Tittsbular, Tortshure, Tortshuous, Tritshuration, Tumultabuous, Ungkt&buous, Unatattsbutable, Vestshure, Ventsbure, Veolentshelo, Vertabu, Vitshuline, Voluptshuous, Vultshure, WaiUhure, Jones, 1798. Noctuary, Nurtahure, Overture, Paintsbure, Pastshure, Peninshula, Perioateum, Perpetshual, Perpetuity, Pictshur, Piteous, Plenteous, Postshure, Postshulate, Prezumtshuous, Projeetsbure, Promptshure, Punctual, Punctshure, Pustshule, Raptsbur, Recapittsbulate, Ritsbual, Ruptshure, Sanctuary, Satahurate, Scriptshure, Sculptsbure, Septuagint, Situate, Spirittsbual, Sportsbule. Stattshuary, Stattshu, Stattsbure, Stattshute, Strictshure, Struclshure, Sumtshuous, Sutshure, Taran tshula, Tempestshuons, Tenshure, Teitshuary, Textshure, Tinctshure, Titshular, Tortshure, Tortshuous, Tritshuration, Tumultshuous, Unctuous, Unstattshutable, Vestshure, Ventsbure, Veoloncbelo, Vertshu, Vitshuline, Voluptshuous, Vultshure, Waftsbure, Perry. Jameson. 1805. 1827. Noctuary, Noctuary. Nurture, Nurtyur. Overture, Overture. Painture. Pasture, Pastyur. Peninsula, Peninsula. Periosteum, Perioateum. Perpetual, Perpetual. Perpetuity, Perpetuity. Picture, Pictyur. Piteous, Piteous. Plenteous, Plenteous. Posture, Postyur. Postulate, Postulate. Presumptuous, Presumptuous Projecture, Projecture. Prompturc, Promptyur. Punctual, Pungtual. Puncture, Pungktyur. Pustule, Pustule. Rapture, Raptyur Recapitulate, Recapitulate Ritual, Ritual. Rupture, Ruptyur. Sanctuary, Sangktuary Saturate, Saturate. Scripture, Scriptyur. Sculpture, Sculptyur. Septuagint, Septuagint Situate, Situate. Spiritual, Spiritual. Statuary, Statuary. Statu, Statu. Stature, Statyur. Statute, Statute. Stricture, Strictyur. Structure, Structyui*. Sumptuous, Sumptuous. Suture, Suteyur. Tarantula, Tarantula. Tempestuous, Tempestuous. Tenshur, Tenshur. Teituary, Textuary. Teiture, Textyur. Tincture, Tingktyur. Titular, Titular. Torture, Tortyur. Tortuous, Tortuous. Triturate, Trituration. Tumultuous, Tumultuous. Unctuous, Ungktuoua. Unstatutable. Vesture, Veatyur. Venture, Ventyur. Violoncello, Veolontaello. Virtue, Virtu. Vituline. Voluptuous, Voluptuous. Vulture, Vultyur. Wafture. This table of words may, perhaps, be thought a burlesque on English orthoepy. It certainly presents a phenomenon altogether novel in the history of language. Of these five authorities, the notation of Perry, with the ex- ception of a few words ending in ure, is most nearly accordant to the present usage in England, as far as my observations, while in that country, extended. That of Walker is by far the most remote from that usage. From an actual enumeration of the syllables in certain classes of words in which the vowel is errone- ously pronounced, in Walker's scheme, I have ascertained that the number amounts to more than twelve thousand, without including several classes of unaccented syllables, which would swell the number by some thousands. Of this whole number, I did not, while in England, hear one vowel pronounced according to Walker's notation. The zeal manifested in this country to make his pronunciation a standard, is absolute infatuation, as, if adopted in its full e.ttent, it would introduce many differences in the pronunciation of words in the two countries, in wiiich sameness now exists; and even the attempt, should it not be successful, must multiply discordancies and distract opinions, and thus place the desired uniformity at a greater distance than ever. Fortunately, Walker's pronunciation has never been gen- erally received in England, and where it has been received, we see, by Jameson's Dictionary, that it is becoming unpopular and obsolete. Walker's pronunciation of several classes of words is also condemned by Jones and Knowles. We observe in the following list, that the three first of these ortboepists have no rule by which their pronunciation is regulated. Hence the want of uniformity in words of like orthography. See bounteous, courteous, duteous, and plenteous. Why should INTRODUCTION. Ixix plenteous be reduced to two syllables, when bounteous is pro- nounced in three ? And what reason can be assigned for the different notation of capitulate and recapitulate ? A remarkable instance of inconsistency in Walker's notation, occurs in words of more syllables than txv^, ending in turc. Thus we find tare converted into chare [tshure] in Abbreviatshure. Compactshure. Dejcctshure. Admixtshure. Compostshure. Dcpartshure. Advcutshure. Concretshure. Dictatshure. Agricultshure. Conjectshure. Divestshure. Apertshure. Conjunctshure. Impostshure. , Attaintshure. Contextshure. Indentshure. Aventshure. Debentshure. Overtshure. Celatshure. Decoctshure. I'rojectshure. Calentshure. Defeatshure. But in the following words the terminating syllable remains unaltered Illlterature. Intemperature Inrestiture. Judicature. Ligature. Limature. Literature. Miniature. Nunciature. Nutriture. Prefecture. Prelature. Quadrature. Serrature. Signature. Temperature. In this class of words, Sheridan and Jones are also inconsistent with themselves, though not to the same extent as Walker. Perry and Jameson retain, in all these words, the true orthog- raphy and pronunciation. In these words, also. Walker gives to u, in the last syllable, its first or long sound ; but this is an in- accurate notatjon ; the sound is that of tlie long «, slwrtened, at least so far as my observation extends, either in England or the United States. In the following classes of words, as pronounced by Walker, there is either error or inconsistency, or both. Assidjuoua. Commodious or Commojeus. Crcdjulous. Dividual or Dividjual. Fastidious or Fastidjeous. Gradient or Grajcent. Gradual or Gradjual. Gu.irdian or Guarjean. Hideus or Hidjeous. Immediacy or Immejeasy. Incendiary or Incenjcary. Individual or Individjual. Ingrejent [for Ingredient.] Insidious or Insidjeus. Intermedial or Intermejeal. Invidious or Invidjeus. Mediocrity or Mejeocrity. Medium or Mejeum. Melodious or Mclojeus. Meridian or Meridjean. Modulate or Modjulatc. Nidjulalion. Nodjule. Noctidyal or Noctidjcal. Obejeence. Obejeent. Obduracy or Objuracy. Obdurate or Objurate. Occidjuus. Odium or Ojeum. Ojus or Ojeus. Ordeal or Orjeal. Penjulous. Penjulum. Predial or Prcjeal. Prelujeus. Presidjeal. Procejure. Quotijean. Radiate or Rajeatc. Radiant or Rajeant. Radius or Rajeus. Rezidjual. Sardius or Sarjeus. Sedulous or Sedj ulcus. Studious or Stujeus. Tedious or Tcjeus. It would seem that, in a large part of these words, we may take our choice, either to retain the proper sound of (/, or to convert it into that of j. This clioicc certainly makes an odd kind of standard. But why mediate should retain the sound of (/, while imvicdiacy and medium suffer a change ; or why radiate should bo given in the alternative, radiate or rajcale, while irra- diate and irradiance are not subjected to any change ; or why obedience should be changed into obejeence, and disobedience re- main unchanged, I am not able to conjecture. • Walker's Dictionary has been trumpeted, in tliii country, ns the Htanilard of orthoepy in Enplnnd. This is so far from the truth, that tliree Inter comiiiler!) of prrmouncini^ diction.iries, living in London, have expressly cundcmncd his pronunciation in whole classes of words. Walker's notation of a before 5, in such words ns loMt, last, past, giving a the •hort sound it ha.s in fan, lack, is condenmed by Jones, who calls it a minciiiff, modem nfectation. Walker's giving to oo in took, took, and others, the same voiind as in toofJi, toot, is condemned by the same author. Walker's givinc to Ibe short I and y the sound of ee or long e, in such words ns /rtory, prottUy, which, by his not.atitm, are to be pronounced ghiree, prubeetee, Jones pronounces to be ItutiCTOUA. This error extends to more than eleven thoiuaml syllabley. Walker's change of the sound uf d into that of j, in certain cLudos of words. These classes of words exhibit a specimen of the modern ORTHOEPY, so callcd, of our language ; it is indeed a brief and imperfect specimen, for 1 have ascertained by actual enumera- tion, that a catalogue of all the differences of notation in these authors, would comprehend about one third of all the words in their vocabularies. Amidst this mass of errors and conlradio- tions, our consolation is, that the good sense of the English nation, a learned and respectable peiiple, is triumphing over the follies and caprices of fashion, and frowning on this most mis- chievous spirit of innovation." In proportion as the importance of settled usages and of pre- serving inviolate the proper sounds of letters, as the true and only safe landmarks of pronunciation, shall be appreciated by an enlightened people, just in that proportion will all attempts of affected speakers to innovate upon such established usages, be reprobated and resisted. The intentions of the men who have undertaken to give a standard of pronunciation, have, unquestionably, been upright and sincere; but facts have proved that instead of good, they have, on the whole, done harm ; for instead of reducing the pro- nunciation of words to uniformity, they have, to a considerable extent, unsettled it, and multiplied differences. The whole process of these attempts, from Sheridan's first publication, is within my memory ; and I am confident that, .whatever has been the effect of these attempts in Great Britain, the result of them, in the United States, has been to multiply greatly the diversities of pronunciation. And such is tlie present state of the authori- ties, offered as standards, that it is impossible, from books, to gain a correct knowledge of what is the general us.ige. If I had no other means of knowing this general usage, than the English books, I should be utterly unable to ascertain it, and should give up the attempt as hopeless. 1 Some of the differences of notation, in the several books, may be rather apparent tlian real ; but with all due allowance for this imperfection of the schemes, I am persuaded that there are ttn differences among these orthoepists, where there is one in tlie actual pronunciation of respectable people iir England and the United States; and in most of them the notation, if strictly fol- lowed, will lead to ten differences of pronunciation, where one only now exists in the actual practice of the two countries. This effect of multiplying doubts and diversities has resulted from very obvious causes. 1. The limited acquaintance of orthoepists with the general usage, and their taking the pronunciation of London, or some dialect or local practice in tliat city, for the best usage. Tlie propagation of such a dialectical or peculiar practice would of course disturb the uniformity of any other practice in other parts of England or in this country. 2. "The difficulty, or rather impracticability, of representing sounds, and nice distinctions of sound, on paper ; especially iu unaccented syllables. 3. The partiality of authors for the practice of particular speakers, either stage players or others, which would lead them to denominate tliat the best practice which had been adopted by their favorites. 4. A spirit of fastidious hypercriticism, which has led writers to make minute distinctions, that are liable to be disputed, and which tend only to perplex the inquirer, and generate uncertainty or diversity, where no essential difference had previously ex- isted in practice. This spirit is continually producing new books and new schemes of orthoepy, and every additional book serve.s only to increase the difficulty of uniting opinions and establishing uniformity. ' This view of the subject is probably the most favorable tliat can be presented. The real fact seems to be this; these, men have talien for the standard wliat they were pleased to call the best ilsage, which, in many cases, is a local usage, or some favor- ite peculiarity of particular speakers, at least if they have had any authority at all ; or they have given the pronunciation which is condemned by Jameson. He remarks that Walker's adjulation for atlufiition ; campenjeum for compcitdium ; insrrjiiiit for ingredient, if spr>ken with solemnity, would be intolerable. He condemns, also, Walker's change of tu into t.^li, in such words as eonffrat^hulntion, Jlatshutcnt, naUhuraL This pronunciation, Knowlcs, a still later compiler, declares to be absolute pedantry i nd vulgarity. t The multiplicity of books for instntcting us in our vernacular language, is an evil of no smiUl magnitude. Every man has some peculiar nolion.s wliich he wishes to propagate, anrl there is scarcely any p^iciAnrily or absurdity for which some authority may nut be found. 'J'he facility of book-making favors litis dis- position ; and while a chi'-f qualiticallon for authorship is a dextrous u.-ic of an inverted pen, and a pair of scissors, we are nut to expect relief from the evil. bcx INTRODUCTION. happened to please their fancy, though not authorized by usage In tliis manner they have attempted to bend the common usage to their particular fancies. It has been in this manner, by presenting to the public local OT particular practice, or mere innovation, for a standard, instead of general or national usage, that the authora above mentioned have unsettled the pronunciation of many words, and multiplied diversities of practice. These attempts to obtrude local usage on the public, and bend to it the general or national us.igc, are the boldest assumptions of authority in language that the history of literature has ever exhibited. In England, however, tliese pre- tensions to direct the pronunciation of the nation, have less eflect than they have in the United States, for this obvious reason, that in England pronunciation is regulated almost exclusively by tlie practice of the higher classes of society, and not by books ; hence, if books do not exhibit the customary pronunciation, tlie falsity of notation is easily detected, and tiie work which offers it is neglected. But in this country, where the people resort chiefly to books for rules of pronunciation, a' false notation of sounds operates as a deception, and misleads the inquirer. How long the citizens of this country will submit to these impositions, time only can determine. The English language, when pronounced according to the genuine composition of its words, is a nervous, masculine lan- guage, well adapted to popular eloquence ; and it is not improb- able that there may be some connection between this manly character of the language and tlie freedom of tht British and American constitutions. They may, perhaps, act and react upon each other mutuollv, as cause and etfect, and each contribute to the preservation of the other. At the same time, tlie language is by no means incapable of poetical sweetness and melody. The attempts to refine upon the pronunciation, within the last half century, have, in my opinion, added nothing to its smooth- ness and sweetness, but have very much impaired its strength of expression as well as its regularity. The attempts to banish the Italian sound of a, and to introduce the sound of e before i and a, as in kintt, gxtard, duty, &c., ought to be resisted, as injurious to the manly character of the genuine English pronunciation.* In order to produce and preserva a tolerable degree of uni- formity, and the genuine purity of our language, two things appear to be indispensable, viz., 1. To reject the practice of noting the sounds of the vowels in' the unaccented syllables. Let any man, in genteel society or in public, pronounce the distinct sound of a in the last syllable of important, or the distinct sound of e in the terminations less and ntss, as in hopeless, happiness, and he would pass for a most in- elegant speaker. Indeed, so different is the slight sound of a great part of the unaccented vowels, in elegant pronunciation, from iJiat which is directed in books of orthoepy, tliat no man can possibly acquire the nicer distinction of sounds, by means of books ; distinctions which no characters yet invented can express. Elegant pronunciation can be learned only by the ear. The French and Italians, whose languages arc so popular in Europe, have never attempted to teach the sounds of their letters by a system of notation embracing the finer sounds of the vowels. 2. To preserve purity and uniformity in pronunciation, it is necessary to banish from use all books which change the orthog- raphy of words, to adapt the pronunciation to the fashion of the day. The scheme now pursued is the most mischievous project for corrupting the language that human ingenuity ever devised. By removing the landmarks of language, all the fences which can secure the purity and regularity of the language from un- licensed depredations without end are demolished, the chief use and value of alphabetical writing are destroyed, and every thing is given to chance and to caprice. In determining the pronunciation of words in this work, I have availed myself of the most respectable English authorities, as well as of my own personal observations in both countries, and of the observations of American gentlemen of erudition, who have visited England. In selecting from a mass of contradictory authorities, I may not, in all cases, have adopted the best pro- nunciation ; but I have spared no pains to execute this part of the work with fidelity. In general, the rules I have prescribed to myself are these. 1. The usage of respectable people in England and the United • The French lansuaee, by the loss or imperfect use of articulations, thoneh rendered easy in utterance,^:!? become so feeble in sound as to be unfit for bold, impressive e'ltxiuence. From the specimens which I have witnessed in the Chamber of Deputies in Paris, I should suppose the orator must depend almost entirely oe his own animation and action for success in popular speaking, with States, when identical in the two countries, settled and undis- puted. This rule comprehends most of the words in the lan- guage. 2. When usage is unsettled or uncertain, I have adjusted the pronunciation to the regular, established analogies of the language, as far (re these can be definitely ascertained ; having, however, in accentuation, some regard to euphony, or the prosaic melod3' wliich proceeds from a due succession of accented and unaccented sj-llables. There are some words, differently pronounced by respectable people, in which no decisive reasons appear for preferring one mode of pronouncing them to another ; either might be adopted, without any injury to melody or analogy. I see no particular reason v,-\iy pat'ent should have its first vowel short, and mu'tron, pa'tron, andpa'triot, tlie first vowel long. Much less do I approve the reasons assigned for making the a short in mat'ronal, and not in TTia'tronly, or short in pat'ranal, and not in pa'troness. The reasons assigned by Walker appear to me to be absolute trifling. The rule of uniformity is p.iramouiit to every other, excepting that of general, undisputed cu.stoin ; and when the practice is unsettleil, it seems to be tlie duty of the lexicographer to be guided by that rule, for his authority may lead to the uniformity desired. In a few instances, the common usage of a great and respect- able portion of the people of this country accords with the analo- gies of the language, but not with the modern notation of English orthoepists. In such cases, it seems expedient and proper to re- tain our own usage. To renounce a practice confessedly regular, for one confessedly anomalous, out of respect to foreign usage, would hardly be consistent with the dignity of lexicography. When we have principle on our side, let us adhere to it. The time can not be distant, when the population of this vast country will throw oflTtheir leading-strings, and walk in their own strength ; and the more we can raise the credit and authority of principle over the caprices of fashion and innovation, the nearer we ap- proach to uniformity and stability in practice. It is difficult, if not impracticable, to reconcile the opinions of a nation, in regard to every point, either of orthography or pro- nunciation. Every attempt that has yet been made in regard to the English .anguage, has served only to increase the difficulty ; and as a gentleman remarked to me in London, a convention of learned men could not effect the object, for no two men would think alike on the subject. The language of a nation is the common property of the peo- ple, and no individual has a right to make inroads upon its prin- ciples. As it is the medium of communication between men, it is important that the same written loords and the same oral sounds to express the same ideas, should be used by the whole nation. When any man, therefore, attempts to change the established orthography or pronunciation, except to correct palpable errors and produce uniformity, by recalling wanderers into the pale of regular analogies, he offers an indignity to the nation. No local practice, however respectable, will justify the attempt. There is great dignity, as well as propriety, in respecting the universal and long-established usages of a nation. With these views of the subject, I feel myself bound to reject all modern innovations, which violate the established principles and analogies of the language, and destroy or impair the value of alphabetical writing. I have, therefore, endeavored to present to my fellow-citizens the English language in its genuine purity, as we have received the inheritance from our ancestors, without removing a landmark. If tlie language is fatally destined to be corrupted, 1 will not be an instrument of the mischief. ETYMOLOGY. Irregular as is the orthography of the English language, and unsettled or corrupt as is the pronunciation, there is nothing either in English or in any other language of which I have any knowledge, which exhibits so strikingly the low state of philol- ogy, as the etymological deductions of words, or the history of their origin, affinities, and primary signification. To enable the young inquirer to estimate the erudition, correctness, or negli- gence of writers on this subject, and to awaken more attention to this branch of learning, I will state briefly the results of my researches, and the opinions which I have been compelled to little or no aid fVom the strength and beauty of language. The language of popular eloquence should be neither the mouthing cant of the stage, nor the mincing atfectation of dandies, nor the baby talk of the nursery. Such was not the language of Demosthenes nor of Cicero ; and such may never be the lan- guage of the British Chatham and of the American Ames. INTRODUCTION. =1 form on the merits of the principal treatises on tl»is subject. And if these opinions or this statement should be charged to egotism, or my overweening confidence in the success of my own investigations, ray apology is, that I have suffered samuch myself by a misplaced confidence in the erudition of writers ; I have BO often embraced errors which it has cost me more labor to unlearn than to learn ; that if I can prevent my fellow-citizens, who have a taste for this study, from being subjected to the same evils, I shall think the advantage obtained more than a balance for any unmerited imputation. The first example of etymology which 1 shall mention is that of Josephus, the historian of the Jews, who informs his readers that the first man ** was called Jldam^ which, in the Hebrew tongue, signifies one that is red^ because he was formed out of red earth compounded together; for of that kind is virgin and true earth." Here is a mistake proceeding from a mere resem- blance of words ; it being certain that Adatn no more signifies red earthy than it does red cedar. This mistake is connected with another, that Jidam was the proper name of the first man, an individual; whereas -the word is the generic name of the human species, and, like man in English, signifies form, shape, image, expressing distinctively the characteristic eminence or distinction of form of the human race. This fact explains the use of the plural pronoun, in the account of the creation of the species. " And God said. Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of tlie sea," &c. Gen. i. 26. It is evident, also, that the words used in relation to the species, the image^ the likeness of God, have ref- erence, not only to their intellectual and moral faculties, but also to tlieir external form; and so the apostle interprets the words, 1 Cor. xi. 7. Not that God has any bodily shape of which man can be the image, but that man has a superior or super-excellent form, corresponding to his intellectual powers, and distinguishing him from all other animals. Now, the mis- take of Josephus has infected the Christian world for eighteen hundred years, and the mistake, witli erroneous inferences from it, enters into the most recently published systems of tlieology. Among the most celebrated authors of antiquity, who have written on the subject of language, is Varro, who has left a treatise De Lingua Latina. On this author's learning, Cicero, Quinctilian, and Augustine have bestowed the most unbounded praises. He is pronounced to have been vlr cgregius; cruditis- simtis Romanorum ; perittssimus lingua; Latino* et omnis anti- quitatis, sine uUa dubitatione, doctissimus* He was, doubtless, a man of uncommon erudition for the age in which he lived ; and his etymological treatise may be consulted with advantage, by persons who have knowledge enough of this subject to sepa- rate the certain or probable from the improbable and conjectural. But it is certain, from what remains of his treatise, that his knowledge of the origin of words did not extend beyond tlie most obvious facts and principles. Thus he deduces initium from ineo ; exitus from cxeo ; victoria from vinco. All this is well; and we have reason to think him correct, in deducing velhis, fleece, from vdlere^ to pluck, as, doubtless, fleeces were plucked from sheep, before the use of shears. And we have reason to believe him when he informs us that imher was origi- nally written himher ; that hircu^ was written by the Sabines fircus^ and hcedus^ fcdus. Very diflcrent must be our opinion of the following ety- mologies. Pater, says Varro, is from patcfacio ; ager cultus is so called • Of Ihe full Talue of thc«« encomiums we can hardly judge, as mod of Varro*8 writings hnve i>nri8hf>TI, »nd some of lliosc which giirvire appear, in a mutilitted form. But the crentcr his erudition, the more striking will apjicar his ignorance of thii subject. t Thus far had I wrilten, before I had Been thia author's FIkhmch ScrTHii^C". By this work I find the author acrijcs with ra^ in rrtj.ird to the identity and rommon oricin of many of the Gothic and Cirt-vk preposition*. Indosition«, [ am aatisfiid the autlior has ventured upon unsafe ground ; at leaflt his opinions appear to me not to be well Hupported. In rrwppft to hifl explanations of the namen of the mythological deities, it si]y- pears to me the author, like all other authors whose workn I have seen, wanders in darkness. From all my researches into the origin of words, I have drawn this ronrltision, tti;it the pngrm deities are mostly the powers or supposed pow- ers of nature, or Imaginary beings suppftstid to preside over the varicius parts of creation, or the qualiiics of men, dfijird, thnt is, exalted and clehrated as super- natural agenu. There are few of the names of these deities which I pretend to anderstarid ; but there are a few of th«:m that seem to be too obvious to be mis- taken. So person, I think, can doubt that the Dryads are named from d^vi^ an because in it seeds coalesce or unite with the earth; referring agcr, perhaps, to the root of agger, or the Greek a/et^to. Campus, he says, was so named because fruits were first gathered from the open field, deducing the word from capio. Next to this were the hills, colics, so named colcndo, from colo, because these were cultivated next to the open plain. That land or field which ap- peared to be the foundation of cattle and money, was called fundus, or it was so called because it pours forth [fundat} annua] crops. He deduces cogitarc from cogcndo ; concilium from cogi- tatione; cura from burning cor, the heart j volo from voluntas, and a volatu, a flying, because the mind flies instantly whither it will. How low must have been the state of philology, when such improbable conjectures as these could attract the enco- miums before mentioned from Cicero and Quinctilian ! The reader will find many things in Isidore and Priscian worthy of his attention, though much of what their works con- tain is now so familiar to scholars of moderate attainments, as scarcely to repay the labor of perusal. But he who learns that Isidore makes oratio, a compound of oris ratio; nomcn, u. con- traction of notamen ; and that he derives verbwn from verbcrato acre, will hardly think it worth his labor to pursue his researches into that author's works. Nor will he be disposed to relish Pris- cian's deduction of litera from Icgilitera, heca.uae a letter affords the means of reading, or from lituro, to obliterate, because the ancients used to write on wax tables, and afterwards to obliterate what they hai written. Vossius wrote a folio on the etymology of Latin words; but from repeated examinations of his book, I am persuaded that most of his deductions arc far-fetched, conjectural, and fanciful ; many of them are certainly erroneous. Menage and Minshew I have not consulted; chiefly because from such extracts as I have seen, from their writings, I am certain that little reliance can be placed on their opinions, except in cases too plain to be mistaken. Junius and Skinner, the autimritics for most of the etymologies of Bailey and Johnson, are sufficiently correct in referring Eng- lish words to the language from which they are immediately de- rived, especially when the orthograpliy is too plain to be mistaken. They inform us, that/n/Acr is from the Saxon fa:de.r, that drop is from the Saxon droppan, that picket is from the French piquet, and tlie like. So Johnson informs us that accent is from the Latin accentus, and accept from the French accepter, Latin ac- cipio. All this is well, but it can hardly be called etymology, or the deduction of words from their originals. Whiter, in his Etymologicon Magnum, the first volume only of which I have perused, began his work on a good plan, that of bringing together words of the same or of cognate radical letters, and in pursuance of his plan, he has collected many real affinities. But he has destroyed the value of his work by mistaking the radical sense of many words, and by confounding words of dif- ferent elements. Jamieson, in his Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Lan- guage, has collected the affinities of words in that language, particularly words of Gothic and Teutonic origin, with industry, and probably with judgment, and a good degree of accuracy. In some instances, I think, he has departed from correct principles of etymology, and mistaken facts ; and he, as well as Whiter, falls very short of trutli in a most important particular, a clear under- standing of the primary sen.se of words. Jamieson's Dictionary, however, contains a valuable addition to our stock of etymo- logical materials.! oak or tree. Hence I infer tlmt this name was applied to certain imaginary beings inhabiting the forests. Ko |>crsun can doubt that JWtciw, the deity of the sea, and the ncreida, nymphs of the sea, are named fVom tlie Oriental '^^^■>y^, a river, from the corresponding verb, to flow. No person doubts that Flora, the goddess of flow- ers, is men'ly a flower deified. Hence I infer that the true methnd of discovering the origin of the pagan deities, is to find the meaning of their names. Now, Diatia is the goddess of hunting. What quality, then, is most necessary for a hunter.' What quality would rude nun, di;stitute of Ihn weapons which we possess, most value as useful in obtaining subsistence ? Doubtless courage and swiftness. Thus we have subistantial reasons for believing that Diana is Urn Critic tlan or dian, which signifies bold, strong, vehement, impetuous, the root of Danube.^ Don^ and other naini's of large rivers. If we examine the name of Minerva^ we whall find that the first syllable con- tains the elements of TTiHidw, the liand, and of Tnini/ ,* and the last constitui^nt partof the word corresponds will with the German or*ci(, D. nrfifirf, lab()r, work, the last consonant being lost. Well, what are the characteristics of Minerva } Why, she Is the goddess of wisdom and of the arts. The sense of ;!£»"•(, would give one of her characteristics, and that q{ manus and arbeit, the otticrj but which is tlie tnio word, I do not know. Ixxii INTRODUCTION. To Home Tooke are we indebted for the first explanation of certain indeclinable words, (ailed conjunclions and prepositions ; and for this let him have all merited praise. But his researches were very limited, and he has fallen into most material errors, particularly in his second volume. I have made no use of his writings in this work. The Hermes of Harris, according to Dr. Lowth, " is the most beautiful and perfect example of analysis tliat has been exhibited since the days of Aristotle." This, in my opinion, is not the character of the work, which, for the most part, consists of pas- sages from the works of Aristotle, Ammonius, Apollonius, Pris- cian, and other grammarians. It is little more tliau a collection of the opinions of the ancient writers on philology, whose meta- physical subtilties rather obscure than illustrate the subject. To show how easily men may b^ misled by metaphysics, when applied to the plainest subject imaginable, take the following example from the Hermes. ".i respects our primary perception, and denotes individuals as unhTwttn ; the respects our secondary perception, and denotes individuals as known." [This is nearly a literal translation of a passage in Priscian, lib. 1/.] To illustrate the truth of this observation, the author gives the following example : " There goes a beggar witli a long beard ; " indicating that the man had not been seen before ; and, there- fore, a denotes tlie primary perception. A week after, the man returns, and I say, " Tliere goes the. beggar with (Aejong beard ; " the article the here indicating the secondary perception, that is, that the man had been seen before. All this is very well. But let us try the rule by other examples, and see whether it is uni- versal, or whether it is the peculiar and proper office of an or a to denote primary perception. "Tlie article -a," says Harris, " leaves the individual unascer- tained.^^ Let us examine tliis position. " But Peter took him, saying, Stand up ; I myself also am a man." Now, according to Harris, a here denotes the primary perception, and the individual is muiscertained. That is, this man is one I have never seen before. " He that cometh to God must believe that he is, and that he is a rewarder of them that diligently seek him." Whether a, in this sentence, denotes first perception, I can not determine j but sure I am the individual is not left unascertained. A. B. says to ine, *' 1 have lately dismissed an old servant, who has lived with me for thirty years." Here an may present a primary perception to the hearer, but not so to the speaker. To both, the individual must be well ascertained. It appears, then, that this definition of an or a is incorrect ; and the pains of these metaphysical writers, who form such perfect analyses of language, is little better than learned trifling. On testing the real character of an or a by usage and facts, we find it is merely the adjective one, in its Saxon ortliography, and that its sole use is to denote one, whether the individual is known or unknown, definite or indeliuite. Again, Harris translates and adopts the definition which Aris- totle has given of a conjunction. " An articulate sound or part of speech devoid of signification by itself, but so formed as to help signification, by making two or more significant sentences to be one significant sentence." This is so far from being true, that some of the conjunctions are verbs, equivalent to join, unite, or add, in the imperative mode. In like manner, the prepositions called inseparable, and used as prefixes, are all significant per se, although, by custom, they sometimes lose their appropriate use. For example, re, which denotes repetition, has lost its use in recommend, which is equivalent to commend, without the sense of repetition. But still it has ordinarily an appropriate sense, which is perfectly understood, even when first prefixed to a word. Let any person prefix this word to pronourue for the first time, and direct a boy fourteen years old to repronounce his oration, and he would per- fectly well understand the direction. Bryant, the author of *' An Analysis of Ancient Mythology," whose works I should love to read, if I could have confidence in his opinions, has given to the public a history of the Cuthites, or descendants of Ham, a race of bold adventurers, who, as he sup- Thp two ciminiPtances which rhiefly distinpiish Hercules^ are his labors and bis dab. We never hear of Hrrcnlf.t iiut with these accompaniments. Now, the tirsl »;yllabte of his name is precisely the rod of tiie Greek cn\ov, rpyno), lliat is, (i>j or trif, which would give the sense of work, I;il>or. Whether the last conFtituent of the name is nA'iov, or from tlial root, I sliall not pretend to affirm. Indet;d, 1 olTer these explanations mtiier a--* probuMf, lUaa as clearly proved ; but they do ap{H-jir lo he probaMii well founded. Hercules, then, was a poses, made exp*'ditions by sea and land, introducing arts, found- ing cities, and corrupting religion by the propagation of Sabian- ism. For proof of his opmions, he relies very much on etymology and the signification of names. Two or three examples of his deductions will be sufficient to show his manner of proof. Ham, or Cham, signifying heat and the sun, he deduces from C>2n, to be hot, to heat. So far he may be correct. But he goes on to deduce from this root, also, as Castell had done before him, the Greek xavua, heat, not considering that this is from xaiin, to burn, in which m is not radical ; but probably s is the radical consonant, as this occurs in the derivatives. Kuviia has no connection with Ham. From Cam, or Cham, he tlien deduces the Latin camera, Gr. xafiixna, an arched roof or vault, whence our chamber, though it is not easy to discover the connection between this word and heat ; and from the same root he deduces Camillus, Camilla, and many other words, without any support for his opinions but a mere similarity of orthography in the first syllable. In all tliis he is certainly wrong. The Greek Sjoc, God, he supposes, most unwarrantably, to be formed from the Egyptian Theuth, or Tlioth, Mercury. The sun he supposes to have been styled El-uc ; El [iiiac] and uc or och, a title of honor among the Babylonians. This word, says Bryant, the Greeks changed into >.vxit(, [a wolf,] and hence the Latin lux, luceo. A strange conjecture this, not to call it by a harsher name. Now, if Bryant had examined the Teutonic dialects, and the Welsh, he would have seen his mis- take ; for the Saxon IcolU, liht, Dutch and German licht, are from the common root of the Welsh Uutr, a shooting or gleaming, lluciaw, to throw. Hue, a darting or flashing, tlie root of lucco ; a simple root, that can have no connection with El-uc. Excepting Faber's work on the Cabiri, I have seen scarcely a book in any language, which exhibits so little etymological knowledge, with such a series of erroneous or fanciful deductions, as Bryant's Analysis. Druniraond's Origincs abounds with ety- mological deductions of a similar character. Gebelin, a Frencli writer, in his Monde Primitif, has bestowed much labor in developing the origin and signification of words; but a large part of his labor has produced no valuable effect. Hia whole system is founded on a mistake, that the noun is the root of »11 other words. Of all the writers on etymology, whose works I have read or consulted, Spelman and Lluyd are almost the only ones in whose deductions much confidence can be placed. I do not name Camden, Hickes, Sclden, and Gibson, as their etymo- logical inquiries, though generally judiciously conducted, were very limited. This is true, also, in some degree, of Spelman and Lluyd; but the researches of Spelman into the origin of law terms, and words of the middle ages, have generally pro- duced very satisfactory results. From the limited nature of the designs of Spelman and Lluyd, errors may have occasionally escaped them ; but they are few, and very pardonable. I know of no work in any language, in which words have been generally traced to their original signification, with even tolerable correctness. In a few instances, this signification is too obvious to be mistaken ; but in most instances, the ablest etymologist is liable to be misled by first appearances, and the want of extensive investigation. I have been often misled my- self, by these means, and have been obliged to change my opin- ions, as I have advanced in my inquiries. Hence the tendency of my researches has been very much to increase my caution in referring words to their originals ; and such, I am persuaded, will be the result of all critical and judicious investigations into the history and affinities of language. Ajirincipal source of mistakes on this subject is a disregard of the identity of the radical consonants, and a licentious blend- ing and confounding of words, whose elementary letters are not commutable. Another source of error is an unwarrantable license in prefixing or inserting letters, for the purpose of producing an identity or resemblance of orthography ; a fault very justly op- posed by Sir William Jones. The learned Dr. Good, in his Book of Kature, Lecture IX. of the second series, suggests it to be probable that both pupa and father issued from the Hebrew source 2S, K2S, r2!*. He then name given to any bold, heroic leader of a tribe of rude men, who was distin- guished for his aciiievements as a warrior ; and this name must have ori-xinated in very early ases, when chibn were the principal weapons of war, and instru- ments of defense. -And hence, probably, the ori)iio of the scepter, as a badge of royalty. Now, it is worthy of remark, that the war club of rude nations, at this day, especially of the savage nations of the South Hea Isles, is of the same shape as the ancient scepter INTRODUCTION. Ixxiii fearlessly ventures to affirm, that there is scarcely a language or dialect in the world, polished or barbarous, in which the same idea is not expressed by the radical of one or the other of tiiese terms. True, the letter 8 is found in most words of this signifi- cation ; although our knowledge of languages is too limited to warrant such a broad assertion. But the attempt to deduce all words signifying father from the Hebrew, must certainly fail ; for we know from history, that a great part of Asia and of Europe was inhabited before t!»e existence of the Hebrew nation. Be- sides, a large portion of the European population have no word (ot father, which can be rationally deduced from 2S«. The Welsh tiid, whence our daddy, the Gothic atta, Irish aithiiir, Basque aita, and Laponnic atki, can not be formed from the Hebrew word, the letter d and t not being commutable with h. One would suppose that a learned physiologist could not fail to assign the true cause of the similarity of words bearing the sense of father and mother, among the nations of the earth. The truth is, the sound of a is very easy, and probably the easiest for children, being formed by simply opening the mouth, without any exertion of the organs to modulate the sound. So, also, the articulations b, m, and d or t, being natural and easy, will generally enter into the first words formed by children. The labials are formed by simply closing the lips, and the dentals, by placing the tongue against the root of the upper teeth ; the position which it naturally occupies in a healthy child. From these circumstances, we may fairly infer, a;/r!or!, that such words as a4,a4a,;)a;)rt, tad, mamma, must be the first words uttered by children. Indeed, were the whole human race to lose their present names for father, mother, and nurse, similar names would be formed by a great portion of mankind, without any communication between different nations. The author further observes, that the generic terms for the Deity are chiefly the three following 11 oi.jtlah, TheusoT Deus, and God, * Besides these, there is scarcely a term of any kind, by which the Deity is designated, in any part of the world, whether among civilized or savage men. Yet these proceed from the same common quarter of the globe." True ; men, and of course words, all came from a common quarter of the globe. But it so happens, that these three terms must have originated among dif- ferent families, or from different sources, for they are all formed with different radicals, and can have had no connection with a common radix. But it happens, also, that not one of these terms, as far as 1 can learn, exists among the Slavonic nations, who compose a large portion of all the population of Europe, and whose name of God is Boif, a word radically distinct from all which the author has mentioned. The author proceeds to say, ** that the more common etymon for death, among all nations, is Trior, mart, or mut." But if cither of these terms for death is a native word among the great Gothic, Teutonic, and Slavonic families, which constitute the half or two thirds of all the inhabitants of Europe, 1 have not been able to find it. Besides, mor and mut are words radically distinct, and tlius originated in different families. " A'«r," says the author, "is, in our language, the common title of respect ; and the same term is employed in the same sense throughout every quarter of the globe. In the Sanscrit and Per- sian, it means the organ of the head itself." He finds the word in Arabia, Turkey, in Greek, among the Peruvians in South America, in Germany, Holland, and the contiguous countries. In some of the languages of these countries I liave found no such word ; but if it exists, the author's inference, that the name of the haid gave rise to this term of respect, (for this is what I under- stand him to mean,) is totally unfounded ; and equally fanciful and unfounded is his supposition, that, by the loss of /* from sher, the pronoun her, and the German herr, lord, are to be deduced from sir. In all this it is demonstrably certain there is no truth or even semblance of reality. Man the author deduces from the Hebrcvir ratti to discern or discriminate, a sense I do not find in the Lexicons; and hence he infers that the radical idea of man is that of a thinking or a reasonable oeing. With this, word he connects Menu, Mencs, Minns, and fiirog, mens, mind; a sweeping inference, made at random, from a similarity of orthography, without a distant con- ception of the true primary meaning of either of these words. But what is worse, he appears, if I do not mistake his meaning, to connect with these words the tane, tanato, or tangi, of the Sandwich Isies ; words which arc formed with a radical initial consonant, not convertible with m, and most certainly uncon- nected with man. See the words Fatueb, Man, and Sir, in the Dictionary, The author offers some other etymologies and affinities equally remote from trutli,.and even from probability. The governing principles of etymology are, first, the identity of radical letters, or a coincidence of cognates, in different lan- guages ; no affinity being admissible, except among words whose primary consonants are articulations of the same organs, as B, F, M, P, V, and W; or as D, T, Th, and S; or as G,C close, K, and Q; R, L, and D. Some exceptions to tliis rule must be ad- mitted, but not without collateral evidence of the change, or some evidence that is too clear to be reasonably rejected. Second. Words in different languages are not to he considered as proceeding from the same radi,x, unless they have the same signification, or one closely allied to it, or naturally deducible from it. And on this point, much knowledge of the primary sense of words, and of the manner m which collateral senses have sprung from one radical idea, is necessary to secure the inquirer from mistakes. A competent knowledge of this branch of etymology can not be obtained from any one, or from two or three languages. It is almost literally true, that, in examining more than twenty languages, I have found each language to throw some light on evert/ other. That the reader may have more clear and distinct ideas of what is intended by commuluUc letters, and the principles by which etymological deductions are to be regulated, it may be remarked tliat commutable or interchangeable tetters are letters of the same organs; that is, letters or articulations formed by the same parts of fee mouth. Thus, b, m, and p, are formed immedi- ately by the lips, the position of which is slightly varied to make the distinction between these letters, /■'and v are formed by the lips, but with the aid of the upper teeth. Now, the difference of the jointings of the organs to utter these letters is so small, that it is easy for men, in utterance, to slide from one form into another. The following examples will illustrate this subject. Labial Letters commuted for otlier Labials, English bear, Lat, fero, pario, G. gic^tu, tpoQata, D, voeren, G, flihrcn. Here is the same word written in different languages, with five different initial letters, German wahr, true, L, rerus. Celtic lanih, lav, the hand, Goth. lofa. L. guberno, Fr. gouverncr, Eng. govern. Dental Letters commuted for other Dentals. Eng. dew, G. than. Eng. good, G. gut. Eng, dare, Gr. ^an{ieoi. Eng. day, G. tag. ■ Eng. thank, D. danken. Eng, brother, D. breeder. Palatal Letters commuted for other Palatals, Eng, call, W. galw, Gr. xuitw. Eng. get. It. caltare. Greek /«i^o, L. hicms, winter. Dentals converted into Sibilonta Eng. jouter, G. irasser. Lat. dens, a tooth, G. zalin Eng. let, Fr. laisser. Ch. mS, Heb, ai3. Sax. lid, time, G. zeit. Change of Linguals. Eng. escort, Sp. and Port, escolta. • Fr. hlanc, white. Port, branco. Change of F into //, Sp. habla for Ltit.fabula; haz for fades, face; kacer for facto. It is believed that n and s are sometimes convertible ; as in Latin pono, posui, and also r and s, as in English iron, German isen. Letters formed by different organs are not commutable ; hence we are hot to admit a radical word beginning or ending with b, f, or r, to be the same as a word beginning or ending with g, d, t, T, or s ; nor a word whose radical letters are m, n, to be the same as one whose elements are r, d, or s, t. If such words are in any case the same, they must have suffered some anomalous Ixxri INTRODUCTION strive to retain the resemblance between Die written and spoken language. A considerable part of Johnson's Dictionary is, however, well executed ; and when his definitions are correct, and his arrange- ment judicious, it seems to be expedient to follow him. It would be mere affectation or' folly to 'alter what can not be improved. The principal faults in Johnson's Dictionary are, 1. The want of a great number of well-authorized words be- longing to the language. This defect has been, in part, supplied by Mason, but his supplemental list is still imperfect, even in common words, and still more defective from the omission of terms of science. 2. Anotlier great fault, that remains uncorrected, is the manner of noting tlie accented syllabic; the accent being laid uniformly on the vowel, whether it closes tlie syllable or not. Thus the accent is laid on e in U'nant as well as in te'acker, and the in- quirer can not know from the accent, whether the vowel is long or short. It is surprising tliat such a notation should still be retained in that work. 3. It is considered as a material fault, that, in some classes of words, Johnson's orthography is either not correct upon princi- ple, or not uniform in the class. Thus he writes heedlessly, with *5, but carrlesltj, with one s ; defence, with c, but defensible, de- fensive, with s ; rii^our, inferiour, with m, but rigorous, inferiority, without it ; publick, authentlck, with k, but publiratiun, aulhenli- eate, without it; and so of many other words of the same classes. 4. The omission of tlie participles, or most of them, is no small defect, as many of them, by use, have become proper adjectives, and require distinct definitions. The additions of this kind in this work are very numerous. It is also useful, both to natives and foreigners, to be able, by opening a dictionary, to know when tlic final consonant of a verb is doubled in the participle. 5. The want of due discrimination in the definitions of words that are nearly synonymous, or sometimes really synonymous, at other times not, is a fault in all the dictionaries of our lan- guage which I have seen. Permetite, says Johnson, signifies to pass through; and Permeable, such as may be passed through. But we pass through a door or gate ; although we do not permeate it, or say tliat it is permeable. Obedience, says Johnson, is obse- quiousness ; but tliis is rarely the present sense of the word; so far from it, that obedience is always honorable, and obsequiousness usually implies meanness. Peculation, says Johnson, is robbery- of the public, theft of public money. But as robbery and theft are now understood, it is neither. Inaccuracies of this kind are very numerous. 6. There are in Johnson's Dictionary some palpable mistakes in orthography, such as comptroller, redoubt, and some others, there being no such legitimate words in the language. In other instances, the author mistook the true origin of words, and has erred in the orthography, as in ckymistry and diocess. 7. The mistakes in etymology are numerous ; and the whole scheme of deducing words from their original is extremely imperfect. 8. The manner of defining words in Johnson, as in all other dictionaries, is susceptible of improvement. In a great part of the more important words, and particularly verbs, lexicographers, either from negligence or want of knowledge, have inverted the true order, or have disregarded all order, in the definitions. There is a primary sense of every word, from which all the other have proceeded ; and whenever this can be discovered, this sense should stand first in order. Thus the primary sense of make is to force or compel ; but this in Johnson's Dictionary is ths fifteenth definition; and this sense oi facia in Ainsworth, the nineteenth. 9. One of the most objectionable parts of Johnson's Dictionary, in my opinion, is the great number of passages cited from authors, to exemplify his definitions. Most English words are so famil- iarly and perfectly understood, and the sense of them so little liable to be called in question, that they may be safely left to rest on the authority of the lexicographer, without examples. Who needs extracts from three authors, KnoUcs, Milton, and Berkeley, to pro^e or illustrate the literal meaning of hand ? Who needs extracts from Shakspeare, Bacon, South, and Dryden, to prove hammer to be a legitimate English word, and to signify an in- strument for dttving nails ? So, under household, we find seven • There is, among some poets of the present i!ay, an affectation of reviving Ibe U3« of obsolete wortla. SV-me of these may, ptrrhaps, be revived to advan- tage ; but when this practice procetjds so far as to malct; a glossary Decessajy passages and nearly thirty lines employed to exemplify the plain interpretation, a family living together. In most cases, one example is sufficient to illustrate the mean- ing of a word ; and this is not absolutely necessary, except in cases where the signification is a deviation from the plain, literal sense, a particular application of the term ; or in a case where the sense of the word ntay be doubtful and of questionable authority. Numerous citations serve to swell the size of a Dictionary, with- out any adequate advantage. But this is not the only objection to Johnson's exemplifications. Many of the passages are taken from authors now little read, or not at all ; whose style is now antiquated, and by no means furnishing proper models for stu- dents of the present age. In the execution of this work, I have pursued a course some- what different ; not, however, without fortifying my own opinion with tliat of other gentlemen, in whose judgment I have con- fidence. In many cases, where the sense of a word is plain and indisputable, I have omitted to cite any authority. I have done the same in many instances, where the sense of a word is wholly obsolete, and the definition useful only to the antiquary. In some instances, definitions are given without authority, merely because I had neglected to note the author, or had lost tlie refer- ence. In such cases, I must stand responsible for the correctness of the definition. In all such cases, however, I have endeavored to be faithful to the duty of a lexicographer ; and if, in any in- stance, a mistake has escaped me, I shall be happy to have it suggested, that it may be corrected. In general, I have illustrated the significations of words, and proved them to be legitimate, by a short passage from some respectable author, often abridged from the whole passage cited by Johnson. In many cases, I have given brief sentences of my own ; using the phrases or sentences in which the word most frequently occurs, and often presenting some important maxim or sentiment in religion, morality, law, or civil policy. Under words which occur in the Scriptures, I have often cited passages from our common version, not only to illustrate the scriptural or theological sense, but even the ordinary significations of the words. These passages are short, plain, appropriate, antl famil- iar to most readers. In a few cases, where the sense of a word is disputed, I have departed from the general plan, and cited a number of authorities. In the admission of words of recent origin into a Dictionary, a lexicographer has to encounter many difficulties ; as it is not easy, in all cases, to determine whether a ^ord is so far author- ized as to be considered legitimate. Some writers indulge a licentiousness in coining words, which good sense would wish to repress. At the same time, it would not be judicious to reject all new terms, as these are often necessary to express new ideas ; and the progress of improvement in arts and science wpuld be retarded by denying a place in dictionaries to terms given to things newly discovered. But the lexicographer is not answer- able for the bad use of the privilege of coining new words. It seems to be his duty to insert and explain all words which are used by respectable writers or speakers, wnether the words are destined to be received into general and permanent use or not. The future use must depend on public taste, or the utility of the words — circumstances which are not within the lexicographer's control. Lexicographers arc sometimes censured for inserting in their vocabularies vulgar words, and terms of art, known only to par- ticular artisans. That this practice may be carried too far, is admitted ; but it is to be remarked tliat, in general, vulgar words are the oldest and best authorized words in language ; and their use is as necessary to tlie classes of people who use them, as elegant words are to the statesman and the poet. It may be added, that such words are often particularly useful to the lexi- cographer, in furnishing him with the primary sense, which is no- where to be found but in popular use. In this work 1 have not gone quite so far as Johnson has done, in admitting vulgar words. Some of them are too low to deserve notice. The catalogue of obsolete words in Johnson has been consider- ably augmented by Mason. I have, though somewhat reluc- tantly, inserted nearly the whole catalogue, which, I presume, amounts to seven or eight, and perhaps to ten thousand words. Most of these may be useful to the antiquary ; but to the great mass of readers they are useless.* to the linderstandini; of a poem, it seems to be a violation of good taste. How different is the simple elegance of Drj'den, Fope, Gray, Goldsiuitb, and Cow- pert rr INTRODUCTION. Ixxvii I have also inserted many words which are local in England ; being retained from the different languages that have been spoken in that country, but which are no more a part of our present language in the United States, than so many Lapland words. These, however, occur in books which treat of agricul- ture and the arts — books which are occasionally read in this country. Law terms, which are no part of the proper language of the United States, and never can be, as the things they express do not exist in this country, are, however, retained, as it is necessary that the gentlemen of the bar should understand them ; and it will be time to dismiss them from books when they are obsolete in practice. As to Americanisms, so called, I have not been able to find many words, in respectable use, which can be so denominated. These I have admitted and noted as peculiar to this country. I have fully ascertained that most of the new words charged to the coinage of this country, were first used in England. In exhibiting the origin and affinities of English words, I have usually placed first in order the corresponding word, in the lan- guage from or through which we have receired it ; then the cor- responding words in the languages of the same family or race ; then the corresponding word in the languages of other families. Thus, for example, the word break we have from our Saxon ancestors ; I therefore give the Saxon word first ; then the same word in the other Teutonic and Gothic languages ; tlien the Celtic words ; then the Latin ; and, lastly, the Hebrew, ChaJdaic, and Arabic. This order is not followed in every in- stance, even of vernacular words, but it is the more general course I have pursued. When there can be no rational doubt respecting the radical identity of words, I have inserted them without any expression of uncertainty. When there appears to be any reason to question that identity, 1 have mentioned the probability only of an aflinity, or inserted a query, to invite fur- ther investigation. Yet I am aware tliat many things, which in my view are not doubtful, will appear so to persons not versed in this subject, and who do not at once see the chain of evidence which has led me to my inferences. For this there is no remedy but further investigation. In regard to words which have been introduced into tlie lan- guage in modern days, I have generally referred them to the language from which the English immediately received them. A great part of these are from the Latin, through the French ; sometimes, probably, through the lUlian or Spanish. In some instances, however, the order is reversed ; indeed, it can not always be known from which language the words have been received, nor is it a matter of any consequence. One circumstance, however, deserves to be particularly noticed — that when I refer a vernacular word to the corresponding word in one of the Shemitic languages, I would not have it understood that the English word was derived or borrowed fix»m that Oriental word. For example, I have given the Shemitic pID as the verb corresponding with the English breaks that is, the same word in those languages ; not intending by this that our ancestors bor- rowed or received that word from the Chaldeans, Hebrews, or other Shemitic nation. This is not the fact. It would be just as correct for the compiler of a Chaldee or Hebrew Lexicon to derive p'lS from the English break or German brechen. So when I deduce coin, through the French, Spanish, or Italian, from the Arabic, • \J}, I do not consider the word as borrowed from the Arabic, but as proceeding from a common radix. With regard to vernaeular words, in any European language, such de- duction is always incorrect. Yet errors of this kind abound in every book I have seen, which treats of this subject. The truth is, all vernaeular words in the languages of Europe are as old as the same words in Asia ; and when the same words are found in the Shemitic and Japhetic languages, it is almost demonstrably certain that these words were in use before the dispersion ; the nations of both families have them from the common stock, ojid the words, like the families of men which used them, arc to be considered as of the same antiquity. When, therefore, 1 state the words of another language as cor- responding with vernacular words in the English, they are offered as affmities, or the same word varied dialectically, perhaps, in orthography or signification, but words from the same root as the English. Thus, under the word bright, I state the Saxon word, and then the corresponding word in the Ethiopic, the participle of a verb; not that our ancestors borrowed the word from the Ethiopians, but that the verb from which bright was derived, though lost in the Saxon, is still retained in the Ethiopic. This fact proves that the ancestors of the Saxons once used the verb, but suffered it to go into disuse, substituting shine, scinan, in its place. It is much to be regretted that British authors and travelers admit into their writings foreign words, without conforming them, in orthography, to regular English analogies. It is owing to tliis disregard of the purity and regular form of orthography in Eng- lish, that we are perplexed witii such words as burlesque, soup, group, tour, corps, depot, suite, pacha, ennui, and many others. In this respect, modem writers manifest less tJiste than the writers of former centuries, who, when they borrowed foreign words wrote them in conformity to English analogies. This practice of blending with the English many words of an orthog- raphy which in our language is anomalous, is very embarrassing to readers who know only their vernacular tongue, and often introduces an odious difference between the pronunciation of different classes of people — an evil more sensibly felt in this country than in Great Britain, where differences of rank exist ; in short, it multiplies the irregularities of a language, already so deformed by them as to render it nearly impracticable for our own citizens ever to overcome the difficulties of its orthography — irregularities which foreigners deem a reproach to the taste of a literary nation. Where is the good sense which should dictate a manly firmness in preserving the regular analogies and purity of the language ? Where is there a due attachment to cniformitv, which consti- tutes the principal beauty and excellence of a language, and, bevond all other means, facilitates its acquisition ? I would not refuse to admit foreign words into the language, if necessary or useful ; but I would treat them as our laws treat aliens ; I would compel them to submit to the formalities of naturalization, before they should be admitted to the rights of citizenship; I would con- vert them into English words, or reject them. Nor would 1 per- mit the same word to be written and pronounced in two different ways, one English, the other French. The French suite in Eng- lish is suit, whether it signifies a set of clothes, or of apartments, or of armor, or of attendants. In the orthography of certain classes of words I have aimed at uniformity ; but I have not proceeded so far in this desirable ref- ormation of the common spelling, as my own wishes and strict propriety might dictate. Thus, W vicious, from the Latin vitium, is written with c, the verb vitiate should regularly be written with the same letter ; and we have precedents in the words appreciate and depreciate, from the Latin pretium. In like manner, expa.- tiaie should be conformed to the ortliography of spacious ; exceed, proceed, and succeed, should follow the analogy of concede, inter- cede, and recede. These are points of minor importance, but far from being unimportant. In writing the termination of such verbs as civilize, legalize, modernize, there is a diversity which may be corrected without inconvenience. We indeed have some of the verbs of this class from the French, in which language iscr is the tPnnin,ation ; but most of them we have borrowed directly from the Latin or Greek, or perhaps from the Spanish or Italian, or they are of our own coinage. As the termination ize is conformable to the Greek original, as it has a definite meaning, and as it e.xpresses the true pronunciation in English, it seems expedient to reduce the whole class to a uniformity of orthography. Enterprise, devise, comprise, revise, compromise, and surprise, belong to a different class, and retain the orthography of their originals. There is a fact respecting the pronunciation of^n in cognizance and recognizance, which seems to have escaped observation ; this is, that e was introduced to express a nasal sound, as in the French gii, or Spanish S, but not for the purpose of being pronounced as g. It is probable that the Latins changed con, before nosco, into cog, for this reason ; and it may be inferred, from the modern pronunciation of these words, that the Greeks omitted or softened the sound of y in yiytoinxm and yiyroiiai. However this may be, the old pronunciation of the words w,is undoubtedly conusance, or comzanee, reconizance ; and hence, in the old writers on law, the letter g was omitted. Indeed, there is a harshness in the pro- nunciation of g in these words, that ofl'ends the organs both of the speaker and hearer, and which well justifies the pronunciation of the old lawyers — a proniinciation which we frequently hear at this day among gentlemen of the bar. Whether the Latins pronounced the letter g in such words as benignus, condignus, malignus, it is of no moment for us to deter- Ixxriii INTRODUCTION. mine. In our mode of writing benign, condign, malign, the sound of g must be dropped ; but it is resumed in the derivatives, lenignitif, condignity, tnalignity : so in design, designate; resign, resignation.' In noting the obsolete words, which amount to some thousands, I may have committed mistaiies ; for words obsolete in one part of the British dominions, or in some part of the United States, may be words in common use in some other part of such domin- ions not within my knowledge. The rule I have generally ob- served, has been to note as obsolete such words as 1 have not heard in colloquial practice, and which I have not found in any writer of the last century. The notation of such words as are disused, may be of use to our own youth, and still more to for- eigners who learn our language. Under the head of etymology, in brackets, the reader will observe references to another work, lor a more full explanation or view of the affinities of the words under which these references occur. These are references to a Synopsis of the principal uncompounded words in twenty languages — a work that is not published, and it is uncertain whether it will ever be published. But if it should be, thes« references will be useful to the philologist, and I thought it expedient to insert them. ENGUSH ALPHABET. Language or speech consists of human voices or articulate sounds, intended to communicate thoughts or ideas from one person to another. Articulate voices are those which are formed by closing and opening the organs of speech — the lips, the tongue, the teeth, &c. An articulation is a jointing or closing of the organs, as in pro- nouncing ab, ed, op, un, at, eth, ag, eng. Articulate sounds of the human voice are represented by letters or characters written, painted, engraved, or printed. A letter, or letters in combination, form syllables and words, which are the symbols of ideas. To letters, syllables, and words, are annexed certain sounds, which, being uttered by the organs of speech, communicate ideas, through the instrumentality of the ears. When letters and words are written, painted, engraved, or printed, they communicate thoughts, through the instrumentality of the eyes. In order to the communication of thoughta or opinions cor- rectly, from one person to another, it is essential that both persons should annex the same sounds to tlie same letters and words ; or that the letters and words used should be symbols of the same thoughts to both persons. This identity of sounds and symbols constitutes a particular language, the instrument of social inter- course in a nation. In the English language, the letters are twenty-six ; represent- ing sounds, simple or compound ; or modifying such sounds. Letters are of two kinds, voweis and consonants. Vowels are vocal sounds, uttered by opening the mouth or organs of speech, without a contact of the parts of the mouth. The sound of a perfect vowel may be prolonged at pleasure, with- out altering the position of the organs. Such is the first or long sound of a, e, o. The vowels in the English are six — a, e, i, o, u, y. But i and K are not always simple vowels ; and y is sometimes used as a consonant. These letters also represent different sounds — a cir- cumstance which creates much difficulty in learning the language. The broadest or deepest vowel sound is that of a in fall, au in aught, aw in law. This sound requires the largest opening of the mouth. A less opening of the organs gives the sound of the Ital- ian a, as in father, glass. One less deep gives the sound of the short a, as in fat, cat, can. A still smaller opening gives the sound of a in fate, make; and a still smaller, gives the sound of e in raete,feet. The first sound of o, as in note, is made by a circu- lar position of the lips ; and with a less circular opening of the lips we utter the sound of oo in tool. The first or long sound of t is compound, as in pine ; so is the first sound of u in due, suit, tribunal. These sounds can not be exactly expressed or described in writing. • The Spanish pvrio is the Latin pu^iu ; and our word paien, the D. pajtd, ia the Latin pi^ua. So we pronounce impune, tor impugn, French impugntr, from The first or long sound of each vowel U exemplified in the following words : — a in make, name. o in note, hold. e in me, mete. u in dvty, true. i in pitie, bind. y in dry, defy. The short sound of each vowel may be exemplified in the fol- lowing words ;- a in mat, ban. e ia bet, men. i in bit, pin. in not, boss, u in dun, must, y in pity, duty. The vowel a has a third sound, called broad, as in ball, all, walk. The same sound is expressed by au in taught, and by aw in saw. This sound is shortened in what, quadrant, quality. Its remaining sound is the Italian one mentioned above, as in father, glass. The vowel e has the sound of long a in a few words, as in prey, surrey, their. The letter f retains its French sound, that of the English long e, in some words which we have received from the French lan- guage, as in pique, ntarine, machine. The vowel o, in a few words, has the sound of oo, the French ou, as in move, prove, lose. This sound of oo is shortened in book, look. In a few words, o has the sound of u short, as in dove, love. The first sound of y, as in dry, is the same as that of t in pine ; and its short sound in glory, pity, is the same as that of t in pin, brisk. This short sound of i and y is, properly, the short sound of e long. Hence little, when the first vowel is prolonged, be- comes leetle. Hence been is prononnced bin. The short e in let ia nearly, but not precisely, the short sound of a in late. ' [Short e before r at the end of a word, and before r followed by any consonant but itself in the middle of a word, verges toward the sound of short u, as in her, fertile, in which e has not exactly the same sound as in herring, ferry. Most persons, indeed, as Smart remarks, run completely into the sound of short u, pro- nouncing the first syllable of mercy and of murder alike. Those who are more delicate in their pronunciation, endeavor to avoid this in accented syllables, retaining very slightly the sound of short e, though it is difficult to do this, in some eases, without running into the sound of a. These remarks apply also to the sound of short i and y in the same circumstances, as in sir, circle, mirth, &c. Smart remarks that, " even among the more refined classes, sir, dirt, bird, are pronounced sur, durt, burd ; and, in- deed, in all very common words, it would be somewhat affected to insist on the delicacy refered to."] The vowel u, in some words, has the sound of oo in book, as in pull, full, put. The letter «, in some words, is pronounced yu, in which case it is anomalous, representing both a consonant and a vowel. This pronunciation occurs in words which begin with u, forming a syl- lable by itself; as in unite, union, unanimous ; and before r, as in failure, measure, insure, and in a few other cases. Some English writers allege that the proper sound of u is yu. This is a great mistake ; the true sound is nearly eu, but these letters do not express its exact sound. The letter w has its form and its name from the union of two v's, in old books ; v being called yu. This name is ill chosen, and not adapted to express its sound. This letter is, properly, a vowel, with the sound of oo, French ou, but shortened in pro- nunciation, as in dwell, pronounced dooel'. That w IS a vowel, is proved by the fact, that its sound, oo, may be prolonged at pleasure, with the same position of the organs ; and it has the same sound both in the middle and at the beginning of a word ; as in dieell, well. Yet at the beginning of a word, it is preceded by a, as a wall, a woolen garment, which has led writers to number it among the consonants. IV, before another vowel, forms a diphthongal sound ; at least this combination seems to deserve a place among diphthongs. It corresponds exactly with u befoie a vowel, as in equal, equity, in- iquity, antiquity, quote, question, persuade, in which w might be substituted for u, as it is in the Dutch language. In a few words, w is written before A, but pronounced afler it, as in when, white, pronounced hooen, hooite. This absurdity has proceeded from a change of the order of letters in the Saxon, in which A preceded u ; thus, hwen, hwite. the Latin pvgno, pagruu' How far these facta tend to show the Latin pronuD- ciation, let the reader judge. INTRODUCTION. Ixxu Before r, as in wrench^ wrtngy w is not pronounced. Before the diphthong ou, as in wound, to aids in forming a triphthong. Following o, w forms part of a diphthong, as in now, vow; or is mute, as in low, slow, snow. Two vowels rapidly pronounced in one jyllable, constitute a diphthong ; as oi in join ; oy in joy ; ou in sound ; and ow in vow. Two vowels in succession, when one only is pronounced, do not form a diphthong. In my books I follow Sheridan, and de- nominate such vowels a digraph ; that is, double written. Such are the following ; ai, ay, au, aw, ea, ee, ei, cu, ew, ey, ic, ou, vi. Consonants are the letters which represent the articulations of the organs. The letters of this sort, in the English language, are the following, in large and small characters : B, b ; C, c ; 0, d ; F, f; G, g; H, h; J, j ; K, k ; L, I; M, m; N, n; P, p; Q, q ; R, r ; S, s ; T, t ; V, v ; X, x ; Z, z. The articulations or jointings made by these letters, may be learned from the following syllables : ab, ac, ad, of, ag, aj, ak, al, am, an, ap, aq, ar, as, at, av, ax, az. Observe the point of contact in the organs which stops the sound. The letters b,f, p, m, v, represent the articulations of the lips, and are called labials, or lip-letters. The consonants d, t, I, n, and th, represent the jointings of the tongue and the upper teeth, or gum in which the teeth are inserted. For this reason, they are denominated dentals, or tooth-letters. The consonants close e, close g, k, and q, represent the articu- lations of the lower part of the tonguo and upper part of the mouth, or palate ; hence they are called palatals, or palate-letters. ~ The consonants s and i represent the position of the end of the tongue near the upper teeth ; and when pronounced, the breath issues or is driven out between the toague and teeth, with a hiss- ing ; hence these letters are called sibilants, or hissing-letters. The letter c before e, t, and y, is precisely equivalent to s. The letter r is uttered with a jar or vibration of the end of the tongue, near the upper teeth. The letters j and x represent eich two sounds ; those of j may be expressed by dj, and those of x by ks. The consonant g before e, i, and y, is, in many words, the exact equivalent of j. The close articulations ir terrupt all distinct sound ; such are k, p, and (, as ui ak, ap, at. These are called mutes. B and d are mutes, but less close. C and g are close artxulations at the end of syllables, as in public, rag. At the beginning of syllables, tlxey are close before a, o, and u, as in can, rot, cud; gap, go, gun. But before «, i, and y, c is equivalent to s, as in cedar, city, cycle; and g is sometimes close, as in gift, and sometimes compound, as in general, ginger. The consonants which represent articulations not close, are/, I, m, n, T, s, r, z ; as in the syllables ef, el, em, en, er, es, ev, ez. H represents p breathing, and is denominated aspirate. There are, in English, four articulations, for which there are no single chara^iers ; but they are represented by ch, sh, th, and ng. The sound of cA, as in church, cheer, may be represented by tsh. The jound of ih occurs in thine, shall. It is precisely equiva- lent to 'he French ch. Th are aspirated in think, throne; but vocal in that, thou. Walker, in explaining the letters of the alphabet, represents or denominates the consonant b as flat, and p as sharp ; e as flat, and / as sharp ; d as flat, and t as sharp ; th in thee, thou, as flat, and Ih in think, as sharp. These epithets do not express the powers of tliese consonants, nor the diSerences between them. The true representation of them is this : B is a labial, representing a less close articulation than p, which indicates a compression of the lips, that instantly stops all sound. The articulation is the same. D represents a less close articulation of the tongue and upper teeth than t. T represents an articulation of the upper teeth and the lower lip, with a breathing without sound ; v represents the same articulation with sound. S represents a near articulation of the end of the tongue and the upper teeth, with a breathing or hissing without sound; z represents the same articulation with a hissing sound. The same distinction exists between the articulation sh as in fresh, and that of zA as in osier, fusion, delusion. The sound of ng is simple, and occurs in sing, thing, in which the articulation is not close. The same is also true of the parti- ciples and verbals, as singing, singer. But there is another class of words, as anger, longer, in which the g goes to the subsequent syllable, while, at the same time, the peculiar sound of ng is re- tained on the preceding syllable. To indicate this, such words are marked with a double accent, thus, an"ger, lon"ger, denoting that they are not to be pronounced cither ang-er, or an-gcr, but with the peculiar sound of ng followed by g, as described above. Yet there are not, in this case, two articulations, as some or- thocpists seem to suppose. The g directly succeeds the pecuUar sound of ng witliout any new position of the organs, so that there is only one articulation or jointing between the syllables, though that is a close one. OrthoCpists represent, that, in the combination nk, as in ink, bank, n has the sound of ng. This is a mistake. The sound of ng is nasal, the articulation being less close than nk. If the n in such words had the sound of ng, then ink would have a nasal sound, ing, preceding k; but this is not the fact; on the other hand, the close articulation k stops all sound. Walker, then, in representing bank, brink, as being pronounced bangk, bringk, en- tirely mistakes the fact. Note. — In this work, the diphthongs of foreign words, from which anglicized words are derived, are very often rejected ; as in economy, edematous, atheneum, maneuver, pean. The diphthongs ffl and (E are of difficult formation in writing, and of no use in English words. RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION, AND EXPLANATIONS OF THE MANNER OF DESIGNAT- ING SOUNDS IN THIS WORK. The first or long sound of the vowels is designated by a horizon- tal mark over the vowel, thus, i, 6, i, 6, 0, f. This mark is not necessary (though it is here used) in words and syllables ending in e, after a single consonant, as in fate, mete, rite, note, mute, in which the first vowel is long, and the final e is silent. So also it is unnecessary in the last syllables of colonnade, fortitude, anti- pode, suicide, proselyte, consecrate, and others of similar formation. The first sound of a vowel is also indicated by the mark of accent immediately after the vowel, as in fa'vor, ce'dar, vi'tal, glo'ry, tru'ly, cy'cle. The second or short sound of a single vowel is indicated by one or more consonants terminating the word or syllable, as in ban, band, pen, bend, pin, flint, not, plot, sun, must, cyst, withstand, descend, rotund. The short sound is also indicated by the mark of accent im- mediately after a single consonant, as in sal'ary, en'crgy, in'famy, bot'any, hus'band, sym'bol. The third or broad sound of a is designated by two points under the vowel ; thus, bdtl, broqd. But the necessity of these points is superseded by a general rule, that, in most words in which a is followed by Id, Ik, II, as in bald, balk, fall, the letter a has its broad sound. [Still the a is generally used for greater clearness.] This broad sound occurs in the digraphs au and aw; as in taught, law. When this broad a is shortened, the sound is indicated by a single point under a; as in what, quadrant. The fourth or Italian sound of a is designated by two points over the letter ; thus, bar, most, father. The letter e having the sound of a long, has a mark under the letter ; as in prey, convey. The letter i, when it has the sound of e long, has two points over the letter; thus, fatigue, Tnartne. The letters i and o, when they have the sound of u short, have a curving mark ; thus, bird, dive. The vowel o has, in a few words, the sound of oo, French ok, which is indicated by two dots over the letter; thus, mOve, lose. Tliia sound, when shortened, is designated by a point under each of the vowels; thus, book, look; bush, full. The two letters oo, without points, have the sound of the French ou ; as in fool, room. The digraphs ai, ay, always have the sound of the first or long a, unless otherwise marked. The digraphs ea, ee, ei, ic, always have the sound of the first or long e, unless otherwise marked. In all cases, when one vowel of a digraph is marked, that vowel has the sound designated by the mark, and the other is quiescent ; thus, uphriid, arrdyed, deceit, siege, appear, course, float, broad, vein, show. By marking the vowel o, in the digraphs ou and ow, the digraph is distinguished from the diphthong ; thus, in source, ou are a digraph; but in smir they are a diphthong; and bOw, a weapon, is distinguished from bow, to bend. Ixxx INTRODUCTION. Thus ou and ow, without a mark, are always diphthongs. The digraphs eu, etc, and ui, have the sound of the first u; as in/«urf, ireic, bruise. The writers who attempt to give u and etc, after r, the sound of oo, as in rude, brew, [rood, broo,^ encourage an affected pronunciation. In all such words, u and ew have the proper sound of u in duty, tumult, lucid, both in this country and in the general u.sage in England. Some persons affect to pro- nounce the letters e and ic distinctly, e and oo ; but this affectation was condemned by WalUs, as early as the reign of Charles II. The vowel i, in the termination ire, is always short; as in motive, relative, pronounced motiv, relativ. The peculiar articulation of the letter r renders it necessary to utter a slight sound of e short between a vowel and that letter. Thus, bare, mere, mire, more, mure, are pronounced bacr, vieer, mier, moer, viucr ; so in parent, apparent, pronounced nearly pdercnt, appierent. This necessity makes a slight variation in the sound of a, but too inconsiderable to deserve a particular mark of distinction. The accented syllable is designated by this mark ' at the end, as in la*bor, glo^ry, tcn*or, amend', detriment, withdraw', avoir', destroy', renew'. After syllables having two or more consonants followed by e quiescent, or a diphthong, the accent has no effect upon the vow- el, as in dislodge', rejoice'. In many cases, the mark over the Towel might designate both the sound of the vowel and the accented syllabic, as in abrade, up- braid, deduce, besiege; but the accent is uniformly marked." The letters ch, in words from the French, are pronounced as sh, and over the letter c is a mark ; thus, chaise, pronounced shayz. The letters ce, ci, and ti, before a vowel, often blend into the sound of sh. Thus, ocean, Fkocion, motion, are pronounced o'shun, Pho'shun, mo'shun. Hence, ceous, cious, tious, blend into the syllable shus, as in cetaceous, gracious, factious, pronounced ceta'shus, gra'shus,fac'shus.^ The termination *jon, after a consonant, is pronounced shun; concession is pronounced concesh'un. But after a vowel, it is pronounced zhun ; diffusion is pronounced diffu'zhun. The termination (ion, in most words, is pronounced shun, after a vowel or consonant ; tuition, affection, are pronounced na'shun, affec'shun. In a few words, lian, (ion, are pronounced chunj as in Chris- tian, bastion. Egyptian is an exception ; Egypshun. The termination sier, when not under the accent, is pronounced zher or zhur, as in o'sier, bra' sier ; but when under the accent, it has the sound of seer, as in cuirassier' . . When two accents occur after e or t, and before ci and ti, they indicate that the preceding syllable ends with the pronunciation oi sh. Thus, pre"cious, vV'tiate, are pronounced />r«A'ou*, vish'- ate; the ci and ti blending into the sound of sh. In such words as pronunciation, euphony seems to require that cia should be uttered in two syllables, pro-nun-ci-a'tion, to pre- vent the repetition of the sound of sh; pronunshashun.i Dr. Ash remarks, that the different vowels, in unaccented syl- lables, are pronounced alike, or nearly so. Thus, in the words altar, alter, manner, manor, murmur, all the vowels of the last syl- lables have nearly the same sound. Hence it is useless to mark the unaccented vowels, their sounds being too obscure and indistinct to be defined, or to be distinguished by marks. The nice dis- tinctions between them, if any exist, are to be acquired only by usage and good taste. The letters gh, in most English words, are quiescent. In the following, they are pronounced like /; cough, chough, dough, enough, hough, laugh, rough, slough, tough, trough. H after r is mute, as in rhetoric. G and h before n are mute, as in gnaw, knave. W before r is, mute, as in icrest, wrong. In a few words, k after w is pronounced before it, as in what, which. In the termination en, e is nsaally mute, as in broken, pro- nounced brokn. * It is said by st^me writer, that the accent tiever falls on a vowel, but always on a consonant. This is a grv'at mistake. The last syllable of foresee has the accent on the last syllable, and on the vowels which end the syllable. In open, the accent is on the first syllable, in which there is no consonant. The final e is mute after I, in the following syllables : ble, cle, die, fie, gle, kle, pie, tic, zle. B after m is mute, as in dumb. L is mute before k, as in walk ; before m, as in ealm ; and before /, as in half, calf. Jf is mute after m, Us in hymn. Ph are always pronounced like /, as in philosophy; but they are silent in phthisic, pronounced tizzic. P is mute before s, as in psalm; and before (, as in ptyalism, Ptolemy. In the terminating syllable of adjectives, ous, the letter o is always silent. The unaccented y, at the end of words, is short, like » in pin, pit, as in glory, probity. In the plural of such words, ies are pronounced iz, as glories, pronounced gloriz. But y, in monosyllables, has its first sound, as in dry, my; and in verbs and plurals of nouns the same sound occurs in the in- fiections, as infiy, flies ; try, tries ; pronounced y?I:c, trlze. In the termination /y, the y has its first sound, as \n fortify. So also i in the last S3'llable of fortifies. S has its proper sound after /, p, k, t, and (A aspirate, as in chiefs, caps, franks, pits, deitths. S has the sound of z after b, d, g, gh, I, m, n, r, s and ss, z, v, aw, ay, ew, ey, ow, oy, sh, ng, th vocal, ch, oe, ie, and after c fol- lowed by e final ; as in robs, robes, races, rods, rides, rags, rages, toils, dreams, sighs, rains, bars, waves, roses, passes, mazes, laws, days, news, preys, vows, joys, brushes, sings, breathes, churches, foes, files. S before m has the sound of z, as in spasm, baptism The letter z, in Welsh words, is pronounced as the vocal th in that, thou. In many cases, a word, the better to express the pronunciation, is written a second time, in the letters most proper for the pur- pose. In this case, the pronunciation of the radical word is to be observed in the derivatives, unless otherwise noted. Thus, bright is written brlte, to show the pronunciation ; and this pronunciation is to be observed in its derivatives, brightness, brightly. The letter u, it has been remarked, has the sound of yu in words in which this letter forms a syllable by itself, as in u-nil, u-nanimous, u-biquity, u-surp, and in some monosyllables, as in use, pronounced yusc. In extending this sound to u after d, as in gradual., credu- lous. Walker has changed the sound of d to that of dj ; and gradual becomes gradjual or grajual ; credulous is changed to credjulous or crejulous. But this pronunciation of Walker is severely condemned by Jameson and Knowles. So also Walker's butsheus for beauteous, plentshus for plenteous, are condemned and discarded. The same fate attends Walker's ingrejent for in- gredient, and other words of a like orthography. The present practice is to give to u the sound of yu, in such words as nature, feature, rapture; which are pronounced ndt-yur, fiat-yur, rapt-yur. This practice seems to have been adopted to avoid the common corruption of a change of ( into tsh, as in natshur — a pronunciation condemned by the latest orthofipists. But in words of more syllables than two, this pronunciation of K as yu, in the last syllable, as in caricature, literature, judicature, is not to be commended. [Still, as the corruption referred to oc- curs quite as frequently in words of this class as in those of two syllables, it has been thought best to place them all on the same footing, and to mark with the sound of u as heard in unite, all the terminations in ure, with their derivatives.] The termination ed, in the past tense and participles of verbs, retains the vowel e, in this vocabulary, for showing the proper orthography, especially to foreigners ; but in the customary pro- nunciation, this vowel is omitted, except after d and (. Thus, abandoned, delivered, charmed, are pronounced abandond, de- liverd, charmd. This rule extends to all cases, except to some formal uses of particular words, or to occasional uses of some words in verse. Aftj>r d and (, this termination ed is, from necessity, pronounced as a distinct syllable ; as in abraded, hated. t The English orthoc;[)ists alle|!e that the letter c, in such words, has the sound of Bh. This is a mistake. The pronunciation of sh, in such words, is the effect of blending the sound of e with the following vowel This mistake has misled Walker and others into a multitude of errors Izxsi ORTHOGRAPHY OP DR. WEBSTER, AS EXHIBITED IN THIS VOLUME. 1. Terminations in OCR changed into or. — Such words ns favor , labor, &c., formerly ending in our, drop the u. One word, how- ever, is here given in both ways, viz.. Savior, Saviour. 2. Terminations in CK changed into c. — Words of more than one syllable, ending in ie or iac, which formerly ended in k, have dropped the k, as in music, maniac, tfcc. Add to these almanac, sandarac, limbec (from alembic); also havoc. The A is retained (1) in a few derivatives, as colicky, trafficker, mimicking, &c., to prevent an erroneous pronunciation ; (2) in all monosyllables, as sick, stick, wreck, &c., and hence in their compounds, as brain- sick, candlestick, shipwreck, &c. ; (3) in all other terminations except ic and iac, as in arrack, hammock, &c. 3. Terminations in R£ changed into £R. — Such words as centre, metre, theatre, &c., with their compounds, have the re changed into er, as center, meter, theater, &c. Some hundreds of words, like chamber, cider, diameter, &c., have already undergone this change, which is here extended to about twenty more, to complete the analogy. Jlcre, lucre, and massacre, are necessarily excepted, be- cause the change would lead to an erroneous pronunciation. The above words, however, are here given in both modes of spelling. 4. Words in which the final consonant is not doubled in adding such formalives as mo, ed, er, ^c. — It is a rule extending to many hundreds of cases, that, in adding to a word such forniatives as ing, ed, er, &c., a single consonant at the end of a word is doubled when the accent falls on the last syllable, as in forgetting, beginning, excelling ; but is not doubled when the accent falls on any preceding syllable, as in benefiting, gardener, «&c. This rule has been violated in the case of about fifty words ending in I, whose derivatives have had the I doubled, as traveller, &.C. These words are here, restored to their true analogous spelling, as recommended' by Walker, Lowth, Perry, and others, as in traveling, canceled, leveler, counselor, duelist, marvelous, &c. On the same principle, woolen is spelled with a single I. It does not interfere with this rule that chancellor, and the derivatives of metal and ertjstal, as met- alline, metallurgy, crystalline, crystallize, &c., have the / doubled, since they come directly from the Latin cancellarius and metallum (Greek fiitaXlov), and the Greek xqiarallot. The above rule is also applied to the derivatives of worship and bias, making them wor- shiping, worshiped, worshiper, biasing, biased. Bigoted has already taken its true spelling with but one t, and such should be the spell- ing of carbureted, sulphureted, &c. 5. Distinction between verbs in IZE and ISE. — Verbs from the Greek itu, and others formed in analogy with them, have the ter- mination i:e, as baptize, legalize, Sec. Catechise and exorcise are exceptions. Verbs, and also some nouns, derived directly from the French, with a few from other sources, end in ise, as advertise, advise, ajfranchise, amortise, chastise, circumcise, comprise, com- promise, criticise, demise, despise, devise, disfranchise, disguise, divertise, emprise, enfranchise, enterprise, exercise, manumise, mer- chandise, misprise (to mistake), premise, reprise (to take again), revise, supervise, surmise, surprise. 6. Terminations in able. — ^ble, when incorporated into words ending with silent e, cuts it off, as in hlamable, except after e or g, OS in noticeable, changeable. 7. Compounds -tf words ending in i.L. — Such compounds as befall, miscall, install, forestall, inthrall, enroll, retain the double I, to prevent a false pronunciation, making the last vowel short, as befal, enrol, &c. For the same reason, double I should be retained in the nouns installment, inthrallment, thralldom, and enrollment. 8. Dr.FEKSE, OrrENSE, and Pretense. — In those words, « is rtibstituted for c, because s is used in the derivatives, as defensive, offensive, pretension. The words expense, recompense, and license, have, on this ground, undergone the same alteration within com- paratively a short period, and a change in the three mentioned above would complete the analogy. These words are here given in both forms of spelling. 9. Foretell, Distill, Instill, Fulfill. — These words retain the II of their primitives, for it must be retained in the participles and other derivatives, as foretelling, distiller, instilling, fulfilled, &c. In this case, it is only necessary to remember the rule, that the spelling of the original words tell, still, fill, is retained in all the derivatives. 10. CoNNECtioN, Deflection, Inflection, Reflection. — These follow the spelling of their verbs, connect, deflect, inflect, reflect. 11. Derivatives of Dull, Skill, Will, and Full. — These re- tain the II, r'lz. dullness, fullness, skillful, willful, to prevent the inconvenience of exceptions to a general rule. Walker says, there is no reason why we should not write dullness, fullness, skillful^ and willful, as well as stiffness, gruffness, and crossness. 12. Derivatives o/ Villain. — The derivatives of villain ought to retain the i, as in villainous, villainy, &.c. This is the case in all similar words when the ain is not under the accent, as mountain- ous from mountain, captaincy from captain, chieftaincy from chief tain, chaplaincy from chaplain, certainty from certain, &.c. Both modes of spelling, however, are given in this volume. 13. Mould and Moult. — These words should be written mold and molt, like gold, bold, fold, colt, &c., in which the u has been dropped, or was never introduced ; but they are here given in both ways. 14. Terms in chemi.itry. — The orthography oxyd (from oJtJ{) is considered preferable to oxide, because in all other derivatives the Greek u is represented by the English y, as in oxygen, hydrogen, &c. In such terminations as chlorid, fluorid, ammid, &c., the final e is not used, because they are formed in analogy with acid, and the e is unnecessary, and might lead to the error of giving a long sound to the preceding i. Such words as salicin, cerin, vera- trin, Slc, also omit the final « in most cases, because it is unneces- sary, though it is retained in bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, and a very few others. The spelling of the last class of words has the authority of Brando's Encyclopedia, the Penny Cyclopedia, and some distinguished chemical works. 15. Woe. — This word takes the final e, like doe, foe, hoe, sloe, toe, and all similar nouns of one syllable. The termination in o be- longs, among monosyllables, to the other parts of speech, as go, so, and to nouns of more than one syllable, as motto, potato, tomato, &c. 16. Practice, as a verb. — This verb should be spelled like the noun, with a c, as in notice, apprentice, and all similar words in which the accent precedes the last syllable. The distinction of spelling between the noun and verb belongs properly to words ac- cented on the last syllable, as device, n., devise (pronounced de- vize'), V. To apply the distinction here, and spell the verb practise, tends to give it the same pronunciation (practize) as we often find in uneducated persons ; but as this spelling, though in opposition to the regular analogy, is more prevalent, the verb is here given in both ways. 17. Drouth is given as spelled by Spenser, Bacon, &.C., and as still extensively pronounced ; and hight as spelled by Milton, and derived from high. They are, however, placed under drought and height, the more ordinary spelling, though, on some accounts, the old spelling is to be preferred. Izxxii » t • ALPHABETS. < i HEBREW AND CUALOEB. ffama. SAMARI- TAN. ^ARABIC. Initial. Abmw. SYRIAa MtdiaL rnitioL Aleph X It- Elif 11 I \ Olapli i \ I i Beth a a Be •_> bA Jk. • • • j- Beth .^ .O. £^ o Gimel a T Jim C g^ "^ j^ Gomal *^l!» N5. >^ >is i Daleth T i •T C Dal 3 .s He Ol Ol Ol Ol Tau 1 t Wau J > > 3 Vau o a a o Zain T ^ Ze j > > J Zain 1 V \ 1 Cheth n ^ (Ha C ^ ^ J Kha C ^ =^ Heth WW a-AA A* ** Teth 6 ^ ( Ta k k k (Tha ii Ji k k> Teth 4, -S ■& I Yod at Ye t? i? A J Yud %s • «A * * Caph -^ : a Kef £ . S s=, Coph — — 2^ 3 T.amed b I Lam j 3- J^ J Lomad ^ ^ ^ :^ Mem tj a a Mim f r t •« Mim >0 >Q 2a io Nun 1 3 i Nun o u * J Nun V ^ 1 J Samech o ^ wanting — — — — Semcath %£P UQ ai Ain 9 V CAin £ 2 X < Gain it * Ee '^ ^ :^ 1. Pbe C) B 3 Fe ij ._* i i Pe .Si ^a. 2k. 3 Tzaddi f s ■m ( Tsad ^jfl (ja ^ *a C Dhad ^ ija ^ to. Tsode ^ J J 3 Koph p V Kaf o (Ji * ji Kuph ^ «a a. O Resh 1 ^ Re J J J' J Rish ' r r J Sin B^ . Shin D> u> ( oin (|M (jMh ***• i Shin yi ^ M :^ Shin •^ ..A. M. « Thau n A ( Te c ilU A ^ The O C. i J J Tau Z A A Z The Arabic Towela are on y three, viz. Fatha, _;. a, e ; Kesra, ~ e, i ; Dhamma, J_ o, u. The diacritical si gn» are J earn ^ or quiescent Sheva ; Teshdid j^ or Dagesh forte ; Hamza ±_ placed over Elif when radical. Nunnation or doable final vowels, ^ "^ £., showing that they are to be pronounced an, en or in, on or an. The Persian) use the Arab ic alphabet, with the addition of Pe, j ; Che, :s. ; Ghaf, f ^ ; and Zhe.J. I Izxxiii ETHIOPIC ALPHABET. A short. u. I. A long. E. Y. 0. Alph A a A- u A.i A a A. e hy A Bet n ba fV bu a hi n ba a be -n by p bo Gemel 1 ga T- gu 1 gi 3 ga "i ge T gy *! go Den J? da ^ du ^ di ^ da £ de ^ dy ^ do Hoi U ha l> hu y hi V ha y he U hy 1/ ho Waw ® wa (D, vvu thu fix tU rn tha fa the ^ thy fr» tho Yaman p ya P yu R. yi /> ya ^ ye .e yy p- yo Quaf n ka n- ku n. ki n ka n. ke Tl ky ^ ko Lawi A la A- lu A,li A la A. le A ly A- lo Mai mu <'\ mi <^ ma "^ me ^ my

su Ui si Ul sa Ut se ^ sy vp so A in a O u ^i °, a ^b e 6 y /) Af dlfa a: fu ,dfi < fa < fe 4: fy tfj fo Pait ft pa ft. PU ft. F ft pa ft. pe ?^ py ft po Psa T pa T pu X P' 7 pa T pe T py T po Zadai « za ft. zu ft. zi ^ za ft. ze ft" zy f5 ZO Zappi zza 9. zzu q. zzi g zza q, zze 6 zzy ^ ZZO Kaf t ka «fe ku •t ki ^ ka . Dutch, or Belgic. Eng. England, or English. EtA Ethiopic. Fr. French, O. or Oer, .... German. Ootk. Gothic Or. Greek. Ifeb Hebrew. Ice. Icelandic. Ir. Irish, or Gaelic It Italian. Lot. or Z^ stands for Latin. Ptr. Persic, or Persian. Port. Portuguese. Russ. Russian. Sam. Samaritan. Sana, Sanscrit. Sax. ... . i ^'**""> <"■ Anglo- ( Saxon. Sp Spanish. Ste Swedish. Syr. Syriac. fV, Welsh. KEY TO THE P ROJ^ UN C I A T I ON, i»fi.I'**=-Wasin long or open, ) A Italian, or AU, . A broad, AU or AW A. £ like long «, . . . . EE, £, or CE, j like long e, ( * j mate, mete, mite, ( mute, mule, dye. .far. fait , what. , prfy, thfre. . mMt,c«sura. EW, or EU, tike long «, as in new, feud. I like long e, marine. I like short «, . bird. O, move. like short k, . . . dove, p, . . . wolf. 01 or OY, od, boy. 00, . . moon. QQy as in book. OU or OW, about, town. y, bull. II like yu vnite. C hard, or €H, like ft, . . . carry. C soft, like Sf certain. CII, ... mucA. CU likesA, macAine. CK hard, like Jt, . . as in . . Blek. ti Bofl, like^, ^em. G hardj five. S like z, &s, was. S, west, TH, (Ais. TH, thin. REMARKS. 1. Improper J>^pAMoM^.<^In these, the vowel which is sounded is alone marked, as in at, ea, or oi, i>u, &e. 2. Double Accent ("). — This is used in two cases : (1) When, in such words as an''^^ (pronounced ang'ger^) the y is, as it were, drawn back to the preceding syllable, forming with n the sound of ng^ while it is also retained with its proper hard sound in its own syllable. Thus the dis- tinction is marked between such words as lon"yer, of greater length, and lofu'eTf one who longs. (2) AVTicn, in the case of e or » followed by ci or tit tl** sound of sh is drawn back to the preceding syllable, as in spe"cialf discr^'tion, addi"tton, ri'Wous, (pronounced spesh'al, diskresh'- tm, addUh'un^ rish'tts.) The double accent is also used when the sound of zh is drawn back, as in Cransi'tion, vi'sioiiy (pronounced transizh'u?if vizh'un;) but this peculiaritv is also indicated either by respelling or by the marked s. When the single accent O and double accent (") both occur on the same word, the former is to be considered the primary, and the latter the secondary accent, as in cheese' mon"ger. 3. Votcelt in Italics. — Vowels which are Italicized arc not sounded, as the a in metal ; the e in us«i, hazel, burde^i ; the i in evil, cousm ; the o in beckon, &c. Hence, the termination erf in participles and adjectives, when the c is Italicized, though separated to the eye, does not to the ear form a distinct syllable. Thus used is pronounced in one syllable. 4. Accented Syllables. — WTien an accented syllable ends in a conso- nant, the vowel which it contains has its regular short or shut sound, unless otherwise denoted according to the key. 5. Unaccented Syllables. — AVTien an unaccented syllable ends in a vowel other than e mute, this vowel has an obscure or faint sound, un- less otherwise marked. The obscure a is usually the short Italian a, as in .America. The obscure «, i, and y, have the open sound of e shortened, as in event, labial, duty ; and hence, in respelling for pronunciation, the e is used to denote these sounds. The obscure o and u have their regular open sounds, but somewhat shortened, as in monopoly, strperfluous. When the unaccented syllable ends in a consonant, the vowel which it contains, if single, has its regular short or shut sound, as in assign, ex- glain, furnish, connective, caUs. Ileuce tliia letter is foumi tn ninny word:* fir^t uttered by in- fants ; which word;* are llie names of the objects with which infanlii aru tirst concerned, a:* the breast, and the parents. Ilr-nce in Hebrew ON fl«n, in mother, ^d 3K abf it) f;ither. In ChaM'-r and Ryriar, abha in father ; in Arabic, aba ; in Kthiopic, abi ; in Malayan and lien gai^tui ^ bappa : in WVIiih, far/, whence we retain dad: in Old Greek and in (jf)lhic, atta : in Iri^^h, aithair ; in Cantabrian, aila ; in I^apponic, utki: in Abystiinian, abba: in Am- haric, a&a; in Shilhic and Mtlindane, African dialect^, fraAa: and />ii/fA ii« found in many natiuuA. Hence the Latin mniuna, the brea.'«t, whirh in^ in (M>p>ilar use, the name of mother; in Swcdii^h, amma is a nur^te. This list might be greatly ex- ti^nded ; but these eAamples prove A to by thi! first natural vocal soun>l, and < ntilled to the fir^t place In alphalvl.'). The Hebrew name of tins letter, altph^ signififs an m or a leader. A has, in English, fuiir »nnnds; the Inntf ot Blender, as in plate^ fute: the hmad, a.« in ie>all, faUf which is fihtrrt' ned in r nan liquet, it is not evi- dent ; and the judges voti^'d by balloia thus marked. — Ill inscriptions, A. standi for .^u^ustux i or fur agcr, auutt^ uuru'/i, argentum, &c. A. is also used for anno ; as in A. D., for anno Domini, the year of our Lord ; and A. M., for anno mnndL, the year of the wor'd : and tilsofor nnfr^ns in A. M.,f<»rfln(* mrriitirin,U'-(tire mnin : and forarf-*, as in A. M.,fiiTarf:um i.i/iiri.tlrr, master of arts. With the Romans, A. V. ('. ster ttieir exiiibits in itiu same manner ; a^ the document A, or R. Alpha and Omega, the first anil la-t letters of the Creek ulplinbet, ore used in Prripture for the 6e- ginninif RUil end — reprewntative of Christ. In innthematics, letters are used as representatives of numbers, lines, angles, and quantities. In aT, and the Eng. of, Ger. ab, D. of, Hw. l>an. i^f, written, in an- cient Latin, t^'. It denotes //■««!, separating or de- parture. AB ; the Hebrew name of/athir. [See Abha.] AB ; the eleventh month of the Jewish civil year, and the fiflh of the ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of July, and a part of August. In the Ryriac calendar, Ab is the name of the last sum- mer month. AIJ'A-€A,«. A kind of flax in the Philippine Islands. AB-A-UlS'CtJS, n. In ancind architeclarcy tlie square compartments of Mosaic pavements. AB'A-UIST, M. Tfrom nhariu.] One that casts accounts ; a calculator. A-B.\l'K', adn, [a and back, Sax. on b(£ci at, on, or toward Ihe back. Hce Back.! Toward the back ; on the i>aok part; back\vard. In sfamen^d language, it signifies the situation of the sails, when pressed back against the in:i.st by the wind. Taknt aback, is when the sails are carried back suddenly by the wind. Laid aback, is when the sails are purposely placed in that situation to give the stiip stern way. Jllarini'r^s Diet. AB'A-€OT, 71. The cap of state, formerly used by English kings, wrought into the figure of two crowns. Alt-AC'TOR, n, [Latin, from atfigo, ab and agOf to drive.] In law. one that feloniously drives away or steals a herd or nnntbers of cattle at once, in dis- tinction from one that stents a sheep or two. All'A-*/U.S, H. [L. abacus, any thing flat, as a C!ii>- bo;ird, a bench, a slate, a table or board li)r games ; Gr.^i^df. Usually deduced from the Oriental, p:iN abak, dust, because the ancii^nts used tabb-s cov- ered with ilust for making figiin^s and diagrams.] * 1. Among Uie Roman-i, a cupboard or buffet. 2. An iiistrimiciit to facilitale operations in arith- metic. On tliis ore drawn lines ; a counter tJii the lowest line is one; on the next, ten; on the tiiird, a hundred, &lc. On ttiu spaces, counters denote half the number of the line above. Other schemes arc called by the same name. 'J'he name is also given to a table of numbers cast up ; as, an ahaciis of addition; and, Iiy analogy, to the art of num- bering, as in Knighton's Clironicon. F.ntijc, 3. In at chitceturc, a table constituting Ihe upper ini-mt)er or crowning of a coluniu and its capital. It IS square in the Tuscan, Doric, and Ionic or- ders, but its sides are arched inward in Ihe C(»- rinthian antl Composite. 7'he name is also given to a concave molding on the capital of the 'J'us- can pedestal, and to the plinth above the boultin in tlie Tuscan and Doric ordi.Ts. Evcyc. 4. A game amtmg the Romans; so called iVom it4 being pU'yed on u board, somewliat in the manner of clifss. P. Ci/c. AB'A-i I'S HAR-MON'IC-US,n. The slnictiire anj disposition of the keys of a musical in»trunu-nt. AB'A-CUa MA'JOR, ». A trough us<;d in mines to wash ore in. Kneyt. FATE, FAR, F^LL. WH^T.— MKTE, PRBY. — n.VE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQpK, — Tt>EE, BULL, T;xiTE.— AN"GER, Vr'CIOUS.— e as K ; 6 aa J ; 8 as Z ; CII as SH; TU aa in THIS. ABA AB'A-eUS PY-TnA-GOR'IC-US, n. The multipli- caliun table, invenied by Pythagoras. A-BAD'DO\, H. [Ileb. Ch. Syr. 8ain. ^2K abai, to be lost, or destroyed ; to perUb.] 1. The Ue^truyer, or auget of the boLtomlesa pit. Rev. ix. 2. The bottunilesa pit. JtRtton. A-BXFT', adv. or prrp, [Sax. fft, or (rft^ again. Hence Cfter or t^Ur^ after, subsequent ; Hax. ajlan^ behind in place; to which word he is pri^-lixed — bftrfta*, behind — and this word ia corrupted into aimft.] A sea term, signifying in or at the hinder ii&rt of a ship, or the parts wtiich lie toward the stern ; opposed to afvre. Relatively, it denotes further q^, or toward the stern ; as, abuft the raaiiiinast. Abtifi the beam, is in lliat arch of (he horizon « hich is between a line drawn at riclil angles with the keel, and the pi>int to which the stern is directtd. It is often contracted inlo aJU Mar. DuL A-BAI'SANXE. See OaEisksev. AB-AL'lEN-ATE, r. (. [See ALiEr»*TS, Aliene.] To transfer the tirJe of pro[>erty from one to anoth- er ; a term of the civil law, rweJy vr neoer lued ta common law prtteteJi^^s, AB-AL'lI^N'-A-TED, fp. Tmnsferred from one to another. AB-AL'lEX-A-TING, ypr. Transferring from one to anottier. AB-ALr-lE.N-A'TIOX, a. The transferring of UUe to property. [St« .\LiE:«ATiorf.] A-BA\'i)0"N, r. L [Ft. aboMdiiniier; Sp. and Port. abandtjnari It. abbandonare ; said to be from ban and doMurf to give over to the ban or proscription ; or from a or oA and bandum, a flag or ensign.] 1. To forsake entirely j as, to aband*/it a hopeless ealeipriae. Woe M thai nnrntMO tw wbidi the tetfiawnj of God AaU heakamdotti. Dr. Maavti. 3. To renounce and fiir? Reduced to a low state, humbled, depressed. In heraldry, it is used of the wings of eagles, when the tops are turned downward toward the point of the shield ; or when the wings are shut, the natural way of bearing them being spread, with the top pointing to the chief of tlie angle. Bailrg. CKambrrg. A-BASE'ME\T, n. The act of humbling or bring- ing low ; also, a state of depression, degradation, or humiliation. ABASH', V. L [Ueb. and Cb- na bosk, to be con- founded, or ashamed.] To make the spirits to fail ; to cast down the countenance ; to make ashamed ;- to confuse or confound, as by exciting suddenly a consciousness of guilt, error, inferiority, &c. Thev he*rence sterling. Knaje. A-BAT'A-BLE, a. That may or can be abated ; as, an abatabU writ or nuisance. A-BATE', c. L [Fr. abattrey to beat down ; baUre, to beat, to strike ; Si». batir, abatir i Port, bater, abater ; It. batterer abbatUre; lleb. Cb. Ban, kabati to beat ; l^y* •-^^^-*' id .\r t^A,,?^ habtoa, to beat, and ^'\ A. ^^ kabata, lo beat down, to prostrate. The Saxon has the participle gebatod, abated. The prelix is sunk to a in abatr, and lost in the parti- ciple brat. See Class Bd. \o. 'X\, 33.] 1. I'o l>eat down ; to pull down ; to destroy in any manner ; as, to abate a nuisance. 2. To leaaen ; to diminish; to moderate; as, to abau seal ; to abate pride ; to abate a demand ; to oAcfa courage. 3. To lauen ; to mitigate ; as, to abate pain, sor- row, or misery. ji'Uligon. 4. To overthrow ; to cause to fail ; to frustrate by judicial sentence : as, to abate a writ. 5. To deject j to depress j as, to abale the soul. [OA^.l 6. To deduct. Nothin; to add, nod notiilng to abate. Popt. 7. To cause to fail ; to annul. By the English law, a legacy to a charity is abated by a deficiency of assets. 8. To remit ; as, to abate a tax. A-BATE', v.-A, To decrease, or become less in strength or violence ; as, pain abalm ; a ^torra abate.". 2. To fail ; to be defeated, or come to nought ; as, a writ abates. By the civil law, a legacy to a charity does not abate by deficiency of assets. 3. Id latOf to enter into a freehold afliT the death of the last possessor, and before the heir or devisee Lakes possession. Blarkstone. 4. In borsetnanship^ to perform well a downward motion. A horse is said to abate, or lake down his curvets, when, working upon cun'ets, he puts both his hind legs to the ground at once, and ob- serves the same exactness in all the times. Encyc A-BAT'ED, pp. or a. Lessened ; decreased ; de- stroyed ; mitigated ; defeated ; remitted ; over- thrown ; depressed. A-BATE'MEXT. ju The act of abating; the state of being abated. 2. A reduction, removing, or pulling down, as of a nuisance. Blackjtffne. 3. Diminution, decrease, or mitigation, as of grief or pain. 4. Deduction, sura withdrawn, as from an ac- count. 5. Overthrow, failure, or defeat, as of a writ. Blacksione. 6. The entry of a stranger into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. BlacksUnie, 7. In heraldry, a mark of dishonor in a coat of arms, by which its dignity is debased /or some stain on the character of the wearer. A-BAT'ER, 71. The person or thing tUat abates. A-BaT'IXG, pjtr. Pulling down; diminishing; de- feating ; remitting. ABB A-BAT'OK, k. a person who enters Into a free- hold on the death of the lai>t possessor, before the iieir or devisee. Blackstonc AB'A-TIS, ) H. [Fr. abatis.} [from beating or pull- AU'AT-TIS, J ingdown. Fr, abattre.] UubbUh. In fortification, piles of trees, or branches of trees 8har)>ened, and laid with their points outward, in front of ramparts, to prevent assailants from mounting the walls. Encyc. A-BATTOIH', (a-bat-wnr',) n. [Fr.] A building for the slaughtering of cattle. AB'.A-TQDE, n. [from abaU.] Any thing dimin- ished. Bailey. AB'A-TT^RE, n. [from abate.'] Grass beaten or trampled down by a stag iu passing. Diet. A-l!AUM', n. A species of red clay. [Aoi in a^yr.] AB-A\V'>;i), ;v». Abashed. [Ohs.] Chaucer. ABB, n. [Sax. ab or ab.] Among weavers, yarn for the warp. Hence abb-wool is wool for the abb. Encyc. AB'BA, n. In the Chaldee and Syriac, a father; and figuratively, a superior. Sans, appen. In ttie Syriac, Coptic and Ethiopic churches, it is a title given to the bisliops, and the bishops be- stow Ilie title, by way of distinction, on the bishop of Alexandria. Hence the title Buba, or Papa, Pope or OrrM FaUicr, which tlie bishop of Alexan- dria bore, before the bishop of Rome. AB'B.\-CY, n. [from abba. Low Lat. abbaiia.'] The dignity, rights and privileges of an abbot. It com- prehends the government and revenues. AB-BA'TIAL,^' \ ^ B«>"ng"'g t« «" ^^^'^y- AB'BE, (ab'by,) n. [Fr. abbe, from abba.] In a monastic sense, the same as an albut; but more generally, a title in Roman Catholic countries, without any determinate rank, office, or rights. The abbes are numerous, and generally have some literary attainments ; they dress as academics or scholars, and act as instructors, in colleges and private families ; or as tutors to young gentlemen on their travels ; and many of them become authors. AB'BESS, w. [from abba.] A female superior ur governess of a nunnery, or convent of nuns, having the authority over the nuns which tlte abbots have over the monks. rSi'e Ahbev.] AB'BEY, n. pi. Abbeys, [from abba.] A monastery or society of persons 4f either sex, secluded from the world and devoted to n ligion. The males arc called monk'', and governed by an abbot ; the f inal-s are called nun^, and governed by an abbess. 'I'lii.-se institutions were suppressed in England by Henry VIII. ; but Ihey still exist in Roman Catholic countries. AU'UEY-LUB-BEK, n. A name given to monks in contempt for their idleness. AB'IIOT, n. [fitnnerly Abhat, from abba, Litinlzed alibas, -atis, or from Heb. plural ni2N, abutfi.] The superior or governor of an abbey or monastery. Originally, monasteries were founded in retired places, and the religious had no concern with secular affairs, being entirely subject to the prel- ates. But the abbots, possessing most of the learning in ages of ignorance, were called from their seclusion to aid the churches in opposing heresies ; monasteries were founded in the vicin- ity of cities; the abbots became ambitious, and set themselves to acquire wealth and honors ; some of them assumed the miter, threw off their depend- ence on the bishops, and obtained seats in parlia- ment. For centuries, princes and noblemen bore the title of abbots. At present, in Roman Cath(dic countries, abbots are reirular. or sucli a.'^ take the vow, and wear the habit of the order; and com- mendatory, such as are seculars, but obliged, when of suitable age, to lake orders. The title is borne also by some persons who have not the govern- ment of a monastery ; as bishops whose s*!es were formerly abbeys. Encyc AB'BOT-SHIP, n. The state of an abbot. AB-BRE'VI- ATE, V. t. [It. abbrcviare ,■ Sp. abreviar ; Port, abbreviar ; from L. abbrevio, brecio, from brevis, short ; contracted from Gr. Spuxus, from the root oi break, which see.] 1. To shorten ; to make shorter by contracting the parts, [fn tjils sense not much used, nor often applied to material substancci. ] 9. To slrorten ; to abridge by the omission or defalcation of a part ; to reduce to a smaller com- pass ; as, to abbreviate a writing. 3, lij Tnath$}n(Uic3, to reduce fractions to lower terms. IVallis. AB-BR£'VI-.\TE, 71. An abridgment. [Obs.] FJyoU AB-BRfi'VI-A-TED, pp. or a. Shortened; reduced to U>wer terms ; abridged. 2, In botany, an abbreviated perianth Is short- er than the tube of the corol. Martyn. AB-BRK'VI-A-TIXG, ppr. Shortening; contract- ing in length, or into a smaller compass ; reducing to lower terms. FZTE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — MeTE, PRfiV. — PIXE, M.\RT£?^, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, Being a native of the place. As he was given to laughter, foolish or incessant laughter is called abdtrian. WkHaker. AB'D£ST, X. Purificalion by washing; a Moham- medan rite. AB'DI-CA^'T, a. [See Abdicate.] Abdicating; re- nouncing. AB'Dl-CATE, o. L [L. abdico ; ah and dico, to ded- icate, to be^itow ; but the literal primary sense of dico is to send or thrust.} 1. In a general <«njte, to relinquish, renounce, or abandon. Forsttr. 2. To abandon an office or trust, without a for- mal resignation to those who conferred it, or with- out their con:4ent ; also, to abandon a throne, with- out a formal surrender of the crown. C«we of King Jamcs^ Blackstotte. 9. To relinquish an ol^ce before the expiration of the time of service. Case of Diocletian^ Oibboa ; also Ca^e of Peter ///., Coze'*s Russ. 4. To reject ; to renounce ; to abandon an a right. Burke. 5. To cast away ; to renounce ; as, to abflicate our mental faculties. [Unu-tuAl,^ J. P. Smith. 6. In the eivU Ltw^ to disclaim a son and expel him from the family, as a father ; to disinherit during the life of the father. Eneyc AB'UI-t^ATE, V. i. To renounce; to abandon; to cast off; to relinquish as a right, power, or trust. Thmigti B kin; may ab£aHM fat Ul ovn penon, be can not ■ h fl coa tat Uie mod^irch/. Burk: AB'DI-€A-TED, pp. or a. Renounced ; relinquished without a formal resignation ; abandoned. AB'DI-€A-TING, ppr. Relinquishing without a formal resignation ; abandoning. AB-l)I-CA'TION, n. The act of abdicating; the abandoning of an othce or trust, without a fonnal Burrender, or before the usual or slated time of ex- piration. 2. A casing off; rejixtion. AB'DI-fA-TIVE, or AB-Die'A-TIVE, a. Causing itT implying abdication. DicL AB'DI-TlVE, a. [I*, abdo, to hide; ab and do.] Having the power or quality of biding. [Little usrd.] DicL AB'l)I-TO-RY, n. A place for secreting or preserv- ing etvA<, CvweL AB Dfi'MEN, or AB'DO-MEN, n. [L., perhapsoftdo and omr.ntitaL.] 1. The lower belly, or that part of the borly which lies between the thorax and the bottom of the pelvis. It is lined with a membrane called pfritanram, and contains the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas^ kidneys, bladder, and intestines. It is sfrparated from the breast intenially hy the dinphragnt, and externally by the extremities of the ribs. Qtdiri/. 2. In in^ect^, that part nf the body jKisterior to the corseh't. In some species, it Is coverv"*! with wing^, and a case. It is divided into s(>gments or rings, on the sides of which are small spiracles by which the insect respires, D. J^Tat. IfuiL AB-OOM'1\ AL, a. Pertaining to Ihe lower belly. AB I>OM'IN-AL, n.; ;)^ Ardomimai.s. In ichthyol- Offy, the abdominals are a class or order of n~li whiTse ventral fins are placed behind the p«'Ctoral, and whirh belong to the division oi bonyjuih. The ABE class contains, among other fl^-hes, the loche, sal- mon, pike, argentine, atherine, mullet, trying fish, herring, and carp. F.ncyc ABDOMINAL RING, or IN"GUIN-AL RING, n. An oblong tendinous cing in each groin, through which passes the spennatic cord in men, and the round ligaments of the uterus in women. Med. Diet. AB-DOM'IN-OUS, a. Pertaining to the abdomen ; having a large belly. Cowper. AB-DC'CE', V. L [L. abdueo^ to lead away ; of ab and duco, to lead. See Duke. To draw from ; to withdraw, or draw to a dif- ferent part ; used chiefly in anatomy. AB-DO'CENT, a. Drawing from, pulling back ; used of those muscles which pull back certain parts of the body, for separating, opening, or bend- ing them. The abducent muscles, called abductors^ are op{K>sed to tlie adducent muscles or adductors. Mai. Diet. AB-DUCT', V. t. To take away surreptitiously and by fiirce. AB-DUtl'TION, T!. In a general sense^ the act of drawing apart, or carrying away. 2. In surgery, a species of fracture, in which the broken parts recede from each other. 3. In logic, a kind of argumentation, called by the Greeks apagoge, in which the major is evident, but the minor is not so clear as not to require fur- ther proof; aa in this syllogism, *' All whom God absolves are free from sin : God absolves all who are in Christ; therefore all who are in Christ are free from sin." Eneyc. 4. In /aw, the taking and carrying away of a child, a ward, a wife, &,c., either by fraud, per- suasion, or o[»en violence. Blackstone. AB-DU€'TOR, n. In anatomy^ a muscle which serves to withdraw, or pull back, a certain jtart of the body ; aa the abductor oculi^ which pulls the eye outward. 3. A person guilty of abduction. A-BEaR', (a-bire',) c. (. [Sax. oAicran.] To bear; to beliave. [pbs.'\ Spenser. A-BEaR'ANCE, n. [from nftrar, now disused ; from bear^ to carry.] Behavior, demeanor. BUiekstfine. A BE-CE-DA'RI-AN, n. [a word formed from the first four letters of the alphabet.] One who teaches the letters of the alphabet, or a learner of the letters. A-BE>C£'DA-RY, ) a. Pertaining to, or formec* A-BE-CE-DA'RI-AN, ( by the letters of the alpha- bet. A-BED', ada. S«!e Bed.) On or in bed. A-BkLE', or X'BEL-TREE, n. A name of the white jtoplar. [See Poplar.] A-B£L'I-ANS, AB-E-L.f)'NI-ANS, or A'BEL-ITES, ft. pi. In cJiarck liiAtory, a reputed tem[Kirary sect in Africa, mentioned only by Augustine, who states that they married, but lived in continence, after the manner, as tliey pretended, of At)el, and attempted to maintain the sect by adopting the children of others. J. Mardork. A'BEL-MOSK, n. A trivial nnme of a species of hibiscus, or Hyrian mallow. The plant rises on a herbaceous stalk, three or four feet, sending out two or three side branches. The seeds have a musky odor, (whence its name, ;iotxo(,) for which reason the Arabians mix Diem with roftee. A'BER, n. In Celtic, the mouth of a river. A-HER'DE-ViNE, «. The European siskin, Car- dueti.i fptnu.*, a small green and yellow finch. AB-ER'RANCF:, > n. [I* aberrans, aberro, to wan- AB-ER'RAX-CY, ) der from ; of ab and erro, to wander.] A \vandr'ring or deviating from the right way, but rarely used in a literal sense. In a Jiguraiivt sense, a deviation from truth, error, mistake ; and in morala, a fault, a deviation from rectitude. Brovn. AB-ER'RANT, a. Wandering ; straying from the right way, AB-ER-RA'TION, n. [L. aberratio.} The act of wandering from the right way ; deviation frotn tnilh or moral rectitude ; deviation from a straight line. 2. In a.ftronomy, ft small apparent motion of the fixed stars, orcjisioned by the progres.sive motion of light nnd the earth*s annual motion in its orbit. By this, they sometimes appear twenty seconds distant from their true sitiuition. Lunier. .'I. In oatifji, a deviation in the rays of light, whim Intlected by a bns or speculum, by which they are preventt-d from uniting in the same point. It Is ocrasiimed by the figure of the glass or specu- lum, or by the unequal refrangibility of the rays of light. Eneyc. CrotBn of aberration ; a luminous circle surround- ing the dirik of the sun, de|>ending on the aberra- tion of its rays, by whicii its apparent diameter is enlarged. Cyc. AB-EK'RING, part. a. Wandering ; going astray. JSrown, ABl AB-ER-RUNC'ATE, r. (. fL. aveminco.] To pull up by the roots ; to- extirpate utterly. [A*£»( used,] DicU A-BET', p. (. [Sax. betan, gebetan ; property, to push forward, to advance ; hence, to amend, to revive, to restore, to make better; and applied to fire, to increase tlie fiame, to excite, to promote. Hence, to aid by encouraging or instigating. Hence, in Saxon, JV(i bete nan vian the fi/r; Let no man bet (better, excite) the fire, LL, Ina, 78.] 1. To encourage by aid or countenance, but now used chiefly in a bad sense. " To abrt an opinion," in the sense of support, is used by Bishop Cumber- land ; but this use is hardly allowable. 2. In law, to encourage, counsel, incite, or assist in a criminal act. A-BET', n. The act of aiding or encouraging in a crime, f^ot u.ted.] A-BET'MENT, n. The act of abetting. A-BET'TED, pp. Incited, aided, encouraged to a crime. .\-BET'TrNG, ppr Counseling, aiding or encourag- ine to a crime. A-BET'TOR, n. One who abets, or incites, aids or encourages another to commit a crime. In (rcojiwt, there are no abettors ; all persons concerned being principals. AB-E-VAC-IT-A'TIOX, ». [aft and eraeuation.] In medicintj a partial evacuation of morbid humors of the body, either by nature or art. Cye. A-B£Y'ANCE, (a-bay'ance,) n. [Norm, abbaiaunce, or abaizance, in expectation, boyanee, expectatitm. Uu. Fr. baijer, to gape, to bsik a long time with the mouth open ; to stand looking in a silly manner; It. badare^ to amuse one's self, to stand trifling; "tenere a bada." to keep at bay ; *' star a bada," to stand trifling. If Bd are the radical letters, it seems to belong to the root of abide See Bat.]^ 1. In expectation or contemplation of law. The fee simple or inheritance of lands and tenements is in abeyance, when there is no person in bemg in whom it can vest ; so that it is in a state of expec- tancy or waiting until a projHjr person shall appear. Thus, if land is leased to A for life, remainder to the heirs of B, the remainder is in abeyance till the donth of B. Blackstone. 2. Popularly, a state of suspension, or temporary extinction. Eel. Ticw AB'GRE-GATE, v. U [L. abm-ego, ab and grez.'] To separate from a herd. [06.*.] AB-GRJi-GA'TlON, n. Separation from a herd or flock. [ Obs ] AB-HOR', V, I. [L. nbharreo, of ah and horreo^ to set up bristles, shiver or shake ; to look terrible, j 1. To hate extremely, or with contempt ; to lontlic, detest, or abominate. kkak. 2. To despise or neglect. Psal. xxii 2-1. Amos vi. 8. 3. To cast off or reject. Psal. Ixxxix. 38. AB-IIOR'RJED, pp. or a. Hated extremely ; de- tested. AB-MOR'RENCE, \ n. Extreme hatred ; detesla- AB-IIOR'REN-CY, \ lion ; great aversion. AB-HOR'RENT, o. Hating; detesting; struck with abhorrence. 2. Contrary; odious; inconsistent with ; expres- sive of extreme opimsilion ; aa, slander is abhorrent to all ideas nf justice. In this sense, it should be always followed by fo — abhorrent from la not agreeable to the English idiom. AB-H0R'UI:NT-LY, adv. With abhorrence. AB-IIOR'RER, n. One who abhors. AB-IIOR'RING, jtpr. Having great aversion, de- tecting. As a noun, it is used in Isaiah Ixvi for the object of hatred — " an abhitrring to all flesh." A'BIB, Ti. [Heb. 3N, oA, swelling, protuberant. Ch. 33K, abab, to produce tlie first or early fruit ; y*^H abih, a full gmwn ear of corn.] The first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, called also JVt-san. It begins at the spring equintu, and answers to the latter part of March and be- ginning of A|»ril. Its name is derived frotn the full growth of wheat in Egypt, which look place anciently, as it does now, at that season. A-BIDE', P. i. prct. and part. Abode. [ Ar. iXj) abada^ to be or exist, to continue ; W. bod, to be ; Sax. bidan, abidan ; Sw. bida ,■ f). beidea ; Dan. bie for bide; Russ. vitatjii, to dwell, rest, continue, stand firm, or be stationary for any time indefinitely. Class Bd. No. 7.1 1. To rest, or dwell. Gen. xxix. 19. 2. To tarry or stay for a short time. Gen. xxiv. 3. 7'o continue permanently or in the same state ; to be firm and immovable. Psal. cxix. 90. 4. I'o remain ; to continue. Acts xxvii. 31. A-BIDE', tJ. t. To wail for; to be prepared for; to await. Bond* snd nftliction* nbide me. — Acu xx. 23. [Fbr ii hen; ui)iIIuoertinence. Tliw Verb, who'll iiilnmsiiive, h followed by in or at b-'forc the place, and with before the iterson ; Abide teUh me — at Jerusalt'in, or in this tiiiid. Suiiietliii'S by en ; The sword shiill iibide on hia cities. And in the sense of vait^ by /or: Abide/tw me. Hu:tea iii. 3. tiuuietiines by byi Abide iy the crib. Job \xxix. In p*n,Tjl, abide hu signifies to adhere to, mnin- Uiiii, defnd, or stand to ; as, to abide by a prtunise, or fry a friend ; or to suffer the consequences ; ajj, to abide bjf the event, that is, to be fixed or permanenl in n particular condition. A-BID'EK, «. One who dwelU or continue*. .\-BlI»'ING, ppr. nw.'lling; remaining; continu- ing; enduring; awaiting. A-BiO'ING, tu Continuance; fixed state; resi- dence : an enduring. A-BIIVINO, a. Coniinuine ; pemmnent. A-BiU'lM^LV, ado. In a manner to continue; permanently. Haweu, .\-BII/I-'rV, n. [Fr. habUeti; It. abititd ; Bp. kahOi- dad t L. kabUiUu, abteness, fitness, from kabe^ lo have or hold.1 I. Pliysicaf power, whether bodily or mental, n:Uunil or ncquired ; force of understanding ; skill in arts or wience. Ability is active power, or powrr to p 'rfttnn ; n* opt)usfd to aipacitit^ or power lo HM'c-ive. In the plural, abtlitJM is niiirh ui^ed in H ltk*> s<-iiAe ; nnd als^i for faculties of the mind, and nrqiiired qualitication^ FraaldtR. ^ RicJies, wealth, substance, which are the muan-*, ur wbkh Airnidh the pMccr, of doing cer- tain act«. Th«y gn** nccoriTInf lo their oiu'Jity to the wort. — Eir« B. 3. Moral power, depending on the will — aauto- jfku-'iral and ikft^latpcai senje, 4. i."i%il or legal pi>wer ; the power or right to do ceriiiin iliinjr" ; as, an abdiitt to imnsfrr proptrty or di^P's*' i>f effects — a^tit/y to inlient. It is opposed tu d4.-«bihttf, CjfC AB LV-I'tlOylL.] From the beginning. AB-IN-TfcaT'ATE, a. [U ab and i«i«(a/a*— dying wtiliout a will, from in and tesO'r, lo b*-ar witness ; W, tifst i Arm. test, wttne**. See Test and Testify.] In tile cit'ti latCy inhtrriiing the estate uf one dying without H will. AB-JKt'T', r. (. To throw away; to cast down. [Ob*.] Spenser. AB'JKt T, fl. [L, ahjretus, (mm «fr>icM, to, throw away, fmni ab and /ofifl, to throw.] ]. E^unk tu a luw condition; appiitd to jtenmu or Henc*, 5. Worthies*, mean, despicable ; low in eflUma- tion ; without hope or regard. AB'JElT, n. A person in the lowest conditioo and de»picahl--, Pi«al. xixv. AB-JEtT'El>-NESS, a. A very low or despicable condition. [Uule tbmL] AB-JEc'TiO.N, ». A slate of being east away; hfuce, a low state ; meanness of i^pirit ; baseness. AB'JEt.'T-LV, ade. In a contemptible manner; meanlv ; Sfrvilclv. AB'JEo'T-NE^rfl, iu The state of being abject; meanness ; »*rviliiy. ABJO'DieA-TED, pp. or a. Given by judgment from one to another. Know/es. .\B^i;-DI-eA'T10N, ■. Rejection. KaowUs, AB-JU-RA'TION, n. (8ee Abjurk.] I. The art of abjurine ; a renunciation upon oatb ; as, ^^ an abjuT-aiioH of the realm,*' by which a person swears to leave the couutr\*, and never to return. It is used also for the oath of renuncia- tion. Formerly, in England, felons, taking refuge in a church, and couf'-ssine their guilt, cuuld not be arrested and tried, but might save their lives by a^urim^ tbe realm ; that is, by taking an oath to quit the kingdom forever. 3. A rejection or denial with solemnity ; a sol- emn renunciation ; a?, an abjuratiatt of heresy. OatA of abjuratioR : an oath asserting the rieht of the present royal family to the crown of England, and expressly disclaiming such right in the de- scndant? of ihe pretender. Brande. ABJC'RA-TO-RY, a. Containing abjuration. AB-JORE', r. t, [L. abjuroj to deny upon oath, from ab and JKi-o, to swear. 1 1. To renounce upon oath ; to abandon ; as, to abjnrf all'-giance to a prince. 2. To renounce or reject w^ith solemnity ; to re- ject , «i», to abjure errors, abjure reason. 3. To recant or retract. Shak. 4. To banish. [A'^t usfd.] AB-JORE', V. i. To abjure the realm. Burnet, AlWf R'>:D, pp. Renounced upon oath; sulemnly recanted. AB-JCRtyMEXT, a. Renunciation. J, mU. AB-Ji_K'ER, n. One who abjures. AB-JrR'I\G, ppr. Rf^nouucing upon oath; dis- claiming witli solemnity. ABL AB-LA€'TaTE, r. (. [I« ttblai:toi from -o4 and Uic^ milk.] To wean from the breast. [Little iLfctl.] Alt-LAt'-TA'TlUN, n. [L. ab and /ac, milk. Lacto^ to suckle.] 1. In mettical authorsy tho weaning of a child from the breast. 2. Among anetrnt gardeners^ a method of graft- ing, in whieli the cion was not separated from the )Hin-iit stock, till it was firmly united to that in which it was inserted. This is now called graft- ing bff appntaeh or inarching, [See GBArr.] AB-LAa-UE^-A'TlOX, «. [L abloqu.'otio, from ai and /dfu/tir, a roof or covering.] .\ laying bare the roots of trees to expose them lo the air and water — a practice among gtirdencrs. AB-LA'TIO.N, n. [L. ab and latio^ a carrying.] A carrying away. In mn/iciNtr, the taking from the body whatever is hurtful ; evacuations in gen- eral. In eAcmimtry^ the removal of whatever is fin- ished or no longer necessary. AB'I.A-TIVE, a. or n. {Vr. ablatif; It. ablatiro ; L. ablativug ! L. abltitusy from aufero^ to carry away, Compounded of ab and /rro.] A word applied to the sixth case of nouns in the Latin language, in which case are used words when the actions of carrying away or taking from are signified. Ablative, abnolnte, is when a word in that case is independent, in construction, of the rest of the SM-nlrncw. A-Bl.AZE'. (m/p. On fire; in a blaze. MUmaiu A'BLE, (a'hl,) a. [Norm, ablcz, kabh; fuibltTj to enable, from L. habilLi.] 1. Having physical power sufiicient ; having competent power or strength, botlily or mental : as, a man abU to perform military service — a child is not able to rf-ason on abstract subjects. 3: Having strong or unusual powers of mind, or intellectual qualifications; as, an able minister. Pn^hleoutoTainanwlai;* inen._Ex. xviii. 3. Having large or competent property, or simply having proiterty, or means. Ever/ mAii alLvIl gjr« aa he ii abU. — Deul. xvi. 4. Having comp*--tent strength or fortitude; as, he is not al/le to su^t;iin such pain or affliction. 5. Having sufficient knowledge or skill ; ns, he is able to speak French; she is not abU to play on the piano. 6. Having comi>cient legal power or qualifica- tions : as, an illegitimate son is not able to take by inheritance. i'BLE, r. L To enable. [Obs,] I'll able them. Shak, A'SLE-BOD-Ii-^D, a. Having a ftotind, strong body, or a body of competent strength for service. In morula lanjruage^ it denotes skill in seamanship. AB'LEGATE, c. l [L. aJtUgo.] To send abroad. A^Lci-GA'TION, n. The act of sending abroad. lObs.] AB'LB.V, or AB'LET, n, A small fresh-water fish, the bleak. i'BLE-KESS, n. Ability of body or mind ; force ; vigor. AB'LEP-SY, m. [Gr. a/3Xn}/ia.] Want of sight ; blindness. A'BLER, and A'BLEST; comp. and superl. of Ahlb. AB'LI-GATE, r. L [L. abligo.] To tie up from. roA*.] AB'LO-eATE, w. t. [I* abloco; ab and loco, to let ouL] To let out ; to lease. Calvin^a Lex. Jur, AB-LO-CA'TIO.\, n. A letting to hire. AB-LCDE', V. U [L. ablado;ah and furfo, to piny.] To be unlike ; to ditfer. [JVi-t uard.] NulL AB'LU-EXT, a. [L. abluo, to wash away ; ab and Iho or /aro, to wash ; Ir. h or lua, water.] Washing clean ; cleansing by water or liquids. AB'LU-ENT, n. In medicine^ that which thins, purifies, or sweetens the blood. Q_uincy. AB-LO'TIO.N, n. [L. ahluiio^ from ab and lv.o or iaco, to wash.] 1. In a general sense, the act of washing; a cleansing or purification by water. 2. Appropriately, the washing of the hody as a preparation for religious duties, enjoined by Moses, and still practiced in many countries. 3. In chemistry, the purification of bodies by ths affusion of a proper liquor, as water to dissolve Kills. Qiiincy. 4. In mrdicine^ the washing of the hody ezicmalhj, as by baihs ; or inipmaiiij^ by diluting fluids. 5. Pnpe has used abluiion for the water used in cleansing. 6. \n the Roman Catholic church, vi small quantity of wine and water, which is used to wa-^h the chalice and the priest's fingers after the communion, and which then, as containing portions of the conse- crated elements, is drunk by the priest. Biihop Fill Patrick. AB-LO'Vr-ON, a. [U ahluo.] That which is washed off. Dwight, ABO A 'BLV, adf. In an able manner ; with great ability. AB'XE-OATE, v. t. To deny AB-NE-GA'TIOX, «. [L. abnrgo, to deny, from oA and nego ; W. naca, ixaeau. ; Sw. neka, to deny ; W, Tiac, no ; Eng. nay ; L. nee, not ; Ir. nach, not.] A denial ; a renunciation ; self-denial. Hammund. AB'NE-GS-TOR, n. One who denies, renounrrs, or opjmses any thing. Sandys. AB'XKT, n. The girdle of a Jewish priest. AB'NO^DATE, v. U [L. abnodo ; ab and nodus, a knitL] To cut knots from trees. AB-NO-DA'TION, n. The act of cutting away the knots of trees. DicL .Ml-XORM'I-TY, «, [L. abnormia, irregular; ab and vonna, a rule.] Irregularity ; deformity. Diet. AB-NURM'AL, \a. [I., abn^tnnis, supra.] Not AB-NORM'OUt?, i conformed to rule; irregular; deformed. Diet, 3. In botany, when the organs of a plant have a greater or less nmnber of parts than the regular number, they are said to be abiuyrmaU Brande, A-Bf)ARD', ade. [a, for on, and board. See Board.] Within a ship, vessel, or boat. To go aboard; to enter a ship, lo embark. To fall aboard; to strike a ship's side. To get aboard; to get foul of, as a ship. Aboard main tack ; an order to draw a corner of the main-«ail down to the chess-tree. JEneyc Mar. DitL A-BOD'ANCE, n. [from hode.\ An omen, [^Tot Vited. 'I Jacluson. A-BoDE', prct of Abide. A-BoDE', n. [See Abide.] Stay ; continuance in a place ; residence for a longer or shorter time. 2. A place of continuance ; a dwelling ; a hab- itation. 3. To make abode; to dwell or reside. A-B6DE', p. e. [SeeBoDi:.] Toforeshow. Shak. A-BoDE', tj. i. To be an omen. Dryden. A-BoDE'MENT, n. [from bode.\ A secret anticipa- tion of something future. Sltak. A-BoI>'ING, n. Presentiment; prognostication. UalU A-BOiyiSH, V. t. [Fr. abolir ; L. aboleo ; from ab and oleo, olcseo, lo grow.] 1. To make void ; to annul; to abrogate; appli'd chiefly and approi)riately to established laws, con- tracts, rites, customs and institutions ; as, to abol- iak laws by a repeal, actual or virtual. 2. To destroy, or put an end to ; as, to abolish idols, Isa. ii. ; to abolL-, is hardly al- lowable. A-BOL'ISH-A-BLE, a. That may be annulled, ab- rogated, or destroyed, as a law, rite, custom, &c. A-BOL'ISH-ED, pp. Annulled; repealed; abro- gated, or destroyed. A-BOL'ISH-ER, n. One who abolishes. A-BOL'ISH-ING, ppr. Making void; annulling; destroying. A-BOL'ISH-MENT, n. The act of annulling; abro- gation ; destruction. Hooker. AB-0-LI"TION, (ab-o lish'nn,) n. The art of abolish- ing; or the slate of being abolished ; an annulling; abrogation ; utter destruction ; as the abolition of laws, decrees, ordinances, rites, customs, debts, &.C. 2. The putting an end to slavery ; emancipation. The application of this word to persons and things, is now unusual or obsolete. To abolish persons and senses, the language of good writers formerlv, is- no longer legitimate. An-0-Lr"'TlON-IS.\l, n. The principles of an abo- litionist, AB-0-LI"T10N-lST, n. A person who favors abolition, or the immediate emancipation of slaves. A-BOL'LA, n. [Lat.] An ancient military garment, worn hv the Greeks and Romans. AB-0-MA'SUS, i"' [i-- omasum.] The fourth stomach of a ruminant animal. A-BOM'IN-A-BLE, a. [See Abomlnate,] Very hateful ; detestable ; loatnsome. 2. Tliis word is applicable to whatever is odious to the mind or offensive to the senses. Milton. 3. Unclean. Levit. vii. A-BOM'IN-A-BLB-NESS, n. The quality or state of being very odious ; hatefuln ss. A-B0M'I\-A-BLY, adv. Very odiously; detesta- bly ; sinfully. 1 Kings xxi. 9. I>i vulgar language, extremely, excessively. A-BOM'IN-aTE, p. £. [L. ahumino, supposed to be formed by ab and omen ; to deprecate as ominous ; May the gods ave:rt the evil 1] To hate extremely ; to abhor; to detest. Soittficm. A-BO^riN-A-TED, pp. Hated utterly ; detested ; abhorred. A-BOM'IN-A-TING, ppr. Ahhorrii.g ; hating ex- Ire m;-'Iy. A-BOM-IN-A'TION, n. Extreme haired ; detesta- tion. Sieifl, FATE, FAR, FALL, VVH^T. — METE, PRgY. — HNE, WARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, TiC^K. ABO 2. The object of dutcstation, a comjoon aignifiea- tion in Hcriptare, 3. Ilcnce, dffilement, pollution, in a physical sense, or evil doctrines and pmctices, which are moral deSleraents, idols and idolatry, are called abominatwus. The Jews were an a&ominatuia to the £<:>'ptians ; and the sacred animals of the Egyptians were an abomination to the Jews. The Roman army is called the aboimnation of desulation. Matt. xxiv. 13. In short, whatever is an object of extreme hatred, is called an abomination. A-BOR(V, n. fFr. See Border.] Literally, arrival, but need for nrstapiwarance, manner of accosting, or addres.s, but not an English word. Che^sUrfield. A-BORD', c. L To approach ; to accosL [JVut in use.} AB-O-RIG'IN-AL, a. [L. ah and oriffOy origin. See Origin.] FirM ; original ; abori^nal people are the fin$t inhabitants of a country. Aboriginal tribes of America. President Snuih. AB-O-Rld'IN-AL, n. An original inhabitant. The first selilers in a countrj' are called aborie^inais i as, the Celts in Europe, and Indians in America. Prestdntt Smith. AB-O-Rl0'IN-f:S, n. pi The first inhabitants of a country. [Tliis word is not rrgnlarly fonned, but has become generally prevalent.] [See Aboxigi- A-BORSE'ME-\T, (a-bors'ment,) n. [See Abort.] Abortion. [A'of in use.] A-BORT', r. i. [L. aborto; ab and ortus, ortor.] To mi8carr>' in birth. Herbert. A-BORT', n. An abortion. [JVof tn use.] Burton, A-BOR'TIOX, n. [h. abortio^ a miscarriage ; usually deduced from ah and on'or.] 1. The act of miscanjing, or producing young before the natural time, or before the fetus is per- fectly formed. 2. The fetus brought forth before it is perfectly formed. 3. In a f^trative sense^ any fruit or produce that does not come to maturity, or any thing which fails in its progress, befon- it is matured or perfect, OS a design or project A-BORT'IVK, a. Brow^.u forth in an immature state ; failing, or coming to naught, before it is complete. 2. Failing In its effect; miscarrying; producing nothing ; aa, an abortive scheme. 3. Productive of nothing j as, oftorthie gulf, in Mil- ton, but not legitimate. 4. Pertaining to abortion ; as, abortive vellum, niade of the skin of an alwrtive calf. F.ncvc. h. In medicincy procuring abortion; as, abortive medicines. Parr. 6. In botany, an abortive flower is one which falls without producing fruit. Martitn. This term is applied to parts imperfectly formed ; S9, an abortire stamen, whose filament has no anther ; or to such as do not arrive at perfect ma- turilv, as a seed unimpregnated. Branitc. A-BORT'IVE, n. That which is brought forth or born prematurely. A-BORT'IVE-LY, adv. Immaturely ; in an un- timely manner. A-BORT'IVE-NESS, n. The state of being abor- tive ; a failing in the propress to perfection or ma- turity ; n failure of prnducing the mtended effect. A-BORT'MENT, n. An untimely birth. Bacon. A-BOU\D', V. i. [L. abuTfdo; Ft. abonder: It ab- bondart ; ?p. abundar. If thi^ word is from L. unda, a wave, the latter has probably lost itK firH consonant Abound may naturally be deduced from the Celtic. Arm. /own, plenty ; funna^ u* abound ; W. fyniaw, to produce, lo generate, to abound, from /len, a source, the root of fynon, L. /enj, a fountain. Or it may be connected with h. bonusAn the sense of attending, enlargement] 1. To have or pos^^ess in great quantity ; to be copiously supplied; folhiwed liy irith or i" ; as, to abiiund with provisions ; to abound in good thini:«. 2. To be in gnat plenty ; to be very prevalent. Wbri* tin a&ourui«f, grace (bJ mi>cti more abound. — Horn. r. A-BOVSO'iSQf ppr. OT a. Having in great plenty; being in grfat plenty j being very prevalent ; gen- erally prevailing. A-B0»;NU'1i\G, n. Increase. South. A-BOUT', prep. [Sax. afrtitan, onbutxtn, emhutan, about, aruund ; on, or emh^ coinciding witli Gr. ap1>i, and baton, without, [see But,] literally, ttroundy on Vie ouLi.de.'\ 1. Around ; on the exterior part or surface. Cial yoa np rrocn about the iKbernaele. — Num. srl. 3. Near to in time. II« went out abovt ih? third hour. — Mntt. zxl. 8. ABR 4. Near to in action, or near to the perfonnance of some act Paul was about to op^n his monih, — Acts iTiii. H. They were about to tlou oni of th« sliip, — Acii xxvii, 30. 5. Near to the person ; ap|iended to the clothes. Every thing fliout him is in order. Is your snuff- box about you I From iieumeas on all sides, the transition is easy to the idea of a concern with. Hence, 6. Concerned in, engaged in, relating to, re- specting ; as, what is he about? 1 in.isi bi-oioul my Piither'» busitiPM. — Luke ii, i9. The painter ia not lo tAke »• miich |ati» about ttie flmpery U about lite t:ic«, Drydtn. 7. In compass or circumference j two yards abotit the stem. 8. Near to in number or quantity. There fell that day about tlireo ihouKind men. — Ex. nxxii. A-BOUT', adv. Near to in quality or degree j as, about as high, or as cold. 3. Here and tliere j around ; in one place and another. Wandering about from houie to hoiiK. — I Tim. t. 3. Round, or the longest way, opposed lo across, or the shortest way ; as, a mile about, and lialf a mile across. To brin^ abont ; to bring to the end ; to eflect or accomplish a pur[>ose. To come about ; to change or turn ; to come to the desired point In a like sense, seamen say ^ro about, when a ship changes her course to go on the other tack. Ready about, about ship, are orders for tacking. Tu go about, signifies to enter upon ; also to pre- pare I to se^k the means. Why ^o jc about lo kill met — John tU. A-BOVE', prfp. [Sax. abufan^ bufan, bvfon; D. boven.] 1. Literally, higher in place. The fowla ihul fiy abot>€ the eanh. — Gen. i. 20. 2. Figuratively, superior in any respect I saw a lis:ht above th- bri^hinru (if tlic xin. — AcU xxv\. The price of a virtni^us wontan ia oAom rubK«. — Prur. ixxi. 3. More in number ot quantity j as, the weight is aboce a tun. ( Are hundred 1'reihfvn al once. .— 1 Cor. H-: wns teen by a x«. 6. 4. More in degree ; in a greater degree. Hnnaninh frareil Goil t^>09€ many. — Neh. tH. t, Tbc »erpetit b cursrd above all cattle. — Uen. iii. 5. Bei'ond ; in excess. In ttripra aboM mcniurc. — S Cor. xl. Uud will not BiilfrT von to be tempted above what ye are able. — I Cor. X. 13. 6. Beyond; in a state to be unattainable; as, things above comprehension. 7. T(K) proud for; an, this man is abore his business. 8. Too elevated in mind or rank ; h tving too much dignity for j as, this man is aburc nK>^tn ac- tions. 9. It is oflcn used elliptically for heaven, or the celestial regions ; as, the powers above. Lift not God re^rd it frnm abooe. —Job ill. 10. In a book or writing, it denotes brfiire or in a f'lrmer pl.ire ; as, what hatt been said ahoee; supra. This moile of s|M-aking originated in the ancient manner of writnig, on a strip of parchment, be- ginning at one cnti and proceeding to the other. The becinning was the upper end. A-BOVE , adv. Overhead ; in a higher place. Bacon. 2. Before. Dnjden. 3. Chief in rank or power. Deut xxviil. .^hore all is elliptical; above all considerations; rhiefiy ■ in pP-ferenc* to othrir things, A-HOVK'-B^ARD, adv. Above the board or table ; in ojten sight; without trick, concealment, or de- ception. This expression is said by Johnson to t>e borrowed from gamesters, who, when thtiy change their cards, piii their hands under the table. A-»OVK'-CiT-EI), a. Cited before, in the preceding part of n book or writing. A-Bt")VE'-r.R(>MNn, n. Alive; not buried. A-BOVK'-ME.\-TIO.\-ED, a. Mentioned before. JilS OFO USQUF.ADMAIJI, [\..] From the egg to the apples ; frtimihebeginningof supper to the end ; rrt>m the first di^h to the last. A-BOVE'-SAID, a. Mentioned orrecited before. ABP. ; abbrev- for Archb|!>hof. AB-RA-CA-DAB'RA, n. The name of a deity, wor- shiped by the Syrians ; a cabalistic word. The letters of his name written on paper, in the form of an inverted triangle, were recommended by Samonicus as an antidote against certain diseases. En eye. AB-RXDE', V. t. [L. ahradoyto scrape ; from rado.] To rub or wear off; to w.iste by friction ; used especially to express the action of sharp, corrosive Two ABR medicines, in wearing away or removing the mucus of the membranes. AB-KAD'ED, pp. Rubbed or worn off; worn j scm|H*d. AB-RAD'ING, ;>P7-. Rubbing off ; wearing. AB-Ra1>'ING, m. In agriculture, the crumbling down of banks of earth, from tlie effects of frost, or of the alternate action of drought and moisture. Brande. A-BRA-HAM'ie, a. Pertaining to Abraham, llie patriarch ; as, JIbrahamic covenant. Mason. AbraJiam Men, formcr\y were impostors, in Eng- land, who wandered about the country, personat- ing lunacy. P. Cvc To sham Abraham, to feign sickness. Ooldtmith. A-BRA\CH'I-AN, 71. ( Tenns applied to an order A-ItRANCIia-A, H.p/. i of Annelida, so called be- cause the Species composing it have no external organs of respiration ; including wonns and leeches. Brande. AB-RA'SIO\, (ah-ra'7,hun,) n. The act of wearing oi rubbing off; also subsUmce worn off by attrition. A-BREAST', (a-brest',) ndc, [from a and breustl]^' 1. Side by side ; with the breasts in a line. J men rode abreast. 9. In vtaritit languacks, precipices, and the Hkt^ 3. Fi«Knitir«i)r, duddcn ; without notice to pre- pare the mind for the event \ a«, an o^m^t entrance or addre:«s. 4. Unconnected ; having sudden transitjoiu firom one subject to another ; as, an abrupt «l>ie. Ben Jvtiaom. 5. In hoUmif^ an abmpt pinnate leaf ia una which has neither leaflet, nor tendril at the end. Jfcrtya. AB-RUFT', «. A chasm or gulf with sleep side*. Ovrr the Tut ahrmpU MUtgn. [This n^te of the urord is infrequent.] AB-RUPT'ED, a. Torn off; lorn asunder. AB-RUP'TION, n. A suddt-n breaking off; a vio- lent separation of bodies. HWrfieor^ AB-RL'ri"LV, adr. Suddenly : without giving no- tice, or without the u^ual tonns ; aa, the minister left France abrufthf. AR-RUPT'NESS, a. A Kate of being broken ; cnggedaeM; sleepoeaa. a. flfurutivelff suddenoen; nneeremoaious haste or vehemence. AB'SCGSS, a. [L. aiscessms^ from ah and eed#, to go froiDb] A cavity containing pii^, or a colb^tion of puni- lent matter, in siime |>art of the body, fonaed by the process called suppuraUonj consequent on in- flammation. AB-^CIND', V, L [L. abseindo.] To cut off. [Litr Ue u-tedA AB'SCISff, } a. [L. abKissus^ from ah and sdnHo^ AB-SCIS'SA, i to cut; Gr. com- pany, and which draws the mind from things or obji'cts wtiich are pres<;nt, tu oUiersi distant or fureign. AB'SENT, a. Not present; not in cum [tan y ; at such a distance as to prevent rommunicatiun. It is used also for being in a foreign country ; as, a gentleman is absent on his travels. Abttni Trom one iiiioth>r. — Ucn. szxi. 49. 3. Heedless ; htattentive to persons present, or to subjects ot conversation in company ; as, an ab- smt uinn is uncivil to the company. 3. In familiar laaguagty nt>t at home ; as, the master of the house is absent. In other words, he does not wish to l>e disturbed bv conipnnv. AB-SE\T', r. U To depart to such u disiance as to prevent intercourse ; to retire or withdraw ; to for- bear to app4-ar in presence ; used with the recij*- rocal prontmn ; as, let a man absrnt himself from Uie com[xiny. AB-SE\T'ED, pp. Retired or withdrawn. ,\B SE\T-EE', n. One who withdraws from his country, oflice, or esuite ; one who removes to a distant place or to another country. In recrnt prlttital trriters, a landholder or cap- italist, who derives his revenue from one country, and resides in and expends it in another. P. Cije. AB[-SENT-EEa»M, n. Absence fn.m duty or sta- tion : applied to the act of residing in a country difftrrnl from that from which one's resources are derived. AB-SENT'ER, a. One who absents himself. AB-SEN'T'I\G, ppr. Departing ; withdrawing. AB-SENT'MENT, a. A state of being absent. Barrnw. AB-SIN"THIAN, a. [from absinthium.] Of the na- ture of wormwood. Randolph. AB-SI.NTHI-1-TED, a. Impregnated with worm- O O O' AB-SINTHI-UM, a. [Gr. aiPit'Oitv ; Vvr.(^r*:^^^^^ qfsint-hin ; the same in Clialdaic. Bud;eu8, In his commentaries on Theophra.«t, supposes the word compos(>d of a priv. and ipn-ioi^ drlij^hty so named from its bitterness. ' But it may be an Oriental word.] Tlie common wormwood ; a bitter plant, used aa a tonic A species of Artemisia. AR'SIS. In astronomy. [See Apsis.] AB'SO-LUTE, a. [L. absolutas. See Absolve.] 1. IJttraUti^ in a general senj*e., free or independ- ent of any thing extraneous. Hence, 3. Complete in itself; positive; as, an absolute declaration. 3. Unconditional ; as, an absolute promise. 4. Existing independent of any other cause ; as, God is absolute. 5. Unlimitt'd by extraneous power or control ; as, an absolute government or prince. 6. Not relative ; as, absolute space. StiUingfieeL 7. In chemistry^ pure, unmixed; as, absolute al- cohol. In grammar^ the case absolute^ is when a word or member of a sentence is not immediately de- pendent on the other parts of the sentence in gov- ernment. A clause independent. Absolute equation, in astronomy, is the siim of the optic and eccentric equations. Absolute numbers, in algebra, are such as have no letters annexed ; a^, 2a-f-3G==48. The two latter numbers are absolute or pure. F.ncyc Absolute space, in physics, is space considered without relation to any other object. Bailey, Absolute gravity, in philosophy, is that property in bodies by which they are said lo weigh so much, without regard to circumstances of miidifi- cation, and this is always as the quantity of mat- ter they contain. Bailey. AB'SO-LUTE-LY, adv. Completely ; wholly ; as, a thing is absolutely unintelligible. 2. Without dependence or relation ; in a state unconnt'cted. Absolutely we ctn not discommend, we ctn not nhtotutefy np- prove, eiibcr willingncu lo ii»e, or forwartliiCM lo di-. Hooker. 3. Without restriction or limitation ; as, God reigns absolutely. 4. Without condition ; as, God does not forgive absolutely^ but upon condition of faith and re- pentance, 5. Positively, peremptorily ; as, command me ahsoluteht not to go. Jililt/m. AB'SO-Li'TE-NESS, a. Independence ; complete- ness in itself. 2. Despotic authority, or that which is subject to no extraneous restriction, or control. AB-SO-LO'TIO.V, 71. In the cinl law, an acquittal, or sentence of a judge declaring an accused person innocent. In tke canon law, a remis^jion of sins pronounced by a priest in favor of a penitent. ABS Among /' o'«'ap>, a sentence by which an ex- c<)iiuiiuuii:rued person is released from his liability to [Minisl.'neni. Ayliffe. South. AB'SO-LOT-ISM, a. State of being absolute; or principles of abmilute government, a. DiH-trine of predestination. Ash. AB'SO-LCT-IST, n. One who is in favor of an ab- solute guveniment. AH'SO-LU-'l'O-KY, or AB-SOL'lI-TO-RV, a. Ab- solving: that ;thsulves. AB-SOLV'A-TO-RY, a. [fVora absolve.] Containing absolution, [>ardun, or release; huvmg power to absolve. Cctgram. AB-SOLVE', (;ib-zotv',) r. (, [L. absolve, from ab and 5o/ro, to loose or relcast* ; Ch. nSf, shalak, to ab- solve, to finish ; Heb. Stt', «/ui/, to loose or k>osen. See SoLVE.J To set tree or release from some obligation, debt, or resiHinsibility ; or from that which subjects a person to a burden or penalty ; as, to absolve a pcr- Bun frtmi a promise ; to absolve an offender, which amounts to an ncquittiit and remission of his pun- ishment. Hence, in tbe civil laie, the word was used for acquit ; and in tJie canon lato, for forgive, or remit. In urdinar^' language, its sense is to setfrcf. or release from an engagement. Formerly, good writers used the word in the sense of jinwA, accom- plish; as, to absolve work, in Milton; but in this sense, it seems to be obsolete. Voung lias also used it for resolve or explain i as, "Absolve we this ? " but this sense is rare. AB-SOLV'£D, pp. Released ; acquitted ; remitted j declared innocent. AB-SOLV'EK, n. One who absolves; also, one that pronounces sin to be rettiitted. AB-SOLV'ING, pftr. Setting free from a debt, or charge ; acquitting ; remitting. AB'SO-NANT, fl. [See Absohous.] Wide from the purpose ; contrary to reason. AB'SONOUS, a. [L. abj^ontis ," ab and sonus, sound.] Contrary lo reason ; unmusical, or untunable. OranvUle. Fotherhy, AB-SORB', V. L [h. ab.iorbeo, ab and sorbeo, to drink in; Ar. . _Y "" sharaha; Eth. ft^fl ^'^ fD^fl id. ; Rab. (j-iS?, skarap ; to draw or drink in ; whence eirup.sheroct., shrub.] 1. j'o drink in ; to suck up; to imbibe; aa a sponge, or as the lacteals of the body. 2. To drink in, swallow up, or overwhelm rtith water, as a body in a whirlpool. 3. To waste wholly or sink in expenses ; to ex- haust; as, to absorb an estate in luxur)'. 4. To engross or engage wholly ; as, absorbed in study or the pursuit of wealth. AB-SORB-A-BIL'I-TV, tu A state or quality of being iibsorbahle. AB-SORB'A-BLE, a. That may be imbibed or swalliiwed. Kcrr^s Lavoisier. AB-SORB'ED, or AB-SORPT', pp. Imbibed ; swal- lowed ; wasted ; engaged ; lost in study ; wholly engrossed. AB-SORB'ENT, a. Imbibing ; swallowing. Absorbent ground, in painting, a ground prepared for a picture, chiefly with distemper, or water colors, by which the oil is immediately absorbed, and thus the work hastened. Brandt. AB-SORB'ENT, B. In onfl(ody in a whirlpool, or of water by the earth, or of the humors of the body by dry powders. It is used also to express the swal- lowing up of substances by the earth in chasms made by earthquakes, and the sinking of large tracts in violent c^mumlions of the earth. 2. Entire occupatiipn or engrossment of mind; as, absorption in business. 3. In pAy.'rto/rt^/, one of the vital organic functions, which conveys lo ihe circulating system the mate- rials of nutrition, by means of the lacteals, and the effete particles of Ihe body, by means of the lym- phatics. 4. In chemistry, the conversion of a gaseoTis flnid into a liquid or solid, by union with another sub- stance. Ure. AB-SOUP'TIVE, fl. Having power to imbibe. Danrin. ABS'Q,UE HOC; without this or that ; in law, words used in traversing what has been alleged, and is repeated. AB-ST.aIX', v. x. [L. abitrneo, to keep from; abM and t^neo, to hold. See Tesaxt.] In a genn-al sense, to forbear, or refrain from, vol- untarily ; but used chiefly to d.note a restraint U(>on the passions or appetites ; lo refrain from in- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — 6 dulgence ; as, to ab.^tain (torn the use of ardent iipirits i to abstain fruni luxuries. Abstain Trotn meiu oQ'ercd to idoli. — Acts xv. AB-STk'MI-OUS, a. [L. ab^ttmius, from abs and temetum, an ancieiii name of strong wine. Recording to Fiibhis and Gellius. But Vossius sujiposes it to be from abMtuo, by a change of n to m. It may be from the root oCtimeoy to fear, that is, to withdraw.] 1. Sparing in diet ; refrainmg from a free use of food and ittrong drinks. 2. Sparing in the enjoyment of animal pleasures of any kind. [TAw seiteie Ls lcs3 cojitnwiiy and perhaps nvt le^itimitle.] 3, Sparingly- used, or used with temperance ; be- longing; to abstinence ; as, an abstetniotu diet, an absti-wii'UJi life. AB-tiTlC'AlI-OLS-LV, a^v. Temperately; with a sparing u(*e of meat or drink. AB-STE'MI-OL'S-.VEt^?^, n. The quality of bemg tcmpf rate or sparing in the use of foud and suong drinks. . This word expresses a greater degree of absti- nence than temperance^ AB-STEN'TiOX, n. The act of abstaining. AB-STEIK5E', (ab-sterj',) r. L [h. ab.-tergeoj of abs and tergeo, to wipe. Tergeo may have a common origin with the Sw. torcka^ G. trocknea, D. droogen^ Sax. drijffan^ to dry ; for tliese Teutonic verbs sig- nify to tcipe, as well as to dr>'.] To wipe or make clean by wiping ; to cleamte by lotions or similar applications. [Used cAiefiy oj a medical to'm.] AB-fiTERC'EN'T, a. Wiping; cleansing. AB^TERG'EN'T, n. A nu'«dicine which cleanses away fnulnoss, as lotions ; but the use of the word is nearly «upt^rseded by detergent^ which see. AB-STER'SION, n. ffrtim L. abgtergeo, ab^Ursus.] The act of wiping cltan ; or a cleansing by lotions or similar applications. [See DETEB«iE, Dcteb- Biox.l Bacon. AU-STER'SIVE, a. Cleansing ; having the quality of removiTig foulness. [Sve Detersive.] AB'STI-NENCE, H. [h. ab^tinentta. Stx' Abstaim.] 1. In g.neral, the act or practice of voluntarily re- fraining from, or forbearing any actioru Abtt'Kttce fn>m t^erj thing which am be detmcd labor. Palrj/'a Philo: More appropriately, 2. The refniiniiigVrom an indulgence of appetite, or from customary g rut ilicat ions of anim:d |jr<»pen- Bities. It denotes a total forbearance, as in fii-siing, or a forbearance of the usual quantity. In the lat- ter st-nse, it may coincide with temperance f but in genenil, it denotes a more siiaring use of enjoy- ments than U-mprrance. (Besides, ahitinenec iniftlies ppvious free hidulgt-nce ; temperance does not.) AB'STI NE.N'T, a. Ktfraining from indulgence, es- pecially in the use of ftKjd and drink. AB'STI-NE.NT-LV, adv. With abstinence. AB'STI-NENTS, ru pi. A sect which appeared in Prance and Spain in the third ccnturj', who oi>- posed marriage, condemned the use of tk-sh meat, and placed the Holy Spirit in the class of created beings. AB-STORT'ED, a. Forced away. AB-STRACT', r. U [L. abstraho, to draw from or separate ; from aba and (roAo, which is the Eng. draie. See Da&w.] 1. To draw from, or to separate ; as, \a ab.*tract an action from its evil elfecls ; to ab.itract spirit from any substance by distillation ; but, in this lat- ter sense, ertract is now more generally used. 2. To separate ideas by the operation of the mind ; to consider one part of a complex object by itself. Home. 3. To select or separate the substance of a borik or writing : to epitomize or reduce to a summary, IVatts. A. To take secretly for one's own use from the property of another, when placed in one's power ; to purioin ; as, to abstraU goods from a parcel, or money from a bank. JfotciL 5. In ehfmijitryy to separate, as the more volatile parts of a substance by repeated distillation, or at l<-ast by distillation. AB'STRACT, a. [L. ab.ttractus.] Separate; dis- tinct from something else. An abstract idea, in metaphysics, is an idea sepirited fn>m a complex object, or from other ideas which naturally accom- pany it ; as the solidity nf marble contemplated ■part from its e«»>or or figure Buryc jtbstraU termit are those which express abstract ideas, as beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any subject in which they exist; or aA- gtraet terms are the names of orders, genera, or species of things in which there is a combination of similar qualilies. Stttcart. Ab^ratt numbers are numbers used without ap- to any thing, as G feet, 10 men, they become con- creU'. Abstract or pure mathematics, is that which treats of mapnituUe or (piantity, without restriction to any species of [mrticular magnitude, as arithme- tic and geomitrj' ; opposed to which is mixed math- ematics, which treats of simple propt^rties, and the relations of quantity, as applied to sensible objects, as hydrostatics, navigation, optics, &c. Ennjc. 2. Separate ; existing in the mind only ; as, an ab- stract subject ; an abstract question ; and hence, difficult, abstruse. AB'STRA€T, n. A summary, or epitome, contain- ing the substance, a genera! view, or tlie prmcipal heads of a treatise or writing. Wu/t*. 2. Fonnerly, an extract, or a smaller quantity, containing the essence of a larger. In Ou abstract^ in a state of separation, as a sub- ject considered in the tdtstract^ i. e. without ref- erence to jKirticuIar persons or Utings. AB-STRAfT'ED, pp. or a. Sepjimted ; purioined ; refined; exalted; abstruse; absent in mind. Milton. Donne. AB-STR.\eT'ED-LY, adv. In a separate state, or in contemplation onlv. Dryilen. AB-STRACT'ED-JS'ESS, n. The state of being ab- stracted. Baiter. AB-STRACT'ER, n. One who mokes an abstract, or summary. AB-STRAt;T'ING, ppr. Separating; purloining; making a summary. ABSTRACTION, h. The act of separating, or stale of being se()aniled. 2. The opemiion of the mind when occupied by abstract ideas ; as when we contemplate some par- ticular part or prop<'rty of a complex object as sep- arate from the rest. Thus, when the mind con- siders the branch of a tree by itself, or the color of the leaves, as separate from their size or figure, the act is called abstractitm. So, also, when it consid- ers V)hiteness^ sofinc--^, virtue^ ezistence, as separate from any particular objects. Kncyc, The ptiwer which the understanding has of se\> araimg the comliinations which are presented to it, is distinguished by lugieiaiw by the name of ab- straction, Stewart. Abstraction is the grouiyl-work of classificati(»n, by which things are arrauyed in orders, genera, and spt^cies. We sepanite in idea the qualities of cer- tain objects which are of the same kind, from others which are diff-r« nt in each, and arrange the objects having the same properties in a class, or collected body. 3. A separation from worldly objects; o recluse life ; as, a henuit's abytrartioa. 4. Absence of mind ; inattention to present ob- jects. 5. Taking for one's own use part of the property of another when placed in one's power. [Recent una -re.] 6. In the prcjcess m other substances, particularly from vegetables, without fermentation. Cye. AB'STRAtT-LY, adv. Separately; absolutely ; in a state or manner unconntrcted with any thing else ; as, matter nbstrac'Jy considered. .\B'STRAfT-NESS, n. A stparate state; a state of being in contemplation only, or not connected with any objecL AB-STRlS'CE', V. t. To unbind. AB-stRCl/E',V. U [liifra.'] Tothnist away, {^ot u-*ed. ] AB-STROSE', a. [L. ab^triLnts, from ahstnido^ to thrust away, tn conceal ; abs and trudo ; Ar. ^ _i3 taroiUi ( Ch. T"*0, to thrust ; Syr. Sam. Id. ; Eng. to thrust.] Hid ; conceali'd ; hence, remote from ap- prehension ; dilTicuIl tu be comprehended or under- strtod ; opposed to wliat is obvioiu. [JVot used nf vmtenal ubjectii.] M<-'livph7»icj b ut abttrutt »cici»oe Encye. AB-STROSE'LY, adv. In a concealed manner ; ob- scurely ; in a manner not to be easily understood. AB-STROSE'iNESS, «. Obscurity of meaning; tlje state or quality of being dilhcult to be understood. Bt*]ile- AB-STRO'SI-TY, n. Abstruseness ; that which la abstrUHe. AB SC'ME',r. f. To bring to an end by a gradual waste; tu consume. Abstract numbers are numi>er» uspq wiiiiom «p- "";"V»W, V . i e ^ k ««,! «,«/»• pUeation to thinga, W 6, 8, 10; but when applied ! AB^SURD', a. [L. ab.mrdas, from ab and surdus, deaf, insensible.] Opposed to manifest truth ; in- consistent with reason, or the plain dictates of com- mon sense. An absurd man acts contrary to the clear dictates of reason or sound judgment. An ab.^-urd proposition contradicts obvious truth. An ab^irU practice or opinion is repugnant to the reason or coniuion apprehension of men. It is ab- surd to say six and six make ten, or that plants will take root in stone. AB-SURI)'1-TY, K. The quality of being inconsist- ent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judg- ment Want of judgment, applied to men ; want of propriety, applied to things. Johnson. 2. 'i'hat which is absurd: in this sense it has a plural ; the absurdities of men. AB-SURD'LY, ado. In a manner Inconsistent with reasoTi, or obvious propriety. AB-SURD'NESS, n. The same as Absurdity, and less used. A-BUND'ANCE, n. [Fr. abondance. See AnousD.J Great plenty ; an overflowing quantity ; ample suf- ficiency : in strictness applicable to quantity only: but sometimes used of uumber ; as, an abundance of peasants, Addison. In Scripture^ The aiiunilance oi the rich b grval wo&lLh. — Ecd. r. Maj-k xiu L.iko xxL Tiie abundatict ol ilie tea* i« grvst plenty ol fUh. — Deut. XKxiii. It denotes also fullness, overflowing ; as, tlie abundtince of the heart. Matt, xii. Luke vi. A-BUiND'AiN'T, a. Plentiful; in great quantity; fully sulficient ; as, an abundant supply. In Scrip- ture^ abounding; having in great quantity; over- fiowing with. The Ljonl Uod \» abundant in gtxxJiieaa And truth. — £x. xxxir. Abundant number, in arithmetic, is one, the sum of whose aliquot parts exceeds the number itself. Thus 1, 2, 3, 4, (), the aliquot parts of 12, make the stmi of 16, This is opposed to a deficient number, OS 14, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, 7, the sum of which is 10; and to a perfect number, which is eipial to the sum of its aliquot parts, as ti, whose aliciuoi [Kirts are 1, 2, 3. Kncyc. A-BU.\D'ANT-LY, adv. Fully ; amply ; plentifully ; in a suthcienl degree. A-BO'SAGE, «. Abuse. [J'J'ot u.*cd] A-BOSE', c. U [Fr. abasrr; Sp. abu^ar; It. abusare ; L, abutor, abusujty of ab and utor, to use; Ir. idh; W. fraethj Use ; Gr. cQw, to accustom. See Use.] 1. To use ill; to maltreat; to misuse; to use with bad motives or to wrong purposes; as, to abuse rights or privileges. They that use this world m not tshaiing it, — 1 Cor. vu. 2. To violate ; to defile by improper sexual in- tercourse. Spetiser. 3. To deceive ; to impose on. Nur be with all thaw tempting word* abused. Pope. 4. To treitt rudely, or with reproachful language ; to revile. He mocked and abused them Bhaineriilly. A/.ie. 5. To pervert the meaning of; to misapply; as, to abuse words, A-BCSE', n. 111 use; improper treatment or employ- ment; application to a wrong purpose; as, an abuse of our natural powers ; an abuse of civil rights, or of religious privileges ; abuse of advan- tages, &,c. Libfrty may bn endanp^red by the abuses of librrty, m well u by the abuMtt of power. f^dtralul, MwJhon. 2. A corrupt practice or custom; as, the abuses of government 3. Rude speech ; reproachful language addressed to a person ; contumely ; reviling words. Mdton. 4. Violation of a female. After the abust he forsook me. Sidnty. 5. Perversion of meaning ; improper use or ap- plication ; as, an abuse of words. A-BO«'KU, pp. or a. Ill-used ; used to a bad pur- pose ; treated with rude language ; misemployed ; perverted tO bad or wrong ends ; deceived ; defiled ; violated. A-BOSE'FIJL, a. Using or practicing abuse; abu- givc. Bp. BarUne. A-IICS'ER, n. One who abuses, in speech or be- havior; one that deceives ; a ravisher ; a sodomite. 1 Cor. vi, . , A-nC'8'ING,;»pi-. Using ill ; emphiymg to bad pur- jHjses; deceiving; violating the person ; perverting. A-IiO'SlON, (abu'zhun,) n. Abuse ; evil or corrupt usage ; reproach ; deception, i Little used.] Spenser. A-BCS'IVE, a. Practicing abuse; oflTering harsh words, or ill treatment ; as, an abusire author ; an abusive fellow. 2. Containing abuse, or that is the instrument of abuse; as, abusive w '-ds ; rude; reproachful. In the sense of deceitf'j i as, an abusive treaty. [Little used.] Bacon. A-BCS'lVE-LY, adv. In an abusive manner ; rudely ; reproachfully. A-BC8'IVE-NESS, n Ill-usage; the quality of TONE, BJ^ILL, UNITE. — A>'"GEB, VV'CIOUS,^€ as K; as J i 8 as Z ; CH as BH ; TH as i n THIS. being abusive ; nident^s of bngimge, or viuU-nce to the person. Bttrlow. A-BUT', r. i. [Fr. aboutiry from 6our, an riid.] To border upon i to be contiguous to ^ to meet ; in strictness, to adjoin to at the end ; but this dis- tinction has ni>i always been itbsened. The word is cbiedy used in describing the bounds or situa- tion of land, and, in popular language, is contracted into bnt : as butted and hvuntUd. A-BUT' AIE.N'T, «. The hoad or end; that which unites one end of a thing to another i cliiedy used to denote the s<»lid pier or ni face of the deep, (crotyM, m Ufa la the La. The word h also used for an immense cavern in the earth, in which God is supposiil lo have col- lected all ihf waters on the Uiird day of the crcalii'n. It is used also for hell, Erebus. Enct/c, 2. That which is imme^u^unible ; that in which any thing id UmL Thj thrunr to dufcacM, In ibealyM of %liC Afi'lon. Tte ahf*9 of liaM. Dryitn, 3. In oflfi'Tuirjr, the temple of Proserpine, so called frttm the immense treai>urej it waj* supposed lo con- tain. Kncge, 4. In kemidry^ the center of an escutcheon. He beojv uuiv, « fltrur de U^ in oAyu, £n«yc. fcacH wvt upon AB-YS-SIN'I-AX, a. [Ar. u-e* hiih^Jum, Ab}->. shUans, Ethiopians, firom jjeij^^^ kabaska^ to col- w • lert, or congregate.] 1. A uaiue danuling a mixed multitude or a black race. LmlMfi. CmeUtl. 2. Belonging to Abyssinia. AB-YS-SlN'i-A.\S, n. pL A sect of Christians in Abyssinia, who admit but one nature in Jesus Christ, and reject ihe council of Chalcedon. They -are governed by a bi.-'hup, or mtirvip<^>litan, called jSbuna, who is appointed by the Coptic patriarch of Alexandria residing at Cairo. EMcyc A6, is Saxon, oaky the initial sjllable of uanius j a^, JUiaiL, oaktown. A-€a'C1A, h. [U. acatiay a thorn, friim Or. avr^, a point.} A genus of elegant trees and shrubs with funnated leaves. From the juice of one of its species 13 produced caiefkay a mild, astringent drug, fonm-rly caUed terra Japonuo. Fmui tJie juice tif another ^Kcies is produced the Oam jirabtc Hut most of the drug which posses under ibts name, is the in- spusated juice of unripe sloea, Encyc A-^A'CIA, among amtitjuariesy ia a name gi^'t^n to soiDethinglikearoll or bag,fteen on medals, a-i in the hands of sev. r.J emperors and consuls. c^>me ttike it to represent Bh)indk<-rchtef rolled up, with which signals were given at the games ; others, a roll of petititHis ; and some, a purpJe bag of earth, to remind them of their mortaliiy. Kncyc. A-CA'CIANS, n. pL In chmrch khtory., were cer- tain sects, so denominated from their leaders, Aca- cius, bL«hop of Ccflarea, and Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople. Some of these maintained thai the Son w:ls only a similar, not the sam.?, substance with the Falh^'r ; others, that he was not only a distinct but a dissimilar substance, Encyc, AG-A-DSME', n. An academy ; a society of persons. [A*o( used,] Tbe academy or school of Plato. AC-.VDe'.MI-AL, a. Pttftiining to an academy. A€-A-DE'MI-A.N, «. A member of an academy ; a student in a university or c-jllege. A€^A-DEM'I€, / a. Bclongmg to an academy, AC-A-DEM'tt'-AIj, i or tti a college or uiiivt-rsity ; as, academic Studies. Warburton. Also, noting what belongs to the school or philosophy cf Plato ; as, the aeailemic secL A€-A-DE.M'I€, n. One who belonged to the sehool or adhered to tb& philosophy of Socrates and Plato. .lie living iiioufi. oramu, ■P.'PHAN, II. \ [Or. aitaXni^Tj a netUe.l F. PHA, n. pL > Tenns applied to n class of VJVHMy n. pLf marine, radiate animals or The latter is considered as the founder tif Itie acji deniic pliiIi»sopliy in Greece He taught, iliat mat- ter is ettrnal and inlinite, but without form, n-frac- tory, and undiiig to disorder ; and that there is an Inti-lligeni cause, the author of spiritual being, and of the material world. EnJiiU. 2. A student in n college or university. tVatoe. AC-A-UE.M'IC-AL-LY, ado. In an academical uiuu- ner. At;-A-DE-MI"CIAN, n. [Fr. academicien.] A member of an academy, or society for promo- ting arts and sciences ; purtieularly, a member of the French academies. A-C.\D'E-MISiM, n. The doctrine of the academic phil.wopliy. baxter. ACAU'EMIST, n. A member of an academy fur pronuiting arts and sciences ; also, an academic phi- iuAopher. A-t.'.\D'E-.MY, m. [L. aeademia; Gr. ai^a^riftta.] Originally, it is said, a garden, prove, or villa, near Atliens, where Plato and iiis followers lield their phtloso|ihical conferences. I. The school of Plato. S. A school, or st-ininiuy of learning, holding a rank between a univeisity, or college?, and a ctmi- mnn school ; also, a school for teaeliiiig a particular art, or particular sciences ; as, a military actidemit. 3. A liotise, in which the students or members of an academy meet ; a place of education. 4. A society of men united for the promotion of aits and sciences in general, or of some piirticulur art or science. 5. The term academy is especially applied tn an Institution for the cultivation and promi>tion of the fine arts, partaking of the character bnih of an asu^ociation of nrtii^t-i for mutual improvement and of a school of instruction. Jicadanif fi^re; in paintinffy a drawing usually made with black and white chalk, on tinted i>aiKr, aAcr the living model. BraHite. A-eAL-P.'PHAN, n. A CAL-f A-eAI^K zoophytes; so called from the property, possessed by miMit of the s)>ecies, of irritating and inflaming the skin when touched ; including the medusa, sea- ncltie, jelly-fish, &.C. [.>tM/epA is sometimes found.] Brande. A€-A-NA'CEOi;S, (ac-a-na'shus,) o. [Gr. ««ui.< j, a prickly shntbJ Anned with prickles. A class of plant!> are called ^canauia. Milne, A-CAN'TIIA, ». [Gr. a«n»-d.i,a spine or thoni.J In botanf, a prickle; in lootogyy a spine or prickly fin : thi' spinous pn.»ce3Sof the vrrtthra;. Ehcijc. AC-AN-THA'CEOU:?, a. Armed with prickles, as a plant. A-CAN'THICE, n. The sweet juice of ivy buds. A-€AN'THI\E, o. [See Acasthls.] Pertaining to the plnnt acantha.*. Tlie acavthine garment^ of the ancients were made of the down of thistles, or embroidered in imitation of the acatv- thtLf. Ertctje. A-CAN'THO-POD, n. [Gr. og,nni defec- tive at the end, of if'i-i and Aij)^'-',lo cease; Ir. lirgk'm.] A verse, which has the complete number of s\llable3 without defect or superfluity. Johnson. A-€AT'A-LEP-SY, n. [Gr. oKaraXnil/ia i u and KiiT'tXnuiJ-ivr-^y to comprehend.] Impossibility of complete discovery or compre- hension ; inci;rnprehen5ibilitv. [Liulf iL*ed.] A-€AT-A-LEP'Tie, a. Incomprehensible. A-€a'TEK, A-eATES'. Sea Caterer and .^ CA-Ti'IaR'SIA, n. [Gr.] I. In medicine, inipnrily of the blood and htimors. ■2. In surgertfy the tilth or sordes proceeding from a wound. A-€AU'LOUS,a. [L. a priv. and cau/is, Gr. k.ivX,^. u sulk, W. haul; D. ioui, cabbage. See Culkwort.] In botamty without the stem called eaidisi as the Carlme thistle. AC-CicDE', t'. i. [L. accedoy of ad and c«io, lo yield or give place, or rather to move.] 1. To agree or assent, as to a pro[>osition, nr to terms proi>osed by another. Hence, in a negotia- tion, 2. To become a party, by agreeing to tlie terms of a treaty or convention. AC-Ci:I)'ING, ppr. and a. Agreeing; assenting; be- coming a party to a treaty by agreeing to Uie terms proiK>sed. AC-CKL'ER-ATE,r. L [L. accelfrOyOt ad and rrlcro, to hasten, from ccirr, quick; Gr. KtXng : lleb. Ch. Syr. aod Eth. SVP, nSp or Sp, to be light, nimble ; Syr. to hasten. In Ch. and Ar. Uiis root signifies, also, to be siniiM, or minute.] 1. To cause to move faster ; to hasten ; to quick- en motion ; to add to the velocity of a moving body. It implies previous motiim or prognsssion. 2. To add lo natural or ordinarj- progression ; as, to Qcecleratf the growth of a plant, or the progress of knowledge, 3. To bring nearer in lime ; to shorten the time between the present time and a future event ; as, to accelerate the mm of a government ; to accelerate a battle. Bacon. AC-CEL'ER-A-TED, pp. or a. auickened in mo- tion ; hastened in progress. jirceifrated motion; in riieckavtcs and physics^ that which conlinujilly receives accessions of velocity. A€!-CEL'ER-A-TI.\G, ppr.ota. Hastening ; increas- ing velocity or progression. ^ccrlrrnting farce i the force which causes acceler- ated motion. AC-CEIv-ER-A'TION, n. The act of increasing ve- locity or progress ; the state of being quickened in ninnon or action ; as, a fiUling body moves liv ward-i the earth with an acceleration of velocity. It is tin? opiM)site of rctardotiun. .Hrcrlrralion of tJie inuon, is the increase of the tntHtn's meiia motion fn>ni the sun, compared with the diuniiii motion of the earth ; the moon moving with more velocity now than in ancient times — a discover)- made by Dr. Halley. The diunnd accrlcratio/i of the frcd etarSy is the time by which they antieip!ite the mean diurnal revolution of the sun, which is nearly tliree minutes filly-six seconds. Cifc. 'I'lie acceleration of the pJancU, is the increasing velocity of their motion, in proceeding from the aimgee to the perigee of their orbits. Brande. At'-CEL'ER-A-TlVE,a. Adding to velocity ; quick- ening progression. Rfid. AC-CEL'Eit-A-TO-RY,a. Accelerating; quickening motion. AC-CE.\D' r. t. [L. accendo, to kindle ; ad and ean- dfOy caneoy to be white, canus^ white ; W, can, white, bright ; also, a song. Whence cantOy to sing, to chant; cantusy a song; Eng. cant i VV. canUy to bleach or whiten, and to sing ; cynnud, fuel. Hence, kindlr.y L. candidiufy eandidy white. The pri- mary sense is, to throw, dart, or thrust ; to shoot, as the rays of light. Hence, to canty to throw. See Chant and Caj^t.I To kindle; lo set on fire. [ Tlie rrrh iif not iL-etf,] AC-CEND-l-BIL'I-TY, n. Capacity of being kin- dled, or of becoming infiamed. AC-CE\D'I-BLE, a. Capable of being inflamed or kindled. Ure. AC-CEN'SIO.V, 71. The act of kindling or setting on firo ; or the stite of being kindled ; inflammation. ACCENT, n. [li. accnttiLSy from a.d and eano, can- tavty lo sing- \V. canuj Corn, kanaf Ir. canaim. See AcccND.] 1. Ttie modul.ation of the voice in reading or Rpeaking, as practiced by the ancient Greeks, wliich rendered their rehears:d nuisical. More strictly, in English, 2. A particular stress or force, of voice upon cer- tain syllables of words, which distinguishes them from the others. Accent is of two kinds, primary and secondary ; as in as'pi-ra'tion. In uttering this word, wc observe the first and Viird sjllables are di?:tinguished ; the third by a full sound, which con- stitutes the primary accent ; the_^ra-f, by a degree of force in the voice which is less than tliat of the primarj- accent, but evidently greater than tliat which falls on the second and fourth syllables. When the full accent falls on a vowel, that vowel has its long sound, as in vo'cal; but whtrn it falls on an articulation or consonant, the preceding vowel is short, as in hab'it. Accent alone regulates English verse. 3. A mark or character used in writing to direct FATE. FAR, FALL, WH.>T. — MeTE, PREY. — PIXE, MARINE, KIRD. — NOTE, DOYE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— ACC the stress o!" the voice in pronunciation. Our an- cestors borrowed from the Greek languape three of these characters, thj iiciite (Ojthe grave (), and the cirrnintlex (', or "). In the Greek, tJie first sliows when the voice U to be raised ; the second, when it is Co be depressed ; and the tljird, when the vowel is to be uttered witli an undukitinfc sound. 4. A modulation of tlie voice expressive of pas- sion or sentiments. The tiroder accent of a womui'a C17. Prior, 5. Manner of speaking. A tOAn of plftin dcwnl. (06«.) Shak. 6. Poetically^ words, language, or expressions in general. Wiiidg ! on jour wingv to hmren her aatnu bear, Sueta wurcU »* heaven aione u fit to he;u'. , Dryden. 7. In music, either the stress laid on the accented parts of tile bar, callt-d ^ammaticai accent ; or the emphasis dictated by feeling, and giving the music its peculiar expression, called orixtorical accent. P. Cue. 8. A peculiar tone or inflection of voice. 9. In mathematUs, accents arc used to distinguish mafmitudes of the same or similar kind, expressed by the some letter, but dilTering in value ; as, a', a". 10. An accent at the right hand of a number ex- presses a minute of a degree, two accents a second, ice. P. Cye. Ar-CEXT', V, t. To express accent ; to utter a syl- lable with a particular stress or modulation of the voice. In poetr^y to utter or pronounce in general. Al«o, to note accents by marks in writing. Locke, tVuttan. AC-CE\T'ED, pp. or a. Uttered with accent ; marked with accent. .iccented parU ef a bar, in miMiV, are those parts of the bar on which tlib stress falls ; as the first and third, in common time. P. Chc. AC-CEXT'LNG, ppr. Pronouncing or marking with accpnL A€-CE.\T'OR, n. In music, one that sings the lead- ing part. A€-CE.\T'tJ-AL, a. Pertaining to accent. AC^CENT'y-ATE, v.t. To mark or pronounce with an accent or with accents. A€-C'i::\T'Q-A-TED, pp. Marked or pronounced with an accent. A€^-CENT'U-A-TING, pjtr. Marking or pronounc- ing with an accent. .^e-CE.\T- l^-A 'TION, n. The act of placing accenu in writing, or of pronouncing them in speaking. AG-CEPT', r. ^ [L. accept^), from accipio, ad and ecpw, to take ; Fr. accepter : Sp. aceptar i Fort. acei~ tar i It. accettare. See Lat. capio. Clans Gb.1 1. To tjike or receive what is offered with a con- senting mind ; to receive with approbation or favor ; as, he madu an offer which waif accepUd. hirm, I.oTri, hb nibo&aop, aail aeetpl the vroHt of fab buila. — Observe the difference between receive and accept. UertaiaH no sppointturt.t, or the tiSer of & coiuiniatioa, but hr tbd not acctfi lU 2. To regard with partiality ; to value or esteem. It b Bol good to acttpt the p^noa Qt the wicked, — Prov. x*ui. a Cot. »ili. fn tkeola^, acceptance with God implies forgive- ness of sins and reception into his favor. 3. To con^nt or agrtre to ; to receive as terms of a contract ; as, to aerrpt a treaty ; — often followed by of; as, accept of the termn, 4. To undt-rtOand ; tu have a particular idk of; to receive in a particular sense ; as, how is this phrase to be accepted 1 5. In cammeree, to agree or promise to pay ; as, a bill of excliang^. [See Accbptamce.j A€^CEPT'A-BLE, a. That may be received with pleatfure ; hence, pleasing to a receiver ; gratifying ; as, an acceptable presenL 2. Agreeable or pleasing fn person ; as, n man makes himself on-rpfA/t/e by bis (icrvic^^s or civilities. AC-CEPT'A-BLE-NESS, i M. The tiualUy of being AC-CEPT-.\-BIL'I-TV, \ agreeable U. a receiver, or to a person with whom one has intercourse. [The latter leord is little u.ied, or not at all.] AC-CEPT'A-BLV, adc. In a manner to please, or give sat if) faction. A€-CEPT'A.VCE, it. A receiving with approbation or satisfaction j favorable reception j as, work done to acceptance, Tli'T sb-ill eotn* up with acceptanct on my itur. In. Ix, 2. The receiving of a bill of exchange or order, In Niich a manner as to bind the accepter to make payment. This must be by express words; and to charg'- the drawer with costs, in cawe of min-pny- ment, the acceptance mii-*t be in wrir'n^', under, across, or on the back of the bill. Blackstonf. 3. .\n agreeing to terms or proposals in commerce, ACC by which a bargain is concluded and the parties bound. 4. An agreeing to the act or contract of another, by some act which binds the jK'rson in law; as, a bishop's taking rent reserved on a lease, made by his predecessor, is an acceptance of the lemis of the lease, aad binds the party. Laiss. 5. In mtrcaniik lunirua^e, a bill of exchange ac- cepted ; as, a merchant receives anotlier's acceptance in payment. ti. i\>nni'rh', the sense in which a word is under- stood. {Obt-A yee AcczpTATio>-. A€^CEPT-A'TlON, ti. Kind reception j a receiving with favor or approbation. This U a •.^inj^ wijrtliy yf fill acceptation. I Tim. I. 2. A state of being acceptable ; favorable regard. Soine thiugi an of grval dignity and accfpla4on wtih Ciod. Jlooker . But in this sense acceptabtcaesa is more generally used, 3. The meaning or sense in which a word or ex- pression is understood, or generally received ; as, a term is to be used according to its usual acceptation. 4. Reception in general. [Obs.] A€-C'EPT'ED, pp. or a. Kintlly received ; regarded ; agreed to ; understood ; received with a pledge to pay, as a bill of exchange. AC-OEPT' ER, n. A person who accepts ; the person who receives a bill of exchange so as to bind him- self to pay it. [See Accept anck.] A€-CEP-TI-LA'TION, n. [from L.} Remission of a dt bt by an acquittance from the creditor, without receiving the money. [JVot lued.] Cotgnive. AC-(JEPT'[NG, ppr. Receiving favorably; ngreeing to ; nndf'rstanding , promising to pay, as a draft. A€^CEP''riO.V, n. Acceptation; the' received sense of a word. {JSTot noic tued.] Hammond. AC-CEPT'lVE, o. Ready to accept. [A'wt vsed.] B. Jonson. AC-CESS' or ACCESS, n. [L. acce^stu^, from acceda. See Accede. Fr. acc^s.] 1. A coming to; near approach; admittance; admission ; as, to gain aecesg to a prince. 2. Approach, or the way by which a thing may be approached ; as, the access is by a neck of land. Bacoru 3. Means of approach ; liberty to approach ; im- plying previous obstacles. Bjr whom alao wb ha»C acet$a by fiith. Rom. V. 4. Admission to sexual intercourse. During Ci'V-, acLets of tli'.' IiukUiikI aludl ^'* prrsumrd, uiil'.-M Uiucoittrnry be thuwii, Illack»tuttt, a. Addition ; increase by something added ; as, an acce^it of territory ; but in this sense accession is more generally used. fi. The return of a fit or iiaroxj'sm of disease, or fever. In this sense accession in generally used. AC'CES-SA-RI-LV. See Accesiorilt. A€'CES-SA-Rr-.\K^S. See Att;i:s»oRi.-*Es5. AG'CES^A-RV. See Accessory. AC-CESS-I-BIL'I-TV, n. The quality of being ap- proachable, or of admitting access. LanEHS'l-uLE, a. That may be appniached or reached ; approachable ; applied to things ; as, an accessible town or mountain. 2. Easv «)f approach ; affable; used of persons. A€-CE.SS'"l-HLV, oilv. So as Ui be accessible. AC'CES'SION, «. [L. accessio.] A coming to ; an seeding to and joining ; as, a king*:i auession to a confederacy, 2. Increase by something added ; that which is added ; augmentation ; as, an accession of wealth or territt.r>'. The only acntrinn which Lh? Ilonian empiw iwd»ed, wiu ihf province ol BriiA^ii. uibboti. 3. In lavy a mode of nrqnirlng property, by which the owner rcal substance, which receives an addition by pri»wth, or by Inlmr, has a right to the thing added or the improvement; provided the thing is not changt-d into a diffL-rent species. Thus the owner of a cow becomes the owner of her calf. Blacksttme. 4. The act of arriving at a throne, an office, or dignity. &. The invasion of a fit of a perirtdical disease, or fever. It dirtVrs from e.tarerbution. .Accession im- plies a total previous internii.'condary character; not as principal, but as a Fnb<)rdmal/> agent. AC'CE?*-SO-RI-NESS, n. The state of being acr.es- noT}', or of bring or acting in a scrondnrj- character. AC'CES-SO-RV, a. [L. aeces.: Encyc. 4. In grammar, something belonging to a word, but not essential to it, as gender, number, and case. Kncyc. 5. In heraldry, a point or mark, not essential to a coat of arms. Encyc, AC-CI-DENT'AL, a. Happf-ning by chance, or rather unexpectedly ; casual ; fortuitous ; taking place not according to the usual course of things; opposed to that which is ron-tanl, regular, or in- tended ; as, an accidents visit. 2. Non-essentia! ; not necessarily belonging toj as, songs are arcideufal to a play. .Aeeiilental flats and sharps, in music, are those flati and simrps which are prefixed to such notes as would be natural by the signature. The natural sign, prefixed to a note, is iilso accidentally flat or sharp, according as the note is siiarp or flat by the signature. j9i:cidcntal colorSy OTC those whirh depend upon the afflictions of the eye, in distinction from those which belong to the light itself. Encyc. Jiccidental point, in perspective, is that point in the horizontal line, where the projectittns of two lines pitrallel to each other meet the in'r^^pfjciive plane. Encyc. AC-CI-PE.VT'AL, n. Occidentals, in rnusie, are acci- dental flats or sharps. Ar.ciftentah^ in pdinting, (ffe those chance ert'ects, arising from luminous nys falling on certain objects, by whirh they are brought into a stronger light, and their shadows rendered mure intense, than they otherwise would be. Brande. A€-Cr-DEXT'AL-LY, adv. By chance; casually; fortuittiuslv ; not essentially. A€-CM)E-\'T'AL-NESS, «. The quality of being casual. [Little used.^ A€^CI-UE,\'TIA-RY, a. Pertaining to the acci- dence. [JV""? M.iTt^.] Morion. A€-CI-PEN'SER, n. See AciPcysER. Ae-C^IP'I-ENT, rt. A receiver. AC-CIP'I-TER, 77. [L. ad and ffl7.i<>, to BPixe.] 1. A name given to a fish, the Milvus or Lurerna, a species of Trigla. Cyc. 2. In orniUioiogy, one of the order of rapacious birds. The Accipitres have a hooked bill, the superior mandible, near the base, being extended on each 1 side beyond the inferior. The genera are the Vul- 1 ture, the Falco or hawk, and the Strix or owl. ' TONE, BULL, i;\ITE — AN"GER. VI"CI0U8. — C as K ; <5 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SHj TH as in THIS. ACC A€-C1P'I-TRINE, a. [Supra.) Sciring ; nii»aciousj es, the acdpurine order of hir'!t EJ. Knctfc^ AC-CtTK', c. U [h. ad and ctto. to cite.] To coll ; to cite ; to sumuum. [.We used.] AC-CLAIM', r. L [L. at^amo^ ad and damo^ to cr>' out; Sp. c^oinitr; Port, clamor i It. clamarti W. Utfroia j Ir. iiKniAam. See Cu.im, Ci^mor.] To applaud. [ZaUU «Md.] lialt. AC-CUaXM', n. A shout of joy : acckinuaion. .V./ton. A€J-€LA-MATIOX, « [Uaw/aaiafio. ?€e Acci.aiii.] L A shout of applause utl«red by a. inultilud:-. Anciently, acclamation was a form of wurds, ut- tered with vehemence, somewJirii res'emlding a song, Boroetimes accompanied willi appl:uises which wer« given bv the bauds. Acclamations were ecclesiastical, niilitao', nuptial, senatorial, Fvnodi- cal, iheatricul, -kc. ; iluy were musical and ilijth- mical, and bestowed l\r joy, respect, aud even reproach, and olVn repeated, live, twenty, and even siity and eighty iimvs. In lU-? later ajtos of Botne, acdamatKiis were perfurrucd by a cbonis of muaic instructed lor the purpuso. Kiuj/c. In modem lime^, acclantatiuns are expmMed by bnrraba ; by cl^niing of hands j and ouen by re- pealiiif viMCrec, vmt vgfmkUc^ Ion? live the king or republic, or otber wociU ezprefiuve of joy and good wishes. 9. In wrdmoUgift a repieaeBtation, in sriilpture or on medals, of p^;^ expreftiins juy. AeclMmnUwn meiaUt are those on which laudatory occlainalions are recorded. Eimf^. A€-€LAM'A-TO-RY, a. Expre^iiug joy or ui^plaui^e by shouts, or clapping of hanJ^. AC-CLI'MATE, r. U {ac, for ad^ and diwatr.'^ To habituate the body to a climatt) nitc native, so as noc to be peculiarly exposed to its endemic di^caiies. AC^LT'MA-TED,^. ord. Ilabiiiialed to a iVini^m climate, or a dimota not native \ fo far ar«ustumed to a foreii^ climate as not to be peculiarly liable to its endemic diseases. Med, RfpoiUiam. A&eLI-MA'TIOX, n. The process of becoming habituated to a foreign climate. 9. The stale of being liabitualed or inured to a climate. AC-CLI'MA-TIZE, r. f. To inure plants to a climate dilfefr-nt from that which U natural to them. Brwtde, Ae-eLI'.\IA-'i'IZ-i:D, pp. and a. Inured to a dif- ferent climate. A€;-CLI'MA-TIZ-ING, fpr. Inuring to a dia*erent clinute. Ae-ei.I'MA-Tt;RE, «. Aa of acclimating, or atate of being acchmated. CWWg s tf. AC-€LLV'I-TV, n. [L. see/iens, aeeltw, ascending, firom ai aud c/iroj, an ascent : It. c^w i Gr. £«n. jrJtiwf ; SajE. d^f, a d^^ bank or shore ; difiojiy ditfwt, lo cleave or split. See Ci.ipr.] A ah^ or inclination of the earth, as the side of a hiU, considered as a»ctMdmgy in opposition tu d*- c/trttjr, or a side descending. Rising ground j aacent ; the tains of a rampait. AC-eU'VOUS, a. Rising, aa a hill with a slope. AC-CLOY', p. t To fill i to stuff j lo liU to satiety. [See Clot.] Spauer. AC-COIL', V. L To encircle i to gather around. AC-CO-LADE', iu ['L.ad and coUum^ neck, _ A ceremony formerly used in conferring knight- hood i but whether an embrace or a blow, seems not to be wtiled. Cyc AC'CO-LENT, n. [L. ad and i»lo.] A borderer j one who dwells on a border of a country, or near. -4sA. AC-eOM'MO-DA-BLE, a. [Fr. accommoiiaMe, See Accommodate.] That may be fitted, made suitable, or made to agree. [LUtte used.] AC-COM'MO-DA-BLE-XESS, «. The capability of accommodating. AC-COM'MO-DaTE, e. L [h. aeammodo^ to apply >»* suit, from ad and Mimwds, to profit or help; of COM, with, and sMdas, measure, propution, limit, or manner. &ee Modk.j 1. To fit, adapt, or make suitable ; as, to aetom- modat* ouri«Jves to circumstances ; lo aeconunodaie the choice of subjects to the occasions. Paley. 3. To supply with or furnish; — followed by vitA ; as, lo aecommodate a man with apartments. 3. To supply with conveniences; as, lo accommo- date a friend. 4. To reconcile things which are at variance ; to adjust ; as, to accommodate dilferences. 5. To show fitness or agreement \ to apply ; as, to accommodate prophecy lo events, 6. To lend to — a eommeraal seinte. In an intr«nsitive sense, to agree, to be conform- able to, as used by Bovle. [Obs.] AC-C0M'M04)ATE, a.' Buitable ; fit ; adapted ; as, means accommodate lo the end. Ray. Tdlotaon. AC-COM MO-Da-TED, pp. Fitted : adjusted : adapt- ed ; apfriied ; also, furnished with conveniences; as, we are well accommodated with lodgings. AC-C0M'M0-D.\TE-LY, ttdv, Buiiably ; filly. [LittU used.] More, ACC A€>^eoM'MO-DATE-NESS, n. Fitness. [LiUie used.] AC-COM'MO-Da-TIXG, vpr. Adapting; making suitable; reconciling; lurnishing with conveni- ences ; applying. AC-eo.M'MO-DA-TIXG, a. Adapting one> self to ; obliging ; yielding to the desires of others ;' disposed to comply, aud to oblige auutbur ; a», uu acconuno- datin\r auM. Ae-€OM-.MO-DA'TIOA', n. Fitness ; adaptation ; — fttllowcd by Ut. Tbf oT^itixulon of the bwly with accommodation to lt» funo- liosis. Hal*. S. Adjustment of diflbrenccs ; reconciliation ; as of parties in dispute. 3. Ptovision of conveniences, 4. In the ;»/«ra:, coni'eniences; things fUmlshed for use ; — cliietly applied to lodgings. 5. In mrrtaHtde langua^rr^ accommodation ia used for a loan of money which is often a great con- renirucf. .\n accommodation »iutf, in the language of bank directiirs, is one drawn and offered fur dis- count, for the purpose of borrowing \t^ amount, in opposition u> a nole which the owner has received in payment for good-^. In Kniflandy an accommodatioti biU is one given in- stead of a K»an of money. Crabbe. 6. It is also used of a note lent merely to accom- modate tlie borrower. 7. In UteoloffTfj aceommodatiait is the application pf a passage to Mimelhing not originally intended by it, on the ground of resemblance or analogy. M&nj of ttMM qtiotAtiona w^Tv prub.\bly Uitendcd na nothing lAura Ibon aoeomaiodiuions. Paiey. 8. In marhif langna^e^ an acenmmodation ladder is a light ladder bung over the sido of a ship ut the panirwav. A€-€OM''MO-D.\-TIVE, a. Furnishing accommo- dation. AC-€O.M'MO-DA-TOR, tu One that accommodates ; one that adjust?. IVarburton. AC-eOM'PA-NA-BLE, a. [See Accompaitt.] So- ciable. [.Vti( u^ed.] A€^€OM'i*A-.N'I-£D, pp. Attended by; connected with. AC-COM'PA-NI-MENT, n. [Fr. accompfis^emmL See AccoMFATTT.] Something that attends as a circumstance, or which is add^d by way of orna- ment to the principal thing, or ior the sake of sym- metr>-. jJccompanimnt^ in wmtnc, the subordinate part, or parts, accompanying the voice, or a principal in- strument ; also, the harmony of a figured base. .Aceompanimmt of tht scalr^ in mw-«c, the harmony assigned to Uie series of niuci forming the diatonic scale, ascending and descending. P. Cf/c. .Accompaniment^ in paiittin^f an object accessory to the principal object, and serving for iu orna- ment or illustration. Brandt. AC-COM P.\-N1ST, 7F. The performer in mu!«ic who lakes the accompanyine part. BiL^by. A€^GOM'PA-NV, r. C [Fr. aceompasTitT ; Sp. acem- panan Port, aceompanhar. See Compa:«t.] 1. To go with or attend as a companion or asso- ciale on a journey, walk, &c. ; as, a man accom- panie.t his friend to church, or on a tour. 2. To be with, as connected ; to attend ; as, pain accompanies diseat^e. AC-GOM'PA-NY^. i. To attend ; to be an asso- ciate i OF, lo aecompantj with others. [OAs.] Bacon. a To cohabit. MiUnn. 3. In miwir, lo perform the accompanying part in a composition. Bimbn. A€^COM'PA-NY-I\G, ppr. or a. Attending; going with, ns a companion. Ae-€OM'PLICi:, n. [Fr. eompUre; L. compliratus, folded tocelht-r, of con, with, and plico, to fold ; W. ple^l^ to plait ; Arm. ple^a. See Complex and Pledge.] An as:?ociate in a crime; a partner or partaker m guiiL It was formerly used in a good sense for a co-operator, but this sense is wholly ob- solete. It is followed by leith before a person ; as, A was an accomplice 7ri(A B in the murder of C. Drvden u-. Lev. xiii. and xx. 3. To gain ; to oblain or effect by successful ex- ertions ; as, to accomplish a purpose. Prov, xiii. 4. To fullill or bring lo pass ; as, to accomplish a prophecy. Thk lh.ll it wiiuen mi»t jrt be accompHahed in me. — Luke xxii. 5. To furnish with qualities which serve to ACC render the mind or body complete, aa with valuable endowments and elegant manners. ti. To arm and equip. Th« ormorere accompluHng the kolj^tta. Shak. A€-COM'PLIHH-£D, pp. Finished ; completed ; ful- filled; executed ; etteclcd. 2. a. Well endowed with good qualities and manners ; complete; in acquirements ; having a finished education ; applied usually to acquired qualifications, withaut including moral excellence.. 3. Fashionable. Sttift. AC-COM'PLISH-ER n. One who accomplishes. AC-eO.M'PUSH-L\G, ppr. Finishing; conipliting; fulfilling; executing; effecting; furni^liiug with valuable qualities. AC-CO.M'PLI.SII-MENT, t7. Completion; fulfill- ment; Entire performance; as, the accomplL-ihment of a prophecy. 2. The act of carr\-inK into effect, or obtaining an object designed; attainment; as, the accomplishtnent of our desires or ends. 3. Acquirement ; that which constitutes excel- lence of mind, or elegance of manners, acquired by education. AC-eOMPT'. [Obs.] See Accou:^T. AC-CO .MPT'AXT. [Oft.*.] See Accouwtawt. AC-CORD', TI. [Fr. accord, agreement, consent ; accordcr, to adjust, or reconcile ; Sp. acordar ; Arm. accord J accoriii ; It. accordOy accordare. The Lat. has concors, concordo. Clu. cor and cordis, Ihe heart, or from the same toot. In some of its appli- cations, it is naturally deduced from chorda, IL corda, the string of a musical instrument.] 1. Agreement ; harmony of minds ; consent or concurrence of opinions or wills. Thcj nil continued with o»e accord in prayer. — AcU I. S. Concert ; harmony of sounds ; the union of dififerent sounds^ which is agreeable to the ear : agreement in pitch and lone ; as, the accord of notes ; but in this sense it is more usual to employ concord or chord. 3. Agreement : just correspondence of things ; as, the accord of light and shade in painting. 4. Will ; voluntary or spiuilaneous motion ; used of the will of persons, or the natural motion of other bodies, and preceded by own, E^iti? inon; forwarit of hia own acrord. — 3 Cor, viii. TivU MTtiJch growc^ of iu own accord thoushait not reap. — 5. Adjustment of a difference j reconciliation; as, the mediator of an accord.. IJ. In latCj an agreement between parties in con- troversy, by which satisfaction for an injury is stipulated, and which, when executed, bars a suit. Black^tone. 7. Permission, leave. AC-CORU', r. (. To make to agree, or corresp(md ; to adjust one thing to another. Her h:^n(i> accorded the lute's mudc to the Toice. Sidney, 9. To bring to an agreement ; to settle, adjust, or compose ; as, to accord suits or controversies. Jlale. 3. To gnint, to give, to concede ; as, to accord to one due praise. AC-CORD', B. i. To agree ; to be in correspondence. My hedrt accordeih wiih iny tongue, Shak. 9. To agree in pitch and tono. AC-CO RO'A-BLE, a. Agreeable ; consonant. Oincer. AC-CORD' A NCE,n. Agreement with a person ; con- formity letth a tiling. Shak. AC-CORD' A N'T, a. Corresponding; consonant ; aereeable. AC-CORD'ANT-LY, adv. In accordance or agree- ment. Dioight. AC-CORD'ED, pp. Made to agree ; adjusted. AC-CORD'ER, n. One thai oids, or favors. [Hale used.] AC-CORD'ING, ppr. or a. Agreeing ; harmonizing. Th' according music of a well-mixt •uile. Popt. 5. Suitable; agreeable; in accordance with. In these senses, the word agrees with or relers to a sentence. Our zeal should be according to Imowled^. SpraU Nobl'.' ia the f.\me that is buUl on &»iiu nukeat aceoant of him I — l'«al.CxilT. 8. Profit ; advantage ; that is, a result or pro^Iuc- I tion worthy of estimation. To find our aecoutU in a pursuit ; to turn Ut account. Philip, iv. 9. Regard ; behalf; sake ; a aen%e deduced fVom charges on book. Put ihal to my aecourtt. — PliJlpm. 19. To malie account^ that fs, to have a previous opinion or expecUition, is a sense now ob^tk-ta. A April of a/: county in law. Is a writ which the plaintiff brings demandine that the defendatit should render his just account, or show good cauite to the contrary ; called also an atUoa of account. Coterl. AeeoUNT', V. U To deem, judge, consider, tliink, or hold in opinion. I »ml roy tun Solomon th&tl be nsibility for a trust. ' Ae-eoUNT'A-BLE, a. Liable to be called to ac- count ; answerable to a superior; as, every man is accoantable. to God /ur his conduct 2. Subject to pay, or make good, in case of loss. A sheriff IS accountable, as bailiff and receiver of goods. Jiccountable fur, that may be explained. [JVot eIe' service. A€-€OU'TER-f;D, i pp. Dressed inarms; equipped. AC-eOU'TR/.D, \ Bcattie. AC-CO U'TER-ING, ppr. Equipping with military hnbilim'-'nts. AC-COU'TER-MENTS, / a. pi. Dress; equipage; Ae-€OU'TRI:>ME.\Tti, \ furniture for the body ; appropTxatel^, military dress and anna ; equipage for military service. 2. In comiHffn u^ase^ an old or unusual dress. AC-COY', r. (. [old Fr. aexoijtir.] To render quiet or ditfident ; to soothe ; to caress. [OAy.j Spenser. AC-CRED'IT, V. t, [Fr. aeerediterf Sp. aereditar ; It, arcrfditare i to give authority or reputation; from \,. ad and crcdoj to believe, or give faith to. See CntniT.] To give credit, authority, or reputation ; to arcred. it an envny, is to receive him in his public character, and give him credit and rank accordingly. AC-CRKD-IT A'TION, n. That which gives tiUe to credit. [fMtJe used.] AC-CRED^I T-ED, pp. or a. Allowed ; received with reputation ; auUiorixed in a public character. Cbrist. Obs. A€-€RED'IT-L\G, ppr. Giving authority or repu- tation. A€-€RES'CENT, a. [3oe AccnsTio.-f.] Increasing. Shuckford. AC^CRK'TION, n. [Im aecretto, increase; accres'co, to increase, literally, to grow to; ad and crtsco ; Kng. accrue; Vr. accroitre^ See Increase, Accrue, GtLOW.] ]. A growing to; nn inrrcawe by natural growth ; applied u> the increa.se of organic bodies by the ac- cession of pstrts. Arbuthnot. S. An increase by an accession of parts exter- nally. Bacon. 3. In the eieil law, the adhering of property to something else, by which the owner of one thing becotnes possessed of a right to another ; as, when a legacy is left to two persons, and one of them dies before the testator, the legacy devolves to the survivor by right of accretion. Encyc AC-CRIM-I-NA'TIU.V, n. Accusation. AC-CItF:'Tl VE, tt. Increasing by growth ; growing; adiling to by growtll; as, Uie accrettce motion of plants. Ae-€ROACH', r. i. [Fr. aceroeher, to fix on a hook ; ACC from croc, crochet, a book, from the saoie elements as crook, which see.] 1 . To hook, or draw to, as with a hook ; hut in this sense not used. 2. To encroach ; to draw away from another. Hence, in old laws, to assume the exercise of royai prerogatives. Blackstone. The noun accroachment, an encroachment, or at- tempt to exercise royal power, is rarely or never used. [See Encroach.] AC-CROE', (ac-cru',) v. i. [Fr. aeeroitre, accru, to in- crease ; L. accresco, cresco ; Sp. crecer and acrecer f It. crescere, accrescerc ; Port, crecer; Arm. crisqi.] Uteralbj, to atow to ; hence, to arise, proceed or come ; to be added, as incnsase, profit, or damage ; as, a profit accrues to government from the coinage of cop[>er ; a loss accrues from the coinage of gold and silver. .\€>-CRCE', (ac-cru',) n. Something that accedes to or follows the property of another. [06;*.] AC-CRO'ING, ppr. Growing to ; arising; coming; being added. AC^CRC'MENT, ji. Addition ; increase. [LittU u.^ed.] Montagu. AC-CU-BA'TIO.V, n. [L. accubatio, a reclining, from ad and cubo, to lie down. See Cube.] A lying or reclining on a couch, as the ancients at their meals. The manner was to recline on low beds or couches, with tlie head resting on a pillow or on the etbow. Two or three men lay on one bed, the feet of one extended behind the back of another. This prac- tice was not permitted among soldiers, children, and servants ; nor was it known, until luxury had corrupted manners. Encyc A€-eU.MB', V. i. [h.aeeumbo; ad and cubo.] To recline, as at table. [JVvt rued.] Ae-eU.\I'BEN-CY, n. State of being accumbent or reclining. AC-CUiM'BENT, a. [L. aceumhtns, accumbo, from cubo. See .\ccubatioi(.1 Lieaning or reclining, aa the ancients at their meals. In botany, when one part of an organ is applied to anotlier by its edge, it is said to be uccumbeuu Brande. A€-CO'MU-LATE, v. U [L. aecumulo; ad and nt- malo, to heap; cumulus, a heap; Sp. ocumu^or; It. accumuiart ; Vx. accuinuler, contbter.] 1. To heap up ; to pile ; to amass ; as, to accumu- late earth or stones. 2. To collect or bring together; as, to accumulate causes of misery ; to accumulate weullii. AC-CC'MU LA'J'E, V. i. To grow tn a great size, number, or quantity ; to increase greatly ; as, public evils accumulate. A€-eO'MU-LATE, a. Collected into a mass or quantitv. Bacon, AC-Ct)' VlU LA -TED, pp. or a. Collected into a heap or great quantitv. AG-CO'MU-LA-'l'lNG, ppr. Heaping up ; amassing ; increasing greatlv. Ae-eO-.VlU LA''J'io\, n. The act of accumulating ; the state of being accumulated ; an amassing ; a collecting togetiier ; as, an accumulation of earth or of evils. 2. In law, the concurrence of several titles to the same thing, or of several circumstances to the same prthjf. Encyc. 3. In uniTjernitics, an accumulation of dti^ecs, is the taking of several together, or at smaller intervals than usual, or than is allowed by the rules. Encyc AC-CC'MU-LA-TIVE, a. That accumulates; heap- ing up; accumulating. AC-CO'-MU-LA-TIVE-LY, adv. In an accumulative manner ; in heaps. A€-eO'MU-LA-TOR, n. One that accumulates, gathers, or amasses. AC'CL'-HA-CY, n. [L. accuratio, from aceurare, to take care of; ad and curare, to take core; cura^ care. See Care.] ). Exactness; exact conformity to tnith ; or to a rule or model ; freedom from mistake ; nicety ; cor- rectness ; precision which results from core. The accurarii of ideas or opinions is conformity to truth. The value of testimony depends on its accuracy ; copies of legal instruments should be token with accuracy. 2. Closeness ; tightness ; as, a tube scaled with accuracy. AC'Cn-RATE, a. [L. accuratus.] In exact con- formity to truth, or to a standard or rule, or to a model ; free from failure, error, or defect ; as, an accurate account ; accurate measure ; an accural* expression. a. Determinate ; precisely fixed ; as, one body may not have a very accurate influence on another. Bacon. 3. Close ; perfectly tight ; aa, an accurate sealing or luting. AC'CU-RATE-LY, adv. E.'iactly ; in an accurate manner; with precision; wittiout error or defect j aa, a writing accurately copied. 3. Closely ; so as to be perfectly tight : as, a vial aeeurately stoppt-d. Comjitock. TONE, B(^.L, UNITE. — AN"GBR. VI"CI0U8. — G as K ; <^ as J ; 8 aa Z j CII as SH ; TH as in THIS. ACK ACE ACH Ki)'t>'.7 'Vhe citf ih.\U be ocmrMd. ~- John vU % Separated fVoni the faillifUl; cast out of the church i exconuuunicated. I coiUd wbh in^racir tuxttr»td from Cbrirt. St. PattL 3. Worthy of the curse ; detestable ; Meerable. K>r«p fioiD ihe luxttnad ihiag.—J^Mb. ^ Hence, 4. Wicked : maJipnant in the eitreme. Aet'C'SA-BLE, a. That may be accused ; charpea- bla with a crime ; bUmable ; liable to ceniturtf ; f.illowed bv tif. AC-CC SA.VT, n. One who acctiMS. Mall. AO-t'C SA'TIOX, 11- The act of charging with a crime or otfeose ^ the act of accusing of any wrong or inj'ij-lict'. •2. The charge of an offense or crime ; or the d^'IaratioR containing the charge. Thi-y r-l over hii bead hk aeeuMUiott. — Mau. xxtII. Ae-€0'»A-TIVE, a. or ». A term given to a case uf nount, in grautmars, on which the action t>f n Tcrb terminates or (aUs j called in English grammar llie objfdive case. AC-CC SA-TI\'E-LV, adc. In an accusative mann-^r. -2. In rehtttun to the accusative case in ^rnuinar. AC-€0'SA-TO-RV, a. Accusing; coataiuiug an acoiKition ; a?, an aeeusaXtny libel. AC'CCSE', r. L [L. accuio^ to blame, or accuse ; md and e«iu«r, to blame, or accuse ; coum^ blame, suit, or process, csiu« ,* Vr. ucnuer ; Sp. aewuir ; Port. aceuMtr ; IL aecMMur ; Arm. arcH^i. The seiifie ix, to attack, to drive against, to charge or to fail upi.in. fiee CiutE.] 1. To charge with, or declare tn have committed a crim;?, cither by pluint, or complaint, inrl-A-Rl-LV,a(fr. According to custom or common practice. ! See CrtToif arilt.] [UUie used.] Ae-CCs*'TOM-A-RV, a. Usual; customar>'. [See CusTOMART.j [UttUuscdJ] AG-CL's*'TOM-rD, pp. Being familiar by use; babitiLited ; inured. 5. a. L'su.!! ; oAen practiced ;. as, in their eceus- tometi manner. A€-eL'S'TOM-IXG,/pr. Slaking famBiar by prac- tice ; inuring. ACE, It. \h. as, a unit or pound ; Fr. as: It. »sso; D. atLt : C. ass : ?p. as.] 1. A unit; a single point on a card or die ; or the card or die so marked. 2. A very small (]nanlity ; a particle ; an atom ; a triile ; as, a creditor will not abate an ace of his demand. A-CEL'DA-MA, n. [Ch. Vpn, a field, and KTJi, Ch. Syr. and Sam., Wood.] A field said to have lain south of Jerusalem, the same a-s the potttr's fiL-td, purchased with the bribe which Juda^s took for brtraying his master, and therefore called the field of blood. It was ap- propriated to the interment of strangers. A-CEPH'A-L.AX, n. j [Gr. o«0aAo-.] Terms ap- A-CEPH'A-LA, n. pi. \ plied to a cla-ss of mothis- cous animals, comprehending those which have no bead, as the oyster and muscle. B^U A'i'EPWALt, n j>l. (Gr. a and Ktii»a>.«tpated these lictions. In En^li^h /arx, men who held lands of no (farticular lord, and clerg>'nieu wlm were under no bishop. LL. lien. I. CoweL 3. In frrtMny, spplied to ovaries, the style of which springs from their base, instead of their npex. Brandr. '.<. In anatomy, applied to a fetus havinc no henil. A-CEPH'.A-LUS, M. ^uobsoIt-tcnamLvof theheniaor tapi'-wonn, which w:i3 ftirmerly supposed to have no liead ; an error now expbMled. 'I'hn ItTui is al:»o used to express a verse defosition, and hence a being moderately sour ; a tendency to turn sour. A-CES'CEXT, a. Turning sour; readily becoming tart or acid by spontaneous decomposition. Hence, slighUy "sour : but the latu/^on. .\-CES'TIS, n. [Gr] A factitious sort of chryso- colla, made cmT Cyprian verdigriii, urine, and niter. Cyc. A-CE-TAB'i;-IX^M, tu [L. from aeetum, vinegar. See Acid.] Among the Romatut^ a vinegar cnise or like vessel, and a raea.sure of about one eighth of a pint. 1. In anatomy^ the canity of a bone for receiving the protul>emnt end of another bone, and therefore fcHming the articulation called enarOirosis. It is used especially for the cavity of the os innomina- (am, which receives the head of the thigh bone. 2. A glandular substance found in the placenta of some animals. 3. In botany^ the trivial name of a species of Peziza, the cup peziza ; so called from its resem- blance to a cup. 4. It is sometimes used in the sense of cotyledon. 5. A species of lichen. Cyc. r>. In cntomole jry-, the socket on the tnink, in which the leg is inserter!. Brands. 7. A sucker of the Sepia or cuttle-fish, and of other similar molluscous animus. Brande. AC-E-Ta'RI-OUS, a. Used in salads; as, acrtariotM plants. Brande. ACIi-TA-RY, n. [See Ariu.l An acid pul|.y sub- stance in certain fruits, as tlie (H-ar, inclused in a roni;eries of small calculous bodies, toward the base of the fniit. (irno. AC'E-TATE, n. A salt formed by the union of acetic acid wilh any salifiable b:iHe. AC'E-TA-TED, o. Combined wilh acetic acid. A-CS'TIC, a. Kelatiug to acetic acid ; as, aceUc ether. Ure, A-Cr.'TIC ACID, n. An acid composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, always in the same uni- form and definite proportions. It exists in vinegar in_a dilute and impure state. A-Cic-Tl-FI-CA'TlON, n. The act of making ace- tous or sour ; or the operation of making vinejrar. Cue. A-CET'I-FV. V. L To convert into acid or vinegar. Aikin. A-CST'l-F?, p. i. To turn acid. Encyc. Donu Eton. .■\C-E-TIM'E-TERj n. [L. aceium, vinegar, and fxiTfii'Vy measure.] An Instrument for ascertaining the strength of vinegar. Ure. AC-E-TIME-TRY, n. The act or method of ascer- taining the strength of vinegar, or the projwrtion of acetic acid contained in it. Ure, ACE-TOXE, n. A new chemical name for the pyro-acetic spirit, Ure. A-CF,'TOt'S, i a. 1. Soiir; acid ; as, acetous spirit. AC-E-TaSE', \ Boyle. 9. Causing acetification ; as, acetous fermentation. A-Cr.'TOL'S ACID, ». A tenn formerly applied to impure and dilute acetic acid, under the notion that it was composed of carbon and hydnigen in the same projiortions as in acetic acid, but with less oxygen. It is now known that no such acid exists, sojhat this term is not now in use. .\-Ck'TUM, n. [L. See Acid.] Vinegar ; a sour liquor, obtained from vegetables dissolved in boiling water, and from fermented and spirituous liquors, by exposing them to heat and air. This process is called the acid or acetous fermentation. ACHE, (ake,) r. i. [Sax. ac^, ece; Gr. (i\c'.>,to ache or b-j in [Klin ; 'i\('f, pain. Tlie primary sense is, to be pressed. Perliaps the Oriental p^i?, to press.] Jike would be a better spelling of this word. 1. To sulfer pain ; to have or be in pain, or in continued pain ; as, the head ar.hes. 2. To suffer grief, or extreme grief; to be dis- tressed ; as, the heart aches. ACHE, (ake,) n. Pain, or continued pain, in opposi- tion to sudden twinges, or spa>e»tiuite of color. Adtromatie telescopes are formed of a combination of lenses, which neparate the variously colored rays of liglit to equal angles of divergence, at difftrent angles of refractitm of the mean my. In this case, the rays being made to refract toward contrary parts, the whole r.iy is caused to deviate from its course, wiilumt being separated into colors^ and the optii'.il aberration arising from the various colors of light, is pre- vented. This teleitcope is an invention of Doltond. J^'ickolsotu A€H-RO-MA-TIC'I-TY, tu The sUte of being achromatic AeH-RO'MA-TISM, n [Gr. a priv. and xpuifia, color.] 1. 1'he destruction of the primary colors, which accompany tiie linage of on object seen thmugh a prism or lens. Brande. 2, The stale of being achromatic j as, the achro- matwm of a iuns. Cyc, A-CICr-L.E, n, pt. [I* acietda.] The opines or prirkles of some animals and plants. Cyc. A-CIt/"l^-LAR, a. [L. acieula, Priscian, a needle, from Gr. turr?, !<. aciea^ a point. See Acid.] In the sha}»e uf a needle j having sharp points like needles, iCtrwan. Martyn. An aetcular prism is when the crj-stals are slender and siraighL PtuUipn. A i;ie'l;-LAU-LY, o^r. In the manner of needles, or tackles. A-Cie'lJ-LATE, o. [L. aeiculu, a needle.] In the fjrm of a nt-edle;. A-Cie'U-Ll FORM, a. Having the form of needles. ACID, a. [L. acidus i Sax. actd^ vinegar; from the root of aues, edge ; Gr. otj; ,• W. awe, an edge or point. See Euge.] 8our, sharp or oiting to the ta!>te ; having the ta<-I-FI CA'TloN, «. The art or process of acidifying or changing intit an acid. A-CIl>'I-FI'££>, pp. Made acid ; converted into an acid. A-CirVI-FI-ER, ft. A "impl** or compound principle, u i > fur acidity. The ele- iJi ' are oxygen, chlorine. tji -jlphur, selenium, and iiiipinnin, c>aiins<-n m.iv be named as an exam- ple uf a coni[>ouNd acidifying principle, and prob- ably there are one or two niorc No acid is known which does Rot contain one of (hesc substances. A-CIO'I-F?, r. f, [acirf and L./(m:*o.] 'i"o make acid ; but apinropriately, to convert into an acid, rh'.'mically so called, by combmation with any substance. A-Cir>'I-F9-I\G, pi»r. or a. Making acid; convert- ing into an acid \ having power to change into an acid. Oxygen is caJled an acuUfijing principle or element. AC-ID-IM'E-TER, n. {add and Gr. h'tqqv^ meas- ure.] An instrument for ascertaining the strength of ■cids. Ure» A-CIU'I-TY, n. [Fr. aridiU, from (uid.] 'I'he quality of being sour; sourness; tartness; sharpness to the ta«t/:, AC'ID-.VE^H, n. The quality of being "our : acidity. A-CID'l^-L^, R. pf. Medicinal springs impregnated with rATlMinic acid. Parr A-CIIl'li-LATB, p. (. [U acixtulus, Flightly sour; Fr. adduler, to make slightly sour. See Acid.] ACM To tin^'e with an acid ; to ludkt acid >n a mod- erate de"rc'e. ^iritutAnoL A-CIU'U-La-TED, pp. or a. Tinged with an acid ; made slightly sour, A-CID'l^-LA-TING, ppr. Tinged with an acid. AC'ID-l;LE, t n. In cherttistry^ a Fait, in which A-CID'U-LL'M, \ the acid is in excess; as, tartaric acidulum, ox:Uic acidulum. A-CID'U-LOL'S, a. [L. acidulits. See Acid.] i^lightly sour ; sub-acid ; as, acidulous sulphate. JiciduioiLs mineral waters, are such as contain carbonic acid. Brande. AC'I-FORM, a. [L. aca*, a needle, and /in-mcc, form.] Sha)ied like a needle. AC-I-NA'CEOUS, a. [U] Full of kernels. AC-I-NAC'I-FORM, a. [L. ncinaee^, a cimeler, Gr. aifivuKtii, and L./orma, form.] In botantjy formed like, or resembling a cimeter. Martytu A-CI.\'I-FORM, 0. [L. acinus, a grape stone, and forma^ shape.] Having clusters like the stones of grapes ; full of small kf rnels. The uvea or post'-rior lamina of the iris 111 the eye, is called the arinifunn tunic, from its color resembling that of an unripe grape. Parr. AC'IX-OtiE, > rr- „ T ■ o * -1 AC'I\'-OUS t "" [From L. ocmiw. See Acimfobm.j Consisting of minute granular concretions ; used in mineralogy. Ktrtoatu AC'IN-US, «. [L.] 1. In botany^ one of the small grains which com- pose the fruit of the blackberry, and otlier similar plants, '2. In anatomy, this term is applied to the ultimate secerning fultictes of glands, or the granulations composing the structure of some conglomerate glands, as the liver. AC-I-PEN'SER, TU In ichOiyolofry, a genus of fishes of the order of ChondroptVry(jii, having an obtuse head ; the mouth under tho head, retractile and without teeth. To this genus belong tlie sturgeon, slerlft, huso, &.C. Cyc. A€-K\OVVL'EL>GE, (ak-nol'cdgB,) r. (. [ad and knowledge. See Know.] 1. To own, avow, or admit to be true, by a declaration of assent ; as, to acknotclcdgt tlie being of a GikI. a. To own or notice with particular regard. In rU thy WAy» adenoieltdge Otxl. — Pru». iii. Im. zxxiit, 3. To own or confess, as implying a conscious- ness of guilt. 1 acknoifted^e m.T tmnarrvniooa, and my iin It CTrr bcfiire »iae. — P». li. and xxmi. 4. To own with assent; to admit or receive with approbation. lie lliat neknoteledreth tb« Son hath the FnUipr abo. — 1 Joha ii. 'i Tiin. ii. 5. To own with gnititude ; to own as a benefit ; as, to ackiimeled^r. a favor, or the receipt of a gift. Thry hi» ^fw acknou-led gtd not. Milton, G. To own or admit to belong to; as, to acknowl- ed^e a son. 7. To receive with respect. Ail Uvtt v^ tlu-m ihiiU ackuoioltdgi thnt 'h'-y «rp Mtti tord whidi llir Lodl h«Ui HcMriil. — l«;i. »i. 1 Cur. xvi, 8. To own, avow, or assent to an act in a legal form, to give it validity ; us, to acknoieUdge a deed bff0-£I*,/';'. or a. Owned ; confessed ; notic^Ml with rogiud or gratitude ; received with ap- pntbation ; owned br-fore authority. A€>-K.\»>VVL'EI>G-LNG, ppr. Owning ; confessing ; approving ; gniteful : but the latter sense is a Galli- cirtoi, lint to lie used. AC-KNOVVL'EDG-MENT, n. The act of owning ; confession ; sis, liie ofJinoielrdtrment of a fault. y. The owning, with approbation, or in the true character ; as, the acknowledgment of a God, or of a public miuiHter. 'd. Concession ; admission of the truth ; as, of a fact, {Mtsition, or princitilo. 4. The owning of a benefit received, accompanied with gratitude; and hence'it combiuL's the idea of nil frprtitsvtn of thanks. Hencc, it is used also for something given or done in return for a favor. Ti. A duchration or avowal of one's own act, to give it It'cal validity ; as, the aeUnouileUgment of deed liefc»re a proper officer. jJckiu'trlrd^rncnl^miinnjy ill some parts of England, in a sum paid by ti'naiits, on tin; death of their land lonls, as an acknowU-dgment of their new lords. Etuyc, Ae'MB,(ak'my,) n. [Gr, a^ftn-] Th<; top or highest iK>int;the height or crisis of any thing. It is uted to denote the maturity or perfection of an animal. Among physicians, the crisis of a disease, or ilh utmost violence. Old med- ical writers divided the progress of a disease into four periods ; the ar«A<, or beginning, the anabaxvr^ or increase, the aem«, or utmost violence, and the partictnr. or df^cline. A€'.Mri'E, n. [Gr. u*(iiT, a p^ oi'-«w.l In the ancient churchy one of the subordinate offi- cers, who lighted the lamps, brought forward the elements of the sacmments, attended the bishops, &.C. An officer of tlie like cliamcler is still em- ployed in the Roman Catholic church. Encyc Ae'ON-ITE, 71. [ L. aconitam f Gr. tuoviroi-.] The herb wolf's-bane, or monk's-hood, a poison- ous pl.int ; and in poetrj', used for poison in general. A-CON'I-TI.\, n. A (Kiisonous vegetable principle oi alkaloid, extracted from the aconite. Brande. A-CON'TI-AS, n. [Gr. uKOvrias ; axoiriyv, a dart, fruin a\u}i'.] 1. A species of serpent, called dartsnaJie, or jaculuin, from its manner of darting on itn prey. This serpent is about three feet in length ; of a liglit gray Color, with black spots resembling eyes ; the belly perfectly white. It is a native of Africa and tlie Mediterranean isles ; is the swiftest of its kind, and coils itself upon a tree, from which it darts upon its prey. 2. A cunii^t or meteor resembling the serpent. A-COP', adv. [a and cope,] At the top. [065.] Jonson. A'€ORN, Ti. [Sa-x. (Ecem, from a:c or acj oak, and com, a grain.] 1. The seed or fruit of the oak ; an oval nut which grows in a rough permanent cup. Tbr &ni arU\en of Boston were nsliiwd to thr D«cf uity of fading on clatn*, iiitucln, gruund-aute, uid acornt. B. Trumbult. 9. Tn marine language, a small ornamental piece of Wood, of a conical shape, fixed on the point of the spindle above the vane, on the mast head, to keep the vane from being blown off. JMar. Diet. X In vatural histimj, the Lopas, a genus of shells of several sppcies, found on the British coast. The shell is multivalvular, unequal, and fixed by a stem ; the valves are parallel and perpendicular, but they do not open, so that the animal performs its func- tions by an aperture on the top. These shells are always fixed to some solid body, X'COR.V ED, a. Furnished or loaded with acorns ; fed with acorns. Hhak, Ae'OR-US, n. [L., from Gr. OKOfiov.^ 1. Sweet flag, or sweet rush. 2. In natural historijj blue coral, which grows in the form of a tree, on a rocky bottom, in some parts of the African seas. It is brougiit from the Cama- roncs and Renin. £iic^c. 3. In medicine^ this name is sometimes given to the great galungal. Encyc. A-€OS'MI-A, n. [Gr. a priv, and «c'i(r//os, order, beauty.] Irregularity in disease, particularly in crises ; also, ill health, with loss of color in the face. Parr. Blancard. A-CO-TYL-E'DON, «. [Gr. a priv, and KoTvXniiov, from K'tTi'Xri, a hollow.] In botany, a plant in which the seed-lobes, or cotyledons, are not present, or are iiidistincL Part- ington. The acotyledons lorin a grand division of tlu' vegetable kingdom, including the ferns, lichens, &c., and cnrresiH>nd to the Crvptvgamia of Linnsus, A-€O-TYL-P.'UON-0US, a, llaving either no seed- loties, or such as are indistinct, like tlie fenis, lich- ens, SlC. A-€OUCll'Y, V. [Ft. acmtchi.] A small species of cavy, the olive cavy; sometimes called the Surinam rabbit. A-€OUS'TI€, a. [Gr. aKovartK'Ji, from aifoirw, to hear,] Pertaining to the ears, to the sense of hearing, or to the doctrine of sounds. Acoustic duct, in anatomy, the meatus auditormi, or external passage of the ear. Acoustic vessels, in ancient theaters, were brazen tubes or vessels, shaped like a bell, used to propel the voice of the actors, so as to render tlicin audi- ble to a great distance ; in some theaters at the dis- tance of 4U0 feet. Encyc. Acoustic inulrument, or auricular tube; called in popular language an ear-trumprt. Parr. Acoit.vt.icti, or Acotismatifs, was a name given to such of the disciples of I^ythngoros as had not com- pleted their five years' probation. A-€(JUS'TI€.S, n. The science of sounds, teaching their cause, nature, and phenomena. This science is, by some writers, divided into diacou.Hics, which explains the propt-rties of sounds coming directly from the sonorous body to the car ; and caUtcounticn, wliich treats of reflected sounds. Hut the distinc- tion is considered of little real utility. TONE, BULL, TIXITB. — AN"GEB, VI"CIOUa — e o«K; tinaJj SasZ; CHaa SH; TH as in THIS. 2. In mrdiciHTy Uiis term is sometimes usud for reineUics for dcat'uew, or imperfect hearing. Ae-aiTAINT', V. L [Old FY. aceointrr^ lo make known, wbeace acooinUiuej acquainiance. Uu. Per- ^h>SA^3 kwJa, knowing, intelligent; Ger. kunde, knowing* ; kund, km»wn, public ; D. kond or kumtU, knowledge ; 9w, taiwi, known ; Dan. kUntUj lo know, to be acquaiiued with. These words seem to have for their primitive root the Goth, and 8&x. JtuniKiii, lo kn' ocyHauts me with bi^ success. C^ before tlie object — as to ac^taitU a n>an iff this design — lias beeu lued, but is obsuiete or iin- proper. 3. To acfuaiia «■«*< m^/*, is to gain an intimate ca paiticuUr knowledge oC Aof^iM BO« Ihyad/ wkta Urn, ttoA tap u peur. — Job xxU. A€-Ql.'AIXT'ANCE, n. Familiar knowledge ; a stale of tH-inj; acquainted, ur of having intimate or more than slight or superficial knowledge; a,*, I know the man, hut have no aetpiaintancf with him. Sometimes it dcnoles a nuvre slight knowledge. a. A person or persons well known ; usualiy per- sons we have been accustomed lo see and converse with, but not standing on the more intimate relation o( friendship. L^TCf \ad fricwl ta-ut tbou pu &r froo me, ^nd n^ acftiaiftf- anew into iU/tiM-». — P*. Lxzxvui. Mt ac^uouilBJie* u« cMnngM) flora me. — Job ilx. .4c^Harjt/((iir», in the plural, is used, as applietl to individual p-rsnns known ; but more generally, acqmai>itanct is used fur one or more. A-rqvaijUattt^ in like sense, is not used. AC-aUAi\T'.\>'CE-i5HIP, a. :?tate of being ac- quainted. Chalmers, AC-Q,LX1XT'ED, fp. Knorvn ; familiarly known j informed ; hitvina pei-sona! knowlc^dge. AC-UrAINT'INf;', ;j^r. .Making known to; giving notice or information to. AC-UrEST', ». [L. acquvnttut, aetptiro,^ 1. Acquisition ; the thing gained. Bacnn, 2. Conquest ; a place acquired by force. Bacon, Ae-CiL'l-E:^CE', (ak-que-ess',} r. i. [L. aofuiejfco^ of ad and quiescoj to be quiet ; quiesj rest 3 Fr. acqui- escer.] 1. To rest satlsified, or apparenily satisfied, or lo rest withuut oppt«ttion and discontent, uitually im- eying previous opposition, uneasine^, ur dislike, It ultimate compliance, or submission ; as, to acquiesce in the dispensations of Providence. 2. To assent to, upon conviction ; as, to ofquiesee in an opinion ; thai is, to rest satisfied of its cor- rectness, or propriety. jicquif^ced in ,■ in a passive sense complied with ; submitted to, without opposition ; as, a measure bos been acquif.-'ced i«. A€-ClL*I-ES't'E.\CE, n. A quiet assent; a silent submission, or submi.n loan. Descent k Ok tiUt wheieb* a amn, on the de&tb W In mocestor, ac^putTM bU ouw, by ncU of RpnaeataiwA. m tiM beir «t Iaw. Black*ton€. A€7-CIUIR'£D, pp. or a. Gained, obtained, or re- ceived from art, labor, or other means, in distinc- tion from those things which are bestowed by nature. Thus we say, abihtie.«, natund and aafuirrd. It implies title, or s;irl. and prci. of •cfairo* but qtuesivi is probably from a difl'ereut root i W. easime ; Eth. rhUUUJ chtuaSf ehus i Ax. 1 tMh9 kasscj to seek. Class Gs.] 1. The act of acquiring ; as, a man takes pleasure in the acquisition of properly, as well us in the pos- session. 2. The thing acquired, or gained ; na, teaming is tn acquisition. It is used for intellectual attainments, a.1 well as for external things), property or doniir.ion j and in a good sense, denoting something estirnable. .\€-UUI»'l-TlVK, a. That is acquired ; at4mired ; [but uiipropfr.) fVotton. AC^aUI*'I-'l'£vE-LY, adv. Noting acquirement. A word is said to be used acquiiiticflyy when it is used with M or /i)r following. LUiy^a Orammar. AC-QUIS'I-TIVE-NESS, r. Desire of possession; prQpensity to acquire. A€-aCIST',«. See AcQUK»T. [Xotuted.] Mdton. ACJ-UUIT', r. L [Fr. acquiiXfr; \V. gadu. gadavs ; L. cedo ; Arm. kitat, or qu^taat^ to leave, or forsake ; Fr. quitter, to forsake ; Sp. quitar i Port, quitar ; It. quitare, to remit, forgive, remove ; D. kvvtnn Ger. qtuttircH.] To set free ; to release or discharge irum an obli- gation, accusation, guilt, censure, suspicion, or whatever lies upon a person Jis a charge or duty ; as, the jur>' aequiUtd the prisoner ; we acquit a man of evU intentions. It is followed by of before the object; to acquit from is obsolete. In a reciprocsd sense as, Ihe soldier acquitted kimnelf well in battle, the word has a like sense, implying the discharge of a duty or obligation. Hence Us use in express- ing crcelUncs in pcrftrmance i as, tlie itratur acquitted htmsflf well, that is, in a manner that his situation, and public evf^eciatiun, demanded. A€ ULIT'MEXT, n. The act of acquitting, or state of t>eing acquitted. Houiiu r T'.iJ--' icord is superseded by Acn^uittau] .^e-Ut'IT'TAL, n. A judicial setting free, or deliv- erance from the charge of an olfense, as by verdict of a jury, or sentence of a court ; as, the acquittal of a principal operates as an acquittal of the acces- si^nes. AG-ULJIT'TAXCE, «. A discharge or release from a debt. a. The writing, which is evidence of a discharge; a receipt in full, wliich bars a further demand. Ae-UUIT'TA\CE, u. £. To acquit. [Obs.] Shak. AC-UUIT'TED, pp. Set free, or judicially dis- charged from an accusation ; released from a debt, dutv, obligation, charge, or suspicion of guilU .\€-Ut'IT'TING, ppr. Setting free from accusation ; releasing liom a charge, obligation, or suspicion of guilt. .\-eRASE', \v. L To make crazy ; to infatuate. .VCRAZE', i [See Cbaiv.] 2. To impair; to destroy. [JVbt m use.\ A€'R.\-SV, n. [Gf. UKpaTta^ from a priv. and Kpaoii, ctin»titution or temperament.] 1. In medicM authors, an excess or predominancy of one quality above another, in mijiture, or in the human constitution. ' Bailey. 2. Excess ; irregularity A'€RE, (a'ker,) 71. [Sax. acer, aen-a, or teeer; Ger. acker; D. akker ; Sw. aclcer; Dan. agcr; W. eg; Ir. acra; Ice. akr; Pers. akkar ; Gr. ny/iof ; Lai. a^fr. In these languages, the word retains its primitive sense, an open, plowed, or sowed field. In English, it retained its original signiticaiion, that of any open field, until it was limited to a definite quantity by Blatutes 31 Ed. IH. 5 Ed. I. 24 H. VIIL CoiceL A preferable spelling of this word would be aker.] 1. A quantity of land, containing lt>0 square rods or perches, or 4840 square yards. This is the Eng- lish statute acre. The acre of Scotland contains 6150 2-3 square yards. The French arpeni differs not greatly from the English standard acre. The Roman jugenim was 32Ui) square yards. a. In the Mogul's dominions, acre is the same as lac, or 100,000 rupees, equal lo £12,500 steriing, or 55,500 dollars. Jicr^fight ; a sort of duel in the open field, formerly fought by English and Scotch combatants on their froniicrs. . J^cre^taz ; a tax on land in England, at a certain sum for each acre, called also acre-shot. H'CREDf a. Possessing acres or landed property. Pope. ACRID, a. [Fr. acre; L. acer.] Sharp ; pungent ; bitter; snarp or biting to the ta.nges, polypes, 6tc. Brande, Ae'RI-TUUE, B. [See Acrid.] An acrid quality ; bitterness to the taste; biting heat. ACRI-TY, n. Sharpness; easemess. {Obsolete.'] A-eRa-A-MAT'l€, \ a. [Gr. a^o«a/4urt««$, from A-t'RO-A-MAT'ie-AL, ) aKpoa»txat, to hear.] Abstruse ; pertaining to deep learning; an epithet appliiid to the secret doctrines of Aristotle. Enfield. A-€RO-AT'ie, n. [Gr. «.jur(*of.] Abstruse ; pertaining to deep (naming ; and op- posed to exoteric. Aristotle's lectures were of two kinds, arrvatie, acronntalic, or esoteric, which were delivered to a class of select disciples, who had been previously instructed in the elements of learning; and exoteric, which were delivered in public. The former rcs|)ected being, God, and nature; the prin- cipal subjects of the latter were logic, rhetoric, and policy. The abstruse lectures were called acruat-ics, Enfield. A-GRO-CE-RAU'NI-AX, a. [Gr. a'p- logamic or acotyledonous plant, so called from in- creasing, in growth, chifriy at its extrenuty. Drande, A€'RO-LlTiI, 71. [Gr. aKf>'>i and Aftfas.] In arehi- tectare and sculpture^ a statue whose extremities were of si(»ne. Eltneji. A-€ROL'ITII-.\N, a. Pertaining to an acrolith ; formed like an acrolith ; as, an acrolltkan statue. Brande, A-€R0'MI-ON, n. [Gr. awpof, highest, and w^yj, shoulder.] In anatomy, that part of the spine of the scapula whicli receives the extreme part of the clavicle. Q_aincy. A-GROX'IC, I a. [Gr. aKpos^ extreme, and vtrf, A-GRO.N'ie-AL, \ night.] In astroaomy, a tenn applied to tlie rising of a star at sunset, or its setting at sunrise. This rising or setting is cidled acronical. The word is opposed to coitmical. Bailey. Encyc. Johruon, A-€RO\'IG-AL.-LY, adv. In an arronical manner; at the rising or setting of the sun. A-GROP'O-LIS, ^^ [Gr. (i*^/j(j( and jtoAij.] A cita- del ; the citadel in Athens. Ae'RO-SPIRE, Tu [Gr. aKpod highest, and aircipaj a spire, or spiral line.] The sprout at the ends of seeds when they begin to germinate ; the plume, or plumule, so called from its spiral form. Mortimer. A€'RO-SPIll->:D, a. Having a sprout, or having sprouted at both ends. Mortimer. FaTE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — M£TE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD —NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- ACT This, and Die preceding wordj are especially used by tlie English malsiers. A-tROSS', (a-kraos',) ;»r(y. [a and cro.-!5. See Cross.] 1. Frum side to side, upitosed tu along:, whicli is in tbe direction of the length ; atti wart ; quite over ; Oil, a bridge is laid across a river. 2. Intersecting ; passing over at any angle; as, a line passing across anutlier. A-€KO:<'TltJ, n. [Gr. u^fpa, extremity or beginning, and arixuij order or ver^e.] A composition in verse, in which the first letters of the lines, taken in order, form the name of a per- son, kingdom, city, &^c., which is the subject of the compa«ition, or some title or motto. A-CKUS'T[€, a. That relates to, or contains an A-eitOS'Tie-AI.-LY, adv. In tlie manner of an acrastic. A-e ROTE-LEO 'Tie, n. [Gr. a.K,)Oiy extreme, and rtuiT/j, end.] Among ccclesiasticai writers^ an appvltation given to any thing added lo the end oi a psalm or hymn ; as a doxologj-. A^ROTFi^I-A, 71. pi. \ t*^*"- °'P°''''.''> a summit.] la arduieciuTe, a term applied to small pedestals, usually without a base, anciently placed at tJie two extremes, ur m tlie middle of pediments or frontis- pieces, ^er^-ing to support the statues, Sec, It ab^o siguities the figures placed us omument^ on the tops of churches, and the sharp pinnacles that stand in ranges about riat buildmgs with rails and balusters. Anciently liie word -signifii;d the extremities of the body, as the liead, hand^, and fecU Encyc A-€RO-Tr:'RI-Ai., a. Pertaining to the acroter , aa, acrutmal ornaments, P. Cyc. A-€RO-THVM'I-O.V, n, [Gr. aos, extreme, and ■^vftof, thymt^] Amung pkytiicians^ a species of wart, with a nar- row basis and broad top, having the color of thyme. It is C4illed Thymus. Cclsus. A-eROT'O-MOL'S, a. [Gr. aKpot>^ lop, and Tc/t.-..', to cut.] In moicro/oi'-y, having a cleavage iMirallt-I with the top. Dana, A€T, r. i. [Gr. a>(j, L. a^-o, to urge, drive, lead, bring, do, perform ; or in general, lo move, to exert force; Cantabrian, e^, force; \\. effni; Ir. t-igeany force ; Ir. aige^ to act or carry on ; eaeitdam, to do or aeli octaim, to ordain; eacht, orA^, deed, act, condi- tion ; Fr. agir ; it. ag'tre^ to do or act.] 1. To exert power; as, the stomach art* upon food ; the will acts upon the body in producing motion. )L To be in action or motion ; lo move. Ilr )uin^ t)etw«en, in douU to tut ur rest. Pop*. 3. To iR'have, demean, or conduct, as in morals, private duties, or public offices ^ as, we know not why a minister has aetr4 in this manner. But in this sens«7, it is mo^t frequent in popular language ; as, how the man acts or has acted. To act trp to, is to equal in action ; to fhllill, or per- form a correspondent action ; as, he has acted up to his engagemf^nt or his advantages. A€T, p. (. To peifurm ; lo represent a character on tlie stage. AetwcUyoar^uX; tb«n aH die booor Itn. Popt. S. To feign or counterfeit. [Obs. or improper,] With aeitd (cm the rfllain thtia pursued. Drylen. 3. To put in motion J lo aclnale; to regulate movements. Mgai pcopip la tbe world «n ofttd tgr terllj. SouA. Lock*. [/n OiU latter tmse obsoUief and superstdtd fry Actuate, irAicA see.'] A€T, n. The exertion of power ; the effer t, of which power exerted is the cause ; as, the act of giving or receiving In this sense, it denotes an opemtion of the mind. Thus, to discern is an act of the understanding ; to Judge is an art of the will. 2. I'hat which is done : a deed, exploit, or achieve- ment, whether good or ill. Aad hk miriidn and bl« act* wlucb b« did in Iba mkUt of Kgj'pt. — l>cut. xi. 3. Action ; performanrc ; production of effects ; as, nn act of charity. But this gense ts cloicly allied to the fvrfgi'itts^. 4. A state of reality or real existence, as opposed to a possibility. The ■'^1* r.f pUnti arr not at first In act, but to powbiltlv, wImI Uwj" •Icrwjfl grow lo be. Hiioktr. 5. In general^ act denotes action complrted; but preceded by in, it denotes Incomplete action. She WfU ttkea in the rerj act. — Juhn viii. In act i» used also to signify incipient action, or ' a state of preparation to exert power ; us, *' In act lo strike," a poeUaU use. a. A part or division of a play to be performed without int'-miption ; afler which the action is sos- S ended to give respite to (he performers. Acts an irided into smaller portions, called scenes. ACT 7. The result of public deliboralion, or the decis- ion of a prince, b^gislaiive bt»dy, council, court of justice, or raagistmte ; a decree, edict, law, judg- ment, resolve, award, determination ; as, an act of piirliainent, or of congress. Tbe tenn is also trans- ferred to the book, record, or writing, containing the laws and determinations. Also, any instru- ment in writing to verify facts. In the sense of agency, or power to produce effects, as in the passage cited byJohuson fromShakspeare, the use is improper. To try till? vi^or nt Ihi'm, and apply All^iymcttta tu their act. jfce, in English unii-'ersities, is a thesis maintained in publif, by a candidate for a degree, or to show liie proficiency of a studtuil. At Oxford, the time when masters and doctors complete their degrees, is also called the act, which is held wilh great solemnity. At Cambridge, as in the United States, it is called commeitennent. Encyc. Act of faith, (auto da f<'',) in Roman Catholic coun- tries, is a solemn day held by tlie Inquisition for the punishment tW heretics, and the absolution of ac- cused jvrsons found innocent ; or it is the sentence of the Inquisition. Acts qf the Apostles ; the title of a book in the New Testament, containing a historj^ of the transactions of the apoi^tles. Acts vf Sederunt : in Scots t/iw, statutes made by the lords of session, sitting in judgment, by virtue of a Pcottisli act of parliament, (1540,) empowering them to make such constitutions or regulations as they may think expedient for ordering the procedure and forms of administering justice. Brande. Acta Diuma ; among t?ie Romans, a. sort of gazelte, containing 'in authorized account of transactions in Rome, nearly similar to our newspa[H'ra. Acta Pttpuli^ or Acta PubUra ; the Roman registers of assemblies, trials, executions, buildings, births, marriages, and deaths of illustrious persons, &f. AcJu Hanctxirum { the liveb and reputed miracles of Romish saintr. or (7. Doing; |)erfonning; behaving; representing the diameter of another. A€T'IiS'G, n. Action ; act of perfcinning a part of a niay.' Shak. Cfiurchill. A€-TIN'I-A, n. [L. from Gr. axTtf, a ray.l A genus of Aealepha, hiiving a circle of tentacles or mys around the mouth ; including the animal tlowers or sea-aneninne>'. C«f. A€-TLN'I-FURM, a. [Gr. a^ric, a ray, and Lat. forma, furm.l Having a radiated form. AC-TLN'O-LITE, n. [Gr. a^n^, a ray, and Aifl-y. a stone.] The bright green variety ot hornblende, occurring usually in glassy prismatic crystals, and alsody on an( knowleti^, mtd by him an actiona wigh''»i. — 1 Sum- ii. 3. In mfcMnicsy agency ; operation ; driving im- pulse ; effort of one body upon another ; as, the action of wind upon a ship's sails; also, the effect of Much action. 4. In ethics, xhei external signs or expression of the sentirncnifl of a moral agent; conduct; behavior; demeanor ; that is, motion or movement, with respect to a rule or propriety. .5. In portni, a series of events, called also the subject or fable : this is of two kinds; the principal action, which is more strictly the fable, and the in- cidental action or episode. Encyc. 0. In oratory, gesture or gesticulation ; the ex- ternal deportment of tlie speaker, or the accommo- dation of his attitude, voice, gestures, and counte- oance, to the Mubjuct, or to the Uioughls and feelings »f the mind. Eiuuc. 7. In phymvlogy^ the motions or functions of the ACT body, viUd, animal, and natuntl ; vital and involun- tary, as Uio action of the heart and lungs; ananaly as muscular, and all voluntary motions; ,iaf uraJ, as manducation, deglutition, and digestion. £i)c^c. 8. In late, litenUly, an urging for rigiit ; a suit or process, by which a demand is made of a rigiU ; a claim made befer of combatants. This and the 8th definition evhibit the hteriU meaning of action, viz. a driving or urging. Quantity of action ; in pAt/.Wc.t, the product of the mass of a biuiy by the space it runs through and its velocity. Encyc. In many cases action and act are synonymous ; but some distinction between them is observable. Action seems to have more relation to the power that acts, and its opemtion and process of acting ; and act, more relation lo the effect or oiwration complete. Action is also more generally used for ordinarj- trans- ections ; and act, for such as are remarkable, or dig- nified ; as, all our actitms should be regulated by prudence ; a prince is distinguished by acts of hero- ism or humanity. Eneifc. Actiiw-tak in g^ in Shakspenre, is used for litigious. AC'TlON-A-BliE, a. That will bear a suit, or for whicli an action at law may be sustained ; aa, to call a man a thief is actionable. ACTION-A-BLV, adv. In a manner that subjects to legal process. A€'TIOX-A-RY, or A€'TION-IST, n. In Europe, a proprietor of slock in a joint-stock company ) one who owns actions or shares of stock. A€T'IV-ATE, r. (. To make active. Bacotu ACT'IVE, a. [I^ acticus ; Fr. aft{f'.] 1. That has the power or quality of acting; that contains the principle of action, independent of any risible external force ; as, attraction is an active power ; or it may be defined, that commiinicatefl action or motion, 0|>posed lo passive, that receives action ; as, the lutivc powers of the mind. 2. Having the power of quick motion, or the disposition to move with xpi^ed ; nimble ; lively ; brisk; agile; as, an ac/fcc animal. Hence, 3. Busy ; constantly engaged in action ; pursuing business with vigor and assiduity ; ujiposed to dullf stoic, or indolent; as, an active offiwr. It ia also op- potfcd to sedentary ; as, an active life. 4. Requiring action or exertion ; practical ; opera- tive ; producing real effects ; opposed to speculative } as, the actiiw duties of life. 5. In grnmmar, active verbs are Ihnse which not only signify acti»m, but have a noun or name fol- lowing them, denoting the object of the action or impression ; called also transitive, as they imply tbe passing of the action expressed by Uie verb lo the object; as, a pn)fes»or instructn hla pupils. f). Active cnvit/il, or wenlVi, is money, or property that may readily be converted into money, and used in commerce or other employment for profit. Hamillon. 7. Active commerce ,• the commerce In which a na- tion carries its own productions and foreign com- modities in its own ship^, or which is prosecuted by its own citizens ; as contradistinguished from paa- site commerce, in which the productions of one country are Iran-sported by the people of another countn,'. The commerce of Great Britain and of the United Btatcs is active; that of China is passive. It may b^ tho infr^at of ■cip.-ii't) nntii^n* \a dt^privf na, na far M foaaibl'^i of ut (wttM coiiimeice iu our »wii bo(b>iiiii. />f/«niJi»(, Hamilton. ACT'IVE-LY, adv. In an active manner; by action i TONE, BULL, UNITE AN'^GER, VV'CIOUS. — G as K ; as J ; S as Z ; OH aa SU ; TH as in THIS. — — — ACU nimbly ; briskly. In gmntmar^ in an active sigiiifi- catiun ; a-*, a word i* used actirettf. AC I" IV EN ESS, K. The qiialiiy of being active; the faculty uf actine: ninibleno^is ^ quickness uf mo- tion. l>e's>3 used than Activht. A€T-IV'I-TV, a. Tl>e quality of beintf nctive ; (he active faculty : nimblt-nL'^-^ ; agility ; :iiso, the habit of diligent ana vi{:oruus pursuit of bn^iiic^ns ; as, a man of acticity. It is ap{Mied to persons or things ^kere nf uettoitu, is the wlmle .<9[>;ice in which the virtne, power, or i'ntluence of any Uijert, is exprtcti. TVpiiz ia aaieity; a French pluase, fur putting in action or cinplovmenL A€T'LES3, fl. Without action or spirit. ACT'OR, a. lie that acts or perforuu j an acUve agent. 5. l!e that represents a character, or acta a port in a plav ; a stage plaver. 3. 'Among cioilumg^ an advocate or prx>ctor in civil cinirts or causes. ACT'RESS, «, A female who acts or performs, and especially on the stage, or in a play. A€T'IJ-AL,«. [Fr. arfiwi. See Act.] 1. Real or enl-ctual, or that exists truly and abac^ lutely ; as, aetunl heat, opposed to that which is vtrCwi/ or ptUmtiai ; metmml caalery, or the burning by a red-boc iron, oppuied to foUmtud coutcr)-, or a caustic applicaiiun, Utal may produce the name «fftxt upon tbtr body by a ditfc'rent procesa. a. Ettftinz tn net ; real ; in oppu^ition to fpecula- rtr^. • thoorv- only: as, an aetmiU crime. 3. ■■-<-' present lime ; as, the aetml sit- uaii< luir)'. Bierke. 4. In (AfWon-y. ortaa/nn is that wfakh is comiuit- tad hy a peiwHi himself, opposed to sri/taai sin, or the comiption of nalura supposed to M eoouuuai- caied ftooi Adam. 6. That includes actkn. BnU-s ber wxQdiig wl other urtMsf p etkttmaae*. rnstfTy Aer-U-AL'l-TY. a. Reality. ffmteis, ACT'U-AL-LY. ado. In fact : reallv ; in truth. At'T'l;-AL-T/.E. r. L To uiake actual. ACT'i;-AL.-IZ-lNG,p;»r. Making actual. Coleridfe, A€T'U-AL-NI1SS, n. The quality of being actual. A€T'U-A-RY, H. [L. octMar***.] A regi.-trar or ctiiric ; a terra of the civil law, and used originally in rourts of civil law juristliction , but in Europe used fur a clerk or registrar generally. In EngUnd^ this lenn is now us«*d tV>r the man- ager of a joiiit-^ock company, particularly of an insurance company. P, Cve. In j9'neriea^ it is chiefly applied to the nuuiager of a life instiniuce company. ACT' I;- ATE, a. Put m action. [LiuUused.] AtTT'l^-ATE, r. L [from act,] To put into acuon ; to move or incite to action ; as, men are oftnated by motives, or passiims. It spvms to have been used formerly in the sense of ianVirral^, noting increase of action ; but the use is not U'gilimale. ACT't^-A-TED, pp. Put in action; incited to af'tion. ACT' \l-A-T UiG f ppr, Putliug m action ; inciting to ariion. ACT-Q .STIOX, a. The state of being put in ac- tion ; effectual opemtiim. OlaaviUe. AC1''US, It. Among Lke Roman*^ a measure in building equal to 1*J0 Roman feet. In andent agri- eaUurf.Uiib l<;ngth of one furrow. AG'U-AtE, r. t [I*, acno, fa sliarpen. See Aero,] To sharpen ; to make pungent, or corrosive. [Lit- tie "jeil HarvfM, Ae-lC-I"T!OX. n. rfrom L. aciw, to sharpen.] The shnrpenin: of medicines u> increase their effi^ct, A-eC'LE-ATE, a. [L. aeuieiw, from ociw, Gr. a!IN-ATE,a. [T*. acHminatus, from acitmmJ^ Having a long projecting and highly tapenng posed to blttnt or obtuse. An acute an^le^ in geom- etry, is one which is less than a ripht angle, or which subtends U'jis than ninety degrers. An aeuU-anfrUd triangle, is one whose three angles sre all acute, or Ktss tlian ninety degrees each. An aciu»~aiiffted cone, is one, the angle at the vertex of which is acute. 5. Figumtit^^j applied to mental powers ; pene- trating ; having' nice discernment ; perceiving or using minute di»-tincUons ; opposed to dull or stupid ; as, an ucute rt^asoner. 3. jSpplied to Vtti setLfcs ; having nice or quirk sen- sibility ; susceptible of slight impressions; liaving powe,f to feel or perceive sm.Ul objects ; as, a mau of dcufr eyesight, hearing, or fet'ling. 4. An acute disease, is one which is attended witli symptoms of some degree of severity, and comes speedily to a crisis, as a pleurt^iy ; opposed to CArONiC. 5 An oeuf< accent, is that which elevates or sharpens the voice. 6. In music, acute is applied to a tone which is sliarp, or high ; opposed to gmve, 7. In froloMy, ending in an acute angle, as a leaf or perianth. Martun, A-CCTE'LY, «ii:<. Sharply} keenly j with nice dia- crimi nation. A-t;CTE'.\ESS, 71. Sharpness ; but seldom used in this literal sense, as ap(>lied to nLiterial things. t2. Ftguraticelu^ the faculty of nice di<>cernineiit or perception ; applied to the senses, or the under- slandinz. By an acuteness of feeling, wu (>erceive small objects or .<^light iinprest^ions ; iiy ajx acuteuesM of intellect, we discern nice distinctions. 3. Sharpness, or elevation of sound, in rhetoric or music. Buyle. 4. Violence of a disease, which brings it speedily to a crisis. .\-eU-TIA'TOR, a. In the middle aires, a person whose office was to sharpen instnimeiits. Itefore the invention of lire-nrms, such officers attended armies to sharpen their instruments. Enct/c. AD, a l.atin preposition, signifying to. It U probably .-* from Heb. Ch. Sjt. Sam. Eth. nnw, Ar. vt to come near, to appmach ; from which root we may also deduce at. Iti annpogitiony the last letter is usually changed inUi the first letter of the word to which it is prefixed. Thus for adclamo^ the Romans wrote acclamo ; for ad-p'edwr, aggre'lior ; for ad- firmo^ afirjHo ; for adlego^ alle^o ; for a/lporu', ap- pono; for adripio, ampio; Cat aducnbo, a-icribo : tor tutiineOf atiinto. The reason of this change is found in the ease of pronunciation, and ogreeablencss of the sounds. Jtd iuuttinem; to the man; in logic, an nrgument adapted to touch the prejudices of ttie person ad- dressed. Jid inqu'trendum ; in law, a judicial writ command- ing inqiiir)' to be nmde. ^d Lb.ium; at pl?asure: in mttsie, applied to a pan or accompaniment which may be perfonned or not, without interfering with the comptisition. jid talorcm ; acci>rding to the value ; in commerce anil finance, terras used to denote duties or charges laid ui>on goods, at a cerUiiu rate per cent, upon tJieir value, as stated in their invoices ; in opposition to a specific sum upon a given quantity or number. A-DAG'TVL, n. [Gr. .i priv. and r'uvj-.-A j, a digit.] In zoology, a locomotive extremity without digits. Brande. AD'AGE, n. [I*, adafrium^ or adagio ,• It. adtigio.] A proverb ; an old saying, which has obtained credit by hmg use ; a wise observation handed d;jwn from antiquity. AD-A'Gl-O, a." [IL adagiOf a compound of ad and agiOf leisure ; S[>, ana Port, ociv ; 1*. otium ; Fr. aise ; Eng. easr.] In mifiic, a alow movement. A piece of music, to be performed in adagio ; as, an adagio of Ilaydn. As an adverb, slowly, leisurely, and with grace. When repealed, adasrioy adagioj it directs the move- ment to be very slow. AD'AM, 71. In Heb. Cli. Syr. Eth. Ar. Man; prima- rily, the name of the human species, mankind ; appropriately, ths first Man, the progenitor of the human race. The word signifies fonn, shape, or suiuble form ; hence, species. As a verb, the word signifies, in Ethiopic, to please or he agreeable; in Arabic, to join, unite, or be accordant, to agree. It is evidently connected with ncn dam*iA, Heb. Ch. Syr., to be like or equal, to form an image, to assim- ilate; whence the sense of likeness, image, form, shape ; Gr. 6'^ftai, a body, like. [Se^ Man.] Jliam's apple ; a species of citron, [see Citrox ;] also, the prominent p:ut of the throat. jJJawi'j needle; the popiilar name of the yucca, a plant of four specie;!, cultivated in^rdens. Of the ADD roi>t!4. the Indians made a kind of bread. [See Yi'ecA.] AD'A-MAN'l', M. [Gr. a^apai ; L. adamas: a word of Celtic origin ; W. Mrrfcupn, a lodesKme, from ehfd^ to fly or nuive, and rurn, or niaeny a stone. Chaucer uses adamant for the lodcstone. Romaunt of Oie Rose, lin. IWii. Ger. d'lamant is adtimant and diamond; Sp. diamante; Sw. damant; Ft. aiviaiU, lodestone. See Diamond.] A stone imagined by some to be of impenetra- ble liardness ; a name given to the diamond and other substances of extreme hardness. The name has oClen been given to thf lodestone ; a?, you draw me, you hard-liearted adamant. Shak. But in mod- ern mineralogy it li.xs no technical signification. Al)-A-MA.NT-K'AN, a. Hard as iuhnu:int. Mittan. AD-A-MANT'INE, a. Made of adamant; having the qualities of adaiiiitiit; that can not be broken, dissolved, or peiietuiled ; as, adaiuuntiae bonds, or chains. .Adamantine sjiar ; a variety of corundum, witn gmy, brown, or greenisli shades. This stone is very hard, and of dirticult fusion. Dana. ."Vn-AM'ie, 0. Pertaining to Adam. .Adamic earth, is the term given to common red clay, so called by means of u mistaken opinion, that .Adam means red earth. AD'A-M-ITpS, n. pi. In church hirfj, a sect of visionaries, who pretended to establish a state of innociMice, and, like Adam, went naked. They abh()rTed marriage, holding it to be the cflect of sin. Several attempts have been made to revive this sect ; one as late as the 15th centurj\ Enajc. AD-AM-IT'ie, «. Like the Adamites. Taylor. AI>-AN-SCi'NI-A,»j. Ethiopian sour gourd, monkey's bread, or .African calab;ish-tree. It is a genus of one species, called baobab, a native of Africa, nnd one of the liirgest of the vegetable kingdom. The stem risepper on their food, to promote jierspi- ralion. The tree is named from M. Adanson, who li:is given a description of it. Encyc. AD'A-PIS, n. An animal of the pachydermatous order of mammals, somewhat resembling a hedge- hog ; now extinct. Buckland. A-D.\PT', r. (. [Sp. adaptar ; It. adattare ; L. ^u z.tA a^(o, tofil; Gr. nnjui.] To make suitable ; to fit, or suit ; as, to adapt an instrument to its uses ; we have provision adapted to our wants. It is applied to things material or immaterial. A-DAI'T-A-BIL'I-TY, J n. The quality of being A-OAPT'A-BLE-XESS, ( caprible of aduptaiion. A-DAl'T'A-HLE, a. That may be adapted. AD-Al*T-A'TIOX, n. The act of making suitable, or the state of being suitable, or fit ; fitness. A-DAI»T'EI>, pp. Suited ; made suiUible ; fitted. A-DAPT'ED-XESS, n. State of being adapted j suit- nblenesi*. A-DAPT'ER, n. One who adapts. 2, In chemistry. See Adopter. A-DAPT'[XG, ;//»r. Suiting; making fit A-DAI"TI0X, 71. Adaptation ; the act of fitting. [Little u.^ed, and hardly Icgititimte,} A-DAPT'XKSS, n. A state of being fitted. [JK'ot used.] A'evton. A'DaR, n. A Hebrew month, answering to the latter part of February and the beginning of March, the lOth of the sacred and Cth of the civil year; so named from "^nN, to become glorious, from the ex- ubemnce of vegetation, in that month, in Egypt and I'alestinf. Parkhvrst. AD AR-BITRI-UM, [L.J At will or pltasure. A-D.\R'CE, n. [Or. amtpKr^g.] A saltish concretion on reeds and grass in marshy grounds in Galatia. It is lax and porons, like bas- tard 8p«)nge, and used to clear the skin in leprosy, tetters, &c. Qi«7icV' P^ot. A-DAUNT', V. t. To subdue. [Xoi xLsed. See Daunt.] Skelton. AD-AW, V. U To daunt; to subject. [A>»/. used.] Spenser. A-DA YS', adv. On or in days ; as in the phrase now a^davs. AD CAP-TAJ^'DUM, [L.] To captivate ; ad cap- tandittn vutgus, to please and attract the populace. AD-COR'PO-RaTE, r. L To unite one body with another. ADD, r. t. [L. addo, from ad and do, to give.] 1. To set or put tosether, join, or unite ; as, one thing or sum to another, in an aggregate ; as, add tliree to four, the sum is seven. 2. To unite in idea or considemtion ; to subjoin : as to what has been alleged, let this argument be added. L FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PEEY. — FIXE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE. DOVE. MOVE. VVpLF, BQpK.— 16 ADD 3. To increase number. rhoti thiitt add three cidcs more of refuge. — DtiuL xix. 4. To augment. Reholio.un sui, I n'Ql add to your jokv, — 1 Kings xii. Ye Khali uot odif to ihe word viuch I command you. — DeuU Iv. As here used, the verb is intnmsitive, but there may be an ellipsis. To add tOy IS used in Scripture, as equivalent to five, or bestow upon. Gen. xxx. Matt. vi. In Gal* li. the word is understood tu signify instruction ; " In conference they added nothing to me." In namition, he or they added, is elliptical ; he added words, or what follower, or he continued his dis- course. In general, when u»ed of things, add implies a principal thine, to which a smaller is to be an- nexed, as a iJart of the whole sum, mass, or number. AD-DKC'l-MATE, r. L [h. ad and dtcimus, tenth.] To take, or to ascertam tithes. DicL ADD'ED, pp. Joined in place, in sum, in niiiss or asgregate, in number, in idea, or consideration ; nniied; put together. AD-DkEM', r. ^ [See Deem.] To award ; to sen- tence. [Littie used,] AD-DEJT'DUj'^f^n.-.pl AD-DEy^DA. [L.] A thing or things to be added : an appt*ndix. AD'DER, N. [Sax. tettrr or attor, a serpent and poison ; D. adittr, Q.u. Sax. nadre.a. serpi-nt ; Goth. nadr ; G. natter ; W. nridrr ; Com. Tuiddyr ; Ir. naUiair ; L. natrir, a serpent.] A venomous serpent of several species, belonging to the viper family. AD'DER-FL?, n, A name of the dragon-fly or Lihelltila; sometimes called a/tder-boli, AD'DER'S-GRXSS, n. A plant about which ser- pents lurk. AD'DER'ft-TON'GUE, «, A ppnus of ferns, Ophio- glossum^ whose seeds are produced on a spike re- semhlin<; a serpent's tongue. AD'DER'S-WORT, n. Snakeweed, so named from its supposed virtue in curing the bite of serpents. AD-Dl-BIL'I-TY, n. The possibility of being added. Locks, AD'DI-BLE, o. [See Add.] That may be added. Locke. AD'DTCE.n. {Oha.^ Pee Ad«. AD-DieT', a. Addicted. [AVii much uynl] AD-DIGT', n, (. [L. addicoy to devote, fVom ad and dico, to dedicate.! To apply one*s self habitually ; to devote time and attention by customary or constant practice. \^!iomelimts in a good stnjie.'] Thfj havp adrlUbfd Lhemselm to the muiEstry of the saints. — 1 Cor. xt. More u-moZ/jf, in a bad sense, to follow customa- rily, or devote, by habitually practicing that which is ill ; as, a man is adiUcted to intempc^-nuice. To addict one's self to a per.*on — a sen-^c borrowed from the Romans, who used the word for a.s.signing debtors in service to their creditors — is found in Ben Jou'^on, hut is not legitimate in En^tt^h. AIV-I>ieT'Et>, pp. Devoted by cuBtomary practice. Al>^nieT'ED NESS, R. The quality or state of being adriirted. AD-UieT'ING, ppr. Devoting time and attention ; practicing cuiitomanly. AI>'I)ie'TlOX, 71. The act of devoting or giving up in jiractice ; the state of being dcvotctU H u addicUon wiu to cdutmc rain. Shak. 5. Among the Amuiu, a making over goods to another by sale or legal sentence ; alAO, an align- ment of debtors in service to their creditors. Eneyc. ATtD'lSQ^ppr. Joining; nutting together; increasing. AD-IUT'A-.MEN'T, n. [L. addiiameiUuMy from ad- dittiji and mrnt. See Add.] An addition, or rather the thing added, as furni- ture in a house ; any material mixed with the prinripnl ingredients in a compound. Ancient anatrmiiKts gave the name to an epiphv^^is, or junc- tion of \nmv9 without articulation. [LUtle used in eitJier smse.] AU-DI"TION, n. [L. addUio, fi-om a'ldo.) I. The act of adding, opposed to suhtraetion, or dimhtutioa ; as, a Bum is increased by widUion. % Any thing added, whether material or im- material. X In arithmetic, the uniting of two or morr! num- bers in one sum ; also the rule or branch of arith- metic which treat'! of adding numbers, fiimple ad- dition is the joining of sums of the same denom- ination, a.'i pounds to prmnds, dollars to dollars. Compound addition is the joining of sums of dif- ferent denominations, as dollars and cents. 4. In law, a title annexed to a man's name, to •how his rank, nrrupatiun, or place of residence ; u, John Doe, E.^q, ; Rirhfird Roe, Gent. : Robert Dflle, Mason ; Thomas Way, ofJ^nn Y kadala, to decline, and j»Xsi. chadaJa^ to frustrate, to fail, to cease ; Sax. aidOan, to be empty, or vain.] Unimpregnated ; not fecundated ; also, having lost the power of development ; in a morbid state ; putrid : applied to eggs. Hence, barren, producing nothing. IIm brUiu grow addU. Dryden. AD'DLE, r. f. To make addle ; to make corrupt or morbid, Scotf. AD'DLl-D, pp. or a. Morbid, corrupt, putrid, or barren. Brmcn, AD'DLE-HEAD'ED, i a. Having empty brains. AD'DLE-Pa-TED, t Drylen, .\D-DOOM', tj. f, r^iee Doom.] To adjudge. Spnisrr. AD-DORS'JED, (ad-dorst',) a. [L. ad and dorsam, the back.] In heraldry, bavmg the backs turned to each Otiier,^*" be^tsts. AD-DRESS', V. L [Ft. adressfr; Sp. enderezar", TL rfin:;a«, to direct, to make straight. This is sup- posed to be from L. din^o. See I)re!'s.] 1. To preiKire ; to make suitable dispositions for ; to enter upon ; as, he now addressed hims^df to the business, Tuniua addrftted his mfn to tUn^)" fi j'lt. DryUn. Th'; nrcK^uiif-l uiil Uie evil vprnt tuidrta^ng theinc-lv^a for \iv eoniluU AiUUaon, [TAw smut is, I believe, obsolete or little used.] S. To direct words or disci>urse; to apply to by words; as, to otif/rc^^ a discourse to an assembly; to address the judges. 3. To direct in writing, as a letter; or to direct and transmit ; as, he addressed a letter to the Speaker. Sometimes it is used with the reciprocal pronoun ; as, he addressed hitusrlf to the S|K>aker, instead of, he addressed his disz-ourse. The phrase is faulty, hut less so than the fnllnwing: To such 1 would address with tJiis most atFectiotiate pt!lition. Youitg Tuniu* to the be.iuU-ous in.iiJ adilrtgttd. Dryden. The latter is admissible iq poetry, as an elliptical phrase. 4. To present an address, as a letter of thanks or congnitiilalion, a potitiun, or a testiuiony of resjKict ; as, the legishtture nddresAed the President. 5. To court or make suit as a lover. 0. In commerce, to coiisijiu or intrust to the care of another, as agent or factor ; as, the ship was ad- drrs^rd to a merchant in Haltiinore. AD-DRESS', n. A speaking to; verbal application ; a formal manner of s|x:cch ; as, when introduced, the President made a sliurt address, 2. A written or formal application ; a message of respect, congratulation, thanks, pc^tition, &.('. ; as, an address of thanks ; an otlicer is r(*n)ovuble upon the address of both houses of assembly. 3. Manner of speaking to another j as, a man of pleasing adilress. A, Courtship ; more generally in the plumi, ad- drensci ; as, he makes or pays his addressfs to a lady. 5. Skill; dexterity; skillful manacemetit ; as, the envoy conducted the negittiation witli midress. 6. Direction of a letter, Sec, inilmting the name, title, and place ttf residence of the person for whom it is intended. Hence, these particulars arc denom- inated a man*s address. AD-DRESS'/;D, (ad-drest',) pp. Spoken or applied to; directed; court'd ; consigned. AD-DRESS'ER, It. One who addresses or pPlitions. AD-DRESS'Ii\(>, ppr. Sjieaking or applying to ; directing; courting; consigning. AD-DOCE', r. t. [L. addueo, to lead or bring to; ad and daco. to lead, .'^ee Dure.] 1. To bring forward, present, or offer ; as, a wit- ness was adduced to proVe the fact. 2. To cite, name, or introduce ; as, to adduce an authority or an arciiment. AD-UOCED^ rad-duste',) pp. Drought forward; cited ; alleged in argument. AD-DO'CE.\T, a. Brtntiing forward, or together; a Word applied to tho-se muscles of the body which pull one part toward another. [See Adductor-] AD-DO'CER, n. One that adduces, AD-DO'CI-IJLE, a. That may be adduced. ADF AD-DOC'I\G, ppr. Bringing forward ; citing m argument. AD DUe'llO.V, H, The act of bringing forward. AD-DUe'TIVE, a. That brings forward. AD-DUe'TOR, 71. [L.l A muscle whicli draws one part of the body toward another ; as the ailductor oculi, which turns the eye toward the nose ; the adductor poUiciswanuSy which draws the thumb toward the fingers. AD-DULCE', (ad-duls',) v. t. [L. ad and du/cw, sweet.] To sweeten. [JVot used.] Bacon. AD'EB, 71. An Egyptian weight of 210 okes, each of three rotolos, which last is a weight of about two drams less than the English pound. But at Rosetta, the adeb is only 150 okes. Encyc. AD-E-LAN-TX'bO, n. [Spanish.] A governor of a province ; a lieutenant-governor. Robertson. .\D'EL-ING, n. A title of honor, given by our Saxon ancestors to the children of princes, and to young nobles. It is composed of add, or rather mthel, tbo Teutonic term for noble, illustrious, and ling, young, posterity. Sprlman. Sw. adclig ; D. e/M ; Ger. «W and adelig, noble ; Sp. hidalgo. We observe the term in many Saxon names of princes ; as, Etliclr^oUy noble wolf, or noble help ; EUid-bald, noble bold ; Ethel'bert-, noble brightness. . Ar. Vj! athala, to be well rooted, to b," of noble stock or birth. Class Dl. AD'E-UTE, 71. Adelitus or Almoganens, in Spain, were conjurers, who predicted the fortunes of indi- viduals by the flight and singing of birds, and other accidental circumstances. Ed. Enctfc. A-DEL'O-POD, 71. [Gr. a privative, hX's, apparent, and Tois, foot.] An animal whose feet are not apparent. Morin. AD-EMP'TION, 71. [L. aJi mo, to take away; of od and emo, to take.] In the civil law, the revocation of a grant, dona- tion, or the like. AD-E\-OG'RA-PRY, n. [Gr. a^Tjr, n gland, and j.piii/j'.>, to descrihe.] That part of anatomy which treats of the plands. AD'E.N-OID, a. [Gr. ai^tjv, a gland^ and fitSuj, form.] In the form of a gland ; glanditorm. AD-E.\-0-LOG'ie-iVL, a. Pertaining to the doctrine of the gland«. Encyc, AD-E\-OL'0-fiY, n. [Gr. a67\v, a gland, and Aj>oj, discourse.] In anatomy^ the doctrine of the glands, their na- ture, and their uses. AD'E-NOS, It. A species of cotton, from Aleppo, called al^o marine cotton. AD^E\-OT'0-MY, 7t. [Gr. u(T;,r, a gland, and ro^iij, a cutting.] In anatomy and surgery, a cutting or incision of a gland. JHi:rin. ADEPT', II, [I*, adrptns, obtained, from adipiicor,] One fully skilled or well versed in any art. 'JTie term is borrowed from the alchemists, who applied it to one who pretended to have founa the philoso- pher's stone, or the punaceii. Encyc. ADEPT', (T. Well skiltt^d ; completely versed or ac- quiiinled with. Boyle, AD-KI"T10i\, 77. [L. adqitio.] An obtaining; acquirement. [0&.f.] Bacon, AD-1:F'I''1ST, 71. An adrpt. Ai>'K-Q,UA-CY, 71. [L.. adtri/uatas, of ad and fFqiiatits^ made equal.] The state or quality of being equal to, proportion- ate, or surticienl ; a suflirieney for a particular pur- pose. Tlie atlequacy ot lupply to \\\e expi'mliliin*. Wnr in Disguhe. AD'E-dUATE, a, . Etiual ; proportionate ; corre- spondent to; fully sullicient; as, means adrquatc to the object ; we liave no adequate ideas of ililinite power. Adequate ideas, are such as exactly represent their object, AD'E-dUATE, V. t. To resemble exactly. [J^ot jw<'-FIL'I-X-TED, a. Adopted as a son. [See Ar- riLIATE.] AD-FIL-I-aTION, h. [L. orf and JUius. a son.] A Gothic custom, by which the chiluren of a for- mer inarriiige are put upon the sanie footing witb those of a succeeding oue ; still retained ia some pans of Germany. J3DF1'XEM, [Ul To the end. AD-UERE',r. i. [L ottrafiWy, to hold to, be attached, or remain filed, efther by pt reonaJ uniuu or conformity of faith, principle, or opmion : as, nit-n adhere la a party, a leader, a church, or creed. 4. To be consiiteni ; lo bold toceuicr as the paito of a system. B»rtj thiu|: odUrwi toprther. Suik. AI>-H£R'EXCE, n. The quality or state of sticking or adberinc. 3. ngmmttttl^^ii being fixed in attachment ; fidel- ity i steady attachmeul ; as, aa uiktrtnct to a port)* or opinlooa. A0-HeR'EN-CT, s. The same aa Aohkrkivck. In tbe sMMe of U«l wJUdb a44crc«, not legitimate, AD-H£R'£NT, a. SticJdsi«. uniting, as ^ue or wax ; united with , as, " an Ausrait naode^** in Locke, ikat id, a node accidentally Joined wiih aa ol^ect, as ir«ta£» in a cloth. AD-BCR'£NT, m. Tbe peiaon who adberea ; one who fulluwi a leader, party, or profession ; a fol- lowar, or partisan ; a buiever in a parUculai taith or church. Jn tkf satM tf an appendage, otspfato. AD-H^'ENT-LY, «rfe. la aa adfaereat ataaoer. AD-H£R'£R,a. One that adheres } aanUiereBt. AI>-1I£ SIGN, (ad-be'ahunO «. [L. oAmw.] L T^e act or state of slicking, or being united and attached lo ; as, the a^aw'tfii lu glue, or of parts united by growth, cement, and tbelike. AdkeMon a genciwly need ia a litoal, attvows in a meia- pboffical sense. S. Sometimes, JSgmmtivly, adherence, union, or steady atlacliment ; firmness in opinion ; as, an ait- kfsioK lo vice i but in this sense nearly obsolete. The union of bodiea by altiactiun is usually de- nominated e^keticm 7*he term mdkeawm, in p^sac, has been np|»lied lo the force by which iKMliea of different kmds adberv when nailed ; MA«ne«, lo the force that unites tbe particles of homogeneous bodies. Bramde, In sisJirijie, the anion, by disease, of contigoous parti, naturally separate ; as, the adkuum of tbe longs to the pleura ; or the union of the separated parts of.a wound, in the process of healing. AI>-U£'^IVE, a. Sticky; tenacj'jus, as ^utinons sulk!« of v%-uuud.«. jMJtaw* infUmmmtitn ,- m mrdidne^ that kind of inflamifmiyim whlcb causeis adht-sion. Adkeiivt date : a variety of slaty clay, adhering strongly to tbe tungue, and rapidly absorbing water. Ure. AD-Hk'SIVE-LY, Alto. In an adhesive manner. AD-Hc'8IVE-XESS, n. The quality of sticking or adherine : stickiness ; tenacity. AD-illB'IT, r. C rL.ai£b^0, otfandAd^M, tohave.] To use. or apiuy. [Aordy tued.] AD-HI-BI''TlON, n. Application; use. fFhitakrr, AD'UIL, N. A ^'tar of the sixth ma^initude, upon the garment of Andromeda, under the last star in her fooL Kncyc AD HOM'f-S'EMy [L.] To the man ; to the interests or pa.s$ions of the man. AD-HOR-TA'TIOX, «. [L. adkartalio.] Advice. iS^idom luedLl AD-HOR'TA-TO-RV, a. "[L. MdJutrtor, lo advise, ad and koTt^r.! AdviK>r> ; containing counsel or warning. PotUr'g Antiq. A-Dl-APH'OR-ISTS, ju l_Gr. a^ta^oo ;$, indifferent.] Modeniie Lutherans ; a name given, in tlie six- teenth ceiUur)-, to certain men that followed Me- lancthon, who was more p;icific than Luther. The Adiaphorisis held some opinions and ceremo- nies to be indifferent, which Luther condemned as sinful or heretical. X-DI-APH'OR-fTES. See Adivphorists. A-DI-APH'O ROUS, a. Indifferent ; neutral. A name given by Bo>le to a spirit distUled from tar- tar, and some other vegetable substances, neither acid nor alkaline, or not possessing the distinct charBct;.-r of any chemical body In meMicinf, denoting a medicine which will do neither harm nor good. Dunglhon. ADJ A-DIEO', (a-du'O [Fr. d Dieu, Ui God ; a compound word, and an elliptical form of speech, fur / com- mend you. to Qoti. It is called an adverb, but it has none of the proi»'nies of a n»o-l-POC-ER-A'TION, n. The act or process of being changed into ndipiKcre. AD'I-P0-C£RE', n. [L. adrps, fat, and ceray Fr. drct wax.] A soil, unctuous, or waxy substance, of a light- brown color, into which the muscular fibres of dead animal bodies are converted, by lung immersion in water or spirit, or by burial in moi^t places under ptrcullar circumst:inces. This substance was first discovered by Fourcroy, in the burying-ground of the Church des Innocens, when it was removed in 1787. Lunier. Med. Rrpoi'. EiL Encyc AD'1-POSE, a. [L. odimwu, from adeps^ fat. Qu. Cb. VCB, to glow fat 3 Ileb. and Ch., ful, gross, stu- fdd i Ar. ifUi^i Uifashun^ fat, bulky.] FaL In anatomy, the adipose membrane is the cel- lular membrane, containing the fat in its cells. The adipose arteries and veins are spread on the coat and fat that cover the kidneys. — The -JOL\'.^-NT, a. Contiguous lo. [J^ot iwcrf.] Carew. AD-JOIN'frO, (ad-joind'p pp. Joined to; united. AD-JOIX'LNti, ppr. Jomiug to; adjacent; contigu- ous. AD-JOURX', (ad-jurn',) v. t. [Fr. ajoumer, from jour- n^*-, a day, or day's work, or journey i It. giorno. See Joua.vAi., Joubskt.] Literally, to put off, or defer to another day ; but ■now used to denote a formal intermission of busi- ness, a putting off to any future meeting of tiie ADJ same body, and appropriately used of public tiodies or private commissioners, intrusted with business ; aa, the court adjourned the consideration of Ute ques- tion. AD-JOURN', V. i. To suspend business for a time; as from one day to another, or for a longer period, usually public business, as of legislatures and courts, for repose or refreshment ; as. Congress adjourned at four o'clock. It is also used for the act of clotiiug the session of a public body ; as, t!ie court adjourned without day. h wu raoved that parliament thoiiM adioum for bIz weeks. Select SpMchsa, »oI. r. 403. AD-JOURN'ED, (ad-jumd',) pp. Put off, delayed, or deferred for a limited time. 2. As an adjecttcc, existing or held by adjourn- ment ; as, an adjourned session of a couil., opposed to stated or retpilar. AD-JOURN'ING, ppr. Deferring; suspending for a time ; closing a session. ADJt^URN'.MENT, ji. The act of adjourning ; as, in lefiislaiures, the adjournment of one house is not an adjournineiu of the otlier. 52. The putting off till another day or time speci- fied, or Without day : that is, tlie closing of a session of a public or ofitciul body. 3. The lime or interval during which a public body defers business; as, during an adjournment. But a suspension of business for refresliinent, be- tween the forming of a house and an adjoumvient, is called a recess. In Great Britain, the close of a ses- sion of parliament is called a prorogation ,- as tlie close of a parliament is a dissolution. But in Great Britain, as well as in the United Slates^ a(//ourn//ieiU is now used for an intermission of business for any indefinite time; as, an adjournment of parliament for six weeJts. Select Speeches, vol. v. 404. AD-JUDGE', V. L [Fr. adjugcr, from juge, judge. See Judge.] To decide, or determine, in the case of a contro- verted question ; as, the prize was adjudged to the victor ; to decree by a judicial opinion ; used ap- propriately of courts of law ond equity ; as, the case was adjudged in Hilary term ; a criminal was adjudged to suffer death. It has been used in the sense of to htdge ; as, he adjudged him unworthy of his friendship. But this sense is unusual. AD-JUDG'£D, fad-judjd',) pp. Determined by judi- cial opinion ; decreed ; sentenced. AD-JUDG'ir*iG, ppr, Deteriuining by judicial opin- ion ; sentencing. ADJUDG'MEiNT, 71. The act of judging; sentence. Temple. AD-JO'DI-CATE, v. U [L. adjudico, to give sentence. See Judge.] To adjudge ; to try and determine, as a court. It has the sense of adjudge. AD-J0'DI-€ATE, v. i. To try and determine upon judicially ; as, the court adjudicated upon the case. AD-JO'DI €A-TED, pp. Adjudged; tried and de- cided. AD-JO'DI-CA-TING, ppr. Adjudging; Hying and determining. AD-J0-DI-€X'TION, n. The act of adjudging ; the act or process of trying and determining judicially ; as, a ship was taken and sent into port for adjudica- tion. a. A judicial sentence ; judgment or decision of a court. Whose fHiiiilii-s were ptirties lo norm of ihe former adjudicor lioiiM. Blacktlorie. 3. In Scotj laiB, an action by which a creditor at- taches the heritable estate of his debtor, or his debt- or's heir, in payment or security of his debt ; or an action by which the holder of a heritable right, la- boring under a defect in point of form, may supply that defect. Encyc. AD'JU-MENT, n, [L. adjumeirtuTU.] Help; support. [JVotttsed.] AD'JUNCT, H. [L. adjunetus, joined, from adjungo. See Joitf.] 1. Something added to another, but not essential- ly a part of it ; as, water absorbed by a cloth or sponge is its adjuncL Also, a person joined to an- other. 2. In metaphysics, a quality of the body or the mind, whether natural or acquired ; as color, in tlie body ; Viinking, in the mind. 3. In grammar, words added to Illustrate or am- plify the force of other words; as the Ilisiury of the American Revolution. The words in italics ore the adjuncts of History. A. In music, the word is employe*! to denominate the relation betwein the principal mode and the modes of its two fifths. Encyc, The adjunct deities, among the Romans, were in- ferior deities, which were added as assistants to the principal gods ; as BeUona to Mars ; to Vulcan, the Cabiri ; to the Good Genius, the Lares; to the Evil, the Lemures. Encyc. In the Royal Academy of Sciences at Pari*!, the ad- FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.- — ^ . _ - . . - ADL juncta were a class of members attached to the pur- suit of particular sciences. They were twelve in dumber, created in 1716. Encye. Adjunct has been used for a colUague^ but rarely. Wotton. AD'JITXQX) a. Added to or united with ; as, an ad- junct professor. AJ>-JUNe'T10N, n. The act of joining ; the thing joined. AD-JUX€T'IVE, a. Joining; having the quality of join ins. AD-J UN€T'IVE, iu That which is joined. ADJUN€T'IVE-LY, adv. In an adjunctive man- ner. AI>-JUN€T'LY, ode. In connection with j conae- quentlv- AD-JU-RA'TION, n. The act of adjuring ; a solemn charging on oath, or under the penalty of a curse. 2. Tlie form or f»ath. Addison. AD-J IRE', r. U [h. adjuro^ to swear solemnly, or compel one to swear ; from ad and juro^ to swear.j 1. To charge, bind, or command on oath, or under the penalty of a curse. JunhMt^adJartd them at that lime, •ayine', Ciira^ br the man betuiT the Jjonl, Uisi ructh up ana buildeth tiiis city of Ji-ncbo. — Jwh. vi. 2. To charge earnestly and solemnly, on pain of God's wrath. I adjurt tbe« bj the Bring God. — MatL xxvl. Acta xtx. 3. To conjure ; to charge, ui^e, or summon with solemnity. I'be magistTatea adjurtd by aUtite bonda of drQ dutv. Sniion. Ye aacrrd nJwrs, V ill of you adjurrd. Drydtn. Tlic comiiiiisionere adjurtd Ovrta not to !pt pnas so favorable ao opponunity ot atoirin^ tlieir lihcnj's Marthali'4 Life of Wathington. AD-JPR'/TD, pp. Charged on oath, or with a denun- ciation of God's wrath ; solemnly urged. AD-JOR'ER, n. One that adjures \ one that exacts an oath. AIW C R'IN'G, P7W. Charging on oath, or on the pen- alty of a curse; beseeching with siil(>mnity. ADJUST', tJ. e. [Sp. aJMstan Port, id.; It, as^ius- tart ; Fr. ajusUv^ to fit or frame ; of t.. ad, and jus- hw, just, exact. See Just.] 1. To make exact ; to fit ; tn make correspondent, or conformable ; as, to adjust a garment to the body, an event Co the prediction, or things to a standard. * Swift, iMcke. Addison. 2. To put in order; to regulate or reduce to sys- tem ; as, to adjust a scheme ; to mljuM atlairs. 3. To make accurate ; to nettle or bring to a satis- factory state, so that parties are ntrreed in the re- sult ; as, to adjast accounts ; the diiferences are ad- justed. AD-JUST'A-BLE, a. That may or can be adjusted. AD-JUST'EDy pp. Made exact or confonnable ; re- duc:ed to a nght form or standard ; settled. AI>-JU8T'ER, n, A person who adjusts ; that which regulates. AD-JIJST'L\G, ppr. Reducing to due form ; fitting; milking exact or corroHp'JU-T.\NT, n. [L. aifjitfaiWy aiding; from atljuioy to aisist, of ad anajuvoyjutujiiy to help.] In mtluary affairs, an ofiicer whose business is to as>i^t the surwirior officers by receiving and commu- nicating orders. He places guards, receives and diittributes ammunition, assigns places of rendez- vous, SlC. Adjutant' gtnrral, in an army, Is the chief adjutant Adjutants- treneral^ among the Jesuits, were a select nuinlMT of fathers, who n-!-ided with the general of lh(-' order, each of whom had a province or country aB-^icned to his care. Their business was to cor- respond wiiJi that province, by their delegates, em- liisaries or visitors, and give infonuation of occur- rences to the father-generaL Encyc, The adjutant is a very large species of crane, call'*d also the gi^antir. crane, a native of India ; one of the moat voracious and carnivorous birds known. P. Cyc ADJOTE', ». f. Tnhelp. [JVot iwrrf.] AD-JO'TOR, n. A helper. [LUOe used ; Us cimpound (JoADjtJTOR if in common iw*.] AU-JO'TRIX, n. A female assistant. Al> JOVANT, o. Helping; assisting. Hawen. AD-JO'VA\T, 71. An assistant. In medicine, a sub- Ktance added to a prescription, to aid the operation of the principal ingredient of basis. Cyc. Med. AD-LE-^;A'TI0N,«. ri*. ad and legatio, an embassy, from UgOf to send. See Leoatb.J In tM public law of the German empire, a right, claimed by the states, of Joining their own minis- ters with those of the emperor, in public treaties ADM and negotiations, relating to the common interest of tlie empire. Encyc. AD LIB'ITUMy [L.] At pleasure; without restric- AD-LO eO'TION, H. See Allocution. [tion. AD-MEAS'IIRE, (ad-mezh ur,) v. t. [ad and meAis- ure. See SIeasure.] 1. To measure or ascertain dimensions, size, or capacity ; used for measure. 2. To apportion ; to assign to each claimant his right ; as, to admeasure dower or common of pasture. Black.'^tone. AD-MEAS'llR-ED, pp. Measured; apportioned. AD-MEAS'l^RE-MENT, n. The measuring of di- mensions by a rule, as of a ship, cask, anil the like. 2. The measure of a thing, or dimensions ascer- tained. In these uses the word is equivalent to measure- menty mensuration, and measure. 3. The adjustment of proportion, or ascertain- ment of shares, as of dowor or pasture held in com- mon. Tliis is done by writ of admeasurement^ di- rected to the sheriff. Blackstone. AD-.MEAS'l'R-ER, n. One that admeasures. AD-MEAS'IJR-IXG, ppr. Meastiring ; apportioning. AD-ME\-SU-RA'TION is equivalent to Aomeasurk- MEr*T, but not much used, [.^ee Mexsuratiok.] AD-.MIN'I-€LE, a [I^ admiuiculum.l Help ; support. [JVot it.««/.] Ar)-MI\-I€'lT-LAR, a. Supplying help; helpful. AD-MIN'IS-TER, r. ^ [L. administro, of ad and inini.«fcrc', to serve or manage. See Minister.] 1. To act as minister or chief agent, in managing public affairs, under laws or a constitutitm of gov- ernment, as a king, president, or other supreme officer. It is used also of absolute monarclis, who nile not in subordination ; but is more strictly appli- cable to limited monarch^ and other supreme exec- utive officers, and to governors, viceroys, judges, and the like, who are under the authority of laws. A king or a president administers the government or laws when lie executes them, or carries them into effect. A judge administers tlie laws when he ap- plies them to particular cases or persons. In short, til o'tmiuister is to direct the execution or application of laws. 2. To disjwnse, as, to administer justice or the sacrament. 3. To aflcjrd ; to give or fiirnish ; as, to administer relief, that is, to act as the agent. To administer medicine. Is to direct and cause it to be taken. 4. To give, as an oath j to cause to swear accord- ing to law. AD-MI\'IS-TER, r. t. To contribute ; to bring aid or supplies ; to add something ; as, a shade adminis- ters to our comfort, 2. To perform the office of administrator ; as, A administers uf>on the estate of H. AI)-MIN'IS-TER-£D, pp. Executed ; managed ; governed ; afforded ; given ; disjiensed. AD-MIN-IJ^ TE'RI-AL, o. Pertaining to administra- tion, or to th(^ executive part of goveniment. AD-MI\'IS-TER-ING,p;»r. Executing; carrying into effert ; giving; disptuising. AD-MIX'IS-'IRATE, in the place of Administee, has been used, but is not well authorized. AI>-MI\-IS-TRA'TION, n. The act of administer- ing ; direction ; management ; government of public affairs ; the conducting of any office or employment 5. The executive part of government, consisting In the exercise of the constitutional and legal pow- ers, the general superintendence of national affairs, and the enforcement of laws. 3. The persons collectively, who are intrusted with the execution of laws, and the xuperintendence of public affairs; the chief magistrnie and his coun- cil ; or the council alone^ as in Great Britain, 4. Dispensation ; distribution ; exhibition; as, the administration of justice, of the sacrament, or of grace. 1 Cor. xii. 2 Cor. ix. 5. The management of the estate of an intestate person, under a coniiiiission from the proper author- ity. This managenieiit cruisists in collecting debts, paying debts and legacicit, and distributing the property among the hcxxa. 6. The i>ower, office, or commission of an admin- istrator. HuiTD^t/^ an^ authorized to pranl edminUtrri&on. Laie» nf New York, It ii man uaiinl to say, letter! of adminiutratMn. Black$lone. 7. This name was given by the Spaniards to the sttiple maga/Jne or warehouse at Callao, in Peru, where foreicn ships must unload. Encyc. AD-MIN'IS-rRA-TIVE, a. That administers, or by which one adniinislers. AI>-MIN-IS-TRA'TOR, n. A man who, by vutue of a commission from the ordinary, surrogate, court of pnjbale, or other proper authoritv, has the charge of the goods and estate of one dying without a will. 2. One who administ^Ts, or who directs, man- ages, distributes, or dispenses laws nnd rites, either in civil, judicial, political, or eccleHlastical affairs. 3. In Scoti law, a tutor, curator, ur guardian, hav- 1 ADM - ing f^e care of one who is incapable of acting for himself. The term ia usually applied to a fatlier who has power over his children and their estate, during their minority. Encyc. AD-MIN-IS-TRA'TOR-SHIP, b. The office of an administrator. AD-MIN-IS-TRA'TRIX, n. A female who adminis- ters upon the estate of an intestate ; also, a female who administers government AD-MI-RA-IIIL'I-TY, J n. Thequality of being ad- AD'MI-RA-BLE-NESS, i mirable ; the power of exciting admiration. AD'MI-RA-BL^, a. [L. admirabilis,'\ To be adniired ; worthy of otlmiration ; having qualities to excite wonder, with approbation, esteem, or rijverence ; used of persons or things: as, the admirable structure of the body, or of tlie universe. AD'MI-KA-BLY, iw/r. In a manner to excite wonder, mingled with approbation, esteem, or veneration. AD'MI-RAL, 71. [In the Latin of the middle ages, amira, aiinrasy admiralis, an emir; 8p. almirantc; Port. id. ; It. ammiraglio ; Fr. amiral ; from Ar. wc) amara, to command, >a.4i, a commander; Sans, amara; Heb. Ch. Svr. Sam ^aH, to speak. The terminating syllable of admiral may be a^s, the sea. This word is said to have been introduced into Europe by tht Genoese or Venetians, in the I2th or 13th centur>'.] A marine commander in chief; the commander of a fleet or navy. 1. Tlie lordkiirh admiral, in Great Britain, is an officer who superintends all maritime affairs, and has the government of the navy. He has also juris- diction over all maritime causes, and commissions the naval officers. 2. The admiral of the fleet, the highest officer under the admiralty. When he embarks on an ex- I)etlition, the union flag is displayed at the main-top- gallant-mast-head. 3. The vice-oilmiral, an officer next in rank and command to the admiral, has command of the second squadron. He carries his flag at the fore-top- gallant -mast-head. This name is given also to cer- tain officers who have power to hold courts of vice- admiraliy in various jKirts of the British dominions. 4. The rear admiral, next in rank to tlie vice-ad- miral, has command of the thirtl squadron, and carrieH his flag at the mizzen-top-galhtut-mast-head. 5. The commander of any bingle fleet, or in gen- eral any flag officer. ■ 6. The ship which carries the admiral ; also the most consklerable ship of a fleet of merchantmen, or of fishing vessels. Encyc. 7. In two/«^, aspeciesof shell-fish. [See Voll'ta.] 8. A species of butterfly, which lays her eggs on the great slinging nettle, and delights in brambles. Encyc. AD'MI-RAL-SHIP, n. The office or power of an ad- minil. [Little used.] AD'M1-RAL,-TY, 7t. In Great Britain, the office of lord high admiral. This office is discharged by one person, or by a board of commissioners, called lords of the admiralty i formerly seven, but now six in number. 2. The building where the lords of the admiralty transact business. The admiraltij court, or court of admiralty, is the supreme court for the trial of maritime causes, held before the lord high admiral, or lords of the admi- ralty. In general, a court of admiralty is a court for the trial of causes arising on tho high seas, as prize causes and the like. In tho United Htates, there ia no admiralty court, distinct from others; hut the district courts, esUiblished in tlie several states by Congress, are invested with admiralty powers. AD-Mi-RA'TION, n. Wonder mingled with pleas- ing emotions, as approbation, esteem, love or vener- atit>n ; a compound emotion excited by something novel, rare, great, or excellent ; applied to persons and their works. It otlen includes a slight degree of ^rprise. Thus we view the solar system with adm iration. Vi ry near (o admirn&on i^tlie wkh to admire. Anon. It has been sometimes used in an ill sense, denot- ing wonder with disapprobation. Vour bol(ln**w I with admiration §ec. Dryden, Wtteii ] «uw b<.T, I wondercd with great adtruration. — Rev. xvii. AD-MTRE', V, t, [L. atlmiror, ad and miror, to won- der ; Sp. and Port, admirar ; Fr. admirer ; It. ammirare ,* ■ Fr. vtirer, to look, to take aim ; Corn, miras, to look, see, or face ; Arm. miret, to stop, hold, keep ; W. mir, visage ; also, fair, comely ; and mnn; one that looks after, keeps or guards, a mayor, or bailiff; Russ. tamirayu, to be astonished or stupefied ; to, a prefix, and niir, peace; mirtju, to p:icify ; zamiriayu, to make peace. The primary sense is to hold, to stop, or sh-ain. Ch. and Syr. 1D1 ; L. demiTor. See Mouaand Mab.] TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. 19"" . ADM 1. To rt^aard with wondtT or surpriss**, ^eiingled wilh apprultfilion, esteem, reverence, or afiV-ctinn. Wbm br shall conie to be gtorifiml in tm sainu, awl be «!• mind lu ftll ifa^^m that W'« him.— S IVm. i. This word has been used In an ill sense, but seems now correcUy restricted to the sense here given, and implytiig souiething great, rare, or ex- cellt^nt, in the object admired. 2. To repard with aflectiuu ; a familiar term for to itfM greatly. [It is an ermr to follow this verb wftb an infinitive ; a.^ I admire to see a man con- sistent in hid conduct. £-MIRE% r. C To wonder ; to be affected with slight surprise ; sometimes witii at ; as, Ui admire atliisown contrivance. /t^y. To admire ai sometimes implies di.^approbatinn. AD-MIR'/:D, pp. Kegarded with wontier, mingled with pU-asurabId sensations, as estt^m, love, or revtT''i»rc. .\D-MTR r.K, It. One who admires; one who c»- let-ni-J r.r luvcs greatly. AJ[>-MTK'I.\<;, ppr. Kegardlng with wonder united with I.'vc or esteem. AIX-MIK'I\4i-LY. ade, Wilh admiration j in the manner of an admirer. AI>-MI:*-8I-BIL'I-TY, a. The quaUl>- of being ad- missible. Judve Chuse, AD-Mlri'Sl-RLE, «. [See Admit.] That may be admitted, allowed, or conceded ; ai^, Uie testimony id admissiblf, • AD-.MIS'SI-BLY, aJv. So as to be admitted. AD-MI3'S10.\, a. [L. admU-*io.] 1. The act or practice of admitting ; as, the admi»- tdon of aliens into our countrj- ; also, the state of being adiniltt-d. 2. .Admittance ; power or permission to enter ; en- trance ; access; power to approach j as, our laws give to foreigners easy admiAgiom to the rishts of citizens ; the admisfwk of a clerk to a benefice. 3. Allowance ; grant ot an argument or poaitlnn nc4 frilly proved. AD-.MIT' e. t. [U mdmitto, from ad and mUto, to send ; Ft. meOre.) 1. To sufler to enter ; to grant entrancf . whether Into a place, or an office, or into the mind, or con- sideration; as, to admit a student into cidlege} to admit a serious thought into the mind. 2. To give riglu of entrance ; as, a ticket admits onp i/ito a play-house. 3. To allow ; to receive as true ; as, the arguraent or fact is admitted, 4. To permit, grant, or allow, or to be capable of; as, the words do not admit of such a constriction. In this sense, ^ may be uaed after the verb, or omitted. — AD-MIT'TA-BLE, a. That may be admitted or allowed. AD-MIT'TAXCE, a. The no. of admitting ; allow- More usually, [ance. 2. Permission to enter ; the power or right of entrance ; and iKnce, actual entrance ; as, he gained admittamce into the church. 3l Concession; admisskm: allowanre; as, the mdmWtat£ of an argunienL {yot uttrd.l 4. ^faakspeare uses the \v(.rd fi»T the custom or prerogative of being admined ; "Sir John, you are a gentleman of excellent breeding, of great admil- tancf: " but the license is unwarrantable. AJ)->UT'TED, pp. Penuitted to enter or approach ; allowr'd : granted ; conceded. AD-.MIT'TER, n. He that admits AI>-MrT'TlNG,p;7r. Permitting to enter or approach ; allowing ; conceding. AD-5LIX', V. L To mingle with something else. [See Mix J AD-MIX'TION. (ad-mU'chun,) n. [L. admixtio, or a dm utia^ of mdmnd auaceo^ to mix. See Mix.] A mingling of bodies i a union by mixing differ- ent substances together. It differs from compotntutn or chemical combination ; tat admixtion does not alter the nature of the substances mixed, but merely blends them together ; whereas in campositiony the particles unite by affinity, loee their former properties, and form new compounds, with different properties. A&MIX'TL'RE, n. [from admix.] • The ijubstance mingled with another; soni'-times the act of mixture, or the *ale of being mixed. We say, an admixture of sulphur with alum, or the admijturt of different bodies. AI>-MON'ISH, r. t. [L. admoneoyOd and stcmra, to leach, warn, admonish ; Fr. adxatmcter; Norm. amonesUr ,• Sp. amtnustar ; Port, amoestar^ or admo- estar i IL ammanirt : G. mahnen^ ermahnen ; D. muiaen, to dun, vermaanen^ to admonish ; t?w. mana, f6rmana ; Dan. mane^/ormane ; Pax. ma-nan^ lo mean.] 1. To warn or notify of a fault; to reprove with mildness. Count tilm not ms fta eoemy, but admonUh him u a brother. — 9Tben.iu. 2. To counsei against wrong practices ; to caution or advise. Admonish one soother in pKilmt uid hTTQot. Col. ni. ADO 3. To iiistnut or direct. Mew* WN« otfmomthed by God, when ho wu about to nnkc ibc tabrrnud**. — llcbi viii. 4. In ecctMostieftl a^irs^ to reprove a member of the chureh for a fault, either publicly or privately ; the first step of clmrch di?-MO.\'ItJH.£D,;jp. Reproved j advised ; warned j instnirted. AD-.MO.\'lSH-F.R,)i. One who reproves or counsels. AD-MON'Isn-I\G,;>;»r. Reproving ; warning ; coun- seling ; dinM-ting. AD-.\ION'I^H-ME\T, «. Admonition. Skak. AI)-MO-M"TION, n. Gentle reproof; counseling against a fault j instruction in duties; caution; dinxriion. 'J'it. til. 1 Cor. x. In cJiurch dishpliney public or private reproof to reclaim au offender; a step pretiiiiinatT to excommunirntion. AD-MO-iNl"T£OK.ER, n. A disj^nser of admoni- tions. Hooker, AD-MON'I-TIVE, a. Containing admonition, Harrow. AD-MOX'I-TIVE-LY, adr. Ry admonition. AD-Mt)\'I-T()K. n. All admonislicr ; a monitor. AD-.MON'I-TO-R Y, a, Coutaiinng admonition ; that admonishes. AD-MOKT-l-ZA'TrON,ii, The reducing of lands or tenemenUUi mortmain. [SeeMoHTMAis.] Encyc AD-MOVE', p. (. [1^ admovM.] To move to ; to bring one tiling lo another. [Little «,W.| BroKit. AD-i\A.S'CEvNT, a. [L. ad and Ha.«rits, growing.] Growing to or on soiueiliing else. Erelijit. .\D-\A'TA, m. [L, ad and n(itH.v, grown, from na^cor^ to grow. ] 1. In snotomM, a sj-nonym of tlie conjunetma^ or outer ctwa of the eye] reflected over the ball of the e>e from the inner surface of the eyelirls. Tlie tt^nn has also been applied to the albuirinea. 2. tfuch (larts, growing on animal or vegetable bodies, as are usual and natiintl, as the hair, wool, horns ; or accidental, as fungus, mistletoe, and cx- crvscenu's. 3. Offsets of plants, germinating under ground, as from the lily, narcissus, and hyacinth Quinaj, jEneyc AD'NXTE, a. [h. ad and natuj, grown.] In buttinyy pressing close to the stem, or gniwing to iL JUarfyiu AD'NOUN, H. [ad and ntmi?.] In grammar, an adjective, or attribute. [LitOe ustd.] .\D-\0'BI-LA-TEn, o. Clouded ; obscured. A-IK>', a. [Qu. a and do.] Bustle j tniuble ; labor ; difficulty ; as, to make a great ado about trillus ; to persuade one with miirh ado. AI>-0-LES'CEN'CE, ». [L. oihlrscensy growing, vfad and olegeo, to grow, from oko. Heb. TVj'y to aacend ; Ar. LLc to be high.] The state of growing, applied to the voung of the human race ; youth, or the period of life between ehtldhnod and manhood. AD-0-LES'CENT, a. Groyving ; advancing from childluKjd lo manhood. AD-O-NE'AN, a. Pertaining to Adonis Fair Adonean Veiius. libber. A-DO'XI-A, n. pi. Festivals celebrated anciently in honor of Adonis, by females, who spent two days in himeutations and infamous pleasures. Kncvc A-DO\'fG, a. Adonic cer.te^ a short verse, in which the death of Adonis was bewailed. It consists of a d;tct\ 1 and spondee. Bailey. Cijc, A-DOX'ie,n. An Adonic verse. Among the jJit^lo- Sojujui, a poetic verse consisting of one long, two phort and two long s>'l]ables. Henry^s Brit. 2, 383. A-Do'^i'If*, n. In myVwloiry^ Uie favorite of Venus, said to be the stm of Cinynis, king of Cyprus. He W!is fund of hunting, and received a mortal wound from the tusk of a wild boar. Venus lamented his death, and changed him into the flower anemone, A-D6'.Mi^, «. In fiiila/ii/, bird's eye or pheasant's eye. A-Do'-Mi^TS, n. pZ, filth. Ch, and Syr. ]pH AiUm, Lord, a fcripiural title of the Supreme Being.] Among critics, a sect or party who maintain that the Hebrew points ordinarily annexed to the conso- nants of the word Jekotah^tire not the natunil points belonging to that word, and that they do not express the true pronunciation of il ; but that they are vowel points belonging to the words Jidonai and Elokim, applied to the ineffable name Jrhavah, which the Jews were forbid to utter, and the true pronuncia- tion of which was lost ; tiiey were therefore ahvays lo pronounce the word .ddtnuU, instead of Jehovah, Encyc. A-DOPT', r. t [L. adnpto, of ad and opto, to desire or choose. See Option.] 1. To take a stranger into one's family, as son ADO and heir ; to take one who is not a child, and treat him as one, giving him a title to the privdeges and rights of a child. ' 2. In a uptritnal aensfy to receive the sinful chil- dren of men into the invisible chureh, and into God's favor and protection, by which Vnf.y become heirs of salvation by Christ. Brown. 3. To Lake or receive as one's own that wliich is not natunilly so ; as, to ndi>j>t the opinions of an- other ; or to receive that which is new ; as, to adopt a particular mitde of hu.sbandry. 4. To select and take ; as, which mode will you adopt 7 A-D01*T'En, pp. or a. Taken as one*s own ; received as son and heir ; selected for use. A-I>orT'EU-LY, fldu. In tlie manner of something adopted. A-DtiPT'ER, n. One who adopts. 2, In cAfwi-'frw, n largo, round receiver, wilh two necks, diametrically op|K)8ite to each other, one of which ndniiL>4 the neck of a retort, and the other is joined to another receiver. It is used in distilla- tions, lo give more space to elastic vapors, or to in- crease the length of the neck of a retort. A-DOPT'ING, ppr. Taking a stmiiger as a son ; tak- inu as one's own. A-DOP'TION, n, [L. aJoptio.] 1. The act of adopting, or the slate of being adopted ; the taking and treating of a stranger as one's own child, 2. The receiving as one's own what is new or not natural. 3. Gtid's tiking the sinful children of men into his fav4irand protection. Eph. iv. Adoption by ann^; an ancient ceremony of pre- senting arms to one for his merit or valor, which laid the person under an obligation to defend the giver. AdiTjttion by baptism, is the Spiritual affinity Which is c^mtracted by god-f;ithers and god-cliildren, in the ceremony of baptism. It was introduced into llie Greek churchj and afterward among the an- cient Fmnkw. This affinity was supposed to entitle the god-child to a share of the god-lUihtr's estate. Knnjc. Adoption by hair, was performed by cutting oiVihe hair of a person and giving it to tlie adoptive father. Thus Pojie John VIII. adopted lUwon, king of Aries. Adoption by viairimvnyy is the takin» of the chil- dren of a wife or hitsband, by a forfter marriage, into the condition of nntuml childien. This is a practie* peculiar to the Germans, but is not so prop- erly adoption as adjiliaiion. Kncyr,. Adiiption bii testament, is the appointing of a per- son to be heir, by will, on condition of his taking the name, arms, &c., of the adfipter. Eticije. In Euroiie, adoption is used for many kinds of admissiun to a more intimate relation, and is nearly equivalent to reception, i as, the admission of persons into hos[)iials or monasteries, or of one society into another. Enciic A-DOP'TION-IST, n. One who maintains that Christ was the son of God by adoption only. Murdoch. A-DOPT'IVE, a. [L. adojdirus.] Thai adopts ; as, an adoptive father ; or that is adopted ; as, an adoptioe. son. A DOPT'IVE, n. A jn-rson or thing adopted. A UoU'A-BLE, a. That ought to be adored ; worthy of divine honors. In popular use, worthy of the utmOR'I\G,LY, ado. With adoration. A-DOR.\', r. L [L. adorno^ ad and onto, to deck or bpaniify, to dress, set off, extol, furnish ; Fr. omer ; Hp. Port, ornar; It. omart; Aim. aourna. Orno is probably the Saxon krinan, germian, grrinan^ gekrinaa^ to touch, to strike, \A adorn, that is, to put on.} I. To deck or decorate; to make beautiful; to ftdd to beauty by dress ; to deck with external oma- meuts, A bnde odomcA benelf vith Jewels. — Isa. vi. S. To set off to advantage ; to add omamf-nts to ; to embellish by any tiling external or adventitious ; as, to adorn a speech by appropriate acti(»n, senti- nit'nts with elegance of 'language, or a gallery with pictures. .1. To make pleasing, or more pleasing ; as, great abilities adtrrned by \irtue or affability. 4. To display the beaiity or excellence of; as, to ttdftrn the doctrine of God. Titus ii. ADORN", H. Ornament. [Obs.] Spenser. A-D(>R.\', a. Adorned ; deconited. [Ob.".] Milton. A-noR.V'KI), p;». Decked; deconited; embellished. A-OOR\'ER, ru One who ad,.rns. A-DUKN'I-N'G, ppr. Ornamenting; decorating; dis- playing h'Siity. A-l)OKN'I.\<;, n. Ornament; decoration. 1 Pet. iii. A-D()R\'I\G-LY, adv. By adorning. A-DORN'Mi;.\T, »?. An adorning; ornament. AD-OS-CO-LA'TION, n. [L. ad and osculatio, a kissing, from oi^cuhim^ a kiss, or mouth.J The impregnation of planU by the tailing of the (hrina on the pistil. Kncur, Ji'lo.icuiaUoH is also defined to be the inserting of one [tart of a plant into another. Crabbe. A-DoS.S'tD, (a-dost',) o. [Pr. adossie^ part, of a- dossfTy to set bat-k to back ; dos, the back.] In hrraldnj, denoting two tigures or bearings pl.icfd back to back. Encyc. A-OOW.V, prrp. la and rfffwn.] From a higher to a lower situation ; downward ; implying descent. A-DOWN', ode. Down ; on Uie ground ; at the bottom. AD (iC'OD DjIM'JVUM, [L.1 In/«w,a writ directing the -(heriff to iniphre wlmt damage may accrue from the grant of certain Iibt;r1irs or franclii»es. Braiuie. A-URKAD', (a-*lred',)a. [See Dread.] Affected by dread. [Oft.*.] AD RF.F-ERrEJsTDUM. [L.] For further consid- eration. A-DRI-AT'IC, iX. [L. Adria or TIadria, the Gulf of Venice,] Pertaining to the gulf called, from Venice, the Venetian Gulf. A-DRI-AT'ie, n. The Venetian Gulf; a gulf that w:ish<^s the eastern side of Italy. A-DRIFT', a. or adv. [Sax. adrifan, f^etirifan, and (/r'/un, lo drive. See Dhivb. Aiirifl is the partici- ple of the verb.] Litrrally, driven; floating; floating at mndom ; imptiiled or moving without direction. A.^ an adjrc- eice, it alwatfa fuUawa iu Tioun i as, the bout wait adrift AD RO-GA'TI0.\, n. [L. ad and rogo, to ask. See IrtTERHor.ATE and RctiATIO:*.] A specicii of adoption in ancient Rome, by which a per*on caiKible of choiising for himself was ad- mitted into the relation of a son. So called from the ({iiefttions put to the parties. Encyc A DROIT', (adroyt',) o. [Fr. from droit, riglit, straight, dirr.ct; whence droitf.^ the right band; It. dinUi'^ right, straigbi. contracted from the L. di- rrctiis, diriito i Arm. dret See Right.] Dextrous ; skillful ; active in the use of the hand, %n*\ Ji'jfiratioehj. in the exercise of the ment:il facul- \W-* , iric»*nifiU8 ; rcadv in invention or execution. A-DROIT'f.Y, oflc. With dexterity ; in a ready, ■killfiil manner. Chesttrfidd, A-DROIT'.N'I->5.S, n. Dexterity ; readiness in the UM of the limlw, or of the ment-il faculties. llame. ADU A-DR^', a. [Sax. adri;ran, to dry.] Thirsty ; in waiit of drink. iTkls adjective always follows Vie noun.] Spectator. AD-SCI-T1"T10U3, 0. [L. oscitiriiw, adscisco^a^ciscOf to add or join.] Added ; taken as supplemental ; additional ; not requisite. fVarton. AD'e€RIPT, n, [L. adscribo.] One who is held to service as attached to some object or place, as when a slave is made an adscript of the soil. Bancroft. AD-STRie'TIOi\, n. [L. adMrictio, a.-itnctw, of ad and Ktrimro, to strain or bind fast. See Strict.] A binding frust. Among pkysieians^ the rigidity of a part of the body, occasioning a retention of usual evacuations ; costiveness ; a closeness of the emunc- tories ; also, the styptic efllxta of medicines. Encvc Qiiiney. AD-STRie'TO-RY, AD-STRIN6'EN'T. See Aa- TBIWGENT. AD-TT-LA'Rl-A, »r, [from Ailula^ the summit of a Swiss mountain.] A term applied to the semi-transparent varieties of albite and felspar; its color is white, or with a tinge of green, yellow, or red. Cleavcland. AD-U-LA' IJON, n. [U aduJatio.] Servile flattery ; pniise in excess, or beyond what is merited ; high compliment. Shak. AD'IT-LA-TOR, H. A flatterer; one who offers praise servilely. AD'U-LX-TO-RY, a. Flattering ; containing exces- sive praise or compliments ; servilely praising ; as, an adulatory address. AD'II-LA-TUESS, n. A female that flatters with servility. A-DULT', a, [X,. adultus, grown to maturity, from oUo, to gmw ; Heb. nhv to ascend.] Having arrived at mature years, or to full size and strenirth ; as, an aduii [>erson or plant. A-DULT', n. A person grown to full size and strength, or to tJie years of manhtxMl. It is also applied to full-grown plants. Among civilianSf a person between fourteen and twenty-five years of age. Eticifc. Adult scJifinh; sch(X)ls for instructing arlulLs, who have not been educated in their youth ; first estab* lished, in England, in 181 1. P. Ciic. A-DUL'TER-A\T, n. The person or thing that ad n lie rales. A-DIJL'TER-ATE, v. t [h. adultero, from adulter, mixed, or an adulterer ; ad and nltrr, other.] To corrupt, debase, or make impure by an admix- ture of baser materials ; as, to adulterate liquors, or the coin of a country. Boylt. A-DUI/TER-ATE, v. i. To commit adultery, \0b.^^.'\ A-DUI/TKR-ATE, a. Tainted with adultery; de- based by foreign mixture. A-DUL'TER-A-TED, pp. oro. Corrupted; debased by a mixture with something of less value, A-DUL'TER-ATE-LV, ode. In an adulterate manner. A-DUL'TER-ATE-\ESS, h. The quality or state of being debiised or corrupted. A-D(JL'TER-A-TLNG, ppr. Debasing ; cornipting. A-DIJL-TER-A'TIO.\, n. The act of adnltemiing, or the state of being adulterated, corrupted, or de- based by foreign mixture. The adulteration of liquors, of drugs, and even of bread and beer, is a conunon, but a scandalous crime. A-DIJL'TER-ER, n. [L. adult/r.] 1. A man guilty of adulterj- ; a man who has sexual citmmerce with any married woman except his wife. JSee Adultkhv.] 2. In Scripture, an idolater. Ezek. xxiii. 3. An apostate from the true faith, or one who violates his covenant entpigementa ; a very wicked person. Jer. ix. and xxiii. 4. One devoted to earthly things. James iv. A-DUL'TER-ESS, n. A married woman guilty of incontinence. A-DUI-'TER-KVE, a. Proceeding from adulterous commiTre ; spurious. IfaU. A-DUL'TER INK, n. In the civil /aw, a child issuing from nn adulterous connection. A-DUL'TER-ons, a. Guilty of adultery ; pertain- ing to adultery. 3. In Scn'/j^Mre, idolatrous ; very wicked. Matt xii. and \vi. Mark viii. A-DUL'TER-0US-I.Y, adv. In nn adulterous man- ner. A-DUL'TER-Y, n. [L. aduUcrium. See Adl-lteb- ATE.l I. violation of the marriage bed ; a crime, or a civil injury, which intrtxluces or may introduce, into a family, a spurious offspring. In rommnn v.iairr. adultery means the unfaithful- ness of any marrieil person to the marriage bed. In Kniftandf Parliament grant absolute divorces for in- fidelity to the marriage bed in either party ; and the spiritual courts divorce a mtn.-ry in both ; such interc<»urse of a married man with an uninarried woman, is fornication in ADV both, and adulter>- of the man, within the meaning of the law respecting divorce; but not a felonious adultery in either, or the crime of adultery at com- mon law, or by .statute. 'J'his latter ofl'ense is, in England, proceeded with only in the ecclesiastical courts. 2. In a scriptural senses all manner of lewdness or unchastity, as in the seventh commandment. 3. In Scripture, idolatiy, or apostasy from the true God. Jer. iii. 4. In old laics, the fine and penalty imposed for the offense of adultery. 5. In ecclejiiastical affairs, the intrusion of a person into a bishopric, during the life of the bisliop. Knc^jc. 6. Among ancient natural i^ft^t, the grafting of trees was called adultery, being considered as an un- natunil union. Pliny. A-DULT'NESS 71. The state of being adult. AD-UM'RRANT, a. [See Adumprate.] Giving a faint shadow, or slight resemblance. AD-UM'BRATE, it. (. [h. adumbro, to shade, from U7iibra, a shade ; Fr. mnbre ; Sp. sonibra ; It. omlfra.] To give a faint shadow, or slight likeness ; to ex- hibit a faint resemblance, like a shadow. AD-lJM-IIRA'T10iN,7i. The act of making a shadow or faint resemblance. 2. A faint sketch ; an imperfect representation of a tiling. Bacon. 3. In heraldry, the shadow only of a figure, out lined, and painted of a color darker than the field. Diet, AD-IT-NA'TION, n. [Ii. ad and umts, unio.] The suite of being united j union. [JVot used.] Cranmer. AD UN'CI-TY. n. [L. aduncitas, hookedness, of ad and uncus, a nook.] Hookedness ; a bending in form of a hook. ArbuthnoL AD-UN€'OUS, a, [L. adnnevs.] Hooked ; bent or made in the form of a hook. Bacon. AD-UNUUE'. (a-dunk',) a. Hooked. [:\-ot «..«/,] Bacon, A-DORE', V. L [L. adiiro, ad and uro, to burn.] To bum up. [JVot «,-Cf/.] Bacon. A-DUST', a. f L. adustu^^, burnt, the participle of adu- ro, to burn.] Burnt ; scorched ; become dry by heat ; hot and fierv. A-DUST'ED, a. Become hot and dry ; burnt ; scorched. A-DirS'TION, V. The act of burning, scorching, or . heating to dryness ; a state of being thus heated or dried. AD yA-LO'REATy [L.] According to the value. An , ad valvrem duty is a certain per centage on the val- ue or price. AD- VANCE', (ad-vans',) v. t. [Fr. arancer ; Sp. nrnn- lar, to move forward ; It. avaniare, to get or in- crease ; Arm. avans, to advance. This word is formed on ran, the front, which seems to be the Ch. and Heb. nso, 0^3D, surface, face; whence Fr. avant; It. arond", before,] 1. To bring forward ; to move further in front. Hence, 9, To promote ; to raise to a higher rank ; as, to advance one from the bar to the bench. 3. To improve or make better, which is consid- ered as a progressifm or moving forward ; as, to arf- vance one's true interests. 4. To forward ; to accelerate growth ; Sfi, to ad- vance the growth of plants. 5. To offer or pnipose ; to bring to view or no- tice ; as, to ailvancr. an opinion or ;in arpmnent. 6. In commerce, to supply beforehand ; to furnish on credit, or before g(M)ds are delivered, of work done ; or to furnish as a part of a stork or fund ; as, to advance money on loan or contract, or toward a purchase or establishment. 7. To furnish for others ; to supply or pay for oth- ers, in expectation of roimburseinent. Thr-y adonnred tho money out of llicir own fundi, and look the Mhcnil'ft (leoda in ibeii own n:iinc. Kent, JohnMon't Hep. 8. To raise ; to enhance ; as, to advance the price of goods. AD-VANCE', V. i. To move or go forward ; to pro- ceed ; as, the troops advanced, 2. To improve, or make progress; to grow better, greater, wiser, or older; as, to advance in knowl- edge, in stature, in wisdom, or in years. 3. To rise in rank, office, or consequence ; to be preferred or promoted ; as, to advance in imlitical standing. AD- VANCE', n. A moving forward, or toward the front. Clarendon. 2. Gnidiial progression ; improvement ; as, an ad- vance in religion or ktuiwleilge. Artrrbunj. 3. Advancement; promotion; preferment ; as, on advance in rank or office. 4. First hint hy way of invitation; first step to- TONE, BJJLL, UNITE.— AN"GER, VI"C10Ua.— G as K ; as J ; S aa Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS ADV ward ui nin^ement ; a-'', A mnde an adoance to- ward a reconcili.-iiion with B. In thia sense it is Tec7 fVequently used in the pltiniL 5. In tradey ndditionnl price ; profit ; as, an ad- vene* on the prime cuet of goods. 6. A giving beforehand ; a fumishinp of sonie- thinjTt on contract, before an equivalent is received, as money or goiKls, toward a capita) or stock, or on loan ; or the money or goods thus ftirnislied ; as, A mnde large adrances to R 7. A furnishing of money or goods for others, in expectation of reimbursement; or the prt^rty bo Airnished. I ahall, with gnxL pkruim, nutte the aeeeasaj adMncn. Tbft wooani WM made op with Inient to ■haw wfau aOvaitma hod bf«» made. K^mL in adroHcei in front; l>efi»« ; also, bcforrhand ; before an eqiiit'aleiit is received, or when one part- ner in trade has fumi-^bed more than h.s pro|i»rtion ; a5, A is JM advaitce to B a thousand dollan) or pounds. AD-VANCE'-GUARD, in. The van-giinnl ; the AI>-VX.\C'£I>-GUARD, ( first line or division of an anny in order of battle, in front of the main body ; c^tpmed to rtar-fward. 8. A sinall party in utvance of the main-guard. Oyc AD-VANC'ED, (ad-vanst',) yp. or «. Moved for- ward ; prooiotea ; improved*; ftimtshed befctfehand ; situated in fVont, or befortt the rest ; alao, cdd, hav- faif reached the decline of life j as, mdvmmead in vears ; an adpanctd age. AD-VXXCE'MEXT, n. The act of moving forward or proceeding. •2. The state of being advanced ; preferment ; prttmotion, in rank or excellence ; the act of pro- moting. 3. Settlement on a wife, or jomtiire. 4. Provision mndu by a t>annt fur a child by gift of property, during his, the itarentVs life, to which the child would be entitled as heir, aAer hts parentis doAU^ A..V. SkenMn. 5. The payment uf money in advance ; money paid in advance. AD-VAXC'ER, K. One who advances; a promoter. Among spiTrtaneit, a ^tnrt or bninch of a buck's ailire, between the back antler and the palm. Kntvc AD-VANC'IN'G, ppr. Moving for^vard ; proceeding ; pmmotine : raising to high^-r rank or excellence ; I?"'- "^'"■-r -"';>p)ytng befurehand, as on loan, w as AI < a. Tending to advance nr pnmole. AIJ-'.->.w ..^;., a. [Fr. aran/a/e, from sraaC, be- Ibni ; It. vmmiaggic i ^p. vfitlaja.] 1. Any state, condition, or cirrum^tance, fa\'ora- Me to success, prosperity, inttrre-^t, or reputation ; as, the enemy bad tbe advamu.gt of eievalcd ground. & BeaeOt ; gain ; profit. WbM ■itwiMft via it br to thM ? — Job xxxv. Thifn «xtes m the taooonj and taatm at nuuie, an India- Bolttble unioo be t w een viitua aad bafipineH : brtwera duty and arfgruilayc. WoMhmgton, 3. Means to an end ; opportunity ; convenience for obtaining benefit ; as, students enjoy great ad- vania^rs for improvement ; the general took adcaiU- mge of bis enemy's negligence. 4. Favorable stale or circumstances; as, jewels B^ to adtsanla^ b. Superiunty, or prevalence over ; with of Gt Leat Sntui abouU grt an adwanlagt of us (or over ua.) — 2 Cor. U. 6. Bnperiorit}', or that which gives it ; as, the ad- vaaCaF* ot a good constitution. 77&ile Merest j increase ; overplus. AoJ with a J isi Of a meaaw lo pay thy tow. I06a.1 Shak. 8. Additional circumstance to give prepondera- tion. AD-VANT'AfiE, r. U To benefit j to yield profit or pun. What h • nan mdmrnmiagti, if be gain th*i wMe worid, and bae NBMt^ or be caat away r — Lufca is. 2. To promote ; to advance the interest ot AD-VXN'r'A6E-A-BLE, a. Profitable ; convenient ; gainful. {UtiU tL^ed.] AD-VXXT'AG-jEn, pp. Benefited ; promoted. AD-VAXT'A6E-GR0UXD, n. Ground that gives advantage or supe-riority ; a state that gives supe- rior advantages for annoyance or resistance. Clarendon. AI>;VAN-T.^'6E0US, a. Being of advantage ; fur- nishing convenience, or oppi>rtunity to gain benefit ; gainful ; profitable ; useful ; beneficial ; as, an «i^ vantn^eous position of the troops ; trade is tubtoMta- gtoui lo a nation. AD-VA-N-Ta'GEOUS-LY, ode. In an advantageous manner; profitably; usefully; conveniently. ArtniOtnoU AD-VAX-1 J'GEOUS-\ESS, n. The quality or stale ADV of hiing advantagiKius ; profitableness ; usefulness ; convenience Boyle. AD-VANT'AG-ING, ppr. Profiting; benefiting. AD-VEe-TI"T10US, a. Drought fVom another place ; imported ; foreign. AD-VfilNE', e. i. [I*. oJrcnw, to come to, ad and rfr- nioA To accede, or come to ; to be added to, or become a part *if, thoii^h not es<*ential. \^Linle usnt] Al>-\'E'Ni-E\T, a. Advening; coming from out- ward causes. AO'VENT,», [L. adrmtusy from advenio^ of ad and rmip, to come. See Fixd.] A coming ; appropriately^ the coming of our Sav- ior, and in the cilendar, it includes four gablmths belore <^hristm.is, beginning on St, Andrew's day, or on the Sabbath next before or after it. It is in- tcndod as a season of devotion, with reference to tbe coming of Christ in the flesh, and his second comitig to judge ihe world. Kueyc. AD-VilNT'INE, a. Adventitious. [JVW used.] Bacon, AnVEN-Tr'TIOUS, a. [L. advenUtius^ from adre^ nu*y See Adtlxt.] Added extrinsically ; accidental; not essentially inherent ; casual ; foreign. Dtapaar* of conUituAnce gvt an adotnUtioua strength from cuf U»n. Bacon, AI>-VE\-T1"TI0US-LY, ado. Accidentally. AD-VE.\-TI"TIOUS-NESS, a. The state of being adventitious. AD-VE.VTaVE, o. Accidental; adventitious. [Lit- tle used.] Bacort. AD-VEiNT'IVE, a. The thing or person that comes f>om without. [Little usetU] Bacon. AD-VENT'U-AL, a. Relating to the season of ad- vent. Saunderson. AD-VEN'TITRE, n. [Ft. aventure, from oilDcnio. See Adve:*t.] 1. Hazard ; risk ; chance ; that of which one has no direction ; as, at all adcenturesy that is, at all haz- ards. [See Vb:vtube.1 2. An enterfirise of hazard ; a bold undertaking, In which hazards are to be encountered, and the is- sue is staked upon unforeseen events. Dryad, with a \'iew lo sell for profit. Jl bill of adventure^ is a writing signed by a person, who takes goods on board of his ship, wholly at tlie risk of the owner. AD-VEX'TI;rE, r. (. To risk, or hazard ; to put in the power of unforeseen events; as, to adccntxtr* one's life. [P^e Vksturx.J AD-VE\'TI;rE, r. j. To dare ; to try the chance ; as, to adventure on *'the tempestuous sea of lib- ert}'." AD-VEX'TIJR-^D, pp. Put to hazard ; ventured ; risked. .ADVEN'TUR ER, ft. One who hazards, or puts something at rif^k ; as, merchantHiWrai{ur-VEX'TT;R-0US-XESS, n. The act or quality of beiniF adventurous. AD'VERB, «, [tu adcerbiumy of ad and verbum^ to a verb.] In rrrnmmar^ a Word used to modify the sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb, and usually placed near it ; a*!, he writes iccll: paper ez- trenteh) while. This part of speech might be more sienific;inily named a moilifieT, as its use is to modifuy that ifi, to vary or qualify the sense of another word, by enlargine or restraining it, or by expressing form, quality, or manner, which the word itself does not express. The term adverb, denoting position merely, is often improper. AD-VERB'I-AL, o. Pertaining to an adverb. AD-VERB'I-AL-LY, ado. In the manner of an ad- verb. ADV AD-VER-SA'RI-A, n. [L. from adversus. See An- TERSE.] ^ 1. Among VteancitnL", a book of accounts, so named from the placiag of debt and credit in opposition to each other. 2. A common-place book. Encyc 3. In lUerature, a miscellaneous collection of notes, remarks, or selections ; ust^d as a title of hooks or papers of such character. This meaning is derived from the second. AD-VER-SA'Rl-OU3, a. Adversary. [Bad.] Southey. AD'VER-SA-RV, n. [See Adverse.] 1. An enemy or foe ; one who has enmity at heart. ^ The Lord wltl take vcnge&nu on hla adperaarU*. — Nah. L In Scripture^ Satan is called THE AovansARr, by way of eminence. — 1 Pet. v. 2. An opposiiig litigant. AD'VER-SA-RY, «. Opposed ; opposite to; adverse. In law, havijiR an opposing party ; as, an adversary suit; in distinction I'rom an application, in law or cquit>', to which no opposition is made. AD-VERS'A-Tl VE, a. Noting some difference, con- trariety, or opposition ; as, John is an honest man, but a fanatic. Here but is called an adcer.iative con- junction. I'his denomination, however, is not al- ways correct; for but doi>s not always denote oppo- sition, but something additionid. AD-V'ERS'A-TIVE, n. A word denoting contrariety or opiKisition. AD'VERSE, (ad'vcrs,) a. [L. advcr.tus, opposite ; of at! and verstis, turned ; from verto, lo turn. See Ao- TEBT. U'his word was formerly accented, by some authors, on the last syllable ; but the accent is now settled on the first.] 1. Opposite ; opposing ; acting in a contrary direc- tion ; cull dieting ; counteracting ; as, adverse winds ; an adver.-io party. 2. Figuratively, opposing desire ; contrary to the wishes, or to supiwsed good ; hence, unfortunate ; calamitous ; afflictive ; pernicious ; unprosptrous ; as, atlrrr.-te fate or circumstances. AD-VERSE', (ad-vers',) w. t. To oppose. [JVotused.] Otnoer. AD'VERSE LY, ado In an adverse manner ; oppo- sitely ; unfortunately; unprosperously ; in a man- ner cuntniry to desire or success. AD'VEIiSE-NESS, n. Opposition ; unprosperous- nei*s. AU-VERS'I-TY, n. An event, or series of events, wliich oppose success or desire; misfortune; ca- lamity ; ainictiun ; distress ; state of uuhappinesa. In Ui*; day of adpertity, conauter. — Keel. yu. Yc havf- fj-xi>cl Gixi, who aaved you out of all your advern- tlei. — I 8^m. X. AD-VERT', r. t. [L. advcrto, of ad and rerto, to turn.] To turn the mind or attention to ; to regard, ob- serve, or notice ; with to ,- as, he adverted to what was said, or fo a circumstance that occurred. AD-VERT'ED, }>p. Attended to; regarded ; with to. AD-VERT'ENCE, ) tu A direction of the mind to; AD-VERT'EX-CY, \ attention ; -notice ; regard ; consideration ; heodfuluess. AD-VERT'EXT, a. Attentive ; heedful. AD-VERT'EXT-LY, adv. In an advertent manner. AD-VERT'ING, ppr. Attending to; regarding; ob- serving. AD-VER-TISE', v. U [Fr. avertir; Arm. avertisia, to inform ; from ad and verto, to turn. See Ad- ERT.] 1. To inform ; to give notice, advice, or intelli- gence to, whetlier of a past or present event, or of something future. 1 will adoertiM thee what this people wUl do to Iby prople En ibc luirrd^iy. — Niini. xxW. I thought lo ndrerdte ih'-e, sayings, Buy it before the iahath iunu anil cld'Ts ol my pi.-ople. — Hiiih iv. In this sense, it has of before the subject of infor- mation ; as, to advertise & man of his losses. 2. To publish a notice of; to publish a written or Srinted account of: as, to advertise goftdw, or a farm. -VER-TIS'/;D, pp. Informed; notified; warned ; used ofpcrbons! published; made known; iiscd i(f Vilnius. AD-VER'TISE-MENT, n. Information ; admoni- tion ; notice given. More generalbj, a publication intended to give notice ; this may be by a short ac- count printed in a newspaper, or by a written ac- count posted, or otherwise made public. AD-VEU-TIS'ER, n. One who advertises. This ti- tle is often civen to public prints. AD-VER-TIS'ING, ppr. Informing; giving notice; publishing notice. 2. a. Furnishing advertisements ; aa, advertising customers. 3. In the sense of monitory, or active in giving intelligence, as u^ed by Shakspcare. [JVot now vsrd.] AD- VICE', n. [Fr. oris, opinion, notice ; Arm. avis FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MeTE, PRfiY. — PIXE, MARtXE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQOK.- ADV This and the verb avi^er^ lo advise, seem to be formed of ad and the L. ri., to see, to visit.] I. Counsel ; an opinion recommended, or offered, as worthy to be followed. 'Wh-uadmct ?ive ye? — 2 Chron. x. Wild good adcice uik\kn vaz, — Prov, xx. We may give tuicice, but we caq not j^ve -conduct. Franklin. 3. Prudence ; deliberate consideration. Shak. 3. Information as to the state of an affair or af- fairs ; notice ; intelligence ; as, we have late ad- vices from France. [Commotihj in thr- plural,] To Uike adviccy is to consult with others. AD-VlCE'-BoAT, n, A vessel employed to carry dispatches or information. AD-VIS' A-BLE, a. [See Advise.] 1. Proper to be advised ; prudent ; expedient ; proper to be done or practiced ; as, it is not adv'u)- able to proceed, at this time, to a choice of olficeri^. 2. Open to advice. South, AD-VTS'A-BLE-XESS, n. The quaJity of being ad- visable or expedienL AD-Vla'A-BLY, adv. With advice. AD-VlSE', V. U [Fr. ariser ; Arm. avisa ; Sp. avisar ; It. aptfisarf. See Advice.] 1. To give counsel to ; lo offer an opinion, as wor- thy or expedient to be followed ; as, I advise you lo be cautious of speculation. 2. To give information ; to communicate notice ; lo make acquainted with ; followed by «/ before the thing communicated; as, the merchant; were iwi- visrd ttf the risk. 3. To deliberute, consider, or consulL Advise ih;vir o( what won! I itull taing agnin lo hitn UiAt lem nie. — I Cliron. xxi. But in this sen?e it is usually intranititive. AI>-\"ISE', V. i. To deliberate, weigh well, or con- sider. 7*0 advise tcith, is to consult for the purpose of tak- ing the opiuions of others. AD-VIS'£D, pp. or a. Informed ; counseled ; aliio, cautious ; prudent ; acting with deliberation. IvH Kim btr adtAttd in lii( mriwera. Baeon. With tb^ M-fU admstd m wuilum. — Prov. xlji. S. Done, formed, or taken with advice or drlibor- alion ; intended ; as, an advuied act or schem?. AD-VI*'KD-LY, adc. With deliberation or advice ; hecdfiilly ; purposely ; by design j as, an ent«,'rprise adviritit(>nilsal of bene tires. FJrctirf advoeatea are chosen by a bishop, abbot, or ch.iiit'T, with license fr<,m the prince. Feutlal advnmttm were of a military kind, and to attach them to liie church, had grantt of land, with power to lead the va^^alx of the church to war. Fi.*r{d adtiteatr.-', in anrient Rome^ defi-ndfd causes In which the fi-^ais or private revenue of the emper- or was concerned. Jnruheol advocates became judges, in consequence of thf-ir attending causes in the Count's coilrt. Mutricular advocaUa defended the cathedral churches. ADY Military advocates were employed by liie church to defend it by arms, when force gave law to Euroiie. Some advocate were called nominative^ from their being nominated by the pope or king ; some regular, from their being qualified by a proper course of study. Some were supreme ,■ others^ subordinate. .Advocate, in the Qennan polity, is a magistrate appointed in the emperor's name to administer justice. Faculty of advocates, in Scotland, is a society of eminent lawyers, who practice in the highest courts, and wJio are admitted mt:nibers only upon the severest examination, at three different times. It consists of more than two hundred memhtrs, and from thi.s body are vacancies on the bencli usually supplied. Lord advocate, in Scotland, the pruicipal crown lawyer, or prosecutor of crimes. Judge advoctUe, in ofurts martial, a person wlio manages the prosecution. In English and Jimerican courts, advocates are the same as counsel, or counselors. In England, they are of two degrees, barristers and Serjeants ; the fonner, being apprentices or learners, can not, by ancient custom, he admitted serjeaiiis till of six- teen years' standing. Elackstone. Encyc. 4. One who defends, vindicates, or espouses a cause by argument ; one who is friendly to ; as, an advocate for peace, or for the oppressed. hi Scripture, Christ is called aa advocate for his people. We hnve ail advocate wiUi the PAthn*. — 1 John ii. AD'VO-€ATE, v. L To plead in favor of ; to defend by argument, before a tribunal or the public ; lo support or vindicate. ThtMC who advocatt ■ ditcrimlnntion. Hamilu>n'§ Jtepttrt on PubHc Dtbt. The Diikn of Yoric adfocaud ihe sn^t^ndntrnt. -~ DebaUt on tJ)t Nf^tnty in tht Hu^e of fAtrds, Die 27, I81U. The klitl 01 BiiduiiehAin adaotaud the ori^uaj n:si>tutiiin. Ibid. I'bc him of a li^^islxlur^, constating or a sing^Ie branch, lliough aditocaUd by loiiu:, wujt (generally n■p^u6«t'^l. lia/nstii/, Hill. GaroHna. How IHdo claim pfnona, who adooctUe tliis KnUiiK-ni, n-ally Cxft'M to br coiiaiilcnnl Ca]viiu»in, will nj'pi-ar Irom the iluwiii2 qtiobition. Iilac!:eneit't t.Q'e of CaJotn. The n>oat cnUucul orntura wcnr t:ug^ig>il to adoocale tiia ciiuse. Aht/„rd. A pfirt only of the bociv, whose Miisr h*- ndvoailea, cuinciJe with hiin in Jmi^enl. Chris. Oba. xi. 434. ScoU. AD'VO-CA-TED, pp. Defended by argument; vin- dtcatiid. AD'VO-€ATE-SHIP, n. The office or duty of an advocate. AD'VO-Ca-TESS, n. A female advocate. Taylor, AD'VO-CA-TIXG, jijrr. Supporting by reasous ; de- fending ; inaiutnining. AU-VO-CA'TION, n, A pleadingfor; plea; apologj-. Shak. Ji bill of advocation, in Scotland, is a written ap- plication to su|KTior court, lo call an action before I hem from an inferior court. 'I'he order of the su- perior court for litis purpose is called letters of ad- rocation, AD-VO-LC'TION, n. A ntlling toward Bointthing. AD-VOU'TRER, n. An adultrrcr, AD-VOIT'TKESH, n. An ndultertss. Bacon. AI»-VOL"TRV,iL Adultery. [Little vsrd.] Bacon. AD-VOW-fclE', n. He that has the right of advow- Bon. Coieel. 9? The advocate of a church at religious house. Cyc, AD-VOW'SON, n, [Fr. avouerie^ from avouer, to avow; Norm, avoerie, or avoeson. But the word wa9< latinized, adoocativ, from adcocvj and avmo is from adroco,] in English law, a right of presentation to a vacant benefice ; or, in other words, a right of nominating a [ti-rfnn lo officiate in a vacant church. I'he name is derived from adoocatio, because the right was first otitiiu'-d by such as were founders, benefactors, or strenuous defenders, advocates, of the church. 'i'liose who have this right are styled patrons. Ad- vowsons are of three kinds, presentatire, collative, and donative; presentntive, when the patron presents his clfrk U> the bishop of Ihe diocese to be insti- tiiird ; collative, when the bishop is the patron, and institutes or collates his clerk, by a single act ; dona- live, when a church is founded by the king, and assigned to the patron, withotit being subject to Ihe onlitiary, so that the patron confers the benefice on his clerk, without presentation, institution, or induction. .^dvowHons are also appendant, that is, annexed to a manor, or in grosj, that is, annexed to the p^^irson of Ihe iKitron. Blaekstone. AD-VOV'KR. Hee Atoter. A-DY-NA.M'ie, a. Weak ; destitute of strength. .^dynamic frrers, in viedttine, a term employed by Pinel,to denote malignant or putrid fevers attended with great muscular debility. Cye. Med, AER A-DYiVA-MY, Tu [Gr. a itfivative and tJiivo/iij, power.] In medicine, weakness; want of strength occa- sioned by disease. Morin. A-DV'TU.M, M. [I^it ; Gr. «(TDroc.] A secret apartment In ancient temples, a secret glace from whence oracles were given. Z, n. [Sax. adese ; tfp. azuela ; formerly written in En^. atldicc] An iron instrument with an arching blade, across the line of the handle, and ground from a base on its inside to the outer edge ; used for chipping a horizontal surface of timber. Encyc. J£t ; a diphthong in the Latin language ; used also by the Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. ai. The Sax. at has been changed into e or ea. In deriva- tives from the learned langiniges, it is mostly super- seded by e, and convenience seems to require it to be wholly rejected in anglicized words For most words found with this initial combination, the reader will therefore search under the letter E. iED, ED, EAI), syllables found in names from the Saxon, signify Aii/jpj/ ; as, J-Uidric, hap|)y kingdom; Eadrig, happy victory ; Edward, prosperous watch ; Edgar, successful weapon. Oibson. Lye, ^'DILE, n. [L.] In ancient Rome, an officer or magistrate, who had the care of the public build- ings, [ades,] streets, highways, public spectacles, &,c. iE'GlL-OPS, n. [Gr. ai} lAai^; ui(, a gt>at, and tu^/, the eye.] A tumor in the uiner corner of the eye, and a plant so called. Q^uincy. JE'OlS, ». [Gr. ai}iij a goal skin, and shield ; from ai^, a goat] A shield, or deftusive armor ; originally applied to the shield given by Jupiter to Minerva. ^L, AL, ALII, or EAL, in Saxon, Eng. aU,i\Te seen in many nanus ; as in Alfred, Alfred, all i)eace ; ,^licin, all conqueror. Oibiion, JEliV seems to be one fonn of help, but more gener- ally written elph or ulph ; as in ,^(fwin, victorious aidj^ JEthchcutph, illustrious help. Gibson. JE.-'Sv.'\Ii,'n. [1*. ^«e>*.] An heroic poem, written by Virgil, in which ^-'ui as is the hero. iE'O-LIST, n. [L. ^olus,] A pretender to inspi- nition. Str'fi. .(f^O'LI-AN, a. Pertaining to ^olus, the god of the winds. iE-0'LI-AN HARP, n. See Eolian IIakp. A':-aUIN'0-LTTE, n. Sec Pitchstonk. A'ER-aTE, iJ. (. [See Aib.] 1. In chmtistry^ to combine with carbonic acid, formerly calK'd fxed air. [T'he word has been dis- carded from modern chemistry.] 2. In lo'^logy, tt) change the circulating fluids of animals by the agency £CTirE. A-E'R1-A\S, n. pi. In cburck history, a branch of Arians, so calli-d from Aerius, who maintained that there is no difTiTonce between bishops and priests. A'E-RIE, (a'ry or e'ry,) n. [W. cryr. Corn, cr, an eagle.] 'I'he nest of a bird of prey, as of an eagle or hawk ; a brood of such l)ir(iH. Shak. A-ER-I-FI-€A'TION, n. The act of combining air with ; the state of being filled with air. Fourcnry. 2. The act of iKJComing air, or of changing mto an aeriform state, ru» substances tvhich are con- verted from a Ittpiid or solid fonn inttt gas or an elastic vapor; the sUite of being aeriform. Ibid, A'ER-I-FT-AD, pp. Having air mfuscd, or combined with, A'£R-I-FORM, a. [L. arr, air, and forma, form.] Having the frtrni or nature of air, or of an elastic fluid. The gases are aeriform fluids. A'ER-I FV, V. t. To infuse air into ; to fill with air, or to combine air with ; to change into an aeriform st-ite. A-ER-O-DY-NAAneS, «. [Or. avp and ivyafu^,} TONE, BpLL, tlNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K; as J ; a as Z ; CH as SI] ; TH aa in THIS. S3 AFA AFF AFF Tbe sritrQctr which ircnUof tlie motion of the air, and ul' tbe mechanical edt-cts oTair in niution. Brande. A-ER-OG'NO-SY, «. [Gr. 0170, air, and yvu>ati, knowledge.] 'the science which treats of the prop- erties of air, and tbe part it perforuis in the opera- tionr* of nulure. i-ER-OG'RA-PHY, h. [Gr. aijo, air, and >.rtrt0to, to descnW.] A description of the air ur atiuiuspbere ; but anvlogfia chiefly used. X'ER-O-LITE. «. [Gr. anoy air, and XiOos, a stone.] A stone wbich has fallL-n from the air, or atinoB- pberic regions j a meteoric stones Ouid9tU. M$d.Rtp. A-ER-0-LOG'I€-AL, «. Pertaining to aerology. A-ER-0L'O-6lST, n. One who is vcrsrd in aerology. A-ER-0L'0-4^V, a. [Gr. at,Pt air, and Aoju;, de- scription.] A description of the air; that branch of phitoso- pby which treats of the air, its cou:itituent parts, properties, and phenomena. Eiugc. i'ER-0-M.VN-C\, a. [Gr. aup, and fiavrcta, div- ination.] Divination by roearu of tbe air and winds. A-EK-OM'E-TER, a. [Gr. af?*}, air, and ftirpovf measure.] 1. An mstrument for malting the necessary cor- rections in asceitaining the mean bulk of gases. JifberL 2. An Instrument for ascertaining the den:^iiy or rarity of air. Mtfrim. i-ER-OM'E-TRY, a. [as Mbott.] The science of measuring the air, including the doctrine of its mvanire, elasticity, rarefaction, and ctindensation. [tn this sense, tbe word is nuw di^u^ied, the term piMammtiu having taken iU place.] Ejuge, Rather aervmOrjf is .the art or science of ascer- taining tile mean bulk of the gases. Ur*. A'ER-O-^AUT, a. [Gr. cq>« and mvtik, a sailor, from vavd a *hip-] One who sails or floats in tbe air ; an aerial nav- ipUor : flyy i isrf to ptrMiu xko ajtccmf la m* baUooiu. Buik*, A-ER-O-N^CJT'ie, s. Sailing or floating in the air; pertaining to aerial sailing. A-ER-t>-N\VUT'ieS, a. The doctrine, science, or art of sailing in the air, by means of u b;iUiMin. A'ER-0-NAUT-l«M, a. The practice of ascending and floating in the atmosphere, in b^tUnons. Jourtu iifScienM, l'ER-0-PHTTE, m- [Gr. ano and .pvr »•, a planL] A plant that lives exclusively in air, in di^inc- tion nt>m a kifdr^pkjfU, Brandt. A-ER-0~SCEP'SY, a. [Gr. anp and axc^TTotiat, to The lucultj' of perception by the medium of the ah, supposed to re^jide in the antenux of iu.tects. JTtrAy. A-ER-OS'€0-PYy n. [Gr, ai7pand c- K^fTru^i a 1, to see.] The ob^er\-ation or perception of Uie air. A'ER-O-SrrE, ». See RED-tJiLVBK. A'ER-O-STAT, n. [Gr. ant^ and craToi^ sustaining, from (OTi^i, to stand.] A machine at ves^^l sustaining weights in the air ; a name given to air balloons. JEacyc A-ER-O-STAT'ie, a. Suspendingln air ; pertaining to the art of aenal navifniiion. i-ER-O-ST.-VT'ies, n. The science that treats*of the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or of tMNlied sustained in them ; hence, the science of aerial navigniion. A-ER-OS-TA'TIOX, a. At:ri;U navigation ; the sci- ence of raising, su^pemline, and guiding machines in the air, or of ascending in air balloons. -2. 1'he scif nee of weighing air. Adams, iE-RC'ClX-OL'S, a. Partaking of copper rusL A'ER-V-LlGiiT, a. In MtUon^ Light as air ; used for iES'-€in*-XTTE. a. A black or rfark brownish yel- low ore, from the L'ral Mountains ; an ore contain- ing tiuinium, Zirconium, and cerium. Dana, .fiS-THET'ieS, / rr. o , ES-THET'ICS, 1 "• [*^^- ""^IT'^oJ-J Tbe theory or philosophy of taste ; the science of the beautifiu, or that which treats of the principles of tbe belles lettres and fine arl& A-E-THE-OG'A-MOUS, a. [Gr. a/)9ijy, unusual, and >a^o(, marriage.] A term applied to cryptogamic I^ants, founded on the opinion, tiiat Their mode of propagation is not hidden, but only unusual. Brande, .ffi-TI-OL'O-GY, II. [Gr. .i«ria, cause, and Aoj^ut, Uiscou^e.] The science of the causes of disease. jE-TI'TeS, n. Eagle stone, which see. A-FAR', a^c. [a and /or. See Fab. 1 1. At a distance in place ; to or from a distance ; used with from preceding, or off following ; as, he was seen fruin afar : I saw him afar of. 2. in Scripture, figuratively, estranged in afl'ec- tion; alienated. Mj Idnameo Hand afar <^. — Pn]. xxxrffi. 3. Absent ; not assisting. Why ttandm Uiou afar (yf, Lord. — P»*l, x. 4. Not o^tbe visible church. — Eph. ii. A-FkARD', a. [Sax. fl/»Tan, to make afraid. Afcard is the participle passive. See Fkah.] Afraid ; Bllected with fear or nppreliension, in a more moderate degree tlian is expressed by terrified. It is ftJlowed by u/, but no longer U!»ed in books, and even in popular use is deemed vul);ar. AF'FA, H. A weight used on the Guint^a coast, equal tu an ounce. The tmlf of it is called eggeba. Encye. AF-FA-BIL'I-TY, a. [See Affable.] The quality of being fttfable ; readiness to converse; civility and couiteousucas in n-ceiving others, and in con- versation ; condescension in munners. A^'abilUy of countenance is that mildness of aspect which invites to free social intercourse. AF'FA-BLE, a. [L. cjfUfii/w, of at/ and fabulor. See Fable.] 1. E:isy of conversation ; admitting others to free conversation without reserve : courteous ; com- plaisant; of e&sy manners ; conde'^ccnding ; usually applied to superiors ; as, an affable prince. 'Z. Applied to external appearance, affable denotes that combination of features which invites to con- versation, and n^nders a [person accessible, opposed to a/vrbulding aspect ; mUd ; benign ; as, an affi^le countenance. AF'FA-IILE-NESS, ». Afl'ahility. AF'FA-BLY, aiic. In an oiTable manner; courte- ously ; invitinglv. AF-FAB-l^-LA'TiON, n. The moral of a fable. AF-FAIR', n. [Fr. affairty from /aire, Xo make o^do ; lj.faefr»; Sp. kaeer : \U fare. The primary sense of facto is to urjre, drive, iinpi-1.] 1. Business of any kind ; that which is done, or is to be done: a wordofvinj mdrjinite and uniiefnable signitiMtion, In tlie plural, it denotes transnctioni* in general ; as, human affairs ; political or ecclesi- astical affairs; alst>, the business or concerns of an individual ; as, his affairs are embarrassed. 3. Matters ; state ; condition of business or con- cerns. I hAtf tent that jc may know our affairt. — Epb. t1. 3. In the singular^ it is used for a private dispute, or duel ; as, an affair of liuni)r. 4. In miiitan/ language^ a partial engagement of troi>ps. !k Affairs^ in the plural, public concerns and their mannceraent ; as, " at tht* liead of affairn," Junius ; " a taienl fur affairs^* Prtscutt, AF-FAM'ISEI, r. L [See Famish.] To Starve. AF-FAM'ISII-ME.VT, n. A starving. AF-FEAR', f. t To frighten. [06^*.] Spenser. AF-FECT', r. L [L. affcio^ affectum, of ad ami facioj to m;ike ; I^ affrcto, to desire, from the same root. j^eet is to make to, or uptMi, to press upon.] 1. To act upon ; to produce an efTtct or change upon ; as, cold affecU the body ; loss affects our interests. 2. I'o act upon, or move the passions ; as, affected with grief. 3. To aim at ; aspire to ; desire or entertiin pre- tension to ; as, to affect imperial sway. [See the etymology of Affair.} 4. To lend to by natural affinity or disposition ; ' as, the drops of a fluid affect a sjih- rical form. 5. To love, or regard with funduLSs. • Think nut llial wan we luve wul stiifc affect. Ftirfas. [This i>ense is closdy allied to the third.'] b. To make a show of; to attempt to imitate, in a manner not natural ; to study the appearance of what i)> not natuml, or real ; us, to affect to be grave ; affected friendship. * It seems to have been used formerly for convict or atiaiiUy as- in AyUfie*s Parergon ; but this sense is not now in use. AF-FE€T-A'TIO\, ti- [L. affectatio.J 1. An attempt to assume or exhibit what is not natural or real; false prt-tense ; artificial appear- ance, or show ; as, an affectatum of wit, or of virtue. 2. Fondness ; aflection. [A*of used.] Hooker. Halt AF-FE€T'ED, pp. Impressed ; moved, or touched, either in person or in interest ; having suflereii some change by external force, loss, danger, and tbe like : as, we are more or less affected by the faUure of the bank. 2. Touched in the feelings; having the feelings excited ; as, affected with cold or heat. 3. Having the passions ^oved ; as, affected with sorrow or joy. 4. 0. Inclined or dii^poscd; followed by to; as, well affi-cted to govemmunt. 5. a. Given to false ^how ; assuming, or pretend- ing to possess what is not natural or real ; as, an affected lady. 6. a. Assumed artificially ; not natural ; as, af- fected airs. 7. In algebra, this term, when applied to an equa- tion, denotes that two or more several powers of the unknown quantitv, enter into the equation. AF-FE€T'E1>-LY," adc. In an aflected manner ; hypocritically ; witii more show than reality ; for- mally ; studiously; unnaturally; as, to walk tiffect- ediu ; afftctedly civil. AF-FEeT'EO-NESS, n. The quality of being af- fected ; atleciaiion. AF-FEeT-1-UIL'I-TY, n. The state of being af- fectible. AF-FEGT'I-BLE, a. That may be affected. AF-FEGT'ING^ Mr. Impressing; having an effect on; touching tlie feelings; moving the passions; attempting a false show; greatly desiring ; aspiring to poss(*ss. 2. a. Having power to excite, or move the pas- sions ; tending to move the affections; pathetic; as, an aj'cctintr address. 'I'ha motl qfftcting music U genemUy tho mott ^iiiplc. Mit/onl. AF-FE€T'ING-LY, adv. In an affecting manner; in a manner to excite emotions. AF-FEe"l'lU\, n. [L. affuio.] The state of being affected. [Little used.] 2. Passion ; but more generally, 3. A bent of mind toward a particular object, holding a middle place between dt^fpositiun y \vh\ch is natural, and position, which is excited by the presence of its exciting object. Affection is a per- manent bent of the mind, formed by the presence of an object, or by some act of another person, and existtng without the presence of its object. Encyc. A. In a more particular sense, a settled good-will, love, or zealous attachment ; as, the affection of a parent for his child. It was furmerly followed by to or totcardy but is now more generally followed by for. 5. Desire ; inclination ; propensity ; good or evil ; as, virtuous or vile affections. Kom. i. Gal. 5. 6. In a general sense, an attribute, quality, or projierty, which is inseparable from its subject ; as, iove, fear, and hope are affections of the mind ; figure, weight, &c., are affections of bodies. 7. AmongpAi/.i^(ciaH-s, a disease, or any particular morbid stale of the body ; as, a gouty affection ; hysteric affection, 8. In paintiiigy a lively representation of passion. fVvtton. Bliakspeare uses the word for affectation ; but this use is nitt lenitminte. AF-FEe'TlUiN-ATE, a. [Fr. affectionni.] 1. iluviiig great love, or atfectiou ; fond; as, an affectionate brotller. 2. Warm in affection ; zealous. Mivn, ht hl« love (o GoA, and deiire to pies t>>- unj affeckoitale. z him, can norcr Syrai. 3. Proceeding from affection ; indicating love ; benevolent ; tender ; as, the affectionate care of a parent ; an affectionate countenance. 4. Stronglv inclined to. [Little used.] Bacon, AF-FEC'TIOK-ATE-LY, adv. With affection ; fond- Iv ; tenderly ; kindly. 1 Thess, ii. AF-FEC'TION-ATE-NESS, n. Fondness; good- will ; affection. AF-FEe'T?ON-£D, a. Disposed; having an affec- tion of heart. B« kindly afftcHoned one to another,— Rom, xii. 2. Affected; conceited. [Obs.] Shak. AF-FECT'IVE, o. That affects, or excites emotion ; suited to affect, [Little vsed.] AF-FE€T'1\'E-LY, adu. In an affective or impres- sive manner. AF-FEeT'OR, I n. One that affects ; one that prac- AF-FEer'EK, i tices affectation. AF-FEeT'U-OUe, c Full of passion. [JV&( used.] Lcland, AF-FeER', V, L [Fr. affier, to set.] To ct>nfirm. w^ot used,] AF-FeER', v. U [Ft. afferer, affeurer, or afforer, to assess or value,] In late, to assess or reduce an arbitrary penalty or amercement to a precise sum ; to reduce a general amercement to a sura certain, according to the cir- cumstances of the case. Blackstone. AI''-FkER'£D, pp. Moderated in sum; assessed; reduced to a certainty. AF-FF:ER'ME\T, n. The act of affeering, or assess- ing an amercement, according to the circumstances of the ca«e AF-FkER'OR, n. One who affeers ; a person sworn to assess a penalty, or reduce an uncertain penalty to a certainty. CoweU AF-FET-TU-0'SOy or COJf AF-FET'TO. [It., from L. affcctus.] In musicy a direction to render«iotes soft and affecting. AF-FI'AACE, tl r.Norm. affaunce, confidence ; Fr. Jiancer, to betroth ; Sp. fiama, security in bail, ajianzar, to give security or bail, from far, to trust, to bail, to confide in ; Port. id. ; Fr. jier, to trust ; It. Jidare, affidare, to trust, fidanza, confidence, fdanzare^ to betroth, from lt.JidQyfide^.] 1. The marriage contract or promise ; faith pledged. FaTE, far, fall, WH.^T.— M£TE, PREY. — fine, MARINE, BIRD. — NoTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.- 24. AFF AFF AFF S. Strong trust or reliaocej applied chiefly to tlie Supreme Being. The Christian looks in GcnI wilh implicit affiance. Alterbury. AF-FI'ANCE, V. t. To betrotli ; to pledge one's faith or fidelity in marriage, or to promise marriage. To nu^, sad m^iiil, be u-u ajfiancad, Sptnatr, 3. To give confidence. Affianced Id my feith. Pope. AF-FI'.-VNC-i;D, faf-fi'anst,) pp. or a. Pledged in marriage; betrothed; bound in fuith. AF-FI'AN'C-ER, n. One who makes a contract of mnrriage between parties. AF-FrA\C-T\G, ppr. PU-dging in marriage ; prom- ising fidelity. AF-FI-DA'\^iT, n. [An old law verb in the perfect tense ; he made oath ; from ad undjidesj faith.] A declaration upon oath. In the United States^ more genemlty, a declaration in writing, signed by the party, and sworn to, before an authorized magis- trate. AF-FI'£D, (af-flde'j) a. or part. Joined by contract ; affianced. Shcdt. AF-FILE', r. (. [Fr, (t^/v.] To polish. {}sed to deny. Of on« Ji'tiu, whom Piiul affirmed io\x nllv*. — Actf nt». 2. To make firm ; to estahlis'h, confirm, or ratify ; w, the Supreme Court affirmed thu judgmenL AF-FYUM'. p. t. To declare solemnly before a court or magi.-itrate. for conflrinine a fact, or to have an affirmation ndniinistt-rcd to, by way of confinnation, or as a snl^litute for an oath ; as, the witness firmed to the fact, or he was affirmed to the fact. AF-FIR.M'A HLE, fl. That may be asserted or de- clared ; followed by ^i as, an attribute qffirmable of evcrj' just man. AF-FIRM'A-aLV, ode. In a way capable of affirm- ation. AFFIRM'ANCE^ n. Confirroalion ; ratification ; as, tlie affirmance of a judgment ; a stJitute in affirmance of common taw. 2. Declaration; affirmation. [LittU used.] Selden. Cowper* AF FTRM'ANT, n. One who afHrm-J. AF-FIRM-A'TION, n. The act of affirming or as- serting as true ; opposed lo ne^atitm or denial, shak. 3. That which is asserted ; position derlared as tniP ; averment, Hammnnd. X Confirmation; ratification; an estahli-ihrnent of what had been bePire done or ilecreed. Iftmker. 4. A solemn deelaration made under the pen- alties of p'Tjiir>-, by persons who conscientiously decline taking an oath ; which affirmation is in law equivalent to tectimony given undi-roath. AF-FIRM'A-TIVE, a. That aflirms or asserts; declfiratory of what exisVH ; opposed to negative \ as, an affirmative proposition. 2. Confirmative; ratifying; as, an act affirmaiine of common law. 3. In algebra, positivt; ; a term applied to quan- tities which have Uie sign 4- pfu*, denoting addi- tion, and opposed lo negative., or such as have the sign — mtiiiw, denoting subtraction. 4. Poeitive ; dogmatic. [06«.] Taylor. AF riRM'A 'JIVE, w. Th:il side uf a question which atlinns or mnintains ; opposed to nearative: as, there were seventy voles in tlie affirmative, and thirtv-five in the nei/ative. AF-FIKM'A-TIVB-LY, adr. In an aflirm:itive man- ner ; positively; on the athrmative side of a ques- tion ; opposed lo negatively. AF-FTR..\1'£;d, pp. Declared; asserted; averred; confirmed ; ratified. AF-FIRM'ER, n. One who affirms. AF FIRM'IXG, ppr Asserting ; declaring positively ; confirming. AF-FIX', i\ (. [L. affigo^ affixum, of ad and JigOj to fix; CJr. 7Tr]y(''j 7r//;vvw, ffj/^cj ; Eng. peg. fc?ee Fix.] 1. To unite at the end ; to subjoin, annex, or add at the close ; as, to affix a syllublc lo a word ; to affix a seal to 'Ji instrument. 9. To attach, unite, or connect with ; as, names affixed to ideas, or ideas affixed to thingt?. 3. To fix or fasten in any manner. In this sense, fix is more generally used. AF'FIX, n, A syllable or letter added to the end of a word. AF-FIX'£D, (af-fixt',) pp. United at the end ; an- nexed ; attached. AF-FiX'ING, ppr. Uniting at the end; subjoining; attaching. AF-FIX'ION, n. The act of uniting at the end, or suite of being so united. [Little used.'] AF-FIX'TI:RE, n. That which is affixed, jyrake. AF-FIiA'TIOx\, It. [U affio, afflatum, of ad and Jlo; Eng. hUne. See Blow.] A blowing or breathing on. AF-FLa'TUS, n. fL.] 1. A breath or bK-uil of wind. 3. Inspiration ; communication of divine knowl- edge, or the power of prophecy. Spence. AF-FL.ICT', e. L [L. affiigo^ afflicto, of ad and JiigOy to strike; Eng. jiug i Gr. Evil. ipX-rot, to strike; Gr. jfXnin, L. plaga^ a stroke; Goth, flekon, to strike. Ilence, Ger.JIfii'p/,* D.vleget; Engl. J?ai/, ^ bluing suppressed ; 1*. fiagellum. See Flo«.] 1. To give to the body or mind pain which is continued or of some pernmnence ; to grieve, or distress ; ai», one is afflicted with the gout, or with melancholy, or with losses and misfortuiu's. Th'-j' affiirt lliy herita™, Lord. — Pa;J. xcv. 9. To trouble ; to harass ; lo distress. AFFLICT'ED, pp. or a. Affected with continued or often repealed pain, either of lH»dy or mind ; suffer- ing grief or distress of any kind ; followed by a(, &j/, or tritk : as, alHicted at the loss of a child, by tlie rhelIm.^tisrll, or 7cith losses. AF-FLICT'ED-NESS n. The state of being af- flicted ; l>ut superseded by ArFLicTiorf. AF-FLICT'ER, n. One who afHicts, or causes pain of body or of mind. AF-FLICTMNG, ppr. Causing continued or durable pain of body or of mind ; grieving; distressing. AF-FLlCI''rNG, a. Grievous; distressing; as, an (iffiirlinff event, ^ AFFLICTION, n. The state of being afilirted ; a state of pain, distress, or grief; as, some virtues are seen only in affiictian. 9. The cause of continued pain of body or mindj ns sickness, losses, calamity, adversity, persecution. M-Hiy ttn the affiictione uf th« ri5ht''0'i». — P«,»l. xxxir. AF-FLI€T'IVE, a. Giving pain ; cau-<rite gre;it fear; dn.'adt^iil. AF FRT(;irr'F!_.:L-LY, otfp. Frightfully, AF FRTCJMT'ING, ppr. Impressing sudden fear; terrifying. AF-FRKJHT'MENT, «. Affright; terror; the stale of being frightened. [Rarrhj used.] [/n Common ditfcvitrse, the Ujte of this word, in all its furm.'i, is superseded by Fright, Frighted, Fright- ful J AF-FRONT', V. t. [Fr. affronter, to encounter face to face ; of arf and h.fmns, front, face.] 1. LiternUy, to meet or encounter face to face, in a good or bad sense ; as, The •wlilioui affronted tlie kliig'i fiirc^. Hayaard. Milton. Shak. [The foregoing sense is ohsotetr.] 9. To ofier abuse lo the face ; to insult, dare, or brave openly ; to ofler abuse or instdt in any man- ner, by words or actions ; as, to affront one by giv- ing him the lie. 3. To abuse, or give cause of ofTc-nse to, without being present wilh the person ; to make slightly angry ; a popular use of the word. i TONE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-.€ ai K ; 6 as J ; S as Z; CH as SII ; Til as In THIS. "4 583'" AFO AF-FRONT', n. Opposition lo Uie fiice; open de- fiance ; encounter. [ 06s.] 2. Ill tn'atment ; abu.rfi«uu^^,* as, a forehanded farmer. A-F0RE'MEX-TIO\-£D, a. [afore and mtntioned.] Mt;ntiuned before in tbe same writing or dis- course. Addison, A-FoRE'\AM-£D, a. [afore and uanu.] Named before. Peackam. A-FORE'SAID. (a-fare'sed,) a. [afore and sar/.] Said or recitt-d before, or in a preceding part. A-F5RE'THOLGHT,(-ihawl,)wley. A-FRO\T', adc. In fronU ShaL AFT, a. or adr. [Sax.

«• the flr«h ; to lire afUr the IWh. — Bom. Tiu. To judge <^f1gr \bt wigbt of ihe c>c. — I*, xi. To inquire after, is to seek by asking ; to ask concerning. To follow after^ in Scripture, is to pursue, or imi- tite ; to serve, or worship. AFT'ER, Otic. Posterior; later in time; as, it was about the space of three hours after. In Uiis sense the word, however, is rsally a preposition, the object being unuersttKMi ; about three hours after the time or fact iH-fore (Specified. ^fler is prefixed to many words, furming com- pounds, but retaining its genuine siginlication. Home of the following words are of this kind ; but in simie of iht-m after seems rather to be a aepjirate word. AFT'ER-Ae-CEPT-A'TIUX, n, A sense not at first atlmiltcd. £>ryden. XFT'ER-Ae-eOUNT', n. A subsequent reckoning. K'dlingbeck. AFT'ER-A€T, n, A subsequent act. AFT'ER-A'GES, n. pU Later ages ; succeeding times. jyter-age, in the singular, is not improper. .Addison, AFT'ER-ALL is a phra.'ungtigon. AO-AL-MAT'O-LTTE, n. [Gr. aj a>;i* Brungniart, ^eatiu^ pagodite, iO'A-M r^. . f . pfr^on, AO'A-MIST, n. [Gr. a and teatiU.^ pa An unmarried AG'.\-5IOU3, a. [Gr. a nep. and jn/ios, marriage.] In botany^ having no visible organs of fructiflca- lion. A term applied to crjptogamic plants, because they have no distinct sexual organs, or to those in- fi-nor group:* of cr^ ptocamic plants, in which ihere is nothing analogous to such organs, as the fun- pisfi lichens, and conferva. Lindleij, Brande. A-GXPE', adv. or a. [a and gapf. See Gaps.] Gaping, as with wonder, expectation, or eager attention ; having the mouth wide open. Miltan. AG'A-PE, (ag'a-pe,) n, ; pL Aoapje. [Gr. ujaT^j, love.] Among the primiiire ChrisrianSy a love feast or ft'ast of charily, held brfore or after the communion, wli^n contributions were made for the poor. This fnaxt was b'ld nt first without scnnd.il, but aft'jr- ward b<:ing abused, it was condemned at the coun- cil nf Carthage, A. D. 397. Eneyc. AG'AR If', w. [Gr. a\ni>iKuy, Q,u. from Agaria^ in .Snnnatia. Dtoncoride^.} \n botany^ [I>. a-rarieus^] the name of a genus of fungus*^?, containing numerous species, includ- ins many of the most common mushrooms, some of whirh are valued as articles of food, while otheni are poiHonous. In pharmacy, the tprm has been applied to two spffcies of funetis»^B, belonging to the Linnean genus bol^tu; lhr\t of the larch, (B. tarieis^ calli-d also male a-rarie : and tliat of the oak, (B. igniariiL^,) calli-d al.ao frmaU agaric, and Umdiwoodj from its rcadinesii to take fire. The ftrriner has been used M a cathartic ; the latter as a Ktyjitic, and abo for tinder and in dyeing. Brande. Agaric minrral; a light, chalky deposit of carlxmale of lime, rubbing to a powder between the fingers j formed in cavemH or li?aiires of limestone. In com- position it is identir.-il with chalk. It is uned as an nstrltigent In (tuxeH, and a styjitic in hemorrhages. A-GAST', or A-GHA.ST', a. [Qu. a contraction of agazedy or Gotli. agis^ Sax. egtsa, horror. See Aghast and Gaze.] Struck with terror or astonishment; amazed; struck silent with horror. With ihuddering horror pale, and ejnaghaat. MUlon, A-GAS'TRI-A, n. pL [Gr. a and yaffTTjp.] A class of marine auiinats, supposed to be destitute of in- testines. Kirhy. A-GaTE', adv. [a and gate.} On the way ; going. [Obs.] Oower. AG' ATE, ju [Fr. agate ; L. aekatesy gagales ,• Gr. yayaTiji,; so called, says Pliny, 37, 10, because ibund near a river of that name in tiicily. So also Solinus and Isidore. But Uochart, with more probability, deduces it from the Punic and Heb. TpV, and with a dilfercnt prefix Heb. Tps, nakad^ spotted. The word is used, Gen. xxx. and xxxi., to describe the speckled and spotted cattle of Laban and Jacob.] A semi-pellucid, un crystallized variety of quartz, presenting various tints in the same s[x;cimen. Its colors are delicatt^Iy arranged in stripes or bands, or are blended in clouds ; when they are in an- gular shapes, like the outline of a fortification, it is called /(/r(i/icaf ion agate. ; when in mossy threads, moss agate. The Scotch pebble is a fortification agate. It has always been esteemed one of the least valuable of the precious stones, and is used for rings, seals, cufis, beads, boxes, handles, and also fur mortars for chemical puriK>ses. Dima. AG'ATE, n. An instrument used by gold-wire drawers, so called from the agate in the middle of it. AG'A-TINE, a. Pertaining to agate. ACA-TIZ-^JD, a. Having the colored lines and , figures of agate. Fourcroy. Jigatizrd wood ; a kind of agate, resulting from the petrifaction of wood, and still showing something of its texture. AG' A-TV, a. Of the nature of agate. fVdodward. A-GA'VE, n. [Gr. uyavos, admirable.] The American aloe. The great aloe rises twenty feet, and its bninches form a sort of pyramid at the top. Eneyc A-GAZE', r. t. [from gaze.] To strike with amaze- ment. [Obs.\ Spmscr. A-GAZ'£D, pp. Struck with amazement. [JVX in «.•>■«.] Shak, AGE, n. [Fr. age; Arm. oage; deduced by Lunier from LaU atas, or mum. But these are undoubt- edly Contracted words; Guth. aiw ; M. emw; Gr. attoy ; from the Celtic, VV. haug^ fullness, com- pleteness, an age, a space of time ; pi. hogion ; the g being sunk iu the Latin words ; in the Sanscrit, yuga.} 1. The whole duration of a being, whether ani- mal, vegetable, or other kind ; as, the usual age of a man is seventy years ; the age of a horse may be twenty or thirty years; the age of a tree may be four hundred years. 2. That part of the duration of a being which ts between its beginning and any given time ; as, what is the present age of a man, or of the earth ? Jeaua began to be about thirty ycara of agt. — Lnkr iii. 3. The latter part of life, or long continued dura- tion ; oldness. The eyea or Israel wnre dim for age. — Gen. xIriU. 4. A certain period of human life, marked by a difference of state ; as, life is divided into four stages or a^M, infancy, youth, manhood, and old age ; the age of youth ; the age of manhiKwl. 5. 'i'he period when a person is enabled by law to do certain acts for himself, or when he ceases to be controlled by parents or guardians ; as, in the United States, both males and females are of age at twenty -one years old. C iMature years; ripcncsa of strength or dis- cretion. lb la ofagt : aak Um. — John ix. 7. The time of life for conceiving children, or perhaps the usual time of such an event. S.irah WM delivered of a aon, when ahe waa poat age. — ilrb. xi. 8. A particular period of time, as distinguished from others ; as, the golden agr^ the age of iron, the age of heroes or of chivalry. 9. I'he people who live at a particular period ; hence, a g'-neration, and a successitm of genera- tions ; as, ages yet unborn. The mjulfry hid from nget. —Col. 1. 10. A centurj- ; the period of one hundred years. A'GED, a. Old; having lived long; having lived almost the uxual time allotted to that species of being; applied to animals or plants; as, an aged man, or au aged oak. 2. Having a certain age; having lived; as, a man aged forty years. A'GE1>, n. Old i)crsonii. And the agtd ftroae and ilood up.^ Job ztlx. TONE, ByLI., UNITE. — AN"GER, VC'CIOUS. — € as K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; ClI as SB ; TH A'6ED-LY, adv. Like an aged person. A-GEN', fur Again. [Obs.] A'6EN-CY, n. [U agens. See Act.] 1. The quality of moving, or of exerting power j the state of being in action ; action ; operation ; instrumentality ; as, the agency of Providence in the natural world. 2. 'J'he office of an agent, or factor ; business of an agent intrusted with the concerns of another ; as, the principal pavs the charges of agency. A-6EN'DA, Ti. [L. things to be done.] A memoranaum-boijk ; the service or office of a church ; a ritual or liturgy. Eneyc A'GEr, pp. Wound or collected into a hall. AG-GLOM'ER-A-TING, ppr. Winding into a b:dl ; gathering into a lump. AG-GLO\f-ER-A'TION, n. The act of winding into a ball ; the state of being gathered into a ball or mass. A6-GL0'TIN-ANT, n. Any vifjcoiis substance which unites other substances, by causing an adhesion ; any application which tends to unite parts which have too little adhesion. Coze. AG-GLO'TIN-ANT, a. Uniting, as glue ; tending to cause adhesion. AG-GLO'TIN-ATE, v. t. [L. aggtutino, ad and glntino, from gluten^ Eng. glue; Fr. glu; Arm. glud ; W. glyd. See Glue.1 To unite, or cause to adhere, as with glue or other viscous substance ; to unite by causing an ad- hesion of substances. AG-GLC'TIN-A-TEI), pp. Glued together; united by a viscous substance. AG-GLC'TIN-A-TING, ppr. Gluing together; unit- ing by causing adhe.sioii. AG-GLU-TLN-A'TION, n. The act of uniting by glue or other tenacious substance ; the state of being tlnis united. AG-GLu'TiN-A-TIVE, a. That tends to unite, or has power to cause adhesion. fVisnnan. AG-GRA(;E',t'. t. Tofavor. [JVotused,] Spenser. AG-GRACE', 7i. Kindness ; favor. [J^at usetL] ^cnser. AO-GRAND-IZ'A-BLE, o. That may be aggran- dized. AG-GRAND-IZ-A'TION, n. The act of aggrandiz- ing. [JVf/t used.] fVraerhousc. AG'GRAND IZK, v. t. [Fr. agrandir, of L. ad and grandis. See Grand.] 1. To make great or greater in power, rank, or honor; to exalt ; as, to aggrandize a family. 2. To enlarge, applied lo things ; as, to aggran- dize our conceptions. It seems to be never applied to the bulk or dimensions of material bodies. AG'GRANO-I/-Kn, pp. Made great or greater; ex- alt^'d ; enlaru''-d. AG^R.\XD'1ZE-MENT, or AG'GRAND-IZF^ MENT, n. The act of aggrandizing ; the state of bein;: exalted in power, rank, or honor ; exaltation ; enlargement ; aSj the emptTor seeks only the ag- grandizeniritt of his own family. AG'GRAND IZER, n. One that aggrandizes or exalts in po\V( r, rank, or honor. AG'GRAND-IZ-ING, Pin-. Making great; exalting; enlarging. ax in THIS. AGG AG-GRATE', c. u [ILJ To please. [.Vt-I u^e4.] AG'GRA-V.XTE, *. L TT* uggrmo, of atf and grnvisy heavy, See Grats, Giiatitt.] I. To mzikc heavy, but not used in tMi* UUr^U sense. F^vroCipW^, to make wotse, more severe, or less CoKntble ; as, to a^s^rarate the evils of tile ; to a^ grmmte pain or piiutshmeitL 9. To make more enormous, or less excusable j sa, to aggr^naU a crime. 3. To exaggemte. 4. To give culoringiin description ; to give an ex- aggeralea representation \ as, to a^grttKoU a charge against an od'ender ; to aff'sr^taU ^cumstanc«8. Oitkrie. ^luaX. Fmitf. Action Bod modra iwiUctoudr aefraeattd. The propriety of the word in the latter passage is questionable. ,'Jlrsrraea^e is (renerally usrd in rvf- erence to evil^, or iktmcthine imi>n)[KT or luinatuml. AG'GRA-VA-TED,;rp. or a. Incnadcd in severity or enMmily ; made worse ; exagferated. AG'GRA-VA-TIXG, fpr. Increasing In aerority, enormity, or degree ; as evils, mt^fortimes, pain, punishment, rrimes, guilt, &.c. ; exnget-oting. AG-GRA-VA'TION, ■. The act t.f nuikmc'woree, used of evils, natural or moral ; the act of tncnii.'*- Ing severity or heinoufinr£« ; addiiiim to that which is evU or improper i as, an a^^twaOon of pain or pief. 2. Exaggemted representation, or hfiplilcned de- Kriptiua of any tliine wnme, iiii[irc>|H'r, or iinnat- tiralj as, an aggruratwn of features in a caricature. PaUjf. AddUon. AG'GRE^<;ATE, r. c [L. mggrtmo^ to collect In tioc^ ; of md and grtXy a herd or und. See Gas- CARIOVS.] To bring together } to collect paiUculars into a sum, ma^s, or biKly. AG'GRE-GATE, a. Formed by a collection of par- ticulars into a whole m.&»» oi sum ; as, the Ofgrt- gaie amount of charges. ■AggrsgaU JLoteers, in botany^ are snch as are com- poanfor^flarets united by means of the rocrptacle or calyx. MUtu. Aggregate animals^ in looligv^ are such as are luiitea ill a common orinmzcd base or envelope, a.0 most of the class uf p(.>ly|>s. Brande. ■'f-^g'^g*^ corporatioiL, ill i«w, is one which con- st:A^ of two or more perM>us unit»-d, whtwe exist- ence is preser\'ed by a succcijsion of new uu-nibcxs. maricift/tttf, AG'GRE-GATE, a. A sum, maaa, or aaaeinblage of piuticulars ; as, a bouae is on aggrtgmU of stones, brick, timber, &c. It diffWs (ram a compound in this, that the particul.-iri of an aggrrgau arc less intimately mixed than in a eornpouHd. 2. In /fAy^-ict, a mass foruK-d by the union of homogeneous particles ; in dUtinction from a com- poand^ funned bv the union of hetcrugt-'Ueous par- ticle:;, crrf. AG^GRE-GA-TED, pp. CoJlecled into a sum, mass, or svsiem. AG'GRE-GATE-LY, ado. Collectively ; Liken in a sum or mass. AG'GRE-Ga-TIXG, ppr. Collecting into a sum or AG^RE-GA'TIO\, H. The act of a^sregating ; the state of being collecttrd into a sum or mass ; a col- lection of paniculars ; an agcrepiite. 2. The union and ^ohtrrence of b«Klic5 of the same nature Aggregatiom is caused by that attraction which takes place at an insensible di^incc between the homogeneous particles of bodies, and forms AG'GRE-Ga-TIVE, a. Taken together; collective. AG'GRE-Ga-TOR, a. He that coUecls into a whole ormass.^ Burton, AG-GIIESS', r. C [I^ aggrtdior^ aggressus, uf ad and gradi^j to go. See Grade.] To make a first attack ; u> commit the first act of hostility or offense; to begin a quarrvl or contro- versy ; to assault first, or invade. Prior. AG-GRES.S'1\G, ppr. Commencing hostility first; makiitK the first attack. AG-GRES ;5lO.\, n. The firrt attack, or act of hos- tility ; the lirst act of injury, or first act leading to a war or contrt>versy. VF^-trnnge. AG-GRE?*S'I VE, a. Tending to aggress j making the firrt att:ick. Clarksun. AG-GRE:?:S'OR, n. The person who firet attack? ; he who first cummenc<-s hostility or a quarrel ; an assaulter ; an invader. Dryderu The IttmAmo! of th- aer-^^or b owally propoitiODcd to tfae tajiit-noi of ibrt hUXctct. Amu. AG-GRlEV'ANCE,K. [See Agcbiete.] Oppression ; hardship ; injury. But grievance ia more generally used. AG-GRIeVE', v. t. [of ad and trrierf, from gri^. Perhaps the word is borrowed directly from the Sp. aympwr. to injure; Fr. griver. See Gaiar and Grate.] AGI 1. To give p:Lin or S4.irrow ; to afflict, 2. To bear hard upon; to oppress or injure in one's rights ; to vex or harass by civil or political injustice. AG-GRlfiVE', F. i. To mourn ; to lament. [JVut ustd. ^ee Grieve.] AG-GRIkVAD, pp. Pained; afflicted; civilly or politiratly oppressed. AG-GRIkV'LNG, ppr. Afilicting ; imposing hard- ships on ; oppressing. AG-GROLTP', r. (. [Sp. agrvpar; It. aff, 10, !•!, atxt 5ti. Ch. Class Gs.] In 'ow, to take the cattle of others to gra?^ at a certain sum ; to feed or pasture the cattle of others ; used criginally for the feeding of cattle in the king's forests. C<'iff^. BUickstone. A-61ST'MENT, n. The t-iking and feeding of other men's cattle in the king's forest, or on one's own land ; also, the price paid for such feeding. It de- notes also a burden, charge, or tax. [In canon Uite^ a modus, or composition. Johnson, Uu.] Co tod. Blaei stone. Knryc, A-6rPT'0R, ) n. An officer of the king's forest, A-Gl8T-A'TOR, I who has the care of cattle agisted, anil collects the money for the same; hence callt-d gist-taker, which in England is corrupted into guejt- taker. Kncyc. AG'I-TA-BLE, a. [See Agitate.] That may be agitated, shaken, or discussed. AG'I-TATE, r. (. [L. agUo, from afro. See Act.] 1. To stir violently ; to move back and forth with a quick motion ; to shake or move briskly ; as, to agitate water in a vessel. 2. To move or force into violent irreg;ular action ; as, the wind aifitates the sea- 3. To disturb, or excite into tumult ; as, to agitate the mind or passions. 4. To discuss ; to debate ; to contro^'ert ; as, to agitau a question. 5. To consider on all sides ; to revolve in the mind, or view in fdl its aspects; to contrive by mental deliberation ; as, politicians agitaU desperate designs. JCmg Charles. 6. To move or actuate. [JVot used,] Blatkmore. AG'I-TA-TED, pp. Tossed from side to side; sha- ken ; moved violently and irregularly ; disturbed ; discussed ; coiuidered. AG'[-Ta-TI\G, ppr. Shaking; moving with vio- lence; disturbing; disputing; contriving. AG-I-TA'TION, Tu The act of shaking; the state of being moved with violence, or with irregular ac- tion ; commotion ; as, the sea after a storm is in agilatiim. Bacon. 9. Disturbance of tranquillity in the mind ; per- turbation ; excitement of passion. 3. Discussion ; examination of a subject in con- troversy. L*K.itraitgc. 4. A state of being deliberated upon, with a view to contrivance, or plan to be adopted ; as, a scheme is in a^itniion. AG'I-TA-TIVE, a. Having a tendency to agitate. A(t-I-TA'TO, in m«5ic, denotes a broken siyh; of per- formance, adapted to awaken surprise or* perturba- tion. Diet. ofMiuie. AG'I-TA-TOR, m One who agitates; also, an in- AGO surgent; one who excites sedition or revolt. In aiitii/uity, a charioteer, that is, a driver. In Crom- well's time, certain ofticers appxiinttd by the army to manage tlieir concerns were culled agitators. Hume. AG'LET, i n. [Fr. aiguillfttc, a point, from aifruiUe, AIG'LET, i a needle, from aiga^ sharp. See Acio.] 1. A lag of a point curved into the representation of an animal, generally of a man ; a small plate of metal. 2. In botany^ a pendant at the ends of the chives of (lowers, as in the rose and tulip ; an anther. AG'LET-BA'UY, n. A small image on the top of a lace. akak. AG'MIN-AL, a, [L. agmen^ a troop or body of men arrayedj from ago.] Perlanitng to an army or troop. [Little used.] AG'NAII., A. [ad and iiatlj or Sax. ange^ pain, and HoiL] A whitlow } an inflammation round the nail. Bailey. AG'NATE. o. [h. agnatus.] Related or akin by the father's side. AG'NATE, «. [h. aenatus^ adnascor,ijf od and naseoVf to be born. Sec Nature.] Any niiUe relation by the father's side. Encye. AG-\A'TT. [L. pi.] Relations liy the father's side. AG-N.\T'ie, a. Pertaining to descent by the male line of ancestors. Blackstone. AG-NA'TION, n. Relation by the father's side only, or descent in the male line, distinct from cognatiottj which includes descent in the ni;Ue and female lines. AG'NEL, n. [from agniLs, a lamb, the figure struck on the coin.] An ancient French gold coin, value twelve sols, six deniers. It was called also mouton d\rr and affnel d^or. £itcyc. AG-NI"TION, n. [L. a^itio, agnosco.] Acknowledgment. [Little used.] Pearson, AG-NIZE', V. L To acknowledge. [JVot in use.] Shak. AG-NO'MEN, n. [L.] An additional fourth name, given by the Romans, on account of some exploit or event ; as, jifricanus added to P. C. Scipio. 2. A name added in praise or dispraise. AG-NO.M'IN-ATE, v. t. [L. agnutnino ; ad and nom- ino, nomen^ name.] To name. [LitUe ttsed.]^ AG-NOM-IN-A'TION, 71. [I., agnomen, a sunianie, of ad and nomen. See Name.] 1. An additional name, or title; a name added to another, as expressive of some act, achievement, &,c. ; a surname. Encyc. 2. Allusion of one word to another by sound. Camden. AG'NUS CAS'TUS, n. [h.] A species of Vitex, so called from the Gr. aj rf;$, chaste, from its imagined virtue of preserving chastity. 'J'he Athenian ladies reposed on tlie leaves of this plant at the feast of Ceres. TJie Latin ca.-^tvs, chaste, now added to the name, fonns a duplication of the sense. Kncyc AG'NUS Dk'I,ti, [Lamb of God.] 1. In the Roman Catholic church., a cake of wax stsimped with the figure of a lamb, supiKirting the banner of the crats. It is suppfjsed to p', its hair is erect, and it strikes the ground with its bind feet. Its flesh is white and well tasted. Encyc A-GRAM'MA-TIST, K. [Gr. a priv. and j^u/j^ia, a letter.] An iIIrteTate person. A-GRa'RI-AN, a. [h. a p-arius^ from a^er^ a fiold.] I. Relating to lands, .appropriately, denoting or pertaining to an equal division of lands ; as, the a^p-arian laws of Rome, which distributed the con- quered and other public lands equally among all the ciliz-ns, limiting the quantity which each might enjoy. Authors sometimes use the word as a noun ; an agrarian^ for ajrrarian lata. Barke^ An a^arian distribution of land or property wduld make the rich poor, but would not moke the poor rich. 9. Pertaining to agmrianism. A-GRA'RI-AN, n. One in favor of an equal division of property among the inhabitants of a country. A GRA'RI-.AN-ISM, n. An equal division of lands or property, f»r the principles of those who favor such a divisir>n. .V-GRi"E', r. t. [fr. agr^er, from ^^, will, accord. This is contracted from Pp. a^adar^ Port, id., to please, to gratif)', whence airnidahlt^ agreeable; from the root of L ' - "' -'—' — *■ Uip-afw, W. rAarf, ^ce, favor, tlial comes freely. T^e primarj' sense is ailvancing. from the same roi>lit Uwu ntAogrte with me (or a pronf a ttay ? — MaU. ix. .S. To come to a compromise of differences ; to be reconciled. Agret with iWfifl aAtrrviTy qnlcU;. — Mall. t. 6. To come to one opinion or mind ; to concur ; as, to a^M on a place of meettng. This sense differs not essentially from the fourth, and rt often implies a resolving to do an a* l. John ix. 7. To be consistent ; to harmonize ; not to ron- trndict, or be repugnant ; as, this story agrees with what has been related by otiiers. Tfi«r wiuwM agrMd not top-thfr.— Mark x\t. 8. To renemble; to be similar; as, the picture doe* not agree with the original. AGR 9. To suit; to be accommodated or adapted to; as, the same food does not agree with every consti- tuticm. A-GReE', v. u To admit, or come to one mind con- cerning ; as, to asrrre the fact. Also, to reconcile or make friends ; to put an end to variance ; but these senses are unusual and hardly legitimate. Let the parties agree the fact, is really elliptical ; I^et them acree on the fact. A-GReE-A-BIL'I-TY, n. Easiness of disposition. [JV(»(_u.W.]_ Chaucer. A-GReE'A-BLE, a. Suitable; conformable ; corre- spondent : consistent with ; as, the practice of virtue is agreeable to the law of God and our own nature. 2. In pursuance of ; in conformity with ; as, agreeable to the order of the day, the House took up the report of the committee. It is not correctly followed by wiOi. In this sense, some writers use agreeably for agreeable, but in violation of the true principles of construction ; for the word is an ad- jective or attribute, in agreement with the last clause of the sentence. The House took up the report of the committee, (which taking up was) agreeable to the order of the day. The use of agree- abhi in this sentence would pervert the sense. 3. Pleasing, eithPr to the mind or senses ; as, airrerable mannfra ; fruit agreeable to the ta.'*te. A-GReE'A-BLE-NESS, n. Suitableness; conform- ity ; consistency j as, the agrceableness of virtue to the laws of God. 2. The quality of pleasing ; that quality which gives satisfaction or moderate pleasure to the mind or senses ; as, an agreeablcncss of manners ; there is an agrceableness in tlie taste of certain fruits. This is the usual sense of the word. 3. Resemblance ; likeness ; with to or between. The ezreeableneu betiMcn nin.n and other purl* of iD^on. [(%».] Grew. AGREE' A-BLY, (irfr. Pleasingly; in an agreeable manner; in a manner to give pleasure; as, to be agreeably entertained with a discourse- 2. Suitably ; consistently ; conformably. Tlie cff-'ct of whith li, ihaC mwria'-'B grow Ie» fn-qu^ut, agreeably to ilte iiiaxini aLore Uin down. PaUy. This is a gross error, proceeding from mistake. Agreeably signifies, in an agreeable manner ; but this is not the sense, nor does the word modify the verb grow. The sense is. Marriages grow loss frequent, which (fact, or whole member of the sentence, or proiKJsiiion) is agreeable to the ma:xim above laid down. This use of agreeably is common, but ver>' erroneous, 3. Alike ; In the same manner. Both nnnrd agreeoAJy. [ Oba.\ Speneer. A-GRE£D',pp. Being in concord or harmony of opinion ; of one mind. Cin two walk li>y thrr rtc^ tiv^ be agreed 7 — Amoa lij. 2. Assented to ; admitted ; as, a proposition Is agreed to. 3. Settled by consent ; implying bargain or con- tract ; as, the terms were agreed to, or agreed upon. A-<;RiiE'L\'G,;<;»r. Living in concord ; concurring; assenting ; settling by consent, A-GReE'LNG-LY, adv. In conformity to. [LUtle u.*edA A-GRkE'MENT, n. Concord ; harmony ; conformity. Wli(itojre«m*nIlialhll»c ('■iiiplf cultivation which is in- AGU tended to raise grain and other field crops for man and beast. It is equivalent to ktisbandry. Agriculture is the most general occupation of man. AG-RI-eUL'TUR-ISM, n. The art or science of agriculture. (Little iLsed.l AG-RI-CUL'TUR-IST, n. One skilled in the art of cultivating the ground j a skillful husbandman. AG'RI-.MO-NY, n. [L. argeuionia, from the Gt. Thus it is written by Pliny. But in lower Latin it is written agrimonia. Said to be fr»m Gr. a/ty ma, the web or pearl of the ^-e, from «p)0(, white, which this plant was supposed to cure. See The- oph. 687.] A genus of plants, of several species. Of these, the eupatoria or common agrimony, and the odtirata or sweet-scented, are the most useful. It is a mild astringent and stomachic. Encyc. AG-RIP-PIN'I-ANS, 71. pi. In rhirch history, the fol- lowers of .Agrippinus, bishop of Carthage in tlie third century, who first taught and defended the doctrine of rebaptization. Encyc. A-GR'ISE', V. i. rSax agri3an.\ To shiver. [JV"o( in tise.] Chaucer. A-GRtSE', r. (. To terrify ; also, to make frightfuL [J^'ot in use.] Spenser. A'GROM, n. A disease frequent in Bengal and other parts of the East Indies, in which the tongue chaps and cleaves, becomes rough, and sometimes covered with white spjits. The remedy is some chalybeate liquor, or the juice of mint. Encyc. A-GRON'O-MY, n. [Gr. u> 005, a field, and vopQ^^ a rule.] The art of cultivating the ground ; agriculture. Brande. AG-RO-STEM'MA, n. A genus of plants of several species, containing the common com cockle, wild lychnis or campion, &,c. A-GROS'TIS, n. [Gr. uypomrn.} Bent-grass : a genus of many species. A-GROS-TOG'RA-PHY, n. A description of the grasses. A-GROS-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. aypMcns, grass, and Xo/"*'] That part of botany whicll relates to the grasses. Brande. A-GROUXD', adv. [Of a, at, or on, and ground.] 1. On the groiina ; a marine term, signifying that the bottom of a ship rests on the ground for want of sufficient depth of water. When the ground is near the shore, the ship is said to be ashore or st ran lied. 2. Ftgurativcly, stopped ; impeded by Insuperable obstacles. A'GCE, (a'gu,) n. [Sax. trge, oga, or hoga, fear, hor- ror ; Ann. hegea, to shake ; Goth, agis, fear, agyun or ogan, to fear ; Ir. agh, fear, agha or aghaim, to fear. The radical ideals a shaking or shivering sunUar to that occasioned by terror.] 1. The ctild tit which precedes a fever, or a par- oxysm of fever in intermittents. It is accompanied with shivering. 2. Chilliness ; a chill, or state of shaking with cold, though in health. 3. It is used for a periodical fever, an intermittent, whether quotidian, tertian, or quartan. In this case, the w(»rd, which signifies the preceding cold fit, is used for Ihe disease. A'GCE. V. t. To cause a shivering in ; to strike with a colli fit. Ilayitood. A'GCE-CaKE, n. A hard tumor on the left side of the bi'lly, U»wer than the false ribs ; supposed to be the erVect of intermittent fevers. Encyc. A'GfjKD, a. Chilly ; having a fit of ague ; shivering with cold or fear. Shak. A'GfiE-KIT, n. A paroxysm of cold, or shivering; chilliness. A'GCE-PKOOF, n. Able to resist agues; proof against agues. A-GI-'EU'RY, V. f, [Yr. agurrrir; from guerre, war.] To inure to the Hardships of war ; to instnict in the art of war. [JVu( in u-te.] Lyttleton. A'GOt-i-SPELL, «. A charm or spell to cure or pre- vent ague. Oay. X'(;OK -STBITCK, a. Stnick with ague. Hncyt. A'GCE-'l'REE, 71. .\ name sometimes applied lo sas- safras, un account of its febrifuge qualities, Encye. A-(;Ulsr/, r. t, [See Guibe.] To dress; to adorn. [A~ot in use.] Spenser. A-GUIi*E', 71. Dress. [^Titt in lue.] More. A'GU-ISH, a. Chilly; somewhat cold or shivering ; also, having the qualities of an ague. Ilor agiiiih love now glow awd hums. Oranville. A'GU-ISH-XESS, n. Chilliness ; the quality of being aguish. A-GUIL-LA-XEf>F', n. [from a, to, gvi, misletoe, and Van neiif, the new year.] A form of rejoicing among the ancient Fmnks, on the first day of the year; derived from the druidical custom of cutting misletoe, which was held sacred by the dniida, and, on the first day of the year, con- secrating it by cn,'ing aguillaneuf, the new year to thf^ misletoe. 'J'his cry is said to be still obs(y:ved in TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € ai K ; <3 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as 8H ; Til as in TUIS. 30 AID 8006 puts of Fmnce ; nntl the tenu came to signify abo ■ beg^ng of New Year's ^ids. JuHcyc. i'GUL, n. A species of the Iledysaniin. AH, [Ger. ack.} An exchiiuation, expressive of sur- prise, pily, complaint, coniempt, di^Hke, joy, exul- tation, &C., acconiiug to the manner of utterance. A-HX' ; an exclaniotiun expressing triumph, con- iempt, or simple surprise; but the st'nsos are dis- tinguished by verv dilTerent modes of utterance, and dilVerent modifications of fealures, 2. A sunk fence, nut visilil© without near ap- proach ; spelt more commonly, hak-kaJi, MmMm. A-HAX'I-GEK, « A namL- of the pnr-lish. A-HEAD', (a lied',) a'ir. [a and *«krf, or of hsad.} 1. Further forward than another ihinR ; in front ; originallv, a sea term, denoting further forward li»an another ship, or on the [niint to which the »tem is directed, in oni>«»sition t»« astern. vVar. Diet. S. Onward ; fortvard ; toward the point before tlie gte-m or head ; as, move aAnid, 3. Headhmg ; w ithoiit restraint ; nrecipiUnUy ; ■a, ciiUdren nifiert^ to run aJumd, [AW used,] A-H£IGHT% (»4ine',} aAr. [« and Ac^JU.] AUt ; oo higb. [AM MM/.] Sktk. A-niGH' aib>. 6nhig}u {/ifHustd,} A-llOLIV, «fv Near tbe wind ; as, to lay a ship mMold. LVot m usf.] SMak, A-HOU'Al, «. The trivial name of a species of Or- ktra. Its fruit ii a plum or drupe, the kemeb of which are very poiswnoua. A-HOV^ txeUm. A sea term used in bailing. AH'RI-MAN. SeeAaiMA^. A-HULL', adr. With the sails furled, and the helm lambed ; applied to ship:^ in a sti>rm. Al, n. The Ihrec-U^ed shrtli. {Bradypu^.) P. Cyc AI-Al'A, ■. The trivKd nanic of a species of Platal- em or spoonbill ; calleil also the rvttaU gpowuML Al-eO'HLTS, n. A larpe and beautiful eiKciea of par- rot, found in Brazil : its head beautifully variegated with yellow, n <1, and violet colors ; it* Uniy preen ; the tips of lis wiugs red, and itA tail long and yel- low. Viet, nf -Vdf. UliU AID, r.L [Fr. oidrr, t»-belp i lU oiMXarr, which seems to be contracted from L. adjuto. In Aro\) or J^) Bttf, signifies to assist or strengthen ; and 1^ 1 mjfada^ and *3 \ odoioa, to bHp. In Welsh, cerf Is a benefit, and the word was nsed to denote the auU of feudal tenants] To help : to aaslat ; to sopport, either by fhrnish- ing strength or means to enect a purpose, or to [ire- Tent or remove evil. AID, H. Help ; succor ; support ; assisLince. WatU. 2. The person who aids tir yields support ; a help- er ; an auxiliary ; aUo, the ttiing that aids or yields succor. 3. In EMgliik lam^ a subsidy or tax granted by parliament, and making a part of the lung's reve- nue. In FroMCf^ ciils are equivalent to cuMoms or da- tiea on certain consumable commodities, particular- ly wiaes and liquors \ nearly equivalent to the £Ing- 4. In Em^ismd^ a tax paid by a tenant to his lord ; originally, a mere gift, which afterward becanit? a ri^t demandable by tlie lord. 'I'lie aids o( thi^ kind were chiefly three. 1. To rTinM>m the lord when a prisoner. :2. To make the lord's eldest son a kutgbt. 3. To marry tlie lord's elde^it daughter. 5. An aiddecamp, f^ called by abbreviation. 6. T« pray i* aid^ in law, is to call in a person in- terested in a title, to assist in defending it. I'hus a tenant for life may pray in aid of him in rfniain- der or reversion ; thai is, he may pray or pt*tilion that he may be joined in the suit to aid or help main- tain the title. This act or petition is call .-d aid- frawrr. Cneel. Blncknttme, &art of aidsy in Fnatet^ is a court whicli has cog- nizance of causes respecting duties or customs. EneyiC AID'ANCE, n. Aid: help: assistance. [UttU tue^l Skak, AID' ANT, a. Helping; helpfid j supplying aid. [AVt MStdJS AID'D&€AMP, (aid'de-kong,) «. [Fr.J In milUary ajairsy an officer whose duty i* to re- ceive and communicate the orders of a general offi- cer. It is desirable that this word should be natu- ralized, and no longer pronounced aid'de-kunrr, AID'ED, pp. As;>isted ; supported ; furnished with succor. AID'ER, ji. One who helps; an assistant, or aiixil- AID'ING, ppr. Helping; assisting. ['^fy* AXD'LESt?, a. Uelple^; without aid ; unsupported; undefended. Shak, AIR AI'GKET, AI'GRETTE, n. A tuft, a8 of feathers, diamonds, &.C-. 2. In zifoloffy, a name of the small white heron. [See Egret.] Diet of J\at, UisU 3. In frctaitjf. See Egret AI'GU-LET, «. [Fr. LsuiUly contracted Into Ai- glet.] A point or tag, ns at the ends of fringes. AIK'RAW, H. A popular name of a species of lichen, or moss. Fam. |(, aar; Eth. t^jic,; At. L»i» aiyar. This word, in the Shemitic languages, falls under the root •^■'K Heb. and Ch., to shine. The radical scn9e is to open, expand ; whence clear ; or to flow, to shoot, to radiate.) 1. The fluid which we breathe. Air is inodor- ous, invisible, insipid, colorless, elastic, possesst^d of gravity, and easily moved, rarefied, and con- densed. JStmtispheric air is composed by volume of 20 or 91 ox)"gen, and 80 or 79 nitrogen ;-by weight, of 8 oxygen to OS nitrogen. The body of air surrounding the earth is called the ntmo^hfTt^ The 8[»ecific gravity of air is to that of water nearly as 1 to 8-28. Air is necessary to life; being inhaled into tiie lungs, ilie oxygenous part is separated from the azotic, and is supposed to fttrnish the body with heat and animation. Air is also the medium of 'sounds, and, under ordinary circumstances, is necessary to combustion. 3. An aeriform body ; a gas ; as, oxygen is called vital air. 3. Air in motion ; a light breeze. L« remai aira through trembling osiers play. Pope. 4. Vent ; utterance abroad ; publication ; publici- ty ; as, a story has taken air. You gave it air before in-!. Dnjden, Wind is used in like manner. 5. A tune ; a short song or piece of music adapted to words ; also, the peculiar modulation of the notes, which gives music its character ; as, a soft air A song or piece of poetry for singing; also, the lead- ing part of a tune, or that which is intended to ex- hibit the greatest variety of melody. 6. The i>eculiar look, appearance, manner or mien of a person ; as, a heavy air ; the air of a youth ; a. graceful afr; a lofty air. It is applied to manners or gestures, as well as to features AIR 7. Airs^ in the plural. Is used to denote an affect- ed manner, show of pride, liaughtiness ; as when it is said of a person, he puis on airs. The word is used, also, to express the artificial motions or car- riage of a horse. 8. In paintings that which expresses the life of ac- tion ; manner; gesture; attitude. 9. Any thing light or uncertain ; that is light as air. Who buUdi hb hope in air of your Aur looka. [(l,u. Obt.\ •Shak. 10. Advice; intelligence; infonnalion. [06s.] [Bacon.} 11. Different states of atr are characterized by dif- ferept epithets; as, good air^ foul air, morning airy evening uir; and sonn'times aim may have been used for ill scent or vai>or, but tlie use is not legiti-« mate. To take the air, is to go abroad ; to walk or ride a little distance. To take air, is to be divulged ; to be made jmblic. AIR, r. t. To expose to the air ; to ^ve access to the ojien air; to ventilate; as, to air clotlies ; to atr a room. 9. To expose to heat ; to warm ; as, to air liquors. '3. To dry by a fire ; to expel dampness ; as, to air linen. XIR'A, n. Ilair-grass, a genus of plants. .^IR'-HAULOON'. See Balloon. AIR-BAt-LOON'IST, n. One who makes or uses air-b:illoons. Kirby. AIR'-BLAD-DER, n. A vesicle or cuticle filled with air, as the cells of the lungs. Arbuthnot. 3. The bladder of a fish, containing air, by which it is enabled to maintain its eqi|Uibriuiii in the wa- ter, AIU'-nORN, a. Bom of tlie air. CongrevA, AlR'-B6Ri\E, a. Borne in or bv the air. AIK'-BRA V-liN'G, a. Bniviug the winds. Shak. AIH'-BUILT, (-bilt,)fl. Erected in the air ; Iuivuilmio solid foundation ; chimerical ; as, an air-buUl castle ; air-built hopes. AIU'-CELLS, n. pL Cavities or cells containmg air. In plantjij certain cavities in the cclluliir tissue, by which they are rendered buoyant in water ; in bird^, the same as the air-sacs ; in iiuscctsj dilatations of the air-vessels. AIR'-DRAWN, a. Drawn in air ; imaginary. Shak. AIR'/;IJ, pp. Ex[>osed to air ; cleansed by air ; heat- ed or dried by exposure to a fire ; ventilated. AIR'KR, n. One who exposes to the air. 2. A frame on which clothes are aired. AIR'-GUN, 71. A pneumatic engine, resembling a mufket, to discharge bullets by means of ttie el.istic force of compressed air. Kncf/c AIR'-IIOLD-ER, n. [air and A^W.] An instniment for holding air, for the purpose of counteracting the pressure of a decreasing column of merrur>-. Clajjjield. Davy. AIR'-HOLE, n. An opening to admit or discharge air. AIH'I-LY, euiv. In an airy manner. AIR'I-NESS, n. Exiwsure to a free current of air; openness to the air ; as, the airiness of a country- seat. 2. Gayety ; levity ; as, the airiMss of young per- sons. AIR'ING, ppr. Exposing to the air ; wanning ; dry- ing. AIR'ING, n. An exposure to the air, or to a fire, for wanning or drying ; also, a walk or ride in the open air ; a short excursion. The exercise of horses in the open air. AIR'^ACK-ET, n. A jacket having air-tight cells or cavities which can be filled with air, to render per- sons buoyant in swimming. Ennjc. AIR'LESS, a. Not open to a free current of air; wanting fresh air, or communication with open air. AIR'IilNG, 71, A thoughtless, gay person. Jortson. AIR'-PIPE, n. A pipe ujied to draw foul air from a ship's hold, by means of a communication witli the furnace, and the rarefaction of the air by fire. This pi|>e is intendfd to supply the combustion with the air of the hold, by preventing the access of other air to the fin?. Enx:yc. AIR'-PLA\T, n. A name given to certain plants, which will grow for a long time, without being root- ed in earth, or in any other substance. They have been supposi-d to derive their nourishment wholly from the air ; but, in many cases, it comes from otli- er plants, or from vegetable matter, with which they are in contact. Brande. AIR'-POISE, 7t. [air and poUe.! An instrument to measure the weight of the air. AIR'-PUMP, 7U A machine for exhausting the air of a vessel. The machines for this purpose are of dif- ferent constructions. AIR'-SA€S, n. pi. Air-bags, in birds, which are cer- tain receptacles of air, or vesicles iodqed in the fleshy parts, in the hollow bones, and in the abdomen, wiiich all communicate with the liinirs. Th^'se are supposed to n^nder the body sperific:illy lit'hter, and to supply the place of a musctUar diaphragm. Knrvr.. FATE, FAR, F^LI^ WH.^T MeTE, PRgY PIXE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQI.F, BQ^K.. ALA AIR'-SHAFT, «. A passage for air into a mine, usu- ally opened in a p<^rp'''i'li<^'ular direction, and nteet- ing the aditg or tiorizunt^tl passages, to cau^ a free circulation of fresh air througli the mine. Eneyc JIR-eLACK'£D, C-slakt',) a. t-lacked or pulverized by expitsure to the air ; as, air-slacked lime. JIR'->STIR-RING, (-stur-ring,) a. Putting the air in motion. May. aiR'-THREAD, n. A name given to the spider's webs, which are ofUn seen floating in the air, and serve to support tlie spider when in quest of prey. Eitcyc. AIR'-THREAT'EN-ING, (-thret'ning,) a. Threat- ening the air ; lolliy. Todd, AIR'-TIGUT, C-tite,) a. [air and tiffhtl So tight or comiKict as to be impermeable to air. . ilR'-TRAP, 7u A contrivance fur the escape of foul air from drains, sewers, &c. AIR'-VES-SEL, !i. In plants, a spiral duct contain- ing air, and supposed to be analogous to tliu lungs in animals. Encyc. 2. In insects, a tube or trachea, by which air is conveyed through the body, for the purpose of res- fiimtion. t'Y, a. Consisting of air; as, an ain/ substance. 2. Relating or belonging to air ; high in air; as, an airy flight ; airy region. 3. Open lu a free current of air ; as, an airy situ- ation. 4. Light as air ; resembling air ; thin ; unsubstan- tial ; without Solidity; as, airy ghosts. An airy dress is one which admits air, and is cool. 5. Without reality ; having no solid foundation ; vain ; trifling ; as, an airy scheme ; airy notions. 6. Gay ; sprightly ; full of vivacity and levity ; light of heart ; lively ; as, an airy girl. ilR'Y, or A'E-RIE, n. [See Aerie.] Among ityortsmen, the nest of the hawk or eagle. ArR'V-FLY-I.NG, a. Flying like air. Tfuniuon. AISLE, or AILE, (ile,) n. [Fr. aile, a wing ; L. ala.] 1. In architecture, a tenn applied to the side por- tions of a cJmrch, in distinction from the central portion or nave. F. Cyc 2. A walk or pa.«cn ; as a door. A-JA'VA, n. The seed of a plant brought from Mal- abar, said to be an excellent carminative, and very useful in the colic. Q.uinqt- A-JC'GA, n. Itugle ; a genus of plants. Encyc. AJ'U-TAGE, or AD'Jti-TACE, n. [Fr. from ajouUry to juin.l A tube ntted to the mouth of a ves.sel, through which the water of a fountain is to he played. A-KL\', a. [a, or of, and kin. See Kin.] 1. Rclat'-d by bltKHl, used of persons ■ as, the two families are near aiiin. 2. Allied by nature ; partaking of the same prof^ ertiea ; as, envy and jealousy are near akin. [tMb adjective is used only after the noun.] AL ; in Jlrabic, an adjective or ins«-parabte prefix, an- swering to the Italian i/, and the Sp. rl and la. Its use is to render nouns definite, like the English Ote ; as, alkoran, the konin, or the bo4'>k, by eminence ; al- coety alchemy^ alembic, almanac. Sec. AL, in English, is sfinietiniei a contraction of the Sax. tttkel, noble or illustrious. More genenilly, aJ, in composition, Is a contraction of aid or alt, old, and it is prefixed to many names, as Jilburg. Sax. eald ; Germ, a/f, old. .^t, in the composition of Latin words, is written before I for ad, for the ease of pronunciation ; as in (Utevo, alludfl, for ad Uro, ad ludo. AL'A-BAS-TER, ti. [L., from Or. aXaSaTpov t sup- posed to be from 1, privative, and Xaiiff-tv^i}, to take or hold, and to be so named from its smoothness, or from ves;ellu- cid, but sometimes yelli»w, red, or gray. It is carved into vases, mantel ornaments, &.c. The name is occasionally npjJied incorrectly to a compact variety of carbonate of lime. Dana. Among antiquaries and artists, the name ala!>a^ter is given to varieties both of carbtmate of lime and gj-psum i the alabaster vcifsels of the ancienta hav- ing been formed of both those ciubstances. P. Cyc. A sub variety of carbonate of lime, found in large masses, formed by the deposition of calcareous par- ticles in caverns of limentone rocks. These concre- tions have a foliated, fibrous, or granular ii^tnicture, and are of a pure white color, or more generally they present shades of yellow, reo, or brown, in undula- ting or concentric stripes, or m spotH. Cleavelan/l. Among the ancients, alabaster was also the name ALA of a vessel in which odoriferous liquors were kept ; socilled from the stone of which it was made, ' Al- so, the name of a measure, containing leu ounces of wine, or nine of oil. Erteitc. Macquer. Plinv. AL'A-BAS-TER, a. Made of ulabaster, or resembling it. Addison. Alabastruin dendroide: a kind of laminated alabas- ter, variegated witij figures of shrubs and trees, found in the province of Hohcnstein. Encyc. AL^A-HAS'TRI-AN,a. Pertaining to or like alabaster, AL-AB AS 'TRITE, n. A vase, box, or other vessel of alabaster, used by tlie Greeks and Romans for holding periumes. Eluies. A-LACK', exclam. [Per. jJaLA halaka, perdition, de- stniction, and alaksadan, to perish.] An exclamation expressive of sorrow. A-L.'\CK'A-DAY ; an exclamation uttered to express regret or sorrow. A-LAC'RI-OUS, a. Cheerful. A-LAC'RI-OUS-LY, adc. With alacrity ; cheerfully. A-LAC'RI-OUS-NESS, n. Briskness. [A^i useit,] A-LAC'RI-TY, n. [L. uiacritti.t, from alacrr, alacris.] Cheerfulness; gayety; sprightliness ; more usually, a cheerful readiness or pnunptilude to do some act ; cheerful willingness ; as, tlie soldiers advanced with alacrity to meet the enemy. A-LAD'IN-ISTS, n. pU Free thinkers among the Mo- hammedans. Encyc. AL'A-LH'E, n. A bright green variety of pyroxene, in prisms ; obtained lirst near the village of Ala, in Piedmont. Cleaveland, X-LA-MI'RE, (a-la-me'ra,) 71. The lowest note but one in Guidu .Aretine's scale of nmsic. Johnson. AL-A-MoDE',o^f. [Fr. d la morfe,aaerthe fashion.] According to the fashion or prevailing mode. Whitlock. AL-A-MoDE', n. A thin gloiisy black silk for hoods, scarfs, &c. X-LA-MORT', a. [Fr. d la morW] Depressed ; mel- ancholy. A-LANI>', adv. At or on land. Sidney. A-LAN'TirV, n. An amylaceous or starchy sub- stance extracted from the root of the Angelica arch- angi'lica ; identical with Inulin. A'LAR,a. [L. a/a, a wiug.] Pertaining to, or having AL'A-RY, a. Of the nature of wings. [wings. A-LARM', w. [Dan. larm, noise, bustle, alarm i larme, to make a noise or btwtle, to alarm; G. Idnn, Idrmen, id. ; Sw. larm, larina^ id. ; Fr. alarme, alar- mer; Sp. alarma, alarmar ; It. aJlarme, allarmare ; W. alarm, a great shout, compounded of al, very, most, and gnrm, an outcry. The Welsh gives the true origin and priuiary signification.] 1. Any sound, outcry, or information, intended to give notice of approaching danger ; as, to sound an alarm. 2. A summons to arms. Dryden. 3. Sudden surprise with fear or terror ; as, the fire of the enemy excited an alarm. 4. Terror ; a sensation excited by an apprehen- sion of danger, from whatever cause ; as, we felt an alarm at the cry of fire. .^ A mechanical contrivance for awaking persons from sleep, or rousing their attention. (i. In fencing, an a|»|»eal or challenge. Encyc. A-LARM', p. t. To give notice of danger ; to rouse to vigilance, and exertions for safety, 2. To call to arms for defense. 3, To suri>rise with ajiprehension of danger; to disturb with terror; to fill with anxiety by the pros- pect of evil. A-LAR.M'-BELL, ji. A bell that gives notice of dangtrr. A-LARM'-GLOCK, n. A cI(M-k which can be so set as to ring loudly at a particular hour, to wake from sleep, or excite alt«-nlion. A-LXR.\I'Kl->, p/i. Notified of stidden danger; sur- prised with fear; roused to vigilance or activity by apprehension of approaching danger; solicitous at Uje prospect or cxpectiition of evil. Thus, we are alarmed at the approach of danger, or alarmed for the safety of friends at sea- A-LXRM'Cn'*5, /'/"■• Giving notice of approaching danger; rousing to vigilance ; exciting solicitude by a prospect of evil, A-LARM'IXG, 0, Exciting apprehension; terrify- ing; awakening a sense of danger ; as, an a^armtn^ message. A LARM'IXG-LY, adv. With alarm; in a manner to excite apprehension. A-LaR.M'IST, n. One that excites alarm. A-LXRM'-PCHT, n. A pluce to which troops are to repair in cases of an alarm. A-LAR.M'-WATCH, n. A watch that can be so set a» to strike frequently ut a particular hour, to awaken attention. A-LAR'UM, for Alarm, is a corruption, and is not to be used. A-LAS', exclam. [Dutch, hr.laas ; Fr. kclas.] An exclamation expressive of sorrow, grief, pity, concern, or apprehension of evil; sometimes fol- ALB lowed hy day or ichite; alas the day, Vike alack a day j or altis Oie. wh'de, \_Obs.\ Spenser, expressing an un- happy time, A-LAf E', adv. Lately. [JVot used.] A'LA-TED ( "• ^^' °'°» * wing ; alctus, winged.] In nutarat history, winged ; bordered by a mem- branous or leafy expansion. Brands. AL-A-TER'NUS, n. The trivial name of a species df Rhamnus or buckthorn. ALB, n. [L. albus, Gr. aXfo^, white.] A tunic or vestment of white linen, reaching to the feet, worn by the Roman Catholic clergy. Also, a Turkish coin, c.-ilied also an (wpcr, value one hun- dred and twelve mills. AL'BA-TROSS, it. An aquatic fowl, belonging to the order of Anseres. The bill is straight ; the upper mandible crooked at the point, and the lower one truncated ; the nostrils are oval, open, and but little prominent, and placed on the sides; the wings are pennated, and there are three webbed toes on each foot. The upper part of the body is sometimes white, but usually of a spotted brown, and the belly white. It is of the size of a pelican or larger, very voracious, preying on fish and small water fowls. These fowls are seen in great numbers about the capes of the two continents, and on the north- eastern shores of Asia. They are sometimes called the great gull. Encyc. AL-Bk'1T. [This is supposed to be a compound of all, be, and U, and is equivalent to admit, or grant it all.] Be it so ; admit all that ; although ; notwith- standing. WhercM ye say, Tho Lord uulb it, aibeil I have not apoItMi. — K.i. xiU. [This trord is nearly antiquated.] AL-BES'CENT, a. [L. aibesco, to grow white.] Becoming white ; or rather, whitish ; moderate- ly white. Enaie. AL'BI-CoRE, JI. [Port, albacor; al and bacoro, a lit- tle pig.] A marine fish, like a tunny, noted for following ships. AI^BI FI CA'TION, n. The act of making white, AL-BI-lids, and which e.\i8t^ nearly pure in the while of an egg. A substance, piissessmg the same or similar proiR-rtie*, occurs m a [wozimale principle iu vegetables. 3. In boUttf, a subsUince iuterjKwed between Ihe embrj-o and integiiment of the se^, in SQine plants. It furois the bulk of tba 8ee4 in corn, co^e, Ute cocoa-nut, and tlie cacas. Alr-BC'MIN-OL'S, a. Pertaining to, or having the pi\>pi^riiej of albumen. AL'BURX, a. Auburn. JQwyc AlrBUR.N'X'M, M. [U, from a26w, whUe.] The white and suAer part 'trate of a tiiwn or city ; alM), the jurimlictton of certain judges of app«U. In Spain^ the povemur of a cas- tle or fort ; also, a jailer. S/wiiu and Port, Diet, AL-CAL'PE. n. [Sj*.] In ;%'a<», a niafiistnite or ju»L r.l has been i>omt-timfS improperly coti: < aUaid, P. Cjfc AL-t '. 1 I it, n. See Alkauxktcr. AL-CA-N -NA, n. [Arabic] A plmt, a species of Lawsonia ; and a powder, prepared from its leavt?s, osed by the Turkis^h female^i to ^ive a golden color to the nails and hair. Infused in water, it fonns a yellow color : with vinegar, it forms a red. In Cairo, it form^ an article of commerce. From the berries is extracted aji oil, used in medicine. The same as Hi?rf-MA'>:i-A\, a. Pertaining to Alcman, a l>'Hc poet of the twenty-seventh Olympiad, celebrated for his ain'^tous verses. The Alcmanian verse ALD consisted of six anapests or tlieir equivalent*", wanting the two last syllables. Encyc. AL'€0, If. A qunUrufR-d of America, nearly resem- bling a dog, but mute and melancholy ; and this circumstance seems to have given rise to the fa* ble that dogs tninsi»orlrd to America become mule. The animal was used for foiMl by the native Ameri- cans, and the first Sjianish settlers ; but it is said to be now extinct. It is known also by the name of TecAicAi. Clavigero. AL'eO-HOL, a. [Ar. y^x^^s kahala ; Ileb. Syr. and Eth. S^O, to paint with a preparation of powder of antimony. The Oriental females still practice the painting of the eyebn.»ws with this material. The name was applied to this substance, and afterward to other fine powders, and to high- ly rectified spirits.] Pure or highly rectified spirit, obtainetl from fer- mented liquors by distillation. It consists of hy- drogen, carbon, and oxygen. It is extremely light and infl.immable, and a ]K>werful stimulant and anti- septic. This is the usual sense of the word ; hut originally, in Arabic, it signified a fine, impnlimMe powder, in which sense it is still used. Kunic. AL.'€0-HOL-ATE, n. A salt in which alcoJiof ap- pears totai^e the place of the water of crystnlliza- tton. jSrande. AL-€O-H0L'ie, a. Pertoiniitg to alcohol, or [Hiriak- ing of lis qualities. Med. Rrp. AL-eO-HOL-I-ZA'TION, n. The act of rectifying spirit till it is wholly dephlegmaled ; or of reducing a substance to an impalpable powder. .\L'€0-HOI^IZE, r. t. To convert into alcohol ; to rectify spirit till it is wholly dephlegmaled ; also, to reduce a suhinance to an iniptilpabte powder. AL-€0-HOL'ME-TEK, n. An instrument for deter- mining the strencth of spirits, with a scale gradu- ated so as to indicate Ihe per-ceniagu of pure al- ctAol, either bv weiglit or volume. Ure. Al^CO-HOUMET'Rie-AL, a. Kelating to the al- coholmeler ; as, alcohulmetnatl labK*s. Ure.. AI,eO-MET'RIC-AL,a. Relating to the alcoomeU'r; as, alcometrieal tables. Ure. AI^€(>-0.\I'E-TER, ». [Fr.fl/c/»ofiii'(rc.] An instru- ment contrived by Gay-Lussac,fiir determining Ihe strengtli of spirits, by indicating the per-cenluge of pure alcohol by volume. * Ure. .\L'COR, n. [Ar.] A small star adjoining to the lorgc bright one in the middle of the tail of Ursa Major. Encyc. AL't'O-RAN. See Koba:? and Alkobai*. AL-€OVE' ! "• f^**" alcoba^ composed of oZ, with the Ar. i_0 Icabba, to arch, to construct with an arch, and its derivatives, an arch, a round hmise ; Eng. cubby.] 1 .\ recess, or part of a room, separated by an estrade, or partititm of columns, or by other corre- si»onding ornaments ; in which is placed a bed of state, and sometimes seats for company. The bed is sometimes raised two or three steps, with a rail at the foot. These are frequent in Spain. Ettcife. 2. A recess in a librarj', or small lateral apart- ment for books j or a similar recess in a room of any kind. 3. A covered building, or recess, in a garden. 4. A recess in a grove. AL'CY-ON, n. The trivial name of a species of king-fisher. [See Haix;tos.] Alr-C'Y-ON'ie, a. Pertaining to the Alcyonew, Q^t- eyoaium,) a group or familv of zoophytes, allied to AL'Cy-ON-lTE, n. [Swpra.'] [the sponges. A fossil zoophyte, somewhat resemblmg a fungus. J. of Science. AL-CY-6'Xl-UM, n. A family of zoophytes, branch- ing somewhat like a plant, and when alive covered with small pol>p.<, shaped like an exfuinded pink. AL-DE-Ba'R.V.\, h. A star of the first magnitude, situated in the eye of Taurus. It is the bright star in Ihe group of five, caUi.-d the Hyades. ■/". Cijc, AL'DER, 71. [L. ahtus ; Fr. aune, aulne ,- Sax. a/r.l A tree, usually growing in moist land, and be- longing to the genus Alnits. The name is applied also to some species of other genera. AL'DER; the ancient genitive plural of the Saxon " eo/, all. It was formerly prefixed to adjectives in the superlative ; as,a/der^'r.v(, first of all ; alder-bent^ best of all ; alder-liefest, or edder-lieveat, (from /*>/,) dearest of all. Toone. AL'DER-M,\X, »t.,-p/. Aldermew. [Sax. a?(/, or eaW, old, comp. alilrr, older, and man; G. alti D. oud.] 1. Among our Saxon ancestors, a senior or supe- rior. The title was applied to princes, dukes, earls, senators, and presiding magistrates; also tn arch- bishops and bishops, implying superior wisdom or authority. Thus Ethelstan, duke of the Easl- Anglians, was called alderman of all P^ngland: and there were aldermen of cities, counties, ana ALE castles, who had jurisdiction within their respec- tive districts. 2. In present usage^ a magistrate or officer of a town corporate, next in rank below the mayor. The number of aldermen is different in ditTerent cities. In London^ tlie number is twenty-six, one in each ward, and the office is held for life. Spelnian. Cowel, Encyc. In the United States, the number of aldermen depends on the charters of incorporation. In gen- eral, aldermen have the powers of a justice of the peace, nnd, with the mayor, they constitute the court of the corporation. In most of our cities they are annually elected by the citizens. AI/hEK-MAN-UKE, a. Like an alderman. AL'DKR-M.\N-LV, o. Pertaining to or like an al- derman. Swifi. AL'UEKX, fl. Made of alder. AL'DINE E-DI"TIOx\S, «. pL A term applied to those editions, chiefly of the classics, which pro- ceeded fnun the press of Aldus Manulius, of Venice, for the most part in the sixteenth century. The tenn has been recently applied to certain ele- gant editions of English works. ALE, n. [Sa\, eala, rate, or aloth ; G. dl ; Sw- Vl ; Dun. Vl; Ir. ol ; Ou. Ir. olam, to drink.] 1. A liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermentation. It ditJ'ers from beer in having a sTiiaJler proportion of hops, and hence being sweeter, and of a lighter color. It is of different sorts, chiefly paie and braicn ; the first, made from malt slightly dried ; the second, from malt more considerably dried or roasted. Ale was the common drink of the ancient inhabitants of Europe. It is usually made with barley ; but sometimes with wheat, rye, millet, oats, &.C. Encyc. 2. A merry meeting in English country places, so called from the liquor drank. Ben Jon,-ems. The Alexandrine in English consists of Iwi.-tvo syllables, and is less used than this kind of verse \^ among Ihe French, whose tragedies are genenilly composed of Alexan- o^', poison.] fixpelling or resisting poison; antidotal: also, sudorific ; that has the quality of expelling poison or infection by sweat. A-LEX-I-PHARM'ie, n. A medicine that is intended to obviate the effects of poinon ; an antidote Ut poison or infection. In the latter sense, applii-d to remedies in malignant fevers. By the Greeks, the word was used for an aniTilut. Quiney. Uneve. A-LEXITER'K; J«. [Cr. oXtK to expel, and A-LEX-I-Te'RI-AL, i 6n^'iTnf-'y\ poison.] Resisting poison , obviating the effects of venom. A-LEX-I-TER'IC, n. A medicine to resist the effects of poi^n, or the bite uf venomous animals ; nearly synonymous with aUxiplutrmic.. L'sed also by the Greeks for an amulet. Qutncu. Encuc. AL'GA, n. fL.] Hea-weed. AL'iiA^, n. pi. f I^.] A tribe of submersed or subaque- ourptants, inclciding Ilm sea-weeds, (Furu.*,) and the lavers, {Ulra^) growing in salt water, and the fresh- water conferva?. AL'GA-ROT, ) n. The nam« of an emetic powder. AL'GA-ROTH, \ a compr ; VV. all, other, and ail, second ; Arm. eel, all, eirudc ; Corn, grle : Gr. oAAos. Hence, L. aliens, to alienate ; n/f^r, another ; whence Ft. alterer, to alter; L. alterno, to alter, to alternate, and alterco, altcreor, to altercate. Eth. llfbA kalea, to alter, to change ; whence alius, another, the second , the first letter being lost, except in the Cornish and Armoric, as it is io all. iSeo Class Gl. No. 3(1, and Liidolf, Vial.] 1. Fr>reign ; not belonging to the same country, land, or government. 2. RelonEing to one who is not a ritizen. 3. E-traiiged ; foreign; nom in, or hetongiiig to, another country; one who is not a denizen, or entitled to the privileges of a citizen. 2. In Scripture.one who is a stranger to the church of Christ, or to the covenant of grate. At Unl Umf, yf w<-f wiihout Chriit, btlag alitff from lb« coniinCHiweuUh of ianwl. — Kph. it. In France, a child born of residents who are not citizens is an alietu In Great Britain, the children of aliens born in that country are mostly natu-Til bom subjects ; and the children of British suhjecU, owing alL'giance to the crown of England, though btjrn in other countries, are natunil subjects, and entitled to the privileges of resident citizens. Blackstonfi, Alien duty; a tax upon goods imported by aliens, beyond the duty on the like goods inipsed by laws or edicts on aliens. AL-IEN-A-BIL'I-TY, n. The capacity of being alien- ated or transferred. Tlie a!itnal»litt/ uf tli* doniciln. Durlt. AL'IEN-A-BLE, a. That may be sold or transferred to another; as, land is alienable according to ilie laws of Ihe state. AL'IEN-AGE, n. The state of being an alien. Why n-Wore csCttri lurli'iUblp on nccotinl ot'a.'unaje7 Story. AL'IEX-ATE, (Sl'yen-ate,) v. t. [L. alicno.'] 1. To tmnsfer title, properly, or rigiit to another: as, to alienate lauds, or sovereignty. 9. To estrange ; to withdraw, as the affections ; to make indillerent or averse, where love or friendship bt:(ore subsisted ; with from; as, to alienate Ihe heart or affections ; to alienate a man fro/n the friends of his youth. 3. To apply to a wrong use. T[>?y shall not alunatt Uk- fim ftiiii AL'IEX-ATE, a. [L. alienatus.^ Estranged ; withdrawn from ; stranger to : with from. MUhn. Estranged ; withdrawn ; trans- i>f the !wid. — Kick. xlTiij. O arutiaU from Ood, Bpirit ficciirat. The Whiji were aiUmtt/roin truth. Estranging; transferring to AL'IEX-A-TED, pp. ferred to anolher. AL'IEN-A-TIXG, ppr. another. AL-IEN-A'TION, ti. [L. alienatio.] 1. A transfer of title, or a legal conveyance of proi>. erty to another. 2. The state of being alienated. 3. A withdrawing or estrangement, as of the heart or affections. 4. Delirium; derangement of mental fnnillies ; insanity. Hooker. Ahenation-office, in Great Britain, is an office to which all writs of covenant and entrj-, on which fines are levieil and recoveries suffered^ are carried, to have fines for alienation set and paid thereon. Eneyc. AL'IEX-A-TOR, ju One that alienates or transfer! property. fVarUm. AL-IENE', (ale-yCen',) v.t. [L. aliena.] 1. To translo"r title or pro|>erty to another; to sell. Nor could h« tliins dw »(atc cYt-n with the coiii*ml of the '"r^l. BlackMton: Q. To eslran;*'? ; to make averse or indifferent ; to turn the affections from. The prince was o/ufncd Ironi sll tlioughto of the mnrrin jfc. ClaTttidon. In this sense, it is more common to nse alienate. AL-IEN-SE', n. One to whom llie title of property is tnms ferred. If th? aiitnft enXfn niul kiVjn poMOBsiou. Blaekttojtx, AL'IEN-IS.M, (iryen-izm,) ti. The slate of being an alien. The li wnt rery jcnUe \a the conitmction of Uw (li*iliIUy of nhtuisi... iUtit. A'LTFE', adv. \a, or on, and Vife.'l On my life. Shak. A-LIF'ER-OUH, a. [I,, ala, wing, and fero, to bear.] Having w'ngK. Ah'I-FORlVI, -£D, a. Having ilie same mind ; but LiKE-MiTfDSD is nioTe p;enerally used. AL'I-AIENT, n. [L. alimfntum^ from o/o, to feed ; Ir. aiaim^ adiiB^ otaiMy to faed or uur»e.J That which nourish*^ ; ftxHJ ; nutriment ; any t^ing which feaiia or adds to a sub^iauco, animal Of veeelable, in uatuni) ^iwtb. AL-I-ME\T'AL, a. Supplymgfoud ; tliat box llie qual- ity of nourishing ^ that fumishcji the nuiterial^ fur natural f^owth ; ax^ chylo is alimentai ; aUmeiual sap. AL-I-ME-NT'AL-LV, adc. i^o as to sen*e fur nour- ishment or foihl. AI^I-ME\T'A-RI-XESS, n. The quaUty of nipply- ing nuirimenu AL-I-ME.\T'A-RV, a. Pertaining to aliment or food ^ baring the quality of nourishing ; a«, aiime/ttarj particle*. The aliwtaitar]f eaaa/f in animal bodies, is the grcm duct or intestine, by which alinenls are conveyed through tha body, and the uielen puu evacuated. Mtment^T/ 1««, among Uu Soaunu^ was a law which oblifed children to support their parent:>. £««yr. OtSgmti^m ^^imtmt, ui Scots Lir, is tht* natural obli- ntion oTpafenta to provide f^ir their children. Encvc AUI-MENT-A'TIOX, n. The act or power of aflord- inc nntrimenL a. The stale of b<>ing nourished. Johnson, Bacon, AL-f-ME.NT'lVE-XESS, a. A word invented by phrenolo$!ii . ^«''- Bmnde, AL'KA-HEST, n. [Arab.] A univer^ solvent ; a mf-nstruum capable of dis- solviog all bodies, which Panicelsus and Van Hel- mont pretended they possessed. This prt tense no \otijtt;i imposes on the credulity of any man. The word is sometimes used for fixed salts volatil- fe^d. Biicuc AL-KA-KE.ST'I€, o. Pertaining to the alkahest ALr-KA-LES'CE\-Cr, b. fS. .i Ai-kali.] A tendency to become alkaline j or a tendency to the properties of an alkali; or the slate of a sub- wan -e in which alkaline properties begin to be de- veloi-ed, or to be predominant. fj^e. ALL ALL AL-KA-LES'CENT, a. Tending to tllo properties of an alkuli ; sligtuly alkaline. AL'KA-LI, (-II or -le,) k. ; pi. Ai.»»uis, [At. ^- fct/i, with the common prefix, the plant called glass- mort, from its use in the manufacture of plass ; or iho ashes of the plant, which ceems to be its primi- tive sense, for the verb signifies (*i /«/.] A salifiable base, having in a greater or k-'s de- gree a peculiar acrid taste, the p«»wer of changing blue vegetable colors lo a gre«!n,and the color of tur- meric and rhubarb to a brown, ^ome chemists com- pebend all salifiable bases under this name. AL'KA-LI-FI-A-BLE, a. That may bo alkalifiod, or converted into an alkali. AL'KA-U-FI-£D, ;»;»• Converted into alkali. AL'KA-LI-FY, c. t. To form, or to convert Into an alkali. AL KA-LI-F?, r. i. To become an alkali. AL-KA-LIi5'K-XOU5, a. [oiAo/i, and viicaw, lo gon- eutie.l Prv»ducing or generating alkali. Atf-KA-LIM'E-TEU, iu [ulla/i,and Gr. lurpov. meas- ure,] An instrument for ascertaininc the strenpth of al- kalies, or the qu.iutity of alkali in poto^ih and soda. Ure. AL-KA-LIM'E-TRY, n. The art of ascertaining the strength of alkalies. McCulloch, AL'KA-LINE, (-Ine or -in,) o. Having the properties ol alk.tli. AL-KA-LI\'I-TY, «. The quality which constitutes an alkali. Thomson, AI*-KA'LI-OL'S, m. Having the properties of alkali. AL'K.\-LI-ZATE, a. Alkaline ; itnpregiiated with alkali. [Ob.^,] Boyle. JVcwton, AL-KA-Lr-ZA'T10\, n. The act of rendering alka- line by impregnating with an alkali. AL'KA-LIZB, r. (. [and formerly Alkalizate.] To make alkaline ; to communicate the properties of an alkali to, by mixture. AL'KA-LOID, II. A salifiable base formed and exist- ing in some vegetables a.s a proximate principle, and having only in a slight decree the pc'culiar proiwrties of an alkali. The alkaloids are numerous. .\ll, which have been accurately analyzed, are com- posed of cjubon, hydnigen, nitroeen, and oxygen, and their diiferences, in comparison with each other, depend upon a variation iu the proportions of their componeiit elemenl>t. AL'iCA-NET, n. A pl.'int;a species of anchusa. The root is u^sed to imjiart a deep red color to oily sub- stances, ointnK>nts, plasters, fcc Encye. 2. A reddish-purple dye, obtained from the root of the plant. ^ Braiide. AI/-KE-KE.\'t»I, N. The winter cherry, a species of Pbysalij*. The plant bears a near resemblance to so- lanum, or nightshade. The berry is medicinal. Chambers. AL-KEN'XA, > n. A si>ecies of Lawsonia. The pul AL-HE.\'NA, i verixed leavesof this plant are much used by the Eastern nations for staining tlieir nails yellow. The piiwder, being wet, farms a paste, which is bound on the naiU for a night, and the col- or thus given will la:jt several weeks. The same as henna, Encyc, .■VL-KERM'eS, a. [Arab. See Kermes.I In pharmacy^ a compound cordial, in the form of a confection, deriving its name from the kermes ber- ries, its principal ingredienL Its other ingredients are said to be pippin-cider, rose-water, sugar, amber- gris, musk, cinnamon, al-. It is all one, is a phrase equivalent lo the same thing in effect ; that is, it is irhoUy the same thing. Jill t!t€ better, is equivalent to wholly the better: that is, better by the whole difference. ALL, n. The whole number; as, all have not the same dispoi^ition ; that is, all men. 2. The whole; the entire thing; the aggregate amount ; as, our all is at stake. Ami Lnhon taiJ, AU that Uwii aecrt U mirw. — Gen. xxxl. This adjective is much used as a noun, and ap- plied to persons or things j^U in all, is a phrase which signifies, all things to a person, or every thing desired. Thou mhalt Ik ail in all, aiiil 1 ia ihec, Wh'-n the words ami all close an enumeration of particulars, the won! all is either intensive, or is add- ed as a general term to express what is not enumer- ated ; as, a tree fell, nest, eagles, and alt. U E.,itranrre., Jit all, is a phrase much used by way of enforce- mr-nl or emphaifis, usually in negative or interroga- tive sentences. He has no ambition at all ; that is, not in the least degree. Has he any properly at alii Jill and some, in Sponser, Mason interpret:-, one and all. ilut from Lye's Saxon Dictionary, it app<:ar8 tlial Ihe phrane is a corruption of the Sax. eatle a:t somne, all together, all at once, from soinne, together, at once. [See Lye, under Samiie.] .SU in the. vind, in seamen's language, is a phrase denoting that the sails are parallel wiih the course of the wind, so as to shake. J^Jar. Diet. Jill is well, is a watchman's phrase, expressing a state of safety. .dtl, in composition, enlarges the meaning, or adds force to a word ; and it is generally more emphatiral than inoxL In some instances, all is incorporated in- to words, as in almighty, already, always ; but in most instances, it is an adjective prefixed to othc;r words, but s-'iMirated by a hyphen. ALI^A-BA^''DON-£D, a. Abandoned by all. Skelttm. ALL-AB-HOR'R^m, a. Detested by all. ShaJi. ALL-AB-SORlt'ING, a. Engrossing; tliat drowns or supersedes all other considerations. ALI^A€eOM'PLISH-/;D, a. Fully accomplished; whose education is highly finished or complete. ALL-AD-MTR'I\G, a. Wholly admiring. Hhak. ALL-AD- VlS'£D, a. Advisetl by all. tVarburton. ALL-A-MORT'. [See Alamort.] ALI^AP-rR5V'/:D, a. Approved by all. More, .\LL~A-TON'iNG, a. Atoning for ail ; making com- plete atonement. Dryden. ALL-BEAR'ING, a. Producing every thing; oinnipa- rous. jMarAon. ALL-BEAC'TE-OUS, a. Perfectly beautil'nl. Ptrpe. ALI^BE-HOLD'L\G, a. Beholding or seeing all Ihine?. Drayton. ALL-BLAST'ING, a. Blasting all; defaming or de- stroying all. Marston. ALL-nOU.\'TE-OUS, )a, Perfectlv bountiful ; ofin- ALL-BOtJiS'TI-FyL, \ finite bounty. ALL-CHA.\G'I.\G, a. Perpetually changing. Shak, ALI,-CHEER'Ii\G, a. That cheers all ; that gives gayety or cheerfulness to all. Sltak. ALI^t'OM-MAND'ING, a. Having command or sov- ereignty over all. Raleitrh, ALL-t,'OM-PL^^t\G, a. Complying in every respect. More. ALL-COM-POS'ING, a. That makes all tranquil or peaceful. Cra-ltatt. ALL-eOM-PRE-HEXD'IXG, a. Comprehending all things. FAT E, FAR, FALL, WH^ T. — METE, PREY — FIXE, MARIXE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOA% WQLF, BQQK. 3i ' ■ T=^^:r=T^ ALL ALI^eOM-PRE-HEX'SIVE, a. Comprehending all thinfr-s. QtanvtUe. ALL-COX-CeAL'IXG, a. Hiding or concealing all. Spetiser, ALL-eON'aUER-lSG, {-konk'er-,) a. That subdues alL Milttm. ALlr^ON'BCIOUS, «. Conscious of all ; all-know- ing. ALL-eOX-STRJIN'ING, a. Constraining all. ALL-eOX-SOM'ING, a. That consumes or devours all. Pope. ALL-CON-TROU-'ING, a. Controlling all. Everett. ALLt-DaR'ING, a. Daring to attempt ever>- thing. Jon^on, ALL-DE-SIGN'ING, a. Designing all things. ALL.-DE-STH0Y'1XG, a. Destroying everj- thing. Fan^hatc. ALL-DEV'AS-T.^-TIXG, a. Wasting even thing. ALL-DE-VOUB'IXG, a. Eating or consuming all. Pupe. ALL-DIM'MIXG, a. Obscuring every thing. Marstpit, ALL-DI-RECT'IXG, a. Directing all ; governing all things. ALL-DIS-CERX'IXG, a. Discerning every thing. ALI^DIS-COV'ER-IXG, a. Disco\-ering or disclosing ever>' thing. More. ALL-I)IS-GRA'C£D, a. Completely disgraced. Shai. ALI^DIS-PE.VS'IXG, a. Dispensing all things; af- furdine dispensation or permission. MiUim. ALL-I>I-VT.\E', a. Suprenielv excellent. HowclL AIJ^DI-V7X'IXG, a. Foretelling all things. Fan-sJuitp. ALL-DREAD'ED, a. Dreaded by all. Shot. ALlr-EF-FI-CA'CIOUS, a. Having all efficacy. EreretL ALI^EP-FI"CIEXT, a. Of perfect or unlimited effi- cacy or efficiency. ALI^EL'0-aUE.NT, a. Eloquent in the highest de- gree. Pope. ALL-EM-BRA'CIXG, o. Embracing all things, Cra^Aato. ALL-E.\D'I.\G, a. Putting an end to all things. S/iak. ALL-EN-UGHT'£N-ING, a. Enlightening all Uiings. Cottmt. ALb-E.V-RAG'ED, a. Highly enraged. Hatt. ALr^ES-SE.N'TI.\L, £1. WhoUy essential. Everett. ALL-FLAM^XG, a. naming m all directions. BeaujrumL ALI^FOOW-DAV, n. The first of April. AlJ>-FOK-GIV'IXG, a. Forgiving or pardoning alL Z>rgden. ALI^FOI'R*', n. [oU and fiur.] A game at cards, played by two or four persons ; so called from the four chanr».-fl of which it consists, viz. High, I.OW, Jack, and the Game. To go OH itUfoura^ is to move or walk on four legs, or on the two legs and two anns. ALI^GIV'F.R,ii. The giver of all things. MUtim. AI,b-f;l.fi'KI()US, a. t;lorious to the full extent. AI,I^<;QOU', a. t'ompleU'ly good. Dn/drn. AI.L-GOQI)', n. The popular nameof the plant Good- Henry, or English Mercury, Chenopodium bonut Hen- fWIW. ALLMJRA'CIOU.S, a. Perfectly gracious. At.Lr-GUID'lXG, a. Guiding or couducting all things. Handys. ALI^HATL', eirl. {alt and Sax. lurl, health.] /Ml health ; a phrase of salutation, expressing a wish of all healthy or safety, to the [lerson addressed. ALI^MAI-'IXiW, j n. AllSatnts-dav, the first of ALI^HAI^'LOVVS, i November; a ^ast dedicated to all the saints in general. {CollaqujaL.'\ ALI^IIAL'I,mV-TIUE, n. [T,d, in Sax., is tons.] The time near All-.'^aints, or Xovember first. AI.I.-I1AP'PY, a. Completely happy. ALI^IIicAI.', 77. The popular name of several plants. ALI^IIkAL'I.SG, o. Healing all things. Stidrn. ALL-IIEI.P'I.NG, a. Assisting all. &-;,/rii. Al.l^ltlD'I.NG. a. Concealing all things. !>Aa*. ] AI.I^HOL'LOW, orfr. Entirely ; completely ; as, to I beat any one all-lujUov. I ALI^Hl^'LV, a. Completely, jicrferlly holy. AI.I^HON'OK KD, (.on'ord,) a. Honored by all. ALI^HI'RT'l.NG.n. Hurting all things. SlmJ:. ALL-I'DOl-r-IZ-IXG, a. Worshiping every thing. Crmluiir. AJ^L-IL-LC'MIX-A-TIXC, a. Enlightening every thing. ALL,-I.M'I-TA-T[XG, a. Imitating every thing. .^fore. ALL.«M-POK'TA.NT, a. Important above all things ; extremely impf7rt.Tnt. Everett. ALI.-l.M-I'RESH'lVK, a. Impressive to the utmost extent. ALI^l.N-FORM'IXG, a. Actuating all by vital ptiw- en. Sandiin. ALL-IN'TER-EST-ING, a. Interesting in the higli- est degree. ALL-l.VTER'PRBT-INC, o. Explaining alt thlngiL MUltm. ALL ALL-^UDf^'ING, a. Judging all ; possessing the sov- ereign right of judging. Rowc ALL-JUST', a. Perfectly just. ALL-KiN'D' a. Perfectly kind or benevolent, ALL-KNOW 'ING, a. Iiaving all knowledge ; om- niscient. JJtterbury. ALL-Lr'CENS-£D, o. Licensed to everything. Sfiak. ALL-Lf^V'IKG, a. Of infinite love. More.. ALL-AIAK'ING, a. Making or creating all ; oninific. £>rydeiu ALL-MA-TCR'ING, a Maturing all things. Dnjden. ALL-MER'CI-FJJL, a. Of perfect mercy or compas- sion. ALL-MUR'DER-ING, a. Killing or destroying every thing. FanshaiB. ALL-(KBk'DI-E\T, a. Entirely obedient. Cr(L' place. Allen. ALL-PTkR'CING, a. Piercing ever^- thing. Marston, ALL-Po'TE\T, 0. Having all power. Irving. ALL-POW'ER-FJJL, a. Almighty; omnipotent. SwifU ALL-PRAIS'£D, a. Praised by all. Shak, ALLr-PRES'E.VT, a. OinniprertenL ALL-PRO-TECT'ING, a. FurniaJ^'ne complete pro- tection. ALL-ROL'ING, a. Governing all things. M'dton. ALI^SA-GA'CIOUS, a. Having all sagacitj' ; uf per- fect discernment. ALL-SAINTS'-n.^V, n. The first day of November, called , also, .4//-Aa/^ic5 ; a feast in honor of all the saints. ALL-SANC'TI-F^-ING, a. Sanctifting the whole. ^ WesL ALI^SAV'ING, a. Saving nil. Sclden. ALL-.*njden. ALL-.*KEIt', «. One ttirit sees ever>' thing. Shak. ALL-.«HAK'ING, a. Phalcing all things. Shak. ALlv-SMROUD'iNG, a. Shrouding; covering all things. ALL-S1IUN'N/:D, a. Shunned bv all. Shak. ALL-SOULS'-DAY, n. The second day of Novem- ber ; a feast or solenmity held by the Roman Catholic church, to supplicate fur tlie sould of the faitliful do- ceased. AIjL'SPK'E, n. The berry of the pimento, a tree of the West Indies ; a spice of a niililly pungrnt taste, and agreeably aromatic. It has been si]p[>osed to combine the flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves ; and hence the name. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. ALL-SUB-MIS'SIVE, a. Wholly submisiiive. ALL-i3UF-Fl"CIEN-CY,«. Complete or infinite abil- ity. I/alL ALI^'^UF-F1"CIENT, a. Sufficient to every thing ; infiniu-lv able. /looker. ALL-SUF-Fi"CIENT, n. The all-sufficient Being ; (iod. fVJiitloek. ALL-SUR ROUND'ING,a. Encompassing the whole. ALI>-Si;it-VEY'!NG, (-«ur-va'ing,)a. [See Subvkv.] Survcving every thing. Sandys, ALL-SCJS-TAIN'ING, a. Upholding all things. Beaumont. ALL-TELL'L\G, a. Telling or divulging every thing. Siiak. ALT^TRI'UMPH-rNG, a. Triumphant every where or over nil. Jonsnn. ALI.,-VVATCn'KD, a. Wntehed throughout. Shah. ALL-VVfsE' o. Poase.nsrd of infinite wisdom. South. ALI.r-VVIT''] ED, a. Having all kindti of wil. Jtinnon. AI.L-WOR'SHIP-iCD, (wur'ehipt,) a. VV'orshi|>ed or adonrd bv all. Milton. ALI^VVOR'TII Y, a. Of infinite worth ; of the high- est worth. AL'LA-GITE, n. An impure, brownish variety of manganese spar. Dana. AL'LAlI, R The Arabic name of the Supreme Be- ing. AL'LAN-ITE, ir. An ore of the metals cerium and lantlinnuni, having a piteh-blark or brownish color. It was first dittcovered, as a sjwcies, by Mr. Allan, of Edinburgh. Dana. AL-LAN-TO'IC, a. Pertaining to or ronlaineJ in iho allantnis. AIj-I.AN-TO'IC acid, n. An arid of animal origin, found in the liquor of the allantois of the fetal khu. [See Aj.LANToii.1 This is the same acid which waa formerly called amniotic acid. ALL AL-LAN-TOIS' ) n. [Gr. a>>a(, a sausage, and AL-LAN-TOID'; j ct.5«?, form.} A thin tuembrano, situated bL-tween the chorion and amnion in quadrupeds, and forming one of the membranes which invest the fetus in those animals. Ed. Encyc AL'LA-TRATE, v. U [L. allatro.'] To bark, as a dog. [J^'ot used.\ Stubbes. AL-LAY', r. t, [Sax. alecgan, alegan, to lay, to set, to d :-press, lecgan, to lay, to cast or strike down ; G. te- gCHf D. leggctiy to lay ; Gr. Xey (■'. The Fr. aWicr, to alloy, Sp. llgar, seems to be directly from the L.Ugo^ to bind ; but this may be ttie same word differently applied, that is, to si^t, to fix, to make fiwt, to unite. Allay and allotf were formerly used indifferently ; but I have recognized an entire distinction between them, applying alloy to metals.] 1. To nrike quiet ; to pacify or appease ; as, to al- lay the tumult of the passions, or to allay civil com- motions. 2. To abate, mitigate, subdue, or destroy ; as, to ol- lay grief or pain. FcmaleB, wlio BolWn aud allay the Uttcmoa of adrcnKy. Ravtl*. 3. To obtund or repress, as acrimony ; as, to aZIay the acrid qualities of a sulistance. 4. Formerly, to reduce the purity of; as, to aUay metals. But in this sense aUoy is now exclusively used. [See Alloy.] AL-LAY', n. Formerly, a baser metal mi-ted with a finer; but in this sense it is now written Allot, which gee, 2. That which allays, or abates the predominant qualities ; as, the allay of colors. AVwfon. Also, abatement ; diminution by means of suine mixture ', as, joy without allay. But alloy is now more generally used. AL-LaY'£D, pp. Layed at rest; quieted; tranquil- ixed ; abated ; [reduced by mixture. Obs.] AL-LAY'ER, n. He or that which allays. AL-LAY'ING, ppr. Uuieting; reducing to tranquilli- ty ; abating ; reducing by mixture. | Obs.] AL-LAY'MENT, n. The act of quieting, or a state of tninquillity ; a state of rest after disturbance ; that which allays ; abatement ; ease ; as, the allayment ol grief. Shak. AL'LE, (al'Iy,) n. The little auk, or black and white diver. AL-LECT-A'TION, n. Enticement ; allurement. [JVo( used.] Coles. AL-LECT'IVE, a. Alluring. [J^otused.'] Chaucer, AL-LECT'IVE, n. Allurement. [JVy( used.] Eli^ AT..-LET)GE'. See Allege. [This spelling, corre- sponding to abridge^ was once the prevailing one, and would still be preferable.] AL-LE-GA'NE-AN, a. Pertaining to the mountains called Alleg;my, or Alleghrnny. AL'LE-GA-NY, n. The chief ridge of the great chains of mountains whicli run from N, East to S. West, thrutigh the Middle and Southern States of North America ; but, more appropriately ^ the main or un- broken ridge, which casts all the waters on one side to the east, and on the other side to the west. This rulge runs from Pennsylvania to Georgia, and chains extend through the United States. This name is given also to the River Ohio, above its condiienre with the Monongalutla ; but improper- ly, as the Indian name of the river to its source is ()hio. AL-LE-GA'TION, n. Affirmation; positive assertion or declaration. 2. That which is affirmed or afsserted ; that which is offered as a plea, excuse, or justification. 3. In ecclettiastical courts^ a formal complaint, or declaration of charges. AL LEGE', r. t. [I*, alfego, ad and lego, to send ; Fr. alleguer i Sp. alegar; Port, allegar ; It. allegare. This is only a modified application of the Eng. lay f L. lo- co, to set, or throw. See Class Lg.] 1. To declare ; to affirm ; to assert; to pronounce with positiveness ; as, to allege a fact. 2. To produce, as an argument, plea, or excuse; to cite or quote ; as, to allege the authority of a judge. \L-C-- AL-LEGE'A-BLE, a. That may be alleged or affirmed. Brown, AL-LE(j'Kn, pp. or a. Affirmed ; asserted, whether a.x a charge or a plea. AL-LF,GE'M1:NT, n. Allegation. [JVot in use.] AL-LE6'ER, h. One w ho affirms or declares. AL-Le'GI-ANCE, w. [old Fr., from L. ailiffo, of ad Biul ligo, to bind. See Liboe and Leaoue.] The tie or obligation of a subject to his prince or government ; the duty of fidelity to a king, govern- ment, or state. Every native or citizen owes allegi- ance to the government under which he is born. This is called natural or implied allegiance, which arises from the connection of a person with the society in which he is bom, and his duty to be a faithful sub- jrtt, independent of any express promise. Erpruss allegiance, is ihat obligation which proceeds from an express promise, or oath of fidelity. TCXE, BIJT.L, TINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUe. — € as K ; as J j « as Z ; CH as 811; TH a« in THia 3^' ALL LiKul or fntporary aUe<:ianca is due ftom mn alien to the guvcratnt'ni or suite in wliicb be it'sides. SiuciisUfite, AL-Le'CI-A.VT.o. Loyal. [JVV( iwrtt] SHak. Al^Lr.C lyiii. fiftr, Asxningi averring; declaring. AL-LE-GOR'lt*, I a. In ihe manner of allegory ; ALr LB-GOIE'IC-AL, ) figurative ; describing by re- semblances. AL-LE-GOR'ie-.Mr-LY, ade. In a figurative manner j bv way of allegory. Al^LE-GOR'ie-AL-XESS, n. The quality of being allesorical. AL'LC-GO^RIST, «. One who allegorisea, or luea al- Icgor)', as Bunyan or Spenser. J. Warttnu Warhmrton. AI/LE-GO-RTZE, e. U To form an allegory ; lo turn into allegory ; as, to tlUgoriic the histoiy' of » P«o- jJs. ' CumpbtlL a To understand in an allegorical sense ; an, when a passage in a wntt- r may be understood Ittenilly or liguralivi ly, tie wtiu give« it a figunuive aeutte ia said to ailtgyrizf it. AL'LE*0-RIZE, r. i. To >i*e allegory; as, a nian nnv o I*, pp. Turned into allegory, or un- der-: ^.ly. AL'l.: ..K. One who allegorizet, or turns thii. :\. ALL -<:, ^^. Turning inln allegoo'^ nr uni! a au allegorical sense j ustug alle- ■OfA. AL'LE-CO-RY, m. [Gr. oXXnyv******" "^*'**» °*''*'^ and <(;- j^'itu, to sp^k, from vi)a> a forum, an ora- tion.] A figurative sentence or discounter in which the princt^ subject is describt-d by another subject re- st uiblins it in iu propcrtit^ and circuin.-' in theeigliitetli Psalm, in which God's chosen ()ei'|>ie are represented by a vineyard. The distinction in Scripture between a pomUle and an al- legory , is said to be, that a panihle is a fupfnned his- tory, and an allegory, a tieiirative descripiirtn of rral fiiLs. An allegory is calltd a continued metaphor. The following line in Virgil is an exaiuple of au al- legory. CL\ixS(c yuo rirm, puni ; Mt pnu UhfnutC " Stoi* the eurrenls. young men ; the meadows have drank sntficiently ;"' that i^i, Ix-t your music cease, our ear* have been sutficiently dt-'lighted. Eitejfe, jiL-LE-ORKVTO [It., diminutive of aUrgro] de- nutes, in muyic,a movement or time quicker than «ii- dan'fy but not so quick a^ allegro. Rousseau. AL-IS'ORO, [ft., mern-, clierrful ; It. irg^cn; Sp. li^mt; Ft. U^er^ light, nimble. St-e Lioht. In this sense it h used in the po<-ni uf Milton to n.inifd.] In niiL*ic, a word denoting a brisk movement ; a ftprightly priTt or strain; the quickest except prcj- (0. Piu oUtgTif is a :>tiU quicker muvcmeiiL RouAsrau. As a nnui, a piece of music to be performed in al- Itgnt. AL-LE-LCIAH, «. [Heb. m-iVSn, Praise to Jah.J Prai-ie J(-liov;ih ; a word used to denote pious joy and e\uli:itinn, chiefly in hymns and anthems. The Greeks retained the \vord m their EAtX'* lij, Praise to lo; probably a corruption of ./oA. The Romans retained the latter word in their lo triumphr^ AL-LE-MX\DE', ■- A slow air in common lime, or grave, solemn music, with a slow movement. AJso, a brisk dance, or a figure in dancing. Z>ict. of Miuie. .\l^LE>-MA.\'Me, a. Belonging to the JSUnumniy an- cient Germans, and to^iesMjniM, their country. The word is gencrnily supposed to be composed of oXt and omuiu, all men. Ciucer^ p. C8. This is prt>bahly an error. The word is more probably composed of the Celtic a//, other, the root of Latin alitw^ and man, place ; one of another place, a stranger. The Welsh otimMM is thus render^, and this seems to be the ori^nal wOTil. Owea, fFelfh Diet. The name jJlnunini seems to have been first giv- en to the Germans who invadi d Gaul in the reign of Augustus. C/itrer, Oerm. jintiq. AL-Lr'RI-OX, n. In heraldry^ an eagle without beak or feet, with expanded wings ; denoting Imperialists vanquished and disarmed. Kneyc AL-LE- VECR', a. A small Swedish coin, value a'bout a cent. Encyc AL-Le'\'I-ATE, r. (. [Low L. attecia; ad and leva, to raise, lecis^ light ; Fr. lertr ; It. lezare^ to raise ; r*p. Unary to carry, /eroniar, to raise, and levante, a ris- ing, and the eastern c<»asts of the Mediterranean, the east, so calLd from tlie rising of the sun, like orieituU^ fmm orior^ to rise ; Sax. hlif^aTi^ to be em- inent. See Li^T.] 1. To make light ; but always in a figurative sense, as ix is not applied to material objects. To remove in part ; to lr^«sen, mitigate, or make easier to be en- dured j applied to evils ; as, to alUciate sorrow, pain, ALL care, punishment, a burden, ^c ; opposed to ag^a- vate^ 3. To make less by representation ; to lessen the m:icnitudf or crimitmlity ; to extenuate ; applied to mural conduct; as, to aUcvuUe an oifense. [TTiis sfHmr of ihe wprd in rare.'\ AL-LE' VI-A-TED, pp. Made lighter ; mitigated ; eased : extenuated. AL-LE'VI-A-TLN'G, fpr. Making lighter, or more toliTible; extenuating. AL-LK-V1-A'T10\, n, Tho act of liphteninp, allay- iug, or extenuating ; a lessening, or mitigation. a. That which lessens, mitigates, or makes more tolerubl-*; as, the symiiathy of a friend is an allevia- tian of grief. 1 hxvp not mrnlnt tiich oJitrvtAortM of lif' st friracUliip could •uppljr. (Dr. Ji>tiik«on'i IvUcr Ut Mr. lIccLor.) ButtotlL This use of allrviat'ton is hardly lecitimate without RU|»plying sonu' word expressing en/, ns trouble, sor- row, 4cc. — Without such aUeviatioru of the cares or troubles of life. AL-L£'Vl-.\-TI V£, It. That which mitigates. [JVut IN use.'] AL'LEY, (al'ly,) n. [Fr. allee, a passage, fVom aUerf to go ; Ir. ttitadJu Litemlly, a passing or going.] 1. A walk in a garden ; a narrow passage. 2. .\ narrow passage or way in a city, as distinct from a public street. 'X A choice taw, originally made of alabaster, is BO called by b«>ys. I/atUited. 4. Thf ,iilcy, or C>. an ze -We^; a place in London where stocks were furmerlv bought and sold. Sgh, AL-LI-A'CEOUS, a. [I* aUium, garlic] Perlainiu!; lo allium, or garlic; having the smell or pntiH-rti'-s of garlic. BarUm, AL-LI'A.NCE, n. [Fr. ailiance, from oUiVr, /icr, to tie or unite, from L. h^; Gr. Ar<* oo; Hp. aliaaia; Port. alian\,a ; It. aUtoHia ; from the same root as Uege^ UaiTue, alltifiance. Class Lff.J 1. The relation or union between families, con- tracted by marriagt!. Dryden, 2. The union between nations, contracted by com- pact, ire.-ily, or leagiie. 3. The tri'Hly, bague, or compact, which is the in- strument of confederacy ; sumetiuies, perhaps, tho act of confederating. 4. .^ny unH'ti or connection of interests between persons, families, states, or corporations ; as, an aXli- oMct bi.'tween church and stale. 5. The pers4tiis or parties allied ; as, men or states mav secure any aiUauces in their jxiwer. .^lidiwn, AL-LI'A.NT, H. An ally. [A^'ot ils«/.]_ WuMon. AL-LI"C'IE.\-CV, «. [L. oHicio, ad and lacio ; G. luck- m ; D. tvkXeH ; Sw. Utcka ; Dan. lakke ; L. alUctOj elicio. Class Lp.] The power of attracting any thing; attraction; mngnttism. [Uaie used.] GlanciUc AL-L1"CIENT, IU That which attracts. UsTot used,] Rubinsvn. AL-LI'£T>, fal-IIde',) pp. Connected by marriage, treaty, or similitude. [See Allv.] AL'LI-GATE, v. t. [L. allisoyod and ligo^ to bind. See Aut-KCiANeB, LiccE, League.] To tie tog'-ther ; to unite by some tie. AL'LI-GA-TIXG, ppr. Tying together; uniting by some tie. AL-LI-GA'TIO\, B. The act of tying together; the state of beina tied. [LUUe used,] 2. A rule o( arithmetic for finding the price or val- ue of compounds, consisting of ingredients of differ- ent values. Thus, if a quantity of sugar, worth eight cents the pound, and another quantity worth ten cents, are mixed, the question lo be solved by alliga- tion is, what is the value of the mixture by the pound. Alligation is of two kinds, medial and alternate ; me- dialj when the rate of a mixture is sought from the rates and quantities of the simples ; alternate, when the quantities of the simples are sought from the rates of the simples, and the rate of the mixture. .\L'LI-GA-TOR, n- [properly alUtgarto, from the Spanish and Portuguese lagarto, a lizard ; L. lacer- ta. The Latin word seems to be connected witli la- eertus, the arm ; and the animal may be named from the resemblance of his legs to arms.] The American crociHlile. This auiinal has a long, nak''4J>ody, four feet, with five toes on tXie fore feet, und four on the hind, armed with claws, and a ser- rated tail. The mouth is very large, and furnished with sharp teeth ; the skin is brown, tough, and, on the sides, coi'ered with tubercles. The largest of these animals grow to the knetb of seventeen or eighteen fc-et. They live in and about the rivers in w:irm climates, eat fish, and sometimes catch hogs on the shore, or dogs which are swimming. In win- ter, they burrow in the earth, which they enter un- der water and work upward, I>ing torpid till spring. The female lays a great nunib:?r of eges, which are deposited in the sand, and left to be h^itched by the beat of the sun. Encye. AL'LI-GA TOR-PEAR, n. A West Indian fniit, re- sembling a pear in shape, from one to two pounds in weight, (Z-auriuT /*(T.ffa, Linn.) It contains within its rind a yellow, butyraceuus substance, which. ALL when the fruit is perfectly ripe, constitutes an agreeable food. Kncye. AL-LIG'.^-Tl'KE, n. Sec Lioature, which is the Word in use. AL-Lia'lO.\, (al-llzh'un,) Ji. [L. allido^ to dash or strike against, of ad and lado, to hurt by str:king ; Ir. li-a.1, a sore ; I), leed, a hurl ; D. bekediircn ; Ger. 6« leidigen, to hurt ; Fr. ble.isrr, to hurt. Lirdo forms its piirticiple losea to feud. In England, there is no allodial land, all land being held of the king ; but in the United Slates, most lands are allodial. AI^LONGE', fal-lunj',) n. [Fr. allonger, to lengthen, to thnist ; allojtgi, lengthened, of ad and long.] 1, A pass with a sword ; a thrust made by stepping forward and extending the arm ; a term used in fen- cing, often contracted into lunge. 'i. A long rein, when a horse is trotted in the hand. Juhason. AL-LOO', V. t. or L To incite dogs by a call. PlulUps. [See the correct word, Halloo.] AL-L0-PAT1I'1€, a. Pertaining to allopathy or the mode of cure bv producing an op|josite state. AL-LO PATIl'IC-AI^LY, adv. In a manner con- formable to ailopalhy. AL-LOP'j\-'J'IIIST, n. One who practices medicine according to the principles and rules of allopathy. AL-L01"A-THY, n, [Gr. ^AA -s, other, and raOuf, morbid condition.] 'J'hiit method of medical practice, in which there is an attempt to cure disease by the productiun of a condition of the system either diflcrent from, oppo- site to, or incompatihU; with, the condition essential to the disease to be cured ; the ordinary mode of medical practice, in opposition to komaopnthyt AL'LO-PHAiNE, a. [Gr. «XAji, other, and ^(ii^to, to appear.] A clayey or aluminous mineral, of a blue, and sometimes of a green or brown color, which occurs massive, or in imitative shapes. It gelatini/.es in acids, and loses its color before the blow-pipe, wh.'Uce its name. It consists chiefiy of silica, alu- mina, and water, and derives its color from a small ^rtion of copper. Dana. FATE, FAR, FALI,, W11.\T. — METE, rREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, EQQK. — 36 ALL AL'LO-UUY, n. [L. ad and lotjuvr.] A speaking to aiiuilier. AL-LOT', r, t. [of ad and Jot: Sax. lUvt. See Lot.} 1. To divide or distribute by lut. 2. To distribute, or parcel out in parts or portions ; arte distribute a share to each individual concerned. 3. To grant, as a portion ; to give, assign, or ap- point in geni^ral ; as, let every man be contented with tliat which Providence alloLi to him. ALr-LOT'ME.NT, n. The act of allotting. 2. That nhich is allottir-d ; a share, part, or ponioti (granted or distributt-d ; that which is as- signed by lot, or by the act of God. 3. A part, portion, or place appropriated. In « dWtl, tti>:]T ia (ui aHolmeiit tor olircs. Brootnt. AL-LOT'TED, pp. Distributed by lot; granted; assigned. AL-LOT'TER-Y is used by Shakf^peare for Allot- ment ; but is not atithorized by usage. AL-LOT'TL\G, ppr. Distributing by lot; giving as portions; assigning. AL-LOV\'', V. U fFr. aUouer, from Ltuer; L. loco^ to lay, set, place; VV. Uogii A'orm. allucr. See Lat. Class Lg.j 1. To grant, give, or yield ; as, to allow a servant his liberty ; to alUno n pension. 3. To admit; as, to allov> tiie truth of a proposi- tiun ; to allam a claim. 3. To admit ; to own or acknowledge ; as, to allote the right of the president to displace officers. 4. To approve, justify, or sanction. Ye alloi* Uic iWii» of your ^uhv-r*. — Luke xL Rom. tH. 5. To afford, or grant as a compensation ; as, to aUow a dollar a day for wages. ^. To abate or deduct ; as, to alloia a sum for tare or leakage. 7. To permit ; to grant license to ; as, to alloie a Kon to be absent. AL-LOVV'A-BLE, a. That may be permitted as law- ful, or aJniitted as true and propter ; not forbidden ; not unlawful or improper; as, a certain degree of freedom is allowable among frir-nds. AL-LO\V'A-BLE-XESS, r. The quality of being allowable ; lawfulness ; exemption from prohibition or inittropriety. South. AL-LOVV''A-Bf*Y, ado. In an alluwable manner; with propriety. LnwtJi. AL-L, ntirh n<4 tare and tret. P, Cyc AL-LOWANCE, r. L To put upon allowance ; to retilrain or limit to a certain quantity of provlsiontt or drink ; as, distr<.-s8 compelled the captain of Uic ship to alUiteance his crew. AL-LOW'Kll, pp. Granted ; pemiilted ; OKsenled to ; iulmitt>-d ; approved ; indulged ; assigned ; abali-d. AU-LOVV'Ell, jc One who allows, permits, gnuits, or authori/.es. AL-LOVV'I.NG, ppr. Granting; permitting; admit- ting: approving; indulging; deducting. AI# LOV', r. U [Fr. ailia-y to unite or mix ; L. alligo^ ad and ttgo^ to bind ; Gr. \v\ o'.t ; .Sp. Itgnr^ to tie or bind, to alU-^ or mix ba.t. Cluits Lg.j 1. To rrduce the purity of a metal, by mixing with it a portion of one less valuable ; as, to alloy gold with silver, or silver with cop[ter. "2. To mix metals. Lar.oiMtr. X To rediu^e or abate by mixture ; as, to alloy plea.reign mixture. AL-LOY'I.VG, ppr. Mixmg, ns metals; reducing in purity; abating h>- foreign mixture. ALM ALL't^PICE, »u See under the compounds of All. .^L-LODE', r. i. [L. aUudo, to smile upon or make sport with, of ad and Ituio, to play ; Sp. Port, aludir ,• It. ailadere.. CUiss Ld.] To refer to something not directly mentioned ; to have reference; to hint at by remote suggestions; as, tjiat story alludes to a recent transaction. AL-LUD'ED, pp. Referred to ; hinted at. AL-LOD'ING, ppr. Having reference ; hinting at. AI^L0'ML\-OR, 11. [Fr. aUiimer^ to light. See LlMNEH.] One who colors or paints upon paper or parch- ment, giving light attd ornament to letters and figures. Cowel. Eiicyc. This is now written Limner. AL-LORE', V, t* [Fr. Icurrery to decoy, from leurre^ a lure.] To attempt to draw to ; to tempt by the offer of Fonie good, real or api>arent ; to invite by something flattering or acceptable ; as, rewards aUure men to brave danger. Sometimes used in a bad sense, to allure to evil ; but in this sense entice is more comnu>n. In Hosea ii. 14, aUure is used in its genu- ine sense ; in 2 Peter ii. 18, in the sense of eiuice. AL-LOR'£D, pp. Templed, drawn, or invited, by sonr-'thingthnt appears desirable. AL-LOUE'.ME.NT, n. That which allures; any real or apparent good held forth, or opcratutg, as a motive to action ; temptation ; enticement ; ud, the allure- meiitu of pleasure, or of honor. AL-LOR'ER, n. He or that which allures. AL-LOR'I\G, ;>/jr. Drawing; tempting; inviting by some real or aj)[)arent good. 2. a. Invitmg; having the quality of attracting or tempting. AL-LCR'ING-LY, aJo. In an alluring manner; en- ticinjzlv. AULCR'IXG-NESS, n. The qmdity of a'.Iuring or tempting by the prospect of some good. [Ranly AL-LO'SION, (al-lu'zhun,) a. [Fr. from oZ/itsio, Low L. See Allude.] A reference to something supjwsed to be known, but not explicitly uiL:ationed ; a hiiit ; a suggestion. Bur net. In rkftorir^ a reference to some striking incident in history, or passage in some writer, which illus- tnitcs, and at the same time pleases, by resem- blance. AL-LO't?IVE, a. Having reference to something not fully expressed. Soutli. .\L-LC'';*1VE-LY, ado. IJy way of allusion ; by impli- cation, remote suggestion, or insinuation. ITammonfl. AULO'SIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being allu- sive. [Rarely iLsed.\ AL-LO'.SO-RY, a. Allusive. //cart. AL-LO'VI-AL.a. [See Alluvios.] 1. Pertaining to alluvion; added to land by the wash of water. 2. Washed ashore or down a stream ; formed by a current of water ; deposited from water ; as, alluvial ores: allucial Sitil. Klriran. AL-LO'VI-ON, n. [L. af/un'o, of ad and lavo or luoj alluo^ to wa.'^h. See Late.] 1. A gradual washing or carrying of earth or other substances to a shoru or bank ; tlie earth thus added. 2. In law, the gradual increase of earth on ashore, or bank of a river, by the force of water, as by a current or by xvaves. The owner of the land thus augmented has a right to the alluvial earth. 3. In pliunical geographv^ a tract of alluvial fonna- tinn ; particularly up[>lie(i to the bottom-lands and deltas of rivers. AI*-L0'Vl-Or.S a. The same ae used by the Africans ; ALM also, a long boat used at Calicut, in India, eighty feel long, and six or seven broad ; colled also cuUturL Eitcye. AL'MA-XjEST, n. [at and ncytar^ greatest.] A hook or collectiim of problems in aiitronoray and geometry, drawn up by Ptolemy. The same title has been given to other works of the like kind. Knajc. AL-MA'GRA, n. A fine, deep-red ocher, with an ad- mixture of purple, very heavy, dense, but triable, with a rough, dusty surface. It is the sil utlicujit of the ancients. It is austere to the taste, astringent, melting in the mouth, and staining the skin. It is used as a paint and as a medicine. Enct/c. AL'MAMlJTRRy [L.] Fostering mother; a college or seminary where cue is educated. 5 ^^ AL'MA-NAC, 71. [Ar. aZand ,^vx*< manocA, 7najtacjS:, ' a calendar, or diary.] C A small book or table, containing a calendar of days, weeks, and months, with the times of the rising and setting of the sun and moon, changes of the moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, stated festivals of churches, statea terms of courts, observations on the weather, &c. for the year. This calendar is sometimes published on one side of a single sheet, and called a sheet-almaHoc. The Baltic nations formerly engraved their calen- dars on pieces of wood, on swords, helves of axes, and various other utensils, and especially on walk- ing-sticks. Many of these are preserved in the cab- inets of the curious. They are called, by dilferent nations, rimstockSf prinistariej^ ruiistocks^ run*tdjf>, clogs, &.C. The characters used are generally the Runic or Gothic Junius. Eneyc. 'rooke^s Russia. ^L'MA-N AC-MIK-ER, n. A maker of almanacs. AL'MA\-1)INE, n. [Fr. and It.] In vmieralogy^ precious garnet, a beautiful mineral of a red color, of various shades, sometimes tinged with yellow or blue. It is commonly translucent, sometimes trans- parent. It occurs crystallized in the rhombic dodeca- hedron. Phillips. AL'ME, or AL'M AT, v. Girls in Egypt, whose occu- pation is to amuse company with singing and dancing. Encyc. iSavary. AL-M£'NA. 77. A weight of two pounds, used" to weigh satiron in several parts of Aaia. 'S;>. Diet. AL-.MIGUT'I-LY, (awl-mit'e-le,) adv. With almighty power. //. Tai/lor. ^L-MIGHT'LNESS, n. OmniiH>tencc ; infinite or boundless power ; an attrilmte of Ovd vnhj. ^L-MTGHT'Y, a. [all and mightrj. See Might.] Possessing all jiower ; omni|R(tent; being of un- limited might; being of boundless sutlicieucy ; ap- propruttrlu applied to the Supreme Bring. AL-MIGIIT'Y, 71. The Omnipotent God. AL'MO.ND, n. [Fr. amands ; It. /nandulai Sp. alincj^ dra i Ger. mandel.'^ 1. The fruit of the almond -tree; an ovate, com- pressed nut, perforated with [wres. It is either sweet or bitter. [It is popularly pronounced dmond.^ j^iclioUon, Encyc. 2. The tonsils, two glands near the basis of the t(mguo, are called almotidsy iVom their resemblance to that nut ; vulgarly, but impri)pi:rly, called the almondd qf the e^irs, as they belong to tliL- throat. Quiiicy. Johnson. 3. In Portuj^cd, a measure by whicli wine is sold, twenty-six of which make a pipe. Encyc. [But in Portuguese it is \vritten abnudc] 4. Among laptdarie-i, almonds signify pieces of rock crj'slal, usvd in adorning branch randleslicks, so called fnun their resemblance to this fruiL Encyc. AL'-MOND-FUK'NACE, ju A kind of furnace used in the refining process, to spparnle the metal from cinilcrs and other foreign matter. Chambers. AL'.'yO\I)-OIL, n. A bland, tixed oil, obtained from almonds by pressure. Ure. AL'-MOM^SHaP-A-'U, (-shapl,) a. Having the form of an almond. AL'MOND-TREE, v. A species of Amygdalus ; the tree which produces the almond. The leaves and flowers resemble those of tlie pi^ich, but the fruit is longer and more compressed, the green coat is thin- ner and drier when ripe, and the slull is not so rug- ged. Miller. AL'MOND-WIL'LOW, n. A willow with leaves of a light green on both sides. Jilasonjfrvm Shnistone. AL'Ivfo.V-ER, n. [See Alms.] An officer whose duty is to distribute charity or alms. By tne ancient canons, every monastery was to dispose of a tenth of its inromu in alms to the poor, and all bishops were obliged to keep an al- moner. This title is sometimes given to a chap- lain ; as, the almoner of a ship or regiinent. The lord almoner, or U/rd high nlmnnrry in England, is an ecclesiastical officer, generally a bishop, who has the forf-Mture of all deodnndi, ami Itie gJKids of self-nmrderers, which he Is to distribute to the poor. The grand almoner, in Frannr, is the first ecclesi- astical dignitary, and has the superiutendence of ha-'pitals. Encyc. TONE, BI;LL, UNITE. — AN"GER, Vr'CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In TIUS. ALO AL'MON~KV, «. [coTTupCed into Ambrgy aumbryj or The place where the almoner resides, or where iht; iihiL-i ore ditftrtbuted. ^L'.MO:?T, ado, [aU and iitMf. The Saxon order of writins was Ihus: "a// mojt who were presenL" Sax. Chrun. p. t2i25. We now use a dupUcaUon, mlmost aii who were presviit.] Nearly ; well nigh j for the greatest part. ^iJWMl ihou pcnUKdeM me to te & Chratiun. — Acu ic?ct1. XLM8«(ajiuO M. fL [Sax. atmes; old Eng. o/mano; Nunn. utmoifHes ; Fr. aumitus ; l>. aiUmoes ,' Sw. iUmaa* ; Dan. o/muM ; G. «lm»»m i U tieemoryna i Gr. rAm/iot^^")* "^hc fif^ syllables ai^teor to be fVont cAicbi, to piiy.] Any thing gircn gratuitow^tly to relieve the poor, «■ money, food, or clothing, otli^m'ise called cAortty. A lummu wwkUtUiljr to uk «n o/aw. — Aeu uL Conetioi {«*« Dineb sAm Id the i«^iie.— Acta x. 7>»Mr« *jr A*« «A"'t 'I' fhmk-almoifn, in England, is that by whicJi tbe poraemor is bound to pmy fiv tlM snul of the donor, whether drad or alive ; a tenure by which roost oitlie ancient nitmasterirs ani religiom bousas la England held their lamU, as do tbe puochfad cl«r|gr, and many ei-clc^iasticnl and e l eemwy na ry Mtabliiiimt-nts at this da) . I.and thus he!^ " - '- •'- rn bU rent or oilier ser\'ice. BiaekM^mr, ALM~ . ALM«'-BOX, XUiW-CHEST. V-- L[ed to receive alms. XL.Ms ~t-»t:t:.u, m. An Bct oT cbaiUy j a charitable gilt ALMS'-FOLK, (Sniz'f&k,) a. PenoDs mippoitod by alin^ [-Vo* uMd,'\ XUMS'-GlV-ER, s. One who givw to the poor. Baetm. ALM?'-GTV-I\G. a. Tbe b es to wmrnt of chanty. ALMS'-lIOrsL, a. A house appropriated for tbe uae of the poor, wtio are supported by the public. In F-M^tlamd^ the term is also i^iptied to bmucs for lapporting the poor on private chariUhle foundations. P, Cjfc ALMS'-MA\, a. A man who lives by abas. Skmk. ALMS'- MEN, > M.pL Perwns supported by charity AL.M«'-PkO-PLE, I or by public pcovisioo. AL'MC-CA.N-TAH.a. [Arabic] A term applied to circles of the upbore parallel to tlte liorlzon, con- ceived to pass through eveiy degrea of the m«cidian. /Tsttoa. AL'Mr^A.V-TAR'S STAFF, a. An Instniraent of box or p^ar-irre, having an arch of fifteen degrees, formerly u^H to t-Oce ob«iervatii>ns of the sun, about the lime of it.« h<^in^ or setting, to Rnd the amplitude and thf variation of the coroptus. EMcye. Ot^itAert, AL-.MC'DB, B. A wine measure in Portugal, of which twcnty-ffix make a pipe. PerC Diet AL'MI'G, t a.' In Seripture, a tree or wood about AL'GUM, i which the learned are not agreed. Tlie latest probaMe conjecture is, tlrnt the word denotes the sandol-wmKl of the Ln^t. Kitto, Tlie Vulgate translates it Uffiui tMyima^ apd tbe Sep- tiiacint, icrou^kt-wuodi OCbeia, steay, brazil, or pine ; and the Ribbins render it eer«/. It was used for musical in^lnim?nts, staircases, &.C. The t^yms-'N is the ci*.nin-tr«e, from Mauritania, much esteemed by the nncicnis for its fmgmnce antl beauty. Tht; o/ak^, almug^im, or o/^mim, or simply r u m m im, is mobably k gummy wood, and per- Dapa may be the shitiJm, ofU-n mentioned in Srrip. ture. See 1 Kinrs x. 11. Calmrt, F.ncyc AL'XAGE, a. [Fr. eulna^y now softened into ««- *nagt; L. ulna* Gr. t^Xci rj, an arm, a cubit ; W. ^in ; Ir. aWfn, MtUy or aiZeaa, an elbow, a nook or comer. See Eij_] ,A measnring bj* the e!!. AL'NA-^ER, / a. A mra.«Tirfr by the ell ; a sworn AL'XA-G.\R, ( officer, whose duty was to inspect and measure woolen cIrHh, and fix upon it a seal. This oflice was aliolisbed by statute It and 13. WilL III. Xo duty or office of this kind exists in the United States, AL'NTGHT, (awl'nltc,) a. A cake of wax with the wirk in thie midst. Bacon. AL'OE, fal'o,) a. [L. a!i>'nia, of many species; all natives of warm climates, and mo^ of them of the southern part of Africa. Among thtf Mohammedans, the aloe is a sym- bolic plant, esjiecially in Eg)'pt ; and every one who returns from a pilgrimage to Mecca bancs it over his street tlour, as a token that he has performed the Jonmey. In Africa, the leaves of the Guinea aloe are made into durable ropes. Of one ^lecieiii are made fishing- lines, bow'strings, stockincs, and hamniockj. The leaves of another species hold rain water. AL'oES, n. In mA/i'euii', the in^piss-tted juice of tbe aloe. The juice is collected from the leaves, which are cut and put in a tub, and when a large quantity is procured, it is boiled to a suitable consistence ; or it is exposed to the sun, till all the fluid part is ex- haled. There are several kinds sold in the shops ; ALO as, the Socotrine nloes frutn Socotora, an isle in the ludiuM Ocean ; the hejuitic or coutuion Uurbadoes aloes ; and the f^'tid or calmlline ulues. .Aloes is a stimulating stuuiHrjiic purgative ; when taken in small doses, it is useful for people of a lax habit and sedentary life. Encyc AL'OES-WQpD, M. See Aoallochvm. AL-O-ET'lC, I a. 1. Pertaining to aloe or aloes ; .\L-0-ET'ie-AL, ( pnrtakingofthe qualities of nK>es. 2. Consisting chiefly of alnea ; having aloes as a principal ingredient ; as, an alurtic preimmtlou. AL-O-ET'ie, B. A medicine consisting chiefly of aloes. putney. A-LOFT', adr. [a and lofl. See Loft and Luff.] 1. On high ; in the air ; high above the ground ; as. the eagle soars alofl, 3. Id aeamen^s lan^a^e, in the top ; at the mast head ; or un the higher 5 ards or rigging. Hence, on the upper fvirt, as of a building. A-LO'Gl-ANS, a. pL [>i neg. and -\oj oc, wonl.] In thurrJi history, a sect of ancient heretics, who denied Jesus Christ to be the />/>/«,<, and conseiiuently rejr'ct'd the Gospel of SU John. Burk. Entfic. AL'O-GO-TRO-PHY, a. [Gr. uA^joj, unrcasouablc, and T, 0^11, nutrition.] A disproportionate nutrition of the parts of the bwly, as when one part receives more or less nour- ishment and growth than another. Bailey. AL'O-M.-V.N'-CY, u. [Gr. aAf, salt, and ^airuti, div- ination.] Divination by salt. Jt/oria. AL'0-6Y, n. [Gr. a and Xoj /.(.] Unreasonableness; absurdity. Brovn. A-Ij6XE', a. [cUl and oae; Germ, aliein; D. alUen; Sw. aUe»a ; Dan. alUne,] 1. Single; solitary; without the presence of another ; applied to a person or thing. It m not good thnt mao kboitld be aion*. — Uen. I, [T'kis adjeciirt follows its noun.] S. It is allied to two or more persons or things, when separate from others, in a place or condition by themselves} without company. And wbra tW were alont, be expounJwl sll thtngi to lib disci- pit*. — MmikW. 3. Only. Thou, irboar nanx^ n/one is Ji'bovnh. — Pa. Ixxxlil. This sense at first appears to be advcrbiol, hut really is not; whose name, fm^/r, solitanjy loitJioul anotkrr^ is Jehovah. To Irtalone^is to suflV-r torest ; to forbear molesting or meddling with ; to sufTer to remain in its present state, Jilone^ in this phrase, is an adjective, the word to which it ref.-rs being omitted ; let me alone ; let them alone ; let it alone ; that is, suffer it to be unmolested, or to remain as it is, or let it remain hy A-l.ftNK',a^e. SejKirately ; by itself. [itself. A-LO.\E'LY,a. oriufo. Onlyj merely; singly. [JVot »fSrt(.l Gower. A-Lo.\E'XESS, lu That state which belongs to no other. [A«( used.] Montague. A-LOXG', adv. [Sax. and-lanir or ond-lang ; Fr. au lonff, U long. See Lo«o. The Saxons always pre- fixed and or onrf, and the sense seems to be, by the length, or opposite the length, or in the direction of the length,] 1. By the length ; lengthwise ; in a line with the length ; a*<, the troops marched alonj; the bank of the river, or along the highway. 1 Sam. vi. 2. Onward ; in a line, or with a progressive mo- lion ; as, a meteor glides along the sky ; let us walk alone. AU along, signifies the whole length ; through the whole distance ; in the whole way or length. lifanmH wern forth, weepia^ ail aiong u he wenL — Jer. xli. 1 Sam. xxviii. ^ZtfUfwifA, signifies in company ; joined with ; as, go along with us. Sometimes tcitA is omitted. Cofae, Uien, my tiintd, my gctiitw, coriK along. Pope. Along side, in seamen*s language, that is, by the length or in a line with the side, signifies side by side, as by another ship, or by the side of a wharf Along shore ^ is by the shore or coast, lengthwise, and near the shore. Ltfittg along, is lying on the side, or pressed down by the weight of sail. Mar. Diet. A-LOX^GST', adv. Along; through or by the length, {Otfg.^ KnollM. A-LOOF', adv. [probably from the root of leave, to depart.] 1. At a distance, but within view, or at a small distance, in a literal sense ; as, to stand aloof. 2. In a figurative sense, not concerned in a design ; declining to take any share, implying circumspec- tion ; keeping at a distance from the point, or matter in debate, A-LOOF'XESS, Tu The keeping at a distance. Coleridge. AL'O-PE-CY, n. [Gr. aX- rr^J', a fox, whose urine is said to occasion bnldness.] A disease, called the Jciz-evil or sevrf, which is a falling off of the hair from any part of the body. Quinoj. Encyc. Bailey. ALR A-LOUD', adv. [a and loud; Sax. gehlyd, clamor. See Loud.] Loudly; with a loud voice, or great noise. Cry aloud, •jvire not. — las. Iviii. A-LOW, adv. In a low place, or a lower part ; op- posed to alvft Dryden. ALP, H. ; [Qu. Gr. n>0i'c, white ; L, albus. The ALPS, n. pi. 1 Cells called all high mountains afpes or olbr. Cluver. Thucydides mentions a castle, m the territory of Argos, situated on a hill, and called Otpas or Olp. Lib. 3, Ca. la^i. Pelloutier, Hist, des Ceiles, Liv. I. 15. The derivatior) of the word from aXjwi, white, is therefore doubtful. In Ir. or Gaelic, aitp is a huge mass or hmip.] A high mountain. The name, it is supposed, was orijiinally uiven to mountains whose lops were cov- ered wuii snow, and hence appropriately applied to the moimtaiiis of Switzerland ; so that by Alps is generally undersUKid tbe latter mountains. But geographers apply the name to any high mountains. Piitkerton. AL-PAC.A, a. An animal of Peru, used as a beast of burden, and tnure pariicijlarly for its wool ; the CamelusPacoof Linnieus, and the Paras of Pennant. AL'PII.A, n. [Heb. eji'^K, nn ox or leader.] The first letter in the Greek alpiialwt, answering to A, uud used to denote first or begiuniug. 1 aiij Aljiha (tut] Onieg*. — Rc». 1. As a numeral, it stands for one. It was formerly used also to denote chitf; as, Plato was the Alpha of Ihe wiLs. AL'PHA-BET, n, [Gr. aUa and Snra, A and B.] The letters of a language arranged in the cus- tomary order ; the series uf letters which form the elern<^nts of speech. AL'PHA-BET, r. /. To arrange in the order of an alphabet ; to form nn alphabet in a book, or desig- nate the leaves by the letters of the alphabet, AL-PHA-BET-A'RI-AX, ». A learner while in the A, B C. AL-PHA-BET'ie, ) a. 1. In the order of an al- A1^P11A-BET'I€J-AL, \ phabet, or in the order of the letters as customarily arranged; as, an alphabet- ical arrangement or series. 2. Furnished with an alphabet; as, an o//)Aa6ciicaI language, 3. Expressed by the letters of the alphabet ; as, alphtibetic writing. AL-PHA-BET'ie-AI^LY, adv. In an alphabetical manner ; in llie customary order of the letters, AL-PMI^'XI.X, n. [til and pkaniz.] White barley sugar, used for colds. It is common sugar boiled till it will easily crack; then poured upon an oiled marble table, and molded into various figtire;<, Enei/c. AL'PHE.'^T, Ti, A small fi^h, having a purple back and belly, with yellow sides, a smooth mouth, and thick, fleshy lips ; always caught near the shore or ainong rocks. Labrus Ciniedus Linn. Diet. ofJVaL Hist. AL-PHIT'O-MAX-CY, n. Divination by barley mtial. Knowlcs. AL-PIIOX'SIX, n. A surgical instrument for extract- ing bullets frSi?, upjier, b-J?, hiph.] In jHits7c, a term applied to high notes in the scale. In sculptuTfy alto^eiieio^ high relief, is when the figures project half or more, without being entirely detached from the ground. Encyc. Cue. Al^TA'ie, or AI^Ta'IAN, a. [Tart, alatau, perhaps al-tagy high mountain. Tooke, I, 121.] Pertaining to the Altai, a vast ridge of mountains extending, in an easterly direction, through a consid- erable part of .Asia, and forming a boundary between the Ruiisian and Chinese dominions. Pinkrrtfn. F.ncyc. AL'TAR, n. [L. altare^ probably from the same root as aliiis^ high ; Celt, alt, a high place.] 1. A mount ; a table or elevated fuace, on which sacrifices were anciently oflTered to pome deity. Altars were originally made of turf, afterward of Stone, wood, or horn ; some were round, others square, others triangular. They differed also in ht^ight, bm all faced the east. The princip;il aliars of the Jews were the altar of incense, of burnt-olfer- ings, and of showbread ; all of shtttim wood, and covered with gold or brass. F.nnjc. • 2. In Episcopal churdtes^ the communion table; KiAyfisrurat-iptl-ij^ a cliurch ; a place of worship. 3. In Scrrpfurf, Christ is called the a/for of Chris- tians, he being the atoning sacrifice for xin. AL'TAR-CLOTH, a. A cloth to lay upon an altar in churches. AL'TAR-FTRE, n. Fire on an altar. AL'TAR-PIF-CE, 71. I. A painting placed over the altar in a church. IVarton. 2. The entire decoration of an altar taken collect- ively. Oipat. AL'TAR-VVISE, adr. Placed in the manner of an altar. Jlotcelt. ALTAR-AGE, n. The profits arising to priests from oblations, or on account of the altar. Also, in /aw, altars erected in virtue of donations, bffore the Refonunlion, within a parochial church, for the pur- po-ic ofsinu'ing a mass for deceased friends. Kncyc. AL'TAR-IST, * «. In old latcn, an appellation AL'TAR-THAN'E, i given to the priest to whom the attaraue belonged ; also, a chaplain. Ci.c AL'TER, r. t. [Ft. alter er ; Sp. alterar; It. altcrart; fVom L. a/£e a contraction of aAAi>7f/jpus, alienus, of aK\t,i and £TcnoiJ\ I. To make some change in ; to make diferent in tome particular ; to vary in some degree, without an entire change. }>ly eu*<^»n( will I niH brttnk, nor n2lgr the Ihin^ Lhxt baa gone oul uf my lii«. — P«. bcxxix. %. To cbanee entirely or materially ; w, to akfr an opinion. In general, in alttr is to changr> |>ar- tially ; lo cAon^e is more generally to substiititc one thing fur another, or to make a material dillVrence in a thing. ^ L'TER, V. i. To become, in some respects, diflurcnt ; to vary ; as, the weather otters almost daily. Tl>o Inw which allm-ah nui. — Dan. vi. AL-TER-A niL'I-TY, n. The quality of bein)f mis- ceirtihie «f alteration. AL'TER-A-BLE, a. That may become different; that may varv. AL'TER-A-BLE- VESS, ». The quality of admitting alteration ; variableness. AL'TER-A-P,LY, adv. In a manner that may be al- tered, or varied. AL'TER-AGE, «. [from a/o, to fef'd.] The breeding, nourii'hiiig, or fnttertng of o child. Sir J. DaviP4t. But this is not an English word. AL'TER-ANT, a. Altering ; gradually changing. AL'TER-A\T, m. A medicine which gradually cor- rects the state of the body, and changes it from a diseased to a healthy condition ; an alttnitive. AL-TER-A'TIO.V, Ji. TL. aiteratw.] The act of making ditF-rent, or of varying in some particular; an alt»riiig or partial change; aNi, the change madi;, or tiie Iciss or ac(|uisition of (junlities not essential to the fonn or nature of a thing. 'I'hua a cold substance sulTcrs an aiteration when it be- comes hot. AL'TER-A-TIVE, /t, Cauwing allenition ; having the power to restore fh'i healthy functiond of the body, without senfibl-,* evacuations. AL'TER-A-TIVK, b. A medicine which gradually Induces a change in the habit or constitution, and restores healthy funciiouH without sensible evacua- tions. This word is mure generally used than alterant. AL'TER-CATE.f. i. [L. alUreiyr, aUtrcOy Trom alterj another.] ALT To contend in words j to dispute with zeal, heat, or anger ; to wningie. AL-TER-€a'TIOx\, n. [L. arteraitio.] \Varni contention in words j dispute carried on with hi-at or anger ; controversy; wrangle. AL'TERX, a. [L. altemus, o( altera another.] 1. .Acting by turns; one succeeding another; ai- ttntate, which is the word generally used. 2. In crystal! arraph 11, exhibiting, on two parts, an upper and a Inwer i)art, faces which alternate among themselves, hut which, when the two parts are com- pared, correspond with each other. Clcavdand. ^Item-base, in trigonometry, is a tenn used in dis- tinction from the true base. Thus in oblique trian- gles, the true base is tiie sum of the sides, and then the ditl'erence of ilie sides Is the altern-base ; or the true base is the difference of the sides, and then the sum of the aides is the altem-base. Enajc AL-TER.\'A-CV, n. Performance or actions by Itirns. [Little jt^erf.] AL-TER.N'AL, a. Alternative. [Little used.'] AL-TER\'AL-LY, im/p. By turns. [Litf^e uscd.'\ May. AL-TER.\'ANT, a. A term applied in geology when a rock is composed of alternating layers. AL-TERN'ATE, a. [L. ahernatus.] 1. Being by turns ; one following the other in succession of time or place ; lience, reciprocal. And Lit! aHemaU ptudorw fnll and riae. Pope. 2. In botany, ports are alternate, when they arise at nearly reguhu" distances from each other around an a.xis, and not from the same plane. Lindley. Jllternate alligation.. See Almoation. Altn-naie an-rles; in geometry, the internal angles made by two lines with a third, on opposite sides of it. If the two lines are parallel, llie alternate angles are equal. p. Cyc. Ill heraldry, the first and fourth quarters, and the second and third, are usually of the same nature, and are called alternate quarters. AL-TERX'ATE, ». 1. That wiiich happens by turns with something else ; vicissitude. Prior. 2. In the Presbyterian church, a substitute or second ; one designated to take the place of another in performing some duty, in ca^c of failure. AL'TERN-ATE, r. (. [L. alUrno. See Alter. With the accent on the second syllable, the participle alternating can hardly be pronounced.] To perform by turns, or in succession ; to cause to succeed by turns; to change one tiling for another reciprocally ; as, God alternutrs good and evil. AIj''i'KRN-ATE, v. i. To happen or to net by turns; as, the flood and ebb tides alternate with each other, a. To follow recipnwally in place. Uiir«^nl »pceie« nltm-natirig willi c.ich oihrr. Kirwan. AI*-TERN'ATE-LY, adv. In reciprocal succession ; by turns, so that each is succeeded by that which it 8ucce«rds ; a« night follows day and dav fipllows night. AL-TER\'ATE-NESS, n. The quality of being alter- nate, or of following in succession. AL'TERN-A-TINO, j^r. Performing or following by turns. AL-TEU\-A'TION, n. The reciprocal succession of things, in time or place ; the act of following and being followed in succession ; as, we observe the alternation of day and night, cold and heat, summer and winter. a. The diflTercnt changes or alterations of orders tn numbers. 'I'hus, if it is rocjuired to know how many changes can be ning on six bells, multiply the nunit)ers I, 9, 3,4,.'i,r»,continually into one another, and the last product is the number required. 71iis is alsti called pcrmutution. 3. The answer of the con^'gation speaking alter- nately with the minister. 4. Alternate performance, in the choral sense. Ma;ioiu AI^TER\'A-TIVE, a, [Fr. alternatif.] Ofl'ermB a choice of two thing-i. AI*-TER\'A-TI VE, n. 7'hat which may be ch€$ ttvn is no midtllc grcninil. Cranch, AL-TEKN'A-TIVE-LV, adn. In the manner of al- tern:itives ; in a manner that admits the choice of one out of two things. Ar^TER.N'A-TIVE-NESS, n. The quality or state of, being alternative. AI^TEIt\'l-TY, Ti. Succession by turns; alternation. AL-THi^'A, B. [Or. oAOtiitt, from nAyw, or uA'-'oi^w, to heal.] In bvtanvt a genus of the class and order Mono- delphia Pidyandria, of several species. The com- mon species is called, in English, marsK-midloie. It lias a |M-renninl r^Hjt, and an annua] stalk, rising four or five feet. It abounds with mucilage, and is used as an emollient. AL-'fllOIJCH', (al-tW,) obs. verb, or used only in the ALU imperative, [all and thou-rh; from Sax. t/iah or UkoA; Ir. daighim, to give ; Ger. dock i I), dog ; Sw. dvck and ctrtda ; Dan. dog, though. See Though.] Grant all this; be it so ; allow all; suppose that; admit all that; as, "-^aUhtrugh the fig-tree shall not blossom." Hab. iii. That is, grant, aduiit, or sup- pose what foUows— "the fig-tree shall not blos- som." H is a transitive verb, and admits after it the dehnitive (Aizi — altJiough that the fig-tree shall not blossom ; but this use of the verb has been long obsolete. The word may be defined by notwith-iiandr ing, no7t obstante ; as not oj>posing may be equivalent to admitting or supposing. AL-TIL'O-UUENCE, H. [L. artiw, high, and loquorj loquens, sjJeaking.J Lofty speech ; pojnpous language. AL-TIL'O-UUENT, a. High sounding ; pompous. Ashe. AL-TIM'E-TER, n. [L. alius, high, and Gr. //i:r,,ov, measure. See iMeasube and Mode.] An instrument for taking altitudes geometrically, as a quadrant. AL-TIM'E TRY, TI. The art of ascertaining ahitudcs by taking angles with a prttper instrument, and by trigonometrical calculations, without actual men- s unit ion. AL'TIN, n. A money of accxiunt in Russia, value three kopecks, or about three cents ; also, a lake in Siberia, ninety miles in length. Tooke. Encye, AL-TINC'AR, n. A species of factitious salt or pow- der, used in the fusion and purification of metals, prepared in various ways. [See Ti.ncal.] Encyc. AL-TIS'O-NANT, / a. fL. o/tiw, high, and sonana. AL-TIS'O-NOUS, I sounding; ifoauv*, sound.] High sounding ; lofty or pompous, as language. Ecehtn. AL'TI-TCDE, ff. fL. altitudo, of altusy high, and a common tenniuation, denoting state, condition, or manner.] 1. Space extended upward ; height ; the eleva- tion of an object above its foundation ; as, the alti- tude of a mountain, or colunm; or the elevation of an oliject or place above the surface on which we stand, or above the earth ; as, the altitude of a cloud or meteor ; or the elevation of one object above another, as of a bird above the top of a tree. 2. In iwtronomy, the elevation of a point, or star, or other cclt!stial object, above thi; horizon ; marked by the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between such point and the horizon. This is either true or ap- parent altitude ; true, when taken from the rational or real horixon ; ajtjiarcnt, when taken from the sen- sible or apparent horizon. * 3. Figurativthj, high degree; superior excellence, highest point of excellence. llr? la proud to the aUiludg of lili virtue. Shot. The altitude of the eye, in perspective, Is a right line let fall from the eye, perpendicular to the geo> metrical plane. Encyc. -Mfndiau altitude, is an arc of the meridian b^-tween the horizon and any point, or the center of any ob- ject, on the meridian. AL-TIV'O-LANT, a. [L. aJtua, high, and tJoian*, flying.] Flying bigh. AL'TO, [It., from U alius.] High. In tna.-'ic. 1. See Alt. 2. The counter-leiior part, or that between th« tenor and treble. 3. The tenor violin. Alto ct Basso ; hi^h and low ; in old law, terms used to signify a submission of all dillt'rcncea of every kind to arbitration. AL'TO-CLEF, n. The counter-tenor clef, or the C clef, placed on the third line of the siafl'. AL'TO-OC-TSi'vo^ [It.] An octave higher. AL'TO-RErLlE'VO, [It.] High relief, in sculpture., Is the projection of a figure, half or more, without being entirely de- taelicd. Cyc AL'TO-RI-PIEWO, [It.] The tenor of the great chorus, which sings and plavs only in particular places. Encyc, AL'tO-VT-O'IJi, [lu]^ A small tenor viol. AIJTO~rl-OTJ'^ro, [It.] A small tenor violin. AI^TO-GETH'ER, ado. (all and togcUicr See To- gether.] Wholly; entirely ; completely ; without exception. Evry man at bU br-»i cttftfr isaltogflhtr mniij'. — Pm!. jijxix. AL'U-DEL, n. [a and lutum, without lute. Lunier.] In chemistry, aludels are earthen pots without bottoms, that they may bo exactly fittod into each other, and used in sublimations. At th'^ bottom of the furnace is a pot containing the matla/ to be sub- limed, and at the top a head to receive t^ie volatile matter. (^uiney. Encyc. A suljfliate of alumina and potassa. T h's sub- stance is white, transjKirent, and very a«:i-iigenL; but seldom found pure or crysiiillized. This salt is us'ually prepared by roasting and lixiviating ct'rtain schists containing pyrites, and to the lyo adding a certain quantity oftNitasEia ; the salt is then obtained TONE, BULL, tIMTE. — AN"OEB, VI"CIOUB. — e as K; O as J; S as Z ; CH as SH ; 7H as In THIS. AM by crystallization. Alum is of gnal use in medicine and the arts. In medicine, it is used as an astrin- grnl ; inienuilly, in )ieDU)[i«o«i, dtarrhen, and dysen- leO' y eitemally, as a styptic apjilied to bleeding vess«'Is, and as an escharotic. In the arts, it is used iu dyeing, to fix colurs ; in making candles, Tot hard- ening the tallow ; in tanning, tor restorinc; the cohe- sion uf skins. EHCyc. Fvurcroy. AL'UM, r. L In difeitij^, to impregnate or sleep in a solution of alum. Vre, AL'CM-EARTII, n. A massive mineral, of a Wack- isb-brown color, a dull luster, and ratlier soft con- sistence, chiefly composed of carbon, silica, and alu- mina i an impure earthy variety of lignite. Urr, A-LC'MI-NA, j /I. One of the earths, consisting of AL'Q-MLXE, i the metaJ aluminum and oxygen. It id the 'characterizing inpredieni in cumnion clay, and is sometimes called pure day. When moistened with water, it forms a plastic mass. DAntu A-Ll-MI^'-lF'£R-OUS, a. Containing or afiurdiag alum. A-LO'MIX-I-FORM, a. Having the form of alumina. CKuptaL A-LO'MO'-TTE, a. Subsulphate of alumina ; a min- eral thai occurs in small roundish or reniform maaaea. Its color is «now white or yellowish white. A-Lr'MTN-OUS,a. Pntainingto or containing alum. A-LO'MIN-L'M, ff. The name given to the metallic base of alumina. AL'UM-iSH, A. Haring the nature of alum; some- what re^mbling alum. ALUMNUS, H. ,- W. Alumsi. [L., from «i#, to notirii^h.] A pupil; one educated at a seuiinaiy is called an aiimKus of that institution. AL'UM-SLATE, n. A variety of shale or clay slate, cunuining iron pjTites, the deccmposiiion of which leads to the formation of ntum, which often efflo- resces on the surface of the rock. AL'U.M--STO.NK, n. The siiicious subsulphate of alu- mina and piitftsh. Cleartiand. A-I.C'TA, n. [L.] A ppecies of leather-stone, soft, pli- able, and not laminatrd. Qatiiey. AL-U-TA'CEOUS, a. [L. oia/*.] Of a pale brown color. AL-IJ-TA'TION, a. [U alula, tanned leather.] The tanning or dressing of leather. AL'VE-A-RV, a. TL. mlcearimm^ aicMors, a bee-hive, frura oiruj.-, the belly.] 1. A bee-hive. Barrtt. S. In afatomii, the hollow of Uie external ear, or bnttimi of tlie concha. Qutjicy. AL'VE-O-LAR, i «. XL. alvmlms, a socket, from ei- AL'VE-O-LA-RV, \ wu. a hollow vessel.] Containing sockets, boUow cells, or pits ; pertain- ing to sockets. Anatomti. The alreoUr pr^eastet^ are the processes of the maxillar)- bones, conlaming the sockets of the teeth. AL'VE-O LATE, a. [L. aictoiatug^ from oireiu, a hollow vessel.' Deeplv pitt^, so as to resemble a honey-comb. AL'VE-OLE, I ,, .. „- . „ , [Jfortya. AI^VE'O-LUS, j "• [L..d'ni.ofatoeitf.] I- ' 1. A cell in a honey-comb. 2. The socket in the jaw, in which a tooth Is fixed. 3. A sea fossil, of a conic figure, composed of a number of hemispherical portions, like bee-hives, joined by a pipe of communication. Enctfc 4. The term is likewise applied to one ot the hem- ispherical portions of the above fossil. AL'VE-O-LITE, n. [L. aJreoUs, and Gr. XiSh.] In natural Aiftori', a genus of stony polypiera, or coral zooph^-tes, formed by numerous concentric layers of a hemispherical figure, each composed of liule cells ; the same as the aiceolus. DieL Sist. JVat AL'VIN-E, a. [from o/rK.*, the belly.] Pertaining to tiie lower belly or intestines ; as, ah-ime discharges. Dcrtein. AL-WAR'GRIM, «. The ppoUed plover, C/utradriiu Avricarius, Pennant, AL'WaY, i adv. [ol/ and vcay: Sax. eal and ur^^, AL'^VA YS, \ way ;^roperiy, a going, at all goings j hence, at all times.] 1. Perpetually ; throughout all time ; as, God is ahteys the same. 3. 'Continually ; withoat variation. 1 do o/iMijr t&oM Uiia»i which ple«ae hio. — John vm. MaU. 3. Cdntinually or constantly during a certain pe- riod, or regularly at stated intervals. Meptuboabeth sluil at btcad oitroy »X mj vAAf. — 2 Sara, ix, 4. At all convenient times ; regularly. CorneliiH pr«jed u God Oi'trajr. — Acta x. Luk^ xrin. Eph. tI. Alway is now seldom used. The application of this compound to time proceeds from the primary sense of tray, which is a going or passing j hence, continuation- A. M. stand for artium majri.*(er, master of arts, the second degree given by universities and colleges ; called, in some countries, doctor of philosophy. In America, this degree is conft;rre*d, without examina- tion, on bachelors of three years' standing. t'MA, I ». [D. aaniy a vessel.] In church affairs, a iA'MA, \ vossci to contain wme for the euclmrist. AMA A, M. stand ali^o for anno muiidi^ in Uie year of the world. AM, the first person of the verb to bCj in the Indicative mode, present tense. Hax. eom; Gr. £ifit ; Goth, im; Pers. aiH, I AM ihAt I AM. — Ex. m. A'MA HA Encyc. A'M.\, II. A wine measure, as a cask, a pipe, &.c. AM-A-BIL'1-TY, n. [L. amabUisj from uwio, to lave.] Loveliness; the power of pU^asing, or rallter the combination of agreeable quiUities which win the affections. Taylor. A.M'A-DOT, a. A sort of p<*ar, Jokn^son, AM'A-DCU. n. f Fr.] A variety of the Boletus ignia- rius, found on idd a:>h and other trees, colled spunk and Oerman tinder. Urc This is written also amadow^ and called black mofcA, and pyroUchnical sponge^ on account of its in- flammabitily. Ctjc. A-MAI\', ad&. [Sax. a and nw^-n, force, streiigtli. See Mat, Might.] \Vith force, strength, or violence; violently; fu- riously ; suddenly ; at once. Wt»I when we fi»l atnain, htUlon. Let ^0 amainy in seamen's language, or strike amain^ is to let fail or lower at once. J^ar. Diet. A-MAL'GAM,n. [Gr. /I'lAajua, from ^aXmro-ti*, to soften. Its usual derivation is certainly erroneous.] 1. A compound of mercury or quicksilver with another metal ; any metallic alloy, of which mercury forms an essential constituent part. Cye. 2. A mixture or compound of different things. Burke. A-MAL'GAM-ATE, r. U To compound quicksilver with another metal. Gregory uses amalgamize, 2. I'o mix durerent things, to make a compound ; to unite. A-MAL'GAM-ATE, r. i. To unite jn-nn amalgam; to blend. A-.M.\L'GAM-A-TED,pp. Compounded with quick- silver ; blended. A-MAL'GAM-A-TING, pjrr. Compounding quick- silver with anotiier metal ; blending. A-MAL-GAM-A'TION, n. The act or operation of compounding mercury with another metal \ applied particularly to the process of separating gold and silver from their ores by means of mercury. Ure. Q. The mixing or blending of different things. A-MA\'DO-LA, II. A green marble, having the ap- pearance of honey -comb, and containing white spots ; of 100 parts, 7fi are mild calcareous earth, 20 schist, and 2 Iron. The cellular appearance proceeds from the schist. Kirican. JVichuUun. A-MAN-U-E.N'fJIS, n. [L,, from manas, hand.] A persttn whose employment is to write what another dictates, (m: to copy what another has written. AM'A-RANTH, a. A color inclining to purple. Cyc. AM'A-RA\TH, > n. [Gr. a;iUS-NE8.S, i ing birth hands with equal facility ; dMuble d'-nling; the taking of money from both pnrties for a verdict. AMBI-DEX'TROUS, a. Having the fncully of using both hands with equal ease j practicing or siding witli both panirs. A.M'BI-EiNT, a. [I^ ambienn^ from ambto^ to go round, from amh, alKtut, and eo, to go.] Surrotimting ; enrompassing on all sides ; invest- ing i applied to fluids or dilfiisiblu substances} as, the ambient air. Mtilon, AM-niO'E-N.\L, d. [I*, amboj both, and genu, a knf*.] All 'v/>^rfro/d, is one of the triple hyper- bol;i 1 order, liaving one of in infittite let;-< , I an angle formed by the asymp- tole.'*, :iiiu uif ouier without. Kncyr. AM'Bl^U,". [Fr. See Ambigcitt.] AMB An entertainment or feast, consisting of a medley of dishes. King- AM-BI-GO'I-TV, n. [I*, ambiguitas, from ambigo?\ Doubtfulness or uncertainty of signification, fiom a word's bc'ing susceptible of dirterent meanings; double meaning; as, words should be used whicii admit of no ambiguity. AM-BIG'U-OUS, a. [L ambiguus.] Having two or more meanings ; doubtful ; being of uncertain signification ; suriceptible of ditTerent interpretations ; hence, obscure. It is applied to words and e.xpressinns ; not to a dubious state of mind, though it may he to a person using words of doubtful signification ; as, the ancient oracles were ambi^^uousy as were their answers. A.M-blG'li-OUS-LY, adv. In an ambiguous manner; with doubtful meaning. AM-BIG'U-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being am- biguous ; uncertainty of meaning ; ambiguity; and hence, obscurity. AM-IilL'E-VOUy, a. fL. ambo^ both, and lavusj left.] Left-handed on both sides. [JSToi in use.'] Brown. AM-BIL'O-GY, ju [L. ambOj both, and Gr. XoyoSt speech.] Talk or language of doubtful meaning. AM-BIL'0-Q,UOL'ti, a. [I*, atubo^ both, and luquor, to speak.] Using ambiguous expressions. AM-BIL'O aUY, n. The use of doubtful or ambigu- ous expressions. AM'BIT, n. [L. ambitiiaj a circuit, from ambio^ to go ab'. 2. tjhowy i adapted to command notice or praise ; as. ambitiuas ornanu-nts. 3. FiguraUcelyy eager to swell or rise higher ; as, the ambitious ocean. Sftak. AM-BI"TI(>US-LV, adv. In an ambitious manner; with an eager desire after prefennent or superiority. AM-BI"TIOUS-NESS, n. The quality of being am- bitious ; ambition. Being nearly synonymous with ambititm. it is not often used. AM'Bi-TUB, n, [L.] 1. The circumference or exte- rior edge or border of a thing. 2. In Roman laic^ tJie ojmju space surrounding a building or tomb. Kncyc 3. In Roman histaryf^ convassiDg fur votes by can- didates for office. AM'BLE, r. i. [Fr. ambler^ from L. ambnlo^ to walk ; Qu. amb^ about, and the root of Fr. alter.] 1. To poce ; to move with a certain peculiar pace, a.^ a horse, fir>:t lifting his two legs on one side, and then changing to the other. Edin, Ettcye. % To move easy, williout hard shocks. lUm Uin« ambUi vnthal. Shxik. 3. In aludterouM aente^ to move with submission, nr by direction, or to move affectedly. Johnson. AM'BLE, n. A peculiar pace of a horse, in which the two legs of the same iside rinc togL-ther. AM'BLKR, 71. A horse which ambles ; a pacer. AM'BLhN'G, ppr. or a. Lifting the two legs on the same side at first going off, and then changing. AM'BLIXG-LY, adv. With iin ambling gait. AM'BLY GON, n. \Gt. ofiliXvi^ obtuse, and yf.^v^a^ an angle.] An obtuse -angled triangle ; n triangle with one an- gle of more than ninety (li-grees. Bailey. Encyc, AM-BLYG'ON-AL, a. Contaming an obtuse angle. AM-BLYG'ON-ITE, n. [Gr. ofifiXvy wkos, having an obtuse angle.] A mineral from Saxony, of a pale-green color, sometimes spotted, somewhat resembling pyroxene. It consists of phosphoric acid and alumina, with 9 f^-r cent, of litliia. Dana. _ I'BLY-O PY, n. [Gr. *i^/?>trt, dull, and wii, eye.] Weakikess of sight, witiiout any opacity of the cor- AMB nea, or of the interior of the eye ; either absolute weakness of sight from disease or old age ; or rela- tive, when objects can he seen only in a certain light, distance, or position, as in day and night blindness, near and far sightedness, and stmbismus or squint- ing. Sauragrs. AM'BO, ( n. [Gr. aupoiv. a pulpit ; L. umbo, a AM'BON, i boss.] An oblong, elevated pulpit, in the early Christian churclies, but disused after the fourteenth century. Oicilt. AM-BRE-A'DA, n. [fVom amber.] A kind of facti- tious amber, which the Europeans sell to the Afri- cans. F.nciic. AM-BRK'ie AC^ID, n. An acid formed by digesting ambreme in nitric acid. AM-BRe'INE, n. One of the animal proximate prin- ciples, and the chief constituent of ambergris. AM-BRO'SIA, (am-bro'zha,) n. [Gr. a neg. and (ipo~ Tos, mortal, because it was supposed to confer immor- tality on them that fed on it.J 1. In heathen antiquity^ the imaginary food of the gods Hence, 2. Whatever is very pleasing to the taste or smell. The name has also been given to certain alexiphar- mic compositions. 3. A genus of plants. AM-BRC'Sl-AC, a. Having the qualities of ambrosia. AM-vBR0'SI.4,L, (am-bro'zhal,) a. Partaking of the nature or qualities of ambrosia ; fragrant; delighting the taste or smell ; as, ambrosial dews. Ben Jonson uses ambrosiac in a like sense, and Bailey has ambro- sian, but these seem not to by warranted hy usage. AM-BKf^'SIAL-LY, adc. In an ambrosial way. A.M-BR6'SIA.\, a. Pertaining to St. Ambrose. The Jlmbrosian office, or ritual, is a formula of worship in the church of Milan, instituted by St. Ambrose. AM-BRO'SIAN-CHANT, ;.. A mode of singing or chanting introduced by St. Ambrose. It was more monotontpus than the Orcgorian, which was used afterward. AM'RRO-SIN, n. In fA? m(V*/fc a^w, a coin struck by the dukes of Milan, on which St. Ambrose was rep- resented on horseback, with a whip in his right hand. AM'BRV, n. [contracted from Fr. aamOnerie^ almonry, from ohi Fr. almoig-ne^ alms.] 1. An almonrj- ; a place where alms are deposited for distribution to tlie [wwr. In ancient nbbeyri and priories there was an oHice of this name, in which the almoner lived. 2. A place in which arc deposited the utensils for house-keeping; also, a cupboard; a place for cold V id u ills. AMBK'-ACE, (amz'ace,) n. [L. amboy both, and ace.] A double ace, as when two dice turn up the ace. AM'BU-LA^'CE, n. [Fr.] A flying hospital ; a mov- able ha>4{pital, or place of succor for the wounded, formed, for the occasion, on the field of battle, or in its imtuediatc vicinity ; fir^t introduced into the French armies. Cye. Med. AM'BU-LANT, a. [L. amftw/aiw, from ambalu.] Walking ; moving from place to place. Encyc. Jimbulant brokers, in Am»tterdam, are exchange- brokers or agents, who are not sworn, and whose testimony is not received in courts of justice. A.M'RU-L.^TE, r. i. To walk; to move backward and ftirward. AM-BU-LA'TION, «. [L. ambuIatio.^ A walking about : the act of walking. AM'BU-LA-TIVE, a. Walking. AM'BU-LA-TU-RY, a. 'I'hat h;ts the power or faculty of walking; as, an animal is ambulatory^ 2. Pertaining to a walk ; as, an ambulatory view. 3. Moving from place to place ; not stationary- ; as, an ambulaUrry court, which exercises its jurisdiction in dilferent places. Johnson. 4. In ornithology, formed for walking ; applied to the feet of birds with three toes before and one be- hind. Brands. AM'BU-LA-TO-RY, n. A place to walk in ; applied to any place in buildings, inclrised by a colonnade or arcade, as porticoes and corridors ; also, to the aisles or piLssages in churches. P, Cyc. AM'BU-RY, ) n. [Qu. I^ umbo, the navel ; Gr. AN'BU-UY, t a/ifJun:] Anumg farriers, a tumor, wart, or swelling on a horsf!, full of blood, and soti to the touch. Encyc, AM'BU.S-t::Al)E, II. [Ft. embusmdc; Sp. and Port, cm- bnscada < It. imboscata^ from It. imboncare i Hp. cnibos- cor, to lie in bushes, or concea]t::d ; in and bosco, bos^ue, a wood ; Eng. bush.] 1. Literally, a lying in a wood, concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy by surprise; hence, a lying in wait, and concealed in any situuliun, for a like purpos'^ 2. A private station in which troops He concealed, with a view to attack their enemy by surprise; ao^ bush. 3. A bodv of troops hiug in ambush. A.M'BUS-fAbE, r. t. 'JV lie in wait for, or to attack from a concealed piFsiti(m. _ AM'BUS-CAD-ED, jtp. Having an ambu.«h laid against, or att.icked fVoiu a private station ; as, his troops were ambuscadi:d. TCNE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER. VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THia 6 \i AME AM'BUS-tAl>-INti, ppr. Lying in wait for; altacJi- ing from a secret ittation. AM'BJJSIl, H. [Fr. em&^the, of in and bujh i Dan. »«.«& ; D. AojcA ; Ger. htisek ; Fr. bosquet, boMOg*^ hoeagt, kiiis. See Bu«h.] L A private or concealed station, where troops lie Ib wait to attack their enemy by surprise. 2. Tbe state of lying conct^alcd, fi>r the purpose of attacking by surprise ; a lying in waiL 3. The troops posted in a concealed place, for at- tacking by surprise. Loj ibw *a iitw* brOwdtjr-— J<"b. rii. AM'BKSH, c (. To lie in wail for ; to surprise, by as- sailing unexpectedly from a concealed place. AM'B};SU, V. u To lie in wait, fur the purpoae of at- tacking by surprise^ Nor nw the nuke, that amiaJkmt fatMt pnj. Tn^mhuO. AM'B!JSH-ED, (am'byuhl,) pp. I^in in wail fur ; sud- denly attacked from a concealed station. AM'BySH-ING, »r. Lying in wait fur; attacking from a ronccaled station. AM'SysiI MENT, K. An ambosii ; which ms. AM-BU:^'T10.\, a. [U ■MtesCis, fhim umhtav, to burn or scorch ; of tmhy about, and aro, to bum.J Among sAfsiciaM, a burning ; a bum or scald. AM'EL,a. [FY.smLI The nntler with wbkh metallic bodies are over- laid in the process of enameUng ; but its use Is super- seded by moaui; which M«. BvpU, A-M rL'IOR-A-BLE, o. That may be meliofatM. A-MgL'lOR-ATC, r. L [Fr. aswUsnr, fton U SMfisr, better.] To make better ; to troproTe ; to meliorate. & & Smith, ChruL Obs. Butkanttn. A-MgL'IOR-XTB, o. t. To grow better ; to mdiorate. A-MeL'10R^%-TED, pp. Qtawn belter; improved. A-M£L'IOR-A-T1NO, ppr. Becoming or nakiag bener. A-M£L-IOR-A'TI0N, a. A making or beeominf bet- ter : improvement ; radionition. A-.UEN'. This word, with slight differences of or- thofnvptiv, is in all tbe dialects of the Shemttish stock. As a ««rft. It signlfles to confirm, estntilb^, verify ; to trust, or give confidence ; as a ncmii, truth, firmness, tni?^, confidence ; as an adjretirr, firm, sta- ble. In ^n^lish.aAcr ibe Orit-ntnl nmnncr, it is U'^d at the beginning, but more eeni*rally at the end of declarations and prayers, in the sense of, be it Jtrm^ be it citahluhed. And W aO the |«(fh Hy, AMMt. — Pt. cvL The word is used also as a noun : " M\ the prom- ises of God are amen in Christ," that Is, firmness, stabilitr, constancy. A-MP.-NA-BIL'I-TY, ( a. The state of being ame- AM£'\.\-BLE XESd, ( nable; liabUity to answer. Judge Ston/, A-Mfi'NA-BLE, a. [It. menare : Fr. Mm«r, amener ; Norm, amesner, to lead, tu bring; Fr. ojkaut, It. Otn- maimartt in marine langttace, to strike sail.] L In oU lotf , easy to be led ; governable, as a woman by Iter husband. [ Tlus tenee is obMleu.] 3. liable to answer ; rssponsible ; answerable ; li- able to be called to account ; as, every man is om^iui- U« to the laws. We retain tliis idiom in the popular phrase, to bring In, to make answerable ; as, a man is Imitgkt in to pay the debt of another. A-ME'XA-BLY, adr. In an amenable manner. AM'EN-AGE, r. t To manage. [Ob^.] ^tntMr. AM'EX-AXCE, a. Conduct ; behavior. [06*.] Spfnser, A-MEXIV, *. L [Ft. tmeudtr ; L. emendo, of « neg. and menda, mmJiim, a fault ; W. moaa, a spot or blemish ; Sp. acd Fort. eoLeudar ; IL nmmimttare. Bee Ua:«D.] L To eerrect ; to rectify by expunging a mistake ; as, to ammd a wriL 3. To reform, by quitting bad habits ; to make bet^ ter, in a raoral sen^ ; as, to amend uur ways i}x our conduct 3l To correct ; to supply a defect ; to improve or make better, by some addition of what is wanted, as weO as by exptinging what is wrong ; as*, to amend a bill before a legislature. Hence it is applied to t)ie correction of authors, by restoring passages which had been omitted, or restoring the true reading. A-MEXD', r. i. To grow or become better, by refor- mation, or rcctifyinc sometliing wrung in manners or morals. It diifers from improre^ in tliis, that to ^ amend implies something previously wrong ; to tm- prore^ docs not. A-MEXD'A-BLE, a. That may be amf^nded ; capable of corr-^ction ; as, an amendahU writ or error. AMEND A-TO'RV, a. Tliat amends; supplying ami-ndntf-nt; corrective. Ji^\fE^''DK'y n. [Fr.] A pecuniary punishment, or fine ; a reparation or recantation. The ammdt ho- norable, in France, is an iiifamuus punishment in- flicted on traittirs, parricides, and sacrilegious per- sons. The offender, beins led into court with a rope about his neck, and a lighted torch in his band, hcgi pardon of his God, the court, &c. These AME word.H also denote simply a recunt:tlion in open couri, or in presence of the injured pi-rson. Bmryc. 3. In popular lanenai^ty the phrase denotes a public recantation and re)Kmition to an injured party, for improper language or treatment. A-ME.NU'ED, pp. Corrected ; rectified ; reformed ; impriwed, or altered for the better. A-ME.\D'ER, n. The person lliat amends. A-ME.N'D'FIJL, a. Full of improvement. A-ME\1>'L\'G, ppr. Correcting; reforming; altering for the better. A-ME.\D'MEXT, a. An alteration or change for the better ; correction of a fault or faults ; reformation of life, by quittine vices. 3. In UgLitatti^e procfrd'm^s, any alteration in a bill or motion, by adding, changing, or omitting. 3. In foac, tbe correction of an error in a writ or prooesa. Shakspeare uses it for the recovery of health, but this si-nse is unusual. A-MEXDS', It. pL [Ft. amende ] Compen^tion for an injury ; recompense ; satis- faction ; equivalent ; as, tJie happiness of a future life will uiore than make amends for tlie miseries of thiit. A-ME.N'I-TY, n. [L. amtrnitas; Fr. aminili; L. amaHua: W. miryn, good, kind.] Pleasantness ; agreeableness of situation ; that which delights the eye; used of pl^^ea and prospects. Brown. jaME.\*SA ETT0iRO,[L.] From board and bed. A divorce from board and bed is when husband and wife separate, but the husband maintains the wife. AMEXT^UM t "* ^^ ameTUnmy a thong, or strap.] In botantff a species of inflorescence, consisting of many scales, ranged along a sUitk or slender axis, which is the common receptacle ; as in birch, oak, chestnuL Martyn. A spike, the bracts of tvhich are all of equal size, and closely imbricated, and which is articulated wiUi the stem. Lindley. AM-EX-TA'CEOUS, a. I. Growing in an ament ; re- sembling a thong ; aB, the chestnut has an amentor ce4fus inflorescence. Martyn. 2. Funii^hcd with aments ; having flowers ar- mni;ird in aments ; as, amentaceoiis pXiuitfi. Brande. A-MERCE', (a-mers',) c.L [A verb formed from a, for on or at, and Fr. merci, mercy, or from L. merces^ reward.] 1. To inflict a penalty at mercy ; to (Hinish by a pecuniary penalty, the amount of which is not fixed by law, but left to the discretion or mercy of the court ; aa, the court amerced tlie cruuinal in the sum of one hundred dollars. 2. To inflict a pecuniary penalty ; to punish in general. Milton uses vf aSltr amerce: " Blillions of spirit-: amerced of heaven ; " hut this use seeuxs to be a pi»f-tic license. A-MEK'CiJD, pp. Fined at the discretion of a court. A-MEltCEMEXT, ( a-mers' me nt,) n. A pecuniary penalty intlicled on an oirender at the discretion of tbe court. It dilTeri fruin a Jine, in that the latter i», or was originally, a ti.\ed and ct;rtain sum prescribed by sLUute for an offense ; but an amercement is arbi- trary. Hence the practice ofajeering. [See Affeer.] But, in America, tiie word fine is now used for a pe- cuniary penalty which is uncertain ; and it is com- mon, in statutes, to enact tliat an offender ifhall be fiHt'iy at the discretion of the court. In Kagland^ also, fines are now usually discretionary. Thus the word Jine has, in a measure, superseded the use of amerce- ment This word, in old books, is written aincrcia- menL .Amercement royal, is a penalty imposed on an officer for a misdemeanor in his office. A-.MER'CER, n. One who sets a fine at discretion upon an ofi'ender. A-MER'I-CA, n. [from Amerigo Vespucci, a Flor- enline, who pretended to have first discovered the western continent.] One of the great continents, first discovered by Sebastian Cabot, June 11, O. S., 1498, and by Colum- bus, or Christoval Colon, Aug. 1, the same year. It extends from the eightieth degree of north, to the fifty-fourth degree of south latitude ; and from the thirty-fifth to tlia one hundred and fifty-sixth degree of longitude west from Greenwich, being about nine thousand miles in length. lU breadth at Darien is narrowed to about furty-five miles, but at the northern extremity is nearly four thousand miles. From Darien to the twrth, the continent is called J^urtk America^ and to tlie south, it is called South AmTica. A-MEIl'I-CAX, a. Pertaining to America. A-MEit'I-€A\, n. A native of America; originally applied to tiie aboriginals, or copper-ci>lored races, found here by the Europeans; but now applied to the descendants of Europeans born in America, es- pecially to the inhabitants of tlie United States Tb-? name Am^riaui mutt ajwayt exalt the piiiJe of patriotiain. WoMhingion. A-MER'I-CA N-I8M, a. An idiom peculiar to America. AiMl a. The love which American citizens have to their own country, or the preference of its interests. A-MER'I-CA.V-IZE, r. L To render American; to naturalize in America. A.MKS'-ACE. See AMns-ACB. A-MET-A-B6'LI-AN, n. J [Gr. a neg. and u£ra/?aXXu, A-MET-A-BO'LI-A,n.;^/. ( to change.] In zoology, terms denoting a division of insects which do not undergo any metamorphosis. Brande, A-ME'ni'O-DlST, «. A quack. [JVot used.] AM'E-T1IY!:*T, v. [L. ameOiystus ; Gr. u^t^uffroj, which the Greeks supposed to be formed from a neg. and |(t$P(,i, to inebriate, from some supposed quality in the stone of resisting intoxication. Phn. xxxvii. 9, mentions an opinion, that it takes its name from its color upproachin g that of wine, but not reaching it.] A sub-species of quart/., of a bluisn violet color, of difTercnl degree.s of intensity. It generally occurs crystallized in hexnhedral prisms tenninaleu by cor- resjHiiuling pyramids; also in rolled fragments, com- ptts.'d of iiuperfrct prismatic cr>stals. Ha fracture is conchoidal or f^plintcry. It is wrought into various articles of jewelry. Cleavdattd, Encyc Oriental amcViy.-itj the violet blue variety of traas- parent cr>-stallized corundum. AM'E-THVST, in heraldry, signifies a purple color. It i-s the same, in a nobleman's escutcheon, as pur- pure in a gentleman's, and vurrcury in that of a sovereign prince. Eneyc. AM-E-THV.ST'INE, a. 1. Pertaining to, or resem- bling amethyst ; anciently applied to a garment of the color of amethyst, as distinguished from the Tyrian and hyaciiithine purple. 3. Composed of ttie amethyst ; as, an amethystine cup. Brande. A'MI-A, a. A genus of fish, of tlie Abdominal order, found in the rivers of Carolina. Pcnnaid. X-MI-A-BIL'1-TY, a. Amiableness. A'MI-A-ItLE, a. [Fr. amable ,- L. amabUis; from amo, to love.] 1. Lovely; worthy of love; deserving of affection ; applied ustuilly to persons. But in Psal. Ixxxiv. ], there is an exception . " How amiable are thy taber- nacles, O Lord ! " 2. Pretending or showing love. I.ny aitwible tiege to the honevty of Ihii Ponl'« wife. SliaJc. But this use is not legitimate. A'MI-A-BLE-NESS,»u The quality of deserving love; liiveliness. A'MI-A-BLY, a4lo. In an amiable manner ; in a manner to excite or attract love. AM-I-AN'THUS, 71. [Gr. u/i(uvru<, of a neg. and fiinifoi, to |H>llutc or vitiate ; so called from its In- cumbustibility. Plin. 3(). 19.] Earth-flax, or mountain-flax ; a mineral substance somewhat resembling flax, belonging eittier to the sjx'cies pyroxene or hornblende, usually grayish, or of a greenish white ; sometiinea of a yellowish or silvery white, olive or mountain green, of a pale flesh red or oeher color. It is composed cf delicate filaments, very flexible, and somewhat elastic, often long, and resembling threads of silk. It is iiicom- busiiblc, and has sometimes been wrought into cloth and pa|»er. Ktrwoji. Encyc. Cleatcland. AM-I-AX'THI-FORM, o. [amianthus and form.] Having the form or likeness of amianthus. ATnian&^fo^m arspiiioie of copper. Phillipg. AM-I-AN'TIIIN-ITE, n. A species of amorphous mineral, a variety of aclinolite ; its color ash, greenish, or yellowish gray, often mixed with yel- low or red ; its fracture confusedly foliated and fibrous. KiTwan. AM-1-AN'THOID, n. [amianthus and Gr. £i(i..(,rorm.] A variety of a>!bcstus, composed t>f long capillary filaments, flexible and very elastic ; more flexible than tlie fibers of asbestus,. but stilTer and more elastic than those of amianthus. The color is olive preen, or greenish white. Haiiy. Cleavcland. A.M-I-AN'THOID,a. Resembling amianthus in form. AM'l-C A-BLE, a. [ L. amicabdis, from amicus, a friend, from amOy to love.] 1. Friendly; peaceable; harmonious in social or mutual transactions ; usually applied to the disposi- tions of men who have business with each other, or to their intercourse and transactions ; as, nations or men have come to an amicable adjustment of their differences. 2. Disposed to peace and friendship ; as, an amica- ble temper. iBut rarely applied to a stnsrle person.] -CA-BLE-NESS, n. Tlie quality of being peace- able, friendly, or disposed to peace ; friendliness; a disposition to preserve ijeace and friendship. AM'l-eA-BLY,a(/tj. In a friendly manner ; with har- mony or good-will ; without controversy ; as, the dispute was amicably adjusted. A.M'ICT, in. [L. amictus, from amicior, to clothe ; Fr. AM'ICE, \ amict; Sp. amito ; Port, amicto.] A square linen cloth that a Roman Catholic priest ties about his neck, hanging down behind, under the alb, when he ofticiates at mass. Sp. ami Port. Vict. A-MID', ) prep, [of a and Sax. midrf, the middle; A-MIDST', ) L. rriedius. Amidst is the superlative FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PRfiY. — PIXE, MARXNE, BIRD — N6TE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK.- AMM degree, middest^ a contraction of Sax. mid^mcstaj mid- most. See Middle and Midst.] 1. In the mid^t or middle. 2. Among ; mingled with ; osj a shepherd amidst his flock. 3. Surrounded, encompassed, or enveloped with ; ns, amidst the shade ; amid the waves.* ^mid is used AM'IDE, I g AMMtD [mostly m poetry. AMT-DET, i "• ''^^ AMMtD. AMT-DINE, n. Starch modified by heat so as to be- come a transparent mass, like hum, which is soluble in cold water. A-MID'-SIIIPS ; in marine Um^tage^ the middle of a ship, with regard to her length and breadth. AM'I-LOT, n. A white fish in the Jlexican lakes, more than a foot in length, and much esteemed at the table. Clacigcro. A-MISS', €u [a and miss. See Mibs.] 1. Wrong ; faulty ; out of order ; improper ; as, it may not be amiss to ask advice. [^Thia adjective al- vays fuUtnt!.i its noun.] » 2. adv. In a faulty manner ; contrary to propriety, truth, law, or morality. Yv uk *nd ^'^o^iTe not, b-caiue ye nikamUi. — Jame« ir. Applied to the body, it signifies indisposed ; as, I am Stimewhat amits to-day. AM'I-TY, n. [Fr. amiti^; It. amistd, amistAde; Sp. amistad, from ontii-fdr, to reconcile ; Port, amizade ; Nonn. amistee, friendship, amei, friends, amcis^ameti, beloved. Q.U. L. amo, amicitia.] Friendship, in a general sense, between individ- uals, societies, or nations; harmony; good under- standing; Rs, our nation is in amitif with all the world ; a treaty of amity and commerce. AM'MA, 71. [Hcb. ON, mother.] 1. Aji abbess or spiritual mother. 2- A girdle or truss used in ruptures. [Gr. atiftft.] Coze. AM'MAiV, n. [G. amtmann; D. amptman; Dan. amC- mand; a compound of ampt, Sax. ambaht, or embeht^ office, duly, charge, and man. See Embassadoiu] In torn European nAUons, a judge who has cogni- Trance of civil causes. Encyc AM'MID, n. [formed from ammonia.'] A compound of ammidogen with an element, in which ammidogen is the electro-negative ingredient. AM-MID'0-6EN, n. [arnmid and Gr. jtyj-aw, to pr(»duce.l A basifying and basic principle, composed of two equivalents of hydrogen and one of nitrogen. AM'MI-RAL, n. An obaolele form of admiroL UAwUiTeM- [Gr. ».,.«, «l..d.] A sandstone or freestone, of a pale brown color, very heavy, of a lax texture, composed of email ronnd gmnules, cemented by an earthy, sp;irry matter. The grit or granules are small stalagmites, composed of crusts or coats including one another. It id the roe-«tonc or oiJlite uf recent authors. Da Costa. I'lin. 37. 10. AM'MO-€IIRYSE, (am'mo-kris,) n. [Gr. wfi^oj, sand, and x.oi'(r'*(, gold.] A yellow, soft stone, found in Germany, consi.-iline of glossy yellow particles. When rubbed or ground, it is «wd to strew over writing, like black sand with us. Qu. vrlloje miea. P(tn. 37. II. Encyc AM-MO-U^'T£S, n. [Gr. i/j/i <(, sand, and ^uoj, to enter.] The sand eel, a genus of fith, of the Apodal order, about a foot in length, with a comnressed head, a long, slender body, and scales haruly perceptible. Two species are now recognized by naturalists. It buries iftelf in the sand, and is found also in the stomach of the porpoii*e, which indicates that the latter ff*>h roots up the sand like a hog. Eneyc. AM-Mr)'NI-A, n. [The real origin of this word is not ascertained. Pome authors suppose it to be from Ammony a title of Jupiter, near whijsc temple in Upper Egypt it was generated. Others cuppose it to be from Am)Boniay a Cyrcnnic territory ; and others deduce it from aif/ioc, sand, as it was found in sandy ground.] Ammonia is an alkali, which is gat^eous or arrt. //l<*. AoC AM-PHIB'O-LTTE:,*. Trap, or greens me; a rock with a bn$e of amphibole or homblrnde. Did. frut. J^at. AM-PIHB-O-LOO'IC-AL, «. IXmUful ; of dotibtful mraning. AM-PHIB-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY, adv. Wilh a doubtful meaning. AM-Pnt-BOL'OGV, a. [Gr. a/f^i,^dXAu,and Aoyos, speech; a •>i(^oAo> ta.] A phrase or diseouree, sasceptiblc of, two interpre- tations; aud hence, a phrase or discourse of luicer- tain meaning. Amphibology arises from the order of the phraiie, rather than fn>ni the ambiguous mean- ing of a word, which is culled rtfHtrocutunu \Vv have au e\ainple in the answer of the oracle to Pyrrhus: " Aio te Roinanus vincerc ph lonpiafe seldom odinils of amphibi.ilo!rv'. Enetfc Johtison. AM-PHIBO-LOID, n, A rock composed of aniphi- bole and f. t.-^pcir, in which the ainphibule predom- inates ; a varutv of greenstone. lUct. I{ii, both wa>-s, and ^aXXa*, to strtkcj Amhiznitv of meauing. iRarefif med.] SpelmaM, A-M'PHI-BR.ieH, n. [Gr. att-;>t, and ^,'uxviy short.] In poetry, a ft>ot of three s}iiables, the middle one long, the fintt and bat short ; as, k&hfrt^ in lAtin. In English verse, it b used as Ibe last fool, when a syllable is added lo the usual number fonning a double rhyme ; as. The pMc, jou Uiink, it boo i w c t ; wkf, tUt k. Pup*. TVumtMtt, AM'PIII-€0->fE, B. rCr. a^^t and rowij, hair.] A kind of figured stone, of a round shape, but mgged and beset with eminences;' called also ErtttftaSy on account of its suppec;indulle, to the lowest rla.s9 ' of plants, or those whocte stniciure is entirely cellul.u, and which have no distinct sexual orsins. ' AM'PUI-Ge.NE, n. [Gr. u^^. and Mvoi.] In mineraiagyj another name -llnhles, the mid- dle one short and the others long, as in c&siltas. AM-PIMP'NKCST, n. [Gr. aj>.:,ii and irvtu.] A term applied to a tribe of reptiles, which have both lungs and gills at ihe same time ; comprehending the true aniphiliia, as the proteus and siren. Brand*. AM'PIII-I'OI), w. [Gr. tMfitt and Kux-i.] One of an iTder of crnstaceous animals, with sub- cnudil, naLiton" feet, and sessile eyes. Brande. AM-PHIP'itO-StVI-E, «. [Gr. u/i^i, ir^jo, before, and vTv\ >(, a column.] A double proNtUe, or an edifice with columns in front and behind, but not on the sides. Morin. A.M-PHI.^BiE .\A, «. [Gr. amtoJaiviyOf an^iy and /yh, .-md the mouth furnished with small teeth. The body is cylindrical, and divided into numerous nnnular seciuent* ; the tjiil obtuse, and scarcely to be di>itinguished from the hi-ad, w firiice the belief tliat It moved equally wull with eitliei end foremost. There are t%vo species, the f'tUttrnivfa. nliick with white spots, found in .-Vfnca an. I Aiiierka and the a!ba, or white species, found in iKitli th<- tndies, and generTilIy in ant-hillocks. 'I'liev tVe»i on anis and earth-worms, and were formerly deemed jioisonous ; but this opinion is e\plt»ded. Ene^e. Cyc^ The Biinatic ainphisbienn, Gtrntiu^* aouattcus^ Lnm., is an animal resembhng a horsehair, found in water, and nmving with either end foremo»t. 7'he vulgar opinion that thus is an animated lu>rse-hair is found lo be an error. This hair- worm is generated in the common black beetle, in which the parent wonn lays its eggs ; and is sometimes fuund in the earth and ou the leaves of trees. Li^tfr, Phil. Trans. A"o. 83. AM-PHIt!'CI-I, ( n. pL [Gr. 'i;^0i, on both sides, AM-PHIS'('IA.\a, I and (tmo, shadow.] In geoirraphtiy the inhabitants between the tropics, whost? shadows, in one piirt of the year, are cast to the nonh, and in the other to the south, according as the sun is south or north of tlieir zenith. AM'PIH-T.\NE, n. A name given % ancient nat- uralists lo a f^ossil, called by Dr. Hill, Pyrieubium. Pliny describt-s it as of a square figure and a gold color. Uu. Cubic ijvrius. Pii«!/, 37, 10. Enajc. AM PHI-TUk'A-TER, I n. [Gr. ui/.^.cti.ir^.-i', of a«0i, AM-PHI-THE'A-TRE, ( about, and Siurp.i-, thear ler, from itaofta.-^ to si'e or look.] 1. An edifice in an oval or circular form, having its area encompassed with rows uf seats, rising higher as they recede from the area, on which peo- ple used to sit to view the combats of gladiators and of wild beasts, and otiier sports. The ancient thea- ter was a semicircle, but exceeding it by a fourth pail of its diameter ; the amphiUieater was a double theater, and its longest diameter was to its shortest as i l-'2 lo I. Amphitheaters were at first of wood, bul in the reign of Augustus, one was erected of stone. The area, being covered with sand, was callt^d arena. KeaaeU 2. In frordcnin^y a disposition of shrubs and trees in the form of an amphitheater, on a slope, or form- ing a slope, by phicing the lowest in fronL An am- phitheater may abto be formed uf turf only. Eneyc* AM-PHI-TIIe'A-TRAL, a. Resembling an amphi- theater. Tiioke. A.M-PHI-THE-AT'Rie-AL, a. Pertaining to («■ ex- hibited in an amphitheater. IVartoiu AM'PIII-TRITE, «. [Gr. an<{>tTi,iTtt^ a goddess of the sea.] A genus of marine animals, of the Linntran order i^lnliiisca, arnnged by Cuvier in the class Annelida. AJI-PHOD'E-LITE, a. A reddi.>h crjsLallized mineral fiom Finland ; consisting chiefly of* silica, alumina, and lime, with a small portion of iron and nianga- n-.'se. Dana. A.M'PIIO-R.\, n. [h. amphora; Gr. ttfi-l,opcvi or a^Jipt- (fi'1-t.i-i ; afn^ti and ^'fEtjj.] Among the Gref^ks and Romans, a two-bandied vessel used for hnldiug wine, oil, &.c. The amphora of the Romans contained forly-eipht sextarie.-, equal to about seven gallons and a pint, English wine measure. Tlie Grecian or Ailic amphor contained about a third more. 7'his was also, among the Ro- mans, a dry m;;asure of about tliree bushels. Amung the Venetiun?', it is a liquid measure of sixteen quarts. Eiicyc. This name was formerly used in Ensland ; but the capacity of the Sax. amhra is not certaiiilv known. LL. Iiue. dp. 70. fKuAwu, Prrf. LL. Jl^UuUan. Si'fJman. AM'PiiO-RAL, o. Pertaining to or resembling an AM'PLE, a. [Fr. ample; L. a/np/«A] [amphora. 1. Litrge ; wide ; spacious ; extended ; as, ample room. This word carries with it the sense of room or space fully sufficient for tJie use intended. 2. Great in bulk, or size ; as, an ample tear. Shak. AMU 3. Liberal j unrestniined ; without parsimony ; ful- ly sufi!icient ; as, ample provision for liie table) ample justice. 4. Liberal ; magnificent; as, ample promises. 5. Diffusive ; not brief or contracted ; as, an ample narrative. [ciency ; abundance. AM'PLE-NESS, n. Largeness ; spaciousness ; sufS- A.M'PLEST, a. suprrl. Most ample or extended. A.M-PI.EX'l-eALL, u. [L. amplexor, to embrace, of amb, about, and plicoj plexus^ to fold, aud cauiisj «rai>A^'(, a stem.] In botany^ nearly surrounding or embracing the stem, as the base of n leaf. AM'PH-ATE, V. U [L. atnplio. See Ample.] To enlarge; lo make greater; lo extend. [Littie used.] AM-PLI-A'TION, n. Enlargement ; amplification ; dili"usenes3. [LiUle lued.] 2. In Roman antiquity, a deferring to pass sentence ; n postiKjnement uf a decision, to obtain furtiier evi- dence. Encyc. A.NT-PLIF'I-CATE, v. t [L. avtpl\fico.} To eiUarge j to amplifv. AM-PLl-Fl-eA'TIOX, n. [L. ampli/icatio.} 1. Enlargement ; extension. 2. In r/ift^yWc, diifusive description or discussion; exaggerated representiition ; copious argument, in- tended to present the subject in every view, or in the strongest light ; diffuse narrative, or a dilating up- on all the panic ulars of a subject ; a description given in more words than arc necessary, or an illusimtion by various examples and proofs, [treated. .\y(' rL\-VX- El) y pp. Enlarged; extended; dimisively A.^1'PLI-FI-ER, fl. One who amplifies or enlarges ; one who treats a subject diffusively, to exhibit it in the strongest light. Sidney. AM'PLl-FV, V. U [Ft. ainpHJicr; L. ampl{fico { of am- plus anil facto., to make large.] 1. To enliu-gc ; to augment ; to increase or extend, in a general sense ; applied lo material or immaterial things. 2. In rhetoric, to enlarge in discussion or by repre- sentation ; to treat copi4)UsK', so as to present the subject m every view, and in the stnmgesi lights. 3. To enlarge by addition ; lo improve or extend ; as, to amplify the sense of an author by a paraphrase. AM'PLI-F?j r. I. To speak largely or copiously ; to be diffuse in argument or description ; to dilate upon ; oftf-n followed by on ,■ as, to amplify on the several topics of discnurse. fVatts. 2. To exaggerate ; to enlarge by representation or description ; as. Ilonirr ampUfiea, — not invfnta. Pop*. AM'PLI-F?-ING, ppr. Enlarging ; exaggerating ; dif- fusively treating. AM'PLI-TUDE, 71, [L. arnplitiidn, from amplus, large.] 1. Largeness ; extent, ajiplied to bodies ; as, Uie amplitude of the eartli. 2. Largeness ; extent of capacity or intellectual powers; as, (/)rf;}/i{uf/« of mind. 3. Extent of means or power ; abundance ; euf- ficiency. ff^atts. Jimphtude., in astronomy, is an arch of the horizon intercepted between the true east and west points and the center of Uie sun or a star at its rising ur set- ting. At the rising of a star, The amplitude is eastern or orlive ; at the setting, it is western, occiduous, or occasive. It is also northern or southern, when north or south of the equator. Juknson. Encyc. jimplitude of the rangfy in projectiles, is the hori- zontal line snbt^mding the path of a body thrown, or the line which measures the distance it has moved. Johnson. Chambers. Jilagnetical amplitude, is the arch of the horizon between the sun ur a stiu", at its rising or setting, and Uie east or west point of the horizon, by the com- pass. The difference between tliis and the true am- plitude is the variation of the com[)asa. Encyc A.M'PLY. axle. Largely : liberally ; fully ; sufficiently j copiously ; in a diffusive manner. AM-PUL-LA'CEOUS, a. Like a bottle or inflated bladder ; swelling. Kirhy. AM'PU-TATE, V. L [L. amputOt of ambj about, and put'i, to prune.] 1. To prune branches of trees or vines ; to cut off. 2. To cut ofl" a liiiih or other part of an animal body; a term of surgery. [body. AM'PU-TA-TED, pp. Cut off; separated from the A.M'PU-TA-Th\G, w""' Cutting off a limb or part of the bodv. AM-PU-TA'TION, n. [L. amputatio.] i'he act or operation of cutting oti a limb or other part of the iKxly. AM'U-I'KT, /I. [L. amuleturn: Fr. amulctU; Sp. antu- leto ; from LaL amolior, amolitus, to remove.] Homethiug worn as a remedy or preservative against evils or mischief, such as diseases and witch- craft. Amulets, in days of ignorance, were com- mon. ThL-y consisted of certain stones, nietala, or plants; sometimes of words, characters, or sen- tences, arranged in a particular order. They were appended to the neck or other part of the body. Among some nations they are still in use. Encyc. FATE, FAR, FALL, WiL\T. — .MtTE, PRgV. — PIXE, MARI.N'E, BIRD. — .NOTE, DOVE, 3I0VE, VVQLF, B(X»K.— AN AM U-LET'ie, a. Pert-iinitiK to an amulet. A-.MCR-COt?'I-TY, Ti. The qurility of lees or scum. A-MOSE', V. t. [Vr. amu^rr, to stdp or keep at bay, to deiICS'£D, pp. Agreeably entertained j having the mind engaged by something pleasing. A-Mi-SE'.\!E\T, n. That which amuses, detain?, or engages the mind ; entertainment of the mind ; pastime; a pleasurable occvipation of the sense?, or that which lurnishea it, as dancing, pport?", or music. A-MCS'ER, n. One who amuses, or aiTords an agree- able entertainment to the mtnd. A-MC$'I\G, ppr. or a. Entertaining; giving moder- ate pleru^ure to the mind, so as to cni,'age it ; pleasing. A-MCS'I\G-LY, adr. In an amusing nianmr. A-MC'SIV'E, a. That has the power to amuse or en- tertain the niind. A-MO'SIVE-LV, adv. In a manner to give amuse- ment. A->IYG'D.\-LATE, a. [L. amygdatiUj an almond.] Made of almonds. A-MVG'D.\-LATE, n. An emulsion made of al- monds ; milk of almonds. BaiUy. Coze. 2. A sail whose acid is the nmvgdalic. A-MVG-DAL'ie ACID, n. An acid obtained from the bill-'r almond. A-MYG'D.\-LLNE, a. Pertaining to or resembling the almond. A-MYG'DA-LINTI,n. A crjftnllinesnbstance obtained from the kernel of the bittr almnnd. A-MYG'D.\-LOID, n. [Gr. a^"> -"aXea, an almond, and Cii'iif form ; Ger. mandei-stein^ almond-.'^tone.] A variety of trap rock, containing wnall cavities, occupied, wholly or in part, by nodules or gfodcs of different minerals, particularly agates, quart/,, calca- reous spar, and the zeolites. When the imbf-dded minerals are detached, it is poroup,Iike lava. DttTa. A-MYG-DA-LO[D'AL, a. Pertainmg to or consisting of anivc'liiloid. A.M-V-LX'CEOUS, 71, [L. ami/um, starch, of .i priv. and u>'Xr)i, a mill, being formerly made u ittiout grinding. Plin. 18. 7.] Ftarchy ; pertaining to rtarch ; rc!»pmbling Ptarch. A-MYL'ie ACID, 71. A voIatUo acid obtained from starch. Turner. AM'Y-LIXE, n. [L. amyJum; Gr. aftvX'iv ; u^vAoj, ungrouiid, n and ^vAir, luill.] The insohible portion of starch which constitutes the citvering of the sphericles. Tftonuon. AM'Y-RALD-ISM, n. In church kL<:tortj, the doctrine of universal grace, as explained by Amyraldiis, or Amymilt, nf France, in the seveiiteenih century. He Uiijrlit that God desires the happiness of all men, and that none arc er Juded by a divine decree, but that none can obtain salvation without faith in Chnst ; that God refuses to ni>ne the power of believing, though he doef* not grant to all his aenkrr applies to his opponents fur their opinion on the point in debate. ' fVaJkrr. AN-A-eo-LO'THON, n, [Gr. avaKoXovOov^ not fol- lowing.} A U-'rm In grammar, denoting the want of sequence in a sentenrTe, one of whose members docs not vxw- re<(pond with the remainder. Brnndr. AN-A-CO.N'DA, n, A name given in Ceylon to a large snak*?, a species of Boa, which is said to de- vour travelers. Its flesh is excellent fo*td. Eneyc. A .\At;-RE-0\'TI€, a. Pertaining to Anacreon, a Greek poet, whose odes and epigrams are celebrated for their delicate, easy, and graceful air, and for their exact imitation of nature. The Anacreontic verse consisU of three feel and a half; the first fool cilher a spondee or iambus, or an anapest ; the rest usually spcjndees or iambuses \ as, OcAt.i Xty'tv Arpfi(J«i( — ANA A-NAe-RE-ON'Tie, ti. A poem composed in the manner of Anacreon, AN'A-DEM, n. [Gr. avahtia.\ A garland or fillet. A chajMet or crown of flowers. }V. Browne. AN-A-DI-PLO'SIS, 71. [Gr. ava, again, and JiffAooj, double.] Duphcation, a figure in rhetoric and poetry, con- sisting in the rei)etition of the last word or words in a line or clause of a sentence, in the beginning of the next; as, " He retained his virtues amidst all bis misfortunes — misfortunes which no prudence could fort'see or prevent." Encyc. AN'A-DROM, 71. [See below.] A fish that ascends rivers. Murin. A-N.^D'RO-MOUS, a. \^t. ava, upward, and cpopoi, course.] Ascending; a word applied to such fi.'^h as pass from the sea into fresh waters, at stated seasons. Encyc. AN'.A-GLYPH, 71. [Gr. avn, and j-Xn^w, to engrave.] An ornament made by sculpture. AN-A-GLYPH'ie, v. In ancient sculpture, a term ap- plied to chased or embossed work on metal, or to any thing worked in relief. Srande. AN-A-GLYP'TIC, 0, Relating to the art of carving, engraving, enchasing, or embossing plate. Evelyn. A-NAG-N(.)K'I-SI.S, n. [Gr. (ii'(i>i/(..oi<7(i.] Recogni- tion ; Uie unraveling of a plot in dramatic action. Blair. AN'A-GO-GE, 77. [Gr. ii-aj'wvTj, of ai-a, upward, and aybiyrj, a leading, from (ivw.j An elevation of mind to things celestial ; the spiritual meaning or application of words; also, the application of the tyjies and allegories of the Old Testament to snbj'Tts of tlie New. Encyc AN-A-GO-GET'ie-AL, fl. fllysterious. AN-A-GOG'IC-AL, a. Mysterious ; elevated ; spirit- ual ; as, the rest of the Sabbath, in an anagogical sense, signifies the repose of the saints in heaven. AN-A-GOG'IC-AIj-LY, adu. In a mysterious sense; with religion-; elevation. AX-A-GOG'ICS, 71, Mysterious considerations. I4. AddLion. AN'A-ORAM, 71. [Gr. ava and ypai>tta, a letter.] A transposition of the letters of a name, by which a ni;w word is formed. Thus Oa/rniw becomes ange- lujt; iVdOam JVoy (aitorney-generil to Charles I., a laborious man) may be turned into / moyl in law. AN-A-GRAM-MAT'ie, (a. Making an anagram. A.V-A-GRAM-MAT'IC-AL, S Caiaden^s Kcmain.^\ AN-A-GUA.M-MAT'I€-AL-LY, ado. In the manner of an anagram. AN-A-GRAM'MA-TIS.M, 71. The act or practice of making anngninis. Camden. AN-A-GKAM'MA-TIST, 71. A maker of anagrams. AN-A-GKAM'MA-TIZE, v. i. To make anagrams. Ilcrbert. AN'A-GR.VPII, 71. An inventory ; a commentarj-. Knowles, AN'A-GROS, 7t. A measure of grain in Spain, con- taining something |i;ss than two bushels. Encyc. A'NAL, a. [h. anus.] Pertaining to tlie anus ; situated near the anus ; as, the anal fin. Eneyc. Pennant. A'NAI/CI.M, ) 71. A white or fiesh-red minenU, of A-NAL'CIME, j the zeolite family, occurring in twenty-four sided (tnipczoidal) crystals, niid some- times in cubes. It is coiumon in amygdaloid and some lavas. Dana. By friction, it acquires a weaJc electricity ; hence its nanic, [Gr. 'jyaX^if, weak.] Cleavcland. AN-A-LhCTie, a. Collecting or selecting; made up of selections; as, an anahclic magazine. AN'A-LECTS, n. [Gr. av.i and Xty,', to collect.] A Collection of short pieces, as ctisays, remarks, &.c. Encyc AX'A-LE.M-MA, t7. [Gr. ava\ripna, altitude.] 1. In genmrtry, a projection of the sphere on the plane of tlie meridian, orthographically made by straight lines, circles, and ellipses, the eye being sup- posed at an infinite aistance, and in the cast or west points of the horizon. Also, 2. An instrument of wood or brass, on which this kind of projection is drawn, with a horizon or cursor fitted to it, in which the solstitial colore, and all the circles parallel lo it, will be concentric circles; all circles oblique to the eye will be ellipses; and all circles whose planes pass through the eye will bo right lines. Eneyc. Ash. AN-A-LEP'SIS,Ti. [Gr. ava\ti\pti, from avahmliai'Wt to receive again.] The augmentation or nutrition of an emaciatcfl body ; recovery of strength after a disease, ^uinctj. AN-A-LEP'Tie, a. Corroborating ; invigorating j giving strength after disease. AN-A LEP'Tie, 71. A medicine which gives strength, and aids in restoring a body to health after sickness j a restorative. A\-AL'0-GAL, a. Analogous. [Aof used.] Hale. AN-A-LOG'IG-AL, «. Having analogy; used by way of analogy ; bearing some relation. Thus analn^icta rexsoning is reasoning from some similitude which things known bear tu things unknown. An analogical TONE, BJJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"t;iOU9.— € as K j as J ^ S as Z ; CH as gtl ; TU aa in THIS. ANA word 13 one which carries with it sume niation tu thfi original iJea. Thus the word/rm primarily denotes solidity or compactness in a material hotly ; and hy analocjs when used of the mind, it conveys the idea of qualities having a similitude to the solidity of bodit^, that is, fixedness or immo^'ability. IVatts. ASAl^oQ'lC-\l^L\\ ttdv. In an analogical man- ner ; by way of simdilude, relation, or ajn^enienu Thus, to reason anahgically is to deduce inferences from some agreement or relation which things hear to each other. AN-A-LOG'ie-AL->*ES3, n. The quality of being analogical ; fitness lo be applied for the illustration of Slime analocy ^A*«»ii. 1. An argument from the cause to the cfftcL a. Invrstipition of things by the analogy they bear to each other. CnaW*. A-NAL'C»-CI?T, n. One who adheres to analogy. A-X.VL'O^XZE, F. t To explain by analt>g>- ; to form some resemblance between different things ; to consider a thing with regard to iu analogy to some- thing el»e, Cktynf, A-NAL'O-GOrs, a. Having analoCT ; bearing some resemblance or pn»pnrtion ; PJlowed by ta; as, there is something In the exercise of the mind aaaloginu to that of body. A-NAL'0-G0C3-LY, nrfr. In an analocoua manner. A>"A-tOGl'E,(an'a-log.)w. [Fr., fromGr.a»aAo> <«.] 1. A ward corresponding with another; an analtv gonH term. PriUMrd. 2. An animal or other thing resembling another, A-NAL'O-CY, M. [Gr. oiaAa/ia, of maand X3}0(, mtio, proportion.] 1. An agreement (W likeness between things in some circumstances or effV-ct^, when the things are oth'-rwi^e cntinly different- learning enli^htriu the mind, because Uis lo the mind what li^kt is to the eye, enabling it to discover things beftwe hidden. When Nith the things which have an analogy follow a pn-piwition, that prepaitii ; a resolving ; as, an anaif gis 1 1 *id»lo di-*cover its elements. 3. A :,jn of any thing in its separate parts i an trxaoiiuation of the different [)art.« of a sub- ject, each separately, as the words whirh compose a sentence, the notes of a tune, or the simple propo- eittons which enter into an argumenU It is opposed to syntAtsis, In maVtrmaticji, tn/Jwsif is the resolving of prob- lems by reducing them to equations. The analysis of finite quantities is otherwise called al^ehroy or ype- dims ariOaKOie. The anaU'sis of inhuiles is ths meth- od of fi¥sien», or the catauus. Eneyc Ancient ajtatusis ; in mathenuOics^ a method of pro- ceeding from the thing sought, as taken for granted, through its consequences, to something really grant- ed or known ; opposed to synthesis. Tliis chiefly re- spected geometrical inveMigalioDS. Jfatton. In iogiCf analysis is the CT-icing of things to their source, and the resolving of knowledge into its origi- nal principles. 3. A syllabus, or Uible of the principal heads of a conttnueid discourse, di?po'^A-LVZE, p. *. [Gr. nroXp... See A!«alt9I».] To resolve a body into its elements ; to separate a compound subject into its \atns or proposition^, for the purpose of an examination of each separately ; ANA as, to aiiotyzf a ftt«i^il substance ; to analyze an action to a.-«certnih its momliiy. A.\'A-LV7-*i:n, H'- Re^ilved into its constituent paits or principles, for examination. .A.\'A-I*?Z-EK, ». One who analyzes; thai which nnnlyzts or has the power to analyze. AN'A-IA'/l.NG, ppr. Resolving into elements, con- stituent parts, or first principle?. ,\N-AM-.\K'SIS, s. [Gr. afat.fn5s/>ni sO g{!ml€ r^tnain Unmoved when hi-r Corydim sighs? Shmstone AN-A-PEST'ie, n. The anapestic measure. lientlry. .\\-A-PEST'It', a, Perlaming to an anapest j consist- ing of anapestic feet. A-XAPH'O-RA, a. [Gr, from a.avV/io.] 1. .\ figure in rhetoric, when the same word or words are repeated at the beginning of two or more succeeding V(r:*es or clauses of a sentence ; as, *' HTkcrc is the wise ? Where is the scribe ? Where is the disputer of this world ?" Johnson. 2. Among physicians^ the discharge of bloctd or pu- niUnt matter hy the mouth. Encyc Coze AN-APLE-KOT'ie, a. [Gr. ainffXco""', to fill.] Filling up ; promoting granulation of wounds or tilcers, A\-.\-PLE-ROT'!C, n, h medicine which promotes the granulation or mcamation of wounds or ulcers. Eiicyr, Parr, A.V'.\RCII, a. [See .^rtAnenr.] The author of con- Atston ; one who excites revolt. Milton, A-XXRCM'ir, (a. Without rule or government; A-X.XR€H'ie-AL, j in a state of confusion ; applied to a state or society. Fielding tises anarchial, a word of lesn dilRriili pronunciation. AX'ARCII l*M, B. Confusion; anarchy AN'.\R€H-IST, n. An anarch 5 one who excites re- volt, or promotes disorder in a state. Strphens, AN'.\ReH-Y, n. [Gr. avanxia^oi a priv. and .ipxT» rule.] Want of government ; a state of society when there is no law or supreme power, or whf n the laws are not efficient, and individuals do what they pli;ase with impunitv ; ptjiitical confusion. .-V-XAR'Rine'HAS, n. The sea-wolf; a genus of rav- enous fish, of the order of Apodals, foimd in the north'-rn ?ea«. AX-XKTH'ROU3, a. [Gr. av priv. and apOoiy, a joint or article.] In g-rannitnr, without the article. BtoomJteltL A'NAS, n. [L.] A genus of water-fowls, of the or- der Anwn's, including the various species of ducks. The species are vcr>* numerous. AX-A-S.\R'eA, n. [Gr. ava, in or between, and pripf, flesh.] Dropsy of the cellular membrane ; an eflfusion of sennn into the cellular substance, occasioning a soft, pale, inelastic swellinir of the skin. Q^uincy. Core. AX-A-S.^R't'OUS, a. Belonging to anasarca, or drop- sy ; dropsical. AX-A-STAL'TI€, a, [Gr. avifrreW'jy to closcj In niriUcinr, x'^rinsent; styptic C'>rf, AX-A-STAT'ie-PRIXTaXG, n. A mode of obtain- ing a fac-simile of any printed page, engraving, &c., on a plate of zinc, from which an impression can be taken, as from the stone of the lithographic press. A-XAS-TO-.MAT'ie, a Having the quality of lemov- inc obstnictions. A-XAS'TO-M0?E, r. 1. [Gr. avn and fTToj'n, mouth.] To inosculate; to communicate with each otht^r ; applied to the vessels of the body, as the arteries and veins. Darwin. Encyc. A-XAS'TO-M(^-SIXG, ppr. or a. Inosculating; commu- nicating with each other ; as, anasUmoinng vessels. A-NAS-TO-M0'i:^IS, n. The inosculation of vessels, or the opening of one vessel into another, as an arte- ry into another artery, or a vein into a vein. Coxe. \jx oUier authors^iixG supposed opening of the mouths of the extreme vessels, causing a discharge of their contents, as in excretion. A-XAS-T0-MOT'I€, a. Pertaining to anastomosis. A-X.AS-TO-MOT'ie, n. A medicine suppos*id lo have the power of opening the mouths of vessels, and re- ANA moving obstructions; such as catliartics, deohstru- ents, and sudorilics. Eneyc. A-X.\S'TRO-PlIE, ?t. [Gr. avaarpofpj], a conversion, .or inversion.] In rhrioric and grammar^ an inversion of the natu- ral order of words ; as, soia per et scopulos, for per saxa ct scopuliis. Eneyc. AN'A-TAPE, n. [Gr, avaraa-ti, extension, so named from the length of its crystals.] A native oxide of titanium, also called octahedriUy occurring in brilliant octahedral crysuilw, of a brown or somewhat bluish color externally, but greenish- yellow hy transmitted light, Dana. A-NATII'E-MA, n. [Gr, ava^tiiay from avariOtipi^ to place behind, backward, or at a distance, to sepa- rate,]^ 1. Excommunication with curses. Hence, a curse or denunciation by eccU'siastical authority, accompa- nj'ing excommunication. This species of excommu- nication wa.^ pncticcd in the ancient churches against notorious olfendi'rs ; all churches were warned not to receive them ; all nirigistrates and private persons were admonished not to harbor or maintain them, and priests were enjoined not to converse with them, or attend their funeral. There are two kinds of anathemas, jitAiciary and (ibjuraU*ry. The former is pnmounced by a council, pope, or bishop ; the latter is the net of a convert who anaUiematizes the heresy which he abjures. 2. In heathen nntJcruity, an oflering or present made to some deity, and hung up in a temple. Whenever a person quitted his employmnnt, he set apart, or ded- icated, his tools to his patron deity. IVrsons who Iiad escaped danger remarkably, or breu otl)erwirie ver>' fortunate, testified their gratitude hy some olfer- iiig to their deny. Eneyc. A-NATH-F^MATTC-AL, a. Pertaining to anathema. A-XATH-E-MAT'It^AL-LY, adv. In the maimer of anathema. A-XATH'E-MA-TISM, v. Excommunication, Ifooker. A-NATH-E-ai.\-TI-ZA'TION, n. The act of anathe- matizing. Kncyc. A-XATH'E-MA-TTZE, v. U To excommunicate with a denunciation of curses ; to pronounce an anathema against. Hammond. A-XATlI'E-MA-TIZ-i:D, pp Excommunicated with curses. A-NATH'R-MA-TTZ-ER, n. One who pronounces nn annrhema. Hammond. A-NATU'E-MA-TIZ-INGj/jpr Pronouncingan nnuth- eina, AN-A-TIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. anas^ a duck, and /ere, to produce.] Producing ducks. Brown, A-XAT'O-CISM, n. [L. anatocismus ^ from Gr. ucu, again, and tokos, usury.] Interest upon interest; the taking of compound in- terest ; or the contract by which such interest is se- cured, r RnrrUj «,,•&-/.] Johnson. Cicero. AN-A-TOaI'IG-AL, a. Belonging to anatomy or dis- section i produced by or according lo the principles of anatomy, or natural structure of the body ; relating lo the parts of the iKwly when dissected or separated. AX-A-TOM'I£-AL-LY, adv. In an anatomical nnn- ner ; by means of dissection ; according to the doc- trine of anatomy. A-XAT'0-MIST, n. One who dissects bodies ; more generally, one who is skilled in the art of dissectiim. A-XAT-0-MI-7A'TI0X, n. The act of anatonii ing. A-NAT'O-MIZE, r. U To dissect ; to divide into the constituent parts, for the purpose of examining each by itself; lo lay open the interior slrurture of the parts of a body or subject ; as, to anatomize an animal or plant ; to anatomize an argumenl. A-XAT'0-MTZ-/:D, pp. Dissected, as an animal body. AXAT'O-MTZ-IXG, ppr Dissecting, A-XAT'O-MY, n. [Gr. avar.pr}^ of (u-a, through, and T-nm-, a cutting.] I, The art of dissecting, or artificially sepnrating the different parts of an animal b<»dy, to discover their situation, structure, and economy. 9. The doctrine of the structure of the bcnly, learned by dissection ; as, a physician understands anatomy. 3. The act of dividing any thing, corporeal or in- tellectual, for Ihe purpose of examining its parts ; as, the anatmny of a plant, or of a disc»)urse. 4. The body stripped of its integuments and mus- cles ; a skeleton, or the corporeal fraihe of bones en- tire, without the skin, flesh, and vessels. {An im- proper use of the irnrdj and vulgar.] 5. Ironically^ a meager person. AN-A-TREP'TI€, a. [Gr. (ii/dT/x-Trf, to overturn.] Overthrowing \ defeating ; prostrating : a word ap- plied to those Dialogues of Plato which represent a complete defeat in the gymnastic exercises. EnJieUL AX'A-TROX, n. [from Gr. I'lrnoi', niter.] 1. Poda, or mineral fixed alkali. 2. ^purne, or glass-pnll ; a scum which rises upon m-lted glass, in the furnace, and, when taken off", dissolves in the air, and then coagulates into common salt. 3. The salt which collects on the walls of vaults. Coze, Johnson, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT— METE, PRgY. — PIXE, MAR1XE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, BOOK.— 46 ANC AN'BU-RV, n. A suit tumor on horses, conUiiiing blood. 3. A sort of gall produced by insects on the roots of Kirnips, cabbages, &.c. AN'CES-TOK, n. [Ft. ancestrrji, ancHrcs; L. antcces- sor, of arti?, before, and cedo, to go.] One from whom a person descends, either by the father or mother, al any distance of time, in the tenth or hundredth generation. An ancestor precedes in the order of nature or blood j a predcct^s^rj in the order of office. AN-CES-TO'RI-AL, a. Ancestral. PoUok. AN-CES'TRAL, a. Relating or belonging to ancestors ; claimed or descending from ancestors ; a;?, an ances- AN-CES'TRE3S, n. A female ancestor, \tral estate. AN'CES-TKV, n. A series of ancestors, or progenitors ; lineage, or those who compose the line of natural de- scent. Hence, birth or honorable descent. Addison.. AX€H'I-LOPS, n. [Gr. mjiAwi;/, from ai^^ a goat, and f-tii-, an eye. Uu.] The goat's eye 5 an abscess in the inner angle of the eye ; an incipient fistula lachrj-mahs. Core. ANeH'OR, n. [L. anckora; Gr. a>«i'^cky, nor the watt^^r tm) deep nor t(H> shallow. Q. The hold of a slup at anrhor, or rather the anch- or and all the necessary tarkle for anrhurint;. 3. A duty imposed on ships for anchoring in a har- bor. ANeH'OR.f:D, pp. Lying or riding at anchor; held by an anchor i hxed in safety. ANeH'O-KESS, n. A female" anchoret Fatrfaz. ANeH'O-RET, in. [Gr. a cave or cell, with an allowance from thf monast4:r)', to live in solitude. Encyc. AVCIl <>-RI:'I"R:, t a. Pertaining to a hcnnit, or ANCH-ft-itKT'IC-AL, \ his mode of life. A.NCH'OR-GROUM), n. Ground suitable for anchor- ANClI'OR-HOLD.R. The hold or fastness of an anch- or; security. ANC ANCH'OR-ING, ppr. Coming to anchor ; casting anchor ; mooring. AN€H'OR-SMiTH, n. The maker or forger of anch- ors, or on^ whose occupation is to make anchors. AN-CHO' VY, 71. [Port, and l?p. anchuva ; Fr. anchois ; lU acciuga; G. anschuvc.'\ A sm:ill fish, about three inches in lengthj of the genus Clu[)ea or herring, found and caugiit m vast numbers in llie Mediterranean, and pickled for ex- portation. It is used ;is a sauce or seasoning. AN-CHo'VY-PEaR, n. A fruit of the West Indies, produced by a sj)ecies of the genus Grias. It resem- bles the mango in taste, and, like it, is sometimes pickled when green. Enctjc. of Dom. Econ. A\eH'Y-LOS-£D, (!ink'e-lost,) a. Immovably united or fixed, as joints of bones. MantelL AN'CH-V-LO'SIS, 71. |Gr. ajfriXtuuif, from o^klAos, crooked.] Stiffness of a joint ; immobility of a joint natural- ly movable. A\eH-Y-LOT'ie, a. Pertaining to anchylosis. AX'CIENT, a. [Fr. ancien; It. anziano, anzi ; from L. ante, antitjuag.] 1. Old ; that happened or existed in former times, usually, at a great distance of time ; hs, ancient au- thors, ancient days. Old, says Johnson, relates to the duration of the thing itself; as, an old coat ; and an- ciejtt, to time in general ; as, an ancient dress. But this distinction is not always observed. We say, in old times, as well an ancient times ; old customs, &.c. We usually apply both ancient and oU to things sub- ject to gradual dec^iy. We say, an old man, an an- cient record ; but never, the old sun, old stars, an old iTVer or mountain. In general, however, ancient is opiK3sed to modern, and old to new, fresh, or recent. When we speak of a thing that existed fonm^rly, which has ceased to exist, we commonly use ancient : .IS, ancient republics, ancient heroes; ai)d not, old re- publics, old heroes. IIul when the tiling whtrh be- gan or existed in former times, is still in existence, we use either ancient or oLt; as, ancient statues or paintings, or old statues or paintings ; ancient authors, or old authors, meaning b(^»oks. But, in these exam- ples, ancient seems the nnwt correct, or best author- ized. Some persons apply ancient to men advanced in years, still living ; but this use is not common in modern practice. S. Old ; that has been of long duration ; as, an an- cient forest ; an ancient city. 3. Known from ancient times ; as, the ancient con- tinent, opiK>sed to the new continent. Rubertsoiu AN'CIENT, 7J. {Supra.} Generally used in the plural, ancientg. Those who lived in former ages, opposed to modernjt. In Scripture, very old men. Also, governors, rulers, political and ecclesiastical. Tbe Lor^l wilt enter iiilo Jutl^ineiil with tlie andenU of his peo- ple. — Inn. iii. Jcr. xix. God is called " the Ancient of days," from his eter- nal existence. Dan. vii. Hooker uses the W(>rd for seniors; *'they were his andentu ; " but the use is not authorized. *2, Ancient is also used for a Ilag or streamer in a ship of w:tr, or the colors of a regiment ; and ftir an ensign or the bearer of a flag, as in t?hakspeare. Cowel supposes the word, when used for a flag, to be a corruption of eiid-skcet, a flag at the stern. It is probably tliu Fr. enseiordinate to ; as, a court ancil- lary to anoth(;r jurisdiction. AN-CIP'I-'J'AL, a. [L. anccpx.} Doubtful, ur double ; double-faced, or doubte- furmed. In botany, two-edged ; compressed, and forming two opp<»site aniiU's, as a stem ; having two promi- nent, longitudinal angles, with a convex disc, as a leaf. Barton, FJem. of Botany. AN'CO.ME, m. A small ulcerous swelling, coming ^wA- denly. Boucher. I AND AN 'GUN, iu [L. ancon ; Gr. ay^w*-, the elbow.] The olecranon, or elbow ; the larger posterior pro- cess at the upper end of the ulna. AN'GO.NES, 71. pi, [L. ancon; Gr. ayKCiiv.] In architecture, the brackets supporting a cornice on tlie Hanks, as in doorways, &c. ; also, the corners or qutiins of walls, cross-beams, or rafters. Owdt. AN'CO-NY, 71. [probably from aj^wv, the cubit, from its resemblance to the ann.1 In iron wiirks, a piece of half wrought iron, in the shripeof a bar in the middle, but rude and unwrought at the ends. A piece of cast iron is melted otT and hammered, at a forge, into a mass of two feet long, and 4tf a square shape, which is called a bloom; then carried to a finery, and worked into an ancany ; it is tlien sent to a cliaferj-, where the ends are wrought into the shape of the middle, and the whole is made into a bar. Encyc. AND, conj. [Sax. and ; Ger. und ; D. ende or en ; and.] And is a conjunction, connective, or conjoining word. It signifies that a word or part of a sentence is to be added to what precedes. Thus, give nic an apple and an orange ; that is, give me an apple, a/Id, or give in addition to tliat, an orange. John and Pe- ter and James rode to New York ; that is, John rode to New York, add or further Pjter rode to New York, a/Id James rode to New York. AN-DA-LO'sSlTE, n. A mineral, occurring usually in tliick lamellar forms, of a grayish or pale reddish tint, and sometimes in rhombic prisms, and com- posed chiefly of silica and alumina. Its name is de- rived from Andalusia, in S|)ain, where it was first discovered. In a variety called cross-^tone, or chias- tolite, the crystals, when cut transversely, show a tes- selaled structure, or appear to consist of four white crystals, placed so as to make a white cross, and set in a dark ground. Dana. AJ^-DAJ^'TE. [It., from andare, to go ; Eng. to wend, to wander.] In music, a word used to direct to a morement moderately slow, between largo and allegro. Eneye, As a noun, it denotes a piece of music to be per- formed in andante. AN'DAR-A€, n. Red orpiment. Coxe. AN'DE-AN, a. Pertaining to the Andes, the great chain of mountains extending thnmgh South Auier- ica. Odambittd, 3, 138. AN-DI'RAjTi. The name of the genus of plants which comprehends the rabliage bark-tree of Jamaica. ANI>'I-RO\, 7t. [Tent, andena, or andrla. In Sax. the corresponding word is brandisen, brand or fve iron ; D. brand-yier. The Fr. landier. Arm. laiulcr, Junius thinks, is our and-iron, with the FreucJi I pre- fixed.] An iron utensil used in Great Britiin, where cooJ is the common Aiel, to supptirt the ends of a spit ; but in America, used to support the wood in fireplaces. AN-DRA-NA'l'O-MY, 71. [Gr. avnpt a^dfoi, a man, and avaniprt, dissection.] The dissection of a human body, especially of a male. Coxe. Quincy. AN'DRE-O-LITE, n. A mineral, the harmotome, or cross-stone. Ure. AN-DROti'Y-NAT^, Jo. [Gr. avrip, a man, and /lu/ij, AN-DROG'Y-NOUS, ( woman.] Having two sexes; being male and female; her- mapliroditical. In botany, the word is applied to a plant bearing both sUminiferous and pistil I iferous flowers on tlie same root. These plants constitute the class Monm- cia. In Linnxus's system. Mtlne. AN-DROC'Y-NAL-LY, adv. With the parts of botJi sexes. AN-DU06'Y-NUS, n. An hermaphrtidite. Johnson. AN-DR01U'kS, n. [Gr. avnpy mftn, and eis, wind. It wa.1 by the ancient Greeks written avettuXm, Tb&- oph. lib. R, cap. 7. Piin. 21. S3. Venus is said to have changed her Adonis into an anemana, Ovid. Metam. lib. 10. T^ci.] VV'md-tlower ; a genus of plants of numerous spe- cies^ Some of the s^K'cies are cultivated in gardens, of which their double flowers are among tbe most el- egant omatnt-nt^. Sm jSnemoae. See A:*iMAL-Fi.oi*rR. A-NEM'O-XIN, n. An acrid, cr>-5tallir.ablo substance, obtained from some species of anemone. It bums like camphor. Brands, A-NEM'O^eOPE, m. [Gr. aic^of, wind, and vcoircu, to view.] A macliine which shows the eoune or direction of ttM wind. fncyc A-NE\T', ^rff. About ; concerning , over against : a Scottish woftl. Q,u. Gr. twam AXES. Se« Awrr*. AN'EU-RISM.N. [Gr. ara, and tvpvvM, to dilate, ftom cvfipi, bru&d.] A soft, ptilsattttg tnmor, arising IVom the pretemat- nral dilatation or rupture of the coats of an artery. This is either encysted or diflbsed. The encysted mnatrism is when, the coats of the artery baing only dilated, the Mood is confined within its pn^ter cool Of thiis kmd i9 the varicose. The diffused aneurvtm incliidefi all those in which, from an aperture in the artery, the Uood is spread about in the cellular mem- brane, out of its proper course. Qwacyb One^ ANEU-RIS'MAL, a. Pertaining to an aaeurism. A-NEW odT. [a and nnr.] Over a>uin ; another time ; in a new form ; as, to arm aneie ; to cn_'ate anejt, AN-FRAe-TU-OS'I-TY, a. A state of being full of winding and turnings. AN-FRA€'TU-OUS, a. [I* ken. See Break.] Winding ; full of windings and turnings ; written, less corrertlv, AsFBAcruost. Rat/. AN-FRAe'TiT-OUS-XESS, n, A state of being full of windin?!) and turnings. AN-FRAe'Ti;RF>, a. A mazy winding. AN-GA-RI-A'TIUN, n. [L. an^arie ; Gt. ayyapevut, to compel ; a word of Persian origin.] Compulsion ; exertion, [^'ot t^ed,] AN-GEI-OT'O-MY, n. See Asgiotoxt. 2N'EL, ». IL-an^usf Gr. ajyeXii, a messenger, from a} >c>A(i*, to tell or announce; Ir. a^aUa^affol- leimt to speak or tell i from the root of calif or of Ar. yiS toaJa, to say, to telL Sax. axgtt ; Ir. ainge4ilt Cff mingiel ; D. G. Sw. Dan. engrt; Sp. angel ; It. angelo ; Port, ttirjoj Ft. «nge; Buss. tatgti.} 1. Liieran^j R messenger; one employed to commu- nicate news or infumiation fnun one person to anoth- er at a di::4ance. But apprapruiUlv-, 2. A spirit, or a spiritual intelligent being, employed by God to communicate bis will to man. Hence, an- g'ls are ministers of God, and ministering spirits. eb. i. 3. In a bad sense^ an evil spirit ; as, the mtgel of the bottomltf^s piu Matt. xxv. 1 Cor. vi. Rev. ix. 4. Christ, tbe niL-diator and head of the church. Eev. X. 5. A minister of the go«^l, who is an embassador of God. Rev. ii. and iii. 6. Any being whom God employs to execute his judgments. Rev. ivi. Crudeiu 7. In the gtvU of tove^ a very beautiful person. S?Mk. 2N^CEL, n. A fish found on the coa.'^t of Carolina, of the Thoracic order, and genus Cha:todon. It has a small, projecting mouth ; tlie laminx above the gills ANG arc nrinrd with ccnilenn sjnneR ; the lu«ly, a fimt in kneth, nppinrs as if cut off, and waveil, and covered with large green snilrs. Pennant ^ from Cat^shy, AX'GKL, n. A gold coin, f innerly current in England, bearing the figure of an angt-l. Hkinner says this de- vice was impressed upon it in allusion to an obser\*a- tion of Pope Gn^gory the Great, who, seeing some tveautiful English youths in the nrirket at Rome, asked who they were ; being told they were AnffU. En;:lish, he replied, they ought rather to be called aHiTfit, nngi'Irt. This coin had different values under diffen-nt princes ; but is now an imaginary sum or money of account, implying ten shillings sterling. Knetfc- XX'CEL, a. Resembling angels; angelic; as, angel whiteness. Shak. AX'GEL-AGE, n. The existence or stale of angels. Beaumont S[ Flttcher, XN'GEL-BED, n. An open bed without posts. Knevileji. AN'OEL-FISH, H. A species of shark, the Sqnulus squatina. It is from six to eight feet long, with a large head, teeth broad at the base, but slender and sharp above, dispoficd in five rows, all around the jaws. The fish lakvs its name frt>m its pectoral fins, which are very large, and extend horizuntully, like wings when spread. This fish connects ti»e genus of Rays with that of Sharks, partaking of the charac- ters of both ; hut it ditf^>rs from both in this, that its mouth is placed at the extremity of tiie head. Encyc AN-6EL'I€, \ a. [L. aneelievA.] AN-GKL'I€-.AL, i Resembling angels ; belonging to angels, or p;irtaking of tlietr nature; suiting the na- ture and dignity of angels. AX-^SEL'l-CA, n. The name of a genus of umbellif- erous plants, arranged, by Linnxus, in the class and order Pentandria Uigvnia. AN-45EL'ie-AL-LY, -, who held the persons of the Trinity not to be the same, nor to exist by tlieir own nature ; but each to be a God, existing by particiiKitine of a deity common to them all. 7'hey arc colled, also, Scver- iTEs, from S*'venis, tlH*ir head ; and Thkodosians, from one Tbcodudius, whom Uiey made their pope. Fmciic AN'GEL-LTKE, a. Keaembling or having tbe manners of angels, aN-GEL0L'0-6V,a. [aayeland ^oyi.'] A discourse on angels ; or the doctrine of angelic beings. Ck, Spectatur. AN'CE-UDT, n. [Pr. anehf, the reed of a hautboy or other wind-instrument of music] 1. An instrument of music, somewhat resembling a lute. Johnson. ^ An ancient English coin, stnick at Paris while under the dominion of England ; so called from the figure of an angel supporting the escutclietm of the arms of England and France. Also, a sniull, rich sort of cheese, made in Normandv. Encyc XN'GEL-PEO'PLtD, a. Peoplod 'with angels. JeiDnburff* XN'CEL-SHOT, ». [Fr. an^e, a chain-shot.] Chain-shot, being two halved of a cannon-ball fast- ened to the end:* of a chain. AN'GEL-WEL'COMi:, n. Welcome by angels. Botoring: AN'GEL-WING-£D, a. Winged like angels. l^homson. £N'6£L-W0R-SHIP, n. Tbe worshiping of angels. Trapp. AN"GER, n. [L. anjrn^ to choke, strangle, vex ; whence angor^ vexation, angaUkj the quinsy, ajigi- Tia. Gr. a; \'.i, to strangle, to stmin or draw together, to vex. The primary sense is, to press, squeeze, make narrow; Gr. >i)Xh near; Sax. enge: G. enge ; D Dan eng, narrow, utrait ; W. ing. This word may be connected in origin with the Ar. ha- niJEca, to be angry, and t_,V-^ chawikaj to strangle ; Heb. Ch. Syr. Eih. pin, to strangle. In Sax. ange signifies vexed ; angmod, sad, anxious ; ang-set, a car- buncle ; anastim, pressed close; anxsumian, to vex, to make anxious; E.nz. angHUh^ anxious ; L. angu*- tuSf angina, 4:c. Pee Auguish.J 1. A violent passion of the mmd excited by a real or supposed injur>" ; usually accompanied with a pro- pensity to taKe vengeance, or to obtain satisfaction from the offending party. This passion, however, varies in degrees of violence, and, in ingenuous minds, may be attended only with a desire to re- prove or chide the offender. Anger is aiso excited by an injury offered to a rela- tion, friend, or party to which one is attached ; and some degrees of it may be excited by cruelty, injus- tice, or oppression offered to those with whom one ANG has no immediate connecti(m, or even to the cununu- nily of which one is a member. Nor is it unusual to see something of this passion roused by gross absurd- ities in others, especially in controversy or discussion. Anger may be inttamed till it rises to rage and a tem- porary delirium. 2. Pain or smart of a sore or swelling ; the literal tteitJte of the won!, but little used. AN"GER, r. u To excite anger ; to provoke ; to rouse resent tnent. 2. To make painAil ; to cause to smart ; to inflame ; ns, to aiiirrr an ulcer. Bacon. AN"GRR-i':D, pp. Provoked ; made angrj'. AN"GEU-L,Y, adv. [anger and liJce,] In an angry manner ; more generally written An- oniLy. AN-GT'NA, n. [L., from an^o. to choke. See Axorn.] In medieine^ a term npplicil to all inflammatory ai- fertions of the throat or fauces, from the accompany- ing difficulty of breathing ; including the quinsy, ma- lignant sore-throat, croup, mumps, &c. CuUrn. Angina pectoris ; a peculiar, painful, periodic, nerv- ous affection of the chest. AX-GI-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr, nyyctov, a vessel, and ypa4>T), description.] A description of the vessels In the human body. Ash. AN-6r-0L'0-6Y, n. [Gr, a^yetov, a vessel, and Xoy- 0$, discourse.] A treatise or discourse on the vessels of the human body, as the arteries, veins, lymphatics, &.c. Bailetf, Quincy. AN'6l-0-M0N0-SPERM'0US, n. [Gr. ayyciov, a vessel, pi>vo^, alone, and arrepfia, seed.] Producing one seed only in a soed-pod. John/ton, AN'Gl-O-.Se0PE, n. [Gr, ayycioi', a vessel, and oko- irtw, to view.] An instrument for examining the capillary vessels of a bodv. JHorin. AN'Gl-0-^PERM, n. [Gr. ayyttov, a vessel, and crrep- pa, seed.] In botany^ a plant Which has its seeds inclosed in a pericarp. AN-Gi-O-SPERM'OUS, a. Having seeds inclosed in a pod or other pericarp). In Linnteus's system, the sec- ond order of plants in the class Didynamia are called Anpiospermia. This word is opposed to gymnogperm~ ou-x, or niiked-soeded. AN-Gl-OT'O-.MY, n. [Gr. ayyctov, a vessel, and ropij, a cutting.] 1. In medictne, the opening of a vessel, whether a vein or an artery, as in bleeding. It includes both orteriotomy and phlebotomy. 2. In anatomy, a dissection of tbe vessels of the body. Parr. AN"GLE, n. [Fr. angle; Ij. anguliis, a comer ; Gr. avKvXoi ,' W. angle ; G. and D. angel, a hook, an a»r- gte; Dan. an^el, a hook, angle, a sling; Sax. an- gel, a hook ; Sp. and Port, angulo ; It, angolo. The German has angeln, to angle with a hook ; but in D, hengd is the rod, and hengclea, to angle. Q,u. hinge Kxxa ha.ng.'] In popular language, the point where two lines meet, or the meeting of two lines in a point ; a comer. In geometry, the space comprised between two straight lines that meet in a point, or between two straigiit converging lines, which, if extended, would meet; or the quantity by which two straight lines, departing from a [X)int, diverge from each other The point of meeting is the vertex of the angle, and the lines containing the angle are its sides or legs. In optics, the angle of incidence is the angle which a ray of light makes with a perpendicular to that point of the surface of any medium on which it falls. The an^le of refraction is the angle which a ray of light refracted makes with a perpt-ndicuhir to that point of the surface of the refracting medium on which it falls. Encyc. A ris'ht angle is one formed by a right line falling on another (k-rpendicuiarly, or an angle of 90 degrees, making the quarter of a circle. _ An obtujie anirlB is greater than a right angle, or more than 90 degrees. An acute antfie is less than a right angle, or less than 90 degrees. A rectilineal or right-lined angle is formed by two right lines. A curvilineal angle is formed by two curved lines. A mi^ed angle is formed by a right line with a curved line. Adjacent or contiguous angles are such as have one leg common to both angbs, and both together are equal to two right angles. Ezternal angles are angles of any right-lined figure without it, when ttie sides are produced or length- ened. Internal angles are those which are within any right-lined figure. Oblique angles are either acute or obtuse, in opposi- tion to right angles. A solid angle is the meeting of three or more plane angles at one poinL A spherical angle is one made by the meeting of FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MeTE, PRf>Y. — PIN'E, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BOpK.- ANG two arches of great circles, which iiuitiialiy cut one another on tlie ssurface of the glubo ur sjiherc. £aUeu. AN"GLE, (ang'gl,) n. 1. A hook ; an instrument to take fish, consisting of a rod, a line, and a huok, or a line and hook. 2. One who may be easily enticed ; a giill. Shak, AN"GLE, r. u To fish with an angle, or with line and huok. 2. r. fc. or t. To fish for ; to try to gain by some bait or insinuation, as men angle for fii$h ; as, tu angU for tlie hearts of people or to an-rlc hearts. Shak. Sidneif, AN"GLED, 0. Having angles : vsrd only in compounds. AN"GLER, n. One thai fishea with an angle ; ;0^o, a fish, a species of Lophius, sometimes called Jiskiag- AN"GLE-ROD, n. The rod or pole to which a line and hook are fastened. AX"GLE-SITE, Tt. Native milphate of lead. It oc- •curs in white or yellowish prismatic crj'sials, semi- transparent, with a gla.-'sy or adamantine luster, and is found associated with other ores of lead. The name is from .\uglesea, a British locality of the min- eral. Dana. AN"GLie, \ a. [from Jjaglcs ; Sax. ing^ a plain or AN'"GLIG-AN, j meadow, and Zu:, like, or £(-DA'\iaiI, a. Tertaining to the English Danes, or the Danes who settled in England. IVotlon, AX"GLO-.\OR'MAN, o. Pertaining to the English Norm;in<<. fVutton. AN"GLO-NOR'MAN, B. An English Norman. .\N"GL0-i;AX'O\, a. Pertaining to the Saxons who settlt-d in England, or Eriglii^h Saxons. AX'GLO-SAX'OX, n. An English Saxon; also, the lanc'iage of the EngUsIi Haxoiis. AX-G0'L.\-P£A, or PIG EO\-P£A. A speciea of Cytisuf. AN"GOR, n. [L. See Asgkr.] 1. Pain ; intense bo^lily pain. 3. The retiring of the native Ikodily beat to the center, occasioning headache, palpitation, and sad- ness. Enc^c, Core. AN"GRED, or AN"GEU-i:D, j>p. Made angry ; pro- vokfd. AN"GRI-LY, flip. In an angry manner; peevishly; with indications of rest-ntmenL AN"GRV, a. [See Augkb.] 1. Feeling resentment; i»wokedj followed ^n- erally by vsah before a person. God facMfTy viih ihp widred rrny dajr. — Pa. vii. But it is usually followed by at before n thing. Whrrefore thtn\V{ (iwi be angry at thy vuioc f — Kxcln, *. 2. Showing anger-; wearing tlie marks of anger; caused by anger; a.i, an an^T-jr countenance ; angry words. 3. Inflamed, as a sore; red; manifesting inflam- mation. 4. Raging ; furious ; tumultuous. Or ehuo Uic an^ry vengeance Qf tb« wkvm. f'tdgt Tntmhtitt. ANG-SA'.VA, or ANG SA'VA, n. A red gum of the East Indies, like that of dragon's blood. Core. AN"GU, n. Bread made of the Cassada, a plant of the West Indies. AN"GUI-FER, n. [L. anguU^ a serpent, and fero^ to bear ; Sans, agui.] In tufronomtf, a cluster of stan in the form of a man holding a serpent ; .SerpenUrius, one of the con- fftellationard. AN"GU-LOS'l-TY, n. A state of being angular. AN"GU-LOUS, a. Angular ; having corners ; hoicked. Olanc'ilic AN-GUST', a. [L. angustus.-] Narrow; strait, f^Vot usc*lJ\ ' Burton. AN-GUST'ATE, a. Narrow; diminishing rapidly in breadth. AN-GUST-A'TION, b, ^L. angustusj narrow. See A."(OER.] The act of making narrow ; a straitening, or being made narrow. Jl'l^etnan. AN-GUSTTei*AVE, n. [L. angttstiut, narrow, and clavus, a knob or stud,] A robe or tunic embroidered with purple studs or knobs, or by purple siripj^s, w(»rn by Kuman knights. The laticlavcy with broader studs, was worn by sen- ators. Quinctilian. Keiinet. AN-HE-LA'TION. n. [L. anhrlo, Ut i»ant, or breathe witli difficulty ; from halo^ to breathe.] Shortness of breath ; a panting ; tUfficuU respira- tion. Kncyc Coj-e. AN-HE-LOSE', o. Outof breath; panting; breathing with difficulty. [Uttie used.] Diet. AN'III-MA, tt, A Brazilian aquatic fowl, larger than a swan, and somewhat like a crane ; the Palamedea cornuta (Linn.), or hnrned screamer. Its head is small, its bill black, the toes armed with Kmg claws. But what is remarkable, is a horn growing from its ftirehead ; and the furcond joint of the wing is armed with two straight trian^iular spurs, an inch in bnigth. The fidelity bttween the male and female is so great, that when one is dying, the other remains by the car- cass till it expires. Diet. o/JsToL IfisL AN'MY-DRITE, n. [So called because destitute of wat(;r. See Ashtdrous.] Anhydrous gypsum ; differing from g>'psum in not containing wat*r. It occurs in rectmgular cr>'stals, nearly colorless, or of p;ile shades of blue or red ; also fibrous, rHdiaIrd, and granular. A siliceous v;u-iety is called vuluinite. Dana. AN lIV'DROLlS, a, [Gr. acu.Vof, dry; a pnv. and iij'.ifi, water.] Dnttitule of water ; as, anhydrous s-alts or acids. AN-I-ENT'ED, a. [It. vimte^ nothing; Nonn. luantj Fr. anmnfiV, to annihilate.] Frustrated ; brought to naught. [06^.] Chaucer. A-NIGHT', aiU\ [a, or at, and niglitA In the night time. Anighu, m tlie plural, is of frequent and customary acta. You muH ooinc in OKrllrr anighti. Shak. AN'IL, n. [Sp. aili7, indigo } Port, anil; D. amjl; Ar. 3 I used VjO ni/un, slendt-r, ni7a, blue.] A shnib fri>m whose leaves and stalks indigo Is made ; a species of Iiidigofera, or indigo plant. AN'ILK, (I. Aged; imbecile. [Rnnfc A-NIL'I-TV, n, [I*, anility anilitas, from anus, an old woman ; Celtic, hen, old.] The state of being an old woman ; the old age of a woman ; dotage. AN'I-MA-ULE, a. Susceptible of animation. AN-I-MAD-VER'SAL, n. That which has the power of perceiving and Judging. More. AN-I-MAD-VKR'SION, n. [L. anvnadversio.] ANI Remarks by way of censure or criticism ; reproof; blame. It may sometimes be used for puniihmcnt, or punishment may be implied in the word, but this is not common. In an ecclesi.'u>tical sense, it difiers fruni ctiLiurr, says Aylitfc ; censure, respecting spir- ituid punishment, and animadversion, a temporal one. Glanville uses the word in the sense of percep' tion, but this use is not autlu»ri/.ed. AN-I-SIAD-VKR'SIVE, a. That has the power of perceiving. * Glanville. AN-I-MAD-VER'SIVE-NESS, n. The power of an- imadverting. AN-I-MAD-VERT', v. i. fL. anijnadverto, of animus, mind, itnd adcrrto, to turn to.] 1. To turn the mind to ; to consider. 2. To consider or remark upon by way of criticism or censure. Drydcn. 3. To infiict punishment ; followed by u;)M/i. Greto. AN-I-MAD-VERT'ER, n. One who animadverts or makes remarks by way of censure. AN-I-MAD-VERT'ING, ppr. Considering; remark- ing by way of criticism or censure. AN'I-lLVL, n. [L. animal, from animay air, breath, soul ; Gaelic anam, breath. The W. has awil, eii, a being, soul, spirit, and mt/, a beast .- Arm. a/iecal ; Ban. an, animi. Q,u. Dan. aande, Sw. c«de, breath.] . An organized body, endowed with life, sensation, and the p<^wer of voluntarj- motion ; a living, sensi- tive, locomotive body ; as, man is an intellij^ent ani- maf. Animals are essentially distinguished from plants by the property of urnsation. The contractile property of some plants, as the Mimosa, has the ap- pearance of the eJfect of sensation, but it may be merely the effect of irritabilittj. The distinction here made between animals and vegetables may not be philosophically accurate ; for we can not perhaps ascertain the precise limit be- tween the two kinds of beings ; but this is sufficiently correct for common practical purptises. The histor>' of animals is called zoology. By way of contempt, a dull person is called a stupid animal. AN'I-,M AL, a. That belongs or relates to animals ; as, animal functicms. Mnimid is distinguished from intellectual ; as, animal appetites, the appt^tites of tlie body, as hunger and thirst. The animal functions include sensation, and vol- untary motion, in distinction from the natural and vital, or the orjranic functions. jinimal life is opposed to vegetable life. Jinimal is opposed also to spiritual or rational, which respecLsthe soul and reasoning faculUea ; dm, animal nature, spiritual nature, ra/iV/n^ nature. .Animal food may signify that food which nourishes animals ; but it usually denotes food coniusting of animal flesh. .Hnimal economy is the system of laws by which the bodies of animals are governed, and depending on Ihoir organic structure. jSnimal spirits, in the plumi, denotes the nervous fluid, and in popular language, life, vigor, energy. .Animal system, denotes the living animal organi- zation. Jinimal kingdom, denotes the whole class of boingi! endowed with animal life. Kncyc. Juhnsuji, AN-I-M.\L'€tJ-L.\R, ) a. Pertaining to animalcules. AN I-MAl/eU-MNE, t Un. Rev. AN-I-.MAL'GOI*E, n. [L. animalrutum, avimalcula.] A little animal ; lint appropriately, an animal whr»se figure can not be discerned without the aid of a magnifying glass ; such as are invisible to the naked eye. Jlnimalcula [L. pi.] is also used. AN-I-.MAL'eU-LIST, n. One versed in the knowl- edge of animalcules, Keith. AN'I-MAIj-F1.0W-ER, n. In zoologij, a name ap- plied to several species of marine animals, {laophyteg,) but more cspt^cially to the Actinias or sea-anenumes. They are usually 'fixed to rocks, and appear, when expanded, like a large flower, nnich resembling an Aster, At the renter of the nower is the mouth of the animal, and around it there are one or more cir- cles of slender appendages, called tentacles^ corre- sponding in iiositiim to the |»etnls of the Aster. The colors of these animal flowers are often of singular beauty. They are also culled polyps, and are iden- tical in structure with a large part of coral animals. The other marine animals, to which the term ani- mal-fioiocr is al!*o extentlcd, belong to the Ilotothu- rias, which, with the Actinias, were ranped under the Molluscu, by LinnnMis ; and to the Tubularias, Sertularias, Hydras, and AU-gonia, which were classed iviih the. zoophyttss. They are all arranged under the zo-phytes by Cuvier. Cyc. AN'1-MAI>-ISK a. Like an animal. Cudirorih. AN'I-MAL-ISM n. The state of mere animals, actu- ated by sensual appetites only, without intellectual or moral qualities. Beechcr. AN-1-.MALM-TV, «. Animal existence. AN-I-MAI^r^.A'TlON, n. The act of giving animal life, or endowing with tJie properties ol an animal. Med, Hepo9, S. Conversion into animal matter, by the proceuiea of assimilation. TONE, BULL, TJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € u« K ; as J ; • ns Z ; CH as 8H; TH as in THIS. AXl AN'1-MAL.-TZE, r. L To Rire animal life to j lo en- dow will) the properties of uninial^. 2. To convert into animiil matter. AJ»'1-MAL-IZ £D yp. Emlowed with animrU Ufa, AX'I-MAL-IZ-ING. ppr. Giving animal life to. AN'I-MAL-MAG'\ET-ISM, n. A supiKised agent of ft peculiar and mysterious nature, said to have a pow- crhil influence on the patient when acted upon by contact or voluntarj- emotion, on the p;trt of ilie op- erator. See Mesuerisu. AN'I-MAL-NESS, n. The state of animal existence AN'I-MATE, r. C [L. iiii>i»4>. f^ee Ammau] L To give natural life to ; tu quicken ; tp make ftlivc ; as, the soul aiuMoUs the biKly. 2. To give powers to, or to heighten the powers or effect ofi thing ; as, to oMimaU a lyre. a To give jipirit or vigor ; to infuse coura^, Jtiy, or other enlivening pwinon ; to stimulale or mcite ; as, to Mmtmuae dispirited troops. A:«»'I-MATE, a- Alive ; poeseasing animal life, mViltfflL. tTkis trtfrdis umJ cki^ in fC€tnffm- A'G, fpr. Giving life ; iikfusing spirit ; en- livening. AN'l-MA-TINO-LV, mie. Bo u to animate or excite feeling. AN-I-MA'TION\ n. The act of infUsing life ; the atale of being animated. 9. The state of being lively, brisk, or full of spirit and vigor; as, he recited the story with great «■»• AN'I-MA -TI VE, a. That has the power of giving life or sfHiit. ^knsom. A>'I-MA-TOR, K. One that gives life; that which infuses life or spirit. AX'IM-E, m. [Ft.] In hrraldnf^ a term denoting that the eyt^ of a mpaciiMt^ animal are home of a dif- ferent tincture! fruni tin- unmial iis'-lf. AN'I>I-E, a. [.*p.] A resin exuding from the stem of a l-irge Anuncan tret-, (a ?p. oie? of Hymenca.) called by the nati\*es conrharil ; by Viso, jrtaiba. It b of a trnnsparent ambiT color, a lisht, agreeable smell, and of liiih' or no taste. It dissolves entirely, but noi readily, in rectitied spirit of wine, and is used, like gum copal, a;^ a varnish. Eneyc AN-I-MET'TA, n. Among redryiastical m-Uera, the cloth which covers the cup of llie eucharist. Eiiej/e, AA"I-MISM. H. [I^ anima.) The doctrine that the phenomena of the animal economy are produced by the agency of the soul, as taught by Stahl and Sauvagea ; also, the doctrine that thelivin^ phenomena ul' organized bodies are produced by an actunimg or vital principk*, distinct from the substance of those b«.>dif's. Cyc. Mtd, AN'I-MIST, a. One who maiutatus the doctrine of animism. JSJrt-MO FU-RA^DT, [L.] In lair, with intent to sCeaL AN-I-M^E',a. [L.] FtiU of spirit; hot; vehement; resolute, AN-I-.MOSE'.VESS, a. Ppirit ; vehemence of temper. AX-I-MOS'I-TV, ju [I*, animositas; Fr. animosite i from L. animcsus, animated, counigtHius, enraged ; from animus^ spirit, mind, pa-^^ion. So in Teutonic, modt mind, ftignifics aUo pnde, passiun, anger. Ani- mus^ spirit, Gr. aifi^ >5j wind, breatii, is from flowing, swelling, rushing, which give:^ tlie sense of violent action and passiun. See A.hjmau] Violent hatred, leading to active opposition ; active enmity. Amim^sitjf differs from nnaiiy, which may be secrM and inactive ; and it expresses a less crim- inal passion than auiie*. AmtmosUy seeks to gain a cause or destroy an enemy or riv^, from hatred or private interest ; malie* seeks revenge for the sake of giving p«n. A-XIX"G.\, a. A root growing in the West Indies, like the China plant, used in refining sugar. £scyc. AN'I-OX, a. [Gr. ava^ upward, and iwr, going.] The same as ^earty-ne^attre element, or the element which, in electro-chemical decompo-iiliuns, is evolved &am itd combinations at lliat surface by which tlie electric current enters the electrolyte; oppoeed to tttion. AKTSE, (an'nis,) n. [L. anisiim; Gr. aii^si-, Ar. Unison. CasL l'.'I9.] An annual plant, placed by Linnaeus under the ^nu3 Pimpinella. It grows naturally in Eg:}pt, and IS cultivated in Spain and Malta, whence the Beedd are imported. The stalk rises a foot .nd a half high, dividing into slender branches, gan ^hed with nar- row leaves, cut inio three or four narrow seeiuents. The branches terminate in large, loose umbels, com- posed of smaller umbels or rays, on long footitaJka. The flowers are small, and of a yellovftsh white ; the seeds oblong and swelling, .\nise-seeds have an aromatic smell, and a pleasant, warm taste ; they are useful in warming the stomach and expelling wind. Eacijc. Theopk. lib. 7. 3. PUr. 20. 17. AX'ISE-SEED, a. The seed of anise. ANN AN-IS-ETTE', a. A cordial flavored with anise-seed. AXK'ER, #u [Dutch.] A measure of wine and spirits, (particularly the laner,) f.mnerly used in England, and containing ten wine gallons. P. Cyc. ANK'EK-TTE, n. A mineral consi<:ting of the car- bonates of lime, magnesia, and iron. It resembles cnrbcnate of lime in color and crystiilline structure, but turn^ brown on exposure, owiug to the iron il contains. AKK'l.E, (ank'l,) n, [Sax. anchcTt; D. enkeLI The joint which connects tlje foot with the leg. The bone of the ankle ; the joi: Ai\K'LE-B6XE, a.-'tmpTilus. ANK'LET, a. A little ankle; an ornament for the ankle, AN'L.\CE, n. A short dagger shaped like a sr>'thc. [06,T.] ANN. I n. In SeoteJi tctOy the right of the executor AN 'NAT, S of a deceased clergyman to a half-year's revenue of his henelice. Ed. Kitcy^. AN'NAL, a. In the Roman Catholic cJtHrch, a mass said for any person every day during the year, or a mass said on a particuhir dav every year. P. Cue. AN'.\.\L-iST, a. [SeoAEiHAU.] A writr-r of annals. Eitcyc AN'N.\L-XZE, D. L To record ; to write annals. [J^Tot much lined.] AN'NALS, H. pL [L. aaiui/e*, ciuut/u, from annus^ a year, the root of which may be the Celtic an, am, ft great circle. Vorro says the word ciantu signities a great circle.] 1. A species of history digested in order of time, or ft relation of events in ctinmological order, each event being recorded under the year in which it happened. Annals difler from history, in merely relating e%-enls, without obst-rvaiiuns ou the motives, causes, and consequences, which, in history, are more ditfusively illustrated. 2. The books containing annals; as, the AnnaU of Tacitus. AN'NATS, ». pi [L. annus.] A year's income of a spiritual living ; the first fVaits, oripiiially given to the pope, upon the decease of a bishop, ablM>t, or parish clerk, and paid by his suc- ceswtr. In England, they were, at tlif* reformation, vested in the king, and in tlie n^ign of Queen Anne, reiitm«d lo the church, and vested in trustees to form a fund for the augmentation of poor livings, com- nionW cnlled Uueen Anne's bounty. Eitnfc. AN-NE.\L', r. £. [Sax. analan^ onif/ff-t, to kindle or indame, t^ heat ; from dtioa, to kindle, to lieat, or bake, and to anoint with oil. Sa\. att, oil. Hence it may be inferred, that oil is named from inflaming, or burning.] To heat; to heat and cool slowly, as glass, cnst- Iron or other metals, for the purpose of rendering them less brittle, vul;,'arly called nrilum, a trifle.] ANN 1. To reduce to nothing ; to destroy the existence of; as, no human power can ttnttihUatf matter. 2. To destroy the form or [leculiar distinctive prop- erties, so that the specific thing no longer exists; as, to annihilate a forest by cutting and carrying away the trees, though the timber may still exist; to onni- hUoif a house by demolishing the structure. AN-M'Hl-LATE, .i. Annihilated. SmilX AN-NI'HI-LA-TE1>, pp. Keduced to nothing; de- Blroyed. AN-NI'H[-LA-TING, ppr. Reducing to nothing; destroying the specific form of. AN-NI-Hl-LA'TION, n. The act of reducing to noth- ing, or non-existence j or the act of destroying the form or combination of parts under which a thing exisL'?, so that the name can no longer be applied to it ; as, the aimUiilaiioit of a corporation. 2. The state of l)eing reduced to nothing. AN-NI-VERS'A-HI-LY, arfr. Annually. IfalL AN-NI-VERS'A-KY, a. [L. annivenarius, of annus^ year, and trrta, to turn.] Reluming with the year, at a stated time ; annual; yearly ; as, an anniversary feast, Annircrsary days, in Vte Roman Catholic church, are the days in which an office is yearly performed for the souls of the deceased, or in which the martyrdom of the saints is yearly celebrated. P. Cyc. AN-NI-VERS'A-KY, n. A slated day returning with the revolution of the year. The term is applied to a day on which some remarkable event is annually celebrated, or a day on which an interesting event is c urn me morale d by soleiimilies of religion, or exhibi- tions of respect. In the. Roman Catholic church, an of- fice yearly performed for the souls of the deceased. 2. The act of celebration ; perfonnancc in honor of an event. Dryden. AN'NI-VERSE, n. Anniversary. [JVut tts«/.] Dryden. AM"^-0 DOM' f-JVT, [L.] In the year of our Lord, noting the time from our Savior's incarnation ; as, Anno Domini, or A. D. 1800. Tliik vna VTiUeii Auiio Dumlm 1909, KBd revised A. D. 182S »nd W.'7. . W. .\N-NOM-IN-A'TION, n. [L. oJ and nominatio, from jtojnino, to name, from nomen.] 1. A pun ; the use of words nearly alike in sound, but of dilferent meanings ; a paronomasia. Eneye. '2. Allitenition, or the use of two or more words successively begiiuiing with the same letter. Tynchitt. A^^rOMUJ^'Dfy [L.] In the year of the world. AN-NO'NA, w. [L. annona, from annua, a yi;ar.] A yejir's production or increase ; hence, provisions. 2. In Vie Roman etnpire, a contribution or tax, paya- ble ill corn, impo/>ed on some of the more fertile provinces. Brando. AN'NO-TaTE, v.u [L. annoto.] To comment ; tu make remarXs on a writing. Tatler. AN-NO-Ta'TION, n. [L. annotatio, of arf and notado^ a marking, from noto, to mark, or nota, a mark.] 1. A remark, note, or commentary on some passage of a book, intended to illustrate its meaning ; gener ally used in the plural ; as, annotations on the Scrip- tures. 2. The firrit symptoms of a fever, or attack o( a paroxysm. Coxt. AN'NO-TA-TOR, n. A writer of notes ; a commen- tator, a scholiast ; one who writes notes to illustrate the com[H>sition of an author. AN-NO'TA-TO-RY, a. Containing annotations. AN-NOT'TO. See Anotta. AN-NOUNCE', (an-nouns',) v. t [Fr. annoncer ; It. annuniiare; L. (innM7U,to, to deliver a message, of od and nu7icio, to tell, from nuncius, a messenger.] 1. To puolish ; to proclaim ; to give notice, or first notice ; as, tlie birth of Christ was annautued by an angel. £ To pronounce ; to declare by judicial sentence. Prior, AN-NOU.\'C£D, (an nounst',) pp. Proclaimed ; first published. AN-NOUNC&'MENT, (jin-nouna'ment,) n. The act of giving notice ; proclamation ; publication. AN-NOUN'CER, n. One that announces, or first gives notice ; a proclaimer. AN-NOUN'CING, ppr. Introducing notice ; first pub- lishing ; proclaiming. AN-NOV, V. u [Norm, annoyer, from w«ure, naire, to hurt; Fr. nuire; It. nuocere; from L. noceo, to hurt, that is, to strike ; Syr. ^OJ. Ar. Uo naka, lo strike, to hurt; Heb. and Ch. n23,to strike. Hence, proba- bly, L. neco, to kill. See Nuisance and Noxious.] To incommode ; to injure or disturb by continued or repeated acta ; to tease, vex, or molest ; as, to annoy an army, by impeding their march, or by a continued cannonade. AX-N0Y',7u Injury or molestation from continued acts or inconvenience. Skak. Bcattie. AN-NOY'ANCE, n. That which annoys or injiues the act of annoying ; the state of being annoyed includes something more than inconvenience. FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T.— METE, PREY— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. ANN AN'-\OY'£D, pp. Incommoded, injured, or molested bv something that is continued or repeated. AX-NOV'EK, II. One thai annoys. AX-XOY'FJJL, a. Giving trouble; incommoding; molestinEf. [Ab( used.] Chaucer. AN-XOY'ING, ppr. Incommoding ; hurting ; mo- lesting. AN-\OY'OUS, a. Troublesome. [JVotiised.] Ckaucfr. AN'XU-AL, a. [Fr. annuel; Sp. anual; It. ami u ale ; L. annalis, from annusy a year; Gr. cios, n/voa Bans, anda.] 1. Yearly ; that returns every year ; coming yearly ; as, an annual feast. 2. Lasting or continuing only one year or season ; that requires to be renewed every year ; as, an annual plant. Leaves that grow in Uie spring, and perish in the autumn, are called annual, in opposi- tion lo evergreen, 3. Performed in a year; as, the annual motion of the earth. AN'.VU-AL, m. A Fmall book published yearly, con- taining select compositions and elegant engravings. AN'NU-AL, n. A plant that Uvea but one year, or ritli»T but one summer. Martyiu AN'\U-AL-LY, odp. Yearly; returning every year ; year by year. AN'NU-A-RY, o. Annual. [Obs.] .7. llalL A-\-NC'I-TAXT, n. [See AirrfciTT-J One who receives, or is entitled to receive, an annuity. AN-Nf'l-TTT, «. [Fr. < are truncated on all their temiinat edges. Cleax'rland. Annular rrliptf, an eriipee of the sun, in which the mo(in conceal^ the whole of the sun's disc, except a bright ring around the border. Br.tnd'. A.N'NU-LA-RY, a. Having the form of n ring. Raij. AN'NC-LATK, ( a. Furnished with rings, or cir- AN'\U-l-A-TED,i cles like rings; having belU; Bumiunded bv rings. AN-NU-LA'Tlb\, n. A circular or ring-like for- mation ; a ring t>r belt. AN'MJ-I-KT, n. [L. annulus, a ring.] In architrcture, a wmall pquare member in the Doric capital, under the qtiarter round ; also, a narrow, flat molding, which is common to many nurti* of columns, as in the bnjies or capitals; caltea nUo a fillet, a listil or cincture, or a list, timea, eyebrow, or square rabbeL F.neye. In hrraldry, a little circle, borne as a charge in coats of arms; fonnerly reputed a mark of nobility aifd jurisdiction ; it being the custom of prr'Inies to receive their investiture per baculum et anvulum, by staff and ring. It denotes al-fo strength and eternity, by its circular form. Among the Humaru, it rt'pre- •ented libf-rty and di'«tincli4.n of rank. It denotes also a ditfi-rence, or mark of distinction, which the fifth brother of a family ought to bunt in his coat of arms. Kncye. .hknuon. AN-i\UL'LPn,p/t. Made void ; abmgnird. AN-NUL'LIN(i, ppr. Abmgatmg ; aboliHliing. A.S-M;L'MK\T, n. The act of annuUing. AW\U-LO.*^K, a, [L. annulus.] Funiiohcd with rinir* ; composed of rings. The Jlnnulose animals [L. annuJosa] are the same as Ihi* articulate animal?, or Articuinta. ParUngtan. AN-NC'MIi-RATK, r. f. [L- annumem, «if ad and nnrnfTo, to number, from numeru.*, number; W. nivrr; It. nuiver or naimtur. See Ni'mber.] To add to a former number ; to unite to something before mentioned. Jokngon. AN-MJ-MK-RA'TION, n. Addition to a former nurnhnr. AN-.NUN'CUTG, r. t [See Awxousce.] To bring lidingM ; to announce. Ckaurpr. AN-MJ.N-(LA'T10\, n. An announdng ; the tidings brought by tlte angel to Mary, of the incarnation of Christ. AI>w, the day celebrated by the church, in AND memory of the angel's salutation of the blessed Virgin, which is the i25th of March. Tlie Jews give the title to a part of tlie ceremony of the passover. Encyc. 9. Proclamation ; promulgation. AN-NU\-CI-A'T0R, n. One who announces; an officer in the church of Constantinople, whose busi- ness was to infonn the people of the festivals which were to be celebrated. Eneye. AN'ODE, n. [Gr. u^u, upward, and fcf^of, way.] In electro-chemistry, the way by which the electric cur- rent enters substances through which it passes, or the surface at which the electric current enters the electro- lyte ; opposed locathode, and equivalent to positirrpofc. AN'O-D^NE, n. [Gr. a or av priv. and f}ivvrij pain.] Any medicine which allays pain, as an opiate, par- egoric, or narcotic. Coxe. AN'O-DV.VE, a. Assuaging pain. AN'O-DS-NOUS, a. Having the qualities of an ano- dyne. Coles. A-?}OiNT', r. U [Fr. oindre, part, oint ; Pp. untar, to anoint ; L. ungo ; Sp. ungir ; IL ungere, or ug^nere.] 1. To pour oil upon ; to smear or rub over with oil or unctuous substances ; also to spread over, as oil. We say, the man anoints anotjier, or the oil anoints him. 2. To consecrate by unction, or the use of oil. Thou thalt anoinf Uie alur uul miciify K. — Ex. xxix. 3. To smear or daub. He anmnled il»t ejrci of ihe blind mnn wtt!i cUy. — John ix. 4. To jirepare, in allusion to the consecrating use of oil. Anoint tlie ■liloli!. — lininh xxL To anoint the head with oil, Ps. xxiii. seems to eig- nifv to communicate the consolations of the Holy Spirit. The use of oil in consecrations was of high anti- quity. Kings, prophets, and priests were sai apart or consecrated to their offices by the use of oil. Hence the peculiar application of the t^rm anointed to Jesus Christ A-NOINT'ED, pp. or a. Pm-^ared or rubbed with oil ; set apart ; consecrated with oil. .VNOINT'ED, n. The .Mtssiah, or Son of God, con- secrated to the great office of Redeemer ; called the Lorded anotntrd. Cyrus is also called the Lord*ji anointed, Isaiah xlv. A-NOINT'ER, 71. One who anomts. A-NO!i\T'ING, ppr. Smearing with oil ; pouring on oil, or other oleaginous substance ; consecrating. A-NOL\T'ING, n. The net of smearing with oil ; a consecrating. A-NOlNT'MK.\T, n. Tho act of anointing, or state of being anointed. A-NO.M'AL-ISM, n. An anomaly; a deviation from rule. A-NOM.A-LI:5T'!e, ) a. Irregular ; dep;ir1ing A-NOM A-LIST'IC-AI-, j from common or e^Uib- lisht'd rules. In astronomy, tho anomalistic or periodical year is the time in which Ihe earth passes ilirough its orbit, which is longiT than the tropical year on account of the precession of the equinoxes. A-NOM'A-LOUS, a. Irregular; deviatiuj^ from a gen- cnil rule, method, or analogy ; a[)plied, in grammar, to words which deviate from the common nilea in inflection ; and in astrouoniy, to Ihe seeniingly irreg- ular motions {(( the planrts ; but applied alsu gener- ally to whatever is irrifgular; as, an anomalous char- acter ; annmalnit-n pnmuncintion. A-.\(».M'AIjOCS-LV, oJr. Irregularly; in a manner ditlen>nt fVom common rule, method, or analogy. A-NOM'A-LV, B. [Fr. anomalie i Sp. anomaha; Gr. av''fia\ia, inequafity, of a priv. and 6/4uAu(, equal, similar; Celtic, \V. AK>n ; as, "I have called, and ye have not answered." " He ansaicred the question or the argument." This may bo in agreement and confirmation of what was said, or in opposition to it. 2. To be e<|uivak'nt to; to be adequate to, or suf- ficirnt to accomplish the object. " Money amncercth all things," noting, primarily, return. 3. To comply with, fulfill, pay, or satisfy; as, he ati-neered my order ; lo answer & debt. 4. To act in retuni, or opposition ; aa, the enemy antnecred our fire by a shower of grape-shot. 5. To bear a due proportion to ; to be equal or ad- equate ; to suit ; as, a weapon does not answer the TONE, BULL, TINITE. — AN"GER, Vr'CIOUS. — C aa K ; 6 a« J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. ANT site and sin.-tigth of the inan using ii j Uie success (Joes ma OMsxrcr our expeclativnu 6. To perfotm what was iuttfndi?d ; to accoiiii>tish ;' as, the measure does Dot oAsmtr its eud j it does uoc tt]um> the piirpose. 7. To be opposite to i to f&ce ; as, fire anstpers Are. 8. To write In reply ; to reply to another n-riting by way of explaiialion, rerutalion, or juelificaliou ; 9s.to mmsvir a pampbU-t. 3. To sdve, as a proposition or problem in math- emoUcs. This word may be applied to a preat variety of ob- ; Jects, expieasing the idea of a return; as the notes or sounds of birds, and other animals ; an echo, Jtc 10. To resp- acc*>unt of; IbOowcd by /ifr ; as, a man can nut a«ne«r for hu ftiend. 4. To cocrespond withj to soil with; followed by (a. Aa ia vMw fcM awwnA * EMii. M te bMit of a>B » una. — Prav. xsvL 5. Td act r e ci pre ca lly, aa tiia Mrings of an Instru- mant to ibe buKL Dnfden. 6. To stand as opposile or correlatiTe ; as, alle- giance in tbe subject Minecrr to protectiun oi^the part of the prince or goveraraent. 7. To rvtum, as soond ferertteraled ; lo echo. TW oakK veioi to flj ftwsf , umI onnMr nl m fteal distane^. Bmcyc, ut. Bdio. 8. To succeed ; lo effect the object intended ; to bare a good effect ; as, g> psum OMjieert as a manure cm a dr>- soil. A.\':?WER, K. A reply ; that which is said, In return to a call, a question, au argument, an allegation, or address. A BoA l oi r bmiMh vm*y vnufa Prw. I caUol hua, bat be (are tx» no ojwtMr. — CuiL w, 3. An account to be rendered lo justice. Bb win «U1 fou ID ao hoi u «iwMr fcn- b. Sl^. 3. In l«», a counter4ani5h er, (tp, the f:ubst.-intive verb, in the present tense of the indicative ni.>dc, and not ; I er-iwt, we ere-not, he tr-not ; or of the ^wfdish (Tt, the same verb \ infinitive raro, lo be, Thes*' phrases are doubtless le^ttimate remains of the G<->ihic dialect. ANT XNT, a. [Sax. cmst, sauut, contracted into ant ,■ Ger. An emmet ; a lusmtre. Anbi constitute a genus of insects of the onler Hymenopiera, of which the chanicteristics are, a small sc:ile Itetween the breast and belly, witli a joint so deep that the animal np- pcarti as if almost cut in two. 7'he females, and tlie neuter or working ants, which have no sexual char- acterifitic^, are furni>hed with a hidden Hting ; and bttth males and f.-iniiles have wing?i, but the neuters have 'none. Thet^e injects keep togettier in com- Eanies, and maintain a sort of rejMiblic Thoy mine ilktcks of earth, in which they live. In these tlicre are paths, leading to Uie repositories of their provit^ ions. The large bUi-k nuts, in the warm climates of America, lo avoid the ertV^cls <>f great rains, btiiid large nests on trees, of light earth, roundi.-ih, and {Mastered smooth. Kacyr, XNT'-REARj ( tt. Names applied to a species of a AXT'-£ATER, i genus of quadrm^ds that feed on ants, {Mtninfci»pbii^ay aiil-eater). Thes« animals }:.\ ' . 1'iit a snout or muzzle, with a long r\ .ue. The name anf-Aror is applied to tji I -H of the genus; that of ojU-eutor is e> ■ 'V ■ -:i",-ies. AN i 'K' Whitehall? found in thehil- ].. . >iip{>osed to be their eggs, but ff'iii I. "II rvtMiiii.i.f'ii, to Im! the voung brood in their first and second stale, pivrticularly the latter. Tiny an- veruiiciilcs, wrripped in a fihn, com[K«ed of a silky substance spun by thenueh*cs, like the cocoons of silk-wonns. E»evc AN1''HILL, N. A little tumulus or hillock, formed by ants, for their habitation. ANTA, a. In antieHt arckiteeturf^ a square pillar at the comer of a building ; a pilaster ; written also attU. ANT-ACID, B. [amti and acid.] In Mf6'pposite to the norihf^rn or arctic pole ; relating lo the southern [hAc or lo the rt^gion near it, and applied especially to a lesser circle, distant from the pole 23* 2tf'. Thus we say the antarctic pt>le, antarctic circle, or antarctic rvgion. Rneyc. AN-TA 'Uf:*, n. The name of a star of the first mag- nitude, i'iil!iMi also the Scorpioii's Heart, Kncyc. ANT AR-TIIHl'l''ie, a. [Gr. avrt, against, and ai'OptTii^ gout.] Countt^nieiing the gout. ANT-AR-THRlT'ie, n. A remedy which cures or alleviates Uie gout. ANT-AS'I'Il-MAT'ie, (-nsl-mafik,) a. [Gr. avrt, against, and aaOfnij asthma.] tjpposing the asthma. ANT-ASTIl-XlAT'ie, n. A remedy for the asthma. AN'TE; a Latin preposition, the Gr. air*, Hax. and Goth, and} much iisvd in the ctimposition of English words, especially in words Ironi the Latin and Greek languages. It signilii-s btforn in place, in front ; hence opposite, contrary; and figuratively, b^are in time. The Ijltin antr is genenilly used ill the sense of before^ and the Greek ai/ri in that of opposite, or in the 51 ace of. 'TE, ) n. A pilaster. In heraldry, ante denotes that AN'TA, ( the pieces are let into one another, in the manner there expressed, as by dove-tails, rounds, swalluw-tails, &c. £ncyc ANTE-ACT, n. [iintf. and act.] A preceding act. AN'TE-AL, a. Ht;ing beftite or in front. Fleming. jSJ^'TE BRL'LUM, [L.] Before the war. A.\-TE-CE-IlA'NE-OUS, o, {Infra.] Antecedent ; preceding in time. Owen. AN-TE-CEDE', r. (. [ante and cedo. to go. See Ckde.] To go lK'f()re in time ; to preceae. //ti/c. AN-TE-CkD'ENCE, ru The act or state of going be- fore m time ; preredence. In astronomy, an appjirent motion of a planet toward the west, or contrary to tlie order of the signs. Encyc. AN-TE-CkD'EN-CY, a. The act or state of going be- fore. AN-TE-CED'ENT, a. Going before in time; prior; anterior; preceding; as, au event antecedent to the d<-Iu2e. AN-TE-CkD'ENT, n. That which goes before in time; hence, in writings, that which precedes in place. In sramiAar, tlie noun to Which a relative or other substitute refers; aa, Solomon was the prince, who built the Temple. In iog-ic, the first of two profKtsitions in an enthymeme, or argument of two propositions ; as, every man is mortal ; therefore every king is mortal. Here the first proposition (every man is mortal) is the antecedent j the second, the conseouenu Also, the first and conditional part of a conditional or hypothetical proposition ; as, if the sun is fixed, the earth must move. Here also the second part is called the consequenL Joknson. Duncan. Watts. In mathematics^ the first of two terms of a ratio, or that which is compared with the other. Encyc AN-TE'CeD'ENT-LY, adv. Previously ; at a time preceding. AN-TE-CES'SOB, n. [L., whence ancestor. See Ait- TEC tPE.] 1. One who goes before; a leader; a principal. It was formeriy a title given to those who excelled in any science; to professors of civil law; and in the universities of France, the teachers of law take the title in their theses. 2. One tJiat possessed land before the present po»- sessor. Brady. AN'TE-CMAM-BER, n. [ante, before, and chamber.] A chamber or apartment t>efore the chief apart- ment to which it leads, and in which persons wait for audience. Dmden. AN'TE-CHAP-EL, n. The part of the chapel through which is the passage lo the choir or body of it. Warton. AN-Tk'CIAN, n. [Gr. airi, opposite, and o(Afw, to dwell ; L. nntaci.] In ffeoi^aphy, the antecians are those inhabitants of the earth, itnder the same meridian, and at the same distance from the equator, but on opposite sides, one party north, the other south. They have the same hr»urs of day and night, but opposite sea- sons ; it being winter with one when it is summer with the other. Encyc. AN-TE-CO-LUM'BI-AN, a. Before Columbus, or his discovery of America, AN-TE-CIIR'SOR, n. [L. ante, before, and cursor, a runner, from cnrro, to run. See Course.] One who nins before; a forerunner. In the Ro- man armii;9, the antecur^iirrs were a body of horse detached to obtain intelligence, and to gel provisions, fex.., for the main body. Enajc. AN'TE-DaTE, n. [fnfra.] 1. Prior dale ; a date antecedent to another. Good. -2, Anticipation, Donne. AN'TE-DATE, r. U [L. anU and datam, given. See Date.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T.— -MeTE, PRBY. — PINE, M/VRINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- _ ANT 1. To dale before the true lime; thus to anitdate a dee'i or a bond, is to expif.-is a date anterior to the true time oi' its execuiiou S. To anticipate ; to take betoi'c the true time. And siUedait the bliss aiiov«. f'lye, AN*TE-DAT-EI>,i)/>. iJated before the true time ; &i)ticipateii. AH'TE-DAT-ING, -ppr. Dating before the true time ; anticipating. AN-TE-DI-LL"VIAL, )a. [L aM/e and diV«riu»t,a AN-TE-Di-LU'VIAN,) flood. See Lave.] Before tbe fl^Kid, or deluge, in Noah's time ; ex- isting, happening, or relating to what tiappened before the dehige. AN-TE-DI-LU'VI-AN. ». One who lired before the deluge. ANTE-LOPE, n. [L. antiloijf^ Q.u. Gr. ovn and t\tt^iK, resembling a deer. Said, by Cuvier, to be d^-ived from Gr. -.ryoXw^^, fucHo;, Hower, and ^^^ eye,) applied, by Eu&tathius, to the gaxel, in at.. - aion to iiA beautiful e^-es.] In zooli'^i/, the name of a genus of ruminant quad- ru[ieds, intenncdiate between the deer and gt*at. Their horns are solid and permanent, straishl or curved ; in aome species animlaied ; in others, sur- rounded by a spiral ; and in othfi*». smooth. They rt-stiiible. in general, the deer, in the ii^^litness and eli_'.'j,uce of tlieir forraa, and in their agility. They inli^h't. iiMislIj.open plains or mountains, and some ■IHTCius go in herds of two or three thou->«nd. The •yes of some species, as the gazel, are large, black, and of exiiui>ite beauty and vivacity, and are thei"e- fore a favorite image with the Eastern poets. £ii4:yc, AN-TE-LU'CAN, a. [L. «)U(Jufa«»M. of Un/t, before, and liix, light.] Uuini^ before light ; a word applies! to 3S!>embIieP of ("lui^tiaiw, ill ancient times of persecution, held bt'f'Tt \i^hl in the morning. Eucvc. AN-Tl^-ME-KlU'l- AN. a. [aHccirs, the cavity of ti. '■ d n^ar Ih'^ ba-'t|»«-'T!y applied to tht: palpi, AN i; OUS, a. Ilenrinir ant« nnte. AN : M, a. f I^] ^^h.^JM■d like ant<>nns. A.N- ' ..-!,'. .-. ..1^11, A. A niimbt-r that precedes an- ntlH-r. Bacon, AN TE-NCP'TIAL, a, [ante and nuptiaL] rteing before marriage ; as, an anUnuptial agree- ment ; an/^HHurtd/ children. Kent, AN-l'E-PAS'CH.VL, a. Pertaining to the time before Ea«i»T. AVZrtw. ANTE-PAST, n, [anu, before, and parfam, fed.] A foretaste j something taken before the proper time. AN' ThVPE-NULT', a. [L. a«l«, before, pmf, almost, and ultrmua, last.) I'he last iiyllabia of a word except two ; as, iry( in AN 'rF:^PB-NULT'I-MATE, a. Pertaining to tbe Inst •nllrihle but two. A.VT-EP-I-LEP'TIC, a. [aj-ri, against, and tiriAriffn- «<»(, r-p(b?irtic, from (Ti>n(*/y.jyui, to seize.] RfTuwting or caring epilt;psy, A.N'TEP I-LKP'Tie, n. A remedy for the epilepsy. AN TE Pf>*l"TION, n. [L. antt^ before, and />osi- tton, from pono, to place,] In grammar, the pl^iring of a word before another, whirh, bv ordinary nib's, ought lo follow it, AN-TR-P(l&IH€'A-ME\T, w. [anU and prrdicommt.] A term applf'' ' - - rcvioiit* matt'TM r'-qnisile lo a rl-ar till'' - the pr«-dir.ament'< and cat«'cnrir>*«. a« d mmon terms. Cye, AN- 1 '~ '■' 'i" ■'. j^...j I.- lulu in time ; pribr; ante- r*' iig in time. ■i front in plar.e, A.N i . -. . ; J Y, «. 'J he stale of being anterior, pn-< fading, or in front; a state of Nring before in time or situation. ANT AN'TE-ROO.M, n. [,t)iU and room.] A niiiiii brture or in front of another. Dancin. AN'TkS, / n. pi [L.] Pillars of large diniu-nsions AN'T^^, \ that siipiwrt the front of a building. AN-TE-STAT'URE, ». \anU and stiture.] In fortification, a smairretrenchmeiil or work formed of palisades, or sacks of earth. Encyc AN-TE-ST0.M'A€H, n. [ante nnd stomach.] A cavity which leads into the stomach, as in birds. AN-TE-TEM'PLE, a. The nave in a chun-h. [ Obs.] AN-TE-VEItT', V. U [L. atUcvcrto.] To pnvenL [JVot in use.] Hall. AN-TnEL-MINTie, a, [avri, against, and :X/ii^(, a wonn.l GiK>d against wonns. AN-TIIEL-MIN'Tie, n. A remedy for worms in the intestines. Encyc. Core. AN'THEM, n. [Gr. avn^ against, and i-itios,a hymn, from i-fiviH'*, to sing. Pee llTsirc.] A hynm sung in alternate parts ; but in modem usage, a sacred tune or piece of nm.«ic set to words, taken from the Psalms or other jKirts of the Scriptures, first introduced into the Enj^lish church service in Elizab:-th's reign. Kncnc. AN'THE.M-U'ISE, (ufr. In the manner of an anthem ; alti-rnnlflv. Bacon. AN'TIIE-.\ilS, B. Camomile, Tate. AN'THER,n. [h. antAera, a. flowery plant, from tlie Greek ,it-f)r)/'tc, ftnwerj*, from ai''>os, a flower.] In ftoMni^, the summit or top of the stamen, elfvated by means uf the filament or thread. It contains the pnlh-n, or fertilizing dust, which, when mature, it emitted for the impregnation of the ovarj'. It i-i called by Ilay the aptj^ and by Malpighi the ettpsuU stumini.f. Milne. Jilart^t. AN'THER-AL, a. Pertaining to anthers. jliiaU Res. 4, AOA. AN'TIIKR-DT^ST, n. The dnst or pollen of an anther. AN-Tm:R-IF'ER-OUS, a. [ar,tha- andfrro, to bear.] Producing anthers, as plants; supporting anthers, as a part of a flower. Bart/>n, Iti'i AN-TIIES-TF/RI-ON.n. [Gr.] The sixth month of Uie Athenian year, consisting of 29 days, and answering lo a part of November and a part of Ih-cember. It is sup|M>sed to be so called from the Antht«teria, a festival in honor of Bacchus, celebrated in that month, anti so called frt>tn tiftiitt, a flower ; garlands of flowers b<'ing offered to Bacchus at that festival. AN-TUo'lU-AN, n. [Gr. .tv^o^ and i^ioi.] An animal that lives on flowers. AN-TII6'DI-UM, n. [Gr., from aflh^, a flower.] In botany, the inflorescence of a compound flower ; or the cojiimoN calvx of a compound flower. Lindlcy. AN-THO-LOG'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to anthology. AN-THUL'O-GY, n. [Gr. «.3(;?,a flower, and Xo; of, a discourse, or Xny tt, a collection.] 1. A disc!»nrRe on flowers. Encyc. 2. A CitHertion of fliiwers; a garland. Jvltn.s»n. 3. A r4*!lection of beautiful [Missages from authors: a ctdlection of p«iems or epignims, iKirtlcuIarly applied to a collection of ancient Greek epigrams. 4. In Ote Greek cAurcA, a collection of devotions, or a bo<»k of office's. Johns. AN-TIIOPH'YI^LITE, n. [Gr. rtt-^wj, a flower, and <,')oXAof, a leafj A mineral of^ the hornblende family, occurring In brittle filx-rs. or fihnuM or bladed ni;issi;s, of dilferent shades of ilark brown, and with a senii-metnllic luster. It consists chiefly of silica, magnesia, and nxyd of iron, and is found abundantly in some ra- rieiies of primary rocks. Dana. AN-THOPH-VL-LlT'ie, a. Pertaining to anlhophyl- lite or ctmtnining it. Jiitchrock, AN'TIIO-KIS.M, n. [Gr. oiri, opposite, and o^nap-js, definition.] In rArt-fri«, a description or definition contrary to that which is given by the adverse party. .^mH* AN'THKA-CITE, a, [Gr. a»'5/>a(,a burning coal, and Ai^os, a st-Ln E. Hee Authbaciik. AN-THKA-eO-TIlE'RI-UM,n. [Gr. 01-3^ of, a coal, and criiuGv, a beasL] The name of a genus of pachydermatous quadru- peds, fir>t fwmd in Italy, in tertiary lignite or brown c*ial, whenci^ the name. Dana. AN TlIRAX, n. [Gr, -Supra.] A carbuncle; a malignant nicer, with intense burning. Th« ancients gave this name to a gem, and it is sometimes us«rd for lithanthrax or pit-coal. Encyc AN-THRO-PO-GLOT'TUS, a. [Gr. ap^ptoiroi^ man, and >X'.'rT'«, the tongue.} An animal which has a tongue resembling that of man, of which kind ar" parrots. Encyc. AN-THROPOG'RA-PHY, n, [Gr. ai-Spwaoj, man, and yitarphisin. Kitto. AN-TnRO-PO-MORPH'IT-I«M, a. The doctrines of Antliropomorphites. AN-THKO-PO-MORPH'OUS, a. Belonging to that which has tiie fonn of man ; having the figure of or resemhlnnre to a man. Jt.-^h. Encye. AN-THRO-PO-PATII'ie-AL, a. Subject to human passions. AN-TIIRO-PO-PATH'ie-AL-LY, adv. When human passions are ascribed to a being. AN-TIIRO-POP'A-THY, n, [Gr. aj-SpwToj, man. and TTu^fs, passion.] The aflVclions of man, or the application of human passiiins to the Supreme Being. 0\ren. Encyc. jI.i/i. AN-THRO-POPII'A-GI, B. pi. [Gr. ai'3/;cu«-ov, man, and ii)H) 10, to eat,] Man-eaters ; cannibals ; men that eat human fler'h. Juhniton. Etmic AN-TIIRO-POPII'A-GOUS, a. Feeding on human flesh. AN-TflRO-POPH'A-GY, t.. The eating of hutnan fle.sh, or the pmctice of eatmg it. Johnson. Kneye. AN-THRO-POS'€0-PY, n. [Gr. api:,-(oKoi, man, and , to view.] • The art of discovering or judging of a man*s char- acter, passions, and inclinations, troni the lineaiiifiiiH of his bodv. Encijr. AN-TIIRO-i'OS'O-PHY, n. [Gr. av?/iw7rc5,nian, and ff»,i((i, wisdom. 1 Knowledge of the nature of man ; acquaintance with man's structure and functions, comprelKMuling anatomy and physiology. Encyc. AN-TliHO-POT'a-MY,n. [Gr. ai^3/)a>ffof,a man, and Toi'n, a cuttini!.] The anatomy or dissection of the human body. Jilorin. ANT-IIYP-NOT'I€, a. [corrupt ortho^p-aphy.] See AjtTIHrPXOTIC. ANT-llYP-0-eHON'DRl-A€. See AKTiHTPocHorr- DRIAC. ANT-MY-POPII'O-RA. See Antihypophora. ANT-HYP-TER'ie. Hce A:«tihy3Tebic. AN'TI, [Gr. See Ante.] A preposition signifying again.it, opposite, contrary, or in place qfi used in manv English words, AN-T/-AB-0-L1"T10N-IST, a. One who opposes ab- olition. AN-TI-A-MER'ieAX, a. Opposed to America, or to the tnte interests or government of the United States ; opposed to the n'voliition in America. Marshall. A\-']'I-A-POS'TI,E, w. One who opjwses tlfe apostles. AN-TI-AR-.MIN'1-AN, n. One who opposes Armin- ianism. ANTI AR-TnRIT'ie,o. [See AsTARTiiniTic] Good against the gout. AN-TI-AR-THRIT'I€, it. A remedy for the gout. AN-TI-ASTH-MAT'ie, n. A remedy for the asthma. AN-TI-AT-TRI"T10N, n. A compound applied to macbinery to prevent tbe effects of friction, often consisting of plumbago, with some oily substance. Brande. TONE, BULL, tINITE. — AN"OER, VI"CIOUe.— € as K ; d as J ; « as Z ; CH aa 811 ; TH as in THIS. ANT AN-TI-BAC'CHI-US, n. [(Jr. a^rt nnU /iaKxtms, a foot of one shurt an J two lung styllublcs.] • In poetry^ ft loot of Uirae jtyMaliles, the two lirst long, and the last abort ; ns, aniblri ; opiiosed to the hmukims^ in which the first svllable is shurt and the two liut lone. TnmiuiL £iteyc Gr. Ux, AX-TI-B.\-«IL'ie-AN, a. [Gr. a«-r(, and /)'.iPiA.»fr, a palace ; L. Ao^i/inu, rD}-al, bagdica, a hall of justice.] Opposed to royal state and ma^iAience. PlotnirH^ Brit. Empirr, ANTiniL'IOUS, C-bfl'yus,) a. CounleracUve of bil- ious complaints ANTl-BaACH^I-AI^n. Pertaining to the fore arai. ANTIC, o. [f«TO l->. mntiquei L. antiipau; lU o»- tkm; a tease derivett from the groceeque figum of CMd ; fantastic : a*, antu tricks. ANTie, «. A biilTiwn o€ merry Andrew; one tliat practices odd pestjculation**. Shak, 2. Odd apjit'iinince ; f;uil.i?tJc figure. Spenser, AN'Tie, r. L To make antic. SAa*. A\-Ti-eA-eHEe'Tie,«. [(ir. wn, and «ox«rw, ofaniU bahiC of body.] Curing or lending to cure an iU babix of the con- Mihitiim. Joka*f#- tkmwtktr^ which tee. But amte and •nCi aie the same word in dil&reni dialects, and have the same rad- icr.i ^,,.n,fi.--,.,on. [See .ArrrB,] A> ■'. m. [Gr. ivn, afaSnat, and ObricLl mry uf Chri«< ; the nan of sin; ae- sl: . .._:i ii. 18. 9 The*, it Rcr. ix. PrxHr estauu generally npiKm thii adversar>- to be the Papal power; and some divinee believe tliat, in a ■lore pencml sens-, the word extends to any persons who H' ' ' oppoee the fhndankchtol doc- tnnea > : EnffC BrfVtu Back. AN-TI-Cli : . «. Pertaining to Aotichnst; opposite lo or uppoAing the Christian relieion. AN-TI-GHRIS'TIAN, «. A follower of Autkhriat ; «Be opposed to the Chrt^Aian reJi^on. A.N-TI-CIIRIST'IA\-IS.M, «. Oppowlion or contia- rietv tu the Chn«tian relieion. AN-Yl-CHRIST-IA.V'I-TV, lu OppoeiUon or con- tnirietv to Christianity. AN-TI -6liRlST'L\.\-iZE, r. L To seduce from Chria- tianitv. AN-Tl-CHRON'ie-AL, «. [Gr. a.-rt and x"*"*?. time.] Deviating from the proper order of time ; efmnenwslj dated. AN-TI-eHRU.N'ie-AL-LY. ad. In an aniichronical manner. AK-TICH'RO-XISM, a. [Gr. ain and \poyr>s, time.] D'ViatJon from the tnie order of time. Seltten. AN-TIC'I-PA.\T, c Aiiticipnlinc; applied, in medi- ant^ to periodic diseases, each of wlwiie attacks re- curs at an earlier penod t han the one preceding. Pttrr, AS TIC'I-PATE, e. L [L. atiiidp*, of mOe, before, and MIM9, to take.] 1. To take or act before another, co as to prevent bi3 ; to take first possession. 2. To lake before the pn^ier time ; as, the advocate has tmtieifttUd that pan of bis arginnent. 3. To foietasie or forenee ; to have a previous Tiew or impreaskia of scwnettiing future ; a.«, to an- tidfU the nknaorea of an entertainment ; to anud- fmu the «T& of Ufe. 4. To prevent by crowding in before j lo preclude. Joknson, [Thin srnsst i" exsefOialltf itteJmded m tA*,^rrf.] AX-TIC'I-PA-TED, pp. Taken before i foretasted ; forr^en ; prerluded . prevented. A-NTIC'I-PA-TI.\G,ppr. Takingbefore ; foretasting; precluding: pr-^venting. A.N-TH>I-Pa'TIO\,w. The art of taking up, irfacing, or con-:idr-ring !k>mething before the pruper time, in natiinti order ; prevention. 2. Foretaste ; previous view or impression of what in to happen anem*ard ; as, the anticipation of the jfi> s of heaven. Tte b«pf7 ■iiJ f ^ t t Mi i i of B Rsewed exbience la eonmanj whh tite aiMte U tte juau Tkodty. 3. Previous notion : preconceived opinion, pro- duced ;n the mind before the truth is known ; slight previtMH impression. ANT 4. The attack of a fever before the usual time. Coze. 5. In wM-Wc, the ohinision of a chord upon a syn- co[>ated note, li> wliich it forms a discord. Bu^by. AN'-TU"I-PA TIV'E, a. Contninin? niitirip:iiian. A.\-TK"! P.^-TOR, a. One who nulicipjites. AiN-TIC'I-PA-TO-RY, a. Taking before the time. Jiltrre* AN-TI-eLT'MAX, n. [Gr. (i*.ri, opposite, and kAivft., lo Incline.] Marking inclination in opposite dirr'ctious. In z'^>-'oijy, an anticlinal linf, or orw, is a line from which jftmta dip in opposite directions. AN'TIC LY, cf/r. In an antir manner : with odd pos- tures and gesticulations ; with fanciful appearance. Shak. AN'TIC-MXPK, w. A mask of antics. B. Jonson, AN-TI-CO\-.^n-TC'T[ON-AL, a. Opposed to or acain-it (he constitution. BoUngbroke, AN-TI-CO.\-PTI TC'TIO.\-AL-rST,n, Oneopposed In the constitiitinn. AN-TI CON-TA'OIOX-IST, n. One who opposes the diictrine of contagion. AN-TI-eoX-TA'GlOL'P, a. [Gr. avrt and cimta- /iiMM,] Oppi>sing or destroving rontagion. AN-TI-COX-VCLS'IVK,rt. [Gr. uiri and conrtthivt.] Gotid against convulsions. Flmjrr. AN'1'I-€OR, M. [anti and Fr. eaur, or L. wr, the heart.] .\mon3 /arrirr», an inflammation In a horse's thntai. nnsw'TiuE to the quinsy- in man. Enatc. A.\-TI-eOS-MKT'ie, a. [«nr- and cc.«flffre. See Cos- Mr.Ticj Destnirtive or injurious to beauty. AN-TI-COS MET'ie, n. Any preparation which in- jun-s beatitv. AN'TI-eOL'ilT, 0. In opposition to the court. LYot Msi'^.] Rrresby. AX-Tl-eflURT'IER, (an-U-kfirt'yur,) a. [anti and Cvwrtirr.] One who opposes the court, or the measures of ad- mtnistratitm. ** Aah. ANTreOUS, «. [L. mifica*.] In &'>raity, turned inward toward the axis; in ixn- tXfTn^ drntaiiic that the line of dehiscence is turned towani the pistil. Lindlni. AN-TI-€RE-A'TOR, m. One that oppo«e« tlie Creator. A.N-TI-DEM-O-eRAT'ie, ) a. Opposing dcmoc- A.\-TI-DE-M-0 CRAT'ie-AL, \ racy •. contnir>- to government by the people. JMitfirrd. A.\'TI DOTAL, a. That hasnhe quality of pft-vent- ing the ill elTerts of poison, or of any thing noxious or mi«:hievoua. AN-Tl-DO'TAL-EY, arfr. In the manner of an anti- dote ; bv way of antidote. Brfltcru AN'TI-D6TE, ». [Gr. ayrt^nrn^^of avrt^ against, and 6t6uiiii, to give ; W. dot/i, to give.] 1. A medicine lo counteract the effect-s of poison, or of any thme noxious taken into the stomach. Q. Whatever lends tn prevtnt mischievous effecls, or tn counteract the evil which something else might produci*, A\-TI-D^T'f€J-AL, a. gerving as an antidote. A^'-Tl-DOT'ie-Ab-LY, adc. By way of antidote. Brown. AX-TI-DYS-EN-TER'ie, a. [Gr. ni-n, against, and 6vT'fTCi>tK'>?t dysenteric] Good aijainst the dvsentery, or bloody flux. AX-TI-DYS-EN-TER'ie, a. A remedy for dysentery. Coxe. AX-TI-DYS-lT'Rie, a. [Gr. avrt, ^«5, and ovpov, urine.] CoTinterarting or curing dysury, or a difficulty of voiding urine. AX-TI-E-ME T'le, a. [Gr. atrt, against, and cftcTiKOit emKic, from c-.f m, to vomit j Having the quality of allaying vomiting. A.N'-TI-E-MET'je. a. A remedy to check or allay vom- iting. A>-TI-EX-XE-A-He'DRAL, a. [Gr. ai/ri, opposite, Cf^'fa, nine, and i6pu, side.] In cnjMal^^aphy^ having nine faces on two oppo- site parts of the crvstal. Clfavel/ind. AN-TI-E\-THU-SI-AST'ie, a. [anti and enthusla.ttie.] Opposing enthusiasm. Shaftsbunf. ZN'TIEXT-RY,n, [morecorrectly, At^cIE^TBY.] Cast of antiquity ; that which is ancient; applied to lan- guage. fVest, AN-TI-EP-I-LEP'Tie, a. Opposing cpilep-y. AX-TI-E-PIS 'CO-PAL, a. Adverse to episcopacy. K. Charlfs I. AN-Tr-E-VAN-GEL'I€^AL, 0. Contrary toorthortoxy, or the genuine sense of the gospel. Mtlner, AN'TI-FaCE, n. Opposite face. Jonson. AX-TI-FA-NAT'IC, n. An opposer of fanaticism. JUilUiiu AN-TI-FF;'BRII-E, or AN-TI-FEB'RILE, a. [Gr. av- ri, against, and febrile.] ANT Th:(l has the quality of abating fever ; opposing or tending to cure fever. A.N-TI-Fi^'IUllLE, or AN-TI-FEB'RlLE,n. A med- icine that cures, abates, or tends to allay fever. AN-'ri-FED'ER-AL, a. Opposing the federal consti- tution. AN-TI-FEn'ER-AL-rSM, n. Opposition to the ratifi- cation iif the constitution of the United Suites. AN-TI-FEIVEIl-AL-IST, n. One who, at the forma- tion of the constitution of the United States, opixMed its adoptiim and ratification. AN-TI-FLAT'TER-I.NG, a. Opposite to flattery. Delany, AN.Tt-FLAT'lJ-LENT, a. Opposing flatulence. A\ TIGA-LAe'Tie, r*. A medicine which lends to diminish the secretion of milk. AN'TI-GRAPH, n. A copy. AN-TI-GUG'GEER, n. [anti and fcuggle.'] A crooked tube of metal, so bent as to be Intro- duced into the neck of a bottle, for drawing out the liquor without disturhing the sediment. Eiicyc. .\N-TI HECTIC, a, [Gr. tori, against, and £«ri(ca{, hectic.] Th;tt has the quality of opposing or curing hectical disorders. A.N'-TI-HEC'TrCj n. A medictne that is good In the cure of hectic disorders. Encijc. Coze. AN-TMIK'I.IX, n. [Gr. avrt and t\ii.] The setnirircular prominence of the external ear, situaied Ix-fore and within the helix. AN-Tl-HYP-NOT'ie, a, [Gr. .i,ti and l7n"^i, sleep.] Counteracting sleep; tending to prevent sleep or lelharg>'. AN-TI-HYP-NOT'IC, n, A medicine that prevents or tends to prevent sleep. Cuxe. AN-TI-HYP-O-CHON'DRI-AC, a. [Gr. avri and vno- XotAotaK'iy hyimchondriac] That counteracts or tends to cure hypochondriac aflt'ctions and d':'pr"ssion of spirits. AN-TI-HYP-O-CHGN'DUI-AC, n. A remedy for hyj^- ocliondriac nflt'ctions ;ind low spirits. A.\ TI-HY-POPIi'O-KA, lu [Gr. avn and viro^opa, an inference.] In rhftiiricj a figure which consists in refuting an objection by the opposition of a contrary sentence. SmilJu Johnson. Jish. AN-TMIYS-TER'ie, a. [Gr. avn and iorc/jn, ute- nis.l Counteracting hysterics. AN-'I'I-HYS-TKFl'ie, n. A medicine that cures or counteracts hysterical nfftxtions. Coze. AN-'l'I-MTII'ie, a. [Gr. nvn and Xiflof, stone.] Tending to prevent the fonnation of urinary calcu- li, or to destrov them wlien formed. AX-TI LITH'ie, n. A medicine that tends to prevent the formation of urinary calculi, or to destroy them when fnrin .d. AN-TI-LITH-O-TRIP'TIST, n, [Gr. avn, >.i6<>i, and Tpi/itiJ.] One opposed to lithotripsv. A\-TI-LOG'A RITHM, n. [anti and ho-arithm.] - The complement of the logarithm of any sine, tangent, or secant, to that of 90 degrees. Bailey. The complement of a logarithm ; more generally, the numbirr to a logarithm. P. Cyc. AM-TIL'O-GY, iu [Gr. avTt^ against, and Aojos, speech.] A contradiction between any words or passages in an author. AN-TI-LOI'Mie,n. [Gr. airi and Aai/iOf,the plague.] A remedy ai;ainst the plague. Braade. AN-TIL'O-ftUlST, n. A contradictor. [Obs.] AN-TII/O-QUY, n. [Gr. acn and loquor.] Preface. [Obs.] AN-Tl-MA-GlS'TRre-AE, a. Opposed to the oflico of magistrates. [A'vt %ued.] Soutk, an-tiIma-m'ac-al, I °- t*"""' ""•* "'«"'■'"•] Counteracting or curing madness or frenzy. Brattie. AN'Tl-MXPK, n, A lesser mask ; in contradistinction to the pTinci(>nl or main mask. Bacon. A\-TI-MA'SON, n. One npiwsed to freemasonry. AN-TI-MA-.SO.\'ie, a. Opposing freemasonry. A\-TI-MA'SO\-RY, n. Opposition to freemasonry. AN-TI-ME-TAB'O-LE, fan-ti-me-lab'o-ly,) n. [Gr. ai'Tt^ r •ainst, and ^.rro/itAr;, mutation.] In rhrtoric^ a setting of two things in opposition to each other; as, an honorable action may be attended with labor, but tlie labor is soon past, and the honor is immortal. Kneyc. AN-TI-ME-TATH^E-Srs, n, [Gr. airi, against, and (iiTahtrtii,^ a transposition.] In rbcUtricy an inversion of the parts or membeni of an antithesis ; as, *' Compare the arrival of this governor with the victory of that general." " Com- pare this peace with that war." Cicero in Ferrem. Enciie, AN-TIM'E-TER, n. [Gr. am and ^cr/joi/, measure.] An optical instrument for measuring angles with gn^ater accuracy than can be done by the usual quadrants or sextants. lires. AN-TI-MET'RIC-AL, a. Contrary to the rules of meter or verse. Bailev. AN-TI-MIN-IS-Tk'RI-AL, a. [anti and ministerial.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— M£TE, PREY. — PINE, »IARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF. BQQK.— 54 ANT ANT OppoMd lo tlie miiiialry, or aduiinislration of eov AN-TM1I.\-IS-Te'RI-AI^I6T, ,1. One Ihat oppoees the tiiinisiry. Ki~«» A.\-TI.>10-NAReH'ie-AL. a. {^nU, against, and Opposed to monarchy; that opiwses a kin^Iv cov- ^^J''-''0-^'-!^C»'lC-M^^ESa, n. The IS" of being opposed to monarchy. A\T!MA.vf'?f "■"*;';' "■ An oppo^rof monarchy. A.\-ll MO'M-AL, a. [from antiinony.] Pertaining to antimony, or piutaking of its quali- ties; composed of antimony, or containing antimony as the prmcipal ingredient. '^'I'Ji'"'^''' ■^'"",^'^- ^ preparation of antimony : a dient '" antimony ia the principal iiigVe- ''^^'^W^^r^TE, n. A compound or sal't"?™.- , ^^ ,'i'«?;;',™T.^.?"'' ""'1 ^ base. J{c„ry. A.VTI-.MS'M-A-TED, a. Partaking of aniimoily; ni^xcd or prepared with antimony ; as, antimonmud a V ^•'!'"«„x-,.„ _ J\rieJwLon. AV -i-t viS'O iS' "-^P^nainingto antimony. Ilrar,,. .i.>-i i-.iio.v 1^ ACID, n. An acid composed of two cqmralenU! of antimony and live of ojygen. 1 1-'IO-iVITE, ». A compound of intimonious acid and a ba«. ;/,„™ AX-TI-.MO'.VI.OUS AC^D. m An acid consistii^'of .iv^'i.'^i'/?". ''!"^ "' antimony and four of oxygen. A.\'lI-JIO-\y, ,. [Fr. aHtm,oin,: Low U i«„«K MUM I It. mluHona, ; Sp. id. This, by s"-A.N, a. [Gr. a.ri, against, ud ,o^,t, ,«i-Pi"I^}}'.' '"""i pertaining to the Antlnomians. A«-II-NO'MI-A.N, n. One of a sect who maintain that, under the gospel dispensation, the law is of no use or obligation ; or who hold doctrines which su- persede the necessity of good Works and a virtuous life. Thw sect originated with John Agricola, about the year 1538. " i' ,, AN-TI-N0'MI-A.V-I8M, n. The tenets of the Xlitl- nnmians. /Ai// AN'TI-NO-.MIST, k. One who pays no regard to the law, or to pood works. SonilrrZn. AX'TI-NO-.MY, n. A contradiction between two S'''/" between two parts of the same law. Baker. 2. A law or other thing opposite or contrary. A.J-TI-0 €HI-A.V, a. Pertaining to AlitiiK-hus, the founder of a sect of philosophers, a cotemnorarv- with ticero. This sect was a branch of the Aca- demics, though Antiochcis was a^Ioir. lie att.inptid to reconcile the doctrines of the difl-.Tont srh.H.I- and was the last prece|rtor of the Platonic sclii,..!. k'«™<:. The Jlnlinrhian rpurh was a lll'lliod of computing lime, from the proclamation of liberty granted to the city of Anlioch, about the time of the battle of Phar- ••lia. Encur A.N.TI-P.^'PAI., .. Opr»»ing Poiwry. *' ■JSJi^')''"*'"'*'' ; '^ Opposed to Popery or AN-TI-PA.PIST'I«-AL, i PapacV- jl!rtL A.N-ri-PAR'ALrLEL, a. Running in a contrary dl- rection. Hammond. A.\-ri-PAR-A-LYT'I€, c [avr, ani paratuUc, which «ee.] r , , Good against the palsy A.N-Tl-P,Ut-A-LVT'IC, ,i. A remedy for the palsy. AN-TI-PA-TIIBT'lt;, )a. fPee AvtipathtT A.V-TI-PA-THET'1C-AL, j Ilfivh'g'^a n^unU-lon- . J™"'.?' °' '-'"'"'iti'tioual aversion to a thing. A.N-TI-^A-THET'lt;-AL-.NESS, a. The q^ualily or state of having an aversion or contrariety to a thing. AN-TI-PATH'ie, a. [Gr. ,„■„ and ,r„9„f /"*''•"'"• Having opiwsile affections. In imdUuic, the same as .Allopathic. AN-TIP'A-TilOUS, a. Adverse; having a natural contrariety. Bcaiim * PL A-VTlP'A-THy, ,.. [Gr. a.r,, against, anj *S"„,, Natural aversion ; instincUve contrariety or oppo- sition in feeling; an aversion felt at tlie presence, reiU or ideal, of a particular object. This word liter- ally denotes a natural aversion, which may be of dif- ferent degrees, and in some cases may excite terror or horror at the presence of an object. Such is the aversion of animals for their natural enemies, as the aMipathy of a mouse lo a cat or a weasel. Some- times pi-rsoiis have an insiipemble constitutional an- Vpathy to certain kinds of food. The word is applied, also, to aversion contracted by experience or habit ; as when a person has suf- fered an injury from some food, or from an animal which before was not an object of hatred, or when a p;irticular kind of food or medicine is taken into a sickly stomach, and which nauseates it, the etTect is anlipaUiy, which is often of long continuance. Antipathy, however, is often nlTcted ; as when persons pretend a great aversion to things from false delicacy. 2. In ethicj, antipaUiy is hatred, aversion, or repug- nancy ; hiitrc^l to persons ; aversion to persons or things ; repugnancy to actions. Of these, haired is most yolunurv. jjocrsion, and antipathy, (in its true sense,) depend more on the constitution ; repumanaj may depend on reason or education. Encye. Inicleru, nnlipmi*. ,|pu„,t pntlkulir nnlioii., ■nil mjnioraK ftUacliKiei.u to oLlieri, are lo lie .-ofoidcd. K'MAington. a In physUs, a contrariety in the proiierties or af- tcclions of matter, as of oil and waur, which will not mix. Antipathy is regularly followed by (o, aonietiines by «/d to the human bisly may increase . ''■' '"■"'• Juhiuan. JJnidn,. Qaincn. A.N.TI-PER-I-8TAT'ie, a. Pertainiiig to anlipe^sta- A,\-TI-PES-TI-LE.\'TIAL, a. [anU and peHuJuiat, which see.] ' Coiinterneting contagion or Infection ; having the . 3".?.."v„".'.'y'v'"""':"' 'lestroying nestilentinl diseases. A.N. I l-i'III.O.> e o , A service b<.ok. In the Roman Catholic church, containing all ihe invitatories, responaories, collects, and whatever is said or sung in the choir, except the lessons ; called also a rcsponiaryi compiled by Greg- ory the Great. "^ j::„„^ " ANT TOXE, BtJLL, IlfllTE— AW"CEB, Vr-C10U8.-e a. K , O «. J ; 8 as Z ; CH a, SH AN-TIPII'0-.\Ell, tt. A book of anthems or .antiphons. A.\-TIPH'O.NY, n. [Gr. a.n, coottaiy, aif 'Z-',. voice.] ' ^ * 1. The answer of one choir to another, when an anthem or psalm is sung alternauly by two choirs : alternate singing. 2. A species of psalmody, when a congregation is divided into two parts, and each sings the verses al- "•"'".Si- , . Eneyc. J. I he words given out at the beginning of a psalm, to which both the choirs are to accoiuniodate their S'"e'"?- . Eaeyc. 4. A musical composition of several verses, extract- ed from different psahns. Encuc. AN-TIPIl'RA-SIS, n. [Gr. airi, against, and vS„aT,f, a form of speech.] -ee », The use of words in a sense opposite to their prop- er meaning; as when a court of justice is called a court cf reneeanee. Juhnson. jlth A.^:?!:?!,'5i?:i.;!&.vi., \ -J^-^"-"^ 'o "nuphra- AN-TI-PHKAST'ie-AL-LV, adv. In the manner of antiphrasis. AN-Tl-PH YS'ie-AL, a. Contrary to physics or to na- A.\-TIP'C>-DAL, a. Pertaining to the antipodes, or 'hose wlio have their feet directly opposite. ANII-PODE, 71. ; ;,/. As'Ti-eooKs or An-Tir'o-ort. IGr. oiTi, opposite, and irouj, «^„, lo |»iitref> .] Oppuocd to, or C4Hi»teracting, a putrescent tenden- cy in tiie ft\-stem. AN-TI-SEP''ri€, n. A substance which resists or corrects putrefaction, as acids and saline sTil>st:uices. '2. A remedy which counteracts a putrescent ten- dency injhe ^-^u-m, as cinchona. AX-T1-i?LaV'ER-V, «. Opposition to slavery, AX-TI-SO'CIAL, tt. [See SociAi-] 1. Averse to society ; that tends to interrupt or deslrov social intercourse. PascMiSy Med. Rrp. 2. llostile to the existence of society ; as, laUi- tecial princi^iles. AS'TlS'PASlSt a. [Gr, om, against, and irraw, to draw.] A revulsion of fluids from one part of the body to another. Qtiiacy. AN-TI-SPAS-MOD'ie, a. [Gr. awt, against, and wvavjtaij from vrau, tn draw.] Opposing spasm j resisting convulsions ; as ano- dynes. Coze, A.V-TI-SPA»-MOD'I€, a. A remedy for spasm or convulsioiu, as opium, balsam oi Peru, and the essential oils of vegetables. Coze. AN'TU-^rAST, ( m. [Gr. «i-i and ittiiwjIo draw.] AS ''■^, ] In ;^ro*orfw,a telrasvllabic fiiot, ii. -t and last syllables are short, and the Hi " long. A-N-Tl-:iP:VS'lI€, o. [See A^fTiarASis.] 1. Causing a revulsion of fluids or humors. .^Ajuen. 3. Counteracting s[Kum ; antii>pasmodic. AN-TI-SP.\.S'Tie, n. In old writers^ a medicine sup- posed to act by causing a revulsion of the humors. 2. A renietiv that counteracu spasm ; an anti- AN-TI-SPLE.\"'feT-ie, a. [S«^ Spleen.] f^paamodic, Good ad a remedy in diseases of the spleen. Joknson. AN-TIS'TA-SIS, a. [Gr. oyri, oppooile, and ar^ij, station.] In oratory, the defense of an action from the con- sideration that if it had been omitted, something worse would have happened. £acye. AN-TIS'TkS, n. [L.] The chief priesit or prelate. MiUon. AN-TIS'TRO-PilE, n. [Gr. airi, opposite, and urpa- ^q, a turning.] ANT 1. In grammar, the changint; of things mutually dei)enditi'' i>n each other; reciprocal conversion; as, the master of the ser^'ant, the iservunt of the master. 2. .\nuiiiR the attciruts^ thiit part of a sonji or dance, iiruund the altar, which wan porfurmea by turning from the lef^ to the ri4;lit, in opiHisitinn to the strophe, wliich wais jh'rfi>rnicd by turning from the rigiit to the left. The ancifnl odes consisted of Btnn/.ns called strophes und antiatrophes, to which was often added the epode. These were sunfi by a choir, which turned or changed places when they re- [>ealed tlie different piirts of the ode. The epode was sung. as the chorus stood stdl. [See Odk.] iVtsi^s prff. to hu Pindar. AX-TI-PTROPine.a. Belonging to the anti:itroplie. A-N-'l'Iri'TRO-PUOX, M. A figure which rcpials a word often. JIJJt4rn, AN-Tl-i5TUU-.MATae, ) a. [ostiand stntmay a scrof- AN-TI-STRO'MOL'S, ( ulous swoUing.] Good against scrofulous disorders. Johnson, fTiseman. AN-TI-SYPII-l-LlT'ie, a. Efficacious against syph- ilis, or the Venereal dist^ase ; antivenereal. A-N'Tl-TllK-ia.M, a. [Gr. avrt and Oiui.] Opp»>8iiii>n lo tlie belief of a God. Chalmers. AN'Ti-Tllli-IST, n. One who opposes the belief of a God. A.\-TI-TnE-IST'I€^AL, a. Opposing the bclie, of which Christ is the auUtijpe.. An antitype, then, is some- thing which 16 formed according lo a model, or pat- tern, and bearing strong features of resemblance toil. In Vu Qretk lilvrgy^ the sacramental bread and wine are called antitypes, liiat is, fifiiiros, similitudes ; and the Greek fathers used the word in a lilte »ense. £ncyc. AN-Tl-TYP'I€J-AL, a. Pertaining to an antitype ; ex- plaining the tvpe. Johnson. A\-'I'I-TVP'ie-AL-LY, ado. By way of antitype. AN-TI-VA-RI'0-LOUS, a. [anU and variolous^ which see.] Preventing the contagion of the small-pox. Med. Rep. AX-TI-VE-NE'RE-AL, o. [anti and venereal, wliich see.] Residing venereal poison. ANT'LER, n. [from the root of anU, before; Fr. tutdouiUer. See Axte.] A start or branch of a hom of a cervine animal, as of the slag or moose. The branch next lo the head is called the brvuhantisr, and the branch next above, the bcs-antler. Encyc, ANT'LER-£D, a. Furnished with antlers. Kncye. ANT'-LTKE, a. Resembling the habits of ants. AN-T5^'M-A.\, a. Noting certain medicinal waters in Gennanv, at or near Tonstein. Eneyc A.\-T0.N-O-MA'S£A, n. [Gr. uiri and ova^ta, name.] The use of the name of some oHice, dignity, pro- fession, science, or trade, instead of the proper name of the person ; as when hit majesty is used for aking, or his lordship for a nubleman ; or when, instead of Aristotle, we say, the philosopher .- Or, conversely, the use of a proper name instead of an appellative, as when a wise man is called a Oito, or an eminent orator a Cicero, the application being supported by a ressembUince in chanicier. Eno/c. AX-TON-0-.MAS'Tie-AL.-LY, adv. By the figure an- ion oma.-'ia. AOR AN'TRE, (an'tur,) n. [L, anirum.] A cavern. Shak, Othello. A'NUS, n. The opening of the body by which excre- ment is expelled. AN-C'BIS, «. An Eyj'ptian deity, the conductor of departed spirits, and rcpresentetf by a human figure with the head of a dog or fox. AN'VIL, H. [Sax. a}t.(Ut,(Pnfilt; D. aanberld; old Eng. anvelL The first syllable seems to be the prejMwi- tion on, from the Belgic dialect aaiu The hust syl- lable is from the verb build ; in Germ, bilden^ to furin or «ha[>e, and bdd, an image or form, which in l>ulch is becld. To build is to shape, lo/onn, and ani-il, that is, OB build, is that on which thingn are shaped. The Latin word incus, iticuUis, is formed by a like anal- og>' from in and cudo, to hammer, or shape ; and Ihe same ideas are connected in the Celtic ; VV. eingiun; Ir. inneon, anvil, and inneonam, to strike.] An iron block with a smooth face, on which smiths hammer and shape their work. Figuratitdy, any thing on wliich blows are laid. ahak. To be on the anvil, is to be in a state of discussion, formation, or prep;iration, as when a scheme or measure is forming, but not matured. This figure liearii un analogy to that of duscussion, a shaking or AN'VIUJED, a. Wrought on the anvil. rbeatmg. Beaumont 4" Fletcher. ANX-I'E-TY,(ang-zi'e-ty,)Ti. [L. anxietas, from anx- ius, solicitous ; L. an^o. See ArtoER.] 1. Concern or solicitude respecting some event, future or uncertain, which disturbs the mind, ana keeps it in a state of painful uneasiness. It ex- presst^s more tlian uneasiness or disturbance., and even more than trouble or solicitude. It usually springs from fear or serious apprehension of evil, and in- volves a suspense respecting an event, and often a pt-rplexily of mind, to know how to shape our con ducU 2. In medical language, uneasiness ; unceasing restlessness in sickness. ANX'IOUS, (ank'shus,) a. Greatly concerned or solicitous respecting something future or unknown; being in painful suspense ; applied to persons ; as, to be antious for the issue of a battle. 2. Full of solicitude ; unquiet; applied to things; as, anxious thoughts or labor. 3. Very careful ; solicitous ; as, anxious to please j anxiou.f to commit no mistake. It is folli»wed by for or about, before the object. ANX'IOCS-LY, adv. In an anxious rnunner ; solicit- ously ; with painful uncertainty ; carefully ; un- quietly. AN.\'I0US-NESS, n. The quality of being anxious ; great stdicitude. Johnson. AN'Y, (en'ny,) a. [Sax. anig, anig; D. eenig ; Ger. einig. This word is a compound of an, one, and ig, which, in the Teutonic ^dialects, is the ic of the Latins, mus-jc-ua. .^ny is umm;-U3, oa&4ike.] 1. One, indefinitely. Nor knoweth any man the FalhT, tare the 9oa. — MM, xU _ If a auul ah^Ul aiti n^^iiiit ain/ of the cuininaiidincnli. — Lev. iv. 2. Some; an indefinite number, plurally ; for though the word is formed from one, it often reiers to many. Are there any witnesses present? 'I'iie sense seems to be a small, uncertain number. 3. Some ; an indefinite quantity ; a small portion. Wlio will fthow lu any good i — Pi. if. 4. It is often used as a substitute, the person or tiling being understood. And wli'^n yp atand praying, forgive, if ye have augbl against any, — Mnrk xl. If any lack wisdom, Id liim fuk it of God. — Jnmes 1. It is used in opiwsition to none. Have you any wheat to sell .' I hiive jione. AN'Y-WTSE, is sometimes used adverbially ; but the two words may be separated, and used with a prep- osition, in any wise. A-0'-\i-AN, tt. [from Aonia, a part of Boeotia, in Greece.] Pertaining to the muses, or to Aonia, in Boeotia. The Aonian fount was .^ganipoe, at the ftxjt of Mount Helicon, not far from TheoKs, and sacred to the muses. Hence the muses were called Jlonides. Dryden^s Virgil, Eclogue 10. 16. But in truth, .^unia itself is formed from the Celtic aon, a spring or foun- tain, [the fabled son , to drive.] 1. In hgic, abduui.in ; a kind of argument wherein the greater extreme is evidently coiitiiined in the uicdiuin, but the medium not so evidently in the lesser extreme, as not to require further proof. Thus, " All whom God absolves are free from sin ■ but God absolves all who are in Christ ; therefore all who are in Christ are free from sin." The first prop- osition is evident ; hut the second may require fur- ther proof, as that God received full satisfaction for sin by the suffering of ClirisL 2. In mathrmaiu^y a progress or p.assage from one proposition to another, when the first, having been demonstrated, is euipluyed in proving others. 3. In tAe JtOieaian law, the carrjing a criminal, taken in the fact, to a magistrate. Eticyc. AP-A-GOG'ie-AL, a. An apagogiud demonstration is an indirect way of prixjf, by showing the absurdity or unix)ssibility of the contiarj ; corresponding to the reHiutio ad ahiturdum, or ad iinpu^ijfdtUe. AP-.\-LACH't-A.V, a. Pertjiining to the .^p.alaches, a tribe of Indians in the western part of O<^orgia. Hence the word is applied to the mountains in or near their country, which are in fact the southern extremity of the Alleganean ridges. AP'A.\-.\GE. See ArnKiot.* A-PAN'TIIKO-Py, n. [Gr. uko, from, and a.Opazot, man.) e >. An aversion to the company of men solitude. AP-.VRITH'ME-SIS, ». [Gr.] lion. APART', adv. [a and part : Fr. apartf. See Part.] I. Separably ; at a distance ; in a state of separa- tion, as to phice. '■•» depwterf thence into a dnon place a^oel — MalL xlT. APL a love of Kiteijc. In rlutoricy enuiuera- 9. In a state of distinction, as to purpose, use or character. The Lo»d iKiOi Kt apart him tlwt ii gwlly for hifiwlr. Pi. W. 3. Distinctly ; separately ; as, consider the two propositions apart, 4. Aside ; in exclusion of; as, apart from all re- gard to his morals, he is not qualified, in otlier iBspects, for the office he holds. A-PAR f'MH.NT, n, [Vl. apartemeat, or appartrment^ of ab or a, from, and p,o<.o>, to show.] A very compact, dark-colored rock, consisting chiefly of hornblende. • Dana. A-PIIEL'IO.\,(a-fi:l'yon,)a [Or.inro.from.ttnd /iAiuc, the sun.] That point of a planet's orbit which Is most distant from the sun ; upixjsed to perihelion. APIl-I-DIV'O ROUS, a. [of aphis, the puceron or vine-fretter, and vara, to eat] Eating, devouring, or subsisting on the aphis, or plant-louse. Danain. a-PHI-LAN'TlIRO-PV, n. [Or., of a neg. and 0.Aa^- Ofiwriu, of j&iXttjj, to lovcj and auVptoif'^, man.] Want of love to mankind. In medicine, the first stage of mehincholy, when solitude is preferred to society. Coze. A'PIIIS, n. In tz/ology,lhe puceron, vine-fretter, or plant-louse ; a genus of insects belonging to the or- der llemiptera. The aphis is furnished with an in- flected beak, and with antenna' longer Ihan the tho- rax. In the same species, some indivnluals have four erect wings, and otliers are entirely without tvings. I'lM) leet are of the anibiilut,i^A°^Vj{,''"'''£ ' •'"'"'"'ess. Johnson. Coze. APH'0-RIg.M, (afo-rizm,) „. [Gr. a^ooicpos, deter- mination, distinction ; from a^ooiCo}, to separate.] A maxim ; a precept or principle expressed in a few words ; a detached sentence containing some important truth ; as, the aplurrisms of Hippocr.ates. or of the civil law. fnevc ^Jllj-'J-RISM'ER, n. A dealer in aphorisms. MdlZii API! o Rl.s r, II. A writer of aphorisms. Ai ii-o-Ktb I 'lt^-,\L, S rism ; in the form of short, nnconnected sentences ; as, an aphoristic style. APH-0-KIST'l€-.VL-LV, ado, la the form or manner o( apliorjsms. AI'II'RITE, n. [Gr. a^oof, froth.] An earthy variety of carbonate of lime, having a silvery luster; the silveni elialk of Kirwan,and tile A mj',n"."3'r *■ Cf'"""^'""!!) "f Weriier. Dana, AfH 1.1-jin L, n. A variety of black tourmalin. A?lTRS"n!«rA?\r h- ,tGr. «0P«J..,,^*S-re- APH-RO-I)l-sr.ie-AL, i ol, K^poiirn, Venus, from o^'joj, froth.] Exciting venereal desire ; increasing the anDetlte for sexual connection. APII-RO-DI»'I-Ae, (af-ro-dizh'e-ik,) n, A provoca- tive to venery. Kncyc Qitincy. APIl UO-Dl'T.\, n. In zoology, a genus of marine An- nelida, characterized by two rows of inembninous scales along the hack, covering the hranchiie. A spe- cies, on the Dritish coast, is called the sen-mouse. APH'RO-UITE, ». [Gr. A^^ojir,,.] A i>, A,'''"i"J''"' "' Venus. Cleaveland. Alll-RO-DI'TL, n. A name of Venus, so called from Gr. nibitos, froth, from whicll the gixldess was sup- isiseii to liave been produced. [See Vekus.] AI'll-Tlirr'A-LITE, H. A compound salt, consisting chiefly ol the sulphates of potash and soda, and eom- A .',""" ."'''" ' *"'""' ™ "'" '^'''^ "' Vesuvius. Dana. APirTllo.XO, (af'thoiig,) 71. [Gr. uni, without, and ipOjyy^ii, sound.] A letter, or combination of letters, which, in the customary pronunciation of a word, have no sound. '■'"'"'•"'■, or DUt. of (/if Jliberno-Cellic Language. APIrniOlIS, a. [Gr. aijiUai, ulcers in the mouth.] Pertaining to the Uirush, (aplitha: ;) of the nature of the tlirush, or ulcerous affection of the mouth. APIl'YL-LOUS, a. [Gr. a neg. and av^KooffoUum. a leaf.] in botany, destitute of leaves, as the tush, mush- rmuns, garlic, some sea-weeds, &c. Milne. ^'Pj-A-RI.ST, n. One who keeps an apiary. K'irby. A rl-A-RY, ft. [L. npiarium, of apis, a bee.] The place where bees are kepi ; a stand or shed for bees. A'Pl-AS-TER, n, [from L. afis, a bee.) The trivial name of a bird, a species of Merops, or bee-eater. The apiaster has an iron-colored back, and a belly of hluisli-grecn. Eucve. AP'I-CKS, ( o . , . - ' isee Apex and Anther. A'PE.X-EiS.j "'^ A-P1€'U-1.X-TED, a. In frutafti/, terminated abruptly hy a small, distinct [wint, us a leaf. A-PIeCE', ado. [a and piece.] To each ; noting the share of each ; as, here is an orange apiece, A'PIS, n. In mythology, an ox, worshiped in ancient Egypt, as a divinity. A'l'tS, n, [1..] in utology, tlie bee, a genus of insects of the order liynienoptera. The month has two Jaws, and a proboscis infolded in a double sheath ; the wings are four, tlie two forcniost covering the hinder ones when at rust The females and working bees have a sting. Eneye^ AP'ISII, a. [See Ape.) Having the qualities of an aile ; inclined to imitate in a servile manner; hence, lisilitth ; foppish ; nfleeted ; trifling ; insignificant; as, an upis/i fellow ; apish inanners. A1"1.S11-I.Y, adv. In an apish manner; with servile iiiiil.-ition ; foppishly. AP'ISll-.VE.SS, a. The quality of being apish ; mun- icry ; foppery. A-1'IT'PAT ; with quick beating or palpitation ; a word formed from itie sound, pit and pat, or IVom beaL AP-LA-NAT'ie, a. [Gr. a neg. and rAaxau, to wan- der.) An aptanatic telescope is one which entirely cor- rects the aberration of color of the rays of light It is tlius distingilished from the achromatic, which only partiiUly corrects the aberration. Ed. Encyc A-l'l.AS'TIC, a. Not plastic or easily molded. AP'l^OME, n. [Gr. ..iAo»i, simple.] A mineral closely allied to garnet It is considered by Jameson as crysuillized common garnet It is a rare mineral, found in dodecahitdrons, with rhombic faces, supposed to be derived from the cube hy one TO.VE, BULL. UNITE— AW"CEg. VI"CIOU8.-e a. K; as J ; g as Z ; CH as SII; TH a. in THIS. APO of the mitst simple laws of dtyrivmtrnt, ilint of a ttin* gle mn^* uf panicles, paralU-l tii all the edges uf a cube. /fatly. Clfaveland* A'PLt'3'TR£, n. [I-, ^m Gr. a^kaorovy the gummit of the poop of a ship.] In iCfman antiquity^ an ornament made of wooden planka, rising from tbe stem of a ship, corresponding to tbe Greek apkUuton^ l.n^Xa-llabte. A-POe'O-PE, K. [Gr. araroirit, abscission, ofaro and «eirrtj, to cut.] Tlie cutting off or omission of tbe last teeter or syl- lable of a word ; as, <trinRent ; repelling. AF-0-€RL*ST'IC, M. A medicine which constriogea, and rept'U the bumors ; a repellent Qiiutcy. G/ze. A-POC'RY-PilA, H. [Gr., from arocpwsro* ; ara and KptiTTb>, to conceal. J LUeraily, such things as are not publtsh^-d ; but in urn app i opi .au sriuf, books whose authenticity, as iu- a|Nred writing>t, ig not admitted, and which ore there- fore not considered a part of the sacred cnnon of the Scripture. When the Jews published tlieir sacred books, they called them canonieal and dirine ; such as tbey did not pubhsh were called apocryphal. The Jewish apocrj'phal books are received by the Roman Catholic church as caiwiuca/, but not by Protestants. £ncye. A-POe'RY-PHAL, a. Pertaining to the apocrypha; not canonical ; of uncertain authority or credit ; false ; fictitious, Congrne. Hooker. A-POC'RY-PHAL-LY, ado. Uncertainly; not indis- putaWv. A-POe'RV-PHAL-XESS, n. Uncertainty as to au- thenticity ; doubtfulness of credit or genuineness. AP'0-D.\L, a. [See Apodcs.] Withoiit feeL In lool- destitute of ventral tins ; denoting an order of AP'ODES, «. fL [Gr. a iwiv. and irort, ro^uj, foot.] A term af^ied to animals that have no feet ; es- pecially to certain fabulous birds which were said to have no legs, and also to some birds whicb have very sbort legs. In looUgfj the Apodes are an order of fishes which bave no venlral fins ; tbe first order in Linuatus's system. Kncifc. AP-0-Die'TI€, t a. [Gr. airo^fifis, evidence, of AP-0-DI€'Tie-.\L, i QTT'. and ^eiici-b^i, to show.] Demonstrative ; evident beyond contradiction ; clearly proving. Bronnu OlanoiUe. AP-O-DIC'TIC-AL-LY, adv. So as to be evident be- yond contradiction. AP-O-DIX'IS, n. [Gr.] Full demonstration. Buck. A-POD'O-SIS, n. [Gr.l In grammar, the [Mrincipal clause of a conditional sentence, expressing tbe r&- suU ; as distinguished from tbe prvtasu or subordinate clause, which expressea a condition. Thus, in the sentence, " Though be alay me, yet will I tnist in him," the former clause is the protasis, and the latter the apodosis. Uy some respectable grammarians, this distinction is not condned to conditional sentences, but is extended to others similarly constructed. AP'O-GEE, n. [apogeoUf apogeum} Gr. arro, from, and yji, the earth.] In modem astrojumy, that point in the orbit of the APO moon, which la at the greatest distance from the eartli. In ancimt astronomy, that point in the orbit of the sun, or of a planet, whic)) is at the greatest distance from the earth. Tbe ancients regarded the e:irth as fixed in the center of the system, and therefore as- signed to the sun, with the planet?, an orbit and an api>-rfei but the modems, considering the sun as the center, use tbe tonus pankelion and aphelion, to de- note tbe least and greatest distance ijf the planets from that orb. Tbe siui*s apogee, therefore, is, in strictness, the earth's apkelum. Kjictjc. Johnson, A-PCGO.\, n. [Gr. a priv. and jrwywt', beard, because its jaws want the appendages called beard.'] The name of a sub genus of fishes, subordinate to the genus Perca, ( p^rcA,) one species of which inhab- its the Meililerrjinran. Cavicr. AP'O-GRAPH, a. [Gr. airo) pa<*>Qv ; airojpa^u.] An exemplar ; a copy or transcript. Anh. A-POI^LI-NA'Rt-AN, a. [from .-JpoWo.] The jipolliRarian gamr.t, in Raman anfj^ut/y, were celebrated in honot- of Ajwllo; instituted A. R. 54'i, after the battle of Cannae. They were merely scen- icnl, with exhibitions of music, dances, and various mountebank tricks. Encyc. A-POUI.I-.NA'RI-AN»; In cAurcA histonj, a sect, de- riving their name from Ap*>llinaris, bishop of Lnodi- cea, in the 4th centurj-, who denied the proper hu- manity of Christ ; maintaining that his bmly was en- dowed with a sensitive, and not with a rational soul, and that the divine nature supplied tbe place of the intelli-ctual principle in man. Kncye. Hooker. A-POL'LO, i». A deity among tbe Greeks and Romans, and worshiped under the name of Pkah^, the sun, as tbe fountain of light and IieaL lie was the pre- siding deity of archer)', propliecy, medicine, and music, and president and protector of the Muses. Brande* A-POI/LO-BEI^VI-DERE', a. A celebrated statue of A|>ollo, in the Belvldere gallery of the Vatican palace at Rome, esteemed one of the noblest rep- n^sentations of the human frame. Brands. A-POLL'VO.\, n- [Gr. .uroAAi-cii', destroying.] Tbe destroyer ; a name used. Rev. ix. 11, for the angel of Uie bottomless pit, answering to tlie Hebrew .Abaddon. A-POL-O^ET'I€, (a. [Gr. aTuXo>fgpa(, to speak A-POLr-CMSET'ie-AL, ( in defence of; arru and Ao>. Of, speech.] Defending bv words or arguments ; excusing ; said or written in defense, or by way of apology ; as, an motagftic essay. Boyle, A-P0L-0-6ETa€J-Al»-LY, «dr. By way of apology or excuse. A-POL-O-OET'ieS, a. That hninch of theology which defends the ll*»ly Scriptures, and sets forlli the evi- dence of their divine authority. A-PI)L'0-6IST, n. [See Apologt.] One who makes an npologj- j one who speaks or writes in defense of another. A-PUL'0-GTZE, r. u To make an apology ; to write or speak in favor of, or to make excuse for ; followed by /er ; as, my correspondent afolvgiied for not an- swering my letter. A-POL'O-GIZ-ER, n. One who makes an apology or defends. AP'O-LOGUE, (ap'o-log,) n. [Gr. a-xoXoyo^^ a long speech, a fable.] A moral fable ; a story or relation of fictitious events, intended to convey useful truths. An ap- ologve differs from a parable in this: the parable is drawn from events which pass among mankind, and tlierefore requires probability in the narrative ^ the apologue is ftiuuddd on siip|>osed actions of brutes or inanimate things, and tlierefore is not limited by strict rules of probability. Esop'e fables are good examples of apologues. Encyc A-P0L'0-6Y, n, [Gr. aroAoyia, of ano and Xoyos, disciMirse.] An excuse ; something said or written in defense or extenuation of whA appears to others wrong or unjustifiable, or of what may be liable to disnppro- bation. It may be an extenuation of what is not pi'rfectly Justifiable, or a vindication of what is or may be disapproved, but which the apologist deems to be right. A man makes an apology for not fulfill- ing an engagement, or for publishing a pamphlet. Ai\ apology, then, is a reason or reasons assi-rned fur wliat is wrong or may appear lo be wrong, and it may be either an extenuation or a justification of some- thing that is or may be censured by those who are not acquainted with the reasons. AP-O-ME-CO.M'E-TRY, n. [Gr. otto, //7?kos, distance, and tLETp-v, measure.] The art of measuring things distant AP-O-NEU-RO'SIS, n. [Gr. aira, from, and vEvpov^ a nerve ; W. nertk ; Arm. ncrz. See Nerve.] An expansion of a tendon in the manner of a membrane ; a tendinous expansion in which a mus- cle terminates, inserted into otlier relatively fixed parts, or covering and confining other muscles, and forming a fascia. Encyc. Blancard. AP-0-PE.MP'Tie, a. [Gr. airo, from, and Trcpffiu, to send.] APO Denoting a song or hymn among the ancients, sung or addressed to a stranger, tm his de|Kirture from a place to his own country. It may be used as a noun fur the hymn. Enryc. A-POPIl'A-SIS, 11. [Gr. aro, frow, and (paats, form of speech.] In rhetoric, a waving or omission of what one, spt^aking ironic^itly, would plainly insinuate ; as, " I will not mentiiin another argument, which, however, if I should, you Cfiuld not refute." Smith. Johnson. AP-0-PHLEG-M.\T'ie, a. [Gr. airoy from, and ipXcy- pu, phlegm.] Having the quality of exciting discharges of phlegm or mucus from the mouth or nostrils. AP-0-!*ULEG-MAT^I€, n. A medicine which excites discharges of phlegm or mucds from the mouth or nostrils. Coxe. AP-O-PHLEG'MA-TISM, n. An apophlegmatic. Bacon, AP-aP»LEG-.MAT'I-ZANT, «. An aiiophlegniatic. Qiiincy. Core. AP'OPH-TIIEGM, I (ap'o-thera,) n. [Gr. aw, from, AP'O-THEGM, i and tpOty,,a. word. It would be eligible to reduce this harsh word to apo/Aew.] A remarkable saying; a short, sententious, in- structive remark, uttered on a particular occasion, or by a distinguished character; as that of Cyru«, " He is unworthy to be a magistrate, who is not better Uian his subjects ; " or thnlof Cato, " Homines, nihil agendo, discuut male agere," Men, by doing nothing, s»ton learn to do mischief. A-POPH'Y-GE, n. [Gr. aito, from, and 01-; jj, flight.] In architecture, that part of a column where it springs out of its base ; sunietimes called tbe spring of the column. Chambirs. A concave part or ring of a column, lying above or below the flat member; ciOled by the French, le eongp rfVn bas, or d'rn hant, and by the Itiilians, U caco di bastto, or di sifpra. It was originally a ring or ferule to bind the extremities of wooden columns, and keep them from splitting ; aflcrward imitated in stone pillars. Encyc. A-POPH'YIr-LrrE, rt. [Gr. airo, from, and 0v>Auf^ a leaf; so called from tlie readiness with which its laininiE are separated.] A zeulilic mineral, occurring in pearly, laminated mosses, or crystallized in glassy, square prisms, with pyramidal terminations, which break very readily across, and adurd a surface with a pearly luster. It consists of silica, lime, and potash. Vft^tn its peculiar luster, it is eomctimes culled ichthyophthalntite, or fish- eve stone. Dana. A-POPH'Y-SIS,n. [Gr. aJro,from,and0tKns,growlh.] A process of a bone ; a prominent part of a Ixjiie, fotining, originally, a continuous part of the body of the bone, in distinction from epiphysis. AP-O-PLEC'Tie, ( a, [See Apoplext.] AP-O-PLEC'Tie-AL, j Pertaining to or consisting in apoplexy ; as, an apoplectic fit ; or predisposed to ajMiplexv ; as, an apoplectic habit of body. AP-O-PLEC'Tie, n. A person affected with apoplexy. KnaicklmlL AP'0-PLEX .ED, (ap'o-plext,) a. Affected with ai>o- plexy. SItak. AP'O-'PLEX-Y, n. [Gr. aTroTrXijfia, of airo, from, and Tj\n(or/?/i(, Id go off", to recede ; urro and iTrrutt, to stand. 1 An abscess ; a swelling filled with purulent mat- ter ; written also corruptly imposthumf. A PO^TI^Rl-O'RTy [L. po.-Herior, afl.r.] Arguments a posteriori^ are drawn from effects, con- sequences, or facta ; in opposition to reasoning a ;7n>ri. A-POri'TlL, lu [Fr. aposUlie.] A marginal note or reference ; a postscri|H. A-POS'TLE,(a-p06'l,) tu VU. apostoluji i Gr. aTrrtoroXoj, from aTToareWuiy to send away, of ana and arcAAu, to send ; Germ, stellen., to set] A person deputed to execute some important business ; but apprapriateUj, a discijile of Christ commissioned to preach the gospel. Twelve per- sons were selected by Christ fur this purpose ; and Judas, one of *he number, proving an apostate, his place wa^ supplied by Matthias. Acts t The title of apostle is applied to Christ himself, Ileb. iii. In the primitive ages of the church, other ministers were called apostlrs^ Rom. xvi. ; as were persons sent to carry alms from one church to an- other, Philip, ii. This title was also given to per- sons who fir«t planted the Christian faith. Thus DiunysiuB of Coriotb is callrd the apostle of Prance ; and the Jesuit missionaries are called apostUs. Among the JetoSy the title was given to officcra who were sent into distant provinces, as visitors or cominidsionrrs, to see the laws observed, and to col- lect money or tribute. ApuHtU^ in the Greek liturg>-, is a book containing the Epistles of iSt. Paul, printed in the order In which they are to be read in the churches through the year. Encye. A-POS'TLE-SHIP, n. The ofBce or dignity of an apof:tle. A-POS'TO-LATE, n. A mission ; the dignity or oRict; of an apostle. Ancient writers use it for the office uf a bishop ; but it is now restricted to the dig- nity of the pope, whose see is called the apostolic see, Kncyc. AP-OS-TOL'I€, \a. Pertaining or relating to the AP-08-T0I/I€>AL, j apostles ; as, the apostolic age. 2. According to tne doctrines of the apostles ; de- livered or taught by ttie apostles ; as, apostolic faith or practice. Apostolic eoTutitations ; a collection of regulations attributed Ut the apostles, but generally supposed to be spurious. They appe:ired in the fourth century, are divided into eight books, and c«m.sisi of rules and pn>cepts relating to the duty of Christians, and par- ticularly to Uhj ceremonies and discipline of llie church. Apoatolic fatlurs ; an appellation given to the Chris- tian writers of the firrt century. AP-OS/roL'IC-ALr-LY, adv. In the manner of the afx istles. AP-Orf-TOL'IC-AL-NE.«S, n. The quality of being apoMtiflical, or accordant with the doctrines of the aport address introduced into a discourse, di- rected to some person different from the p;irty to APP which the main discourse is directed, as when an advocate, in an argument to the jury, turns and ad- dresses a few remarks to the court. Encyc. Smith. 2. In grammar^ the contraction of a word by the omission of a letter or letters, which omission is marked by a comma ; as, caXVd for called. The comma used for this purpose may also be called an apostrophe. AP-OS-TROPH'ie, a. Pertaining to an apostrophe i noting the contraction of a word. Murray. A-POS'TRO-PHIZE, V. t. To address by apostrophe. 2. To contract a word by omitting a letter or letters. 3. To mark with a comma, indicating the omission of a letter. A-POS'TRO-PHTZE. v. i. To make an apostrophe, or short, detached address in speaking. A-POS TRO-PHiZ-£0, pp. Addressed by way of di- gression ; contracted by the omission of a letter or letters ; marked by an apostrophe. A-POS'TRO-PHIZ-ING, ppr. Addressing in a digres- sion ; contracting or marking by apostrophe. AP-O-TAe'TIl'E, n. [Gr. aa-ormcTos, from mrorarroj, to renounce ; airo una rarrci, to ordain.] One of a sect of ancient Christians, who, in imita- tion of the first believers, renounced all their etrccts and possessions. Encyc, AP-O-TEL-ES-MAT'IC, a. [Gr. arraTeXcapariKOi, from ajTQTiXiapt, an effect otthe stars.] Relating to astrology j teaching by the science of the stars. Gau^sen, A-POTII'E-CA-RY, n. [L. apotheca^ Gr. a-T«()<;*r!, a repository, fmm arroTicripiflo deposit or lay aside, or from ^nitfi, a chest.] 1. One who jtractices pharmacy ; one who pre- pares drugs f(tr medicinal uses, mid keeps them for sale. In England^ apothecaries were formerly ohli^red to prepare medicines according to the formula*^ pre- scribed by the college of physicians, and were liable to have their shops visited by the censors of the col- lege, who had power to destroy medicines which Were not gotnl. Apothecaries are now the most nu-. mrrous class of medical practitioners in England, called gmrral practitioners. 2. In thf middle airrs^ an apothecary was the keeper of any shop or warehouse ; and an officer appointed to take charge of a magazine Kncyc. AP'OTIIEG.%1, (ap'o-them,) n. [See Apophthecjm.] A remarkable saving ; a short, instructive remark. AP-0-THEG-.MAT'i€, / a. In the manner of an AP-O-TMEG-MAT'ie-AL, J apothegm. tVarton. AP-O-THEG'MA-TIST, n. A coUector or maker of a pot he trms. Pope. AP-O-TIIEG'MA-TIZE, v. u To utter apothegms, or short, instructive sentences. AP-O-THe'O-SIS, n. [Gr. ajroScwffis, of aito and ecos, God.] Deification; consecration; the act of placing a ftrince or other distinguished pers(m among the leathen deities. This honor was often bestowed on illustrious men in Rome, and followed by the erec- tion of temples, and ttie institution of sacrtllces to the new dfiiy. Encyc AP-0-THK'O-SrZE, r. t. To consecrate, or exalt to the dignity of a deity ; to deify. Bacon. A-POTH'E-vS|H, n. [Gr. anonirrnit. to putaway.] 1. The reduction of a dislocatea l>oue. C>ixe. 3. A place on the south side of the chancel in the primitive churches, furnished with shelves, for books, vestments, Slc. t^hcler. A-POT'O-ME, n. [<:r. aworcuvoi, to cut off.] 1. In maih^mattcjiy the difference between two quantities commensurable only in power; as between v^ and 1, or between the diagonal and side of a square. I/ntton. 2. In music, that portion of a tone major which re- mains after deducting from it an interval, less by a comma than a semitone major. Busby. 'i'he part remaining of a greater tone aftera greater semitone hiLs been taken from it. The Greeks, sup- posing the gn'at(^-r tone could not be divided into two etpial (KUts, called the smaller part apotome, and the other Itmma. This refers to the proper apotome, said to have been so denominated by Pythagoras, and corresponding to the chromatic or minor semitone, as tile limma to the diatonic or major semitone. Calcott, Ed. Encyc* The difference between a greater and lesser semi tone. Kncyc, This refers to the apotome major of Boelhins, cm- responding to the enharmonic diesis. This term apotome. w;is also applied by the ancient musicians to sevenil other peculiar intervals, Ed. Kncyc. AP-O-TKEP'SIt?, n. [Gr. ht-. and rptnu, to turn.] 'i'he resolution of a suppurating tumor. Coze. AP-O-TRO-P^'A, 71. pL [Gr. airr) and rp<:n-f.>,to turn.] In ancient poetry, verses or liymns comjwsed for averting the wrath of incensed deities. The deities invoked Were called apotropmans. Encyc. AP'O /EM, n. [Gr. nrro and >£(.), to boil.] A decitction, m which the'medicinal substances of plants are extracted by boiling. Encyc. IViscman. AP-(J-ZE.M'IC-AL, a. Like a decoction, ir/utaker. AP-PAIR', r. £. To impair. [JTotinuse.] AP-PAIR', V. i. To degenerate. [JVot in use.] APP APPALL', (ai>-paul',) v.L [Fi.palir; h,paUeo, lobe- come pale. See Palb.] 1. To depress or discourage with fear; to impress with fear, m such a manner that the mind shrinks, or loses its firmness ; as, the sight appalled the stout- est heart. 2. To reduce, allay, or destroy j as, to appall thirst. [UnusuaL] Thomson. AP-PALL', V. i. To grow faint ; to be dismayed. Lidffate. AP-PALL'-ED, (ap-pauld',) pp. Depressed or dis- heartened with fear ; reduced. AP-PALL'ING, ppr. Depressing with fear ; reducing. 2. a. Adapted to depress courage, AP-PALL'fNG-LY, adv. In a manner to appall. AP-PALL'MEXT, n. Depression occasioned by fear; discouragement. AP'PAN-AGE, ;(. FFr. apantage, an estate assigned to a younger son for his maintenance ; an appendix^ de- pendence, appurtenance; It. appannaggio^ an appen- dage. If this word is from the panage, panagium of the middle ages, it is from panis, food, provision ; It. panaggio, provision. Tliis is probably the true origin of iho word.] 1. The portion of land assigned by a sovereign prince for the subsistence of his younger sons. EiL Encyc 2. Formerly, in France, lands assigned by the king for the maintenance of his younger sons, as their patrimony ; but on condition that, on the failure of male offspring, they were to revert to the crown. From the apiKinage it was customary for the sons to take their titles or surnames. Speiman. P. Cyc. 3. Sustenance; means of nourishing. Wcalih — Ihe ajtpanage of wit. Sanfl. AP-PAN'A-GIST, n. A prince to whom an appanage was granted. P. Cyc. AP-PA-RA'TU9, n;pl, ArPARATusss. [L., from ap- paro, to prepare, of ad and paro.] 1. Things provided as means to some end ; as the tools of an artisan, the furniture of a house, instru- ments of war. In more technical language, a com- plete set of instruments or utensils, for performing any operation or experiment. Cavallo. Encyc. 2. In surgery, the operation of cutting for the stone, of three kinds, the small, tlie great, and the high. Encye. Cure. Apparatus is also used as the title of several books, in the form of catalogues, bibliothecas, glossaries, dictionaries, &.c. Encyc AP-PAR'EL, n. [Fr. apparctl, from parer, to dress or set off; Sp. aparejar ; L. paro, apparo, to prepare; Arm. para; Port, aparelho, Sp. aparcjfl, tackle, whence parrel in seamen's language ; Cb. Heb. K'^2. bara ; At. \yj bara. Class Br. No. 8, 10, 19.J 1. Clothing ; vesture ; garments ; dress. 2. External habiliments or decorations ; appear- ance ; as, religion appears in the natural apparel of simplicity Glorious III apparel. — lat^ IzUi. 3. The furniture of a ship, as sails, rigging, an- chors, &,c. AP-PAR'EL, V. U To dress or clothe. Ttioy wlio um gorgeously appartled are til idiigi' courla. — 2. To adorn with dress. Slif^ tiiil apjtarel hor upparel, iSWn^, 3. To dress with external ornamcnta ; to cover with something ornamental; to cover, as with garments; as, trees appareled with flowers, or a garden with verdure. 4. To furnish with external apparatus ; as, ships appari'led for sea, AP I'AR'El^*;!), pp. Dressed; clothed; covered as with dress ; furnished. AP-PAll'ElrlNG, ppr. Dressing; clothing; covering as with dress ; l^urnishing. AP-PAR'ENCE, i n. Appearance. [JVot in use.] AP-PaK'EN-CY, i Chaucer. Oower. AP-PAR'ENT, a. [See Appear.] 1. Tliat may Im) seen, or easily seen ; visible to the eye ; within sight or view. Atterbury. 2. Obvious; plain; evident; indubitable; as, the wisdom of the Creator is apparent in his work«. 3. Visible, in opi>osilion to kid or secret ; as, a man's apparent conduct is good. 4. Visible; appearing to the eye; seeming, in dis- tinction from true or real ; as, the apparent motion or diameter of the sun. Heirs apparent are those whose right to an estate is indefeasible, if they survive the ancestor ; in dis- tinction from presumptive heirs, who, if the ancestor should die immediately, would inherit, but whoso right is liable to be defeated by the birth of a nearer heir. Blackstone, AP-PAR'ENT-LY, ado. Openly; evidently; as, the goodness of God is apparently manifest in his works of providence. 2. Seemingly ; In appearance; as, a man may be apparently friendly, yet malicious in heart. TONE, BULL, 1;NITE. — AN"GEB, VI"CIOi;S.— C as K i 6 as J ; 8 as Z; CH as SH j TIf as in THIS. APP AP- PAR' EXT- NESS, «. Plainnesa lo Ibe eye or the iiiinJ ; vi.iibUiiess i obvluusnesa. AP-PA-RI"TION. (ap-pa-rish'uu,) n, [See AFPEiR.] L In ■ gamtrmt «MUf, oppeanuce ; vUibtlit>-. [Lit- lU %sedJ\ MilUiH. 2. The thing appearing j a visible object ; a fonn. JUUtoiu S.'uik. 3l a ghost i a specter ; a visible spirtu [ This u now Uu um^ s«mm iff the vonL] ^ Mete appearance ; opposed to reality. Datkam, 5. In asCTMiMty, the first a|4)camnc« of a star or other laminaiy, after having been obscured j opposed AP PAR'I-TOR, n. [L., from app^ro, to prepare, or api'^ro', to attend.] Aut 1:1; tMe Rotmtnsy any officer who attended magistrates mad judges to execute thf tr orders. In ^tgimad^ a meMenaer or oihcer who serves the pnicev of a aptriUtarcouit, or a beadle, iu a univcr- «icv, who carries the mace. Eitcjic AP-PAY', r. L rS(i, and Port. ^«rir.] ToKili^fy. [Ots,] [See Pat.] SAt^ AP rKACir', r. (. Tu accuse j to censure or reproach. [tMv.j :S<.T.> Ij(rKA.cH.j Skak. AP I'KACri'iiE.NT, n. Accnsation ; charge exhib- iu-d lOkt.] fVMon. AP-PfiAL', r. i. [Fr. appeUr ; lU BjrptUart ; ep. apt- lar ; Port. appeHar : L. appeiUr ; ad and prUoy to drive or send; tir. JuWw, V\e do not see the sense of tali in pfllii^ but to drive or press out, is the mdicul sense of (ulliitir, naniine. This word coincides in elements with L. boJ^t, Kng. teiof, and peaL Class BL] I- To refer lo a superior judge or court, for the decision of a cause depending, or the revision of a cause decided in a lower court. uOmr. — AdRXxL 2. To refer lo another for the decision of a ques- tion con irovt-n I'll, or ihe coHfilrniciion of u-stinmny or farts \ as, I appeai tu all raoukind for the truth of whni is alleged. APPEAL', o. L To call or remove a cau«c from an inferior lo a superior j'ltlge or courL This may be done after trial and Judirment in the lower court ; or by special statute or ap^eement, a party may apptal, before trial, upon a fictitious issue and judgruL-nL We sav, the cause wtu appealed before or after trial. AP-Pi^AL', V. (. In criminal fan, to charge with a crime ; tit accuse ; to institute a private criminal prosecution, for some heinous ofR-nse ; as, to appmi a p-^-rson of felony. This process was anciently pivt-n to a private person to recover the werepild, or private |»ecnniaiy satisfacXiiui for an iiOori' he had received by the morder ot a relatioa, or Vy some personal injtin-. BiackMene. AP-PkAL', w. "The removal of a cause or suit from an inft-rior to a superior tribunal, as from a common pleas court to a superior or supreme court. Also, the ri^of appeal. 3. An accusatxHi ; t pmeem instituted by a pri^-ate person against a man for some heinous crime b\ which he has been injured, as for murder^ larceMy^ mayhem. Blaekstone, 2. A summons to answer to a charge. Drydcn. 4. A call upon a person j a reference to anollicr for proof or decision. In an oath, a person makes an appeal to the Deity tor the truth of his declaration. 5. Kesort j recourse. Emr mild-r Dv^thtxl b 10 be tried, bHtoe a dbIImi mak* aa ap- peai u amw. K^nt. AP-PkAL'A-BLE. o. That may be appealed; that may be removed to a higher tribunal for decision ; as, the cause is ^ipealaNa. 2. That may be accused or called to answer by appeal ; applied t» pfrsons i as, a criminal is appeti- abif for manslaughter. AP-PeAL'A.NT, tu One who appeals. [AV( used,] Shak. AP-PeAL'KD, (ap-peeld',) pp. Remo^-ed to a higher court, as a cause ; prosecuted fur a crime by a private person, as a criminal. AP-Pf.AL'ER, m. One who appeals ; an appellor. AP-PeAL'ING, ppr. or a. Remo\in£ a cause to a bigh<;r tribunal ; prosecuting as a private person for an offense ; rt^ferring to anther for a decision. AP-Pk.VR', t. i. [Lh apparfCy of ad and paren^ to ap- pear, or be manifei-t ; It. apparire ; Sp. pareccr, apa- recer : Fr. apparoir, apparoiirc Class Br.] ]. To cume or be in sight j to be in view ; to be visible. T^ kpro^ ^iptar^ in th^ dan o( ihe flcifa. — Lct. jcitt. Aad God k-uJ, l^t Um dry Und appear. — Gea. 1. 9. To become visible to the eye, as a niirit, or to the apprehension of the mind ; a sense freqaeut m Scripture, Tbe Lord o p pt or grffo Abram, and nid. — G«^, xi. The angel m Ux l^ird apptartd u> hiin id a flame <^ fire out of lite ffiklMof Uic tAMh. — £x.iu. 3. To Stand in presence of, as parties or advocates APP before a cotirl, tir as persons to be tried. The de- fendant, being called, did not appear. W« iiitut oil appear bcron the Jml^ni'm sent of Clirist. — 2 Cor. T. 4. To be obvious ; to be known, as a subject of observation or comprehension. I>»t iliy wort appear to thy anrranL — Pt. xe. U (Mh tiot ret appear wUal ue tiaaiX he. — 1 John iil, 5. To be clear or made clear by evidence ; as, this fhct apjffars by ancient records. Il4K aiu, that it iniglit apptar ain. — Rom. rll. & To seem. In of^wettion to reality. Thejr dMptn tbolr hoe* tliat \hej kaj opptar to men (o feM. — Mao. ri, 7. To be discovered or hud open. Tbat tt9 ■hruM may appear. — Jcr. xlQ. AP-PSAR', «. Appearance. [Oft*,] AP-PeAR'AXCE, n. The act of coming into sight; the act of becoming viiaritinn. ^^ddiion, AP-PkAR'ER, It, The person that appears. Broicn. AP-PiCAR'INtJ, ppr. Cominjt in sight; becoming evidi'nt ; making an external show ; seeming ; hav- ine the semblance. AP-Pl^AR'l\(i, n. The act of becoming visible ; ap- pearance, AP-PE AS'A-BLE, a. That may be appeased, quieted, calmed, or pacified. AP-P£A«'A-BLE-NESS, ji. The quality of being op- pea -T.] To belong to, whether by right, nature, or appoint- ment. [See Pertain.] Give it to him lo whoin il apperbUneth. — Lev. »!. AP-PER-TAIN'ING,p;»r. Belonging. AP-P£R-TaL\'ING, n. That which belongs to a thing. AP-PER-TArN'ME\T,7u That which belongs. S/iak. AP-PEU'TE-NEXCE, n. See AppuflTFSAN' e. AP-PER''J'1-NENT, a. Belonging; now written Ap- purtena: fatoft, to desire, to entreat ; Dan. bede; D. bidden ; Get bitten; Ann. pidi; Eng. bid; Sax. bidan ; Sw. bedja : L. invito, compound. The primary sense is to strain to urgc^, or press, or to advance. See Bid. Class Bd.1 }. In a gmeral amse, desire ; but especially carnat desire; sensual appetite. 2, The dit*position of organized bodies to select and imbibe such ptirtions of matter as serve to sup- port and nourish them, or such particles as are d.i signed, through their agency, to carry on the animal or vegetable economy. TUeae liictpala have inouihs, nml bjr nnimal »elociion or apjieUruy thf-y dUoitt ntch part of ihe fiitid as m n^reeabl'- to iheu pihte. Darwin. FATE, FAR, FALL, VVH^T.— MeTE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 60 APP 3. An inclinntion or propensity in animals to per- fonn certain actions, a§ in the young to sack, in aquatic fowls to enter into water and to swim. 4. Attraction, or the tendency in bodies to move toward each other and unite. Copernicus. AP'PE-TENT, a. Desiring; very desirous. Buck. AP-PE-TMHI.'I-TY, ju The quality of being de- sirahle for gratification. AP'PK-TI-BLE, a. [Low L. appcHbilisj from apprto.] Dcfirable ; that may be the object of sensual desire. AP'PE-'rn*E, n. fL. appetiiuSj from appeto. See Ap- FBTE?fCE.] 1. The natunU desire of pleasure or good ; the de- sire of gratification, either of the body or of the mind. Jippeutes are passions directed to general nb- JecU, as the appetite for fame, glory, or riches ; in dis- tinction fn>m passions directed to some partictihir objects, which retain their proper name, as the pas- sioR of love, envy, or gratitude. PasMon does not exist without an object j natural appetites exist first, and are then directed to objects. Eneyc a. A desire of food or drink. 3. Strong desire ; eagernesa or longing. Clarendon. 4. The thing desired. Powrr being the oaturil apptdU of princes. Swi/L Apjietites are natuTol or nrtijicial. Ilungtr and thirst are natural app«nites ; the appetites fur olives, tobacco, snuff, &,c., are artificial. In old authors, appetite is followed by (o, but reg- ularly it should be followed by/w before the object ; as, an appetite /res8 approbation of j to commend j used in a geit- eral ««*«. Pope. AP-PLAUU'ED, pp. Praised by acclamation, or other means ; cointuended. AP-PLAl' h'HK, It. One who praises or wimroends. AP-PI«AL'n'L\(i,ppr. Praiiing by acclamation \ eotor mending. * AP-PLAU»E', n. [L. apptoMsusJ] A shotit of apprt»bation ;'apprnhation and praise, expreraetl by clipping the hands, acrlamatiim, or huzxaa ; appn>bation expre«!>ed. In antiquity, ap~ jtlaitse dilTered from aedamaiion ; applaune- was ex- pressed by the hands, and Mclamatton. by Die voice. There were three species of apiUause ; the bombua^ a umftised din made by tlie hands or mouth ; the im- brice.-y and UM^, made by beating a sort of sounding vesm-'ls in the theaters. Persons were appointed for the pur|Mtfc of applauding, and ma^^ters were em- ployed t(t teach the art. The npplaudcrs were di- vided into rhdni.-jrs, and placed opposite to each othrr like the rhorlHters in a cathedral. Encyt. AP PLAU'tflVE, a. Applauding ; containing aj>- filause. Joiuftn. "PLP:, (ap'pl,) n. \i^n%. airpl, nppit ; Ti.apprl; Ger.ap- ffl : Dan. a-bte ; ^*w, ttple; VV. ami ; Ir. ahhal or ubtud ; Ann. anal: Rii^s. aiblnko, or yahioka. This word pri- marily signified fruit in general, especially of a round form. lo Pera. tbe same word V^u', pronounced vMk/, signiflf^ the fruit or bt^ries of the savin or Juniper. CagttU. In VVrl-iK!nticum. The stalk is herhaccoua, with oval, pinnau-d leaves, and small yellow flowers. The berry is snuK)th, w»ft, of a yclbiw or reddish color, and is usi'd in soups and broths. Kncyc APPLE, r. t. To h»rm like an apple. Marshall, AP'PI.E~- posed to be the original kind, from which all others have sprung. New varieties are springing annually from the seeds, AP'PLE-WO.M'AN, n, A woman who sells apples and othiT fruit. AP'PLE-YARD, n. An orchard; an inclosure for apples. AP-PLI'A-BLE, a. [See Applt.] That may be ap- plied. AP-PI.I'ANCE, n. The act of applying, or the thing applied. Everett. Sfuik. AP-PH-eA-BIL'r-Ty,«, [See Apply.] The quality of being apiiJicablc, or fit to be applied. AP'PLL€A-BLE, a. That may be applied ; fit to be applied, as related to a thing ; that may have relation 10 something else ; as, this observation is appUcubte to the case umirr consideration. AP'PM-CA-BLE-NESS, «. Fitness lo be applied ; the ipiality uf being applicable. APTLI-CA-BLV, ode. In such a manner that it may be applied. AP'PLI-CAN-CY, 71, The state of being applicable. AP'PLI-CANT, n. One who applies i one who makes request ; a petitioner. Tbe anpfiennt tor « cup of wntcr declares hiniK-If to be the Al-'wi.u. PlumXrte. Tlir court r-qnire (be appiicant In nppew in ppnno. Z, 6'tFJ/i, AP'PLI-CATE, n. A right line drawn across a curve, so Sis to be bisected by the diameter ; an ordinate. Cue. AP'PLieATE-OR'DI-NATE- n. A right line applied at right angles to the axia of any conic section, and bounded by the curve. Bailey, Al'-PLI-CA'TION, lu [I*, applicatio. See Apply.] 1. The act of laying on; as, the application of emollients to a diseased limb. 2. The thing applied ; as, the pain was abated by the apjilicution. 3. The act of making request or soliciting; as, he made application to a court of chancery. 4. The act of applying as means ; the employment of means ; as, childn'n may be governed by a suitable application of rewards and punishments. This id the ' first signification directed to moral objects. 5. 1'he act of fixing the mind; intcnseness of thought ; close study ; attention ; as, to injure the health by application to study. Had his appHcaAon t^vn «)ubl1 xo hia taI man, for hisjustinration. 8. In gromrtry, division; or the applying one quantity to anirthcr, whose areas, but not figures, shall be the same ; or the transferring a given line Into a circle (»r other figure, so that its ends shall be in the perimeter of the figure, Encyc. 9. In neruian.t^ that part of the discourse, in which the prineiples before laid down and illustrated, are api'Iied to practical uses, Appliiaiion of one ccience to another. Is the use of the principles of one for the purpose of enlarging or j»erfeciiiig the other ; particularly applied to the dif- ferent branches of the mathematical sciences ; as, the appliratJon of alg- plled. JjjVwt in Twr.] Montagu. AP-PLT'KR, n. One that applies. AP-PLI'MEN T, M, Application, [JW( in «»r,] Mar.'tton.. AP-PL?', V. t, [L, applieo^ of ad and plieo^ lo ft»hl or knit together; Fr. appliqtier; Sp, apliear ; It. ap~ plirare f W. pie/ry^ to bend or fr»ld ; Arm, ple^a, to frtld or plait; pteea, a fold; Or. nXcKoy^ lo knit, or twist ; Sa.i. plrjran, plegian^ pUjriran, to p/ny, to bend to or apply^ lnciiml»er«; ; Dan. fittif^ a fold -, D. p/woi, a fold ; plnntjen,Xo plait; Eng, />/y, rf»,*7»/aj/, and em- ploy. T he word plr^v^ plieo, is formed from the root of ?ny, Hax. Ircgan. 'f he sense tlien is lo lay t-o ; and 11 is worthy of remark, that we use Vay tu in the pre- cise sense of p/i/ and oft^tly. It Is certain from Ihe Welsh that the first consonant is a prefii.] 1. To lay on ; to put one thing to another ; nsy to APP apply the hand to the breast ; to apply medicaments to a diseased part of the body. 2. To use or employ for a imrticular purpose, or in a particular case ; as, to apply a sum of money to the payment of a debt. 3. To put, refer, or use, as suitable or relative to something; as, to appbj the testimony to the case. 4. To fix the mind ; to engage and employ with attention ; as, " Apply thy heart to instruction." Proverbs. 5. To address or direct j as, " sacred vows applied to Pluto." Pope. 6. To betake ; to give the chief part of time and attention ; as, to apply one's self to the study of botany. This is essentially the fourth sense. 7. To make application ; to have recourse by re- quest i as, to apply one's self to a counselor for ad- vice. This is generally used intransitively; as, lo apply Xo a counselor. 8. To busy ; to keep at woA ; to ply. [Ohs. Su- perseded by p/t/, which see.] Sidney. Spenser. AP-PLV, V. i. To suit ; to agree ; to have some con- nection, agreement, or analogj-; as, this argument applir.t well to the case. 2. To ntake request to ; to solicit ; to have re- course to; with a view to gain something; as, lo ap]}ly to the president for an office ; I allied to a friend for infomialion. AP-PLY'ING, pj)r. Laving on ; making application. AP-POa-fit-A-Tt^RA, n. [It.] In mu. ^citi xvii, 3. To allot, assign, or designate. Aoniii ami hii ■oiii Bball appoint evi-ry one to his service. — Num. iv. Tbo»? dtii-i were apttoifiled for all iho cliilJrcn of luitcl, — J,«!i. XX. 4. To purpose or resolve ; lo fix the intention. For 10 lie hid apjxihittd, — Acts XJt. 5. To ordain, command, or order. Thy Brrvaiits am n-iulv to Jo whalfiTer itijr lord the king ■hall appoint. — i i^im. xv. 6. To settle ; to fix, name, or determine by agree- ment ; as, they appointed a lime and place for the meeting, 7. Milton uses the word in a peculiar sense, " Ap- point not heavenly disi>osition," Sam. Aifon.; i. e., pohit not to it by way of censure or condemnation j arraign not. AP-POL\T', V. L To ordain ; to determine. 2 Sam. xvii. 14. AP-POINT'A-BLE, a. That may be appointed or constituted ; as, oflicers are appoivtable by the exec- utive. Eederali.-'ty MadLton. AP-POINT'ED, pp. or a. Fixed ; set ; established ; de- creed J ordained ; constituled ; nllotted. 2. Furnished; equipped with things necessary; as, a shin or an army is well appointed. AP-POL\T-EE', n. A p'-rson apjKunted. " The com- mission auMiori7,es them to make appointments, and |Viy the a}tpointer.H." Circular of Mass. Representatively 17G8 ; also Whea- tim's R'-ports. 3. A foot soldier in the French anny, who, for long service and bravery, receives more pay than other privates. Encyc Bailey, AP roiNT'ER, n. One who appoints. AIM'OINT'ING, ppr. Setting; fixing; ordaining; coustituiing ; nnsigiiing. AP POLN'T'MEN'I', n. The net of ap(H>inting ; desig- nation to ullice ; as, be erred by the appointment of unsuitable men, 2. Stipulation ; assignation ; the act of fixing by mutual agreement; as, they niadu an appoinlment to meet at six o'clock. 3. Decree; established order or constitution ; as, it is our duty to submit to the divine appoirUmenti. 4. Direction ; order ; command. Wh«^t, »tlt, winf, at)'] oil, Id It brr giTcn according to the ap- pot'UmeTtt ul liie pricaU. — Kt. v). 5. Equipment, furniture, as for a ship, or nn army ; whatever is ajipointed for use and management. 6. The accouiermcnts of military officers, as belts, sashes, gorgets, &,c., used In the plural. Campheins .mi. Dirt, 7. An allowance lo a person ; a salarj- or [lension, as to a public officer ; pmperly used only In the plural. Appointments difler from wages in being a special TONE, BJJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUa — € as K ; as J ; « as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH an in THia APP nant, or gnitiAcation, nut fixed, whereas w.iges are fixed and onlinaiy. Enqfc. 8. A devise or grant to a charitable use. Blackstotit. AP-P^UT'ER, R, [Ft. apportrr ; h. porta.] A bringer iu ; one that brings into the reabn. fJVot nt use.] Jltue, AP-P5R'TION, v.L [l^ad and porUo, portion. See FoBTioT* and Fart.] To divide and assign in jnst proix)rtion ; to dis- tribute ainoof; two or more persons or ihinfrs a just partorsltareloeach ; as,loap;»yr(ir>;iiinilividrd rights j to aupt'ruon time among various emplovnients. AP-PoK'TIO\-KD, pp. Divided ; disUibuled or a»- si^ed in suit:itile [Kuts or shares. AP-POR'TION'-ER, n. One that apportions. AP-POR'TIOX-ING, ppr. Disuibuiing in just propor- tions or s^hart's. AP-P(^R'TIOX-MENT, «. The act of apportioning ; a dividing intu just proportions or shart^f a dividing and assigning to earh proprietor bis Just portion of an undivided right or property. II&mUiM, Rrp. Feb. 13, 1793. AP-PfJSE', r.jt [Fr. appoatr^ to set to; I*. appono. See Appositk.J 1. To put questions ; to examine. [See Pose.] Bacvnm 2. To apply. Uarvei/. AP-P0S'EB[, a. An examiner ; one whoee business is to ptit questions. In the Rnclish Ooitrt of Exchequer there is an ollicer called Uis foreign appostr. A bishop's examining chaplain was fonuerly cnlltMl his apposer : ordinarily pronounced po^rr. Kncyc AP'PO-?ITE, a. [L. tipposdu-t^ set or put to, from ap- pono^ of ad and ponu^ to put or place.] Suitable ; lit ; very applicable ; well adapted ; fol- lowed by to i as, tliis argument is very appvsiu to Che case. AP'PO-eiTE-LY, adv. Suitably ; fitly ; properly. AP'PO-SITE-NESS, it. Fitnessj propriety ; suitable- ness. Hale, AP-PO-?r'TI0N, n. The act of adding to j addition} a setting to ; accretion. Hy thr apposition ot nnv imUer. ilr6wAncpC. S. In irrammar^ the state of two nouns put in the same case, without a connecting word between them ; as, I admire Cicero, the lirnl.le. KnaUhbulL AP-PRaIS'AI., (ap-priz'al,) n. A valimtion by au- thority : an appraisement. StaL Conn. 1824. AP-PRaI*E', r. (. [Ft. appreder; Sp. aprrriar; It. ap- prei'.arf, to set a value ; from L. ad and prtttumj price. See Prics and Appbeciate.] This w ord is written and often pronwinced after the French and ItalLin manner. But generally it is pro- nounced more com'Ctly apprize, directly frura tlie D. prvs ; W.pris: "Enci. price or priie. [See Appriik.] ^o set a value on ; to estimate the worth of, par- ticularly by persons appointed for the purpose. AP-PRAr.«E'MEXT, w. The act of seUing the value ; a valuation. [See AppfciiEMEr' appre- ciates; public securities appreciated when the debt was funded. [Not used m this sense in England, and bnt little in America.] AP-PRf.'CIa-TED, pp. Valued; prized; estimated; ad#'anred in value. AP-PRe'CIA-T1\G, ppr. Setting a value on ; esti- mating ; rising in value. AP-PRf, CUa'TION, It. A setting a value on ; a just valuation or estimate of merit, weight, or any moral consideration. lVa.-(hington^s Inaug, Speech^ Apr. 30, 1769. 2. A'rising in value ; increase of worth or value. Mar-^hall, /Jftt of fyoffhington. Hamilton'M Report. Feb. 13, 1793. [See remark under Appreciate.] AP-PRE-HE.\D', r. I. [U apprthcndo, of ad and prt- kendo, to lake or seize ; Sax. hendan or hentan.] I. To take or seize ; to take hold of. In this liter- APP al sense, it is applied chiefly to taking or arresting persons by legal process, or with a view to trial ; as, to apprehend a thit-f. 2. I'o tike with the understanding, that is, to con- ceive in Uie mind ; to underst:nid, without passing a judgment, or making an inference. I afiprehmd not, whjr — So maiiy uid ao vuioiia ln«r« mn gtren. Milton. 3. To think ; to believe or be of opinion, but with- out iiositive certainty ; as, all this is true, but, we ap- prthendy it is not to the purpose. Notw-ilhctamllnf ihl« .l.-clirilioii, w« do oot apprtheml thftt we UT giulty of presomptioii. Encyc., ut, MtUijthysica. A. To fear ; to entertain suspicion or fear of future evil ; as, we ayprehend calamities from a feeble or wicked adminisimtion. AP PRE-IIEND'EO, pp. Taken; s'^ized ; arrested; conceived ; undfr^ilood ; believed ; feared. AP-PRE-HEND'ER, n. One w ho takes ; one who con- ceives in his mind ; one who fears. AP-PRE-IIENU LN'G, par. Seizing ; taking; conceiv- ing : understanding; believing; fearing. AP-PRE-IIEN'SI BLE, a. That may be apprehended or conceived. AP-PRE-HEN'SION, n. The net of seizing or taking hold of; as, the hnnd is an organ of apprehmAon. 2. The act of taking or arresting; as, the felon, af- ter his apprehension^ cscajMld. 3. The mere contemplation of things without af- firming, denying, or passing any judgment ; the op- emtion of the mind in contemplating ideas, without comtKiring them with others, or referring them to ex- ternal objects ; simple intellection. IVattf, Olanrille, Encyr, 4. An tnndi^nate or imperfect idea, as when the word is applied to our knowledge of God. Encyc 5. Opinion ; conce|>tion ; sentiments. In this sense, the word often denotes a belief, founded on sufficient evidence to give pre pon deration to the mind, but in- BUtficient to induce certainty ; as, in our apprekensiitn^ the facts prove the issue. To bp h.\9^, Riid to b^ ihoii^l fUw, ta all on^, in rrsprct of iwn, who na not iLCO'nlittg lo iniih, but apprtnetition. South, 6. The faculty by which new ideas are conceived ; as, a man of dull apprehension. 7. Fear; suspicion ; the prospect of future evil, ac- companied Willi uneasiness of mind. CUudiua «ru ia iio muill apprthtndon fur bui own life. Aibliton, AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE, a. auick to understand ; as, an apprehrn.-'ive scholar. Uulder. SouUi. 2. Fearful ; in expectation of evil j as, we were ^reXen-givt of fatal consequences. This ut the usual sense of the trortL] . Suspicious \ inclined to believe ; aa, I am appre- hensire he does not understJind mo, 4. Sensible ; feeling ; perceptive. [Rarelti used.] Mdtoiu AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-LY, adv. In an apprehensive manner. AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being apprehensive; readiness to understand ; fearfuhnrss. AP-PRE\'T1CE, n. [Fr. apprenti, an apprentice, from ajtprendre, to learn ; L. ajtprcheruh. See Apprehend.] 1. One who is bound by covenant to serve a me- chanic, or other person, for a certain time, with a view to learn his art, mystery, or occupation, in which his master is hound to instruct him. Appren- tices are regularly tiound by indentures. Blacki^one. 2. In old law bookx, a barrister, considered a learn- er of law, till sixteen years standing, when he might be called to the degree of gerjeant, Blackstone. AP-PREN'TICE, r. L To bmd to, or put under the care of, a master, for the purpose of instruction in the knowledge of a trade or business. AP-PREN'TICE-FEE, n. A sum given tn the master of an apprentice as a premium for the iiistruclion of the latter. Blackstone, AP-PREN'TICE-IIQQD, n. Apprenticeship. [J^Tot used.] Shak, AP-PREX'TICE-SIIIP, a. TTie term for which an ap- prentice is bound to serve his master. This term, in England, is, by statute, seven years. In Paris, the term is five years, in the greater number of trades ; after which, the person, before he is qualified to ex- ercise the trade as a master, must serve five years as a journeyman ; during which term he is called the companion of his master, and the terra is called his companionship. Encyc. The statements above refer to a former state of things. Jipprentieeship, as obligatory, was abulisJied in France at the revolution ; and in England, Lon- don and a few other corporate towns excepted, by the act of M Geo. 111. c 96, (1814.) P. Cyc. Brande, 2. Theservice,state, or condition of an apprentice; a state in which a person is gaining instruction under a master. AP-PREN'TIS^AGE, n. Apprenticeship. [JVwtmiwe.] Bacon. AP-PRESS'ED, (ap-prest',) AP-PREST', [ a. [ad and pressed.] APP In botany^ pressed close; lying near the stem, tr applying its upjM'r surface to the stem. Martyn. Ed. Encyc. AP-PltlSE', r. (. [Fr. apprvt, participle of apprendre, lo leurii, or inform. See Apprehend.] To inform ; to give notice, verbal or written ; fol- lowed by ^,- as, we will ajrpri-te the general of an intended attack ; he apprised the commander «/what he had done. TlioniJ^on. Porteus. AP-PRTS'KD, (np-prizd',) pp. Informed ; having no- tire or knowledge cointnunicatcd. AP-PRlS'IiS'G, ppr. Informing; communicating no- tice to. AP-PRTZE', V. u [This word is usually written ap- prat.fr, as if deduced from the Italian appreziare. There is no other word from which it can regularly lie formed ; the French appre4:ier being recognized in appreriaie. But apprize, the word genenUly used, is regularly formed, with ad, from price, prize; I), prys ; Ger. preix ; W. prit ; or from the Fr. priner, to prize ; and this is the more desirable orthography.] To value ; to set a value, in pursuance of author- ity. It is generally used for the act of valuing, by men appointed for the purpose, under direction of law, or bv agreement of parties ; as, to apprize the goods and estate of a deceased person. The private act of valuing is ordinarily expressed hv prize. AP-PUI7.'/:D, pp. Valued; having the' worth fixed by authorized jwrstms. AP-PRIZE'MENT, n. The act of setting a valtae un- der some authority or appointment ; a valuation. Statutes of Conn. Blackstone. 2. The rate at which a thing is valued ; the \-alue fixed, or valuation ; as, he purchased the article at the apprizement. AP-PRIZ'ER, M. A person appointed to rate, or set a value on articles. When apprizers act under the autln>rity of law, they must be sworn. AP-PRIZ'1?J<», ppr. Rating; setting a value under authority. AP-PRTZa\G, n. The act of valuing under authority. AP-PRoAC'H', V. u [Fr. approchevy from procke, near ; It. approcciare. The I*atin proximas contains the root, but the word, in the positive degree, is not found in the Latin. It is from a root in Class Brg. signifj ing lo drive, move, or press toward ; probably 1. To come or go near, in place ; to draw near ; to advance nearer. Wlwrpfm' apjrroacktd ye ao nigh tJie citjf i — 2Sarn. xi. 2. To draw near in time. And to much the men ni ye boo Uie day approaching, — Ht^h. x. 3. To draw near, in a figurative sense ; to advance near to a point aimed at, in science, literature, gov- emintnt, morals, &c. ; to approximate; as, he ap- praadie.i Ui tiie character of the ablest sUitesman. 4. To draw near in duty, as in prayer or worship. They Ukc ilclight in approaching to God. — I>a. li. AP-PR5ACH', r. L To come near to; as^ Pope ap- proaches Virgil in smootimcss of versification. I'his use of the word is elliptical, to being omitted, so tliat the verb can hardly be said to be transitive. The old use of tlie word, as, ^^ .Approach the hand to the handle," is not legitimate. 2. To have acdfess carnally. Lev. xviii. AP-PROACIl', n. The act of drawing near; a coming or advancing near; as,»he was apprised of the en- emy's afrpruach. 2. .Access ; as, the approach to kings. Bacon. 3. Ihe path or avenue which leads from the pubUc road or highway to a house or dwelling. Downing. 4. In fortification, approache.-f are the works thrown up by the besiegers, to protect them in their advances toward a fortress. AP-PROACII'A-BLE, a. That may he approached ; accessible. AP-PROACH'A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being ap- proachable. AP-PRoACH'ER, n. One who approaches or draws near. AI'-PR6ACn'I\G, ppr. Drawing nearer; advancing towrird. AP-PROACHTNG, n. In gardeninrr, the act of in- grafting a sprig or sIkhA of one tree into another, without cutting it from the parent stock; called also inarrhin^ and irrafting bij approach. Encyc. AP-PIUIACII'LE.'^S, a. I'liat can not he approached. AP-PR6ACH'MEi\T, n. The act of coming near. [f.ittlc usrd/l Brown. AP'PRO-BATE,a. {"L. apjrrohatvs.] Approved. ElmU AP'PRO-BATE, V. U [L. aporobo, to approve.] To express approbation of: to manifest a liKing, or degree of satisfaction. " The cause of this battle everj' man did allow and approbate,''^ Hally Hen. VH. RichartLion^a Dictionary. [This word, though obso- lete in England, is occasionally used in America.] Mr. Utitchitison approbaUd the choice. J. Eliot, AP'PRO-BA-TED, pp. Approved; commended. AP'PHO-Ba-TING, ppr. Expressing approbation of. APPRO BA'TION, n. [L. approbatio. See Proof and Prove.] 1. The act of approving; a liking; that state or FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PREV.— PIN'E, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 63 APP dispositiun of the mind, in which we nssent to tlie propriety of a tiling, with snme degree of pleasure or satisfuction ; as, tbo laws uf (jod require our appro- bation, 2. Attestation ; support ; iliat is, active approbation, or action, in favor of what irf apiirnvd. Shak. 3. Tlie commendation of a book ''censed or per- mitted to be published by authority, v» v us formerly the case in England. AP'PRO-BA-T[VE, o. Approving; implying approbar- tion. JilUner. AP'PRO-BA-TO-RY, a. Containing approbation ; ex- pressing approbation. jish. Scott, AP-PRO.\IPT', r. t. for Prompt. [J^ot used.] Bacoji. AP-PROOF', n. Approval. 2- CerLiin knowledge. [JV^t u.W.] Shak. AP-PROP'ER^aTE, v. L [L. appropero.] To hasten. [Jv'ot used.] AP-PRO-PIN'aUATE, v. i. [L. approptnguoJ] To draw near, [-^"ot used.] AP-PRO-PIN-aUA'TION, n. A drawing nigh. [JVot VSfd.] HalU AP-PRO-PI^aUE', V. u To approach. [Aot used.] Hadibras. AP-PRCPRI-A-BLE, a. [from appropriate] That may be appropriated ; that may be set apart, sequestered, or asBieiied exclusively to a particular use. Brown, AP-PROTRI-ATE, r. U [Fr. appraprier, o{ U ad and pr o pri usj private, peculiar. See Propeb.] 1. To set apart fur, or assign to a particular use. in exclusion of ail other uses^ as, a spot of ground is appropriated for a garden. 2. To take to one's self in exclusion of others ; to claim or use as by an exclusive right ; as, let no man uppropriatc the Use of a couinion benelit. 3. To make peculiar ; as, to appropriate names to ideas. Locke. 4. To sever an ecclesiastical benefice, and annex U to a spiritual corporation, sole or aggregate, being the patron of ttie living. Btadtstone. 5. To sirt apart or vole a sum of money for a par- ticular object ; as. Congress has appmpriaied a million of dollars for the increase of the navy. [ Tliig is one of the most rommotl uses of the lOord in Jimerica.] AP-PR6'PRI-ATE, a. iielunglng peculiarly; pecu- liar ; set apart fur a particular use or person ; as, re- lifc'ious worship is an apprnpriate duty to the Creator. 2. Most suitable, fit, or proper; as, to use appropri- ate words in pleading. AP-PRO'PRI-A-TED, pp. or a. Assigned to a partic- ular use ; claimed or used exclusively ; annexed to an errlf^i.-istical corporation. APPRO' PR1-ATE-XES.1, n. Peculiar fitness; the qriaijiy of bcin? a[>prt)priate, or peculiarly suitable. AP-PRf)'PRI-ATE-LY, adv. In an appropriate or prnpt-r manner. AI'-PUr/PRI-A-TIXG, ppr. .\s8igninff to a particular p-rson or use ; claiming or using exriusively ; sever- ing to the perjx'tual use of an ecclesiastical cor|M>ration. AP-PRfvPRI-A'TION, B. The act of sequestering, or assigning to a particular use or p<>rson, in exclusion of all others ; application to a special use or purpose ; as, of a piece of ground, fnr a park ; of a right, to one's sell; or of words, to ideas. 2. In /rtKi, the severing or sequei>tering of a benefice to the purpeiual use of a spiritual corporation, sole or aggregiite, being the (Kitron of the living. For this purpose must be obtained the king's license, and the consent of the bi-^hop and <»f the patron. When the appropriation is thus made, the nppropriator and his siiccesriora become perpetu:J parsons of the clmrch, and must sue and be sued in that name. £«"■- Lmw. Blarkstnne. 3. The wetting apart by vote of a sum ' ; Sp, albar^ white. But apricot seems to be formed from the old orthography.] The fruit of the Armeniaca vulgaris, (a species arranged by Linnseus in tlie genus Prunus ;) allied to the plum, and of an oval figure and delicious taste. A'PRIL, n. [L. aprilis ; Fr. avrU; Sp. abrilj Ir. abrail; Corn, ehrit ; VV. ebrilL] The fourth month of the year. A'PRIL-KOOL, n. One who is sportively imposed upon by others on the first of April. J PRI-O'Rl, [L.] Reasoning a priori is that which deduces consequences from definitions formed, or principles assumed, or which infers effects from causers previously known. This is the reverse of a poMn-iori. Hedge. a'PRO.N, (ii'purn,) tu [Ir. aprun ; a, or ag^ and Celtic bron, the breasL] 1. A cloth or piece of leather worn on the fore part of the body, to keep the clothes clean, or defend them from injury. 2. The fat skin covering the belly of a goose. Johnson. 3. In gttnnery, a fiat piece of lead that covers the vent of a cannon. 4. I n ships, a piece of carved timber, Just above the foremost end of the keel. Mar. Diet. 5. A platform, or tlooring of plank, at the entrance of a dock, against which the dock-gates are shut. Kncye, 6. A piece of leather or other thing to be spread be- fore a person riding in a gig, chaise, or sulky, to de- fend him from rain, snow, or dust. A'I'RO\-KD, a. Wearing an apron. Pope. A'FRON-MAN, n. A man who wears an apron; a laboring [nan; a mechanic. AP'RO-PoS, (ap'ro-po,) adv. [Fr. d and propos, pur- pose.] 1. Opportunely; seasonably. fVarburton. 2. By the way ; to the purpose ; a word used to introduce an incidental observation, suited to the (tension, though not strictly belonging to the narra- tion. AP'SIS, Ti. f pi. Ap'si-oes. mf. ii^iy, connection, from aiTTO}, to connect.] 1. In ancient astronomy, the apsides were the two points, in the orl)it of the sun or of a planet, at the greiUest and li;ast distance from the earth ; the most distant called the higher or greater ; the least distjint, the lower or lesser apsis,' and corresponding to the n|X}gec and perigee. In modem astronomy, the apsides are those points, in the orbit of a primary jihinet, at the greatest and least distance from the sun ; corre- s[K)nding to tlie aphelion and the perihelion ; also, those (wints, in the orbit of a secondary planet, at the greatest and least distance from its primary ; cor- responding, in relation to the moon, to the apogee and )>erigce, and in relation to the satellites of Jupiter, to the a|)ojove and perijove. The line connecting these is called the line of the apsides. Kncyc. Mcth. Ed. Encyc. 2. Apsis, or absis, is the arched roof of a house, room, or oven ; also the ring or compass of a wheel. 3. In ecctesiojitical writers, an inner part of a church, bi-ing a domed seniicirciilar or polygonal termina- tion of the choir or aisles, where the altar was placed, and where the clergy sat. Also, the bishop's seat or throne, in ancient churches; called also exedra and tribune. This same name was given to a reliquary or case in which the relics of saints were kept. Encyc. APT, a. [Ij. aptus, from apto, to fit ; Gr. d>rrai, to tie ; Sax. htpp.] 1. Fit ; suitable ; as, he used very apt meLiphors. 2. Having a tendency; liable; u.trd of things ; as, whoat on moist laiul is apt to blast or be winter- killed. 3. Inclined ; disposed customarily ; used qfpersonsi as, men are too apt to slandiT others. 4. Ready ; quick ; used of the mental powers; as, a pupil apt to learn ; an apt wit. 5. Uualilicd ; fit. All the men uf might, »lrong nntl apt for war. — 2 Kings xxlr. APT. r. U To fit ; to suit or adapt. [Obs.] APT'A-IILE, a. That may be adapted. [Mot used.] Sherwood, ^p/T^TE^^^ (^ To make fit. [JVot used.] Bailey. AP'TER-A, n, pi. [Gr. »» priv. and irrcfjoc, a wingj A term applied to inserts without wings. 'l*ne Aptem, constituting the seventh order f>f insects in Linnmus's system, comprehend many genera. But TONE, B!;iX, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CII aa SII ; TH a* in THIS. * - 63 AQU titter rooliAcist^ have mnde a vcr>- different distribu- tion of these aniinalit. AP'TEK-AI^ a. [Si(;»ni.] Destitute of wings. In itrcAii«ci«re, without lateml c^iltiiiins; applied to buUdiDgs which have no series of columns along their aides, but are either prost>'te or tunphiprostyle, tundoppoeed to yer y terai. P. Cue APTKk-OVS, a. In to^gjy destitute of wings; applied to insects of tbe order ApCera. a. In frecsay, destitute of membnuMNW axpandlona, as a Mem or petiole ; ^iposed to aUite, Aramta. AP'TER-VX, a. [Gr. a ntg. and wrtf*u(y a winp.] A bird of New Zt-aland, with only short mdinienls of wingSf armed with a claw, and witJt«>iii n tnil. PartimgUfm, APT'I-TUDE, a. [of apftw, apC] 1. A natural or acquired disposition fur a particular purpose, or lendensjr to a particular action or eOect ; ■•, oil has an mftitmie to bum j men aequin an afti- tmie to particular rices. 2. Fitness ; suitableness 3. Aptne« ; readiness in learning; docility. Arr-I-TC'DLV-AL, a. Containing ainitude. APT-I-TC'DL\-AL-LV, m/v. In an aplitudinal man- ner. APT'LY, arfr. In an apt or suitable manner ; with just correspondt-nre of parts; fitly ; properly ; jiuUy ; pertmeDtly ; readily. APT'NESS, a. Fitness ; suitableness ; as, the mpbust of things Co their end. iL Dispoaitkm of the mind ; propensity ; as, the aptmm* of men to follow example. 3. Quickness of apprelu-ii^ion ; readiness in learn- ing; docility; &», an ttptnejm to learn is more (^ semble in some children than in others. 4. Tendency, in things ; as, the aptmesg of iron to AP'TOTE, a. [Gr. a.priv. and wratai^, case.] [rust. In grammar^ a noun which has no variatiun of termination, or distincti4»t of cases ; ao indeclinable noiln. AP'V-REX-Y, ■. [6r. « prtr. and irvpeww, to be fe- verish, from ro,), fire.] The absence or intermission of fever. A-PT'ROUS, a. [Gr. IJ€T, (ttk'we-dukt,) ». [l..mpM, water, nnd liurtHs^ a pJiR' or rnnni, from dueoy tn trad. See DrKE.] A conduftor or conduit of water, by means oi" ptpi>s, or a canal or tunnel, or other channel, sup- {Kirted by some structure. iSlore particularly a|i|dicd to the ancient structun*?, raised on one or more series of arches, and sustaining one ur more channels, con- ducted un a slt|;litly dejscending plane. These have been superseded, in a great measure, in modern times, by pipe.i following the inequalities of Uie ground, and cunveying the water on the principle of hydrostatic pressure. This term is also applied tu a structure, sunilar to tJie ancient aqueducts, fur c*iuveying a canal over n river or hollow ; more prop- erly called an aqtteductrbridge. A'UUE-OUS, a. Watery : partaking of the nature of wattr, or abounding witn it. 2. Made by means of water ; as, an aqueoxu sola- tloa. Ajmt«mi humor ; In anntamii, one of the humors of the eye ; a transparent, limpid fluid, occupying the dpace between the cr>'st:illiae lens and lite cornea, divided into two chambers by the iris. fVigtar. A'Ut'E-0U8-NES8, ji. The quality of being watery; wati-rishness ; waterinesa. A'aL'I-FORM, a. In the form of water. AU'l*l-LA, R. [I*, whence aptilinuji ; from the Orient- al SpF to be crooked. This bird Is probably named from its curving b^uk.] In i/rnitAo/ow-v, tlie eagle. Also, a northern constel- lation, coniaiiimg, according to the Britannic cata- logue, 71 stars. Eitcyc. AU'UI-LIXE, (-lin or line,) a. [L. aquilinus. See At^lILA.] 1. Belonging to the eagle. 2. Curving ; hooked ; prominent, like the beak of an eagle ; applied pariicularly to the nose. Aa'UI-LO.V, n. [L. tu/uUo.] The north wind. Shak, AQ-UI-Ta'NI-AN, o. Pertaining to Aquitania, one of the great divisions of Gaul, which, according to Cesar, lay between the Garonne, the Pyreneuti, and the ocean. In modern days, it Ikis been called Gas- cony. The inhabitants, in Cesar's time, spoke a dif- ferent dialect from that of the proiHT Cells, between the Garonne and Seine- This dialect bore an aflin- ity to the Btw/nr, in Biscay, to which they were contiguous ; and some remains of it still exist in the Gascon, .^quiiania is the country of tJie jJt/ui ; from the name of the people, with tan. a Celtic word, sig- nifying region vT coutiiru. The Romans, cither from their general u«ace, or f'rom not understanding the Celtic loa, annexed another termination signifying counin.-, td, tile Ir. ai or aW, lleb. ^K ai, a tM-ttlement or habitation; Gr. ma, land, country; Hindu, tya, the same. Cesarj Com. lib. L 1. VJlnvdle, A. R. stand fur ojino rtgni, the year of the reign ; as, A. R. G. R. '20, in ihe 20th year of the reign of ICiug George. AR'AB, «. [Literally, a wanderer or dweller in a des- ert.] A native of Arabia. AR'.VBESK, n. The corrupt modern Anibic, as dis- tinguished from the pure old Arabic of the Koran. [Auf in H.'tf.| Guthrie. Alt'A-BESULE, (ar'a-besk) TU An ornament execu- ted in the Ambesque style^ AR'A-BESUUE, a. [See Arabiatt.] In the manner of the .\rabians ; applied to paintings or ornaments consisting of imaginary foliage, stalks, planLs, &,c., in which there are no figures of men or animals. A-RA'Bl-A.V,a. ■ Pertaining to Arabia. [Encyc. A-Ra'BI-AX, ji. A native of Arabia; an Arab. AK'A-BIC, a. Belonging to Arabia, or the language of its inhabitants. AR'A BIG, n. The language of the Arabians. A-RAB'IC-AL-LV, adr. In the Arabian manner. AR'A-BIS.M, n. An Arabic idiom or peculiarity of lan- giiDC. Encyc. Stuart. AR'A-BIST, u. One well versed in the Arabic lan- guage or literature. Encyc. -VR'A-BLE, a. [L. aro : Gr. apoot, to plow ; Ir. arain.] Fit for phiwing or tillage ; hence often ajtplied to land which bas been plowed or tilled. AK'A-BY, n. Arabia. Milton. A-RAturXI-DAN, n. j [Gr. apayvri, a spider, and A-RACK'M-DA, n. pU \ tiM, form.] Terms applied to a cl.iss of articulate animals, with legs, but witliout wings, including the spi- ders, mites, and scorpions; arranged by Linnaius in the class Insecta, order Aptera, but diifuring from tnte insects by the absence of antenme, and by not undercoing metamorphosis, A-RACH'NOID, a. [Gr. aoaxvTii a spider, and tt^o?, form ; Heb. T'N, to weave, that is, to stretch, to draw out ; Eng. reach.] In anatomy, the arachnoid tunic or membrane ((u- nica aracktwida) is a very thin and delicate semi- tnmsparent membrane, which is spread over the brain and Uie spinal cord between the dura mater and pia mater. The term was formerly applied, al- so, to the hyloid membrane, or membrane of the vit- reous humor of the eye, and to Ihe capsule or proper coat of the crystalline. The term araneous tunic or membrane (tunica ara~ ARB nz-a) was formerly used as synonymoiis with nraeh- naid, Cijc. Wistar. Parr. A-RACU'NOID, n. A species of madrepore, found fossil. Cye. A-RAeiI-NOL'0-dIST, n. One versed in arach- noli>gv. A-R.\C'H-N0L'0-6Y, n. [Gr. aoaxi'l and Xoyn^.] 'J'lie science or history of spiders and other Aracb- niila. AR-A-CHO'SIAN, a. Designating a chain of moun- tains which divide Persia from India. jIs. Re-tearchefi. AR-AIGN'BE, (ar-ran'ya,) ) n. [Fr., a spider.] AR-Ra1GN', (ar-rain',) \ In furttjlcatutn, the branch, return, or gallery of a mine. Bnileij. A-R A ISE' r. L To raise. [JVot usrd.] Shnk. AR-A-MA'ie, a, A term applied to the languagu of the Syrians and Chaldeans, their litemture, &c. AR-A-Me'AN, a. Pertaining to the Syrians and Chal- deans, who were descended from Aram, son of Shem, or to th^'ir language. AR-A-Mk'AN-ISM, b. An idiom of the Aramcan lan- guage. A-RA-NP.T-DAN, n. ) Terms applied to a tribe of A-RA-Ni^'I-D^^, n. ;*/. ) Arachnida, including the pro|H'r spiders. Brandr, A-RA'NE-OUS, a. [I*, aranea^ a spider, or cobweb.] 1. Resembling a cobweb. 2. Tliin and delicate, like a cobweb ; ns, the onz- ntuus membrane of the eye. [See Arachnoid.] Dvrham. .\-RA'TION, n. A plowing. CdwIvu. A-RATOR, M, [L.J A plowman. AR'A-TO-HY, a. That conrribiites to tillage. AJt-AU-eA'\I-Ai\, a. Pertaining U\ a tribe of aborigi- nals, called Arnncaiiians, inhabiting Arauco and the adjoining districts, in Chili. Molina. AR'BAL-IST, n. [from L. arcwa, a bow, and brin. AR-BO-RE.s'CE.\T, a. Resemblmg a tree: having the ngure of a tree ; dendriticiU. Eneyc. vn ^„'!!'l"'''"'>^''<'o'" becoming woody. Martun. AR-BO-RE8'CENT .STAR'-FISH, „. A species of Asterias, called, also. Caput Mcdusw. [Sec Sue- Fish.] ^ AR'BO-RET, n. [It arboreta, from L. arbor, a tree.] A small tree or shrub ; a place planted or over- grown with trees. MUtan. AR-BO-RK'TU.M, n. A place in a park, nursery, &c., m which a collection of trees, consisting of one of each kind, is cultivated. Brande AR-BORI-eUL'TI^RE, n. [L. arbor and cultura.] The art of cultivating trees and shrubs, chiefly for timber or ornamental piirfioses. *R;P"R'l:f"<-'R>l, a. Having the form of a tree. AR uOR-LST, «. One who makes trees his study, or who is versed in the knowledge of trees. Howell. AR-BOR-I-ZA'TIUN, n. The appearance or figure of a tree or plant in minerals or fossils. [See lUaao- mZATlO!*.] AR'UOR-IZE, r. t. To form the appearance of a tree or plant in minerals. *R'B'JR-Vr.\E, n. A species of bindweed. AK BUS-CLE, (Ir'bus-si,) n, [L. arbuacutm, a little tree.] ' A dwarf tree, in size between a shrub and a tree. AR-BUS'eU-LAR, a. Resembling a shrub ; having the figure of small trees. Da Casta. AR-BUST'IVE, a. (from arbustum.] i^oMaiaiag copses of trees or shrubs ; covered witli AR-BUST'UM, ,. JL. See Aaacl """^""^ , ^.A™"^* "^ shrubs or trees : an orchard. AR'BUrt,, n, [L. arbutus] 'i'he strawbeny-lree. AR-BC'TE-AN, a. Pertaining to, or made of, the strawberry-tree. Encyc. EctLn. AKt,, n. lU areas, a bow, vault, or arch; areuo, to bend ; Gr. aoxr,, beginning, origin ; anxu, to begin, to be the author or chiif ; K. arc, arche ; Sp. ara,. a bnw and arch; Fort. id. ; It. id. ; Arm. foarec The l.reek word has a different application, but is proba- bly from the same root as areas, from the sense of spnnging or stretching, shooting up, rising, which gives the sense of a vault, or bow, as well as of chief circle, or other curve, lying from one point to anoth- er; a segment of a circle. Encae. AR-CADE', n. [Fr., from areas ; Sp. arceida.! A long, continued arch, or series of arches, eleva- ted on piers or columns ; a walk arched above. 2. A long, arched buUding or galleo, lined on each Bide with shops. P. Cue. i^'^-l^V^^' t '^ Pertaining to Arcadia, a' moun- n . '^ ' > tainous district in the heart of the « l^^f^^^^tlf- . ''''■'"•-'■ "f Pausanias. V I;"J;- ' "• ^ native of Arcadia, in Greece. XR-eA'Uie.S, n. pi. The title of a book in Pausanias, , ^il'- x™""* "L^'^'"""- Trans. \>.i. XR-€aNE', a. [L. arcnnvs.] Hidden ; secrcL [JVul much used.] YD r^T#wrT»» , . Trans, of Pausanias. AK-t,A'NUM, n. I pL AaoiUi. [L., perhaps from ar- ceo, to keep in.] A secret ; generally used in the plural : orcana, se- cret things, mysteries. In medicine, a secret remedy. In the old chemistry the secret virtue of anv thing. Parr ARe-BOO'TAN'T, (-boo'tang,) n. [Fr. an and JoiU. See About, Abutme.nt.] '" tiuildin^, a flying buttress, which see. OieiU. ARCH, ji. [See Arc] A segment or part of a circle. A concave or hollow structure of stone or brick, sup- ported by its own curve. It m.ay be constructed of wood, and supported by the mechanism of the work. This species of structure is much used in bridges A vauU is properly a broad arch. Encuc. 9. The space between two piers of a bridge when arched ; or any place covered with an arch. ' 3. Any curvature in the form of an arch. 4. The vault of heaven, or the sky. Shot. Triumphal arches, are magnificent structures erect- ed to adorn a triumph, and perpetuate the memory of the event. ' ARCH, V. L To cover with an arch ; to form with a curve i as, to arcA a gate. ARCH, r. i. To make an arch or arches : as, to arch beneath the sand. Pope. ARCH, a. [It. arcare, to bend, to arch, to cheat or de- ceive, from arco ; L. areas, a bow ; G. ar ARCH, a. Used also in composition. [Gr. aprnc chief; Ir. arg, noUf, famous.] Chief; of the first class ; principal ; as, an arch ■""S?-, SImk. Shakspcare uses this word asa noun ; " my worthy arch and patron ; " but the use is not authorized. ARCH-A-B0.M-iy-A'T10.\, n. Chief abomination. Everett. XR-€llJE-OL'0.(;Y, n. A discourse on antiquity ; k-am- . '"f,pcri''''ni"l! to antiquity ; the siienre of antiquities. AR-CH/E-O-LOC'ie-AI,, olitan bishop who superintends the conduct of the sullragan bishops In his province, and also exerci^ics epi^cojial authority in his own diocese. Clarendon. ARCH-BISirOP-Kie, II. [arehiUhof and ric or rick, territory or jurisdiction.] The jurisdiction or place of an archbishop ; the province over which an archbishop exercises authority. Clarendon. ARCH-BOTCH'ER, n. The chief botcher, or mender, irniiically. Corhct. ARUH-BLIILD'ER, (-bild-cr,) n. Chief builder. Jtarmar. ARCH-BUT'LER, a. The chief butler; an officer of the (Jerman empire, who presented the cup to tlie emperor on solemn occasions ; also culled arch-cup- bearer, or arch-skinker (G. eri-sehenke.) This office belonged to the king of Bohemia. Encyr.. The TO.\E, BULL, UNITE. -A!<"GEa, Vl"CIOU8— ti as K; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; '£ H as in THIS. G<»rman empire was dissolved in 1806; and the slates that composed it were united, in 1814-1.-1, under a different form of union, called the Germanic conftder- aUon. All the peculiar institutions and offices of the German empire are, of course, now extinct. *"V""';'w'*'','"^''-'''^"^> "• [G. erz-kammerer.] 1 he chief chambcriain ; an officer of the Germaii empire whose office was similar to that of the great c lamberiain in England. This office belonged to the elector of Brandenliurgh. Fnrue. ARC1I-CHA.\'CEL-L0R, a. [G. eri-kan-J^r.l A chief chancellor ; an officer in the German empire who presided over the secretaries of Uie court Un- der the two first races of French kings, when Ger- many and Italy belonged to them, three arclichaii- ccjlurs were appointed, and this gave rise to the three archchancellors of the German empire, who tvere the archbishops of Mentz, of Treves, and of Cologne. ARCH-CIIXNT'ER, n. The chief chanter, ^"^^- d.iil of ihe chanters of a church. Hcnru. ARCIl-eHE.M'It', a. Of supreme chemical iwwers. ARCH-eO.\-SPIR'A-TOR, n. A princip.al SpTrv x oVm-i £i/ATTv.T./ . .Monndrtll. AKL 11-t-OlJ.NT', n. A chief count: a title formerly given to the eari of Flanders, on account of his ureal riches and power. £,,,„. ARCll-eRlT'le,n. A chief critic. ^ AltCH-DAP'I-FER, n. [arch, chief, and L. dapifir, a food-bearer, from daps, meat, or a feast, and /.to, to carry.] j > '^ An oflicer in the German empi-e, whose office was, at the coronation of the emperor, to carry the first dishes of meat to table on horseback, called also arcli-sewer. (O. erz-lrachsrss.) This office was con- lerred, by the Golden Bull, on the elector Pidatine, but afterward assigned to Uie elector of Bavaria. ARClI-Di?A'€0.\, (-de'kn,) n. [See Deaco.!'"'"' In Eu-rland, an ecclesi.astical dignitary, next in rank beluw a bishop, who has jurisdiction either over a part or over the whole of the diocese. He i> usually apiHiinted by the bishop and has an auUior- ity originally derived from the bishop, but now inde- pendent of him. He has a court, the most inferior of ecclesiastical courts, for hearing ecclesiastical causes, and the punishment of oli'enders liy spiritual , ,?,*.",';'',';'-•. ,„ Bloekstanc. XUCII-DICA'CON-RY, n. The office, jurisdiction, or residence of an archdeacon. In ai^lnarf, every di- ocese is divided into archdeaconries, of wliich there are sixty, and each archdeaconry into rural dean- eries, and each deanery into parishes. ARCH-DEA'eo.V-SHIP, n. The office of'1m'"Mcli. deacon. ARC'H-DI'0-Civ;SE, n. Tlic diocese of an archbishop ARCII-I)1-VI.\E', lu A principal theologian. ARCH-IJRO'ID, n. [See Druid.] A chief druid, or p*>iitiff of the ancient druids. . -r,,/';^"!?;.^'"''- "-^ ■*•"«■• Rmeland's Mona Auliqua. ARCIl-DO'CAL, a. [See Archduke.] rertaiuing to an archduke. ARCll-DUCH'ESS, n. [Sec Duchess.] A title given to Ihe felriaies of the house of Austria. AIK!I1-DL'CH' V, 71. 'Ihe territory of an archduke or arcliducliesK. .^sh, AKCII-DOKE', n [See Duke.] A title given to princes of the house of Austria ; all the sous being arrlidilkes, ami Ihe dauglHers archducllcssis. Eni^ ARCIl-DCKE'llO.M, n. The territory or jurisdiction ol au^archduke or archduches.s. AHCII-E' AL, a. Pertaining to the archeus ; as, archeal ideas : caused by the archeus; as, archeal diseases, f Oft>-.] Cwc. AKfll'/,T), {ilrcht,) pp. or a. Made with an arch or curve ; covered Willi an arch ; in the form of an arch. ARCll-E.N'E-MY, n. A principal enemy. MUton. ARCH'ER, n. [Sp. arehcro i It arciire ; Fr. archer; from areas, a liow. See Abch and Arc.] A bowman ; one who u-ses a bow in Dattle ; one wJio is skilled in the use of the bow and arrow. ARC'II'ER-ESS, n. A female archer. Mirkham, ARCH'EIt-Y, a. The use of the bow and arrow ; the practice, art, or skill of archers ; the act of shooting with a bow and arrow. ARCIl'E8-eOURT, in England, so called from the church of St .Mary le bow, (Je orcuiiu,) whose top is raised of stone pillars built archwise, vvhrre it was am iently held, is a court of appeal, in the ecclesias- tical perly jurisdiction only over the thirteen peculiar parishes in Lonilon, belonging to the archbishop of Canterbury ; hut the office of dean of the ardies being united with that of the archbishop's principal official, the dean now re- ceives and determines apiieals from the sentence of all inferior courts within the province j and from him lies an appeal to the king in chancery. This and all the principal spiritual courts are now held at Doc- tors' Commons. Btuckstanc AR-ClIET', (ir-sha'O a. [Fr.] The bow of a violin or similar instrument of music. 'I'ho French term cr. ARC d arehet Cwtth bow) denotes grnerally musical in- Btrumenis jdayed with a bow, ad the violiu, viul, &,c. Porter, ABCR'E-TTP-AL, a. Original \ constituting a model or pattern. Among Platonists^ the archrtvpai world is the world Bs ii existed in the idea of Hod before the creation. Eiuye, XHeil'E-TYPE, «. [Gr. ati\£Tvvav ; ap\nt btfiin- ning^and n^ra^, form.] 1. The originiu pattern or model of a work ; or the model firom which a thing is made ; as, a tree Is the •robeftip* or pattern of our idea of that tree. tVatts, S. Among minUrty the sLindard weight by which othere_aTe aqjusted. ARCII-E'US, n. [Gr. •o.X'Ji beginning, or ap\3j, a chief; W.trtku] A term used by the old chemi&ts to denote the internal efficient cause of all things ; the otnNa watmdi or plx-!tic power of the old pliiUisophers; the active principle of the mntcrial world ; also, the power that pniskles over the animal eeonum)', c» the vis mrduatrix, Jokiumu Encyc, Oozt, JUtCH-FEL'ON, «. [SeeFxrow.] A chief frlon. Mdton. ARCH.Fl£XD', n. [See Fiixn.] A chief fiend or foe. JUdtoiu ARCU-FLa'MEX, It. A chief flamen or priest. Herbert. ABCH-FLAT'TER-ER, lu [3** f*-*"^*-] A chief flatterer. Baean. ARCU-FOE', IK. [SeeFo».J A grand or chief enemy. Milton. ARCII-FOUXD'ER, «. A chief fminder. MUiom. ARCH-G0V'ER\-OR, ». The chief governor, Brnerr. ARCH-REUtX-tiY, R. [See Heust.] The greatest heres*'. ButUr. ABCH-'HER'E-Tie, «. A ebtef heretic Shak. ARCH-HYP'0-€RIT£, a. A great or chief hypocrite. FiUUr, ARCH'I-X-TER, «. IGr. ft wieat.] A term applied to Ui*^ hiphcr order of clergy m Ramia; including the mt:tropi4Uan^, archbishops, and bisbops. It, PinUrton. ARCU'lL, a. A lichen, which grows on rocks, in the Caaaiy and Cape de Venl Ule.s, and which yields a rich purple color, not durable, Itut very beniitiful. It is brui^-d between stones, and nioi^it^ncd with strong ^iht of urine mixed with quick-lime. It lirst takes a purplish red color, and then turns tu blue. In the first state, it va called ardtd ; and m the second, lacmus or htDlose, IttJtitLg. Encyc AReH-I-LO'eHI-AX, a. Pertainin? to the Greek poet Archilochus. In amciait pro^oiiy, a term denoting the four metrioal combinations, which he invented. There are three dactylic Arcbilochian distichfi, and one iambic Archilorhian distich. The third verse of the Horatian stanza is also sometimes called j3rcJu- loekiam. AR€H-I-MA'GUS, n. [See Macici*:*.] The high priest of the Persian Magi, or worshipers of fire. AReH-I-5L\M)'RITE, a. [Gr. n.^x^ic, chief, "and /taifiiiaj a fold, and in the lower empire, a nionos- tety** (Father Simon derives it from mandriu^ a Syriac word fcv monk Encyc.) But tiaii}jirr,$ is a regular Greek derivative from n nr'pa.'\ In tk* OreA ekurck, a chief of a monaster^', cor- responding to sAAoC, in the RomUh church ; or a superintendent of several monasteriei), correspond- ing to superior ahtutt, or /alhcr pracijtdid^ in the Romish church. Branile. P, Cyc In Uu Rustian Oretk church, a term applied to the higher order of chiefs of monastenef, corresponding to the Romish abbot, in distinction from Hegumin^ (Gr. )';) Qvpcvai, Russ. iffiuMen,) a chief of a smaller monastery, corresponding to the Romish prior. R. Pinktrion, AR-€HTM-E-De'AX, tu Pertainmg to Archimedes, a celebrated Greek philosopher. j^rclutmedean scrnc ; a machine for raisins water, invented by Archimedes, and consisting of a tube rolled in a spiral form round a cylinder. ARCH'ING,ppr. Formine an arch ; covering with an ARCH'LNG, a. Curving like an arch. [arch. AR€il-I-PEL'A-GO, n. [Authors are not agreed as to the origin of this word. Some suppose it to be com- pounded ot apxji, chief, and TtAa>os, sea; others, of Aoa(t/5, and jrc>a>-of, the Egcan Sea. See Gib- bon, iUtford, and Kd. Encyc] ARC Properly, the sea which separates Greece from Asia -Minor, oiherwis.* called the K^can Hca, and con- taining tlie Grecian isles, called Cifchuias and Spor- attesy but in a general stnse, a sea mterspersed with iiKinv i?les, or a gniup of isles. AK€li''I-Ti:t:T, H. [Gr. yed. '2. A contriver ; a former or maker. Ray. AReil-l-TEei''lVE, a. Used in buUding ; proper for building. DcrhaiH. AKeiM-TE€T-ONa€, a. I. Pertaining to architecture. Elaies, 0. That ha^ power or skill to biiUd. Smdiit, th. 13. ARCll-I-TKer-O.N'ieS, a. The science of archi- tecture. ..isk. AReU-l-TE€T'UESS, a. A female architect fVottoti. AReH-I-TECT'liR-AL, a. Pertaining to the art of building ^ that is according to the rules of architect- ure. J\Iason. ARCli'I-TECT-lCRE, «. [L. archiuctura.} 1. The nrt or science of building ; but in a more limited and appropriate sense, th« nrt of constructing houses, bridges, and other buildings, for the purpose ol' civil life -, often called cirij architecture, 2. Frame or structure ; workmanship. The e*nh » ■ r&ece of dirine tutfiiitcturt. Bumtu Military arehiUeture is the art of fortification, A*ant/ arthiteeture is the art of building ships. ARCH'I-TRAVE, a. [Gr. apxost chief, and It. trave^ from L. trabgy a beam.] In architecture^ the lower division of an entabla- ture, or tliat part which rest-4 inmiediatcty on tJie column. It probably npreseuts tlie beam which, in ancient builduigii, extended from column to column, to support the roof. Cyc In chinmeys, tbe architrave is called the mantel- piece ; and over doors and windows, the kyperthe- rion. Ji)hjisoH. Kncyc. ARCiri-VAL, a. [See Archivi:>.J Pertaining to archives or records; contained in records. Tuokc AR'emVES, a./)/. fGr. afJXf»o*'» Low L. archivum; Ft. archices ; It. arcnivio.] The |dace in which records arc kept; also, the records and papers which are preserved, as evidence of facts. AR'eill-VIST, a. [Fr.andlt.] The keeper of arch- ives or records. Encyc AReH'I-\OLT. a. [arch, chief, and IL vita.] In arehittctHrey the inner contour of an arch, or a bond adorned with moldings, ninning over the faces of the arch-stones, and liearing irpon the imposts. It has only a single face in the Tuscan order, two faces crowned in tlie Doric and Kmic, and the same moldings as the architrave, in the Coiinliiiun and Compttsile, Encyc. XKCH^LXKE, a. Built like an arch. Yuung. ARCH'LCTE, ?„ rrt 7 » 1 A large lute^ a theorUi, the base-strings of which are doubled with an octave, and the higher strings wiiji a unison. Busby. XRCH'l-V, n//r. Shrewdly; slvly ; wittily i jestingly. AKCll-MA-<;i"CIA.N, (-ma-jisTh'an,) n. The chief magician. Spenser. ARCII-.MAU'SHAI., n. [G. erz-marschall.) The gniiid marshal of the German empire; a dignity that belitn;:e«i to the elector of Saxony. AUCH-iiOCK', n. Chief mockery : the fiend's arcA- mock. Shak. ARCirXESS, a. Cunning; shrewdness; sly humor, waggishness. AUCll'ON, n. [Gr. apxtavj a prince.] The arrhons in Athens were chief magistrates, chosen, after the death of Codnis, from the most illun-trioiis families, to >iuperintend civil and religious concerns. They were nine in number : the first was properly the archon; the second was called king; the third fPulemarch, or general of the forces. The oilier six were called thejtMotheUE, or legislators, not because they enacted hiws, but declared and explained them. Encyc. ARCn'OX-SIIIP, n. The office of an archon, or the term of his office. Jlldford. ARCH-ON'TieS, tt. In church history, a branch of the Valentiniaiis, who held that the world was not created by God, but by angels called arckontes. XRCH-1'AS'TOR, n. The chief pastor ; the shepherd and bi^^hop of our ^oxiU. Barrow. AUCU-PHl-LOS'O-PUER, tu A chief philosopher. Hooker. ARCH PIL'LAR, n. The main pillar. Ilarmar. AKC'II-P6'ET, n. The princip;U pot^L ARCH-P01^I-TI"CIAX, 71. JSee Poucr.] An emi- nent or distinguished politician. Bacon. ARCII-PON'TIFF, «. [See Powtiff.J A supreme pontiff or priest. Burke. ARCH-PREL'ATE,n. [See Prelate.] A chief prelate. ARCH-PRES'BY-TER,a. [See Prusbyter.] A chief presbjler or priest. Encyc. ARD ARCH-PRES'BY-TER-Y, n. The absolute dominion of presbylm', or the chief presbylerj-. MUtun. ARCH-PKIi£ST', lu [See Priest J A chief priest. Encyc. ARCn-PRI'M.-VTE, n. The chief primate ; an arch- bisliop, over other archbishops. Jililton. ARCil-PROPII'ET, ( profet,) ru A chief prophet. tyartun. AUClI-PROT'EST-Ai\T, 7u A principal or distin- guished Protestant. ARCH-PUB'Lie-AN. n. The distinguished publican. Ifalt. ARCII-RER'EL, n. The chief rebel. MUton. AUCH'S'lTiNE, n. The stone that binds an arch; the key-ttone. ARCH-TR.\rr'OR, n. A principal traitor. ARCH-TREAS'lJR-ER, w. [G. cnscluHzmcister.] The great treasurer of the German empire ; a dig- nity assigned to the elector Palatine by the treaty of \Vcstph:Uta, but claimed by the elector of Hanover. Outhrie. ARCH-TREAS'lJR-ER-SniP, m. The office of arch- treasurer. Collins* Peerage. ARCH-TY'RANT, n. A principal or great tyrant. HuU. ARCH-VIL'LAIX, n. [See Villain.] A chief or great villain. HhnJi. XKCH-VIL'LAIN-Y, n. Great villainy. AU(.'H'\VAY, ?i. A way or passage under an arch. AKCH'\VAY-£0, a. Having a way by an arch. ARCH-WIFE', n. A woman in the higher ranks of society. ARCH'WTSE, adv. [arch and vise. See Wise.] In the fonn of an arcli. ARCO-GRAPH, ru An instrument for drawing a circular arc without a central point. UeberU XRC-TA'TION, I rT < . .. 1 arc'ti-tltde; i "• 1^^ *'"'"''' ^'P''^'] Preternatural straitness ; constipation from inflam- mation or spasm. Coie. ARCTIC, a. [Gr. a.o*rof, a bear, and a northern con- stellation so called ; \V. arth ; Ir. art^ a bear.] Northern ; pertaining to the northern constellation called the Bear} as, the arctic jxjle, circle, region, or sea. The arctic circle is a lesser circle parallel to the equator, 23' 28' from the north pole. This, and the antarctic circle, are called tlie putar circles, and with- in these lie tlie frigid zones. ARC-TO-E-GYP'TIAN, [Gr. apKTos and E^;piinn.] 1. n. A northern Egyptian, appar(;ntly (if pure Caucasian origin. Mortun. 9. a. Relating to the northern Egyptians. ARG-TO'RUS, n. [Gr. aoKms, a hear, and -jupa, tail.] A fixed star of tlie first magnitude, in the constel- lation of Bootes. Encyc. ARC'lJ-ATE, a. [L. arcuatiis. See Abc] Bent or curved in the form of a bow. Jlfariiin, Bacon. Ray. ARC'TJ-A-TILE, a. Bent. [Obs.] Alteil-A'TIOX, n. The act of bending; incurva- tion ; the state of being bent ; curvily ; crookedness ; great convexity of the thorax. Cvxc. 2. A method of raising trees by layers ; that is, by bending branches to the ground, covering the small Blioots with earth, three inches deep uptm the joints, and making a basin of earth around them to hold the water. When these have taken root, they are removed into a nurserj'. Chambers. Encyc. AR'CU-BAL-IST, ;*. [L. arcus, a bow, and balista, an engine for throwing stones.] A cross-bow. Warton, AR.eU-RAL'IS-TER,n. A cross-bowman ; one who used the arcubalist. Camden. XllD, the termination of many English word*;, is the Ger. art, species, kind ; Sw. and Oan. art, mode, na- ture, genius, form; Ger. artcn, to take nfler, resem- ble ; Sw. arta, to form or fashion ; Ger. artig, (>{ the nature of, also comely ; Dan. and Sw. artig, beauti- ful ; D. aarden, to take after, resemble ; aardig, gen- teel, pretty, ingenious. We observe it in GotUlurd, a divine temper ; Oijard, a disposition to g-ire, liber- ality ; Bcrn/ird, filial aifection ; standard, drunliard, dotard. Sec. AR-DAS'SINES, n. A very fine sort of Persian silk ; the finest used in the looms of France. AR'DEB, 71. A Turkish measure, a little more than eipht bii.shels. AR'DKN-CY, V. [Ii. arden.i, from ardeo, to burn.] Warmth of jiassion or affection ; ardor ; eager- ness ; as, the ardency of love or zeal. AR'DENT, a. Hot; burning; Ilmt causes a sensation of burning ; as, ardent spirits, that is, distilled spirits ; an ardait fever. 2. Having the appearance or quality of fire; fierce ; as, ardent eyes. 3. Warm, applied to the pa.ssions and affections ; passionate ; affectionate ; much engaged ; zealous ; as, ardent love or vows ; ardent zeal. AR'DENT-LY, adv. With warmth; affectionately; passionately. AR'DENT-NESS.Ti. Ardency. AR'DERS, a. p^ Fallowings or plowings of ground. Orose. Fate, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PRfiY PINE, MARXNTI, BIRD.— ^^OTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVpLF, BQQK. - 66 ARE XR'DOR, n. \h.] Heat, in a literal sense, as, the ardor of the .sun's rays. 3. Warmth, or heat, applied to the passions and affections ; eagerness ; as, he pursues study with ardor ; lliey fought with ardor. Milton uses tlie word for person or spirit, bright and effulgent, but by an unusual hccnse. AR'DU-OL'3, (ird'yu-ous,) a, [L. arduus; Ir. ard, high ; W. hardh ; Ir. atrdh, high, hight.] 1. High, lofty, in a literal ^ense j as, ardiious paths. Piype. 2. DifBcuIt ; attended with great lalior, like the ascending of acclivities; as, an arduous employ- ment, task, or enterprise. AR'DU-OUS-LY, adv. In an arduous manner; with laboriousness. AR'DU-OUS-NESS, (ird'yu-us-,) n. Hight ; difficulty of execution. ARE, (Ar;) the plural of the substantive verb; but a different word from be, am, or was. It js from the Sw. vara, Dan. FiErr, to be, to exist ; tt or w being lost. We arc ; ye or you arcf they arc; past tense plural, itere. ARE, n. [L. area.] In France, a measure, the new square perch, con- taining a hundred square meters, a little less than two square perches of OH feet, in the ancient meas- ure. LuTiier. A'REy I n. The lowest note, except one, in A'LJt-JtPREj \ Guido's scale of music. [See Al*,- MiBE.] Shak. A'RE-A, », [L. I Ruspect this to be contracted from Ch. io»*>K, ari^a, an area or bed ; Heb. nj^ij; ; from a root which signities to reach, stretch, lay, or spread.] 1. Any plain mirfare, as the floor of a room, of a church or other building, or of the ground. 2. The inclosed space or site on which a building stands ; a sunken space around the basement of a budding. Oieiit. 3. In sfometrij, the snperflcial contents of any figure ; the surface included within any given lines; as, the arra of a square or a triangle. 4. Among phtj.iicians, baldness ; a bald space pro- duced by alop(--cy ; also, a name of the disease. Coze. Parr. 5. Tn mining, a compass of ore allotted to diggers. A-RkED';! •^-'- [Sax. ar«/a»i.] L J Tu counsel ; to advise. [06.*.] Spenser. A'-RE-AI^ rt. Verliiinins to an area; as, area', inter slices the nrtras or spaces inclosed by the reticulate vessels of U?aves.) Barton. A-RF.'t-'A, B. A kind of palm-tree, one of whose ElK'cies produces the areca nut, or betel nut, which is so extensively chewed in India, with the leaf of p^pprr lielel and limp. Partington, A-R£XK', ode. In a reeking condition. [See Reek.] SwifU AR-E^FAe'TION, n. [!>. arrfiuio, to dry, from areo,] The act of drj-ing ; the state of growing dry. Bacon, AR'E-P?, t. U To dr>- or make dry. Bacon. A-RE'i\A, H. [L. arena, sand.] 1. In Rmnan antiquity, the area in the central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators fought and other nhows were exhibited; so callfd beciuise it wa-i cover^'tTwith sand. Jldain*s Rom. Jiiit, S. Fi^uratirdy, any place of public contest or ex- ertion ; as, the arena of debate, the arena of life. 3. Among physicianji. sand or gravel in the kidneys. 4. The middle of a temple or inclosed place. AR-E-NAM:eOITS, a. [from arena, sand.] Sandy; havinc the properties of sand. tfoodward. 2. Flrwily disintegmting into sand ; friable ; as, arenar^ou.t limettonc. Kirwan. AR-E .N'A'RI-OIJS, a. [from arena, sand.] Sandy. Jirmarimui goil : soil in which sand ia the prevail- ing ingredient. Brande. AR-E-NA'TION, ti. Among physteianji^ a sand bath; a sprinkling of hot sand U|Kin a dtaea-ied person. Cvze. A-REN'DAL-ITE, n. In mintraJo^, another name of epidote, or pistacite : epidotr' being the name civen to it by HaUy, and pistaeiu by Werner. [See EnnoTB.l AR-E\-DA'TOR, n. [Russ, arenda, a farm. Q\\. Sp. errefuiar, to rent.] In Lironia, and other provinces of Russia, a fanner of thR farms or rents ; one who contracts with the crown for the rents of the farms. He who rents an esiate belonging to the crown, is called crotBn-arrndator. Arende is a term used both for the estate let to f:uRn, and the sum for which it is renled. Tooke's Rant. ii. a88. A-RE.N I-LIT'IC, a. [arena, sand, and Xteyof, discourse.] That part of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its nature, and the means uf attuning to IL Johnson, AR'GAL, n. Unrefined or crude tartar, a substance adhering to the sides of wine casks. Johnson. Coze. AR'GA\r>-LA5IP, n. [from the name of the in- ventor.] An improved lamp, invented by Argand, in 1780, in which, by means of a hollow wick and a glass chimney, a strong and clear light is produced by placing the flame between two currents of air. Brande. AR-CS'aN, o. Pertaining to Argoor the Ark. Fnber. AR'GENT, n. [L. arirmtum; Gr. ri/,jt>pi>(, silver, from apyus, white ; Ir. ar^r, white ; atrgiod, silver, money ; Fr. argent, silver, money ; Sans, rajatam, Uu.] 1. The white color iu coats of arms, intended to represent silver, or figuratively, purity, innocence, beauty, or gentleness. Encyc. 2. a. Silvery ; of a pale white, like silver. Johnson. Encyc. 3. a. Bright like silver. A»k of jromlcr argtnt fleldi nboTo. Popa. AR-OENT'AL, a. Port.aining to silver ; consisting of silver; containing silver; combined with silver. Jirgental mercury^ the native amalgam of silver. Cleavelaiid. AR'GE.N'T-AN, n. An alloy of nickel with copper and zinc; German silver. AR-GE.\T-A'TIO\, tu An overlaying with silver. Johnson. AR'6ENT-HOR\-KD, a. Silver-horned. AR-GENT-IF'ER-OUS, a. ft*, argentum, sUver, and fero, to produce.] Produring silver ; n^, argentiferoua ore. Rinran. . AR-GEN-TI'NA, n. In ichthyology, a genus of fishes of the order Abdominales ; so called from their silver^' scales. Encifc. AR'GE.NT-I.NE, a. Like silver; pertaining to silver, or sounding like it. Johnson. In ir>i>/o«if, silver-colored; silvery; applied to the scales of fMh«!S. XR'GE.STINE, n. 1. In mineralogy, j% sllicfous variety of carbonate of lime^ having a silvery-white, pearly luster, and a wavmg or curved lamellar structure. 9. A name conirmm to the s[H(ciea of tho genus Argentina, — which see. ARG AR'GENT-TNE RE-PUB'UC, n. A name given to the -states of Buenos Ayres, a South American con fed e nit ion. AR'GIL, T?. The gigantic crane; a species of the fen us Ardea. Ctjc 'GIL, Ti. [L. ar^I/<2, white clay, from Gr. apjoy, white.] In a general sense, clay, or potter's earth ; but in a teehnieal sense, pure clay, or alumina, Fourcroy. XR-GlL-LA'CEOUS, a. [L. argillaceus.] Partaking of the nature of clay ; clayey; consist- ing of argil. Kirwan. AR-GIL-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. ttrgiOa^ clay, and fero, to produce.] Producing clay ; applied to such earths as abound with ariril. Klncan, AR'GIL-LITE, n. Argillaceous schist or slate ; clay- slate. Its usual color is bluish or blackish gray, more rarely greenish gray. Ktrwan. XR GIL-Llt'ie, a. Pertaining to argillite. XR-GIL'LO-AR-E-NA'CEOUS, a. Consisting of clay and sand, as a soil. AU GlL't.O-€AL-eA'RE-OUS, a. Consisting of clay and caIrare(Mis earth. AR-GlL'LO-CAL'CrTE, n. [of argilla, clay, and clar, calcareous earth.] .\ species of calcareous earth, or limestone, with a I.irge proportion of clay. Kinoan. AR-GIL'LO-MO'RITE, n. [of argUla, clay, and muria, brine or salt water; magnesia being obtained from sea-salt.] A spi-cies of earth consisting of magnesia, mixed with sdex, alumine, and lime ; a variety of mag- nestte. Kirwan. Cleaveland. AR-tilL'LOUS, a. Consisting of clay ; clayey; par- taking of flay ; belonging to clay. Brotcn. AR'GIVE, a. Designating what belongs to Argos, the capital of Argolis in Greece, whose inhabitants were called Argioi. This name, however, is used by the poets for the Greeks in general. Pans. Trans. AR'GO, n. The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fifly-four companions to Colchis, in quent of the golden fleece. AR-(IO'.\N, a. Pertainiug to the ship Argo. Faber. AR'GOL. See Aroau. AR-GOL'ie, a. Belonging to Argolis, a territory or district of Peloponnesus, between Arcadia and the Egean Sea ; as, the Argolic Gulf. D^AnnlU. XR-GOLMCS, TI. pi. The title of a chapter in Pausa- nias, which treats of Argolis. Trans, b. ii. 15. AR'GO-NAIJT, Ti. [of A/^j-o), Jason's ship, and vav~ Tt}q, a sailor.] One of the persons who sailed to Colchis with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the golden fleece. Cicero. Pliny. Sir fV. Jones. XR-GO-NAtJT'A, ti. [Sue Ahoonaut.] A genus of shells, of the class Cephalopoda. The shell con.HJyts of one spiral involuted valve. The Argo, with a subdcntated carina, is the famous nauti- lus, which, when it sails, extends two of its arms, spreading a membrane, which serves for a sail, and six other arms are thrown out, for rowing or steer- ing. Encyc. Cuvier. AR-GO-NAUT'ie, a. Pertaining to the Argonauts, or to tlieir voyage to Colchis ; as, the Argonautic story. Sir W. Jones. AR-GO-NAUT'ies, ti. A poem on the subject of Jason's voyage, or the expedition of the Argonauts ; as, the Ar>ronantics of Orpheus, of V. Flaccus, and of ApolIotiiiH Rhodius. Encyc. AR'QO J^'Ji'yiS, the ship Argo, is a constellation in the soutln;rn hemisphere, whose stars, in the Britan- nic catalogue, are sixty-four. Encyc. AR'GO-SY, II. [Sp. Argos, Jason's ship.] A large merchantman ; a carac. Shak. AR'GOM, V, i. [L. argtto, to show, argue, accuse, or convict; Fr. argufir ; tip. arguir : It. arguire. The radical sense of argue is to urge, drive, press, or struggle.] 1. To reason ; to Invent and offer reasons to sup- port or overtlirow a proposition, opinion, or measure; as, A argues in favor of a measure ; B argues against it. 2. To dispute ; to reason with ; followed by trith ; as, you may argue wit/i your friend a week, without convinciTig him. AR'GCE, i\ U To debate or discuss; to treat by reasoning; as, tlie counsel argued the cause before the Su[>reme Court ; the cause was well argued. 2. To prove or evince ; to manifest by mference or deduction, or to show reasons for ; as, the order visible in the universe argues a divine cause. 3. To persuade by reasons ; as, to argue a man into a different opinion. 4. Formerly, to accuse or charge with ; a Latin sense, now obsolete ; as, to argue one of profane- ness. Drydcn. AR'GO-Z^n, pp. Debated ; discussed ; evinced ; per- suaded ; accused. AR'GU-ER, n. One who argues; a reasoner ; a dis- puter ; a controvertlst. AR'(;LI-IN'G, ppr. Inventing and offering reasons; disputing; discussing; evincing; persuading; ac- cusing. TONE, BULI*, IfNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0U8.— C as K; d as J; 8 as Z; CH as 3H ; Til as in THIS. 67" ARI XK'GU-LNG, R. Reasoning i argutuentalion. Wtakt doth jrour ATftMnf nrprovv f — Job vU XA'GU-MEXT, n. [U mrgmmttUum.] 1 A reason offmd fur m against a proposition, opinUm, or measure ; a reason oflrred in proof, to induce belief, or convince the mind ; followed by ftr or mgaimsU 2. In logic, an Inference drawn from pvemiaes which ore indi9|^ilable, or at least uf probable truth. 3. The midfeet of a discomw or writing. Skak. ^4. An abstract or summary of a book, or the heads of the sufctfects. 5. A debate or discussion ; a series of rrasomng ; as, aa argmm0mi was bad before the court, in w-hich mremment all the reasons were urged. 6. In agtntmtimf. the quantity on which another quantiiv in n tame depends ; a«, the altitude ia the Br-^umfHt of the n'fVaction. Brtndt, AR-GU-MlilNT'.VBLB, a. That admits of argumenL Ckalmtn, ^R-GC-MGNT'AL, «. Beloaglng to argument ; con- si<(inj! ill ar^nimeuL i'wp*. AU ^ : A'TION^ M. Reamning; the act of r act of inventing or forming reaiton?. Ill tiuos, drawing coDcluaions, and npply- in^ ih'-m u> the case In djscuwion. The operntion or inferring propOiritkias, not known or admiti'd as true, fhira racu or ptiudflm known, admiurd, or proved to be true. £m^ tVatU. AR-GL-Mi:\T'A'T[VE,a. CowdMhig of argument ; conta!n"^c a processor reasoning ; as, an ar/asittU- tj' reasons for; as, the sdapcotkin of t. . uses b ar/iuuMlotiM of inhnite wis- duin 111 uir i reator. 3. Aiidicted to argument ; as, an arguwtentative writer. XR-GU-MENT'A-TIVE-LY, dA>. In an argumenta- tive manner. jHijftor. jUi.Or-.\IFJk"*TUM AD IIOJrf-J^EMt [L.} An a-- '-iwn fVom the principles or conduct of A-TIVE-XESS.a. State of being ar- AH'GL'd, a. A fUbohNis being of antiquity, said to have had a hundred eyes, who was placed by Juno to guard lo. The origin f^ this story may perhaps be found in the Teutonic word ar;?, crafty, cunning, of which the hundred eyes are .Hymlwlical. XR'GKS-^EIELL, a. A species of porcelain -shell, beautu'iiDy variegated with spots, resembling, in S4inie mt'iisure, those in a peacock's tail. ftcyc. AR-4:0T£', «. [L. argvtMS.] Sharp ; shrill ; subtile ; wiitv. [Uu't uMd,] AR-GCT£^N£Sd, a. Acnteneas} witUnessL ILiaU usM.] Drfiau X'Rl-A, R. [lU] .\ir;tune. i'RI-.AX, «. Pertaining to Arins, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, in the fourth century \ or to bis doctrines. A'RI-AN, X. One who adheres to the doctrines of j\xius, who held Christ lobe a created being, infe- rior lo God the Father in nature and dipnity, Ihou^h the first and noblof't of all created beinpi ; and also that the Holy Spirit is not GtKi, but created by the power of the Son. Emcuc A'RI-AN-ISM, a. The doctrines of the Ariani*. A'RI-AN-IZE, p. i. To admit the tenets of the Arians, IVorthintrion, A-RIC1-XA, a. A veg^able alkaloid obuined from the iKirk of a species of Cinchona. It was first brought from Aria, in Peru ; whence iL-: name. AR'ID, a. [L. toidmsy dry, from ««■«, to be dry.] Dry ; euaosted of moisture ; parched with beat ; as^ an and wa^te. TTtomson. AR'ID-AS, a. A kind of taffeta, from the Cast Indie?, made of thread from certain plants. £Mctrc A-R1I)'I-TV, in. Dryneas; a stale of being with- AR'm-NESS, { out moisCurB. ArbtiOinot. 2. A dr>- state of the body ; emaciation ; the with- ering of a limb ; marasmus. Coxe. ■ Parr, X'Rl-ESy a. [L., from the Ctltic Ir. m£A*, or recath; Com. vrx, a nm ; W. hwrz^ a thrust, a ram.} The Ram ; a constellation of the zodiac, drawn on the gluhe, in the figure of a r.tm. Also the tir^t of the tweli% signs in the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 31tt of March. It originally coincided with the constellatioa ; biU from lU recession, owing to the precession ot the equinoxes, it now begins in Uie constellation of Pisces. 2. The battering ram. AR1-E-T.5TE, c. i. ru oricto, from ories.] To butt, as a ram. LXot itsed.1 Johnsaiu AR-I-E-Ta'TIO.\, m. The act of butting, m a ram. The act of battering with the aries or battering nun. Bacon, S. The act of striking or conflicting. IRardy useiLj Olanr lUe, AR-I-ET'TA, a. [It.] A short song; an air, or little air. A-RIGHT', (ufp. [a and n>ftt Sas. ^wcSt] Rightly; in a right form ; without mistake or crime ARI AR'IL, t H. The exterior coat or covering of a A-UIL'IiU?*, \ wHid, fixed lo it at the bnaa only, in- vesting it wholly or partially, :uid tailing oil' spdy, as Uie mace of a nutmeg. LimUey. AR'IL-LA-TED, ( a. Havinp an exterior covering or AR'IU-L£D, ) aril, us cotfee. Kucyc JCatvn. AR'I-.MAN, ^ AR'I-.MA, > a. [Per. oAnsun; Sans. art. a fbe.] AU'RI-M.\N,> The evil genius or demon of ihe Persians ; opposed to fnaif yndaiL, m-imnd, or hvriHiidny the good demon. The ancient magi held, that there are two deities or principles ; one the author of all gtwd, eternally absorbed in liglit ; ihe other, the author of oil evil, forever burietl in darkness ; or Uie one represented by light, the irthcr by diirkness. The latter answers to the lake of the Scandinavians, who;?e Celtic nani", (o<^,si;*iiifles darkne^. Originally, Ihel'er^iaiitt lield these demons or principles to be equal, and from all eternity ; but the nxHlerns maintain that the evil prin- ciple is an inf'^rior being. So the devil is called tlie prince of darkness. Encye, Otbbon. As, Researches. All-I-O-LA'TIOX, \ n. [l^ oriolus or kariolusj a UAR-I-O-L.X'riOX, I soothsayer.] A soothsaying ; a foreu-lling. Brown, AR'I-CSE, a. Characterized by melody, as distin- guisbed from harmony. lleodcteitui wnnli tlir oriaa* tteautr of Raadel — tomI mclodj ■ not ha iMe — ihc iaUnM gf bS akn i» bumoaic fbr. Qu. R*o. ABrI-0'SO, 0. [IL, from aria, air.] Light; airy. IL Diet, Literaltyj in the mnnner of an air ; but in instru- mental mii-iic, in a susLiincd vocjil stylo. P. Cije. Prefixed to an air, it denotes a stisbtined, elaborate style, appropriate to the great airs of the opera- Rousjieatty Diet, .Vtiit. A-RISE', P. i. .* prrt. Arose ; pp. Abisbh ; (jtron. a-rize', a-roxe', a-riz'n.) [Sax. onsox ,- D. ryxea ; Goth, rcimn. It may be allied to Ar. (wij raasa, to be the head or chief; Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. EUi. vh-^ head, origin.] I. To ascend, mount up^ or move toaJiigher place ; as, vapors ari^c from humid places. 3 To emerge from below the horizon ; as, the sun or a star oriMv or rises. 3. To get out of bed ; to leave the plnce or state of rest ; or to leave a sitting or lying posture. The king arOM eutj aixi wai to the t)rD.^Dan. tL 4. To begin ; to spring up ; to originate. A prnecudoo oroM about Slrpben.-~Aeta xl. 5. To revive from death ; to leave the grave. hlnnj todii^ of Kiinu aroat. — MaU. xxvii. Fiffurativti-gy to awake from a slate of sin and stu- pidity ; to repent. Arist from the dead, and Christ ■hall gtre lhe« lifr. — Eph. v. 6. To begin to act ; to exert power j to move from a state of inaction. Let Goii ariae ,* let \a» eoemiea he Kaaer«i. — P». Ixrfii, 7. To appear, or become known j to become ris- ible, sensible, or operative. To Tou •haJl the »un of risrhioouaneai ariae. — Matt. It, TUl the day-std shall oriM In your hetuu. — 9 Pet, L 8. To be put in motion \ to swell or be agitated j as, the waves arose, 9. To be excited or provoked ; as, the wrath of the king shall arise. 10. To emerge from poverty, depression, or distress. B; wtiam ttoU Jacob ariae 7 for be ■ •mall. — Amoa li. II. To appear In a particular character j to enter upon an office. Th»*re oromver is exercised by a small number, ttie coveru- mont is called an oligarrJiy. The latter word, how- ever, is iisuiUly applied lo a corrupted form of aris- tocracy. 2, '1 lie nobility or chief persons in a state. AR'IS-TO-CRAT, or A-RlH'TO-€RAT, n. One who favors an aristocracy in principle or practice ; (me who is a friend to aa aristocratical form of govern- ment. Burke. AR-IS rO-€RAT'ie, } a. Pertaining to aristoc- AR-lS-TO-eRAT'ie-AL, i racy; consisting in a govenmient of nobles, or principal men j as, an aris- tocratic constitution. 2. Partaking of aristocracy; as, an aristocratic measure ; aristocratic pride or manners. AR-IS-TO-€RAT'i€-AI^LY, adv. In an aristocrat- ical manner. AR-IS-TO-CRAT'ie-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being aristocmticnl. AR-lS-TO-PilAN'ie, 0. Pertaining to Aristophanes. JV. A. Rev. AR-IS-T0-T£'L1-AN, a. Pertaining to Aristotle, a celebrated pliilosopher, who was born at Slagjra, in Macedon, about 384 years before Christ. The Aris- totelian philosophy is otherwise called the peripatetic. AR-IS-TO-TF:'LI-Ai\,7i. A follower of Aristotle^ who was a disciple of Plato, and founded the sect otperi- pflfrfif-.'-. [See Peritatetic.] AK-IS-TO-Tk'LI-AN-ISM, 71. The philosopliy or doc- trines of Aristotle, AR-IS-TO-TEL'ie, a. Pertaining to .\ristotle or to his pttilosophy. Tl)c p^niicioua pfTi-cta of tlie ArialnUUe Bystcm. Schlcgel, 7>ana. AR'ITH-MAN-Cy or A-RITII'.MAN-CY, n. [Gr. api6//os,numbor, and pavrtiay divination.] DivijuUion, or tlie foretelling of future events by the use or oliserviition of numbers. A-RITIl'ME-Tie, n. [Gr. apiOucto, to number, npiO- priTtKHy the art of numbering, from n/yiortI, into thj reit, thou and the or* of thy atrength. — Pi. cxxxU. 4. A large boat used on American rivers to trans- port produce to market. 5. In early English and Scottish icritersy a chest or coffer ; as, an ark for meal ; a bolting ark. Still used, in the north of England, for a chest containing meal. P. Cyc. ARK'ITE, 71, A term used by Bryant to denote one of the persons who were pfeser\'ed in the ark, or who, arcording to pJigan fables, belonged to the ark. ARK'ITE, a. Kelonging to the ark. Briiant. Fabcr. ARK'TIZ-ITE, ( n. A mineral, now called Wemerite ; ARG'TIZ-ITE, i a variety of scai»olite. ARM, 71. [Sax. arirty eartn; D. G. Sw. Dan. ami L* armvs, an arm, a shoulder, a wing. In Russ. a shoulder is ramo, which may be the same word as the E. arnin.^. If so, this word belongs to the root Rm, coinciding with L- ramus, a branch, that is, a slioot, like the Celtic braich, L. brachium. But if the L. annus is directly from the Gr, aifioi, a joint, it would seem to be fonnt-d from Gr. aiiu)^ to fit.] 1. The limb of the Imman body which extends from the shoulder to the hand. 2. The bnnch of a tree, or the slender part of a machine, projecting from a trunk or axis. The limbs of animals are also sometimes called arms. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MeTE, PRgY. — PLVE, M.UliNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — ARM 3. An inlet of water from the sea. 4. Figaratii'dtj, power, might, strength; as, the secular artiu lu thid seuse the word \s oAen used in the Scriptures. To vrhom a thr arm of tlw Lord reTcaied F — Ita. tiiU ARM, V. t. [L. armo ,• Fr. armCT ; Sp. armor ; It. arinare ; from L. qtoto.] 1. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense or defeniw j a.s, to arm the militia. 2. To cover with a plate, or with whatever will add strength, force, or security j as, to arm the hilt of a sword. 3. To furnish with means of defense ; to prepare for resistance ; to fortify, in a moral sense. Arm youreotves »ilh ihe same niind, — t Pet. ir. 4. To fit up ; to fumldh with the means of action or effect; Bi?, to arm. a hook in angling; to arm a dresjtiing in surgery. To ana a lomEsloae., is to fit it with an armature. ARM, r. t- To provide with arms, weapons, or means of attack or reaistance; to take arms; as, the nations arm for war. This verb is not really intransitive in this use, but reflective, the pronoun being omitted. The nations arm — for, the nations arm tHe/itscltias, AR-MA'DA, «. [.Sp., from arma.] A fleet of armed ships ; a squadron. The term la u.'tually applied to the Spanish fleet called the Invht- cibU Armada^ consisting of 131J shi[>s, intended to act against England, in the reign of Uueeu Elizabeth, A. D. 15.SS. AR-MA-DIL'LO, n. [Sp. } so called from being armed with a bony shell.] A name given by the Fpaniards to the different gpi'cies of quadrupeds, belonging to the Linniean genus Desypus ; peculiar to South America, and called by the Portuguese encubesto^ frum their piecu- liar "Covering, and by the natives of Brazil talon. These animals have only molar teeth, and are cov- ered with a hard, bony shell, divided into ninvable br-lts, except on the forehead, sliouldcrs, and hniinchcs. where it is not movable. The belts are connected by a membrane, which enables the animal to roll it^^elf up like a hedgehog. These animals burrow in the earth, where they lie during the daytime, sel- dom going abroad except at night. They are of dif- ferent sizes i the largest more than three feet in length, without the tail. They subsist chiefly on fruits, rout«, and insects ; sometimes on flesh. VVhen attacktrd, Ihcy roll themselves into a b;ill, presenting their armor on all sides to any assailant ; but they are inoffensive, and their flesh is esteemed good foect, being the Ljitin word equivalent to esquire, which sec. Spclman. AR-MIG'EU-OUS, ft. Bearing arras. ARM'llx-LA-RY, a, [L. armilla, a bracelet, from ariTtux, the arm.] Resemliling a bracelet, or ring; consisting of rings or circles. Tlie armllnry sphere is an artificial sphere, composwl of a number of circles of the mundane sphere, put together in their natural order, to assist in giving a just conception of the constitution of the heavens, and the motiofls of the celestial bodit^s. This artificial sphere revolves upon its axis within a hori7.on, divided into degrees, and movable every wav u|H)n a brass supporter. Encyc* AR.M'IL-LA-TEl). fl. Furnished with bracelets. ARM'LNG, p//r. lApiipping with arms; providing with the means of defense or attack, preparing for resist- ance, in ft mond sense; fitting with an annature, as a magnet. ARM'I.Nth cen- tury and beginning i>f the ITtlu The Arminian doc- trines are, 1. Conditional el'-ction and reprobation, in opposition to absolute predestination. 2. Univer- sal redemption, or that the atoneint_'nt was made by Christ for all mankind, though ncpue hut b^^Iievers can be partakers of the lienefit. 3. That man, in ordej- to exercise true faith, must be regenerated and renewed by the operation of the Holy Spirit, which is the gift of (Jod ; but that this grace is not irresist- ibl(!, and may be lost ; so that men may relapse from a state of gram, and die in their sins. Encyc AR-M IN' IAN-ISM, n. 'I'hc peculiar doctrines or tenets of the Armiiiians. ARxM-IP'O-TKNCE, n. [arma and potentia. Pee Po- TEffcr.] Power in arms. Johnson. ARM-IP'O-TENT, a. Powerful in arms; niif-hty in battle. Drijdcn. ARM-IS'O-NOTJS, a. [arma and sonua. See Soumd.] SfHinding or rustling in arms, Johtmon. ARM'IS-TICE, ju [\j. arma and svito, to stand still ; Or. tOTTffn i Sp. armidticia ; It. armistXiio j Fr. ar^ A cessation of arms, for a short time, by conven- tion; a truce ; a t(!m|iorary susi)ension of hostilities by agreement of the parties. ARM'LESH,a. VVitlioutan arm ; destituteof weapons. Itraumont ^ Fletcher. ARM'LET, n. [dim. of arm.] A small arm ; as, an armlet of the sea ; a piece of armor for the arm ; a bracelet. Dnjden, Johnson. ARM ARM'OR, n. [from arm.] 1. Defensive arms; any habit worn to protect the body in haltle ; formerly called harness. A Ciimplele armor formerly consisted of a casque or helmet, a gorget, cuirass, gauntlets, tasses, brnssets, cuishes, and covers for the legs, to which the spurs were fast- ened. Encyc. ^ In English statutes, armor is used for the whole ap- paratus of war ; including olTensive as well as de- fensive arms. The statutes of armor directed what arms every man should provide, 27 Hen. II., and that of Westminster, 13 Edw. I. Hence armor includes oil instruments of war. BlarJi-Htone, b. iv. ch. 7 ; b. i. ch. 13. Hau Ifist. Brit b. iii. ch. 1, 2. In a spiritual .tense, a good conscience, faith, and Christian graces are called armor. Rom. xiii. Eph. vi. 2 Cor. vi. Coat annor, is the escutcheon of a person or family, with its sevenil chargi;s and other furniture, as niau- tling, crest, supporters, motto, &.c. Encyc. ./Jrmor of a ntajrnet ; the same as annature. Ed. Enc. ARM'0R~BEAR-ER, n. One who carries the armor of another. ARM'OR-ER, n. 1. A maker of armor or arms ; a manufacturer of instruments of war. The armitrer of a ship has the charee of the arms, to see that they are in a condi- tion fit for service. 2. One who has care of the arms and armor of another, and who dresses him in annor. Tb',' nrmoTtrt accomplisliiiig the kiti^iU. Shale. ARM-0'RI-AL, a. Belonging to armor, or to the arms or escutcheon of a family ; as, ensigns armorial. Biackstone. AR-MOR'IC, ) a, [Celtic ar, upon, and mor, the AR-MOR'K'-AX, ( sea ; that is, maritime.] Defiignaiiiig the north-western pan of France, for- merly called Annorica, now Hretagne, or Britanny. This part of Franc* is piMipled by inhabitants who Fp*-;ik a dialect of the Celtic. It is usually supposed their ancestors were refugees or colonists from Eng- land. AR-MORTC, «. The language of the Anuoricans ; one of the Celtic dialects which have remained to the pr<'sent times. AR-MOR'IC-AN, a. A native of Armorica, or Bro- tague. ARM'OR-IST, n. One skilled in heraldry. ARM'OR-Y, n. A place where arms and instruments of war are deposited for safe keeping. 2. Armor ; defensive and olTonsivo arms. Milton. 3. Ensigns armorial. Spen.-n: 4. The knowledge of coat-armor ; that branch of heraldry which tn^ats of roni-armor. Eneye. 5. In the United States, a place or building in which arms are manufactured. ARM'PIT, 71. [arm and piL] The hollow place or cav- ity under the shoulder. Moxon. A RMS , 7/. pi. [ L. unna ; Fr. arme ; Bp. and It. arma. ] 1. VVeaiK>n» of oflfense, or armor for defense and protection of the body. 2. War ; hostility. Arma and the man I •inff. Ihyden. To be in armsf to be in a state of hostility, or prep- aration for war. To arms, is a phrase which denotes a taking arms for war or ho;:iiIity ; particularly, a summoning to war. To take arwi.t, is to arm for attack or defense. Bred to arms, denotes that a person has been edu- cated to the profession of a soldier. 3. Tlie ensigns armoriid of a family ; consisting of figures and colors borne in shields, banners, &c., as nnrks of dignity and distinction, and descending fn m fith^r to son. 4. In hjr, arms are any thing which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another. Coirel. Black-'ifone. 5. In hfitany, one of the seven kinds of fulcra or props of plants, enumi^rated by EiniiKUs and others. The diffenMU species of arms, or armor, are prickles, thorns, forks, and stings, which seem intended to protect the plants from injury by aiiiinaJs. Milne. Martyn. Fire-anns, are snrh as may be charged with |k)W- der, as cannon, muskets, mortars, &c. A stnnd of arms, consists of a musket, bajimct, cartridge-box and nelt, with a sword. But for com- mon soldiers a sword is not necessary. In falconrtf, arms arc the legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot. Encyc, ARMS'-EM), T?. At the end of the arms ; at u good distance ; a phrase tnke.n from bozers or wrestlers. AKM'-SIIAP-/;D, (-slmpt,) a. Shaped like the arm. ARM'S'-LEXGTIl, n. The length of the arm. To kprfi at arms-length, is sometimes used figura- tively fur keeping one olT; not allowing one to come into close contact or familiarity. XRM'S'-RkACH, n. Within reach of the arm AR'MV, n. [Fr. annSe ; It. arbhar, or armhar ; from the common root of ann, armo, anna.] I. A collection or hoity of men armed for war, and organized in companies, battalions, regiments, brig- TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN"GER. VI"CIOUa— € m K ; C as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. ARQ adcs, and divisions, under pr\>pcr odicers. In gener- al, tm armify m niodvm liuie^, cun^ists of infantry and cavalry, with artillery ; nlthou::h the union of mU is not eawntial loUie coiistittitiun of an army. Among MiTages, armies are dilfcrently formed. 3. A ^re'at number ; a vast uiultttude ; a^, an army of locusts or caterpillan*. Joel ii. 2a. AK'NOU)-lST, n. A disciple of Arnold of Brescia, wbo, in tbe l^h century-, preached asain^t the Roman Calbcdic church, for ivhich he was bnni:«hed ; but be wma afterward permitted to ntiim. Ky his prrachtnR, an insiirn-ctiori was excited, for which be wa:s conaemned and executed. Emo/c AB'XOT, K. A namr of the pignut or earthaul, a epe- ries of Canini, (Huniuni, Linn.) AK-XOT'TO, a. Tb« AnoiU j wbicb see. Also, « tret- so called. An'XL'TS, lu Tall oal-poss. . A-RO'MA, a. [Ur. a^u>fttu] The quality of (ilants, ur other substances, which ctinstitntes their fhigrance, which is perceived by an axmrable smell, acconi|MUiied in aome witb a warm, spicy ta^te, AR-O-MAT'IC, ) «. Fmermnt ; simcv ; strong AR-O-MAT'IC-AL, I scrntcd; odoriferoiia ; having an aereeaUe odor. AR-O-MAT'IC, a. A plant, dnifr, or medicine, char- act«riz«ma, ur rendering aromatic A-RO'MA Tr/.E, r. L To impregnate with aroma ; to tnftioe an nromatic odor; to give a spicy M:cnt or T" ■ "*"'ime. Bacom. A 1 /-D, pp. Impregnated with aroma; _rint. A-Kt.' •■ A I 1/1 CR, a. That which communicates an ar<:mntic quality. Evelvn* A-KO'.MA-TrZ-lS'G, ppr. Rendering Fpicyj impreg- nating with aroma. A-RO'HA-TOL'S, a. Containing aroma, or the princi- ple of fngrance. AR'OPU, a. [a contracUoo of aroma pkilonpkarmM.] A aame by wbicb aaAon b aometimea called. jtrw p k PanMtfai, a cbemkal preparalion of Paracel- iDs, focmed by Mblimatfon mm equal quantities of hematite and sal ammoniac The term «r^ is aluo used by the same writer as e)-nonymouvvith litA«»- Irmbc, a solvent for the stone. Eitcye. Cvx*. A-RoSE' i the pcwt or preterit tense of the verb to AajsE. A-ROCXD', prfp. [a and rmatd. See Rocrd.] L AbooTi oa aU aides; encircling} encompassing. A taotaM hnt arvMMrf Ua farowm. Z>ryrfm. 9. In « IfaMT MHM, from place to place ; at ran- dan* A-ROUXIV, mit. In a ctrrle : on every side. S. In « iMMcr sruM, at random ; without any fixed direction ; as, to bavel around from town to town. [See RocwD-j A4tOU^RA, H. [Gr.] A Grecian measure of fifty feeL Also, a square measure of half tlie plethron, or, ac- cordine to Suidas, of a fourth part of a plethron. The Eg>'ptian arvura was tlie square of a hundred feet, or a hundred cubits. jfrbtuM. SmUk*s Diet. A-ROUSE', (a-rooz',) r. L [in ICeb. nin ; Ar. mOv=* Aorstza, to stir, to excite. It is often contracted in- to nnue. It may be allied to D. raaau ; G. frroiLyex, to rage, to stir, bluster. Class Rs.] To excite ijito action that which is at rest ; to stir, «r put in motion or exertion, that which is lang*ud \ ms, to arvust one from bleep j to arouse the doroant facnlttes. A-ROl*8'£D, pp* Exritpd into action ; put in motion. A-ROL*S'ING, ppr. Putting in motion j siirring j ex- citin* into action or exertion. A-RdW, adr. [a and row.] In a row ; successively. Sidjtnf. SJiak. A-ROYXT', arfr. Be gone; away. [Obs.] SitaJc AR~PEG'&I-0^ (Ir-ped'je-o,) a. [It., from arpa, a harp.] In situur, a term denoting that the notes of a chord are beard in nptd succession, and not simultaneoit»- ly ; or the striking the notes of a chord in quick suc- c&ision, in the manner of playing the harp. Turk. P. Cjfc AR'PENTj a. [Fr. arpent ; y orm. mrpau In Domes- day, it IS nTitten arpmniUf arpemduSj and arpemL Columella mentions that the arrpnmis was equal to half the Roman jufer. The word is said, by Scali- ger, to be derived from arpmdium^ L e. arripnuiiumj or arrrpenniu.ttj n cord for measuring land. Spriiaaju LuMter.] A portion of land in France, ordinarily containing one hundred square rods or perches, each of 18 feet, But the arpent is different in different parts of France. The arpent of Paris contains 900 square toises. It is less than ike English acre by about one seventh. Spdmait. Eitcye. CotPfL .Arthur Ttntng, AR-QUE-BUS-ADE', n, A distilled wat^r applied to ARR a bruise ur wound ; so ciUU-d becituse it was original- ly used as n vulnerary in [cun^hut wounds. Parr. 5. The shot of an aiqiiebuse. ^.*A, XR'UUE BUSE, i M. [Fr. from ar^urr, to make UAR'UUE-BrsE, i criKiked, luid the Tout. 6iw, a pipe, a gun ; D. fru.<, a lube, i)i)>e, (,nin ; Sw. bossa^ a gun or cannon. Hence the word signiJies a hook- gun.] A sort of hand-eun ; a S|wcies of fire-arms, an- ciently used, which was cocked with a wheel. It carried a ball that weighed nearly two ounces. A larger kind, used in fortresses, carried a ball of three ounces and a.half. KHcye, AK-UUE-BUS-IivR', n, A acddier armed with an ar- quebuse. AK'ULII-FOUX, O*r'ke-foo,) n. A kind of lead ore, used by potters to give iheir wares a green varnish. JifcCulU/ch. AR'RACn. n. A plant. [Sec Orhach.] AH-KACK', ». [conimrted into racjl.] A spirituous liquor from the £ast Indies. The name is said to sipiify, iu the East, any spirititwis liquor; but that which usually beani tliis name is a tii|uor distilled fn>m tuidif, the juice of the cocoji nut-tree, procured by incision. 8ome persons allege it to be a spirit dis- tilled from rice or sugar, fermented with the juice of the cocoanut. AR'R.\-GO.\-rTE, n. (from jSrraffonj in Spain, where it was first obser\*ed.] In minrralopify carbonate of lime, cnyslallized in rhombic prisms, or in fvnni* derived from the same. It diflers fVom common carbonate of lime, or calcare- ous spar^ in ils cr^stallizaiiou ; ihecryHUil-* of the lat- ter affording, by cleavage, a rhombi>hedron, and those of itte arra^vnitf. a rhombic prism. It has also a great- er hardness, and a higher specific gravity than calca- reous lipar. Dana. AR-RAIGX', (ar-rane',) r. u [Norm, arranrr, arrai- MniT, and ure^sr, to put to answer, to arraign. The usual derivation of this word fnm» Sax. irrr^an, ge^ vregan. lo accuse, is pn4ia))ly incorrect. It appears to be of .Vormoii origin, and if s is radical, il coincides in origin with L. reus, contracted from the root of re*.] I. To call or set a prisoner at the bar of a court, to SMwer to tlie matter charged against him in an in- dRment or infurniation. Wht^ti rall<:U, the indict- ment is read to hiui, and he '\i jnit to plead, guilty or not guilty, and to elect by whom he will be tried. BlarJistone, 3. According to lavo writtr/t^ to set in order ; to fit for trial ; as, to arraign a writ of novel disseisin. To arraign tAe assize^ is to cause the demandant to be called to make the plaint, and set the cause in order, that the tenant may be brought to answer. Cuwel. 3. To accuse ; to charge with faults. Johnsoru More corre-ctly, to call before the bar of reason, or taste ; to call in question, for faults, before any tri- bunaL Tb«7 win BiK arraign joa fiir want of knowlnlgo. Dryien. AR-RAIG.N"', (ar-rane',) n. Arraignment ; as, clerk of the arrai-rn.''. Blacksiont. AK-RAIGX'AT), pp. Called before a tribunal to an- swer, and elect triers ; accused ; called in question. AR-RAIGX'ER, «. One who arraigns. Colcridgf. AR-RAIGX'IXG, ppr. Calling before a court or tribu- n-ril ; accusing. AR-RXig\'A1ENT, n. [Norm. arpMnemfnf, arraijne- ment.] 1. The act of arraigning; the act of calling and setting a prisoner Wfore a court to answer to an ac- cusation, and to choose bis triers. S. Accusation. 3, A calling in question for faults. AR-RAI'MEXT, n. [See AaoAt.] Clothes ; garments. We now use raimmt. AR-RAXtiE', F. L [Fr. arrane'r, rtf ad and rangrr, to set in order; Arm. renega, rangy rank^ a row or line. See R*?r!'l, an'i M inch k p-rioil, ou^tit lo arrest the coiwideiation ol "V(>ry ihiiikinj niiiul. Buckmitieier. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.— _ ARR 4. To hinder or restrain ; as, to arrest the course of justice. AR-KEST', n. The taking or apprehending of a per- flon by virtue of a warmnt from authority. An ar- rest is made hy seizinp or touching the body. a. Any seizure, or taking by power, physical or moral. 3. A stop, hinderance, or restraint. 4. In laic, an arrest of judgment Is the staying or stopping of a judgment after verdict, for causes as- signed. Courts have jKiwer to arrest judfrmtnt for intrin^^ic causes appearing upon the face of the rec- ord ; as when the declaration varies from the origi- nal writ ; when the verdict differs materially from tlie pleadings ; or when the case laid in the declara- tion is not sufficient, in point of law, to found an ac- tion upon, 'i'he motion for this purpose is called a motion in arre.pr. Seizing; staying; hindering; restraining. AR-REdT'MEXT, n. A terra, in Scots late, applied to persons or thing^i. Applied to persons^ it denotes, in criminal cases, the securing of a criminal until he un4l(;rgoes trial, or finds caution or Iwiil, and in some civil cases, the securing of a debtor, until he gives se- curity. .Applied to tJungx^ it denotes the allachmenl, by a creditor, of the movahle estate of a debtor, or the order of a judge, by which he who is debtor in a movable oblig:tlion to the arrester's debtor, is pro- hibited to make payment or delivery, till the debt due to the arrester is paid or secured. The debtor, thus restrained, is called the arresue. as the retrain- ing creditor is called the arrestn: Ed. Eneyc. jiH-RETt (af-ra'O n* [Fr. arrit; arrester^ arritevy to detain, to fix, tu determine.] A French word, signiiying, 1. A judgment, decis- ion, or decree. Applied more particularly to the judg- ments and dccisiuns of courts and tribunals. Before the revolution, it denoted a judgment or decision of a sovereign court, such as the parliaments, chamber of accounlH, court of aids, and some othfrs, whose decisions were without appeal, and could be reversed only by their own act, or by the king or his council ; also, the decisions or decrees of the royal council, which were con.-^idered as a part of the French law. 2. An arrest or seizure of persona, or a seizure or at- tachment of goods ; corresponding to the Scotch law t^:nn arrc.-'tmoU. ARRET', c, L To assign j to alloL [Obs.] Spenser. Afi-RIOE', L [Uarrideo.] To laugh at ; to please well. [J^ot in use.'] B, Jonson, AB RI&RH', (ar-reer'.) n. [Fr. am6-«.] The lost tMxly or an army; now called Rsas, which see. J3rriere-ban ; the convocation, hy the sovereign, of all his feudatories, to march in arms against the en- emy. JEnrtjc, Jifeth. Ban and arrirre-ban ; the assembly of the vassals and arriere vassals, convoked by the sovereign to march against the enemy. Ban refers to the fiefs immediat(;ly holding of the king; and arriere-baa to the arriere fief;, or those holding of the vas.-'ois. Boh •ignifieH priM'lamation, and ^rnfrrrAan, arriere proc- lamation. This word is used in the sense of the act of convoking ; as, the sovereign has the right of ban and arriere-itan i — of the duty of assembling when convoked ; as, subject to and exem|>t from the baa, jtc. ; — the assembly or asKeinblinf; ; as, to apiK'ar at the frail, &.C. ; — and the body assembled, a.^ mustier of the ban, general of the ban. Encf/r„ Meth. Arrterf-fce.^ ox frf ; a fee or fief dependent on a superior ftjc, or a fee held of a feudatory, jfrricre ca.*W ; the vassal of a vassal, AR'RIH, n. [Fr. arente^aritr. In arckitectarfy the edge formed by two surfaces meeting each other, whether plane or curved ; applied particularly to the edges in moldings, and to the raised edges, which septmte the fluttnes in a U»tric coluniti. /*. Cyc. AR-RIS'IO.N, (ar rizh'un,) n. [L. arrig'w.] The act <.f fiinilini;. Ji.sition to make exorbitant claims of rank or esti- mation ; giving one's self an undue degree of im- portance ; haughty ; conceited ; applied to persoits. 2. Containing arrogance ; marked with arrogance ; proceeding from undue claims or self-iniiK>rtance ; applied to things i as, arrogant pretensions, or behavior. .\U'RO-GAXT-I,Y, adv. In an arrogant manner; with undue pride, or self-importance. AR'RO-'. a circuit, or district. As now used, in Prance, it uenotes, especially, the immediate subdivi- sion of a dejinrtm.aiL The territory of France, since the revi>hition, h;is been divided into departments: those, into arroHdii,srmenU ; tliosu, into aiiUons i and th ■ latter, into eoviwtunes. AR-KO'SIO.V, (ar-ro'zhun,) n. [L. arrodo.] A gnawing. AR'ROW, n. [Sax. areva. 0.u. ray, radius, a shoot.] 1. A mi:*sive weapim of otfense, straight, slender, pointed, and barbed, to be shot with a bow. a. In Scripture, tlie arrotes of Ood, are the appre- hensions ol his wrath, which pierce and pain the cfuiscience. Job vi. Ps. xxxviii. In a like tigura- tiv(.' manner, arrows repre.sent the judgments of God ; as thtind.;r, lightning, lenip^'sls, and famine. 2 Sam. xxii. Ez. v. (lab. iii. The word is used also for slan- derous words and malicious purposes of evil men. Ps. xi. Prov. XXV. Jer. ix. Ps. Ixiv. Cruden, Brown. AR'ROVV-GRXSS, h. A |iopiilar name of different plants, sp.'cies of the jzenus Triglochin. AR'ROW-HEAU, ( hed,) ». The head of an arrow. o '[■!,.. i.,,-...iir t, .III.- ->r diilerent aquatic plants, t|. ■ riii ; HO called from the f. ' • the head of an arrow. AH '.}"- Shaped like the '.», are certain charac- ter , M-imlis, and the bricks of li;»l)vl "es of the East; formed' I . 'liar, or wedge- lik^ fig;; '.aiuifurm charac- U-rs. P. Cye. AR'ROW-ROOT, H. A popular name applied to the different s|iecieflof th? genus Maranta. The Indians are said to employ the roots of the iM. Galanga in extracting the poison of arrows, whence the name. From the root of the M. Arundinacea, or starch plant, i) obt:iincd the arrow-root of the shops. 2. The starch of the .Maranta Arundinacea, a nu- tritive medicinal food. ART AR-RoVV-SMAP'/:D, (shSpt,) a. Shaped like an ar- row. In botainj, sagittate. AR'Rf)\V-Y, a. "^Consisting of arrows. .Milton. 9. Fonned like an arrow. Cotcper, ARSE, «. (ira,) [Sux. ear.^e ; D. aars ; G. arseh : Persic, ar,fi(, or arst.] The buttocks, ur hind part of an animal. 7'o hang an arse, is to lag behind ; to be sluggish, or tardy, [yalgar.] XRSE'-SMXRT, n. The vulgar name of a species of Polygonum, or knot-gmss. AR'SE-NAL, n. [Sp. Port. Fr. Arm. arsenal; It. arsenate ; a magazine or repository of stores ; in Italian and Spjinish, a dock or dock-yard ; probably L. arz napalis, a naval citadel or reposilorv'.J A repository or magazine of arms and military stores, whetlier for land or naval service. In Enirland, and otJier European countries, a pub- lic esiablishmeiit where naval or niiliUiry engines and equipments are manufactured or stored. P. Cye. AK-Pk'NI-ATE, n. A salt, formed by arsenic acid combined with any base. AR'SEN-ie, n. [Ar. i>vver, and hence of skill. See an analogy in can.] 1. 'I'he disptwJtion or mo', music, and painting. In AiMficx, Btmtum ukI the He|mot vt* miM gtvm up Ate bgr ml* wiak ihe vmtmrt plAuu of tbulj nectwUj. imrif . 3. Business or employmeut ; as, the various arts of life. SvifL 4. Skill, dexterity, or Ihe power of performing certain actions, acquired by experience, study, or obserralion ; as, a nuui has the art of managing liis business to advantage. 5. Cunning ; artifice ; as, ** Animals nmctlce art when opp«i^ to their saporWs In atrength." Crabbt. 6. Punneriy, in an mtMdemitmt jeiuc, tlie orfjr, or the Ucrof mrtSy denoted the sctenees and philuao|i4iy, or the circle i^ academical education ; bonce, de- grees in the arts ; master and bachelor of arU, Jtrt mmd pmrt i in Seais f«0, a term denoting the diarge of eoacriTing a erinioal design a>) wttl as of participadng in the peipelittkMi of the crimm-il act ; said to be an abbreviation of Ihe Laiiu art^ex e( wmrtiermA. AR-TE-SlISlA. 11. A genus of planU of numerous species, including the plants ralkd mugwort, S4»uth- emnrood, and wormwood. Of these the A. Ab^tia- AE thium, or commoa wormwood, Is well known. E-T£'KI-AI^ a. [See AaTsaT.] Ptn:iii aitoy or Ihe arteries ; as, arierm action. % OooCateed tn >■ utery ; as, arterial blood. Aimrial U»q4 dlfl^ from venous blood paiticn- Inrty by its ligblar florid red color, and its greater wsrmth and congulabUtty — chsnges produced by the praeessof ren^ration. XR-Tfi RI-AL-IZ-i'TION, m. The process of making arteriaL Watts, AR-TE'RI-Ab-TZE, r. L To communicate, as to venous biood, \he qualities of arterial blood ; to m.ike arterial. ProuU AR-Tr,'RI-Alx-TZ-fn), py. or «. Made arterial. AR-TE'RI-AI^rZ-LNG, ypr. Rendering arteriaL AR-Tk-RI-OL'O^V, m. [Gr. a^rij^id, artery, and Aoj OS, discourse.J A treatise or dUBCOurse on the arteries. Marviu AR-Tfi-RI-OT'O-MY, h. [Gr. u^n/iia, an artery, and TOfLUt a cutting.J 1. The opening or an artery by a lancet, or other fuFtmrnent for the purpose of letting blood. 3. That port of anatomy which treats of the dis- •eetion of the arteries. AR'TE-RV,*. [Gr. iipriT/)ia,fh>m to be muscu- lar, but now regarded as a peculiar fibrous tissue ; the inner coat, thin, smooth, and dense, confines the blood within its canal, and facilitates its mutlun. Parr, Cyc AR-TE'SIAN, fl. [from Artois, in Fmnce.1 Jbterimi mQs are those which are made by boring faMo the earth, till Ibe fnstrument reacbea wat-.T, which, fhjoi internal pressure, flows spontaaeously like a fountain. ART'FyL,«. [See Aar.] 1. Performed with art or skill. Dngden, S. Artificial, as opposed to satitraL Jukuson. 3. Cunnin? \ practicing art, or stimtagem ; crafly ; as, an artful boy. [ This i$ tke most tuuai sense.] 4. Proceeding {rom art or croflj as, an ar{faZ scheme. ART'FpL-LY,«to. With art, or cunning; skillfully ; deTlrouslv. ART'FJ.'L-'XESS, a. .\rt: craft: cunning; address, AR-THRIT'ie, } AR-THRITie-.M., j * 1. Pertaining to the Joints ; affecting the joints. 9. Pertaining to the gout ; gouty. AR-THRI'TIS, Tu [Gr. a^*^u(r»(, from ao^pov^ a joint.] In a general sen^e^ any inflammation of the joints ; but more particularly^ the goiit, an hereditary, inter- mitting dlsea^, usually Meeting the suiall Joints ; 8ometimf»s the stomach. Cuie. QwtN£y. AR-THRo'Dl-A, ». [from apQaobi. to fmme or artic- ulate.] r r I 1. In enalomif^ a species of articulation, in which the head of one bone is received into the shallow socket of another ; as that of the humerus into the ^noid cavity of the scapula. Encm. ^ In Hotural history^ a genus of imperfect crystals. ART fiuiiMl in complex nia::se9, and forming luii)! single pyramids, with ver>' short and slender columns. Kncye, XR-TTIROD'r€, a. Relating to nrthrodia, which see. AU'Tie. This word is erruneously used by some authors for artiic XR'TI-CHOKE, a, [Q«- the first syllable of Gr, aoTVTiKi. Fr. oTiiehaHt; Ann. ariichauden; Sp. alcciie ; Dan. artiikok.] The Cynnra Scnlymu:*, a plant somewhat resem- bling a thistle, wiih u dilated, imbricated and prickly calyx. The head is lar^e, rough, and scaly, on an tipriglil stalk. It is rom}inscd fk numerous oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on n broad rece^K tade, which, with the tlesliy base i»f tJie scales, la the eatable part of tlie pl:uit. EHcye. Miller. The JernjoUm ATticAiike is a sjtecies of suntlower, (Ileiuutiktu tub, pp. or a. 1. Uttered distinctly in syllables or words. 5. Jninted ; having joints ; as a plant or animal. AR-TIC'U-LATE-LY, adv, 1. With distinct utterance of syllables or w(trds. 9. Article by article ; in detail. Pulfv. XR-'I'I€'U-LATE-NESS, n. The quality of bt-ing articulate. AU-Tie'lJ-LS-TING, ppr. Uttering in distinct syl- lables or words. AR-Tl€-l^-LA'TION, n. 1. In anatomy, the Joining or juncture of the bones. This is of throe kinds: 1st, diarthrosis, or a movable connection, including ennrthrosis, or the ball and socket joint ; arthrodia, which is the same, but more sut»erficial ; ginglymus, or hingo-Iike joint; and tro- choid, or the wheel and axle: 2d, synarthrosis, im- movable connection, as by suture, or junction by serrated margins; harmony, or uniroi, bread, and rvpos, cheese.] One of a sect of heretics, in the primitive church, who celebrated the eurharist with bread and cheese, alletnng that the first oblations of men were not only of the fruit of the earth, but of their tlocks. They admitted females to the priesthood and episcopacy. t^neijc. ARTS'-MAN, n. A learned man. [Ob^.] Sfuik. AR-IJN-DeL'IAN, a. Pertaining Ui Arundel; as, JiraiulfUan marbles. The Anindelian marbles are ancient stones, containing a chronological dt,tail of the principal events of (Jreece, from Cecrops, who lived about l.'iS'J years before Christ, to the archon- ship of Diogneius, before Christ 2«>4. The engraving was done in Parus, and the chronology is called the Parian Chronicle. These stones are called Jlrandel- ian, from the earl of Arundel, who employed VVil- liam Petty to procure relics of antiquity m the East, in 1G24. These, with other curiosities, were pur- chased, and by the earl's grandson presented to the University of Oxford. Their antiquity and even their authenticity have been questioned. Kneye, A-RU.\-DIN-A'CEOUS, a. [L. aru,id», a reed.] Pertaining to a reed ; resembling tlie reed or cane. AR-UN-DIN'E-OUS, a. Abounding with reeds. A-RC'RA, n. [Or. af/uoa.] Literally, as authors sup- pose, a plowed field. According to Herodotus and 8uida<«, the arura of Egypt was a piece of ground fifty feet M|uare. Others make it a square of 100 cubits ; others of 100 feet. The Grecian arura was asquare measure of half the ph^thron. [8ce Aruura.] Kncyc. Herod.^ Euterpe. A-RUS'PEX, n. [h.] A sooth-sayer. Dryden. A-RUS'PICE, n. Written also HASutPin. fL. ariMpei, or harujrpezy a soothsayer, or diviner, who attempted to foretell events by consulting the entrails of beasts slalo in sacrifice. Qu. Teut. or/, yrji Eth. AAX ttrue, cattle, and L. specio, to view.] ASC A priest, in ancient Rome, whose business was to inspect the entrails of victims killed in sacrifice, and by them to furetetl future events. A-RUS'Pl-CY, n. The act of prognosticating by in- spection of tlie entrails of beasts slain in sacrifice. Bialer. AR'VEL, n. A funeral. Oro^e. AS, (az,) adv. [Pars. Lg^,l asa, like, similar, as ; Gr. wf i Qu. Fr. aussi. But more probably the English word is contracted from al^, ti. and D. It corre- sponds in sense with the Persian.] 1. Literally, like; even; similar. "Ye shall be OS Gods, knowing good and evil." " .^g far as we can see," that is, like far, equally far. Hence it may be explained by in like manner; as, do as you are commanded. 2. It was formerly used where we oow use tkoL [Obs.] 3, It was formerly used for as \f. [Obs.] Hff li'-<, (M he him bliw did know. Wa!!er. 4. While ; during ; at the same time. " He trem- bled o-t he spoke." But in most of its uses, it is re- solvable into like, equaly even, or equally, in like man~ ner. In some phrases, it must be considered a nom- inative word, or other words must be supplied. " Appoint to office such men as deserve public con- fidence." This phrase may be elliptical for "such men as those who deserve public confidence." .^;f seems, in some cases, to imply the sense of proportion. " In general, men are more happy, as they are less involved in public concerns," j9.«, in a subsequent part of a sentence, answers to such ; give us such things o.^ you please ; and in a preceding part of a sentence, has so to answer to it ; as with the people, so with the priest. AS, Tu [L.] A Roman weitihl of twelve ounceS| an- swering to the libra or pound. 2. A Roman coin, originally of a pound weight; but reduced, after the first Punic war, to two ounces ; in the second Punic war, to one ounce ; and by the Papirinn law, to half an ounce. It was originally stamped with the figure of a sheep, sow, or ox ; and afterward w^ith a Janus, on one side, and on the re- verse, a rostrum or prow of a ship. 3. An integer; a whole or single thing. Hence the English ace. Hence the Romans used the word for the whole inheritance; hares ex asse, an heir to the whole estate. Kncyc. AS'A ; a corruption of lasar^ an ancient name of a gum. Literally, the healer ; from the Hebrew asa, a physi- cian or healer. Parr. [See Ooze.] Encyc AS-A-DUL'CI.S ; the same as Rxszois. AS-A-FCET'I-DA, ( n. [(wa, gum, and L. fo'tidus. fet- AS-A-FEn-DA, t id.] A fetid inspissated sap, from Persia and the East Indies. It is the concrete juice of a large umbellifer- ous plant, the Ferula assafetida, mucli used in med- icine, ns an antispasmodic. Kncyc. AS'A-RI\, 71. A crystallized substance, restsmbling camphor, obtained from the Asarum Europceum; now called camphor of asarum. A8-HE.S'TI-FORM, o. Having the structure of as- bestus, AS-BE.S'TIXE, a. [See Asbestus.] Pertaining to asbestus, (jf partaking of its nature and qualities; incombustible. AS-BES'TI.N-ITE, n. [See A«bb»tui.] The actino- lite or stralllstein. Kh-wan. Caleifmtus aabestmite; a vaiiety of actinolite, par- tially etJ'.TVescing. Kiriran. A.S-HE8'TU.^, I n. [Gr. aa/^cuTof^ inextinguishable; AS-llES'Toa, f Ola neg. and (/.ieffo/ii, to extin- guish,] A tcnn applied to varieties of hornblende and py- roxene, occurring in long, delicate fibers ; usually of a white or gray color, and also in compact fibrous masses and seams, of greenish and reddish shades. The finer varieties have been wrought into gloves and cluth, which are incombustible. The cloth was formerly used as a shroud for dead bodies, and has been recommended for firemen's clothes. As- bestus is also employed in the manufacture of iron saft^s, and for lamp-wicks. Dana, lAgniform asbeMus is a variety of a brown color, and of a slaty or splintery fracture, and if bniken across, presents on irregular, filamentous structure, like wood. Kirtoan. A«'BO-LI\, n. [Or. anpiAr,.] A yellow, oil-like matter, very acrid and bitter, ob- tained from soot. AS'€A-Rl.^, n. ; pi. As-CAR'i-DEi. [Gr.] In loologij, a genus of intestinal worms. The body Is cylindrical, and tapering at the ends. AS-CEND', r. i. [L. (wccndo, from scando^to mount or climb ; \V. es/pjn, to rise ; cy«, first, chief. It has the same elcmenl« as be^n.) 1. To move upward; to mount; to go up; to rine, whether in air or water, or uixin a material object ASC 2. To rise, in a figurative sense ; to proceed from an infi^rior to a snr)erior degree, from mean to noble objects, from particuhu^ to generals, &:c. 3. To proceed from modem to ancient times ; to recur to funner ages; as, our inquiries ascend to the remoti'st antiquity. '1. In a corresponding sense, to proceed in a line toward ancestors ; as, to ascend to our first pro- genitors. 5. To rise, as a star; to proceed or come above the horizon. 6. In mttsicyio rise in vocal utterance; to pass from any note to one more acute. AS-CEXD', f. U To go or move upward iipon ; as, to ascend a hill or ladder; — or to climb; as, u> ascend a tree. AS-CE.VD'A-BLE, a. That may be ascended. AS-CEND'ANT, n. Superiority, or commanding in- fluence ; as, one man has liie ascendant over another. 2. An ancestor, or one who precedes in geneabigy, or degrees of kindred ; opposed to descendant. 3. Hight; elevation. {^LitUe used.} Temple. 4. In astrology, the horoscope, or that degree of III^ ecliptic whicii rises above the horizon at the time of one's birth ; supposed to have influence on a per- son's life and fortune. Kncyc, That one of the twelve houges of heaven, which at any time is about to rise ; called also the Jirst koiwe. That point of the ecliptic, included in it, which is just rising, is called the horoscope, and the planet, or other heavenly body, which rules in the house, is called lord of the ascendant. The ascendant is considered the strongest house, and is supposed to exercise an especial inlluence on the furtune of a person born at the time. P. Cyc. Hence the phrases to be in (Ae(wcf»t(/an(, denoting, to have commanding power or influence, and lord of the ascendant, denoting one who has possession of such power or influence; as, to rule, for a while, lord of the ascmdant Burke. AS-CEXD'AIVT, a. Superior ; predominant ; surpass- ing. 2. In astrology, above the horizon. AS-CEND'EI},pp. or tt. Risen; mounted up; gone to heaven. AS-CE.\D'EN-CY, n. Power; governing or controll- ing influence. CiiHtom hds an ageetvUna/ over the umlf ntondiiig. WaJU. AS-CEND'ING, ppr. or a. Rising; moving upward; proceeding from the less to the greater ; proceeding from modern to ancient, from grave to more acute. A star is said to be ascending, when rising above the horizon, in any parallel of the equator. .Ascending latitude, is the latitude of a planet, when moving toward ttie north pole. Ascending node, is that point of a planet's orbit, wherein it passes the ecliptic to proceed nortliward. It is- also called the northern node. Ascending vessels, in anatomy, are those which carry the blood upward or toward the superior parts of the body. AS-CEN'SION, (as-sen'shun,) n. [L. ascen^o.] 1. The actor ascending ; a rising. It is fn-quently applied to the visible elevation of our Savior to heaven. 2. The thing rising, or ascending. [Act author- ized.] 3. In o.v(r(»nomy, ascension is either right or oblique. Right ascension of the sun, or of a star, is that degree of the eqiiimjctial, counted from the beginning of Aries, which ris-^s with the sun or star, in a right sphere ; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the (irst [Kiiiit of Aries and that point of the equator that ctunes to the meridian with the sun or star. Oblique ascension, is an arc of the equator, intfrcept- ed between the first point of Aries and that point of the equatur which rises together with a star, in an oblique sphere ; or the arc of the equator inter- cepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the horizon with a star. Johnson. Brande, AS-CEi\'SION-DAY, n. A festival of some Christian churches, held ten days, or on the Thursday but one, before Whitsuntide, in commemoration of our Savior's ascension into heaven, after his resurreo tion ; called also Holy Thursday. Ascensional difference, is the diff"erence between the right and oblique ascension of the same point on the surface of the sphere. Chambers. AS-CE\'SIVE, a. Rising; tending to rise, or cau»- ing to rise. Joum. of Science. AS-CENT', H. [L. asernsits.] 1. Tlie act of rising ; motion upward, whether in air, water, or other fluid, or on elevated objects ; rise ; a mounting upward ; as, the ascent of vapor« from the earth 2. I'he way by which one ascends ; the means of ascending. Bacon. 3. An eminence, hill, or high place. Addison. 4. The degree of elevation itf an object, or the an- gle it makes with a horizontal line ; as, a road haa an ascent of five degrees. 5. Acclivity ; the rise of a hilt ; as, a steep aseeat. TONE, BULL, UMTE.— AN"GER, VI"C10US € a« K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 10 73 =rj=U AS-CES'SANT. J** AcE«t-< AS-CET'IC,«. [Gr. ac^irros, ea ASH AS-CGR-TXIN', c (. [from the U oil eerttun, to a certainty.] 1. To mako certain ; to define or reduce to pr»< dsion, by remoring obscurity or ambigtuty. The dMne Uw esetnahtM xbf iruth. tiaokw. SS. To make certain, by trial, examlnntion, or ct- periment, so aa to know what was before unknown ; as, to oMCrtam the weight of a commodity-, or the pdrttyofaBetaL 3. To make aora by previous measures. [Unusual] The mlnhtrr. ki wJer \o aatmlain ■ imlorHy te ihc llovm of Lank, penuaJed the quem lo weMe twelve orw ^^ 4. To make certain or ronfidcnt, followed bv an objective ami t^; as, to Macerttum ua qf the goodiiesi of our work- [VnusmatJ] Drydem. 5. To fix ; to establish with certainty ; to reader Invariable, and not subject to wilL The irAlnnn and i- bu$>ine^ of lift^, and devoted himself to Ihedutiesof piety and dc\-<>tion ; a hermit ; a recluse. 2. One who pmciices undue rigw and self-denial in religioufl thine< 3. The title of certain books on devout exercises ; as, the Ascetttj of St. Basil. AS^£T1-CISM, a. The state ' of the bt-lly ; a lense, eqtiable swelling of the b<^!ly, witit fluctuation, from a collection of serous fluid in the cavitv of the peritoneum. AS-CIT'ie, ( a. BelonffiuE lo an a^ites; dropsl- AS-CIT'ie-AL, i cal ; hvdropic^il. AS-Cl-TI"TIOU3, (as-si-lisii'u-s) a. [L. oJtiitvs ; Low L. oscititiHs : from a.%i#co, to take to or associate.] Additional; added; supplemental; not inherent or original. Homex bu fam rrcfconrd rn a»titi6oaM matm. Popt, A8-€LE'P1-AD, a. in nnaent pM(nr, a verse of four feet, the fimt of which m a spondee, the second a choriamb, and the last two dactyls ; or of four feet and a CT!?ura, the first a ppondee, the second a dao- ^1, Uien the c«.ntifrs of Procon- sular Asia, who had the superintendence of the public jrames. Acts xix. Milner. A-SI-AT'1€, (a-she-at'ik,) a. Belonging to Asia; a quarter of the globe which extends from the Strait of Constantinople and the Arabian Gulf to the Pa- cific Ocean on iho east. It is probable the name was originaHy appropriated to what is now Asia Minor, or rather a part of it. A-SI-AT^e, n, A native of Asia. A-Sl-AT'I-CISM, n. Imitation of the Asiatic manner. A-f=TDE', ado, [a and side, .See Side.] ASL 1. On or to one side; out of a perpendicular or straight direction. S. At a little distance from the main part or body Thou ihalt Mt atidt tlmi whictt U f'lll. — 2 Kinn^i ir. 3. From the body ; as, to put or lay aside a gar- ment. John xiii. 4. From the contpany ; at a small distance, or In private ; as when speakers utter something by tbem- Bclves, upon the stage. 5. Separate from the person, mind, or attention ; in a state of abandonment. I,pt 111 lay aavit eTPry weight. — Hrb. xli. 6. Out of the line of rectitude or propriety, In a moral view. Thry are all gono tuide. — P«. xiv. 7. In a state of separation to a particular use ; as, to set aside a thing for a future day. To set axide^ in judicial priweedings, is to defeat the effect or operation of, by a subsequent dciA^ion of a su{»erior tribunal ; as, to set aside a verdict or a Judgioent. AS-I\-E'GO, n. [Sp. ojTiico, a little ass.] A foolish fellow. Mason. AS'I-NINE, rarely AS'I-NA-RY, a. [L. asinusi W. asvn, the ass.] Belonging to the ass ; having the qualities of the ass. ASK, r. U [Sax. asdauy acsiaiiy or axian ; D. ei^chent G. heisehen; Ir. aseaim; Gr. a^uiM. Ou. Elh. Anrr asku, to pray or beseech. In foriher times, the English word was pronounced ar, as in the royal style of assenting to bills in parliament. " Be it as it is axed." In Calmuc, asoc signifies to inquire. The sense is lo urge or press.] 1. To request ; to seek to oittain by words ; ip pe- tition ; with u/, in the sense b^'from^ before the pT- son to whom the request is made. Atk counael of God. — Jud^ei xviii. 2. To require, expect, or claim. To whom iHi^n hii»p conimiu^ much, i^f him Ihey will a«fc (ha more. — Liikc xU. 3. To interrogate, or inquire ; to put a question, with a view to an answer. He Is of av9, aak him. — John ix, 4. To require, or make claim. Auk me nevor bo much dowry. — Gen. xxxi*. Pf^i^ H. 5. To claim, require, or demand, as thfr p^jg^ -or value of a commodity ; to sct^^rice ; as, whj do you ask 1 .^* 6. To require, as physteully necessary. - ^ An eitig-nM of stale atkf a iiiucb longer lime lo conduct a do- aijn to nialurity, . *• Ad/Usoa.^ This sense is nearly or entirely obsolete; ask bein^ superseded by re/juire and dmuand. 7. To invite ; as, to ask guests to a wedding or en- tertainment ; ask my frienci to step into the bouse. ASK, T. i. To request or petilioB, followed by for; as, ask for bread ; or without /or. Aik, and it shall be giwrn you. — Matt. tH. 9. To inquire, or seek by request ; sometimes fol- lowed by ajler. Wherefore do« thou adv. [D. schutns, slopingly.] Side- AS-KANT', ) ways ; obliquely ; toward one cor- ner of the eye. MUton, Dryden. ASKfiD, pp. Requested ; petitioned ; questioned ; in- ASK'ER, n. [terrogated. 1. [from ask.] One who asks ; a petitioner ; an inquirer. 2. A water newt. Johnson. A-SKEVV, adv [G. sehief; Dan. skiasv ; D. scJuuf, awry, crooked, oblique.] With a wry look ; a.side ; askant ; sometimes in- dicating scorn, or contempt, or envy. Spenser. ASK'ING, ppr. or a. Requesting ; petitioning ; inter- rogating ; inquiring. a. Silently expressing request or desire. ExpIaJD the atking eye. Pop: A-SLAKE', r. L [Sax. aslacian. See Slack.] To remit ; to slackeji. [JVot in use.] Spenser. AS-LA'NI, n. A Turkish silver coin worth from 115 to 120 aspers. Encyc A-SLANT', a. or adv. [a and slant. See Slant.T On one side ; obliquely ; not perpendicularly or with a right angle. Tlie ihafl drove through his neck (utant. Drydsn. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PEBY- — PIXE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, B(?'pt and Libya, whose bite occasions inevitable death, but without pain. It is said that the celebraled Cleopatra, rather than be carried a captive to Rome by Augustus, suf- fered death by the bile of the asp ; but the fact haa been questioned. Authors are not agreed, to what species the asp of the ancients should be referred. Bruce thinks it the CuUber cerasUs^ Linn. Cuvier con^^idcrs it the Coluber hnje, Linn. AS-PAL'A-THUM, n. The calambac, & \*ariety of the agallochum or aloes-wood ; also, the rose-wood, (Li^am Rfiodium.) Porr. Cye. AS-PAL'A-THUS, n. I. A penim of papilionaceous plants, of the natural order Fabaceie, (class De- candria, Linn.) The species are chiefly natives of tlie Cape of Good Hope. •2. A plant, called rose of JcriLsalemy or our lady*s rose, 3. The rose-wood, {lifrnvm Rhodium,) a frajrrint wood, yieliting an essential oil with the odor of roses; furnished by two species of Convolvulus, (C. jioridita and C. scopanmsy) natives of the Cana- ries. Parr. Cye. AS-PAR'A-OIN, n. A crystallized substance, first dis- covered in the juice of asparagus, the precise nature of which is not settled. AS-PAR-\G'1\-0US, a. Properly, allied to the aspar- agus ; but in hot ticuiturcj denoting plants whose tender shoots are eaten, like those of asparagus. Brands. A9-PAR'A-<;US, 1*. [L. and Gr. ; probably from tTTaioTiTtj, to tear, from its lacerated appearance, or from the root of ffn-cioa, a spire, from its stem.] The name of a genus of plants , and al.«urness ; crabbcduess. Rogers. h. Sharpness. Berkeley. A-SPERM'OUS, a. [Gr. 'i priv. and cnrrp/ia, seed.] In botany, destitute of seeds. ^ , AS PER-NA'TION, n. Disregard ; contempt. AS'PER-OUS, a. [L. asper, rough.] Roueh ; uneven. Boyle, AS-PERSE', (as-pen*',) o. U [L. aspergOy aspersusy of oil split, and spargOy to scatter ; Ar. ->- yp faragCy to divide, scatter. See Class Brg.] 1. To bespatter with fuul reports or false and in- jurious charges ; to tarnish in point of reputation or good name ; to slander or calumniate ; as, to asperse a poet or his writings ; to asperse a character. S. To cast upon. Ileitieood. A8-PERS'ER, n. One that aspcrseii or vilifies an- other. / — - AS-PER'srO\, 71. A sprinkling, bs of water or'ffhst, in a literal senrte. Ukak. 2. The spreading of calumnious reportsor charges, which tarnish reputation, like the bespattering of a body with fdul water ; calumny ; ceijsure. Up. IlalL A8-PERS'0-RY, a. Tending to asperse ; defamatory. AS-PHALT' > ,„ . ^ 1 AS-PHALT'bM.i»- t«- "'^^aXr^f.] Ititumen Juuaicum, Jew's pitch; a smooth, hard, brittle, blufk or brown substance, which breaks with a poliuh, melts easily when heated, and when pure, burns without leaving any ashes. It has little tafte, and scarcely any smell, unless heated, when it emits a strung smell of pitch. It is found in a soft or liquid state on the siirfiice of the Dead Sea, which, from this substance,* is called Ji.-.phaltites, or the Asphaltic Lake. It is found alw in the earth, in man)^ parts of Asia, Euro[H!, and America. Fornierly, it was used for embalming dead bodies ; the solid asphalt- um is still employed in Arabia. Egypt, and Persia, instead of pitch, for ships ; and the tluid ai^phaltum is used for varnishing, and for burnin: in lamps. It Is also used for pavement in streets. A K(»ecips found in Neufchatel is found excellent as a cement for walls and pavements ; very durable in air, and not penetrable by water. A comiiosition of as[ihalt- um,lamp-bbirk,andoil of spike, or turpentine, is used for drawing black figures on dial plates. J^TieAoUoTu ASP AS-PHALT'IG, a. Poitaiuing to asphultum, or con- taining it; bituminous, .Milton. AS-PH.\LT'ITE, a. Pertaining to or containing aa- phaltum. Bryant. fVilJ'urd, AS-PHALT'US, n. Asphaltum. N.tphtha and Atyftoltut, Milton. AS'PHO-DEL, n. [L. asphodetus ; Gr. na^l.o^eXof See Theoph. lib. 7. Plin. lib. 21. 17. Perhaps it is from the root of spud; Dan. spyd; Sw. spiut; Ice. spiocty a spear, from the shape of its leaves.] The common name of different species of the genus Asphodelus ; cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. The ancients planted asphodels near graves, to supply the manes of tlie dead with nourishment* Encyc. Johnson. AS-PHU-RE-LA'TA, ti. [Gr. a priv. and look asquinL 3. Not with regard or due notice. Fox, X.SS, n. [yy. asyn ; It. amm ; L. aainus : Fr. Aie. tor mtne ; Arm. lnr, with a black bar across the shoulders. The tame or domestic ns* is patient to stupidity, and carrit^-s a heavy burden. He is slow, but vcr>- sure- footed, anil for tliis reamtn vor)' u^>ful on rough, steep 2. A dull, heavy, Ktupid fellow ; a dull. [bills. AS-^A FET'i-DA,' N. See AtAtariDA. jSS-SJit't [li:»I-] In music, an augmentative adverb c^en joined to a word Imiiraling the niuvemenl of an air or other cotnpositiun ; as, lar^o a<^Mi, ver>' slow ; frtsto iLuai, \kT\ quick. Roiissrau^ DUt. Mua. AS-S-SIL', r. L [Fr. lusailUr. from I- assUiOy to leap or rush t^pon, of ad and .in by violence ; to a^tsaull ; to attack sutluenly. as when one person falls upun aoother to beat uim. 8. To ionde or attack, in a hostile manner, as an anny, or nation. Spetisrr. 3. To attack with arpiiments, cen««ure( abuse, or criticism, with a view to injure, briug into disre- pute, or overthrow. 4. To attack with a view to overcome, by motives •pidled to the pa»kma. Nor bMle Ibe enonmmf almtmUng tym. SMak. AS^XFL'A-BLE, «. That may he aoaUed, attacked, or invad*:d. AS-SAIL'ANT, «. [Fr. astaiiamu] One who amiU, attncks, or a*«attlt^. AS-SAIL'ANT, a. Assaulting; attacking; Invading with violence. A9-8AiL'f:D, (as-aaild',) pp. Assaulted ; invaded ; atLirked with violence. AS-STTT.'F.T:. h. One who assails. A> npr. Assaulting^ invading by force; vjtilcnce. A> > i t *(• Attack; particularly, an attack of ■.l:--i-'-. IM:U usfii.] . Johnm/n. Af^A-PAN'l^, a. The flyhig K|uiml; an animal which tlies a little distance by extending Ibe skin between ibe fore and hind legs, [dee B^t;faRat.} Diet, Trrvoux. A5'SA-R0X, a. The omer, a Hebrew measure of five pints. Eitefc* A&-SART', m, [OJd Fr. MMtuirr^ to umb np.] 1. In amciemt laws^ the odeniie of grubbing up trees, and thus de^ruying thickets or coverts of a forest. Spebmam. OhmL % A tr^ plucked up by the roots ; also, a piece of land cleared. JSsk, AS-SART', a. t. To grub up trees ; to commit an AS-SAS'aCi,n. [Ar. ,j«j^ A«sa, to kUK] One who kills, or attempts to kill, b>' mrprise or secret assaalL The circumstance of tmr^ri** or merta/ seems essential lu the sigititication of this word, tbou^ it is sometimes used to denote one who takes any advantage, in killing or attempting to murder: as, by attacking one when unarmed. AS-SAS'SIN-ATE, v. L To kUI, or attempt to kill, by — rp r toe or secreC assault ; to murder by sudden vio- tence. Jitmnin, as a verb, is not now used, a. To w^lay ; to take by treachery. Milton. AaSAS'SIN-ATE, a. A murder or murderer. [AW used.] B. Jomson. Dn/dat. AS-SAS'SIN-A-TED, fp. Murdered by surprise or secret assanlt. AS-SAS'StiV-A-TlNG, ^r. Murdering by surprise or secr^ assault. AS^-\S-g!IX-ATTON, a. The act of killing or mur- dering, by surprise or secret assault; murder by violence. AS-SAS'8lX-A-TOR, a. An assassin ; which see. AS-SASSIX-OUS, a. Murderous. {JVot used,] AB-SAS'SlSi, n, pL In S^ia^ a tribe or clan called Ismaelia is, Batanlsts, or Batenians. Thpy originated in Persia about the year lOtW ; whence a colony mi- grated ait 1 i^ettled on the mountains of Lebanon, and were ren arkable for their assa^inaiion^ Their religion >\as a compound of Magianif^m, Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedism. One article of their creed was, that the Holy C-pirit r(«»id!'d in their chief^ and that his orders proceeded frum God himself. He was called Sheikh al jfbd, lord or senior of the mountain, but is better known by the denomination of old man oft^ nunaOmn. This barbaruu^ chieflain and his followers spread terror among nations far and ASS near, for almost two centuries, when the tribe was subdued by £^tile words or measures ; as, an tusautt upon tlie prerogatives of a prince, or U]>on a constitution of government. 3. In laiCj an unlawful setting upon one's person ; an attempt or oiler U> beat another, wilhuut touching his p'Tson ; as, by liAlug the fist ur a cane, in a threatening manner, or by striking at him, and niiss- iug him. If ihe blow aimed takes etTect, it is a battrty. Blac-k.'^tone. Finch. .\S-SAL'LT', r. ^ To attack or full U[K>n by violence, or with a hostile iutentiun ; as, to assault a man, a house, or town. • 2. To invade or fall on with force ; as, the cry of war assaults our ears. 3. To attack by words, arguments, or unfriendly measures, with a \iew to shake, impair, or over- throw ; as, to assault a cltaracter, tlie taws, or the ndmtnist ration. AS-SAL'LT'A-BLE, a. That may be assaulted. frUliams. AS-SACLT'ED, pp. Attacked with force, arms, vio- lence, or hostile views. AS-SAULT'ER, n. One who assaults, or violently attacks. AS-SACLT'IXG, ppr. Attacking with force, or with ho«iUe measures. AS-SAY',« [Ft. essai; Sp. ensayo ; Port, nnsaio ; It. Mtigfioy an oMoy i Fr. easayT, to try ; old Fr. es.ioycr, to endeavor. KelAam^s Srorm, DicL II. tissafrgiare, to try ; sa^f itre, to tr>', essay ; Sp. ensayar^ to try ; Sw. /ursoAo, to tr\- ; Dan. for^/re, to try, examine, endeavor. These words are all from the same root as ««*, the radical sense of which is, to follow, to urge, (vess, or strain ; Sax. sccan^ to seek ; 1). loeken ; U. tud>«n i Sw. S0ka : Dan. aif^e ; L. gequor^ assrqttor^ to follow, to examin^; Ir. seicAJm ; It. seguire ; Up. so- fHtr. to follow, .^ssay and ejisay are nidically one won! ; but modern usage has appropriated assay to ex- periments in metallurgy, and essay Ut intelleclual and bodily eiTorfs. Class i?e. See Essav.] 1. The determination of the quantity of any par- ticular metal in an ore, or other niet.illic com^mund alloy ; or more especially the detemiinatiun of the quantity of gold or silver in coin or bullion. Analysis is the detennination of the nature and proportions of all the ingredients of a compound. Assaying is called the docimastic art. P, Cyc. Eneyc. 2. The siibs^tince to be assayed. Ure. 3. In law, an examination of weights and measures b>" the sLindard. Coicel. 4. Examination ; trial ; cflVirt ; first entrance upon any bu^siness ; attempt. In these senses, which are found in old authors, now rarely used, [see Essat.] 5. Value. [Obj,] PouU and prtckius stones ofgr^Al assay. Sptnstr. AS-SAY',r. (. 1. To determine the amount of a partic- ular metal in an ore, alloy, or other metallic compound. 2. Figuratively^ to apply to, as to tlie touchstone. Miltun. AS-SAY', e. t. To attempt, try, or endeavor. He assayed to go. — I Sam. zvii. [/■ this sense Essat is note used.] AS-SAY'-BAL'.\XCE, n. A balance used in the process of assaying. A3-SAY'£D, pp. Examined ; tested ; jvoved by ex- periment. AS-SAV'ER, n. One who examines metallic ores or compounds, for the purpose of determining the amount of any particular metal in the same, particularly of gold or silver. .\n officer of the mint, whose busi- ness is to determine the amount of gold or silver in coin or bullion. A8-KAY'-FUR'XACE, a. A furnace used in the pro- cess of assaying. (/re. .\S-:?A V'lXG,' n. The determination of the amount of any particular metal in a metallic compound. [See AsSAT.l AS-f?AV'lNG, ppr. Trying by some standard i exam- ininp by experiment, as metals ; proving ; attempting. AS^aV'-MAS'TER, 71. An at^sayer ; an oflicer ap- pointed to determine the amount of gold or silver in coin or htillion. AS-.SK€-TA'TI0X, n. Attendance or waiting upon. Ai?-SE-€OR'AXCE, n. Assurance, [JVot used.] Sheldon. AS.SE^U-RA'TIOX, a. Assurance; a making sure. [M-ot used.] Bp. Hail. ASS AS-SE-eORE', V. L To make sure. [Abf used.] Bulloicar. AS-SE-eO'TION, n. [l^ asaeqwr.] An obtaining or acquiring. Ayl\ffi AS^E.M'IJLACE, n. [Fr. See Assemble.] 1. A collection ot^ individuals, or of particular things i the state of being a-iseinWed. Thomson. a. Rarely, the act of assembling. AS-SE.M'ltLAXCE, n. Representation ; an assem- bling. [Jv'ct in use."^ Shuk. Spmsir. A9-SEM'BLE, v. L [Fr. assejnbler ; Sw. samlaf Dan. eamle ; D. zamdcn; Ger. sainmeln, to assemble. L. simul ; Dan. sammrn ; D. lameitj together.] To collect a number of individiinis or particulars into one place or body ; to bring or call together ; to conveuR ; to congregate. AS-SEM'BLE, r. i. To meet or come together; to convene, us a number of individuals. AS-SE.M'BLKD,;ip. Collected intoa body; congregated AS-SE.M'ltLKK, n. One who assembles. AS-SEM'ULI\G, ppr. Coming together; collecting into one place. A8-HEM'BLIXG, tu A collection, or meeting to- gether. Heb. X. AS-SE.\I'RLV, n. [Sp. asamblea ; It. assamblea ; Fn assembUe.] I. A company or collection of individuals, in the same place ; usually fur the same purpose. "■2. A congregation or religiouH society convened. 3. In a cifil or politicai sense ^ a meeting convened by authority, for the transaction of public business ; as, the assemblies of the Roman people ; the assembly of the States-General, and tiie Xational .^jf^mt^/?/, in Fmnce. ,4, In some of the United Statrs^ the legislature, con- sisting of ditierent houses or branches, whether in session or not; more usually cuHfd the Generul As- sembly, In some states, the popular branch, or House of RepreseuLitives, is denominated the ./i^»/iMy. [See the constitution of tJie several stales.] 5. A collection of persons for amusement; as, a dancing assembly. 6. A convocation, convention, or council of min isters and ruling elders, delegated from each presby- tery ; as, the General Assembly of Scotland, or of the United States. Encyc 7. In ar/Hit.^, the second beating of tlie drum be fore a march, when the soldiers strike their tents. Ettcyc, 8. An assemblage. [JVof m use.] Primary assembly ; » meeting of the people or loffal voters in a lt>wn, city, or other district, who a| anj propoulion, oa the credit of thr pro- poser. Locke. 2. Consent ; agreement to a proposal, respecting some right or interest; as, the biil before the house has xhe assent of a great majority of the members. The distinction between assent and consent seems to be this : assent is the agreement to an abstract proposition. We assent to a statement, but we do not consent to it. Consent is an agreement to some proimsal or measure which affects the rights or in- terests of the consenter. We consent to a proposal of marriage. This distinction, however, is not always observed. [See Comsest.] Assent is an act of the understanding; consent is an act of the will. So Baxter speaks of justifying faith as the assenting trust of the understanding, and the consenting trust of the will. Short Meditations. 3. Accord ; agreement. 2 Chron. xviii. Royal assent ; in Enu-Ltnd, the assent of the sove- reign to a bill which has passed both houses of par- liament, given in the House of Lords, either in p^'rson or bv commissioners. P. Cyc. AS-SEXT' r. L To admit as tnie ; to agree to, yield, or concede, or rather to express an agreement of the mind to what is alleged or proposed. The JfWi aUo atieated, nying iha,t the«: things were lo. — Acta ft is sometimes used for consent^ or to express an agreement to something affecting the rights or in- terest of the person assenting. But to asseiu to the - marriage of a daughter, is less correct than to consent, AS-SE.\T-A'TIOX, n. [L. asscntatio, from assentor, to comply.] Compliance with the opinion of another, from flattery or dissimulation. Che^terjield, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — M£TE, PRfiY.— PIXE, MARtXE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, Wcertain, 't'IU.\, n. A sitting down by a person. [JV"u( u.frd.] AS-SES'RIOV-A-RY, a. Pertaining to assessors. AS-SESS'M£,NT, n. A valuation of properly or profits of bu^mess, for the purpose of taxation. An aj^tds- ment is a valuation made by authorized persons ac- cording to tlieir discretion, as opposed to a sum cer- tain or determined by law. It is a valuation of the property of those who are to (ifiy the lax, for the pur- purtv of fixing the pro[NirtioQ which each man shall pny ; on which valuation the law imposes a specific sum upon a given amount. * Blttdistone, Lates of the United States. 3. A tax or specific sum charged on persons or property. 3. The act o' aascssing ; the act of determining the amount of damages by a jury. AS-SCSi$'OR, It. One appointed to assess the person ur property. 2. An inlferlor officer of juntlee, wbo sits to assist the judge. Encyr.. 3. In England, persons chosen to assist the mayor and aJdennen of corporations. In matters cimceruing elections. Brandc. 4. One who slta bf another, as next in dignity. jMilLon. AS-SES^-aiVRI-AL, 0. Pertaining to assessors, or a court of assemoTB. Coxe. Aii'SETS, lupL [Fr. omcz, enough ; It. luwi, enough, or many ; Ir. *«/A, sufficiency ; mnadh^ satisfaction ; L. tat. salUf enough.] 1. Goods or estate of a deceased prson, subject by law lu the payment of his debts and legacies ; called OMfLff because sufficient to rendf;r the executor or administrator liable to the creditors and legatees, so far an such gtjotis or estate may extend. Asseta are real or pcraonai : real a.erty to, and vest it in certain jiersona, culled assignees^ for the benefit'M'ire'lilors. 5. I'm '^^' In particular; as, to o^jfTt a reason l i^t. fi. To )'• -jfcify; as, to a5.»i57i errors. AS-f ,\ 1 , n. 1. In French lair, the as?!ignment of an annuity (nmcr) on an estate, by which the annuity is based on the security of the latter. Hence, 2. Paper curr-ncy, issued by the revolutionary fiovernmenl of France, based on the security of the ands of the state. AS-SIG-NA'TION, n. An appointment of time and place fi.r meeting; used chiefly of love meetings. 2. A making over by transfer of title. [See Aa- •lOTtMKRT.] Tooke uses bankrostigrtationa, 1 ASS AS-SIGN'/'^D, pp. or a. ApiMintcd; allotted; made over; shmvn or designated. AS-SIGN-eE', 71. A person to whom an assignment is made ; a [lerson appc-iinted or deputed by anottier to do some an, p'i f«v criminal cases. The commission of assise originally directed the judges to take assizes, cv the verdicts of a par- ticular jury called rhe OMiie^ now obsolete. P. Cfc 3L A juty. In this sense the word was applied to the grand assize, for the trial of property, and to the petty a^tze, fur the trial of poamsion. In SeotUitdy the assise consists of filteen men, sd«ct«Nl from a l^ealer number. 4. A writ; as, an essize ^ mntHi$»tuUy which is giren to rectnrer the prweaiioa of lands, tenemenu, nats, conunoo, ^c^ of which the tenant bos been lately d i ais is ed ; *mx« ^ smtC d*aMe«tor, which lies afainst an ahaior, who enten upon land aHer the death of the ancestor, and before the heir enters ; asms ef darrm prtwjmtmmtf or last presentation, which lies afaliHt a atranger who presents a clerk to n benefice, mm the petsno. who hinueifl or his an- caMor, lasl befise presented. BladuLmf. 5. A particular species of rents, established and not auttject to be varied. Eng* ^tc. G. Tbetimewplaoeof holding the Court of AMLze; generally in the plural, agsizes. 7. In « SMTS ftrntnU mkm, any tribunal or court of jttstice. 8. A statute, or ordinance, generally ; as, the «*- sizes of the realm j the OMoei tf As fvrmtj rules and regulations fi>r the manageosent of the ruyal forests ; asms ^ oral*, a statute of Uen. II. for arming the fcifJQM ; the asMxss «r .Anvsalaa, a code of feudal laws firmed by the crusaders for their kingdom uf Joitsalem. 9. A statute of reflation ; an ordinance repi- lating the weight, measure, and price of articles sold in nirket ; and hence the word came to signify tJte It, meadnrr,orprice tieelf; as, the ossiu of bread. Speimatu Omeel. Emcfc MMk^ome. IQL Aa ordinance fixing the standara of weights 9a4 Measures; hence, the «tandard weights and ■eaaurea ; as, the cii»tody of the swizs. Blmdutane. II. Measare; dimension. [In this sense, now cor- rupted into 8ixx, which aee.] Xa tauudnd culata Uf^ hj JiuK msslM, Sp enst r. AS-SIZE', r. L To fix the weight, measure, or price ef cocninoditiee, by an onliuanc* or regmation of authority. ^ 9- To fix the rate of: to aaseaa, aa taxes. BumfTM. AS-SIZ'£D, ^. Regulated in weight, measure, or price, by an assize or ordinance ; aaseased. AS-i^IZ'ER, «. An officer who has the care or inspec- tion of WKigUts and m >.X3ur>'-i>. Ckambrr$, AS-*;nC'OR, ». In &:«//afi< a juror. Baiie^, AS£i'-LtKE, a. Resembling an aas. SAneu. A5-5d'B£R, r. L [iSee s»oB£a.J To make or keep sobT. [.\V( iwfrf. [ Quierr. AS-«>0-CIA-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of iK-ing capa- ble of a^ociatiou ; the quality oi sutTering suiiie change by synipoiby, or of beiti* slfecitd by the aif:^tions of antxher part of the h<>dv. />anruu AS-t^O'CIA-BLE:, (a»-«o'sha-We.) [?*ee* Associatk.] I. That may be joined to or associated. S. Sociable ; companionable. 3. In a m^ual «e«.o'CIATE, r. i. 1. To unite in com[wny ; to keep company, imply- ing intimacy ; aa, congenial minds are disposed to mxiociaU. 3. To unite in action, or to be aAected by the action of a different part of the bodv. Danpin. A&^O'CIATE, a. 1. Joined in interest or purpose j confederate. Milton. % Joined in em;doyment or office ; a.«, an associate judge. 3. In me^amtj connected by habit or sympathy ; as, associate motions, such as occur sympattietically, in consequence of preceding motious. Darwiiu AS-SO'CIATE, n. 1. A companion ; one frequently in company with ASS another, iinjilying intimacy or equality; a mate; a tVlIuw. 5. A partner in interest, as In business ; or a con- federate in a leaswc. 3. A conifianion in a criminal transaction; an acrnniplice. AS-S6'C1A-TED, pp. United in company or in in- terest ; joined. AS-^O'CIATE-SHIP, n. The state or office of an ositoctate. Encije.y art. hcttmiltis. AS-SO'CIA-Tf.VG, ppr. Uniting in company or In interest ; joining. AS-,'*(>-CI-A'TIOX, n. 1. The act of associating; union; connection of persons. 2. Union of persons in a company ; a society formed for transacting or carryinc on some business for mutual advantage ; a partnership. It is ollcn ap- plied to a union of stales, or a confederacy. 3. Union of things ; apposition, as of particles of matter. 4. Union or connection of ideas. An asxoeiation of tJras is where two or more ideas conMantly or naturally follow each other in the mind, so that one almost infallibly produces the otlier. Enaje, 6. An exertion or ctiange of some extreme part of the sensoriutu residing in the muscles or oralis of sense, in consequence of some antecedent or attend- ant (iiirous contractions. Dantin. 6. Ainung Conj^eg-ationalisU^ a society of the cler- gy, consit^ting of a number of pastors of neighboring churches, united for promoting the interests of re- ligion and the hnriiiony of tlie churches. A^-J?0-<'l-A'TiO.\-AL, a. Pertaining to an associa- tion of rieromen. AS-.50'ClA-TiVE, a. Having the quality of associ- ating, or of being affected by sympatliy. Darwin. MUlrr. AS-SO'CIA-TOR, n. A confederate. Dryden. rA»90ciATK is now used.] Ag-SOIL', r. /. [Old Fr., from L. a&.»o/ro.] To solve; U> release ; to absolve. [06ji.1 Taylor. Bacon, AS-SOIL', c. L [Fr. souiUer.] To "soil; to stain. \Obs.l Ais-SOiL'MEXT, a. Act of assoiling ; absolution. More. Speed, A8'SO-NA\CE, ji. [Fr., from L. ad and suno, to sound. See Souwd.J Resemblance of sounds. In rhetorie and poetry, a concurrence of words or tines, terminated by sounds, approximating to, but not concurring in a rhyme. Eiieyc. Mcth. AS'SO-\A\T, a. Having a resemblance of sounds. in Spanish poetrv, o.v.-'U'taMt rAy»i»are those in which a resemblance ol' sounds serves instead of a natural rhyme; as, /j>rra, tierra. These rtM^uire only the same vowel in the last or two last sylhibles, without any concurrence; of consonants as in rhyme. AS-80RT', p. L [Fr. assurer ; It. assorttre; of a/l and sortiTf sortire, to sally forth, and in It. to draw lots. See SoBT.] 1. To separate and distribute into classes things of the like kind, nature, or quality, or things which are suited to a like purpose. It is sometimes applied to persons as well as things. 2. To furnish with all sorts. Burk^. AS-SORT', r. t. To agree ; to be In accordance with ; to suit. Mitford, AS-SORT'ED, pp. or a. Distributed into sorU, kinds, or classes. 2. Furnished with an assortment, or with a vari- ety ; as, a Wf\l-a3.erson into heaven. Hence, in the Roman Catkolic and Greek churches, a festival in honor uf the miraculous ascent of the Virgin iMary into heaven. Enryc. 7. Adoption. Warton. AS-SU.MP'TIVE, a. That is or may be assumed. Jis- sumptivr. arms, in heratdnj, are such as a person has a right, with the approbation of his sovereign, and of the heralds, to assume, in consequence of an exploit. En eye, AS-SUMP'TIVE-LY. adv. Bv way of assumption. AS-SOR'ANCE, (as-*hur'ans,) 71. [Fr., from assurer, of ad and sttr, seur, sure, certain. Cln. the Rab. and Talm. 1B?N to make finn, confirm, verify ; or is seur the G. iwar, from the root of I*, verus; more probably it is from It. sieurare, assicurare, to insure, from L. seeurus.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WH.^T. — M£TE, PRgV PL\E, MARLVE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 7% ~ AST I. The act of assurinc, or of making a dectamtion in tenns that furnish ground of confidence; as, I trusted to Uis assarauers ; or the act of furnishing any ground of full confidence. 2. Firm persuasion ; full confidence or trust ; free- dom from doubt j certain expectation -j the utmost certainty. Lei us draw near wiih a true heart, in ftiH atmrnTtct of fnith. — Ileb. X. 3. Firmness of mind ; undoubting steadiness ; in- trepidity. Erarc mi»n mt^t danp!r with a#»uranc«. KnoHet. A. Excess of boldness; impudence; as, his assur- ance is intolerable. 5. Freedom from excessive modesty, timidity, or bo^hfulness ; laudable contideTice. CoDTiTsition with the world will ^ve ih^rn Imowled^f nnd o#- tiiraii^e, Lockt. 6. Insurance ; a contract for the payment of a sum on occasion of a certain event, as loss or death. Re- cently, asguranee has been used, in Enjjland, in rela- tion to life contingencies, and insurance, in relation to other contingencies. [See I.xsurance.] P. Cyc. 7. Any WTitten or other lejial evidence of the con- veyance of prtiperty. In Kngland, the lepul evidences of the conveyance of property are called the common a»surancfs of the kingdom. Blackstont. 8. Conviction. TilfuUmu 9. In theoloa^ij, full confidence of one's interest in Christ, and of nnal satvatjim. AS-SCRE', (ash-share',) r. f. [Fr. assurer. See A»- SURANCE.] 1. To make certain ; to give confidence by a prom- ise, declaration, or other evidence ; as, he assured me of his sincerity. 2. To confirm ; to make certain or secure. And U ahftll be atrwrtd to him. — t^v. zxrit. 3. To embolden ; to make confident. And hereby we ahail tuturt our hcarU before him, — I John ill. 4. To make sure, with of before tlie object secured ; an, let me be a.'tsured of your fidelity. 5. To affiance ; to betroth. [0l>8.] ShaJi. 6. To insure ; to covenant to indemnify for loss. [See IxsuHE.] AS-SCR'KD, (ash-shurd',) pp. Made certain or confi- dent ; made secure ; Insured. AS-fifR'FA), (ash-shurd',) a. Certain; indubitable; not doubting ; bold to excess. Bacon. Shak. AS-SiCR'ED-LV, (aah-shur'ed-ly,) adv. Certainly ; in- dubitably. Atsurtdly ti\j won Solomon diall ret^. — I Kinga i. A8-SCR'ED-.NESS, (rwh-shur'ed-nefw,) n. The state of being assured ; certainly ; full confidenre. Jlakneill. AS-SCR'ER, i». One who assures ; one who insures against Iciss ; an insurer or underwriter. A9-SL'R'GE\T, a. [L. assurgens, ajtnir^o.] In bijtnnt/, rising upward in a curve from n declin- ing base. MarUpu AS-WPIl'ING, (ash-shQr'ing,) ppr. Making sure or confident; giving security ; confirming; insuring. AS-SCR'I.\(>-LY, adv. In a way to create assurance. AS-SWACE'. See Assuaoe. AS-SYR'I-AX, a. Pertaining to Assyria. AS-TXR T£, R. Ashtoreih, a goddess of the Bidoni- ans ; the same as Ventks of the Romans. AS'TE-ISM, n. [Or. arti- 5, beautiful, p<)lite.] In rhftorie^ genteel irotiy ; a polite and ingenious mann'^r of deriding another. Kncyc AS'TEK, a. [(Jr. aTnc-] A genus of plants, with compound flower^, many of which are cultivated for their beauty, particularly the China A»leT. Th*; specii-s are very numerous. A8-TE'RI-AS, n. [Gr. arn^, a star.] iittella marina, sea-stir, or star-l'ish ; a subdivision or family of radiate animals, characterized by a sub- orbicular, depressed body, divided into rays, usually five in numb'_-r, with a mouth below, at the renter. The rays vary, in length and f(»rm, in dift'^rent spe- cies, from simple saliL-nl ancb's, to very long, and, in some «|wcips, minutclv ramified processes. AS-TE'R!-A-TEI>, a. [Supra.] Radiated ; presenting diverging rays, like a star ; as, a^tn-iaie-d sapphire. Cl^anrlancl. A8'TBR-ISK, n. [Gr. areptanot, a linlc star, from arn'^t * *tAr.] The figure of a star, thus, *, used in printing and writing as a n^ferencp to a passage or note In the mar- gin, or to fill the space whi^n a name, or part of a name, is omitted. A8'TER-I?M, n. [Gr. arc/>'fffio(, a Utile star, from aTnff, a siar.] 1. Formerly^ a con ''tell at ion ; as now used, a small cluster of stars, either iucludcd or not in a constella- tion. P. Cye. a. An asterisk, or mark of reference. {Thts is Usa A-8TERN', adv. [o, or at, and attrm. See Sterw.] AST 1. In or at the hinder part of a ship , or toward the hinder part or backward ; as, to go astern. 2. Behind a ship, at any indefinite distance. Mar. Diet. AS'TER-OID, n. [Gr. a^r,n, a star, and ai' ?, form.] A name given by Her^chel to the four newly-dis- covered planets between the orbits of Mars and Ju- piter. A firth, Jistri£a, has since been discovered. AS-TER-OllVAL, c. Resembling a star ; or pertain- ing to tiie asteroids. Junrn. of Scimcf. AS-TER-C)-Po'DI-U.M, n, [Gr. oti^, a star, and jtuvj, jTo^tij, a foot.] A kind of extraneous fossil, of the same substance with the astrite, to which it serves as the base, Eneijc A-STERT', V, L To startle. \JVot in use.] Spenser. AS-THEX'ie, a. [Gr. priv. and (rSfi-os, strength.] In medicine, weak ; characterized by debility. AS-THE\-OL'0-GY,n. [Gr. a priv , adevo^^ strength, and Xoj-'K, discourse.] The doctrine of diseases connected with debility. ASTH'MA, (a-st'ma,) n. [Gr. .ipfl,.a.] [Coif. A chronic, paroxysmal, and intermittent disease of respiration ; the paroxysms exarerbating and remit- ting ; tlip inspirations, during the attack, fuller and more fnquent than natuml, but with a sensation of want of air, accompanied by jMileness of the skin and lividness of the lips. The t*'rm is also often ap- plied to any chronic difficulty of breathing. ASTJI-MAT'IC, It, P( riaining to asthma ; also, affect- ed by asthma; as, an asthmatic patient. ASTIl-MAT'ie, n. A person troubled with asthma. • ArbuOinot. AS-TIP'TJ-LATE, for Stipulate. \ r ... ■ „„ , AS-TI_P-T--LA'TIO\, for Stipulation^. \ l-^'^' '" «-'^] A8-To\E', \v.t. [See A9To?(i9H.] To terrify, or as- AS-TO\'Y, i tonish. [Obs.] Chaucer. AS-TO\'f:i) \ pp. ox a. Astonished. [Obs.] AS-TO.\'U:n, i Spenser. Milton, AS-TO.\'ISII, o. t. [Old Fr. e.^fonner, now it^nner; T*. atUmo, to astonish ; ad and tvno. !?ax. jrcjitun, noise, and .ttu/tian, to stun ; G. stauneni Arm. eston^ won- derfully. The primarj- sense is, to stop, to strike dumb, to fix. See Tove and Stu?«.J To stun, or strike dumb with sudden fear, terror, surprise, or wonder ; to amaze ; to confound with some sudden passion. I, Duniel, WM attomthtd at the riaien. — Dan. *iii. AS-TON'ISH-ED, fas-ton 'isht,) pp. or a. Amazed; confounded with fear, suri'rise, or admiration. AS-TO.\'iSH-I\G,ppr. Amazing; confounding with wonder or fear. AS-TON'I.SH-ING, a. Very wonderful ; of a nature to excit;- nrr-iit admiration or am;izenient. AS-TUN'I.SH.|\G-LY, ado. In a manner or degree to excite amazement. Bp. Fleetwood. AS-TON'ISII-ING-NESS, n. The quality of exciting astonishment. AS-TON'lSH-ME\T, n. Amazement; confusion of mind from ft-ar, surpriie, or admiration, at an extra- ordinary or unexpected event. AS-TOU\D' V. L [fn.m Old Fr. estonnrr.] To astonish ; to strike dumb with amazement. AS-TOIT\n'En, pp. .\stonished to dumbness. AS-TOUND'l\G ppr. Astonishing. 9. a. Adapted to astonish. AS-T0UN1)'ME.\T, 7i. Amazement. Coleridge. A-STRAD'DLE, adv. [a and slraddtr. See Straddle.] With the legs across a thing, or on ditTerent sides ; ns, to sit astratldle. aI'tu'I'.V i "• t"'- "=■'"'' » ""•] 1. The goddess of justice. A name sometimes pven to the sign Virno. The poets feign that Jus- lice quitted heaven, in thr^ golden age, in reside on earth ; but becoming weary with the iniquities of men, she rt turned to heaven, and comn»cnced a con- stullation of stars, Kncyc. 2. A small planrt, discovered in Dec. 181.5, revolv- ing rtMind the sun In l.'ilO days, and belonging to tlie group sometimes call'-d asteroiil.'i. 3. A s|)ecie3 of coral /.tn^phv tcs, of a rounded form, and covered, when aliv<-, with anirnat tlowers. AS'TRA-GAL, w. [Gr. iir;'a>aAof, a turning joint, vertebra, spondylns.] 1. In iirfhiirriurr, a little round molding which sur- rounds the top or iMittom of a column, in the form of n ring ; repre*>enting a ring or band of iron, to pre- vent the splitting of the column. It is often cut into beads or berries, and is used in ornamented entabla- tures to separate the several faces of the architrave. Kncyc. Q, In gunnery, a round molding on a cannon near the moiiih. Kncyc AS-TRA(;'A-I-US, n. fL.] I. In anatomy, tlie iiiirkle, ankle, or sling bone ; the upper bone of that part of the ff»ot called the tar- au.-t, supporting the tibia. Core. 3. A genus of papilionaceous plants, of the natural order Fabacete, containing numerous species, some of which are called, in Englwh, milk-vetch and liffuorice-velcfu Giini tragaranth is obtained from different species, particularly the j9. vcrus. AST AS'TRAL, a. [I., astnt-m : Gr. ns"»?p, a star.] Beioncine to the stars ; starry. Drydcn. AS'TRAL-LA.MP, n. An Arpand lamp, in which the oil is contained in a vessel in the form of a flattened ring, obliquity inclined outward and downward. and surinoutitf'd by a flattened hemispherical ground glass; the whide arrangemf:iil designed to throw a strong and uninterrupted light on the table below. A-STRAY', ade. [a and stray. See Strat.I Out of the right way or proper place, both in a lit- eral and figurative sense. In morals and religion, tl signifies wandering from the path of rectitude, from duty and happiness. Beforf I wat afflicted, 1 went astray. — Pa. cxix. Cattle go astray when they leave their proper own- ers or inciosures. See DeuL xxii. AS-TRk'A, 71. See A9Tra:a. AS-TRICT', r. t [L. astringo, astrictas. See A«- TRINGE.l 1. To "bind fast ; to confine. [Ji'ot muck used.] 2. To constrict : to contract. AS-TRR'T', «. Compendious; contracted. Weever, AS-TRICT'ED, pp. Bound fast; confined; con- stricted. AS-TRICT'ING, ppr. Binding fast; confining; con- AS-TRIC'TION, H. [trading. 1. The act of binding fast, or confining. 2. A contraction of parts by applications ; the stop- ping of fluxes or hemorrhages. Coie. 'X Constipation. JirbvfJtnot^ 4. In Scotland^ thirlage ; an obligation to have corn ground at a certain mill, paying a toll called multure. Kd. Enajc Sinclair. AP-TRICT'IVE, rt. Binding; constricting; styptic. AS-TRICT'0-RY,a. Astringent; binding; apt to bind. A-STRTOE', adt>. With the legs across. AS-TR(F'ER-OUS, a. [L. astr\feT; astrumy a star, and /(TO, to bear.] Bearing or containing stars. [Little used.] AS-TRIG'ER-OUS, a. [Low L. astriger.] Bearing stars. [J^ot used.] AS-TR[iVGE', (as-trmj',) v. U [L. astringo, oTad and stringo, to bind fast, to strain. See Strain.] 1. 'I'o bind fast ; to constrict ; to contract ; to cause parts to draw together. Bacon. 2. To bind by obligation. Tfijl^ey. AS-TRING'AD, pp. Bound fust; constricted; con- tracted. AS-TRING'E\-CY, n. The power of contracting the I»arts of the body ; that quality in medicines which causes vital coutniction of the soft solids ; as, the as- trinjreiicy of acids or bitters. Bacon. Arbuthnot. AS-TRL\G'ENT, a. Binding; contracting; strength- ening ; opposed to Inzatire. Quineif. .^stringent principle ; in e.hemittru, tannic acid or tannin ; characterized particularly by forming an in- soluble coU)pa/?£ii', to take.] 1. An instrument formerly used for taking tlie al- titude of the sun or stars at sea. 2. A. Ptereographic projection of the sphere, on the plane of a great circle, usually either u[H>n the plane of the equator, the eye being supptised to be in the p<^)le of the world, or upon the plane of the meridian, the eye being in the jwint of intersection of the equi- noctial and the horizon. 3. Among the ancients, the same as the modem ar- millarv sphere. Kncyc AS-'i'ROL'A-TRY, n. [Gr. nnrnp and Aarof/a.] The worsliip of the stars. Cudurorth. AS-TROL'O-GER, ) ti. [L. astrologus, of Gr. a^oov AS-TRO-LO'GI-AN, \ a star, and A-> a^, discourse.] 1. One who professes to foretell future events by the asi>ect3 and situation of the stars. Astrologian is little used. IVotton. 2. Formerly, one who understood the motions of the planets, without predicting. Raleigh. AS-TRO-LOG'ie, i a. Pertaining to a-Jtrology; AS-TRO-LOG'IC-AL, \ professing or practicing a»- tndopy. AS-TRO-L0G'I€-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of as- trology. AS-TR(JE'0-GIZE, v. i. To practice astrology. AS-TROL'O-GY, «. [Supra.] A sc.enctyvhich teaches to judge of the effects and influences ol the stars, and to foretell future events by their situation and differ- ent aspects ; called, also, _;«rf'>(fl/ astrology. This sci- ence was formerly in great request, as men ignorant- ly supposed the heavenly bodies to have a ruling in- TONE, B(;LU UNITE — AN"GER, VI"CI0US € a« K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as 8H ; TH as in THIS. AT ISuence over tbt* physical and moral world ; bur it id non- univenally exploded by true science aiid ptnlud- ophy. .Vote, The term mstrtl^gjf was used by the ancients in tho itt-nse of ddtrmunny. A3 TRON'O-MER. n. One who \s versed in nsirono- Biy ; one who has a knowledge of the laws of tlie heaveiUy orbs, or the principles by whirh their mo- tions are regulated, with their various plipnonienu. AS-TRO NOM'IC J AS-TRO-XOM'ielAL. [ *• P«rt''"n'nK »<> astronomy. AS-TKONOM'It;-AL.-LV, adv. In an astronomical manner; by the princiides of asirunoniy. A5-TR0.\'0-MIZE, r. i. To study asironomv. [LU- AS-TRO.N'O-MY, n. [Gr. as-?o»^ a star, and w>^o(, a law, or rule.] The science which teaches the knowledfe of the celeatial bodies, tbetr magnitudes, motions, dratances, periodsofrevolutkm, eclipses, ordtT, and cY the causes at their variotu phenomena. This science depends on c^Henrations made chiefly with uutruments, and upon mathematical calculations AiSTRO-iSeOPE, n. [Gr. os-po*-, a star, and ««»««, to view.] An aMnuMmkal fautnuwnt, compnard of two cones, on wboM Muftce tbe consteliatinn^i, with their rtars, an dellaealed, 1^ means of which the Stan may be essUy known. £iicjk>. AS-TROS'eOPY, n. [See AjTaoMorx.] Observation of the stars. AS'TRO-THE-OL'O-^V, a. [L. aJCrH■^ a star, and tJtex'logta^ dii'inity.] Natural tiieolog) founded on the observation of the celesttai bodies. Dtrham. A-STRL'T', ««/r, [See SrauT.] In a stmtting manner. AS-TCTE', s. [L. astutus^ from sjtju, eralt, subtilty ; It. mud*^ cuts, ingenuity.] Shrewd; sharp; eagle-eyed; critically examining or diM:eming ; subtle ; cunning. SoHdms. AS-TCTE LY, */r. :5hrewdly ; sharply ; sublUly. AS-TCTE'XES:*, a. HhrewUne!*;; ; cuiininff. A^U\'1>ER, s/Jr. [Sax. avNitdruia, to divide. Se« Sl-xdes.] Apart; into parts j separately; in a di- vided state. Tbe Lord luob cm wwNdirr tlK conb oT Uie wkked. — Pk exxlx. A-S;VOO.\', adv. In a swoon. [04*.] Oowvr. A-S?'LUM, m. [U from Gr. aav\ .f, safe from spoil, a and trvAit, *PmI, e»Asbf, to plunder.] i, A aanctuaiy or plaoe of rei^ige, where criminals and debtom ahdter themselves from justice, and fkwB which they can not be taken without sacrilege. Temples and attars were anciently o^} luni^ ; as were toiuhs, statues, and monuiueiit:^ The ancient Iwitthens allowed asylums fur the protertion of tlie idtost criminals ; and the Jews had tht.-ir cities of % Any place of retreat and M-cunty. [rrf'ii|^. S. An institution for the protection or relict of the anforttinate ; a.^, an as^^mm for the poor, fur the duaf anil dumb, or fur the ■»— ne. A-SVM ME-TRAL, > re = , AS-VM-MET Kie-AL, { '^ C^" STJiii.Tar.] \irf h:\vinp pyniinetrj*. [UtUe uxfd.] Mfr*, A-SYM'ME-TRV, ji. iGr. a priv. and wttficrata^ syuiuietn-, of o-pi, with, and fttroiM^ to measure.] The want of pn>p(irtion betweon the ports of a thing. It is also used in mathematics for incom- mensurability, whru between two quantities tiiere is ao common measure. JokMson. AS'YMP-TOTE, «. [Gr. a priv., o-ei-, with, and srooi, to fall ; nut meeting.] Sometimes pron. matfmp'tate, A line which approaches nearer and nearer to Bonie curve, but, though infinitely extended, would never meet iL This may be cfmcelved as a tangent to a cur\-e at an inlinile dimance. Chambers. AS-YMP-TOT'IC-AL, a. Belonging to an asymptote. jS^ymptotUal »urres, are such as continually approach when extended, but never meet. A^YX-AA-TkTE', o. [Gr. a priv., otjv, and apraw.] LiUrmlbif disconnfCt<.-d ; not litted or adjustt-d. AmptawUU saoencr^i ; tho!»c of which the mrmbers are not united by connective panicles ; as, I came, I saw, I conquered. Brande, JUiptarUU Dove ; hi proaoiif^ a vene consisting of two membets, baring diOerent rhythms ; as when tbe flrat consists of iambuses and the second of taMAees, or the fiiac of dactyls and the second of A-SYX'DE-TOX, ». [Gr. a priv. and trvvrna^ to bind together.] In gramwtar, a figure which omits the connective ; as, veni, vidi, via. It stands opposed to polgstfrndttaiL, which to a multiplication of connectives. Ouupbell, AT, prep. rSax, *f ; Goth, at ; L. ad. At, ad, and to, if ncrt rndically the same word, often coincide in signification. In \V. at is to, and in Danish and Swedish, it is ihe 8i»n of the infinitive mode ; in Amb. ed, or 1^ i!> toward. The word at is doubtless the Oriental khk, nnK, Ch. and Heb. to come, to anvoach. Hence it primarily denoCea fre»me£, metmgy nettnun, direetiun ttnoard.'] In general, at denotes tuamess or presence; as, at the ninth hour, at the house ; but it is less definite ATH than in or on .- at the house, may be ia or nrar the lnMi^e, It denotes also toicard, versus; as, to aim an arrow lU a mark. From this original import are derived uM the vari- ous uses of a^ .tft the sight, ia mth^prtnent, or com- ing the sight; at this news, present the news, on or VitX the approach or arrival of this news. At peace, at war, in ii sUilc of peace or war, peace or war ex- isting, beinf present ; at ease, at plav, at n loss, &<;,, convey the like idea. At anns, furnished with nrnis, bearing arms; (U hand, withm reach of the hand, and then-fore «f- ; that is, in performing that business. He deserves well at our hands, that is, from us. The peculiar phrases in which this word occurs, with appropriate significations, are nu- merous. At first, at last, at least, at best, at the worst, at the highest or lowest, are phrases in which some noim is implied ; .ts, at the first time or begin- ning ; at the la&t time, or point of time ; at the least or best degree, &c. ; all denoting an extreme point or Mipertativu uegree. At alt, is in any manner or degree. Jtl is sometimes used for te, or Ufteard, noting pro- pMaion or direction ; as, he aims at perfectiim ; he makes or runs at him, or points at him. In this phraae, he longs to be ci< him, at has its general sense of OMPpooakta^, or present, or tcitfi, in contest or nttaclft AT'A-BAL, lu [Sp.] A kctUe-drum ; a kind of tabor, u«ed by the Moors. A-TAe'A-.\HTE, B. A native chloride of copper, originally found, in the form of sand, in the desert of Atacama, between Chili and Peru. Dana. AT'A-GHA\, ». Amung tJte Turks^ a long dagger, worn in a belt, wiUi pistols, in a metal scabbard. BifTon. AT'A-.MAX, a. [Russ., from Polish hetman, a general in chief; G. hauptmann.] A hetmon, or chief of the Cossacks. AT-A-.MAS'CO, n. The trivial name of a species of the genus Amarjilts, colled atamasca-tdy. AT'.^-RAX-V, n. [Gr. arciou\u(, of ^ priv and Tupaxn, tumult.] Calmness of mind : a term used by the stoics and skeptics to denote a freedom from the emotions which proceed from vanity and self-conceit. Kacyc. A-T\X'Y* ' i "• ^^^' ** P"^^* ^^^^ ^"^'5> order.] Aofs. Ataxia is more gcnemlly used by medical writers til an ataxy. 1. Want of order ; disturbance ; irregularity, /{all. 2. In medieine, irregularity in disease, or in the functions; irregularity in tJie crises and paroxysms of fever, Caxe. Encye. A state of disease characterized by great irregu- laritj'. Cyc. Mrd. A-TAX'I€, a. In medicine, irregular ; characterized by great irregularity. Ataxic fever i a term applied by Find to malignant t>-phous fever. Cyc. Med. AT'CHE, a. In Turkey, a small silver coin, value about six or seven mills. Encyc ATE ; the preterit of ro/; which see. i'TE, (a'ty,) n. [Gr. arq, mischief; m-aw, to hurt. Ate is a personification of evil, mischief, or m;ilice.] In pa^an mytkvlogif, the goddess of mischief, who was cast down from heaven by Jupiter. Horn. IL xix. 1*25. AT'E-LEXE, o. [Gr. tinXm, imperfect.] In mineralvgT/j iniperfect ; wanting regular forms in the eenus, SJirpard. AT-E-LE.S'TTTE, n. A crj'stalline mineral, in struc- ture resembling sphene. Shepard. .\-7'EL'LA\, a. Relating to the dramas at Atella, in ancient Italy. Skuftesbury. A-TEL'LAX, n. A dramatic representation, satirical or licentious. .Shaftesbury. X TEMPO, or A TEM'PO PRPMO, [It.] In nmsie, a direction that, uftcr any change of nuivement, by acceleration or retardation, the original movement be restored. A TEM'PO GT-US'TO, [It. ; L. in temptn-e justo.] In music, a direction to sing or pluy in an equal, true, and just time. ATH-A-XA'SI.\X, a. Pertaining to Athanasius, bish- op of Alexandria, in the fourth century. The Atbanasian creed is a formulary, confesi^ion, or expo- sition of faitJi, supposed formerly to have been drawn up hy Athanasius ; but this opinion is now rejected, and the composition is ascribed by some to Hilary, bishop of Aries. It is a summary of what was colled the ortliodoi faith. ATH'A-.NOR, n. [Ar. and Heb. n::n than^r, an oven or furnace,] A digesting furnace, formerly used in chemical operations, so constructed as to maintain a uniform and durable heaL It is a furnace with a lateral tower close on all sides, exff^pt a communication be- low with the fireplace, which is filled with fuel, by ATH nn opt iiing above fitted with a close cover. As the fuel htldw is consumed, that in the tower falls down to sup[)ly its place. J^ickoUon. A''I'HE-ISM, n. The disbelief of the existence of a God, or supreme intelligent Being. AOieitm u « fi-rocifiis Bytlcin, tlinC \fai^ nolhing dboYC ui to excile awe, nor aruuuii lu U> awaken tcndcrucu, R(A. flaU. A'THE-IST, n. [Gr. af)£"f , of a priv. and Be .$, God.] C>ne who disbelieves the existence of a God, or supreme intelligent Being. A'THE-IST, n. Atheistical ; disbelieving or denying the being of a supreme God. Milton. A-THE-IST'I€, ) A-TllE-IST'ie-AL, i °* 1. Periaining to atheism. 2. Disbelieving the existence of a God ; impious ; applied to persons ; as, an atfteistic writer. 3. Implying or containing atheism ; applied to things i as. atheistic doctrines or opinions. A-TllE-IST'It-AL-LV, adv. In an atheistic manner; impiously. A-THE-IST'ie-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being atheistical. A'THE IZE, r. t. To discourse as an atheist, [^rot wrilA Cudworth. A'THE-IZE. r. L To render atheistic. Berkeley. A'THEL, A^DEL or AJ'THEL ; noble, of illustnous birth; Sax. adel, t ; as, to stand or nin aiiU. 2. In the manner of a cask tilted, or with one end rai:^d. AT'f-MY", ?(, [Gr. aTtfiia, a and ri/iTj, honor.] In ancient Oreece, public disgrace ; exchision from office or magistracy, by some dit^qualifying act or de- cree. Maford. AT-LAN-Te'AX, ) a. Pertaining to the Isle Atlantis, AT-L.A\'TI-AN, \ which the ancients allepe was snnk and overwhelmed by the ocean. Plato, S. Pertaining to Atlas ; resenihling Atlas. AT-LAN'TeS, n. pi. [L.] In arcJutccture, figures or half figures of men, used instead of cuUimns or pilas- ters, to support an entahhuiire. P. Cyc AT-LAX'TR', a. [from ^//«^ or Atlantis.] 1. Pertaining to that division uf the ocean, which lies between Europe and -Africa, on the east, and America on the west. 5. Pertaining to the Isle of Atlantis ; as, Atlantic island. Cyc. AT-LA.\'TIC,n. The ocean, or thnt part of the ocean, which is betwetin Kurope and Africa on tlie ea^^t and America on the west. AT-LAX'TI-tJA, i n. An isle mentioned bv the an- AT-LA.N'TIS, ( X cients, situated westof the Strait ot'Gades, or Gibraltar. The piieLs mention two isles, and call them Iie.--prri adv. [at and one.] AT-TONE', I At one ; together ; at once. Spenser. A-TONE', V. L [Supposed to be compounded of at and one. The SfKinish has adunar. tu unite or join, and the It. adanare^ to assemble; from L. ad and unus^ unto. In Welsh, tlyun signifies united, accordant, agreeing ; duunaie^ to unite or agree ; from u», one, and dy, a prefix denoting itenition. — J^cte. This word was formerly written ««-»«/-.] • 1. To agree ; to be in accordance ; to accord. H'" xikI Aufiiliug csn no morw atone, TIttn violonU'st cotitmri-iy. Shak. [T^is sense w obsolete.^ 2. To stand as an equivalent ; to make reparation, amende, or satisfaction for an offense or a crime, by which reconciliation is procured between the olfend- ed and offending parties. Th«? murdcrrr fell, and lil-wl atoned for bitwil. Pop*. By wtut pfupitutioa thiUl 1 atone tur my fonttcr ^mvity f -^ Rambler, So. 10. The lifr of a •l^re wnt firrmwl to !« of m lilUe v:\l\ie, that a Tt-ry ■ ' f it awtiy. \uberUon, Charles V, 3. To alone fori to make compensation or amends. Thii evil wa« atoned for liy (lie gtxni etlccu of ihi- sludy of Ibe pnciicil iffiyaica ul' Arisioili-. Schleget, TVon*. Tlie iiiifiiatry iiul atoning Jar Lljcir former coiiUiici by any wiae or populitr meanuie. Jumut, A-TONE', tj. «. 1. Ilo expiate ; to answer or make satisfaction for. Or rach olon* bU guilty love wiUi lif«. Pope. 9. To reduce to concord ; to reconcile, as parties at variance ; to appea'w. [Ao( noio vsed.] A-TO.\'/JD, ;»p. Expiated ; appeased ; reconciled. Firyden. A-TCNE'ME.VT, B, Agreement; concord; reconcili- ation afler enmity or cnntrnverHy. Horn. v. Hr •rv'ka to niakr alottfmetit Rrtwfen th« Dtikc of iilo'Uxr niul your bruthrm. Shai. 9. Expiation ; satisfaction or reparation made by giving an equivalent for an injury, or by doing or suf- fering that whicli is received in salisfacliuu for an of- fense or injury ; with for. Awl M>«>-a inj'l to Aaron, Co to ttu* nltnr, niid offi^r thy «n- oHiHn*, und Uiy tximl-otl^rinir, fmil nioite an aiunenuiU fur Uiywlf urid tor the i»"..jil". — !-•». Ix. When a man liaa I*-*!! guilty uf any vicr, the bt>»t atonement he can make fur it ia, to w.tm otbera not to liill iiilo llie liki;. Wc(. No. 8. The Pho^'Wi* h^harrd with w nmcli frtH'tnlry, that ihfv wpre Uiougtu to have made a autiicioul atuiietnerit R black bde.] Affected with melancholy, which the ancients at- tributed to the black Itil'' ; replete with black bile. AT-KA-ltll^A'RI-OUS-N'KSH, n. The state of being melancholy, or aifocted with disordered bile. AT-RA-IilL'IA-RY, a. Mt-lancholir, or hypochon- driacal ; fVura the supposed predominance of black bile. Cyc. Med. Atrabiliary enpsvles, [L, eap.tuIiK atrahilaria-, so called from their supposed office of secreting bbick bile ;] two small gland-like bodies, situated one on the ufiper and interior edge of each kidney ; called also renal or nupra-reaal gland/t or c:ipsulcs. Cyc. Med, ATT AT-HA-IIT'I.IS, 71. [L. from atra and bilis.\ Black bile ; a thick, black, acrid fluid, suppt>sed by the .in- cientM to be secreted by tlic spleen, pancreous or atrabiliarv capsules, but only a morbid state of the pro|)er bile. Cye. Med. AT-llA-ME\T-A'CEOUS,fl. Hiack, like ink ; inky; as the atramcntaceoHs mucus of the eye, or fitrmentam ni^am, n black pasty substance covering the internal surface of the choroid coat of the eye. Decham. AT-KA-ME.\T'AL, i a. [L. atramentam, ink, from AT-RA-MEXT'OrS, j afcr, black,] Inky ; black like ink. AT-RA-MENT-A'R[-OUS, a. Like ink; suitable for making ink. The sulpliate of iron, or green copi^r- as, is called atrainefitarimis, as being the material of ink. VitUTcruy. A-TRIP', adv. [a and trip. See Trip.] In nauticat laiig-ua^e, the anchor is atrip, when dniwn out y writ or precept. AT-TA-CHF.', (at-ta-^hfi',) n. [Fr.] One attached to another, as a part of his suite or attendants ; par- ticularly, one attached to the suite of un embas- sador. AT-'IACU'ED, (at-tacht',) pp. Taken by writ or precept ; drawn to and fixed, or united by artection or interest ; fastened ; connected with. A'i'-TACiri\G, ppr. Taking or seizing by com- mandment or writ; dmwiug u>, and fixing by iiitlii- euce : witiiiiiig the afiections ; fastening; connect- ing with. AT-TACH'ME\T,n. 1. A taking of ilie person, goods, or estate, by a writ or precept in a civil action, to secure a debt or demand. 2. A writ directing the person or estate of a person to be taken, t« secure his apfiearance hefiire a conrt. In Kniflaiid, the first notice to appear in court ia by summinis; and if the defijiidant disttbeys this moni- tion, a writ of altachment issues, commanding the sheriir to attach him, by taking gage, or security in goods, which he forftMts by ntm-jippearance, or by making him find safe pledgi;s or sureties for his ap- pearance. But in tresp.isses, an attachment Is the first pr(M;e8M. In this country, attiichmeut is more generally the first process; and in some states, the writ of attachment issties at first against the prop- erty or person of the defendant, li^ Connecticut, this writ issues against the p<'rson, gotuls, or land, in the first instance, commanding to take the goodii and estat*; of the defendant, if to be found ; or other- wine, to take his body. In Enirland, witnesses not appearing uptpn a summons, may be taken by oUaeK- TONE, BWLL, IJNITE. — AN"GEa, Vr'CIOUa — € as K ; as J ; i as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as In THIS. iT" ~ a: ATT wtent: a process called with tu a capias. Altoch- menU al:M isaue aj^iRt persons for contempt of cotiru The court ^ attackMoOs^ in England, \a held befcve the rerderon fit the furr^, to aUack and try o^t'ndors apun«t vert and venison. Jibntfa ■OadL-Hritt, is the taking of ttic money or goods Of a debtor in the \vmhU of a third [nrsoii \ as when the debtor is not within the jiirisdictiim of Ute court, or ha^ ahdcoiidt'd. Any person who has gooda or efft-cl:3 of a dtbtor. Is considered in law b« the agent, a»ornt-y, fanor, or tnistt-e of thu dubtur ; and an aiuichinfiil served on such person binds the property iu bis handu to respond tlie judgment against the debtor. 3. Cluse adhen'nf-' or nflection ; fidHity ; regard ;. any iwsiion or ^ilWiioii lluit binds a pentonj aSi an aUajJiintnt to a (Vuii.!, or to a iKirty. 4. That by whicbtme thing UatlachwitoanoUicr; as, to cut the attaJumtmis of a miueU, &. Some adjunct attached to an in^tnimfnt, ma- chine, or other object i as, the Eolian ^uuckm^ni to the piano-forte. AT-TACK', r. t [Ft. attaqua- ; Arm. aCdC^; lU at- laoMTf, to fasten, to attack i attatcv^ a sticking ; Sp. alacAr, to wttiiilt, to fJuten,or moke close, to cram ; Poet, ataev, to attack, to teaae, to fasten ; Heb. and Ch. "Spn^ to thrust, to drive, to strike. U aeems to be allied to atuck ; but the latter verb agnes better with the Etb. I llQ/x coik, todk, to press, whanoe A /(DT 4tMfc,lo pre«, to make close ; and the Ch. n:9, to accuse, to unite. Class Dg.] 1. To BMault ; to fall upon with force ; to assail, as with force und arms. It is the appropnata word for tlie commeDcing act of bostiUty between anniss S. To &11 apoo, with unfHendly words or writing ; lo begin a oootrorervy with ; to attempt to uverthrow or bnng into dtscepule, bjr satire, calumny, or criti- daam ; as, to sCtsak a man or tus opiuluoa m a pam- ^ileL AT-TACK', a. An ooael } first invasion ; a falling on with fun« or violence, or with calumny, satire, or criticism. AT-TACK'A-BLE, a. That can be attacked j assail- able. AT-TACK'£D, (at-takt',) yp. Assaulted ; Invaded } fiUIen on with force or enmity. AT-TACK'EK, a. One who assautu m invades. AT-TACK'I.NO, m. Assaulting; iuvadinfj fUUng on with force, auumnv, or criticism. AT-TA-euT' Tie, a. I*eitaining to the AttaeolU, a tribe of ancient unions, allies of tiie Scots. AT'TA-GAS, } M. [L.] Xomes applied, bv former ATTA-^EX, i naturalists, to a variety of the 7>- frss Waans, or baael grouse, found in the south at Europe. Cicrier. ATTA-GHAN. 8ee AvACiuif. ATTAIN', V. i. [Pr. and Norm, attaadre ; L. sttts^, to ruach, come to, or overtake; od and toMffOy to loach, reach, or Miike ; that is, to thrust, urge, or push to. It has no couoccUon with L. aiiauo. See ClasEiDg.] 1. To ruach ; to cmxiq to or arrive at, by motion, bodily eiertion, or eiforts toward a place or object. If bf U17 mouM ihej might attain to Ptmiioe. — Asa xxvfl. 3. To reach ; to come to or anive at, by an eiTort of mind. Such kiMivledfeii toowoiuletfiil Car aw; HuUgbi 1 ««a not ■aim 10 il. — Pi. cxxjdx. Regularly this verb should be alwajrs foHowed by ta ; tbe omisskm of ta, and the use of the verb in a transitive sense, may have originated in mistake, from the opinion that the verb » from the L. aUuuOj and equivalent to o^tota. AT-TALV,r.t. 1. To gain ; to oompaa^; to achieve or accompli^, thatis, to reach by eSbrts; without to following. li he wise who hopes to olfetiji the end withum the mrans I TiLoUon. This use of the verb is now established ; but in strictness to is here implied ; aUain to the end. The real sense, as in the inlmnsilive use of the verb, is, to fflocA or eoau to the end or purpose in view. This word always implies an effort toward an object. Hence it is not 9yn«n>'moii3 with obtain and procure^ which do not necessarily imply such effort. We procure or obtain a thin; by purchase or loan^ and we abtain by inheritance, but we do not attain it by such means. An inattention to this distinction has led good authors into great mistakes in the use of this word. 2. To reach or come to a place or object by pro- gression or motion. But m weh fdinfi riiaU bia ean attain, CwiMum be nov aaaina. 3. To reach in excellence or degree ; to equal. AT-TAIX-A-BII/I-TV,fu Altai nabieness. Coleridga. AT-TilX'A-BLE, a. That may be attained ; that ATT may be nached bv efforts of the mind or l»wly ; that may be comiKissed or accomplished by efforts directed to the objt-rt ; as, [lerfection ia not attainable in this lifi'. From an inattention to the true sense of this word, OK explained under Attaix, authors have very Improperly used this word for ubtainabUy procurable; as m the followinj; pas.s-ages : ** The kind and qual- ity of food and liquor, the species of habitation, furni- ture and eloLhin;*, to which the conunon i>eo])le of each country are habituated, nuist be atiainublc with ease anil cert;unty." Paley^ Philos. b. G, chap. 11. " Gen. Howe would not permit the mirchano ()f those articles [clothes and blankets] in riiiladelphia, and thev were nut attainable in the country." Jiiursfuilt\s )jji r lh« tOaindtr of MrenJ poiona. ^neyc J^ote, By the constitution of the United plates, no bill of atLunder shall be passed ; and no attainder of trtisson (in consequence of a judicial sentence) shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. AT-TA1X'/:D, (at-taind',) pp. Ucached ; achieved. AT-TAIX'IXG, ppr. Keacbing; arriving at; accom- pliiihing. AT-TAIN'MEXT, )^ 1. The act of attaintne ; the act of arriving at or reaching ; hence, the act of obtaining by efforts ; as, Uie o/Miflwi««l of excellence. 2. That which is attained to. or obtained by exer- tion ; nrquiMtion ; ai«, a man of frrpnt atlainmcuts. AT-TAINT', r. (. [See Attainder.] 1. To taint or corrupt ; to e\tin*piish the pure or inheritable blo«>«l of a penwn found f;u)lty of treason or felony, by confei4.sion, battle, or verdict, and con- sentence of death, or by special act of par- Ko penott ■biQ bs oOainlMl of M^ tmwm wh-«, Ac Sm.7afuia Wkl.UI. 2. To taint, as the credit of jurors, convicted of giving a fjlse verdict. This is done by Rp**cial writ of attaint. The conviction of such a crime attaints the reputation of juront, and renderrt them infamous. 3. To disgnice ; to cloud witli infuiny ; to stiin. SpCVSCT. 4. To titnt or corrupt Hhak, AT-TAINT', n. 1. A Ptiin, spot, or taint. [See Taint.] S\ak. 2. Any thing injurious) that which imi«iirs. f 06a.] S}iak. 3. In farriery, a blow or wound on the legs or feet ofnhorye. £ncyc. 4. A writ which lies after judgment against a jury for pivin^ a false verdict in any court of record. AT-TAIXT'ED, pp. Stained; corrupted; rendered infamous ; rendered incapable of inheriting. AT-TAI.N'T'LNG, ppr. Staining; corrupting; render- ing infamous by judicial act ; depriving of inheritable bhxtd. AT-TAIXT'MEXT, n. The being attainted. AT-TAIXT'URE, n. A staining or rendering infa- mous; reproach; imputation. AT'TAU of R6'aiF.S, Ti. A highly fragrant concrete obtained in India from the petals of roses, P. Cyc. AT-TASK', v. t. To laskj to tax. [JVo( used. See Task.] Skak. AT-TA:^TE', r. t To taste. [^Totuscd. See Taste.] AT-TEM'PER, p. L [I* attempero^ of ad and tempcroy to temper, mix, or moderate. See Temper.] 1. To reduce, modify, or moderate by mixture, as, to attemper heat by a cooling mixture, or &piril by diluting it with water. 2. To soften, mollify, or n»oderate ; as, to or £emp«r rigid justice with clemency. 3. To mix in just proportion ; to regulate ; as, a mind well attempered with kindness and justice. 4. To accommodate ; to fit or make suitable. A*u — aaempered w ihe lyre. Pc^t. AT-TEM'PEtt-ANCE, n- Temperance. [AV.( used.] C/iavcer. ATT AT-TEM'PEU-ATK, a. [U attemperatuj/.] Tempered ; pro^wrtioned ; suited. Hope miut be praponiuimt tuid atumpemta la the rroaiW. Itammoiid. AT-TEM'PER-ATE, v. t. To attemper. [A()f in use.] Barrow. AT-TEM'PER-Jn>, pp. Reduced in quality; mod- erated : softened ; well mixed ; Kuited. AT-TEM'PER-I.\G,ppr. Moderating in quality ; soft- ening; mixing in due proportion; making suitable. AT-TEM'PKR-LY, ado. In a temperate manner. [JVot in vsf.] Chaucer. AT-TEM'PEK-ME\T, n. A tempering, or due pro- port inn. AT-TEAIPT', tJ. (. [Fr. attrnter, from L. aUmtOy to attempt, of ad and tentoy to try ; Arm. attempti. 'J'ho I., tcnta is from liic same rtwt as tendo, to strain ; Gr. rcivio. Hence, the literal sense is to strain, urge, stretch.] 1. To make an effort to effect some object ; to make trial or experiment; to try; to endeavor; to use exertion for any purpose ; as, to attempt to sing ; to attempt a bold HighU S. To attack ; to make an effort upon ; as, to at- tempt the enemy's camp. This verb is not always followed by an object, and appears to be intransitive ; but some object is under- stood, or a verb in the infinitive follows m the {tlace of an object ; as, he attempted to speak. AT-TE.MPT', n. An essay, trial, or endeavor ; an at- tack ; or an effort to gain a [K^int. Bacon. AT-TEMPT'A-BLE,a. 'I'hat may Iw attempted, tried, ' or attacked ; liable to an attempt, or attack. Hhak. AT-TEMPT'ED,p/>. Eiwiiyed ; tried ; attacked. AT-TEMPT'ER, n. One wlio attempts, or attacks. Milton, AT-TEMPT'ING, p;n-. Trying; essaying; making an effort to gain a txiint; attacking. AT-TENU', r. U [L. attend o ; Fr. aUendrf^ to wait, stay, expect; Sp. alendcr; It. attciidere; L. ad ana tendoy to stretch, to lend. See Te>d.] 1. To go with, or accompany, as a companion, minister, or servant. 2. To be present ; to accompany or lie united to ; as, a cold attended with fever. 3. To be present for some duty, implying charge or ovcrsicht ; to wait on; as, the physician or the nurse attend.^' the sick. 4. To be present in business ; to be in company from curiosity, or from sonii,- connection in ali'airs ; OS, lawyers or spectators attciid a court. 5. To be consequent to, from connection of cause; as, a measure attended with ill effects. 6. To await ; to remain, abide, or bo in store for ; as, happiness or misery attcmls as after death. 7. To wait for ; to lie in wait Shak. 8. To wait or stay for. Three days I proniiiwl to atltnd my tloom. Drydtn. 9. To accompany with solicitude ; to regard with interest. Their hunppr thin app»?a»f'il, their care aOenda The tluul>uul lonuuc of tluir aUciit tricuili. Dnjdtn. 10. To regard ; to fix the mind upon. The pilgt tluih nol atUtvi the umkillfal word* of the pnsa-'nsipr. .S'M/ii«y. This is not now a legitimate sense. To express this idea, we now use the verb intransitively, with to — attend to. 11. To expect. [JV*o( in i/jp.] Raleigh. AT-TEND', r.t. 1. To listen ; to regard with attention ; usually fol- lowed by to. Attend to the rolce of my mpplicallon. — Pb. Ixrxvi. Hence much used in the imperative, attend! 2. To regard with observatiim, and correspondent practice ; as, my son, attend to my words. Hence, to regard with comi>Iiance. fie halh atUndtd to the toIm of my prayer. — P«. Ixvi, 3. To fix the attention upon, as an object of pur- suit ; to be busy or engaged in ; as, to attend to the study of the Scriptures. 4. To wait on ; to accompany or be present, in pursuance Of duty; with on or -upon; as, to attend vpon a committee ; to attend upon business. Hence, 5. To wait on, in service or worship ; to serve. That ye m^iy alJend upon the Lord without dklntclioD. — 1 Cor. vii. 6. To Stay; to delay. [Obs.] For Uiis perf'Ttion ahe mual yet allend. Till to her Malcer Uie eapoiiwtl l«, Dane: 7. To wait; to be within call. SpetL-ier. AT-TEXD'A.NCE, n. [Fr.] 1. The act of waiting on or serving. For he — peruln«ih to wiothrr tribe, of which do m»» gn*e at tendance at the altar. — Hch. vii. 9. A waiting on ; a being present on business of any kind ; as, the attendance of witnesses or persona in court ; attendance of members of the legislature. 3. Service ; ministrj- *, as, to receive attendance. Shak A. lite persons attending ; a train ; a retinue. MiUon. FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T.— MfiTE, PRfiY. — riNJS, AIAKINE, BIRD. — NoTE, DOVE, MOVE, Wmiptr^l tDotibfi mutt aOtnitate nnd wf-nr avny thi; binlfit rucka. Tliuu. o/ Chaplai'a Cktmtalry. In alchemy^ to pulverize, or reduce Co an impilpable Pf>wd'T. Ehcijc, 3. To make slender; to reduce In thickness. AT-TE\'IT-ATE,a. 1. Made thin, or less viscid ; made slender. Bacon. fi. In botanjf, attenuated ; growing slender toward a point or exirf^mity. AT-TEN'IJ.A-Tl::i),p;j. or a. Made thin or less vis- cid ; Cf»nnnmiiti;d ; made slentler. In Aoiany, grow- ing si'-nder toward an e.xtremitv. AT-TE.\'r-A-TL\G, p/)r. Making thin, as fluids; making fine, as solid substances ; making slander or l«^an. AT-TENM.:-A'TXON, n. The act of making tlun, as ftuids ; as, the attenuation of the humors. ATT 2. The act of making fine, by comminution, or at- trition ; pulverization. Tlie action of the air fkcilitates the aUen%tadon of ihrvy rocks. Trails. ChapJal. 3. The act or process of making slender, thin, or lenn. • AT'TER-ATE, v. U [L. flttrro, to wear.] 1. To wear away. a. To form or accumulate bv wearing. AT'TER-A-TED, pp. Furmed 'by wearing. B^y. AT-TEU-A'TION, n. Tlie operation of forming land by the wearing of the sea, and tlw wearing of the earth in one place and depositiun of it in another. Rtty. AT-TEST', V. U [Fr. aUesler ; L. attestor ; of ad and tc^oTt to aflirm or boar witness, from testis. See Testify.] 1. To bear witness to ; to certify ; to affirm to be true or genuine; to make a solemn declaration in words or writing, to support a fiict ; aiipropriately used for the affirmation of persons in their otiicial capacity ; as, to attest the truth of a writing, to attest a ropy of record. Persons also attest writings by sub- scribing ttieir names. 2. To bear witness to, or support the truth of a fact, by other evidence than words ; as, the ruins of Palmyra attest its ancient magnificence. 3. To call to witness ; to invoke as conscious. Th(> Kkcroil atmiLins which heaven'i imperial hUle Atte»U ill oatJM, luiil lean to violate. IhyUn. AT-TEST', n. Witness ; testimony ; attestation. [Lit- tle used^ AT-TEST-A'TION, n. Testimony; witness; a sol- emn or olficial declaration, verhal or written, in stip- port of a fact ; evidence. The truth appears from the attestatiun of witnesses, or of the proper otlicer. The subscription of a name to a writing is an aitest- ation. AT-TEST'EI), pp. or a. Proved or supported by testi- mony solemn or otficial ; witnessed to ; sup^Kirted by evidence. AT-TEdT'ING, ppr. Witnessing to; calling to wit- ness ; affirming in support of. AT-TEST'OR, n. One who attests. AT'Tie, a. [L. Atticus; Gr. Attikos.] Pertaining to Attica, in Greece, or to its principal city, Athens ; marked by such qualities Jis were cliiiracterislic of the Atheniims. Thus, jtttic wit, Attic salt, a poignant, delicate wit, peculiar to the Attienians ; an Attic style, a style, puro, classical, and elegant ; Attic faith, inviolable faith. Attic dialect ; tlie dialect of the ancient Greek lan- guage used by tiie Athenians. Attic base ; a peculiar base used by the ancient ar- chitects in the Ionic and Corinthian orders, and by Palladiu aud some others in tlie Doric. Knnjc. Cyc Attic order; an order of small square pillars at the uppermost extremity of a building. This had its origin in Athens, and was intended to conceal the roof. Ttiese pillars should never exceed in hight one third uf the hight of the order on which they are placed, nor be less than one quarter of it. Knrye. AT'Tte, ) «. A story in the upper jinrt of AT'Tie STO'RV, J a hous4-, with small windows either in or above the cornice. AT'TIC, 71. A small square pillar with its cornice on the up|)ermost part of a building. Attics properly furm the crown of the building, or a finishing fitr the other orders, when they are used in the structure. Eitcyc* 2. An Athenian ; an Athenian author. Joneses Oreck Orammar. AT'Ttf^AL, a. Pertaining to Athens; pure, clas- mcnl. Hammond. AT''i'I-CISM, n. The jjeculiar style and idiom of the Gre(;k Innguagc, used by the Athtinians ; refined and elcg:uit Greek ; concise and elegant expression. Eneyc, art. Phiios. 2. A particular attachment to the Athenians. Mitford. Applied particularly to the act of siding with the Athenians, during the PcloponnetJian war. Ilubba^s Thucyd. viii. AT'TI-CTZE, r. t. To conform or make conformable to tiie languitge or idiom of Attica. Adjectives in of, when atticiitdy become wj. Joneses Greek Orammar. AT'TI-CIZK, ». t. To use Atticisms, or the idiom of the Athenians. 2. To side with the Athenians, or to subserve the interests of Athens. Smithes Tfiucyd. viii. AT'Ties, n. pU The title of a book in Pausaiiias, which treats of Attica. Trans, of Paus. b. 1. AT-TI.\GE', V. t. [L. stingo.] To t«>uch lightly. AT-TTRE', V. t. [Norm, attyrer, to provide ; Fr. atours, dr'jss, attire; atowrner, to dress a woman, to attire; atiiiirneres.iej a tire woman ; Ann. atourm, female ornriments ; G. ilerrn^ to adorn. We retain tire^ the sinijile word, applied to the band of a wheel, and this Word, in the JJ. toer^ coincides with Uriir See Class Dr.] ATT To dress ; to array ; to ndorn ; particularly, to adorn with elegant or splendid garments. Wiih the litten miter ihaJI Aaron \x aidrtd. — Lct. xW. AT-TtRE', n. Dress; clothes; habit; but appropri- ately, ornnmenUil dress. Can a bride forget heroUire? — Jcr. U. 2. The horns of a deer. 3. In some early botanical leriterSf the internal parts of a flower, included within the enipalement or calyx, and the foliation or corolla. Florid attire^ called Uirums or suits, as in the flowers of the mari- gold and tansy, consis^ts commonly of three parts, of which the outer part is the floret, 'i'his corresponds to the floret of the disc in compound flowers. Semi- form attirej consists of two parts, the chives and apices ; corresponding to the stamens, with their fil- aments and anthers. Johnson. Cye. AT-TIR'iJD, pp. Dressed ; decked with ornaments or altire. AT-TIR'ER, 71. One who dresses or adorns with attire. AT-TIR'ING,ppr. Dressing; adorning with dress or attire. AT-TI'TLE, V. L To entitle. [JVot m use.] Oower. AT'Tl-TUDE, n. [Fr. attitude, posture; Sp. aetitudy from L. acitis, airo. The Italian attitudine is posture and fitness ; altitude and aptitude being united in the same wonl.] 1. The posture or ptwition of a person, or the man- ner in wliicli the parts of his body are disposed, par- ticularly in relation to some purpwe or emotion ; as, a tlireatening attitude ; an attitude of entreaty. 2. Posture or position of things, in a corresponding relation ; as, in times of trouble let a nation preserve a lirm attitude. H'ushinsrton's Farcwdl Address, Hamilton. Oov. Smitk, JV. H. 3. In pflin/i/i^ and *cM//>(ur<*, the posture or action in which a figure or statue is placed ; the geir another; or his powers may be special, or limited to a particular act or acts. Attorney general, in Great Britain, is an officer ap- pointed by the crown, with general powers to net in all legal proceedings, in which the crown is a party ; particularly, to prosecute In criminal matters alfi'ct- ing the state. In the government of tho United Slateji, and in some of the StJite governments, the attorney general is an ofliccr with corresponding powers. A power, tetter, or mimiRC of attorney, is a written TONE, BRLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € as K ; C as J ; 8 as Z ; ClI as SH ; Til as in THIS. ATT ;r : one person eiupowt-riug nuother to T vs (or hiui. A'J' .. \ . ^ , r.u To pcrfunu by proxy j to employ a:i a (;r,>\v. LVut in !».*«.] ShaJc, AT-'mRN'EV-8HIP, (at-ium'y-9hip.) n. The office of an attorney ; agency fur antitij-T. SJlak, AT-TORN'IXG, ppr. Acknowledging a new lord, or tnnalbrhug boniage and fealty to tiiu purchajicr of an estate. AT-TORN'MENT^ n. The net of a ffudalon-, vassal, or tetiani, by which he cunst'nts, upt>n Uu- .-iht-nution of an estate, to receive a new lord or euix;rior, and tran^'cns to htin his hom^e and service. fMcye. BU e ks t ame, AT-TRAeT', p. L [U «ttra*fl, attr*€t**t of «t and trdko, to draw. See Drau nnd Draw. J 1. In pk§«i€Sy to draw to, cir c«H!»e to tend to ; par- Ckularly to cause to niipruarh, adhere, or combine ; or lo cause to resist divutsion, scporaliun, or decom- position. S. To draw by tnflnence of n moral kind i to invite or alhire ; as, to «Urae< admirt-rH. 4. To eiM^^ ; as, to mttnut attention. AT-TRACT', n. AtUiiction. [J\U m usf.] AT-TRAer-A-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of being adimctabte, or of being toibject iti the l.iw of attrac- tion. .^Mai. Rttetckt*. AT-TRA€T'A-BLI:, a. That may be anracted ; sub- ieri to attrnctuin. Lnc in tr-, K Kerr, AT-TRA€r'El). pf. Drawn toward; invited j al- lurt*d ; eiisii::eu. AT TRAf^I '!€, ( a. Having |»wer to draw to. AT-TRAt'T le-AL, I {Jn'oi tuU.] Ray, AT-Ttt.\eT'ILE, a. That has power to attract. Med. Rep. AT-TR AtTlXO, ppr. Drawing to or toward ^ in- V z; engagmg. A 1 ' '-LV, a^ la an altracting manner. A'i .- 'N, a. 1. Xu phf*ics, the pow or force wbicb draws bocUes or loelr particles toward each other, or which causes them to tend toward each other, or to resist a oounenctiiif teiideB»; «r tiie Uw by which they tmd lowanfeacli other, or resist a couuteracUag AUmctitm is distinguished into tbal which is mani- fMttd between bodies or loaivea at sensiUe distances, maA Itat wtaicll is mamfested between the particles or nolecitles of bodies at insensible distances. The Ifanoer Inctades the marmcban i/ tn^oit§. or frntrita- lasa, or Uie matnal tendency of all bodies to each otber, aa the tendency of the planeU toward the sun, or of a abioe, when miaed in the air, to fall to the earth ; and also, the ■Uraerisn ^ sMfWiCwst, and (As/ ^ tlactrid^ The tatter takea place either between parlMTtf** of the sane kind, or boaMffencoas particles, and M then callsd the otirsclwn if mtgngtiim, or wdlffrisa? or between dissimilar or hoterogoiieous puticlea, uniting them into compounds, and is then caOod aktmital attrsctwn, or ^fiMlUf. The attractions of the fine class, however, exist between particles as well as masses ; and the sur&cea of massea.ta con- tact, or at ioapiveciable distances, alao attract each other, causing adtowa, in heterogeneous ae wnt as iMmogeneoos bodies. llie gttraethm efgrmvitf is 0up|Xi!«a to be th(! creat princi[4e which confines the planets in their «rl>its. Its power or force i« ' of rcdi'mptiuu. 3. To impute lo as a cause ; afi, our misfortunes are generally to he attributed to our fullies or im- prudence. AT'TRI-UICTE, s. Tliat which is attributed ; that which i^ considered as lii^loiiging to, or inherent in ; as, iK)Wcr and wisdom are attributes of the Supreme Being ; or a quality determining somLnliiiig to be alter a cerlaiu manner; os, extension is an attribute of body. Entyc S. Ounlity ; characteristic disposition; as bravery and grii:-riisity in men. Bacon. 3. A thing bt-loiifiing to another; an appendant; ai', the anii!f of a warrior. In painting and gculjfturt, a symby riDb.ug ^aiRttances together. TU. eovre T jLljiienl to cfftctfd by atlri&on of Ih* Inwaid aX;ti«eil. ArbuthnoL 2. The state of bein^ worn. Johnson. 3. With Roman Cathvlu: riirrnej, grief for sin. arismg only from fear uf punishment j tne lowest degree of repentance. ' JVallis. AT-TCNE', c. c i^ol ad and tune. Sec Tone and 1. To tune, or put in tune ; to adjust one sound to another ; to make accordaut ; as, to attune Uie voice to a harp. 2. To make musicaL Vvruo] fiin — attune the (rrmtGiig Wre*. Milton. 3. Figitrativelti, to arrange fitly ; to make accord- ant ; a^, to attune the thoughts ; to attune our aims to the divine will. AT-TCN'/-D, pji. Made music^il or harmonious; ac- commodated in sound ; made accordant. AT-TuN'lNG, p;»r. Putting in tunej making mu- sical ; m.'Lking accordanL A-T\VaI\', flJc. In twain ; asunder. [Obs.] Shak. A-TWEEN', adc. Between. fObs.] Spenser. A-TWIXT', aJo. Betwixt. [Obs.\ Hjiensa: A-TWp', adc. In two. [Ob.^.] Oumcer. AU-BAlJVE'j fo-baiie',) n. [Fr. aubdn, an alien.] The droit a^aubaiuc, in France, was the right of the king to tlie succession or iiilieritance uf a foreigner not naturalized, or of a foreig:ner naturalized, who had left no heirs within the kinf^dom, and who had not disposed of his property, while living, by dona- tion or testament. Encyc. Meth. This right was abolished in 1790, by llic National Assembly ; restored, by Napoleon, in 1804 j partially abolished, by tlie treaty of Paris, in ldl4 ; and fin;Uly entirely abolished in J819. P. Cue AU'lil.N, n. [Fr.l A broken kind of gait in a horse, " between an ainolc and a gallop, vulgarly called a Cantrrbanj gallop, AU'BURN, a. [This word is evidently formed from " Fr. bran. It. bruno, brown, by a tran!^i>osilii)n of the letters r and n, with a prefix, auburn, ft>r aubrun^ AUD from brennai0i burn, denoting tlie cokv mudu by scorching.] Reddish brown. IIU au&um Kicks on either ahouliler flovrrd. Drytltn. AUCTION, Ti. [L. flMfitu, (rtu^'^eojto incr^nae,) a pub- lic sale ; or Eng. to hawk ; G. hSkcn ; pro,)erIy, to cry out. See II.vwK.] 1. A public sale of property to the highest bidder, and rennlaily, by a p:?rsoii licensed and authoriisea for the piirp(Kse; a vendue Contracts for servicen, supplies, Slc, sometimes, are sold lo Ihe lowest bid- der Among the Romans, this siwcies of sale waa made by a crier, sub hasia, i. e., under a spear stuck in the earth. a. 'i'he things sold at auction. Puj»b. DutcJi auction; the public otTer of property at a price beyond its value, then gniilunlly loweriiifi the price, till some one accepts it, as purchaser. P. Cye. AL'€'l lON-A-RY, o. Belonging loan auction or pub- lic sale. Drytien AUe-TlO\-EER', n. [L. aurtionnriu!'.'] 'I'he person who sells at auction ; a person licensed by government lo dispose tif gm»ds or lauds by public sale to the highest bidder. AUe TKJN-EER', v. U To sell at auction. Covpcr. XU-CU-PA'TION, n- [h, aucupatio, t'tom aticupor, of avU and capio.] Ttui act or practice of taking birds ; fowling ; bird- catching. [LUUe used.] AU-I)A'CIOUS, a. [L. audax ; Fr. audacieux; from 1* atuleo, to dare. 'I'he sense is, advancing forward.] 1. Very l)old or daring; impudent; coutemnmg the restntints of law, religion, or decorum ; used for bold in tpjckedness ; applied to {persons; as, an auda- cious wretch. 2. Conuuitted with, or proceeding from, daring ef- fronler>-, or contempt of law ; as, an audacious crime, 'X Bold ; spirited. Milton. B. Jonson, AU-DA'CIOUS LY, adc. In an impudent manner; " with excess of boldness. Shak. AU-DA'CIOUS-NESS, ri. The quality of being au- " daeious .- iiopudence ; audacity. Sandys. AU-DAC'I-TV, n. Boldness ; sometimes in a good sense ; daring spirit, resolution, or confidence. Q. Audaciousness ; impudence ; in a bad sense; im- plying a (-ontfuipi of law or moral restraint. AUD'li-A\-l».\I, ft. Anlhrojmmorpliism ; or the doc- trine of Audeus, a Syrian of the fourth centurj', who maintained that God has a huniun shape ; from Gen. i. 2fi. Kncyc. AUI>'I-BLE, fl. [It, audibdis, from audio, to hear. This word is evidently connected with the name of the ear; Gr. ovti, ovoT'ii ; Vulg. Gr. av^ta. The verb audio is contracted into Sp. oir : Por*. ouvrr: Fr. ou'ir, to hear. Hence, in law. n^tr "VcA trcm ihe French oyeiy hear v^ ',aK oiir'^ssrixia O yes, of our courts-'' * n^:, ir.py ue neard ; perceivable by the car ; loud enough to be heard ; as, an audible voice or whisjjer. ^UD'I-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being a-idiiim. AUD'I-HLY, atille. Ed, Enryc In Uie former Spanish provinces in AiaericM., a su- pronie court of justice, and the district over which its jurisdiction extend* d. Robertson. Ed. Encyc. 5. The court of audience, or audience coufl ; a court held originally before an archbishop in person ; that of the archbisiiop of Canterbury is now held by the dean of the arclms as his ofiicial. AUD'I-ENCE-CHaM-BER, n. An ap:mmenl for an audienre or formal meeting. AUD'I-ENT, n. A hearer. [Js'ut in iwe.] SMton. AUU'IT, n. [L. audd, he hears,] 1. An examination of an account or of aecounts, with the hearing of the parties concerned, by proper ofiicers, or ])ersons apjKiinted for that purpose, who compare the charges with the vouchers, examine witnesses, and state the balance. 2. 'J'he result of such nn examination, or an ac- count as adjusted by auditors ; a fiiuU acrounL Shak, AUD'IT, V. L To examine and adjust an account or accounts, by proper officers, or by pi-rsons legally authorized for the piir|>oae ; as, to audit the acciumta of a treasurer, or of parlies who have a suit depend- ing in court. FATE, FAR, FALL, WIl^T.— MeTE, PRBV. — PINE, MARJXE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOQK.— AUG AL'D'[T-HOU?E, », An appendage to a cathedral, ' in which tlie business belonging to it is tmnsacted. miehr. AV-DTTA QUERS'LA, [L.] In law, when a de- fendant or bail, against whom judgment has been recovered, coniplaina that he has already satisfied the demand, or been released from it, an audita qurrcia, i^ a WTit in the nature of a bi^ in equity, di- rected tn the court, enjoining; it to hear the parlies, and cause justice to be done them. AUD'IT-IVE, a. Having the power of hearing. Cotarave. AUD'IT-OR, [L.] A hearer; one who attends to hear a discourse. 2. A p^Tson appointed and authorized to examine an account or accounts, cumpiire the charges with the vouchers, examine the parties and witnesses, allow or reject charges, and state the balance. It is uijual with courts to refer accounts, on which an action i^ brought, to auditors fur adju^itment, and their report, if received, is the basis of the judgment. In Eiiirlanii^ there are officers who are audUitrs of courts, of the revenue, of corporations, &,c In ttie United States government, and the state govern- ments, there are auditors of the treasur\', or of the public accoiini:^ AUD'IT-OR-SUIP, n. The office of auditor. AUfVIT-O-RY, a. That has the power of hearing; pertaining to the sense or organs of hearing. ^udiUiry ncrce : in atuttomy, the soft part (pcrtio mollis) of each of the seventh pair of n^rve^, distributed to ditlerent parts of the labmnth of the internal car; the ieat of the 8en:se of hearing. iVUD'IT-O-RY, n. [U auflitorittm.] 1. An audience ; an assembly of hearers, as in a church or lecture-room. 2. A place or apartment where discourses are de- livered. In ancient churchfj, the nave, where the bearers stood to be instnicted. 3. A bench on which a judge sits to bear causes. AUD'IT-RESS, n. A female hearer. MUton. XUF, n. A fool ; a simpleton. [See Oaf.] ^(/ FJilT, (o-fa,) [Fr.] Literally, to or up to the ac- couiplislnnent of any thing, L e. master of it ; per- fectly able to perfonn it. As the phrase is followed by tie in French, it ought properly to be followed by r of oxen in a stable which was never cleansed, until Ht-rcutes undertook the task ; a task which it st-emed imprac- ticable to execute. Hence the Aa^ean stable came to represent what is deemed impracticable, or a place which has not, for a long time, been cleansed. Lrmpriere. AU'GER, 71. [D. avfgaar. The Saxon word is nnft^ ' ffar or naae-gar, from mifa, the nave of a wheel, and gar, a tool or a borer. It is probable that the real Word is nauffar, romipted.] 1. An instrument furlK)ringlar(;e hooks. AU'dl'-RATE, r. i. To judge by augiir>' ; to predicL ' [f.iUle H-tfrf.l fVarburloTU AU-Gi;-H A'TION, n. The practice of augury, or the " foretelbng of events by observing the actions of birds, or certain other phenomena. ^\J'VU'OUK-SHIP, ». Tho office, or period of office, of an augur. Bacon. ^fJ-GUM'I'', a. [T.. auvuer was that of the empire. Its otlicers were appointed immediately by the emperor, except the vice-chancellor, wlio was appointed by the archbishop t>f Mentz. It was com- posed of a president, who wjis a Roman Caiholic, a vice-chancellor, and eighteen councilors or assessors, nine of whom were Roman Catholics, and nine Prot- estants ; or, according to the statement of otliers, only six were retpiired to bo Protestants, but their vote, when unanimous, was nxkoncd equal to that of all the rest. Its decisions were without appejil, but sub- ject to the ratificntitm of the emperor. It always fol- lowed the emiwror's court, the established seat of which was at Vienn:u It ceased at the deaih of each cmi»eror,and was renewed by his successor. It became extinct when the German empire was dis- solved in ItiQlt. Encyc. Jleiss. P. Cyc. The term aulie council, is now applied to a council of the war de[»artment of the Austrian empire, and the members of different provincial chanceries of Uiat empire, are called aulie councdors. P. Cyc. The Aulic, in stmio Europoan universities, is an act maintained hy a young divine, on being atlniitted a diM'tnr of divinity. It begins by an harangue of the chani-.ellor addressed to the young doctor, after which he receives the cap and presides at the AuUc or dis- putation. Encyc AU-iMAlL', r, (. [Fuemail] To figure or variegate. " [A'V/E iisrrl.] Spenser. AUM'HKY. Pee AMnny. AUME, ft. A Dutch measure for Rhenish wine, con- "" taining 40 English gallons. Encyc AUJVE, (own,) lu [Fr.; a contraction oTanltie ; L. ulna-] A French clfitli measure, hut of different lengths in ditrerent parts of the country," At Rouen, it is an Kn;;lish ell; at Calais, 1.52; at Lyons, I.OiJl ; at Paris, 0.U5. Encyc. AUNT, n. [L. amitn, contraoted. Qu. Fr. tantr.] The sister of one's father or mother; correlative to nephew or niece. AU'RA, n. [L. from Ileb. IN"', lar, a stream ; Gr. avpa. " See AiB.j Literally, a breeze, or gentle current of nir; but technically used to denote any subtile, invisible fiiiid, suppositd to rtow from a body ; an effluvium, emana- tion, or exhalation, as the aroma of (lowers, tlie odor of the blood, a supposed fertilizing emanation from the pollen of flowers, Atc. Epileptic aura, {aura epileptica:) a sensation as of a current of air, rising from some part to the head, preceding an attack of epilepsy. FJcctric aura; a supposed electric fluid, emannllng from an electrified body, and forming a mass sur- rounding it, called the electric atmosphrrc. [See At- UOSFHERG, ELECTniC,] TO.XE, BI;LL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US € as K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as 6H; 'f 11 ns in THiS. t5&" AUR 4U'RATE, n. [Suppu^J to be (turn aurmm, guld.] A s*irl of pear. ^U'RATE, M. [L. tturum, gold: Fr. ffr,- from the Ueb. and Clu ^^N, li^tu, fire« and Uf shiuo, from its colore It. or; W. uur; Cum. ^urf Basque, urreu; Arm. SMT, gold.] A cofubmatiun f>f auric acid wiib a base ; as, aurata of piiLl^h. 4L''IxA-T£D, a. [L. turatus.] Resembling gold; golden -colored ; gildi'd. "2. Cuiubined with auric acid. AU'RK-ATE, a, GolJtn ; gilJcd. ^U-Rk'LI-A, m. [from aiirHiH, or uiu', gold, tkata Its otlur. St'c Cmrt«*lu.] In futvmolt/ffy^ the nymph, clir^^^nlis, or pupa of an insoct; a term uppli'>d U) iii-tccLt in ttmir second stige of tntasformiitioit, particwLuly when quiescent, and inrliist-d tu a. huj-du-^h case, retli-riinic a brilliant, Rt>id -n c<4ur^ as in fttnie of the Lepidi>t>t<*ra. 4U-R£ U-AN, a. Like or pertaining to the nurclta. or auu breeder ^l-'-Rf:'!-! A\, «. An amateur collector .ucularly of the l^piduplcni. ^ [L. •iMrdM, Cikld.] r riy* with whir-ii painters sumwnd A 1' Ttaining to imld. . »f gold and •uy- ~ III the greatest propo'r- ' .1 ixyd. ^1- - liHt. from ojcru, the ear.] i. ' .:*. ^.f the car which is proiii '2. 'i ' .vo mu!«culnr«ac!i, situaUu ..L :.- „., i„ Lbe ventncles ; so Cidk-d ffLun t.i .. I* to the auricle or ei- leruul ear ui i»ds. Their ttfstulc^ or coHiri'T' ■' ilje diastole of the ven- tricic--. \ receive the bK It to the vuntric)e, tu ilav:nz npitendagest like ean*. XL'-RK"U-LA, ■. A sfucirs «il" Prunula, colled, from the shape ol" Ha leave:?, bfur^i car, ^L'-RIC'l'-LAR, a. [from L. aurw-iiia, the ear-] 1. Pcftaining to the ear, or t't the seiue of hearing* 2. Secret ; told in the ear ; as, auricular confit«riiun. 3. Rccu^ixed by the ear ; known by Uie sense of hearing; as, a«ricH/ar evidunce. 4. Received or tniditiouol ; known by report ; as, auricular traditions. Bttam. 5. Pertaining to the auricles of the heart. Cvc Med, .iar tiole or bass, ^t'-Rie'l^-LA-TED, a. Having appeodacea, tike the ear j as, the aurtculated eulturt^ so called because it has a projectiuu of the skin, or fleshy crest, extend- ing from each ear along tlic side of the neck. EJ, Eiufc Cuvier. ^C-RIF'ER-OCS, a. [L, aitr\fcr, from canun, gold, and /rn>, to produce.1 That yields or produces gold ; as, aurifaviu sands or strtram:*. 7rniiig twilight. 2. The goddess of the moniing, or twilight deified I AUS by fancy. The poets represcntt^d licr as rising out of tho ocean, in a dtariol, with rosy fingers dropping gentle dew. 3. A species of crowfoot. Johnson. jJurc'ra btirea'luj or Lumen horeale; northern twdight ; iKipiilarly called vorthvn. lighis. This species of light usually ap)>ears in streams, ascend- ing toward the aienith fmm a dusky line a few de- grees above tlie noriJtern horizon. J^omeliines it assumes a wa\*y apinuirance, as in Auu-rica, in March, 1782, when R ovcr^pnnd the whole hom- t-iphere. Sometimes it npp-nrs in dcUiched places; at other times, it almost covers the hemispluTe. As the streams or light have a trenmluus motion, they are called, in the Shetland Isles, mrrry dancers. They as^^ume oil sha]>es, and u variety of colors, fmm a pale red or yellow to a d^'ep red or WoimI color i and in the northern latitudes, serve to illuiuiu.ite the earth and cheer the gloom of long winter nights. Jiuro'ra au^ra'lis; a corrcs|Ntud)ng plieuonieuon in the stxithcrn hemisphere ^ the streum.'i of light asccntling in tho same manner from near tlie south- ern horizon. AU-Ro'RAL, a. Belonging to the aurora, or to the ntunhern lighu^ resembling the twilight. JK. Gnodrich. iVC'KL'>l, *, f L. See Airatk.] Gold. Jtu'rum fuTmiHangy (fulniiiiaiing gold,) is a pre- cipitate, obtained by ammonia, from a solution of gold in nitro-muriatic acid. This precipit^ae is of n brown yellow, or orange color, and when exposeil to a moderute heat, detonates wiih considerable iittiKe. It is a compound of auric acid and the oxyd uf am- mohiuiu. Au'rum mosa'Uumj or mu.«i'viuii ; a sparkling gold- colored substance, obtained by heating a mix- ture of sulphur and o^tyd of tin in a close vessel. The elements of the oxyd unite witJi separate i>or- lions of Uic sulphur, f<.tnningsutphitruiisacid, and tho aurum mu-frrum, which hist is a deillo-sulphuret (deuto-sulphid) of tin. It is used as a piguienu ,^US-CUL-Ta'TIUN, b. [L., from antiq. aa^e; Gr. ovf, ot'cif, the ear, and cuUujy from cu/u, to use ur exercise.] 1. The act of listening, or hearkening to. 3. In mrdtcine^ a tnetitod of distinguishing diseases, particularly in the thomx, by observing the sounds in tlie part, geuerally by means of a tube applied to the surface. I^ieitnc^. ALTS-eUL'TA-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to hearing or li.stening. i\l"SPI-€ATE, r. U [L. auspicor.] To give a favor- able turn to, in comiu<-ncing ; a sense taken from the Roman practice i>f taking the au-s/Jtcium, or inspec- tion of birds, before they undertook any important business. Burke^n krpuiuns. 2. To foreshofr. JJ. Jotuon. AU'SPICE, i n. pL [L. auspicium, of acig^ a bird, ^U'8PI-CES, j and spccio^ to inspect.] 1. The omens of an luidertnkiiig, drawn from birds > tjie same as At'ousr, which see. 2. Protection ; favor ^tiown ; patronage; influ- ence. In this sense the word is generally plural, au.-^iee.: AU-SPI"CIOUS, j;aus-pi?h'us,) a. [See Auspice.] Having omens of success, or favorable apptjunuices ; OS, an au^tciitaji beginning. 2, Pros[hTous; fortunate; applied' to persoaji ; as, au->piciuuB- chief. Drydcii. 3. Favorable ; kind ; propitious ; applied to persons or things ; as, an auspicious mistress. Shak, ^U-SPF'CIOUS-LV, adc. With favorable omens; 'happily; prosperously; favorably; propitiouslv- AU-SP1"CI0US-NESS, M. A state of fair promise; prv>sperily. AUS'TER, n. [L.] Th'i south wind. Pope. Ai;-ST£RE',o. [(^ austrrus.] Severe; harsh-; rigid ; stem ; applied to persons ; as, an austere master ; an austere look. 2. Sour with astringency; harsh; rou^h to the taste \_appUed to things ; as, austere fruit or wine. AU-STkRE'LY, adv. Severely ; rigidly ; harshly. XU-STkRE'\ESS, n. Severity in miuiners ; harsh- ness ; austerity. 2. Rouchnc-is in tx«te. i^U-STER'I-TV, It. [L. attsteritas.] Severity of man- ners or life; rigor; strictness; har?h discipline. It is particularly applied to the mortifications of a mo- nrL-tic life, which are called austerities. AUri'TRAL, a. [L. australisj from ajwtcr, the south wind, or south.] Southern ; lymg or being in the south; as, austral land; aujfra£ ocean. Austral si ^its; the last sis signs of the zodiac, or those south of the equator. £ncyc. AUS-TRAL-A'SIA, n. [austral and Asia.] A name given to the countries situated to the south-east of Asia, comprehending New Holland, I^gw Guinea, New Z<:aland, &c, I'inkcrton. AUS-TRAL-A'SIAXj a. Pertaining to Australasia; as, A it.-tralas!an regions. AUS-TRAI^A'SI.\N, TU A native of Australasia. AUS-TRa'LI-A, n. A name given by some recent " geoaraphers to all the Oceanic regions between Asia and America, and more especially to New Holland, AUT which is also called Uic continent of Australiay or the Austrid continent* AUS-TRA'LI-A\, a. Pertaining to Australia, or to New Holland. The natives of New Holland, from their resemblance to the African negroes, are culled AuMrnlian or Austral negnies. >VUS-TRa'LI-AN, n. A native of Australia. ^US'TKAL-TZE, «. i. To tend toward the south or south pole, OS a magiu't. Brown. ^US"I'Ri-AN) a. [from Atistria. This word is formed with the Latin termination ia^ country, from (Ea- terrrich, the Gennau name, which is eastern rick, eastern kingdom, so called in reference to the west- ern dominions of Chiirleniagne.l PurUtining to Austria ; proiKjrly, a district of Ger- many, situated on both sides of the Danube, between Bavaria and Hungary ; oriyinally a niartiuisate, then a duchy, and finally an archduchy, of the Geriimn empire. The term was afterward applied to a circle of the German empire, including the former; and since the dissolution of the German empire, (18(Xi,) it Inis. been extended to an empire, including exten- sive ti^rritories, in South-eastern Germany and the adjoining countries. AUS'TRI-A\, n. A native of Austria. ^US'TRI.NE, 0. [L. atu-, C£(i"-i, to kill, but the primary sense of which is, to strike, to drive or thnist with the hand, &c. In the word before us, the sense is to throw, or to set ; hence authentic is set, fixed, made or made cer- tain by the autlior, by one's own self.] 1. Having a genuine original or autliority, in oppo- sition to that which is false, fictitious, or counterfeit ; being wliat it purports to be ; genuine ; tnte ; applied to thintrs ; as, an authentic pajK-r or register. 2. Of approved authority ; as, an autJimtic writer. 3. In laic, vested with all due formalities, and legally attested. 4. in music, having an immediate relation to the key-note or tonic ; in distinction from 71/affa/, having a corresponding relation to the fitlii or dominant, in the octave below the key-note. Authentic melodies; those which have their princi- ■ piU notes ht-tween the key-note and its octave ; in distinction from plasral melodies, which have tht;ir principal notes in the octave below the fifth of the key. Authentic moods or tones ; in the ancient church music, the four moods, introduced by St. Ambrose, in which tlie principal notes of the melodies arc confined witliiu the octave nbuve the key-note; in distinction fioin the pia:ral vuwds or tones, introdu:ed by Gregory the Great, ni vvliirh the principal notes of the melodies are confined witliin the octave beiow the fifth of the key. Ed, Encyr.. Authenfie or perfect radence ; the chord or harmony of the dnminant, followed by that of the tonic, or the progression of the dominant to ttie tonic ; in dis- tinction from the pUiifoi cadence, the chord of the fourth or suhilominanl, followed by that of the tonic, or the progression of the subdominant to the tonic. OU!ct'ti. AU-TIIEN''Tie-AL-LY, adv. In an authentic man- " ner ; with the requisite or genuine authority. Brojpn. AU-THE\'TIC-AL-NESS, n. The quality of bjing authentic ; genuineness ; the quality of b.'ing of FATE, FAR, FALT^ W1L>T.— MkTE, PREY. — PIXE, MARXNE, BIRD NoTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. fie ~ AUT gi>od authority ; authenticity, I'Fhe latter itvrd is eeHfraily u^fii.] Barruw. -THK.\'Tie-ATE, V. t, 1. To render authentic ; to give aulliority to, by the proof, atlestution, or fornialiiiea, required by law, or sutlicient to entitle to credit. The king' leTTcs odI; as a. notAiy to aut}\enticaU Uie choice of Judg'v*. Burke, 2. To determine as genuine ; aa, to authenticate a portrait. JVttlpole. AU-THEN'Tie-A-TED, pp. Rendered authentic; bavins received the forms which prove genuineness. AU-THK\'Tie-A-TlNG, ppr. Giving authority by the necessary signature, seal, attestation, or other fiM-ins. AU-THEN-TI€-A'TrON, n. The act of authentica- lins ; the giving of authority by the necessary for- malities ; contirmation. AU-TIIE.\-T1C'[-TY, n, 1. The quality of being authentic; of established authority for truth and correctness. 2. Genuineness; the quality of being of genuine original. [In later writers, especially those on the evidences of Christianity, this term is restricted in its use to the first of the above meanings, and dis- tinguished from genuineness. " It may be of use," saya Bishop Watson, *' to state the difference botween the genuineness and the aulhenticitij of a book. A genuine book is that which was written by the person whose name it bears. An authentic book is that which relates matters of fact, as they really happened." jipologtf for tiu Bih!e.] AU-THEN'TI€-XESS, n, Aulhenticity. [Rarely ujed.] AU'THOR, ». [L, auctor; U. ugkdar ; W. ateilur ; Ft. auteur ; Sp. out or ; It. autore. 1'he I^ntin word is from the root of augeo^ to increase, or cause to enlarge. The primary sense is one who brings or causes to come fortli.] 1. One who produces, creates, or brings into being ; as, God is the author of the universe. 2. The beginner,, foniitT, or first mover of any thing ; hence, the efficient cause of a thing. It is appropriately applied to one who composes or writes a boTtk, and in a more general sense, to one whose occupation is to compose and write hooks. AU'TilOR, V. t. To occasion ; to elTecL [Aut usetL] AU'THOR-ESS, n, A fi-male author. AU-TIIO'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to an author. Ed. Rev. AU'THOR-LESS, a. Without an author or auUiority. SU-THOR'I-TA-TIVE, c 1. Having due authority. Pearson, S. Uaving an aix of authority ; positive ; ptTenip- tory. Swift. AU-THOR'I-TA-Tm:-LY, adv. in an authoritative manner; with a show of authority; with due au- thority. AU-TIIOR'I-TA-TIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being authoritative ; an acting by authority ; author- iUttivu appttarance. AU-THUK'I-TV, n. [L. auctmitas.l 1. Legal puwt^r, or a right to command or to act: as, the autlwri'ij of a prince over cuhjfcts, and of parents over children. Power ; rule ; sway. 2. The iKJwer dt-rived from opinion, tL-.^iirct, or esteem ; induenre of character or otlice ; cn.ilil ; as, the duMority of age or exiunple, which is subrnitteti to or respected, in some meiL-iure, as a law^or rule of action. That which is claimed in Justjhcation ur support of opinions and nn-asiirrs. 3. Testimony ; witness ; or the person who testi- fies ; aji, the Gospcds or the evangelists are owtauthor^ itirs for the miracles of Clihst. 4. Weight of testimony ; credibility ; as, an histo- rian of no aulharily. 5. Weight of character; respectability; dignity; BA, a magistrate of great autJwrUy in the city. 6. Warrant; order; perniiKsion. B^wbat auAot%docaitb&aIh''«c tltii>f!«f— MaiLxid. AcUlx. 7. Precedents, deciiiions of a court, (((Ticial decla- rations, respectable opini(ms and sayings, al.-io the iKKiks that contain thnm, are calUsd auth.'rUie.'*. as they Intluence the opinions of others ; and in lato, the dccrsions of iHipreme courts have a binding force upon inferior court><, and are called aatJumtifjr. 8. G'lVernment; the persons or the body exer- cising power or commanu ; as, the local aatJun-itiea of Uie K'tates. Mar.^fiaU. \n Connrc.iicut^ the justices of Uie peace arc denom- inated the eiril niithnrity. AUTIIOR-I-ZA'TIO.N', n. Thft art of giving author- ity, or l>'2n! powi r; estuhlishinent by authority. ^L'TIKUl IZE, V. t. [Vx. uuiiiri^trr ; S]). aularizar.] 1. To give authority, warrant, or legal jHtwcr to ; to give a right to act; to empower; ait, \o authonie comniission'TS to s.'ttli* the bnundary of tlie Htate. 2. To Hnke legal ; as, to antJturiie a marriage. 3. To establish by authority, as by usage, or pub- lic opinion ; as, iilioius autkoriztd by usage, 4. To give authority, credit, or reputation to; an, to authorize a report, or opinr(»n. 5. To ju AU-'J'U-UI-0-(iHAril'ie-AI,-LY, adv. In the way or manner of autuhiojxraphy. AU-'I'O-Iil-OG'UA-PIIY, 11. [Gr. aurot, and Uogra- f"yi] le biography or memoirs of one's life written by one's self. IVaLik. AU-TOCH'THON, n. [Gr. avToxO(ov{ avTos and 1, Litcrallyj one who rises or springs from the sami'' ground or from the soil he inhabits ; hence, an aboriginal, or native. This title was assumed by the ancient Greeks, particularly the Athenians. 0. Tliat which is original to a particuhir countrj', or whirJi had Ihi-re its first origin. AU-TOei!'TllO-NOUS j * Indigenous. AU-TOe'RA-CY, u. [Gr. aiiro?, self, and ifparoj, power, or (roiirfw, to govern, to take or hohL] 1. Independent or absolute power; supreme, un- contn-Ufd, unlimited authority or right of governing, in a single person. Q. Sole riglit of self-government in a State. Barlote. AU'TO-eitAT, i n. FGr. avT-.Koarwp.] An ab- AL'^-TUG'UA-TOR, i solute prince or sovereign ; a nih*r or nion;irch who holds and exercises the powers of government by inherent right, not subject to re- striction ; a title assumed by tlie emperors of Russia. Tooke. 2. A pers*m invested with absolute independent powt-r, by which he is rendered uuaccounUible for ills actions. 3. This title was conferred by the Athenians on their gi'nt-nU.-* and embassadors when invested with unlimited piiwers. Eiicyc. AU-TO-fKAT'lC, I a. Pertaining to autocracy; AU-'J'O-CRAT'U.'-AT^, j absolute ; holding indei^end- ent and unliuiitcd powers of guverniiu-'nt. Eton. AIJ-TO-€KAT-()lt'ie AL, a. Pertaining to an autoc- rator ; supreme ; absolute ; as, aatocratorical power, PcarsoTU AU-TOe'RA-TRIX, n. A female sovereign, who is independent and absolute ; a titlu given to the em- presst!s of Unssiiu Tooke. AU'TO DA FE\ (au-to-di-fi',) [Port. ; Span, auto de fe, act (*f faith.] 4 1. In Uie Roman Catholic ehnrch^ a solemn day held by the Inquisition, for tJie punishment of heretics, and the ah:^uIution of the innocent accused. Encyc. 2. A sentence given by the Inquisition, and read to a criminal, or heretic, on the scafiold, yitiX before he is executed. Sp. Diet, 3. The session of the court of Inquisition. AU-TOG'E-NOUr*, a. [Gr. -iutos and jci-j/aa..] (rcniiraiing itself. AU'T*)-(;RAIMI, J n. [Gr. avro(, self, and ypa^br]. AU 'niG'RA-PHY, i writing.] A p-'fson's own hand-wriling; an original man- uscript. Al^T(JG'«A-P^AL, a. Of the particular band-writ- ing of an iiulividuaL AIJ-Tu-GKAPH'ie, jo. Pertaining to an anlo- AC-Tt>-GUArU'ie-AL, ) grapli, or one's own hand- writing. 3. Prrtninfng to or used in the [H-ocess of auCog mpliy, wliirh see. AU -TOG'KA-PIIY, n. A pnwess* in lithography by " which a writing or drawing is transferred from jiaper to wtone. Ure. ^U'T(»-MATH,n. [Gr. (ivrof,and /iOj-Oai/oj, to It-am.] One who i-* self-taught. i'oiing. AII-TO-MAT'ie, (a. lUlonging to an nuU>ma- XU-TO-MAT'ie-AT., ( Urn; li.iving the power of * moving luelf ; apidicd to niarhiutry. StncarL a. Niit voluntJirj ; nut dei«:nding on the will ; ap- plied to animal motions. The term automatic is now applied to self-acting machinery, or sueh as has within itself the power of regulating entirely Its own movements, ulihuogli the moving force is derived from witliout; and to what pertains to such mucJiinery ; as, automatic operations or improvements. JiiiumatirarLi; such economic arts or manufartures ns are carried on by self-acting machinery. Ure. ft[;-'i'(JM'A-TO\, H. [<:r. se of ascertaining the cause, seatj or nature of a disease. AU-TOP''JTe-At., a. Seen witli one'^ own eyes. Johnson. AU-TOP'Tie-AI^LY, adv. By means of ocular view, or one's own obser\'ation. Browiu [.iut-op^tf and its derivatives are rarely used, except by medical writers.] AU'TUMN, (au'tum,) n. [L. autumnus ;" Etj-mon multuin torquetnr." jHnsicorth.] The third season of the year, or the season between summer and winter. Aslnmomically, it begms at the equinox, when the sun enters Libra, and ends at the winter soL-^tice ; but in popular language, autumn comprises September, October, and November. Thp goklcii pomp of autumn. Jrnng. AtJ-TUM'NAL, a. Relonglng or perulinr to autumn ; as, an autumnal tint ; |)roduccd or gathered in au- tunni ; as, autunnial fruits , flowering in autumn ; as, an autinnniil plant. Jiiititmnal point; the point of the equator intersect- ed by the ecli|)tic, as the sun proceeds soutliward ; the hrwt point of Libra. jJutumnal eijuitior ; the time when the sun crosses the equator, as it proct^eds southward, or when it pa^.scs the autumnal pdlnt. Jiutamna} si-s of each. Ed. Eneye. j\UX-IL'IA-KlES, (awg-ziPya-rez,) n. pi. Foreign troops in the .service of nations at war. AUX-IL'IA-RY, (nwg-/,il'ya-re,) n. A helper; an as- sistant ; a confederate in some action, enterprise, or undertaking. 2. In i^ratnmar, a verb which helps to ftirm the modes and tenses of other verbs ; called, also, an auxiliary verb; as, have, be, may, can, (to, yniut, nh^Uly and will, in English ; itre and aooir, in French ; av6re and esgcre, in Italian; p^fur and habcr^ in Spanish.] A-VaIL', v. t. [Vr. valoir, to be worth ; L. valeoj to be stnmg or able, to profit, to he of ft)rce or authority ; Sp. rolir, to be valuable, to avail or prevail, to be binding, to be worth; It. valere, to be worth, to be useful, to profit or avail; Eng. well; Ar. Vj balta* The primary sense is, to stretch or extend, whence strength, value.] 1. To profit one's self; to turn to advantage ; fol- lowed by the pronouns viyaelf, tliyself, himnclf, hefsclf, itself, ourselves, yoursFlce.'i. Vicinsclaes, with of before the thing used; as, let him avaii funtself of Im li- cense. 2. To assist or profit ; to aid in efl^'cting a design, or bringing it to a successful issue ; as, what will skill avait us agiiinst numbers? Artifices will not avail the sinner in the day of jtiAgtnent. A-VaIL', v. i. To be of use or advantage ; to answer the purpose ; as, strength without judgment will rare ly {intil. Genemlly, it signifies to have strength, force, or elhcacy suiricient to accomplish the object ; as, the plea in bar must avail, that is, be sufficient to defeat TONE. BJ/LL. IIMTE AN'^GEtt, VI"CIOUa— € as K ; O as J ; S as Z ; CH ns SH; TH as in THia »7~ AVE the suit ; Ibis scheme wilt noc avail: medicines will nut atail to chrcli the diaoase ; suppositions^ without proitf, wiy nt»t avail A-VAIl.', ». Pr.' ■ toward success ; ben- efit ; as, labor, V Miy, is ol' litlte orai/. It seeing u$uait>' u> !ai/afc> bf cooaenL Bwoktr, A-VAIL'A-BLE-.VESS, n. Fowtr or efficacy in pro- moting an end in view. & CXunpelent power ; legal force ; validity ; as, the mi>aiimUeM€ss of a Ulle. A-VAIL'A-BLY, orfr. PowerfuHy ; profitably; advan- tageously ; validly ; etfiracioH«tIy. A-VAlL'l'\G,^r.' Turning Co tH-ofit ; using to advan- tajre or eflt-ct ; assistin); ; profiting. A-VAIL'MC.NT, n. Protit i efficacy ; nicceflsAil issue. [LtttU Mjtcd.] A-Vails', n. pi Profit* or proceeds. It is used, in fitw England, fitt the proceedj of goodd sold, or fur rents, Is^ws, or profits AV- i-L \"\CE^ * i ** tf^'» *™" ""''^' *** descend.] A snow-iilip ; a masa or body of snow or ice hiding down a mountain. Tbia is a Krench t. r '■. applied to the mamrrs nf nnmr nr ir ; nn tue Alps, but is now applied tosim i> im in oilier high nwNitttains. It is alsoappii'-u to similar falling masses of esjtli or rock ; and, Jifnratirtlfy to any sudden or violent act or impuUe of human masises. A- VALE', 0. L [Ft. avtUr^ to let down ; memi, down- wardj 1. To lei down ; to lower; to canae to descend; as, to ssiaU a aaiL Ompct. S. To depRss ; to make abject ; as, to a»^ the sov- cnignty. ITsttSK. A- VALE', •. i. [Ft. moaler^ to descend.] To fall, as rain, uf the tide ; to dt)«cend ; to dis- mount. Chaiuer. ^eiuer. A-VANT', ■. The front of aa army. [J^'U usmL] [See Var.] Jl-rAJrr€Oa'RlERj (a-\iing'koo'reer,) ■. [Fr. See CouaiKs.] A penon dispatched before anoth- er person ^ company, to give notice of his or their Bpftfoacb. A-VAXT'-GUARO, a. The van or advanced body of an army. [See V axcuabo.] AV'A-RICE, a. [L. acwaio, from arar««, (nu mms, to CoVtU] An inordinaia desire of gaining and poieasing wealth ; covetouaneaa ; p«ediae« or ^saiiafale de- alre of gain. SJtak, AV-A-RI"CIOU8, m. Oovecona ; greedy of gain ; im- moderaiplv desirous of accumulating property. AV-A-Rr'CIor:^LY, atie, Covetourfy ; with inordi- nate desire of eainine wealth. OvldsmitA. AV-A-RI"CIOL'S-.\Ef!.S, n. The quality of being av- aricious ; insatiable or iu<»dinate passion for properly. AV'A-ROUS, a. Covetous. (AW uedL] Oover. A- VAST', czdoM. [iL tcxiA, enough ; literally, it snf- ficea, fiom AMUtre^ to niffice ; Pers. &>ttns the descent of a deity in a visible form or in- carnation. A-VAUNT', ercZflm. [^V. Otant, beponp.] begone ; depart ; a word of contempt or abhor- rence, eqiii\'alent to the phrase *^ Get thee gone." A'VE, ». An ave-mar^-. i'VE-MA'RY, ». [from the first words of the Roman Catholic praver to the Virgin Mary : L. are. Maria. haU, .Mar>'.}' 1. A form of devotion in the Roman Catholic church. Their chapl^ts and rosaries are divided into a certain number of ave-mans and paternosters. 2. A particular time, in Roman Catholic countries, about half an hour aller ^n$t-t, and also at early danTi, when the belLs ring, and the peo|de repeat the ave-mary. P. Cye. AV-E-.\A'CEOUS, a. [L. avntaceus^ from orau, oats ; Fr. orouK.] Beloneing to or partaking of the nature of oats, AV'E-XA6E, >i. rFr.l A certain quantity of oatd paid a landlord in lieu of rent or other duty. by a tenant to a 1 Encye. AV'E\-ER, j n. [Norm. Fr.] In En^li^h feudal law, AV'EN'-OR, S an oflirer of the king's stables, whose duty was to provide oata. A-VEXGE', (a-venj', v. U [Fr. em^ er ,- Pp. rca^ar ; Port, vtn^ttr ; L. vindex. In Sax. iciR/uin, to contend, to gain, to win.] 1, To take satisfaction for an injury- by punishing AVE the injuring party : to vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on the wrong-doer. Shall not God arfngf hii own rVel ? — Luke xviii. Ae*iig» utc of my uilvprwry. — ib. vcr. 3, In these exaniplfs, avrn^e implleit that the evil in- flicted on the injuring party i^ a eatiKfaction ur jus- tice done to the injiirrd, and the party vindicated is the object of the verb. 2. To take saiisi'iciion for, by pain or punishment inflicted on the injuring party, III? will at*ngt tltf Uooil of hU ^rraiita. — Deut. xxxl. Here, the thing for which satisfaction is taken is the oluect <>f the verb. 3. lo revenge. To ar*ii'ER, s. One who avenges or vindicates; a vindicator; a revenger. A-VEN*5'ER ESS, «. \ f'mnle avenger. Spenser. A-VEXG'IXG, ppr. Executinp vriiKcance ; taking sat- isfaction for an injury by the punishment of the of- fender ; vindicating. AV'EXS, ». The herb bf-nnct, (Gntm urhanitm.) AV'EXT-AILE, s. The movable pari of a helmet in fn>nt. HalliwelL AV'EX-TT.XE, a. Pertainine to Mons jlveHtiniLs, one of the seven bills on which Rome stooil. BryanL A-VEN'Tl^RE, ft. [Fr. aventare^ from L. vcnio, to come.) A mischince causing a p(Tson*fl death without fel- ony ; as by drowning, or falling from a house. [See AoTESTrBE.] Cowrl. A-VENT'i;-KlNE, \n. [Fr. aventurmf.] A variety A-VAXT'Q-RIXE, \ of^irauslucent quartz, spanglecl thmuchotii with scales of yellow mica. AV'E-.\OE, a. [Fr., from rcniV, to come or go; L. reaio.l L A passage ; a way or opening for entrance into a place ; any opening "or jiassage by whicli a thing is or may be introduced. 3. An alley or walk in a park or garden, planted aa each side with trees, and leadiii:; to a house, gate, wood, &.C., and genemlly terminated by some dis- tant objecL The trees may be in rows on the sides, or, according to the more inod<>rn practice, in clumps at aome distance from cacti other. Encyc 3. A wide street, as in Washin^on, Columbia. A-VER', F. L [Fr. acerer ; It. awrrarr, to aver, or verify ; Arm. guirya, from the roi>t of verus^ true ; \t, fruT or JSr; \V. eiein Corn, uir; Ger. loahr i D. VMtor. See Verift.J 1. To aflirm w;th confidence ; to declare in a pos- itive or perem(itory manner, as in confidence of as- serting the truth. Prior. 2. In /ow, to offer to verify. [See Atebmetct.] AV'ER-AOE, n. [X'orm. aver, aoersy cattle, money, goods, Sp. armo, from aver or habrr^ Fr. avoir, to karr or possess, tn ancient laic, a duty or service which a tenant was bound to render to his lord, by his beasts and carriages or instruments of husbandry. Spelman. Hut arrra'Tium signifies also the loss of g«»ods in transportation ; Sp. aceria, damage sus- tained by goods or sliip.^ ; Port, avaria, an allowance out of rreiphl to the* m.ister of a ship, for damage sus- tained ; contribution by insurers, to make gnod a loss ; It. avaria ; Uan. karcrte, damage of a ship or waste of Ef»ods, extraordinary charges during a voyage. If araria signifies dainagi;, and is from accr or hater, Spanbh, to have, the sense of the word is probably that which happens or falls, a misfortune, for the Verb have and happm are radically the same word ; Spanish, Kaber, to have, and to happen or he- fall ; also, fortune, property. 'J'his would give the sense of damace, or of proportion, lot, shore, that which falls to each of a number. But the primary sense is not verj' obvious.] 1. In commerce, a contribution to a general loss. When, for the safety of a ship in distress, any destnic- tion of property is incurred, eitlier by cutting away the masU, throwing goods overboard, or otlier means, all persons who have goods on board, or property in the ship, contribute to the loss according to their average, that is, the goods of each on board. This principle, intruduced into the commerce of.Europe from the RtKMlian laws, and recognized by the regu- lations of Wisby, is now an established rule in the maritime laws of Europe; for it is most reasonable AVE that, when one man's property is sacrificed to save a ship, all iN.'rsoii4 whose property is saved, or in tike hazard, should bear their proportion of the loss. Parli. lieiiice-if. Spelman, S. From the practice of contributing to bear losses in proportion to each man's projwrty, this word has obtained the present popular sense, which is, that of a moan proportion, medial sum or qunntilv, made out of unequal sums or quantities. Thus, il A loses 5 dollar>!, H I), and C 16, the sum is 30, and tlic ov- enige 10. 3. A small duty, payable, by tlie shippers of goods, to the ma^iter of the ship, over and above the freight, for his care of the goods. Hence the expressioti in bills of lading, "paying so much freight, with pri- mage nnd average accustomed." CuweU Kncye. *(. In /■."njr/u/io, the breaking up of cornfields, eddish, or roughings. Jlsh. 5. Jirerairrs, in the English corn trade, denotes the average amount of prices of the several kinds of gniin in the principal corn markets. Upon or on an avcraae, is taking the mean of un- equal numbers or quantities. AVER-ACE, a. Medial; containing a mean propor- tion. Price. Beddoes. Kirman. EUwards^s West Indies. AVER-AGE, V. t. To find the mean of unequal sums or quantities; to reduce to a medium; to divide among a number, according to a given proportion ; as, to average a loss. AVER-AGE, V. i. To form a mean or medial sum or quantity ; as, the losses of the owners will acnage S5 dollars each. C/u Obs. z. 523, xi. 302. These tpan aoeragt ten feet in length. Belknap, AVER-AG-KD, pp. Reduced or formed into a mean proportion, or into shares proportioned to each man's property. Jefferson. .\V'ER-A(5-rNG, ppr. Fonning a mean proportion out of unefiuul sums or quantities, or reducing to just shares according to each man's projierty. A-VER'MEXT, n. [See Avkr.J Aliirnialion ; posi- tive assertion ; the act of averring. 2. Verification ; establishmeift by evidence. Bacon. 3. In pleatUng, an offer of either party to justify or prove what he alleges. In any stage of pleadings, when either party advances new matter, he arfr* it to be true, by using this form of words, " and this he is ready to verify." This is called an aeermenL Blackntone. A-VER'NAT, n. A sort of grape. Juhrisan. A-VER'NI-AN, a. Pertaining to Avernus, a lake of Campania, in Italy, famous for its poisonous qualities, which ancient writers represent as sii malignaiil as to kill fowls flying over. Hence, as authors I'll us, its namf\ a-jcf's, without birds. }Ore followed bv to, and never by from. This word includes the idea of /r«m ; but the literal meaninc being lost, tlie affection of the mind signified by the word, is ex- erted toicard the object of dislike, and, like its kindred terms, haired, dinUke, contrary, repusrnant, &.C.., should be followed by to. Indeed, it is absurd to speak of an affecliou of the mind exerted from an objecL FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — M£TE, PREY. — PIXE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 83 AVO Averse, expresses a leps degree of opposition in the Diind than detesting and cUfkorring. Milton twice uses arerae in its literal sense of turned avcai/, witli/ro/n; but it is not according to the English idiom. 3. Turned backward ; in a direction contrary to progression ; as, tracks aoerse. Vryden. A-VERSE'LV, (a-vers'ly,) ado. With repugnance ; unwillingly. 3. Backward ; behind ; as, an arm stretched avfrseiy. Davenant. Browiu A-VERSE'NESS, (a-vers'ness,) n. Opposition of mind ; dislike j unwillingness ; backwardness. JferberL A-VER'SION',n. [Fr. aBcrsion,from L. averto.] 1. Opposition or repugnance of niitid ; dislike ; dis- inclination ; reluctance; hatred. Usually this word expresses moderate hatred, or opposition of mind, not amounting lo abhorrcKce or dcte^Uition. It ought generally to be fullowed by to before the object. [See Atebsk.] Sometimes it admits of ft/r. A fr"!? holder u tin.il wllb an avertton to sutijcctioii. Additon. 2. Opposition or contrariety of nature : applied to inaRimate subsianees, Magii'^sa, notwilh«lan(!iii« ihli aoertian U> aoliitioo, forms & kind of poMe wiUi wau-r. t\a.raoy, TrattM. 3. The cause of dislike. Pidn lh«ir aotraton, plfnaitrc their denre. Popt. A- VERT', V. U [L. averto, a, from, and verto, to turn, anciently vorto ; hence rertexj vurtcz ; probably al- lied to I* vario; Eng. tj«r; Sp. birar ; Eth. I lAl bari Class Br.] 1. To turn from ; to turn off or away j as, to acert the eyes from an objecL Shak. 2. To keep off, divert, or prevent ; as, to avert an approaching calamitj*. Hooker. 3. To cause to dislike. Ilbokrr. But this sense deems to be improper, except when heart, or some equivalent word, is used ; as, to aijcrt the heart or affections, which may signify to alienate the affec- tions. Thomson, AVERT', r. L To turn away. ThoitMon. A-VEUT'ED, pp. Turned from or away. A- VERT'ER, «. One that turns away or averts ; that whirh turns away or averts. A-VERT'IN'G, ppr. Turning fromi turning away; preventing. i'VI-A-RY, n. [L. avlarium, from avis, a bird.] A bouse or inclusure for keeping birds confined. Wotlon, A-VIDT-OUS, a. [X^ acirfu.?.] Eager ; greedy. Bale. A-Vri)'l-OUS-LV, ado. [See Atidity.] Eagerly ; with greediness. Bale. A-VI1)'I-TY, ». [L. aviditaSf from avidus^ and this from COM, to desire, to have appetite; Heb. and Cli. niK to desire, or covet.] 1. tirtjediness ; strong appetite : applied to the tenses. 2. Eagerness; intenscness of desire: applied to the mind, AV-I-G.^'TO, in. The Persia grati!»s[ma [fjjunts AV-0-€a'D0, I Persra, Mnn.l or alligator pear, a native of the West Indies. The tiee has a straight stem, long, oval, pointed Iimves, and (lowers, each withasix-clfflcorollifcrm calyx, produced in clu.--ter3, on the extremities of the branches. The fruit, when fully ripe, is cnnj^idered a delicacy. A-VK;.N'0.V KER-RV, (a-veen'yong-,)n. The fruit of the Rhamnus Infectnrius, and of other Kp<*cies of the same genus ; so called from the city of Avignon, in France. The berry is less than a pea, of a yellow- iflh-green color, and bitUT, a.stringent taste ; used by dvcri* and {lainters for coloring yellowT' Encf/c. A-VILE', c. (. [Fr.aBilir. See Vilb.] 'J'o dejireciate. [JVW in iwc] B. Janson. A-VTStE', ( 71. (Fr. ocw.] AVI'HO, ( Advice; intelligence. [Xnt in me.] A-VfsSR', r. i'. To con«id"r. [,Yot in iwe.] Upen^fcr. A-VISE'>IENT, «. Advisement. [See Advick and Advi*e.1 AF^O-CaT, fav'o-ca,) n. [Fr.] An advocate: a term applied to the Jiigher class of French lawyers, corresp wmk* mew with. Is to kill or destwy. 5. Awn witk, has a peculiar signification in the phrase, *M can not may teitM it.** Isa. i. The sense b, " I can not bear or endure it." j^wam with one, signifies, take bim amy. A-WAy'WARD.sdr. .\way. Omter. ^WE, (aw,) ru [Dan. aw, fear, awe, chastisement, dis- cipline ; orff, to chastise or correct ; Or. aj aoi, to be astonished. Un. Ir. agk ; Sax. eft or 0/«, fear : Goth, o^oit, or e^vx, to dread. It woald appear that the primary sense of the Dan. is to strike, or check.] 1. Fear minted with admiration or reTerenoe -, reveitintial fear. Stud in aat »aA lia noL— P*. k. a. Fear; dread inspired by wmathing great, cr ^WE. V. L To strike with fear and wmmite ; to tat- f <<'>"'"> >'^- r-nr, terror, or lespeoCi ns, Ikis m%}ealy A < Weary: which see. SfeoA. A-\\ _..:-- r.:;, (a-weth'er,) adv. [a and wMcAer.] On the weather-side, or toward the wind ; as, helm aweatker! opposed to alef, .Vor. DicL AWE^-eOM-HA^D'LNG, a. Striking with or influ- " encine by awe. Oroy. AAV'/:[), (awd,) pp. Struck with fear; Influencea by " ft-ar or reverence. A-WEIGH' fa-way',) adv. [a and ip#-i>».] Atrip. The anchor is attfigh when it is Just drawn out of the ground, and bangs [K^rpendicular. [See Atrip.] AWE-i^-SPIR'IXG, a. Impressing with awe. JBp. Ifubart. AWE'-STRUCK, a. Impressed or struck with awe. AW'F^L, a. [awe and >Xi.] [MUloru 1. That strikes with awe ; that fills with profound reverence ; as, the avfui majesty of Jehovah. S. That fills with terror and dread ; as, the ewfui approach of death. 3. Struck with awe ; scrupulous. A weak ai^mfid iCTricoce far anu^-jtir. Was*. Shakspeare uses it fcff obedient, or under due awe of authority' or dignity. Our common peojde use this word in the sense of friEhtfiil, uglv, detestable. AW'Fi;L,-Et-£D, C-Ide,) a. Having eyes that excite '" awe. AW'FS,X-LY, adv. In a manner to fill with awe ; in " a reverential manner. AW'FUL-NESS, a. 1. The quality of striking w*ith awe, or with rev- erence ; s^emnity ; as, the OKftdness of this sacred place. 2. The state of being struck with awe. A belp u> prajer, pnduonc in la iBrerence u>d au/ulneM9. Tajflor AAVHAPE?, V. u [W. neapiaw, to strike smartly.] To strike ; to confound. [ Obs.] SpcTuer. [This is our vulgar tchop.} A-W HILE', adv. [a and urAiif, time, or interval.] A space of time ; for some time ; for a short time. AWK, a. Odd J out of order. VEstrangf. 2. Clumsy in performance, or manners j unhandy ; not dextrous. [Ku/g-ar.l ^WK'WARD, a. [awfc and icard.] AXl 1. Wauling dexterity in the use of the h;»uN or of Instruments; unready j not dextrous ; bunizlmr;. Drydea. 2. Inelegant; Unpolite ; ungraceful in manners; clumsy. Shak. 3. Unfavorable ; untoward ; adverse ; unfortunate. Shak. jyWK'WARD-LY, oilv. Clumsily ; in a rude or bun- gline manner ; inelegantly ; badly. ^WK'W.\lU>-XEf*S, n. Clumsiness ; un grace fulness ' in manners ; want of dexterity in the use of the hands or instruments ; un suitableness. Addition. jyWL, n. [Sax. lesa throne. Sfiak, ^WL'-SHAP-ED, f-8hapt,l o. 1. Having the snape of an awl. 2. In botany^ subulate: slender, and tapering to- ward ihe extremity, as a leaf. ^WL'WORT, M. [air/ and teorL .See Wobt.] The popular name of the ^ubuloria aquutica ; so called from its awl-shaped leaves, wliicli grow in clusters round the rooL It is a native of Briuiin and Ireland. Kncyc. Aui?' ! "• f^* *"^' ^' '^'"•^ A Dutch liquid measure, containing eight steckans, or twenij verges or verteels, varying in diU'ereut cities from 37 to 41 English wine gallons. ArbuOtiioU AWNi ». [Sw. agn ; Gr. 'a\vay ax"'*?-] The b^srd of com or gra^s ; a slender, sharp pro- cess issuing {rom the chafl* or glume in C4im and grasses. Martyn, ^WN'£D, (awnd,) a. In botany^ furnished with an awn, as a glume. iVWN'lXG, a. [Goth. hvXyan^ to cover.] I- A cover of canvas, to shelter from the sun's rays ; originally employed as a shelter to a vessel's deck, or a boat, but now used for various other pur- poses; as in gardening, for protecting plants, and in ciUeSjU a shade around buildings. 2. That part of Uie poop-deck which is continued forward beyond the bulk-head of the cabin. I Mar. Diet. ^WN'LESS, a. Without awn or beard. AWN'Y, a. Having awns ; full of beard. X-WOKE'. The nreL of Awake. A-WOltK', adv, [Sax. gewtorcan^ to work.] At work i in, or into, a :>tale of labor ur action. Shak, A-WORK'INO, adv. At work ; in, or into, a state of working or action. Habberd^s Taltu A-WRY', a. or adv. [Dan. vride, to twist ; vrieof twist- ed ; 8w. vrida ; Sax. wrUhan^ to turitAc.) 1. Turned or twisted toward one side , not in a straiglit or true direction, or position ; asquint ; with oblique vision; as, to glance a look aurry; tlic lady's cap is awnt. 2. In a jiguratitt sensej turned aside from the line of truth, or right reason ; perverse or perversely. Sidney. JUUton. AX, n. [improperly written Axe.] [Sax. tsz, «ax, tese ; G.azti Sw, yzai Daiu^xei lj.asciai Gi.a^ivrji It. hatzi, an ax ; or Ar. V^ Aazio, azza; Eth. (t\6P to cut; Ch. and Syr. H:^^n katzina, an ax.] An instmment, usually of iron, for hewing timber and chopping wood. It con.sists of a head with an arching 'jllge, and a helve or handle. The ax is of two kinds, the broad ax for hewing, and th<>- narrow ax for rough-hewing and Cutting. The hatchet is a small ax. to be used with one hand. AX-A-Ya'CATL, n. A Ily, in Mexico, whose eggs, deposited on rushes and flags, in large quantities, are sold and used as a sort of caviare, called ahuauhtU. This was a dish among the Mexicans, as it now is among the Spaniards. Clavigero. ,\X'-FOR.M, \ a. In botany, having a re- AX'-SHAP-TH), C-shapt,) J semblance to an ax or hatchet ; dolabriform. AX'-flEAD, n. The head or iron of an ax. 2 Kings vi. AX'-HELVE, n. The handle of an ai- AX'I-AL, a. Pertaining to an axis. Prout, AX-IF'ER-OUS, a. A term applied to plants which consist exclusively of an axis, without leaves or other appendages. Brande. AX'I-FORM, a. [L. axis and forma.] In the form of an axis. Encyc* AX^L, in. [L. aiiUa : Ir. asgal; Fr. atssetle; D. AX-IL'LA, ) Old, the armpit; Ch. and Heb. VxK to separate or set apart ; whence '*'?'*5K armpits.] In botany, tlie angle, on the upper side, formed by AXO ahninrh with the Btem, or by a leaf, or its petiole, with the stem or branch. Milne. Darwin. AX'ILE, a. Lying in the axis of any thing, or from the base to the opfwslte end ; as an embrj'o which lies in the axis of a seed. Brande. AX'IL-LAR, ( a. Pertaining to the axilla or arm- AX'IL-LA-RY, i pit. 2. In botany, situated in, or rising fVom, the axilla ; formed by a branch with the stem, as a leaf, or by a leaf, or its petiole, with the stem or branch, as a AX'IN-ITE, n. [Gr. ajivi;, an ax.] [rfower. A mineral, occurring in brilliant glassy crystals, with thin and sharp edges, somewhat resembling an ax. It consists chiefly of silica, alumina, linie,*nnd oxide of iron. It la the thumerstone of Kirwan, and has been also called yanolite and violet scharL Dana. AX-IN'O-MAN-CY, Tu [Gr. afiviy, on ox, and y.avrt.ia, divination.] Among the ancimL^y a species of divination, by means of an ax, -MAT'ie-AL, ( ing the nature of self-evident truths or received principles. Pref, to Bar.on^s Aphorisms. AX-I,0-MAT'ie-AL-LY, ado. By the use of axioms. AX'I-0-PI9T-Y, n. fGr. .i?i«f and iriarts, faith.] The quality which renders a thing worthy of be- lief; worthiness of credit. AX'IS, n,; pL Axes. [L. ; Gr. a^'ou; Russ. osi Sax, iBz; Fr. axe, or autsica, essicu} G. achsef D. as; It. asse ; Sp. exe ; Port, ezo, eixo.'] 1. The straight line, real or Imaginary, passing through a body, on which it revolves, or may re- volve. Aiis of the earth; the imaginrtry right line passing through the center and poles of the earth, on which it performs its diurnal revolution from west to east. 2. In geometry, a straight line in a plane figure, about which it revolves to produce a solid. 3. In conic sections, a riglit line dividing the section Into two equal parts, and cutting all its ordinatcs at right angles. 4. In mechanics, the axis of a balance, is that line about which it moves, or rather turns. The axis of oscillation, is a right line parallel to the horizon, passing through the center, about which a pendulum vibrates. The axis in peritrochio, or wheel and axle, is a me- chanical jwwer, consisting of a wheel concentric with a cylindrical axis, with which it revolves ; the power being applied to the circumference of the wheel, and the weight to that of the axis. 5. In (^tics, a particular ray of light from any ob- ject, which mils perpendicularly on the eye j called, also, the optic or visual axis. 6. In architecture, the spiral axis, is the axis of a twisted column drawn spirally in order to trace the circumvolutions without. 7. In botany, the central part or column of a plant, oround which the other parts are disposed, corre- sponding to the vertebral column in the higher orders of animals ; divided into the ascending axis, or stem, and the descending axis, or root, which are united by the collet or neck. The term is also applied, in a limited sense, to the central column in some modes of indorescence, as in the aincnt, and the spike of grasses. 8. In anatomy, the term axis is applied to the second vertebra of the neck, called also vertebra dcntata ; and to a tooth-like process, (processus dentatus,) on its upper surface, which passes upward through the central foramen of the first vertebra or atlas, thus serving as a pivot on which the latter turns, whence the term. The axis of the Ionic capital. Is a line passing per- pendicularly through the middle of the eye of the volute. Th/i axis of a vessel, is an imaginary right line p:u58- ing through tlie middle of it, perpendicular lo its base, and equally distant from its sides. AX'l f' TRFE i "' i^^^- ^-"^ *"*^ ^^^ ^^^ Axis.] A piece of timber or bar of iron, fitted for insertion in the hobs or naves of wheels, on which the wheels turn. AX'O-LOTL, n. The name of a batrachian reptile, of the genus Gyrinus, found in the Lake of Mexico, and other lakes in the Mexican Cordilleras. It is FATE, FXR, F^LL, WH^T.— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, BpQK.— ~w~ about 8 or 9 inches in lenctli, and has a smooth skin of a deep brown color, thickly mottled with black. It has permanent gills or Uranchix, formed of three long, ramified processes on eacli side of the neck, and also lungs ; and thus, like the Proteus and Siren, is one of the true amphibia. p. Cyc. AX-OT'O-MOUS, 0. [Gr. ufwi-, axis, and TCfivu), to cleave.] In mineralogy^ having a cleavage with a single face, perpendicular to the axis, Shepard. AX'SToNE, n. A light green or greenish-gray min- eral, remarkable for its toughness ; a variety of jade or nephrite. It is used by some eavages, particularly the natives of the South St- a Isles, for making axes or hatchets. It occurs amorphous, and in rolL-d frag- ments. Dojia. AX'UN6E, ■. [L. axunma.] Hog*s lard. Ure. A If, iQi.'e,)adv. [G D. Dan. Sw. ja, (;»ron. ya ;) Dan. J^y^i S fj^i >' Com. ia : Ar. ya ; Ft. oui. U may be a contracted word.] Yes ; yea ; a word expressing assent, or an affirma- tive answer to a question. It is used also to enforce the sense of what is asserted, equivalent to even 5o, trait/, certainly. [I'his word is always written /, in the old editions of Shakspeare.] AYE, a/lv. [Sax. flfl, a, or atea ; Gr. an ; Amii. ai, con- tinually J D. ecuiCj an age ; Goth, aite^ an age, eterni- ty ; Ix. avum, which, without its termination, is trr, itw, a contracted word ; W. hattg. This is in Sax. tce^ eternal ; whence ecnessCy etwnity, from ecan, to increase, extend ; Eng. to eke.'] Always ; ever ; continually j for an indefinite time j Fur aye; forever, [used in poetry. AY'GREExV, n. \aye, ever, and frcen.] The house-leek, (sempervicuni tectorum.) iYLE, 71, In law, a grandfather. [See Bbsatlb.] WVii of ayle; a writ in lieu of^an assize of mart d^ancesiory when the ahatcment happens on the death of the demandant's grmidfathcr or grandmother. Blackstone. AT ME, inteTJ. Used, in several instances, by Milton, inal^d of ah me I Aym»t uDhaiipx. Comut. A'Y-RY. See Aerie, AZ'A-ROLE, n- [Fr. azerole.] The Cratai^nis aiarulus, or Neapttlitan medlar ; a fruil-bearing sJirub, allied to the white thorn. AZ'I-MUTH, n. [Ar. tlX^JM Mamatha^ to move or go s u ^ toward -J "^jw (L. senuta^) a way or path j with a prefix,] Bis the second letter, and the first articulation, or consonant, in the English, as in the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and most other alphabets. In the Ethiopic, it is the ninth letter, and its mhapc is that of a hut. Perhaps from this or other like figure, it received its Hebrew name, beih, a house, it is a mute and a labial, being formed hy pressing the whole length of the lips together, as In pronoun- cing eb. It is less perfectly mute than p, as may be perceived by pronouncing the syllables o^and ap. It is convertible, Ist, with p, as in the Celtic ben or pen. a mountain ; in the English beak and peak, beck ana peck; 3d, with c, as u, the German ailber, for silver; and in Spanish, b and v are otlen used indifTcrently ; 3d, with /, as in English bore^ and Latin foro ; English bear, Latin fero; in the Celtic bun, bunadky bunaii, eutck, origin, foundation ; English found ; Latin fundawientum ; with the Greek •/>, as BUip^ for ♦lAiJTJTos ; 4th, with v and » ; as, Irish for, Latin verus ; fear^ vir ; IrLsh buiac, the toiek of a candle. The Modem Greek B is always pronounced like the Eni;1i'4h V^ and the Russian Hcorrespond^^ with it. In composition, the letter 11 is changed into p be- fore the letter p ; as in opprimo, from ob and premo ; opponoy from ob and pono; into/, before/, as in ojfcro, from ob And fero; into c before e, as in oecido, from ob and cado, and aeda. As a numeral, B was used by the Hebrews and Greeks, as now by the Arabians, for 2 ; by tlie Ro- mans for 300, and with a da.'jh over tt, thus, B, for 3000. B is used also as an abbreviation ; thus B. A. stand for bachelor of artt ; B. L. for bachelor of laies ; B. D. for bachelor of dimnity ; B. F., prefixed to the decrees of the old Romans, for bonum fattum. in music, B stands for the tone above A ; B|;, for B flat, or the semitone major above A. B. also 1. In astronomy, ViT\ arch of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of the place and the aiimuUi or vertical circle passing through the center of any object. 2. MaffTietical azimuth ; an arch of the horizon, in- tercepted between the azimuth or vertical circle, passing through the center of any heavenly body and the magnetic meridian. This is found by ob- serving the object witli an azimuth compass. 3. Aiinmth compass; an instrument for finding either the magnetic azimuth or amplitude of a heavenly object. 4. A'.imutJi dial ,* a dial whose stile or gnomon is at right angles to the plane of the horizon. 5. JlziniuVis, azimuth circles, or vertical circles, are great circles of tlie sphere intersecting each other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles. On charts, these azimuths are represented by rhumbs, and on the globe, by the quadrant of altitude, when screwed in tlie zenith. Kncyc. Chambers. Johnson. Bailey. AZ'I-MUTH-AL, a. Pertaining to the azunuth. A-ZO'ie, a. [Gr, a priv. and <,ioii, life.] Dt'ptitute of any vestige of organic life. Dana. A-ZoTE', n, [Gr. a priv. and ^cjrjy life, or c;wr(«of, vital.] In cketnistry, an element, existing, when uncom- bined, in the state of a gas ; called azote, from its fatal effects upon animal life, but more generally ■nitrogetiy from its forming nitric acid by combination with oxygen. It exists, together with oxygen, in at- mospheric air, and forms about ticventy-nine parts in a hundred of it, by volume Combined with hy- drogen, in a certain proiKirtion, it forms ammonia; and it enters into the comi>osition of most animal substances, particularly of the muscular fiber. AZ'OTH, n. In alchemy, the first principle or mercury of metals; the liquor of sublimated quicksilver; brass ; the universal remedy of Paracelsus. Coze. Quincy. A-ZOT'IC, o. Pertaining to azote ; formed or con- sisting of azote; as, aiotie gas. AZ'O-l'ITE, 71. A name given by Thompson to a salt, supposed by Davy to be formed by the combina- tion of nitrous oxyd with a base, and called by him Tiitroric. AZ'O-TIZE, V. t. To impregnate with nitrogen or azote. AZ'O-TIZ-ED, pp. Impregnated with azote. AZ'O-TIZ-ING, ypr. Impregnating with azote. AZ'l^RE, (azh'ur or a'zhur,) a, [Persic, luzurd, blue ; Fr. azur ; Sp. azid, or azur; It. aziurro i W. asar, blue. Hence lazuli, in lapis lazuli.] Of a sky-blue J resembling the clear blue color of the sky. AZ'URE, (azh'ur (»■ fi'zhur,) R. The fine blue color B. stands for base, and B. C, for basso eonlinuOy or thorough base. BAA, n. The cry or appropriate bleating of sheep. BAA, V. i. To cry or bleat as sheep, Ba'AL, n. [Oriental, "yya lord.] An idol among the ancient Chaldeans and Syrians, representing the sun. The word signifies also lord, or commander ; and the character of the idol was varied by different nations, at different times. Thus Baal Berith is supposed to signify, the Lord of the Covenant ; Baiil Peor, or rather Baal Phegor, the Lord of the dead. Ps. cvi. Baal Zebub, the god of flies, &.C. BAB'ilLE, ». u [D. babbetea; Fr. babilleri properly, to throw out.] 1. To utter words imperfectly or indistinctly, as children. Prior. % To talk idly or irrationally; to talk thought- lessly. .^rbuUmot, 3. To talk much ; to prate; hence, to tell secrets. Shak. 4. To utter sounds frequently, incessantly, or indistinctly; a-i, a, babbling echo; a, babbling stream. BAB'BLE, V. U To prate; to utter. BAB'BLE, 71. Idle talk ; sensciluss prattle. Shak. BAB'IJLE-MEN'T, n. Idle talk ; senst^less prate ; un- m^'aning words. MUton. BAB'BLER, n. An idle talker; an irrational prattler; a tellt-r of secrets. BAB'BLING, ppr. or a. Talking idly ; telling secrets. 2. Uttering a succession of murmuring sounds ; as, a babbling stream. 3. In hunting, babbling is when the hounds are too busy aftur they have found a good scent. BAB'BLLNG, n. Foolish talk. I Tim. vi. BABE, R. [Ger. bube, a boy ; Ir. baban ; D. babyn ; Byr. babia ; Phenician, babion ; Ar. babah, a babe, an : of the sky. This word was formerly applied to tJie lapis lazuli, and the color prepared from it. But it ia now applied to the blue extracted from cobalt, though somewhat a different color; the blue of the lapis lazuli is called ultramarine. The term aiure is ap- plied also to the blue glass made of the oxyd of cobalt and vitrifiable substances, when reduced to fine powder. When in masses, it is called smali. Encyc 2. The sky, or azure vault of heaven. 3. In heraldry, a blue color in coats of all persons under the degree of baron. Jones. The term azure, in heraldry, denotes a blue color generally, not only in the arms of all degrees of per- sons, but in those of states, cities, and conununities. The limitation of azure to the arms of gentlemen, of sapphire to those of noblemen, and of Jupiter to those of sovereign princes, or tlie mode of blazoning by tinctures, precious stones, and planets, in those ttiree degrees respectively, is not generally admitted. Ed. Kncyc AZ'URE, (azh'ur or S'zhur,) v. U To color blue, X'/.'\IKKD, (a/.h'urd or a'zhurd,) a. Colored azure ; being of an_azure color. Sidney. Shak. AZ'URE-SToNE, n. A synonym of the lapis lazuli, and also of the lazulite. AZHTRE-TINT-ED, a. Having a tint of azure color. AZ'IIR-ITE, H. A synonym of the lazulite, and also of tlie blue malachite. AZ'URN, a. Of a blue color. [Little used.] Milton. AZ'Y-GOS, a. [Gr. a priv. and (uj or, a yoke.] In anatomy, a term applied to certain parts or or- gans, which have no fellow, or are not one of a pair. These parts are situated in or near the mesial plane of the body. Azygos muscle; a muscle extending along the mid- dle of the soft palate and uvula, which draws the latter organ upward and forward. Azygos process ; a spinous process in the middle of the anterior and inferior surfaces of the sphenoid bone, uniting with the vomer and the nasal plate of the ethmoid bone. Azygos rem, (vena azygos {) a vein which com- mences, in the lumbar region, by anastomosis with the inferior vena cava, or some of its branches, and, extending upward along the right and anterior part of the spme, terminates in the superior vena cava, a little above the pericardium. AZ'YME, Tt. [Fr.] [See Aztmoos.] Unleavened bread. [JVw( m u.-{C.] AZ'Y-MrrE, n, [See Aitmous.] In church history, a term applied to Christians who administer the Eucharist with unleavened bread. Encyc AZ'Y-MOUS, a. [Gr. a priv. and ^uyiij, leaven.] Unleavened ; unfermentod ; as sea-biscuit. Ash. Infant Ar. /jM^Lf hahos, or baboson, tlie young of man or beast; Syr. bahosa, a little child. It is re- markable that this Syriac and Arabic word for an infant, is retained by the natives of America, who call an infant wa/»/)oo.f. h.pupusya word of endear- ment; piip^it little girl; whence pupillus, pupillay pupiL Ar. bobohoUy the beginning of youtii; Gr. 0a0aiy and iraTrai j Ar. Lj w baba, to say haba, that is, father ; papa, a word taken from the first attempts of children to pronounce the name of a parent.] An infant j a young child of either sex. BA'BEL, 71, [lieb.] Confusion ; disorder. Beaumont. BAB'ER-Y, Tt. Finery to please a child ; any trifling toy for children. Sidney. BAli'ISH.fl. Like a babe ; childish. Aschaitu BAIt'ISII-LY, tidv. Childishly. BAn'ISH-NESS, Tt. Childishness, BAB-OON', 71. [Fr. babuuin, so called from its resem- blance tn a babe. This name seems to have origina- ted in the Oriental babion, papio. See Babe.] A name common to several of the larger species of monkeys, belonging to the genus Simia, in the class Maninuiiia, and order primates, according to the system of Linnreus ; but more recently consid- ered as forming a distinct genus in the order Uuad- rumana and family Simix. Baboons baveehort tails; a long face ; a broad high muzzle ; dog-like tusks, or canine teeth ; and naked callosities on the buttocks. They are found only on the eastern continent and adjacent islands. Encvc. Ed. Encyc BAB'LAH, Tu The rind or shell of the fruit of the Mimosa cineraria, it contains gallic acid and tannin, and has been used in dying drab. Ure, TONE. BJ^LL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VfCIOUa — € as K; G as J ; S as Z; CH as 8H ; TH as in THIS 9r BAC BA'HV, «. l>ifce a young child j {XTtaiuing tu an iufauu BA'BV, n. [See Rarg.] An !nf;inl or young child of either wc\ ; a biibo ; [M.vnJ tHj'umtliI), N. The stale" of betna a baby. -4*A. BA'UV-HolsE, tu A place for childrtu's doUa and babie«. Stctft BA'BV-ISU, a. Like a baby ; childish. BAB-Y-L^'Xl-AN, >a. Pertaining to Babylon, lh« BAB-Y-LO'M:?H, ( ' capital of the ancient kiniidoni of BabiftoHitL, or to the kinjriloni. The city stwid on the Uiver Frat, or Euphrates, and, it is supposed, on the spot where the tower of Biibel was founded. 2. Like the language of Babel ; mixed : confused, BAB-Y-LO'NI-AN, «. An inhabitant of "Babylonia. In ancient wnten,an 9sxnAofer,ma the Chaldoiuu wen* remarkable for tbfl rttidy of afllrolofy. BAB-Y-LO\'ie, {«. Pertaining to Babylon, or BAB-Y-LO.N'IC-AL, i made tlwie, as, Bmbffhme garments, car|(et9, or hangings. facye. S. Tuniultuuua i disorderly. Bsrri»gttm, BAB-Y-LO.N'l€», a. K ^l» ^^^ of « fitarmenl of the history of tlw world, ending 9G7 years before Christ, composed Iqr Bcnimis, a ptieax of Babylon. fncyc BAB-T-ROUS'SA, m. In toefo^, the Indian hon. a native of Celebes and ct Buero, but not found on the continent of Asia, or of Africa. This quadruped be- lunpi to (he gi'nu!< 9nfs, in the class Mammalift, and ordf r Bt<^tluz of Linnorus. From the outside of the upper jaw qving two teeth twelve inches long, bend- ing like hocns, and almost touching the forehead. Along the back are some weak brisUes, and on the rest of the body only a sort of wool. These animals live in herds, ft'ed on herbage, are sometimes lamt^, and tht-ir tlrsh is well ta^Oed. When purtnied hard, tbey nti-.] Set or adorned with pearls ; having many berries. BAeCHA-XAL, i n. [from Bacchua. Gr. Ha«xo5. BAr-CIIA-.NA'LI-AN, \ the deity of wine and rev- eling. Uu. ^r. baek^ drunk; or D. ttak, bowl; L. poeuJum i Gyp. bechari^ a cup ; or from raging, rev- eling.] One who indnlc;e9 in drunken revels ; a drunkard ; one who is noisy and riotous when inloxicatt^d. BACeHA-NAL, ) a. Reveling in imcmpenite BA€>CHA-\A'LI-.\.\, \ drinking ; riotous ; noisy. BA€-CHA-Na'LI-AN, a. Pertaining to reveling and drttnkenneaa. Em too rt s— fi — iwuhr w tea k» cfami^ Ctweper. BA€VCnA-N'A'LI-AN-LY, adv. In the manner of bacrhanals. BAf-'CHA-NALS, \n. pi Drunken fearts; the BACJ-eilA-NA'Ll-A, ( revels of bacchanalians. In ontifiiify, fea.-i5 in honor of Bacchus, the god of wine. The-*^ were celebrated in spring and autumn, with erames and shows. Eneye. BA€ CHANT, in. A mad priest or priestess of flac- BAC't'HANTE, t chus. BACCHIC, a. Jovial; drunken; mad with intoxi- ratiun. 2. Relating to Bacchus, the god of wine ; as, a baechic feast, or song ; bauJue mysteries. FabfT. Encyc. BA€J-€HT'US, «. In antient poetry^ a foot composed of a short syllable and two long ones ; as in drarl. BACCHUS, n. The god of wine, and son of Jupiter and Semele, daughter of Cadmus. BAC-CIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. 6accy%r, of ftacea, a berry, and /(TO, to bear.] That produces Derries. [Se** Bacca.] Baceifennu piaau^ in some of the earlier systems of boLany, in- cluded ult such ^ants as have a pulpy fViiit, whether BAC of the apple, berry, or cherrj* kind; but in others, coiiiprelK-niird such pl.ints only as bt*ar the pulpy pericarp, cjilled bacca, vt berry. Milnr. BAC ClV'O-KOCri, a. [L. bacca^ berry, and varoy to enL] luting or subsisting on berries ; as, baccivorous binis. BACU'E-LOR, n. [Fr. bachdirr; Sp. backiUtr^ a bach- elor of arts and a babbler ; Purt. bacbarel^ id., and (aestt*, a shout or twig of the vine ; It. baccdlicref a faaclMlor of arts ; bccckio^ a statT ; baexArtta^ a rod ; L. baaUuSt a stick, that is, a sJukH ; Fr. bacheletU. a damsel, or young woman ; Scot. fraicA, a chMd ; W. bacs^en^ a bov, a child : bacgrmts^ a young girl ; from bac, small. This word has its origin in the name of a child, or young person of eitlicr sex, whence the sense ik babbling in the ?p;mi«h. Or both senses ore rather fhxn shooting, protruding.] 1. A young man who has not been married. S. A man of any age, who has not been married ; often with the word old. 3. A person who has taken the first degree in the liberal arts and sciences, at a college ur university. This degree, or honor, is called the bactalaureate. This title is given also to such as take the first de- gree in divinity, law, or physic, in certain European universities^. 4. A knight of the lowest order, or, more correctly, a young knight, styled a A-/tiiTA( bachelor. 'I'he Ger- mans anciently constituted their young men knifjhts or soldiers, by presenting to them a shield and a lance, in a great council. This ceremony answered to that of the toga ririlis of the Romans. In the liver)' companies of London, thase persons not yet admitted to the livery are called badulors. BACH'C-LOR-SHir, n. The state of being a bach- elor. 2. The state of one who has taken his first degree in a college or university. BACK. n. [Sax. bac, bac; Dan. bag; ?w. bak; and Sw. Wjfce, Mb^a hill, a clod or lump. The s^'use probably is a ridgty like the Ger. rtrcAm, D. rug, ap- plied to the shoulders, or to the back of a bt ast.] 1. The upiHT iKirt of an animal, ptirticularly of a quadruped, whose back is a ridge. In human beings, the hinder iKirt of Uie body. a. The outward or convex part of the hand, op- posed to tlie inner, concave part, or ikiIui. 3. As the back of a man m the part on the side op- posite to the face, hence the part opposed to the front ; as, the bade of a book, and of a chimney, or tbe badt of a house. 4. TiiC part opposite to or most remote from that TPhich fronts the speaker or actor, or the part out of fi'uht ; as, the badi of an i.ile, of a wixid, of a village. 5. As the back is the strongest part of an animal, ard as the h^ick is behind in motion, hence the tliick and strong part of a cutting tool ; as, the badt of a knife, or of a saw. 6. The place bcliind or nearest the back ; as, on the bad: of a hill, or of a village. 7. The outer part of the body, or the whole body ; a part for tlie whole ; as, be lias not clothes to his hadi. 6. To turn the hack on one^ is to treat with contempt, to forsake, or neglect him. South. 9. To tara the back to one, to acknowledge to be superior. 10. To tnm the back, is to depart, or to leave the care or cognizance of ; to remove or be obscnL Danies. 11. Behind the back, is In secret, or when one is absent 12. To caH bfh'ijid the back, in Kcripture, is to forget and forgive. Is. xxiviii. 17 ; or to treat with con- UmpL Ez. xxiii. 35. Neh. ix. 2*3. 13. 7\j pUnc the frocfc, is to oppress and persecute. Vs. czzix. 14. To bow the back, is to submit to oppression. Rom. xi. 10. BACK, oWr. To the place from which one came; as, to go bade, is to return. 2. In a^gurasive sense, to a former state, condition, or station ; as, he can not go back from his engage- ments. 3. Behind; not advancing; not coming or bring- ing forward ; as, to keep back a part ; to keep one's self back. 4. Toward times or things past ; as, to look back on former ages. 5. Again ; in return ; as, to give back tbe money. 6. To go or dime back, is to return, either to a for- mer place or state. 7. To eries of Siltirus, angitillilnnn, of a silvery hue, without scales, and de- licious food. Diet, of J^at. Hist. BAG'HKEF, 71. [Jno- and ree/.] A fourth and lower reef used in the British navy. Mar. Diet BA-GUETTE', (ba-get',) 71. [Fr. baguette, from bafue, a ring; U.beacht; Sax. ftrao-.l ^ In orehitecture, a little round molding, loss than an astragal, sometimes carved and enriched. T.A r.vnf > ... - . Eneyc. .Johnson. BA-IIXR', 71. Weights used in the East Indies. Tho BAR Rl., j jfTMf bahar, for weighing p>?pper, cloves, nutmegs, &c., is .■i34 lbs. 9 oz. avoirdupois. The liuji b'jmr, for weigliing quicksilver, vennilion, ivory, silk, &.C., 18 4.-!7 11.8. 9 oz. avoirduiKiis. Bneue. BAIG.NE, r. (. [Fr. J.ii^nrr.) ' To soak or drench, [^ol useiL] rt.,-«- Carew. S^EISfS' "• ■• "'" Pi^ctice deceit. Barrow. BAH 'i LL, 71. A defeat by artiflce, shifts, and turns. S-yElE'''^'''' PI"- Eluded ; defeated: confounded. BAP'FLEB, 71, One that baffles. BAF'FLI.N'G, ppr. or a. Eluding by shifts and turns, or by stratagem ; defeating ; confounding. A baf- ^Hg Wind, among seamen, is one that frequently shifts from one [loint to another. BAF'FLING-LV, adv. In a baffling manner. BAPTLLNG-NESS, n. Uualily of baffling. ""?„?'"■ [''^"™- 'W> 3 h^B. -t cufler ; bagnes, baggage. 1 ins word seems to be from the root of pack, pouch, I r. poche, or of the same family ; or it is from tlie sense of tying, binding; Sp. baga, a rope or cord for fastening loadson beasts of burden. HelKe bafmige; It. bagaglia; Sp. bagage; Port, bagairem ; Fr. bV^a^e; Arm. pacq, :i pack, imd bagaich.] " " 1. A sack ; a pouch, usually of cloth or leather, used to hold, preserve, or convey corn and other commodities. 2. A sack, in animal bodies, containing some fluid or other substance ; the udder of a female beast. 3. Formerly, a sort of silken purse tied to the hair. 4. In commerce, a certain quantity of a commodity, such as it IS customaiy to carry to market in a xak ; as, a bag of pepper or hops ; a bag of corn. 5. Among farneri, a i.io- of asafetida and savin is tied to tile bits of horses to restore their apjietites. u * /. fx, ■ Enciic. li.u,, r. (. To put into a bag ; as, to hag game. [Used chiefly by sportsmen.] 2. To load with bags. BAG, 71. i. To swell like a full b,ag, as sails when filled with wind. BA-OASSE', n. The sugar-cane, when crashed and dry ; used as fuel. {/„ B^n-.3-TELLE', (bag-i-tel' ) v. [Pr. ; Sp. ia»-alm arrest or imprisonment, up»»n bond given with sureties. The surety bails a jhtsou, when he procures his release from arrest, by giving bond for his apiwar- ance. BhicJi-'rUme. 2. To deliver gooiis in tnirt, upon a cnnlrart, ex- pressed or im[^ic«I, that the trust shall be faithfully eiecuted on the jvirt of the bailee, or penwui intrust- ed ; as, to bail cloth to a tailor to be made into a gar- ment, or to bail goods to a carrier. Blaekstone, 3. To free from watt^r ; as, to bnit a boat. This word is im[>roperly writitn bale. The word is prob- ably the same as LtU in law, to /«■<■, or Hbrrate^ and si|:nifie3 to throw out water, as with a bucket or shovel. BAIL, «. The person or persons who pnx-ure the re- lease of a prisoner fn>ra custody, by becoming sure- ty for hu appearance in court. Thr bail irnvt br reel, wbaanti^l Uiadsmnu Biaekalorm. B. ftiMi B. wrtv bail lo Ute uttm in % cuit &t law. iUnt. Bail is not u^d witli a plural tennination. i The security given for the release of a prisoner from custody i as, tlie man is out upon bmL Eiervrive bnl eagbl nat to be ivquind. BlAciflorw. Ban is commmm or spedaL Common bail are imagin- ary penwiu, who are pledges for the plainttlTs prose- cution, as John Doe and Richard Roe. Spf€ial bcil must be men of re^l substance, sutlicient to [Kiy their bond or recngniznnce. To perfect or ju*- ttfy bail^ is to prove by the oath of the person that he is worth tJie sum for which he is surety beyond his debtt. To admit to bail^ is to rcleaso upon security giv -n by bond-imen. 3. The handle of a kettle or similar vessel. Furby. 4. In KjtWaiitf, a certain limit within a forest. BAIL'A-BLE, M, That may be set free upi»n bond with sureties ; that may be admitted to bail j used qT ptrMms. a. That admits of bail j as, a baiUOU ot^naa, Btadutoma. BAIL'BONI), n. A bond or obligation given by a prisoner and his surety, to insure the pri£ont;r's ap- pearance in court, at the return of tlie writ. Also, special bail in court to abide the Judpnent. Bomvier. BAIL'£D, pp. Released from custody on bonds fur appearance in court. 3. Delivered in trust, to be carried and deposited, redelivered, or otherwise accounted for 3. Freed from water, as a boaL BAIL-EC, a. The pti^son to whom goods are com- mitted in trust, and who hrts a temporarj* possession and a qualified property in them, for the purposes of the trust. Blaciattone. BAIL'ER, I H. One who delivers goods to anutJier in BAIL'OR, \ trust, fur some particular purpose. BAIL'iE, II. A municipal officer in Scotland, corre- sponding to an ui'/tr/nan in England. Brandt. BAIL'IFF, n. [Fr. baiU,/; Amu bcUy; Scot, baillii it. bailv^ a maglslrale ; balia^ power, authority. Ch. Ar, lieb. Syr. Sp^ lord, chief. Class El. This word, from its derivation, would more properly be spelt with but one/.] In MMgimui, an officer appointed by the sheriff. Bailiffs are either special, and appointed, for their adroitne^, to arrest persons ; or bailiffs of hundreds, who collect fines, summou juries, attend Iht^ assizes, and execute writs and process. The sheriff in Eng- land is the king's bailiff. There are also baiUjfs of liberties, appointed by the lords in their respective juri:;diction5, to execute process, and perforin other duties; bniliffs of forests and of manors, who direct the husbandry, collect rema, &c. ; and Kater-baUiffs in each port, to search vessrfs, gather toll for anchorage, arrest persons for debt on the water, &c, Blackstone. Kneyc The office of bailiff formerly was iiigh and honor- able in England, and officers under that title on the Contint-nt are stiU inveft-ted with important functions. BAILIWICK, a. {baiUl, an officer, (see Bailiff,) and Sax. tctc] The precincts in which a bailiff has jurisdiction ; the limits of a bailiff's authority ; as, a hundred, a liberty, a forest, over which a bailiff is appointed. In the liberties and franchises of lords, the bailiff has exclusive jurisdiction. Eneyc, BAIL'ME-XT, n. [from baiL] A delivery of goods, in trust, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the inist shall be faithfully executed. Blwrk^tone. BAIL'PIeCE, n. A slip of parchment m paper con- BAL taiiiing a recognizance of bait above or bail to tJic ac- tii'n. Bladcitonc BAIN, (banc.) ". [Fr.] A bath. [Oft*.] BjiL\"-MA.-RlE\ (bang-niA-ree',) ?l [L. balneim. Hiarto'.] In cookery, & large vessel of hot water in which saucepans, &c., are placed to warm food. BAI'R.AM ; the name of two Mohammedan festivals, of which one is hold at the close of Uie fast Raniezan, and the oilier seventy days after. P. Cyc B.^IRN', \ n. [Sax. beam f 8col. bairn ^ probably, Eng. BXR\, \ ft.»rrt.] A child, [liate usrd ia EriirlLed to bnit BAIT, r. U [Gotli. beitaiu In Sax. bate is contention. See Make-bate.] 1. To provoke and harass by dogs ; to harass by the help of others ; as^ to bait a bull or a boar. 2. To attack with violence; to harass in the mnn- nf^r of small animals. Sh^ik. BAIT, V. i. To clap tlie wings ; to flutter as if to fiy ; or to hover as a hawk, when she stoops to her prey. Bailrti. ShaJc BAIT, II. While Bnit, a small fish of the 'riiames. BAIT'ED, pp. Furnished with bait ; allured ; tempted. 2. Fed, or refreshed, on the road. 3. Harassed by dogs or other small animals ; attacked. BAIT'ING, ppr. Furnishing with bait ; tempting ; al- luring. 2. Feeding ; refreshing at an inn. 3. Harassing with dogs ; attacking. BAIT'LNG, n. The act of baiting ; refreshment at an bin, partitularU- food for a horse. .^sh. 2. The act of causing dogs to attack bulls, bears, &;c. BAIZB, R. [Per. poroA, the nap or down of clolh ; Sp. battsattj tlie srime.] A coarse woiilen stuff, with a long nap, sometimes frized on one side, wiyiout wale, being wove with two treadles, like flannel. Chambers. BAKE, r. L [Sax. bacan ; Sw. baka ; Dan. bage ; D. baktn ; Got. barkrn ; Gipsy, peksrum ; Russ. pcAu, to bake ; ptkar^ a baker ; Per. poehiaity to bake or cook.] 1. To heat, dry, and harden, as in an oven or fur- nace, or under coals of fire ; to prejiare for food, in a close place he^ited ; as, to bake bread. 2. To dr>- and harden by heat, either in an oven, kiln, or furnace, or by the solar rays ; as, to bake bricks ; 10 bake the ground. BAKE, V. i. To do the work of baking ; as, she brews, washes, and bakes. 2. To be baked; to dry and harden in heat; as, the bread bakes; the ground bukcs in a hot sun. BAK'£D, (bikt,) pp. or a. Dried and hardened by heat ; dressed in heat ; as, baked meat. BaKE'HOUSE, n. [bake and liou^e.} A house or building for baking. BAKE'.MkATS, n, pL Meats prejKired for food in an oven. Gen. xl. BAK'ES,pp. The same as Baked, and nearly obsolete. BaK'ER, w. One whose occupation is to bake bread, biscuit, Slc. 2. A small tin oven in which baking is performed. BAK'ER^FQQT, 71. An ill-shaped or distorted foot. Taylor. BAK'ER-LEG-GED, a. Having crooked legs, or legs that Itend inward at the knees. BAK'ER- V, n. The trade of a baker. 2. A place occupied witii the business of baking bread, &.c. Smollett. BAK'LVG, ppr. Drying and hardening in heat ; dress- ing or cooking in a close place, or in heat. BAK'ING, M. A drj'ing or h;u-dening by heat. 2. The quantity baked at once ; as, a baking of bread. BAL'AN, 71. A fish of a beautiful yellow, variegated with orange, a s(»ecies of wrasse, caught on the shores of England. Diet. ofJ^TaL HisU BAL'ANCE, 71. [Fr. WaTice,' Sp. ftoi/iwza ; It. biluncia; L. bilanx, bis. twice, and iani, a dish, the double dish.] 1. A pair of scales for weighing commodities. It consists of a beam or lever suspended exactly in the middle, with a scale or basin hung to each extremity, of precisely equal weight. The Roman balance, our stt'elyard, consists of a lever or beam, movable on a center, and suspended near one of its extremities. Hence, 2. One of the simple powers in, mechanics, used BAL for determining the equality or difference of weight in heavy bodies, and consequently their masses or quantity of mutter. F.ncyc. 3. Fiiriiratively, an impartial state of the mind, in deliberating ; or a just estimate of the reasons and arguments on both sides of a question, which gives to each its due weight, or force and im[)ortiinre. 4. As balance signifies equal weight, or equality, it is by custom used fur the weight or sum necc'isarif to make ttro unequal weights or sums r^pmi ; that which is necessary to bring them to a balance or equipoise. Hence, in accounts, balance is the difference of two sums; as, upon an adjustment of accounts, a balance was found against A m favor of B. Hence, to pay a balance^ is to pay the difference and make the two acccunts equal. 5. Balance of trade, is an equal exportation of do- mestic productions, and importation of foreign. But, usually, the term ia applied to the diffcrmce between the amount or value of the commodities expr. Charging with equal weights; being in a state of equipoise ; bringing to a slate of equality ; regulating resijective fuict^s nr sums to FATE, FAR, FALI*, WH^T. — M£TE, PRgY. — PLVE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, BQQK.— VM BAL tnake them eqtial ; setilliit;; udjusting; paying a difTerence uf accounts ; bui^iutiiig j cuiitracting a sail by ruUing up one comer uf it. BAL'ANC-LVG, n. Equilibrium ; poise. Spm.9er. BAL'A-XITE, n. A fossil shell of tha genus Uuianiis. A variety of spmel ruby, of a pale rose red, or in- clining to orange. Its crystals are usually octahe- drons, composed of two four-sided pyraniid.s, applied base to base. [See Spinel.] CUm^daiul, Ktrican. BA-LAUS'TINE, tu The wifd pomegranate-treo. Coxe, The balaustines of the shops are the dried flowers of the pomecranate. Parr. BAL-BO'TIaTE, in., BAL-BO'CI Nate, r* "• ^** stammer. BAL'€0-NI-£D, a, Havinc h:Uconie3. BAE'€0-Ny, or B.\L-€o'NY, n. [Fr. bakon ; It. halcoiie; Sp. balcon; Port, balcam ; probably a jutting, as in bulk J belly; W. bale. In Pcrs. ^uIJoLj balkar- nuA, is a cancelated window.] In architecture, a phitform or projection from the external wall of a house, or other building, sup- ported by columns, pillars, or consoles, and encom- passed with a balustrade. Balconies are common before windows. Encyc. BALD, (bauld,) a. [Sp. baJdlo, untilled, vacant, unfur- nbihep ; Port, baldio, open, common ; baldary to frustrate.] 1. Destitute of hair, especially on the top and back of the bead. 2. Destitute of the natural covering ; as, a bald oak. 3. Without feathers on the bead j as, a bald vul- ture. 4. Destitute of trees on the top ; as, a bald moun- tain. 5. Unadorned J inelegant; as, & bald translation. I}njden. 6. Mean; naked ; base ; without dignity or value. ShaJc 7. In popular lanpiage, open, bold, audacious. 8. Without beard or awn ; as, bald wlicat. B^LD'A-€HLV, n. [It. bal^lacchiao ; Sp. baUiaqaino, a rich silk or canopy, carried over the host. £>u CuHffc, Lunier deduces it from the name of a city in Babylunia.] In architecture, a Structure in form of a canopy, supported by columns, and often used as a covering to insulated uliars ; the tenn is also used for a shell over a door. Encyc. Johnson. BALD'ER-UASH, n. [Qu. Sp. balda, a trifle, or baU dunar, to insult with abusive language ; \V. baldtrri, to prattle ; D. bulderen.] Mean, senseless prate; a jargon of words ; ribald- ry ; any tiling jumbled together without judgm';nt. BALD'ER-D^Vtiil, v. U To mix or adulterate liquors. Jokason, BALD'HEAD, (bawld'hed,) b. A man bald on the head, a Kings u. ^. BALD'LV, ado. Nakedly ; meanly ; inelegantly ; openly. BALD'NESS, n. Want of hair on the top ami hack of the head ; loss of hair ; meanness or inelegance of writing; want of ornament. BALD'PATE, n. A pate without hair. Shak. B^LD'PAT-ED, a. Destitute of hair ; shorn of hair. Shak. BJVLD'RICK, n. [from Sw. bah, Ir. balta, L. baUeua^ a belt, and rick^ rich. See these words.] 1. A girdle, or richly ornamented bctt ; a war girdle. A rkdUnt haidruk o'er hb ■bmdden tied. Pop*. 2. The zodiac. Spermer. BALE, R. [Fr. balU : G^r. balUn ; D. baaZ ; It. balla, a bale; Ch. Ar. Heb. S^n to bind; to pledge; and its deriv!Uiv«, in Ar. and Elh., a rojMj.] I. A bundle or package of goods in a cloth cover, and corded for carriage or tmnsportation. a. Formerly, a pair of dice. BALE, c. t. To make up in a bale. BALE, n. [Sax. beal, bealo. Uu. Hcb. Ch. Pyr. and Ar. S3M to grieve or mourn, to be dwolrite, or San to destroy. In Ir. beata is to die, and abatl, death.] Misery ; calamity. [Obt.] BAL-E-AR'IC, a. [from Bairaris, tho denomination ► giv(;n to Majorca and Minorca. Un. from tJr. /y.iAA'.j, to throw, because the inhabitants wore good sling- ers.] Pertaining to the ii^les of Majorca and Minorca, in the Mediterranean Sea. fia/roric cm/i^, or crowned h'lon, (j*r, to throw.] A cross-bow. BlounL BA-LIZE', n. [F. bali^ei Sp. valiia, a beacon.] A sea-mark ; a polo raised on a bank. BALK, (bank,) n. [Sax. balcfW. bale, a ridge between i'urrows ; bale, prominent, swelling, proud; said to be from bal, a prominence ; bala, eruption ; balaUj to shoot, spring, or drive out.] 1. A ridge of Uind, left unplowed, between fur- rows, or at the end of a field. 2. A great beam, or rafter. [Gr. balken ; D. balk.] 3. Any thing left untouched, like a ridge in plow- ing. SpeiLser. 4. A frustration : disappointment. South. BALK, ( bauk,) v. t. To disappoint ; to frustrate. Locke. " S. lo leave untouched ; to miss ur omit. Drayton. 3. To pile, as in a heap or ridge. Sliak. 4. To turn aside ; to talk beside one's meaning. [ O*-*.] Spenser. 5. To plow, leaving balks. BALK'jED, (baukt,) pp. Plowed in ridges between furrows, as in American husbandry. 2. Frustrated ; dis:ippvMnted. BALK'EU, n. One who balks. . In fishery, balkers are persons who stand on rocks and emmences to espy the shoals of herring, and to give notice to the men in boats, which way they p;iss, Encyc. CowcL BALK'lNG,p»r. Plowing in ridges; frustrating. Bi'^LK'ING-LY, adc. In a manner to balk or frustrate. BALL, Ti. [G. ball; D. bali Sw. ball; Dan. btdUrn ; kuss. hat ; Sp. bala, bula ; It. piilJa ; L. pila ; W. pel, pcUen ; Arm. bolal; Fr. balle, boale. A ball may sig- nify a mass from collecting, or it may be that which is driven, from the root of \j.peUo; probably the former.] 1. A round body; a spherical substance, whether natural or artificial ; or a body nearly round; as, a bali for play ; a ball of thread ; a bali of snow. 2. A bullet; a ball of iron or lead for cannon, muskets, &c. 3. A printer's ball, consisting of hair or wool, covered with leather or skin, and fastened to a stock, called a ball-stock, and formerly used to put ink on the types in the forms. 4. The globe or earth, from its figure. 5. A globe borne as ensign of authority ; as, to liold the ball of a kingdom. BacoTi, G. Any part of the body that is round or proiuber- ant ; as, the eye ball; i\\^ ball of the thumb or foot. 7. The weiglit at the bottom of a pendulum. 8. Among tiic Cornish miners in England, a tin mine. 9. A well-known and familiar game. 10. In pyrotechnics, a composition of combustible ingredienU!, which berve to burn, smoke, or give light. Ball-stock ; among printers, a stock, somewlmt hol- low at one end, to which a ball of skin, siutled with wool, is fastened, and which serves as a handle. Ball-vein ; among miners, a sort of iron ore, found in loose massen, of acircular form, containing spark- ling particles. Encyc Bait and socket; nn instrument used In surveying and astronomy, m:ide of brass, with a perpetual screw, so as to move horizontally, obliquely, or ver- tically. Pajf-ball : in botany, a n:mie common to different sprrirs of funguses, of the genus Lycuperdon,(Linn.} Fire-biill; a nu'tror ; a luminous globe darting through the utmospliere ; also, a bag of canvas filled with gunpowder, f^ulphiir, pitch, saltpeter, &.c., to be thrown by the hand, or from mortars, to eset fire to houses. BALL, n. [Fr. bal ; It. ballo ; Pp. batjle, a dance ; It, balUtre, to dunce, to shake; Gr. fJaK^io, to toss or throw ; or viiXX>->, to K-ap.] An entertainment 4>f dancing; originally and pe- culiarly, at the invitation and expense of an individ- ual j but the Word is used in America for a dance at the expense of the attendants, Bi\LL, ti. t. To form, iis huow, into bulls, as on horses' hoofs, or on the feet. We say tiie horse balls. B^LL-CAR'TRIDGE, n. A cartridge containing a ball. B^LL'€OCK, n. A contrivance which allows water io enter a cist'Tu, but shuts of its.:If by means of a Hoatiiig ball, when the cistern is full. Encm. Dom. Econ. BAL'LAl), n. [It. bnlhita, a ball, a dance, a ballad: Fr. balludr.,n song, and haladin, a dancer. See Bali-J A oong; originally a solemn song of praise; but now n meaner kind of |K)pular song. kVatts. BAL'LAl), w. i. To make or sing tj.illads. SJiak. BAL'LAD-KR, ti. A writer of ballads. Ooerbupy. BAL'LAD-MaK'ER, n. A maker or composer of bal ludd. Shak, BAL. BAL'LAD-M0N"GER, a. [Seo Mo.-»o»:iuj A denier in writing ballads. Shak, BAL'LAD-RY, b. The subject or style of ballads. B. Jon.von. BAL'LAD-SING'ER, n. One whose employment is to sing ballads. BAL'LAD-STtLE, n. The air or manner of a bal- lad. BAL'LAD-TONE, n. The tune of a ballad. fVarton. BAL'LAD-WRIT'ER, n. A composer of ballads. fVartun. BAL'LA-RAG, v. L To bully; to threaten. [JV*o( in u.?e.l fVarton. BAL'LAST, TI. rSax. bat, a boat, with last, a load ; D. Ger. and Dan. last ; W. llwyth ( Arm. lastr, a load ; bat-last, boat-load, corrupted into balUut; Russ. bal- last} Fr. leM ; Sp. lastre; Sax. hl(£stan, to load a ship.] 1. Heavy matter, as stone, sand, or iron, laid in the hold of a ship or other vessel, to sink it in the water to such a depth, as to enable it to carry sufiicieut sail, without overselting. Shingle balUist, is ballast of coarse gravel. Mar. Diet, 2. Figuratively, that which is used to make a thing steady. SwifL BAL'LAST, V. L To place heavy substances in the hold t)f a ship or vessel, to keep it from oversetting. 2. To keep any thing steady, by counterbalancing its force. Dryden. BAL'LAST-AGE, ti. A toll paid for the privilege of taking up ballast in a ptirt or harbor. Bouoier. BAL'LAST-ED, pp. P'urnished with ballast ; kept steady by a counterpoising force. BAL'LAST-ING, ppr. Furnishing with ballast ; keep- ing steady. BAL'LAST-ING, n. Ballast; that which is used for ballast. Shak. BAL'LA-TED, a. Sung in a ballad. [LitUe used.) BAL-LA-TOON', ti. A heavy luggage boat employed on the rivers about the Caspiim Sea. Encyc. BAL'LA-TRY, n. A song; a jig. Milton. BAL'LET, n, [Fr. ballet; It. ballctto. See Ball, a dance.] 1. A kind of dance accompanied by music, in which various passions and emotions are represented by the movements and gestures of the dancers. Encyc. .Am. 2. A kind of dramatic poem, representing some fabulous action or subject, in which several persons appear and recite things, under the name of some de- ity or personage. Encyc, In heraldry, ballets, or balU, a bearing in coats of arms, denominated, according to their color, bezants, plates, hurts, &.e. Encyc BAL'LI-AGE, or, more correctly, BAIL' AGE, w. [Ir. baile, a town.] A small duty paid to the city of London by aliens, and even by denizens, for certain commodities ex- ported by them. Encyc. B.\L-LIS'TA, n. [L.] A machine or engine used by the ancients in war, for throwing darts, stones, &c. BAI*-LIri'TI€, a. [L. bailista, an engine to throw stones, or shoot darts, from Gr. /yaAAtj, to throw or ehoot.] Pertaining to thn bailista, or to the art of shooting darts, &nd other missive weapons, by means of an engine. BAL-Lls'Tie PE\D'U-LUM, ti. An instrtimont for measuring the force and velocity of cannon and musket balls. Brands, BAL-LIS'TlCS, n. The science or art of throwing missive weapons by the use of an engine. The bai- lista was a machine resembling a cross-bow. Encyc. Math. Diet. J3sh. The term ballistics has been used as synonymous with projectiles. Barluw, BAL-LOON', n. [Fr. ballon, a foot-bail ; Sp. balon; It. palione; W. pcUtun, from ;/(■/, a ball. See Ball.] 1. In general, any spherical hollow body. Encyc. 2. In chemistry, a round vessel with a short neck, to receive whatever is distilled ; a gliiss receiver of a spherical form. 3. In architecture, a ball or globe on the top of a pillar. 4. In fireiBorJcs. a ball of pasteboard, or kind of bomb, stufli-d with combustibles, to be played off", when fired, either in the air, or on water, whicli, bursting like a bomb, exhibits sparks of fire like stars. Johnson. Encyc. 5. A game somewhat resembling tennis, piaj^ed in an open field, with a large ball of leatiier, inflated with air. E»citc. 6. A bag or hollow vessel, made of silk or other light material, and filled with hydrogen gas or healed air, so as to rise and float in the atmosphere ; called, for distinction, an air-bailoim. 7. In Franee, a quantity of paper, containing 34 reams. [See Balk.] 8. In France, balloon, ballon, or ballot, a quantity of glass plates; of white glass, 26 bundles uf six plates each ; of colored glass, 12.\ bundles of three pUitu« each. Eneijc. TONE, BULL, IIMTE. — AN"GEa, VfCIOUS.— € as K ; d as J ; « as Z ; CH as SH ; Tl! as in THIS. _ BAL ['IST, ■ One who makea or ascends in a BAL-LOO.\'i I n. A «t:ite bar^ ui' Siam, made of a BAL'LOKN, i single pitce of timber, wry long, and uanurd witb oars. ICttcwc, BAL-hOOS'ir"" " • - balloon. BAl^LOON'RY, b. Tbe wt or practice of ascenwth, and hence it is adulterated for market. £ii£iic. BALSl, 9.L To anoint with balm, or with any ilung medicinaL 9. To soothe ; to mitirate ; to assuage. Skak, BALM'I-LY, mdc. In a lioliuy manner. OoUridge, BALMT, a. Uaving the qualttie* of balm ; aro- matic. MtUam, 3. Producing balm ; as, the hdmt/ tree. Pope. 3. Soothing i soft i mild j as, Aaisqr slumbers. Drydm, < Fragrant j odoriferous j as, halmj/ wlnj S. Mitigating ; easing : assnaging ; as, hatrntf breath. BAL^V&AL, a. [L. haUemm.] Pertaininv to a balh. HawdL B.\L'N£-A-H V, n. f L. bcUearimm. from balutmm ; Syr. Mac, bath.] A bothinz room. Brmon, BAL-XE A'TIO.V, «. The act of bathing. Brown. B.^L'XE-.VTO-KY, a. Belonging to a bath or stove. Joknavn. B.\L'0-TADE, m. In the mata^, a leap c^ a horse between two pillars, or upon a straight line, so that when hts fore feet are in the air, he shows nutbing btit the shoes of bis hind f'^t, without yerking out. In a capriole, the horse yerks out his hin'j Ieg& EMcyc Farrier's DUL B,\I/SAM, a. [Gr. ^aX> ; L. htOMmMmJ] 1. An oily, aromatic, resinous substance, flowing spontaneou^y or by incision from certain olants. A great variety of enbetances pass under this deoomina- tjtm. But in modem chemistry, the term was once confined tosiich vegetable juices as are liquid or Jtpun- taneously become concrete, and consist of a resinous 8»ibsix'nnuiu Peruifi-rum,) possessing strong stimu- lant qiialtties. BA L^A M-A'TiON, n. The act of rendering balsamic. BALr-SA^riG, la. Having the quulities of bal- BAL-SA.M'ie-AL, \ sam j slinuilatiug ; unctuous ; sort; mitigating; mild, JJrbuthjwt. BALr-SAM'ie, H. A warm, Rttmulating, demulcent medicine, of a smooth and oily consistence. Coie. BAL-SAMa€J-AULV, atlc, in a biUsamic manner. BAL-SAM-IF'EK-OUS, o. Producing balt^am. Smith. BAL'SA-MT\E, n. The common name of the Balsa- Biina hortensis, (frnpatims btdsaMiHa, Ijon.) BiVL'SAM-SWfiAT'ING, o. YicUiug biUsam. Crashaie. BALT'ir, a. [from »«/;«, belt, from certain straits or channels, surrounding its ules, called belts. See BSLT.] The sea which separates Norway and Sweden frnm JniUnd, Holstein, and G<>rmany. BALT'lG, o. Port.iiniug to the sea of that name ; sit- uated on the litUtic Sua. £Mh DaUic Hmte to>)iti tbe rigfalMta omim. Barlota. BAL'US-TER, ». [IL haiatiatro ; B\k balaustre; Fr. balustre ; from L. paltia ; Eng. pote, pale. This is cor- rupted into Aannicter.] A sm-ill column or pilaster, of various forms and diniensionii, often adunied with moldings, used for balu St rules. BAL'CS-'I'Hll-ED, a. Having bnlusters. Soames. BAL'L'.S-TItADE, lu rSi», balaastrado; It. balaiutrata ; Fr. balustrade ; from buiastrr.} A row of balu:jter3, joined by a rail, serving as a fence or inclosum, for aluars, balconies, stnircast^, terraces, tops of buildings, Jcc. Eneye. Johnson. BAM, or B£AM, as an initial S}'llahld in names of places, signifies KHMd ; implying that Uie place took lis name Ihan a grove, or forest. [Ger. bautn^ a tree.] BAM-ROfV, a. A plant of the read kind, growing in the E:ist Indies, and in some other warm climates, and sometimes attaining to the hight of 60, feet; originally placed by Liniiot, which is long, thick, and jointed, spring several round, jointed Ftalks, which, ni 10 or 1'2 feet from lUe ground, send out from tlieir joints severd statks, which are united at their base. 'I'hesc are armed, at their joints, with one or two shan>i "gid spines, and furnished with ob- long, oval leaves, eight or nine inchr^ l"ng> on short footstalks. The tlowers grow in lar«e jianicU s, from the joints xif the stalk, placed three m a parcel, close to their receptaclea. Old sulks grow to five or six inches in diameter, and are so hard and durable, as to be used for buildiuff, and fur all wrts of furniture, for water-papes, and for poles to The smaJlia' stalks are flutes, &C. BAM-BUO'ZLE, r. U play low tricks upon. BAM-BOO'ZLER, n, tricks. upport palanquins. u^d for walking t^ticks, Eiicyc. To confound ; to deceive ; to [A low word.] ArbuthnoU A cheat j one who plays low Arbu-lknot. BAN, M. [Sax. bannan, abannan, to pritclaim ; It. batutoj a proclamation ; Sp. and Port, bantto ; Fr. ban ,* Arm. ban ,* D. and Ger. Aha, bannr.n : Sw. banna, to revile ; Dan. band^ ban, outlawry ; furhajidc^la curse. Hence banlA. The radical sense id to send, tiiriist, KS drive. Class iln, No. 3.] 1. A public proclamation or edict ; a public order or notice, mandatory or prohibitory. Inn mart particular sense^ 2. In the plural^ the word bans denotes notice of a m.arriage proposed, or of a matrimonial contract, pro- claimed in a church, or other place prescribed by law, that any person may object, if ho knows of any kindred between tlie parties, of any precontract, or other just cause why the marriage yliould not take place. 3. .\n edict of interdiction (jr proscription. Hence, in the firrmer Orrman empire^ to put a prince under the ban of the empire, was to divest him of his dig- nities, and to interdict all intercourse and all offices ftf humanity with the offender. Sometimes cities were put under tbe ban of the empire, that is, de- prived of their rights and privileges. Eneye. 4. Interdiction ; prohibition. MtUon. 5. Curse j excommunication ; anathema. Raleigh. 6. A pecuniary mulct or penalty laid upon a de- linquent for offending again.sL a l>an. 7. A mulct p.aid to the bishop by one guilty of sac- rilege and other crimes. 8. In imiitarti affairs^ a proclamation by beat of drum, or sound of trumpet, requiring a strict olwer- vance of discipline, either for declaring a new otficer, or for punishing an offender. 9. In commerce, a smooth, fine muslin, imported from the Ea=t Indies. Encyc. BAN, r. L To curse ; to execrate. Shak. Knoiles. BA\, r. *. To curse. Spen.tfr.' BA-XA'NA, ru A species of the genus Musa, (which al^o inrlides the plantain,) and its fruit. It ri.ies 15 I or 20 f.;et high, with a soft stalk, marked with dark purple stripes and spots, with leaves six feet long, | BAN and a f(X>t hnwid. The flmvers grow in bunches, covered with a *!hcath of a fine purple color. 'I'he fruit is four or five inches long, and an inch or more m diameter : the pulp is soft and of a luscious taste. When ripe, it is eaten raw, or fried in slices. Ba- nanas grow in large bunclies, weighing a dozen pounds or more. 1'his tree is the native of tropical countries, and on many isles constitutes an impor- tant article of food. Encyc. BAN'CO, n. [Il.l A bench ; a bank BAND, n. ryax. banda ; Sw. ft , . , _ ... hand; Dan. baand; D. batidi G. bandy binde; Sp. ba/tdUj vcnda; Port, It, banda; It. banna; Pers. Jou bajid; Sans, bande^ bunda; Fr. bande. See Bihd and Bend.] 1. A fillet ; a cord ; a tie ; a chain ; any narrow ligament with which a thing is bound, tied, or fast- ened, or by which a number of things are confined together. 2. In architecture, any flat, low member or molding, broad, but not doep, called also fascia, face, or pUii3u John>!i>n. Encyc. 3. FiiruTQtively, any chain ; any means of restniint ; that which draws or confines. Drtiden. 4. Means of union or connection between persons j as, Hymen^s band. Shak. 6. Any thing bound round or encircling another. Bacon. 6. Something worn about the neck ; as, the bands of clergj'inen. .dddison. 7. A company of soldiers; the body of men united under one flag or ensign. Also, indefinitely, a troop, a body of arm 71. A species of silk or cotton hand- BA.\-DAN'NA, \ kerchief, having a uniformly dyed ground, usually of re' musketeer wore twelve, suspended by a belt, ^ud containing each a ch.irge of powder. Encyc B.\N'DON, 71. Disposal ; license [JVo( in use.] Chaucer. BAN'DORE, n. rSp. bandurria ; Gr. rrnvSnoa.] A musical strmged instrument, like a lute. Ennjc. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MeTE, PKEV.— PINE. MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQOK. BAN BAND'ROL, j n. [Fr. hanun-olc ; U. bandn-aola ; Sp. BAX'XER-6L, \ baiulcrvia^i j literally, a lillli: banner. Hee Banner.] 1. A little tlag or streamer, in furm of a guidon, used to be hung on the masts of vesstrls. Kncyc. 3. The little fringed silk tlag that bang^ on a trumpot. Johnson. BAN'D'STEING, n. A string appendant to a band. Taylor. BAN'D'Y, n. [Ft. band/r, to bend ; L. pando.] 1. A club bent at the lower part fur striking a bal! at play. . 2. Tt>e play with such a club. Toone. BAND'Y, tj. £. To beat to and fro, as a ball in play- ing at baudy. 2. To exchange; to give and receive reciprocally ; as, to bandy looks. Shak. 3. To agitate ; to loss about, as from man to man. Let not kaown truth be handitd ia diipui&lion. WtUta. BAND'V, tJ. i. To contend, as at some game, in which each strives to drive Uic ball his own w.iy. Skak. BAND'Y-ING, ppr. Beating ; im[H^lling or tossing from one to another ; agitating in controversy witii- out ceremony. BAND'Y-LEGJ tu [bandij and leg. See Bandt and Beno.] a crooked leg; a leg bending inward or outward. Eiicyc BAND'Y-LEG-GED, a. Having crooked legs. BANE, n. [Uu. the affinities. In ^>ai. bana is a mur- derer ; in Gr. 4>lvu} is to kill ; in L. vtnentum is jrai- son ; Fr. venin ; Ami. benym or vinym.] 1. Poison of a deadly quality ; hence, any fatal cause of mischief, injury, or destruction ; as, vice is the bane of sd in the south of England, in Scotland, and sometimes in .-Vmerica. Forby. BAN"GLE, V. u To waste by little and little ; to squander carelessly. Johnson. BAi\"OLE, n. An omamoni worn upon the arms and ankles in India and Africa. Malcom. BAN'GUE, } n. The leaf of a sort of hemp or Canna- BANG, t bis, growing in India and the l^evant, and used as a narcotic. BA.V'IAN, (ban'yan,) n. A man's undn-ss or morning gown, as worn by the Banians in the East Indies. Johnsan. 2. A peculiar caste or clai*«i among the Hindoos, wboM profession is that of trade and merchandise. Iln-bcrt. 3. A tree In India, the Banyan. MUttm. Banian day», in iteamrn^ji laiivaai^fy are days in a week in which the sailors have no Hesh meat served out to them. This use of the term seems to be bor- rowed from the Banians in Aii'm, who, believing in a metempKychoNis, will eat no Hesh, nor even kill noxious animals. BAN'Ifll, r. f. [Fr. ftannir, bannunant; whence ban- nisjirment, banishment; Ann. rmbannay In publiiih ; fvrltanit and forbaniia^ In banish ; It. bnndire. ; D. ban~ nrn ; G. terbunmn, au^banneit. S*^'" Ban.] 1. To cond'-inri Ujcxilf, or compi-l to leave one*» country, by authority of tin; prince or goveninient; either for life or for a limited time. It is common for Ru.tnians to be bauuhrd to .'Liberia. 2 To drive away ; to com|)el to depart j as, to banixh sorrow. * 3. To baniak one*g gflf^ \n to quit one's country voluntarily, and with a view to reside abroad. BA.N'iaM-i-Jl), (ban'iHhl,) pp. or a. Conii)elIed to leave one's country ; driven away. BA.N'IHM-ER, 71. One who compels another to quit hi« cciunlrv. BA.N'IriH-I.NG, ppr. Compelling to quit one's coun- try ; driving away. BAN'IHM-ME.NT, B. The act of a prince or govern- ment, comiK-IIing a citizen to leave his countr>', either fiiT a litdiied time or forever, as for Borne crime. 2. A vo|iintar>- forsaking of one's country upon oalh, called abjuration. [7'hit practice has noto ceased 1/1 Oreat Britain,} BAN 3. The state of being banished ; exile. 4. The act of driviii;:^ away ot dispt^Uing ; as, the banl-thment of care from the muul. BAX'Itf-TER, n. A corruption of Baluster. BANK, 71, ftfax. banc; D. luid G. bank; i^w. banek ; Dan. banke ; It. banco ; Sp. and Port, banca^ banco ; Fr. bane^ banque; W. banc; Arm. bancg; Ar. eJUj bank, abench. Bank and bench are radically the same word. The sense is, tliat which is set, laid, or ex- tended. Applied to a mass of eiuth, it is a collec- tion, that which is thrown or laid together.] 1. A mound, pile, or ridge of earth, niised above tlie surrouniling plain, either as a defense or for other purpases. 2 Sam. xx. 15. 2. Any steep acclivity, whetiier rising from a river, a lake, or the sea, or forming the side of a ravine, or the steep side of a hillock on a plain. When we speak of the earth in general adjoining a lake or the sea, we use the word shore ; biit a particular steep acclivity on the side of a lake, river, or the sea, is called a bank. 3. A bench, or a bench of rowers, in a galley. Placed on theti banJcM, Ibe luaty Trujrtm aw«ep. WaUer. 4. By anatofry^ a collection or stock of money, de- posited, by a number of persons, for a particular use ; that is, an aggregate of particulars, or a fund ; as, to establi>^h a bank, that is, a Joint fund. 5. The place where a collection of money is de- posited ; a common repository of the money of indi- viduals or of companies ; also, a house used for a bank. fi. A company of persons concerned in a bank, whether a private ass(fciation or an incorporated company ; the stockholders of a bank, or their rep- resentatives, the directors, acting in their corporate capacity. 7. An elevation, or rising ground, in the sea ; called also fiatsy shoalsy shelves, or shallotos. These may rise to the surface of the water or near to it ; but the word bank signifies also elevated ground at the bot- tom of the sea, when many fathoms below thti sur- face ; as, the bank.-^ of Newfoundland. BANK, r. (. To raise a luuund or dike ; to hiclose, defend, or fortify with a bank ; as, tu bank a. house. 2. To pass by the banks of. As I hare battked Uieir UHtoM. Sltai. [•^ot in use.] 3. To lay up or deposit money in a bank. [Little used.] Johnson. BANK'^A-BLE, a. Receivable at a bank, as bills; or discountable, as notes. BANK'-HOQK, n. A book In which the officers of a bank enter the debt and credit of a customer. Bouvier. B.\NK'-HTLL, n. In .^mfrir/i, the same ns Batch note. In F-nfflandy a note, or n bill nf exchange of a bank, payabit; at sonu- future sp-cificd lime. Such bills are negotiable, but form, in the strict sense of the term, no part of the currency. London. Banker, BANK'-\OTE, n. A promissory note, issued by a banking company, signed by the presidimt and count(!rsigned by the cjishier, payable to the bearer in gold or silver at the bank, on demand. Such bills, in England and America, form a large part of the currency. BANK'£D, rbankt,) pp. Raised In a ridge or mound of earth -, inclosed or fortified v^^ih a bank. BANK'ER, ft. One who keeps a bank ; one who tratfics in money, receives and remits money, ne- gitliates bills of exchange, &c. 2. A ve«set employed in the codfishery on the banks of Newfoundliiiid. Mar. Diet. BANK'ING, ppr. Raising a mound or bnnk ; inclos- ing with a hank. When we sprak of restraining water, we usually call \i banking; when we speak of defending the land, we call it imba.tkin^, Kricijc, BANK'ING, n. The business or employment of a banker ; the business of establishing a comnuui fund for lending money, disroiinling not*'s, issuing bills, receiving d»'p<)sils, collecting the money on notes de- positi-d, negotiating bills of exchange, &c. BAXK'IXG, a. Pertaining to, or conducted by, a bank ; as, ftanAin^r operaiinns. JPCulloch. BANK'RUPT, 71. [Fr. banqarroute ; Pi>. bancarrota, bankruptcy, bank, and Pp. und Port, roto. It. rotlo, broken ; Enp. rout, defeat. 'I'liis may signify bencK- brokcn, or Aanfe-broken , most probably the latter, reftirring to the fund or stock. The la-st syllable is the Liitin rupttu, contracted ; Norm, roujit, rous, brokfii.] 1. In English law, a trader who secretes himself, or does certain other arts tending to defraud his credilars. Black.*tiine. 2. In a less technical sense, a trader who fails, or becomes unable to pay his just debts ; an insi>lvent trader. In strictness, no person but a trader can be a bankrupt. Bankruptcy is applied to merchants and traders ; insolcencyy to other persons. This distinction is not preserved in the United States, all insolvent debtors being called ftanfrrupf*. BANK'RUPT, II. Having conmiitted acts of bank- ruptcy ; unable to pay just debts ; Insolvent. BAN BANK'RUPT, r. t. To break one in trade; to make insolvent. BANK'RUPT CY, n. The state of being a bankrupt, or insolvent ; inability to pay all d>jbts. 9. The act of becoming a bankrupt : the act of rendering one's self a bankrupt, as by absconding or otiifrwise ; failure in trade. BANK'RUPT-EO, pjt. Rendered insolvent. BANK'RUPT-ING, pj»r. Breaking in trade; render- ing insolvent, BANK'RUPT LAW, n. A law which, upon a bank- rupt's surrendering all his property to coioniissionera for the benefit of his creditors, discharges him from the [Kiyment of his debts, and all liability to arrest or suit for the same, and secures his future acquired property from a liability to the payment of his past debts. BvVNK'RUPT SYS'TEM, n. A system of laws and legal proceedings in regard to bankrupts and their property. BANK'-STOCK, n. A share or shares in the capital BtiKk of a hank. B.^M^'LTE-UK, n. [Fr.J The territory without the walls, but within the legal limits, of a town or citv. Brande. BAN'NER, n. [Fr, banmere; W. baner; It. baudiera} Sp. bandera; G. fakne and panier; D. xsaan and rfum- rfW; from Gosed, from the Oriental p3l}, uJui to feed or bring up delicately.] A feast; a rich entertainment, literallpy of meat and drink ; figuratively, of any thing delightful. BAN'UI.'ET, V. L To treat with a feast, or rich en- tertainment. Shak. BAN'UUET, V. i. To feast ; to regale one's self with good eating and drinking. Shak. BAN'UUET-ED, pp. Feasted; richly entertained at the table, BAN'ULIET-ER, n. A feaster; one who lives de- liciously. 2. One who makes feasts or rich entertainments. BAN'QUET-ING, ppr. Feasting; entertaining with rich fare. 2. Partaking of rich fare. BAN'QUET-lNG, 71. A feast ; luxurious living; rich entertaininoiit. 1 Pi-t. iv. BAN'UffET IN(»-llOL'SE, ) n. A house where ent(?r- BAN'tiUET-IKIUSE, ) tainnienls are made. Cant. xxiv. Dan. v. BAN'tiUET-ING-ROOM, n. A saloon or spacious hull for public entertainments. Encyc. B.dJV-QUET7'E', (ban-kef,) n. [Fr.] 1. In fortification, a little raised way or foot-bank, running along the inside of a i)ara[>et, on which mus- keteers stand to fire U|>on Wm enc-my in the moat ur covered way. Encyc. 2. The foot-way of a bridge, when raised above the carriage-wav. Otcilt. BAN'UIJET-TENT, n. A tent in which a banquet ia enjoyed. BAN.S, H. pi. Bans of mafrinony. [See Ba.v, No. 2.] BAN'SIIEE, ' BEN'SHI, n. An Irish fairy. Oialmcrs BAN'STICK-LE, ti. A small fish, called, also, stickle- back ; a species of the genua Gasterosteus. TONE, BULL, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € as K; 6 as J ; S as Z; CH as SH ; IH as In THIS. 13 " tri' HAR BAN'TAM, m. A very smaU variety of fowl, with feathered legs, bitmghl, probably, from llie kingiloni of Bantam. 2. A kind of pointed or rarved work resembling that of Ja[ian, oalv more gaudy. BAN'TER, r. L [Gr. i^vuf, whence ' Iminefsing the iMdy in water. BAP'TIST-ER-V, a. [L. fr^tutsrwa.] A place where the saciantent of baptism is admin- istered. Primitively, baptisteries were in buildings sep- arate from tjie church ; but in the sixtli cenmr>- they wfrt* takf-n into the church-porch, and aft£r\vard in- ii itsclC Ejuyc v. ia. Pertaining to baptism. li . AL, \ BramhaH. BAi - 1 1:- 1 itL~AL-LY, ode. In a baptisticai manner. BAP-TIZ'A-BLE, o. That may be bapti7X-d- A*. £. Elders. BAP-TIZE', r. U [See Baptism.] To administer the sacrament of baptism to ; to christen. By some de- nominations of Christians, baptism is performed by plonging or immersing the whole body in water, and this is done to none but adults. More f;cnerally, the ceremony is p«fonned by sprinkling water on the feee of a person, whether an inf:uit or an adult, and in the case of an infant, by giving him a name, in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, which is caPed Chrutmn/. BAP-TIZ'£D, ;ip. or a. Oaring received bapti:>m ; christened. BAP-TTZ'ER, a. One who christens, or administers baptism. BAP-TTZ'DTG, ppr. Administering baptism to. BAR, a. [W. bar; IL barrai Fr. barre; Sp. barra; Port. id. ; It, borra, Mbarra ; Ann. barren^ sparl; Heb. rvii ; Ch. may. If these words are the Eng. 6ar, the sense is, a shoot, that which shoots, passes, or is driven.] 1. A piece of wood, iron, or other solid matter, long in proportion to its diameter, used fur various jHirposes, but especially for a hinderance or obstruc- tion ; as, the bars of a fenc« or gate ; the bar of a door or hatchway. Numb. iii. 36. Ex. xxvi. 26. 2. Any obstacle which obstnicU, hinders, or de- fends ; an obstruction ; a fortification. Amos i. MiuC I new ban to laj own )aj axxle. Drydtn. 3. The shore of the sea, which restrains its waters. Job xxxviii. 4. The railirg that encloses the place which coun- sel €>ccupy in ^urts of justice. Hence the phrase at tA< fta»o/ tA< ccurf, signifies in open court. Hence, BAR nls' exception ttiitririeiit to destroy tiic plaiuiilf's action. It is divided into a bar to common intendmen!, and bar special ; bar temporary, and bar pt'r}»etual. liar to coniuiun in- tL-ndmrni, is an ordinary or general bar, which dis- ables tht; declaration of the plaintitf. A special bar, is more tliau ordinar>-, as a fine, release, or justifica- tion. A temporary bar, is thai which is gotnl for a time, but may afteru-ard cease. A pcrprtual bar, overtlirows the action of the pluintilf forever. BlacUstone. CoiceL IX A bar of cold or silver, is un inc<>t, lump, or wedge, from the mines, run in a mold, and un- wroughL A bar of iron, is a Ion? piece, wrought in the forge and hammered from a pic. II. Amons printrrSf the iron with a wooden han- dle, by which the screw of the pr^iss is turned. 15. In tAf ..^/pifaa (parf*, a denomination of price ; payment formerly being made to liie Africans in iron bant. Juhnsoru BAR, r. (. To fasten with a bar ; as, to bar a duor or gate. 2. To hinder ; to obstruct ; to prevent ; as, to bar the entrance of evil. 3. I'o prevent; to exclude; to hinder; to make impracticable; as, the distance between us bars our intercourse. In this B<-nse, the phrase is often varied, thus : the distance bars mc from his aid, or bars him from my aid. 4. To prohibit; to restrain or exclude by express or impli^ prohibition ; as, the statute bars my right ; the law bars the use of {toisoneil weapons. 5. To obstruct, prevent, or hinder by any interven- ing obstacle : as, the right is barretl by time ; a re- latse bars the plainiiiPs recovery. G. To except ; to exclude by exception ; as, I bar to-night. Shak. 7. To cross with stripes of a different color. 8. To bar a vein, in farrifry^ is an openition upon the legs of a horse, or other parts, to slop malignant humors. This is done by opening the skin above a vein, disenrjaging it, and tymg it both above and be- low, and striking between the two licatures. Johnson. 9. To adorn with trappings ; a contraction of barb. [See BabbJ Drayton. Haywood-. BARB, n. [L. barba; W. barv j Corn, bar ; Arm. baro. This is beani, with a difitrent ending. The sense may be, thac wliich shoots out.] 1. Bciud, or that which resembles it, or grows In the place of it ; as the barb of a fish, the smaller claws of the polypus, &.C. Johnson. Coze. 2. Jlneiently, armor for horses, made of leather set with iron spikes ; formerly, barbe or barde. Jtaijward. 3. A common name of the Barhary pigeon, a bird of a black or dun color. Diet. ofJVat. Hu-d. 4. A horse from Barbary, of which it seems to be a contraction. 5. 'i'he point? that stand backward in an anow. fish-hook, or other instrument for piercing, intended to prevent its being extracted. ti. In botanij, a straight process armed with teeth pointing backward like the sting of a bee. This is one sort of pubescence. Martijn. An appendage of the fruit of some plants, forked at the apex, with both diviatsns of the fork hooked. Lijulley. BARB, r. L 1. To shave ; to dress the beard, f 0*^.1 S/iak. 2. To furnish with barbsj as an arrow, fish-hook, spear, or other instrument. 3. To put armor on a horse. JlfHtotu BAR'BA-€AN, n. [Fr. barbacane; Sp. barbacana; It. barbaeane. Uu. a projecting work.] 1. A fortification or outer defease to a city or BAR castle, consisting of an elevation uf earth about three feet high, aloug the foot of the rumparU Kncyc. Johnson Sp. Diet. 3. A fort at the end of a bridge, or at the outlet of a city, having a double wall with towers. Kncyc, 3. An opening in the wall of a fortress, through which guns iiro leveled and fired u\nm an enemy. Johnson. Ktteye. The French use the word also for an ai)erture in a wall, to let in or drain oil' water. BXR'BA-eAN-ACE, ?i. Money paid for the support ofn barhacan. [U&.*.] Bouvier. BXR-HA'I)I-AN, n. An inhabitant of Barbadoes. BXR-BX'DoES CHEIt'RY. «. A iree trrowinp in the West Indies, a species of .Shdpijihia, fifteen fe«;t higb, and producing a pleasant tart fruit. .hhtuon. Bnrbadoes legi {Bucnemia. (iood ;) a disease of warm climates, eharacteri/,ea by great enlargement and deformity of the leg, with tlie skm tliickened, livid, and nigose; the elephant leg of the Arabians, and bv some considered as a variety of elephantiasis. BXR-BA'DOES TXR, n. A mineral fluid, of the na- ture of the thicker Hiiid bitumens, of a nauseous bit- terish taste, a very strong, disagreeable smell, viscid, of a brown, black, or reddish color; it easily melts, and burns with inurli smoke, but is not soluble in ardent spirits. It trickles down the sides of moun- tains in some parts of America, and Hometimes is found on the surface of the waters. It i» recom- mended in coughs and disorders of the breast and In n gs. Encyc. JVicholson, It is merely a variety of petroleum. IUR-Ba'RI-AN, «. [L. barbarus; Gr. 0ap3an' transfer for a cf>nsideni- BAR tion ; as, A bargained away his farm : a popular use of the word, BAR-GAIN-EE', n. The party in a contract who re- ceives or agrees to receive the property sold. Blackstone. BAR'GAIN-EB, n. The party in a contract who stip- ulates to sell and convey property to another. Blackstone. BARGE, {h^x],)n, fD. bargie ; It. and Sp. iarca,- Ir. bare. Barge J and hark or barque^ a ship, are radically one word.] 1. A pleasure-boat ; a vessel or boat of state, fur- nished with elegant apartments, canopies, and cush- ions, equipped with a band of rowers, and decorated with flags and streamers, used by oflicers and magis- trates. Encyc, 2. A flat-bottomed vessel of burden, for loading and unloading ships. Mar. Diet. BARGE'-BoARD, n. A term applied to inclined pro- jceting boards placed at the gabte of a building, and hiding the horizontal timbers of the roof. Owilt. BXRGE'-COUP-LES, (-kup'plz,) n. pi. In architecture, two. beams mortised tho one into the other, to strengthen the building. Owilt. BARGE'-COURSE, tu In bricklatjing, a part of the tiling which projects beyond the princijwl rafters, in buildings where there is a gable or kiikmhead. Encyc BARGE'MAN, v. The man who manages a barge. BARGE'MAS'TER, n. The proprietor of a barge, con- veying goods for hire. BUtchstone. BXRG'ER, n. The manager of a barge, BA'Rl-A, n. Baryta, whicii see. BA-R[L'LA, «. [Sp.l A plant cultivated in Spain for its ashes, from wnicli tho best kind of carbonate of soda of commerce is obtained. The plant is cut and laid in heaps, and burnt, the salts running into a hole in the ground, where they form a vitrified lump. Encyc 2. The alkali procured from this plant, an impure carbonate of soda, used in making glass and soap, and in bleaching linen. BAR'-I-RON, (-l-urn,) n. Iron wrought into nnil- leable bars. BAR'I-TONE. See BARrrowE. BA'RI-U.M, n. The metallic basis of baryta or baria, which is an oxyd of barium, Davy. Barium is susceptible of two degrees of oxygena- tion : the first, or protoxyd of barium, is called baryta. [Barvtum is the legitimate wprd.] RK, 71. "■ ■ ■ - - ■ ^ . BARTC, 71. [Dan. bark; Sw. barck; G. borke; probably from stripping, separating.] 1. The exterior covering of a tree, corresponding to the skin of an animal. This is composed of tiie cuticle or epidermis, the outer bark, or cortex, and the inifer bark, or liber. Tlie rough, broken matter on bark is, by the common people of New England, called ross, Q. By way of distinction, Peruvian bark. BARK, V. t. To peel ; to strip ofl'bark. Also, to cover or inclose with bark. BARK, )n. [Ir. bare; Fr. barque; Russ. barka; BARUUE, i It. and Sp. barau] A small ship ; but appropriately, a ship which car- ries three masts without a mizzcn top-sail. The English mariners in the coal trade a)iply this name to a broad-stemed ship witliout a figure-head. Encyc Mar. Diet. Watermarks, in Holland, are small vessels for con- veying fresh water from place to place, the Iiold of which is filled with water. Encyc BARK, tJ. i. [Sax. brorean, bijrr^n, to bark.] 1. 'I'o make the noise of dogs when they threaten or pursue. 2. 'i'o clamor at ; to pursue with unreasonable clamor or reproach. It is followed by at. To bark at «tecpiiig rame. Spenter. BARK'-BAR-M), a. Stripped of the bark. Mortimer. UXRK'-IIED, n. A hollted formed beneath of tan- ner's bark. Booth. BARK'-BOUND, a. Having the bark too firm or clos, (bilrkt,) pp. Stripped of the bark ; peeled ; also, covered with bark. BARK'ER, 7). One who barks or clamors unreason- ably : one who strips trees of their bark. BARJC^EK-V, n. A tan-house. Booth. BARK'-GALL-£D, a. Having the bark galled, as with thorns. This defect is cured by binding on clav. Encyc, BARK'IXG, ppr. Stripping off bark ; covering with bark; making the noise of dogs ; clamoring. BARK'liNG-I-RONS, «. pi. Instruments used in lak-^ ins olf the bark of trees. BARK'-PIT, n. A pit filled with bark and water, in wliieh hides are steeped in tanning. Booth. BARK'-SToVE, n. A glazed stmcture for keeping tropical plants, having a bed of tannt-r's bark, or other fermentable matter, wliicii produces a inoiat heal. Brandt BARK'Y, o. Consisting of bark ; containing bark. Sh«r*j»f Sax. btrt. Qn. 'L.far, Or. BTppoi-, Hcb. ia bar, com. In Ihe Saxon Chronicle, An. 1121, it is niilteii b^trtie. Owen renders it bread-corn, from tera. brrad.] A ipecies of valuabU fn^in, of the ccnns Ilordettm, QAed especially fur making mklt, front which arc pre- pared liquors of exten-*ive uac, as btrr, air, and pcrter, I'ht' kinds of bari''y principaUy cnltivnti'd in Eng- land are the common I'pring barley, the long-earcd barley, the winter or square barley, by some called btmr or big, and the pprat or battltiloro bariey. Thia grain u used in medicine, as possessing emollient, diluent, and expectorant qualities. £iicyc. JViUer. ^rbutknot, BAR'LEV-BRAKE, a. A rural play ; a trial of swift- nrsa. Strfaey, BAR'LEY-BROTH.a. A Jow word for strong bwr. Skak. BX': ■ :;>*,». [See Cob:?.] A grain of bar- I ' irt of an inch in lengUi ; bt-nce origi- "Ures of length. Ja'Shsoh. BAK [.f;\ -M' nv, K. A mow of barley, or the place wli ^rr bnrl''v ts deposited. Oau, BAU I.EY-^i^T-AR, (bAr'U-flhiig'ar,) ». PujaT Killed till it w brittle, (formerly with a dcco«"iion of barley,) an.l ctndied with orange or lemon p.'<'!. McCullock. BX R' LEV-W A'TER, «. A decoction of barley, which H |£(Hited sod and lubricating, and much used in medicine. F^meX barifv, and ptart barlrn, are used for making df>eocttoii3. These are made by sepamting tlie grain from its bosk. The pead barley Is reduced to the size of a small sbtA. BARM, a. [Sax. btcrm. Qn. L. frrmentnm, from fer- vto ; or h«er-mkm^ beer cream ; or \V. bmri, to boil.] Yeast; the scum rising upon beer, or other malt liquors, when fermenting, and used ns leaven in bread to make it swell, causing it to be soiler, lighter, and more delicate. It may be used in liquum to make them ferment or work. Joknamu £itcyc. BARM'Y, a. Containing barm or yeasL Baen, Skak. BARX, B. [Sax. ^erfm, from ftrrr, barley, ami «ra, or «ni, a close i»lac^, or repasitt)ri'.] A coverea building for securing grain, hay, (lax, and other productions of the earth. In tie AVrcAem S&scsf of JSmeriea, the farmers generally use bams abu (br stabling their horses and catUe ; so that, amoQg them, a bam is both a com-hoose, or graogei and a stable. BAK.N' r. c To lay up in a bam. [Gb$.\ SkaSu BAK'.\A-CLE, n. [Poet. MnutM, the 9olan gnose; Fr. barauelr^ or bamaqur ; L. prma, a shell-fi-'h.] 1. A sbt-U which is often found on tite buttoms of sbip^, rocks, and timber, below Ihe surface of the •ea; the />p«u ojiof/nra of lanneus. Thf name is also uiplicd to other species of the same genua. Cyc. ft. A species of goose, (^Amu Umtajt*ij,) found in ^he northern seas,tmt vixtting more southern climates io winter The forehead and cheeks arc white, but the rest of tbe head and the nerk are black ; the up- per part of the body is gTayi:ih, bamd with black and white,and the belly white. Formerly, a strange notion [veTailed, that these birds grv w out of wi>nd, or rather oat of the barnacles attached to wood in the aea. Hence the name. It is wrjttt*n also Bi:e:cacle. Pennant, 3. In tJk< phtrol, an inptmment consisting of two branches joined at one end with a hinge, to put upon a hLtrse*s nose, to confine him, for shelving, blet-ding, ordn?5«inp. Kneyc BAR\-r>oOR, a. Tbe door of a ham. Mdlon. BAR'O-LITE, n. [Gr. ^aooi^ weight, and Attf^j, a stone.] Carbonate of banp-ta. Its color is U!niaIIy a light jrellowish-gray ; sometimes whitish, or with a tinge of green. It is strongly translucent. It usually oc- cur»in small masses, which have a fibrous stnirtiire; Bometime.s in distinct cr>-stals. This mineral is called also Wdkeriu, from Dr. Withering, the discoverer. CUacfiaHd* JCtncan. BA-ROM'E-TER, n. [Gr. 0jp9i, weight, and litrpoy, measure.] An instramcnt for measuring the weight or pres- sure of the atmosphere, consi^ing of a glass tube, hermetically sealed at one end, titled with quick- silver, well defecated and freed from air, and in- vrrtt*d in a basin of q'jick^ilvt-r. A column of quick- silver is then supported in the tube, of equal weipht with the incumbent atmofsphere. This instrunitnt was invented by Torricelli, of Florence, in IM3. lis uses are to indicate changes of weather, and to determine altitudes, by the falling and rising of the mercurj'. For this purpose, the tube is fixed to a gridualed scale, so that the smallest variation in the cnltimn is visible. Eneye. Johnson. BAR-0-MET'RI€^AL, a. Pertaining orrtlating to the barometer ; made by a baHuneter j as, baroaiftrieat experiments. BAR-O-AlET'Rie-AL-LY, adv. By means of a barom- eter. Pinkerton. BAR'O-METZ, n. The Scjihian Lamb; a singular vetretablr'pntduction, consisting of the prostra^? hairj* stem of the fern Aspidiam baromctz, which, from its Bah shagi^- nature and (xisiiion, li;u the apiteAmnce of a crourtiing animal. Brande. BAR'ON, H. [Fr. baron; Sp. baron or raruni IL barvne ; S:ms. barrru, bharta, a husband. This word, in the middle ages, was written ftnr, ftcr, rar, baro, paro, viro, Pirro, riron. It is the rir of the I^itins ; Pax. -xrr ; Ir. ,/fr, fear : W. xrirr, for ^mw, grvir. See Spelman''s Glossary^ and Jlirt. Paa.sa tie Bell. Alex, 43: Hieke.i*s &u. Grammar, 113, 1 KJ. The Sax. lepT, Im rir, is doubtless tbe Shcniitic "\aj a man, so named fntin strenf:tl).] 1. In Qreat Britain, a title or degree of nobility ; a lord; a peer; one who liolds the rank of nobility next below tliat of a viscount, and above that of a knight or banmet. OriciuaIIy,the bar\ins, being the feudatories of princes, were the proprit-lors of land held by honorable service. Hence, in ancient records, the w«rU bnniHs com[>reheniU all the nobility. All such, in England, had, in early times, a ri^bt to sit in [virliamenL. As a baron was the pn>prietor of a manor, and each manor hid its eourt-baron, hence the barons claimed, and to this day enjoy, the rifiht of judjing in Ihe last resort; a right pertaining to iIiL- house of lords, or peers, as the n-presentatives of the ancient barons, landholders, inanur-holdprs Ancienily, barona were greater, or such as held Ihf'ir lands of tbe king in capite; or lesser, such as held their lands of the greater barons by military serTi'ice in eapite. The title of bartm Is no longer atlnched to the pos- session of a niiiuor, but given by the king's Ic-tlers pntent, or writ of sumnmns to pnrllament; that is, tbe dignity is personal, not territorial. The radical word rir, fir, a man, is Celtic, as well asTeutcuiic ; but the word baron was not known in the Briiisb Isles till introduced from the Continent under the \onnan princes. Spelmaa. Blockittone, Enryr. Cotcrl. 2. Baron is a title of certJiin officers ; as, baron.i of thf eiehtqurr, who are the four judges who try cases bt-tween the king and his subjects relating to the n-venue. Bartins nfthe Cinque Ports were, before the Rcfonn Act, m;;mbers of the House of Commons, elected by the seven Cinque Port**, two fur each port. These ports were Oover, t>audwich, Rtmi- ney, Hastings, Uythe, Winchebea, and Rye. . Bladulone. 3. In fme, a nusband ; as, harem and/cms, husband and wife. 4. In cookery, a baron of beef consists of two sir- loins not cut asunder. Smart. BAR'ON-ACR, B. The whole body of barons or pocrs. 2. The dignity of a biutm. " 3. The land which gives title to a baron. Johnson. B.\R'0\-E-SS, a. A baron's wife or lady. BAR'ON-ET, n. [Fr., dimin. of baron.] A dignity or degree of honor, next below a baron, and nUwi- a knicht ; having precedency of all knights except those of the garU'r, and being the only knight- hood that is hi-reditar}*. I'be order was founded by James I. in Itill, and is given by patent. John^ioiu BAR'ON-ET-AGE, n. The collective body of baronets. BAR'ON-ET-CY, n. The rank or title of a bnroneL Parriana, BA-RO'XT-AL, a. Pertaining to a baron. Kncye. BAR'0\-Y, n. The lordship, honor, or fee of a baron, whether spiritual or temponil. This lordship is held in chief of the king, and gives title to the possessor or baron. Jnhnstm. Encye. 2. In Ireland, a territorial division, corresponding nearly to the English hundred, and supposed to have been originally the district of a native chief. There are 252 in all. Brande. BAR'O-SeOPE, a. [Gr. ;?a/3oj, weight, and okjicoj, to view.] .\n instrument to show the weight of the atmos- phere ; supemo-Jed by the barometer. BAR O-SeoP'ie, a. Pertaining to or determined by the baro;*cope BAR-O-SEL'E-XTTE, n. [Gr.j3a.oos, weight, or 0apvs, hea%"j-, and selenite.] A mineral ; sulphate of baryta, or heavy-spar. Kirtenn. Clenoelan/L BA-ROUCHE', (ba-roosh',) n. A four-wheel carriage, with a f;illing top, with srats as in a coach. BX R'-POS'I'S, ». pL Posts gunk in the ground to r^'ceive the bars of a past!age into a field. BAR'RA, 71. In Porta^al nnd Spain, & long measure for cloths. In Valencia, 13 barras make 12 7-8 yards English ; in Castile, 7 are equal to 6 4-7 yards ; in Ar- ragon, 3 make 2 4-7 yards. Encye. BAn-RA-CA'DA, n. A fish, about fifteen inches in Irnpth, of a dusky color on the back, and a white billv, with small black spots. Diet, of J^at. Hist. B.\R'RA-eAN, n. [It. baracane; Sp. barranani Fr. buuracan.] .\ thick, strong stuff, something like camlet j used for cloaks- surtouts, and other outer garments. BAR'RACK, n. [t^p. barraca; Fr. baraqiu. It seems to Iii; fifrmcid like Sax. parrue, a park, an inclonure.] A hut or house for soldiers, especially in garrison. BAU'RACK-MAS'TER, n. The officer who superin- tends the barracks of soldiers. SwifL BAR'RA eOUX, n. In Africa, a fort. BAR BAR-RA-eO'DA, n. A sjtecies of fish, of Ihe Pike kind, found in the seas about the llahamas and \Vesl Indies, of ten feet In Itmgth. 'J'ht; color is deep brown, and the fish is very voracious. The Hesh is disagreeable, and sometimi.-s jKiisonous. Cate.'-niaster, by which Ihe owners or insurers are injured ; as, by running away with the ship, sinking or deserting her, by willful deviation, or by enibez- zlins the cargo. Park. BXR'Ri;D, (bird,) pp. Fastened with a bar; hin- dered ; restrained ; excluded j forbidden ; striped j clu'ckercd. BAR'REL, w. [W., Fr. baril; Sp. barril; lU bards', Arm. baraz.] 1. A round vessel or cask, of more length thau breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves and heading, and bound with hoops. 2. Tlie quantity which a barrel containg. Of wine measure, the English barrel contains 31^ gallons ; of beer measure, 3t> gallons ; of ale, 32 gallons ; and of beer-vinegar, 34 gallons. Of irriirht, a barrel oUEssex butter is 106 pounds; of Suffolk butter, 25G ; a barrel of herrings should contain 32 gallons wine measure, and hold lOOU hur- rinys ; a barrel of salintm should contain 42 gallons j a barrel of soap should weigh 25G [Munds. Johnson. Encye. In Amfwica, the contents of a barrel are regulated by statutes. In Connecticut, the barrel for liquors murt contain 314 gallons, each gallon to contain 231 cubic inches. In New York, a barrel of flour by statute must con- tain either I9t) lbs. or 228 lbs. nett weight. The bar- rel of beef and pork, in New York and Connecticut, is 200 lbs. In general, the contents of barrt Is,' as de- fined by statute, in this country, must be from 28 to 31 gallons. 3. Any thing hollow and long; as, the barrel of a gun ; a tube. 4. A cylinder; as, the barrel of a watch, within which the spring is coiled, and round which is wound the chain. a. Barrel of the ear; a cavity of the ear, situ.ited within the membrane of the tympanum, by which it is separated from the external passage, or meatus ; more usually called the cavity of the tympanum. It is four or live lines deep, and five or six wide, and includes within it the small bones of the ear. Encye. Johnson, BAR'REL, V. t. To put in a barrel ; to pack in a bar- rel with salt for preservation ; as, to barrel beef, pork, or fish. BAR'REL-BEL'LI-CD, a, [See Belly.] Having a large belly. Dryden. BAR'REL-/:D, pp. Put or packed in a barrel. 2. a. In ctm/fu^iifum, havinga barrel (»r tube; as, a double-frarre/eJ gun. BAR'REL-ING, ppr. or a. Putting or packing in a barrel. BAR'REN, a. [from the same root as bare.] 1. Not producing youug or olfspring : applied to aj^- imaiji. 2. Not producing plants; unfruitful; sterile; not fertile ; or producing little ; unproductive : applied to the earth. 3. Not producing the usual fruit : applied to trees, &.C. 4. Not copious J scanty ; as, a scheme barren of hints. Swift. .5. Not containing useful or entertaining ideas; as, a barren treatise. 6. Unmeaning ; uninvcntive ; dull ; as, barren spectators. *€hnk. Johnson, Q.U, 7. Unproductive j not inventive ; as, a barren mind. Barren flowers, in botany, are those which, in mo- niccoiig and dia:cous plants, are furnished only with stamens ; also, those, in plants generally, in which the essential parts are abortive. BAR'REN, n. In the states west of the Allegany, a word used to denote a tract of land, rising a few feet FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — MeTE, PRgY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK — _ ____ - BAR ahnve the level of a. plain, ami producing trees nnd gHLSs. The soil of tht^se barrens is not barren^ as the name inii>urLs, tmt oAen very fenile. It ia usually alluvial, to a il^>pth sometimes of several feet. i^tiPotery Jount. of Science. 9. Any unproductive tract oi^ land j aa, the pine harrens of South Carolina. Drayton. BAR'RL\-LV, m/r. Un fruitfully. BAR'REN-iNESS, n. The quality of not producing its kind; want of the power of conception ; appli^ to animals. 2. linfniitfulness; sterility; infertility. The qual- ity of not producing at all, or in small quantities ; as, the barrenness of soil. 3. Want of invention ; want of the power of pro- ducinie; iiny thing new ; applied to tiie mind. 4. \Vant of matter j scantiness ; as, the barremiess of a cause. Hooker. 5. Dffecl of emotion, sensibility, or fervency ; as, thfi barrennets of devotion. Taylor. BAR'RK\-SIMR'IT-ED, a. Of a poor spirit. Skak. BAR'KE.\-\VORT, n. [See Wort.] A plant, (£/»'- medium aljnnam^) till recently considered the only spfcies of its genus j a low, herbaceous plant, with ft creeping root, having many stalks, each of which has three flowers. Kncyc BXRR'FKU See Barful. B.\R-RI-€ADE', n. [Fr. barricade; It. barricata; from It. barrare; i?p. barrear^ to bar.] 1. .\ fortification, made in na=te, of trees, earth, pnli.-remost part of the qiiarUTnieck, in ships of war, and filled with rope, mat-*, pieces of old cable, and full ham- mocks, to prevent the effect of small shot in time of action. Enct/c^ BAR-R1-€ADE', r. u To stop up a passage; to ob- stnict. 2. To fortify with any slight work that prevents the apprnach of an enemy. BAR-RI-e.\'DO. The same as Barricade. BAR'Rl-ER, tu [Fr.bamere; 11. barriera ; ^p. barre- ra, a barrier : S]*. barrcart to bar or barricade. See Bar.] i. In furtijication, a kind of fence made in a pas- sage or retrenchment, composed of great slakes, with transomf or overthwiM-t rafters, to stop a« enemy. 2. A wall for defens<\ [K/icwc. 3. A fortress or fortified town on the frontier of a cmmtry. Swifi. 4. Any obstruction ; any thing which confines, or which hinders approach or attack ; as, constitutional harrierft. Uopkinson. 5. A bar to mark the limits of a place ; any limit or boundary ; a line of se[iaration. Pope. BAR'KIXfJ, ppr. Making fast with a bar; obstruct- ing; excluding; preventing; prohibiting; crossing with stripes. The word is also used for excepting ; aA, " barring accidents, I warrant the goods to w sound." BAR'RI.VO-OUT, n. The act of closing the doors of a sch4M>l-room against a schoolmaster; a boyish mode of rebi'llion in Kngli-ih schtM>l9. SienfU BAR'RIS-TER, n. [fn.m bar.] A counselor learned in the laws, qualified and admitted to plead at the bar, nnd to take upon him the defense of clients ; an- swering to iUe (uirocatt ot licentiate of otiicr countries. Anciently, bnrri^^ters were called, in England, ap~ frenlicM vf the late. Outer barriiders^ are pleaders without the bar, to distingni^^h them from inner har- ruttent^ benchersy or reade^rs^ who are admitted to plead within the bar, as tiie king's counsel sre. Johnson, Rncyc BAR'RflVV, n. rSax. bernoe; W. berrai GcT.bahre; D. berri ; from ine root of bear, Vt carry. See Bear.] I. A light, small carrmgi-. A hand-barrow is a frame covered in the middle with boards, and borne by and between tw{i men. A icherl-birrrtno is a frame with a box, supported by one wheel, and rolled by a Single man. 3. A wicker case, in sail-works, where the flalt is put to drain. Encyc. BAr'ROW, n. [Sax. berga, or beorgh, a hog ; D. barg, a barrow hog.] 1. In F-n^landy a hog ; and, according to Ash, obsO' Irte. Barrotfi-ip'rase is hog's lard. 2. In America, a male hog castrated ; a word in com- mon use, BAR'ROW, n. [Sax. ftwira, or beorewe, a grove.] In the names of places, barrow is itscd to signify a wood or grove. BAR'ROVV, n. [Sax. beorg^ a hill or hillock ; byrgen, ft tomb ; G. and U. brrgen^ to conceal, to save.] A hillock or mound of f-arth, intended as a repos- itory of iho dead. Such barrows are found in Eng- land, in the north of the European continent, and in America. Thi-y wmi'-tinn-s wen; fornif^d of stones. and, in Scf>tland and thf north of England, arecrilled cairns. The barrow answers to the tamutus of the Latins* [See Tomb.] BAS BARSE, n. [G. bars ; D. baars.] An English name for the common perch. Diet, of JVat. in^L BAR'-SHOB, n. A kind of horse-shoe, designed to protect a tender frog from injury. BAR'-SIIOT, n. [See Bar and Shoot.] Double-head- ed shot, consisting of a bar, with a half ball or round head at each end ; used for destroying the masts and rigging in naval combat. Jilar. DicL BAR'TER, r. i. [Sp. baratar ; It barattarCy to ex- change. The primary sense is probably to turn or change, and this gives the sense of deceiving, barra- try, as well as of bartering. L. vario, verio. Class Br.J To traffic or trade, by exchanging one commodity for another, in distinction from a sale and purchase, in whicli money is paid for the commodities trans- ferred. BAR'TER, V. t. To give one thine for another in com- merce. It is sometimes followed by away; as, to bar- ter airoy goods or honor. BAR'TER, n- The act or practice of trafficking by ex- change of commodities ; sometimes, perhaps, the thing uiven in exchange. BAR'TER-£D, pp. Given in exchange. BAR'TER-ER, n. One who trattica by exchange of commodities. BAR'TER-I\G, ppr. Trafficking or trading by an ex- change of Commodities. BAR'TER-Y, n- Exchange of commodities in trade. [JVot used.] Camden. BAR-THOL^O-MEW-TTDE, n. Time of the festival of St. Bartholomew, August 24th. Shak. BAR'TI-ZAN, 71. A small overhanging turret, which projects from the angles of towers, or from the para- pet and other parts of the budding. Ozf. Oloss. BAK'TO.V, n. [Sax. bere~ton, barley-town.] The demain lands of a manor; the manor itself; and sometimes the oiit-houses. Johnson. BlounU BAR'TUAM, n. [U. pyreikram i Gr. izi^p, fire.] A plant ; [lellitory. Bailey. Jontwon, BAR'VV(^D, n. A red dye-wood, from Angola and other parts of Africa. JlcCuUoch, BAR-Y-SJ'RO\'TIAN-XTE, n, [Gr. i5j/.t;(, heavy, and 5f row (tan.] A mineral, called, also, Stromnite, from Stromness, in Orkney. It has been found in masses of a gray- ish-white ailor inU!rnally, but externally of a yellow- ish-white. It is a compound of carbonate of stron- tian nnd sulphate of barytiu Traill. Cleaveland. Phillips. BA-R?'TA, n. [Gr. /?a/»iif, heavy.] The heaviest of the earths, the specific gravity be- ing as high as 4. It is an oxyd, the basis of which is a metallic substance called barytum. It is general- ly fiiund in combmation with the sulphuric and car- bonic acids, forming the sulphate and carbonate of baryta, the former of which is called heavy-spar. Cleaveland. Thomson. BA-R^'TkS, n. [Gr. fianvrm, weight] Sulphate of baryta, generally called heavy-spar; which see. BA-RYT'ie, a. Pertaining to boiyU; fonned of ba- ryfi, or containing it. Kincan. BA-Ry'TO-CAU'CITE, n. {baryte and ealz. See Calx.] A comp)onnd of carbonate of lime and carbonate of baryta, of a dark or light gray color, occurring mass- ive or crystallized. BAR'Y-TO.NEjd. [Gr. /?.i.oi'?, heavy, and rocif , lone.] Pertaining to or noting a grave, deep sound, or mah' voice. IVatker. . ArbuihnoL BAK'Y-TfJiNE, s. In musie, a male voice, the com- pii.ss of which partakes of the common base and the tenor, but which does not descend so low as the one, nor ri!4c as high ns the other. 2. In OrerJi grammar, n word which hxs no accent marked on the last syllable, the grave accc^nt being undiTstood. BA-RV'TUM, n. A metal, the basis of barjta. [See Barium.] BA'SAL, a. Pertaining to the base ; constituting the base. •Snif. BASALT', n»a-7.Mlt',) n. [Pliny Informs us that the Egyptians found, in Ethinpin, a species of marble, called basaJtes, of un iron color and hardness, whence it received its name. JVaL Hist. lib. ;j(>, ca. 7. But, according to Da Costa, tliat stone was not the same which now bi'ars the name of basalt. Hist, of Fos- sils, p. 'it)3. If named from its color, it may be al- lied to the Fr. basani, tawny. Lunier refers it to the Ethiopic basal, iron, a word I can ntit find.] A rock, considered of igneous origin, cimsisting of nugite and feldspar, with grains of magnetic or titan- ic iron, and also bottle-green particles i>f olivine, fre- quenily disseminated. It is usually of a greenish- bl;u'k color, or of some dull brown shade, or black. It constitutes immense beds in some regions, ami al- so occurs iq veins or dikes cutting through other n)cks. It has ofYen a prismatic structure, as at the Giant's Causeway, in Ireland, where the columns are as regular as if the work of art. It is a very tough and heavy rock, and is one of the best materials for macadamizing roads. Dana. BAS BA-SALT'1€, a. Pertaining to basalt; furmed of or containing b;isalt BA-Sv>L'r'l-.FOR.\L, a. In the form of basalt ; colum- nar. BA-S^LT'IXE, n. A variety of common hornblende, found in basalt and lavas. The term is not now , used. Ktrwan. Cleaveland. 9. A column of basalt Kintan. BAS'A-iMTE, n. [Gr. 0aaavQi^ the trier. Plin. lib. 36, ca. 22, See Basalt.] Lydian stone, or black jasper ; a variety of siliceous or flinty slate. Its color is a grayish or bluish-black, often interspersed with veins of quartz. It is em- ployed to test the purity of gold. Cleaveland. BAS BLEU, (bil blew,) n. [Fr.] A literary lady; a blue-stocking, which see. BASE, a. [Fr. bos, low ; W. bos; It basso; Sp, haxo, low ; W. hasH, to fall, or lower. See Abase.] 1. Low in place. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Mean ; vile ; worthless ; that is, low in value or estimation; used of tilings. 3. Of low station ; of mean account ; without rank, dignity, or estimation among men ; used of persons. The boat sliftll behave proudly a^nst the lionorable. — Is. ui. 4. Of mean spirit; disingenuous; illiberal; low; without dignity of sentiment ; as, a &eue and abject multitude. 5. Of little comparative value ; applied to metalsj and perhaps to all metals, except gold and silver. 6. Deep ; grave ; applied to sounds ; as, the base sounds of a viol. Bacon. 7. Of illegitimate birth; bom out of wedl«:k. Shak, 8. Not held by honorable tenure. A base estate Is an estate held by services not honorable, nor in capiie, or by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant, a base tenant So writers on the laws of England use the terms a bast fee, a base court Encyc. BASE, n. [Gr. Qoti^ ; L. basis; It basa, base; Sp. basa; Fr. base; that which is set, the foundation or bottom.] I. The bottom of any thing, considered as its sup- port, or the part of a thing on which it stands or rests; as, the base of a column, the pcdfstal of a statue, the foundation of a house, &.c. • In architecture, the base of a pillar, properly, is that part which is between the top of the jwdestal and the bottom of the shaft ; but when there is no pedestd, it is the part between the bottom of the column and the plinth. Usually it consists of cer- tain spires or circles. The pedestal also has its base. Encyc. 9. In fortifeation, the exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which is drawn from the flanked angle of a bastion to the angle opposite to it 3. In gunnery^ the least sort of ordnance, the di- ameter of whose bore is \\ inch. Encyc. 4. The part of any ornament which hangs down, as housings. Sidney. 5. The broad part of any thing, as the bottom of a cone. 6. In old authors, stockings ; armor for the legs. Hudibras. 7. The place from which racers or tilters start; the bottom of the field ; the career or starting-post Dryden. 8. The lowest or gravest part in music; improperly written boss. 9. A ru!>tic play, called also bays or prison bars. Shak. 10. In wary a tract of countr>' protected by fortifi- cations, from which the operations of an army procee{l. II. In geametry, the lowest side of the perimeter of a figure. Any side of a triangle may be called JU base, hut this term most properly behuigs to the lowest side, or that which is parallel to the horizon. 'J'he base of a solid figure is that on which it stands. The base nf a conic section is a right line in the hyperbola and parabola, arising from the common intersection of the secant plane and the base of the cone. Encyc. 1-2. In chemistry, the electro-positive ingredient of a compound, or more s(Mxiflcally the electro-positive ingredient of a salt Thus any alkaline or earthy substance, combining with an acid, forms a com- pound or salt, of which it is the base. Such salts are called salts with alkaline or earthy bases. 13. Fundamental base; that part in musical har- mony wiiich sustains the chord ; in the natural position of the chord, the lowest part. 14. Thorough base ; continued base, {basso continuo ;) the fundamental base continued through a musical comptwilion. Also, the harmony or accompaniment of a continued base, marked by figures on the base. The term is also used like countcrpointy as synony- mous with the science of harmony. 15. Counter base, is a second or double base, when there are several in the same concert. Encyc. Ifi. In butaayy the base of the fruit, is the part where it is uniu-d with the peduncle ; the base of a leafy is the extremity next the BU;m, opposed to the apez. TONE, BiJI'I'^ UNITE.—AN"GER, VI"CIOU3. — C as K;>d as J ; S as Z ; OH as SH ; TH as in THIS. "Tol BAS USB, B. L To amban; to reduce the valtw hy the adiiuxture of meaner metals, [tittle usetL] 3. To found ; to lay the baM or foundation. To ham utd bcSbi ibe eominoawMdUi at tauu Cbttmbtad. BA8E'-BORN, «. [bast and bom.] Born out of wed- lock. Gay. 2. Bom of low porenlafie. 3. Vile; menn. MiUim. BASE'-COURT, n. [Ft. tew»«wr. See Court.1 Til*? hack yard. op|>osed to tbe chief court in rronl of a h.mse ; t(»e mnn yard. . SAak. r. Reduced m value ; founded. vRT-EO, a. Vile in heart. : — :>s, a. Without a basoj having nofouoda- tK>a ut support. The taMlw* bbrie or R «U«. 5Aat. TtK fuM how poor Owt nrHto oar lawlM* pridt I TmmhttU. BASE'LV, arfn. tn a base maaner ; meanly ; difhon- ofablv. Dn/dfn, 3. Uleeltlmalelyi in bastardy. KnoUts. BASB'ME.NT, n. In arcAiUvterc, tile ground floor, on which the order or cotuuuu which decorate the principal story are ptoced. Enofc 3. In wta4tr% mxkiUetmrt^ a story below the level of the nreet. B-XSF.'-.MIViyEn, a. Of a low spirit or mind ; mean. BASB'~.\iTND'eD-LY, adc. With a base mind. BAS£'.1LI.ND'E1>-AE^, a. Meanness of spiriU BASE'XESS, K. Meanness ; vUeaeas ; worthlessness. 3. Vileness of metal ; the quality of being *A little eompnratire value. Sub^ 3. Bastardy ; illegitimacy of birth. $*sJu 4. Derpnetta of sound. BAS'E-N'ET, a. A helmet. BASE'-S I'lirki^h bashnws c~i:ir .-. u-.i I,',:.--;., a.:., r,;. .u their provinces. Hcnc^', ^ A proud, tyrannical, overbearing man. B-\SH'F5;L, a. [See Dash and Abash.] I. Properijfj having a downcast look ; hence, very modest. 9. Modest to excess ; sheepish. Shak, 3. Exciting shame. BASH'F^L-LV, adv. Very modestly ; la a timorous manner. B.%SH'riJU-XESS, n. Eicewive or extreme mod- esty j a quality of mind often visible in external appearanos^ as in blushing, a downcast look, con- fusion. Sec 3. Vicious or mstic shame. Sidney. BASH'LESS, 0. Shameless ; unUushing. Spmser, B.\S'HYLE, «. [See Bastlb.] JftA'Sie, a. Relating to a base ; performing the office ot a bAse in a salt. 3. Tbe term is often applied to a ne ; also, to the OS sacrum, situated at the bast' of the spine. BA-SIL'IAN MONKS; monks of the order of St. nasi!, who ftmnded the order in Pnnlus. The order still exists, but has less power and celeljrity than fnrmerly. Kiici/c BA-»IT7Te, ) n. [Gt.$atTtXiKnil^banlicaiGT.'0Aai- BA-SlL'ie-A, j Xf.f, a king.J jSmdentlp^ a public hall or court of Judicature, where princes and niagistnites sal to administer jiis- lice. It was a large hall, with aisles, imrticos, tribunes, and tribunals. The bankers also liitd a part allotted for their residence. These edifices, at first, were the palaces of princes, afti-rward courts of justice, and finally converted inio churches. Hence, basUie now signifies a church, chapel, calhe- dnl, or royal iialaco. Encuc Sp. and lu Diet. BA-»IL'1C, I «. [St-e Basil.] The middle vein of BA-SIL'IG-A, \ the arm, or tne interior branch of the axillary vein, so colled by way of eniinrnce. Kntvc Q^aincy, nA-SIL'I€, ) a. In the manner of*^ a public edi- BA-*IL'ie-AL, \ fire or cathedral. Fur^fjth. 2. Belongini! to the middle vein of the arm. 3. N'otinc a [Ktrticutarnrit, the walnut, Hasilica nux. BA-«IL'l-eO\, n. [fir. fiauXi^o<^ royal.] An ointment, lliis name is pivun to several com- positions in ancient medical writers. At pr-senl it is confined to three officinal oinlni'-nts, dtstinpuished as black, yellow, and green basilicon. Krtrtfc. BAS'l-LISIv, H. [Gr, /S.ffiAcfTjfo?,- L. bnsHiscu^: JYom /ya'-(A(i'j, king ; so named from some prominences on the head, resembling: a crown. j>/iti«*j( D'^ct.] 1. A fabulous serpi-nt, called a cock;ilricf , and said to be produced from a cock's i-gg briHulcd by a ser- pent, llie ancients alleged that its hissing Tvnuld drive away alt oth'-r ^rrpents, and that itrs brenlh, and even Ita look, was fatal. Some writers supi^n^e that a real serpent exists under this name. The name iMuiltsk is now applied to the species of a genu? of lizards, (BasiUscus.) 9. In military a^airs^ a large piece of ordnance, so called from its siipposed reseniblancf to the serpent of that name, vt from its size. This cannon carried an iron ball of 2(io pounds' weight, but is not now used. Modem wTii*'rs give this name to cannon of a amalirr siw, which the Dutch inaku 15 feet long, and tliy French 10, carrj mg ii AS i«)und ball. Enajc BAS'IL-WEED, «. Wild ba^iil \ a plant of the genus Clinopodium. Muhlenberg. BA'S/N, (bi^sn,) n. [Fr. ftav-yin," Ir. bmsin; Ann. tepm ; It. tectJTo, or oacUe; Port, bacia. If the last radical is primarily a palatal letter, this is the German beekm ; D. btkkem.} \. A hollow vessel or dii^h, to hold water for wash- ing, and fur various other uses. 9. In hydraulics, any reservoir of water. 3. Thai which resembles a basin in containing water, as a pond, a dock for shii>s, a hollow place for liquids, or an inclosed part of water, fonning a broad space within a strait or narrow entrance ; a little bay. 4. Among flas^-erimitrs, a concave piece of metal by which convex glaajea are formed. 5. Among kattfTtf^ a large t>hclt or case, usually of iron,plac4;d over a furnace, in which the hat is mold- ed into due shape. 6. In anatomy^ a round cavity between the anterior ventricles of the brain. John.''on. 7. The scale of a balance, when hollow and mund. 8. In Jetcish antiquitirj, the laver nf the talKrnacle. 9. In physrie/jl irfoirraphyy a circular or oval valley, or depression of the surface, the lowest part of which ia generally occupied by a lake, or traversed by a river; al:*o, the entire tract of country drained by a river, or to a sea or lake. 10. In ffeolosry-i an isolated or circumscribed forma- tion, particularly where the strata dip inward, on all eidfs, toward the center. This term is especially applied to the coal formations, colled coal-bojins or coal-Jiilds. BS't=/.\-£;D,(ba'snd,) pp. Inclosed in a basin. Toimg. BA'S/N-SUaP'£D, (-shipt^) 0. Having the form of a basin. BA't^IS, n.: pL Basbs. [L. and Gr. j the same as Base, which see.] 1. The foundation of any thing i that nn which a thing stands or lies ; the bottom orVoot of thfi thing itself, or that on which it rests. See a full explanation under Base. 9. The groundwork or first principle ; that which supports. 3. Foundation ; support. The hani of putilic cr~Jil n jood Kuth. Tbe bona of uD exulkiic^ ia truth. Ilamillon. Johnson. 4. Basis, in cherrdstry. See Base, No. 12. BA'PIST, n. A singer of base. BASK, r. i. [The origin of this word is not obvious. Q,u. Ir. bas^aim, to rest or repose.] To lie in warmth j to be exposed to genial heat ; to BAS be nt ease and thriving under benign influences ; as, to ba.-tk in the blaze of day ; to 6fi,sA In the sunshine of ri>yal fivor. The word includes the idea of some continuance of exposure. B\.*^K, r. t. To warm by continued exposure to heat ; to warm with genial heat. Drijden. BXSK'A"!), (bi8kt)/ip. Exposed to warmth, or genial heat. BAHK^KT, n. [W. ha.^sed^ or ha-tgawd: Ir. bascaid; probably IVnin weaving or texture j VV. basg^ a net- ting or plaiting of splinters.! 1. A domestic vessel, niaile of twigs, rushes, splin- ters, or othr'r flexible things, interwoven. The forms and sizes of baskets are vury various, as well as the uses to which they are applied ; as corn-ha.skuta, cli>tlies-b:iskets, fruit-baskets, and work-baskdts. 2. The contents of a basket; as much as a basket will contain ; as, a ba.-'kel of medlars is two bushels. lUit, in general, this quantity is indefinite. In military iijjiiirsy buskols of earth sometimes are u'^^'d on the parapet of a trench, between which the Boldiers lire. 'J'hey serve for defense again:^-t small shot. Encyc. BXSK'ET, r. t. To put in a basket. Cowper. BASK'ET-FISH, n. A species of sea-star, or star-fish, of the genus Asterias, called aNo the Magellanic star- fish. It has five rays issuing from an angular body, and dividing into innumerable branches. These, when extended, form a circle of three feet diameter. [See A9TEBIA.1.J Kncye. BXSK'ET-MILT, fl. [See Hilt.] The hilt of a sword with a covering wrought like basket-w«rk, to protect the hand. Hudibras. BASK'ET-HILT'EDjO. Having a hUt of basket-work. Warton. BXSK'ET-SALT, n. Salt put up in small baskets, which is piirer, whiter, and finer than common brine salt. Ena/e. BXSK'ET-VVOM'AN, it. A woman who carries a b:i-!k*^t to and fmni market. BASK'I.NG, ppr. Exposing or lying exposed to the Ci)iitiutii(l artion of heat or genial wamith. BASK'I.NG-SMAKK, n. The sun fish of the Irish ; a sihcies of Sipialus or shark, (S'^ialis maximus.) This flsh is frotn three to twelve yards in length, or even longer. 'I'he upper jaw is much longer than the lower one ; the tail is large, and the uppi^r part much longer than the lower; the skin is nmgh, of a di;t^p leadi-n color on the back, and white on the bt ll\ . The fish weighs more than a thousand pounds, and alfords a great quiintity of oil, which is used for lamps, and to cure bruises, burns, and rheumatic compl:iints. It is viviparous, and frequents the northern seas. [See Sq^ALUS.] Prnnant. Erin/c. BAH'tiUlSlI, (hisk'ish) a. Pcilaining to the people or laiiL'iifige of Biscay. Brown. BAS-1{E-LIF;F', (bd-re-leeP,) n. See Bass-Kelief. BASS, H. [Ba.^s is undoubtedly a comiption of G. bars^ D. baurs, a perch. See Barbe. It has no plural.] The name of several species of fish. In Enirland, this name is given to a species of perch, called by some the sea-tPo'f, from its voracity, and resembling, in a degree, the trout in shape, but liaving a larger head. It weighs about fifteen pounds. In theJVarlhr- erit States of j9merir^, this name is given to a striped fish wirich prows to the weight of 25 or 30 pounds, and which enters the rivers ; of the genus L:ibrax. A species of striped fish, of a darker color, with a large head, is called sea-bass, as it is never found in fresh water. This fish grows to two or three pounds' weight. Both species are well tasted, but the proper bass is a very white and delicious food. Prince. Belknap. BASS, n. The American name of the linden, lime, or tiel-tree ; called also bass-^ovad. [See Bast.] 2. {pron. >)Ss.) A hassock or thick mat on which persons kneel at church. BASS, n. In music, the base; the deepest or gravest part of a tune ; or the lowest part in the hanuony of a musical comjwsition. This word is thus written in imitation of the Italian basso, which is the English ba.'ic, low ; yet with the pronunciation of ba.se and plural bases ,- a gross error, that ought to be corrected j as the word used in pronunciation is ttie English word base. BXSS, V. t. To sound in a deep tone. Shak. BASS-RE-LI RF', (bas-re-lef) n. [from It. basso, low, and rilevare, to raise j whence rilievoy raised work. See Lift and Relief.] Sculpture, whose figures do not stand out far from the ground or plane on which they are formed. When figures do not protuberate so as to exhibit the entire body, they are said to be done in relief; and when they are low, flat, or little raised from the plane, the work is said to be in low relief, (ba^so-re- lievo.) When the figures are so raised as to be strik- ingly prominent, they are said to be in bold, strong, or high relief, (altcMrelievo.) See Relief. £ncijc. BASS'-VT'OL, n. See Base-Viol. BAS'SA. See Bawaw. BAS'SET, n. [Fr. bassette.] A game at cards, reseninling the modern faro, snid to have been invented at Venice, by a nohle-naii, who was banished for the invention. The game be- FATE, FAR, P^tL, WHAT.— METE, PREY PINE, MAKtNE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— J— BAS ing introduced into Franco by tlie Venetian enibns- . sador Justiuiani, in Iu74, it was prohibited by Buvere edici-i. Eneyc. BAS'.SET, r. u [See Basil.] Among coal-digffersj to incline upward. Thus a vein of cu:i] bassets^ wiien it takes a direction toward Uic surface of tlie earth. This is called cropping^ and is oppo:>ed to dipping. Kiieyc BAS'SET, a. Inclined upward ; as, the basset edge of Btrata, BAS'SET-HORN, n. A musical instrument resem- bling a clarionet, but of much greater compass, em- bracing nearly four octaves. P. Cyc BAS'SET-!NG,ppr. Having a direction upward. BAS'SET-ING, n. The upward direction of a vein in a mine. BA:^t!ET'TO, n. A tenor or small base-viol. B.\S'S[\-ET, «. A wicker basket with a covering or hood over one end, in which young children are placed as in a cradle. Encye. Dom. Ecoru BXSS'-MAT, n. Malting made of the inner bark of trees, particularly the lime-tree. B.iS'SO-COJVCERT-JlJ^TE, in music, is the base of the tiule chorud, or that which plays throughout the whole piece. Bailey. BjIS' SO-COJ^-l'LV U-0 } thorough base, which see under Base. BaUey, BJiH'SO-RErUR'rO, See Bass-Reuep. BAS'SO-REr-PlE'J^O is the ba^se of the grand chonis, which playa only occasionally, or in particuhir parU. BaUeij. PAS' SO-Vt-0-LTJ^O is the base of the base-viol. U.\fi'?=<)CK, n. The same as Bass, a mat. [Bailey. B.\^-.S0ON'', n. [Fr. basson; It. bassone^ from basso, low.] A musical wind instrument, blown with a reed, and furnished with eleven botes, which are stopped, as in other large tlutes. Its comp:iss compreh(.>nds throe octa\'es. lis diameter at bottom is nine inthua, and for convenience of carriage it is dividird into two parts \ whence it is called also a fasot. It serves for the base in a concert of hautboys, ifutes, &,c. Johnson. Ehcijc Busby. B AS-SOON' 1ST, n. A performer on the bassoon. Busby, BAS'SO-RINE, n. A constituent part of a spt-cies of gum from Bassora, as also of gum tragacanth, and some gum-resins. Ure. BAST, n. [Uu. U. and Dan. bastj bark, or from twist- ing.] 1. The inner bark of the lime-tree, and hence mat- ting or ct'rdage made of tlie bark of Uie linden or lime-tree. 2. A thick mat or hassock for persons to kneel on Qt church. [See Bass..] j9sk. BAS'T.\RD, n. [Arm. bastard: \t basdard; Tx.bntard; I). ba.ing ; sewing together with long stitches. BAST'LN'G, H. A beating with a slick ; a moistening witli dripiiing; a sewing together sliglilly with long stitches. BAS'TION, (has'chun,) n. [Fr, and Sp. bastion; It. ba-^tione : probably from bastir, b&lir, to build, to set or found.] A huge mass of earth, usually faced with sods, sometimes with brick or stones, standing out from the angles of a furlilird work to prott;ct the wall ; for- merly called a bnltrark. Bastions are solid or hollow. A ftat bastion is nin^Ie in the middle of the curtain, when it is too long to be defrndt?d bythe bastions at its t.'xlrt^mes, A cut bastion has its point cut off, and instead of it^ a reentering angle, or an anjjle inward, with two p^unts outward. \ composed boi^lion has two sides of the interior jKilygon uu.^qual, which makes the g*'rges unequal. A demibastion is composed of one face only, with one flank and a demigorge. A dovNe bastion is one raisi^'d (m the plane of another. BAS'T(), n. The ace of clubs at quadrille. \^Encyc, BArTOON', i "• t**!^ SeeBA.TE.] In architrcture, a round molding in the base of a Column ; called al.^o a tore, [torus.] Encyc. B.\S'VLR, Ti. [Gr. ii.t^a and vXr,-] In chemistry, a t^-rm recently employed to denote any electropositive ingredient of a coniiHiund, wheth- er elementary, or, if annpound, iH;rformiiig the functions of an eU-mi-nt. The term radical was be- fore, and is still, employed to denote the same object. [See Radical.) Graharn. BAT, Tu [Sax. bat; Ir. bat, bata; Russ, bot; allied to beat.] 1. A heavy stick or club ; a piece of wood with one end thicker or broader than the oUier, used in the game of crickut. 2. Bat, or bate, a small copper coin of Germany, with a small mixture of silver, worth four crutzers. Also, a C4*in of Switzerland, worth five Hvres. Encye. 3. A term given by miners to shale or bituminous shaJe. Kirioaiu 4. A sheet of cotton prepared for filling quilts or comforlablits. BAT, r. i. To manage a bat, or pl.ay with one. Mason. BAT, n. [Rab. and Tal. n'lH^, Kma, or HKO. Bux- torf. I bavu not found this word in any European language, exci-pt in English.] A name ctuumnn to a mce of cheiroplerous mam- malia, forming Ihe genus Vespertilio, of the order Primates, in Linntens's system, but now considered as a family, in the order Cheiroptera, divided into Bcvenil distinct g<'nera- Th<; fore feet have the toes connected by a membrane, expanded into a kind of wingi, by m« ans of which the animals tly. The spocius are numerous. Of these the vampire or JBAT Ternatc bat inhabits Africa and the Oriental Isles. These animals lly in fl(x;ks from isle to isle, obscur- ing the air by their numbers. Their wings, when extended, measure five or six feet. They live on fruits, but are said sometimes to draw blood from persons when asleep. The bats of the northern lat- itudes are small ; they are viviparous, and suckle their young. 1'heir skin resembles that of a mouse. They enter houses in pleasant summer evenings, feed upon mollis, flies, flesh, and oily subst:jnces, and are tori>id during the winter. Encyc BAT'-FOVVL-ER, n. Oue who practices or is pltased w ilh liat-fo w ling. Barrin irton. BAT'-FOWL-ING, n. A mode of catching birds at night, by Iiolding a toioli or other light, and beating the bush or jK-rch where they n>ost. The birds, fly- ing to the light, are caught with nets or otlierwise. CoiDcL Encyc. BAT'-HAUNT-ED, a. Haunted with bats. fVordsworth. BATS'-MAN, n. In crickit, the man who has the bat BAT'A-BLE, o^ [See Bate and Debate.] Disputa- ble. The land" between England and Scotland, which, when the kingdoms were distinct, was a subject of contention, was called batahle ground. Cuwel. Encye. BAT-ARD-EAV J (bal-iird-fi',) n. [Fr. baUre, to repel, and fan, water.] A cortor-dam. Brande, BA-TA'TAS, n. A sjwcies of tick or mite, found on the potat<»es of Surinam. Also, a name of the sweet potato. Encyc BA-Ta'VI-AN, a. [from Batavi, the i)eopIe who inhab- ited the isle.] Pertaining to the isle of Betuwe in Holland, be- tween the Rhine and the Waal. But more gen- erally, the word denotes what appertains to Holland in genenil. BA-TA' Vl-AN, n. A native of Betuwe, or of the Low Connlries. BATCH, n. [D. bakzel; G. gehdek; from bake] 1. The quantity of bread baked at one time j a baking of bread. 2. Any quantity of a thing made at once, or so nniled as to have like quatiiies. B. Junson. BATE, n. fSax. bate, contention. It is probably from the root oi beat. See Dkhate.] Strife; contention; relaineuin make-bate. BATE, V. t. [Fr. battre, to beat, to batter; but perhaps from abattre, to brat down. The literal sense is, to beat, strike, thrust ; to force down. See Beat.] To liirfsen by retrenching, deducting, or reducing ; as, to bate the wages of the laborer ; to bate good ch«!er. Locke. I>rydciu [We now use Arate.] BA'IT!, V. i. To grow or become less j to remit or re- trench a part ; with qf. AUile thy apecd, Kiid 1 will bata qf mine. Dryden. Spenser uses bate in the sense of sinking, driving in, [K-netrating ; n sense regularly deducible from that ufbctit, to thrust. y-'t Uipp! llii- wpcl BLiui not, but Iiily bate Uocp in iht" fV-sh, mhI opiMuM wklo a ml flood gate. BATE'-BREED-ING, a. Breeding strife. [JVvt used.] Shak, BA-TEA TT, (hat-to',) n. [Fr., from L. batiUum.] A light boat, long in proportion to its breadth, and wider in the middle than at tt^e ends. BATE'FUL, «■ Cunlentious ; given to strife; excit- ing contention. Sidney, BaTE'LESS a. Not to be abated. S/uik, UATE'MENT, n. Abatement j deduction"^ diminution. [Hate, with its derivatives, is, I iH-lieve, liitle used, or wholly" obsolete, in the United States.] BAT'EN-ITES, ^ «. pi. A sect of apostates from Mo- BAT'EN-ISTS, > hammedism, who profi'ssed the BA-Tic'NI-ANS, 7 abominable practices of tho Is- maelians and Kinnatiuns. The word signifies eso- teric, or persons of inward light. [See Assassins.] BAT'FJJL, a. [See Batten.] Rich, fertile, as land. [JVi// in use.] Mason. BA'J'll, n. [Sax. ftipeptic, and other complaints. 2. Immersion in a bath ; as, to take a bath. 3. A place in which heat is applied to a body im- mersed in some substance. Thus, A dry bath is made of hot sand, ashes, salt, or other matter, for the puriwae of apjilying heat to a body immersed in them. A «fl/»wrbath is formed by filling an aparliiH-nt %vUh hot steam or vapor, in which the body swv.ats copi- TDNB, BVL^IINITC — AN''6£R, Vr'OIOUS.-.e as K ; as J ; as Z; CH as SH; 7^as In THIS. i03 BAT ously, US in Ru«!»tt ; or the tenn ia ased for the appU- caUoQ of hot Anam to a tUseaaed part uf the bt^dy. Encyc. Tooke, A wutalline bath Is water hnprrpnnted with iron or other metallic substauce, and applied to a diseased part. Enctfc, In duatutrfj a wH bath is formed by hot water, in which ia placed a vessel contiiiiiinf the niiitier which requires a softer beat than the naked firr. When sand is used, iosCead of water, it is called n sa»d bath. In madiciMA, the aidiiMt baXh ia ninde by wrapping tbe part affected In a warm skin just tokou from an animaL Coxe. 4. A house for bathing. In wme Eastern countries, balbs are ver>- magniticent cdifict-3. 5. A Uebrt'w measure containing the tenth of a homer, or seven nillons and four mnts, as a measure for liquids ; and utm pecks and three guilts, as a diy mt-asure. CmiauL BATH'-fiRICK, N. A preparetion of calcareous eaitb in the form of a brick, used for cleaning knives. BATII'-ROOM, a. An apartment for baihinr. Titoke, BJ^THy (Order t^tU^m. A high order uf British knight- hood, composed of three cfauses, viz., knights grand cro«!>es, knighiA commanders, and knighLs ruiupau- kw, abbrevialed thus, G. B. C., K. C. U., K. B. Bi(THE, r. t, [Sax. batMiOMt to wash. Sec Bath. Qo. W. Atfu, to immerse.] L Td wash the body, or some part of it, by immer- aioiiyM in a b^h ; it ohen difTtT? from ordinnr>' wofih- Ing m a longer application of water to the body or to a particular part, us for the purpose of cleansing or stimulating the skin. 9. To wash or moisten, for the purpose of mA and supple, or fi>r cleansing, as a wound. 3. To miii^tcn or suffuse with a liquid ; as, to hatlu in tears or bltHxI. BATHE, r. t. To be or lie in a bath ; to be in water, or in other liquid, or to be immersed in a fluid, na in a bath i as, to hatke in fiery tluods. Skak, BATHE, a. The imnerakia of the body in water ; as, to take one's usual batks. Ed. Acr. BATH'£D, Bf. Washed as In a bath ; moistened with a liquid ; oedewed. BATU'ER, a. One who bathes; one who immefses himself in water, or who api^les a liquid to bimself or to another. T^mtt. BATH'ING, fpr. Washing by immersion, or by ap- plying a liquid ; moistening ; fumenting^ BATH'l.NG, n. Tbe act ot bathing, or washing tbe body in water. Ma»om, BATil'LVG-TUB, «. A TMsel for bathing, usually made either of wood or tan. In the Ru>-al L.ibraf^ at Paris, I saw a bathing-tub of porphyry, of beauti- ful form and exquisUe woitonansbip^ BAT'UORSE, (bawOiorsc,) a. A bone allowed a bat- roan, in the witiah army, for conveying tbe utrnsils in his charge. P. Cyc BA'TIIOS, a. [6r. 0a9oi ; allied to Enf. frsOMa, and peHiftps to W. fcoa, to immerse. J A ludicrous dt^scent from the elevated to tbe mean, in writing or speech. ArbuthmoU BAT'LN'G, ppr. [from hatcJl Abating; taking away ; deducting j excepting. CUIdim baT« tpw idrai, bn&ng waam £unt klru of huorvY utd Uioat. L-adt*. BAT'IN-iar. See Batexitei. BAT'IST, a. A fine linen cloth made in Flanders and Picardy, cf three different kinds or tliicknesses. £acyc BAT'LET, a. [from hoL] A small bat, or square piece of wood with a handle, for beating linen when taken out Of the buck. Jvkngon. B.^T'MAX, a. A weight used in Sm}Tna, and other places in the Levant, of six okes, eacb of 400 drams ; equal to 16 lbs. 6 ox. 15 dr. English. B^T'MAN, (baw'nian) a. A person allowed to eacb company cf the British army, on foreign sen'ice, who bas charge of the cooking utensils, &^c. P. Cyc. BA-TOX', (te^ong',) \ n. [Fr. baton, from basUm. BAT-OOS', (bat-toon^) ( See Basts.] A staff or tnincbeon. Hence, 1. A marshal's staff, a bodge of the highest milita- ry honor. S. The badge or truncheon of inferior officers ot justice ; as, tbe Aoton uf a constable. 3. In anuie, a term denoting a rest of ftmr semi- brevesi. Brande, 4. In ktr^irfj tbe baton is used to denote illegiti- mate desrenL BA.TRa'€HI-A, n. pL [See Batrachia;?.] The name of an order of reptiles, with a naked body, and two or four feet ; including fn^, toads, salamanders, and the Proteu.i and Siren. BA-TRa'€HI-A.\, o. [Gr. /?Pn'A-COt'S, o.. [Gr. ^arpaxoi^ fti>g, and 0.1 jui, to eat.] Keediny on fn>ss, Qu. Rev. BAT'R.\-eHoM-Y-OM'A-€HY, n, [Gr. 0ari>axos, a froe, fivst a iiioust', and ^ i\j), a baltie.] The battle between tlie frogs and mice, in Homer, B.^TS'.MAN, H. The one who wields the liaL 1IAT'T.\, a. An allowance made to niilitarj* officers iuihe service of the East India Company, in addition to their pnv. P. Cyc. B.\T'TA-DLE, a. Capable of cultivation. [J^ot in a^c]^ Burton. BAT'TAIL-ANT, a. [See Battlb.] A combatant [Mot used.) Shrlton, BAT'TAIL-OUS, (L [8e« Battle.] Warlike ; hav- ing the fonn or appearance of an army arrayed for battle; marshaled, as for an attack. Milton, Fairfax. B.\'r-TAL'!A, (bat-tale'ya.) ii. [Sp, baUiiia; It. battas- lia. baule. See Uattlc.J 1. Tbe order of bnttle ; troops arrayed in their proper brigades, n.'giment£, battalions, &c., a:i for ac- tion. a. The main body of an army in array, distin- gui.'ihed from the wings. .MiTuton. BAT-TAL'ION, «. [Fr. batnillon. See Rattle.] A body of infantry, consi^liiig of from .VH) to 800 men ; so called from being originally a body of men arrayed for battle. A battullon is generally a body of troops next below a regiment. Sometimes a Imttal- iun ccHnpoAes a regiment ; more generally a regiment consists of two or mure battalions. Johnson. Kneyc, Bhak.«peart; uses the word for an arniv. BAT-TAL'10N-£D, a. Formed into battalions. ^ Barlow. B.\T'TEL, (bat'U,) n7 [See Battle.] In /aw, wager of battel, a s|>ecies of trial for the derision of causes between piirties. This sjR'cies of trial is of high antiquity, among the rude tnililary people of Eun>pe. It was introduced into England by Wdliam the Nonnan Conqueror, and u^ed in three cases only — in the court martial, or court of chivalry or honor ; in appeals of felony ; and in issues Joined upon a WTit of right. Tlie contest was had before tlie judges, on a piece of ground inclosed, and the c<»mbatants were bound to fight till the stars ap- peared, unless the death of one party or victory soon- er decided the contest. It is no IdUger in use. Blaekstone, BAT'TEL,r. i. Togrowfat. {J^otinnse. See Battk:*.] 2. To stand indebted, on the college books at Ox- ford, for provision*! and drink fn>m the buttery. 3. To reside nt 111-' university ; to keep terms. BAT'T£1., M. Provisions taken by Oif..rd students from the ba(ter>-, and n\^o the charges thereon. BAT'TtX,*. [SeeBATTEs.] Fertile} fruitful, [JVot ujtM, 1 Hooker, BAT'TfX-ER, I a. A student at Oxford who stands B.\T'TLES, \ indebted, in the college books, for provisions and drink at the buttery. Hence, 3, One who keeps terms, or resides at tbe univer- sHy. BATTE-MENT, n. [Ft.] A beating; striking; im- pulse. [JVot in vse.] Daricin, Zoiin. BAT'T£X, (bal'ln,) v. L [Russ. botayu. Qu. Ar. • «Xj badojuL, to be fat; or ' 4X3 /o/Woaa, to fatten. See Fat.] 1. To fatten ; to make fbt ; to make plump by plen- teous feeding. Milton. 2. To fertilize or enrich land. PkiUps. BAT'T£.\,r. L To grow or become fat; to live in luxur>', or to grow fat in ease and luxury. I>rydcn. Tix pnmperfd iiionucb IttUxmng In «kw. Carlh. BAT'T£N, n. A piece of board, or scantling, of a few inches in breadth. Encyc. BAT'TJEN, r. t To form or fasten with battens. To batten, down; to fasten down with battens, as the hatches of a ship during a storm. BAT'TEN-ED, pp. Formed with battens. S. Become faU BAT'T£.\-I.\G, n. The fixing of battens to walls for nailing up laths. S. The battens in a state of being thus fixed. BAT'TER, r. (. [Fr. battre; Sp. batir i It. batterer L. batuo, to beat. See Beat.] 1. To beat with successive blows; to beat with violence, so as to bruise, shake, or demolish ; as, to b', for the purpose of miking a breach in a wall or rampart. BAT'TER, r. i. A term applied to a wall when its surface is not exactly perpendicular, but gently slopes from a person standing before it. When it slopes to- ward him, it is said to overhang. OwilU Mozon. BAT'TER, n. [from beat or batter.] A mixture of several ingredients, a:* flour, eggs, salt, &c., beaten together with some liquor, used in cooker>'. King. BAT BAT'TER-ED, pp. Beaten; bruised; broken; ira- piiired \>\ beutiiig or wearing. BAT'TIMt EK, v. One who batters or beats. BAT'TCR-ING, ppr. Beating ; dashing against ; bniis- iiic or dentclislijnfi by beating. BAT-TER-iNG-R.\M, n. In aniiyi/jfy, a military en- gine used to b4.'at down the walls of besieged places. It was a large beam, with a head of iron somewhat resembling the head of a ram, whence its name. It was sns|M'nded by ropes in the middle to a beam which wiLs supiHirted by pouts, and balanced so as to swing backward and forward, and was impelled by men against the wall. It was sometimes mount- ed on wheels. BAT'TER- Y, n, [Fr. baiterie; Sp. bateria ; It. haUcna. See Be kt.] 1. The act of battering or boating. a. The instrument of battering. 3. In the militxjry art, a parapet thrown up to cover the gunners, and others enipl*>yed about them, from the cnemy*s shot, with the guns employed. I bus, to erect a battery^ is to form the panipet and mount the gunii. I'he term is applied, also, to a number of guns ranged in order for battering, and to mortars used for u like purpose. Cro.ue. 5. In tleetrical apparatus and erperimentjs, a number of coated jars placed in such a manner, that they may be charged at the same time, and discharged in the same manner. This is called an electrical battery. 0. Qalranic batt/'nj ; a pile or series of plates of cop- per and zinc, or of any substances susceptible of gal- vanic action. BAT'TING, M. Tlie management of a bat at play. Mason. 2. Cotton in sheets, prepared for quilts or bed- covers. BAT'TISH, a. [from &a(, an animal.] Resembling a bat ; as, a battish huinnr. Vernon. BAT'TLE, n. [Fr. bataille ; VV. batel, a drawing uf the bow, a battle ; Sp. batalla ; It, battagUa, from beatinv. See Beat. Owen supiwses the vVel.--h batrl to be from (W, light, stretched, coui|>act, and the word pri- marily- to have expressed the drawing of the bow. This Is probably an error. l"he lirst battles of men were with clubs, or some weapons used in brathiff, striking. Hence the club wf Hercules. And although the nurtlerns use different weapons, still a battle is some mode of boating or striking.] 1. A fight, or encounter between enemies oroppo»- ing armies ; an engagement. It is usually applied to armies or large bodies of men ; but, in popular lan- guage, the word is applied to an encounter between small bodies, between individuals, or inferior ani- mals. It is also more gent:rally applied to the en- counters of land forces tiian of ships, the encounters of the latter being called eniragemerds. But battle is ajiplicable to any combat of enemies. 2. A body of forces, or division of an army. Bacon, 3. The main body, as distinct from the van and rear. [06.v.] Hayward, To gvce battle^ is to attack an enemy ; to join battle, is properly to meet the attack ; but perhaps this dis- tinction is not always observed. A pitched battle, is one in which the armies are pre- viously drawn up in form, with a regular disposition of the forces. A drawn battle^ is one in which neither party gains the victory. To turn the battle to the gate, is to fight valiantly, and drive the enemy, who hath entered the city, back to the gate. Is. xxviii. Baule royal; a battle with fists or cudgels, in which more than two are engaged; a mt-K-e. The term is also applied to a fight of game-corks, in which more than two are engaged. Oruse, BAT'TLE, V. i. [Fr. bataiUer; Sp. batallar.] To join in battle ; to contend in fight ; sometimes with it ; as, to battJe it, Addi.ion. BAT'TLE, V. U To cover with armed force. Fairfax. BAT'TLE-AR-RaV, it. [battle and array.] Array or order of battle ; the disposition of forces prep;uatory to a battle. BAT'TLE- AX, 71. An ax anciently used as a weapon of war. It has been used, till of late years, by the Highlanders in Scutland, and is still used by the city guards in Edinburgh, in quelling mobs, &c. Enctic BAT'TLI'^-UOOR, (bat'tl-dore,) n. An instruuurit of play, with a handle and a flat board or palm, used to strike a ball or shuttle-cock ; a racket. J^ccke. FiTE, FAR, FALC^ WHAT. — MeTE, PRgV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.— BAW BAY 2. A chUd'B horn-book. [JVnt in use in Vie UnUed Slatfs,] BAT'TtE-lIENT, n. [This is said to have been bai- tUUncnl, from bastille, a fortiflcalion, from Fr. bitir bajtir, to build. Uu.] * A wall rai.sed on a building with openings or em- brisiires, or the einbra^iure itself. Eneiic Joknson. BAl-'TL&.MENT-ED, a. Having batllenienl.s. BATTLING, ». Conflict. TTwT,'' BAT-TOL'O.ClST, n. [See Battologv.] One thai repeats the same thing in speaking or writing, fiij- Ue uaedA WluUack BAT-TOL'CM5IZE, c. (. To repeat needlessly the same thins. [Litde usci.'] Herhen B.\T-TOL'0-<5<', n. [Or. ,;,rr„Xn, ,a, from /l^arrW, a garrulous person, and Ao^oj, discourse.] A neediess repetition of words in speaking. BAT'TOX, n. [from 4a(.] See Batte.'..' "'""^ B.\T'TO-R V, n. Among t/ie Uanse Totims, a factory or magazine which the merchants have in foreign coun- tries. Eiutic BAT'TU-UTE, r. t. To interdict commerce. [J3 letfrd Hsed bu the LeeanL Companv-] EUtn. BAT-TU-LJS'TIO.N'. n. A prohibition of commerce. BAT' 1 L'E, n. [Fr.l A beating up for game . the game. BAT-TU'TA, a. [It.] The measuring of time by beating. B.VT'TY, a. [from i- ; a gewgaw; that which is gay and showy without real value. e, [?S5*"""-^1 , Dryden. BALGL, a. .\ dnigget manufactured in Burgundy, with thread spun thick, and of coarse wool. Eneuc. BAULK. See Balk. J! !^X!^"°^' "■ Akindofcloakorsurtoilt. Johnson. B.\V \h, n. A stick like those bound up in fagots ; a piece of waste wood. Johnson. Bacins; in war, brush -fagots. Encuc. BAVVBLE, 71. [Fr. babwle, a toy, or baby-lhm^ \ ac- cording to Spelraan, baabella are gems or jewels.] A trirting piece of flnery ■, a gewgaw ; that which te piy or showy without real value. Uryden. For foi'Vs-baieble, see Fool. BAWB'LLNG, a. Trifling ; contemptible. [06j.] BAW-eOCK, n. A fine fellow, [au. beaa-eock.] ' _ _„_ Sha/i. BAWD, n. [I know not the origin of this word ; but in Fr., baudir is a term in hunting, signifying to ex- cite or encourage dogs to the chase ; formed, accord- ing to Lunier, from the Low L. baldire, or eibaUtre, to enliven, to quicken ; which, from the It. boltlo, baUunza, appt^ars to be from the root of Eng. bold, the primary sense of which is, to project, to push or rush forward. In W. pud is what tend-s to allure. But one author quotes llesychius, as giving Gr. lin- ear, a procurer or procures-s.] A procurer or procuress. A p'frson who keeps a house of prostitution, and conducts criminal inlriguen. r U*ualti/ applied to femolet.] BAWD, V, i. To procure ; to provide women for lewd purposes. 2. To foul or dirty. [Ji'ot in tue.] Skeltcn. BAWD'-BOR.N, a. hescerided from a bawd. Shot. BAIVD'I LY, ode. Obscenely ; lewdly. BAWD'I-NE.SS, a. Obscenity; lewdness. BAWDRICK, .1. [See BALDaieR.] A belt. Chapman. BAWD'RY, a. [i?e« Bawd.] The abominable prac- tice of procuring women for the gratitication of lust. 2. Obscenity ; lUthy, uncha-ste language. 3, Illicit intercourse ; fornication. Shak. BAWD'Y, a. Obscene; filthy; unchaste; applied In langittige^. BAWD'Y-HOUSE, titiition. BE BAW'REL, n. A kind of ha\vk. Todd BAW'SLN, a. A badger. B. Jrn^^. "'V^'T*;'^'"^^' "• •"'"■'"'"■ng '" Baxter, a celebrated tnglish divine; as, the Daitrrian scheme. Encvc. ■\; ' "-AV- '"' ""■ '^"i "• '"'" >■ Sp. bmjo i L. b^ius. Class Bd.] Red, or reddish, inclining to a chestnut color ; ap- plied to the color of horses. The shades of this color are called light bay, dark bay, dappled bay, fihhd bay, chestTiut bay. In popular language, in England, all bay horses are called Jreim. Johnson. Encuc. BAY, n. [Fr. bate: Sp. and Port, bahia : It. 4aia ; D. batti , contracted from the root of Sax. bii/re, an angle byqan, D. boo^ren, to bend, whence bow.f ' 1. An arm of the sea, e.xtending into the land not of any definite form, but smaller than a gulf and larger than a creek. The name, however, is not used with much precision, and is often applied to large tracts of water, around wliich the land forms a curve as Hudson's Bay. Nor is the name restricted to tracts of water ivitli a narrow entrance, but used for any recess or inlet between capes or head lands, as the Bay of Biscay. 2. A pond-head, or a pond formed by a dam for the purpose of driving mill-wheels. [/ bciieoe not used in the UnUed States.] 3. In o barn, a place between the floor and the end of the building, or a low inclosed place for depositing In England, says Johnson, if a barn consists of a floor and two heads, « here they lay corn, thi'y call it a barn of tioo bays. These bavs are from 14 to SO feet long, and floors from 10 to l-j feet broad, and usually 20 feet long, which is the breadth of the barn. . , . . , , BitiUer's Diet „ *• Any kind of opening in walls. Chamber.':. BAY, n, [Ciu. Gr. 0,uov, a branch of the palm-tree. In Sp. baya is a berry, the fruit of the laurel.] 1. The laurel-tree. Hence, 2. Bans, in the plural, an honorary garland or crown, bestowed as a prize for victory or cxcelhuice anciently made or consisting of branches of the' laurel. The palriot'i boaon, ana the pcM-t'* bayt. TrutlAul ring, which go over the muzzle of the piece, so that the soldier fires with his bayonet fixed. Eneye. 2. In machinery, a term applied to pins which play in and out of boles made to receive them, and which thus serve to engage or disengage parts of the ma- n-^hinery .VichaUvn. BA \ '0-^ El, V.I. To stib with a bayonet. n A c/rtT;' f j;™'"*',"' '''I'K' ''5' "'" bayonet. Burke. BA?'Oir, (bj'oo,) n. [Fr. bjyau, a gulf.] In Louismua, the outlet of a lake ; a channel for water. Also, an outlet from the Mississippi in the delta of that river, U) the Gulf of .Mexico. The term is also applied to other lateral outlets from the river apparently its former channel. ' BAYSorBAYZE. [See Baize.] BA-ZXR' ( "'- BA-ZAAR', i a. [Pera. ,1-Ll hazar; Russ. Ja:ar, n market.] -'^ • I. In tteEa.'' '"'^'" »■ 1''""« "ill C0.U tain J0,000 men. A house of lewdness and pios- BA WL, T. L [Sax. bellan ; Sw. bala, to low or b*1 lliU min.I be iti yon, whlcti wjm in Climl Jocus. — Phil if 1 o iw, conlcnlj liii numraj deMre. jPope. 2. To be made to be ; to become. And tlipy twain gliall be one fl..|»li. — M.UL xix. Jcr. xxxii. 3. To remain. Let the garment be as it was made. 4. To be present in a place. Where loas I at the lime .•* When will you be at my house.' 5. To have a particular manner of being or hap- pening; as. How is this afl"air .' Uowu>asHy What were the circumstances ,* This verb is used as an auxiliary in forming the tenses of other verbs, and particularly in giving to them the passive form ; as, he has been disturbed. It forms, with the infinitive, a particular future tense, which often expresses duty, necessity, or purpose ; as, government is to be supported ; we are to pan our Just debts. ■' Let be, is to omit, or leave untouched ; to let alone. Lei be, Biiid he, my prey. Dryden. BE, a prefix, as in because, before, beset, bedeck, is the same word as 6;/ ; Sax. 4c, 4i> ; Goth. 4i. It is com- mon to the English, Saxon, Gothic, German, Dutch, Danish, and Swedish languages. It occurs probably in the Russian, but is written po, as it is in possideo, and a few other words in the Latin. It denotes near- ness, closeness, about, on, at, from somj root signi- fying to pass, or to press. [.See Bv.] That tfiis word is the Sliemitic 3, used as a prefix Is certain, not only from its general applications, which may be seen by comparing the uses of the word, in the Hebrew, for instance, with those in the Saxon ; but from its use in particular phrases, particularly in its us,- before the name of the Supreme Being', in swearing. Hence we find that 3 is not from nj nor from l^^3, as Parkhurst supiiosos, but is an abbrevia- tion of 4i(r, which is used in the Saxon, 4i».peU, a proverb, a 4y-word ; bigstaudan, to stand 4i;. ' TONE, BKLL, l^XITE— AN"OEtt. VI"C10U8.-€ M K , <3 as J ; 8 „ Z ; CH as SH ; TH (W In THIS. 14 ll>§ BEA BEACH, n. [Uii. Ru«i. Mt, sido.1 Th« nhore of the sea, or of a lajce, which is washed by the lide and wavei ; the stmnd. It may be some- times usted for the abore of large riven. B£AOH'£D, rbeecbc,) «. Elzpoaed to the warea; washed by the tide and wavra ; also, driven on a bcarh ; tttranded ; as, the ship is beackrd, BgACirV, ^. Having a beach or beaches. SJtak. BtLVeOX, (be'kii,)»»- fW.^Cfira, a beacon, cone, or turret, from pif, a poinL See Pikk. Sax. btaeaiy k»eaL, a signal ; O. froaJk, baakrn ; Gcr. hake.^ 1. A stpial erected on an eminence, consisting of a pitch barrel, or some combustible matter, to be fired at night, or to cause a smoke by day, to notify the approach of an enemy. a. A Bigtial erected on rocks or shools, to warn of danger, ilence a lighthouse is sometimes called a tiOMa. In [general, a itaam may be any li^lit or mark intendeil for direction ana s«^urity against danger, a FifurativdfjiiaX whkh girea notice of danger. BeA 'CON, r. L To adbrd Itgfat as a beacon ; to light up. CbmfML B£A'C OX-AGE, a. Honey paid fortbe maintenance of a beacon. fneye. Jljk. BkA'€0.\-£:D, pp. or a. lighted hy a beacon ; hav- ing a beacon. B£AD, n« [Ger. httiu. a bead ; lupposed (Vora hetrn, kiMta^io pny^ from m use of beads in Roman Cath- olMwnrica ; Sax. (m^ a praying. In Snani^h and Portttcueae, tlie word answering to enuu is used for I. A little perfMSled ball, to be strong od a thread, ■Bd worn about the neck, for omamenL A string of beads is called a mtdtbet. Beads are made of gold, pearl, amber, steel, garnet, coral, diamond, crystsl, pastes, passes, Ax. The Roman Catholics use strings of beads in rehearsing their prayers. -Hence the i^rase, to tell beadt^ and to k at tmeV fcssiU, is to be at prayer. £ttcye. JohAsen. 9: Any small globular body ; hence the glass gMmles, osed in traffic with savages, and sold in ilnngB, are called Wsdt ; also a bubble on spiriL X A small piece of m^al on a gun-barrel to take sighl by. 4. In aroUteeters, a roond molding^ commonly mode upon the edge of a piece of stuff, m the Corin- thian and Komaa oidera, cut or carred in short em- boRsments, like beads in necUaces. Mmeye. JhdHuf tf tasdf , is a cbarffB giwn \tf a priest to liii parisniooecs, to repeat certain prayers apon their beau Ibr certain objects. JBsiZsy. BftAO'-SUK-eR, a. One wbo nakea bewlib In French, p«ur««jtmr is one wbo makes, striiin, and selis beads. In Paris are three eonpanies of pMer- iKMtrien ; one that works in glass or ciystal ; one, in wood aud boraj a third, in amber, coral, fcc BEA*^' PP-^'^^. (X. Spirit Is >«srfpre^f, when, after l- 1 crown of bubbles wul stand, for ?' ', on the surface, manifesting a cer- t;t, pik; Pw. pi^^^ pik; Snx.piic; Fr. piqut ; Ena. peak, pike, Slc The senttc is, a shoot, or n point, from thrusting ; and this Word is connected witli a numerous family. See Class Bg.l 1. The Dill or nib of a bird, consisting of a homy substance, either straight or curving, and ending in a point. 2. A pointed piece of wood, fortified with brass, resembling a beak, fHstened to the end of anrienl galleys ; intended to pierce tlie vessels of an enemy. In mt»dern shi[w, tlie beak-krad is a name given to the fore part of a ship, whose forecastle is square or oblong ; a circumstance common to nil ships of war, T'hich have two or more tiers of guns. Mar. DicU iifok or beak-heady that part of a ship, before the furecAstie, which is fastened to the stem, and sup- ported by the main knee. Enctfc. 3. In /(xrru-ry, a little shoe, at the toe, about an inch lone, turned up and fastened in u[Km the fore part of the hoof. Furrirr^s Dirt. 4. Any thing ending in a point, like a beak. This in .Amenca is more generally pnmounced peak. 5. In Many, a process, like the beak of a bird, terminating the frtiit in certain {dants, as in the Ge- ranium. [L. rostrum.'\ BkAK, r. t. Among cock-fighters, to take hold with the beak. Ash, BkAK'ED, (beekt,) a. Having a beak; ending in a point, like a beak. 2. In ^fsnv, rostrate ; furnished with a process B£AK'ER, n. '[Ger. becher.] [like a beak. A cup or riass. Johnson. BEAK'I-RON, (-I-um,) n. A bickem ; an iron tool, ending in a pttint, used by blacksmiths. Jish. BeAL, n. (See Boiu W. bal, a prtmiinence.] A pimple ; a whelk ; a small intlanmiatory tumor; a pustule. Ji'hn.ion. Ash, BEAL, f. u To gather matter ; to swell and come to a head, as a pimple. Johnson, Ash. B£AM, M. [Goth, bagma, a tree ; Sax. beam ; G. baum ; D. from, a tree ; Dan. bom, a bar or rati ; Ir. behiiy a beam. We see by the G«>thic, that the word be- longs to Class Bg. It properly signifies the stock or stem of a tree ; that is, the fixed, firm part.] 1. The largest, or a principal piece of limber in a building, that lies across the walU, and serves to support the principal rafters. Encyc. 2. Any large piece of timber, Ions in proportion to Its thickness, and squared or hewed for use. 3. The part of n balance, from the ends of which the scales are suspended | sometimes used for the whole appuratus for weiehing. Encyc. 4. The part on the head ofa slag, which bear* the antlers, royals, and to[^»s. 5. The pole of a carriage, which run's between the borses. ' Dnjden. 6. A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving ; and this name is given also to the cylinder on wliich the cloth is rolled, as it is wove. 7. The straight part or shank of an anchor. 8. Id shipSy a great main cross timber, which holds the sidea of a ship from falling together. The beams support the decks and orlops. The main beam is next the mainmast. Mar. DicU 9. The main piece of a plow, In which the plow- tails are fixed, and by which it is drawn. 10. Beam coiujhus; an instrument consisting of a square wooden or brass beam, having sliding sockets, that carry steel or pencil pe of a heart flsttti-ned, about nn inch long, tenninating at one end in an obtuse point, and at the other adhering to a wrinkled stalk. It contains, within two shells, a kernel of a swoetisli taste ; and betwixt the shells is loilged a thick, acrid juice. Enrye. BkAX'-CAPER, n. A plant, a «npcie9 of Zygophyl- lum, a native of warm climates. Encyr. BkAN'-COO, n. A small fishing vessel or pilot boat, used in the rivers of Portugal. It is sharp forward, having its stem bent above into a great curve, and plated with iron. Encyc Bl-:A.\'-FEn, a. Fed with beans. Shak. BEAN'-FLY, n. A beautiful fly, of a pale purple color, found on bean tlowers, produced from a maggot called mitla. Encyc. BkAN'-GOOSE, n. A species of Anas, {A. segctum,) a mignttory bird, which arrives in England in autumn, and retires to the north in summer. It is so named from the likeness of the nail of the bill to a horse-bean. Kncyc. Bean-tree of America ; a name given to the Erythrina CoraJlodendron. Kidney -bean-tree ; a name given to certain species of the genos Glycine. Binding-bean'trce i a name given to a species of the genus Muuosa. Bean-trefoil ; a popular name of the Cytisus Labur- num and Anagjris fcelida. Fam. uf Plants. BEA.V-TRES-SEL, n. A plant. BEAR, (bare,) r. f . ; pret. Bobe ; pp. BoBX, Borne. [Sax. bieran, beran, bcoran, byran, gebcrran, gcbirran, gebyran, abveran, abrran, to bear, cany, bring, sustain, produce, bring forth; gcbyrian^ gehyrigan, to per- tain to, to belong to, to happen, to become, or be suitable; answering to the Latin fero, purto, parioy and oporteo. Hence, probably, Sax. barn, brarn^ a son, coinciding with bom. Goth, bairan, to bear, or carry; gabairan, to bear; G. fiihren, to carry, and gebdrtn, to bring forth ; D. brurcn, to lift, voeren, to carry or bear; baaren, to bring forth; Sw. bdra, to cany ; bdra frtun, to bring forth ; barn, a son ; Dan. btBre, to carry, bear, produce ; L. fero, pario, porta ; Gr. 0£p'.i, (pouiui ; Sp. and Port, parir, to bring forth ; portar, to carry ; It. pnrtare, to carrj' ; Ir. braradh, beirim,to bear or bring forth, to tell or relate, whence Fr. parler ; Rues, bcj-u, to take, to carry ; San-*, bharadi, to bear. This verb I suppose to be radically the same as the Shemitic Ni3 to produce ; L. pario. The primary sense is to throw out, to bring forth, or in general, to thrust or drive along. It includes the proper significations, both of L. fero and pario; Shemitic n-iD farah, and O^^V ^fari. Hence, proba- bly, Gr. /3aooi, fiaovi, and a great family of words. See Class Br. Nos.'l5, 22, 33, 35.] 1. To support ; to sustain ; as, to bear a. weight or burden. 2. To carry ; to convey ; to support and remove from place to place; as, they bear him upon the shoulder; the eagle bcareih them on her wings. J.-'aiah, Deuteronomy. 3. To wear ; to bear as a mark of authority or dis- tinction, as, to bear a sword, a badge, a name ; to bear arms in a coat. 4. To keep afloat ; as, the water hears a ship. 5. To suppctrt or sustain without sinking or yield- inji; to endure ; as, a man can bear severe pain or calamity; or to sustain with proportionate strength, and without injury ; as, a man may hear fclrunger food or drink. 6. To entertain ; to cany in the mind ; as, to bear a great love for a friend ; to hear inveterate hatred to gaming. FATE, FAR, FALL, WH.\T. — METE, PRgY PTXE. MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, EQQK.— BEA 7. To suffer j to nndergo ; as, to bear punishment. 8. To suffer without resentracnl, or inlerference to prevent ; to have patience ; aa, to bear neglect or indignities. 9. To admit or bo capable of; that is, to suffer or sustain without violence, injur>', or change ; as, to give words the most favorable interpretation they will bear. 10. To bring forth or produce, as the fruit of plants, or the young of animals ; as, to bear apples j to boar children. 11. To give birth to, or be the native place of. Here dwelt tlie man divine whom Sanu* bore. Dryden. 19. To possess and use as power ; to exercise ; as, 13. To gain or win. [to bear sway. Some thinlc to bear U by speKUn^ a great won). Bacon. [Xot now used* The phrase now used is, to bear away.] 14. To carry on, or maintain ; to bare ; as, to bear a part in conversation. l.S. To show or exhibit ; to relate : as, to bfor tes- timony or witni?s3. This seems to imply utterance, like the Latin /rro, to relate or utter. If). To sustain the effect, or be answerable for ; as, to bear the blame. 17. To sustain, as expense; to supply the means of paying ; as, to bear the charges, that is, to pay the 15. To be the object of. [expenses. Let cne but bear jouf lore, and I'U bear tout carea. [Unusual.} Stuti. 19. To behave ; to act in any character; as, hath he borne himself penitent? [.Vol \LauaL] S.'utk. 20. To remove, or to endure tJ^.e effects of; and hence, to give satisfaction fwr. lie tluil bear ittdt iDujuiii*^. — U. UU. Ileb. ix. To b*ar the infirmUies of tke tceakj to bear one anoOter^g burdens, is to be charitable toward their faults, to sympathize with them, and to aid Ihem in distress. Brotcn. To bear o_f, is to restrain ; to kepp from approach ; and in si-aman^hip, to remove to a distance ; to keep rlt'-ar from rubbing against any thing ; as, to bear off a blow ; to bear o/fa boat ; also, to carry away ; as, lo bmr off ^UAfii goods. Tu bear dnirn, is to impel or urge ; to overthrow or cnish by force; as, to bear linwn an enemy. To bear down vpon : to press ; to overtake ; to make aH sail to conic up with. To bear hardy is to press or urge. 0«ar (ioih btar me hard. Shak, To bear on^ is to press against ; also, to carry for- ward, to press, incite, or animate. Confidence hath bomt the« on. MUton. To bear throuvh^ is to conduct or manage ; as, to bear through the consubhip. B. Jonfon. Also, to maintain or support to the end ; as, religion will bear us through the evils of life. To bear out, is to maintain and support to the end ; to defend to the last. Cniiipanj oalj can btar a man out In an ill thinp. South. To bear up ; to support ; to keep from falling. RrlipoiM hope btart vp ibe mind luuler suffehnga. AdAton. To bear up ; to keep afloaL To bear a body. A color is said to benr a body in painting, when it is capable of being gnmnd so nne, and mited so entirely with the oil, as to seem only a very thick oil of the/^me color. Johnson. To bear dale, is to have the mark of time when written or executed ; as, a letter or bond bears date Jan. 6, 1811. • To bear a price, 's t'l hare a certain price. In com- mon mercantile Inn^iiage, it often signifies or implies to bear a good or his;h price. To bear in hand i to amuse with false prHensrs ; to deceive. Bacon. South. Shal:. I believe this phrase is obsolete, or never used in America. To bear a hand, in seamanship, is to make hast<>, be BEAR, r. i. To suffer, as with pain. [quick. But niAn ia bum to bear. Pope, This is unusual in prose ; and though admissible, is rendered intransitive, merely by the omission of ^ain, or othfrr word expressive of evil. S. 7'o be patient ; to endure. I Cflo nfit, can not bear. Dryten. This also seems to be elliptical. 3. To produce, as fruit ; to be fruitful, in opposition to barrenness. Ttats a^ tn bloMom, and the t»Ttt to bear. On/iUn. Wfte. fruit mast be understood. 4. To press, with upon; as, to bear heavily on one*s spirits ; lo bear hard u[x)n an antagonist. 5. To take effect ; to succeed ; as, to bring matters to hear. Ouardian, 6. To art in any chfiracter. ]nMrue< me bow I mar bear like a tme Triar. Wnueual.'] Shak. 7. To be situated a-i to tlie point of compass, with respect to something else ; at, the land bort £. N. £. from the ship. BEA 8. 'J'o reflate or refer to, with on or upon ; as, liow does this bear on the question? 9. To have weight on the neck by the yoke, as oxen attached to the neap of a cart. 10. To convey intelligence ; as, the letters bore that snccor was at hand. Sir W. Scott. 11. To bear awaij, in navigation, is to change the course of a ship, when close hauled, or sailing with a side nnnd, and make her run before the wind. To bear up, is used in a like sense, from the act of bear- ing up the helm to the windward. Mar. Diet. Hence, perhaps, in otlier cases, the expression may be Used lo denote tending or moving from. 1-J. To be-ar down, is to drive or tend to ; to approach with a fair wind j as, tiie ttcet bore down upon the enemy. 13. To bear in, is to run or tend toward ; as, a ship beam (?i with the land ; opposed to bear offy or keep- ing at a greater distance. 14. To bear up, is to tend or move toward ; as, to bear up to one another : ala^o, to be supported ; to have fortitude ; to be firm ; not to sink ; as, to bear up un- der afflictions. I.i. To bear itpon, or aa^ainst, is to lean upon or against ; to act on as weight or force, in any direc- tion, as a column upon its base, or the sides of two inclining objects against each other. 16. To bear against ; to approach for attack or seiz- ure ; as, a lion bears against his prey. Ih-yden. 17. To bear upon ; to act upon ; as, the artillery bore upon the center ; or to be pomted or situated so as to affect ; as, to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a fort or a ship. 18. To bear vyith ; to endure what is unpleasiug ; to be indulgent ; to forbear to resent, oppose, or puuish. Reiuon would 1 attoulii bear wUh jou. — Acia XTfu. hhtdl n»t (.iod lYcago tiis elect, though hi^ bear loag mlh them I — Luke Kvitt. nEAR'-eLOTlL I n. A cloth in which a new- BEAR'ING-eLOTn, \ bom child is covered when carried lo church to bo baptized. Shak. BE.aK, n. [Sax. bera; G. bar; D. beer; Sw, Dan. and let. biom; Ir. bear; allied, perhaps, to Jicrce, L. ferus, fera, or to burbarus.] 1. A wild quadruped, of the genus Ursus. The marks of the genus are, six fure teeth in the upper jaw, alternately hollow on the inside ; and six in the under jaw, the two latenil ones lobaled ; the dog teeth are soliUiry and conical ; the eyes have a nic- titating meinbr:ine, and the nose is prominent. The arrtos, the brown or black bear of Europe, has his body covenrd with long, shaggy hair. Some are found, in Tnrtary, of a pure white color. The po- Iwr or white bear, has a long head and nock ; short, round ears ; the hair long, soft, and white, tinged in some purls with yellow. He grows to a great size, the skins of some being 13 feet long. This bear lives in cold climates only, and frequently swims from one isle of ice to another. Kncyc. 2. The name of two constellations in the nortliem hemisphere, called the Oreatrr and Lesser Bear. In the tail of Uie Ix^sser Bear is the [wle-star. Bears ami Built ; cant lerm^ ajiplied lo persons en- gaged in the gambling transactions of the .Stock Ex- change. j1 bear, is one who cnnlraris todelivi-r, at a specified /ufure time, stocks which he does not own ; a buU, is one who contracts to take them. Hence, in the intervening time, it is the interest of the former to depress stiK-ks, as the bear pulls down with his strong |MiW(i, and of the latter to raise stocks, as the hull thrtiws ui'tvard with his horns. The stock is, in fact, nevrr d-rlivered, and was never meant to be. When the lime for deliver)' arrives, the losing party pays the difference bt;twee'n the prir^ of the stock then and nt the time when the contract was made. BEAR or liPMF,, n. A kind of brirl-y, cultivaU-d in Scotland and th" north of England ; called, also, big, and by somn regarded as a distinct species, (Jfordeum hfJOJttichim.) BEAR'A-BLE, a. That can be borne ; tolerable. Ed. Rev. BEAR'A-BLY, adn. In a bearable manner. Westm. Ret). BEAR'-BAIT-INO, n. The sport of baiting bears with dogs. Shak. BEAR'-BER'RY, n. A medicinal plant; the Aicto- slaphylits nva-ursi, {.^rbuitis ura ur.-ii, Linn.) BEAR'-BT\I), n. A species of Bindweed or Convol- vulus ; a popular name, common to the genus Ca- lystegia, fa subdivision of the Linnman genus Con- volvulun,) including the Convolvulus scpium. Sweet, BEAR'-FLV, n. An insrct. Bncon. BEAR'-GAR-D£\, n. A place where bears are kept fur diversion or fiphiing. Hence, 9. A rude, turbulent assembly. BEAR'-GAR D£.\, a. Rude ; turbulent ; as, brar-gar- drn sport. Toiul. BE^R'-MERD, n. A man that tends bears. S/toA. REAR'-LTKt^a. Restimbling a bear. Shak. BEAR'iS'-liKEECH, n. Brank-ursine, a name com- mon to different species of plants oltfic genus Acan- thus. BEAR*9'~£AR, n. A popular name of the Primula auricula. BEA BEAR'S'-KAR SANT-CLE, n. A species of Cortusa. BEAK'S'-FQOT, n. A plant, a species of Hellebore. BEAR'S'-GReASE, 71. The fat of bears, ejctensively used to promote the growth of hair. BEAR'-SKIN, n. The skin of a bear. 2. A coarse, shaggy woolen cloth for overcoats. BEAR'S'-WORT, n. A plant, Shak. BEAR'-WAUD, r. A keeper of boars. Shak. BEAR'-WHELP, n. The whelp of a bear. Shak. BEARD, (beerd,) n. [Sax. beard; D. bnard; G. and Dan. bari ; L. baroa; Kuss. boroda, the beard and the chin.] 1. The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adja- cent parts of the face, chiefly of male adults; hence a mark of virility. A gray beard, long beard, and rev- erend beard, are terms for old age. 2. Beard is sometimes used for the face: and to do a thing to a man's beard, is to do it in defiance, or to his face. Johnson. 3. The awn or sharp prickles on the ears of corn. But more tL'chnically, parallel hairs, or a tuft of stiff hairs terminating tho leaves of plants. By some au- thors, the name is given to the lower lip of a ringent corol. Jilartijn. 4. A barb or sharp point of an arrow, or other in- strument, bent backward to prevent its being easily drawn out. 5. 'i'he beard or chuck of a horse, is that part which bears the curb of a bridle, underneath the lower man- dible and above the chin. Farrier's Diet. Encuc. 6. The rays of a comet, emitted toward that part of the heaven to which its pr6per motion seems to direct it. Encyc. 7. The bysstui of a pinna, muscle, or other similar shell-fish, consisting of fine threads or hairs, by which they fasten themselves to stones. Cyr, The term is also applied to the gills or reppiralory organs of the oyster and other bivalves. Brande. 8. In insects, two small, oblong, fleshy bodies, placed just above the trunk, as in gnats, moths, and butterflies. Enojc. BeARD, (beerd,) r. t To take by the beard ; to Beize.pluck, or pull the beard, in contempt or anger. 2. To opiwse to the face ; to sot at defiance. I have Jxv-ii bcnrded by boy». More. BeARD'ED, (beerd'ed,) a. Having a beard, as a man. In botany, having parallel hairs, or tufts of hairs, as the leaves of plants. J\Iartijn. 2. Barbed or jagged, as an arrow. Drydcn. BEARD'ED, (beerd'ed,) jjp. Taken by the beard i op- posed to the face. BeARD'-GRXSS, n. A name common to different species of grass of the genus Andropogon, BEARD'ING, (beerd'ing,)i)iw. Taking by tlio beard; oppo^inj; to the face, BeARD'LESS, (beerd'less,) a. Without a beard ; young; not having arrived to manhood. In botany, destitute of parallel hairs, or tufts pf hairs. Marti/n. BEAU D'LESS-iN ESS, n. The state or quality of' be- ing destitute of beard. Laicrence, LccL BEAR'ER, n. [See Uear.] In a general sejue, one who bears, sustains, or carries, ilence, 2. One who carries packages or letters ; as, a bcar^ er of di^ipatches. 3. One who carries the body to the grave, at a fu- neral. 4. One that wears any thing, as a badge or sword. 5. A tree or plant that yields its fruit; as, a good bearer. 6. In architecture, a post or brick wall between the ends of a piece of timber, lo sup^Kirt it. In general^ any thing tliat supports another thing. 7. In heraldry, a figure in an achievement, placed by the side of a shield, and seeming to sup|X)rt it; generally the figure of a beast. The figure of a hu- man creature, for a like purpose, is called a tenant. BEAR'ING, p/>r, Stipiwrting ; carrying; producing. BEAR'IXG, H. The manner in which a person frcar^ or conducts himself; gesture; mien; behavior. I know liim by hla bearing. Shak, 2. The situation of an object, with respect to an- other object, by which it is supposed to have a con- nection with it or influence uiKiU il,4>rto be influ- enced by it. Hence, relation. But of this fnune, \hv bearinga and the t\ca. Pope. 3. In architecture, the distance or length which the ends of a piece of timber rest upon, or are inserted into, the wall that supports it. Bearing of a timber; the spJice between the two fixed extremes of a piece of timber, or between one extreme and a supporter. Builder's Diet. 4. In navigation, the situation of a distant object, with regard to a ship's [wsition, as on the bow, on the lee quarter, &c. The direction or point of the compass in which an object is seen. Jtlar. Diet. 5. In heraUlnjj bearings are the coats of arms or figures of armorifs, by which the nubility and gen- try are distinguished- from common per-^ons. E/tcye. BEAR'ISII, a. Partaking of the qualities of a bear; resembling a bear in temper or manners. Harris. BEA R\, n. [Sax. bcarn ; Goth, bam ; from bear ; Goth. gabaurans, born.] A child. In Scotland, hatm. Shak. TCXE, BULI., tINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € as K; aa J ; S aa Z ; CH as HH; TH oa in THIS. ToT Sea BfiAST, (bcest,) n. [Ir. *ia.*^ piasil; Com. bist i D. trest ; L. beMia ; Fr. ftefe, from Ap.v(c ,• Dan. ftif,<(, bcest ; W. frirysf, wildj savage, feitxrious. See Boisterocs.] 1. Any ftmr-li*oted Hnimal, which may be used for labor, food, or sport; disiinpiishrd from birds, in- sects, fishes, and man ; a^, beagts of burden, bnu^ts of Ihe chase, br^^ts of the forest. It is usually applied to large animals. ft. Opposed to ifiAfi, it sipnifips any irrational ani- mal ; aa» in tlie phrase " man and baLit.** 80, wild 3. figmratireJffy a brutal man ; a por«on mde, coarse, fillhjr, or acting in a manner unworthy of a raliomil creature. Mkmaon. 4. A gnme at cards. Hence, to btmH. EHtyc BftAPT'ISH, a. Like a beast ; brutal. B£AST'-LIKE, a. Like a beast ; bratal. BEAST'LT-XE.S3, «. [from JftLrf/y.l Brutality ; coarseness; vulgarity; tilthiness; a practice con- tiarjr to the rules of humanity. BftAST'LY, a. Like a beast j brutal ; coarse ; filthy j contrar}' to the nature and dignity of man. 2. Having the form and naturr of a beast. Prior. BEAT, (be^-t,) r. t. pret. Bkat ; pp. Bk*t, Beate;*. [Sax. >*sfOT, ftbtMmm, to beat, mfrMira, beaten } \V. b*iu ; Ft. laOn, or teCrc J Bpk tatr ; Port. *«<«• ; It. tett0r0 : L. t; Heb. Ch. Pyr.a2n,ftoAa(. Perhaps, Hindoo, jMta, to kill ; Bunnan, potaiy id. ; as we sav, to smite and to slay. Hence, the oirjMta. man-killers, in Herodotus. Class Bd,Nos. SO, 23, 33. See Abate.] 1. To strike repeatedly ; to lay on repeated blows with a stick, with the' band or tist, or with any instrument, and for any cause, just or unjust, or for punishment. Luke xii. DeuU xxv. 2. To strike an instrument of music ; to play on, as a drum. Shak. 3. To break, bruise, comminute, or pulverize by beating or pounding, as pcpjier or spices, Ex. xxx. 4. To extend by beating, as gold or other malleable rabslancej or to haninier into any form; to forge. Ex. xxxix. 5. To strike bushes ; to shake by beating, or to make a noise to rouse game. Prior, 6. To thresh ; to force out com from the busk by Uowa. RutM, 7. To br*ak, mix, or agitate by beating ; as, to beat an egg with any other thing. Soyle. 8. To das-h or strike, as water ; to strike or brush, as wind. .ViUon. 9. To tread, as a path. Blatkmare. 10. To overcomi; in a bittle, contest, w strife ; to Tanqutsh or conquer; as, one ttatj another at play. I^nfaui kol Uie OutbapniAiM U PM. ArhuthnoL 11. To hanuRt ; to exercise severely j to overlabor ; aa, to ^emt the braitis abi>ut loeic /{akntUL TV beta ttmtn ; to break, destroy, throw d^twn, by beating or battering, as a wall. Also, to press down or lay flat, as by treading, by a current of water, by violent wind, &c. Shak. Also, to lower the pric* by importunity or argument. Also, to depress or crush ; as, io btat dtnen opposition. Also, to sink or lessen the price or value. Vmxrj beau down the prio^ of land. Bacon. To hetU back f to compel to retire or rettim. Tb beat into; to teach or instdl, by repetition of in- Ktniction. To be^ up,* to attack suddenly ; to alarm or dis- turb ; as, to heat up an enemy's quarters. TV beat tkt leing j to duttc-r ; to move with flutter- ing agitation. TV beat of; to repel or drive back. 7> beat the koof; to walk ; to go on foot. TV htat time ; to measure or regulate time in music by the madoa of the hand or f(>oL In tk» vtanavty a horse beats the du.'it, when at each motion he does not take in ground enough with his fon^ legs ; and at curvets, when he does them too precipitately, or too low. He beats upon a aalk^ when be walks too short. Encyc TV ktatamt; to extend by HAmmcring. In popular ase, to he beAt aut^ is to be extremely fatigued ; to have the strength exhausted by labor or exertion. Beat, v. L To move wiih puliation; as, the pulse be>fff : or to tlirob ; as, the heart beats* 2. To dash with force, as a storm, flood, passion, &c, ; as, the tempest beats against the house. 3. To knock at a door. Judges lii. 4. To fluctuate ; to be in agitation. Shak, To beat about ; to trj- to find ; to search by various me^ans or ways. Addison, To beat upon : to act upon with violence, Jtmah. Also, to speak frequently ; to enforce by repetition. Hooker. To beat vp for soldiers, is to go about to enlist men into the army. Jn seamanship:, to beat, is to make progress against the direction of the wind, by sailing in a ziczag line or traverse, Mir. Diet, BEA With hunters, a stag beatv vp and dowa, when he runs tirst one way and then another. I'jicyr. BEAT, n. A stroke ; a striking ; a blow, whether with the hand or with a weapiin, 2. A recurring stroke ; a pulsation j as, the beat of the pulse. 3. The rise or fall of the hand or foot, in regulating the divisions of time in music. 4. A transient grace-note in music, struck imme- diately before the note it is intended to ornament. Busby. 5. A round or course, which is frequently gone over; as, a watchman's beat. Hence, 6. A place of habitual or frequLnt resort. In the military art, the beat vf drum^ is a succession of strokes varied, in diffident ways, for particular purposes, as to regulate a march, to call soldiers to their arms or quarters, to direct an attack, or retreat, &c. The beat of a watch or clockj is the stroke made by the fangs or pallets of the spmdlc of the balance, or of the pads in a royal pi'udulum. Kncyc. BviAT, ) pp. Struck; daslied against; pressed BitAT'£X, \ or laid down; hammered; pounded; vanquished; made smooth by treading; worn by use ; trackt^d. BEAT'EU, n. One who bents, or strikes ; one whose occupation is to hnmnicr metals. a. An instrument for pounding, or comminuting substances. B£AT'Ell-UP, n. One who beats for game ; a .-^orts- fwrmV term. BuUer. BEATH, r. f. To bathe. [.Vt-t in use."] Sprnser. BE-A-TIF'1€, i a, [L. ft.-ariw, blessed, from 6fo, B&.\-TIF'rt'-.\L, i to bless, and facio, to make. See Beatipt,] That has the power to bless or make hnppy, or the power to complete blissful enjoyment; used only of heavenly fruition alter death ; as, beatific vision. Milton. BE-A-TIF'IC-AL-LY, adv. In such a manner as to complete happiness. BE-AT-I-r[-e.\'TIO\, n. In the Roman Catholic church, an act of the pope by which he declares a person beatified or blessed after death. This is the first step toward canonization, or the raising of one to the dignity of a saint. No person can be beatified till 50 years after his death. All certificates or at- testations of his virtues and miracles are examined by the congregation of rites, and this examination continues often for years; after which his holiness decrees the beatitlc>ation,and the corpse and relics of the intended s:iint are exposed to the vt-neration of all s(v^ Christiana. Encyc. BE-AT'I-F?, r. t [L. hratus, happy, from beo, to bless, and focio, to mako.l 1. To make happy ; to bl of celestial enjoyment. less with the completion 2. In the Riiman Catholic cAurcA, to declare by a decree or public act, that a person is received into heaven, and is to be reverenced as blessed, though not rnnonized. BeAT'IXG, ppr. Laying on Wows; striking; dash- ing against ; conquering; jiounding; sailing against the direction of Ihe wind, 6cc. BEAT'ING, n. The act of striking or giving blows; punishment or chastisement by blows; conquering; sailing against the direction of the wind. The brating of flax and hemp is an operation which renders them more soft and pliable. For this purpose, they are made into rolls and laid iu a trough, where th?y are beat till no roughness or hardness can be felt, Encyc In book-binding, heating is performed by laying the book in quires, or sheets folded, on a block, and beating it with a heavy, broad faced hammer. On this operation, or the heavy pressure now employed as a substitute, the elegance of tlie binding and the easy opening of the book much depend. Encyc. Beating the wind^ was a practice in the ancient trial by combat. If one of the combatants did not appear on the field, Ihe other was to beat the wind, by making flourishes with his weapons ; by which he was entitled to the advantages of a conqueror. Beatings, or beats, in music, the regular pulsative swellings of sound, produced in an organ by pipes of the same key, when not in unison, and their vil)ra- tions not simultaneous or coincident. Btisby. This phenomenon occurs in stringed as well as wind instrument'^, when sounding together, nearly but not exactiv in perfect tune. P. Cyc BE-AT'I-TUDE, n. [L. beatitudoy from beatus, beo. See Beatift,] 1. Blessedness ; felicity of the highest kind ; con- summate bliss ; used of the joys of heaven. 2. The declaration of blessedness made by our Savior to particular virtues, BEAU, (ho,) n.; pi. Beaut, (boze.) [Fr. ft ca«, con- tracted from beli L. bcUns : Sp. and It beUo, fine, gay, handsome.] A man 01 dress ; a fine, gay man ; one whose great care is to deck his person. In famUiar language, a, man who attends a lady. BF.^rj UDE'JiL, (bo-i-de'al,) n, [Fr.] A conception BEA or image of cousummute beauty, formed in the mind, free from all the deformities, defects, and bbmiislies, which nature exhibits. BEAU'ISH, (bo'ish,)«. Like a beau; foppish; fine. BFJiU MQKDE', (bo-moud',) n. [Fr. beaik, fine, and monde, world.] The fashionable world } people of fashion and Cavelv. Prior. BEAO'TE-OUS, (bu'te-ous,) a. [See Beauty,] Very fair; elegant in form; pleasing to the sight; beauti- ful; very hantlsome. It expresses a greater degree of beaulv than handsome, and is chiefly used in poetry. BEAC'TI^-OUS-LY, (bu'te-ous-ly,) adv. In a beaute- ous manner \ in a manner pleasing to the sight ; beau- tifully. BEAP'TE-0U3 NESS, (bu'te-ous-ness,) n. The state or quality of being beauteous ; beauty, BEAC'Tl-P^-i;U, (ba'ti-fide,) pp. Adorned ; made beautiful, BEAC'TI-FI-ER. (bu'ti-fl-er,) n. He or that which makes beauliful. BEAO'TI-FJJL, (bQ'ti-ful,) a, [beauty and ftdl.] 1. Elegant in form; fair ; having the form that pleases the eye. It expresses more than handsome, A beaiid/ul woiiinn U one of the most nUrictife ob]i.'c[a in nil na- iiUf '■ worlit. Afion. A circle i» more btnuti/iU lht\n a 9C]tmrc ; a Bqii:!^ h morp &«au. ti/ul tlian B pjintllelogTuiii. Lord Kamca. 9. Having the qualities which constitute beauty, orlhat which pleases the senses other than the sight} as, a liraiitifal sound. Encyc. BEAu'TI-FJJL-LY, (bu'ti-fuMy,) adv. In a beautiful manner. BEAO'TI-FIJL-NESS, (bu'ti-fu>ness,) n. Elegance of form; beauty ; the qtmlity of being beautiful. BEACi'Tl-F?, (b'ii'ti-f^-,) v. t. [beauty and L. facto.] To make or render beautiful ; to adorn ; to deck ; to grace ; to add beauty to ; to embellish. Hayward. BEAtJ'TI-F?, fbu'ri-fy,) v.i. To become beautiful j to advance in neautv. Md'tson. BEAC'TI-F^-ING, (ba'ti-fy-iBg,)jjpr. Adorning; em- bellij'hing. BEAO'TI-LESS, (bu'ti-less,) a. Destitute of beauty. Hamviond, BEAC'TY, (bu'ty,) n. [Fr. heauti, from beau. See Beau.] 1. An assemblage of graces, or an assemblage of properties in the fonn pf the person or any other ob- ject which pleases the eye. In the person, due \iTO-_ portion or symmetry of parts constitutes the most es- sential property to which we annex the term beauty. In the face, the regularity and symmetry of the fea- tures, the Color of the skin, the expression of the eye, are among the principal properties which constitute beauty. But as it is hardly possible to define all the properties which constitute beauty, we may observe in general, that beauty consists in whatever pleases the eye of Ihe beholder, whether in the human body, in a tree, in a landscape, or in any other object Beauty ia intrinsic^ ami perceived by the eye at first view, or relative, to perceive which, the aid of the understanding and reflection is requisite. Thus the beauty of a machine is not perceived till we under- stand its uses, and adaptation to its purpose. This is called the beauty of utility. By an easy transition, the word beauty is used to express what is pleasing to the other senses, or to the understanding. Thus we say, the beauty of a thought, of a remark, of sound, &.C. So beauty, armed with TirtuR, bowi thp soul WiUi \ commnndlng, but a iweet control. Perdral. 2. A particular grace, feature, or ornament ; any particular thii^ which is beautiful and pleasing; as, the beauties (pf nature. 3. A particular excellence^ or a part which sur- passes in excellence that with which it is united ; as, the beauties of an author. 4. A beautiful person. In Scripture, the chief dig- nity or ornament 2 SJ\m. i. 5. In the arts, symmetry of parts ; harmony ; just- ness of composition. Encyc 6. Joy and gladness. Is. Ixi. Order; prosperity; peace; holiness. Ezek. xvi. BEAC'TV, (bu'ty,) v. U To adorn ; to beautify or em- bellish. [Obs.] Shak. BEAtJ'TY-PPOT, (bu'ty-ppot,) n. A patch ; a foil ; a spot placed on the face to heighten beauty. BEAu'TY-WaN'ING, a. Declining in beauty. Shak. BeA'VER, (be'ver,) n. [Sax. befor, biofor ; Fr. biicref L. jJfter,' Ir. beabluir; Sw. bafwer j Dun. barccr ; Ger. biber; D. bcver ; Russ. bohr; Pers. wAj babir."} ^. An amphibious quadruped, of the genus Castor. It has short ears, a blunt nose, small fore feet, large hind feet, with a flat, ovate tail. It is remarkable for its ingenuity in constructing its lodges or habitations, and from this animal is obtained the castor of Ihe shops, which is taken from cods or bags in the groin. Its fur, which is mostly of a chestnut-brown, is the material of the best hats. 2. The fur of the beaver, or a hat made of the fur. 3. Partof a helmet covering the face, made jointed, FATE, FXR, FALL, WHAT MeTE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQpIC.— 108 BEC 80 that the wearer could raise it to drink j hence its name, frum Old Fr. bcrer, to drink. Booth. BeA'VER-£D, tu Covered with or wearing a beaver. _ Pope. BkA'VER-TEEN, Ji. A species of fustian cloth. BE-BLEED', c. L [be and bleed.] To make bloody. [Ofts.j Chaucer. BE-BLOOD' ) V. U {be and blood.'\ To make bloody. BE-BLOCO'V, ! [Okl Shelivn. BE-BLOT', r. (. [be %nA hloL] To blot ; to stain. [Oft.f.] Chancer. BE-BLUB'BER-£D, a. [be and blubber.'] Foul or swelled with weeping. SlieUon. BE€-A-F1'€0, n. [It. beeeafieo, from the root of pica, peck, beck, and Jico, a fig. See Beak.J A fig-pecker ; a bird like a nightingale, which feeds on figs and grapes. Johnsaiu Prior. Bailey. The term beecafico is applied hy the Italians to dif- ferent ajjecies of small birds of the genus Sylvia, when in a condition for the table. P. Cyc. BE-CALM', (be-cim',) v. U [he and calm. See Calm.] 1. To still ; to make quiet ; to appease ; to stop or repress motion in a body ; used of the elements and of the passions; as, to becalm the ocean, or the mind. But calm is gent-rally used. 2. To keep from motion by intercepting the current of wind ; as, binli lands becalm a ship. BE-eALM'£U, (be-cimd',) pp. or a. Quieted; ap- peased. 2. a. Hindered from motion or progress by a calm j as, a ship becalmed. BE CXLM'IXG, (be-c"dm'ing,) ppr. Appeasing; keep- ing from motion or progress. BE-CALM'ING, (be-cilm'ing,) n. A calm at sea. Herbert, BE-€.^ME' pret of Become. See Become. BECAUSE', (a compound word.) [tiax. be ; Eng. by and cattle. See Bt and Cause.] By cause, or by the cause ; on this arrount ; fur the cause which is explained in the next proposition ; for the reason next explained. Thus, I rind, because I wiis afraid, is to bo thu!« resolved ; f tied, by Vte crtiwp, for the eausfy which is mentioned in the next alTirmation, \'\7..^ I was afraid. Hence, eau.'-n of diaotedJenw. — Kph. v. BEe-eA-Bi;X"GA, n, [G. bacK, a brook, and iun^a, a basket fur catching fi>*h.] Brooklime speedwi 11 ; Veronica beccabunpa ; a European plant, common in diichea and shallow streams. BECH'A-MEL, n. A kind of fine, white broth, or Rauce, thickened with cream. Ciwley. BE-CHAN'CE', r. i. [6e, Ay, and cAanec] To betjill ; to happen to. SAoA. BE-CIIARM', r. f. [be and Oiarm.\ To charm; to cap- tivate. BeauTiu Sf FL BE'CHie, n. [Gr. i?r,x(*a, from 3ni, a cough.] A medicine for relieving coughs, synonymous n'ith pecUn-at, which is now the term mostly used. Qumey. BECK, n. A gmall brook. Oray. This word, Pax. becCf Gcr. bach^ D. bedt, Dan. bxk^ Sw. bxck^ Per. ^vj baJkh^ a brook or rlvitlct, la found In the Ir. Ar. Ch. P>T. Sam. rieb. and Eth., In the sen« ofjtnwin^, as tears, weeping. Gen. xxxii. 22. It is obsolcti; in English, but is found in the name, pp. Having a sign made to. BECK' ON-ING, ppr. Making a significant sign as a bint, BE ei-IP', V. L [Sax. beelyppm.] To embrace. [JVof ?« u-ie.] Wlckliffe. BED BECLOUD', V. U [See Cloud.] To cloud ; to ob- scure; to dim. Sidney. BF^CLOUD'El), pp. Clouded ; darkened. BE-CLOUD'INO, ppr. Overspreading with clouds ; obscuring. BE-COME',(be-kum',)p. i.;pret. Became \pp. Become. [Sax. bccuman, to fall out or happen ; D. bekoomen ; G. bekommeriy to get or obtain ; 1? w. bekomma ; Dan. bekommcy to obtain ; be and come. The Sax. be is the Eng. by. These significations differ from the sense in English. But the sense is, to cmne to, to arrive, to reach, to fall or pass to. [.See Come.] Hence the sense of suiting, agreeing with. In Sax. cuman, Goth, kwiman, is to come ; and Sax. ciDetnati is to please, that is, to suit or be agreeable.] 1. To pass from one state to another ; to enter into some stale or condition, by a change from another state or condition, or by assuming or receiving new properties or qualities, additional matter, or a new character ; as, a cion become;^ a tree. The t>ord God br'>.-t(hed into his nostrils tlie breath of tifc, &nd *^ innn btcame a licing soul. — <5cn. U. To [lie Jews I bacame as .1 J<-w. — 1 Cur. Ik. 2. To become 0/, usually with u>hat preceding; to be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the tinal or subsequent conilition ; as, what will become of our commerce ? ichat will become ofws ? In the present tense, it applies to place as well as condition. What has become of my friend .'' that is, where is he; as well as, what "is his condition; Where is he become 1 used by ShaksiK-are and Spenser, is obsol-'te ; but this is tiie sense in Saxon, where has he fallen? BE-COME', V. t. In general, to suit or be siiitable ; to becongnious; to befit ; to accord with, in charactfT or circumstances ; to be worthy of, decent, or proptr. It is used in tlie same sense applied to persons or tilings. If I btcom* not a cart oi wnH n» nnoIhT tnnn. Shak. This use of the word, however, is less frequent, the verb usually expressing the suitahlenoes of things to persona or to other things; as, a robe becomes a prince. • It beromea me so to spenk of «n excllrnt po^t. Drylen. BE-€fiM'lN'G, ppr. or a., but used rarely or never ex- cept as an aujrrtive. Fit; suitable; congnious ; proper ; graceful ; belonging to the charactf.r, or adapted to circumstances; as, he speaks with be- coming tKddness ; n dress is very becoming. Some writers formerly used 0/ after this word. Siicb iliscounes u are becoming 0/ ihrm. Drydtrv. But this use is inelegant or improper. BE-COM'IXG, a. Ornament. [Ohs.] Shak. BE-€O.M'ING-LY, adv. After a becoming or proper manner. BE-€OM'ING-NESg, n. Fitness ; congriiity ; pro- priety ; decency ; gracefulness arising from iitue.ss. OreiP. BE-CRTP'PLE, t», U [See Cripple.] To make lame ; to cripple. [Ltttte used.'] BE CURL', c. L To curl. [JVot used.] BED, 11. [Sax. bed ,■ D. bed ; pr. Daubing over; besmearing. BE^DAZ'ZLE, r. (. [be and dazzle.] To confound the sight by too strong a light ; to make dim by lustier. Shak. BE*DAZ'7LKD, pp. Having the sight confounded by too strdMg a light. BPM)A/'ZL[NG, ppr. Confounding or making dim by a liKi brilliant luster. BK DA'/'ZLL\G-LY, adv. So as to bedazzle. IIED'-BUG, 71. A troublesome insert of an ofiVnnive smell, {Cimcx Icctulariiu,) which infests the crevices of lictlstends, &.C. P. Cue. Partington. Brande. Bl'.D'-CIIAIR, iu A r.hair Tor the sick, with a movable back, which rises or falls, to sustain tbeni while sit- ting up in bed. BED'-CMAM-HER, n. [ftrd and chamber.] An apart- ment, or chamber intended or appropriated for a bed, or for sleep and ro|>ose. BED'-eLOTHES. n. pL [bed and clothe^.] Blankets, or coverli'ts, &c., fvr beds. Shale BED'DEI), jrjt. or a. Laid in a bed ; inclosed as in a bed ; slnilified. BED'DER, ( n. [from bed.] The nether stone of an BE-DKT'TER, \ oil mill. Chalmers. BKD'DING, ppr. Laying in a bed ; inclosing as in a bed. BED'DING, n. A bed and its furniture ; a bed ; the materials of a bed, whether for man or beast. Spenser. BE-DEAD', (be-ded',) v. t. To deaden. Nallpeeli. BEDECK', V. t. [be and deck.] To deck ; to adorn ; to grace. Shak. BEDECK' KD, (be-dekt'.) pp. Adorned ; ornamented. BE-DECK'ING, /(pr. Adorning; decking. BED'E-<;UAR, (gir,) n. A hairy or sjiongy substance on rose-bushes, produced by the puncture of certain insects, and once supiK>sed to have valuabli; med- ical pr(i|>erties. Booth. Br:DE'-HOUSE, n. [Sax. head, a prayer, and house.] Fortuerly, a hospital or alms-house, where the poor prayed f(»r their founders and benefactors. BE'DATj, (bG'dl,) n. An oflicer in the universities of England ; a messenger or crier ai a court ; an in- TOP^, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0U8 C as K ; as J ; S a."! Z ; CH as SHj.TH as in THIS. 100 BED tetk€ oAc«r of a poriiUi. [A peculiar orthography BC'0£L-R.Y, m. The extent of a beadle's omcp. Blount. BE-OEVn^ (-drrn,) r. L To throw into uiier dis- order and confusion ; as if bjr the agL>ncy of evil uptritH. SowtA. BE^OEV'/I^jrD, pp. or 0. Thrown into utter disorder and cunfUaioo. T. IrriHe. BB-DEWS «. L [be and dne.] To moisu-n, as with 4ew ; to Boteen in a jcentle manner with any hquid ; m*. ii-srs Srdtnt her face. Shak. BV in'-th«-r in the same bed. Skak. BKl>'-ilA\G-ii\G?, K. pi. Cintatiis. Sk4Ju BS-OIGUT', (be^Kn',) «. t, [kt and rfi^J^] Toadum \ to dreaa; lo set off* with ornamenu \^UttU ntedj] Mom. BR-niOHT', i pp. Adorned ; ■ set off with orna- 1 BE-niCHT'ED, I mentih r BE ItltiHT'l.NG, ppr. Adomine. 1; Blv-DIM', r. L [freand dim.] To malie dim j to ob- scure or d.irken. &da«y. BE-DI.M'MKD, pp. Made dim; obwiind. B&l}IM'MlNG,ppr. Making dim; obacuringj dark- ening. BE-Pl!<'MAT.. f*. t. To make dismal. Stmdad. BE ' ' ' ^ V-diR'in.) r. u [6« and diieiu] To V k. [A lorn irenL] Bl '.pp. Bedecked ; adorned. BL 1-1^. r..i-i.«G,ppr. Adorning. BEb'LAM, a. rComipled from BrthUtemj the name of a rehgkNU ooase in London, aTtcrward converted into ft lios]iilal for lunaUcs.} L A qud-lKKue j a place appropriated for lunatics. S. A iftiilmsn ; a lunatic ; one who live* in Bfd- 3. Kgwr€tintUt a place of uproar. [lam. Shak. BED'LAn, a. Betonging lo a mad-bouse ; fit fur a mad-hoose. .SAoJfc. BED'LAM-TTE, a. Ad Inhabitant of a mad-Ause; a nin«ln)-in. A Jatuoiu BED'-MaK-ER, a. [»fitfaDd«aJfcer.] One whose oc- cnpaliun is to make lieda, as in a college or univer- sity. Spfetator, BED'-MATE, a. [hed and «wf«.l A bed-fellow. Skmk. B£D'-MOU>-n«G, a. [*W and wuUn^.] In mrtkiuetmrt, the memlwra of a cornice, which are piaced below the coronet, eoosisting of an ogee, a list, a large boultinc, and another list under the conmeL Emetfc BE-DOTE', V, L [be and date.] To make to dote^ [.We m usr.} Ckaacer. BED'OU-IX, (bed'oo-f«n,) a. The name of those Arabs who live in tents, and are scattered over Arabia, Eo'pi, and other parts of Africa. BEiy-PCST; H. [bed and po«c] The post of a bed- stead. BED'-PRE?S-ER, m. [M and pps».] A lazy ft- !Iow ; om,* who loves his bed. Skttk. BED'-QUILT, k. a quilted spread or cover for a bed. BE-DRAG'GLE, r. L [be and dmgfte.l To soil, as garments which are suffered, in walkmg, to reach the dirt ; to soil by drawing along on mud. S«tft BE-DR AG'GL£D, pp. Soiled by reaching the dirt, in walking. BE-DRAG'GLING, ppr. Soiling by drawing along in din or mud. BE-DREXCH', r. L [be and rfi-oicA.] To drench ; to •uek ; to saturate with moisture: applied to tkinga wkick imbibt moLttttre. SAak, BE-DRENCH'£D, (be-drencht',} pp. Drenched ; soaked. BE- DRENCH 'IXG, ppr. Soaking ; drenching. BEIVRID, t a. [bed and Hde: Sax. bcdruta,] B^fyKlD-DESf i Confined to the bed by age or in- firm it v. Skak. BEU'RfTE, «. [bed and riU.] The privilege of the marriage bed. BEO'ROOM, a. [bed nnd room.] A room or apartment intended or ased for a bed ; a lodging-room. 3. Room in a bed. [.VoC in use.] Shak. BE-DROP, V. L [be and drop.] To sprinkle, as with dmpa. Chaucer. BE-DROP'PED, (be-dropt',) pp. Sprinkled, as with drops; speckled; variegated with spots. BED':?IDE, It. The side of the bed. .Vlddlrton. BEp'STAFF, n. [*eJ and sViff.] A wooden pin an- ciently inserted on the sides of bedsteads, to keep the clothes from slipping on either aide. Johnson. BED'STEAD, (bed'sted,) n. [bed and slead.] A frame for supporting a bod. BED'STRAW, n. [bed and strait.] Straw laid under a bed to make it soft ; ai~o, a name common to dif- ferent i*p^ir« of plants, of the genus Galium. BED'SWERV-ER, n. [bfd and *irerre.] One that swen-'es from his bed ; that i-*, one who is false and unfaithful to the marriage vow. Shak. BEE BED'TH'K, ». A case of strong lin<>n or cotton cloth, used for inclosing the feathers orothur mnterlnls of a iM-d. BootA. BEL) TIME, n. [bed and time.] The time to go to re^t : tht^ usual Hour of fToing to hr.-d. Shak. BEDUCK', r. f. [be and dtiek.] To duck ; to put the head under water ; to immerse. Sprn.irr. BF^!)IIXG', V. t. To cover with dung. Bp. Hall. BI-MJUS T', p. u [be and dust.] To sprinkle, soil, or cover with dune Shmrood. BED'WARD, Site, [frad and ward.] Toward bed. Shtik. BE-DWARF', r. L [be and dwarf.) To make little ; tn stunt or hinder growth. DoitMr. BED'WOKK, «. [bed and work.] Work done in bed, without toil of the hands, or with ease. Shak. B£-U¥E', V. L [be and dye.] To dye ; to stain. Spenser. Br^D1?'£D, (be-dlde' ) pp. I>ved ; stained. BEE, n. rSai. »«; D. b^e; G. biene ; i^w.bij; Dan. bie ; Ir. bfoek ; It. pMcAia ; Sp. aheja. Class Be.] I. An insect of llie g'-nus .Apis. [See Apis.] The species are numerous, of which the honey-bee is the most interesting to man. It has been cultivated from the earliest periods, for its wax and honey. It lives in swarms, or societies, of from 10,000 to 50,000 iiidi- vidualei. These swarms contain thn-c classes of bees ; the females or queen bees, of which there is only one in each swarm, the malr^s or dron<'s, and the neuters or working bees. Of the former, there is only one in each hive or swarm, whose sole office is to proiia- Ste the species. It is much larger than the otJur esb The drones 8er\'e merely for impregnating the queen jjifter which they are destroyed by the neu- tcra. These last are the laborers of the hive. They collect the honey, form the cells, and feed the other bees and the young. Th^y are furnished will) a pro- boscis, or tongue, by which they cotlt-ct the honey ttom flowers, and a mouth, by which they swallow it, and then convey it lo the hive in their stomachs, where they disgorge it into the ct.')ls. The jH^llen of flowers setili-s on the hairs with which thtir body is covered, whence it is collected into pillets by n brush on their second pair of legw, and depijaited in a hol- low in the third pair. It is called bee-bread, and is the food of the larrm or young. The adult bees feed on honey. The wax was supposed to be formed from pollfn by a dieestive proc*-«s, but it in now as- certained that it is formed n-om the honey by a simi- lar process. The females and neuters have a barl>ed sting, attached to a hag of poisrm, which Hows into the wound inflicted by the sting. When a hive is overstocked, a new cotunv is sent out under the di- rection of a queen bee. This is called ^trarmin^. Cyc Etl. Encyc 52. In .America, joint, voluntary, and gratuitous aid afforded by neii^hbvtrs to their minister, or to any per- son in need. Al^o, an asacmbly of ladies to ^w for the poor. BEE'-BREAD, n. [bee and bread.] A brown, bitter substance, the ftnllen of flowers collected by bees, as f{KxI for llieir young. [See Bee.] BEE'-£AT-ER, a, [A« and eat.] A bird that feeds on bees. A name common to the diffrent species of birds of the genus Merops, of which the M. Apiaster of Europe is remarkable fur tlic brilliancy of its plu- mage. Kncye. BEE'-FLOW-ER, n. [bee and fiower.] A plant ; a species of Ophrys or Twyblade, wliose flowers rep- resent singtilar figures of bees, flies, and other in- sects. Rneve. BEE'-GXR-D^X, n. [Am and garden.] A garden or inclosure to set bee-hives in. Johnson. BEE'-GLPE, n. [bee and flue.] A soft, unctuous matter with which bees cement the combs to tlie hives, and close up the cells ; called also propolis. Eitcye, BEE'-HIVE, n. [bee and Aire.] A case, box, or other hollow vessel, which serves as a tiabitation for bees. Hives are made of various materials, as of boards, the hollow trunk of a tree, wiiiit-s of straw, or glass. BEE'-MAS-TER, n, [bee and masUr.] One wlio keeps ))«,■««. Mortimer. BEE'-MOTII, n. A moth from whose eggs are pro- duced caterpillarii, whirh infest bee-hives. BEECH, n. [Sax. bece^ boa D. beuke, or hntkenhoom : Ger. buche^ or bucKbaam; Slav, boku; Russ. buk; Gr. d'l^ofi Ju.fapis; It. fajTirio; Sp. katja ; Vori. fuia- In Saxon, bee and boc is a hook. U may be that beech is properly the name of bark, and this being used, by our rude ancestors, as the material for writ- ing, the word came to signify a book.] A tree arranged by Linnxiis under the genus Fa- g-us^ with Hie chestnut ; but the latter is now placed in a distinct genus, (Castanea.) The beech grows to a large size, with branches forming a beautiful head, with thick f Jiage. The bark is smooth and of a sil- v' cast. The mast or nuts are the food of swine, and of certain wild animals, and yield a good oil fur lamps. When eaten by man, tiiey are said to occa- sion ciddiness and headach. Enci/c BEECH'-COAL, n. [6«cA and coal.] Charcoal "from beech wood. BEECU'£-V, (beech'n,) a. Consisting of the wood or BEE bark of the beech ; belonging to the beech ; as, a beechrn vessel. Dnjdrn, BEECir-MAST, n. The fruit or nuts of the beech. BEECir-NUT, H. The nut of the beech-tree. BEECII'-OIL, n. [beech and oil.] Oil expressed fmm the mast or nuts of the beech-tree. It is used in Pic- ardy, and in other parts of France, instead of butter ; but is said to occasion heaviness and pains in the Htoinarh. Eneuc. BEECir-TREE, n. [beech and tree.] The beerh. BEEF, n. [Fr. ba-u/y an ox ; Arm. bevin ; It. bue; Sp. bueij ; Port, botj : W. butf>; Corn, bi/uh, an ox ; Ir. fto, a cow, pi. bvaihk; L. bos^ bovis ; Gr. /iovq.] 1. An animal of the b(»vinG genus, whether ox, bull, or cow ; but used of those which are full gniwn or nearly so. In this, which is the original sense, the word has a plural, beeves. 2. The flesh of an ox, bull, or cow, or of bovine animals generally, when killed. In popular language, the word Is often applied to the live animal ; as, an ox is good beef; that is, well fattened. In tiiis sense, thf word has no plural. BEEF, a. Consisting of the flesh of the ox, or of bo- vine animals ; as, a Ar^^-stenk. Sw\ft BEEF'-eAT-ER, n. [hrrf and eat] [Corrupted in its second meaning, from buff'tier, a keeiier of the burtVt or sideboard, bccausesoun'of them were originally ar- ranged at flide-tabli^s, at solemn festivals. Eiic. Jim.] 1. One that eats beef. 9. A ptipular appellation for the yeomen of the guard, in England. 3. The IJuphnca Africana, an African bird that feeds on the larvae which nestle under tho hides of oxen. 4. In popular ttsf, a stout, fleshy man. BEEF'STEAK, n. [berf ami steak'.] Aeteak or slice of beef broiled or for broiling. BEEF'-WIT-TEU, a. [beef and itiU] DtUI In intel- li'cts ; stupid ; heavy-headed. Shak. BEELD, n. [Sax. bchlijthin. lo cover.] Pn)tfCtion ; rrrfuge. [OA.-*.] A shed for cattle. Fnirfaz. BE-EL'ZE-BUB, n. A prince of devils. [The word signifies the deity of flies.] BEE'MOL, n. Inmusic, a naif note. Bacon. BEE\, [Sax. beou.] ParL perf. of Be ; pronounced biru In old authors, it is {Uso the present tense pUiral of De. BEEN, n. A fretted striiiKed instrument of music of the guitar kind, having nineteen frets ; used in India. -?s. Re^tearchcs. BEER, n, [W. Air; Fr. Aiere; Arm. Ayer, Air, Aw; D. and G. bier i It. Airra.] 1. A fermented liquor made from any farinaceous gntin ; but generally from barley, which is first malted and ground, and its fermr-ntable substance then extracted by hot water. This extract or infu- sion is evaptirated by boiling in caldrons, and hops or some other plant of an agreeable bitterness added. The liquor is then suffered to ferment in vats. Beer is of difff-ront degrees of strength, and is denomi- nated smali beer, ale, porter, brown-stout, &.C., accord- ing to its strength, or other peculiar qualities. Encyc. 2. Beer is a name given in America to f;;rmcnting liquors made of various other materials ; and when a decoction of the roots of plants forms part of the composition, it is called simng-becr, from the season in which it is made. There is also root-beer, BEER'-RAR-REL, ti. A barrel fur holding beer. BEER'-IIOUSE, n. A liouse where malt liquors are sf)1d ; an ale-house. BEEST'I.VGS. See Biestings. BEES'-WAX, n. The wax collected by bees, and of which their cells are constructed. BEET, n. [D. biet; Ger. becte; It. bietola; W. betysenj L. beta ; Ft bette.] A plant of the genus Beta. The species cultivated in gardens are the cicla and vulgaris, or white and red beet. There are many varieties ; some with lung taper roots, and others with flat rotits, like tunicps. The root furnishes a large po.-tion of sugar, which is manufactured in France on a great scale. Cyc. BEE'TLE, w. [Sax. AW, or bytl, a mallet; Arte/, the insect, beetle.] 1. A heavy mallet or wmjden hammer, used to drive wedges, beat pavements, &,c., having one, two, or three handles for as many men to use it ; called also a stamper, or rammer. 2. In zoology, a popular name common to the dif- ferent species of insects, of the genus Scarabaens, Linn. The generic characters are, clavated an- tenux, fissile longitudinally, legs frequently den- tated, and wings which have hard cases, or sheaths. Thf^y are of different sizes; from that of a pin's head to lliat of a man's fist. They have various names, as the Maying, or door-bcctle, cock-chaffer, the tHJvble-dung, the elephant-brede, &.C. The latter, found in South Amr-rica, is the largest species, being nenrly four inches long. Encyc. The term beetle is common, in popular language, to all insects with hard or shelly wing-cases, as the Coleoptentj and some of the Orthoptera, as the cock- roach. It IS more appropriate to the Scambiei. Cyc Partington, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MeTE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE", WQLF, BQQK.- BEF BEETLE, Ctwe'tl,) r. ?, To jut ; to be prominent ; to hang or extend out ; aa, a clilf that beetles over its base. SfuJt. BEE'TLE-BROW, n. [beetle and broic.] A prominent brow. S/uik. BEE'TLE-BROW-£U, a. Having prominent bivwa. BEE'TLE-HEAD, n. [beetle and head.] A stupid fel- low. Scot, BEE'TLE-HEAD-ED, (bS'tl-hpd-ed,) a. Having a ht-ad like a beetle j dull ; stupid. S/taJc. BEE'TLE-STOCK, 71. [beetle and stock.] The handle oVa beetle. Spenser. BEE'TLING, ppr. or a. Jutting; being prominent j standing out from the main body. Thomsoii. BEET'-Ka VE, ) Tu A kind of beet, used for salad. BEET'-RAD-ISU, ( .^sh. BEEVES, n.;pL of Beef. Cattle; quiidrtipeds of the bovine genus, called in England black catle. BE-FALL',i'. t. f prei. Befell jjjart. Befau-ex. [Sax. b^iiilan^ of be and fall.] To happen to ; to occur to ; as, let me know the wcH^t that can brfall me. It usually denotes ill. It is generally transitive in form, but there seems to be an ellipsis of to, and to sometimes follows it. BE-FALL', V. i. To happen ; to come to pass. I hare rercaJed UiM dtscorJ which be/eli, MUlon. To bffall of, is not leeitimate. BE-PALL'£.V, (be-fawl'n,) pp. Fallen on. BE-FALL'I\G, tu That which befalls; an event. BE-FALL'ING, ppr. Happening to j occurring to; coming lo pass. BE-FELL',;rt-rt. of Befall. BEFIT', r. L [be and JiL] To suit ; lo be suiuble to ; to become. That name best b^^lta the*'. MUtott, BE-FIT'TING,ppr. or a. Suitine; becoming. BF^FLAT'TER, v. u To fl^itter. BE-FOAM', V. (. [be and foam.] To cover with foam. [Uttlt used.] BEFOGGED, a. Involved in a fog. Irving. BE-FOOL', r. u [be and fooL] To fool ; to infatuate ; to delude or lead into error. Men b^ool tinanm^Wf*. South, BE-FOOL'£D, pp. Fooled ; deceived ; led into error. BE-FOOL'ING, ppr. Fooling; making a fool of; de- ceiving; infatuating. BE-FORE', prrp. [be and fore, that is, bij, fvrf-^ near the fore part. c?ax. before, or beforaa, retained by Chaucer in befom.] 1. In front ; on the side with the face, at nny dis- tance ; used of persons. Milton, 2. In presence of, with the idea of power, author- ity, respect, Abrih-im bowpd hefort thr prflpl? of the Innd. — O^n. xxiil. Whcn:wiUul ahjiil 1 come bi/ore thL' LonI ? — MiC^h vl. 3. In sight of; as, before the face. 4. In the presence of, noting cognizance or juris- diction. Both patties dialJ come hrfore the Judgr. — Ex. xxii. 5. In the power of, noting the right or ability to ciiooae at poesets ; frt-e to the choice. The worM w«s nil htfart ^irxR. MUttm. My land b before Ux-e. — Gen. xx. A. In front of any object ; as, before the bouse, be- fore the fire. 7. Preceding in time, Btfbrt I «rxi sITlkt^l, 1 wmt utrmf . — Ps. cxtz. B*/ort Abrthun was, I un. — John vlii. Here the preposition has a sentence following for an object. 6. In preference Xo. And ))e tet £phrsini be/ore JVIanuvh. — Qeo. xlvQI. Pi/Trnj is deHTAbk- before tonwiita. Tbytor. 9. Superior ; preceding in dignity. tie (hat conmh after me i* preferred btfort ine, for be wis btfor* ow. — John i. 10. Prior to; having prior right; |m!ceding tn order ; as, the eldest M>n is before the younger in succession. IJ. Previous to ; in previous order; in order to. Btfort this treatise tan become of u*o, two poinu an n^o-Maiy. [See Xo. 7.] 12. Bffvre the wtnrf, drnotes in the direction of the wind and by \is impulse. BE-FORE', ativ. In time preceding. Too trll me what 1 Ih»cw before. Dryd^n. 1. In time prccedinff, to the present, or to this time; hitherto; ns, tumults tlien arose which brfore were unknown. 2. Further onward in place, In progress, or in front. R.-:irhi[.^ iIjOIi to lhf«p tiling* which are 6«/or«. — Phil. ill. 3. In front ; on the fore part. Th" biul" was hffort and behind. — SChron. xiii. In some of the examples of the useof Ar/w^, which Johnu^m places under the adverb, the word \* a prep- osition governing a Sf-ntenre; ti»,^^ Brfore the hills appeared." This is the real construction, however overlooked or misunderstood. BEG BI^Ff>RK'C'rr-E[>, o. Cited in a preceding part. BE-FoRE'HANO, m/f. [bffure and hand.] In a state of anticipation or preoccupation; often followed by with i as, you are btforeJianJ with me. 2. Antecedently; by way of preparation or prelim- inary ; aforetime. .Matt, xiii, 1 Tim. v, 3. In a state of accumulation, so as that more has been received than expended. A man is beftn-eiiand. [la this use it is more properly an ojljrctive.] 4. At first : bt-fore anv tiling is done. UEstrange. BE-F(!)UE'MEN-TIOX-£D, a. Mt-utioned before. BE-FoKE'TlME, adv. [before ixwd time.] Formerly; of old time. 1 Sam. ix. Josh. ix. [OAs.l BE-FOR'TUNE, p. (. [be and/urittH*.] To happen to; to betide. Shak. BE-FOUL', B. (. [Sax. hrfylan ; be and foul.] To make foul ; to soil. BE-FRIE\D', (he-frend' ) v. t. [be and friend.] To favor ; to act as a friend to; to countenance, aid, or bcn.^fit. ShaJc Blv-FRIE\D'ED, pp. Favored ; cotintenanced. BE-FRJEND'Ii\fi, ppr. Favoring; assisting as a frii-nd ; sJiowing kindness to. BE-FKINGE', (b^-frinj',) 0. U [be and fringe.] To fur- nish with a fringe ; to adorn as with fringe. Falter, BE-FRING'/CD, pp. Adorned as with a fringe. BE-FLTR'RrD, a. Covered with fur. BEG, ; Tt, [The Turks write this Wbrd begh, or ftei, B£V, I but pninounce it bay.] In the Turkish dominions^ a governor of a town or country ; more particularly, the lord of a sangiac or tiaimer. Ever>' province is divided into seven sangiacs or bannt^rs each of which qiutlilies a bey ; and these are commanded by the governor of the province, called bcglrrbes, or lord of all the beys. Each beg has the conmiand of a certain numl>er of spahis, or Iwrse, denominated timarioti. In Tunis, the beg, or bey, is tlie prince or king, answering to the dry of Algiers. In Kbably contracted from Sw. ftf^drfl, to ask, desire, crave; Dan. begitere; Ger. begeJiren; D. begeeren, which is a compound word ; be- and f-ieren, to crave ; Sax. grorHmn, gyraan, to yearn, n Italian, picaro is a beggar.] 1. To n.sk eariieKily ; to beseech ; to entreat or supplicate with humility. It implies more urgency tlian ask or petitinti. Joaeph btjfged the body of Jisiia. — Matt. iTvii. 9. To ask or supplicate in charity ; as, we may yet be reduced to beg our bread. 3. To t;ike for granted ; to assume without proof; an, to brg the queatiim in debate. BEG, V. i. To ask alms or charity ; to practice beg- ging; to live by asking alms. I Clin not d)^ ; Vj beg I aiii imhiuned. — Luke xvl. BE-GET', r. L; pret. Begot, Becat; pp. Begot, Be- ooTTEX. [Sax. begetan^ of be and getan, to get. See Get.] 1. To procreate, as a father or sire ; to generate ; as, to beget a ss*' who pass by. BEG'GAR-V',7L A stale of extreme indigence. Sidney. IJEG'Gf;i), pp. Entniated ; siipplicattid ; asked in charity ; assumed without proof. BEGGING, p;^-. Asking alms; supplicating; assum- itie without pro4if. BEG'GIN(J, n. The act of soliciting alms ; the prac- tice of asking alms ; as, lie lives by begging. BEG BE-GH.\RDS', i n. A German word denoting one BE-GU.\RDS', f who begs with impt»rtunity ; ap- plied formerly to some of the Franciscans and other mendicant orders of Rome. The term was also ap- plied to a class of perstms distinguished for llie favor and frequency of their prayers. Brande, BE-Gn.T', a. Gilded. B. Jonson. IJE-GIi\',u. i. ; pref. BEGAtf ; pp. Bbodiv. [Sax. ^j/iwaa, aginnan, beginnan, and ongittnan, to begin, ongin, a beginning; Goth, duginnaa; Sw. bcgynna; Dan. bcgynde; D. and Gcr. beginncti, to begin ; D. and Ger. beginn, a beginning, origin; W. cycwuu, to be- gin, cy, a prefix, and cwji^a head. The radical word IS gin or gyn, to wiiich are prefixed be, on, and du, which is to. This appt*ara to be the root of tiie Gr. yivonaij yei-ifaoif L. generOy gigno, coinciding with Syr. ^^ k5n, to begin lo be ; in Aph. lo plant, to confirm, to create ; Eth. (1(1) I kOn, to be, to bo- come, or be made ; Ar. • LT kana, lo be, or become, to make, to create, to generate ; Heb. Ch. and Sam. pJ, to make ready, to adapt, prepare, establish j Sam. to create. The primary sense is, to throw, thrust, stretch for\vard : hence, to set, or to produce, according to its connection or application.] 1. To have an original or first existence; to take rise ; to Commence. Aa he spake by the motitli of hla holy propheta, which Iiarc bem since Ilie world began. — I.iikc i. JudgTii-nt nitisi begin m rl*" hou*> of fiod. — 1 Pet. ir. Kroin Nnnrod firsi (h^ «av:ig.^ nice began. Pope. And ti^ara began to How. Dryden. 2. To do the first act ; to enter upon something new ; to lake tlie first step ; as, begin, my muse. Bepn rrrry day tn n-pent. Th^^or. Wiii-n 1 begin, 1 will aiau make an end. — 1 Sam. iij. BE-GIN", V. t. To do the first act of any thing; to enter on ; to commence. mptis of Stilyma, begin the tnng. Pope. 9. To trace from any thing, as the first ground ; to lay the foundation. T.'ii Rpo8tli» begins oiir Vnowl'ilge in the ereaturca, which lead* us to llie knowlcd^! of God. Locke. To begin with, to enter upon first ; to use or employ first; as, to begin with the Latin grammar; to begin business with a small capital. BE-GIN'NER, n. The person who begins; he that gives an original ; the agent who is the cause \ an author. 2. One who first enters upon any art, science, or husin-^ss; one who is in his rudiments; a young practitioner ; often implying want of exiwrience. BE-GIX'NING, p/>r. First entering upon; connnen- cing : giving rise, or original ; taking rise, or origin. BE-GIN'NING, ri. I'he first cause ; origin. I am the heginnvtg and the ending'. — Rer. i. S. That which is first ; the first stale; commence- ment ; entrance into being. lu th'* beginning, God cn-atcd the hMTcn and thfl earth. — Gi^n. i. 3. The rudiments, first ground, or materials. Mij^ity things (rom sm.'dl beginntnga gri'W. Orytlen. BE-G[N'NI\G-LF«SS, a. Thai hath no beginning. [.4 ba/l jcord, and not used.] Barrmo. BE-e Grudo*-] To Itnidjf : to enw the poss«>t::sion of. BE-«Rl'l>0'*:D,Vp. Havins txciied envy. BE-GRl'DO'ING, ppr, £n\'^ing the puaMsssion of. BE-GIILE', (be-gile',) r. u \be and guiU,] Todeludej to deceive \ to impose on by artifice or craft. The aerpMit ««r«ii«ii ne. Bad I dU flftL — Gmu a. S. To elude by craft. WImb ftimaj omM farMO* ifae tjiut^ mg*. SKiik. 3. To dude any thing dingrreable by amusement, or other means : to pa« pletsingly ; to amuse ; as, to beguiU the tedioua day with aloepL Shatu B£-GU7L'£D,M. Deluded; imposed on; misled by cp«ft : eluded by stiataxem : parsed pleasingly. BE-Gl*TLE'MEXT, n, .Act of begufling or dt-ieiving. BE-Gl'IL'ER, a. lie or that which tK;guiles or de- cfivri*. BE-Gl'n/I\G, pfr. or a. Deluding; deceiving by cmfY ; eluding by artifice ; amusing. BE-GL'TL'I.\G-L\, adv. In a nintnic-r to dec<>>ive. BE-GUIL'TV, p. L To render guilty. [A bmrharomt iterd,] Sttmdmv^tu BE-OOlYE', (bS-geen'O il One of an order of females in Planders, who, without having lalten the monastic TOW9, are united for the purposes of devotion and charity, and live together in houses called heit-uinaa^rj. There were also liiniilar societies of moles cilled hegMardf^ and sometimes btfuimt. See Beohabd. BP.'GUM, J B. In m the verb b«~ hmv^ MM/ba, *dUfM, to need. The speUing U therefore comipc ; it should be kck^ or Mo^. Soe BxHoor.] 1. Favor ; advantage ; eoovenienco ; profit ; sup- port ; defense ; vindication ; as, the advt*cate pleads in Malf of the pri^iuner ; the patriot auders in Mu^ of his country. 9. Part; side; luiCing 8ob>^tuli conduct ; used with the reciprocal pronoun ; as, he hehaceg him^f manfully. But the tendency of modern usage is to omit the pronoun ; as, he bthere^ well. BE-IUV'E', c. i. To act; to conduct; generally ap- idied to manners, or to conduct in any particular business ; and in a good or bad sense. He bcJtaceg well or ill. BE-HAV'KD, pp. Conducted. BE-HA V'lXG, p;>r. Carn ing ; conducting. BE-!IaV'IOR, (be-hiv'yur,) n. [See Behate.] Man- ner of behavmg, whether good or bad ; conduct ; manners : carriage of one's self, nith respect to pro- priety or morals ; deportm>^nu It expresses external appearance or action ; sometimes in a particular character ; ronre generally in the common duties of life; as, our future destiny depends on our behavior in this life. It may express correct or good manners, but I doubt Whether it ever expresses the idea of elegance of manner^ without another word to qual- ify it. To be upon one*s behavior^ is to be in a state of trial, In which something important depends on propriety of ctmducL The modem phrase is, to ft'-, or tn be pu/, ^fpan *M*s Mod hdtaxtioT. Judgt^ hold their omce during gwM bekavien that is, during the integrity and fidelity of their official conduct. BE-HEAD', (be-hed',) r. (. \be and head.} To cut off the head ; to sever the head from the bod>-, with a cut- ting internment ; appropriately used of the execution of men for crimes. B£-HEAD'ED, (be-hed'ed,) «». cut ofl: Having the head BE-HEAD'IXG, C*»-*»«d'ing,) ppr. Severing the head from the body. liEIl BE-IIEAD'LNG, (be-hcd'ing,) n. The act of eeparat- iitg the ht ad txtuu the body by a cutting instrument ; decollation. BE-IIELO', prrt. and pp. of Behold, which see. B£*HE-MOTH, a. tlleb. mona, plural of nana, a bea.'it or brute ; from an Anihic vrrb, which signifies, to fhut, to lie hid, to l>e dumh. lu Kih. dumb.] Authors are divided in opinion as to the uniinal in- tended in Scripture by this name; some supposing It to be an ox, otiiers, an elephant ; and Bochart labors to prove it the hinpniMU'imii.^, or river horse. It seems to unite some or the peculiar cliararteri sties of all ; and hence some consider it as a kind of type or representation of llie largest land antmuls, under the general name of behemoth, which is a pliinil, de- noting, literally, beasU. KUto. The original word in Anibic signifies a brute or be:ist in general, es- pecially a quadruped. Bk'IIEN, in. A plant. The white behen is a species '**^^* , \ ^^ C'ueubalus, calUd Swedish Lychnis, BKK'EX, > or gum sepungar, also spntling poppy and bladder tAmoxow (^Cucub^us behen, Linn. ; Sile'ne in- /ofa, Decanu.) The empaleinent of its rtower resem- bles network, and iu leaves have somewhat of the fiavwofpeas. Family vf PUnts, Kneiic. 'Vho white behen at the shops is the root of the OfHttfKrsa BtkBMy a native of the I^-vaiit ; the red behen is the root of the Statiee Limanium^ or sea lavender. Parr. BE-HEST,*. [b9 and Sax. Jh««#, a command; Ger. jffAcbM, command, from keissemj to coll, tell, or com- mand. See Heat.J Command ; precept ; mandate. BE-HIGHT', (behne,) c. (.; prtt. B%Hor. [Sax. &*- hetan^ to promise.] To promise ; to intrust ; to call or name ; to com- mand ; to adjudge, tb address ; to inform ; to mean ; to reckon. The orthography is corrupt ; it should be behite, [Obs.] Sprn^ier. Chaucer. BE-HI-VU , prep. fSax. behindan, of bf and hindan^ be- hind ; Goth, hinaar^ beyond, behind ; hindar-letihan^ to pa.'Ut, pnelerire ; Ger. Ain/rr.] 1. At the back of another; as, to ride behind a hor^man. 2: « >n the back- part, at any distance j in the rear ; as, to walk behind another. 'X Remaining ; left after the departure of another, whether by removing to a distance, or by death ; as, a man loaves his servant behind liim, or his estate at his decease. 4. Left at a distance, in progress or improvement ; as, one student is behind another in mathematics. &. Inferior to another in dignity and excellence. For 1 mnpm I wu not a wlut bghind (iie nrj chicfeat Apontlri. 6. On the side opposite the front or nearest part, or oppiwite to that which fronts a person ; on the othL-r side ; as, behind a bed ; behind a hill ; behind a liouse, tree, or rock. Behind the back, in Scripture, signifies, out of no- tice or regard; overlooked; disregarded. Thry camt ihy laws behind tJiar backt, — Neb. zix. U. xxxtiH. BE-HIND', adv. [be and hind.] Out of sight; not produced or exhibited to view ; remaining ; as, we know not what evidence is behind. 3. Backward; on the back part; as, to look behind, 3. Past, in the progress of lime. rorg»tibig thorn things which are behind, — Phil. iU. 4. Future, or remaining to be endured. • 5. Remaining after a payment ; unpaid; as, there is a large sum behind. C Remaining after the departure of; as, he de- parted and Iffl us behind. BE-HIXD'HA.XD, a. {behind and hand.] In arrear ; in an exhausted state ; in a stale in which rent or profit ha^ been anticipated, and expenditures precede the receipt of funds to supply them. In popular tut, a state of poverty, in which the means of living are not adequate to the end. Also, in a state of back- wardness, in which a particular business has been de- layed beyond Uie proper season for performing it ; as, he is behindhand in his business. Behindhand with, is behind in progress ; not upon equal terms in forwardness; as, to be behittdhaitd with the f;i-!hionable world. This word is really an adjective, as it is applied to the person rather than to the verb ; but like adrift., aloft, ashamed, and several other words, never pre- cedes the noun. Shakspeare's " behindhand slack- ness,'* therefore, according to present usage, is not a legitimate phrase. BE-iiriLD', r. U;preL and pp. Beheld. [Sax. be- hetildan, beheoUlan, gehtaldan, aehaldan, from healdan, to hold. The sense is, to hold, to hnve in sight, from straining, restraining. In Saxon, the verb signifies not only to look or see, but to guard ; so in Latin, obierro, from serro, to keep. This explication lends us to an understanding of the participle beholden, which retains the primitive sense of the verb, bound. BEL obliged. The Germans retain the original sense in behalten, to hold or keep ; as the Dutch do in gehou- den, lield, bound ; and the Danes in b^htdde, to keep, retain ; behold, a retreat, refuge, reservation. See Observe and Reuard.] L To fix the eyes upon ; to see with attention ; to observe with care. Behold thfi U)unborOod,wbieh tobeth aw&jOte iln of ibe world. — John 1. S. In a less intensive sense, to look upon ; to see. When ho beheld the •crpenl of brasa, he lived. — Num. xxl. BE-HOLD', v. i. To look ; to direct the eyes to an ob- ject. Aod I beheld, anil to, In the midct of {he lUrone, t loiob, u It hnij beou tlitlti. — Ilev, v, ■ a. To fix the attention upon an object ; to attend ; to direct or fix the mind. Behold, I ttftod at ihc door and knock. — Rvt. lii. This word is much used in this manner, for excil- ing attention or admiration. It is in the uiipcrative mode, expressing command or exhortation, ami by no mean.s a mere exclamation. BE-HOLD'AW, (^be-hOld'n,) pp. or a. [The participje of HcHoLo, to Keep, guard, or bind. See Behold.] Obliged ; bound in gratitude ; indebted. Little uc wc beholden to your love. Shai. BE-HOLD'ER, n. One who beholds ; a spectator ; one who liHiks ujKUi or sees. BE-H6LD'I\G,;;;»r. Fixing the eyes upon; looking on ; seeing. 2. Fixing the attention ; regarding with atten- tion. 3. n. Obligation. [JVo( used.] Carew. 4. Obliged. [j3 mistaken use of the word for Be- holden.] Bacon on I^vr. BE-IIOLD'ING-NESS, n. The state of being obliged. [j9ti error, and not in use.] Donne. Sidueif. BE-HON'EV, (hun'y,) v. t. To sweeten with lioney. ShrriPuod. BE-HOOF', n. [Sax. behofian, to want, to be neces- sary, to be expedient ; hence, to be a duty ; D. behoe- ven, to need; Ger. behuf behoof; Dan. bchifve, to need, to lack ; behov, need, necessity, surticiency, maintenance, that is, things needed ; Sw. bdwf^ need ; bthUfva, to need.] 1. Rtuiically, need, necessity; whence, by an eaay analogy, the word came to signify that which sup- plies want. Hence, in present u^age, S2. That which is advantageous ;" advantage ; prof- it; benefit. No mean rxwmprnw it bnngt lo your behoof. AGlton. BE-HOOVA-BLE, a. Needful ; profitable. BE-HOOVE', (be-hoov',) p. t. [Sax. behofian, to want, to be necessary, or expedient. Supra.] To be necessary for ; to be fit for ; to be meet for, with respect lo necessity, duty, or convenience. And ihiu it behooved Christ to sufTcr. — Luke xxiv. It may, pfrrhap^, be used intransitively ; as, let him behave as it bcJiooveth; but X believe such use is rare. BE HOOVE'FJJL, (be-hoov'ful,) o. Needful; useful; profitable ; advantageous. BE-HOOVE'FgL-LV, (he-hoov'ftil-ly,) adv. Useful- ly ; profitably. [Obs., or nearly "so.\ BE-HOT', pret. of Behight. [Obs.] BE-HOVE' and its derivatives. See Behoove. BE-HOVVL', V. L [be and howl.] To howl at. [JVo( used.] Sluik. Be'ING, ppr. [See Be.] Existing in a certain state. Man, being in honor, abideth not. — Ps. xlix. BE'ING, n. Existence ; as, God is the author of our being. In God we Hvt, and more, and hare our being. — Acts zvli. 2. A particular state or condition. [This is hardly a different sense.] 3. A person existing: applied to Vie human race. 4. An immaterial, intelligent existence, or spirit. SupeiW beinge, wh?n of laie they aiw ' ~iurtaj nutn nnlulJ all niitiuv'a law. Pope. 5. An animal ; any living creature ; as, animals are such beings as are endowed with sensation and spon- taneous motion. BE IT SO. A phrase of anticipation — suppose it to be so ; or of permission — let it be so. Shah. BE-JaDE', v. U [be and jade.] To tire. [J^ot used.] Milton, BE-JaPE', v. u To laugh at j to deceive. [Aw( used.] Cliaucer. BE-JES'l^-IT, p. L To initiate in Jesuitism. Jiniton. BE-KISS', tt. t [JeandJtiw.] To kiss or salute. [JVol in use.] Johnson. BE-K\AVE', V. t. [be and knave.] To call knave. [J^-ot tisfd.] Pope. BE-K.N'OW, r. £. [be and knowi.] To acknowUdge, [■J^ot }ised,] Chaucer. BE-LA'BOR, V. ^ [Perhaps from be and labor ; but in Russ. bulaca is a club.] To ply diligently, to beat soundly ; to thump. Aj:ix htlabore there a harming oi, Ihyden, FATE, FAR, FALL, WH/IT MeTE, PRgY —PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK BEL BE-LACE', r. L [be and lace.} To fasten, as with a lace or cord. 2. To heat ; to whip. BE-LAC'£D, a. Adorned with lace. Beaum. ^ Fletch, BE-LAM', r. L To beat or bang. Todd. BEl.'A-MOLIR, n. [Fr. bd-amourj] A gallant ; a consort. {J^ot usedJ] Spmser. BEL'A"-.MY, n. TFr. bd-ami.] A pood friend ; an intimate. [-Vat uscdJ] Spenser. BE-LaTE', r. t. [bt and laU.\ To retard or make too late. [J^ot us€dS\ BE-LAT'ED, pp. and a. \be and laied.} Benighted ; abroad late at night. 2, Too late for the hour appointed or intended ; lator than the proper lime. Burke. BE-LaT'ED-NESS, b. A being too late. Mdton. BE-LAVE', p. (. [be and lave.] To wash. rjv*<»t lued.] BE-LAWGIVE, v. t To give a law to. [Barbarous^ and not used.] Milton. BE-LAY', r. L [This word ia composed of 6e and latj, to lay to, lay by, or close. See Beleaguer.] 1. To block up, or obstruct ; as, to f'elaij the coast. Dryden, Ouwer. 2. To place in ambush. Spenser. 3. To adorn, surround, or cover. Spenser. 4. In seamanship, to fasten, or make fast, by wind- ing a rope round a cleat, kevil, or belaying-pin. It is chieflv applied to the running rigging. Mar. Diet, BE-LAY'i';D,;/p. Obstructed ; ambushed ; made fasu fiE-LAY'I.\G,ppr. Blocking up ; laying an ambush; makinc fasL BE-LaY'Ii\G-PI.V, n. A strong pin in the side of a vessel, or by the mast, n>und xvhich ropes are wound, when they are fastened or belayed. BEL(vH, r. u [Sax. beaUan, to belch, that is, to puah out, to swell or heave ; belgan, to be angr>-, that is. to swell with passion ; Eng. bulffe^ bUge^ balk ,- atliea to W. 6oVe, prominent.] 1. To throw or eject wind from the stomach with violence. 2. To eject violently from witliin ; as, a volcano heieheg flames and lava ; to belch forth curves. BELCH, r. i. To eject wind fri>m the stomach. 9. To issue out with eructation. BELCH, a. The act of throwing out from the stom- ach, or violently from within ; eructation. 3. A cant name for malt lii|uor. Dennis. BELCH'JS:D, (belcht.) pp. Ejected from the stomach or from a hollow place. BELCIi'ING, P/M-. Ejecting from the stomach or any deep, hollow place. BELCM'ING, n. Eructation. Barret. BEL'DA.M, n. [Fr. 6eZ/f, fine, handsome, and dame^ lady. It Beems to be used in contempt, or as a cant term-1 1. An old woman. Shak. Bpenser seems to have used the word in its true •en^e for good dame, 2. A hne. Dnjden. Shak. BE-LeA'GUER, (be-Iee'ger,) v t rCer. belagem, from A#, by, near, and lagern, to lay ; D. belegeren, to hr:*iege, to convene ; to belay ; Hw. beUegra, to be- •ieffe ; Dan. beleire ; Russ. obUgayv.] To bexieire : to block up ; to surround with an ar- my, so as to preclude escape. Drydea. BE i-r:A'GLrER-*:D,fp. Besieged. BE Li~:A'(;CKR-ER, n. One who besieges. Shfneood. BE l.rA'GCKK-ING,;)pr. Besieging; blocking up. BE Lr:AVE',l!. C [be and leave.] To leave. [J^Tot wed.] May. BE-LEC'TUR £0, a. Lectured. BE-LEE', V. L [be and lee.] To place on the lee, or in a position unfavorable to the wind. Shak. BE LEM'.VITE, n. [Gr. iii\i,ivoi-^ a dart, or arrow, fritin /i(>o(, from the root of /?aAXf.>, pello, to throw.] Arruw-head, or finger-stone ; vulgarly called thun- der-buUf or thunder-iUtne. A generic name for the organic remains of extinct fossil bodies, having a Btrnight, tapering shell. They belonged to animals of thf cla.H!* Cephalopoda. Dana. BE-l.EP'ER, p. U To infect with leprosy. Beaumont. BF.L US- PRlT' , {hci'dhpree' y) n. : pi. Beaux Espbits, (bo/.'ifs-pree'.) A wit ; a fine genius. B£L'FRV, n. [Fr. bejfroy i barb. L. belfredu.K] I. Among military wril(-rs of the middle age, a lower erected liy beaiegers to overlook the place be- sieged, in which sentinels were placed to watch the avenues, and to prevent surprise from parties of the enemy, or to give notice of fires by, ringing a bell. Enr.yc. 5. That part of a steeple, or other buildini;, in which a h*;ll is hung, and, more particularly, the timber work which sutitain^ it. Kucye. BEL-GARD', n. [Fr. bet and egard.'j A soft look or glance. [Au( iw«/.] Spmser. BEL'Gl-AiV. a, [See Belcic] Belonging to Belgium or the Netnerlands. BEL'6l-AN, n. A native of Belgium or the Low Countries. BEL'Ol€, «. [L. belgicvsy from Belga, thn inhabitants of the Netherlands and the country bordering on the Rhine, from that river to the Seine and the ocean. The name may have been given to them from their htUk or large atature ; W. bate, prominent, proud. BEL Aom baly a shooting out ; Hug. bulge; Russ. velik, great. See Pomp, Iviela, lib. 3. 3, and 3. 5; Tac. Agric. ; Joseph de Bell. Jud. 2. IG ; Herod, lib. 6; Strubo, lib. 4. Owen supposes the Welsh name Belipad to have been given them from their burst- ing forth and ravaging Britain and Ireland. But they had the name on tlie continent before their irruption into Britain.] Pertaining to the Bvlgat, who, in Cesar's time, pos- sessed the country between the Rhine, the Seine, and the ocean. They were of Teutonic origin, and, anterior to Cesar's invasion of Gaul and Britain, col- onies of them had established themselves in the southern part of Britain. The country was called Brigica, from its inhabitants, who dwelt in the dis- trict around the town of Belgium, now called Beau- vais. See Cluv. Germ. Ant. 2. 2. Belgic is now applied to the JVetherlands, called, also, Flanders, or that part of the Low Countries which formerlv belonged to the house of Austria. BE'LI-AL, n. [Heb. Sy^Sa.] As a ?ii/un, unprofitableness ; wickedness. Hence, tlic name of an evil spirit. Milton. As an adjective^ worthless ; wicked. Sons of Belial; wicked men. Parkhurst. BE-LI'BEL, V. t. [fte and /(6c/.] To libel or traduce. FuUer. BE-LtE% r. £. j^be and lie. Sax. beiecgan, of be and teogan^ to lie, hg, or lyg, a lie ; D. bdiegen ; G. bdxt- gen^ to belie. See Lie.] 1. To give the lie to ; to show to be false ; to charge with falsehood ; as, the heart bdies the tongue. It is rarely used of declarations ; but of apj^arances and facts which show that declarations, or certain ap- pearances and pretenses, are false and hypocritical. Hence, 2. To counterfeit; to mimic; to feign resem- blance. Wiih duit, with howi' hoob, ihmt bent the ground, Ami inaitidl Xmm, btiie Ihe thuodcr't louiid. Dryden. 3. To give a false representation. Should I do ao, I >hould beti* niy thoughts. ShaJt. 4. To tell lies concerning ; to calumniate by false report!. Thou doil belU him, Percy. Shak. 5. To fill with lies. Slimd<^T doih belie nil comcn of ihc world. Shai. BE-LI'ED, pp. Falsely represented, either by word or obvious evidence and indication ; counterfeited ; mimicked. BE-LIEF', II. [Sax. gdeaf, leave, license, permission, Consent, assent, belief, taith, or trust ; gdcafan, ge- lefan, gdiefan, gelyfan, to believe^ leofan^ to leave and to live. From these words, it appears that be- lief \» from the nx\X of leave, permission, assent ; Sax. leaf, leave and belief; L. fides; leofa, permission, li- cense ; written, also, lif and lufa ; Ujfan, to permit j D. geloof, G. glaube, belief, credit, faith ; gdvovcn, glauben, to believe ; Dan. bdave, to promise ; D. oor- lof, verlof, leave, permission ; G. urlaub, leave, fur- lough. The primary sense of bdieve, is to throw or put to, or to assent to ; to leave with or to rest on ; to re- ly. See Leave and Live.] 1. A p«-rsuasion of the truth, or an assent of mind to the truth of n declaration, pmposition, or alleged fact, on the ground of evidence, distinct from [terson- nl knowledge; as, the belief o( the gtisjK;! ; belief of a witness. i*f/i//may also be founded on internal im- pressitms, or arguments and reasons furnished by our own minds ; as, the belief of our senses; a train of reasoning mnv result in beli^. Beluf is opposed to knowledge and seiriu:c. 0. In thfolo^y, faith, or a firm persuasion of the truths of religion. No iwin «o i^Uln [loj belief by the bar© conUTuptnlion of hffiviMi and curUi. Hooker, 3. Religion ; the body of tenets held by the pro- fessors of the faith. In the heiil of prra<-ciitivii, to which ChrbUaa btil^/* wu Biib}pcl upon its tint pminiilg.ition. Hooker, 4. In some cases, the word is used for persuasion or opinion, when the evidence is not so clear as to leave no doubt ; but the shades of stren'.'th in opin- ion can hardly be defined, or exemplined. Hence the use of qualifying words; ws, a Jirm, full, or strong belief. 5. The thing believed ; the object of belief. SupcrWitiuu* prophcd« are Ov) belief of fool*. Bicon. 6. A creed ; a form or summary of articles of faith. In this Bcnsp, we generally use creed. BE-LIEV'A-BLE, a. That may be believed ; credible. Skcntood. BE-LIEVE', V. t. To credit upon the ntithority or testimnny of another ; to be p<;rsuad<'d of the truth of Bometliinp upon the declaration of another, or upon evidence furnished by rc;isons, nrgiimonts, and de- ductions of the mind, or by other circumstances than personal knowl.-dge. When we believe upon the au- tljority of another, we always put confidence in his veracity. When we beliece upon the authority of renst used.] Hall BE-LIME', V. t. To besmear with lime. Bp. Hall. BE-LIT'TLE, v. (. To make smaller; to lower in character. [Rare in America, not used in England.] Jefferstni. BE-LTVE', ado. [See Live.] Speedily ; quickly. [06;*.] Spenser. BELL, n. [Sax. bdl, hella, belle, so named from its sound ; Sax. bellan, to bawl or bellow ; W. ballatc ; G. bellen ; D. id. ; coinciding with iJaXXoj and pdto. See Peal.] 1. A vessel or hollow body used for making sounds. Its constituent parts are a barrel or hollow body, en- larged or expanded at one end, an ear or cannon by which it is hung to a beam, and a clapfH'r on the in- side. It is formed of a comjKtsition of metals. BelLt are of high antiquity. The blue tunic of the Jewish high priest was adorned with golden bells ; and Uie kings of Persia are said to liave the hem of their robe adorned with them in like manner. Among the Greeks, those who went the nightly rounds in camps or garrisons, used to ring a bell, at each sentinel-box, to see that the soldier on duty was awake. Bells were also put on the necks of crim- inals, to warn persons to move out of the way of so ill an omen as the sight of a criminal or his execu- tioner; also, (tn the necks of beasts and birdn, and in houses. In churches and other public buildin^H, beUs are now used to notify the time of meeting of anv congregation or other assembly. Encyc. in private houses, hells are used to call servants, either hung and moviid by a wire, or as hand-bcUs. Small bells are also used in electrical experiment:). 2. A hollow body of metal, perforated, and con- taining a solid ball, to give sounds when shaken; used on animals, as on horses or hawks. 3. Any thing in ftirm of a bell, us tlie cup or calyx of a llovver. To bear the bell, is to be the first or lender, in allu- sion to the bell-wether of a flock, or the leading horse of a team or drove, that wears ftfit* on his collar. To shake Oie bells, a phrase of Shakspeare, signifioa to move, give notice, or alarm. To cur.ie by bdl, book, and candle, was to read the execration in English, with the ringing of bL-lIs, and candles lighted, to inspire the greater dread. BELL, V, K To bell the cut, to encounter and cripple one of a greatly superior force. The phrase is de- rived from the fable of the mice resolving to put a bell on the cat, to guard them against his allack. .S,T /f. ScotU BELL, r. i. To grow in the form of bells, as buds or flowen*. BELL'-F.\SH-ION-/:D,a. Having the form fa bell. Mortimer. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GEB. Vr'CIOUS € as K : 6 as J : S as Z : CH as SH ; TH ai in THIS. 15 113 BEL URLL'-FLOW-ER, ■. [beU and JUwer.l A name «-vuitnun to different «peci«a of plania of tbe genus Canit^tnitLi ; su naimnl fmm Ihe shape of tbe corol or Ttowrr, which rrsvmbiM a bell. BELL -KOI.M) KR, «. [bfU and /oanrfm] A man wh-.^4t* orciiiKaiori b to found or cast bfU'«R-Y, >». A place where bells are BELL'-n>l'NU'RY. | founded or casu BELL'-MAN, ri. [brli :ind man.] A man who rinps « brll, especially to give notice of any thing in the rtreets, BELL'-MET-j»L, (-raetO,) ii. [bfil and ntrta/.] A mixture of copper and tin, in tlie prop«^rtion of from three to five parts of copper to one of tin, and usu- ally a Binall portion of brass or rinc j used fiw mak- ing hflU. Eneyc Am. BELL'-PEP-PER, a. [Ml and ptpp^r^] A name of a >-p«^ies of Capsicum, or Guin^ pepper. Tbii is the red t>epper of the gardeiks, and ombC proper for pieklmg. ;E^i«|ic BELL'-PJJLL, «. A bell-cortL BELL'-R(NG-BR, n. One wboee bnainen is to ring a church or other belL BELL'-^HAP-£:D, fbeirsbapt,) «. [Mr and Aaptd.] Having the funn of a bell. In frobuiy, campanulaie ; 0welling out, without a lube at the baiie, a« a munopetalous eoroL Marpfn. BELL'-WETH-ER, a. \Ml and r<4Ur.] A wether or 9heep which leads the flock, with a bell on his neck. BELL'-WORT, a. A name common to different cpo- cies of plants of the genus Cvularia. MtJdenherg^ BEL-LA-DON'NA, a. A plant, the Jttref MUd»nna, Linn., or deadly nightshade. Lte. BEL-La'TRIX, a. [I*] A rtiddy, gtlttering star of the second magnitude, in the left' shoulder of Orion ; flo named from it^ imagined influence in exciting war. BELLE, (bel,) a. [ FV., from L. bdltts, It. heUo, Sp. heUoy handsome, tine, whence to embtiliAh: allied perhaps to Russ. 6iW, white.] A gay young lady. In povu/uraje, a lady of superior beauty and nmrh admired. BELL'£:D, (btld.) a. Hung with bells. BELLE.S-LET'TRES, (bel-let'ier,) a. fL [Fr.] Polite titeratare ; a word of very vacue significa- tion. It includes poetry and oratory ; but authors are not agreed to miat particular branches of leam- hig the term should be restricted. Eneyc BELL'I-BO.NE, a. [Fr. htOM tt bomme,) A woman excellmg both In beauty and goodness. [JVW in uje.] Spenser, BEL'LI-£3>, (belaid,) pp. or a. In composition, swelled or prominent, like the betly. In Moxjr, ventritose ; swelling out the middle, as a monupetakNis coroL .Mvihrm. BEL-LIC'ER-ATE, r. t. To make war. Codumm, BEL-UG'ER-ENT, a. [h, MHftr, warlike ; Miiftn^ to wage war: firom fteflan, war, and /er«, to wage ; fMUt. jrmtst, ^imCu, wa^g. 6r. iroAc^";, war; W. hd, war, tumult ; Ma, Co war, to wrangle.] Waging war; carrying on war ; as, a beUtfftrmt rmtion. BEL-LIG'ER-EXT, a. A nation, power, or state, car- rying on war. BElr Ll6'ER-OUS, 0. The same as Beu.igerb5t. BELL'ING, a. [Sax. bellan, to bellow.] The noise cf a roe in rutting time : a kunisman^s term. Diet. 3. a. Growing or forming like a bell ; growing full and ripe ; used of hops ; from belt Ask. BEL-LI fwO-TEfifT, a. [L. beUuMy war, and pottns^ powerful, beUqrotms.) Powerful or mighty in war. {IJttle used.} Diet, BEL LtaUE', (bel-leek',) a. [Old Fr.} Warlike. [JVtff tLsed,} FeWtaau BEL'LI-TUlJE, a. [L. beUHmdo.] Beauty of person. rOicI Coektnm. BELL'LESS, a. Having no bell. ScotL BEL'LOX, a. A disease, attended with lan^or and intolerable griping of tbe bowels, common m ^aces where lead ore ts smelted. Encyc A name given to tbe lead colic in Derbyshire. Qutncy. BEL.LO'NA.a. [fVom L. Mlwa, war.] The goddeas of war. AnL MythoL BEL'LOW, V. i. [Sax. hvdgioM, bylgtant W. ballaw : L. balo ; D. hmlkt* ; Sw. HfU ; Sax. freUon, to bawL See Bawu] 1. To make a hollow, loud' noise, as a bull ; to make a loud outcry- j to roar. In eojUempt^ xxi vo- ciferate or clamor. 2. To roar, as the sea in a tempest, or as tbe wind when violent} to make a loud, boUow, continued sound. DrydeiL BEL'L6W, «. A loud outcry ; roar. BEL'LOW-ER, a. One who bellows. BEL'L5W-i.\G, ppr. or a. Making a loud, hoUow sound, as a bull, or as the roaring df billows. BEL'LCW-IN'G, n. A loud, hollow »>und or roar,like that of a bulL Herbrrt. BEL'LOWS, n. sing, and pL [Sax. bUig or byligy bellows ; and bilig-^ byltr^ a blown bladder, a botUe ; Goth, balffs, hylg, bylga^ a mail or budget ; L. bulga ; Ir. buUg^ botff, a bellows ; Ger. balg, a skin ; blasebaigj a bellows, that is, a blow-^kin j D. blaasbalg ; Sw. BEL btUsbalg; Dan. bl^sebflg. See Blake. The word is |n-operly in the singular niiinbe-r, Goth, batgx, but is ust?d al^o in the plural. It st^cnis to he thettjimeword as the L./(i//Ly, and prohahly from shooting out, swell- ing, or driving. W. 6c/.l An instrument, utensil, or machine for blowing fire, either in privatt* dwrllings or in forges, furnaces, and shops. It is so formed as, hy tteiiii; dilntt'd and contracted, to inhale air by an oritfce which is opened and closed with a valve, and to propel it tlirough a tube upon the fire. BEL'l^WS-KlSH, It. The tnimpet fish, about four inches long, with a long snout ; whence its imine. DicL ofJ^'aU I fiat, BEL'LU-IXE, a. [L. belJuinuji, from frW/iui, a liea^L] Beastly ; pertaining to or like a beast ; brutal. [l*ttU used.] Attrrbury. BCL'LY, n. [Ir. botg^ the belly, a bag, pouch, budget, blister, bellows ; \V. My, the belly, whence boliatn, to beJly, t(f gorge ; Ann. boeieu. bowels. The prima- ry sense is swelled, or a swell.] 1. That nut of the human body which extends anteriorly from the brea.si to the tlnghs, and also tbe cavity extending from the diaphragm to the pelvis, containing tiie bowels ; the latter is railed also (he abdffmet, or lower beliy, to distinguish it from the head and breast, which are sometimes called frf//uu, from their cavity. i^uiney. 3. The part of a beast corresponding to the human 3. The womb. Jer. i. 5. [belly. 4. Tbe receptacle of food ; that which requires food, in opposition to the back. Wboae god k tbclr bfZ/y. — Phil. SI. 5. The part of nnv thing which resembles the human belly in protuberance or cavity, as of a harp or a bottie. 6. Any hollow inclosed piace ; as, the bcUy of bell, in Jtmak. 7. tn Ser^ture^ belly Is used for the heart. Prov. xviii. 8. XX. 30. John vii. 38. Carnal lusts, sensual pleasures. Rom. lvu 13. Phil. iii. 19. The whole man. Til. i. 12. Browtu Cruden. BEL'LY, V. U To fill ; to swell out. Shak. BEL'LY, V. i. To swell and become protuberant, like the belly ; as, beUyxMg goblets ; beUying canvas. Dry den. Philips. % To strut. Bailey. BEiyLY-ACHE, a. \beay and ache,] Pain in tbe bowels; the colic \f^iugar.] BEL'LY-a€HE BUSlI or \VEED, a. Jatropha. BEL'LY-BAND, a. A band that encompasses tbe belly of a horse and fastens the saddle ; a girth. Shirttood. BEL'LY-BOUND, a. Diseased in the belly, so as to be costive, and shrunk in the betly. ^knson. BEL'LY-CHEER, n. Good cheer. [JVot used,] Chaucer. BEL'LY-FRET-TING, n. Tbe chafing of a horse's belly with a fore girt. 2. A violent pain in a horse's belly, caused by worms. Diet. BEL'LY-FJJL, n, fbeUy and fiUL] As much as fills the belly, or satisfies the appetite. In familiar and ludicrous language, a great abundance ; mure than enough. [yMlgar.] Johnson. BEL'LV-GOD, a. [belly and god.] A glutton ; one who makes a god of his belly ; that is, whose great business or pleasure is to gratify his appetite. BEL'LY-ING, ppr. or a. Enlarging capacity; swell- ing out, like the belly. BEL'LY-PI\C1I-£D, (-pmcht,) a. [See PiifCH.] Starved ; pinched witn hunger Skak. BEL LY-ROLL, n. [See Roll.] A roller protuber- ant in the middle, to roll land between ridges, or in hollows. Mortimer. BEL'LY-SLAVE, n. A slave to the appetite. Homily. BEL'LY-TIM'BER, m. [See Tmsra.] Food ; that which supports tbe belly. [Vidgar.] •' Prior. Hudibras. BEL'LY-WORM, a. [See Worm.] A worm that breeds in the belly or stomach. Johnson. BE-LOCK', r. t. [Sax. belucan, from loc, a lock, with be.] To lock, or fasten, as with a lock. Shak, BEL'0-MAN-€Y, n. [Gr. /^tAoj, an arrow, and /iflcrciu, divination.] A kind of divination practiced by the ancient Scythians, Babylonians, and other nations, and by the Arabians. A rjumber of arrows, being marked, were put into a Mig or quiver, and drawn out at ranjiom ; and the murks or words on the arrow drawn, detennined what was to happen. See Ezek. iii. 21,. Encyc. BEL'O-NE, 71. [Gr. ffcXm-rjj a needle.] A name given by Cuvier to the gar, garfish, or sea- needle, a species of Esox. It grows to the length of two or three feet, with long, pointed jaws, the edges of which are armed with small teeth. BE-LONG', r. L [p. belnn/en, to concern, belong^ concern, interest, imptirtance, of be and lang ; Ger. betangcn, to attain to, or come to ; aiiIangen,iQ arrive, A species of BEL to come to, to concern, to touch or belong; Dan. anlange^to arrive at, to belong. In Sax. gelangian is to call or bring. The radical sense of long is to extend or draw out, and with be or an, it signifies to extend to, to reach.] 1. To be the proiH-rty of; as, a field belongs to Richard IUh> ; Jamaica belongs to Great Britain. 9. To be the concern or proper business of; to ap- pertain ; as, it belongs to John Doe to prove his title. 3. I'o be appendant to. He wrnt into a Jnert place bttonging to Beths-iidn. — Luke ix. 4. To be a part of, or connected with, though de- tached in place ; as, a beam or rafter belongs to such a frame, or to such a place in tbe building. 5. To have reLition to. And I>aTitl kaiil, To whom betongetl thou ? — 1 Sain. xzx. 6. To be the quality or attribute of. To th? LotU our God belong mcrciea ami rorgivenen. — Diui. ix. 7. To be suitable for. Strong nipiit belongelh to them of full age. — Heb. t. 8. To relate to, or be referred to. He careth for tlmiga thai belong to the Lord. — 1 Cor. tH. 9. To have a legal residence, settlement, or inhab- itancy, whether by birth or operation of law, so as to be entitled to maintenance by the parish or town. Bast-inli also are K?ttli'd In Uic parulio to wluch (he moOirn belong. Bladcatone. Hence, 10. To be the native of; to have original residence. There ii no oOicr country in the world to which the Glraiea could belong. Orelltnan, Pr.f. Vi. 11. In common languaqe^ to have a settled resi- dence; to be domiciliated. BE-LO\G'ING, ppr. Pertaining; appertaining; be- ing the properly of; being a quality of; being the concern of; being api>cndani to ; being a native of, or having a legal or permanent st'itlement in. BE-LOXG'liNG, n. A quality. [J^ot in use.] Shak. BE-LOVE' u. f. To love. [Ob^.] Todd. BE-LOV'ED, (be-luvd' aa a participle^ be-luv'ed as an adjective^) pp. or a. [be and loved, from love. Belovr^ as a verb, is not used.] Loved ; greatly loved ; dear to the heart. Paul. UE-hGW ', prep, [be and low.] Under in place; be- neath; not so high ; as, below the moon; below tbe knee. 2. Inferior in rank, excellence, or dignity. Felton. 3. Unworthy of; unbefitting. Dryden. BE-LOW, adv. In a lower place, with respect to any object ; as, the heavens above and the earth below. 2. On tbe earth, as opposed to tbe heavens. The fiirert child of Jove beloi*. Prior. 3. In hell, or the regions of tbe dead ; as, tbe realms below. Dryden. 4. In a court of inferior jurisdiction ; as, at tlie trial below. Wheaton. BE-LOWT', V. U [See Lowt.] To treat with con- temptuous language. [JV^t in use.] Camden. BEL'SWAG-GER, n. A lewd man; a bully. Dryden. BELT, n. [Sax. belt ; Sw. bdlt ; Dan. bffUe ; h. balteus ; Uu. Ir. bait, a welt. Class Bl.] 1. A girdle, band, or circlet ; as, a lady's 6e?(, a sword brltj a belt of trees. 2. A term applied to two narrow passages or straits in the Baltic. The Great Belt is the passage between the ble of Zealand and that of Funen, at the en- trance ot the Baltic. The Les.. I. [be and moU. Fr. mnuiller, 10 wet.] To bedraggle ; to belnire ; to soil or encumber with mire and dirt. [-Vol m iisr.] SAai- BE-.MOIST'£N, c. U To moisten ; to wet. BE'MOL, I!. In music, B flat, a semitone below B natural. , *''"'"•,. BE-MO.S'STER, r. t. [be and mamter.] To make monstrous. [A"u( in ««.] **«*• BE-.MOURN', r. t. To weep or mourn over. [lAtUe u^fil.] 1 ^ BE-MOS'ED, (be-muzd',) o. [be and muse.] Over- come with musing ; dreaming. [j» trord of contempt.] Johnson. Pope. BEN, or BEN'-NUT, n. A purgative fruit or nut, the largest of which resembles a filbert, yielding an oil (called oU of hen) used in pharmacy. Encyc. This is the fruit of aspecies of -Moringa, (,M. pterygo- gperma, Decand.) BENCH, «. [Ir. Jiitse; Corn, beak! Sal. bene; fr. banc. See Bank.] , 1. A long seat, usually of board or plank, differing from a stool in its greater length. 2. The seat where judges sit in court \ the seat or justice. Hence, I 3. The persons who sit as judges ; the court. Shak. Dryden. 4. See Berks. , , , . Free bench . in England, the estate in copyhold lands, which the wife, being espoused a virgin, has for her dower, after the decease of her husband. This is various in different manors, according to their respective customs. BE.NCH, r. L To furnish with benches. Dryden. 2. To seat on a bench. Sh4ik. 3 r. i. To sit on a seat of justice. Shak. BENCir-WAR'RANT, n. A process issued by a court against a person guilty of some contempt, or indicted for some crime. Boiieii|r. BENCHER, s. In England, the benchers in the inns of court are the senior members of the society, who have the government of It. They have been read- ers, and, being admitted to plead within the liar, are called inner barristere. They annually elect a treaa- llf^f_ Encye. Johnson. 2. The alderman of a corporation. jlshmole. 3. A Judge. Shak. 4. In old xrilrrs, an idler, one who frequenu the benches of a tavern. BEND, ». C; pret. Bended or Bent; pp. Bended or Bent. [Pax. bendan, to bend ; Fr. bander, to bend, bind, or tie; Ger. binden, to wind, bind, or tie ; D- btnden, the same ; f^w. banda, to bind ; Dan. binde, to bind ; I*, panda, pandare, to bend iff ; pando, pandere, to open 1 pnndux, bcnl, crooked ; It. banda, sidewise ; btnda, a fillet or band , bmdare, to crown ; Sp. pan- dear, to bend or be inclined, to bulge out, to belly ; pandn, a bulge or protuberance ; pando, jutting out. The priinar>' sense is, to stretch or strain. Bend and btnd are radVallv Ihi; same word.) 1. To strain, or to crook by straining; as, to bend a 2. To crook ; to make crooked ; to curve ; to In- flect ; as, to bend the arm. 3. To direct to a certain point; as, to bend our steps or course to a particular place. , / , 4. To exert ; to apply cl4Mely ; to exercise labori- ously i to intend or stretch ; as, to bond, the mind to study. 5. To prepare or put in order for use ; to stretch or strain. He hath beni liia l»w and mnd« it ready. — P«. ril. 6. To incline ; to be determined ; that is, to stretch toward, or cause to tend ; as, to be bent on mischief. It expresses disposition or purpose. _ 7. To subdue ; to cause to yield ; to make submis- sive ; as, to bend a man to our will. 8. In seamanship, to fasten, as one rope to another or to an anchor ; to fasten, as a sail to its yard or stay ; to fasten, as a cable to the ring of an anchor. ' Mar. Diet. 9. To bend the brow, is to knit the brow ; to scowl ; to frown. ^ Camiten. BEND, V. i. To be crooked ; to crook, or be curving. Sandys. a. To incline ; to lean or turn ; as, a road bends to 3. To jut over ; as, a bending cliff. [the west. 4. To resolve or determine. [Sec Beht on.] Dryden. 5. To bow or be submissive. Is. Ix. BEND, n. A curve ; a crook ; a turn in a road or riv- er ; flexure ; incurvation. 2. In marine language, a knot by which one part ot a rope is fastened to another or to an anchor. [See To Bend, No. 8.] . j . ... 3 Bends of a ship are the thickest and strongest planks in her sides, more generally called wales. They are reckoned from the water, first, second, or third bend. They have the beams, knees, and foot hooks bolted to them, and are the chief strength of the ship's sides. Eneyc. Mar. Diet. 4. In heraldry, one of the nine honorable ordina- ries, containing a third part of the field, when charged, and a fifth, when plain. It is made by t>yo lines drawn across from tlie dexter chief to Ihe sinis- ter base point. It sometimes is indented, ingrailed, j^P Johnson. Encyc. BEND, n. A band. [AT;! in imp.] Spenser. BEND' ABLE, a. That may be bent or incurvated. Sherwood. BENT)'ED, I pp. or o. Strained ; Incurvated ; made BENT ) crooked ; inclined ; subdued. BEND'ER, n. The pjrson who bends or makes crook- ed ; also, an instrument for bending other tilings. BEND'INtJ, ppr. or a. Incurvating ; forming into a curve ; stooping ; subduing ; turning, as a road or , river; inclining; leaning; applying closely, as the mind ; fastening. . . ,. . ,.. v BE-VIVLET, n. In heraldry, a little bend which occu- pies a sixth part of a shield. BaUey. BEND'-WITH, n. A plant. ^ ,, ^. .. . . P'f- , BEND'Y, n. In heraldry, the field divided into four, six, or more parts, diagonally, and varying in metal and color. , ^''U'- ■^^''- . BEN'E n. The popular name of the Sesamum ori- entale. or oil plant; called in the West Indies Fan- irloe Mease. BE-NPAP'£D, fbe-neept',) a. [be nni neap.) Among seamen, a ship is 6fiif*/.] To involve in dark- ness ; to shroud witb the sludes (knight. Tbe clooali heine^t itK ikj. Omr^ S. To overtake with night j as, a benighted trav- eler. 3. To involve in monU dnrkness, or ignorance; to debar from intellectual light j aa. benighted natitms, or heathen. BE-MGlIT'EO,pp. or «. Involved in darknen, ph>*»- leal or nomi . overtaken by Uie night. BE-NION', (be-nliie',) a. [L. bmiffmu*. from the same root as fruniu, bene, ancient L. benmSf Eng. bti-an.] L Khid ] of a kin J dt^pu^iiion ; gracious; favora- Ue. Onr Cmt0r, ttooDiPow and bttdgm. iiBlam. S. Generous ; liberal ; as, a kemign benofoctor. 2. Favorable ; having a salutary influence ; as, tbe Aot^ aspect of tlie seaaona. Tfar bnign lifte oT imbliaa. TTadUn^Km. 4. Wliolesome ; not pernicious ; as, a beni^ medi- cine. ArbuthHoL 5. Favorable ; not malignant ; as, a benign disease. BE-MG'\A\T, a. Kind ; gracious ; favorable. BE-MG'NI-TY. ». Goodness of dispoeition or heart ; kindness of nature; graciousncss. 2. Actual goodneas ; beneficence. 3. Salubrity ; wholesome quality ; or that which tends to prumote health. H^eman. " BE-Mr?\'LY, (be-nlne'ly,)arfr. Favorably; kindly; pnicioustv. BEN'ISON, a. [ Fr. ieatr, to bless; *eat«aii/^bleaB- ing ; from the rviot of Aom, Aemu, h^on. See Booit.J Blessing; benediction. \M^mA$ wrtiyatfsrf.] John»an. BEN'JA-MINjM. A tree arabnib,the Laurus Benzoin, (Linn. Bmzoin odrrifermm^ a native of America, called alw tfieehnsh. it grows to the height of 10 or 15 feet, with a very branchy head. 2. A gum or resin, or rather a balsam. [See Be:v- »oi?r.] Entyc Bemjamin-tree : the Styrax Benzoin. Pereira. BEN'NET, a. The herb bennet, or common avens ; the Gi'utn urbanum. BEN'NET-FISH, », A fish, of two feet in length, caught in the African seas, haWng scales of a deep ptirple, streaked with eold. Diet ofJVat. HisL BENT, pp. or o. from Be:t>t benumbed by cold. 2. To stupefy ; to render inactive ; as, to benumb the senses. Dryden. BE-NirMB'ED, (be-numd'O pp. Rendered torpid ; de- prived of sensation ; sttipeoed. BE-NU.MH'ED-NESS, n. Destitution of feeling. Smith. BE-NIT.MB'L\G,p^r. Depriving of sensation ; stupe- fying. BE-NIJMB'MENT, a. Act of benumbing. Kirhy. BEN'ZO-ATE, n. [^e Be:«zoin.] \ salt formed by the union of the benzoic acid with any salifiable base. BEN-ZO'ie, a. Pertaining to benr.oin. Benzoic and. or flowers of benzoin, is a peculiar Vegetable acid, obtained from benzoin, and some other balsams, by sublimation or decoction. It is a fine, light, white matter in small needles; its taste pungent and bitterish, and its odor slightly aromatic. T'hom^on. BEN-ZOIN', I n. Gum benjamin ; a concrete resin- BEN'J.\-MIN, I ous juice flowing from the Styrax Benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, &.c. By heat, or partial decomptwition, it yields benzoic arid. It flows from incisions made in the stem or branches. It is solid and brittle, sometimes in yellowish-white tears joined together by a brown substance, and sometimes of a uniform brown substance like resin. It has little taste, but its smell, especially when ntbhed or heat- edt is extremely fragrant and agreeable. It is chiefly used in cosmetics and perfumes. Eneyc. Thomson, BEN'ZULE, a. [benzoin and vXn, matter.] A Compound radical or basyle, consisting of hy- drogen, carbon, and oxygen ; regarded as the base of benzoic acid. [This word*has t^en variously spelled Benzvte^enzoy^ Benzoyl, BentoiL] BE-PAINT', r. l [be and painL] To paint ; to cover with paint. [LittU tised.] Shak, BE-PALE', e. L [be nnd pale.] To make pale. [JVot in nee,] Carew. BE-PINCH', r. L [he and pindu] To mark with pinches. BE-PINCH'ED, \ pp. Marked with pinches. BE-PINCHT' I Chapman. BE-PLAIT'ED, a. Plaited. Mrs. BuUer. BE-PO W'DER, B. (. [be and powder.] To powder ; to sprinkle or cover with powder. BE-PRAISE', r. (. [be and praise.] To praise greatly or extravagantlv. Goldsmith. BE-PUCK'ER-£i), a. Puckered. BE-PL'FF'f:D, (be-puft',) a. Pufled. BE-PUR'PLE, r. L [be and purple.] To tinge or dye with a purple color. BE-UC'EATH', V. L [Sax. becvathan ; be and cwethan, to say ; cwid, a saying, opinion, will, testament ; cy- tJhait, to testify ; Enc. yuotA,] 1. To give or leave by will ; to devise some species of property by testament; as, to bequeath au estate or a legacy. Hence, 2. To hand down to posterity ; as, to bequeath a family quarrel. BE-aUEA'f H'£D, pp. Given or left by wilL BE-QUkATH'ER, n. One who bequeaths. BE-aU£ATiriNG, ppr. Giving or devising by testa- ment. BE-aUEATH'MENT, n. The act of bequeathing; a bequest. BE-aUEST', n. Something left by will ; a legacy. BE-auOTE', c. t. To quote with great frequency. BE-R^IN', v. t. To rain upon. [JVot in use.) Chaucer. BE-RaTE', v. t. [be and rate.] To chide vehemently ; to scold. BE-RAT'TLE, r. L [be and ratde.] To fill with rat- tling sounds or noise. Shak. BE-RaY', r. L To make foul ; to soil. [JVot in use,] Milton, BER'BE-RIN, n. A yellow bitter substance, obtained from the alcoholic solution of the extract of the root of the barberry. It is probably an alkaloid. It is called bcrbertte by Thomson, and is classed by him as a bitter principle. BER'BER-RY, 71. [L. bn-beris.] See Babberrv. BeRE, n. [Sax. frcr, barley.] The name of a spiecies of barley, in Scotland. Oray, BE-ReA VE', v. L ; preU Bereaved, Bereft ; pp. Be REAVED, Bereft. [Sax. bercajian^ of be and reajian to deprive. See Roe and Reap.] i-ITE, %. [from Bergman, the mineralo- DER w ■■ ■ 1. To deprive ; to strip ; to make destitute ; with qf before the thing taken away. Mr hare y» btrtaved of my children. — Gen. xIH. It is sometimes used without of, and is particularly applied to express tlie loss of friends bj* death, a. To take away from. Shak. BE-REAV'£D, pp. or a. Deprived; stripped and left destitute. BE-Re.WE'MENT. n. Deprivation, particularly by the li>ss of a friend by death. BE-ReAV'ER, ti. Me who bereaves, or deprives anotjier of something valued. RE-ReAV'ING, ppr. Stripping bare ; depriving. BE-REFT', pj). of Bereave. Deprived; made desti- tute. BER-EN-GA'RI-AN8, n.pl a sect which followed Ber- engarius, arclideaofn of SL Mary at Anjou, who denied the rva\ presence of the body and blood of Christ in the eucharist. Eiicyc, BERG, n, [Sax. beorff, beorh, a hill, a caslle.] A borough ; a town (hat sends burgesses to parlia- ment; a castle. [See Buro.] [Obs.j Ash. BERG'A-MOT, n. [Fr. bergatnole i Sp. bergamvta.] 1. A variety of pear. 3. A species of citron whose fruit has a fine taste and smell, and its essential oil is in hi^h esteem as a per- fume. This oil is extracted from the yellow rind of the fruiL The bcrgamot is the Citrus bermtnia^ a distinct species, with a pear-shaped fruit, from the rind of which is obtained the oil of bergamot. 3. An essence or perfume from the citron thus produced. 4. A kind of snulf perfumed with bergamot. 5. A coars^ tapestry, manufactured with flocks of wool, silk, cotton, hemp, and ox or goat's hair, said to have been invented at Bergamo in Italy. Encye. BERG'AN-DER, n. [berg, a clifl; and Dan. and, G. ente, Sax. enr.d, a duck.] A burrow duck ; a duck that breeds in holes under clifls. Thomson. The Anaa tadoma, sheldrake or burrow duck of England. BERG'E-RET, n. [Fr. hergcr, a shepherd.] A song. [J^ttt used.] Chaucer. BERG'MAN-l gist'. A variety of scapolite, by some regarded as a dis- tinct species, of a grayish color, of different shades ; found in Norway. BERG'MAS-TER, n. [Sax. beorg,a hill or castle, and master.] The bailiff or chief officer among the Derbyshire miners.- Johnson. BERG'MOTE, n. [Sax. beorg, a hill, and mote, a meeting.] A court held on a hill in Derbyshire, in England, for deciding controversies between the miners. Blount, Johnson, BE-RII?ME', (rime,) v. U [6cand rhyme.] To men- tion in rhyme or verse ; used in contempt. Shak, BER'LIN, n. A vehicle of the chariot kind, supposed to have this name from Berlin, the chief city of Prussia, where it was first made, or from the Italian berlina, a sort of stage or pillory, and a coach. Encye BER'LIN-BLOE, n. Prussian blue. Ure. BER-LUe'CIO, n. A small bird, somewhat like tbe yellow-hammer, but less and more slender. Did. of Abt. /r««. BERME, n. In fortification^ a space of ground of three, four, or five feet in width, left between the rampart and the moat or foss, designed to receive the ruins of the rampart, and prevent the earth from Ail- ing the foss. Sometimes it is palisaded, and in Hol- land it is generally planted with quickset hedge. Eneyc This term is also applied to canals. Originally, on the bank opposite the towing-path, particularly in deep cuts, a level space was left, at the foot of the upper slope of the bank, as in fortification, and for the same purpose of intercepting the earth sliding down the bank; called a bench or berme. I'his is now omitted, and only a unifonn slope left to the water's edge. The bank opposite the towing-path is still, however, called the berme, or berme-bank. BEH'NA €LE. See Bar:pular language, berry eviends only to smaller fruits, as strawberry, gooseht'rr)', &c., conLitning seeds or granules. An «> indehiscent, pulpy pericarp, many-celled and many- seeded ; the at^'lchmentof the seeds lost at maturity, and the seeds remaining scattered in the pulp. LindleTf. 2. A mound. TFor Barrow.] JV. Browne. BER'RY, r. i. To Dear or produce berries. BER'RY-BEaR-ING, a. Producing berries. KER RV-FORM-ivD,a. Formed like a berrj". S-iulA. BERT, «. Sax. beorht, berht : Eng. bright. 'Tins word enters into the name of many Saxon princes and no- blemen i as, Et. cr>'t«tal, an(i a prarl: the latter word being a different orthography of benji ; probably from the root of the Fr. brUlevy to shine, Eng. briHiant, Eth. I i*~iV bareah^ to shine.] A mineral of great hardness, occurring in green or bluish-green six-sided prisms. It is identical with tlie emerald, except in color; the latter having a purer and richer green color, proceeding from a trace of oryd of chrome. The coloring matter of the beryl \» oxyd of iron. Prisms of the ber>l are some- times found nearly two feet in diameter, as at Ac- wurih, in New Hampshire. The beryl, when trans- parent, is set as a gem, and called aqna^marine. Dana. BER'VL-eRYS'TAL, n. This term is not now used, except in speaking of the ber>I. BEK'YL-U.N'E, a. Like a bco'I ; of a Itglit or bluish green. BE-RYL'JjI-UM, R. The same as Glucikum, tvbich see. BE-SAIXT', r. J. [6e and saini,] To make a saint. [Art»( in lue.] BE-t*AYLE', «. [Sona.ayle; Fr. aY«K?, a grandfather.] A great-grandfather. If the abatement happened on the death of one's grandfather or graiiitnurther, a writ of ayle- lieth ; if on the death of the great- grandfather, then a writ of >eMy/«, but if it mounts one degrr^e higher, to the Ircamrie, or grandfaihi r's grandfather, &.c., the writ to cailtsd a writ of tonnage or de consanguineo. Bladtgtone. BE-SeAT'TER, r. U [he and acatttr.} To scatter over. fATot «.'*frf,] Spenser. BE-S€ORN', V. t. [be and ncorn.] To treat with scnm ; Ui mock at. {jXat used.) Chaucrr. BE SCRATCH', r. ^ [be and scratch.'] To scratch ; to tear with the nails. [Aot in useA Chaucer. BE-SCRAVVL', ». £. [bt and scrawl.} To scrawl ; to scribbl'-'over. Milton. BE-jSCREEN', p. (. [bi and scrren.] To cover with a screen ; to shelter ; to conceaL Shak. BE-HiREK\'f:D, pp. Covered ; sheltered ^concealed, BE-'^CKIH'BLE, c. u To scribble over. Milton. BfWiGI'M'BER, p. ^ [from cumber.] To encumber. [^'otlfgiUmale, nor used.] B. Jonson. BE-SEE^r. i. [he^nAaee.] To look ; to mind, [mii tn uiteA . Wiclif. BE-KEEV;H', v. L ; prrf. and pp. Besought. [Sax. be and sfcan, to seek, inquire, follow; D. venoeken; G. ersttchen ; from seek, sfquor, to fullow, with fte, hy, nenr, about; that ix, to fullow close, to press. See ScER and Essay. The Saxon has gemeean.] To entreat ; to supplicate ; to implore ; to ask or pray with urgency; followed by a per.tonf as, "I Paul be.'iercJi ijou hy the meekness of Christ.'* 2 Cor. X. ; or by a thing ; as, I hf~^per.h your patience. BK-HKECH'ER, n. One who beseeches. BK^SEECM'IXG, m»r. Entreating. BE-8EG<:iri\G-LY, adr. In a beseeching manner. BE-SEEK', V. L To beseech. [JW)( used,] Chaiucr. BES BE-SEEM', t7. U [be and seem.] To become; to be fit for, or worthy nf; to be decent for. What form of apeea or beturiur h*»*et7tefh us, !n our pmy^n to 0'i<\ t Hooker. BE-SEEM'ING, ppr. ^^o. Becoming; fit; worliiy of. BE-SEEM'I\«, M. Comeliness. BarreU BE-SEEM'I\G-LY, adv. In a beseeming manner. BE-SEEM'l\G-.\ESS,n. duality of being beseeming. BE-SEEM'LY, a. Becoming ; fit ; suitable. BE-SEEN', a. Adapted; adjusted. [^J^ot used.] BE-SET', V. t. ; pret. and pp. Beset, [Sax. 6wcr£an, to place, of be and settan^ to set ; D. JcicUew; G. beset- len. See Set.] 1. To surround ; to inclose ; to hem in ; to besiege ; as, we are be~-tet with enemies; a city is beset with troop*?. Hence, 9. To press on all sides, so as to perplex ; to entan- gle, so as to render esca^te difiicult or impossible. A(i:im, son- betet, Kplied. Milton. 3. To waylay. • Shak. 4. To fall upon. Spenser. BE-SET'TING, ppr Surrounding; besieging; way- laying. BE^SET'TIXG, a. Habitually attending, or pressing; as, a begetting sin BE-SHINE'j V. L To shine upon. [JVot iL->ed.] BE-SHRE\V ', tv't. [be and ahrew.] To wish a curse to ; to execrate, Drydeiu 2. To happ^h ill to. [A'bt in use.] Shak. BE-SHROUD'ED, a. Shrouded. BE-SHUT', r. (. To shut up. [JVot used.] Chaucer. BE-SIDE', prep, [be and side, by the side.] At the side of a person or thing ; near ; as, sit down beside me, or beside the stream. 5. Over and above ; distinct from. 3. On one side ; out of tlie regular course or order ; not according to, but not contrary. It U iMtid* my prrient bunneaa to enlarge upon thia BpK:nI;ition. Locke. 4. Out of; in a state deviating from ; as, to put one beside his patience. Hence, 5. With the reciprocal pronoun, beside one's self, is out of the wits or senses ; out of the order of reason, or of rational beings. Paul, thou art betide tliys'-ir. — Acts xxrl. BE-SIDES', prep. Over and above ; separate or dis- tinct from. And thTc wtia a knune in ib« land, beMee the first lanune. — Geu. xxvil. JVote. This word, though radically the same as beside, and a corruption of it, ought not to be con- founded with it; for it is never used in the senses explained under beside, except in the second. BE-STDE', i adv. Moreover; more than that; over BE-SIDES', t and above ; distinct from ; not included in the number, or in what has been mentioned. Beeidet, you know not what is ihr fate o( tovtt frieod. The nirn sakl to I-.01, HaM Oioti here any betiddt 7 — Gen. lU. To all bende, as much nn empty shade, An [i^ugf DC li'fing', oa a Cesnr (lead> Pope, These sentences may he considered as elliptical. BE-SIU'ER-Y, n. A variety of pear. Johnson. BE-Sl£OE', ». t. [be and siege; Fr. siege, and assie- ger, to besiege. See Sieoe.I 1. To lay siege to ; to beleaguer ; to beset or sur- round with armed forces, for the purpose of compel- ling to surrender, either by famine or by violent at- taclis ; as, to besiege a castle or city. 2. To beset ; to throng round ; as, besieged with cares, BE-SIEG'ED, pp. or a. Surrounded or beset with hos- tile troops. BE .SIkGE'MENT, 7U Act of besieging ; state of be- ing bi'sieged. BE-SIkG'ER, tu One who lays siege, or ia employed in a siegi;. BE-SlF.O'L\G, ppr. Laying siege; surrounding with armed forces. BEi-SIP,G'I,\G, o. Surrounding in a hostile manner; employed in a siege ; as, a besieging army. RE-SlKii'ING-LY, adp. In a besieging manner. BE-SIT', v. L [be and siL] To suit ; to become. [JVot used,] Spenser, BE-SLXVE', v. L To subjugate; to enslave. [JVot used,] Bp. HaU. BE-.SLAV'RR, b. U To defile with slaver. BE-SLA V'ER-/:D, pp. Defiled with slaver, Ikber. BE-SLA V'ER-ING ppr. Defiling with slaver, BE-SLIME', r. U To daub with slime ; to soil. [J^ot used.] B. Jonaon. BE^LOB'BER-IiVG, ppr. Beslubbering. Eti. Rev. BE-SLUB'BER, v. t. [be and slubber, slabber.] To soil or smear with spittle, or any thing ninning from the mouth or ntme. [yulgar.] BE-.SLU»'BER-ING, ppr. Smearing with spittle. BE-SMeAR', r. U [he and smear.] To bedaub; to overspread with any viscous, glutinous matter, or with any soft substance that adheres. Hence, to foul ; to soil. BE~SM£AR'7^;D, pp. Ilednubed ; overspread with any thing soil, viscous, or adhesive ; soiled. BES BE-SMkAR'EK, h. One Itiat besmears. BE-S.MkAR'I.\G, ppr. Bedaf'.iing ; soiling. BE-iSMIRCH', (-smurch,) v. t. [be and £mirck,] To soil i to foul ; to discolor. [LiUle used.] Shak. BE-SMOKE', V, u [be ar,d smoke] To foul with smoke ; to harden nr dry in smoke. ^Little used.] BE-S.\10K'£D, C-smfik;,) pp. Fo>.ied or soiled with smoke ; dried in smoke. BE-SMUT', v. t, [be and smuU] To blacken with smut ; to foul with soot. BE-SMUT'TED, pp. Blackened with smut or soot. BE-SNOW, ». t, [be and snow. Sax. besniwed, par- ticiple.] To scatter like snow. [Little used.] Oower. BE-SNOw'ED, pp. or a. [be and snow,] Covered or sprinkled with snow, or with white blossoms. Han- BE-SiMJFF', V. L To befoul with snuff. [bury. BE^NTJFF'£D,(-snuft,) pp. Foul with snuff. Young. B^'SOM, n. [Sax. besm, a brush or broom; besTiiauy twigs. . Orosius, 2, 3. Ger. besen ; D. bezem ; Arm, beto, birch. The besom was a little bundle of twigs used for sweeping.] A broom ; a brush of twigs for sweeping. BE'SOM, V. L To sweep, as with a besom. Rolb bcick all Greew, and beeoms wide the plain. Bartow, BE'SOM-ER, n. One who uses a besom. BE-SORT', V. U [be and sort,] To suit ; to fit ; to be- come. Shak. BE-SORT', n. Company ; attendance ; train, f 06*.] BE-SOT', V. L [be and sot] To make sottish ; to in- fatuate ; to stupefy ; to make dull or senseless. Milton. 2. To make to dole. Shak. BE-SOT'TED, pp, or a. Made sottish or stupid. Besotted on; infatuated with foolish affection. I}rydcn. BE-SOT'TED-LY, adv.* In a foolish manner. Milton, BE^SOT'TED-NESS, ru Stupidity ; arrant folly ; in- fatuation. Milton. BE-SOT'TING, ppr. Infatuating; making sottish or foolish. BE-SOT'TI\G-LY, adv. In a besotting manner. BESOUGHT', (be-saWl',) pp. of Beskbch. Entreated j implored ; sought by entreaty. BE-SPAN"GLE, v. t. [be and strangle,] To adorn with spangles; to dot or sprinkle with something brilliant ; as, the heavens bespangled with stars. BE-SPAN"GL£D, pp. Adorned with spangles or something shining. BE-SPA\"GLING, ppr. Adorning with spangles or glittering objects. BE SPAT^TER, v. U [be and spatter,] To soil by spattering; to sprinkle with water, or with dirt and water. 2. To aflperse with oalumny or reproach. Saiift, BE-SPAT'TER-2?D, pp. Spiittered over; soiled with dirt and water; aspersed ; calumniated. BE-SPAT'TER-ING, ppr. Spattering with water; soiling with dirt and water ; aspersing. BE-SPAWL', r. (. [6c and spawL] To soil or make foul with spittle. Milton. BE-SPiiAK', V. t. i prc^ Bespoke ; pp. Bespoke, Be- spoke?c. [be and speak,] To speak for beforehand ; to order or engage against a future time ; as, to be- speak a seat in a public coach. My tady b beepoke, Shak. 2. To forebode ; to foretell. They stoned fean, and bespoke dangers, to scare the allifs. 3. To speak to ; to address. This sense is mostly poetical. He thus the queen bespoke. Dryden. 4. To betoken ; to show ; to indicate by external marks or appearances; as, bis manners bespeak him a gentleman. BE SPP.AK'ER, n. One who bespeaks. BE-SPiSAK'ING, ppr. Speaking for or ordering be- forehand ; foreboding ; addressing ; showing ; Indi- cating. BE-SPEAK'ING.n. A previous speaking or discourse, by way of apology, or to engage favor. Dryden. BE-SPECK'LE, (-spekl',) v. t. [be and speckle.j To mark with sj^ckles or sp<^)ts. Milton, BE-SPICE', V. t. [be and spice.] To season with spices. Shak, BE-SPIRT', iv.t To spurt mit, or over ; to throw BE-SPURT', J out in a stream or streams. [JVot used.) Milton. BE-SPIT',c. t. ; pret. Bespit ; pp. Bespit, Besimtten. [be and spiL] To daub or soil with spittle. Johnson. BE-SPOKE', prff. and pp. of Bespeak. BE-SPOT', r. /. [be and spot,] To mark with spots. BE-SPOT'TED, pp. Marked with spots. [Mortimer. BE-SPf )T'TL\G, ppr. Marking with spots. BESPREAD', (be-spred',) o. (. ; prpi. and /t*. Bespread. [be and ^reail,] To spread over ; to cover over ; as, to bespread with flowers. BE-SPREAD'LNG, ppr. Spreading over. BE-SPRE.NT', pp. Sprinkled over. BE-SPRINK'LE, r. U [be and sprinkle.] To sprinkle over ; to scatter over ; as, to besprinkle with dust. TONE, BULL. UNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J j S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIs. 117 BES BB^PRrNK'LKD, pp. Sprinkled over. BB-8rRINK'LKR, n. One thai sprinkles otot. BE-iJrKINK'LINO,ppr. Sprmklinc over. BE;-^rKI\K'LINGS, 11.^ Sprinkling. BE^^T, a. supfrt^irr, [Sai. *Mi, rontracted from M&rf , fmm bftj m«e, ot better ; betre is also used ; bettm^ Co amend, or restore, correct, heal ; boUy repa- ratiMi, compearatioD ; Eag. booty to boot ; Goth. botymMy to profit, aid, hsast ; Eng. bta ; G. bass, good, »«sser, better, bejte^hfst; D. icter, bttt: Dan. tevU; Sw. Mtft. This word has no connectioa in origin wUhgood. See Bettkiu] Literally, moi^advnuced. Hence, 1. MoBt good ; having gen) qualities in the highest degree ; apidied indirT^n-ntly to physical or moral subjects ; as, the fr&vt man ; the br^t rond ; the btst clout j the beat abilities;. Thix, like hkmc, and oilier attributes, hi ohen used without its noun, when the noun is oorious ; s:^. men are all sinners ; the b«H of Iben thtl in the perfonnanre of duty. a. Most adranced ; must accurate ; as, the frssC Bchntar. 3l Bfosi oorreet, or caai|ilele ; as, the beat view of a landMnpe, or of a sobfect. 4. The be^ ThH phrase Is elliptical, and may be varioosly tnttrpretcd ; a», tlu; utmost power ; the strongeHtenJeaviir ^ the iti(»t, the hieht-fit pt-rfertion ; as, let a ntnn do his br,j ; i. e. to Uie btat of bis power. 5. ^ Ao( •' in the be»t manner ; in the uunost de- nee or exU'ut applicable to tDe case ^ as, life is Mt ioM very fhcwt. To oMtke Vtf bfjt •/; to carry to its greatest perfec- tion ; ti» improve to the utmost ; as, to mmlu Ou bejt m/.\ mm uf uiMiieii'. or a piece of land. Also, to per- ni ' -^ible inciMivenit-nce ; as, to wiMk* the b- ■"■ (>r a bail bareritn. / . ' - tcav. We had made the ievt ttf oitr iMy u> Uk tity , that ti», tbe^most, the greatest port of the dl-itanct\ [This is (A« ^rvsMrf Mmm,] BEf^, w. I'inicst ; htt:liei4 endeavor ; as, to do one's bmL See No. 4, aUive. BEST, mdv* In the higheM degree ; be>-ond oil other ; as, to love one best ; to like this beH ; to please but, S. To the iDosi advantage ; with the inuat ease ; as, which inaCrament can you httt use? 3. With most profit or success ■ as. money Is beat onpliMred in manufacturer; this medicine will an- swer ita in the preM-nt ca^>. 4. Moat intimately or particularly ; most correctly ; as, what is ex|>rdifnt is btjft known to himself. BBST-AR RAN'G'£D, a. Arranged In the best man- ner. BE:^-CON-CERT'£D, «. Conceited in the best manner. Bt>T-«OV'FRN-ED,«. Gm-emed in the best manner. BE.*^'" "-" ' \, «. Spoken in the beat manner. BC- :: £D, a. Having the most kind or m BE^ I - 1 ikM.\ i-:D, d. Trained in the best mnnner. BEST-WKITa/TX, o. Written in the best manner. Sole, The^e and similar compounds explain them- selve*. BB-STAIX',r. c [frr and Jtarn.] To mark with stains ; to discolor, either the whole surface of a thing, or in spotii. Skak, BE-STEAD', (be-sted'O r. t ; frtt. and fp. Bestbd. ]bt and gtemdJ] 1. To profit. Bow ante you Umod. MBikain. SL To accomMMdate. TlMr iteU pus Ihzwigh i^ AsH^ IsMirf. — h. tO. That is, distreased ; perjdexed. 3. To dinose. Spfnsvr. EKSn'IAL, (best'yal,) a. [from beasL] Beltmging to a heaM, or to the class uf Masts. ^ Hating the qualities of a beai^ ; brutal ; below the dignity of reason ot humanity ; carnal ; as, a he^ titti appetite. Skak, BES-TI AL'I-TY, a. The quality of beasts ; the state or manners of man which resemble those of brutes, t?. Unnatural connection with a beast. BESTIAL-IZE, r. L To make like a beast. BE^'TI.AL-LY, adv. Brutally; in a maimer below human itv. BE-«TICK', r. f. ,- preL and pp. Bestccb. [be and stitk.] To stick over, as with sharp points ; to mark, by infixing points or spots here and there. Truth sbMll Rttn, btttmek with tUmieram daru. Afillon. BE-STTE', (bettor',) v. u [b* and stir.] To put into brisk or vigorous action ; to move with life and vig- or ; usually with Uie reciprocal pronoun ; as, rise and bfstir yourw. JHUtoiu BE STREWED, pp. of Bestrew. BE-STRTDE', r. t : preL Bkstrid or Bestrode; pp. Bestrid, Bestridde:*. [fre and stride.^ I. To stride over; to stanil or sit with any thing between the legs, or with the leg!* extended across as, to bestride the world, like a colossus ; to brstride abocse. Shak. S. To step over ; as, tn bestride n threshold. S/uJc, Bestriding sometimes includes riding or drfendingy as John^wn ' remarks ; but the particular purposes of the act, winch depend tm the circumstances of the case, can hardly be rt>duced to definition. BE-STRID'I.\G, ppr. Extending the legs over any thing, Ml as to include it between them. BE-STRflDE', pret. of Bestride. BE-STRO\W,pp. €>f Bestrew. Hprinklcd over. BE-STUCK', pp. of Bestick. Pierced in \*arioU8 places with sharp points. BE-STUD', r. t. {be and stud.] To set with studs ; to adorn with bosses ; as. to bestud with stars. MUton. BE-STI'D'DED. pp. Adorned with studs. BE-STL*D'DI\G, ppr. Setting with studs; adorning as with bosses. BE-S\VIKE', (be-swik',) r. t [Sax. beswiean.] To allure. r.\*o( usnl.] Ootcer. BET, n. [Sax. had, a pledge ; hadiaity to give or take a pledge ; G. tcette, tcctten.] A wager ; that which is laid, staked, or pledged, in a contest, to be won, either by the victorious parly himself, or by another person, in consequence of his victory. At a race, a man lays a bet on his own horse, or on the horse of another man. BET, c. t. To lay a bet ; to lay a wager ; to stake or pledge something upon the event of a contest. BET, the old participle of Re&t, is obsolete or vulgar. BE-TAKE', r. U; pret Betook j pp. BETAKEif. [be and take. Sax. bet/Bcan.] 1. To lake to; to have recourse to ; to apply; to resort; with the reciprocal pronoun ; as, Ut betake our- selves to arms, or to action. It generally implies a motion toward an object ; as. to betake ourselves to a shady grove ; or an application of the mind or facul- ties corresponding with Ktich motion; as, to betake ourselves to study or to vice. 2. /"(M-mcr/i/, to take or seize. fOfr.?.] Spenser. BE-TAK'KN, part, of Betake. BE-TAK'IXG,p;jr. Having recourse to; applying; re- sorting. BE-TACGHT', pret of Betake. [J^ot used.] Chaucer. BE-TEE.M', v. t. [he and teem.] To bring forth ; to produce i to shed ; to bestow. [JVot usedA Spenser. Shak. Be'TEL, (be'tl,) n, A species of pepper, the leaves of whicti are chewed, with the areca or hetcl-ntit and lime, by the inhnhitants of the East Indies. It is a creeping or climbing plant, ITke the ivy, the leaves somewhat resembling those of the citron. It is planted by a tree, or supported by props. In India, betel is taken after meals, and during a visit ; it is offered to friends when they meet, and when they BET separate ; in short, nothing is to bs done without betel. To correct the billeruess of the ItaveM, n little areca is wrapin-d in them with the cAunam, a kind of burnt lime made of shells Khciic. Be'TEL-NUT, n. The nut of the areca palm, chewed in the East with betel leaves and lime. BE-THINK', V. L ; pret. and pp. Bethought, [be and think.] To call to mind ; to recall or bring to recollections- reflection, or consideration ; genenilly followed by a reciprttcal pronoun, with of bcfoie the subject of thought. 1 h--\»e bethought my»<*lf o/ another fivult. Shak. B&THINK', V. i. To have in recollection ; to consid- er. Spenser. BETH'LE-HEM, n. [Heb. the house qf food or bread.] 1. \ town or village in Judea, about six mites souih-t^ast of Jerusalem, famous for its being the place of Christ's nativity. S. A liospiinl for lunatics; coniipted into Bedlam. BETH'LEM-ITE, n. An inhabitant of Bethlehem ; a lunatic. S. In church history, the Bethleinitcs were a sort of monks, introduced into England u\ the year 1257, who were habited like the Dominicans, except that they wore a star with five mys, in memory of the comet or star which appeared over Bethlehem at the nativity of our Savior. There is an order of Bet h- leniites also in Spanish America. Encyc. BE-THOUGHT',(be-thawt',)prrt.andm). of Bethink. BE-THRALL', r. U [be and thrall.] To enslave ; to reduce to bondage ; to bring into subjection. [Liitle %L^ed.] Shak. BE-THRALL'ED, pp. Enslaved. BE-'l'HUNlP', r. L [bt and t/mwp.] To bent soundly. [Latle used.] Shak. BE-TIDE', V. L ; pret. Betid or Betided ; pp. Betid. [be and tide. Sax. tidan, to happen. See Tide.] To happen ; to befall ; to come to ; used of good or eviL What will be&ie the frw ? Milton. BE-TIDE', V. i. To come to pass ; to happen. What IIPW8 viae belidelh here i Sffuik, Shakspenre has used it w ith of. What would be~ tide qf thee? But this is unusual or improper. BE^TTMESB' i °^"* f** ^^^ '*""^' ***^' '^' *'* ^''*^ time.] 1. Seasonably; in good season or^ime; before it is late. To meanire Hlb leam tlwu be^mes. MDlon. 2. Soon ; in a short time. He tirea betimet, that »pura too fut &«tim««. Skak. BE-TOK'£X, (be-t5'kn) v. U [be and token. Sax. be- 1. To signify by some visible object ; to show by signs. A (li-wy cloud, nnd in thtr cloud (i bow, Betokening psace from GcmU A/i,'(on. 2. To foreshow by prt^ent signs ; lo indicite srnntv thing future by that which is seen or known ; as, a dark cloud oflen betokens a storm. Thom.'on. BE-TOK'£N-£D, pp. Foreshown ; previously indica^ ted. BE-TOK'EN-ING, ppr. Indicating by previous signs. BET'O-NY, n. [L. ftctoniroj A name common to diflferent species of plants, of the genua Betonica, (Linn.) The purple or wood belony {B. officinalis, Linn.,) a native of Europe, grows in woods and shady places, and ts deemed useful as a mild corroborant Encyc. BETOOK', pret. of Betake. BE-T6^N', a. Torn in pieces. BE-TOSS', V. L [be and toss.] To toss ; to agitate ; to disturb ; to put m violent motion. Shak. SkelUm. BE-TOSS'ED, (be-tost',) a. Tossed ; violently agitated. BE-TRAP', V. U [from trap.] To entrap; to in.inare. [JVof use^L] Occleve. BE-TRAY', V. t. [Chaucer wrote betrass, betraiss, and the Fr. traitre is a contraction of traistre; Arm. trayfza, to betray ; Norm, trahir, to draw in, to be- tray ; treitre, a traitor ; Fr. trakir, which peems to be the' L. trahn. From trahir is fonned trahhsant, and trahison, treason. \f traho is the root, the sense is, to draw aside, to withdraw, or lead away ; which would agree with the D. hcdriegen, G. beirieiren, Sw. bedra- ga, Dan. beilra^e, to deceive ; and treacherii, Fr. tri- eherie, is from the root of trick. I do not find betro- gan in the Saxon, but bcdrog is rendered ffellit, and this is from dratran, to draw. Betray, then, seems to be a comfiound of be and drairan, to draw ; and betrass supra, may be from a different root. In strictness, to fail in duty ; to be guilty of breach of trust ; to vio- late the confidence refjosed. Tlie word does not in itself import to deliver up ; but by usage, either with or without the word enemies, it signifies to deliver up, in breach of trust.] 1. To deliver into the hands of an enemy by treachery or fraud, in violation of trust ; as, an offi- cer betrayed the city. Thp Son of m.-ui shall be betrayed Into the hands of men. — M«tL FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT, — METE. PRfiY.— PINli:, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DSVE, MOVE, W'QLF, BOOK.— _ BET 2. To violate by frauds or unfaithAtlness ; as, to betray a trust. If Uie people of America ever betray ih'^ir inist, tlieir gMilt will iijcrit CTeu ercaier punUhmciit ihaji other oatioiis h.ive suf- Itrcd, and tbe imiigiiatioii of Uea^eii. J, Adama. 3. To violate confidence by disclosing a secret, or that which was intrusted ; to expose, followed by the person or the thing ; as, my friend betrayed me, or betrayed the secret, 4. ^"o disclose, or permit to appear, what is intend- ed to be kept secret, or what prudence would con- ceal. Be twifl ta hear, but c&utioui of join ton^e, lest yen betray your ig'DoruKc. Waiu. Hence, 5. To mislead or expose to inconvenience not fore- seen ; as, great confidence betrays a man into errors. 6. To show ; to disclose ; to indicate what is not obvious at first view, or would otherwise be con- cealed. Nor, aftf-r len^i of yean, a stone betray The ph^e wliere once the very niim lay. Ad/Uton, Thitf river betrayB iu ori^nal in iu nanie. Holvell. All the lumes in the couutry betrm/ great nnliquiiy. Bryant, 7. To fail, or deceive. But when I riae, 1 iball find my Vgt betraying m^. Juhnson, BoruelL BE-TRSY'AL, (be-tri'al,) «- Betrayment. BE-TRAY'^D, pp. Delivered up in breach of trust; violated by unfaithfulness; exposed by breach of con- fidence; disclosed contrary to expectation or inten- tion ; made known. UE-TRAV'ER, n. One who betrays ; a traitor. BE-TRA V'lN'G, ppr. Delivering up treacherously ; vi- olating confidence; disclosing contrary to intention ; exposing. BE-TRAY'MENT, *. Act of betraying; breach of trust. Udal. BE-TRIM', r. L [be and trim.] To deck ; to dress ; to adorn ; to grace ; to embellish ; to beautify ; to decomte. Shuk. BE 1 RIM'MED, (be-trimd') pp. Adorned ; decorated. BE-TRIM'-MING, ppr. Decking; adorning; embel- Ii.«hmg. BE-TR(JTH', r. t. [be and troth^ truth, faith. See Tritm and Troth.] 1. To contract to anyone, in order to a future mar- riage ; to promise or pledge one to be the future spouMe of auiUier ; to affiance ; used of either sex. " The fAthenctroths his daughter." 9l To contract with one for a future spouse ; to es- pouse • as, a man betroth.i a lady. 3. Co nominate to a bishopric, in order to conse- cration, •^fjl'ffe. . BE-TROTH'ED, (be-trolht') pp. or a. Contracted for future marriaee. BE-TR0'I'H'K\G, ypr. Contracting to any one, in or- der to a future nmrriage, as the father or iruardian ; contrnrting with one for a future wife, as the intend- ed husband ; esjM-iusing. BE-TROTH'MENT, n. A mutual promise or contract between two pfirties, for a future marriage between the persons betrothed; espousals. Encijc. BE-TRU8T', P. t [be and tru-iU] To intrust ; tocnm- mii to another in confidence of fidelity ; to confide. Thl!« is les^ riM^d than intrust. Hall. BEUTRIIST'ED, pp. Intnisted ; confided ; committed In tnirt, DE:-TRL'ST'IN'G, Bpr. Intrusting; committing in tnist. BE-TRL'ST'MENT,n. The art of intnisting ; the thing intrilrtt'-d. Judge Chipman. BET'iJO, It. The smallest Venetian coin. Mason. HET'TED, pp. Uiid as ii wager. BET'TKR, a. ; eomp. of Bet. [See Best.] fSax. btt^ more, Iw-ller ; betrre, betera^ better ; 8w. batirt : D. bcter; G. bfjisrr] D. baat^ profit; baatm, to boot, to avail ; Kans. bhadra, good. The primary sense is more, or advanced further ; and, In America, this ts a comnifin |N>p(ilar nr^nification. This vessel con- tain^ betfrr than half, that is, more than half; he walked brttcr than a mile, that is, more than n mile.] 1. Having g(N>d qualities in a greater degree than anotlior ; applied lit pliysical, acquired, or nionil qual- ities ; as, a betttrmni, a better man, a better physiciitn, a better house, a bettrr air, a better harvest. 2. More advantageous. Were It not b CXTiU. 5. Improved in health ; less affected with disease ; as, the patient is better. C. To be better off: to be in a better condition. Bei- ibrn^ Itytreia. This Is a very common phrase; but ought not off to be o/? ft is not elegant. 7. To hare the better^ is to have the advantage or superiority, followed by o/ before him or that over wbh:h the advantage h> enjoyed ; as, the English had the better of the Spaniards. B. T» get or gain the beUer, is to obtain the advan- BEV tage, superiority, or victory ; as, to get the better tffan enemy. 9. For the better, is for the advantage or improvement. BET'TER, adv. In a more excellent manner; with more skill and wisdom, virtue, advantage, or suc- cess ; as, to perform work better ; to plan a scheme better ; land better cultivated ; laws better executed ; government better administered. 2. More correctly, or fully ; as, to understand a subject better Uian another. 3. With superior excellence ; as, to write or speak better than another. 4. With more aflfection ; in a higher degree ; as, to love one better than another. It is not easy to specify and exemplify the various applications oi better. In general, it implies what is more excellent, advantageous, useful, or virtuous, than something else. BET'TER, c. U [Sax. betnian, bctrian. See Better.1 1. To improve ; to meliorate ; to increase the good qualities of; as, manure betters land ; discipline may better the morals. 5. To surpass ; to exceed. The works of n.iiure do nlwaya aim at that which can not be betured. Ilooker, Q.\x. is not the sense,' wiarf* better! 3. To advance ; to support ; to give advantage to ; as, to better a party ; to belter a cause. BET'TER, iu A sujterior; one who has a claim to precedence on account of his rank, age, or office ; as, give place to your betters. It is generally or al- ways used in the plural. BET'TER-JPD, pp. Improved ; meliorated ; made better. BET'TER-ING, ppr. Making better ; improving. BET'TER-ING-HOUSE,n. A house for the reforma- tion of olfendTs. BET'TER-MEN'T, «. A making better; improve- ment. Montague. Betterments^ in /aw, are those improvements of an estate which render it better than mere repairs. Bonvier. BET'TER-NESS, ji. Supenority. Tooke. BET'TING, ppr. Wagering; laying a wager. BET'TING, n. The laying of a wager. Shencood, BET'TOR, n. [from bet] One who bets or lays a wager. .Addison. BET'TY, n. [Supposed to be a cant word from the name of a maid ; but qu. is it not from the riMJt of Acoi or L. p(to T\ A small instrument to break open doors. Jirbuthnot. BE-TUM'BLCT), o. [he and tumble.] Rolled about ; tiiinliled ; disordered. Shak. BE-TO'TOR-KD.fl. Tutored ; instructed. Coleridge. BE-TWEE\', prep. [Sax. brticeonan.betvijnan ; of be and ttcairi, two, Sax. tieeir, twegen. The Saxons used, in the same 'sense, betuh^ and betweoh^ betwo. See TwAiw, Twin.] 1. In the intennediate space, without regard to distince ; as, New York is bctireen Boston and Phila- delphia ; the Dflaware River runs bcttocen Pennsyl- vania and New Jersey. 2. Prom one to another ; passing from one to anotJier, noting exchange of actions or intercourse; as, things go well brticcen the parties. 3. Belonging to two or more, in common, or part- nership ; as, two friends have but one soul between them ; twenty proprietors own a tmctof land bcticeen them. We observe that between is not restricted to two. i. Having mutual relation to two or more ; aSjdis- citTda exist betieeen tile families. 5. Noting difference or discrimination of one from another; as, to di*-tincni.sh brtwren right and wrong. BE-TWIXT', prep. [Sax. brtioUt, beticyit, betweoXj betioeoh ; be and tioejr, two.] 1. Between; in the spare that separates two per- sons angle. An angle that is not a right angle Is called a bevel angle, whether oMuse or acute. Bailey. Johrvion. Enetjc 2. A slant or inclination of a surface from a right line ; as, the proper bccd of a piece of timber. Encyc. BEVEL, 0. Slant; having the form of a bevel. BEVEL, c. (. To cut to a bevel angle. Mozon. BEVEL, r. i. To slant or incline off to a bevel angle, or from a direct line. BEV'EL-/:i», pp. or a. Formed to a bevel angle. In minvraloey^ replaced by two planes inclining equally upfni the adjacent planes, as an edge ; having its edges replaced as abcive, as a cube or other solid. BEVEf^GEAR, n. Wheel-work whose cogs stand bcveiingf or at an oblique angle to the tUiall. JVichoUon. BEW BEVEL-iNG, ppr. Forming to a bevel angle. BEVELING, a. Slanting toward a bevel angle ; bending from a right line. BEVEL-ING, n. A hewing of timber with a proper and regular slant toward a bevel angle, according to a mold laid on one side of its .surface. 9. The slant or bevel of timber. Encyc. BEV'EI#-MENT, n. In mineralogy, the replacement of an edge by two similar planes, equally inclined to the including faces or adjacent planes. Bfi'VER, n. [It. bevere, to drink.] A collation or small repast between meals. [JVirt vsedA Mf^ison. Be'VER, v. i. To take a small reppst between meals. Wallis. BEVER-AGE, Tt. [It. berere, or bere, to drink ; Ae- veraggio, drink ; Sp. beJ^er^ from L. bibo i Fr. buveur, a tippler ; burette, a tavern ; buvoUer^ to sip, to tipple ; Arm. beuvrauA, beverage.] 1. Drink; liquor for drinking. It is generally used of a pleasant or mixed liquor. Nectar is called the beverage of the pods. In the middle ages, beverage, beveragium, or biberagium, was money for drink given to an artificer or other person over and above his hire or wages. The practice has existed, to a certain extent, in America, within my memory, and 1 know not but it still exists in some parts of this country. A person who had a new garment, was called on to pay bev- erage, that is, to treat with liquor. Hence, 2. A treat on wearing a new suit of clothes, or on receiving a suit from the tailor ; also, a treat on first coming into prison ; a garnish. 3. In England, water-cider, a mixture of cider and water, made by putting water into pomace before it is pressed. Mortimer. Johnson. BEVILE, TU [See Bevel.] In heraldry, a thing broken or opening like a carpenter's bevel. Encyc. BEVY, n. [I know not the origin or afliinities of this word. The etymologies I liave seen are not worth notice.] A ffock of birds ; (sportsmen now confine the term to quails. Rich. DicL ;) hence, a company ; an as- sembly or collection of i>erson3 ; usually applied to females. BE-WaIL', r. (. [be and trai/.] To bemoan; to la- ment ; to express sorrow for. It expresses deep sor- 80W ; as, to bcioail the loss of a child. The inJc pcniu-nt heioaila liia ifigmiktide to God. iinon. BE-WAIL', tt. i. To express grief, Shak. BE-WAIL'A-BLE, a. That may l>e lamented. BEAVAIL'iCD, pp. Lamented ; bemoaned. BE-WA IL'ER, 71. One who laments. BE-WAIL'ING, ppr. Lamenting; bemoaning j ex- pressing grief for. BE-WA IL'ING, M. Lamentation. Raleigh. BE-WAIL'ING-LY, adv. In a mournful manner. BE-WAIL'MENT, n. The act of bewailing. BE-WAKE', V. L Ibe and wake.] To keep awake. [Ab£ used.] Oowrr. BE-WARE', V. i. [Sax. bcwerian, brtrarian, geicarian, to guard, defend, restrain, prohibit, fiirtify, he cau- tious ; S\jV. bevara : D. bnpaaren ; Ger. geirakr, be- trahren; Dan. bevare, to keep guard, preserve. See Wabe, Wary.] I. Literally, to restrain or guard one's self from. Hence, to regard with caution ; to restrain ime's self from any thing that may be dangerons, injurious, or improper ; to avuid, to take care ; followed by o/ be- fore the thing that is to be avoided. Beware of all, but moSl beware q/ man. Pope. Beware of f.iitr propheia ; beware of il»e IwxTen of (he Ph^»nii-« j heyeare of tlu.- cuuciaion. Scripture, 2. To have a special regard to. and olyy [Tbis is unusual, and hardly legitimate.] j'his word, though lirre admitted as a verb, from the Saxon, is rarely used as a verb in fact ; or if a verb, is now never usi;d except in the iinpcniiive mode. It is a comi«»nnd of be and the Old Eng. ware, now wary. Be wary of danger. Hence, it can not be used with dtd^Uke a regular verb, nor with be, in any of its inflections, — he is bejearet for tJiis would be to use the substantive verb twice before ware and wary, is and be. Ben Jonson, however, has used the word in the third person. He bewares to act. But it has no past tense or participle, and therefore, if admitted as a verb, it is defective, and used only in the imperative mode, or after an auxiliary. BE-WEEP', t?. t. [be and weep.] To weep over; to bedew with tears. [Little used.] Shak, BE-WEEP', V. i. I'o make lamentation. [Little used.] Shak. BE-WEPT', pp. Wept over; bedewed with tears, [Little used.] BE-WET', V. L [be and wrt.] To wet; to moisten. [J^ot usedJ BE-WHORE', (b6-h5r«',) r. t. To corrupt with regard to chastity. Bcaum. and Fletcher. 2. To pronounce a whore. Shak. TCNE, BI;LL, ITNITE. — AN"GEU, VI"CI0US. — G aa K; 6 us J j 8 a« Z : CH as SH: TH as in THIS. BEY B&-WIL'DE&, V. L [Dnn. fmyiU*^ vUd^ D. ver- wiUerra ; U. vmtildem ; fVom viU.] Tu lead into perplexity or conAinon ; to lose in path- lesB places ; to confound for want of a plain road ; to penH«x witb maxes \ or in gentrral^ to pt-rplex. tAH umI htwiltttrti lo the fhihloi mxnh. AdJuon. BE-WIL'DER-ED, pp. Lost in mazes; perpk-ied with di^orJiT, confusion, or intricacy, BE-\VIL'DEK-£D-NESS, n. Slate of being beivU- dered. BE-\VlL'D£R-tXG« ppr. or a. Losing in a pathlea place ; perplexing with confusion or intricacy. BE-\V[L' DER-I\(i-LY, ute. So as to bewilder. BE-\VILI>i:K-ME\T, m. Stale of being bewHdwred. BE-VVK\'TEK,r.r. To make like winter. [AWiwsrf.] Cowttjf. BE-WrrCII', V. L [b* and wiuk.) To fascinate ; to gain an ascendency over by ctaanna or iucADlatJon ; an operatioa wbich was formerly suppoacd to ii^ure the person bewitched, eo UhU oe kwt his flesh, ot bebavMl in a strange, unaccountable manner, — i^o- ranl people being inclined to ascribe to eVil spuits what they could not account for. Look, ham I mb ktmitrhad; beMd, nhM um b Be ft Umed Bpfiag wUfciiid i^ 5A«k. ft. To Chun ; to fiueinata ; lo please to such a de- gree as lo take away the ptwer of reaistance. Tte cbuna of partry our Kxih teWteH. Dryiui. 3. To deceive and mislead by juggling tricks txr hnpostnTe. Acu viiL 9. BE-WITCH'/H), (be-wicht',) pp. Fascinated ; charmed. BS-W1TCU'£0-N£SS, a. State of being bewitched. BE-WITCH'ER, ■. One that bewitches or fiucinates. BE-WITCH'ERY, n. Fx«cination ; charm; rcsisl- les?) power (tf anv tbine that pip.-ises. Samtk. BE-WITCII Fi;L*a. AlliinnR; fascinatinj;. MOton, B&W[TCH'L\G, ppr. Fa^uiatinc ; cbamiing. BB-VVITCH'L\G, a. That has power to bewitch or fascinate ; that has power lo control by the arts of pleasine. B&lVlTCH'ING~Lr, adt. In a fascinaUng manner. BE-WITCHTNO-NESS. a. Quality of bt-wiiching. B£-\V1TCH'M£NT, a. Fascination \ power of charm- ing. SAoJt BS'WITS, n. pL Straps of leather by which bells are faj4ened to a hawk's legs. AmuL B&WOX'DB^JED, a. [W and w»»d«rA Amazed. pfbt uMi.} fkvfiu. fi£-WR.\P', (be-rap',) v.t.[Wand vrap.] To wrap up. BB-Vr^V, (be-ra',} r. L [Chaucer baa wrme, «rcy«, wrqTt (uid in the infinitJre Wrnca, to discover, as if from Sax. «ir«caa, to tell. In Sax. awrton^ omwmm, ■igniiy to xeToal, as if the negative of wigoM, to cower.] To disclose perfidiously ', to betray ; to show or Biake visible:. Tb7 spMch ftnfrayrtk ihee. — M«U. xxiS. TTTm word u lUttWy mm fixated. BE-WRAV'£D, (be-rade',) pp. Uisck^scd } indicated } betrayed ; exposed to view. BE-WRAY'ER, a. A divulfer of secrets ; a discoverer. BE-WRAY'ING, ppr. Discludingd umI d^'inuul tui tnolber u anr HMtter. SuPiutl. BIA BE-YOXD*, adv. At a distance ; yonder. Spenser. BEZ'AX, n. A cotton doth from Bengal, white or striped. Encyc. BEi-ZANT', n. A gold coin of Byzantium. [See ByzAST.] In bfraldry,a. circle, or: so called from the gold coins of the Greek empire, termed bezants or byian- tineg. Brande. BE-7-A?n''LER, n. [fmm anf/n-.] The branch of a deer's horn, next above the brow antler. Encyc BEZ'EL, n. [Qu. Ch. ST3, beialy limits, conliues ; 8w. betiel^ a rein ; betzia, to curbj The upper part of the ctillet ota ring, which on- oompasscs and fastens the stone. Bailey. o ^ o ^ Bfi'ZOAR, a. [Pers. j^ \^ Li badzakry which Castell interprets " ventus, i. e. dissipator veneni, alexiphar- micum omne, quod vencnum pellit, et spirituum u - &cullates retinet," from ^Lj bad^ wind, breath, o .- spirit, and yj^ \ zoAr, poison. Others make it pazahar, aeainst poison, an antidote for poison. Otliers derive the word from paseag^ or pasaJir, the name of the pi>at in Persia.] 1. An antidote ; a general name for certain animal substances sujipoeed to be efficacious in preventing Uie fatal elfecLs of poison. Ilezoar is a calculous concretion found in the stomach of certain ruminant annnalit, comixtsed of concentric coat:j surrounding each other, with a liule cavity in tlie middle, con- taining a bit uf wood, straw, hair, or the like sub- stance. There are two sorts ;* tlie oriental, from Pernia and the East Indies, of a i^hining dark green or ifclive color, with a .smonth surface ; and the oeci- dentaty from the S)Kinish \Ve«t Indies, which has a roufih surface, is Wsa green, niurh heavier, more brittle, and of a looser texture. I'he oriental is gen- erally less than a walnut; the occidental is larger, and sometimes as large as a goose eeg- Encyr. The oriental bezoars are many of them of a resi- nous composition and combustible. Thomson. 2. In a more general seHsty any substance fi>rmed, stratum upon stratum, in the stomach or intetttines of animals. Enctfc. This name is also given to the biliary calculi of cer- tain animals. Cyc P)Mal bciaar Is a figured stone, formed, like the animal bexoar, with several ctmls round some ex- traneous body, which serves as a nucleus; found chiefly in Sicily, in sand and clay pits. It is of a purple color, ana of the size of a walnut. It seems to be of the nature of Armenian bole, and is called Sicilian earth. Encyc. Bezoar mineral. This preparation is an oxyd of antimony, produced by distilling the nitrous acid aeveral times to dryness from the sublimated muriate of antimony. J^iUkoUon. BEZ-O-AR'DIC, a. Pertaining to or compounded of bezoar. BEZ-0-AR'DI6, n. A medicine compounded with bezoar. Johnson. BEZ-O-AR'Tie-AL, a. Having the qualities of an antidote. Todd. BEZ'ZLE, V. t. To waste tn rioC [JVbC vsed. See Embezzle.] Milton. BHU-CHAMP'Ae, n. [Hindu, Mu, ground, and diampacy a plant.] A beautiful plant of India, known in Linnsus's system under the name of Kiempferia rotunda. The blossoms rise from the ground with a short scape, and scarce live a whole day. Jis. Res. iii. 254. BI'A, n. In eommtrce^ a smalt shell called a eom-jr, much used in the East Indies. Encyc. BT-AN"GU-LaTE, ) FT ».• , ■ ««j I BT-AN"GU-La-T^D, i ^ t^ *f ' ^y"^* *"** angulus, BI-A.\"GU-L0US, ) ana"g'e-J Having two angles or comers. [Little used.] BI-XRM'I-AN, a. Noting a race of Finns in Permia, in the north uf Europe, on the Dwina. and about the White Sea ; written al.-*o Permian. The Biarmians, or Permians, are said to be the most wealthy and powerful of the FinnUh tribes. Tooke, Bl-AR-Tie'U-LATE,a. [L. fti* and flrl(scd to imbibe. BI-BAC'I TY, II. The quality of drinking mucfh. [JV*(it vsed.] BIB'BER, n. A tippler; a man given to drinking; chietiv used in composition ; as, wine-bibber. BIB'BLE-BAB'BLE, n. Idle talk ; prating to no pur- pose. [.^ low word, and not used.] Shak. BIU'I-O, n. A name of the wine fly, a small insect found in empty wine casks. Diet, of JVaL IlisL BI'BLE, n. [Gr. Qi(i\ti.v, (iiQUi, a book.] The Book, by way of eminence; the sacred vol- ume, in which are contained the revelations of God, the principles of Christian faith, and the rules of practice. It consists of two parts, called the Old and New Testaments. Tlie Bibl* ihould be Ibe aUDclnrd or laiigna^ aa well tu of Cilth. Anon. BIB'T.ER, n, [See Bib.] A tippler ; a great drinker. BI'BLE SO-CfE-TY, n. A society for the distribu- tion of the Bible. BIB'LIC-AL, a. Pertaining to the Bible, or to the sa- cred writings; as, Aifrlico/ criticism. * BIB'Lie-AL-LY, ado. According to the Bible. Bin'LI-CIST, n. One skilled in the knowledge and interpretation of the Bible. BIB-LI-OG'RA-PHER, n. [Gr. /?i/3X'-5, a book, and j/Kii^t.', to write.] One who composes or compiles the history uf books ; one skilled in literary history ; a transcriber. Bailey. Johnson. Ask. BIB-I.I-O-GRAPH'ie, \ a. Pertaining to the his- BIB-LI-O-GRAPinC-AL, j tory of books. KctL BIB-LI-OG'RA-PHV, n. A history or description of books ; an account of books and njanuscripts, with notices of the different editions, the times when they were printed, and other information tending to illustrate the history of literature. Encyc. Puikerton. BIB-M-OL'A-TRY, n. (Gr. (h0\ioi, and Utocuu] Worship nr homage paid to books. Southcy. BIB'LI-O-LTTE, h. [Gr. liiinuiv, a book, and Ai^.^j, a stone ; called also Phytobiblia and Lithobiblia.] Bookstone ; a species of schi' ; th:u has the quality of imbibing fluids or moisture. 7'fioriison. BI CAL'CAR-ATE, a. [L. bis and eatcar, a spur.] Armed with two spurs, as the limb of an animal. Braitde, BI-CAP'SU-LAR, a. [L. bit, double, and cap.^ula^ a little chest, from eapsa, a chest. See Capsular.] Jn hutanij, having two capsuk-s, conlaininj: seeds, to each flower ; as, a bicapsular (vricarp. Martyn. BI-t'AR'BO\-ATE, n. A carbonate containing two equivalents of carbonic acid to one of base ; one of the supercarboniites. BIt'E, I n. Among painters^ a pale blue color, pre- BIHE, ) pared from the native blue carbonate of cop- per, or from smalL Oreen bice is prepared from the blue, by adding yellow orpiment, or by grinding down the preen carbonate of copper. Cooteij. Brande. BT-CEPIi'A-LOUS, a. [L. 6w,and Gr.iC£0aX/7,hcad.] Having two head^. BT-CIF'rr-Ar,, \ a. [L. biceps, of bts. twice, and BI-CIP'IT-OL'S, j caput, head.] Having two heads. Applied to the mnsclesi, it sig- nifies having two heads or origins ; and any such muscle is denominated biceps. BICK'ER, r. i. [W. bicra, lo fight, to bicker; Scot. biekrr, to fight by throwing stones, to move quickly, ttt skinnish j allied perhaps to IL picchiare, to beat ; picchiarsi, to fight ; picchiere, a soldier armed with a pike ; piccltio, a. blow or stroke, a woodpecker; 6m- car^, to peck. This verb is from the root of beuk, prck, pike, and primarily signifies to beat, to strike, to Ihrtist at, or to make at by repeated thrusts or blows.] 1. To skirmish ; to figlit otf and on ; that is, to make repealed attacks. [But ia this sense, I believe, rarely tued.] 2. To quarrel ; to contend in words ; to scold ; to contend in petulant altercation. [This is the usual si^ification.] 3. To move quickly ; to quiver ; to be tremulous, like flame or water; as, the bickering flame; the biekerin^ stream. Mtlton. Thmnson, BICK'ER-ER, n. One who bickers, or engages in a prlty quarrel. BICK'EK-IXG, ppr. Quarreling; contending; quiv- IIICK'KK-ING, n. Contention ; skirmish. [ering. BICK EK-.MEXT, lu Contentioa. [.V»( usrd.] Spenser. DICK'ERX, n. [Of W. pi>, a beak, or beak and iron.] An iron ending in a beak or point. BT'COL'lAiiA'VE, a. [bis and collis^o, to bind to- gi-thrr.] In ornithology, having the anterior toes conri^'cled by a web. BI-COL'OR, (-kul'lur,) a. [bis and color.] Of two colors. BI-eu\'JU-GATE, a. [L.6w,and cottjtigo, lo unite.] Ill pairs ; placed side by side. BT'f OR\ ) BT rORV'OU*! \ *** ^'^^''^o '^'** horns. Browne. BT CRC'RAL, a. Having two legs. ; BT CL'S'PID, i n. [L. bis and cu.'^is, a point.] BT CUS'PID-ATE, \ Having two jKHnls. BIO, V. L: pret. Bio or Bade ; yp. Bid,Bidde:». [fax. fri^n; Ck>th. bidtjan : Ut a^tk, rrMpien, or pray : 8ax. beodan, to command ; bend, one wh'i pcmuattes or exhorts ; Sw. bidia, to ask, or entreat ; D. bietUn, to ofl'er, or bid; gtbiedm, to command; G. bielen, to offer ; gebietp.n, euthieten, lo command ; Dan. btdf, lo pray, or desire ; byde^ to command, to bid, to nflV-r, to invite ; L. pcto, lo drive at, to atLick, to a*ik, Vj de- sire, to beseech, anciently bi-to ; U. irtpidh'tm, lo he- seecli ; Sp. and Port, pedir, to a.-'k or beg ; Sans, bitdi, padi, peUr, botu, a commander; Ch. O^c to piay or beseech ; Eth. i^T^vL/ fato, or fatho, lo dcwirc. The primary sense is, to press forward, lo drive, lo urge ; hfUce t>. impetus. Applied to th'- voice, it do not<;9 utterance, a driving of sounds, which isapiilied to aitking, prayer, and command. Class Bd.] 1. To a^k ; to rtfquest - to invite. Oo J'. Inio iiv hi^wny ■, nnd m man]' u ye stMll Ibid, bid to Ue This sen^e is antiquated^ but we have the same word from the Latin, in invite, [in and bul.] 3. To command ; to order or direct. Aad Peter ftMWfTcd him *nt\ •>u>l, \joti\j if It be U«u, hid mt corriR lo Uirc on Ibn water. — M«U. iiv. X I'o ofler } to propose ; as, lo bui a |n-icc at an tuction. 4. To proclaim : to make known by a public voice. [Ohs.] Our bwu lhn£e hid. Shnk. 5. To pronounce or declare ; as, to bid a welcome. r>. To denounce or threaten ; as, lo bid defiance. 7. To wish or pray. NrKhi'r fctrf lum Got! Bpr^il. \A mittake for good tpteil.\ — 2 John 10. Ta bid beads, (9 to pray with beads, a.se root and leaves are formed the first year, and which pnniuce fruit th5 second. Used uL-io as a noun. Martijn. BI-KN'XI-AL-LY, ade. Once in two years; at the nturn of two years. BIP.R, (beer,) n. [Sax. bar; D. baur i Ger. bahre; l>an. baare; U.^er; from the same root as bear; L. fvrrtrum, (romfern. See Bkar.1 A carriage or frame of wood for conveying dead human bodies to the grave. Bir:R'-B>VI'K, (-hawk,) n. The church read for burials. [ JVot as<-d m Jimerica.] Homilies. BlKST'lNGS, n. pi. [Sax. byst, or bysting ; D.biesti Ger. biestmilch.] The first milk given by a cow after calving. B. Jo/ison, BI FA'CIAL, (-fa'shal,) a. Having the opposite sur- faces alike. Dana. BI F.^'Rl-OUS, a. [L. btfarius; bis and fcro, or Teu- tonic /wrari, It) go.] Twofold. In botany, pointing two ways, as leaves that grow only on opimsitr sides of a branch. Mariyn. BI-F.A'RI-OIIS-LY, tulp. In a bifarious manner. A stiin or branch ia b{foriuusly hairy, when the hairs bt-lwuen any two joints come out on the front and back, and In the two adjoining internodes, on the right and h-fl sidt^s. Martyn. BIF'ER-UCS, a, [U bifer, biferus, of bis, twice, and fcro, lo bear.] Hearing fruit twice a year, as plants do in warm climates. Marty n. BIF'FI.N, n. A baked apple crushed down into a flat, rotmd cake. BT'FID, a. [L. b^dus.of bL*, twice, and Jindo, fidi, to pplit rtr cleave. See Divide and VVide.1 In botany, two-tlt-fl ; opening with a cleft ; divided by a linear Kinus, with stniigltt margin:^. JTartyiu BI-FLf^'ROirs, fl. [L. bis, twice, and^rf«.l Bt-aring two Ilowtrs. JUartyn. BT'FOLD. a. [L. bis, twice, and/)W.] Twor)ld ; double ; of two kinds, degrees, &e BT FO'LI-A'I'E, a. In butami, having two leaves. BI'FO-RATE, a. [I., bis and/;ro.j In botany, havitig two perforations, as the anthers of the Rhududetidron. Brande. BIF'O-RIX. rt, A minute oval sac found In the in- t.-rictr of trie grncn pulpy part of the leaves of some plants ; so called ht-cause they discharge tluir con- tcnlH hv an opening at each extremity. Brande. BT'FORSI, a, [L. btformi-i, of bis; twice, tind forma, form.] Having two forms, bodies, or shapes. Crozall. BT'FOR.M-frn, ((, Compounded of twofonns. Johnson. HI FORM'I-TS', II. A double form. More BI FRO.VT'r.D, (-fnint'ed,) a. Having two fronts. BT-FrU'CVTi:, / a. [L. bifnrcas, ut bis, twice, and BI-FURTA-TED i furca, a fork.] Forked ; divided into two brunches. Johnson. BT-PUR-CA'TION, n. A forking, or division into two brmiches. Brown. BT FUR'COirs, a. Forked. Coles. BIG, a. [In W. bah is a load ; beidaw, to load or lay BIG on; beicinwif, pregnant; and bog is a swelling; buciaw, to bellow ; Dan. bug, the belly. These words seem to be allied to big, but I have not found this word in any other language.] 1. Bulky; protuberant; pregnant, applied to females. Big, in the sense of pregnant, is followed by icith ; as, big with child. Tlie use of of, big of child, is not good English. 2. Great ; large ; Jn a more general sense ; applied to anybody or objccL 3. Full ; fraught, and about to have vent, or be brought forth. Tlie iinport-inl day, Ug with llic h.u- of Rome. Addison. A. Distended ; full, as with grief or pasaion. Thy h-Tart is bi^ ; gn tlwo apim and wcr^p. Shak. 5. Swelled ; tumid ; inflated, as with pride ; henco, hnughty in air or mien, or indicating haughtiness; proud ; as, big looks; big words ; to look big. G. Great in spirit ; lofty ; bravo. liavt; tioL I a heart as big a^ liiiiie t ShaJt. BIG, ». A kind of barley. [See Bear.] UIG'A.M, ?i. A bigamist. [J^otused.] Bp. Peacock. BIG'A-MIST, n. [See Bigamy.] One who has com- mitted bigamy, or bud two wives or husbands at once. BIG'A-MY, «- [L. bis, twice, and Or. yapcoi, to marry, yap'^, marriage. In Ar. . chamaa, is to collect ; to come together; to agree, or be In accord ; to sleep together ; to bind.] The crime of having two wives or husbands at once. Blnckstone. In the canon law, bigamy was the marrying of a second wife after the death of the first, or once mar- rying a widow. This disqualified a man for orders, and holding eccb^siastical olfices. Shakspeare uses the word in the latter sense in Rich. III. 7. Blackstone. BIG'-IIEI/LI-KD, (-bel'lid,) a. Having a great belly ; advanced in pregnancy. BIG'-Br).\-i(:D, a. Having large bones. Herbert. BIG'-CORN-/:!), a. Having large grains. Dryden. BI-GE.M'IN-ATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and geminus, double.] In botany, a term used of a decompound leaf hav- ing a forked petiole, with several leaflets at the end of each division. Martyn. BIG'GLN, n. [Fr. beguin ; Sp. bcca, a tippet, or cap.] 1. A child's cap, or something worn about the head. 2. A building. [Obs.] [Sax. byggan, to build.l Shak. BIGHT, (lilte,)n. [D. boD, a* Having a great and famous name. CrashaiP, BIG'XES.S, 71. Bulk; size; largeness ; dimensions. It is used of any oliject, animate or inanimate, and with or wiihout comparisim. Thus we fpcnk of iho bignesn of a tree, of a rock, of a house, witliout in- ptituling n comparison with other objects of the kind. Yet ill this e!U*e thi-re is always some reference in t}ie mind lo known measure. We also say, one thing is as big as another; in which case we give the idea of unknown size by a known object. Big and bigncus always imply e-rpansion, ntore or less, in breadtli, and are thus distinguished from tali and fullness. . BK^J'OT, n. [Fr. bigot, and cagot, a bigot or hypocrite ; Aim. bii^'od. In Italian, hacchctione is a hy[iocrite. Ill Spanish, bigute. is a whisker ; hombrc de bigoti; a man of spirit ; trner bigotes, to he firm or undaunted. If the Frcuch caoot is connected with bigut, the first syllalrli! in both Is a j)refix. But I am not altle to asceriain ttie real origin and primary sense of the word. I'he etymologies I have seen are not satis- factory.] 1. A person who is obstinately and unreasonably weddL'd to a [larlicular religious creed, opinion, prac- tice, or ritual. The word is sometimes used in an enlarged st'nse, for a person who is illiberally at- tached to any opinion, or pj'stem of belief ; as.aftiVw^ to the .Mohammedan religion ; a bigot to a form of govern ment. 2. A Venetian liquid measure containing the fourtlf part of the amphor, or half the boot. Encye. BIG'OT, i a. Obstinately and blindly attached to BIG'OT-ED, ) some creed, opinion, practice, or ritual ; unreasonably devoted to a system or parly, and illib- eral toward the opinions of others. TONE. BIJU^ IJNITE. — AN"GEE, VI"CI0U8 — C as K ; as J ; a as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as ia THIS. 16 121 BIL BICOT-EU-LY, «rfr. In the manner of a bigirt ; ptr- tinnciously, BIG UT-K\, n. Obstinate or blind nltachmont to a particular creod^ or to certain ii-ncls ; iinretLr^nable r.:-:\\ ur « a::nth tn favor of a party, »ecl, or opinion ; . I'ldice, lice or tcnpt of a bigol. Pope. ni'' ..St!, a. Having a p^impousfMiund. tfatt. FiK; .-•.VOtA.u.[fcijf and*-irW*. S^Swrix.] SwcUi-d Ui a large sixe i iiifgid i grually swtllid ; rondy lo httr>L Jldtlitoiu BH;'-ri>-DEH-f:i), rt. (tiV nnd u il*clf. IT .u [U ^u, twice, and jugum^ a yoke. Hi jv '•■ ■ . . > a pair.] Having two poirv at leaflets ; aaed of pinnated l«'a\"rs, Martipt. BI-LA'BI- ATE, «. [L. hh, twice, and laWum, a lip.] Havin" two Itp.s, ai Ilic dircrfi* of [lowers, .V«ir(yii. BI-L.\MXULATE, 0. [U t«, twice, and lamcto, a pt.lU'.] Having the ftinn of a flatted sphere, kmcltudinaUy bifid ; ii5<*d of the stiiHiia of plants. Martjfn. BU^'ANM>EK, n. [D. bulanda-; Fr. MmrnJe, M^»dr* ; Sp. frt^jufra ; from be^ by, and faW ; Gcr. haiMOtUutd- «r.] A small merchant veswl with two m.i5t5 di-«tin- giiished from other vessils of two mn^iU by the form of tiie iiiain^cait, which is bent to the whole lenfith c^ a yaril, hanging furc and aA, and inclined to tlie liorixon in an ani'le of about 45 degrees ; tiM furcmust luwcr corner, cailt'd the to^JL being MCtiied to a ring- bolt in the deck, and tlie aAermost, or fbeet, to the tatfereL Few vesdtJs are now Hsgeo la IhU manner. £wyc. Mar. Dtct. The bilander Is a kind of boy, manageable by four or five men, and. used chiefly in tbe cunal:^ of the Low Countries J so calW because moving cli»e by the laad. Jvkiison. BI-LAT'ER-AI*, s. [L. kia and tutus^ side.] Havini: two sides. Dirt. BIL'llER-feY, «. ri know nyt the m-anlngof &i7, in tbi* word. The Dutch word is M«uiutr&c«, blueberry ; tbe Gcr. luidtlbttrt^ heath berrj-.] Tbe name of a shntb and it^t fruit; a Fperiefi of Vacciniun* or whonleb.*rr)'. The name, with us, is given Ui the taller shrub and iu fruit, which id of a blufeib color. BCL'BO, a. [fVom Bllhoa^ in Spain.] A rapi'T ; a swi.ird ; so named, it is said, from Bil- haa, in Spain, where Uie best are made. Jokttson. BIL'BOE*, (birbu/x,) n. pL On lioanl of chips, long bars or bolts of iron wiUi shackles sliding on iheui, and a lock at the end, U3*'d to confine llie feet cf pris- oners or i-ffenders. Ilencethe punishment of odlcnd- ers in tliis manner is called by the same name. Mar. Diet, Knct/c BIL'BO~QUETj(bU'U>-kety)n. [Fr.] The toy called cvp and ball. BILD'tfTEIX, «. [Ger. J^iW, aU.ipe, and sUin, stone.] [See Ar.ALMATOLITE.] BTLE, a. [h.hdis; Fr. bJf.) A yellow liquor, separated from the blood in the liver, collected in the branches of tlit- hepatic duct, and thence discharged by the commun duct into Uie duodenum. BILE, a. An inflamed t!imor. [See Boil, the correct orthocmphy.] BILE'DL'CT, a. [6i/r, and L. rfarfiw, a conduit.] A ves:sel or canal to convey bde ; a tenu applied to the hetKitic duct and lis brtnrhe^ Danrin. BILE'STo.VE, a. [A,/*- and stone.] A gall-stone, or ' biliar}* calculus, w liich !»ee. D^inrin. BILGE, n. [A dliTcrcnt ortliography of W^e, and belly^ a pnrtuberance.] 1. The protubcraitt part of a cask, which ia usually in tbe middle. 2. The'breadth of a chip's bottom, or thai part of herfltior which approachc!* to an horiztmtal direction, on which she would rest, if aground. Hence, when this part of a ship is fractured, she is said to be bilertd. Encye, Mar. DtcL BILGE, r. i. To suffjr a fracture in the bilge ; to spring a leak by a fracture in the bdge. The term is used also when a ship has some of her timbers struck off by a rock or an anchor, and springs a leak. Eactjc, Mar. Diet BIL6'£D, pp. or a. Having a fracture in the bilge. « This participle is oflen used, as if the verb were transitive ; and perhaps it is st»metimes so u-*ed. BILGE'-PL'.MP, a. A pump to draw the bilge-waier from a ship. BILGE'-WA-TER, a. Water which enters a ship, and lies upon her bilge or bottom, becoming, ordina- rily, ver>' offdnnve. BIL BIL'IA KV, n. ffntni L. AiVw.l Ff^rtnining to the bile ; conveying tlie hilo ; as, a hiiiary duet, Biitart) calcuhis : a giiU-^tiMie, or a concretion formed in the gall-blattJer or Hi duct. Biliary dtui ; the heiwiic duct, which see. BT-LIN '*;rAL, j a. Containing two languages, as a Bt LIN"trjAK, i bihuffual inscription. OUiiJon. liI-Ll.\"'t:(H)L'S, a. [I^ W, and hn'.'iKi, tongui*.] H.tvinjr iw(» tnn^nies, or sjHiikiii;! two l!in(:iia;.'esi. nilj'IOUS, (bil'yu-*.) a. [L. hiho.^us, fn.ni Ai7i.<, the bile.] Perttining to bilu ; consist. ii^ or |KLrt:ikiug uf bile. BI-LIT'ER AL, a. [ U. bis, twice, nnd liti^ra, Utter.] Consi;jting of two letters ; ns, a bilitrrnl root iu lim- guage-. Sir fV. Junrit. BILK, r. L [Guth. bilaikan, to mock or deride. This Gothic word npik-ars to be couipound, bi and laikany to Lap or exnii.] To frusinUe or disappoint ; to deceive or defmtid, by nun-fuKillment of engagement ; as, to bilk a cred- itor- Drpde». BILK'Cn, (bilkt,) pp. or a. Disappointed j deceived ; defniud--d. BILK'IXG, p/»r. Frustrating; drfVauding. BILL, It. [r^ax. bUfy a beiik, that is, a shooL] 1. The beak of a fowl. ^ An iustrument, made in the form of a crescent, and fitted with a handle. When shorU it is called a kand-hM: when long, a kedge-bdl It is used for pmning tre«s, &.c. BIL^, a. [Sax. bU; G. heU^ an ax or hotcbet ; D. hyl ; Dan. iSti W. bvyeli; Pers. V^ W, a mattock, or luck-ax, and a shove!.] ** A pick-ax, or multock ; a baltle-ax ; an ax or hatch- et with a cn>nked puint. BILL, a. [.Norm. btlU, a label or note ; Fr. bilH, bil; Ann. bilkrd; Sp. bd^eU; IL bifrtietto, buUrtta, boUrttino. The primary sense, probably, in a mil or folded paper, Sp. hiiUta, a bdUt, a tick.-t, and a \K\iyr of tobacco, co~ incidiug witli fro/a, a ball j or it is from cutting ofi*, and jiigniiies a piece.] 1. In /air, a declaration in writing, expressing some wrong the complainant has sutfcred from tlie defend- ant, or a IHull committed by some p<_'rson against a law. It contains the fact ctiinplained uf, the damage fiUfitained. and a petition or process a^.'ainst the de- fendant for rodress. It is usi-d tmlli in civil and crim- inal cases. In Salts tav!^ every siimmar)- application in writing, bv way of petition to tiiu court of ses:»ion, is called a biiL Knajc. 2. In late and in rjrmmrreey in England, an obliga- tion or^curity given for mont-y under the hand, and sometimes the seal, of the debtor, without a condi- tion or forfeiture for non-payment. In the latter cir- cuiii^mce, it ditf'TS from a bond. In the Unitud Stileii, this sptxies of security in tiijually called a notfy a notf of handy or a pmrnissfrry nvU, 3. A fjrm or dniH of a law, prcscnt*id lo a legisla- ture, but not enacted. In »ome cases, statutes are called bdU; but usually tliey are qualified by some description ; as, a bUl of attainder. 4. A paper written or printed, and posted up in some public place, ndverti.-iiiig ttie pro|>o5ed sale of giMHls ur particular things ; an ailvertisenient posted. 5. An account of goods sold or delivered, services rendered, or work done, with the price or value an- nexed to each article. 6. Any written paper, containing a statt^ncnt of particulars; a.^, a bill of chari;es or expt-ndttures ; a physician'^ btU of prescriptions ; a bill of fare or pro- visions, &c. 7. A blU of rzehana-fy is an ordr-r dmwn on a person in a distant place, reiiuesting or directinc him to [my money lo some piTson asjaign-ci by the drawer, or lo his order, in consideration of the same sum rereivetl by the drawer. Bills of exchange are either /«rWj,rrt orin!a«rf; /wwoti, when driiwn by a person in one country upon one re.'^iding in another; inlaitd, wlien both the drawer and drawee ri-?ide in the same coun- tr>-. The p^-rsfiu who draws the bill, is called the dravrr; the person on whom the request or deinnnd is made, is called the drairee ; and the person to whtim the nioney is directed to be (Ktid, is called the paiiz-e. 8. A bill Kif entry, is a written account of yoods en- tered at the custoiii-iiouse, whether imiurted or in- tended for exportation. 9. ^ b.ll of ri^rht, is a form of entry at the custom- house, by which good-i, res[K;ctiiig whicli the import- er is not possessed of full information, may be pro- visionally landed for esauiinaiiun. 10. A bill of latlimr, is a written account of gooris shipped by any person on iKiard of a vessel, signed by the ma.«ler of tlia vessel, who acknowledges ilie rccL'ipi of the gwids, and promises to deliver them safe at the place dir-jctert, dangers of the sc;a except- ed. It is urfual for the master to sign two, three, or four copies of the bill ; one of which he keeps in pos- session, (me is kept by the shipper, and one is sent to tbe con^i^nee of the goods. 1 1. A bill vf pcrccUy is an account given by the selk-r to the buyer, of the several articles pnrchxietk with the price of each. BIM 1'3. A bill iffsfjlr, is a writinc given by ihi? x-IKr f»f personal pro(M'rty to tbe purchaser, answerin;; to a deed of real estate. In England it must be a st-aled paper; in the United States it may be without seal. 13. Bill (f health ; a certificate from the proper au- thorities, as to the elate of lie:dth of a ship's com- pany, at the time of her leaving port. 1-i. A biU uf mortality, is an account of the number of deallis in a place, in a given lime. In these bills, it in not unusual to insert registers of births una chrisli'nings, as in London. 15. Bank-biil. t>elling one ball against another, with niaces, or cues, according to certain rules of the game. BlLL'IXG,p;jr. or 71. Joiningof bills ; caressing. Shak. BIE'LLNGS-GaTE, n. [from a market of this name in London, celebrated fur fish and foul language.] Foul language ; ribaldry. Pope. BILL'lUN, (bil'yuu,) n. [bi^ and million.] A million of millions ; as many millions as there are units iu a million. Among tJie French, a thousand millions. Brandt. BILL'-.MAN, n. One who uses a bill or hooked ax ; applied particularly to soldiers. BIL' LOT, n. Gold or silver iu the bar or mass. OUbert. BIL'LCW, n. [Dan. bUlge ; Sw. bUlja, a swell, or roll- ing swell, allied to bilge., bulge.] A gr<--at wave or surge of the sea, occasioned usu- ally by violent wind. It can hardly be applied to the waves of a river, unless in poetry, or when the river is verj' largo. BlL'LoW, r.-». To swell; to rise and roll in large waves or surges. Prior. niL'LOW-BEAT-£N, a. Tossed by billows. lilL'LOW-A'D, a. Swelled, like a billow. iilL'LOW-lNG, p;>r. Swelled into large waves or surges. BIL'LoVV-Y, a, Swelling, or swelled into large waves ; wavy ; full of billows or surges. BILL'-STICK-ER, it. One who posts up bills in pub- lic places. nVLOll-ED, ) a. [Iu bis, twice, and Gr. h>/3oi. See HI-LO'HATE, i LoiiE.] Divided into two lobes ; as, a bilobate leaf. Martyn. I>T-LO€'i;-LAK, a. [Lt. buSy twice, and luculas, from locit.t, a pbtce.] Divided into two cells, or containing two cells in- ternally ; as, a bili/cular pericarp. Martyn. BiL'VA, n. The Hindoo name of a plant, the Crataiva Marmelos of Linnseus. .^s. Res. iii. 25u. BX-MAe'U-LA'l'E, a. Having two spois. BI->IA'N.\, II. A term applied by Cuvier to the highest order of Mammalia, of which man is the type and Side genus. Brande. EI-MA'NOUS, o. [bis and" manus.] Having two hands. Man is binuinoua. Lawrence. FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT.— METE, PREV. — PIXE, MAat-NE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, EQQK.- 1^ ——— BIN BI-MAR'GIN ATE, a. In ettncholosy, a Urin applied to shfli-* wh ch have a double maryin as fjiras tlic tip. BI->!k'1>1-AL, a. [L. bis, twice, and meiUoL] In maViemntics, it' two mediiil lines, A B and B C, coinmeii.~nrable only in power, and containing a ra- tional rectangle, are coniiHUindt-d, tht! whole line A C w'itl be irrational, and is called a first bimcdial line. Encyc Itl-ME.V'PAL, a. Occurring once in two niontlis. BTMLfyeU-LAR, a. [bis and mitscu/ur.] Having two attaching muscles, and two muscular inipres- sinns, as a bivalve mollusk. KiTbij. BIi\, n. [Sax. binn^ or b'inne.'\ A wooden box or chest, used as a repository of corn or other con iniodi ties. BIX; the oM word for Be and Been. BI'NA-RV, a. fL. Aifl«.», two and two.] Compounded of two. Binary arithmetic, the invention of Lj'ibnitz, is that in which two figures only, and I, are used, in lieu of ten ; the cipht-r muttiplyinf; every thing by 2, as in common arithmetic by 10. Thus, I is one; 10 is two; 11 is three; lnOisfour; lOlisfive; 110 is six; lllissevt!n; lOOOiseight; 1001 is nine; lOlOislen. It is said this species of arithmetic has been used by the Chinese for 4000 years, being left in enigma by Fohi. Kncyc. Binary mrasure, In music, is that used in common time, in which the time of riising, in beating, is etjuai to the time of falling. Encyc Binary number, is that which is composed of two units. Enci/c^ Binary compound: in chemistry, a compound oftwo elem*^nts, or of an ek-ment and a coni[>ound perform- ing the function of an elL'm<'nt, or of two compounds performing the function of elements. Binary ifrat. Buund- EN. [Sax. bindan, ffebimian^ prct. band, butut, or burtdra : Goth, bindan, srix) imlan ; D. bindcn, vrrbindrn ; Ger, tlie same ; S\v. bir 'a, forbinda ; iJan. binde,to bind, and bindy a band tldo baand, u baud; Iliiidu, 6«w2ifaj Gypey^haniopen; Purs. * .XXj bandan^nnA ' 4Xj«Xaj bandidan^ to bind; the former signifies nl\» Uoin oi-ifiiymng. •— Job xxTiU. 5. To oblige by a promise, vow, stipulation, cove- nant, law, duty, or any other moral tic ; to engage ; as, we are bmtiui by the laws of kindness, of nature, of a state, ice If ft ninn •hKl) flwmr «i oath lo Und hii •oul with ft bond. — Numb, xxx, 6. To confirm or ratify. Whntso<'Vf>T thou ihMl bind on eftith, abfill be ftountUn hiili bountt ib^tr ti^hb^n yrtkn. — Liiko xiii. e. To constrain by a powerfViI infiuence or per- sua.<«ion. I f^' boufvl in Uk Bjiirit to J-ruiilpm. — Act* xx. 9. To re-'irain the natural discharges of the hnw- rU ; to make coHttve ; as, certain kinds of ffjod bind the bofly or bowels. 10. To fr.rm a border; to fasten with a hand, or any thing that strengthens the edges ; as, to btnd a garm'-nl or carpet. II. To cover with leather or any thing firm; to ■ew togijthtT and cover ; as, to bind a book. 15. To cover or secure by a band ; as, lo bind a whrfjl with tirp. 13. To oldice to serve, by contmrt ; mt, to bivd an apprentice ; often with out ; as, to bind out a servant. 14. To mnke hard or firm ; as, certain substnnccs bind the earth Tlio uses of this word are too various and numer- ous to be reduced to exact definitions. 7"fl bind to, is Ut contract ; as, to bind onc'« self to a wiffi. To bind oveTf in to oUige by bond to appear at a foart. , BIP BIXD, e. t. To contract J to grow hard or Btiff; as, clay binds by heat. Mortimer. 0. To grow or become costive. 3. To be obligatory'. BIXD, iu A sUilk uf Iiops, so called from its winding round a p-ile or tree, or being bound to it. 2. A bmd of eci-i, is a quantity consisting of 10 strikes, each containing 25 eels, or 250 in the whole. Kncyc. 3. Among miners, indurated clay, when much mixed with ti»e oxyd of iron. Klnean. 4. In miisic, a tiyature or tie fur the purjiose of grouping notes together. Brande, BTND'ER, n. A person who binds ; one whose occu- jKition is to bind books ; also, one wht) binils >hravt's. 2. Any thing that binds, as a fillet, cord, roju;, or band. r.T\D'ER-Y, n. A place where books nrc bound. BTNU'ING, ppr. Fastening with a band ; confining ; restraining ; covering or wrapping ; obliging by a promise or other moral tie ; making costive j con- tnicting; making hard or stiff*. BIiVD'ING, (I. That binds ; that obliges ; obligatory ; as, the binding force of a moral duty or of a cum- nriud. BIXD'IXG, 71. Ths act of fx^tenini; with n band, or obliging ; a bandage ; the cover ol a iMHik, with the sewing and accompanying work ; any thing that binds ; something that secures the edge of clotli. 2. In the art of drfmse, a methi>d of securing or crossing the adversary's sword with a pressure, ac- companied with a sprinc of the wrist. Kticyc. Bindiiiir-joiiU, in architrcturr, are the joists of a floor into whiih the trimmers of staircases, or well-htdes of the siair:^ and chinmey-wavs, are framed. Kncyc. BIXIVI\G-1nlain each a compass, and the mid- dle division a lamp or candle. BIN'O-CLE, n. [L.binu.-i, double, and oniluA, an eye] A dioptric telescope, fitted with two tubes ji>iuitig, so as to enable a person to view an object with bi.th eyes at «)ncc. Jfarrit. BI-XOCU-LAR, a. [See BrxocLB.] Having two eyes; also, having two a[)ertures or tubes, so juined that one may usb both eyes at once in viewing a dis- tant objt^ct ; as, a binocuiiir tclescofx;. Kncyc. BI-NO€'i;-LATE, a. [L. bio und oculiio.] Having two eyes. BI-XO'MI-Ah, a. [L. bit, twice, and itomcn, name.] In algebra, a root ctmaisting of two members ctm- nectcd by the sign plus or minus ; as, a -j- 6, or 7 — 3. Kncyc BI-NOM'tN-OUS, a. [L. ii>, twice, and nomen,name..] Having two names. John-ton. BI-NOT'O-NOUS, a. [bio and note.] Consisting of two notes ; as, a binotonoiui cry. Mi/nta^rur. BT-XOX'YD, H. [L. lii't, t\vice, and orj/rf.] In chcm- i-'-fyy, deiitoxyd, which see. BI-oO'EI^LATE, (iil-os'cl-nte,) «. [L. bio and ocel- lus, a little eye.] In enttimolo-ry, applied to a wing when dotted with two eye-like sptpls. BI-OG'RA-rilER. H. [.See BioonAPHv.] One who writes an account tpr history of the life and actions of a particular (Mirson ; a writer i>f lives, as Plutarch. ni-O-GRAril'lC, I a. IVrtaining to bittgraphv, or BT-O-GRAPH'IC-AL, i the liistury uf the lifu of u pi-rxnn ; containini' biography. BI-(M;RAJ'H'lC-AL-Ly, iKitJ. In tho manner of a biogrH[>hv. ni-OG'RA-PHy, n. [Gr. /?iof, life, and ypaipwj to write] The history of the lifo and character of a particu- lar persim. BI-OI/O-OY, n. TGr. j3i',i and Aoj "?.] The science or life ; a term introdiiced by Trevi- raniiH of Bremen, in place of physiulogy. I^mrence.. RT-f>-Tt'XA, M. [fnrni Biot, a French naturalist.] BrO-TINE, i A varietj; of Anorthite, (which see,) found among ihe volcanic debris of Vesuvius. BIP'A-ROUrt, a. [L. Ai>, twice, and pario, lo bear.] Brine forth two at a birth. BIPART'I BLK, (o. [I« frw, twice, and partioy to BIP'AR-TH.E, ( divide.] That may he divided into two parts, Martyn. ni-PAR'TIENT, (pir'shent,) a. [l*. ftw, twice, and partifi, jtartiens, lo divide.] Dividing into two parts. Jish. Bill BIP'AR-TITE, a. [L. its, twice, and partitas, divided.] 1. Having two corresptmdeut parts, as a legal con- tract or writing, one for each party. 2. In biitauy, divided into two pjirts to the base, as a leaf. Martyn. BT-PAR-Tt"TlOX, rt. The act of dividing into two parts, or uf making two conespondent parts. Jobnson. BI-PEC'TIX-A'PE, a. [L. bis and prcten, a comb.] In botany, having two margins toothed like a comb. BT'PEl), n. [Ti. biprs, of bis, twice, and pes, pedis, a. foot.] An animal having two feet, as man. BIl"K-UAL, a. Having two feet, or the length ol two feet. BI-PEL'TATE, a, [L. bis and pcHa, a buckler.] Having a defense like a double shield. BT-PE.\'NATE, a. [L. bis and penna.] Having two win^. BI-PET'AL-OCS, a. [L. bh, and Gr. vi^Tahjv.] In botany, having two dower leaves or petals. BI-PIN'XATE, ) ri ,,■ ■ . 1 Bi-pi.x'NA-TEn, , ^ t^- '";"«"<^'i*-] In botany, having pinnate leaves on each sidi.- of the common petiule, as a leaf or frond. Martyn, BT-PIX-N.-VT'1-FII), a. [U bis, twice, pinna^ a wing, or feather, and fnd*i, to divide.] In botany, doubly pinnatifid. A bipinnatifi'L leaf, is a pinnatifid leaf having its aefrrnents pinnatifid. BI-Po'LAR, a. Dtmblv polar. Coleridge. BI-PL'XeT'U-AL, 0. 'Having two points. BI-PO'PIL-LXTE, a. [L. bis and pupUla, a pupil.] In cntomo!o;fy, having an eye-like .«pot on the wing, with two dots or pupils within it of a different color, as in some hutt.Tllies. BI-UUAO'RATE, n. [L. bii, twice, end qnadratus, stjuartrii.] ImnaUiematics.ihe fourth power, arising from tho multiplication of a square number or quantity by itstlf. 'J'hus 4X4= Hi, which is the square of 4, and IfiX 16 = 9oiJ, the biquadrate of that number. BI-aLTAD-llAT'ie, n. The same as Bichtadratb. • Kncyc. BI-aUAD-RAT'I€, a. Pertaining to the biquadratic or fourth |)owcr. Biifiitulrutic a/uation, in alffcbra, is an equation of the fonith degn-e, or one in which the unknown quantity is raised to the fourth power. Bii/uadraCc paraholn, in ^eimetryy is a curve line of the third order, having two infinite legs tending the aauio way. Biquadratic root of a number, is the square rofrt of the t:quare rfMd of ihat number. Thus the square" root of 81 is 9, and the square root of 9 is 3, which . is tho biquadratic root of 81. Knevc. BI-aUIX'TILE, n. [L. fti^, twice, and quivtus, finii.] An aspi'ct of the planets, wlien they arc distant from each other, by twice, tjie ffth pail of a great cir- cle, that is, 144 degrees, or twice 72 degrees. BT-Ra'DI-aTE, ( a. [L. bL<, twice, and radiatas, BI-RA'DI-A-TEI), S set with rays.] Having two ravs ; as, a birndiatc tin. Kncyc. BIIt'CH, (burch,) n. [Sax. hiree ; D. bcrken, or b'crko- boom ; G. birkc ; Dan. birk.] A name common to dinerent species of trees, of the genus Bi^tula; as, thewliite or common birch, tlie dwarf birch, the Canada birch, of which thero are sevend varieties, and the ctimmon black biirh. The sm;ill'T branches of the common Europran liinh, (B. alba,) being tough and slemler, were formerly much used tor rods, esi»eciatly in schools. Birch of Jamaica ; a sirecics of the Pistacia. or tur- pentinti-tree. Fam. of Plants. BTItthl'f'V ( *"' ^''i*'^ **f birch ; consisting of birch. BIK<'ir-WiXE, Ji. Wine made of the vernal juice of the birch. BIRD, (hitrd,) n. [Pax. bird, or bridd, a chicken ; lYoin the nM)t of brnr, or \V. bridaw, lo break furlli.] 1. Properly, a chicken; the young of fowls; and hence a small f iwl. 2. In modern use, any fowl or flying animal. Tech- nically, any indiviilual belonging to a class of warm- blfMided vertebrate animals, {Aoes,) characteriKed by oviitarous generati()n, a covering of feathers, a he,ak, the piisierior extremities organi/.ed as feet, and tho anterior extremities as wings, generally formtnl for flight. It is remarkahV? thnt a nation should lay nsirlo the use of the pro[>;'r generic name of flying animals, foirl, Sax. fagrl, D. ro-rrl, the flyer, and substitute the name of the young of those animals, as tlw generic term. The fact is precisely what it would N> to m:ike lamb the generic name of sheep, or colt that of the equine g-'nus. BtR D, r. I. To ratrh birds. Shak. BIRD-OF-PAR'A-DI.SE, «. A name common to a gemisof bird-j (/''iraf/t-vcfj) founri in the Oriental Isles, and in XewCJninea, some of them remarkably beauti- ful. Tho beak is covered with a ImIi or collar of downy feathers at the trn-'e, and the f-athers on thn sides are very long. The largest spi-cies i.-j two fet-t four inches in length. The h.;ad and back part of tho neck of this species are lemon-colornil ; the neck of the brightest emcmld green, soft like Vf Ivcl ; tho TONE, BULL, IIMTE. — A.N"'GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K; us J ; « as Z ; Oil u* HII ; TH jw m THIS. l:.i3 BIR braost fo Uack ; tlie \v)ii>rs of a rlicfuii it can ktvp vury long on the wiii^. Fmm Ihc niinp pmcecil two Kmc, nirf shiifls, reathtred al the extreniitiea, Enr^c BIRU'-BOLT, II. [bird nnd Aott.] An arrow, broad at Ihf end, for shotttinj; birds. SMak. BIRD'-GAGE, n. [btrd and ea^f.l A box or case with wires, small sti.ks, or wicker, forming upon work, fur keeping birds. BIRD'-CALL, n. [bint and calL] A little stick, cleft Hi one end, in which is imt a leaf of st>uie plant fcr iuiitatinjc the cry of birdi, A launl leaf connler- feits Uie voice of lapwings; a leek, that uf ni^htin- Mnle^ &c KnCtfCt BiRO'-CATTIIER. n. [h^rH and eatck.] One whu.4e ,1 ' ■- ; a fowler. Bl ; and e4tUk.] The art uf I . I iher fw f*HxI, for pK-a»- 1 : iK'.-iiiKi.oii, when jK-micious to the ]■ Bi:. ;;\', H. [hird and cMtrty.] A trrr, a spLtiesui I iuttns,(P. ptdus.) Tbore are other s]»ircie^ caled bf Uie same name. Exeffc Fkm, ^ PImIa. iTRD'SS. ■. A bird-catcher. B BIR ^^ "^ 'V (burd'Ide,) roes. duick-usbted \ catch- Bl I'R, a. One wbo takes [Measure In r keeps for sale the various kinds of \ ■ kept in cages. Ell.. .A.. . .i.cE, a. [bvd and pie«u\ A fowling- piece. Skak, BIRD'-OKE, a. Resembling a bird. BIiU>'-LIME,n. [&irR-GAN, a. A small barrel organi used in t^chinj: bird:* to sing. BIRD'-ri:i'4'ER, a. \hird and prfprrJ\ A species of Capsicum or Guinea pepper ; a shrxibhy plant, bear- ing a small, oval fruit, more biting than the other g>trts. E»cyu BIIIDS'-EYE, B. {hird and ryf.1 Seen fnmi above, Bd if by a flying bird \ embraced at a glance ; hence, general : not minm". nr entering into detail.^ ; an, a Wrrf's-x: BurUr. BIEDS'l". '.] The popular name of a geii - .'O Pke'istirtt'jetir, known in bt<:iny t'v iik- t-iii' nr tenn jjdonis. Therv are several species, some of which produce b^'autiful flower?. Eacyc BIRDS'EVE-MA'PLE, a. A kind of maple ha\ing epots like the eye of a bird, u!ied in cabinet work. BIRDS FOQT, n. [hint and /^f.] A plant, the Or- nithnpus, whose Itpimen is articulated, cylindrical, and bint in the f.'rin of a bow. F.rtryc BIRI>SFO0T-TRe FOIL, n. A genus of p!ants,ihe Lotus, o*f several species. Eneyc BIRDS'-MOL'TH, a. In arekUrclurf, an interior an- ^e or notch cut across a piece of timber, for its re- ception on the edge of another, as that on a railcr to be laid on a plate. BIRDS'XEST, a. [bird and nest,] The nest in which a bird lays egss and batches her young. 2, A plant, a siiecics of Ophi^s or twy Wade ; also, a species of Orchis, Encpc 3. In cookrry, the ne9t of a small swallow, of China and the neiehboring countries, delicately tasted, and mixed with ?oufH. This ne?t is found in the rocks ; it is of a hemispherical figure, of the size of a g«:»s« egg, and ki >iubst;ince n;senibles i:$inc1a.ss. In the Ea^, tiiese ne-4s are ei>teemed a great luxury, and seJl at a verj" high price. Enc^ BIROS'TJISES and BIRDS'TOXGUE ; names of plants. BIRD'-\^^T-TED, e. Flighty ; passing rapidly from one subject to another ; not having Ilie faculty of at- tention. Bacmu BI'REME, a. [t*. fttremif, hia and rcmitf, an oar.] A vessel with two banks or tiers of oars. Mitford. BIRG'A.N'-DER, a. The name of a wild goose. Uu. Berr vegetable. JUiitan, JidiHson. 5. Til? act of brinying f.irth ; as, she had two children at a birtK 6. In d thfoUtgical sense, rtgencration is called the nrto birCu 7. Origin ; beginning ; as, the birtk of an empire. niRTH, ) n. A station in whicJi a ship rides. IScc BERTH, i Berth.] BIRTH'DAV, a. [birtk and day.] The day in which any p-rson is horn. 3. The some day of the month, in which a person was bom. in everj- succeeding; year ; orten celebrated as a joyful anniversary. It sometimes has the form of an iiitribute ; as, a birth-day ode. BTRTH'I)OM,s. [birtAnnddoin, See Dom and Doom.] Privilege of birth. [A«t used.] Shak. BIRTHING, K. Any thing added to raise the sides of a ship. Ash. BaHetf. BJRTH'LEr^S, a. Destitute of birth. BIRTH'MGHT, (burUi'nUe,) a. [birth and «i>ft(.] Th.' night in which a person is bom ; and the anni- ver^arv nf that night in succeeding years. BIRTH PLACE, n. [birth and pltue.] The town, city, or co'intry, wliere a person is bom; more gen- enUy, the pcuticutar town, city, or other local di-itrirt. BIRTHRIGHT, (burth'rite,) a, [birth nnd righL] An) riiilit or privilege to which a person is entitled by biitti, such ns an estate descenditde by law to an heir, or civil liberty under a free constitution. (^111, for a nxirwl, moM liU tArtKrighl, — Ilf^b. xil. It may be used in the sense of primoginitiire, or the privilege of the first born, but is applicable tu any right which results from descenL BIRTir-80.\G, n. A Ming sung at the birth of a per*on. BIRTH'-PTRAN^GLED, «. [birth and strangle.] 8tmncl'-d or suff waled m being born. Shuk. BIRTH'WORT. (burth'wurt,) a. [birth and wor(,] A g;-nus of pinnts, Aristolochia, of many species. Eiiaje. HIS, in musicy denotes repetition of a {lassage. BI'SA, i n. A coin of Pegti, of the value of half a UrZA, ( ducat; al«, a weight. Encyc. BI.-^'CO-TIN, n. [Fr.] A confection, made of riour, siiear, marmalade, and ecgs. BIS'eCIT, (bis'kit,) n. [Fr., compounded of L. 6w, twice, and cKil, baked ; It. bi^cotto ; i*p. bizcocbj*.] 1. A kind of bread, formed into cakes, and baked hard for seamen. 2. A cake, variously made, fur the use of private families. The name, in England, is given to a com- position of flour, e;:p!, and sugar. With us the nnm? is given to a couipa-^ition of tlimr and butter, made and baked in private families. But the com- po^iu nn> tu tliia chapter CnlWl wkli-ni or prcsSjytt-™, and oV'tvrra or buhopt. ScoU, Com. Act* xx. TUJ liir trhiirchi-a were ri.ttltlpllfd, Uic bUhopt and ptrsI'Vtpra wciT ihr Mm*-. lb. Pliil. i. 1. 1 Tiin. lii. I. Til. i.'7. Both tiic (ir'ck (iiiil IjDtiii fitih<-n ilo, with on** coiis^rnt, (i J pp-»hyii'r«. .-vnd piv»l)ytiT» biahopt, Aiiie tving liicn cutiiinuii. WhiAy. ill niHMtolic till)'-*, the 3. In the Greek, Latin, and some Protestant churches, a pnlaJe, or jHTson consecrated for the Rpiritual government and direction of a diocese. In Orcat Britain^ bishops are nominated by the king, who, u[Km request of the dean and chapter for leave to elect a bishop, sends a congi d^elire, or license to elect, with a letter missive, nominating the i>erson whom he would have chosen. The elec- tion, by the chapter, must be made within twelve days, or the king has a right to ap(>oint whom he pleases. Bishups are consecrated by an archbishop, with two assistant bishops. A bishop must be thirty years of age ; and all bishops, except the bishop of Mnn, are peers of the realm. Blackstone. By the cantms of the Protestant Episco[)at church in the United Suites, no diocese or stale shall pro- ceed to the election nf a bishop, unless there are at least six officiating presbyters residing therein, who shiill be qualified, according to the canons, to vote for a bishop ; a majority of whom, at least, must con- cur in the election. But the conventions of two or more dioceses, or states, having together nine or more such presbyters, may join in the election of a bishop. A convention is composed of the clergy, and a lay delegation, consisting of one or more mem- bers from each parish. In every state, the bishop is to be chosen according to such rules as the conven- tion of that state shall ordain. The mode of election in most or all of the stales, is by a concurrent vote of the clergy and laity, in convention, each body voting sepamtely. Before a bisjiop can be consecrated, he must receive a testimonial nf ajiiirobalitm from the general convention of the church ; or, if that is not in session, from a majority of the standing committee in the several dioceses. The mode of consecrating bishops and ordaining priests and deacons, dillers not essentially from the practice in England. Bi,', (bish'opt,) pp. Confirmed. RISn'<)P-LVG,;»/;r. Confirming. HISH'OP-LIKE, a. Resembling a bishop; belonging to a bishop. Faike. BISH'OP-LY, ado. In the manner of a bishop. Ilooher. BISH'OP-Rie, n. [hishfrp and tic, jurisdiction.] 1. A diocese; the district over wliich the juris- diction of a bishop extends. In England are twen- ty-four bishoprics, besides that of Sodur and .Man ; in Irefandy eighteen. 2. The charge of instructing and governing in spiritual concerns ; olfice. Acts i. 90. BIHH'OPrt-VVEED, v. [bishirp and w^rfJ A nnme common to difl"i;rent spjcies of plants of the genus Amiiii. BI.«irOPS-W0UT, (-wurt,) n. A plnnt. BISK, n. [Fr. bi^qiw.] Hoiip or broth, made by boil- ins si'vcnil sorts of flesh together. Kin^. BI^K'ET, n. A biscuiL This orthography is adopted by ninny rcspt^cL'tble writers. BIS'.MIJTil, 71. [Ii. wistmiuth.] A metal of a yellow- ish or ri'ddish white color, and a lamttlar texture. It is somewhat harder than lead, and sc^ircely, if at all, malleable, being so brittle as to break easily un- der the hanmier, and it is reducible to powdL-r. Its internal face or fracture exhibits lar;re sliining plat*'s, vari(«i>lv disiMised. It melts at 47()' Fahr., and may be fused in the flame (»f a candle. It is often fmnid in a native state, crj'stallized in rhombs or octahe- drons, or in the form of dendrites, or thin laminre »n- vesting the ores of otiier metals, particularly cobalt JVicholson. Encyc FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRgY. — PIXE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOOK. BIT BWMUTH-AL, a. Consisting of bismuth, or con- tainine it. * Clcaocland. BiS'MCTH-ie, a. Pertaining to bismuth. BiS'ML'TH-INE, n. A rare niini-nil, composed of bis- muth and sulphur ; a native sulphuret of bismuth. BIS'MUTH-O €HER, j n. A native oxj'd of bismuth, BIS'MUTH-6'eHRE, ) sometimes containing a small portion of carbonic acid. Bl't^OX, n. [L.] A quadruped of the bovine gr-nus, usually but improperly caltt'd the buffalo. The proper buiralo is a distinct species, pceuliar to the wanner climates of the eastern continent. The bison is a wild animal, with short, black, rounded horns, with a great interval between their bases. On the shoul- ders is a large hunch, consisting of a fleshy sub- stance. The head and hunch are covered with a lonp, undulated fleece, of a nisi color, divided into Itjcks. In winter, the wh'>le body is covered in this manner; but in summer, the hind part of the body is naked and wrinkled. The tail is about a foot long, naked, except a tuft of hairs at the end. 'I'he t>re parts of the b)>dy are ver>' thick and strong ; the hind parts are slendfr and weak. These animals in- habit the interior parts of North America, and some of the mountainous parts of Europe and Asia. PennanL Pennant nltf?ges that the bison of America is the same species i»f animal as the bison and aurochs of Europe, the bonas^as of Aristotle, the urus of fe-^ar, the bftsferu-i or wild ox of Slrabo, the biaon of Vliny, and the bLiton of Oppian. BIS-SEX'TILE, n. [L. bi'seztiiis, leap year, from &m- gcitui, (bis and srrtus,) the sizth of ihc cjilends of March, or twenty-fourth day of Febniary, which was reckoned twice ever)' fourth year, by the inter- calation of a day. .SiiLfWorth.] Leap year ; every fourth year, in which a day is added to the month of February, on account of the excess of 6 hours, which the civil year contains, above 3fto days. This excess is 11 ntinutes 3 sec- onds too much ; that is, it exceeds the real year, or annual revolution of the earth. Hence, at tlie end of every century, divisible by 4, U is necessary to re- tain the bissextile day, and to suppress it at the end of those ccuturies wliich arc not divisible by 4. Kncye. Br?-PEX'TrT.E, a. Pertaining to the leap year. BIH'HO.N, a, [Sax. bisca.] Blind, [^ot lued,] Shak. Blri'TRE' i "• t^""' *^'''^ *"'''^'" *'-"» brown.] Among paintiTs, a dark-brown pigment extracted t\mui i!ie soot of wood. To pre[iare it, soot [that of beach is rhe best] is put into water, in the proportion of Iwo pounds to a gallon, and boih-d half an hour; a(ter standing (o settle, and while hot, the clearer part of the tluid must be poured off from tlie sedi- nitmt, and evaporated to dr>'ness} the remainder ia bister. Enq/e, BT-S'ril"l^EED. a. Having two stipules. BIS'T* Ht'l', n. [L. bistorta, bL^ and (wrtiw, twisted.] A plant, a species of Polygonum j in popular lan- guage, called Mttoke-weetL BIS'TOU-RY, (bis'tu-o,) n [Fr. Aiatoitri, «h)m Putoia, a city.] A surgical in^trumpnt for making incisions. Il Is either straight and fixifd in a handle like a knife, or iln blade turns like a lancet, or it is crooked, with the sharp edge on the in-'ide. Enctjc. BT-.St;i/€'ATJ:, a. Twf>-furmwed. a. In loo/fl^y, clovcn-fouted, or with two hoofed digits. BT SL-l*'COC3, a, [L. bisuleusj of his and m/ctt*, a furrow.) <'l(»ven-fbiis, remarkable for their iK-autiful papilionaceous flowers. The tubercles of one species are iu great esteem among the Highlanders of Scotland, who chew them, when drj-, to give a hotter relish to their liquors. BIT'TKR-WORT, v. [bitternnd iPorU] The plant called gentian, Gentiana, Which has a remarkably bitter taste. BIT'TING pjrr. Putting the bits in the mouth. BIT'TOUR or BIT'Tf^R, ti. The bittern. l>ryden. BITTS, TI, p(. [from the same root as bife.] A frame of two stnuig pieces of timber fixed per- pendicularly in the fore part of a ship, on which to fasten the cables. There are also top-sail shcet-bitt-', panl-bitts, cai-rick-bitt^, &c. Mar. Diet. BITT, r. (. To put round the bitts ; as, to bitt the ea- ble,m order to fiisten it or to slacken it out gradually, which is called veering away. Mar. Dirt. BI-TOME', n. Bitumen, so written for the sake of the rhyme. May. BI-TCM'KD, a. Smeared with bitumen. Shnk. BI-TO'MEN, n. [L. ; Fr. bitume; Sp. bctun; It. 6c- lume.] This name is used to denote various inflammable substances, of a strong smell and of different consist- encies, which are found in the earth. There are several varieties, most of which evidently pass info each other, proceeding from naphtha, the most fluid, to petroleum, a'viscid fluid, maltha, more or less co- hesive, elastic bitumen or mineral caoutchouc, and asphallum, which is sometimes too hard to be scratched by the nail. J^iehokmn. Clrai^rlaml. BT-TO'.MI-NXTE, v. t. To impregnate with bitumen. BI-TC'Ml-iNA-TED, pp. or a. Impregnated with bitu- nK-n. BI-TU-1\II-N[F'ER-0US, a, [bitimen nnd/cro, to pro- duce.] Froduring bitumen. Kinrmn. BI-TIJ-MIN-I-Za'TIOi\, n. The process of forming bitumen. Mantrlf. BI-Tu'i\iIN-IZE, V. L To form into or impngnate Willi bitumen. LiL Mag. BI-TC'MIN-TZ-ING, pjtr. Forming bitumen. BI-TO'Ml-NOUS, a. Having the qualities of bitumen ; compounded with bitumen; containing bitumen. Milton. BituTninmis limestime is of a lamellar structure, sus ceptible of polish, of a brown or black color, and, when rubbed, emitting an unpleasant smell. 1'hat of Dalmatia is so charged with bitumen that it may be cut like soap. Ure. Bitvminan-s shale ; an argillaceous shnle impregna- ted with bitumen, usually accomimnying coal. Bra'^de. BI'VALVE, TI. [L, his, twice, and valve, 1*. cnlra.] A molluscous animal, having a shelly covcrmg, TONE, BIJLL, tJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — e as K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; CU as SH ; TH as in THIS. BLA cotwininp of two jKUXs or viUves, joined tneclhrr by Uictestic lientm'nt at Uie rardu or Iiiiicr, iir u y-hvti consifltin'! of two iiait.-t.wliicli o)>en :tii(l ^^tiuu Aliiu, a pericarp iu whicli the seed-cosv «ipriu or .'^plit-s into two |nns or valves. F.Heyc. Br»H>le. BI'VAI.VE, \a. Havinjt two shells or v;ilvoa BI-VAI.V'U-L.\R, 5 which open and shut, na the BI-VALV'OUS, > oyster, or two [Kirts or valv.-s which open at maturity, as Lbe sccd-vu»6.'ls of crrLiin p(nnt<«. Martfiu BX-VAULT'ED, a. [L. bis, twice, and WMtt-J itnvine two Twilt5 or arches. Bmriom, BI-VEX'TRAL, a. [U 5« and venter^ belly.] Havinc two bellies ; as, a hiv€»tral inusclts. £ai/ey. BXV'I-OL'S, a. [Ih 6JrtH5,- hi* and rid, wny.] liaviug two ways, or Icuding two ways. BIVOUAC, (biv'wak,) n. [Fr. This word is prob- ably compoMd of b€ and tne Teutonic root oi w^ikey foatek i Sax. waciaa, to wake, lo wntch \ L. vi^ilo : 0. wwcAe, a mard ; ■eM&«a, to watch.] The guanl oc watch of a whtje army, as in casf » of pmi dnnser of surprise or attack ; or en encnmp- nu-iil without tents or covi-ring. B/fOf-'.iC, F. I. To wntch or be rai fniard, a« a whole army; to encamp during Uie night witiiotit tents or covering. [This word anglicized would be boMtdL] BIX^VORT, A jJanl. BIZ'AN-nNE. 8ee IlriAjtTi:«E. BIZARRE-y (bMlr',) a. [Fr.] Odd; fantastical; whiinnicjil; rttntvaeanL BhAB, e. <. [W. lUnarUt to speak ; D. Imbhay^ i>mttle ; Ir. eiitbmire^ a babbler: labkraimi. to speftk; Chaucer, ia»»e^ blabber.] 1. To utteror tell in a thoughtless manner ; to pub- Its^t secicts or trifles without diM^rciion. It implies, Hiy« Johnson, rather thoiu;htl(naneas than treachery, but may be used in either sense- Drmln, 9. To tell or uner, in a ^wd gout. Skmk. BLAB, r. L To tattle ; to tell t.-il(^ SUmJL BLAB, n. A babbler; a telltale ; one who bctniys se- crete, or tells things which un^ht to be kept secret. BLAB'BER, n. A tatUer; a telltale. BLAB'Itl.NG, ppr. Telling indiscreetly what ought to be concealed ; tattling. BLACK, «. [Sax. Mac, and btac, black, pnle, wan, livid ; fr/eoaa, AUcca, to become pale, to turn white, lo become black, to blacken; M«c, ink ; Sw. blrk, pale, wan. livid ; Mscfc, ink ; Mela, to instJaie, to ex- poee lo lbe aim, or to bleach; also to litihten, to daab; Ik Hut. pale; WseUi, to bleach ; G. blfUh^ pule, wan, bleak; AMcAaa, to bleach; Dan. Uvic, ink ; Mra^ , pale, wan, bleak, aallow ; Wt^e, to bleach. U ia remarkable that Uaofc, Mask, and Htmek^ are oU radically one word. The primary* sense seems to be, liole, wan, or sallow, from which baa proceeded tlic prasent variety of ngnifkaiion?.] 1. Of the color of ni^ht ; destitute of light ; dark. 9. Darkeocd by douili ; 05, the heavens black with clouds. 3. Sullen ; having a cloudy look or connlenance. S\ak, 4. Atrociously wicked ; horrible ; aa, a hlatk deed or crime. Drtfden. 5. Dismal; mournful; calamitous. SSak. Black and blue; the dark color of a bruise in the fle5b, which is accompanied with a mixture of blue. BLACK, a. That which is destitute of lieht or white- ness ; the darkest color, or rather a destitution of all color ; OS, a cloth lus a good blaeJc 2. A negro ; a person wbo!ie skin is black. 3. A black dress, or mourning ; as, to he clothed in black, BLACK, r. U To make black ; to blacken ; to soil. Bovlr. BLACK'-ACT, «. [black and oeL] The Enslish siat- utr 9 Geo. I., which makes it felony to apj>car anned in any park or warren, &r., or to hunt or steal deer, h.c.f with the face blackrd or disguised. BlacksUmi, BLACK'-ART, «, Conjuration. BLACK'A-MOOR, a. [bi*ck and moor.] A negro ; a til:»rk man. BLACK'BALL, a. {hlaek and balL] A composition of tallow', &c. fur blacking shoes. 3. A boll of black cttlor, used as a negative in voting, BLACK'BALL, p. t To reject or negative in choos- ins, bv piittiug black balls into a bolloL-box. BLACK' BAR, n. [black and 6or.] A plea obligfng the plainttlf to assign the place of trespa.ss. Aeh. BLACK'BER-RY, a. [Sax. blacbcruxn; black and frrrry.] The berry of the bramble ; a popular name applied to ditferem species or varieties of the genus RubiLx^ and th*?ir fniiu BLACK'BIKD, n. {black and bird.] In Enfftand, a species of thrush, the Turdus Merula, a singing-hird with a fine note, but very loud. In Amenai^ this name is given to different bird?, as to the Gracula quiscula, or crow blackbird, and to the Oriolus ph(pn:r^us, or red-winged blackbird, (Sturnua predatorius, Wilson.) BLACK'BOARD, a. A board osed in schools, fcc, BLA for writing, ilniwing lines, nud various other pur- pos:'s o^ in-sed in llT.'i, by Gcrvais of Tilbiirv. It couuiius a de^cripttun i)f the Court of ExcheqiuV, its officers, their mnk:^ and privilcpes, wages, \wt- qiiisit;-Sf and jurisdiction, with the revenue^ of the crown, in iiuuit-y, grain, .-Rid catiJe. F.neyc 9. Any biKik vvliieh treau of necromancy. F.Hcyr. X A bi). Eaotr. Pennant. 9. In cookery, an apple roasted till black, to be served up in a dish of boiled ciistjird. .Va.^i>n. BLACK '-CAT-TLK, n. Ulack and ctittlr.] Catlle of the bovine genus, as biilM, oxen, and cows, whatever may lie ilicir Cfdur. [Kuclish.] Johnson. BLACK-CHALK, (-cfmvk,) n. A mineral of a blu- idh-l>lack color, of a slaty texture, and soiling the fingers when handled; a variety of argiliart-otis slate. (Jre. BLACK'-COAT, n, A common and fumiliar name for a rlrg^ man, as red-coal is for a soldier. BLACK'CO'CK, iu [bl.ick and cock.] A fowl, colled also biack-grouse and black-game, the Tetrao Itlrii of Linnanis. BLACK'H.^y, n. A day of gloom and disaster. Sfiak. BLACK'-DEATH, (blak'derh,)it. The black plague BLACK'iJKOP, m. A liquid prejtaratiun of opium in vin'-'g-ir. BLACK'-KA'GI.E, n. [black nud eajrle.] In Scotland. a name given tu the Vole o fulvus, tiie wiiite-tiulcd eagle of Edwnnls. BLACK'-E.\RTH, (-erth,) a. Mold ; earth of a dark color. fVoodward. BLACK'KP, (blaki.) pp. Made black ; soiled. BLACK'AW, (blak'kn,)D.t. [Sa.x. bUccaju Sec Black.] 1. To make black. Tlie itDpoTtaiiou of dnra, that hu bladunei half Am'-ricju Franklin. 2. To make dark ; to darken ; to cloud. X To soil. 4. To sully reputation ; to make infamous j as, vice blackens Ihc diameter. BLACK'/i:\, r, i. To gn.w black or dark. BLACK'/J.V-^D, pp. .Made black. BLACK'z:\-ER, n. He thnt blackens. BLACK'f;.\-I.\G, ppr. .Making black ; darkening. BLACK'ER a. eomp. More black. BLACK'EST, a. ^uperl Most black. BLACK'-E?-/:D, a. Having black eyes. Dn/den. BLACK'-FAC-£D, (-Oste,) a. Having a black face. Shak. BLACK'FISH, n. [black and JUh.] In the United Plates, a fish caught on Itie rocky shores of New England ; the Tauloe. {iMbrus amcrieanus.) Ma.fs. Rep. 2. A small kind of whale, about twenty feet long. BLACK'FLUX, n. .\ mixture ctf carbonate of potash and charcoal, obtained by deilagrating tariar with half its Wfight of niter. Brande. BI*ACK'-FOR-EST, n. [Mack and forest.] A forest in Germany, in Swabia ; a part of the ancient Iler- cj'nian fc>rest. BLACK'FRI-AR, a. Blaekjriars Is a name given to the Dominican order, caJled also Predicants and Preaching friars ; in France, Jacobins. Eneyc. BLACK'GUARD, n. [said to be of black and ^ard; but is it not a corruption of blacJcard, black-kind ?] One who uses abusive, scurrilous language, or treats others with foul abuse. BLACK'GUXRI), v. L ,To revile in scurrilous lan- guage. [Low.] BLACK'GUARD, a. Scurrilous; abusive. BLACK'GUARD-iaM, ti. The conduct or language of a blackguard. BLACK'-GUM,n, An American tree, of the genus AV.««i, growing south of Philadelphia. The wood is ■ soiitf, and not apt to split, and hence is used for naves or huhs, and in shii>-builjing. Gardner. BLACK'HEART-EI), a. Having a black or malig- nant heart. BLACK'IXG, ppr. Making black. BLACK'ING, n. A substance used for blacking shoes, variously made ; any factitious matter for making tliinss black. E-iciie. Ask. BLACK'ISII, a. Somewhat black; moderately black or dark. BLACK'-JACK, n. .\ name given by miners to blend, a mineral called also foist galena. It is an ore of BLA zinc, in combination witii iron and sulphur ; sul- phurcl of zinc. Jv'idioUon. a. A le;iU>em cup of old times. BLACK'-LEAH, (Ud,) w. A mineral of a d:irk steel- gniy col.ir, and of a scaly texture, coniponed of car- Im.u, witli a suiiill portion of iron. This name, black- Uady is improiM^r, an it cuutiiins no lead. It is called jdumba^ity ana graphite, as it is used for pfncils. BLACK'LEG, ii. A term apidied lo nolurioua gam- birrs and rh'-als, BLACK'-LEGS, n. In some parts of England, a dis- ease among calves aiul sheep. It is a sort of jelly which settles in the legs, and sometimes in tlio neck. BLACK'-LET'TER, n. A frm applied to the old English or modern Gothic letter, iu which the early English manuseripts were written, nud the lirsi Eiig- lisli books wrre i>riuted. Bnuide. BLACK'-Li:'l"'rEIt, a. Written or printed iu black- letter ; as, a black-letter manuscript or book, a. Studoius of books in black-lelter. " Ki-mMc a blnek-letter m&ii 1 " Boadett. BLACK'LY, ailc. Darkly; atrociously. BLACK'-.MAlli, n. A cerUiin mtc of money, com, cattli^, or other thing, aucii-ntly imid, in the north of England, to certain men, who were allied to robbers, to be by Ihcm pmlected from pillage. Cmeel. Eneijc. 9. rilark-ri-nl,or rents paid in corn or flesh. Encyc. BLACK'-.MON'DAV, ». Easter M.iuday, in 34 td. III., whirl) was misty, obscure, and so cold that men died on linrse'vick. Stnoniination given to the llenedictines. Encyc BLACK'-MOUTH-£D, a. Using foul or scurrilous langnape. Kdlimrbcek. BL.'VCK'NESS, n. The quality of being black ; black color; darkness; ntrociuuKuess or enormity in wick- edness. BLACK'-PIG'MEXT, ti. A very fine, light, carbona- ceous snltstTirice, or lamp black ; prepared chiefly for | lite manufacture of printers' ink. Uy a recent process, it is obtain"d liy burning common coal-tar. Vre. BLACK'-PU'D'HING, n. A kind of food made of bliHid and gniin. Johiuion. BLACK'-KOI), n. [hlnck and rod.] In En^rland, the usher Ik lungmg to the order of the garter ; so called from tlie black rod which he carries. He is of the king's chuniber and usher of parliament. CoweL lilack ri'iP irrains; a species of iron stone or ore, found in the mints about Dudley in Stafl'ord shire, England. Encijc. BLACK'-S£A, n. [bl/ick and sea.] The EuxiueSea, on the eastern border of Europe. BLACK'-SllEEP, «. [ItUick and sheep.] In Oriental history, the ensign or standard of a race of Turkmans in Anni-nin and Mesojjotamia. Ennir,. BLACK'-HfL'VKR, n. A minend, called also BnWc silvtr (»/T, consisting of silver, antimony, and sulphur. BLACK'yMITH, n. [black and smith.] A nm'rtU who works in iron, and makes iron uten^iils j more prrti>- erly, an iron-sinith. BLACK'-fc-iNAKE, jt. A serpent of a black color; two species are found in America. They are of the genus Coluber, which is not poistmous. BLACK-STIIAKES, in a ship, are n range of planks iniinediattly above the wales in a ship's side, covered w ilh tar and lamp-black. Encijc BI.ACK'STUAP, IU A name of a liquor drank by the vulgar. * BLACK'TAIL, n. [black and tail.] A fish, a kind of perch, called also a ruff or pope. Johnson. BLACK''J'nOKN, n. [black and thorn.] A sjH'cies of Prunus, called slve. It grows ten or twelve f -et high, very branchy, and armed with sharp, strong spines, and bearing small, round, black cherries. Jt is much cultivated for hedges. Encyc. BLACK'TIN, n. [blnrk and tin.] Tin ore, whrn dressed, stamped, and wa-sheil, ready for melting. It is the ore comminuted by beating into a Mark powder, like fine sand. Encyc. BLACK'-TKE.sS-/':i).(-trest,}a. Having Mark trusses. BLACK'-VlS-AG-i;i>, a. Having a dark visage or app.varance. Mar.'tun. BLACK'-VOM'IT, n. A copious von»iting of dark cfilorod matter, rosembliiig codec grounds ; or tin- substance so dischargi-d ; one of the most fatal at- tendants of the yellow fever. BLACK'-WADl), n. [bUick and ma/ld.] An ore of manganese, fiiimd in Derbyshire, England, and u^rd as a dr}'ing ingredient in jKiints. It is reniarkablt; for taking fire when mixed with linseed oil in a cer- tain proportion. Enryr. BLACK'-VVAL'iVUT. n, A well-known ATULficnn tree, {Juglans ni^a,) the wofid of wliich is of a dark color, forming a beautiful material for cabinet work. BL.VCK'-U'ASH, n. A lotion madt; by mingling cali>- m'^1 and lime-water. BLACK'WORK, n. [block and work.] Iron wrnuglit by blacksmiths; so called in distinction from that wrought by whitesmiths. Encijc. BLAD'-AP'PLE, a. In Many, the Cactus, or a 'spe- cies of it. Earn, of Plants. BLAD'DER, n. [Sax. hbrdr, bUpdra, bledd>a, a blad- FaTE, FAEt, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREV —PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK. — BLA dpr, anil hlnf, ^ pulTof \vin»1, also Ji cot»lrt, frtiit, th^ i lininch uf a tn^c ; W. plfilrm, a blatldirr ; Sw. an*l D.in. blad, a pige, a I'lif, Kng. a Uf eminence, the word, in roniinon langntise, denotes tlie urinary bidder, either witliin llie animal, or when taken out and inflated with air. Kucyc. Johnsov. 2. Any vesicle or blister, especially if filled wiUi air, or a thin, watery liquor. X In botaayy a distended membranaceous pericarp. Jl/«rfyw. BLAD'DER-ED, a. Swell-d like a bladder. Z)r:jderu 9. Put up in bladders ; a.-*, bladdered l;ird. BLAD'L)P:R-A\"0LING, n. Fi^^hine by means of a biitf-d h(.M.k ntiactied to an infltited bladder. BLAD'DKK-NUT, n. [bhuhlrr aiid mm/.] A genus of phints, with the generic name of Stapnylea. They have three capsules, inflated and joined by a longi- tudinal "utune, Encyc 2. The ^rican htaddrr-nvt is the Royena. 3. Tlie laurel-Uaced bladder-nut is a species of Ilei, holm, or hnllv. Fam. of Plants. BLAD'DEK-SiEN''\A, or bfntard-scnna ; a penus of plants, rall'*d in lii.t;iiiy CohUja. ^hi. of Plants, The jointed'jjoiIJed bUidder-seana is the Coronilla. Fam. of Plants. Bl*AD'DEK-y, a. Resembling a bladder ; contuiniug bLidders. ** BLADK, R. [?a.T. bhp-i, bl^d, a branch, fruit, herbs, goblet, a phial, the broad part or blad'- of an f*ar ; Or. Tr>arp{, broad. The rtdical sense is to shoot, extend, dilate. Pee Bi-adder-] 1. Properly, th; k-af, rrfiitt part of the leaf, (/i;^a,) of gramineous plants, though tlie tenu in often ap- plii;d to tlie ppire. In Vtls sense of leaf, the term ia much use^fy in the Southr-rn SOit'S iff JW'rth America^ for the leaves of maizf 'r'lich are UAtd an fodder. 2. The rutting part of an instrument, as the blade of a knife, or sword, so named from its length or breadth. I'suatty. it is made of iron or steel, but may be of any other metal, ra.-it or wrought to an edge or point. Al^o, the broad part of an oar. 3. The bUiJe of the shouHer., sfwulder-blade, or blade- bune, is the scapula, or scapular bone. It is the broad upiR-r bone of the shoulder, so called from iu resem- bl LUce to a blade or leaf. 4. A brisk man ; a bold, forward man ; a rake. BLADE, r. /. To furni:^h with a blade. BLAUlVBr).\'E, n. The scapula, or upper bone in ih,' .-liuulrj/,a bladder, growing on the rfK>t of the tongue, against the wind- pipe, wbich swells so as to stop the breath. Enryc. BLXM'A-IJLE, o. [Pee Blame.] Faulty j culpable; rtrpreheiisible ; di^-tervnig of censure. Drifden. BLAM'A-BI.E XESS, n. Culpjibleneas ; fault; the stale of being worthy of censure, Whitlock. BLAM'A-BLY, ode. Culpably ; in a manner dcserv- inff of censure. BI'AME, p. L [Fr.ftW/nfr, for hlnsmer: It. hiasmare^ia blame ; biasmo, for blasino^ blame. The fin'fks have the root of this word in fiX'tu-prjtic'o, to bULtpheme^ and it seems to be of the same family as Fr. bles^CTy to injure, tliat is, to strike. Kr^e Bi.emi«h. But it is not clear that the noun ought not to be arranged before the vi:rb.] i. To censure; to express disapprobation of; to find fault with ; opposed to praise or cvmmrtui^ and applieabU most properly to persons, but applied also tu 1 wiihatuixl liiin, bccaiiae ha wik lo be blamed. — fial. B. I mu"! blame your comhirt j or I nuist blame you for n«-ei>*ctinff business, l^gitinmtely, it can not bo follow.'d by of. 3. To bring reproach upon ; to blemish ; to injure. [S*,t' Blemish.] Hh- hA<1 blftmed hn acAitr Wood. [06t-] Spenter. BLA.ME, n. Censure ; reprehension ; Imputation of a fault; dii«apprnbation ; an exprcsi^ion of disapproba- tion for souifihing deemed to l»e wrong. 1^1 lit* U!«»r O*- blatnt foi^vr. —Geo, xl\k. 5. Fault; crime; sin; that which i» deserving of censure or diwapprobation. TbBt ve (hcruld be hcdj Mul witlimil blame l-dure him In lore. — Eph. I. BLA y. Hurt ; injury. Aud g^Iancinjj down tiis shield, from blamt him fiiirlj Mr. Censuring ; finding fault. BL.\.\€'ARD, n. [Fr. blane^ white, and atv/, kind.] A kind of lin"n cloth manufactured in Normandy, BO called because the thread is half blanched before it is wove. Eneyc. BL.\XCH,». ^ \Fx. blanchir i It. blanchire,\\\ti I su[>- pressed as in blame; Sp. blaaqnear i Port, branquear, ichanaed intor; Eng. blank. Hee Bleach.] 1. To whiten ; to take out the color, and make white; to obliterate. JOrydeiu 2. To slur; to balk; to pass over; that is, to avoid; to make empty. [06.*.J Bacon. 3. To make white by stripping of the peel-, as, to blanch almonds. fVitemnn. 4. In irardcninffy lo whiten by excludinc the light, as the stalks or leaves of plants, by earthing them up, or tying tJiem tngeihcr. Brande. BLANCH, r. i. To evade; to shift ; to speak softly. ./uhnson. Rather, to fail or withhold ; to be reserved ; to re- main bUttik, or empty. B"oks will sprmii plain, wh'Tti coun»r\or» blanck. Bacon. BLANCH'A'n, (blanrht,) pp. Whitened. , BLXNCH'ER, n. One who whitens; also, one who anneals and cleanses money. BLANCH-IM'E-TER, n. [blanchj and Or. pcTpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring the bleaching power of oxymuriate [chlorid] of lime, and potash. (7re. BLANCH'ING, ppr. or i^ Whiti-ning; making white. BLANCH'ING, ti. The act uf whitening. In coinairey the oiK-nition of giving brightness to pieces of silver, by healing them on a peel, and afterward boiling them successively in two pans of copiwr, with aipia fortis, conmion salt, and tartar of MonIp<'lier, then draining otf the water in a sieve. Sand and fresh water are then thrown over them, and, when dry, they are nibbed with a tiiwel. Fnajc. 'i'he Covering of iron plates with a thin coat of tin is also calT'd btancking. Kncyc. In 'janlrniit^, the term blanching is applied to the process of whitening the st:ilks or leaves of plants, by eartiiing them up, or tying them together, so as to exclude the light, or dimmish its intensity. Brande. Blanch femiyOT blank farm, in ancient /iii/>, a white fann, was onu where the rent was paid in silver, not in cattle. Eacyc. Bluaeh-hohling ; In law, a tenure by which the ten ant is Iwnind to [wiy only an elusory yearly duty to bis superior, as an acknowledgment to his right. Encye. BLANCH'LVG-Ua'UOU, ( lik'or,) n. The solution of chlorid of lime for bleaching; called by workmen chrmic. Porter. B/^JVC MAJ^OFJ, \ (blo.nionje',) n. [Fr. white BLJIJ^C-M.^J^'aF.H,\ ftwd.] In cuokrnjf a preparation of dissolved isinglass, m Ik, sugar, ciimamon, &.C., boiled into a thick con- •i/ttrnr*. Eticye. BLAND, rt. [L. blandus; Vr. bland; G. Umle, gelinde, mild, soft; i^w. lijuira; G.tiudr.m; V.lindercTi; Dan. lindre; to soften or mitigate; Dan. lind^ soft, mild, gsntle ; L. lenisf Icntus; At. ,,-XS lana, to be mild, 0oft, gentle, placid, smooth, /mt«nC. Sec RELcrtT.] Mild; soil; gentle; as, bland words; bland zeph- yrs. Milton. Thum-wn. BLA III. AND A'TIO.V. V. Gross llatU^n'. [.Vet usrd.] BLAXD-IL'0-aUENCE, n. [L. blandua, mild, aud laqiiiir, to s[)8ak.] Fair, mild, flattering speech. BLAND'lrrH, v. t. (L. blaadior : IL blandire: Sp. b!an- diar, blajidir; Old Eng. blandise.] Chaucer. To soften ; to caress ; to flatter by kind words or aflfi ctioiiate actions. Milton. BLAND'ISH-ER, h. One that flatters with soft words. BLAND'iSH-LNG, ppr. fc'ooUiing or flattering with fair words. BLAND'ISH-ING, n. Blandishment. BLAND'ISll-MENT, n. Soft words ; kind speeches ; caresses; expression of kindness; words or actions expr^^ssive of aficction or kindness, and tending to win the heart. Milton. Drydcn. BLAND'N'^yS, n. State of being bland. Chalmers. BLANK, a. [Fr. blanc; It. bianco; Sp. bianco; D. and Ger. blank ; Dan. blank, shining ; Sw. blatuk, white, shining; blankia, to shine See Bleach. 1 1 Void; empty; consequently while; as, a blank paper. 9. White or pale ; as, he blank moon. Milton. 3. Pale from fear or terror ; hence, confused ; con- founded ; dispirited ; dejected. Adnm — lutonSshcd stood, and blattk. MilUm. 4. Without rhyme ; as, blank verse, verse in which rhyme is wantinif. 5. Pure ; entire ; complete. Beddoes. 6. Nut containing balls or bullets; as, blank car- tridses. This word is applied to various other objects, usu- ally in tile sensi- of destitution, emptiness ; as, a blank line, a blank space, in a book, &c. BLANK, 71. Any void space ; a void space on paper, or in any written instrument. S. A lot by ivhich nothing is gained ; a ticket in a lolter>' which draws no prize. 3. A paper unwritten ; a paper witliout marks or characters. 4. A pajKir containing the substance of a legal in- strument, as a deeil, release, writ, or execution, witli vacant spaces left to be filled with nmnes, AmW., de- scriptions, &.C. 5. The ixiint of a target to which an arrow is di- rected, marked with white paper. [Little used.] Hhak. 6. Aim; shot [Obg.] hak. 7. Object to which any thing is directed. Shak. 8. A small copper coin formerly current in France, at the rate of 5 deniers Tournois. Thi-re were also pieces of three blanks, and of six ; but they are now become moneys of account Encye. 9. In coinage, a plate or piece of gold or silver, cut and sha|)ed, but not stamped. Encyc. Blank-bar; in law, a common bnr,or a plea in bar, which, in an action of tresjtass, is put in lo oblige the plaintifl" lo assign the place where the trespass was committed. Encyc. Point-blank shoti in gunner>', the shot of a gun leveled luprizonTally. 'i'he dii^tance between the piece and the jxiint where the shot first toucht-s the ground is called the point-blank range; the shot pro- ceeding on a straight line, without curving. Encyc BLANK, V. t. To make void ; to annul. Spenser. 2. To deprive of color, the index of ht^alth and spirits; to damp the spirits; to dispirit or confuse; as, lo blank the face of joy. Shak. I'illot-ton. BLANK-CAlf'J'RIDGE, n. A cartridge filled with IMUvder, but having no ball. Booth. BLANK'/:!), (blankt,) pp. Confused ; dispirited. BLANK'ET, n. [Fr. blanclu-l, the blanket of a printing- press.] L A cover for a bed, made of coarse wool loosely woven, and used for securing against cold. Blankets are used also by soldiers and seamen for covering. 2. A kind of pear, sometimes written, after the French, blanqtLct. 3. Among printrrs, woolen clolh, or wliite baize, to lay between Ihe tunpans. Print. Ouide. BLANK'ET, b. t. 'i'o loss in a blanket by way of pim- ishment ; an anrimt custom. The emperor Olho used to sally forth in dark nights, and, if ho found a drunken man, he administered the discipline of the blanket. Encyc. 2. To cover with a blanket BLANK'ET-ING, ppr. Tossing in a blanket BLANK'ET-ING, n. The punishment of tossing in a a. Cloth for blankets. [blanket BLANK'LY, ado. In a blank manner; with paleness or confusion. BLANK'NESH, n. State of being blank. BLANK'-VEKSP;, n. Any verse without rhyme ; ap- plied particularly to the heroic verse of five leet with- out rhvnie. i(/^JV-Qf//i:7"/'/;',(blan-ket',) n. [Fr.] In eookrry, a while fricassee. Coolmi. BLARE, V. i. [Old Belgic blaren; Teut. hlarren'; U ploro, to cry out, to bawt, to weep ; Ir. blor, or fflor, a noise, or voice. The radical sense is to shoot or drivo forth, or to spread.] 1. To roar; lo bellow. [Little used.] Johnson, 2. To swt.'fil or melt away, as a cnmJle. Bailey, This is, I bi'lieve, usually called /arc. TONE. BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOU8. — € aa K; aa i ; ■ as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. BLA BJLXKE, n. Roar; noise. [LittU used.] And tigh ^v tnttk'r Uixrw. fiorfow. 9. A sraalt copper coin oI'Bem, nearly of Uie same value ns the biiU. Khcuc, BLX R'.NEY, B, Smooth, deceitful talk ; flatten-. [/ruA,] BLAS-PHkME', r. t [Gr. iiXan^ntuu'. The first syl- lable is the same tun in b!ame^ Wa-w, dt'notinc injurj- ; probably, Fr. Wr^vfr, to hurt, tliat is, tu strike; L. mdOf bisus. Ilenre in S^x bla.>fruiable is blaiAoMe, The last teylluble i;^ the Gr. ■:-ru-t, to ^|M-ak.] 1. To !tpi-ak of liie Supreme Being iu terms of impl- oua im-vi-n-nce; to revile or spc-ak reprnach fully of Cod, or the Holy Spirit. I Kings xxt. Jtark iii 2. To sptak evil of; to utter abuiv or calumny a^nst ; to speak reproachfully of. i*opc BLAS-PHeSIE'. V. i. To uUei Uosphemy. Ut Uni riuOl &«aip4rd to God, U ij^nyiit^ ihiU whkb h our Mkl tHonffai j to Win, or ■iinTiiKWtf la turn Uial wWcfa h oot »gir^atm to Ui oMn*. timmood, Tn the middle ages, bhutphemy was used to denote simply the blaming or condemniniE of a person or thins. Ainone Ihe Greeks, to bUiipkmm* wan to u»e words of ill umrQ, which they were carefbJ to avoid. 9. That which derogates from the prerofatives of God. Mark ti. BLAST, a. [Sax. M«^> a pufT of wind, a blowing; Sw.Mojf ; IXin. hUjt ; Ger. bU^r» : D. blaatcn .- Dan. Mms ; Sw. AioM, to blow ; whence Ger. bla^e^ D. MWoff, Sw. MsM. a bladder. Hence Gng. blau., which is primarily a hioteim^ or ittreiliHg: Icf-. blvejt^ to blow. Qu. Pr. A/cMT, to bum np, to consume. The prima- ry sense b to rush or drive ; hence to strike.] L A pisl or puff* of wind ; or a sudden gust of wind. & The ioaiid made by blowing a wind instnimenL Skak. 3. Any pemtcions or destructive influence upon animals or planu. 4. The infection of any thing pestilential ; a blight on plants. 5. A sudden compression of air, attended with a ■hock, cansed by the discharge of cannon. 6. A Aatnlent disease in sheep. 7. A ft>rcible stream of air from the mouth, from the belkiws, or the like. 8. A violent explosion of gunimwder, in splitting rocks, and the exploi:ion of inflammable air in a mine. 9. The whole blowinc of a force necessary to melt one supply of ore ; a common use of llie word umung workmen in forces in America. BLAST, c. L [Litenlly, to strike.] To make to wither by some pernicious influence, as tix> much beat or moisture, or other dfstructive cause ; or to check growth and prevent from coming to maturity and producing fniit ; to blight, as trees or plants. 3. To afflxt with s-wie sudden violence, pUgue, cabnnity, or drstmctive influence, which de>troys or causes to f^tl ; as, to blast pride or hopes. The fleu- latire senses of this verb are taken from the blasting of plants, and all express the idea of checking nowtb. preventing maturity, impairing, injuring, d es ti uy iag, or disappointing of the intended elTcct ; as, to Moat credit, or reputttion ; to blast designs. X To confound, or strike with force, by a loud blast or din. Shak, A. To split rocks by an exfdosion of gunpowder. Tl*-y did oot map u> Viut this ore. /V»ter'« Kalm'a TraoeU. BLAST'ED, pp. Affected by some cause that checks growth, injures, impairs, destroys, or renders atku-- tive : split by an explosion of gunpttwder. BLAST'ER, B. He or that which blasts or destroys, BLAST'-FL'R-XACE, ». A furnace for smelting ores, in which the siipply of air is furnished by a very powerful bellows, or other pneumatic apparatus. Braadt. BL.1ST'ING, ppr, AflcclinK by a blast; preventing from coming to maturity ; fhistraling ; splitting by an explosion of" gunpowder. BLXST'ING, n. A blast ; destruction by a pernicious cause. 2. The act of splitting by an explosion of gunpowder. BLE BLXST'.MENT, «. Ul:tst ; sudden stroke of some destructive cause, [tiuiwrseded by Blast and Blast- IXG.1 Shak, BLAS-TO-€.\R'rOU^, a. [Gr. ^Aoffroj, germ, and «ti/>Ti<, fruit.] In botany^ germinating inside the pcricani) ^^ t'l^ manirnivp. Brandt, BL.\ST'-I*irE, »i. A pipe in a locomotive engine to carr>' the wiKe steam up the cliiuiney ; also, a piiH! to urge the fire by creating a slnmEtr cumiit of air. BLvX'TANT. a. [See Bleat.] Bellowing as a calf. [.V(»f iLscki.] £>rydciu BLATF:. a. Bashf\il. [ScottUh.] BL.AT'TER, r. i. [from the root of bleat.] To make a «ens<'Iess mdse. BL.\T'TER-ER, a. A noisj-, blustering boaster. [JVot M.1^,]^ Spender. BLAT'TERIXG, ppr. Blustering. BLAT'TER-IN'G, h. Senseless blustering. BLAV, M, [See BLKi.K.] A smalt river li^h, the bleak. J, ^insirorlh. Johnson. BLAZE, n, [Sw. Wa.*a ; G. bla.;hL 3. A white spot on the forehead or face of a horse, descending nc:u-ly to the nose. 4. .\ white spot made on trees by removing the bark with a hatchi-t. 6. Li^ht ; e\p3nded light ; as, the htaxe of day. 6. Xolse; agitation; tumulL BLAZE, c. i. To flume ; as, the fire Mn-.es, 3. To send forth or show a bright and expanded Ught. Tb« Ibini fiur raom now blaxtd upou the inaju. Pope. X To be conspicuous. BLAZE, V. L To make public far and wide. Tu htaxe thoae rimnrs which the good would )uil«. Pope. 2. To blazon. [-Vlrf iu*d. See Blaio-*.] Peacham. 3. To set a white mark on a tree, by paring olf a part of the bark. Chalma-.i. BLAZ'£D, pp, or a. Published far and wide ; marked with a white spt^it ; as, a hlaxed tree. BL.aZ'ER, n. One who publishes and spreads report.-). BLAZ'ING, ppr. Flaming ; publishing fur and wide ; marking with a «put. BLAZ'IMG, a. Emitting flame or light ; as, a blazing star. ^ BLAZ'IXG-ST.XR, b. a comet; a star that is ac- mmpnnied with a coma or train of light. BLA'ZO.V, (bla'zn,) r. f. [¥^t, biasunHtr ; It. hlasonarf ; Sp. bUtsoMor^ tu blazon ; blasotty heraldry. It is a de- rivative of blate.] 1. To explain, in proper terms, the figures on ensigns armorial. Addison. 2. To deck ; to embellish ; to adorn. Six b>A»iu in drrail uTitl<.-a bcHudcous form. Oarlh, 3. To display ; to set to show ; to celebrate by words or writing. Shak, 4. To blaze about ; to make public far and wide. 5. To dirjplay ; to exhibit conspicuously. ThfMv pnte siu blazoned oa tli' unmciuiin^ brow. TVwm&uU. BLA'ZOX, n. The art of drawing, describing, or ex- plaining coals of arms; perhaps a coat of anris, as us«^d by the French. Peacham. 2. Publication; show; celebration; pompous dis- play, either by word* or by other means. BLa'ZO.\'-/:D, (bli'znd,) pp. Explained, deciphered in the manner of heralds ; published abroad ; dis- played poinpiiusly. BL.a'ZO\-ER, n. One thai blazons; a herald; an evil s[Hyiker or propagator of scandal. BLA'ZO.N'-IXG, ppr. Explaining, describing, as her- alds ; showing ; publishing ; blazing abroad ; dis- playing. BLA'Z0.\-RY, n. The art of describing or explaining coats of arms in proper terms. BLkA, n. The part of a tree which lies immediately undtT the hark, [fbeiirre nottued.] Ckambrrs. BLEA'BER-RY, n. A British plant and its fniit, a spt-ties of Vaccinium, having small leaves like those of box-wood, and little purple berries. Parlinston. BLRACH, p. U [Sax. biecan; D. bleeken ; G. bleichciti Sw.bleka; Dan. fite^^c, to whiten or WracA; D.btykcRy to appear, to show ; Dan. 6/iA, a white plate of iron, or tin plate ; bleegy pale, wan, Eng. bleak ; Sw. blekj id. ; bleka^ to shine ; Ar. lJiaj balaka, to open or be opened, to shine ; ^Oo balaja^ id. It is not im- probable that blank and blanch are the same word, BLE with a nasal sound casually uttered and afterword written before tlie linal consunanuj To whiten ; to make white or whiter, by removing the original color ; applied to viantf thinif.i, Init partic- ularly to cloth and Oireail. IJleacIiing is variously per- formed, but in general by steeping the cloth in lye, or a solution of [>ot or ]>eurl ashes, and then exjHtsing it to the soliir rays. Bleuihing is now generally performed, on tin; large scale, by means of clilurino or the oxyniurialic acid, which has the property of whitening vegetable sub- stances. Cyc. For this purpose, a solution of chlorid of lime is generally employed. BLft.ACII, r. L To grow white in any manner. Shfik. BLkACH'£D, (bleecht,) pp. or a. Whitened ; made white. BLkACU'ER, n. One who whitens, or whose occu- pation is to whiten cloth. BLkACH'ER-Y, tu A place for bleaching ; as, a wax blenchfrii, Titoke, BLkACH'-FIkLD, ?i. A field where cloth or yarn is bl.-arhfd. BLkACH'I.VG, ;)pr. Whitening; making white; be- coming white. BLfiACH'IN'G, a. The act or art of whitening, cs- [>eci:dly cloth. BLkACII'ING-POW-DER, ti. a powder for bleach- iiig, consisluig of chlorid of lime. BLkAK, a. [Sax. i/oc, bltvk, black and pale, or wan ; nig-er, paUidas,fnsciui., pulltis. It apjKjars that ne^ BLENCH'ING, n. A shrinking back ; a giving way. BLEND, V. L [Sax. bUiulian, to blend and to blind , geblendan, to mix, to stain or dye ; blindan, to blind ; D. blinden; Ger. blenden, to blind ; Dan. blande. to blend or mix ; blinde, to blind.] L To mix or mingli' together ; hence, to confound so that the separate things mixed can not be distin- guished. 9. To pollute by mixture ; to epoU or comipt. [OM Spenser. X To blind. lObs.] BLEND, 9. L To be mixed ; to be united. There M a lone of •olemo and lacred fis-Iing (hut bitruU with our cooritfaiitj-. Jroitig. BLENDE, n. [Ger. blenden, to blind ; blende, a blind or screen. ] An ore of zinc, called, also, mock lead ^faJse galena, and black-jack. lu color Is mostly yellow, brown, and black. There are w-veral variitiis, but in gen- eral, this ore contains more than half its weigiit of zinc, about one fourth sulphur, and usually a small portion of iron. In chemical languace, it i.s a sulphu- rtt of zinc. Foureroy. Clearetnud. Thomson, BI^END'ED, pp. Mixed -, confounded by mixture. BLEND'ER, n. One that mingles or confounds. BLEND'LN'G, ^r. Mingling togetlicr; confounding .by mixture. BL'END'OI;s, o. Pcnaining to blende BLKND'-\VA-TER, ». A distemper incident to cattle, called, also, more-hough. Fnciic BLEN-NOR-Rlia:'A, n, [Gr. [iUvva, mucus, and />£■', to flow.] An inordinate discharge or secretion of mucus. BLE.V'NV, «. [Sax. blinnan^ to cease.] [Brande. A name cominr>n to difli-rent species of fishes, usu- ally of small size, of thi; genus Blenniiis, and of the order Jnrulares, (Linn.) BLENT, the obsolete participle of Blkxd. Spenser. BLES.s, 0. t. ; pret. and pp. Blessco or Blest. [Sax. btf'Uian, blctfian, bleOiigan, and blrsaian ; whence, blrtiunff, bledsunir^ a blessing or benediction. W. Udd, a gift, a fhvor, a blessing.] 1. To pronounce a wish of happiness to one; to express a wish or desire of happinea>s. And Imac tilled Jiieob an ftithin me. —Pa. ciii. 7. To praise ; to magnify ; to extol, fur excellences. Ps. civ. , 8. To esteem or account happy ; with the recipro- cal pronoun. Tlie nations shiil hlcMa ihcmseltxt in liim. — Jcr. iv. 9. To pronounce a solemn, prophetical benediction upon. Gen. xxvii. Deut. xxxiii. 10. In this line 6f Spenser, it may signify to (Arow, for tliia is nearly tlie primar>- sense. His spiirkliiig blade about liis head he blest. Johnson supposes the word to signify to reave or hrattdhh, and to have received this sense from the old rite of blessing a lield, by directing the hands to all pjirts of it. Blc'is, in Spenser, for blisf, may be so written, not for rhyme merely, but because bless and blisH are from the same root. BLESS'/;D, (blest,) pp. Made happy or prosperous; extolled ; pronounced hnppy. BLESS'ED, a. Happy ; prosperous in worldly aflalnB ; enjoying or i>ertainint; to spiritual happiness and the *"'""'' "*■ ^-"* ■ enjoying or pertaining to heavenly fe- Bometimes implying contempt or censure ; as, a blind corner. /f,wkrr. 4. Dark; obscure; not easy to be found; not easily discernible ; (is, a blind path. 5. Heedless; inconsiderate; undcliberating. This plan a n^co in mended neitlier u> blind aiiprol/iiioti nor to bititd nejiroLitioii. FexUrutUt, JtUf. 6. In Scripture, blind implies not only want of dia- cernmt;nt, but moral depravity. BLIND, r. L To make blind ; to deprive of sight. 2 To darken ; to obscure to the eye. favor of God licitv. BLESS'ED THIS'TLE, n. A plant of the genus Cen- taurea, simietimes used in decoctions, for a bitter. BLESS'EI)-LV, mlr. Happily ; in a fortunate manner. BLESS'ED-NESS, «. Happiness; (el icily ; heavenly joys ; tlie favor of God. „^_2^_^»"<^tity- Shak. BLESS'EU, n- One that blesses or prospers ; one who bestows a blessing. BLESS'ING, pj)r. Making happy ; wishing happiness to ; pniisintror exlollin;; ; consecrating by prayer. BLESS'ING, n. Benediction ; a wish of happiness pronounced ; a prayer imploring happiness upon an- other. 2. A solemn, prophetic benediction, in which hap- piness is desired, invoked, or foretold. Tliia is tl«6.'ea«ift;f when-wtth Moaes- WM«d the children of Uru'I. — DruL xxxin. 3. Any moans of happiness ; a gift, benefit, or ad- vantage ; that which promotes temporal prtwperily and welfare, or secures immortal feliciiv. A just and pious magistrate is a public blessing. The divine favor is the greatest blejigimr. 4. Among tAe Jeics, a present; a gift; either be- cause it was attended with kind wishes for the wel- fare of the giver, or because it was the means of in- creasing happiness. Taltp, 1 jiray thee, my bleiiinff that ia brought to thee.— Gen. And Itvm loo* Ih* fiw lo«»*a and the two tithr*, and looWnr u to bnrra b« Uaated them. — Lnke ix. BLEST, pp. of BLES9. BLEST, a. Made happy. 2. Making happy ; cheering. While these ble§t suund) my rafiahwl ear aanll. TVumfiuff. BLft'TON-ISM, 71. The faculty of perceiving and in- dicating subterraneous springs and currents by sen- sation ; so called from one Hletnn, of FranceJ who tt^s Htipposed to possess this faculty. Enajc. BLk'TON-ISTj n. One sup[Kised to possess the fac- ulty of perceiving subterraneous springs by sensa- tion. Enqic. BLEW, pret. of Blow. ^ BLeVME, 71. An inflammation in the foot of a horse, between the sole and the bone. Farrier^s Diet. BLIGHT, (blue,) n. [Qu. Sax. bla^ctha, scurf, leprosy.] 1. A disease incident to plants, affecting them va- riously. Sometimes the whole plant perishes ; some- times only the leaves and blossoms, which will shrivel, as if scorched. 9. Any thing nipping or blasting. In .America, I have oft.;n heard a cutaneous erup- tion on the human skin called by the name of bligkLs. This is the nettle lichen {lichen urticosas,) an erup- tion of very minute reddish pimples, appearing in spots or more genernlly dilfused. Oood. 3. A name given to certain downy spf^cies of the nnhi^, or plant louse, destructive to fruit-trees. BLIGHT, r. t. To aflV-ct with blight; to blast; to prevent growth and fertility ; to fruxtrate. BLIGHT'EH, pp. Bliistcd ; frustrated. BLIGHT'INt;, ppr. or a. Blasting; frustratina. HLIGHT'ING, n. Act of blighting. BLIGHT'LVG-LV, adv. By blasting. BLIN, V. L [Sax. blinnan.] To stop or cease. [ Ob^.] Spenjier. BLIND, a. [Sax. blind; O. D. Sw. and Dan. Winrf; Sax. blendan, to blend and to blind. This is (ho same word iw blend, and was so written by Spenser. See BLe:fD. Obscurity is from mixture.] 1. Dirrtitiito of the sense of seeing, either by nat- ural defect, or by deprivation ; not having sight. 2. Not having the fir.ully of discernment ; desti- tute of intellectual light ; unable to understand or judge; ignorant; as, authors are blind to their own defects. Blind should be foHowed by to ; but it is followed by of in the phrase blind of an eye. 3. Unseen; out of public view; private; dark; Such diirktieu blind* Hie sky. Dryden. 3. To darken the understanding ; as, to blind the mind. 4. To darken or obscure to the understanding. He endeavored lo bliiul and confuund tJ«r ooutruvray. Siiilinef-eet. 5. To eclidse. Fletcher. BLIND or BLINDE. Sec Blende, an ore. BLIND, n. Something to hinder the sight. Civility Msu a blind over iIi,; duly. VEelratige. 2. Something to mislead the eye or the un ierstand- ing ; as, one thing serves as a blind for anoihur, 3. A screen; a cover; as, a blind for a window, or for a h*^irse. BLIND'ED, pp. or a. Deprived of sight ; deprived of intellectual discernment ; made dark or oliscure. BLIND'FCLD, a. [blind and fold.] Having the eyes covered ; having the mental eye darkened. BLTND'FOLD, r. u To cover the eyes; to hinder from seeing. BLTND'FOLD-ED, pp. Having the eyes covered: hindered from seeing. BLIND'EOLD-FNG, ppr. Covering the eyes ; hinder- ing from seeing. BLIND'ING, ppr. or a. Depriving of sight, or of un- derstanding; obscuring. BLIND'LV, adc. Without sight or understanding. 2. Without discerning the reason; inipHoitly; without examination ; as, to be blindly led by another. Ihyden. 3. Without judgment or direction. Dryden. BLIND'-MAN'S BALL, n. A species of Fungus, Ly- coperdun. or pufl^bnll. Fam. of Plants. BLIND'-MAN'S BUFF, n. A play in which one per- son Is blindfolded, and hunts out the rest of the company. Johnson. BLIND'NESS, v. Want of bodily sight ; want of in- tellectual dii^cernment; ignorance. Lucke. BLI\D'-NET'TLE,ri. A plant, BLINDS, n. pi. In the military art, a defense made of osiers or branches interwoven, and laid across two rows of stakes, four or five feet asunder, of the height of a man, to shelter the workmen, and pre- vent their being overlooked by the eneniv. Encvc BLIN D'-SER' PENT, n. A reptile of the Cafw- of Good Hope, covered with black scales, but spotted with red, white, and brown. Diet, of Aa(. Hist. BLIND'-SIDE, 71. [blind and side.] The side which is most easily assailed ; or the side on which the party Js least able or disposed to see danger ; weak- ness -, foible ; weak part. Swift BLIND'-VES'SEL, n. With cAwnwtj, a vessel with an opening on one side onlv. Juhnson. BLIXD'U'OR.M, 7(. [blind and worm.] A small ophid- ean rejitile or serpent, called also *Vuj worm, a species of Anguis, about eleven inches long, covered with scales, witii a forked tongue, but harmless. Dtct. of J\rat. Hist BLINK, V. t To shut out of sight ; to avoid, or pur- posely evade; as, to blink tlie question before tlie house. BLINK, V. i. [Sax. blican, to shine, to twinkle; bliciend, clothed in White; ablican, to appear, to whiten ; D. blikkcn, lo glance, to twinkle, and blink- en, to shine, to glitter; blijken, to appear or siiow ; Sw. blinker, to wink, to connive > bianka, to shine, lo twinkle ; G. bhcken, to look, to glance ; blinkcn, to glance, to shine, to twinkle, to wink; Dan. btinke, to blink, to glance, to wink, to shine, to glitter This contains the same radical letters as light] 1. To wink ; to twinkle witii the eye. 2. To see obscurely. • Johnson. Is it not to see. with the eyes h:df shnt, or with frequent winking, as a person with weak eyes? One eye was blinieing, ami one Ir j was Inilf?. Pt ilcpn-e. Spender. BLISS'FUI^LY, aJr. In a blissful manner. Shertcood. BLI^S ri^Lr-Nl^SS, n. Exalted happiness; felicity; fullness of joy. Banvte. BLISS' LKSS, a. Destitute of blis5. Ilaiekins. BLtS'SOM. r. i. [\V. 6/jw, btysiaWy to crave, thai is, to reach forwvdr} To be lustAil ; to caterwaul. [LUtlf used ] BLISS-PRO-DOC'ING, a. Producing bliss. BLIS'TER, H. [G. bUsty and bUttrr. It is radically the some word as bladder^ in a did^erent dialed. See BuLODERf Bl&st, and Bi..hZE.1 1. A Uiin bladder on the »tin, containing watery matter or serum, whether occasiont-d by a bum, or other injur>-, or by a vedicator>. U is formed by r&iainic Il>e cuticle. 2. Any tumor made by the separation of the film or skin/as on plants j or by the swelling of the suh- flUnce at the surftce, as on steeL 3L A Tcsinlory ; a pfaoter of Spanish fliea, or other matter, applied to nme a vesicle. BLIS'TBR, v.i. To riae in blisters. Drydm. BLIS'TCR, r. f. To raise a blister, by any hurt, bum, or riolent action upon the skin ; to raise a blister by a medical applkation, or vesicatory-. SL To rone tumors on inm bars in a furnace, in the process of converting iron into steel. BLIST'ER-FLY. \ K. The Spanish fly, (Owi**- BUS'TER-BEE'TLE, t ru vesUmUria ;) used in rai^jnc blisters. BUS'TER-FLAS'TER, M. A plaster of Spanish flies, desired to raise a bli:^er. BL.1^'TER-£D, p^ Having blisters or tumors. BLIS'TER-ING, pfr. Raiaug a blister j applying a blistering plaster, or Tesicatonr. BLIS'TER-fTa. Pull of blisten. BUTE. m. [L. bUt»m ; Gr. 0XiTor.'\ I. A genus of plants, called Strawberry SpimaeJL 3. A species of Amaranth, or flower-gentle Pitm. of Ptants. BLT7IIE, a. fSax. bliOu, and bleatJia^ btaitJUj gay, JoyAiL This » piobaUy the same worn as bliss ,- L. Utus; Eng. gUiC See Bum and Glad. The Ir. btk, hapless, aaems to be the original word nitb- out the prefix.] Gay ; meny ; Jo7oas ; sprightly ; mirthfuL Far IhM Ur Immit tnop ihofa mwfat, that aretued Of gnMtmm, ao Uiha, «> mootb, m> g^j. ACOmi. BLrPHE'FCL, a. Gay j full of gayety. BLmiK'LV, adv. In a gay, jo>fui ftionner. BLn"!"^ vv-^-c -. Gayetyj spri^tliness; the qnal- ii\ "le. Bl.r; . Gay ; merry ; cbeeffhL Pk3ip». BLn. ....:;... .\ ESS, a. The quality of being blttbe- somr>; gayety. BL6AT. F. L [This word may be allied to bladder, from the sense of inflating, swelling ; W. blwtk^ a puff, a Mast ; MycAdf , a fat paunch, a bloated perwn.] L To swell or make turgid, as witli air ; to inltate ; to pafi'np; hence, to nu^e vain; ftillowed by ujp, but without necessity. To bloat up with praise is less elegant than to Moat with praise. Drydtn. S. To swell or make turgid with water, or other means; as, a bloats limb. In medicine, it properly denotes a swelling of the i:urfuce, from the etfiision vC serum in the cellular membrane — a morbid en- largement, often accompanied with softness. BLOAT, r. u To grow tureid ; to dilate, .^rbutknot, BLOAT, a. Swelled ; turpid, [.\'ot u.*«i.] BLOAT'ED, pp. Ota. Swelled ; grown turgid ; inflated. BI^AT'En-Nt:>9, n. A turgid state: dilatation fn>m inrlnuon, debility, or any morbid cause. BLOAT'ER. R. A dricii herring. [See Blotk.] BLOAT'l.N'G, ppr. Swelhne ; Inflating. BLOAT'I.NG, a. A state of being swelled or bloated. BLOB'BER, a. [Ir. plub, or pluibiH, from swelling, pushine out, as in bieb, MuMer; AV. Utrb, a bulging ouL Uu. buib, by transposition. See BtrBSEB.] A bubble ; pronounced by the common people in America, btubber. ^t is a legitimate word, but not elecanL Corew, BLOB'BER-LIP, a. \blobber and Up."] A thick lipt Drydtn. BLOB'BER-LrP-PflD, (blob'ber-Iipt,) a. Having thick lips. VEstrangt. BLOCK, «. [D. bUk; Ger. block; Fr. bloc; W. ploc^ from Uoc, a mound ; ploriaxy to block, to plug ; Russ. pUkJka^ a block. The primarj* sense is, set, filed, or a mass.] 1. A heav}' piece of timber or wood, usually with one plain surface; or it is rectangular, and rather thick than long. 2. Any mass of matter with an extended surface ; as, a block of marbie, a piece rough from the quarry. 3. A massy brtdy, solid and heavy : a mass of wood, iron, or other meul, with at least one plain surface, such as artificers use. 4. A continuous row of buildings; as, a block of houfies. BLO 5. The wood on which criminals are beheaded. 6. .Any obstruction, ur cause of obstruction ; a stop ; hinderance ; obstacle. 7. A piillfv, or a system of pulleys, niotinted in its fi-nme or shell, with its band or strap. A block con- sists of one or more pnllt-ys or sheaves, in a groove of which the rope runs, fastened in a shell or frame by pins, on which they revolve ; of a shell or frame inclosing the pulley or pulleys ; and of a strap or band, consisting of a ru{K', encompassing the shell, and attached by an eye of rop6 or a hook to some object. Ed. Kacyc Blocks for standing rigging, called dead-ryeii, are shells, without sheavos or pulleys. P. Cyc. 6. A blockhead ; a stupid ftUow. 9t Among cuturs in tcood, a form made of hard wood, on which they cut figures in reli<;f with knives, chisels, &.c. Encyc 10. 'rhe wooden mold on which a hat is formed. 11. fh faieomrjff the perch whereon a bird of prey is kcpL Encyc, BLOl'K, r. £. [Ft. bUHjuer ; Port and Sp. hloqucar ; It. bloetart.] To inclose or shut up, so as to liinder egress or passage ; to stop up ; to obstruct by placing obstacles in the way ; often followed by up ; as, to block up a town, or a rood. BLOCK-.YDE', n. [L. bloceato ; Port, btoqueadoy blocked up; Sp. bloqueo [Fr. bloeus.] The shutting up of a place, formed by surrounding it with hostile trQO|is or ships, or by posting them at all the avenues, to prevent esc^ipe, and hinder sup- ptieii of provisions and ammunition from entering, with a view to compel a surrender, by hunger and want, without regular attacks. To constitute a blockade, the investing power must be able to apply its force to every point of practicable access, so as to render it dangerous to attempt to enter ; and there is no blockade of that port where us force can not be brought |o bear. Keni\t CommenUtries. BLOCK-ADE', r. (. To shut up a town or fortress, by posting troops at all the avenues, to compel the gar- rison or inhabitants to surrender by means of hun- ger and want, without regular attacks; also, to sta- tion ships of war to obstruct all intercourse with a town or nation. BLOCK-AD'EDjpp. Shut up or inclosed by an enemy. BLOCK-AD'IXG, ppr. Besieging by a blockade. BLOCKHEAD, h. {hloek and head.] A stupid fel- low ; a dnlt : a person deficient in understanding. BLOCK'IIEAO-ED, (-hedVd,)a, Stupid: dull. Shak. BLOCK'HEAD-LY, a. Like a blockhead. BLOCK'-HoL't^E, «. {block and house.'] A military edifice or fortress, so called because constructed chiefly of timber. P. Cyr. BLOCK'ISH, a. Stupid; dull; deficient in under- standing. Shak. BLOCK'ISH-LY, adv. In a stupid manner. Ilarmar. BLOCK'ISH-NESS, n. Stupidity ; dullness. BLOCK'LTKE a. Like a block ; stupid. Hakncilt. BLOCK'-PKI.NT-ING, n. The act or art of printing from en^TTived blocks of wood. BLOCK'-TIN, 7u [block and tin.] Tin, os it comes in blocks from the foundry. BLOM'A-RY, n. [See Bloom, a mass of iron.] The first forge through which iron passes after it is melted firorn the ore. BLOJ\rDE,n, [Fr.j A person of very fair complex- ion, with light hair and light blue eyes. BLOND'-LaCE, n. Lace made of silk. BLO.VK'ET, a. Gray. [J^'ot used.] Spenser. BLOOD, (blud,) n. [Sax. blod; S\v. and Dan. blodi Ger. bliU, blood ; bliUen, to bleed ; D. bloed, blood ; bloedtn, to bleed ; allied, perhaps, to Gr. i^Ac^u.] 1. The fluid which circuhues through the arteries and veins of the human bixly, and of other animals, which is essential to the preservation of life. This fluid is generally red. If the bluod of an animal is not red, such animal is called ezsansruious. (bloodless,) or white-blooded ; the blood being white, cr white tinged with blue. a. Kindred ; relation by natural descent from a common ancestor ; consanguinity. Goil haiii rnnd« ofani? blood all nationa of the e&nh. — Acta x^Q, Hence the word is used for a child; a family; a kindred; descent; lineage; progeny; descend- ants, &c 3. Royal lineage ; blood royal ; as, a prince of the blood, 4. Honorable birth ; high extraction ; as, a gentte- 5. Life. [man of blood. Shall 1 not require his biood »t joar hands f — 2 Sam. iv. 6. Slaughter; murder, or bloodshedding. I wilt sT-'tiff* the Uood of Jesreel upon the houM of Jehu.— Huaea i. The Voice of ihy broth^r'a blood crieth to me from th^ giuund. — Geo. ir. 7. Guilt and punishment. TTour biood be upon your own heads. — Acts xviU. 8. Fleshly nature ; the carnal part of man, as op- posed to the spiritual nature, or divine life. Who wer^ bom. nol of flf»h and blood, nor of the will of the fiesh, am of the will of nian, but of God. — John J. BLO 9. Man, or human wisdom, or reason. Flcah and blood hath not reri^nlcd it to thrv, but my FathiY wlio 1b ill hc«»(.'ii. — M«ti. xvi. 10. A sacramental symbol of the blood of Christ. Tlua b my bJood of the New Ti-atiuiieut, which Is shed for Uio irniisaioii uf sins. — Matt. xxvL 11. The death and sutft-rings of Christ. Bvlnsr now liiaiifiM by hia blood, we sliall be saved from wr&th through (lim.— Horn. v. 9. Kph. i. IQ. The price of blood ; that which is obtained by shedding bli>od, oiid seizing goods. Woe to him Unit biiiMplh a town with blood. — Hab. U. AcU i. 13. Temper of niind ; state of the passions ; but, in this sense, accompanied with cold or warm, or other qualifying word. Thus, to commit an act in cold blood, is to do it deliberately, and without sudden paf<»:D,a. [blood ami bolu-r.'j Sprin- kled with bIi>od. [J^ot tLird.] MacbrUl. BLOnD'-HROTII-EK, w. Brother by blood or birth. BLOODVCOL'OIt -/oU, a. Having the color of b;fK)d. BLOOD'-eO.X-SCM'ING, a. VVn^tiniillK! bloud. Sliuk. nL0OU'-DRE.\CH-£D, (drencht,) a. Drenched in blood. BLOOU'-DRUNK, o. Drunk with blood. More. BLOOD'-DV-i':D, (blud'dlde,) a. Dyed with blood. BLOOD'KD, pp. Bled ; stained witli bloitd ; inured to blood. BLOOD'-FLOW-ER, n. [hUod i\m\ fioioer.] Iheman- thus, a genus of plants, natives of the Cape of Good Hopr. Enctfc. BLOOD'-FROZ-EN, a. Having the blood chilled. Spenser. BI^OD'-GUILT-Y, Cblud'giI^y,) a. Guilty of mur- der. Fairfar. BLOOD'-GUILT-I-NESS, n. [blood and guiU.] The guilt or crime of shedding blood. Ph. li. BLOOD'-HORSE, n. A horse whose bluod or lineage is derived from the purest and most highly-prized origin or st()ck. BIx30D'-H0'r, a. [blood and hot.] As warm as blood in its natural tempeniture. BLOOD'-IIOUND, 7L [blood and hound.] A variety of dog, with long, snuKith, and pendulous ears, re- markablt; fur the acutenei^i^ of its smell, and employed to recover game which has escaped wounded from the hunter, by tracing the lost animal by the blood it had spilt ; wlience the name of the dog. Encuc. BLOOD'I-LY, adv. In a bloody manner; cruelly; with a disposition to shed blood. Shak. BLOOD'I-XE.SS, n. The slate of being bloody; dis- position to shed blood. BL0OD'ING,;»/'r. Letting blood ; staining with blood ; inuring to blo^id, as a hound. BLOOD'LESS, a. Without blood ; dead. 2. Without shedding of blood or slaughter; as, a Wtiorf/c.--.? viclsition for the shedding of blood. BLOOD'WON, a. Won by shedding blood. Scott. BL0OD'\VOOD,n. [blood and icooJ.] Aname given to lojTwoo'd, from its color. BLOOU'WORT, (blud'wurt,) h. [blood and tcort] A plant, a species of Rumex. BLOOD'-WOR-THV, a. Worthy of blood. BLOOD'y, a. Stained with blood. 2. (.'niel ; murderous ; given to the shedding of blood ; or having a cruet, savage dispositiOTt j applied to animaLi. 3. Attended with bloodshed ; marked by cruelly ; applifd to things ; as, a bloody battle. BLOOD'Y, r. L To stain with blood. Overbury. BLOOli'V, adp. Verv i as, bloody sick, bloody drunk. f This is very vulgar.'] BL0OD'Y-Et-£D, (blud'dy-ide,) a. Having bloody or cruel eyes. BLOOO'Y-FAC-KD, {bludMy-Hlste,) a. Having a bl'KKly faca^or appearance. Shafc. BLOOD'V-FLUX, n. [blood and fiux.] The dysen- tery, a disease in which the discharges from the bowirls have a mixture of blood. Arbuthnot, BL0OD'Y-FLUX-£D, (blud'dy-fluxt,) a. Afflicted with the bloody-flux. BLOOU'Y-HAXD, n. [blood and haml] A hand stained with the blood of a deer, whicli, in the old fiirest laws of England, was sufficient evidence of a man's trespass in the forest ajrainst venison. Ash. BLOOD'Y-HUNT-IXG.o. Hunting for blood. Shak. III^OD'Y-ING, ppr. Staining with blood. BL0OD'Y-MIND'EIJ,c [blood and mind.] Having a cniel, ferocious dii^iwsitioD ; barbarous; inclined to fitted blood. Dryden. BLOOD'Y-RED, a. Having the color of blooil. BL0OD'Y-SCEP'TER-*:U, a. Having a scepter oh- tained by bliMMl or slaughter. Shak. BLOOIJ'Y-i^WEAT, (blud'dy-swet,) n. [blood and sweat.] A sweat, nrcompanied by a discharge of blood ; also, a di.sea>ie, calk-d steealing tiuknesg^ which formerly prevailed in England and other countries. BLOOM, n. [Goth, bloma ; D. bloem ; G. blame ; Sw. blornmr- : Dan. blomjiter ; W. bloderiy blawd^ fi-om the r<»ot of biota : Sax. bloiDan. contracted from blodan, or blothan. Blossom Is a dialectical form of the word, from the same root. See Blossom.] J. A blossom ; the flower of a plant ; an expanded bud. WhS*" ofyrnin^ tilooms diiTr/>rf, h. fiigo, Eng. fto;^. But bloiD, a stroke, is written like the verb to blow, the Latin j?o, and blow, to blossom. The letter lost is probably a dental, and the original was blod, or A/o(A, in which case the word has the elements of loud, laudo,claudo,lad,&LC.] 1. The act of striking; more generally, the stroke ; a violent application of the hand, fist, or an instru- ment, to an object 2. The fatal stroke ; a stroke that kills ; hence, death. 3. An act of hostility ; as, the nation which strikes the first bloir. Hence, to come to bloios, is to engage in combat, whether by individuals, annies, fleets, or nations ; and when by nations, it is war. 4. A sudden calamity ; a sudden or severe evil. In like manner, plaga, in Latin, gives rise to the Eng. plague. 5. A single act ; a sudden event ; as, to gain or lose a province at a blow, or by one bloic. At a stroke is used in like manner. 6. An ovum or egg deposited by a fly on flesti or other substance, called a fiy-bloie, BLOW, r. i. ,- prrt. Blew ; pp. Blown. [Sax. bUtwen, bUnran, to blow as wind ; blowan, to blossom or blow, as a flower ; D. bloei/en^ to blossom ; G. blciltcn, to swell or inflate ; L. ^o, to blow. This word, proba- bly, is from the same root as bloom, blosso7n, bUnc, a flower; VV. bloden. See Blossom.] 1. To make a ctirrent of air ; to mr p, as air ; as, the wind biotas. OUen used with it ; as, it blows a gale. 2. To pant ; to puff; to breathe h'/i or quick. , Here ia Mrs. Pagff at ihe door, BWijatiiig » / i hloimng, Shak. 3. To breathe ; as, to blow \\o\oj li cold. V Estrange. 4. To sound with being blown as a horn or trum- pet. Mdton. 5. To flower ; to blossom ; tc bloom ; aa plants. How hloiBs ilie citroQ groTo. Milton. To blow over; to pass away A'ithout effect ; to cease or bo dissipated ; as, the storm or the clouds are blown over. To blow up; to rise in the air; also, to be broken and scattered by the explosion of gunpowder. BLOW, V. L To throw or drive a current of air upon ; as, to blow the fire ; also, to fan. 2. To drive by a current of air; to impel; as, th« tempest blew the ship ashore. 3. To breathe upon, fur the purpose of wanning ; as, to blow the fingers in a cold day. Shak. 4. To sound a wind instrument ; as, t/oio the trum- 5. To spread by report. [pet. And through the court his courtesy waa bloum, Dryden. 6. To deposit eggs, as flies. 7. To form bubbles by blowing. 8. To swell and infiate, as veal ; a practice of butchers. 9. To form glass into a particular shape by the breath, as in glass manufactories. 10. To melt tin, after having been roasted to get rid of the sulphur and arsenic. Cijc. 11. To put out of breath ; to cause to blow from fatigue ; as, to blow a horse. Sir fV. ScotL To blow away ; to dissipate ; to scatter with wind. To blow down; to prostrate by wind. To blow off; to shake down by wind ; as, to blow off fruit from trees ; to drive from land ; as, to blow off n ship. To blow out ; to extinguish by a current of air; as a candle. To blow up; to fill with air; to swell ; as, to blow up a bladder or a bubble. 2. To inflate ; to puff* up; as, to blow vp one with flattery. 3. To kindle ; as, to blow up a contention. 4. To burst, to raise into the air, or to scatter, by the explosion of gunpowder. Figuratively, to scat- ter or bring to naught suddenly ; as, to blow up a scheme. To blow upon ; to make stale ; as, to blow upon an author's works. Addison. BLOW, n. A flower; a blossom. Ilullhreirs Diet. This word is in general use in the United Siatni, nnd legitimate. In the Tatter, it is used for blossoms in general, a;* we use blowtJi. 2. Among seamen, a gale of wind. This niso is a legitimate word, in general use in the United States. BLOW'BALI,, 71. [*/»» and ball.] The downy head of the datideliun, formed by the pappas, after the blossom has fallen. B. Jonson, BLOW'ER, V. One who blows ; one wlio is employed in melting tin. 2. A plate of iron or tin used to increase the cur- rent of air in a chimney. BLOW'-FLY, n. A species of dipterous Insect, \^Musea TONE, BI;LL, TJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — e as K; G aa J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS- BLU Linn ) very tmublfsome in snmmpr, from ita dop(k>iung iio eggs on flesh. Partitii^ton, BLCW'ING, pftr. Making a current of uir; breittliing quick ; sort ; swelled ^ inflated ; ex- pukded, as a bloaMui j uul of breath ; as, tiw hone was ve^ mach hUmu Btmwm tqwn ; made ''ommon or stale ; as, a passage in an auihor not yet bioton upoH. jfdJisan. BLOW'-riPE, ». [htotc and pipe.] An inplrument by wbich a blast or current of air is driven throueh the flame of a lamp or candle, and that flame directed upon a mineral substaiKe, to fuse or vitrify it. Btow-fipe ^Uu artiM ; a conical tube of brass, glass, or oUier subslaace, usually a quarter of an inch in diameter at one encf, and capillar)', or nearly so, at the otber, wbera U b bent nearly to a right angle. This Is used to prapel a jet of air from the lungs, through tlie flame of a lamp or candle, upon the substance to befiued gtow ^ y s V* ^ wumtrmUptt ; the same instrument, stUataninU} , aa tbe foregunCt but usually fitted with aa ivory « aUrer moutii^eca. and with several Bovable jets, to produce flames or diflerent sizes. Its offiea is to pmdaoe bwCantly a Aimace beat, on mi- B«to ftagaenis of mineral substances, sujqiorted on cliarooal, by iriatiiia forceps, &c. Ormpcumd Uo»-pipe uf Dr. Hare, invented in 1801 ; an iurtrument in which oxygt-n and hydrogen, pro- pelled by hydrostatic or uher prehort slick, with one end loaded or thicker and heavier than the other, and used as an oflensive Weapon by low persons, BLUE, (blu,) a. [Sax. Ueo, Ueok, bUote, color; D. bUamv) ; Ger. bUtu f Dan. blaae ; Sw. (la, blue ; Sw. Wy, Dan. fr/ye, Ger. bUiy lead, so named from its color: Slav. p/ar»t ; Fr. blru: Corn, blou.] One of the seven colors, into wbich the rays of light divide them.'^clves, when refracted through a glass prism. There are various shades of blue, as sky-blue ia autre, Prussian bluty indigo blite^ smalt blity 4lc. Kirtean. I^tcyc. Prussian Mm,' a chemical compound of iron and cyanogen. Ure. The bUes^ (a contracUon for blue devils ,) low spirits ; melancholy. To took blue ; to be confounded or terrified. Orose, BLCC, r. L To make blue ; to dye of a blue color j to make blue by heatine, as metajs, &c. BLCB'-BIRD, n. [Mae and ftird] A small bird, very common in the United States ; the Motacilla sialis, Linn., {Sileia sialis^ Wilson's Omith. ; sialia ffU~ stniit Mbss. Rep.) The upper part of the body is BLU blue, and iho throat and breast of a dirty red. It makes its nest in the hulc cf n tree. BLCE'-BON .NET, n. [blue and bonnet.] A plant, a species of Ccniaurea. Fatn. 0/ Plants. BLCE'-BQQK, n. A book containing the names of all the persons In the emphty ment of the IT. S. government. BLOE'-BOT'TLE, n. [blue and botilr.] A ptmit, the Centaurea Cyanus, which gn)ws among corn. This and the former plant receive their names from their blue bottle-shaped flowers. 2. .\ fly with n large blue belly. Johnson. BL0E'HR|:AST, (Mabrest.) n. A small species of European bird, called also Blue-throated viarbler^ (Si/lna Sufciea^ Latham.) BLCE'-CAP, n. [blue and cap.] A fish of the sal- mon kind, with blue ^pots on itj> head. Diet, ecies of Cor)'pn.Tna, of the order of Thoracics, found about the Bahamas, and on the coast of Cuba. Encye. 2. A fish, allied to the mackerel, common on the shores of New England ; the Temnodon saltator. BLCE'-HAIR-£D, a. Having hair of a blue color. Milton, BLCE'^OHN, a. Amongminer^, fluorspar, a mineral, found in the mines of Derbyshire, and fabricated into vases and other ornamental figures. Encyc. BLCE'-LIGHT, (lite,) b. A composition, burning with a blue flame, used as a nigirt signal in ships. BLCE'LY, adp. With a blue color. Swift, BLCE'NESS, n. The quality of being blue; a blue color. Boyle. BLCE'-Pg'TER, n. In lAe British nurine, a blue flag with a white square in the center, used aa a signal for sailing, to recall boat^, &c. It is a corruption of Blue Rrpeater. one of the British signal flags. BLOE'-STOCK'IXG, n. A term applied to lilerary ladies, and usually with the imputation of pedantry. It is derived from the name given to certain meetings held by ladies in the days of Dr. John-ion, for con- versation with distinguished liteniry men. One of the most eminent memlurs Mas a .Mr. .Stiilingfteet, who always wore blue stockings, and who wa.-) so much distinguished for his conversational (wwers, that his absence at any lime was felt to be a great loss, so that the remark became common, ** We can do noth- ing without tJu blue stockings." Hence tliese meet- ings were sportively called blue stocking ctubsy&nd the ladies who attended them, blue-stodiings, BosteelVs Life of Johnson. BLCE'-THROAT, n. [blue aud throaL] A bird with a tawny breast, marked with a sky-blue crescent, in- habiting the northern parts of Europe and Asia. BLCE'-VEI-V-£D, (-vand',/ a. Having blue veins or streaks. ' Shak. BLCE VIT'RI-OL, n. Sulphate of copper. BLCE'Y, a. Somewhat blue. BLUFF, a. [Perhaps allied to W. Wic/, Eng. leapj from shooting forward.] Big; surly; blustering. Dryden, BLUFF, B. A high bank, almost perpendicular, pro- jecting into Uie sea or a river ; a high bank pre- senting a steep fronL Belknap. Mar. Diet. BLUFF^BOW-£nD,a. [W«jf and ftow.] Having broad and flat bows. Mar. Diet. BLUFF'-HEAD-ED, f-hed-ed,) a. [W«# and head.] Having an upright stenu Mar. Diet. BLUFF'NESS, n. \ swelling or bloatedness ; surli- ness. World. BLUFF'Y, a. Having bluffs, or bold projecting points of land. BLCISH, a. Blue in a small degree. Pope, BLC'ISH-LY, adc. In a bluish manner. BLC'ISH-N'ESS, n, A small degree of blue color. Biiyle, BLUN'DER, V. i. [This word seems to be allied to the Or. ^Xavnwy to err ; and to fiounder. This sense of the latter is to move with sudden jerks, and irreg- ular motions. In Dan. blunder is to wink, twinkle, or dissemble ; allied to Fr. loiiu] 1. To mistake grossly ; to err widely or stupidly. Johnsoiu 5. To move without direction, or steady guidance; to plunge at an object ; to move, speak, or write with sudden and blind precipitance ; as, to blunder upon a reason ; to blunder round a meaning. Pope. 3. To stumble, as a horse ; a common use of the tDord. BLU.N'DER, n. A mistake through precipitance, or without due exercise of Judgment; a gross mistake. BLU.N'DER-BUSS, n. [blander and D. tits, a tube; Dan. bdsse ; Sw. bUssa^ a gun.] 1. \ short gun or fire-arm, with a large bore, capable of holding a number of balls, and intended to do eiecution without exact aim. 9. A stupid, blundering fellow. HaViwell. BLUN'DER-CD, pp. Done or spoken with gross mistake. JJLU BLUX'DKR-ER, n. One who is apt to blunder, or to make gross mistakes ; a careless [wrson. BLUN'DEK HEAD, (hed,) n. [blunder and head.] A stupid fellow ; one who blunders. VEstrangt. BLUN'DElt-ING, ppr, or a. Moving or acting with blind precipitance ; mistaking gntssly ; stumbling. BLUN'DER-L\G-LY, adv. In a blundering manner. Lewis. BLUNT, a. [from the root of Gr. afipXwM^ to dull.] 1. Having a thick edge or point, as an instrument ; dull ; not sharp. 2. Dull in understanding; slow of discernment. Shak. 3. Abnipt in address ; plain ; unceremonious ; wanting the forms of civility ; rough in manners or &]>eech. Bacon. 4. Hard tQ penetrate. [Unusual.] Pope. BLUNT, V. U To dull the edge or point, by making it thicker. 2. To repress or weaken any appetite, desire, or power of the mind ; to impair the force of any pas- sion which affects the mind, or of any evil or good which affects the Iwidy ; as, to blunt the edge of love, of pain, or of suffering. Your crcuelcH cndcavon will be pxcrted to blunt the iihiCT of psin. Dioight. BLUNT'ED, pp. or a. Made dullj weakened; im- paired ; repressed. BLUNT'ING, ppr. Making duU ; repressing ; Im- pairing. BLUNT'ING, n. Restraint. Taylor. BLUNT'LY, ado. In a blunt manner; coarsely; plainly ; ahniptly ; without delicacy, or the usual forms of civility. BLUNT'NESS, n. Want of edge or point ; dullness ; obtuseness ; want of sharpness. 5. Coarseness of address ; roughness of manners ; rude sincerity or plainness. BLUNT' WIT-TED, a. [blunt and wit.] Dull ; stupid. Sfiak. BLUR, n« [I have not found this word in any other language, but probably it is allied to the VV. llur, black and blue, livid. L. turidus.] A dark spot ; a stain ; a blot, whether upon paper or other substance, or upon reputation, Soutli. BLUR, V. t. To obscure by a dark spot, or by any foul matter, without quite effacing. 2. To sully ; to stain ; to blemish ; as, to blur rcpu- t.ttion. Butler. BLUH'RKD, (blurd,) pp. Darkened or stained; ob- scured. BLUR'RING, ppr. Darkening or staining; spotting. BLURT, V. U [Allied probably to Jlirt, to throw.] To throw out, or throw at random, hastily, or unadvisedly ; to utter suddenly or inadvertently ; commonly with out, and applied to words. Young. BLURT'^JI), 7>p. Thrown out hastily. BLURT'ING, jrpr. Throwing out or uttered hastily. BLUSH, V. X. [l>. hlooien ; Sw. blyas, to blush ; Dan. btusse, to blaze or glisten ; blussel, blushing; D. Wo*, a blush ; Sw. bloss; Dun. blus, a torch; Dan. blues ved, to blush or be ashamed ; Ir. loise, loisi, flame. It implies a throwing out, or spreading. Fla^sh may be from the same root. See Blaze.] 1. To redden in the cheeks or face ; to be suddenly suffused with a red color in the cheeks or face, from a sense of guilt, shame, confusion, modesty, diffi- dence, or surprise, followed by at or /(W, before the cause of blushing ; as, blush at your vices ; blush for your degraded country. lu the pp-'s'-nce of the stiamfleM and utiblmlunff, ihe yoiin^ ol^ fcnii<-r in iishaiHcd to Uuih. Bi*ckminaler. 2. To bear a blooming red color, or any soft, bright color ; as, the blushing rose. He bear* liia blutking hooora thick upon him. Shak. Shakspeare has used this word in a transitive sense, to make red, and it may be allowable in poetry. BLUSH, n, A red colnr suffusing the cheeks only, or the face generally, and excited by confusion, which may spring from shame, guilt, modesty, diffidence, or surprise. The rosy bluth of love. TYumbuU. 2. A red or reddish color. 3. Sudden appearance ; a glance ; ft sense taken from the sudden suffusion of the face in blushing; as, a proposition appears absurd at first blush. Locke. BLUSH'ET, 7?. A young, modest girl. [JVat used.] BLUSII'FUL, a. Full of blushes. Thomson. BLUSH'FJJL-LY, ado. In a blushful manner. BLUSII'IN'G, ppr. or a. Reddening in the cheeks or face ; bearing a bright color. BLUSH'ING, n. The act of turning red ; the appear- ance of color on the cheeks. RLUSH'ING-LY, adv. In a blushing manner. BLUSH'LESS, a. Unblushing; past blushing; im- pudent. Marsion. BLUSH'Y, a. Like a blush; having the color of a blush. Ilarrey, BLUS'TER, tJ. i. [Sax. blastan, to blow. Probably allied to ft/ate, blast ; Dan. blusse, to blaze, to rage.] 1. To be loud, noisy, or swaggering ; to liully ; to puff; to swagger, as a turbulent or boasting person. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF. BQQK.- BOA 9. To roar, and be luimiltuoiis, as wind ; to be boist'Toiis ; to be windy ; to hurry. BLUS'TER, n. Noise; tumuli; boasting; hoirterous- ness ; mrbtilL-nce ; roar of a tempest ; violent wind ; hurry 'f any irregular noi^je and tumult from wind, or from vanity. BLUS'TER-ER, n. A swap^rer ; a bully ; a noisy, tumultuous ft'llow, who makes great pretensions from vanity, RLL"S'TER-IXG, tl Noisy prrtension ; swaggering. BLL':?'TER-I.NG, ppr. Making a noise ; puffing ; bc»astine. BLtJS TER-IXG, a. Noisy; tumultuous; windy. RI^L'S'TER-ING-LY, adv. In a blustering manner. BLUS'TROUS, a. Noisy; tumultuous; boastful. Utidibras. BO, ezelam. [W. bit.] A word of terror ; a custom- ary sound uttered by children to frighten their fclKtws. BO'A, n. A genus of serpents, of the class Amphibia, the characters of which are, that the belly and tail are fumiifhed with scuta. It includes the hirgest species of serpent, the B. constrictvr, sometimes 30 or 40 feet long. Cyc. Bo' A, Ti. A fur tippet, large and round ; so called fiorn its resemblance to the bna eonstT-ictor. BO'A eON-STKier'OR, n. The scientific name of a large and powerful serpent, sometimiis 30 or 40 feet long, found in the tropical p:trt3 of America. It has a regular succession of spots, nltemately black and yell-iw, extending the wliule length of the back, and derives its name from its crushing its prey to death in its coils. The name has also bsen loosely applied to other large serpents which crush their prey, par- ticularly of the genus PijiAtm, found in Asia and Africa. A Cue. Brande, BG AN-ER'Gk?, n. pi Pons of thunder; an appella- tion eiven by Jesus Christ to his two disciples James and John. BOAR, n. [.Sax. bar ,■ Com. ftora, a boar ; D. beer, a bear or boar ; Ger. eber^ n boar, and a gimlet or auger ; also, ebrrscAwrin, boar-tiwiue. Qu. L. aper and rer- res; Sans, raroAa.) The male of swine not castrated. BOAR, r. i. In the manege^ a hor-'te is said to hoar^ when he shoots out his nus,", raising it as high as his ears, and tosses his nose in the wind. Encijc BOARD, H. [Sax. bord and brfd^ a boards or table; Goth, baurd; Sw, bord^ and brdJe : D. boord, a boards a hem, border^ margin ; Ger. bord^ a board^ a brim, bank, border ; and frrrt, a boards or plank ; Dan. ftorrf, a buard^ a table ; brttiH, a board, or plank ; and bred, a border } W. bwri, a bo:ird or table ; Ir. bord, a table, a border. This word and broad seem to be allied in origin ; and the primary sense is to open or spread, whence broad, dilated.] 1. A piece of timb. r sawed thin, and of consider- able length and breadth compared with the thick- ness, used for building and other purposes. 2. A table. The table of our rude ancestors was a piece of board, [rerhaps originally laid up board ihc riritl tc-utU row. • Lhydtn. To fall tycer board; that is, over the side. To go by the board, is f()r ilic mast of a ship to be broken off, and thrown over the bord or side ; hence used figuratively, to denote a complete sweep or Board and board i side by side. [destruction. 7. The line over which a ship runs between tack and tack. To make a good board, is to sail in a straight line, when close hauled. To wake .^hort boards, is to tack frequently. Jlfar, DieL 8. A table for artificers to sit or work on. 9. A tattle or frame for a game ; ai, a cheats board, 4tc. 10. A bfxly of men constituting a qiiurum in ses- sion; n court or council; g^s^aboard of trustees; a board of oflicers, 11. The boards, or cofteo'e boards, in the English nniversities, are the otficial list of the members of the university. BOARD, V. t. To lay or spread with boards ; to cover with boards. 2. To enter a ship by force in combat, which an- swers to Htortning a city or fort on land. 3. To attack ; to make the first attempt upon a man. In Spenser, to accost. [Fr. ohordrr.] [Obg.] Baeon. Skak, 4. To place at board, for a compensation, as a lodger. 5. To furnish with food, or food and lodging, fora comp«;nsation ; as, a man boards ten students. BOA BOARD, r. I. To receive ftwd or diet as a lodger, or without lodgings, fd or diet and lodging in another's family for a reward. 9. One who boards a ship in action ; one who is selected to board ships. Mar. Diet BOARD'ING,p;)r. Covering with boards ; entering a ship by force ; furnishing or receiving board, as a lodger, for a reward. BOARD'LN'G, n. The act of entering a ship by force in combat. 2. The act of covering with boards, and also the 3. The same as Hoard ; food ; diet, [covering itself. BOARD'ING-SenOOL, n. A school, tlie scholars of which board with the tenrher. BOARD'-KCLE, h. A fiijured scale for finding the number of square feet in a board without calculation. Italdiman. BOARD'-WA-GES, n. pK Wages allowed to servants to keep themselves in victuals, Dryden. BOAR'ISH, a. [I'wm boar.] Swinish; brutal; cruel. Shak. BOAR'-SPeAR, n. A spear used in hunting boars. apeJtser. BOAST, V. I. [W. bostiaw, to boast, to toss, or throw ; G. pauMten, to blow, swell, bounce ; Sw. piisa, Dan. paste, id. ; Q,u. Gr. >u(Tauj,tointlate ; Russ. khvastayu, to boast ; L. fastus.} 1. To brag, or vaunt one*s self; to make an osten- tatious display, in s|jeech, of one's own worth, prop- erty, or actions. Noi of works, Ir«t any man should hoatt. — Eph. ii. 9. 9. To glory; to speak with laudable pride and ostentation of meritorious persons or things. I boatt of you to l-Vm of Muceiloni-i. St. Paul. 2 Cor, ix. Usually, it is followed by nf; sometimes by in. 3. To exalt one's self. WUh jfoar inoiilh you hsvc boasted njainrt mv, — >l£ek. inxv. BOAST, p. (. To display in ostentatious language; to speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation, with a view to self-commendation. L*«i mrn ihoultl boatt their (pecioui dccdi. AtUton, 2. To magnify or e,\alt. They boatt Ihciiuelvei in tbfl multitude of their riclies. — Pa. xliz. 3. To exult in confident expectation. Rjatl not tiiys^lf of tcvmorrow. — Pror. xxvM. BOAST, n. Expression of ostentation, pride, or van- ity ; a vaunting. Thou miikrtt thy boatt of the law. — Roin. U. 9. The cau.«e of boasting; occasion of pride, van- ity, or laudable exultation. Tri.iJ by -pcvn i* tlm boast of Ox Brilj^ aatloo. BOAST'ER, n. One who boasts, glories, or vaunts, a^tentntiously. Bmjle. BOAST'FJJL, a. Given to boasting; ostentatiti'us of pr!rsonal worth or actions. Shak. BOAST'FUI^LV, adv. In a boastful manner. B0AST'FJ;L-NE.SS, n. State of being boastful. BOAST'ING, ;>;»■. Talking ostentatiously; glorying; vauntinic. BOAST'IXG, n. Ostentatious display of personal worth or actions ; a glorying or vaunting. Wh^re ia boasting th^ii / — Rom. ili. BOAST'ING-LY, adv. lu an ostentatious manner; with boasting. BOAST'lVEjfl. Presumptuous. [Unuttual.] Shenttone. BOAST'LESS, a. Without ostentation. Thomson. BOA'i", (bote,) n. [Sax. bat; Sw. bat; Dan. baad; W. bad : Ir. bad ; D. boot ; G. hot, a boat ; It. flim. baitdlo, a little boat, whence Fr. bateau ; Sp. bote, a boat.] 1. A small open vessel, nr water craft, usually moved by oars, or rowing. The forms, dimensions, and uses, of boats are very various, and some of them carry a light sail. The ditferent kinds of boats have different names ; Jis, long-boat, tanch, barge, pinnace, joUy-boat, cutter, yaicl, ferry-boat, wherry, Moses-boat, pant, felucca, jxshing-boat, perague, &c, 2. A small vessel carrying a mast and sails ; but usually described by another word ; as, a packet-boat^ passage-boat, advice-boat, fee. Johnson. BOAT, V. t. To transport in a boat ; as, to boat goods across a lake. Itrp. on Canals. Ash. BOAT' A-BLE, a. Navigable fur boats, or small river craft. Ramsay. BOAT'ED, pp. Transported in a boat. BOAT'-BILL, n. [boat and biU.] The name of a species of brrd, the Cancroma coclilcaria, a native of the tropical parts of South America. It is of the Grallic order, with a bill four inches Irtng, not unlike a boat with the kocl up[iermowt, or like the bowls of two sptmns, p!ac(;d with the hollow parts towards each other. Enryc, Partington. BOAT'-FLV, } 71. A name connuon to different BOAT'-KN-HECT, \ sijccies of HtuniiiU^rous insects, of the genus Notonectn. Encyc. BOD BOAT'-HOOK, n. [boat and hook.] An iron hook with a [Miint un l!ie back, fixed to a long pule, to pull or push a boat. Mar. Diet. BOAT'I\<;, ppr. Transporting in boats. BO.^T'liN'G, n. The act or practice of sailing or trans- porting in boats. 2. Ill Persia, a punishment of capital offenders, by laying them on the back in a boat wtiich is covered, where they perish. Eneyc. BO-A'TION,n. [h.boo.] A crying out; a roar. [JVot used.] Derhtm. BOAT'M.\N, I n. [boat and man.] A man who nian- BO.\TS'MAN, \ ages a boat ; a rower of a boat. Dryden. Prior. BoAT'-ROPE, n. [boat and rope.] A rope to fastt:n a boar, usually called a painter. BOAT'-SHAP-fJD, (bOle'shapte,) a. Having the sliape of a boat ; navicular ; cymbiform ; hollow like a boat ; as the valve of some pericarps. Martyn^ BoAT'SWAIN, (in seameti's language, lio'sn,) n. [Sax. batswein, Irom bat, boat, and sweui, swain, a boy or" servant.] ., An ofiicer on board of ships, who has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, colors, anchors, cables, and cord- age. His onice is also to summon the crew to their duly, to relieve the watch, assist in the neces- sary business of the ship, seize and punish offenders, &c. He has a mate who has charge of the long-boat, for setting forth and weighing anchors, warping, towing, and mooriijg. Mar. Diet. Eacyc. Johnson. BOB, n. A shori, jerking action ; as, a bob of the head. 9. Any little round thing, that plays loosely at the end of a siring, cord, or movable machine; a little ornament or pendant that h;uig8 so as to play loosely. . Dryden. Our common people apply the word to a knot of worms, on a string, used in fishing for eels. 3. The words repeated at the end of a stanza. JW B^trange^ 4. A blow ; a shake or jog ; a jeer or flout. ■JiinswortA. Jlscham, 5. The ball of a short pendulum. Encyc. 6. A mode of ringing. Johnson. 7. A bob-wig. Shenstone. BOB, r. ^ To move in a short, jerking manner ; as, to bob one's head, to bob a courtesy, 2. To beat ; to shake or jog. Shak. 3. To cheat ; to gain by fraud. Shak. 4. To mock or delude. Ainswortk. 5. To cut short. BOB, V. i. To play backward and forward ; to play loosely against any thing. Dryden. 2. To angle, or fish for eels, or to catch eelswith a bob. Encyc. BO-BANCE', (bo-bans',) n. A boasting. [JVV in ilsc] Chaucer. BOB'BED, pp. Moved short and quick ; beat or shaken ; cheated ; gained by fraud ; deluded. - BOB'BIN, n. [Fv.bobtne; D. babyn.] A small pin or cylindrical piece of wood, with a head, on which thread is wound for making lace. A similar instru- ment, bored through to receive an iron pivot, and with a border at each end, is used in spinning, to wind thread or silk on ; a spool. 9. Round tape. BOB-BIN-ET', n. A kind of lace which is wrought by machines, and not by hand. Encyc Doth. Econ. BOB'BING, ppr. Playing back and forth; striking; cheating ; angling for eels. BOH'BIN-WORK, n. [bobbin and work.] Work woven with bobbins. Orcie. BOU'-CHER-RY, n. [bob and cherry.] Among chil- dren, a play in which a cherry is hung so as to bob against the moutli, and be caught with the teeth. Johnson. BOB'O-LINK, n. The popular name of the rice-bird or reed-bird, of the genus Icterus. BOB'STAYS, 71. p/. [bob nnd stay.] Ropes to confine the bowsprit of a ship downward to tJie stem. Mar. Dict^ BOB'TAIL, n. [bob and tail.] A short tail, or a tail cut short, Shak. 2. The rabble; used in contempt. Bramston, BOB'TA£L,-£D, o. Having tho hair or tail cut short. L* Estrange. B0B'-W7G, ) n. [bob and ^Big.] A short wig. BOB'T.^II^WIG, i Spectator. BOCA-SINE, n. [Fr.] A sort of fine linen or buck- ram. Johnson. BOCE, n. The spams, a beautiful fish. -SsA. BOCK'E-LET, i n. A kind of long-winged hawk. BOCK'E-RET, ( Johnson, BOCK'ING, 71. A particular sort of cloth, like baize or dniggeL BOCK'hAND. See Bookland. Encyc. BODE, V. t. [Sax. bodtan, bodigan, to foretell, to utter or announce ; bod, an order, mandate, or edict ; boda, a messenger, or preacher ; Sw. bod, a message, an embassy ; bebada, to tell or relate ; Sax. grbodlon, to offer or bid, to relate, tell, or announce, to command, to show, to promise. Radically, this is the same word as Bid, which see. The radical sense is, to utter, to drive out the voice.] To portend ; to foreshow ; to presage ; to indicate TONE, BULL. UMTE. — AN"CER, VI"CIOUS._e as K ; as J ; « as Z j CH as SH; TH as in THIS. BOD aomecbinK Aiture by signs ; to be the omen of; most geHtraUy applied to tkii^s i as, our vicea tfod* evil tu the cuuutry. BODE, V. L To fbiwbow ; to prmge. nkfarfMWBlOTOU. Drydtn, BODE, K. An omen. Chameer. 3. A stop. [See Abidk.] BO'DED, ji^ or c Presaged; omened. BADE'MEXT, u. An omen ; poitent; prognostic ; a fure>howing. [0*5.1 SAak, BODGE, r. i. [See Bocout.] To boggle; to stop. [A'oi used.] «*«*• BOUC E, «. A botch. [JVb( used.] WkiUack. BOD'ICE, n. Slays ; a waidtcoal, quUlcd with whale- bone, worn by women. JokMson, BOD'I-£D, (bod'id,) «. [fVom body.] Having a body. BOD'I-LESS, 0. [Sec Boot.] Having no body Of mater»:vl form ; iiicorp(.>reaL Dmvits. BOD'M-I .NE8S ». Corpiirrality. Mi»skeu. BOD'M.Y, a. Ilnxing or r "."— - hr^dy or male- rial f»*rin ; corpon^al ; ns, in*. Stmt*. a. Rtlating or pertaiuiiu , in distinction from the mind ; as, bodU^ lU ..\ . - , -. y pain. Lackc. 3. Rral ; actual : as, httdUy art. SJtak. BOD'I-LY, ado. Corporeally ; united with a body or matter. h b te kmna Baton, i* wUch ibr GwfiwtJ dwBi boUlm, a. In reepecl t4» the entire body or mass ; entirely ; C4»nu4^toly ; as, ti> carry away bodily. BODING, fl»r. or a. [from bade.] Foreshowing; pre- KijlinB BOO'IXG, n. An omen. Bp. H'ard. BUD'KIN, n. [Ir. bod^ a limb, that l5, a point, a shoot, with the terminnliun Jcut, us^ as a diminutive ; Gr. fSa-roi, a ihtirn.] 1. An msirumr-nt of steel, bone, ivory, or the like, with a small blade, and a sharp point, for making holes by piercing. A like instrument with an eye, fi»r drawirig thread, tai»e, i»r ribbon through a loop, i-c An insirnnunt U> dress the hair. Jokjuon. 2. A itaeaer. r.V<»( lit use.] Cbaucer.* BOD'LeI-A.N, «. Prtainine to ?ir Thomas Bodlty, who fiMindi-d a cctebrats;d librar}' at Oxford, in the li:Uh century*. BOD'V, m. fSox. bodig^ stature, tnink, qiine; be^; tbat whirh is set or fiXed.] J. The frame of an animal ; the material organized Milvtance of an animal, wlii-lher living or dead. Br noi laaam far your kodff. MaOtum. L»ka, The main central part oT an animal, in diatinc- tion fn>m the bead and tsxtreroitiea. '4. Mutter, as opposed to spirit. Sa*ker. 4. A persoo ; a bunian being ; aonefhnea alone, rai>re penerally with tome or m .- as, uBmebodif ; ^^b od f. 5. Reality, as oppoae d to repmentation. A staaitow of thtD^ to oonw, luit ihr hoiy la of Chrat. — Col. B. 6. A collective mass ; a number of individuals or particulars united ; a^, the hk»dy of mankind. Chris- tians united, or the church, is called the bodif^ of which each Christian is a member, and Chrisi the head. I Ciir. xiL 10, -27. 7. The main army, in distinction from the wings, van, or rear. Also, any number of forces under one commander. Clarendon. 8. \ corpomtion; a number of men, united by a common tie, by one form of government, or by occu- pation ; as, the legislative boda ; the bodi/ of the clergy ; bodg corporate ; froiida4. BOD^, t). (. To produce In some form. InMsinaiimi bodies ibnh ih? fornts of Uiings. Shak, BOD'Y-€L0THE», n. pL [body and OoUl] Clothing or covering for the boilv, as fur a horse. AdtUsan. BOD'Y-GUaRD, lu Thf guard that protects or de- fends the person ; the life-guard. Uence, security. Porteus. BOD'Y-POL'I-Tie, n. The collective body of a na- tion under civil government. BOI BOD'V-SNATCM-EK, n. One who secretly disinters 1 the Uxiies of Ihe dead in churchy 11 nts, for the pur- poses of dissection. .\fiss -Martincau. BOD'Y-SNA TCII-ING, 11. The act of robbing of the grave fur the purposes of dissectiim. Mi.-:s Martincau. B(.>G, n. [Ir. Ao^, soft ; boffacAy a marsh ; bogha^ a bow ; boffhditn, to bend ; Sax. bugan ; D. boogeriy to bend. Soft is flexible, yielding to pressure, bending. See Bow.J 1. A quagmire covered with grass or other plants. It is defined by mar.lant, the marsh-trefoil, which grows in moist and marshy places, having beautiful flowers and iutennely bitter leaves. booth. DOG'-BER-RV, n. [froff and brmj.] A species of Oxycoccus, a name of tlie cranberry gri>wiiig in low land^ and marshy places. Fum. of Plants. BOG'GLE, v. i. [tlu. \V. ba^ly a terrifying.] I. To doubt ; to hesitate ; to stop, as if afraid to proceed, or as if impeded by unforeseen ditlicultics ; to play fast and loose. We bogfU u enrj ununul i^ipeaimnc«. OraninUt. ^ To dissemble. IIoiDtU. BOG'GLE, T. t. To embarrass with difficulties; a popular or vulgar ust of the word in the United^Statej. BOG'GLED, pp. Perplexed and impeded by sudden difficulties; embarrassed. GOG'GLER, n. A doubter ; a timorous man. Shak. BOG'GLING, ppr. Skirting or stopping at difticuUiea ; hesitating. BOG'GIJSH, a. Doubtful. [.Yot vsed.] Taylor. BOG'G V, a. [from bog.] Containing bogs ; full of bogs. BOG'-IIOCSE, U'lbog and Aniuc] A bouse of office. KOG'-LAND, d. [bog and UuuL] Laving in or per- taining to a martfhy country. Dryden. BOG'GLE, i "* tW. bwg, a bugbear or goblin.] A bugbear ; a specter. BOG'-MOS.S, w. The Spagnum, a genua of aquatic moss plants. BOG'-oRE, a. An ore of iron found in boggy or swampy land ; a variety of brown iron ore, or limonite. BOG'-RUSH, a. [bog and rttsJL] A rush that grows in boe«, the Scikenus. Pennant. BOG'-SPAV-IN, n. [bog and ^parta.] In A' growing in low lands. Fam. of Plants. BO-HSA', n. [Grosier informs us that this is named from a mountain in China, called F'ou-y or Foo-y. Vol. i. 407.J A sort of coarse or low-priced tea from China ; a BO'HUN O'PA.S. See Upas. [sort of black tea. BOI'XR, In. In the Ras.tian empire, a nobleman ; a BOY'AR, \ lord; a person of quality; a soldier. This word answers nearly to baron in Great Britain, and other countries in the west of Euro|)e. Toake. Eton. BOI'A-RTN, n. In Russia, a gentleman ; a person of distinction ; the master of a family. Tooke. Russ. Diet. BOIL, ». i. [Fr. bouiair: I^ buUio ; It. bullire. ; Sp. buUir^ to boil ; L. bulla, a bubble ; Russ. bul, the noise of boiling water ; It- bolla, a bubble, or blister ; Eth. r. or a. Bubbling; heaving in bubbles; being agiL-ited as boiling liquor ; swelling with lieat, ardor, or p;uision ; dressing or preparing for some pur- pose by hot water. Boilin''- point ; the temperature at which a fluid is converted into vapor, with the phenomena of (ebul- lition. This, in water, is 212' ; in alcohol, 176" ; in ether, 90^ ; in mercury, 60^. Brande. BOIL'liNG, H. The actor state of bubbling; agitation by heat; ebullition; the act of dressing by hot water; the act of preparing by hot water, or of evap- orating by heat. BOIS'TER-OUa, a. [Dan. pust, a puflf, a blast ; pusU, and Sw. vusta, to blow ; I>. byster ; Dan. bistrr, fu- rious, niging ; W. bwysl, wild, savage, whence bea.it] 1. Loud; roaring; violent; stormy; as, a bois- ttrous wind. 2. Turbulent ; furious ; tumultuous ; noisy ; as, a boisterous man. 3. Large ; unwieldy ; huge ; clumsily violent ; as, a boistirotts club. [Ofts.] Spenser. A. Violent ; as, a boisterous heat. Woodtnard. BOIS'TER-OUS-LY, adv. Violently ; furiously ; with loud noise ; tumultuously. BOIS'TER-OUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of being boisterous ; turbulence ; disorder ; tumultu- ousness. BO'LA-RY, a. [See Bole.] Pertaining to bole or clay, or partaking of its nature and qualities. Brown. BOL'BI-TINE, a. An epithet given to one of the channels of the Nile, by which its waters are dis- charged into the Mediterranean. It is the second from West to East, but nearly filled with saud. D''Aiimllp.. Encyc. BOLD, a. [Sax. bald, bcald ; D. bout, contracted ; It. baldo, bold ; baldania, presumption ; imbahianzire, to embolden. The sense is, open, forward, rushing forward.] 1. Darmg ; courageous ; brave ; intrepid ; fearless ; applied to men or other animaLs ; as, bold as a lion. 2. Requiring counige in the execution ; executed with spirit or boldness ; planned with courage and spirit ; as, a bold enterprise. 3. Confident; not timorous. We wcrr bold in our God to tpcnk to yoa. — 1 TheM. ii. 4. In an iU sense, rude, forward, impudent. 5. Licentious; showing great liberty of fiction or expression ^ as, the figun^s of an author are bald. 6. Standing out to view ; striking to the eye ; as, bold figures in painting, sculpture, and architecture. 7. Steep; abrupt; prominent; as, a bold shore, which enters the water almost perpendicularly, so that ships can approach near to land without danger. Where (he bold cape its waniitt^ forehead rcsrs. TVtimimU. To make bold ; to tike freedoms ; a common, bul not a correct phrase. To be buldy is better. BOLD, V. t. To make daring. [Aof used.] Hall. BOLD'^N, t7. L To make bold ; to give confidence. This is nearly disused, being superseded by Em- bolden. Ascham. BOLD'ER, a. eomp. More bold or daring. B6LD'EST, a. superl. Most bold or confident BoLD'-FaCE, n. [bold ami face.] Impudence ; aauci- ness; a term of reprehension and reproach. L' Estrange. TiCthD'-F^C-ED, (-faste,) a. Impudent. BramhalL BoLD'LY, ado. In a ln'ld manner; courageously ; in- trepidly; without timidity or fear; with confidence. Sometimes, perhaps, in a bad sense, for impudently. BOLD'NESS, 71. Coumge ; bravery ; intrepidity ; spirit; feariessncss. I can not, with Johnson, inter- pret this word by fortitude ar jnagnanimity. Boldness does not, 1 think, imply the firmness of mind which constitutes fortitude, nor the elevation and generosity of magnanimity. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MAR1N% BIRD. — N6TE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.- n4 ""~ BOL 9. Prominence ; the quality of exceeding the ordi- narj'niles of scrupulous nicety and caution ; applied , to stulff trprfsiion^ and metaphors in lon^uas^e f and to figures ia paintino'^ .'. BOLL, n. I W. bill, a seed-vessel ; Sax. bulla, a bowl.] The pofl or capsule of n plant, as of flax ; a peri- carp. Bote, a measure of six bushels, is sometimes written in this manner. BOLL, 0. i. To form into a pericarp or seed-vessel. Tht barlej' »« in the ear anil Qte ftxi wm boflM. — Kx. ui. Heb.hySiyGr. arcpftart^iiv, as translated by the Seventy. BOL'LARI) TIM'nER.*, in a ship, or knight-heads, are two timbers, rising just within the stem, one on each side of the bowsprit, to secure it<> end. Mar. Dtct In docks, boUards are large posts set in the ground on each sirie. to which are lashed large bhxrks, through which are rervi-d the transporting hawsers for dfick- ing and undurking shii^. Kncyc BOLL'INCa, n. pL Pullard trees, whose lops and branches are cut off*. Bntf. BO-LOGN'A-PAL"3AGE, (bo-15'na-,) n. A large sausage made of bacon, vtal, and pork-suet, chopped fine, and inclosed in a skin. BO-LOGNM-AX STOXE, (bo-lS'ne-an stone.) n. Ra- diat'^d snlphat^* of bnr>tes, found in nmndisn masses, composed of radiating fibres, first discovered near Bo- Ingna. It is phosnhoresrent when calcined. BOL'tiTER, n. [Sax. boUUr ; Sw. bolster ; Ger. pol- O aUri Dan. boUter^ipie, a feather bed ; Pcrs. iIXmJO baliAhL In Dutch, bolster is a hufik, cod, or shell.] I. A long pillow or cushion, usfd to support the head of p^Tsuns lying on a bed ; generally laid under the pillowH. 9. A pad, or quilt, used to binder pressure, support any part of the btMiy, or make a bandage sit easy upfin a woundt^d p:irt ; a compress. 3. In saddlery, a part of a saddle raised upon the bows or hinder part, to hold the rider's thigh. Farrirr^s DicL 4. In ships, a cushion or bag, filled with tarred canvas, used to preserve the etays from being worn or rhah'd by the masts. Mar. Diet. BOI/f^'IKK, p. t. To support with a bolster, pillow, or any soft pad or quilt. 3. To support i to hold up ; to maintain. South. BOL'HI'EU, r. i. To lie together, or on the same bol- iit^-r. Shak. BOI/STF:R-f:D, a. Rwrlled out; supported. BOL'STKK-ER, n. A supporter. BOL'H lER-LNG, a. A propping up or supporting. Taylor. BOM BOLT, n. [Dan. bolt ; Russ. Me ; D. bout ; G. bolzen ; Sax. botta, calapulta, that which is driven, from the root of Gr. //oXAoj, L. petlo.) 1. An arrow; a dart ; a pointed shaft. Dryden. 3. A strong cylindrical pin, of iron or other metal, used to fasten a door ; a plank, a chain, ^c. In ships, bolts are used in the sides and decks, and have diff*erent names, as rag-bolts, eye-bolts, ring- bolls, chain-bolts, &c. In g-iinnenj, there are prise- bolts, transom-holts, traverse-bolts, and hracket-boUs. 3. A thunder-bolt ; a stream of lightning, so named from its darting like a bolt. 4. The quantity of twenty-eight ells of canvas. Encyc. Bolt upright; as erect or straight up as an arrow placed on its head. Orose. BOLT, V. £. To fasten or secure with a bolt or iron pin, whether a door, a plank, felter3,-^)r any thing else. 2. To fasten ; to shackle ; to restrain. Shak. 3. To blurt out ; to utter or throw out precipitately. I hale wlwn rice can bolt her ar^iimeuta. Milton. In this sense it is often followed by out. 4. To throw precipitately ; to swallow without chewing ; as, to bolt food down one's throat. BOLT, r.L [Russ. boUoyu, to shake, agitate, babble; T».'onn. baiter, a bolting sieve.] 1. To sift or separate bran from fiour, by passing the fine part of meal through a cloth. 2. Among sportsmen, to start or dislodge, used of conies. 3. To examine by sifting ; lo open or separate the parts of a subject, to find the truth; genenJly fol- lowed by out. " Time and nature will bolt out the truth of things." [IneleganL] L^Estrange, 4. To purifv ; to purge. {UnusuoL] Shak. 5. To discuss or argue, as at Gray's Inn, where case^ are privately discussed by students and bar- risters. Encyc. BOLT, r. i. To shoot forth suddenly; to spring out with sfteed and suddenness ; to start forth like a holt ; conmionly followed by out ; as, to bolt out of the house, or out of a den. Dryden. BOLT'-AJJ-GER, n. [bolt and auger.'} A large borer ust'd in sl)i|)-lMitlding. .^sh, BOLT'-HOAT, n. [bolt and boat] A strong boat that will endure a rough sea, jJtth. BOLT'El), p;). o>a. Made fast with a bolt ; shot forth; sifted : examined. BOLT'ER, n. An instrument or machine for sep- arating bran from Hour, or the coarser part of meal from the finer. 2. A kind of net. Johnson. BOLT'-HEAD, (bed,) n. [bolt and head.] A long, straight- necked, class vessel for chemical di.stillations, cnlled also a matrass or receiver. Johnson. nOLT'LN'G, ppr. Fastening with a holt, or btUts ; hlurtinc out; sho<»titig forth suddenly; seiKirating bran from fiour; sifting; examining;' discussing; dislodging. BOLT'LNG, n. The act of fastening witb a bolt or bolts; a sifting; discussion. B0LT'lN»>-eLOTH, «. [bolt and cloth.] A linen or hair cloth of which bolters are made for sifting meal. Encyc. BOLT'ING-HOUSE, n. [bolt and house.] The house or place where meal is bolted. Jdhnson. BriLT'LN'G-IILTTCII.n. A tub for bolted fiour. BOLT'ING-MILL, r. [boU and mUL] A machine or engine for sifting meal. Encyc BOLT ING-TUB, n. A tub to sift meal in. BOL'TON'-ITE, ti. A granular mineral of a grayish or yellowish color, found in Bolton, .Massachusetts ; chiefiy composed of silica and magnesia. BOLT'-ROI'E, B, [bolt and rope.] A TO]te to which (he edges of sails are sewed to strengthen them. I'hat |Mrt of it on the perpendicular side is culled the le/ch^ope : that at the bottom, the foot-rope ; that at the top, the hsad-rtrjte. Mar. DicL BOLT'.'^PRIT, n. [From the universal popular pro- nunciation of this word, this may have been the original w(jrd : but I doubt it.] See Howspbit. BOLT t'P-RIGHT', a. or adv. Perfectly upright. BO'LUS, n. [L. bolus; Gr. iioyXoi, a mass.] [Oood. A soft mass of any thing medicinal made into a large pill, to be swallowed at once. It may be of any ingredients, made a little thicker than honey. Encyc. BOMB, (bum,) n. [L. bombus ; Gr. pofi/Sof.] 1. A great noise. Bacon. 2. A large shell of cast iron, round and hollow, with a vent to receive a fusee, which is made of wood, and filli^d with inllammable matter. This being filled with gunjwwdcr, and the fusee driven inl<( the v>nt, the fusee is set on fire, and the bomb is thrown from a mortar, in such a directiim as to fiill into a fort, city, or enemy's camp, when it bursts with great violence, and often with terrible effect. The inventor of bombs is not known; they came into common use about the year lt>34. Encyc. 3. 1'he stroke upon a h<:ll. BOMB.f. L To attack with bombs J to bombard. [JVet used.] Prior. BON BOMB, V. i. To sound. B. Jonson. BOM'BARD, (bum'bard,) n. [bomb and ard, kind. Fr. bombardci iSp. and lU bombarda.] I. A piece of short, thick ordnance, with a large mouth, fornifriy used ; some of them cartying a ball of three hundred pounds' weight. It is callid, also, basilisk, and by the Dutch donderbuss, thunder-gun. But the thing and the name are no longer in use. Encyc, 9. An attack with bombs ; bombardment. Barlow 3. A barrel ; a drinking-vessel. [Obs.] ^sh. BOM-BARD', (bum-bilrd',) o. £. To attack with bombs thrown from mortars. BOM-BXKD'ED, pp. Attacked with bombs. BOM-BARD-IEll', n. One whose business is to attend the loading and firing of mortars. BOM-BARD-lER' BEE'TLE, n. A kind of beetle, the brachimis crepitans, which, under a sense of danger, makes a discharge like that of a popgun with a sort of smoke ; hence the name. The naiuf is also apjklied, from the same circumstance, to other species of th© same genus. BOM-BXRD'IXG, ppr. Attacking with shells or bombs. BOM-BARD'MENT, n. An attack with bombs; the act of throwing bombs into a town, fort, or ship. Addison. BOM-BAR'DO, «. A musical instrument of the wind kind, much like the bassiwn, and used as a base to the hautboy. Eueyc BOM-BA-»L\' \n. [F^] A twilled fabric, of which BOMBAZINE', ( the warp is silk, and the weft worsted ; ordinarily black. Encyc, BOM'BA.ST, (bum'biun,) n. Originally, a stuff of soft, loose texture, ust-d to swell garments. Hence, high- sounding words ; an inflated style; fustian; a seri- ous attempt, by strained description, to raise a low or familiar subject above its rank, which, instead of being sublime, never fails to be ridiculous. En eye. BOM'BAST, a. High-sounding ; inflated ; big without meaning. Swifi. BO.M-BAST'ie, a. Swelled ; high-sounding ; bombast SAajflesbunj. BOM'BAST-RY, n. Swelling words without much meaning ; fustian. Smifl. BOM'HaTE, n. A salt formed by the combination of bonil)ic acid with a base. Lavoisier. BOM'UAX, H. The rutrnn-tree. Brande. BOM-BA-ZET', n. A sort of thin woolen cloth. BOMB'-CIli:ST, n. [bomb and chest.] A chest filled wiUi bombs, or only with gun|>ovvder, placed under ground, to make destruction by its displusion BOM'Bie, a. [L. bombye, a silk-worm.J Pertaining to the silk-wonn ; as, boinbic acid. BOM'BlC ACID, 71. An animal acid obtained from silk worms and raw silk. Its existence as a distinct acid is now denied. [The projxr term is bombjfcic acid.] BOM-BI-LA'TlO\, n. [L. bombilo.] Sound; report; noise. [LiUle used.] Brown. BOM'BTTE, n. A bluisliblack mineral of impalpable composition, found in Bombay ; apparently a variety of flinty slate. Skepard. BOMB'-KETCH, in. A small ship or vessel, con- BOMB'-VES-f EL, \ strutted for throwing bombs into a fortress from the sea, and built remarkably strong, in order to sustain the shttcks produced by the discharge of the mortars. They generally are rigged as ketches. Mar. DicL BOMB'-PROOF, (bum'.,) a. Secured against the force of bombs. BOMB'-.^MELL, (bum'shell,) n. A bomb, or hollow flobe of iron, to be filled with powder, and thrown rom a mortar. , BOM-BYC'I-NOUS, a. [L. bon^ycinus, from bombyXy a silk-worm.] 1, i^ilken ; made of silk. 2. Being of the c*»lor of the silk-worm ; tmnspa- rent with a yellow tint. Darwin. BOM'BYX, n. [h.] The silk-worm. BOi\, a. [Fr., from L. bonus.] GotMl ; valid as security for something. BON, (bong ) n. [Fr. bun, good.] A good saying ; a jest ; a tale. Spejuer. BO'JSTJi'Fl'DE, [L.] With gi>od faith ; without fraud or deception. BO-NAIR', a. [It. honario, from L. henus,] Complaisant ; yielding. [JV'uf nscd.] BO*NA-PART'R-AN, a. Pertaining to Bonaparte. BO'NA PART-ISM, n. The policy or manners of Bo- napirte. iMinartine. BO'NA-PART-IST, n. One attached to the policy of Bi m apart e. BO'JV.i PKR-TTU'R^, [L.] Perisbab:e goods. BO'JVA R obligor Kliall du a certain act, or pay a certain sum of money, on or bi-fore a time specified, the oblipttion shall be void ; other- wise it shall reninin in Aill force, ^f the condition is not perfonn«d, the bond bi^cumeit forfeited, and the ol>lip)r and his heirs are liable tu Uie payment of the ■ wh^e sum. BUtckstonA, 8. In ercitfn-tsrr, • pegilMr mode of disposing bricks in a wall ; as, MitgtM homd, where one ciHir^ consists of bncks whh their ends toward the face of the wall, called JkMder*, and the next cour^ of brick* with tlieir lengtliosition to a hired ser\'anL BON'D'.MAN, K. [hftn/i and man.] A man slave, or one bound to ser\*ice witlioiit wages. In oU English /aic, a villain, or tenant in villeiuipe. BOXD'-?ERV-AXT, ». [bond am\ i^nn anL] A slave ; one who is subjected to the authority of another, or whose person and libertv are restrained. BOND'-.*ERV-I{'E, a. [i<«u/ and *errice.] The con- diiion of a bond-servant ; slaverj-. BOXD'-SLaVE, II. [^ntf and tiarc] A person in a Stat? of ^laver^' ; one whose pereon and liberty are subjected to the authority of a master. B0XDS'.MAX, a. [bond and man.] A slave. [O&j.] Drrham. S. A surety ; one who is bound, or who gives secu- rity, for another BOX*I)»'VVfSM-AN, ) n. [frtmd and Kwwum.j A wom- B<^)XD'WOM-.\N, i an slave, B. Jimson. BOX'DUt,', a. A species of GuUandina, or nickar-tree, the yellow nickar, a climbtn;; plant, a native of the West Indies, bearing a pod containing two hard seeds of the size of a child's marble. Eatye, B6XE, n, [Sai. ban ; Sw. ben : D. bent, bone or leg ; Ger. frn'fi, a leg ; Dan. been^ leg or bone. The sense probably is, that which is set or fixed.] J. A firm, hard substance, of a dull white color, composing the skeleton or firmer part of the body, in the higher orders of animuls. The bones of an animal support all the scrifter parts, as the flesh and vessels. They varj- in texture in diiTerent bones, and in different parts of the same bone. The long bones are compart in their middle portion, with a central ca\nty occupied by a network of plates and fibers, and cellular or spongy at the extremities. The flat bone? are compact externally, and c^-llular internally. The bones in a fetus are s*iu and cartilacinous, but they gradually harden with aee. The ends of the lone bones are larger than the middle part, which renders tlie articulations more firm, and in the fetus they are distinct portions, called qtiphy^es. Bones are BON supplied with blood-vessels, and in the fetus, or in a diseased state, are ver>' vasculitr. They are also fur- nished with nerves and absorbents, though less easi- ly detectrd in a sound 3tatt\ They are covered with athin,strons membrane, called tbe;ieWuAtfum, which, logetlu r with the bones, has very little sensiliility in a sound state, but when inflamed is cxlrumely sensi- ble. Their cells and cavities are occupied by a fatty substance, called the mnluUa or marroic. They con- sist of earthy m;itier rather more than half, fatty mut- ter one tenth, and cartilage about one third of the whidc. The earthy matter gives them their solidity, and consists of phosphate of lime, with n sniiUI por- tion of carbonate of lime and phosphate of magnesia. Cue. tVistar. Thomson. 3. A piece of bone, with fragments of meat adher- ing to iL 'A be upon the bones^ is to attack. [Little used, and vulsar.] TV MM« no bones, is to make no scruple ; a meta- phor taken from a dog who greedily swallows meat that has no bones. Johnson. Boners : a sort of bobbins, made of bones or ivor>', for weaving lace : also, dice. Johnson. BCXE, r. u To take out bones from the flesh, ns in Cooker>". Johnson, 2. Ti> put whalebone into sla>*s. jish. BOXE'-.\CE, n. [bone and ace,] A game at cards, in which he who has the highest card turned up to him wins the bone, that is, one half the stake. Kneye. BO.NE'-AeHE,(-ake,) n. Pain In the hones. Shak. BOXE'-ULACK, rt. The black carbonaceous sub- stance into which bones are converted by calcina- tion, in close vessels ; called also animal cJiareoaL It is used as a decolorizing materi;d and as a black pig- ment. Ure. BOX'£D, pp. Deprived of bones, as in cooker^-. BCX'fD, o. Having btmes; used in composition; as, hi^h-boned, strong-boned, BOXE'-Dl 'riT, w. Ground or pulverized bones, used as a pt'werftil manure. BOWE'-EARTIl, (-erth,) n. The enrthv residuum af- ter tlie calcination of bone, consisting chiefly of phosphate of lime. BOXE^-l BOX'FIRE, «, [Fr. fto», good, and fre.] dc a^ an expression of public ult.1t ion A fire made i LACE, ». [bone and lace.] A lace made of linen thread, so cailled because woven with bobbins of b«»ne. [Ofts.] BONE'LES^, a. Without bones ; wanting bones ; as, boneless gums. * Shak. BOXE'-t^ET, r, L \bone and set.] To set a dislocated bone ; to unite broken bones. fViseman. BC.VE'-SET, n. A plant, the thoroughwort, a species of eupatorium. BOXE'-SET-TER, n. [bone and set.] One whose oc- cupation is to set and restore broken and dislocated bones. BOXE'-SET-TIXG, n. That branch of surgery which consists in replacing broken and luxated bones j the prarlice of setting bones. BOXE'-^PAV-IX, H. [bone and spavm.] A bony ex- crescence, or hard swt-lling, on the inside of the hock of a horse's leg; usually cured by blistering and firing, or caustic blisters. Encye. BO-XKT'TA, n. A sea fish. Qxi. Bonito. Herbert. '" ■ ■ 'MA public joy and ex- BOX'GUaCE, n. [Fr. bonne and eraee.] A covering for the f(»rehead. [JSTot used.] Beaum, Bo'XI-FORM, a. Of a good shape. BO.\'I-Ft, ». t. To convert into good. [JVo( used.] CudKorth. B^X'IXG. ppr. Depriving of bones. BO-XTCXo, n. [Sp.] A fish of the Tunny kind, growing to the length of three feet, found on the American coOf^t and in the tropical climntes. It baa a grecnifh back, and a white, silverj- belly. HaickgwartA. Pennant. Diet, of J^at. Hist, BOJ^MOT, (bong'mo',) n. [Fr. bon, good, and TBot, a word.] A jest ; a witty repartee. fiO,\VV£ BOUCHE, (bonboosh,) n. [Fr.] A deli- cious morsel or mouthful. BO.N'XET, n. [Fr. bonnet; Sp. bonete ; Ir. bo'mead; Arm. boned.] 1. A covering for the head, in common use before the introduction of bats. The word, as now used, signifies a cover for the head, worn tn- females, close at the sides, and projecting over the (ijrehead. 2. In fortification, a small work with two faces, having only a parapet, with two rows of iwlisades about 10 or 1*2 feet ditilant. Generally, it is raised above the salient angle of the counterscarp, and com- municates with the covered way. Enc.yc. Bonnet d pr- tre, or priest's bonnet, is an outwork, having at the head three salient angles and two in- ward. Joftnscm, 3. In sea lanrruag-e, an addition to a sail, or an ad- ditional part laced \o the foot of a sail, in small ves- sels, and in moderate winds. Jfar. DicL BOX'XET-ED, a. Wearing a bonnet. BOX'XET-PEP'PER, tu A species of Capsicum, or Guinea pepper. Fam. of Plants. BOX'XI-BEL, n. [Fr. boltne and bdle.] A handsome girl. Spenser. BOO BOX'XMJCSS, H, [bonny and lass.] A beautiful girl. Spenser. BON'XI-LY, of/o [SeeBoMWT.] Gayly j handsome- ly ; plumply. BO.\'XI-XESS, B. Gayety; handsomeness; plump- ness. [Little vsed.\ BOX'XY, a. [Fr. bon, bcnne, good; L. bonus. See Boon.] 1 Handsome ; beautiful. Till bonny Siunii sped aerou tixc plain. Gof/. S. Gay ; merry ; frolicsome ; cheerful ; blithe. Blillia and bonny. Shak. 3. In familiar language, plump, as plump and healthful persons ure most inclined to mirth [ This word is much used in Scotland.] BON'XY, n. Among miners, a bed of ore, differing from a sqiini in being round, whereas a squat is flat ; or n distinct bed of ore, that communicates with no vein. Bailey. Encye, BON'NY-CLAB'EER, n. [Qm. bonny, or Ir. baine, milk, and clabber; Ar. uJ ^^^ biestings; G.labi D. leb, rennet.] A word used in Ireland for sour buttermilk. Johnson. It is used, in America, for any milk that is tumedy or become thick in the process of souring, and ap- plied only to that p;irt which is thick. BOX'TEN, H. A narrow woolen stuff. fiOA''-'ro..V,(bong'tong',) n. [Fr.] The hight of the fa-; h ion. BO'J^UM JlUO'JsrUM, [L.] A kind of plum. Johnson. BO'XUS, «. [L.] A premium given for a loan, or for a charter or other privilege granted to a company. 2. An extra dividend to the sharehultiers of a joint- stock company, out of accuinuhiled profits. Oilheri. BOJV-rl-FAJ^", (bong-ve-ving',) n. [Fr.] A good fellow ; a jovial companion. BC'NY, a. [from boiie.] Consisting of bones ; full of bones ; pertaining to bones. 2. Having large or prominent bones ; stout ; strong. BON'ZE, (bon'zy,) h. A Bmuihist priest; a name used in China, Tunkin, and the neighboring countries. In China, the bonzes are tlie priests of the Fohists, or sect of Folii. They are distinguished from the laity by their dress. In Ja[Km, they are gentlemen of finiily. In Tunkin, every pagoda has at least two bonxes belonging to it, and some have thirty or forty. In China, the number of bonzes is estimated at fifty thousand, and tliey are represented as idle, dissolute men. Encifc. BOO'BY, Ti. [Pp. hobo, a dunce or idiot, a ruff for the neck, a buffoon, the bird bobo. Uu. Ger. bube, a boy.] 1. A dunce; a stupid fellow; a lubber; ene void of wisdom or intellect. Pri(fr. 2. A fowl, allied to the Pelican genus, the Sula fusca, of a brown and white color, much varied in diff.rrent individuals. This fowl is found among the Bahama Isles, feeds upon fish, and lays itn eggs on the bare rocks. It has a joint in the upper mandible, by which it can raise it without opening the mouth. Eiictjc BOO'BY, a. Having the characteristics of a booby, BOO'BY-HUT, n. A kind of covered sleigh, so called in the eastern part of the United States. BOO'BY-HUTCH, n. A clumsy, ill-contrived, cov- ered carriage or seat, used in the east port of Eng- land. Forby. BOODH, n. In Eastern A^ia, a general name for the divinity. Mafcom. BOODH'ISM, n. A system of religion in Eastern Asia, embraced by more than one third of the human race. It teaches that, at distant intervals, a Boodh, or deity, appears, to restore the world from a slate of ignorance and decay, and then sinks into a state of entire non-existence, or rather, perhaps, of bare ex- istence without attributes, action, or consciousness. This state, called J^trvana, or J^icbun, is regarded as the ultimate supreme good, and the highur^t reward of virtue among mt-n. Four Boodhs have thus ap- ficared in the world, and passed into J^'irvana, the ast of -whom, Gaudama, became incarnate about 500 years before Christ. From his death, in ,543 B. C, many thousand years will elapse before the ap- pearance of another ; so that the system, in the mean lirne, is practically one of pure atheism. The objects of worship, until another Hoodh appears, are the rel- ics and images of Gaudama. E. E. Salisbury. Malcom. BOODH'l.ST, n. One who maintiins the doctrines of Boodh ism. BOOK, n. [Pax. bne, a book and the beech-tree ; Goth. buka ; Icelandic, book ; I), boek, a book, and the mast of beech ; beuke, a beech-lree ; G. buch, a book, and buche, a beech ; Dan. bog; Sw. bok; Russ. buk; Gyp- sy, buchas. Like the Latin libcr^ book signifies pri- marily bark and beech, the tree bemg probably named from its bark.] 1. A general name of every literary- composition which is printed ; but, appropriately, a printed com- position bound ; a volume. The name is given also to any number of written sheets when bound or sewed together, and to a volume of blank paper, in- FATE, FAR, FALL, VVH,^T, — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARXXE, BIRD. — ^OTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BK'FIJL, fl. [book and full.] Full of notions pl'eaned from books ; crowded with undigested learn- mc Pupe. BOQK'IN'G, ppr. Registering in a book. B0QIC'ISH, a. Given to reading ; fond of study ; more acquainted with books than witli men. Shak. BOQK'ISFI-LY, adv. In the way of being addicted to Diwks or much reading. Thurlotc. BQpK'ISH-NESS, n. Addictedness to books; fond- ness fur study. Whitlock. BOQK'-KEEP-ER, n. [book and keep.] On« who keeps accounts, or the accounts of another ; the of- ficer who has the charge of keeping the books and accounts in a public olTice. BQOK'-KEEP-IXG, n. [AooA and kcrp.] The art of recording jnercanlile transactions in a regular and systematic manner; the art of keeping accounts in such a manner, that a man may know the tnic state of his business and property, or of his debts and credits, by an inspection of his books. The books for this purpose are, 1. A Waste Book, or Blotter^ in which are registered all accounts or transactions in the order in which they lake place ; 2. The Journal, which contains the accounts transferred from the waste book, in the same order, but expre?i8cd in a t'-rhnical style; 3. The Ledger, in whicli articles of th ■ same kind are ct.llected together, from the jour- nal, and arranged under proper titles. In addition to these, several others are used ; as, cash-book ! book of charges of mrrchautlise ; book of hotLnr-rrprnses ; invoice-book ; aale^-book ; bUl-book ; receipt-book ; letter-book ; pocket-book ; the use of which may be understood from the names. Enr-ar. BpOK'-K\0\VI^ED6E, (nol'Iej,) n. Knowledge gained by reading books. BOOK'LAND, ^ n. [6oo& and land,\ In old English BOi'.'K'LAXD, i lams, charter land, held by deed under certain rent-i and free-services, «iiich differed nothing from free socage lands. This species of ten- ure hai given rise to the modern freeholds. Blackstone. BOOK'-LEARN-ED, a. [book and le^rn.] Versed in bt'toks ; acquainted with nooks and literature ; a term fiom"timed implying an ignorance of men, or of the rnmmon concerns of life. Drydrn. BOQK'-LEARX-IXG, n. Learning acquired by read- ing ; acquaintance with books and literature ; some- tinc-s implying want of practical knowledge. Sidney. BQOK'LESS, a. [book and less.] Without books ; nnl'-arned. Shenstone. BOOK'-MAD-iVESS, n, A rage for possessing books ; bibtiumania. nOC^K'-MAK-ER, n. One who writ^a and publisbca i><>c.k«. IIOOK'-MAK-IXG, n. The practice of writing and publishing btioks. IIQOK'-M.VX, »i. [book and man.] A man whose prof.'sflion is the study of books. Shak. POOK'-MATE, n. [book and mate.] A school-fellow. llOOK'MT\I)-En-XE.SS, n. Love of b" offered fur sale in the street*!. BOOK'HTftXE, n. See Bibholite. B^M/K'STf^RE, n. A shop where books are kept for ■ah', f C/. S. :] called in England a bookseller^s shop. BpQK'VVORM, f-wnrm,) n. [book and leorm.] A Womi or mite ttiat eats holes in books. BOO 2. A student closely attached to books, or addicted tn study ; also, a reader without judgment. Pope. BOO'LEY, n. In Ireland, one who has no settled habitation, hut wanders from place to place witli liis flocks and herds, living on their milk, like the Tartars. Spenser. BOOM, n. [D. boom, a tree, a pole, a beam, a bar, a rafter; Goth, bapns ; Ger. baum; Eng. beam; D. hoomen, to push tlirward witli a pole ; Dan. bom, a rail or bar.] I. A long pole or spar, run out from various parts of a ship, or other vessel, for the purpose of extend- ing the bottom of particular sails; as, tlie jib boom, studding-sail boom, main buom, square-sail boom, &c. Mar. Diet. 3. A strong iron cliain cable, or line of spars bound together, extended across a river, or the mouth of a harbor, to prevent an enemy's ships from passing. 3. A pole set up as a mark to direct seamen how to keep the channel in shallow water. 4. A hollow roar, as of waves. BOOM, r. t. [Sax. byma, byme, a trumpet ; hymian, to blow or sound a trumpet ; D. bomme, a dnnn ; bom- men, to drum ; W. binnp, a hollow sound. We see the senses of sounding, uttering the voice, swelling, and rushing forward, are connected.] 1. In marine language, to rush with violence, as a ship under a press of sail. 2. To swell ; to roll and roar, as waves. Tht h(Ki«e wa»» booming to Uie o«an show. HUlhouae. 3. To cry as the bittern. Ooldsmith. The Dutch use bom for the sound of an empty barrel ; and bommcn is to drum. BOOM'ING, ppr. or a. Rushing with violence ; roar- ing, like waves. BOOM'E-RAXG, n. A wooden weapon used by the natives of Australia. [See Ktlxe.} BOON, n. [I,, bonus; Fr.bon; Sorrn. boon; It. buono ; Sp. bueno ; Port- bom, good.] 1. A gift; a grant; a benefaction; a present; a favor gninted. jSddismi. 2. [Dan. biin, Sw. biin, a petition.] A prayer or petition. Jish. BOON, a. [Ft. bon ; L. bovus.] Gay ; merr>' ; kind ; bountiful; as, a boon com- panion. Milton. BOUX, n. The refuse or useless vegetable matter from dressed flax. Library of Ent. Knowledge. BO'OPS, w. A genus of fishes, of the order j9cantliop- trrygii, found mostly in the Mediterranean. Brande. BOOR, H. [Sax. ffebiir,a countryman or farmer; D. boer, a rustic or farmer ; G. baurr, a countryman and a builder, from baurn, to build, to cultivate; Sax. byan, or bugian, and gebugian ; D. bouwen, ; Dan. bygge : fc5w. byggia, to build. Boirr is a contracted word.] 1. A countryman ; a peasant ; a rustic ; a plowman ; a clown ; hence, one who is rude in manners, and illiterate. Dryden. 2. A name given to the Russian peasants. BOOU'I^II, 1. Clownish; rustic; awkward in man- ners; illiterate. Shak. BOOR'ISII-LY, adv. In a clownish manner. BO0K'ISH-NES,S,n. Clownishnuss; rusticity ; coarse- ness of manners. BOOdE, n. [Sax. bosig^ bosg; Ueb. and Ch. D^2N, a — .5 stall or crib ; Ar. i ywol abasa, to shut up or im- prison.] A situl or inclosiire for an ox, cow, or other cattle. Miff ujted, or local.] B007e' ( (*'°*'^>5 "• *• [^^'' *"=') *** immerse.] To (irink hard ; to guzzle. [Fiilgar.] Maunder. BOOS'KR, n. One who guzzles liquor; a tippler. BOOST, c. (. 'J'o lift or raise by pushing ; to push up. [Jl common vulgar word in JVew England.] BOO'SY, (boo'zy,) a. A little intoxicated ; merry with liquor, [yulgar.] Holloway. BOOT, c. L [Sax. bot, bote, reparation, satisfaction, a making good, amends ; Goth, botyon, to profit or help ; Sw. bat, a fine ; I), buete, fine, penalty, repent- ance ; bocten, to amend or repair ; G. bu.tse, boot, fine, penance ; bii.isen, to ann-nd ; Dan. bUdde, to repair, or requite ; Wrfr, to expiate, or make atonement ; W. buz, profit ; buziuir, to priifit. We observe this word Is from the root ofbettir, denoting more, or advance; Eng. but. The primary sense of the root is to ad- vance, or carry forwanl.] 1. To profit ; to advantage. It ihall not boot thum. Hooker. But more generally followed by it, — whnt booU it? Indeed, it is seldom used, except in the latter phrase. 2. 'Vo enrich ; to benefit. 1 will tool ihcc. [(Jbt.] S!utk. BOOT, n. Profit ; gain ; advantige ; tliat which is given to make the exchange equal, or to supply the deficiency of value in one of the things exchanged. Shak. 2. To boot; In addition to; over and above; be- sides ; a compensation for the difference of value BOR 1 * between things bartered ; as, I will give my house for yours, with one hundred dollars to boot, [Sax. to bote. The phrase is pure Saxon.] 3. Spoil; plunder. [See Booty.] Shak. BOOT, n. [Fr. botte, a boot, a bunch ; Ir. butais; W. botasen, betas ; Sp. bota, a boot, a butt, or cask, a leather bag to carry liquors ; Port, bota ; IL botu^ boots, a cask.] 1. A covering for the leg, made of leather, and united with a shoe. This garment was originally intended for horsemen, but is now generally worn by gentlemen on foot The different sorts are, Jish- ijtg-bouts, worn in water; hunting -boots, a thinner kind, for sportsmen ; jack-boots, a strong kind, for horsemen ; and half-boots. 2. A kind of rack for the leg, fonnerly used to torture criminals. This was made of boards bound fast to the legs by cords ; or a boot or buskin, made wet and drawn liimn the legs, and then dried by the fire, so as to contract and squeeze the legs. Encyc. 3. A box covered with leather in the fore part of a coach. Also, an apron or leathern cover for a gig or chair, to defend persons from rain and mud. [7%is latter application is local and improper- ] 4. In the plural, boots, a servant at hotels who blacks the boots ; formerly called boot-catcher BOOT, V. U To put on boots. BOOT'-eATCII-ER,n. [boot and catch.] The person at an inn wha'K, n. A nuu;hine fur dniwing off boots. BOOT'LEG,M. [boot and leg.] Leather cut out for the leg of a boot Jish. BOOT'LESS, fl. j;from boot.] Unavailing; unprofit- able ; Useless ; without advantage or success. Shak. BOOT'LESS-LY, ad. Without use or profit BOOT'LESS-XESS, n. Stale of being unavailing. BOOT'TOP-PIXG, n. [bovt unA tirp.] The operation of cleansing a ship's bottom near the surface of the water, by scraping off the grass, slime, shells, &.C., and daubing it with a mixture of tallow, sulphur, and resin. Mar. Diet. BOOT'-TREE, \ n. An instrument to stretch and BOOT'-LXST, ( widen the leg of a boot, consisting of two pieces, shaped like a leg, between which, when put into the boot, a wedge is driven. Encyc. BOOT'Y, n. rsw. byte; Dan. bytte; D. buU;G. beute; It. botttno : Sp. botin ; Fr. butin ; D. buiten, to rove. See BcT.l 1. SiKiil taken from an enemy in war; plunder j pillage. Milton. 2. That which is seized by violence and robbery. Shak. To play booty, is to play dishonestly, with an intent to lose. Johnson. BO-PEEP', n, [bo, an exclamation, and peep.] The act of looking out or from behind something and drawing back, as children in play, for the purpose of frightening each other. Shak. Dryden. BOR'A-BLE, a, [See Bore.] That may be bored. [Little used.] BO-RACH'IO, n. [It boraecia, a leather bottle for wine ; Sp. borracho, drunk.] 1. A bottle or cask. [J^otused.] Dryden. 2. A drunkard. Congrrve. BO-RAC'IC, (bo-ras'ik,)/i. [See Borax.] Pertaining to or produced from borax. £omc(c rtrid,- a compound of a peculiar element, bo- ron, with oxygen. It is generally obtained from bo- rax, by ad5 137 BOR East Indies, where it Is said lo be found at the bot- tom -, or of any region or tract of land ; the exte- rior pari or cilge of a garment ; the rim or brim of a Trssel, but not oHen ap|ilied to vessels ; the exterior port or a garden, and tu-nce a bank raised at the side of a ganlen for the cullivatiun of dowers, and a row of plants i In short, the outer part or edge of things too numerous to be s^iecitied. In htfUmy^ the timbiu or upper spreading port of a monopetalous corul. ^Vorfyn. BOKD'ER, F. L To confine ; to touch at the edge, side, or end ; lo be contiguous or adjacent ; with on or npam i as, Connecticut, on the north, borders oh or nfcm MassactauaeUs. SL To approach near (o. WkwUeh hmdm t worn pntutftaiem i k m m » to b> bimBdnl n feUf. TUoGWM. BOKD'ER, V. t. To make a border ; to adoni whh a burder of ornaments ; as,* to border a garment or a garden. 2. To reach to ; to touch at the edge or end ; to coDfine upon ; to be conliguous to. Sbete *nd RaAiiMLh ho^iar tbt Piiniin OnIC Adcfft. 3. To coiifine nitliin bonnda : lo limit. TAM usedA Skak. BORD'ER-£D,fp. Adorned or furnished with a bor- der. B(.)RD'EB-ER. m. One who dwells on a border or at the extreme part or confines of a country, region, or tnict of land ; one who dwells near to a place. Bacon, BURD'ER-LN'G, ppr. or a. Lying adjacent to ; forming a border. B0RD-HALF'PEN-\Y,(b5nl-hap'pen ny.) a. Money mid for seUing up boiras or a stall in market. Bum. BfiRIV-LA^D, M. fbord and Uud. &ee Bo^iu>.] In old UiOf the demain land which a lord kept in his Iiand^ fur the maintenance of bis bord, board, or ta- ble. Speima*. BCRIV-LODE, > n. [ftorrf and looi] The service re- BCRD'-LOAD, { quired of a tenant to carry timber from the woods to the lord's house ; also, the quan- tity of provision paid by a bord-man for bord-laud. BaUty, BORD'-MA.\, a. [bord and man,] A tenant of bord- land, who supplied bis lord with provisions. Enryc BORD'-RaC-1?iG, a. An incursion upon the borders nf a country'. [Odj.] Spenser. BORD'-^ERV-ICE. n. [bord and serriee.] The ten- ure by which bord-Iand was held, wluch was the pa>'ment of a certain quantity of provisions to the loitL In lieu of this, the tenant now paj-s sixpence an acre. Kiuye,. BORiyiiRE, n. In heraldry^ a tract or compass of nwtal, color, or fur, within the escutcheon and around iL Bailey. BCRE, D. L [Sax. borian t Sw. bora ; D. booren ; Ger. bohren ; Dan. borerj to bore ; D. boor : Ger. bohrrr ; Dan. borrty a borer ; i* /r other appmpri- alc instrument, fur the purpose of asrertaining the presence of minerals, as veins of ore or beds of con), or fur obtaining springs of water, as in Artesian wells, or fountain:! of salt water, &.c. BORE, n. The hole made by boring. Hence, the cav- ity or hollow of a gtin, cannon, pistol, or other fire- arm -y the caliber, wlielher formed by boring or not. 2. Any instrument for making holes by boring or turning, as an auger, gimlet, or wmible. 3. A person or thing Umt wearies by iteration. BORE, n. A tide swelling alHive another tide. Burke. A sudden influx of the tide into a river or narrow strait, conflicting with the water from above, Cyc BORE, prrt, of Bear. fSee Bear | BORE-COLE, n, A variety of cabbage, whose leaves are not formed into a compart head, but are loose, and generally curled or wrinkled Fatn. of Plants. BO'RE-AL, a. [U boreaiu, See Boreas.] Northern ; pettaining to the north or the north wind. Pope. BO'RE-AS, n. [L. boreas : Gr. /iopeiiy the portli wind ; Russ. burya, a storm or tempest ; buran, a tempest with snow. The Russ. gives the radical sense.] The northern wind ; a cold, northerly wind. Milton. UOK'KDf (^bord,) pp. Perforated by an auger or other turning instrument; made hollow; wearied by te- ditws iteration. BO-REE', n. [Fr.] A certain dnuce, or movement in common time, or four crotchets in a bur ; always be- ginning in tlie last quaver ot last crotchet of the measure. Busby. BOR'ER, R. One who bores ; also, an instrument to make holes with by turning. 2. Terebella, the piercer, a genus of sea worms, BOR'ING, n. [tliat pierce wood. 1. The act of boring ; a place made by boring. 2. The chips made by perforating a body arc called borings. BOR'ING, ppr. Perforating by an auger or other turn- ing instrument ; making hollow; wtiar>'ing by tedi- ous iteration. BORN, (baurn,) pp. of Bear. Brought forth, as an an- imal. A very useful distinction is observed by good authors, who, in ttie sense of produced or brought forth, write this word born ; but, in the sense of car- ried, write it bome. This difference of orthography renders obvious the difierence of pronunciation. 1. To be (cm, is to be produced or brought into life. " Man is bom to trouble." A man bom a prince or a beggu. It is followed by of before the mother or ancestMB. Q. To be Aom, or bom again^ is to be regenerated and renewed ; to receive spiritual life. John iii. BOR.N'E, pp. of Bear. Carried ; conveyed ; supported ; defrayed. BOR'N'ITE, n. The tellurite of bismuth. Dana. BO'RON, «. The radical or elementary base of boracic acid. Parke. BOR'OUGH, (bur'ro,) n, [Goth, bairgs; Sax. bur^^ burhj beerhy beorgy burig ; Jr. brog ; Fr. bourg ; U. borgoi Sp. burgo ; D. burg and oerg{ Dan. borg ; Arm. bourg ; G. burg a&d berg ; Gr. JTvpyas ; Ar. ^ yj borackon ; Sans, bura, T])is word, in Saxon, is interpreted a bill, heap, mountain, fortification, cas- tle, tower, cilf , house, and tomb. Hence Perga in Pamphylia, Bergen in Norway, Bvrgoa in Spain, and probably Prague in Bohemia. In W. fripr, bwrc^ sig- nifies a wall, rampart, or work for defense, and bwr- dais is a burgess. But the original sense probably is found in the verb Sax. beorgan^ D. and G. bergen, Russ. beregUj to keep, or save, that is, to make close or secure. Hence it coincides with park, and L. par- eusy saving. (See the next word.) If the noun is the priraarj- word, denoting hili, this is from throwing to- gether, collecting ; a seniie allied to that of making fast or close.] OriginaUy, a fortified city or town ; hence, a hill, for hills were selected for places of defense. But in later times, the term city was substituted to denote an episcopal town, in which was the see of a bishop, and that of borough was retained for the rest, .^t present, the name is given appropriately to such towns and villages as send reprcFcntutives or burgesses to parliament. Some boroughs are incorporated, others are not. Bladcstone. Encyc In Connecticut, this word, borough^ js used for a town, or a part of a town, or a village, incorporated with certain privileges, distinct from those of other towns and of cities. BOS In Scotland^ a borough is a body corporate, connist- ing of the inlmbltants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, with a certain jurisdiction. Borouplis are erected to be held uf the sovereign, as is general- ly the case of r()ynl boroughs ; or of the 8U[H-rior of the lands iiicludeil, as in the case of boroughs of re- gality and barony. Royul boroughs are gcuerally erected for the advantage of trade. Encyc. BOR'OUGH, (bur'ro,) n. [Sax. fearAof, a surety ; bor- gian, to borrow ; borg, interest ; borga, a debtor, a (•ureiy ; ftoriricfJ, a promise or bond for appt-arance, a pledge ; borg-ln-yce, burg-break, violation of pledge ; borgha7td,borhhandyii surety or bail ; beorgan, lo keep, guard, or preserve ; G. and D. borgen, to borrow. See the preceding word.] In Saxon times, a main pledge, or association of men, who were sureties or free pledges to the king for the good behavior of each other, and if any o^ fense was committed in their district, thev were bound to have the ofTender forthcoming. The as- sociation of ten men was called a titJiing or decenna- ry; the presiding man wa:i culled the tithing-man or head-boroush ; or. in some places, bor^iholder, bitroa^h^s elder. This society was called, also, friburg, free- burg, frank-pledge. Ten tittiings formed a hundred^ consisting of lh.it number of sureties, and this de- nomination is still given to the districts comprehend- ed in the association. The term seems to hiive been used both for the society and for each surety. The word main, hand, which is attached to this society, or their mutual assurance, indicates that the agree- ment was ratified by shaking hands. Spetman. Blackstone. Cuwel. Some writers have suggested that the application of this word to towns sprung from these associutiuns, and of course was posterior to them in time. [See Encyc, art. Borough,] But the word was used for a town or castle in otlior nations, and in Asia, doubt- less long before the origin of the frank-pledge. BOR'OUGH EN"GUSH ; a customary descent of lands and tenements to the youngest sun, instead uf the eldest ; or, if the owner leaves no son, to the young- est brother. Blackntone. Cowel. BOR'OUGH HEAD; Uie same as Head-Borough, the chief of a borough. .^sh. BOR'OUGH HOLD'ER, n. Ahead-borough; a bors- hulder. j9j(A. BOR'OUGH-MAS-TER, n. The mayor, governor, or bailiff of a borough. ^sh. BOR'OUGH-M0N"GER, (bur'ro-mung'ger,) n. One who buys or sells the [Mitronage of a borouf-h. Booth. BOR'REL, a. Rustic ; rude. Spenser. BOR'ROW' , (bor'rS,) v. L [Sax. borgian, to borrow ; D. borgen, to borrow, lend, or trust ; Ger. borgen, the same; Dan. borge, to borrow; borgen, bail, surety, pleflge, warranter, main-pernur; Ayr^, trust, credit; Sw. borgan, a giving bail ; burg, a fortress. The pri- marj' sense is, lo make fast or secure.] 1. To take from another by request and consent, with a view to use the thing taken fur a time, and return it, or, if the thing taken is to be consumed or transferred in the use, then to return an equivalent in kind ; as, to borrow a book, a sum of money, or a loaf of bread. It is opptwed to lend. 2. To take from another, for one's own use ; to copy or select from the writings of another author ; as, lo borrow a passage from a printed book ; to bor- row a title. 3. To take or adopt, for one's own use, sentiments, principles, doctrines, and the like ; as, to burrow in- struction. 4.' To take for use something that belongs to an- other; to assume, copy, or imitate ; as, to borrow a shape ; to borrow the manners of another, or his style of writing. BOR'ROW, n, A borrowing ; the act of borrowing. ySTvt used.] But of your royal pirteocc I'll ailvemure Tbc borrow of u we-k. Mot. BOR'ROW-£D, pp. Taken by consent of another, to be returned, or Its equivalent in kind ; copied ; as- sumed. BOR'ROW-ER, 71. One who borrows ; opposed lo lender, [See the verb.] 2. One who takes what belongs to another to use as one's own. BOR'ROW-ING, ppr. Taking by consent, to use and return, or to return its equivalent; taking what be- longs to another, to use as one's own ; copying ; as- suming ; imitating. BOR'ROW-INU, n. The act of borrowing, [See the verb.] BORS'HOLD-ER, n. fA contraction of t»Ar'« ealdor, borough's elder, the elder or chief of a borough.] The head or chief of a tithing, or burg oi ten men ; the head-borough. Lambert. Spelmaiu BO'RU-RET, 71. A combination of boron with a sim- ple body. BOS, n, [L.l In zoology, the technical name of a ge- nus of quadrupeds. The characters are, the horns are hollow within, and turned outward, in the form of crescents; there are eight fore teeth in the under jaw, but none in the upper ; there are no dog teeth. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT M£TE, PRfiY.— PJNE, MARXNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— — BOS It includes the common ox, the bison, the buffitio, and other species. Encyc, BO'SA, n. An intoxicating drink, used by the Egyp- tians, obtained from the meal of darnel and Iiemp- seed. BOSCAGE, n. fFr boaeage^ now boca^e^ a prove ; It. bosca: Dan. busk; Get busdt^ a wood, or properly a Uiicket or underwood ; Eng. bush.] 1. Wood ; underwood ; perhaps, sometimes, lands covered with underwood ; also, a thicket. 2. In old latps^ food or sustenance for cattle, which is yielded by bushes and trees. CotccL 3. With paiuerg, a landiicape representing thickets of wood. EncyCt BOSH, n. Outline ; figure. Chalmers. BOSH'BOK, n. A kind of antelope in South Africa. HO'^'QUET \ "' t'** ^"^'^^^^i ^ '"'^'^ wood, from bos- UUSK'ET ) ^^' ^^^ Boscage.] in qardening^ a grove ; a compartment formed by branches of trees, regularly or irregularly disposed, according to fancy. Encyc BOSK'Y, o. [See BoscAOB.J Woody; covered with thickets. Milton, BO'SO.M, n. [Sax. 6oj?m, bosum ; D. baeiem ; G. busen. Qn. Ch. nca or Kf^a, the breast, uber, mamma.] 1. The breast of a human being and the parts ad- jacent. 2. Tbe fdds or covering of clothes about the breast. Ptit thjr hand In ihy botom. — Ex. ir, 3. Embrace, as with the arms ; inclomire ; com- pass ; of^en implying friendship or affection ; as, to live in the bottom of a church. 4. The h-east, as inclosing the heart ; or the inte- rior of tile irea^t, considered as the seat of the pas- sions. Anp-r r«'th It the 6iMom of fool*. — Ecclr*. tu. Ttv-ir auul was |«ituml inio their raothcr'i 6o>ont. — Lua. B. 5. The breast, or its interior, considered as a close place, the receptacle of secrets. U I currr*^ my mntzifniont u Adam, by hiding mj iniquity In my 6o«!ffi Job xxxi. 6. Any inclosed place ; the interior ; as, the bosom of the e»-th or of the deep. 7. Tbe lendt-r affections ; kindness j favor ; as, the son of * is bosom ; the wife of thy bosom, de ahAjI carry the l&mU in lii> botom. — laa. xl. 8. -he arms, or embrace of the arms. Ps. cxxix. 9. Inclinnlicm ; dfsire. [JSTot med.] Shak, Boaom^ in composition, implies intimacj^, affection, and confidence ; an, a bosom-friend, an intimate or confidential friend ; bosom-lover^ bosom-interest, bosom- secret, Alc. In such phrases, bosom may he considered AS an attribute equivalent to intimute, confidential, dear. BO'SOM, ». U To inclose in the bosom j to keep with care. Doaom up my counsel. Shot. a. To conc4*al ; to hide from view. To hapjiy oHiTtau botntned tle«?p in *ine«. Pop*. BO'SO-M-/:!), pp. Inclo«*ed in the breast ; concealed. B0'80M-I\fi, ppr. Putting in the bosom. 2. Embracing, as a fond mother her child. BO'SON, n, A boatswain; [a popular, but corrupt pronunciation.] Thp mrrry boton. Dryden. BOS-P0'RI-AN\ a. [from Bosporu.o.'] Pertaining to a bosporus, a ctrait or narrow sea between two seas or a sea and a lake. The AUnt (i>reed iht Boajtorian kingi to pay them tribute, uid extrrntl».i(etl tb^ Tanriaiii. Toolet. The kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus are here re- ferred 14:). BO.S'PO-RUS, n. [Gr. /?or?, an ox, and jto/ioi, a pas- sage.] A narrow sea, or a strait between two seas, or be- tween a sea and a lake, ko called, it is supposed, as being an ox-paswage, a strait over which an ox may swim. So our nnrthern ancestors called a strait a sound, that is, a swim. 'J'he term Bosptrrus has been Snrticiilarly applied in the strait between the Sea of larmora and the Black Sen, called the Thracian Bosptrriui ; and to the strait of Caffa, called the Cim- merian Bosporus, which connect*) the Palus Mipotis, or Sea of A/.of, with the Euxine. D'AnvUle. BOHf*, n. [Fr. bnyse i Arm. bo^i. In D. 6o« is a bunch, a bundle, a truHs, a tuA, a bush, a sheaf, whence bo*rA, G. biLtrk, a bush or thickeU In W. bSth is the brM«s nf a buckler, the nave of a wheel, and a bottle, and hence W. botAel, a rotundity, a bottle or any round veK7*eI, a wheal or blister. Aboss is a protuber- nn«!, either from shfxrting, projecting, or from col- lecting and forming a ma-s.] 1. A stud or knob; a pnrtuberant ornament, of itilver, ivory, or other material, used on bridles, tiar- IU9IS, 4Lt;. 3. A protuberant p.art ; a prominence ; as, the boss of a buckler. 3. A projecting ornament at the Intersections of the ribs of ceilings and in other situauons. Oif. Ohs. BOX 4. A water-conduit, in form of a tun-bellied figure. | jish. Bailey. BOSS, n. [D. baas, master.] Among mechanics, the master-workman or superintendent. [This word originated among the Dutch settlers of New York, but is now used extensively in the other States.] BOSS'AGE, n. [from fros*; Ft. bossage.] 1. A stone m a building which has a projecture, and is laid rough, to be afterward carved into mold- ings, capitals, coats of arms, &.c. Encyc. 9. Rustic work, consisting of stones which ad- vance beyond the naked or level of the building, by reason of indentures or channels left in the joinings, chiefly in the corners of edifices, and called rustic quoins. The cavities are sometimes round, some- times beveled, or in a diamond form, sometimes in- closed with a cavetto, and sometimes with a listel. Encyc. BOSS'£D, (bost,) i>p. Studded ; ornamented with bosses. Shak. BOSS'IVE, a. Crooked ; deformed. Osborne. BOSS'Y, a. Containing a boss; ornamented with bosses. His hpnd rcdiiiiiiff on hi* batt}/ shield. Pops. BOS'TRY-eitlTE, n. [Gr. /?orpv\os.] A gem in the form of a lock of hair. ,^sh. BOS'VKL, n, A plant, a species of Crowfoot. Johnson. BOS'WELL-I«M, n. A peculiarity of Boswell. BOT. See Bora. BO-TAN'ie, i a. [See Botant.] Pertaining to BO-TAN'I€^AL, ( botany; relatinglo plants in gen- eral ; also, containing plants ; as, a botanic garden. Botanic garden: a garden devoted to the culture of plants, collected for tlie purpose of illustrating the science of botany. BO-TAN 'IC-AL-LY, adv. According to the system of botany. BOT'AN-IST, n. One skillt^d in botanv; one versed in the knowledge of plants or vegetables. BOT'A-NIZE, r. t. To seek for plants, for the pur- pose of botanical investigation. He could not obtain perTniHU. Patched clumsily; mended unskillfully ; marked with bolchei^. BOTCII'ER, n. A clumsy workman at mending; a mender tpf old clothes, whether a tailor or cobbler. BOTCIi'ERXY, a. Noting awkwardness of perform- ance BO'I'CH'ER-Y, n. A botching, or that which is done by botching. BOTCH'ING, ppr. Patching or mending clum.iily. BOT BOTCH'Y, a. Marked with botches ; full of botches. BOTE, n. [The old orthography of boot, but retained in law, in composition. See Boot.] 1. In laic, compensation; amends; satisfaction, as, man-bute, a compensation for a man slain. Also, payment of any kind. 2. A privilege or allowance of necessaries, used in composition as equivalent to the French estovers, supplies, necessaries ; as, hottse-bote, a sufficiency of wood to repair a house, or for fuel, sometimes called Jire-bote ; so ploto-bote, cart-bote, wood for making or repairing instruments of husbandry ; hay-bvte or hedge-bote, wood for hedges or fences, &.c. These were privileges enjoyed by tenants unaer the feudal system. Blackstone. BOTE'LESS, a. In vain. [See Bootless.] BOTH, a. [Sax. butu, butwu, or batwa, (qu. Goth. bayoths;) Ir. bcit; Sw. bada; Dan. baade; D. and Ger. beide; in ancient African, n2 bet, betk, two, Buxt. 18G6.] Two, considered as distinct from othprs or by themselves ; the one and the other ; Fr. tons les deux ; fun et I'auire ; as, here are two books, take ttiem both. This word is often placed before the nouns with which it is connected. He understands how to mana^ both ptiblic and private concerns. Guth. Quintilian, p. 4. It is often used as a substitute for nouns. And Abraham took sli'^p and oxen, and gate them to Abime- lecli ; stnd both o( tbem mKs,ii bunch of grapes, BOT-RY-OID'AL, i and n&os, form; Fr. botte, a bunch or bundle ; Arm. bod, bat, a grape.] Having the form of a bunch of grapes ; like a clus- ter of graptis, as a mineral presenting an aggregation of small globes. Ktncan. Phillips. BOT'RY-0-LrrE, M. [Gr. /Jorfjof, supra, and \tQoi, a stone.] A variety of datholite, occurring in botryoidal forms, and consisting of silica, boracic acid, and lime, with a larger proportion of water than in the more common varieties of datholite. Dana. BOTS, n. (Generally used in the plural.) [Fr. bout, end, as in their first stage they resemble the ends of a fine thread.] A spend,) i panion in drinking. BOT'TLf:D, pp. or a. I*ut into botaesj inclosed in bottles. 2. Harins a protuberant belly. Skax. BOT'TLE-FLo\V-ER, n. A plant; the Centaurea c>iinus, or blue-bottte. .f^uK. ^ PLmt*^ BOT'TLE-GLXSS, a. A coofsei green glaas, used In the inanufhcture of bottles. W* BOT' TLE-GflU'RD, m. The conunon goitrd, (Zjigenor- rim r«/*«rw.) BOT'TLE-NM-ED, a. Tiaving a nose boltlo-ebaped. BOT'TLE-SCBEW. (bot'tl-skiuO *• A screw to draw corks out of bottles. BOT'TLING, ppr. Putting inltf bottles. BOTTLLNG, n. The act of ptittinK into bottles, BOT'TOM, M. [Sax. botat ; Sw. bohen ; D. bodsmj G. boJen. It weins to be allied to Gr. cUe4, in tJu Un'ard Statej', to tkt fiat tamda m4}oiiu3ig ricrr», fl-c It iff JO used in some partu of En^laKd. J^itford. 5. Tlie deepest part; ihut which is most remote frocn the view ; as, let us examine this subject to the 6. Bound ; limit. Ttxn b w> haoom to ibt whapttMiaHMak Shtk. 7. Tlie utmost extent or depth of carity, or of in- tellect, whtthc-r deep or sbtUIow. XAawxtht teoom of JoAJw Shallow. Skak. 8. The foundation, considered as Ibe cause, spring, or origiu t the first moving cause ; as, a forei|^ prince b at UK Mton ijf the confi-denicy. 9. .\ ship or vessel. Goods imported in foreign bottoms as\y a higher duty than those imported in our own. Hence, a state of hazard, chance, or risk ; but in this sense it is used chierty or stilely in the singular. We say, venture not too much in one bot- tom : that is, do not hazard loo much at a single risk. 10. A ball of thread. [W. 6(7f imt, a button ; Com. id. See Bottle.] 11. TTu bottom qf a lane or alley, is the lowest end. This {rfirase sapposes a declivity ; but it is often used for the most remote port, when there is ver}' little declivity. 12. rA^ftottowo/ftwrjOrotherliquor, is the grounds or dregs. 13. In the language cf joektyf^ stamina ; native strength ; as, a horse of good bottom. BOT'TOM, r. L To found or build upon ; to fix upon as a support ; followed by on ,- as, sound reasoning is bottomed ok just premises. 3. To furnish with a seat or bottom ; as, to bottom a chair. 3. To wind round something, as in making a ball of thread. Shak, BOT'TOM, r. i. To rest upon, as its ultimate support. FiaA oo whal bcnwUUoa « pzopORUon boitamM. Locke, BOTTOM-£D, pp. Furnished with a bottom ; having abottom. This word is often used in ccmiposition ; as, a flat- bottomed boat, in which case the compound becomes an adjective. BOT'TOM-ING, ppr. Founding j building upon ; fur- nishing with a bottom. BOT'TOM-LA.VD, n. See Bottom, No. 4. BOT'TOM-LESS, a. Without a bottom ; applied to water, caverns, A^c, it signifies Cithoraless, whose bottom'can not be found by sounding ; as, a bottomless abyss or ocean. BOT'TOM-RV, 7t. [from bottom.] The act of borrow- ing _money, and plfdging the keel or fioftom of the ship, that is, the ship itself, as security for the repay- ment of the money. The contract of bottomry is in the nature of a mortgage ; Ibe owner of a ship bor- rowing money to enable him to carry on a voyage, and pledging the ship as security for the money. If the ship is lost, the lender loses the money ; but if the ship arrives safe, he is to receive the money lent, with the interest or premium stipulated, although it may exceed the legal rate of interest. The tackle of BOU the ship, al.-*o, is answerable for the debt, as well as the ptTson of the borrower. When a loan is made upon the goods ship^R'd^ the borrower ia said to take up money at rcspumlenua, as he is bound personally to answer the contract. BUickxtone^ Park. BOT'TON-V, n. [from the same root as bud, button.'] In keraltlry, a cross bottvny terminates at each end in three buds, knots, or buttons, resembling, in some measure, the three-loaved grass. Encyc. BOLT-CIIET', n, [Fr.] A .sort of pear. BOUD, n, .An insect that breeds in uialtorother grain ; called, also, a wreviL Diet. BOITDOIR, (btxid'wor,) n. [Fr,] A small, private room tor curiosities, 4;c. a, A lady's pri\-:ite nnim. BOUGE, (iKKij,) r, i. [Fr. bonsre, a lodge, the bilge of a cask ; from the root of bow, which see.J To swell o«iU [LiUlc used.] BOCGE, n. Provisions. NVwt in u;^^.] Jonson. BOUGH, (bou,) n. [fiax. boir, boh, or fcofA, the shoul- der, a branch, an urm, the body of a tree, a stake, a tail, an arch, or bow ; Sw. bog; Dan. boo; from the same n>ot as bote, to blend, to throw ; Sax. bugan,'^ The branch of a tree ; applied to a branch of sue, not to a small shoot. BOUGHT, (bawt,) preu and pp. of But. [See Buv.] BOUGHT, fbawt,) n. [D. W(, a bend, a coil ; from booffSH-, to bend. See Bight.] L A twist ; a link ; a knot ; a flexure, or bend. JUiUoa. Brown. 2. The part of a sling that contains the stone, BOUGHT'Y, (baw'ty,) a. Bending. Sherwood. BOU-GlE', (boo-zhe'j) n. [Fr., a wax candle ; Sp. buffia.] In surgery, a long, slender instnimenl, that is in- troduced through the urethra into the bladder, to re- move obstructions. It is usually made of slips of waxed linen, coiled into a cylindrical or slightly-con- ical form by rolling them on any hard, amiioth sur- face. It is also made of catgut, elastic gum, and metal ; but tliose of waxed linen are generally pre- ferred. Hooper. Dorsey. BOCriL'LO.Y, fbooryon,) n, [Fr., from bouiUir, to boil. See Boiu] Broth ; soup. BOUK, o. u To nauseate so as to be ready to vomit. [LocaL] BOU-LAN'GER-TTE, n. [from M. Boiilanger.] ^ A bluish or lead-gmy ore (a sulphuret) of antimony and lead. Dajta. BCUL'DER. See BowLOEn. BOUL'DER-W^LL, n. [Rather Bowlder- Walu See BoWLOBft.] A wall built of round flints or pebbles laid in a strong mortar, used where the sea has a beach cast up, or where there is a plenty of flints. Builder^s Diet. BOU-LET', n. [from the root of ball, or bowl i Fr. boule.] In the manege, n horse is so called when the fetlock or pastern joint bends forward, and out of its natural position. Encyc. BOirLE-y.iRD,(boo'\e-ViT,) n. [Fr.] OriginaUy,a bulwark or rampart of a fortification or fortified town. Now applied to the public walks or streets occupying the site of demolished fortifications. BflULT. [An incorrect orthography.] See Bolt. BOUL'TIN, n. " -. . ^ . . tuberance.] [from the root of bolt ; Sp. bulto, a pro- In architecture, a moldinE, the convexity of which is just one fourth of a circle, being a member just below the [dinth in the Tuscan and Doric capital. Encyc. BOUNCE, r. i. [D. bonzen, to bounce ; bans, a bounce : allied probably to bound ; Arm. boundi^za ; Fr. bondir.] 1. To leap or spring ; to fly or rush out suddenly. Out bounced Ure maaiiff. Stt^fL 2. To spring or leap against any thing, so as to re- bound ; to beat or thump by a spring. A^'nit his bosom bounced hia bcnring heart. Dryden. 3. To beat hard, or thump, so as to make a sudden noise. Another bounced iu hard n> he could knock. Su^fL 4. To boast or bully j used in familiar speech. Johnson. 5. To be bold or strong. Shak. BOUNCE, n. A heavy blow, thrust, or thump, with a large, solid body. The bounce buret open the door. Dryden. a A loud, hea^T sound, as by an explosion. Shale Oaij, 3. A boast ; a threat ; in low language Johnson, 4. A hold lie; as, that was a bounce. Qoldsmith. 5. A fi^h ; a species of dog-fish or shark. Enajc, BOUN'CER, n. A boaster ; a bully j a bold lie ; in fa- miliar language. Juhnson. BOUN'CING, ppr. Leaping ; bounding with violence, as a heavy body; springing out; thumping with a loud noise ; boasting; moving with force, as a heavy, bounding btxiy. BOUN'CING, tt. Stout; strong; large and heavy; a mstoTnary sense in the United States; as, a bouncing BOU BOUN'CING-T-Y, ado. Boastingly. BOUND, n. [Norm, bonn^, bonne, a bound ; bond, lim- ited ; bundcii, lituits ; from hind, bond, that which binds ; or from Fr. bondir, to spring, and denoting the utmost extent.] 1. A limit ; the Ime which comprehends the whole of any given object or space. It dilfers from bounda- ry. See the latter. Bound is applied to kingdoms, states, cities, towns, tracts of land, and to territorial jurisdiction. 2. A limit by which any excursion is restrained ; the limit of indulgence or desire j as, the love of money knows no bounds, 3. A leap ; a spring ; a Jump ; a rebound. [Fr. bondir, to spring.] 4. In dancing, a spring from one f(K>t to the other. BOUND, V. t. To limit ; to terminate ; to fix the fur- thest point of extension, whether of natunil or moral objtcts, as of land, or empire, or of paBsion, desire, indulgence. Hence, to restrain or confine; as, to bound our wishes. To bound in, is hardly legitimate. 2. To mention the boundaries of a country ; as, to bound France. 3. To make to bound. Shak. BOUND, r. J. [Fr. bondir; Arm. boundi^za.) 1. To leap J to jump ; to spring ; to move forward by leaps. Bt-fore hb lonl the rendy spaniel bounds. Pap*. 2. To rebound ; but the senate is the same. BOUND, preL and pp. of Bind. As a participle, made fast by a band, or by chains or fetters ; obliged by moral ties ; confined ; restrained. 2. As a participle, or perhaps more properly an ad- jective, destined ; tending ; going, or intending to go, with to or for ; as, a ship is bound to Cadiz, or for Cadiz. The application of this word, in this use, is taken from the orders given for the government of the voy- age, implying obligation, or from tending, stretching. So destined implies being bound. Bound is used in composition, as in ice-bound, wind- bouTul, when a ship is confined or prevented from sailing by ice or liy contrary winds. BOUND'A-RY, n. A limit; a bound. Johnson. This word is thus used as synonymous with bound. But the real sense is, a visible mark designating a limit. Bound is the limit itself, or furthest point of extension, and may be an imaginary line ; but bound- ary is the thing which ascertains tlie limit ; Urminus, not finis. Thus, by a statute of Connecticut, it is enacted, That the inhabitants of every town shall procure its boumts to be set out by such marks and boundaries as may be a plain direction for the future ; which marks and boundaries shall be a great heap of stones or a ditch of six feet long, &c. This distinc- tion is observed also in the statute of Massachusetts. But the two words are, in ordinary use, confounded. BOUND-BaIL'IFF,?*. An oflicer appointed by a sher- ifl'to execute process ; so denominated from the bond given for the faithful discharge of his trust. Blackstone. BOUND'ED, p;i. Limited; confined; restrained. BOUNb'£N, [from bind.] It was originally a participle, but is now used only as an adjective j as, it is our bounden duty. BOlJ\D'ii;N-LY, adv. In a dutiful manner. BOUND'ER, n. One that limits ; a boundary. Herbert, BOUND'ING, ppr. Limiting; confining; restraining; leaping ; springing j rebounding ; advancing with leaps. BOUND'ING-SToNE, ( n. A stone to play with. BOUND'-SToNE, Dryden. BOUND'LESS, a. Unlimited ; unconfined ; immeas- urable ; illimitable j as, boundless space ; boundless power. BOUND' LESS-LY, adv. W^ithout bound or limit. BOUND'LESS-NESS, n. The quality of being with- out limits. Sifuth. BOUN'TE-OUS, a. [See Bounty.] Liberal in char- ity ; disposed to give freely ; generous ; munificent ; beneficent ; free in bestowing gilXs ; as, bounteous nature. It is used chiefly in poetry for bountifuL Juhnson. BOUN'TE-OUS-LY, adv. Liberally ; generously ; largely ; freely. BOUN'TE-OUS-NESS, n. Liberality in bestowing gifts or favors; munificence; kindness. BOUN'TI-FJJL, a. [bounty and fuU.] Free to give ; liberal in bestowing gifts and favors; munificent; generous. God, the boundfut Aiilhor of our being. Lodce. It is followed by of before the thing given, and to before the person receiving. BOUN'TI-FyL-LY, adv. Liberally; largely; in a boimtiful manner. • BOUN'TI-FJJI^NESS, n. The quality of being Iroun- tifii! ; liberality in the bestowment of gifts and fa- BOUN'TI-HEDE, (-bed,) ) fvors. BOUN'TI-HEAD, (-hed,) \ n. Goodness. [06*-.] BOUN'Tl-nOQD, ) BOUN'TY, Ti. [Fr. Aoni^, goodness, excellence favor; It. bontd ; L. bonitas, from bonus, good.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T.— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 140 ~" BOV 1. Liberality in l>estowinp gifts and favors; gener- osity ; munificence. The word includes the gift or favuc, and tiie kindness of disposition with which it is bestowed j or a favor bestowed with a benevolent disposition. This distinguishes it from a mere gift. It 13 also observed by Johnson, that it ditfers from charily., as a preaent from an a/nu, in not being be- stowed upon persons absolutely necessitous. This is often the case ; but bounty includes charity, as the genua comprehends the species ; charity, however, does not necessarily include bounty, for cfuirity, or an alms, may be given with reluctance. The word may be used also for a free gift ; 2 Cor. ix. 5 ; or a disposition to give, without the gilt ; good- uess in general. Spenser. 2. A premium offered or given to induce men to enlist into the public ser\ice ; or to encourage any branch of industry, as husbandry, manufactures, or commerce. Qu^en Anne's bounty ; a provision made in lier reign for augmenting poor clerical livinga. BOU-dUET', (boo-ka',) tu [Ft., a plume, a nosegay; Ann. koged: IL boscheUo. See Bush.] 1. A nosegay ; a bunch of flowers. 2. An agreeable aromatic odor, which is perceived on drawing the cork of any of the finer wines. Kncyc. of Dom. Kcon. BOURD, (boord,) n. A jest. [Obs.] Spenser. BOURD'LR, 71, A jester. [Oh.] B0UR'1>0\, n. A pilgrim's staff. BOURGEOIS', (bur-jois',) n. [It appears to be a French word, but 1 know not the reason of its ap- plication to types.] A small kind of printing types, in size iictween long primer and brevier. BOLTRGECV, (bur'jun,) r. t. [Fr. ftour^«m, a bud ; Arm. bourgeon, a button, or a bud.] To sprout ; to put forth buds ; to shoot forth, as a bmnch. OoUsmith, BOURN, n. [Fr. borne, a limit ; bornrr, to bound. In the sense of a stream, Sax. burn; Sw. brunn; D. bron; G. brunnen; Dan. brUnd,] L A bound ; a limit. 2. A brook ; a torrent ; a rivnlet. [/« this senne ob- solete ; but rrtaineA in many naine-n of towns, sealed on the banks of streams. In Scotland, it is stiU used in the sense of a brook, but they tcrite it burn.] BOURN'LES.S a, AVithoul limits. BOUR'.NONITE, n. An ore, consisting of lead, anti- mony, copper, and sulphur; occurring in steel-gray crystals, often aggregated into shapes like small cog- wheels. Dana. BOURSE, (hooTS,) ju [Fr.] The lYenchname foran exchange. BOUSE, I (boo/.,) V. i, [Ann. beuzi, to overflow; to BOOSE, \ drown ; W. bozi; Old D. buysen. In Rus9. buza is a drink brewed from millet. Tooke.] To drink freely; to tope; to guzzle. [j9 vulgar word.] Spenser. BOU-^TRO-PHE'DON, r. [Gr. ^.i-f, an ox, and S-pr'lii,), to turn.] This word is uaod lo express the ancient mode of writing, in Greece, in alternate lines, one from right to left, and the next from left to right, as fields are plowed. BOUS'Y, (booz'y,) a. Drunken; intoxicated. [Kul- ;parj Dryden. BOUT, n. [Fr. bout, end, or It. hotta, a stroke.] A turn ; as much of an action as is performed at onA lime; a single part of an action carried on al successive intfervala ; essay; attempt. Sidney. Dryden, BOUT, JU [It. heuta, or bewta, a drinking, frt»ni bere, or betere, to drink ; L. bibo ; Fr. botre ; Hp. beber.] We use this word tautologicnily in the phrase a drinking-Aou/ ; or the word is the same as the pre- ceding. BOtf-TADE', (boo-iad',) n. [Fr., from bouler; Pp. botar; IL buttare, to thrust ; Eng. ^rut ; allied to bud.] Prop<'rlv, a (start ; hence, a whim. [JVot Eni^lish.] BOU-TA.N'r'. See Arc Bootaht. [SififL BOUTK'~FF,U, (bootTu,) n. [Fr., from bouler. to throw, and feu, nre ; or, arcordmg to Thomson, from 4rtu/c, a rnatrh. Uu. from the roolofEng. AoieorWicr.J An incendiary; a makebate. [Au£ English.] Bacon. BOU'TI-SALE, n, [Q,u. sale of booty, or from boule, a match. Thomson.] A cheap sale ; or, according to others, a sale by a lighted match, durmg the burning of which a man may bid. [.Mot used.] Ilayward. BOUTS-R/yiES' , {boo-re-mai',) n. pi. [Fr.] Words tliat rhyme given to be formed into verse. SwarL Uu'VATE, R. [In ^to L. butaia, from bo^, biwis, an ox.j An ox-gate, or as much land as an ox can plow in a year ; Cow<.*l sajs '28 acres. B0'VeY-C(5AL, n. Brown liiinitr;, an inflammable fossil, rcsf^mbling, in many of its propertit^s, bitumin- ous wood ; found at Bovpy Ilatfletd, near Exeter, in England. Its structure is a little slaty ; its cj;os8 frac- BOW tureeven or conchoidal, with a resinous luster, some- what shining. It is brittle, burns witit a weak flame, and exhales an odor which is generally disagreeable. BOV'ID, a. [L. bos.] [ CUaceland. Relating to that tribe of ruminant mammals, of which the genus Bos is the t}pe. It comprehends the genera Catoblepas, Ovibos, and Bos. Bo'V'i.VE, a. [Low L. bocinus, from bos, bovis, an ox ; W. bUy buiD, ouf, buvi^, and the verb bu^iaw, to bet- low.] Pertaining to oxen and cows, or the quadrupeds of the genus Bos. ThJJ animal u thff 8trong«»t and fierce of Ihe boxAne P?n««. Darroiiy* Trav. The ox-born soiils mean nothing mor? thnn (he ei?)it living souls u-ho issued from Uieir atlcfuhcul moiher, Uie bonne ao>. fUer. BOW, r. t. [Sax. bugan, hygan ,■ W. bwan, and bacu, to bend, lo grapplo ; G, biegen, beti^m i D. boogen, buigrn ; Sw. bUja ; Dan. bdje, to bend.] 1. To bend ; to inflect ; as, to bow vmes. 2. To bend the body in token of respect or civility ; as, to boie the head. 3. To bend or incline toward, in condescension. Bom down ihine ear lo Ihe poor.— Ecclea. 4. To depress ; to crush ; to subdue. Hia heavy hand hslh bowed you to ihe grave. He bow» ihe nations to bis will. BOW, r. t. To bend ; to curve ; to be inflected ; to bend, in token of reverence, respect, or civility; of- ten with da^pn. This is the idol to which the world boat. 2. To stoop ; to fall upon the knees. TI»e people bowtd upon their knees. — JaAgot. 3. To sink under pressure. Thcjr stoop ; they fcui* down together. — Isaiah. BOW, n. An inclination of the head, or a bending of the body, in token of reverence, respect, civility, or submission. Bore of a ship, is the rounding part of her side for- ward, beginning where the planks arch inward, and terminating where they close, at the stem or prow. A narrow bow is called a lean bow ; a broad one, a bold or bluff bow. On the boie, in navigation, is an arch of the hori- zon, not exceeding 45 degrees, comprehended l>e- tween some distant object ami that point of the compass which is right ahead. JUar. Diet. BOW, n. [See Bow, to bend.l An instrument of war and hunting, made of wood, or other elastic matter, with a string fastened to each end. The bow, being bent by drawing the string, and suddenly returning to its natural state by its elastic force, throws an ar- row to a great distance, and with force suflicient to kill an animal. It is of two kind^, the toug-boio, and the cros.s-bote, arb;Uet, or arbalest. The use of the bow is called archery. 2. Any thing bent, or in fttrm of a ctir^'e ; the rain- bow ; the doubling of a string in a knot ; the [Kirt of a yoke which embraces the neck ; ic. 3. A small machine, formed with a stick and hair^, which, being drawn over the strings of an instrument of music, causes it to sound. 4. A beam of wood or brass, with three long screws that direct a lathe of wood or steel to any arch ; used in forming draughts of ships, and projections of the sphere, or wht-rever it is necessary to draw large arches. Harris. 5. An instrument for taking the sun's altitude at styi, consisting of a largo arch of 90 degrees grad- uated, a shank or staff, a side-vane, a sight-Tanc, and a horizon-vane ; now disused. Encyc. 6. An initlrument in use among smitlis for turning a drill ; with turners, for turning wood ; with hatters, fur breaking fur and wool. 7. Sotr.1 of a saddle, are the two pieces of wood laid archwise to receive the upper purl of a horse's back, to give the saddle its ilue form, and to keep it tight. Farrier's Diet. a. In architrcturr.jO. circular end of a church, apart- ment, or building. Elmts. B6W'-BEAR-ER, n. [bow ni\A bear.] An under of- ficer of the forest, whitse duty is to inform of tres- rmsscs. Coieel. BOVV'-BENT, a. [bote anA bent.] Crooked. MUtan. BOW'-CO.M'PAS-SF,S, (bd'kum'pas-sez,) n. pi. A pair of compasses, with a Ikjw or arched plate of metal riveted to mic of the hg«, upon which the other leg slides, to stJ^'Ady tlie motion. BOW'-DRILL, n. A drill worked by a bow and spring. BOW'-DVE, n. A kind of scarlet color, superior to madder, hut inferior to the true scarlet grain for fix- edness and duration ; first used at Bow, near Lon- don. Enaje. BOW'-GRACE, n. In sea language, a frame or com- position of junk, laid out at the sides, or bows, of shiiMi, to srcurt: thimi from injury by ice. Eneyc. BOVV'-HAM), re. [bow and hand.] The hand that draws a how. Spenser. BOW'IE-KNIFE, (ba'e-nlfe,) n. A long knife, or dag- ger, used by hunters and others in the Western States. BOW ilOW'-LEG. n. A crooked leg. Taylor. BOW'-LEG-GED, (bo'legd,) a. [bow and leg.] Hav- ing crooked legs. Johnson. BOW'LESS, o. Destitute of a bow. BOW'-.MAN, «. [bow and man.] A man who uses a bow ; an archer. Jerem. iv. 29. BOW'-MAX, n. The man who rows the foremost oar in a boat Mar, Diet BOW'-N'ET, n. [bow and net.] An engine for catch- ing lobsters and crawfish, called aUo binD-tpkrel. It is made of two round wicker baskets, pointed at the end, one of which is thrust into the other, and at the mouth is a little rim bent inward. Eneyc. BOW'-PEN, 71. A metallic ruling-pen, having the p;irt which holds the ink bowed out toward the middle. _ BOW'- PIECE n. [hmc and piece.] A piece of ord- nance carried at the bow of a ship. Encye. BOW'-SIIOT, n. [bow and shot.] The space which an arrow may pass when shot from a bow. Gen. xxi. 16. Boyle, BOW'-WIN'DOW. SeeBAT-Wiwoow. BOW'A-BLE, a. Of a flexible disposition. [J^ot in itse.] BOW'£D, (bowd,) pp. Bent; crushed; suhdued. B6W'KD, pp. or a. Bent ; like a bow. BOWELS, n. pi. \G.bauch; D.buik; Sw. buk ; Dan. bug ; Fr. boijau ; Vv. bog ; a swelling ; bogel, the na- vel. Tlie sense is, protuberance.] 1. The intestines of an animal ; the entrafls, es- pecially of man ; the heart. 2 Cor. vi. 12. 2. The iiUerior part of any thing ; as, the bowels of the earth. 3. The seat of pity or kindness ; hence, tender- ness, compassion ; a scriptural sense. Bowel, in the singular, is sopietiraca used for gut, BOW'EL, F. *. To take out the bowels ; to eviscerate; to penetrate the bowels. jjinsworth. Ash. BOW'EL-LESS, a. Without tenderness or pity. BOWSER, n. [from bow.] An anchor carried at the bow of a ship. There are generally two bowers, called first and second, great and liltle, or best ana small. Encye. BOWER, 71. [Sax. 6ur, a chamber or private apart- ment, a hut, a cottage ; W. bwr, an inclosure.] 1. A shelter or covered place in a garden, made with boughs of trees bent and twined together. It differs from arbor in thai it may be round or square, whereas an arbor is long and arched. Milton. Encye. 2. A bed-chamber ; any room in a house except the hall. Spenser. Mason. 3. A country-seat ; a cottage. Shcnstone. B. Jonson. 4. A shady recess ; a plantation for shade. fV. Brown. BOWER, V. t To embower ; to inclose. Shak. BOWER, V. i. To lodge. Speiisrr. BOWERS, } 7t. pi. [from bow.] Muscles that bend the BOWUS, i joints. Spenser. Masua. BO WER-V, a. Covering ; shading, as a bower ; also, containing bowers. Thomson. A boxoery maze that shtules the purple streami. Th-umbull. BOWESS, ) TU A young hawk, when it begins to get BOWET, J out of the nest ; a term in falconry. Encye. Ash, BOWOE, r. i. To swell out. [See Bouce.] BOWGE, V, t. To perforate ; as, to bowge a ship. Ainsworth, [f do not Jtnd this word in any other author.] BOw'ING, j»;>r. Bending; stooping; making a bow. BOW'ING-LY, adv. In a bending manner. BOWL, n, rSax. bolla. In Latin, vola is the hollow of the hanef.] 1. A concave vessel to hold liqtion?, rather wide than deep, and thus distinguished from a cup, which is rather deep than wide. 2. The hollow part of any thing ; as, the bowl of a spoon. 3. A basin ; a fountain. Bacon. BOWL, 71. [D. bol i Fr. boule; Sp. bola ; Arm. boul, a ball; W.prl.] A ball of wood used for play on a level plat of ground. BOWL, r. t. To plav with bowls, or at bowling. 2. To roll the ball at cricket. 3. To move rapidly, smoothly, and like a ball ; as, the carriage boxoled along. BOWL, ". t. To roll, as a bowl ; also, to pelt with any thing rolled. Shak. To bowl ovt, !n cricket, is to knock down one's wicket by bowling. BOWL'DER, 71. [from bowl.] A stone, of a roundish fonn, and of no dett^rminate size, fttund on the sea^ shore, and on the banks or in the channels of rivers, &.C., worn smooth or rounded by the action of water ; a pebble. Juhnson, Encye. 'I'he term bowlder is now nsed in geology for round- ed masses of any rock, found out of place, and ap- parently transported from their original bedjjy water. Bowlders of granite, often of great size, are vt-ry common on the surface of the most recent forma- tions. BOWL'DER-STONE. See Bowldkb. BOWL'DER-WALL, n, A wall constructed of peb- TCNE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS. BOX bleii or lH>wlitets of Hint or other silicious stones, whicb have been ruunded by the action of water. BuUdcr's Diet. B&WL'KR, K. One who plays at bowls, or who rolls in cricket. BOVVLINE, «, [Sp. and Port. hohM; Arm. b tree, and ^irzi«, a ooz ; Gr. rpjis, a box, and nl •(, the tree ; rvf , the ftsi j Ir. kugmy kmkam ; Sw. bwthirm i Ger. twd b taai ; Dan. kmxb^m^ the boxHree ; Ger. McAm, a box ; IL Wmv, the box-tree ; AMwJe, a box ; Sp. Aex, Che tne ; Foft. *«x«, tbe tree ; kim, a topple ; pers. tf^Xj ft«r«#, buxns, box-tree ; Ar. the earn". Rot may be from closeness, applied lo the sbrub the list, and the case.] 1. A coffer or chest, either of wood or meLil. In general the word boz is used for a case of rough boards, or more sliphlly made than a chest, and u-i"H f T the conveyance of goods. Bui tlie name Is applied lo cases of any size and of any materi- Mis . as, a wooden ioz, a tin iozj an iron Aox, a strong froz. 3. The quantity that a box contains ; as, a box of qnick>i|)ver ; a box of rinjr^. In Home cases, the quan- tity called a frtfx is li xed by custom ; in tXhers, it is uncertain, as a bcz of tea or sugar. 3. A certain seat in a play-house, or in any public room. 4. The ease which contains the mariner's compass. 5. A money -chest. 6. A irtst or shnib, the Buxus tempenrrfTuiy used for bordering flower-beds. Tbe name in ^l^o given to oCber qkecies of the genus. The Jlfrican box is the Uyrsine. 7. A blow on the head with the hand, or on the ear w ith the open hand. 8. A cylindrical, hollow irnn, used in wheeN, in wh'ch the axle-tree nina. Also, a hollow tube in a pump, closed with a valve. BOX, F. k To fight with the fist ; to combat with the hand or fist. BOX, F. L To inclose in a box ; also, to furnish with boxes, as a wheel or block. 2. To strike with the hand or fist, especially the car or side of the head- 3. To rehearse the several points of the compass tn their proper order. Eneyc 4. To raaJte a bole or cut in a tree to procure the sap : as, to box a nuii^e. 5. To sail round. [Sp. boiar.J To bttz 9ffi lo di%-ide off into tight co-partments. BOX'-COAT, a. An overcoat, originally worn by coochmp-n. BOX'-DRaIX, n. An under-ground drain, boxed np on the -^ides and top, and covered with earth. Brande. BOX-KL'DER, n. The a^h-leaved maple, (jJcer negmt^ de, Linn. ; JiTea-undium accroidtSy Mffinch,) a native of North America. BRA BOX'-LOB-BY, a. In a theater, the lobby leading to the boxes. BOX'-THORN, n. [box and thorn.] A plant, the Ly- ciuni, or a species of it. Fam. u/ Planta, BOX'-TREE, «. The box, (Sktm* aeiij*, Linn.) BOX'W), (boxl,) p/*. Inclosed in a Iwx ; struck on the head with the nst or hand ; furnished with a box or hollow iron, as a whtvl. BOX'£.\, (box'n,) a. Made of box-wood ; resembling box. Dritden. Oaij. BOX'ER, a. One who fights with his fisL BOX'IIAUL, r. t. To veer a ship in a particular man- ner, when close-hauled, round on to the other tack. Chamber.'*. BOX'IXG, ppr. or a. Inclosing in a box ; striking with the Ant ; fumishine with a box. BOX'IXG, n. Th? act of figliiing with the fist ; a com- bat with the fi.t. BOY, m. [Per.i. bach^ a boy ; \V. bac^m, from Mf , lit- tle ; Arm. bttguel^ a child ; bugate^ boyish ; Sw. poike, a young boy ; Dan. pog; Ft. pi;'?-. (See ItcAnLc nnu Poo.) S«y is a contracted word, and probably tJio L. pwer, forpa^PT, fur we see by purlin that r is not rad- ical. So the Gr. V'Us probably is contracted, fur the derivative %-erb, TatCm, furnis nmfWy natx^ni' The radical letters probably are Bg or Pg.] A male child, from birth to the age of puberty ; but in general, applied to males under ten or twelve years of age ; a lad. Sometimes it is used in contempt for a young man, indicating immaturity, want of vigor or Jadgment. BOY, r. L To treat as a boy. Johmon. Rather, lo act ns a boy ; to imitate a boy in action. The passage in Shaks|>eare, in which this word is found, is supposed to allude to the practice of boys acting women's parts on the stage. I ■ball Me wcanc mivra^ag ClropnUs 6oy my prratnen. 6^ A/ocon « Sap. lo Johnson. BOY'AR, ft. A nobleman of Russia, Transylvania, ^k£. [See Boua.] BOyJiUy (bo>'o,) n. ; pL Botaux. [Fr. boyaUy a gut, and a branch of a tree.] In /ort\£eationy a duch covered with a parapet, serving as a communication between two trenches. Eneifc BOY'-BLIND, a. Blind as a boy ; undisceming. [Oba.\ Bfoum. 4' FL BOY'ER, m. a Flemish sloop with a castle at each end. F.neye. BOY'IIQQD, a. [boy and hood.] The state of a boy, or of immature age.. Sv^ift. BOY'ISH, a. Belonging to a boy; childish: tritling; resembling a boy in manners or opinions; puerile. Skak. BOY'ISIl-LY, ade. Childishly ; in a trifling manner. Sherwood. BOY'ISH-NESS, n. Childishness ; tbe manners or be- ha\ior of a boy. BOYMSM, B. Childishness; puerility. Dryden. a. The state of a boy. Warton. BOY*S'-PL.lY, n. Childish amusement; any thing trifling. BO-YC'\.\, a. A large serpent of America, black and slender, having an intolerable smell. AIm, a harmless reptile. Diet, of A*af. /Fut. BP; an abbreviation of Bishop. BRA-BANT'I.\E, a. Pertiining to Brabant, a province of the Netherlands, of which Brussels is the capital. State Paperg^ vol. ii. BRAB'RLE, a. [D. brabbelen, to stammer.] A broil; a clamorous contest; a wrangle. [O&a.] BRAB'BLE, v. L To clamor ; to contest noisily. [ Obs.] Btaum. S[ Fl. BR AB'BLER, n. A clamorous, quarrelsome, noisy fel- low ; a wrangler. [Obs.] Shak. BRAB'BLI.VG, ppr. Clamoring; wrangling. [Obs.] BRAC'CaTE, o. f L. frmcca, breeches.] In omitMoUfgi/f furnished with feathers which con- ceal the feet. BRACE, «. [Fr, bras; Sp. brazo ; Port, frmfo; Arm. breach^ or brek ; Ir. 6rac, and raigh ; W. braie : Corn, frrrct, or breh ; L. braehium; Gr. tipa\Hiif^ the arm. This word furnishes a clear and decisive evidence of the change of a palatal tetter into a sibilant. The change comes through the Spanish or other Celtic dialect, brtich, brazu^ the Sp. i being originally a pal- atal or guttural ; thence to the Fr. bras^ and Eng. brace. In like manner, Durazzo is fonned from Dyr- rachium. The Greek verbs furnish a multitude of similar change;*. This word fiiniishes also a proof that b is a prefix ; for in Irish, brae is written also raigh. The sense of arm is, that which breaks forth, a slioot. From bras, the French have embrasser, to embrace., and in Sp. brazas is braces, and bracear is to brace, and to swing the arms. Brace, in naval affairs, is in D. bras ; Dan. bras, and brase, to brace. Q,u. Is this the same word as the Fr. bra-i, an arui.''] 1. In architecture, a piece of timber frainea in with bevel joints, to keep the building from swerving ei- ther way. It extends like an arm from the post or main timber. 2. That which holds any thing tight ; a cincture or bandage. The braces of a dnmi are not bands. BRA 3. A pair; a couple; as, a ftrflce of ducks. It is used of persons only in contempt, or in a style of drollery. 4. In mu/ric, a line or bracket placed Tcrlicolly at the beginning of each set of slaves in a score, serv- ing to bind thein together. Brande. 5. A thick strap, which supfwrts a carriage on wheels. 6. A crooked line, In printing, connecting two or more words or lines ; thus, ^^^^'^ ( It is used lo connect triplets in poetry. 7. In mnrine language, n rope reeved through a block at the end of a yard, to square or traverse the yard. The name is given also to pieces of irtm which are used as supiwrls ; such as the poop lan- terns, &c. Mar. Diet. 8. Brace, or brasse, is a foreign measure an.swering to our fathom. [Fr. brasse, fatlioin,] 9. Harness; warlike preparation j as we say, gird- ed for battle. 8/iak. 10. Tension ; tightness. Holder, 11. Braf:e.s i pi., suspenders ; the straps that sustain pantaloons, &.c. 12. The braces of a drum, are the cords on the sides of it, for tightening the heads and snares, 13. A curved instrument of iron or wood, for boring holes and driving screws, by pressure against the breast. J^Tieholnon. BRACE, r. ^ To draw tight ; to tighten ; to bind or tie close ; to make tight und firm. 2. To make tense ; to strain up ; as, to brace a drum. 3. To furnish with braces ; as, to brace a building. 4. To strengthen ; to increas^e tension , as, to brace the nerves. 5. In marine language, to bring the yards to either side. To brace about, is to turn the yards round fur tbe contrary tack. To brace sharp, is to cause the yards to have the smallest possible angle with the keel. To brace to, is to check or ease off the lee braces, and round in the weather ones, to assist in tacking. Mar. DicL BR.XC'ED. (brast,) pp. Furnished with braces ; drawn close and tight ; made tense. BRACELET, n. [Fr. brasselet, and bracelet ( It. brae- dale, braccialetto : Sp. brazalete. See Brace.] 1. .\n ornament for the wrist, worn by ladies. This ornament seems anciently to have been woru by men as well as women. 2. A piece of defensive armor for the arm. Joknsoju BRA'CER, n. That which braces, binds, or makes firm; a band or bandage ; also, armor for the arm. Chaucer. 2. A medicine, which gives tension or tone lo any part of the body. BRACH, n. [Fr. bratpu; D. braki It. bracco, a setting dog ; Sp. braco, pointing or setting, as a pointer.] A bitch of the hound kind. S}uik. BRACH'I-AL, a. [L. braehium, from the Celtic bredc^ brae, the arm.] Belonging to the arm ; as, the brachial artery. Hooper, BRACH'I-ATE, a. [See Brachial.] In ftotani/, hav- ing branches in pairs, decussated, all nearly horizon- tal, and each pair at right angles with the nexU Marttjn. BRACH'I-O-POD, n. | [Gr. /3jmxtnv, the arm, BRA€H-LOP'0-DA, n.pl. ] and n-'.rliy deficient.] In Oreek and Latin prosody^ a verse wanting two syllables at its termination. BRACH-V-DI-AG'O-NAL, n. The shortest of the di- agonals in a rhombic prism. BRA-CHYG'RA-PHER, n. [See the next word.] A writer in short hand. Oayton. BRA-CHYG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. 0paxviy short, and ypapn, a writing.] The art or practice of writing in short hand ; ste- nography, -fi- Jonson. BRA-€HYL'0-6Y, n. [Gr. 0paxvst short, and Aoj oj, expression.] In rhetoric, the expressing of any thing in tbe most concise manner. ♦ BRA-CHYP'TER-OUS, a. [Gr. /Spaxvs, short, and nrrpoi-y wing.] In ornithology i a term denoting that the wings, when folded, do not reach to the base of the tail. Brande. BRA-€IIYST'0-€HRONE, n [Gr. 0paxtcjos, short- est, and x/>oi/0(, time,] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— .Mf:TE, PEfiY. — PI.NE, MARINE, BIRD. — .NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, BOQK. - 142 BRA A curve, in which a body, desceticJing by Ihe force uf gravity, moves through a given space in the short- est lime. BRA€H'Y-T?P-OUS. a. [Gr. ffpaxvs, short, and TuTus, form.J In minenJo^rti^ of a short form. Mohs. BRA€H-y-U'ROUS, a, [Gr. 0.ax^i, short, and ovpa, tail.] j^hort-tailrd : a term applied to a tribe of Crustacea, comprehending the c -us. P. Ct/c. BRACING, ppr. Furnishing with braces; making tiglit or Hrm. BK^CING, n. Act of bracing, or state of being bniced. BR.aC'IMG, a. Having the quality of giving strength or tone. BK AC K, n. [Gcr. brueh ; Dan. bmk ; Norm, brek ; from breaJi, which aee.] An opt>arng caused by the parting of any solid body ; a breach ; a broken jKirt. BRA0K'/;\, tu Fern. [See Brake.] BKACK'ET, n. [Fr. braquer, to bend. Uu. Oriental T^a, Ar. Ch. Heb. Syr. Sam. and Eth., to bend the knee ; lience it signifies the knee.] 1. Among workers in timber^ an an;!:ulnr wooden Ktay, in form of the knee bent, to supiwrt sliclves, scaltolds, and the like. 2. The cheek of a mortar carriage, made of strong ptank. Eneyc. 3. In printings a term ajipUed to hooks ; tims, [ ]. BRACK'ET, V. L To place within brackets. BUACK'Irill, a. [D. braJi^ overflowed ; qu. from break, or Gr. ^or.\o}, to water. Perhaps applied to land on which doIt water had flowed.} Salt, or salt in a moderate degree: it is applied to any water partially saturated with sniL Hacon* BRACK'ISH-NESS, n. The quality of being brackish ; »a]tnes9 in a small degree. Cheyne. BRACK'Y, a. Brackish. [JVot usrd.] BRA€'TE-A, ) tu [L. Amswortta writes braetta, or BRACT, S bratUa.] In botany, an abnormally developed leafj growing upon the peduncle of a Mower. It diflerw irom other leaves in shajie or color, and is generally situated on the peduncle, so near the flower as easily to be mis- taken for a perianth. BRAe'TE-ATE, a. [from bractea.] Furnished with bracts. Barton. BRACT'ED, a. Furnished with bracts. Martyn. BRAG'TE-OLB, n. A lilttf bnict. De OnuJolle. BRAC'TE-O-LATE, a. Furnished with hncteoles. BR^VeT'LESS, fl. [n buUitnj, des^titute of bracts. BRAD, in Saxon, is broad, and occurs in names ; as, in Bradford, bromlford. BRAD, n. [.\rm. broad, a point; Ir. brod, or braid; Dan. braaa, a goad or sting ; Ch. t£*^3, barat, a dart, u borer.] A particular kind of nait, used in floors and other work, where it is deemed proi>er to drive nails entire- ly into '.he wotjd. For this punntse, it is made with- out a broad head or shoulder over the shank. Jifoxon, BRAD'Y-PUS, n. The nloth, which fee. BRAG, V. L [\V. brairinw, to swell, to shoot up, to bni(! . brag, a sprouting, malt ; brag-u, to malt. It comcidej with Dan. bragrr, to crBcklo, Gr. linnxw, Eng. to brag, and many other words signifying tu break, or shoot forth. See Brate.] To boast; to display one's actions, merits, or ad- vantages ostent:itiou.sty ; to tell btva-stfut stories ; fol- lowed by of; as, to brag of a good horse, or of a feat. Htdnnf. SJiak. To brag on, is vulgar ; indeed, the word itself is be- come low, and is not to be used in elegant composi- tion. BRAG, R. A boast or boasting; OBtentatious verbal display of one^s deeds, or advantages ; the thing btxisted. MilViH. Bacttn. Spenser has nsed this word as an adverb for nroudly. BRAG, It. A game at cards. Che„-terjield. BR.\G-GA-D0'CIO, (brag-ga-d6'sho,) n. A puffing, boasting fellow. Dryden. BRAG'GARO-ISM, «, [Old Fr. braggardise.] Uoastfulness ; vain ostentation. . BRAG'GART, n. [frra^ and art, arrLint and most largely develoi>ed portion of the nervous system, and the seat of the intellect and emotions. It consists of two larger portions, the cerebrum and cerebellum, and of certain smaller parts, situated at their base. From the smaller parts, at its base, proceed the spinal mar- row, and cerUiin pairs of nerves, jKirt distributed, as nerves of s|>ecial sensation, on the organs of sense, and part, as nerves of common sen«ition and motion, to the head and neck. The term has, also, been ap- plied to the cerebrum, in distinction from the cerebel- lum, or little hniin. 2. The understanding. Hale. 3. The affections ; fancy ; imagination. [Unu^niaL] Shak. Sandys. BRAIN, F. (. To dash out the brains ; to kill by beat- ing out the brains. Pope. Dnjden. a. To conceive ; to understand. [JV'ot used.] Stiak. BRALN'-Fii'VER, 7». An old term for an inflamma- tion (if the brain. BRAIX'ISH, a. Hot-beaded; furious; as L. cerebro- .*HA. Shak. BRAIN'I.RSS, o. Without understanding; silly; thouehllr'ss ; witless. Ticket. Shak. BRAI.N'PAX, n. [brain and part.] The skull which incloses the brain. Dryden, BRAl.N'SICK, a. [brain and xiek.] Disordered in ttie undersUinding ; giddy: thouglftlcss. Kntdles. BRAI.N'HICK-LY, adv. Weakly ; with a disordered iinr|tT«landine. Shak. BRAI.N'SH'K-NESfl, n. Disorder of the understand- ing ; triddiness; Indiscretion. BRAIN'THROB, n. The throbbing of the brain. BRA^T, n. Among jrweltrs, n rf»ui;h diamond. BRAKE, pp. of Hreak. [Obs.] [See Break.] BRAKE, n. [W. brwg; Ir. Jraoeh ; Port, brejo ; Sp. brezn ; Dnn. bregne ; G. hrtche ; L. erica ; Gr. ipiKU'*, eouKt-i, to break. So named, protmbly, from its rough- ness or broken appearance.] 1. A name given todifflTent species of fern, of the genus Pteris, particularly to ilie female fern, (P. w/uilina ;) also to diHerenl species of fern of otlier genera. The name Is also used collectively in the plural, (^brakes.) 2. A place overgrown with brake. Fncyc. 3. A thicket; a place overgrown with slinibs and brambles. Johnnon. 4. In the. UnitfA States, n thicket of canes ; as, a cane-brake; but I believe used only in composition. KlicotL BRAKE, n. [See Break.] An instrument or machine to break flax or hemp, 2. The handle or lever by which a pump is worked ; that is, brae, brnchiutn, an arm. 3. A baker's kneading-trough. 4. A sharp bit, or snaifle, 5. A machine for confining refractory horses while the smith is shoeing them. Johnson. t). '/'bat part of tlie carriage nf a movable hatter^', or engine, which enables it to turn. Fairfax, 7. A large, heavy harrow fur breaking clods after ploughing i called also a drag. BRAKE, n. An instrument attached to wheels, par- ticulartv to the wheels of carriages, and especially railroad cars, which, by pressing on the wheeU, re- tards or stops their motion. BRA BRAKE'MAN, n. The man whose business Is to manage the brake on railways. BRaK'Y, a. Full of brakes; abounding with bram- bles or shrubs ; rough ; thorny. B. Jontfon. BRAMM, in. [Broum, Piromis. Herodotus, ftu. BRUM'A, > l,.prijnus ; Ir. pribmh, first, chief , Goth. BRAH'MA, ) frum, origin, beginning.] The chief deity of the Indian jiati n, A bird, a species of Fringilla, BRAM'BLE, \ the mountain finch. Encyc, BR A.M'BLY, adv. Full of brambles. BRAH'JlIN, i "' t^^^ Brachman.j A priest among the Hindoos and other nations of India. There are several orders of Bramius, many of whom are very corrupt in their morals; others live sequestered from the world, devoted to supersti- tion and indolence. They are the only persons who understand the Sanscrit, or ancient language of the country, in which their sacred books are written ; and to them are European nations indebted for their knowledge of the language. They worship Braina, the supposed creator of the world, but have many subordinate deities. BRAM-IN-EE^*i "* The wife of a Bramin. DRA-MIN'IC-AL, c. Pertaining to the Bramins, or their doctrines and worship ; as, the braminical sys- tem. JSs, Researches. BRAM'IN-ISM, 71. The religion, or syaiera of doc- trines, of the Bramins. BRAN, n, [W. bran, composed of b and rhan, a piece, from rAa;iu, to rend or tear ; Arm. Irenn ; Ir. aiul Fr. bran. In Italian, brano is e piece or bit. Arm. rartna; It. r(i/iMfl?n, to tear.] 'J'he proper coat of the seed of wheat, rj'e, or other farinaceous grain, sepaiated from ttie flour by bolting. BRANCARD, n. [Fr.] A horse litter. [J^ot in use.] BRANCH, n. [Fr. branche; Arm. brancq. If n is not radical, this word coincides with W. braic, the arm, a shoot. This is probably the fact.] 1. A shoot of a tree or other plant; a limb; a bough shooting from the stem, or from another branch or hough. Johnson restricts the word to a shoot from a main bough ; but the definition is ivor- ranted neither by etymology nor usage. A division of a main stem, supporting the leaves and fructification. Mariyn. An armofatree sprouting from the stem. Encyc. 2. Any arm or extended part shooting or extended from the main body of a thing ; as, the branch of a cniidlesttck or of an artery. Hence, from similitude, a smaller stream running into a larger one, or jiro- ceedhig from It. Also, the shoot of a stag's horn ; an antler. 3. Any member or part of a body, or system ; a distinct article ; a section or subdivision ; as, charity is a branch of Christian duty. 4. Any individual of a family descending in a collateral line; any descendant from a common parent or st(»ck. 5. Branches of a bridle; two pieces of bent iron, which bjar the hit, the cross chains, and Ihe curb. fi. In architecturr, ftrrincAea- of e^iuM are the arches of Gothic vaults, traversing from one angle to another diaconally, and forming a cross between the other nrrhes, which make tlie sides of the square, of which these arches are diagonals. Harris, 7. A warrant or commission given to a pilot. Laios of Massachusettf, 8. A chandelier. .^sh. BRANCH, V. i. yo shoot or spread in branches; to ramify ; as a plant, or as horns. 2. To divide into separate parts or subdivisions, ung iu bnutcbes j dividing into sevt-ntl .>.iilk>r«iin:i[«.- (i.*(it'<. BEANCH'LNC;, a. yuraished with branches; abool- iniK out branches. BRAXeH'1-O POD,*. \ [Gr. /?/)«}^(a, fiUs, BRA.\€H-1-0P'0-DA, n. fL \ and waef, inia»i» fOOL] Tenns denoting an order of cnutteea, geDerally rery small or minute ; so named (h»n their feci, or loconociTa extnaitin, having been suppowd to per- form the ftinctioa of cilU. P. Cijc BRAXCH-I-06^K«0U8, a. [Gr. ffpa^^ta^ gilla, and -steni, the rays of wbose fins ate buny, but wbose giil-coven are destitute of bony lav^ £iuyc. BRANCni-REME, a. [Gr. Qpayxta, and L. reaiai.] An animal that has legs terminating in a bundle of aetiform branches, connected with its respiration. Kirbm, BRAXCH'-L£AF, a. A leaf growing on a branch. JWsrtya. BRANCH'LESS, a. Destitute of branches or sbooCs ; without any ^-aluablc product : barren ; naked. Skak. BRANCH' LET, a. A little branch; a twig; the sub- division of a branch. Martin. AsiaL JUmmxIub. BIUNCH'-PE-DUN'CLE, (dunk'l,) a. A pAdunde springing from a branch. Martfn, BRANCH'-PI-LOT, n. A pilot who has a branch or public commission. Ijxics of MoMoekuMtU «ad JWw Yorlu BIU^'CH'Y.o. Full of branches i having wide-ftpread- hig branches. Pitpe. BRAND, a. [Sax. frrva^.- a hnuidi G. hmmd; Dan. krmnAe ; Sw. brtuul; from krttmmm, ^rtMmem, to bum. See Bua:!.] 1, A burning piece of wood ; or a stick or piece of Wood partly burnt, whether biiming or after the fire is extincL 2. A sword, either fVnm brandishing, (Fr. (roiidir,) or from its glittering brightness} n#v »ew<«c«, mm&ss IB nortj'M. Hfi/fjn X A thunder bolL OramviUe, 4. A mark made by burning with a bol iron, as upon a criminal, or upwn a auk ; a stigma i any note of infamy. Baton, Dryden. 5. A disease in vegetables, by which their leaves and lende bark are partially destroyed, as if burnt ; called also htinL, P. Cye. BRAND, t. u To bum or impress a mark with a hot iioa ; as, to hramd a criminal, by way of punishment ; or to trtmd a cask, or any thing else, for the purpose of fixing a mark ujion iu 2. To fix a mark or character of infamy, in alio- aion to the branding of criminal'? ; to stiginatize as infamous i as, to broad a vice with inlomy. BRAND'ED, fp. or a. Marked with a boC iron ; stig- matized. BRAND'-GOOSE, «. A species of wild goose, of the genus Anas, u$iiallv r^fd, in .\merica, hrmU. BRAN'DI-£D, (bran'djd,) a. Mingled with brandy; made iitronger by Uie addition of brandy. BSA.N'D'^I.VG, ppr. Impressing a mark with a hot iron \ Hxiuz a stigma or mark of reproach. BRAND'ING-I RON, (I-um,) n. An iron to brand BRAN D'-I-R ON, ('I-ura,)n. A branding-iron. [with. 2. A trivft to set a pot on. BRAND'ISH, r. I. [Fr. bramdin Port- brandir; gp. hlsMdir^ T changed into / • It brandire ; probably allied to Fr. branln-f to shake.] I. To move or wave, as a weapon ; to raise and move in various directions } to shake or flourish ; as, lo bnaiduk a sword or a cane- It often indicates tireatemiug. 3. To play with } to flourish ; as, to brandish s>i- k^ma. Locke. BRAND'ISH.f:D, (brand'isht,)^. Raised and waved in the air with a flourish. BRANDISH-ER, n. One who brandishes. BBAND'I.-?H-I\G, ppr. Raising and wa\ing in the air ; flourishing, BRAND LING, ■»!. A kind ol worm. fTalton. BRAN1)'-NE\V, (-nu,) a, [See Ba^ifo.] Quite new ; bright as a brand of Are. Taller. [This word, though now vulgar, was considered BRA bv SiN'linan as peculiarly elegant and appropriate. Hich. Dift.] BRAN'DY, n, \X). branden; Ger. brmnen^ to distil; bmadetit to boil ; brmiter, a distiller; G, bravntteein i Fr. brmmdevat, brandy. See Burn.] An ardent spirit distilled from wine. Tliis is the appropriate sense, though the same name is now given to spirit distilled from oUirr lifpiors, and in the United States particularly to that which is distilled fmrn cider and (wachrs. In the north of Eurv>|M>, the term is also applied to a spirit obtained from jrraiii. BRAN'DY-WINE, n. Hrandy. tUsewaa. BRAN"GLB, a. [Kuss. Aron, war, strife, noise, broil ; braitfu^lo hinder, to scold ; L.freiideo. (Iu. rrranfrlr. Bra^gie^ in Scottish, signifies to shake, or tu threaten : Ft. ArtMlar.] A wrangle ; a aquabble ; a noisy contest or dispute. SuiifL BRAX"GLE, r. x. To wrangle j to dispute conten- tiou»lv ; to squabble. SieiJU BRAN''GLE-MENT, ti. Wrangle ; brangle. BRAN"GLER, a. A quarreUome person. BRAN"GL1NG, a. A quarrel. Wkidock. BRANK, n. [So named, probably, from its Joints, brfoks. *' Gallie quoqiic suum ptnus farris dcdere ; quod illic br^nte vocant, npud nos sandulum, nttidis- simi p-oiii.'* Plin. 18. 7.] 1. Buckwheat, a species of Polygonum ; a grain cultivated mostly for beasts and poultry ; but in the United States, the flour is umch used for making breakfast cakes. Si. In some parts of England and Sci»ttand, a scold- iMf^ridUj an instrument fur correcting scolding wuuu'H. It consists of a head-piece, which inclones the head of the ofltnder. and of a sharp Iron, wliich enters the inuuUi and restrains the tuneiie. Piott. Encyc BRANKaTR-SINE, a. [brcidi and ursiu>, a bear. ] Baar*s-brttxh, or Acanthus, a genus of plants, of several species. The leaves of ihe common sort are said to have furnished the model uf the Corinthian capital. BRAN'UN, «. A species of fish of the salmon kind, in some places caJled the jCn^ry, from five or six black lines or marks on each side resembling Angers. It is found in rapid stroams. Dicu ofJVaL Hut. BRAN'-NEW. See Brand-new. BRAN'NT, a. [from bran.} llaving the appearance of bran ; consisting of bran. Wiseman. BRA.N'SLE, n. A brawl, or dance. [Alpt ustd,} Spenser. BRANT, a. [Uu. brand, burnt or brown.] A species of wild goose, of the genus Anas j called also brent and bramd~f0ose, which see. BRANT, a. Steep. Todd. BRANT'-FOX, n. A kind of fox, the vutpes alopcz, smaller than the common fox, and distinguished by tlip t>lackness tif ils^eeU Booth. BRA'^EN, (bra'zn,) a. Made of brass. [See Brasi and Brazen.] BRASM, o. Hasty in temper; im[H;tuous. Orose, 2. Brittle. [LocaL] BRA'S[£R,(bra'zhur,)n. An artificer who works in braas. Franklin. 2. A pan for holding coals. [See Brxsi.] BRASIL'. SeeBnAZiu BilASS, a. [fyix. bras; W. pris ; Com. krest; Ir. pros. In Welsh, prSs signifies brass, and what is quick, ready, sharp, smart, also haste, fuel, and prcsH, lo render imminent, to hasten, to render prfsenL The latter sense indicates tliat it is from the Latin. But I see no connection between ttiese senses snd bruss. This word may be named from its bright color, and be allied to Port, braza, Sp. brtLfosy live coals, abrazar, abrasar, to burn or in- flame ; but the real origin and primary sense are not evident.] 1. An alloy of copper and zinc, of a yellow color, usually containing about one third of its weight of rinc ; but the proportions are variable. TJie best brass is made by cementation of calamine, or the oiyd of zinc with granulated copper. Thomson. 2. Impudence; a brazen face. BRASS'-BAND, », A company of musicians who perform on instruments of brass, as the trumpet, bugle, Scz. BRASS'-FOIL, n. Dutch leaf, or Dutch pold ; formed by beating out plates of brass to preat thinness. BRASS' AOE, n. A sum formerly levied to defray the expense of coinage. Brande. BRASS'ART, n. In plate armor, the piece which pro- tected the upper part of the arm, frum the elbow to the shoulder. Brande. BRASSE.'n. The pale, spotted perch, with two long teeth on each side ; the Lucioperca. .^sk. BRAS'SET, n. A casque or head-piece of armor. BRA.S'SI-€A, n. [L.1 Cabbage. Pope. BRASS'1-NESS, n- A quality of brass; the appear- ance of brass. BRASS'-PaV-£D, a, Uard as brass. Spenser. BRASS-V1S'AG-£D, a. Impudent. Chalmrrs. BRASS'Y,a. Pertaining to brass ; partaking of brass; hard as brass ; having the color of brass. 52. Impudent ; impudently bold. BRA BR AST, a. Burst. [Act iw iwe.] Spenser. BRAT, n. [G. frrutl 1. A chfld, so called in contcmpL 2. Oflspring ; propeny. BRAUL, n. Indian cloth with blue and white stripes, called tvrbant. Encyc. BRA-VA'DU, n. [Sp. firarata - Fr. bravade. See Brave.] A boa.>«t or brag ; an arrogant menace, intended *xi intimidate. BRAVE, a. [Fr. brave i Arm. brao ; Sp. Port. It. bravo ; D. braqf: Sw. brt^f; Dim. brav ; Ger. brav, whence brnvirrn, to lo(>k big, to bully or hector. In Sp. and Port, ftrufo sinnilles Karr, valiant, strenuous, bullying, fierce, wild, savage, rude, unpolished, ex- cellent, line ; bravear, to bully, to menace in an arrogant manner ; ftraraisaswetlofthesea ; braveza, valor, and fury of the elements, 'ihe word brave expresses also a showy dress ; Arm. bragal, to be well dressed, line, spruce, of which brao seeni;* to be a contraction. 'Ihe word bears the sense uf open, bold, expanding, and nishing, vaunting. It is doubt- less contracted, and probably from the root of frrc^.] 1. Courageous J bold; during; intrepid; fearless of danger; as, a brave warrior. It usually unites the sense of courage with generosity and dignity of mind, qualities often united. Bacon. The bmve man will no: deliberately do an iujury \o his fellow* mill. Anon, 2. Gallant ; lofty ; graceful ; having a noble mien. Shak. 3. Magnificent ; grand ; as, a brave place. Dcnham. 4. Eicellent ; noble ; dignified. [But in vwdem usage^ it has nearly lost its application to things.] 5. Gaudy ; showy in dress. [Ar. O vJ haraka, to adorn.] [ 06s.] Spenser. BRAVE, n. A nector; a man daring beyond dis- cretion or decency. Hot brxivti like thee mtijr fight. Dryden. % A boast ; a challenge ; a defiance. Shak. 3. In .America, an Indian warrior is called a brave, a term first applied by the French. BRAVE, V. t. To defy; to challenge; to encounter with courage and fortitude, or without being moved ; to set at defiance. The Ills of |.)ve I cnn bratie. I'bo ruck tliut Ira lie « ihc l^nipesl, Drydsn, 2. To carry a bojisting appearance of; as, to bro-ve that which they believe not. Bacon. BRAV'iCI), pp. Defied ; set at defiance; met without dismay, or being moved. BRA VE'LY, im/«. Courageously; gallantly; splendid- ly ; in a brave manner ; heroically. In Spmsrr, finely ; gaudily. 2. In colloquial usage, in good health ; or much re- covered from illness. A''urfolk. Suffolk. [In this sense Uu term is still occasionally used in jfmerica.] BRAVER, a.,- com;*, of Brave. BRAV'ER-V,B. Courage; heroism; undaunted spirit ; intrepidity ; gallantry; fearlessness of danger ; often united with generosity or dignity of mind which despises meanness and cruelty, and disdains to take I advantage of a vanquished enemy. The duelbt, in proring hii bravery, ihowa UuU be thlnln it aus- pQCied. Anon. S. Splendor; magnificence; showy appearance. The bmvery of their Unkliiij onniin'.iiU. — Ii, iii, Sjienter, 3. Show ; ostentation ; fine dress. Bacon. 4. Bravado ; boast. Bacon Sidney. 5. A showy person. Spenser, [fn the. last four senses, this word w nearly antiquated.] BRA V'EST, a. ,■ superl. of Bba ve. BRAVING, ppr. Setting at defiance ; challenging. BRA'VO, n. [It. and Sp.] A daring villain ; a bandit ; one who sets law at defiance ; an assassin or mur- derer. Gov. of Vie Tongue, BRA'VO. intCTj. Well done. BRX-Vu'RA, n. [Sp., a boasting.] An air charac- terized by minute division-?, giving several notes lo a syllable, and requiring great force and spirit in the performer. P. Cyc. BRAWL, v.i. [G. briillcn; D. brullen; Dan. vraale and br&lei Sw. rro/a, to roar or bellow ; Fr. braillrr ; Arm. brailhat, to brawl or be noisy; L. prtBlior; W. broliaw, to boast, to brag ; brawl, a shooting out, a boastJ 1. To quarrel noisily and indecently. Watts. S. To speak loud and indecently. Shak. 3. To roar as water ; to make a noise. Shak. BRAWL, ». t. To drive or beat away. Shak. BRAWL, n. [Norm, braul] i. Noise; quarrel; scurrility; uproar. Hooker. Q. Formerly, a kind of dance, said to resenibh; the mtJdern cotillon. .^hak. B. Jonson. Gray. BRAWL'ER, 71. A noisy fellow; a wrangler. AijUffe. BRAVVL'ING, n. The act of quarreling. BKAWL'ING, ppr. or a. Ciuarreliing; quarrelsome. BRA\VL'ING-LV, adv. In a quarrelsome manner. FATE, FAR, F.^LL, WHAT. — M£TE, PRBV.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 144 ' ~" ^ BRE BRAU^, "' l^- ayruguu.^, caro aprugna.] 1- Tlie flesh of a l>i.ar, or llie aniiiiul. 2. J'he ieshy, protuberant, muscular part of the 3. Bulk ; muscular strength. Drvden. 4. I He ami, from its muscles or strength. Skak. 3. The Hesh of the boar or of swine, collared so as nD".?JV.';^^''„'"" '°"'='' "•'"■e fat, boiled and iiickled. p V,vi,^,D- "^ Brawny ; strong. Spcstr. Hn vJJ.J, J-"' »• A boar killed fur the table. Kl„ „. UltAW .VI-NESS, „. The quality of being bra«°ny ■ strength ; hardmess. Lockt BRAWN'Y, a. .Musculous ; fleshy : bulky ; havin» large, strong muscles; strong. Dnjdcn. ° BKAl, V. I. [Sax. iracan; f'r hrnrr, to pound or bruise; hrawt, to roar, or bray as an ass; Arm brtgM, to roar; Norm. In-air, to crj- ; to iras ; Gr. H,.a\i^i\\. bnwaw, to break in pieces, to rub or grind ; Impart, a quern ; Ir. Wa, a haiidmiU. See Urao and Brcae.] I. To pound, beat, or grind small : as, to hrav a fool in a mortar. Prov. xwii. 2- r. i. To irjike a harsh sound, as of an ass. - ™ . , ^ , Dryden, J. J o mak' a liarsh, disagreeable, grating sound. noT-v ffM , ,. Milton. iiKA Y, n. n t harsh sound or roar of an ass ; a harsh grating sou i. ' ' rJ^ *?'''■ ,'S fround i a declivity or slope of a hilh r.«co«ish, Wl jr^^j-^^ UKAY, n. [\V. frrp, a monnt or peak.] A bai/k or mound of earth. [Oisi] JlerbrrU BRaV'EK, n. One that brays like an aw. Pope 2. An instrument to temper ink in printing-offices. nS , i,;5?' '^- P""'"'!"? Of grinding small ; roaring. BKAY 'I.\G, n. 1 he noise of an ass. a. Roar; noise; clamor. Smith. BRAVLE, ». See Dbaiu Btt.»ZE, r. t. [Fr. iraser.] 1. To soder'with an alloy of brass and zinc. ^S. To harden to impudence; to harden" a^^ with BM'ziw, (bri'zn,) a. Made of brass; as, J'lfl^en Uelmet. Dridcn. z. rertamuig to brass ; proceeding from brass ; as, a brazen dm. Utt^ 3. Impudent ; having a front like brass. Brazen age, or age of brass ; in mythology, the ace which succeeded the sUva- age, when men had de- generated from primitive purity. BrazendM, among miners, is the standard by which r^n'w l' '"" 8^"B<"'.'»"J is kept ill the king's hall. Brazen »M ; in Jewish antiquity, a huge vessel of brass, cast on the plain of Jordan, and placed in Sol- omon s temple, li was 10 cubits from brim to brim, pinhiglit, JO in circumference, and contained 3000 baths. It was designed for the priesU to wash them- «,««» BBilACH, B, [Fr. bruha D. breukt Cer. trmcht 8w. ^'Y^J,^"- '^"J" ^P- '""^ ''<"•• 'n-'d^. See Bseae.I 1. The act of breaking, or state of being brokim ; a TOpJurc ; a break ; a gap ; the siiace between the seV- ml iwrts of a solid biidy parted by violence ; as a breacA in a garment or in a wall. ' BRE f,.rriii„ ,"'"'■'""" of a law ; the V itioil or non- n^lhllnu nt of a contract ; the non.[»-rformance of a mora duty; non-iierformancc of duly being a breach ol obligation as well as a iHjsitive transgression or vi BRE BaitiUbjn. 3. An opening in a coast. [JVot usual.-] Sncnser. 4. .Separation between friends by means of enmity ; difference ; quarrel. Clarend„n. kin.i JJ" "" ' '"J'"^ ■ '"'asion ; as, a breach upon kingly power. Clarendoiu atnict^"'^'"'"""'"" ' '"^^ "^ '^ '"""^ ""^ "^ consequent 7. A Violation of the public peace, as bv a riot af- Iray, or any tilliiull which is contrarv to law 'and destructive to the public tranquillity, is tailed a breach Hf the peace. BREACH v.t To make a breach or opening, as in Blip u". ' Fri" f""'"™,"""- L'fe of WeUingUin. IiRl-,.\Cll'I(;L, a. Full of breaches. I P'i ™f'' "• f*""^- *'•'■'"'•■ G"-»r<.r, ired." D. brood: bw. briid: Dan. brUdi Uu. Gr. (Y^L-oc, any thing esculent. If the word signifies food in gjneral, or that which IS eaten, iir..bal,ly it is the Heb. and Ch. niia, from n-iD, barah, to eat or feed. But in German, it signifles loaf as well as bread. "Ze- hen brot," ten loaves. It may therefore signify, primarily, a lump or poition.] 1. A mass of dough ma.le by moistening and kneading, and usually f'ermenting, the flour or meal n i?" ?P«"='«* of grain, and baked in an oven or 2. Food in general. [p^ In lb» nrrnt or ihy hco ri>,lt ihou M bread. — Gen. nl G.« u. U,» d»y our d.ul, breeU. L^; Prriyer. 3. Support of life in general ; malnteuance. It Uie n^ranl of »inue braad J Pope. Bee-bread. See Bee. Skip-bread ; bread for ships ; hard biscuits. Ca.^3ada bread. See Ca'ssada. BREAD, r. (. [.Sax. brrdan. See Broad.1 To spread. [Xntiuied.} i^,,, BUEAD'CHlP-PhR. „. [Lad and chip.] OnTlbo chips bread ; a baker's servant ; an under butler. " hf '^H°'-*'°!!'''' ".-.1 1'"'"' »"'• "^-^ Com oft^ich bread IS made. 1 his, in most countries, is wheat or r>e ; but. 111 some countries, bread is made of other T,S'^T,\?ti^' 1'"'?'^ '" ™""' ''■>"■' of America. SSr^Alv^.M;.S';.'',V'* "'' «• ''*1'"''^ of bread. Roirers. ^^^^/^^I-J^WIT-THKV:, „. [bread, fruit, and tree.] 1 he Arlorarpus incisa, a tree which grows in the isles of the Pacilic Ocean, of tile size of an nnnle- tree, producing a fruit of a round or oval shape and as large as a small loaf of bread, which is e.ntJn as iiif^wv^K".',?- ^^'''''O"' bfiii ; destitute ofS: BHt.Al) -uoOiM, n. An apartment in a ship's hold where the bread is kept. ' BREAD'-STUFF, u. Bread corn, meal, or flour. W. States.] l- BItEADtll fbredth ) n. [Sax. brnd and bred. See IloARo and Broad.J The measure or extent of any plain surf icn ft-om side to side ; a geometrical dimension, which, multi- plied into the length, coiistiliiles a surface ; as the length of a table is five feet, and the breadth three ."> X 3= 15 feet, the whole surface. nL'E^P'''"''-'^*"'' "• "■■"""!-' 1" hrendth. Jlf„rf. BREAK, r. t ; pret. Broee, [Hrake, ohs. ,] pp. Bro.e or Brorei.. (Sax. bra-cnn, breean, to bre.ik, and bra- can, to bray, as in a mortar ; Sw. brdlia ; Dan. brvkke ; U. braaken, breeken ; Ger. breehen ; W. brr.gu, to break • W, a rent or rupture ; brei;, a breaking out ; nfre^ kle: Goth, bnkan : Ir. bracaim, to break, to harrow - Sp. and Port, brecha, a breach ; I., frango, freH, n casual ; Arm. /nVa ; Vr.fracas; lleli. fli. Nyr. Sam and Ar. piB, farak, to break, to fn>p, or deliver, to scpBrate ; Or. e^pacn,.,, ,j,,ja, p.,. These words seem also to be allied to lia and Ti». If the first conso- ^Sl It ° P'^"!' "'"'•'' ■' Pfohable, then connected » ith these words are the Gr. j„,yv\ii^ and tptot^.; W ^m/gav. Arm. ro^a, rega, U, rend. Wreck is pmba- bly of the same family. 'Ihc primary scnsi! is to strain, stretch, ror* drive ; hence, to strain and burst r,' ^"^^r ' "houhf be noted that the Greek ^,n ,, in the ^olic dialect, is /3o„i.,|.] ' ' 1. To part or divide by force and violence, as a •olid substance ; to rend apart ; as, to 4rca* a band : to break a thread or a cable. 2. To burst or open by force. The founlAina of die earUi wens broke op-n. Burnet. 3. To divide by piercing or penetrating ; to burst forth ; OS, the light breaks through the clouds. An, . . , Dryden, »v.ail ""'"''^ breaches or gaps by battering, as in a 5. To destroy, cnish, weaken, or Impair, as 'the h'""^ body or constitution. J*ri(/on. 8. To sink ; to nppiill or subdue: as, to break the spirits or the passions. Phdips. ^jO^E^_BVIX;_I^^ Vr-CIOUS.-e a. K, O as'jT^ Z; CI as SH; TH as in THIS. „/:. ^"f ''"'*'' • '" «''!>««"•; to di.ssipate the strength of as of an army. Dry.le," a ;,,°""'''''"^"o"raP-'"r. as the faculties. Sliak. hie i" J;"!'!!" ' \" 'L"'" •" """"lielice ; to make tracta- ble ; as, to break a horse. Addison 10. To make bankrupt. ginM. ofncer. '''"''"■''' d'sui'ss, or cashier; as, to *reai- an „3 ^° '^""^''' '" P""' °' divide, as the skTn ■ to open, as an apostcme. ' ■ ^'-7° ''"''"'' "" a contract or promise, tither bv orToi-fSirdl'm?;""''' •" ""= '•'""''"^' "' '■^■-«'«' ohli■iH'°n"""',',"^^"''''''"?^ "^ " '™'' or any moral nf S., P' ' ""^ ^7 * P°""™ =""■ °' i-y »" omission of what is required. j,,. ,,„. 15. To stop ; to interrupt ; to cause to cease ; as, to breali conversation ; to 4reat sleep. sAoi. lb. To ipterccpt ; to check ; to lessen the force of; as, to break a fall, or a blow. Bacon. frif„d^;jp!"'"''"' "° P"" ' =^' •" »'"" ™"P">y or as,1or°J'^'a™con7ectior ■•'■>'""■"- -""*'^>.- form L" T'T 'J* """"'don ; to reform, or cause to re- form , as, to break one of HI habits or practices, (h-cv,. new-To .Tl"' "'h? '""T"" ' '"> VrovanviA something new i to make a hrst liisclosure of opinions ; as, ti break one's iniud. ' hL 21. To frustrate ; to prevent. " If pkgiiei or earthquakes break nol Heavcn'i de.igo. Pope. k ^j To take away ; as, to break the whole staff of bread. Ps. cv. oiuhe^whecf'^'' ' '° ^^''^ ' '" ""^^ • "'' '° *"■"■* O"" To break the hack : to strain or dislocate the verte- bra; with too heavy a burden ; also, to disable one's lortune. Skak To breai bulk ; to begin to unload. Mar. Diet, lo break eorer ; to come forth from a lurking-place, as game when hunted. ' To break a deer ; to cut it up at table. John.'^on 7o break fast ; to eat the first meal in the day, but used as a compound word. To break ground ; to plow. Carew To break groundi to dig; to open trenches; and tti:nce,Jiguratively, to commence an undertaking. To break the heart! to nfllict grievously; to cause great sorrow or grief; to depress with sorrow or de- ''T'. , . Dryden. To break a jest; to utter a Jest unexpected. Jo/inson. To break the neck ; to dislocate the joints of the ""^1 , , Shak. Fa break off: to put a sudden stop to ; to interrupt : to discontinue. ^ ' Break oj thy ifna by riglilcoijMcn, — Dun. ir. 2. 'To sever ; to divide ; as, to break off a twig. la break in: to train or accustom. To break sheer. In marine language, when a shin at anchor is in a position to keep char of the anchor but IS forced by wind or current out of that |H*ition; sill- break, her slierr Mar. Diet. ' To brr.ik up : to dissolve or put an end to ; as, to break up house-keeping. -•To open, or lay open ; as, to briak up a bed of 3. To plow ground the first time, or after lying long uiiplowed. [A common «.« in the U. States ] 4. 1 o seiBirate , as, to break up a company. 5. I o disband ; as, to break up an army. To break upon tlie uiheel: to stretch and break the bones by torture ii(K)n the wheel. To break mnd; to give vent to wind from the body backward. -^ BREAK, (brikc,) u. i. To part ; to separate ; to divide m two ; as, the ice breal:s , a band breaks. 2. To burst ; as, a storm or deluge brcak.i. Dryden J. To burst by dashing against something ; as, a wave breaks upon a rock. Pope. 4. To open, as a tumor, or aposteine. Tfarreu. 5. I'o open, as the morning ; to show the first liiht ■ •"dawn. Mdi..,,n. ' 0. To burst forth ; to utier or exclaim. Shak. 7. To fail in trade or other occupation ; to become bankrupt. j, 8. To decline in health and strength ; to be-in to lose the natural vigor. SicifL 9. To issue out with vehemence. Pme 10. To make way with violence or suddenness 'to rush ; often with a panicle ; as, to break in lo Jrco* i« upon, as calamities ; to break over, as a flood • lo break out, as a fire ; to break forth, as light or a 11. lo come loan explanation. [sound. 1 ttin 10 break with ihce upon wme affain. Ulialt. [I believe antiffualed.] la. To sufler an inlcmiptlon of friendship ; to fall out. Be not «fnUd to 4, mi win, uai,„^ ^ Jaimm. * 1,1, To faint, flag, or panL *'' nm,I^^P^ '"' "" """«■"« """ " '»''' ""'o "ir JuJg- To break airay ; to disengage itself from ; to rush "15 I4r> BRE Orom ; also, to dtsst^lre ilself or dissipate, an fo;; or To frredk /vrOt ; lo ianie out. [cloiidt*. TV frrvol; from ; to disengage from ; to depart ab- rapUy, or with vehemence. Hoscxtmmon. TV brstk im ; to enter by force j to enter iinexptTt- edtv ; to intrude. Jiddison, To break Imm ; to get ftee by force ; to escape trota confineoMnt by violeuce j to shaXe off restmfnL Milton. TV/ot-wn. To hrtak ^; to port ; to divide ; also, to desist sud- denly* Bmoa. n hrtak ^frcm; to part from wiUi vlcdence. Skak. To brtakont; to issue forth ; to discorer itself by ks efkcts i to arise or spring up ; as, s fins hrtaks out ; s tftdition bneks out ; a fever trnaks out, Dryden. MUUnu 9. To appear In eruptions, as pugtutea ; to have pastilles, or an efflorescence on the sktn ; as, a child Sreofeff out. Hence we have Jreekte^ from the root of br*€k ; Welsh frrrc. 3. To throw off restraint, and become dissolute. Drffden. To irtti Mp ; to dissolve itself and separate ; as, a eompany bnwu up ; a nieraL b. In orcAitMtMrs, s Fcce^^ or projertinn in any part, so as to frrritfc the CUP' '■ OtcUt, BREAK'A-HLE, d. i. n. BBJuAK'AOE:, fbrak'r.!. , ii«>, an al- lowance fur tiungs broken, in tmn^puriation. BREAK'ER, «. The person who breaks nay thing; m ▼kjlator or traMgreasof j as, a br«ak*r of the law. 2. A Tock which breaks the waves ; or the wave itself which breaks apainM a rock, a eaud bank, or the shore, exhibiting a white fiiain. Xar. Diet. Jokjutrtu 3. A pier, mouml, c^ other solid matter, placed in a liver, to break the dnating ice, and prevent it from Im'unng a bridge below ; called also ic*-breaker. •i One thai breaks up groiiai 5. A destroyer. Afirah n. BREAK'FAST, (brek'fitst,) ti. [brtnk and fasL] The first meal in the day ; or the thing eaten at the first meal. BEEAKTAST. (brekTa«t,) r. L To furnish with the first meal in the morninp. BREAK'FAST, (brekYast,} r. £. To cat the first meal in the da v. BREAK'FAsT-IXG, ppr. Eating or taking the first meal in the da>'. BREAK 'F.\ST-rN'G, n, A party at brcakfait. Chest^eld, BREAK'IXG, fbrak'tnp,) ppr. Farting by viohmce ; rcndinp aecure the veifseU in harbor. Jifar. Diet. 2. A small buoy fastened lo a large one, when the rope of the latter i» not long enough to re.ich the sur- lace of the water. Mar. DieU 3. Any mole, mound, or wall, raised in a river or estuar>', or harbor, to break the force of the waves, and protect shipping, &c. BReAM. n. [Fr. breau; Cb. TtOt'\ZH abrtmahi Sp- brema.] A fish, the C^ninus bramOf an inhabitant of lakes and deep water, extremely insipid, and little valued. Eneyc Walton, I BRE BREAM, p. r. In rea /dn^a^'f, to burn utf the filth, such a3 grass, soa~weed, ooze, &,c,, from a ship's bot- tom. Mar. Diet. BR EAST, (brest,) n. [Sax. breoH ; Sw. hrUst : D. burst. iJie breiLst, a lad, a notch ; G. ftntyf, brtmst, and br^sten^ to hold up the he:id, to look big; Dau. briisty breast ; also, default, dcfeol, blemish ; alsti, ^'^t breast, pap ; brt/ste ffig-, to strut ; brisU^ to burst. The sense seems lo be, a protuberance.] 1. A soft pn»luberance on the anterior part of the thorax, in man and some other mammalia ; formed by a conKlomerate gland, for the secretion of milk, situated belwt-en the integuments and the muscles, and called the tHamma. Hi* brtatlM arc fuU of milk. —Job ixL 24. 3. The fore port of tlie thorax, or the fore part of the human body between the neck and the belly. 3. The [Wirt of a beast which answerw to tlie breast in man. Tliiii, in quadrupeds, is between the fore ltp>!, brluw the neck. 4. /■V'ura/irf/y, the Iienrt ; the conscience ; the disposition of the mind ; the afibctions ; the seat of the alferlions and passions. CotcUy. Dn/detu 5. Formerly, the power of singing. Tusser. BRE.\ST, (brest,) ». U To meet in front ; to oppose, breast to breast. QoldsmitJi. Dnjden. The court braa4tad the popuUr curreni bjr ausUiuiDg^ the do- uiumt. If In. BRE.\ST'-BA\I>, n. A band of canvas, or a rope, pif^sed mund tlie body of a man who lieave!) the teaa ut soundine, and fastened lo the rigging to prevent hi« fallint! into the sea. Tottcn. BREAST'-UONE, n. [breast and bone.] The bone of the brea^ : the sternum. Peacham. BREAST'-CASK-ET, n. [breast and casket.] One of the larpest and longest of the caskets or .strings on the middle of the yard of a ship. Juhngon. [/ do not find this word in the Marinrr^s Dietionant.] BRE.\ST'-DEEP, a. Breast-high ; as high as the breast. BREAST'ED, (brest'ed,) ir. Having a broad breast ; having a fine voice. Fiddrs, BREASTTAST, n. [breast and /irf.J A large rope lo confine a ship sidewise to a wtiarfor key. Mar. Diet BREAST'-HIGII, a. [breast and high.] High as the breast. Sidney. BKEAST'HQpKS, n. pi, [breast and hook.] Knees placed across the stem of a sliip lo strengthen the fme part aod unite the bows on each side. Mar. Diet, BREAST'ING, ppr. Meeting with the breast ; oppos- ing in frunL Brrasting up a hotkey Is rutting the face of it on ons side, so as to lay bare the principaJ upright stems of the plants. Hramle, BRE.\ST'KNOT, (brest'not) ju [breast and knot.] A knot of ribbons worn on the breast. Addison. BREAS'i''FLN', n. A pin worn for a fastening, or for (.maiiienl, on the brea>t. BRE.VST'PLATE, n. [breast and plat:.] Armor for the breast. Cowley. 9. A strap that runs across a horse's breast. Jl^h. 3. In Jewish atttujuify^ a part of liie vestint,nt of the hish priest, consisting of a folded piece of the rich embroidered ftuif of which tlie ephod was made. It was set with twelve precious stones, on which were encraved the names of the twelve tribes. Knctic- BREA-ST'-FLOW, n. [breast and ploir.] A plow, driven bv the breast, used to cut or pare turf. BREAHT'-R6PE. See Bbeast-Ba!*d. [Juhnson. BREAST'-WHEEL, n. A water-wheel, on which the stream of water strikes neither so higli as in the over- shot wheel, nor so low as in the under-shot, but at an intermediate point between. BREAST'WORK, (bresl'wurk,) n. In fortification j a work thrown up for defense ; a parapet, which see. BREATH, (breth,) n. [Sax. brath^ odor, scent, breath ; G. brodem, steam, vapor, breath.] 1. The air inhaled and expelled in the respiration of animals. 2. Life. No nun tuu man contempt Uian I of brenA. Drydtn. 3. The state or power of breathing freely ; opposed to a stale of exhaustion from violent action ; as, I am out of breath : I am scarce in breath. Shak. 4. Respite ; pause ; lime to breathe j as, let me take breath : give me some breath. Shak. 5. Breeze ; air in gentle motion. Addison. 6. A single respiration ; as, he swears at every breath. 7. An instant; the time of a single respiration ; a single act. He mul'-a and be frowns In ft brtoA, Dryden. 8. A word. A breaOi can mi»irt Ihem, r« a breaVt bai made. OoldttmOi. BRf.ATH'A-BLE, a. That may be breathed. BRF.ATH'A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being breathable. BReATIIE, r. i. To respire j to inspire and expire air. Hence, to live. Pope. Shak. BRE S. To take breath \ to rest from action j as, lei them have time to breathe. 3. To pass, as air. To wtioM Toiil month ao wholoaome air brtatb»i in. Shak. BREATHE, V. C To inhale, as air, into the lungs, and expel it ; as, to breathe vital air. Drydeju a. To inject by breatliing j to infuse ; followed by into. And the Lord Uod breaOisd into hla Dostrili the breath of lUc. — tic 11. ii. 3. To expire ; to eject by breathing ; followed by oitt; as, to breathe out threatenings and slaughter. 4. To exercise ; to keep in breath. [.^cts. The gTcyhoumiB an utv.iHaM brtathed stags. ShaJc. 5. To inspire or blow into ; to cause to sound by breathing ; as, lo breaOie the flute. Prior. C. To exhale ; lo emit, as breath ; as, the flowers breatju- odors or pi-rfuine. 7. To utter softly or in private ; as, to breathe a vo^v. Shak. 8. To give air or vent to ; lo open ; as, to breathe a vein. [W. brathu, to pierce.] Johnson, Dryden, 9. To express ; to manifest. Othi^r arlidps breathe the same severe spbHt. MUntr. BREATH' ED f pp. Inhaled and exhaled; respired; uitered. BReATH'ER, n. One that breathes or lives ; one that utters ; an iiispirer ; one who animates or infuses by ini^piration. BREATH'FJJt, (breth'ful,) o. Full of breath ; full of odor. Sjienser. BREATH'IXG, ppr. Respiring; living; nttering. 3. a. Exhibiting to the life ; as, breathing paint. Pope. BReATH'ING, n. Respiration; the act of inhaling and exhaling air. 2. Air in gentle motion ; applied, also, figuratively, to a gentle inliucnce or operation ; as, the breathings of the Spirit. 3. Aspiration ; secret prayer. Prior. 4. Rreathing-place ; venL Dryden, 5. Accent : aspiration ; as, a rough breathing. BRkATH'ING-PLAUE, n. A pause. 2. A vent. BRkATH'I.NG-TIME, n. Pause; relaxation. /foO. BRKATH'LESS, (breth'lesa,) a. Being out of breath j spent with labor or violent action. 2. Dead ; a3, a ftrca/A/e.s-5 body. Shak. BRE ATH'LESt^ NESS, n. The state of being exhaust- ed of breath. I/all. BRECCIA, n. [It., a breach.] In minrralofry^ an apijrepate composed of angular fragments of the same mineral, or of diflerent miner- als, united by a cement, and presenting a variety of colors. Sometimes a few of the fraginonts are a lit- tle rounded. The varieties are the silicious, calcare- ous, and trap breccias. Cleaveland. BRE€'C1A-TED, a. Consisting of angular fragments cemented together. BRED, pp. of BREfeD. Generated; produced; con- trived ; educated. BRkOE, Ji. A braid. [J^ot used.] .Addison. BREECH, n. [See Breach and Break.] The lower part of the body behind. 2. Breeches ; but rarely iised in the singular. Sliak. 3. The hinder part of any thing. Johnson. 4. The Uirge, thick end of a cannon or other fire- nrm. BREECH, r. (. To put into breeches. Johnson. 2. To whip on the breech. Massinger. 3. To fasten wilh breeching. BREECH'£:n, (breecht,) pp. or a. Put into breeches ; whipped on the breech, BREECH'ES, (brich'ez,) n. pi. [Sax. brtee^ breecoB; D. brock; Arm. braga^ hrages ; It. brace^ brache^-ise, or braghesse ; Port, and Sp. bragas ; Fr. braies ; Ir. brog : Low L. braecte : Dan. 6ro£', oreechea, and brogct, of various colors, mixed, variegated ; W. bry^an, a spot- ted covering, Scotch plaid ; brycj variegated with colors. "Sarmalffi totiim braccati corpus." Mela, 2. 1. See Plin. 3. 4. Herod, lib. 7. Sirabo, lib. 15. Ovid. Trist. 5. 7. Cluv, Germ. Ant. 1. Id. Pellouiier, HisL Celt. 1. 30. The word seems lo be from the root of break, and to denote, diverse in color, variegated, like freckled. See Freckle.] A garment w(tm by men, covering the hips and thighs. It is now a close garment; but the word formerly was used for a loose garment, now called trowsers, laxa bracas. Ovid. To wear tlie breechesy is, in the wife, to usurp ihe authority of the husband. Johnson. BREECH'ING, ppr. Fumislting with breeches, or with a breech. 2. Whipping the breech ; and, as a noun, a whip- ping. Marlnw. BREECH'ING, (brich'ing,) n. That part of a harness which comes round the breech of a horse. 2. In gunnrry, on board of ship.'), a strong rope fjistened to the cascabel or pommelion of a cannon by a thimble, and clinched to ring-bolts in the ship's side, to prevent it from recoiling too much in battle. Mar. Diet. FATE, FAB, FALL, WH^T. — MfiTE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — _ BRE BREED, r. U ; pret. and pp. Bred. [Sax. bredan^ brden planks uxed in supporting the roof of coal mines. BRKVE, 11. [It brere; L. brevis i Sp. breve; Fr. href, short. See Brief.] 1. In music, H note or character of time, equivalent to two «emihre\*es or four minimx. When dotted, it Is equal to three semlhreves. [A"o( now used.] 2. In latD, a writ directed to the chancellor, judges, sheriffs, or other officers, whereby a person is sunt- montd, or attached, to answer in the king's court. Encyc. This word, in tliis latter sense, is more generally writl»'n brief. BRE^VET', n. [from breve.] In Frmck usage, a doc- ument without seal, (a warrant,) by which the king grants a favor, privilege, title, or dignity. Encjjc. 2. A commission to an officer, which entitles' him to an hniiorar>- rank in the army above his actual rank and pay. Thus a brevet major serves as a cap- tain and receives pav as such. Such commissions were given to the officers of the American army at the close of the revolutionary war, giving llieni a grade of rank above that which tliey had held during service. Eneyc. MarshtUVs Life of Wash. BRfe'VI-A-RY, n. [Fr. brenialre; L. brcviarium, from bretiis^ short. See Bbilf.] 1. An abridgment ; a compend ; an epitomr?. .Anliffr. 2. A hook containing the daily service of the Ro- man Catholic church. It is composed of matins, lauds, first, third, sixth, and ninth vesp^-rs, and the compline or post comumnio. The Greeks, also, have a hrrviartj, Ertcvc. BRK'Vr-AT, j n. [See Bbete and Brief.] A short BRR'VI-ATE, ) compend j a summary. Decay of Piety. BRR'VI-ATE, V. U To abridge. [J^ot used.] [See Adhreviatk.J BRE'VI-A-Tl^RE, n. An abbreviation. [See Brief.] Johnson. BRE-VTilR', n. [Fr. breviatre ; so called^ says John- ion, from being originally Used in printing a bre- viary.] A small kind of printing types, in size between BRI bourgeois and minion. It is mucli used In printing marginal notes. BRE-VIL'O-UUENCE, n. [L. brevis and Uquor.] A brief and pertinent mode of speaking. BREV'I-PEO, a. [L. brevis, short, and pes^ foot] Hav- ing short legs, as certain birds. BRE V'l-PED, n. A bird having short legs. BREV-I-PEN'NATE, a. Having short wings. A term denoting a family of griUlatory birds, (Breuipenn^y Cuvier,) having short wings, including the ostrich. Brande. BREV'I-TY, n, [L. brevitas^ from brevisy short See Brief.] 1. Shortness, applied to time ; as, the brevity of hu- man life. 2. Shortness ; conciseness ; contraction into few words ; applied to discourses or writings. Dryden. BREW, V. U rSax. briaan, to brew ; briw, broth ; D. brourcen, to urew, to contrive, to mix ; G. brauen. These seem to be contractions of the Gothic; Sw. bi-ig^ia ; Dan. brygge, to brew. The Russ. has burtcha. T\\G Welsh has Jrirc, a boiling, stir, tu- mult, from rhjec, something rough ; and it has also berwi, to boil or bubble, whence frenociu, to brew, from bar, fiiry, impulse. Our word brew seems to be directly from the Saxon. The sense is, to stir, boil, or agitate with violence.] 1. In a general sense, to boil, and mix ; hence in Saxon, as a noun, it signifies broth or pottage ; Old Eng. brewis. 2. In a more restricted scnse^ to make beer, ale, or other similar liquor, from malt ; or to prepiare a liquor from malt and hops, and, in private families, from other materials, by steeping, boiling, and fennenta- 3. To mingle. [tion. Brea nw a pottle of mck. Shak. 4. To contrive ; to plot ; as, to ftrcic mischief. 5. To put in a state of preparation. Qu. BREW, p. i. To be in a stale of preparation ; to be mixing, forming, or collecting ; as, a storm brews in the west In this sense, I do not recollect the use of the verb in a transitive sense, and generally the pres- ent participle only is used ; as, a stonn is brewing. 2. To perform the business of brewing or making beer ; as, she can brno, wash, and bake. BREW, n. The mixture formed by brewing ; that which is brewed. Bacon. BREW'AGE, V. Malt liquor; drink brewed. Shale. BREW'i^D, (brudc,) pp. Mixed, steeped, and ferment- ed ; made by brewing. BREW'Ji^R, n. One whose occupation is to prepare malt liquors ; one who brews. BREW'ER-Y, 71. .\ brewhouse ; the house and appa- ratus where brewing is carried on. BREWHOUSE, ». [breio and kouae.] A brewery j a house approfiriated to brewing. BREWING, ppr. Pre[Hiring malt liquor. 2. In a state of mixing, forming, or preparing ; as, a storm is bremng. Pope. 3. Contriving ; preparing; as, a scheme is bremng. BREWING, n. The actor process of preparing liquors from malt and hops. 2. The quantity brewed at once. Bacon. 3. Among seamen, a collection of black clouds por- tending a storm. Jl/ar. Diet. BREWIH, n. Broth; pottage, [0&S.1 2. A piece of bread soaked in boiling fat pottage, made of salted meat. Bailey. Johnson. BRl-A'RE-AN, a. Hundred handed ; from Briareusy a giant with a liundred hands. ^ ^ BRIBE, n. [Ir. breab. In Pers. s Lf parah, is a bribe, a half, piece, bit, segment, a morseL Fr.ftWfte, a piece of bread.] 1. A price, reward, gift, or favor bestowed or prom- ised with a view to pervert the judgment or corrupt the conduct »w»'*» of which the last syllable is from Gr. .>jfvai, whence lu im^ kriae^gi^ to g-'t dm»k. r?ee KimiKTT.J 1. A mass of earth, chiefly clay, first motfEtened and made fine by grindm); or trending, ibcn formed into a long square in a niitld, dried and baked or bunit in n kiln ; uwd in buildmgs and walls. a. A loaf shaped like a brick. BRICK, P. I. To lay or pave-with brick*. SwifL 2. To imitnleoreountejft.'it a brick wall on phister, I'- I with red ochcr,and making the joinu u i.Hil, lining them with fine planter. . to till up with brick. [Eneyc^ BRU K If A r, n. [bneknnd froi-j A piece or fragnicut of n brick. Bacon, BRICK'-BL'ILT, (-bilt,) tt. Built with bricks Dryden. BRICK-ei.AV, a. [hrUk and e/ay.] Clay used or Biiii.nble f>r making bricks. Woodipord, BRICK'-DL'^T, a. {brick and liwt.] Dust of pound- ed brick*. Spt€tatar, BRICK'-EARTn, (-eith,) a. Clay or earth used or nuTtnltle for bricks. BRICK'-KILN, (kil,) a. A kiln, or ftimace, in which bricks are baked or burnt, or a pile of bricks, laid K»o«o. with am lies underneath to recvive tiie wood or furl for biiniini; tli'>m. BRICK'-LaV ER, n, {hriek and ^ay.] One whose ocrujKition i.4 to build with bricks ; a ma^wn. BRICK'-.MXK-ER, h. [brick and makt.] One who makes bricks, or wboae occupation is to make bricks. BRU'K'-Vor.-civc w. Brick work carried ap and [ !<:>r framing. Braitd*, Bi; n. In arrJhit't/inf, a brick arch ■4>den trimmer in front of a fire- I : .tg.4ii)»t accidenL't by fire. Brandt, Bi: .. (-wurk,) a. The laying of ^bricks, ..; .'flClCS. BRU'K'-\'AtlU, a. A place where brtcks are made. BRICK'LE, o. [from AreoJu] BriUtc easily bmken. [J^'ot ■jrfi/.l Sprnter. BRICK' LE-.\E5^, ■. Brittleneas. UTh «m^] BRlCKnr , a. FuU of bricks, or fcnned of bricluu SpenafT, BRID'.AL, a. [See Bridk.] Belonging Co a bride, or to a wedding ; nuptial j connubial j as, bridM orna- ment*. MiUon. Pope. BRtD'AL, m. The nuptial festival. Drydm, BRTD'.AL-TV, a. CeUbration of the nuptial feast. [JV^ used.] Janson. BRIDE, a. [Sax. br^ : Sw. bruA : D. bruid : G. braut ; DAn. brud ; Arm. pr^ed^ pried: \V. pnVd-verch, pri- ods.»-vercb, a bride ; Ir. brideogi W. priodi o verch, to be morned ; Ar. pridaaL, to marr>' ; Corn, hrnen^ prioty a bride ; W. priod-vab, a bride-niab, bridegroom ; Ann. prOotidk, wedlock. It seems, by the Ctrltic di- alects, that bri-ie is prim.-irily an adjective used with the name of maid or woman, as bride^rttom is the same word with the nam-^ of a man. In W. jwiowrf, the root of pritf^iajt, flignliies appropriate, proper, fit ; priodij to rendi-r ap|>ropriai**, to espouse, to marry.] 1. A woman new married. Joluuon, But the name is applied to a woman at the marriage festival, before she is marriod, as well as after the cervoxmy. 2. A woman e^potisf-d, or contracted to be married. See th^ case of Lewellyn, prince of Wales, Itcnry^g Ifut. of Britain , b. iv. c h. i. sect. 2. [ Tftw is the true ort^iMol sense of the vord.] BRi;>£'-BED, a. {bride and bed,] The marriage bed. Prior. BRTDE'-eJKE, a. [bride and caJt*.] The cake w hich IS made for the guests at a wedding; called, in the United Si^es, awrfrfia^^aJte. BRTDE'-CHAM-BER, a. The nuptial apartment. BRXDE'GROOM, a. [Originally and properiy bride- Foom^ from Sax. brydguma; Sw. brud^umme; D. braide^om : Ger. brdmtigam ; Dan. brud^om ; a com- pound of bride and gmn, guma^ a m^n, which, by our ancestors, was pronounced ^oom. This w«jrd, by a mispronouncing of the last s>ilal>le,haii been cornipt- ed into brideffriwmy which signilies a bndt'a hostler i rrowm being a Persian word, signifying a man who has the care of horses.] A man newly married ; or a man about to he mar- ried. The passage of Shakspeare, cited by Johnson, proves that the last definition is just. Ai \n thnar duteet aounds in famli of dnr, Tlwt CHH-p into ibe (lr»nnn^ britUfrocmft ear. And suQunon turn U m&TTUg^nd, or lake, for the passage of men aud other aiihnals. Among rude nations, bridges are somrtinit^s forinrd of otlK-r materials ; and some- times tiny are formid of btwits, or logs of wood ly- ing on thi' watfr, fastened togelher. covered with planks, and called fioating bridge.s. A bridge over a marsh, is made of log<(, or other materials, laid upon tlie surface of the earth. Pendent or Hang^insr bridrres are not supported by po*ts, but by the peculiar structure of the frame, rest- ing only on the abutments. A rfi-ow bruii^e^ is one which is made with hinges, and may be raised or opened. Such bridges are con- structed in fortifications, to hinder the passage of a ditch or uioat ; and over rivers, that the passage of vessels may not be iuternipted. A jltfinif bridge^ is made of pontoons, light boats, hollow tx^ms, emi«y casks, or the like. They are made, as occasion rtiiuirea, lor the passage of armies. A Jti/ing bridjf, is also constructed in such a man- ner as to move from one sirte of a river to the oUier, bt-ing niadL> f.i^t in the middle of the river by a cable and an anchor. Encuc. '2. The up{HT, bony part of the nose is called the briil^r nf the noxe, 3. The part of a stringed instniment of music, over which the strings ore stretched, and by which they are raised. 4. In gunnrnjy the two pieces of limber which go between the two transoms of a gun-carriage. Eneyc BRIDGE, r. r. To build a bridge or bridges over ; as, to brill-re a river, a. To erect bridges on ; to make a possaf^ by a bridge or bridges. Milton. BRlDc^K'-IIEAl), (h'-d,) n. A fortification covering the extremity uf a bridge nearest the enemy. [Fr. tite Hu ponU\ P. Ci/e. BRIDG'lTD, pp. Covered or furnished with a bridge. BRIDGE'I>E:>£^, a. Having no bridge. BRID^'lNG,p/rr. Erecting a bridge ; building abridge over. BRIDO'Y, 0. Fun of bridges. [J\rot v.^ed.] Sherwood. BRI'DLE, n. [Sax. bridl, or bridel : Ft. bride; Arm. brid ; D breittrl. ti bridle j Sp. brida^ the reins of a bridle ; PwU brida.] 1. The instniment with which a horse is governed and restrained by a rider ; consisting of a head-stall, a bit, and reins, with other appendages, according to its particular form and uses. 2. A restraint ; a curb ; a check. fVattf. 3. A short piece of cable, well served, attached to a swivel on a chain, laid in a harbor, anil the upper end drawn into a ship aud secured to the bitts. The use is to enable a ship, when moored, to veer with the wind and tide. Mar. Diet, Botchne bridle^^ are short legs or pieces of rope, run- ning through iron thrinbles, by which the bowline at- taches to different places on the leech or edge of a large sail. Mar. Diet. BRI'DLE, 17. L To put on a bridle ; as, to bridle a horse. 2. To restrain, guidp, or govern ; to check, curb. or control j as, to bridle Ilie passions ; *' to bridle a muse." Pope. Brid!* ths excardona o( jrouth. DieighU BRI'DLE, c. i, To hold up tlie head, and draw in the chin. BRI'DLKD, pp. Having a bridle on ; restrained. BRI'DI.E-MAND, n. [hruIJe and hand.] The hand which holds the bridle in riding. Sidney. BRi'DLE-\\'AV,Ti. A path for travelers on horseback. BanerofL BRT'DLER, n. One that bridles; one that restrains and govf-ms. Milton, BRI'DLING, ppr. Putting on a bridle j restraining; curbing. 2. Holding up the head, and drawing in the chin. The bridJing frown of wriukK-U broi*'«. 'rrumbitU. BRID-OON', n. A light snaffle, or bit of a bridle, in addition to llie principal bit, aud liaving a distinct rein. BRI£F, a. [Fr. bref; It. Sp. and Port, breve ; L. brems^ whence brevio, to shorten, abbreviate. Brecig^ in I^tin, is doubtless contracted from the Gr. 0fi'ixvs, whence to abridge. The Greek word coincides in elements with break.] BRl Short ; concise. It is used chiefly of languago, disc*)urse8, writings, and time ; as, a briif space, a brief review of a book. Sliaks[K»are applies it to trarjt, to nature, &lc. A little brief authority, is au- thority very- limited. BRIkF, n. [In this sense the word has been received into most of the languages of Euro)>e.] 1. An epitome ; a short or concise writing. This is the general sense of the word, as explained by Zonaras on the council of Carthage. It was thus used as early as the third century after Christ. Spelman. In modern times, an apostolical briif is a letter which the pope dispatches to a prince or other ma- gistrate, relating to public afl'airs. A brief is distin- guished from a bull, in being more concise, written on [Miper, scaled with red wax, and impressed with the seal of the^sherman, or Peter, in a boat. A bull ia more ample, wrillen on parchment, and scaled with lead or green wax. Kncyc. 2. In latPy an ahridgment of a client's case, made out for the instrucliou of counsel on a trial at law, Encyc. Johnson, Also, a w^rit summoning a man to answer to any notion ; or any precept of the king in writing, issuing from any court, whereby he commands a thing to be done. Cowd. In Scots /flw, a writ issuing from the chancery, di- rected to any judge ordinary, commanding and au- thorizingthat judge to call a jury to inquire into the case, and upon their verdict to pronounce sentence. Encyc. n. A loiter patent, from proper authority, author- ising a collection or charitable contribution of money in churches, for any public or private purpose. Brande. A. A summation or brief statement in writing. Shak. In music, the word, if I mistake not, is now writ* ten breve. BRlKF'LESS, a. Having no brief. BRIi:K'LY, flrfe. Concisely; in few words. Bacon. BRIkF'XESS, n. Shortness ; conciseness in discourse or writing. Camden. BRI'I'iR, 7t. [Sax. brtrr ; Ir. brtnr, a prickle; Fr. bm- yerr, h<'aili ; Ann. brag. 'J'lu; latter shows this word to be from the root of rough.] 1. In a general sense, a prickly plant or shrub. Is. V. (). Judges viii. 7. 9. In a limited sense, the BWeet-brier and the wild- brier, species af the rose. BRT'ER-i-JD, (brl'erd,) a. Set with briers, BRI'ER-Y, a. JTulI of briers ; rough; thorny. Johnson. BRI'ER-Y, 71. A place where briers grow. BRIG, the termination of names, signifies a bridge^ or, perhaps, in some cases, a town, or bur^. BRIG, n. [from briganttne.] A vessel with two masts, square ngged, or rigccd nearly like a ship's main- inasl and forenuist. The term, however, is various- ly applied by the mariners of difi'erent nations. Mar. DicL BRIGADE', 71. [Fr. brigade; It. brigata; Sp. and S Port, brigada; perhajw from Ar. ^.Juo fariJcon, ag- men, turba hominum major ; that is, a division, from O *j faraka^ to break. This word comes to us from the south of Europe, and may have been introduced into Spain by the Mtwrs. if this conjecture is not well founded, I know not the origin of the word. See Cast. Hept. Col. 3084.] A party or division of troops, or soldiers, whether cavalry or infantry, regular or militia, commanded by a brigadier. It consists of an indeterminate number of regiments, squadrons, or battalions. A brigade of horse is a body of eight or ten squadrons ; of infan- try, four, five, or six battalions or regiments. A brigade of artillery consists of six pieces, with usu- ally 140 men. A brigade of sappers consists of only eight men. BRI-GaDE', r. (. To form into a brigade, or into brigndcs. BRM;AD'ED, pp. Formed into a brigade. BKI-GAD'[.\Gj pjrr. Forming into a brigade, BRI-GaDE'-Ma-JOR, n. [See MAjon.] An officer appointed by xhi: brigadier, to assist him in the man- agetn-i-nt and ordering of hip; brigad?. BRIG-A-DIKR' or BR1G-A-DI£R'-GEX'ER-AL, n. [Fr., from brigade.] The general othcer who commands a brigade, whether of horse or foot, and in rank next btilow a major-general. BRIG'AND, n, [Fr. brigand; W. brigant, a moun- taineer, a plunderer, from VV. brig, a top or sunimil,] A robber; a freebooter; a lawless fellow who lives by plunder, or who belongs to a band of rob- bers. JVarburton. BRIG'AXD-A6E, n. Theft; robbery; plunder. ffarburton. BRIG'AN-DINE, w. [Qu. the origin of this word. In Pers. jrraghe is a helmet.] FATE, FAR, F.^LL, WHAT.— MkTE, PK5V.— ri\E, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, ROQK. ■ 146 BRI Ancit-nily, a coal of mail. The name has ceased to be used, with the disuse of the thing. U con- si^U'd of thin. Jointed scales of plate, pliant and e:ii^y to the body. Encyc. BRIG'AN'-TINE, II. [Ft. bri^antin; Arm. bri^antine; It. brig-antino; Pp. berg^antin ; Port. ba,vaRtim ; D. berkanttfii. Qu. from iZ aphractum, Gr. iiaKro^, a vessel without a deck, uncovered. It is usually de- rived from brigand.] [See Brio.] BRIG Ul\ (brlte,) a. [Sax. beorkt, briht, byrht^ or Apj/A(, cle.'ir, shining, whence beorhtnes, brightness, beorhtian^ Goth, bairtiyan^ to shine or be clear, or to manifest ; At. Ch. Ueb. Syr. and Eth. p->3, to shine, or more probably, Eth. I I'^U bareah^ to shine, as the Eth. participle \ \*-tU\ berkt or berrht, corresponds ex- actly with the Saxon. I have not fmind this word in any other Teutonic or Gothic language, and the original verb is lost in the Saxon. In Saxon, beorh- thieile or brikthwile signifies a moment, the twinkling of an eve. This directs us to the primary sense of the verb, to shine, which is, to shoc»t, to dart, to glance. That this is the primary sense, we haA'e evidence from the Sai. bryhtm, which is a deriva- tive from bryht, and which signifit^s a mometit,.thaX is, the time of a shoot, or darting, like glance.] 1. .^hining; lucid; luminous; splendid; as, a brijrht sun or star ; a bright ms-Hal. 2. Clear ; transparent ; as liquors. iViomson. 3. Evident; clear; manifest to the mind, as hght is to Ibe eyes. The evidence of thU tnith is bright. WaOs. 4. Resplendent with charms ; as, a bright beauty ; the brightest fair. Pope. 5. Illuminated with science ; sparkling with wit ; as, the brightegt of men. Popf. 6. Illustrious ; glorious ; as, the brightest period of a kingdom. Cotton, 7. In popular language, ingenious ; possessing an active mind. 8. Trumising good or success ; as, bright prospects. 9. Sparkling; animated; a.-*, frri^'Ai eyes. BRIGHT' £N,(brli'n,) v. L To make bright or bright- er ; to make to shine ; to increase luster. 3. To make luminous by light from without, or by dispelling gloom ; as, to brirrhten sorrow or prospects. I Philips. 3. To cheer ; to make gay or cheerful. Jay trrigfiltnt hi» crr>L Hiriiton. ' 4. To make illustrious, or more distinguished ; as, to brinfiten. a character. Swift. 5. To make acute or witty. Johnson. BRIGHT'fi.V, (bril'n,) r. i. To grow bright, or more bright ; to clear up ; as, the sky bri^rUeiis. 2. To become less dark or ghwiny ; as, our pros- prct« bri-rUteit, BKIf;llT'£.\-/:D, pp. Made bright or more bright. nRTGHT'/TN-lNG, ppr. Making bright ur brighter. I'.KKiHT'ER, a. eomp. Mure bright. ;;ri;ilT'E.-n. BRIGHT'-HAR-\ESri-£D, (bar'ncst,) a. Having glittering armor* JUiUan, BRlGHT'-nCA;n, a. Having a bright color. BRIGHT'-SUI.\-1.\G, a. Shining with splendor. Sprnjurr. BRTGHT'LY, (brne'ly,)arfr. Splendidly; with luster, BRIGHT'N'ESS, (brite'ness,) n. Splendor; luster; glitter. South, 2. .^cuteness, applied to the faculties; sharpness nf wit ; as, the brightness of a man's parts. Prior. iU-GOSE', a. [from frri^e,] Contentious. [JVot n.ifd,] Puller. iUilGuE, (breeg,) n. [Fr. briguf ; Sp. brtga; It. bri- gay strife, disquiet ; Ir. bre^ighean, to debate, to quarrel.] A cabal; intrigue j faction; contention. \ Little used.\ Chaucer. Chrstfrfield. BRIGuE, (breeg,) u. L To canvass ; to soiiciL [Lit- tle usfd.\ Kurd. BUtGU'I.VG, (brong'ing,);'pr. Canvassing; solicititig. BRILL, n. A fish iillied to the turbiit, (the Plfuroncc- IM rhomhus,) mui.-h esteemed in England for food. BR/L L/i.'VT E, (briMant'e,) [It.] In miwic, in a gay and liv»*|y manner. Brauilc. BRILL'IAN-CY, (bril'y!in-ey,) b. [See Brilliant.] Hplendrir ; glitter ; great brightness. BRILL'IANT, C'Tiryant,) a. fPr. hrillant, sparkling, from brillrr, to shine or sparkle ; It. brilUint^i^ spark- lirig; brillo, Joy, gladness, also tipsy ; 8p. britlar, to glitter; Ari//'i//or, brilliant ; ftr*7/o, splendor ; Ger. and Dan. briUe^ a pair of spectacles ; hence Eng. beryl and p^arl.] 1. Sparkling nilh Ulster; glittering; as, a brilliant gem ; a brUlumt dres.^. 2. Hpiendid ; shining; as, a ^tZ/iant achievement. Wwhinrinn yia mon •olirlioiia ioa*i/i(t (iIaI mi»tAk>«, (h.in to pr'ri>rin hriiiiant tsplinu. Amet. BRILI/IAXT, a. A diamond of the finest cut, formed ^ BRI into facets, so as to reflect the light, by which it is rendered more glittering. It has a face or flat table at the middle or the top, and is thus distinguished from a rose diamond, which comes off to a point or angle. Hebert. Q. In the manege, a brisk, bigh-spirited horse, with a stately carriage. Encyc. BRILL'IANT-LY, fldD. Splendidly. Warton. BRILL'IANT-KESS, n. Brilliancy ; splendor ; glitter. Jvinison. BRILLS, Ti. The hair on tlie eyelids of a horse. BRIM, n. [Sax. brymtn; Sw. brain: Ihin. briBmme; Sax. ryjjian, to enlarge ; probably the extent or ex- treme.] 1. Tne rim, lip, or broad border, of any vessel or other thing ; as, the brim of a hat, or of a vessel. 2. The upper edge of a vessti, whether broad or not ; as, the briiit of a cup or glass. 3. The top of any liquor; tlie edge, or that next the border at the top. The Wt of tlic priesU were (lipped iu the bnm of Uw water. — Josh. iii. 4. The edge or brink of a fountain ; the verge. Drayton. BRIM, a. [Sax. bryjme.'] Public; well known ; cele- brated. [A*w( in use."] Warner. BRIM, V. t. To fill to the brim, upper edge, or top. Milton. BRIM, v.L To be full to the brim. Philips. BRIM'FJJL, a. [brim and/w//.] Full tothe top; com- pletely full ; as, a glass brin\ful ,■ a heart brintful of sorrow. BRI.M'FUL-r*rESS, n. Fullness to the top. [J\'ot used.] Shak. BRIM 'LESS, a. Having no brim. ^Jdison, BRIM'.MER, n. .\ bowl full to the top. Dryden. BRIM'.MING, a. Full to the top or brim; as, a brim- viing pail. Dryden. BRI.vf'STOXE, n. [Sax. bnjne, combustion, and xtonc, bum-stone, or burning -stone. See Brand and Uurn.1 Sulphur ; a h;ird, brittle, inihimmable substance, of a lemon-yellow color, whiet> Ii:is no smell, unless heated, and which becomes lugatively electric by heat and friction. It is found, in great quantities, and sometimes pure, in the neighborhood of volcanoes. It is an ingredient in a variety of minerals and ores. The sulphur of commerce is pn»cured from its natu- ral beds, or artificially extracted from pyrites. Hooper, A'ichohan. BRIM'STO\-Y, a. Full of brinistcme, or containing it ; resrmhling brimstone ; sulphurous. BRIND'ED, a. [It. brinato, spotted.] Marked with spots, tabby ; having dififerent colors. Jlliltoii. BRI.V'DLE, n. [from brind, the root of brimhd.] The state of being brinded ; sptittedness. Richardson, BRI-N'DLKD. a. Spotted; variegated with spots of different colors. .Addison. BRINE, n. [Sax. bryne, brine, and a burning, from brennan, to burn.] 1. Water saturated or strongly impregnated with salt, like the wat<'r of the ocean. Artifieial brine is used for the preservation of the desh of animals, fish, vegetables, &c » 3. The ocean or sea. Milton, 3. Tears, so called from their saltncss. Shak. Leach brine is brine which drops from corned suit in drying, which is preMtrved to be boiled again. Uncye. BRI.NE, V. U To steep in brine, as corn, to prevent smut ; al.-tu, to mix salt with ; as, to brmr hay. Kneyc BRI.NE'-PAN, «. [brine and pan.] A pit of salt wa- ter, where, by the action of the sun, salt is formed by crystaUi/.ation. BRTNE'-PIT, n. [brine am\ pit.] A salt spring or well, from which waUr is taken to be boiled or evaponited for making salt. Encyc. BKINE'-SPKLNG, n. [brine and trpring.] A spring of salt water. P.nrye. BRLNG, V. t.; preL and pp. Brought. [Sax. bringan; Sw. bringa; Dan. bringei I), brengen ; G. brint^cn; Goth, briggan. We sec by brought, D. bragt, and the Gothic briggan^ that n is not radical.] 1. To fetch ; to hear, convey, or lead from a dis- tant to n nearer place, or to a person ; as, bring me a b(Ktk from the slmlf ; bring me a mr»rsel of bread. In this senne, it Is opimsed to carry ; and it is applied to Ihe person bearing or leading, in opposition to sending or transmitting by another. 2. To produce ; to procure as a cause ; to draw to. NolKiiig ItringM a mnn more honor ttiaii to bo iiivuri.it)!/ JosC. 3. To attract or draw along. In (ii»ullnlloii Ibo wuHt hrliig* orcr wilh il aiiollifr •«!«lnticc. 4. To cause to come ; to cause to proceed from a distint place, in cimipany, or at the same time ; as, to bring a boat over a river ; to bring a horse or car- riage ; to bring a cargo of dr>' goods. 5. To cause to come to a ixiint, by moral influence ; used nfthe mind, and implying previous remoteness, aversion, alienation, or disagreement ; as, to bring the mind to assent to a prop^>s>tion ; or to bring n m.Tn to terms by persimsiim or argument. In this sense, it is nearly cipiivalenl to vrrsuatle, /trevnil upon, or induce. The same process is efll-cted by custom. BRI nnd other causes. Habit brings us to relish things at first disagreeable ; reflection brings a man to his senses ; and wlieiher the process is slow or rapid, the sense of the verb is the same. To bring to the mind any thing before known ami forgotten, is to recall; but the sense of bring is the same. The primary sense is to lead, draw, or cause to come} the sense of conveying or bearing is secondary. The use of this verb is so extensive, and incorpo- rated into so many peculiar phrases, that it is not easy to reduce its ;ignifications within any precise limits. In general, the verb bring implies motion from a place remote, either in a literal or figurative sense. It is used with various modifying words. To bring buck, is to recall, implying previous depart- ure, either in a literal or figurative sense. To bring about ; to bring to psjss ; to efl!ect ; to ac- complish ; to bring to the desired issue. To bring forth, is to produce, as young or fruit ; also, to bring to light; that is, to make manifest, to disclose. To bring forward ; to cause to advance j to produce to view. To bring in ; to import ; to introduce ; to bear from a remote place within a certain precinct ; to place iu a p.irticular eondition ; to collect things dispersed ; to reduce within the limits of law nnd government ; to produce, as income, rent, or revenue j to induce to join, Slc. To bring off; to bear or convey from a distant place ; as, to Inring offtnen from an isle ; also, to pro- cure to be acquitted ; to clear from condemnation ; to cause to escajie. To bring on ; to cause to l)egin ; as, to bring on an action. Also, to originate or cause to exist ; as, to bring on a disease. Also, to bear or convey from a distance ; as, to bring on a quantity of giwds. Also, to attend, or to aid in advancing ; as, to bring one on his way. To bring over : to bear across ; as, to bring over dis- patches ; to bring over passengers in a boat. Also, to convert by persuasion or other means ; to draw to a new party ; to cause to change sides, or an opinion. To bring niiti to expose; to detect; to bring to light from concealment; as, to bring out an accom- plice or his rriines. To bring under ; to subdue ; to repress ; to restrain ; to reduce to obedience; also, to bring bencatli any thing. To bring vp ; to nurse ; to educate ; to instnict ; to feed nnd clothe; to form the manners, and furnish the mind with knowledge. The phrase may compre- hend all these i>articut:irs. Also, to introduce to prac- tice ; as, to bring vp a fiishion or ceremony. Also, to cause to advance near; as, to bring up forces, or the body of reserve. Also, to bear or convey upward. Jn navigation, to cast anchoi*. To bring down: to cause to come down. Also, to humble or abase ; as, to bring dorm high Iixiks. To bring to ; in navigation, to check the course of a ship, by arranging the sails in such a nmnuer that they shall counteract each other, and keep her nearly stationar>-. She is then said to lie to. The phrase is used also in applying a rope to the capstan. To bring by the lee ; to incline so rapidly to leewnrd of tlie course, when a ship sails large, as to bring the lee-side suddenly to the windward, and, by laying the sails aback, expose her to the danger of overset- ting. Jllar. DicL BRING'ER, n. One who brings or conveys to. Bringcr in : the person who introduces. Bringer up : an instructor ; one who feeds, clothes, and educates ; also, one who is in the rear of an army. jjMhatn. BRING'I\G, ppr. Bearing to; conveying; persuad- ing ; causing to come. BRING'!. \G-Ff>RTII,Ti. Production. Shak. BKIN'lSIl, a. [from trine] Like brine ; salt; some- what salt ; saltish. BRIN'lSII-iNESS, n. Saltnoss ; the quality of being snltish. BRINK, TI. [Dan. and Sw. brink: \V. bryncym Ir. breoch, bniach; from break.] The edge, margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice, or the bank of a river. BRIN'Y, a. [from brine.] Pi-rtaining to brine, or to the sea ; p;irlaking of the nature r)f brine ; salt ; as, a briny taste ; the brhiy fiot)d. Dryden. Additon. BRISK, fl. [This word may be of the same family with frifk and fresh, which see. W. brysg, from bry.'i, quick; brysiaw, to ha!ri>ten, coinciding with press; from W. rhys, a rushing. See Rush.] 1. Lively; active; nimble; gay; sprightly; viva- cious; applied to animals', as, a brisk young man; a brisk horse. 2. Full of spirit or life; eflervescing, as liquors; as, brisk cider. 3. Lively ; burning freely ; as, a brisk fire. BRISK or BKISK l/P, v, U To make lively ; to en- liven : to animate. BRISK UP, r. i. To come up with life and speed ; to "tako an erect or bold attitude. BRlSK'irr, n. rUu. Fr. brechet.] The breast of an animal ; or that part ot the breast TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN"GER, Vl"CIOUS. — C as K ; C as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS, ' - ■ ■ 149 BRO thnt lies tu'Xt to the ribs ; the fore pnrt of the neck of a boRie, at ttao shouliler down to the furc le^. Bailey. BRI?K'-Ii9QK-I\G, a. Having a lively look. DRISK'LY, «fo. Aaiveiyi vigorously; wiili life and spirit. Boyle. Hay. BRISK'NES3, lu Liveliness ; vipor in action : quick- ness j gayeiy ; vivacity; effervescence of liquors. Soutk. Orydeiu BRIS'TLE, (brisi,) m. [Sax. hriMl^ and kyr^t: Sw. hurst ; D. ixTrstel, a bristle, a bnish ; G. bor^£, bristle ; b(rrsten^ lu bristle up ; Dan. bryjOe, to strut The aenste is, a tihoot.1 1. The stiff, ploaav hair of swine, especially that ^rowin^ on the hock, used for making brushes; sim- ilar hair on oilier animals. Q. A 8pi>cies of pubescence on plants, in form of a stiff, roundish hair. JUmrtyH. BRISS'TLE, r. L To erect In bristlee; to erect in de- fiance or annrer, like a swine ; as, to hrittit the crest. 2. To fix a bristle ; as, to ^ruf/e4r thread. JokuMn. BRISTLE, V. i. To rise or stand erect ; as, the hair hristiss. Oryden, S. To isiw the bead and strut, as in anger or defi- ance i u, a man hrutU» up to another. In this wnse tbe Word is common in the United States, but gen- erallv pronottnced hnutU. BRIS'I'L/TD, (bri^'sld.) ^p. or a. Raised in bristles ; furnished with bri-stles, BRIS'TLE-ARM-f:D, a. Armed with bristles. ITir**. BRIS'TI.E-BEAR-I.\G,«. Having briaUes. Kirhy, BRI8' TLE-LTKE, a. Stiff as a bristle BRIS'TLtXSHAP-ED, (hrisn-sh&pt,) a. [hrvd* and sAd^.j Of the thickneaa and l^gtli of a bristle, as a leaf. JVavtjnk BRIS'TLTXG, (bristling,) m-. Rising in bristles. BRl^^'TLY, (brisly,) a. Thick set with bristles, or with huirs like bristlea; rough. AacMu BRl:^ TOI^FLOW-ER, «. A species of Lvchnis, bachelor's hunon, or calchfly. Fam. ^Ptmrnti. BRISTOL STCNE, in. Rock rrvstal.or cr\stals BRIS-TOL-nr.\-.MOXD, i of quartx, f^inil in a rock near the city of Hri-*it>tl, in Eti^jLuiJ, and frequently u^d for om.-imenial purpo^.t. BRISTOl^WA-TER, a. The water of a warm spring near the city of Bristol, in En^Lind. j^ih. Ennic. BRIT, a. A ftsb of the herring kind, {elype^,) from one to four inches long, fauna, nt some seasons, in ininieuse numbers on the ea:>lcm Ct>ast of New Eng- land. .ViWL4. RrporU BRI-TA\'N'I.\, «. A metallic compound or alloy, con:ii«tmg chiefly of block-tin, with ^^me antimony, and a small proportion uf C4i{>per and bracts. Emeyc Dem. Eeam. BRI-T.\X'XI6, a. Pertaining to Britain ; or, in its present uae, to Great Britain. It is aj^ied almost exclusively to the iiUe of the king ; is. His Brilan- nk Majesty. Tbe BritamMK Catalogue, {Caialo^ut BrtUmniciu^) is a catalogae of the stam, prepared by Flamsteed. BRTTE, 1 1. £. To be or become ova--ripe, as wheat, BRIGHT, ( bariey, or bops. Jaktumt. [J know net UtattMuvtrd IB lUtdiM the United Sauts.] BRIT'ISH, a. Pertaining to Great Britain or its in- bahitantt. It in sometimes applied to the language of the Wel^sh. BRIT'ISH-G i: Mi a. A substance of a brownish color, and very soluble in cold water, formed by heating dr>- stiirch at a temperature of about 6(K>0 Fahr. It corre^piinds, in its projierties, with dextrine, and is used in solution, as a sukiititute for gum, in stiffen- in;: Eoods. BRIT'ON, a. A native of Britain. BRIT'OX.a. British. Spensrr. BRIT'TLE, a. [Sax. ftrtttea, Max, to break ; Pw. hryta ; Dan. tryds, id. ; W. hrai, a breaking ; Sam. A*\S ^rat; Cb. nnCi Ar. ^^y Jia^Ui Syr. Z- g^ frai: Ileb. I'^s to jwrt, to break. See Part.] Easily broken, or easily breaking short, without splintf-rs, or Kxuse parts rent from the substance ; fragile; not tougti or tenacious; as, briult stone or glass, JlrbaVinnt. BRIT'TLE-LY, orfc. In a brittle manner. Sherwood. BRIT'TLE-.VE.'iS, n. Aptness to break; fraeility; opposed to tfu^hnrsa and tenacity. Boyle, BRIT^'s-KA, (bris'ka,) n. A long carriage, with a calash top, and so constnicted as to give space for reclining at night, when used on a journey. BRIZE, a. The gadfly. [See Breeze.] BROACH, n. [Fr. broche^ a spit, faucet, or quill ; VV. rroc, a thrust, a stab ; It. brecco^ a peg ; bro9ciare, to prick ; sip. Ar-ira, a drill, a tack. It denotes a shoot, a sharp-pointt-d thing.] 1. A spit, and, in some parts of the English do- mmions, an awl, and a l>odkin. Rneyc 2. A musical instnimeni played by turning a "han- '^* Johnson. 3. A clasp or small utensil to ^ten a vest, [See Brooch.] 4. A start of the head of a young stag. Johnson. die. BRO ^ .">. A CJindle rod. F.nc\ie. J>om, Eton. BROACH, r. U [W. prociaie, to thnifJt ur st;ib.] 1. I'o spit ; to pierce as with a spit. Shak. HnkncUL 2. To tap; to pierce, as a cask, in order to draw the liquor ; hence, to let out. Hudibra-t. 3. To open, as a store. [Unusual.] Knollrs, 4. To utter ; to g've out ; tu publish first ; to make public what was before unknown; as, to brttach an opinion. Sir{ft. To broaek to ; in navigation, to incline suddenly to windward, so as to lay the sails aback and expose the vessel to the dangtT of oversetting. Mar. Dirt BROACH'i:i>, (brftthl,) ;>;». Spitted; tapped ; opened ; uttered ; first published. BROACH ER, n. A spit; one who broaches, opens, or utters ; a first publisher. Dryrfrn. VEstran inciiuic Uie txtms, D. Dnggett, Whtaion'g Hrp. Broad a.t Umg : equal upon the whole. VRstrange. BROj^D'-.\X, a. [bnad and ax,] Formerly, a military weapon. In mWrra iwafv,an ax for hewing timl»er. BR0.\D'-BACK-KD, (brawd'bakt,) a. [broad and bark.} Having a brood back. Barlow. BROAD'-BLOW.N, a. [broad taid blow.] Full blown. SJiak. RROAD'-BOT'TOM-rD, a. Having n wide bottom. BROXn'-nKEAST-ED, a. Uivms a broad lire:isi. BRO.\D'-niUM-M/J), (brawd brimd,) a. [broad and brim.] Hnving a bnwid brim. Bramston: BROAD'-CXST, n. [hroad and ca.'t.] Arnonz far mn-s^ a casting or throwing seed from the hand fur disper- sion ill s<)V\"ing. BROAD'-CXST, adv. By scattering or throwing at I'irge from the hand ; as, to sow broad-emst. BROAD'-€.\S T, a. Cast or dispersed upuii the ground with the hand, as seed in sowing \ opposed to plant- ing in hilN or rows. BROAD'-CHEST-ED, a. Having a broad chest or thorn t. BR (> AD 'CLOTH, n. A species of woolen cloth, so cati''d from its breadth. BROAD'-E?-ED, (brHwd'rde,)a. Ifaving a wideview or sur\'ev : as, brnad-eu^d dav. Shak. BKOAD'-FR0\T-ED, "(hriw'd'fnint-ed,) a. Having a broad fmnl ; apptial to cattle. Chapman. BROAD-HEADED, a. Hnving a broad head. Scott. BROAD'-HOR.V-i:D, a. Having wide-spread horns. UttloeL BROAD'-LeAF-FD, (brawd'leen,)fl. [ftroa// and leaf.] Having broad li-aves. Woodicard. BR0AD'-M0L'TH-£D, a. Having a wide mouth. Irving. BROAD'-PrKCE, n. [broad and piece.] A piece of gold coin brreider than a guinea. Encyc. BROXD'-SeAL, n. The great seal of England; the public seal of a country or state. As a verb, not used. BROAD'-SnOUL-DER-KD, a. [broad ^nd shmdder.] Bro-'td across the shoulders. Spectator. BROAD'STDE, a. [broad and side.] A discharge of all the guns on one side of a ship, above and b4-low, at the same time. Mar. Diet. 2. The side of a ship, above the water, from the bow to the quarter. J\lar. DicL 3. In printings a sheet of paper containing one lar^e png-, or printed on one side only. Johnson. BROAD'—^PREAD, (-spred,) a. Wide-spread. BROAD'-PPREAD-ING, a. Spreading widely. Shak. BROAD'-SWORD, n. [broad and sword.] A sword with a broad blade and a cutting edge. Wiseman. BROAD'-T.^ II^ED, a. Having a broad tail. Sandys. BROAD'-\\^SE, a3v. [broad and wise.] In the direc- tion" of the breadth. Boylr.. BROAD'AN, (brawd'n,) e. i. To grow broad. [Unu^ sua!. 1 Thomson. BROAD'EX, V. a. To make broad ; to render more broad or comprehensive. BROAD'ER, (brawd'er,) a. eomp. More broad. BROAD'EST, o. superl. Most broad BROAO'ISH, a. Rather broad. Ritssell. BRO BROAD'LY, (brawd'le,) adr. In a broad manner. HROAD'NESS, n. Breudih ; extent from side to aide; cnarsciiess ; grossness ; fulsomeness. Drydnt. BRO -CADE', «. [S^y. brocado ; probably from broche^ the instrument used in embroidery ; so Fr. frrocAur*, a pamphlet or stitclied biMik.J i*ilk stuff", variegated with gold and silver, or raised and enriched with flowers, foliage, and oth- er orntunenta. Eneyc Span. Diet. BR(-VeAD'ED, a. Woven or worked, as brocade, with gold and ^lilver. 0. Dressed in brocade. Johnson, BRO-CADE'-SHELL, n. The trivial name of Uie Co- nns geoyraphicus. Cyc. BRO'CAGE, «. [See Broke, Broker.! 1. The premuim or commission of a broker; tbe gain or profit derived from tnmsacting business for other men, as brokers, either in a good or bad sense. Spenser. 2. The hire given for any unlawful ofiice. Bacon. 3. I'he trade of a broker ; a dealing in old things. 4. The business of a broker ; the tninsactions of commercial business, as buying and selling, for other men. [See Broke, Broker.] 5. The act of pimping. /3sh. BRO'CA-TEL, t ra I s j i BRO-CA-TEL'LO, i"- [^p- brocateL] 1. A calcareous stone or marble, composed of frag- ments of four colors, white, gray, yellow, and red. Fourcroy. j\richoUon. 2. A kind of coarse brocade, used chiefly for laiMJS- Xiy. Newman says it is made of hemp and silk. Encyc. J^etoman's Span. Diet. BROCeO-LIj Tt. [It. broccolo, sprouts ; Fr. brocoli.] A subvanety of the cauliflower, having the head generally of a dark-green or ptirph' color. BROeil'AN-TITE, w. [from Brochant de Villiers.] A basic sulphate of copper, occurring in emerald- green crystals. BROCHE; the true, but not the common orthography of Broach. BRO(^K, n. [Sax. broc ; Ir. broc; Corn. id. ; W. broe, a badger, and noise, din, tumult, foam, anger'f'frrMfi, to chafe, fume, wax fierce, from rAoc, u rough sound ; rAtiffltn, to grunt. Otten.] A badger. [See Badoer.] The Russians call it barsuk. In Ir. breeh is a wolf, a wild savage, and a badger. BROCK'ET, n. [See Brock.1 A red deer two years old. Bailey writes this brack or brocket. The French write it brocard. BROD'E-KLN, n. [Ft. brodequin.] A buskin or half-boot. Ecliard, BRO'GANS, n. pi. Stout, coarse shoes; the same as Brooue, which see. BROG'GLE, r. i. To fish for eels. [^Tot usfd.] BROGUE, (brOg,) n. [Ir. brog, a shoe, a house.] 1. A sttmi, coarse shoe. " Clouted brogues," in Shakspeare, signify shoes whose soles are studded with nails, or clouts. In the Highlands of Scut- land, it is made of horse-hide with the hair on. 2. A cant woTd for a corrupt dialect or manner of pronunciation. Furquhar. 3. Brogues is used by Shenstone for breedies^ from the Irish brog. BROG(JE'-.M.^K-ER, n. A maker of brogues. Johnson. BROID, ?'. t. To braid. [Obs.] [See Br*id.] BROID'ER, V. t. [Fr. broder ,• Sp. and Port, ftorrfar, to emlroiilrr ; Ann. brouda, lo prick; D. borduurcn, to embroider; W. brodiaw, to make compact, to darn, to embroider ; bripyd, a broach, an embroidering frame. Q,u. Heb. and Ar. 113 brad, spotted.] To adorn with figures of needle-work. A rob^, a brmdtred coat, and a giirilo. ~ Exod. BROID'ER-ER, n. One tliat embroiders. BROID'ER-V, 7t. Embroidery ; ornamental needle- work wrought upon cloth. [See Emsboioer.] Ticket. BROIL, n. [Fr. hrouitlerie, from brouUler^ to mix, con- found, embroil ; it. brogUa, tumult ; brogUare^ to em- broil. From this verb we have roil, to disturb, as lees. (See Roil.) The primary sense is, to stir, to agiutte. It may be allied to brawl, and the French brulcr.] A tumult ; a noisy quarrel ; contention ; discord, either between individuaict or in the state. Shak. OranvilU. BROIL, V. t. [Q.U. Fr. bruler. I believe tins is from brotttUer, to agitate.] To agitate with heat ; to dress or cook over coals, before the fire ; but more generally upon a gridiron over coals. Dryden. BROIL, o. i. To be subjected to the action of heat, like meat over the fire ; to be greatly ht:ated, or to sweat with heaL Where have you been hroiltng'i Shak. BROIL'KD, pp. or a. Cooked or dressed by heat. BROIL'ER, n. One that excites Jjruils ; tiiat which dresses by broiling. * BRorL'ING,p/jr. or a. Cooking over coals ; sweating. BROKE, r. 1, [Sax, bruean, to use, employ, enjoy ; to eat or chew ; to bronk: to profit; broce, use; /tcc, use, gain ; brycr, gain, profit, fruit, fntctus ; a viula- FXTE, FAR, FALL, WHAT METE, PRfiY. — PINE, RLVRXNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, RQOi;. 150 tiun, or brcakinc; t^w. bruka; G. brauchfn ; Dan. brus^e : D. ffebruikeitj to use or employ ; L. J'rtutr^ for fnuoTj whence fructas^ fruit i Gr. itfjaaiTiOt ii^a^w, TTooj iia. See Fbactice.] To imnftact business for another in trade ; to act ns ajtfnt in buj-ing and selling, and other coinniercial business ; to transact business by an agent. Bacon, Sluik. \Thisvord is little used, at least in America: and F.naluik tDriters seem t« have used it in a /i/ifl sense.'\ BRoKK, prrt, and pp. of Break. BRO'KEN, (brok'n,) pp. or a. from Break. Parted by violence; rent asunder ; intirin ; made bankrupt. BRo'Ki:N-BACK-/i:D, Ct>ro'kn bakt,) a. A brokni- iackai shipj is one which is so weakened in her frame as to droop at esich end. Mar. Diet, BRo'K£\-BEL-LI-£D, (bro'kn-bel-lid,) a. Having a ruptured bellv. Sitmiv.f. BUo'KEN-HEXHT-ED, a. [hreak ^nA heart,] Hav- ing the spuits depressed or crushed by gritf or de- spair. BRo'K/:N-LY, adc. tn a broken, interrupted man- ner ; without a regular series. HakeiciU, BRo'K£\-MeAT, 71. Meat Uiat has been cut up ; I'msiments. Sw\fL BRo'KEN-\ESS, n. A state of being broken; une- ven ness. 2. Contrition ; as, brokenne^s of heart. BRo'K£.V-WI\D, n. [breaJi and teiad.] A disease in hofjies, often accompanied witii a pretcmatural enlargement of the lungs and heart, which disables th'Ui from bearing fatigue. Kncyc BRo'K£\-\VIND-Er>, a. Having short breath, as a BROKER, n. [from brokr.] [horse. 1. An agent or negotiator, who is employed by mercliants to make and conclude bargains for them, for a fee or rate per cent,, or who transacts other busi- ness for his employers. Brokers are of scvend kinds. fl.) ErcArtB^e-iroitrt-j', who make and conchide bar- sums for others in matters of money or merchandise, iearn the rate of exchange, and notify their em- ployers. ra.) Stock-brokers^ who are emiJoyeo to buy and sen shares in Uie stocks, whether of tlie public funds, of banks, or of other corporation*. (3.) Paien-brokers, who make it their business to lend money upon ^untSy that is, property deposited in pledge. (4.) Iiuntratice-brokers^ whose business is to procure the insurance of vessels at sea or bound on a voyage. In the United Statrs. the busiuess of a stock-broker and an insurance-broker is ollen or generally carried on by the same person, 2. One who deals in old household goods. Johnson, 3. A pimp or priK:urcr. Shak. Johnson, [In the tico latter aen-tes^ the word^ I believe^ is never tLneti m Jimerica^ unless in cant lanff^ua^e..] BRO'KER-AfiE, n. The business or employm.-nl of a broker. Burke, 2. Tlie fee, reward, or commission given or charged for tnuisacting business as a broker. Anderson^s Comm. BRO'KER-LY, a. .Mean ; ser\ile j-jnsun, BHO'KER-Y, n. The business of a broker. [JVpcr and tin, to which other metallic subsUnces arc s- pcr dust with a little pulverized red orher. Encyc. 3. Amons antii/nariesy a term applied to figures of men or beasts, urns, or other pieces of sculpture, which the andwits niade of bronze. Encyc, 4. Any sLitire or bust cast of lyonze, whetlier original or a copy of an antique. Encyc 5. Among meiialwts^ any copper medal. Encyc BRONZE, V. u To imitate bmn/.e, by means of cop- |>er du5t or letif fastened on tlio outside, as gold leaf IS in gilding. Encye. 2. To Itiirden, or make like brass. Young, 3. To make of the color of brcpnze, BRO\Z'/;i), (brOnzd or broiizd,) pp. or o. Made to resembli," bronze; Imtwued. BIIO.NZ'IN'G, p/>r. Imitating bronze; turning to the color of bnmze. BROMZ'IXG, n. The act or art of imitating bronze, by means of copper dust or leaf, or by any (tthcr mi'thod. Encyc. BRo.NZ'ITE, n. [from bronze.] A variety of liorn- bk-nde, having nearly the luster of bronze, and allied to hyftersthene, called by Haily, diallai^e metalloiiie. It is by some regarded as a distinct sptfcies, BH^0(;H, (brochu,) «. [Slav. ufrruicA, a ring, a circle, a bracelet.] 1. An ornamental utensil for fastening the vest, or the bosom of a shirt, as formerly used in Anieric;i. It is usually made of silver, ol\en round, with a tongue crossing its diameter, suinetimcs with two tongues. It formerly Wiis used in Engbind, as it was in America, and is still in the Highlands of Scotland. 2. A jewel, [Encyc X Willi p*;iw(«-*,a painting all of one color. DtcL BRr>OCH, V. t. To adorn or furnish with brooches or jewels. Shak. BROOD, V. L [Pax. ftrorf, a brood ; and frmrfan, bredany to dilate or extend, U* wnrni, to divulge, to spread ; D. broedaty to briHtd ; Ger. frrtlten, to brootl ; bruty brood ; \V. trwi(/, warm ; brydiaWy to warm. The sense is, to iBamty or to cooeryio spread orrr.] 1. To sit on and cover, as a fowl on her e^gs, for the purpose of warming tlieiu and hatching chickens, or as a hen over hex chickens, to warm and protect them. 2. To sit on ; to spread over, as with wings ; as, to sit brooding over the vast abyss. Mdton. 3. To remain a long time in anxiety or solicitous thought ; to have the mind uninterruptedly dwell a long time on a subject ; as, the miser broodjt over his gold. Dryden. 4. To mature any thing with care. Bacon, BROOD, r. u 'J'o sft over, cover, and cherish; as, a hen broodn her chickens. 2. To cheriwh. Vou'Il brood ymir Knows on a l!iron«. Drydtn, BROOD, n. [Sax. &rorf.] OIT'pring; progeny; formerly w^fd of human beings in elegant works, and wo have brother from this word ; but it is now more gener- ally -usi-d in contempt. 2. A hatch ; the young birds hatched at once ; as, a brood of chickens or of ducks. 3. That which is bred j Hpcclea generated ; that which is produced. Libyft*» hrooda ot potson. AAR^on. BRO 4. TJie act of covering the eggs, or ofbrrKiding. [Unttsua!.] SJiak. BROOD'ED, pp. Covered with the wings ; cherished BROOD'ING, ppr. Silting on ; covering and warm ing; dwelling on with anxiety. BROOD'-MARE, n. A mare kept for breeding. BROOD'Y, a. In a state of sitting on eggs for hatch ing; inclined losit [Unusual.] Ray. BRpQK, n. rSax. brocy or brooc. As the sense is a stream or flowing, it may be the D. hrocky G. bruchy a marsh, and allied to Gr. /Jfjex^^i or /^.oyw, to rain, to pour, to flow, Eolic (ipfa^y a brook. Near the site of ancient Troy is a stream called Thymbrecy Thymbrias.] A small natural stream of water, or a current flow- ing from a spring or fountain less than a river. In some parts of Amerira, run is used in a like sense ; but rMrt is also applied to larger streiuns than brook. BROQK, V. t. [Sax. frriican, to use, employ or perform, to' eat or chew ; bra-can^ brecauy to break ; Gr. (Jpvxr sweep- ing floors; so called from being originally made of the broom plant. In jSmertcay brooms are made of the tops of broom-corn, or of some species i.if wood splintered, chiefly ash. The latter ajx^cies uf broom is furnished by the natives of the country. The original broom, made of shrubs or twigs, is gtill used in stables. BROOM. See Bream. BROOM'-eORN, n. [broom and com.] A species of Sorghum or Guinea-corn, with a jointed stem, like a reed, or the stem of maize, rising to the bight of cigtit or ten feet, bearing a head of which brooms are made. It is the Sorghum saccharatujn. BUOOM'ING, (a ship.) See Bream. BROOM'LAND, n. [broom and land.] Land pro- during broom. Mortimer. BROO.M'HAPE, it. The Orobanche,or strangilo weed, a genus of British epiphyte perennial plants. BIUiO.M'STAFF, \ n. [See Staff and Stick.] Tho BROOM'STICK, \ staff" or handle of a broom. Shak. Swift. BROO.M'Y, a. Full of broom; containing broom. Mtirtim er. Swift. BRO'SEX, a. Burnt. [JVutvsed.] BROTH, (brauth,) «. ^Sax. brotJi ; It. brodo; It. broth; S]i.brudio: Ir. ArmtAim, to boil. Uu. D. frraa/it'n, to ro;ist ; W. brothy a stirring or tumult.] 1. T.ifpior in which flesh is boiled and macerated, usually with rice and herbs, or some ingredient to give it a better relish. 2. In jJmrr/£a, the word is often applied to filming water, and esjiecially to a mixture of snow and water in the highways, which is called .tJi ore- broth. BROTH'EL,rt. [Adialectical orthography of Bordkl, which see.] A house of lewdness ; a house appropriated to the purposes of prostitution ; a bawdy-house ; a ntew. RRtlTH'EI^ER, n. One that frequents brothels. BROTH'KL-IlOt'SE, n. A brothel. BROTII'EL-UV, ;(. Lewdness; obscenity. Jlall. Jonson. BROTII'ER, (brnth'er,) n. ; pi. Brothers or Buethheiv. [Golh. brvtliar i Sax. brother or brether ; Sw. and Dan. brodrr ; D. broedfr, from broedeiiy to broody t4> breed; G. brmlrr ; Sans, bradn- or bkratre ; Russ. brat i Dalmatian broth ; L. fratcr ; Gr. ipparripy u -3 (Pparoio; Pers. jilj.J boradar; Corn, bredar} It. brat/tair ; W. brawd ; Sam, abrat : Fr. frire, from L. fratcr: fip. frayley a friar; It. fnitelloy brother, and frate, friar; Arm. brruir. By the Dutch, it appears that this word signifles one of the brood or breed. The common plural is brothers; in Uie solemn style, brethren is used.] 1. A human male bom of the same father and mother. A male by one of the parents only is called a hidf-brothery or brot/ier of tlie haifb^od. Blaekstove. 3. Any one closely united; an associate; as, a band of brothers. TCNE, BUU., unite. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US. — € as K ; oa J j » as Z ; CH as SH ; TH aa in THIS. BRO 3. One ihni rrscmblt^s another in manners. In Seripturt, the term broVitr is npplied to a kins- man by bloud mure ffmote than a sun of the ^ame pan'nt--" ; as in the case of Abraham unci Lot, Jacob and Laban. Persons of the same profession call each other brtHJuTf as judgeti, clergjnien, prcifi-ssors of re- liG^ion, members of societies united in a common cause, monks, and the like. Kintrs pire to each other the title of bntker. Clergymen address their congregations by the title of bretkrfM. In a more jreneral sense, brotkrr or frrctAroi ia used for man in geneml ; all men being chHdreD of the same primitive ancestors, and form- ing one race of beings. Brvthrr-fffrman u a brother by the father's and mother's side, in contradistinction to a uterine brc^h- er, or bv the mother onlv- Eneyc BRoTH'fiR-HOQD. it. [hmtker and hood.] The slate ox quality of Win- a br.»iher. Lodu. 2. An association of men for any purpoM^ts a ao- cietjr of monks ; a (Vaternity. Dtmts. 9L A class of men of the same kind, proftssloD, or occnpntton. Aidi$MU BROTII'EK-IX-LAW, n. The brother of m husband or wife ; also, a sister's husband. BROTHER-LESS, fl. Without a brother. SJtsk, BROTH EK-LTKE, «. Becoming a brother. S.\ak. BROTH 'EK-LI-XESS, «. Suie of being brotherly. BR0TH'ER-Ia5VE, m. Brotherly affection. SAo*. BROTH'ER-LY, (bruth'er-le,) a. Pertaining to broth- ers \ such as is naiiiral fur brothers ; becoming broth- er) ; kind : affectionate ; as. brotAerlv l»ve. Baton. Sliaks[»eare uses this woril as an a<{verb. " I speak but ftr»tA«^p." But the use is not authorized. BROUGHT, (br^t,) jrryt. and pp. of Biu:pc>)| v^fibCf Pers. Awi ot Awil ^(fro or abn ; and the last s^'IIable of L. patpebra. It is probably contracted (Vom brg, and signities an edge, border, or pntjection.] 1. The promint-nt ridpre over the eye, forming an arch abi>ve the orbiL The skin of tins arch or ridge is moved by muscles, which contract it in a frown, and elevate it in joy or surprise. Hence, to knit Ote Iraie^ia to (Vown. Kmevc 9. The hair thai eorm (be brow, forming an arch, called the e y ftr ow . 3. "Die forehead. Hence, the general air of the eoantenaoca. Skak. Waller. 4. The edfa of a steep [4ace, as the brink of a riTcr or precipice ; as, the hrvw of a hill. Beetm. 5. A mnge of c- fes.sing Cliristians, united under one pastor, or com- nnining together, con^tiiute.4 a churcli independent of any other. Eneyc. BROWN'li^T, n. A follower of Robert Brown, a pu- ritan, or dissenter from the Church of England, who left England with his congregation, and Kt-itled at Midtllibtirgh, in Zealand. He was the head of a partv of IiitU'pendenis in church government. Eneyc BROU'.X'NESS, n. A brown color. Sidneif. BROW.V -SP.\R, a. A sjKirry or cr>"stallized variety of ditloniite, of a reddish-brown color, from the pres- ence of a snuiil portion of oxyd of iron and manga- nese. BROWN'-STOUT', n. A superior kind of porter. BROWK'-STL'D'Y, n. [hrotrn and study.] GU>omy study ; dull thoughtfulness ; meditation directed to no certain object. A'urris. BROWN'-WORT, m. [brown and teorU] A plant ; Prunella. S. A species of Pcrophularia, (the S. vernali^j or yellow figwoit,) with brown stalks. F.neye, Fam. of Plants. BROWN'Y, «. Brown. [AVttwrf,] Shak. BROWSE, r. f. [Or. JiituyoKto^ to eat or browse, /9f*w7(f , food ; but pnibably these words may be from ttprouts ; Arm. frr(nt:,frroii«z,orfrroi»(,fiprouts,buds ; Fr. frrout, broutrri Arm. bronsta^ or brouza^ to browse. It is allied to brush; W. ftney*, luxuriant growth ; rhvys, vigor, luxuriance, wantonness.] To eat the ends of branches of trees and shrubs, or the young shoots, as cattle, or deer. Sprn^rr. ShuJ:. BROWSE, r. i. To feed on the lender branches or shoots of shrubs and trees, as cattle, sheep, and goats. ArbuthnoU Shak. BROWSE, (brows,) a. The lender branches or twigs of trees and shrubs, fit for the food of cattle and other animals. ^ BROWSE'-WOpD, n. Shrubs and bushes upon which animals browse. BROWS'IXG, ppr. Feeding on branches, shrubs, or shoots of trees. nRO'CI-N'.\, / n. A vegetable alkaloid, extracted from BKO'CINE, i the false angusturn, or bark of the Strychnos S'ux Vomica. It is now called romici'nc BRO'CITE, R. Native hydmte of magnesia ; a white, pearly mineral, having a thin, foliated structure, like talc. It wofi named in honor of A. Bruce, Et^q. The name brueite has also been given, by American min- eraloci-is, to cMonthodite, Dana. BRO'IN, 1. A familiar name given to a bear, from the Fn-'nch frnm, brown. Pojte^s DuneUid. BRClSE, (braze,) v. t. [Sax. frrwsan, to bruise; Fr, brtsrr^ to break or bruise; frovmrry to braise i Arm. krousia.] To crush by beating or pounding with an instru- ment not edged or ixiinied. Wln-ii applied to living animal^ or vegetables, a bniise is a contusion, or in- jury of a part without solution of continuity, as by the blow of a blunt ih:'. Johnson. BRCIS'I.N'G, ppr. Crushing; breaking or wounding by a blunt or heavy instrument. BRCIS'ING, ji. In popular langtutgCy a beating or boxing. BRCIT, (brute J n. [Fr] Report ; rumor; fame. BRCIT, r. t. To report ; to noise abroad. Ralegh. BliOIT'ED, pp. Reported. BRrlT'ING, ppr. Reporting. BRC'-MAL, a. [L. hrama, winter, brumalis ; Span. bruma, winter, fog, or mist.j Belonging to the winter. Brown. BRCME, n. [Fr. brume; Sp. bntma. Sec Brumal.] Mi:;! ; fog ; vapors. [Little vsed.] Barloio. BRUN, ) n. A river or stream. [Burn is still used in BURN, i Scotland.] [Obs.] BRU-NETTE', n. [Fr., from brun, brown. See Bkow:t.] A woman with a brown or dark complexion. BRUN'ION, (brun'yun,) n. [Fr. brugnon.] A sort of fruit between a plum and a peach.^ TVertmz. BRtTNS'WICK-GREEN', n. A compound of one part chlorid of copper, and three parts oxyd of copper, the latter performing the function of an acid ; a ler- cuprate of chlorid of copper; used for paper hang- ings and in oil painting. BRU j BRITNT, n. [Uan./»ri/n4p,and brunst, ardor, nr'I»*n<'y, humiiig heat. It is the Dutch brandy fire, Ilanie, ar- dor, from the common root of ftam, trrrmui, brand. Tills shows the ra//r. Crackling; rustling; vaporing. BRUT, V. i. [Fr. brouter.] To browse. [JVot i« use.] Evelyn. BRO'TAL, a. [See Brute.] Pertaining to a brute ; as, brutal nature. 2. Savage; cruel; inhuman; brtitish ; unfeeling, like a brute ; raercilesa ; as, brutal courage ; brutal manners. BRU-TAL'I-TY, ti. Inhumanity ; savageness ; churl- ishness ; insensibilitv to pity or shame. Locke. BRO'TAL-IZE, r. (. To make brutal, churlish, or in- human. All cniH puniahmcnU brulalUe the heart. z. Swift. BRC'TAL-IZE, r. i. To become brutal, inhuman, or coarse and beastly. AddLon. BRO'TAL-LY, adv. Cruelly ; inhumanly ; in a coarse, churlish, or brutal manner. ArbuthnoU FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — M£TE, PREV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK. BUC BRCTK, fl. [Fr. brut, in>in L. briUn.", ^-instU-ss, irra- tional ; It, and Sp. bruto. This word may be tlie Ch. Kn^*i3 foreign, Strang'^, as the ancients expressed wildnesa and sa^Tigeness by verbs which signify lo depart or be distant.] 1. Senseless ; uncunscioun ; as, the Irute eartli. BentUy. 2. Irrational ; ferine ; as, a hmtc beast. SoutJi, 3. Bestial ; in common with bcar^ts ; as^ brute vio- lence. Miiton, 4. Rough ; uncivilized 3 insensible ; as, a brute phi- losopher. Pvim. BROTE. H. A beast ; any animal destitute of reason ; and or course the word comprebends all aniinal-4 ex- cept man, but is applied mostly to the larger boasts. 2. A brutal person ; a savaga in lieart ur manners ; a low-bred, unfeeling man. BRPTE, r. L for Bruit, to rep(.rt. [JSTul used.] BRCTE'LY, ode. In a nide manner. Miltoiu BRCTE'NESS, 7u Bmtalitv. [Ot.-.] Spenser. BRC'TI-FV, r. (. To make' a person a brute : to make Sf-nseless, stupid, or unfeeling. Cungrne, BRC'TISH, o. Like a brute or beast ; as, a brutish form. Milton. Q. Insensible ; stupid ; as, brutUh men. Qrcui. 3. Unfeeling ; savage ; ferocious ; brutal. 4. Gross ; carnal ; bestial. SJta^. South, 5. Ignorant; uncivilized; untaught. Iluoker. BRC'TIsH-LY, fidv. In the manner of a brute ; gross- ly ; irrationallv ; stupidly; savagely. Snuth. BRO'TISH-NE^S, w. Stupidity ; insensibility ; brutal- itv ; savagenes.'* ; the qualities of a brute. Spratt. BR6'TISMj n. Tlie nature or characteristic qualities or actions of a brute j extreme stupidity, or be;istly viilcarity. Dwinht, BRtTTUM FUL'MEX, [L.] A loud but harmless threatening. BR?'0-NIXE, «. An alkaloid obtained from the root of the white brrony, (B. albaJ) It is a yellowish- brown, bitter substance, and is emetic and cathartic. BR?'0-NY, n. [L bryonui; Gr. /Jocwt-ia.] A name commoa to the ditferent species of the ge- nus Br>onia. The root of the rough or white bryony is a strong, irritating cathartic. Encyc. Coze. Black I^ony, is the popular name of a genus of plants called Tamus. Encyc. BUB, n. A cant word for strong malt liquor. Prior. BUB, V. U To throw out ia bubbles, [A'i/( used.] Sackville, BUB'BLE, n. [D. bobbdi Sw. bablai from swelling, inflation.] 1. A small Wadder or vesicle of water or other fluid inflated with air. JW-wtyH. 2. Any thing that want^ firmness or solidity; a vain project ; th;it which is more specious than real. Hence, a false show ; a cheat or fraud. Bacon. Dryden. 3. A deliisive scheme of sp?cul*ition ; an empty project to niise money un imaginar)- grounds; as,llic South Sea bubble. SmjX. 4. A periion deceived by an empty project. Prior. BUB'BLE, V. i. To rise in bubbles, as liquors when boiline or agitated. Sliak. Vryden, 3. Tu run with a gurgling noise j as, a bubbling stream. Pope, BUB'BLE, V. t. To cheat ; to deceive, or Impose on. Jld/JLioH. BUB'BLF.R, n. One who ch -.it?!. Diebp. BUB'BLING, ppr. or a. Rising in bubUcs; running with a gurgling noise i cheating. BUB'BLY, a. Abounding in bubbles; bubbling. BUB'BY, n, [from the same root as bobble and buho.] A woman's breast. ,1rlniihnui, BC'BO, n. [Gr, :.hv,iuy, L. friifro, a swelling.] An inflaiiimalion, with enlargement, of a lymphat- ic glHiid, particularly in the groin or axilla. BU UO.\'0-CP:Lli, n. [Gr. /3j-/?cji, the groin, and xq^n, a tumor.J Hernia ingumalts, or inguinal nipture; a tumor In the groin, funned by a pmlafKius nf the intestines or omentum, or both ; ibe abdominal ring, or op-ning for the passage of the spermatic chord in the tendon of the external oblique muscle of the nbiiom','n. Kncijc BO'BU-KLE, n. A red pimple. [A'ut ujed.] Sftak. BUC-eA-N'EER', * «. (Fr. boucaner^ to broil fish or BU€-A-NIkR', i flesh, to hunt oxen for their skins.] I'rimarily, a buccaneer is said to be tmv who dries and smokes ticsh or fish after the manner of the In- diana, 'I"he name was first given to the French set- tlers in Ilayti or Hispanioln, whoso business was to liunt wild cattle and swim;. It was afterward ap- plied to the piratical adventurers, chiefly English and French, who combined to make depredations on the Spaniards in America. Encyc. BUe'eAL, a. [L. bueca, the cheek ; W. bocl Pertaining to the cheek. The buccal glands are the amalt salivary glands situated on ttic inside of the cheeks, between the mucous membrane of the mouth and the mUacIf!*. BUe-C BL-Ll'TION, n. [L. buceeWtt bncctOj a roouth- fuUl The act of breaking into large pioces. BU€'C!-NAL. a. Trumpet-*) ha ped. BUe-CI-NA'TOR, n. [L. from buccinum, a trumpet.] BUC A muscle of the check, inwrted into the angl-; uf the mouth ; so called from its use in blowing the trumpet. BU€'CI-NITE, «. Fossil remains or petrifactions of the shells called Bucciuum, Jamrson. BU-CENT'AUR, a. A mythological beast, half ox and half man. Brande^ 2. The stjite barge of Venice. BU-CEPH'A-LUS, n. The name of Alexander's horse. 2. An an'mal of the gazelle tribe, of the size of a hind. Alexander's hiu'se was called Bacephalus from his large hsad, tfutij, ox-head. Bu'CE-ROS, n. A genus of birds, inhabiting the warmer countries of Africa and A^ia. 'I'he name hornbUl is common to the dilF-'rent species. The Rhinoceros hornbill, or homed Indian raven, is common in the Eiust Indies. BUCH'OL-ZITE, «. A fibrous mineral of great hard- ness, and of a grayish or yellowish color, consisting chiefly of silex and alumina. BUCK, n. [G. bauche, beuche ; Sp. buira'In.] 1. Lye in which cloth is soaked in the opomtion of bleaching; the liquor in which clothes are washed. Encyc. Johnson. S. The cloUi or clolJies soaked or washed in Ive. Shak. BUCK, V. t. [Ger. beuclipri; Dan. byge; Sw. byka\ Arm. bHgad : Norm. bucr. This verb is retained in the L. imbuo, for imbuco^ or imbugo, to steep, tinge, or imbue.] To soak or steep in lye, a process in bleaching; to wash or steep in lye or suds. Enc-jc. SAoA-. BUCK, n. [Sax. buc, bucta: I>. bok: Ger. and Sw. boek ; Sp. boquf; VV. Awf ; It. beeco. This Italian word signifies a bill or beak, the mouth, the helm of a ship, the pipe of a still, and a buck. VVe see it is the same word as beak, from thrusting; Dan. buk, whence bukkr^ to ram or thrust piles. Ir. buc or poc i Corn, byk } Fr. bottc ; Arm. frwucA f Kalmuc, 6«^, a stag. Q,u. EtU. I In^M bahaky the male of sheep or goatsj 1. The male of the fallow deer, of the goat, the sheep, the nibbit, and hare. It is applied only to the smaller qiiadruped:^. a. A gay, dashing young frdlow. BUCK, r. i. To copulate as bucks and does. Mortimer. BUCK'-BASK-ET, n. [buck and ha.'^krt.] A biisket in which clothes are carried to the wash. Skak. BUCK'HKAi\,n. This is properly Boobcan, which see. BUCK'fJl), (bukt,) pp. Soaked in lye. Ash. BUCK'ET, n. [Sax. bue; Fr. baqaet; Ir. buicead; Sw. biic ; Dan. bak7\ 1. The vessel in which water is drawn out of a well ; it is nearly in the ftjrra of a [mil. 2. A vessel or jkiII used at am. to draw water up at the side of a ship, for washing the decks, &c. Mar. DicU 3. A vessel made of leather, nearly in the form of a pail, but narrower and deeper, usi'd to convey water by hand for extin^ii^hing fires; a fire bucket. 4. In a wfl^cr ipAcW, a term applied to cavities on the rim of tlie wheel, into which the water rushes, causing the wheel to revolve. BUCKETFUL, n. As much as a bucket will hold. BUCK'EVE, n. A tree, the iE-^culus flava, {Pama Jlixra, Decaiid.,) indigenous In the VVe^riern States. lience, the name given to an inhabitant of <.>hio. BlTt.'K'lNG, ppr. Soaking in lye, in the process of bleaching; washing. BUCK'I.N'G, n. The act or process of soaking cloth in lye for bleaching ; also, the lye or liqtior ; a washing. Ennjc. Adh. BUCKING-STOOL, n. A washing-bluck. BUCK'ISII, a. Pertaining to a buck, or gay young fellow ; foppish. Smart. BUCK'LE, (huk'l,) a. [Fr. bouetfj a buckle, a ring, a kn<»ck»-r ; bouclcr, to curl, to nng, to buckle; Ir. bucla; Ann. bouct. In ^\y. bucle is hair curled. In VV. ba^a, ba^t'ilu, and bagla, signify, to bend, hook, or grapple. Sax. bagnn, to buw.J 1. An instrument made of some kind of metal, for fastening together cert-iiii parts of dress, as the straps of shoes, knee-bands, &c., or other stnips and banils, as in a harness. The forms are various ; but it con- sists of a ring or rim with a cha[>e and tongue. 2. A curl, or a state of bting curled or crisped, as hair. Spectator. X In cooti ofarms^a buckle is a token of the surety, faith, and service, ot the bearer. Encyc. BUCK'LE, r. (. To fasten with a buckle, or buckles. 2. To prepare for action ; a mctaiJlior, taken fr(»m buckling on armor. Spenser. 3. To join in battle. Hayward. 4. To confine or limit. 'A apon kuelctei in bla lum of n.gt. Shak. BUCK'LE, V. i. To bend ; to bow ; as, to buckle un- der life. SJuiJi. To buckU to ; lo bend lo ; lo apply with vigor ; to engage with zeal. Locke. To buckle in ; to close in ; lo embrace or seize the body, as In a scuffle ; a popular use in America. BUD To buckle with ,- to encounter with embrace ; to join in close combat. Dryden. BUCK'L/-:l), (buk'ld,) ;»p. Fastened with a buckle. BUCK'LER, n. [ \V. bioccled ; Fr. bouclier ; Ir. buicleir.} A kind of shield, or piece of defensive armor, anciently used in war. It was composed of wood, or wickers woven together, covered with skin or leather, fortified with plates of brass or other metal, and worn on the left arm. On the middle was an umbo, boss, or prominence, very useful in causing stones and darts to glance off". The buckl-^r often was four feet long, and covered the whole body. Enci/c. BUCK'LER, V. t To shield : to defend. [JVot u.-icd,] Sbnk. ' BUCK'LER-HE.'VD-ED, (-hed'ed,) a. Having a head like a buckler. BUCK'LER-TIIORX, n. Christ's thorn. Johnson. BUCK'LLNG, n. A fastening by a buckle. BUCK'LING, ppr. Fastening with a buckle. BUCK'.MAST, 71. [buck, that is, AcccA, and mast.] The mast or fVuit of the beech-tree. Johnson, BUCK.'RA.M, 71. [Fr. bougran; It, baeherame ; tju. from It. biicare, to make holes.] .\ coartie linen cloth, siifll-ned with glue, used in garments lo keep them in tiie form intended, and for wrappers lo cover cloths and other merchandise. Encyc. BUCK'RAM,o. StitT; precise. Pulke, BUCK'RAMS, rt. The same as wild garlic. Johnson. BUCKS'IK lilN, ti. [buck and Aor/i.] A plant, a spe- cies of plantain, {Oyronopus phtntago.) Ti»e icarted backshom, is a species of Cochlearia, or scur\'y grass. Fam. of Plants. BUCK'SKLV, n. The skin of a buck. As an adj., made of leather prepared from the skin of a buck. BUCK'STALL, n. [buck and stall.} A toil or net to take deer Encyc. BUCK'THORN, n. [buck and thorn.] The p|opular name of a genus of plants, calleil Rhamnus, of many species. The common purging buckthorn grows to the hight of I'i or 14 feel, and bears a black berry, which, when green, is used to dye yellow, and wlien ripe, green. 'i"he bark also dyes yellow. Sea Buck- thorn is the popular name of a genus of plants, called Ilippopkac. Encyc Fam. of Plant:/. BUCK'WHeAT, 71. [D. boek-wcit; Ger. buchweitzen. Literally, bceck-wkeat, so called from its seed re- sembling in shaiwt the mast of the beech.] A plant, a species of Polygonum, {P. Fagnpyrum,) the seed of which is used as a grain; called also brank. It is cultivated as food fi)r beasts, and the flour is mucli used in America for breakfast cakes. BU-COL'ie, a, [Gr. 0'tvKo\oi, a herdsman ; (i >v<(u\- tK'ii, pa.sioral ; L. buculus, an ox ; bucolietis, per- taining to cattle, |)astoral ; VV. and Corn. bugaU or bygdi Ir. baachail, a shepherd. See Bovine.] Pastoral ; relating to country aflUirs and to a shep- herd's life and occupation. Johu^^on. BU-€OL^ie, B. A pastoral poem, representing rural aflTairs, and the life, manners, and occupjition of Khcpbcrds ; as, the bucolics of Theocritus and Virgil. Dryden. Encvc. 2. A writer of pastorals. H'urton. BUD, n. []). bot ; Fr. bouton ; It. bottone, a. bud or but- ton; Ir. ubaidhj a bud; Sp. boton ; Arm. frouft'n, lit- erally a push ; Sp. botar, to push or thrust, to vow ; Gr. vus,to plant or beget, contracted from 0urw; Ch. 033 ; Ar. nabata ; allied to pout, Fr..botnler. See Class Bd, No. 34.] 1. A gem; the shoot of a plant ; a small protubf^rance on the stem or branches of a plant, containing the rudiments of future leaves, or of a flower. It is called by botanists a hyhemacle, or winter lodge, ot receptacle of the leaves or fltiwers of plants, and is an epitome of a flower, or of a shoot, which is to he unfolded the succeeding summer, it is covered with scales, wliich are inten'kd to defend the inclosed rudiments from cold an'l»INi;, tu Th<- pryc»-ss - duceU hy burning a purified coal-pns In a compound Argnnd liunj), of a peculi;ir construction. Urf, BUDCB, F. t. [Ft. and Nomi. bowjrr, to stir or wa^.J To move off; to stir; to uag. In Anurira, loo^ I - I0 much used as equivalent lo bad^e ; but Hie use of both words is vulgar. Shitk, BUIX^G, n. The dressed skin or fur of Iambi, fiailtf. BUOOE, a. Bri^k ; jocund. Btdlmf. ■3. Suriy ; slilT; formal. [0*;<.] Juhttson. BUDOiE-BACH'E-LORS ; a coraitany of men clothed in lune sownii lintd with lambed fur, who accompany ilM lord mayor of Ijondon at ilia inauc^iratioQ. BUDGE'-BAR-REL, w. A small barr-'I with only one bead; on the other end a pie •- ^ nailed, which is drawn together up«' a pursa. It id used for carrying powdtT, ^'^ moitar. BITDOE'XESS, n. Stenmesa: severity. [JVW mmuL] BiJDO'£R, H. One who moves or stira ftom hteplaee. BUDi^'E-RO, It. A large Bengal pleaaace-boat. BUIXi'ET, M. [Fr. hougeUt} Arm. Umgtitm i Norm. ^11^ ; i^rfaaps from the lool of ta^.] 1. A bag ; a Uttla sack, with tta cimtenta. Hanee, a stock or store; as, a kudget of inventions; SL The papers respecting the finances of the Brit- isli nation. This word fai now used, in a similar •ease, in France. TV open tie budfftt ; to lay befora « logblatiTe body the financial estimates and plans vt the executive government. Prict. BCDC'V. a. Consisting of (ur. [JVM ustd.] BUD'LET, a [from AW.] A Utile bod a|tfi]iging fhim a parent bud. We ten • atarioa I* fflittBgiiai mm bad trvm mmUmt, or Urn purat bod bom Ite at^MOM hm£mM vtakte ue in ott- ty^ruig. Dmrwim. BUFF, M. [Contracted from bngUa, or hi^f-^km.} I. Biiff^in ; a snt of leather, prepnred Aom the skin oTtbe buffalo, dressed with oil, like cbamoU. It is ttsed fur making bandoleers, belts, pouches, gloves, and other articles. Tba skins of oxen, elks, ana ether animals, dressed in like manner, are abo called nuk. xrKojFc. 3. A miliury coat, mode of tmiT-ekin or similar leather SJuk. 3. The color of buff; a light yellow, 4. A yellow, viscid coat, formed on the surface of bliKxI itrawn under certain circumsLuices. BUFf", c. t. To strike. [See BlfkktJ BUr''FA-LO, lu [lu and Sp. b^faloi Fr. buffie; I* bib- A species of the bovine genus, the Bos bubalnSf ori^nally from India, but now found in most of tlie wamter countries of the ea^^tern continent. It is larger ami less docile than iJie common ox, and is fond of marshy places and rivers. The name is also uppltcd to wild oxen in general, and pariicularly to the bison of North AmeriuL [See Bisorf.] Cye. Cttrier. BrF'FA-LO-ROBE, n. The skin of the bison of North America, incorrectly called bu^-iloy prepared with xh.^ hair on. BUFF'-€OAT, n. A close, military bodice, without sleeves, made of bnfTalo-skin, or other ela^ic matcri- al-t. Booth, BUF'FEL-DUCK, k. Buffel's head duck, or buirel- headed duck, (Anas btieephala, Linn.,) a bird with a short, blue t#ill, and a head whose apparent size is greatly increased by the fullness of it^ feathers, foOnd, in winter, in the rivers oi^ Carolina. Catesby. PennnnL BUFF'ER, n. A cushion, or apparatus with strong «prines^ to deaden the ftujf or concussitm between a mov'ns body and one on which it strike^!, as at the ends of a railway carriage ; sometimes called bujing- apparcttis. SmarL BUFFET, «. [Fr. b^H .- It. hufftUo; Sp. VnftU.] A cupboard, or set of shelves for plate*, glasw, chi- na, and other like furniture. It was formerly, and is still in some parta of the country, a closet or apart- ment erected on one side of a ro-ini; but in more fashionable houses, it has been laid aside, and a side- board ^nibstituted, which is now considered as the ba^eL But, as far as my knowledge extends, the name has become, in a great measure, obsolete, ei- cejit among the common people, by whom it is pro- nounced bofoL BUFF'ET, n. [It. buffetto; gp. and Port, bufar, to blow, to puff; Norm, ftujf?, a blow ; W. pojiaie^ lo thump. See Burrooif and Puff.] BUG A blow wiUi Uie list ; a box on Ihu ear or face ; a slap. Milton. BUFF'ET, r. C To strike with the hand or fist ; to box ; to beat. Th-y^ apt in liU fiue nnd lufettd Mm. — MfttL xxvi. S. To bent in contention ; to contend against ; a^t, lo huffft the billows. Otieay. BUFF'ET, p. u To exercise or play at boxing. MoA. BUFF'ET-ED, pp. Suuck ; beaten. 1 Cor. iv. U. 1 P-'t. i:. GO. BUFF'ET-ER, b. Owe who bufft^s ; a boxer. Johnson. BUFF'ET-ING, p}*r. Striking wiUi the hand ; boxing; cnntending against. BUFF'ET-IXU, n. A striking with the hand. Q. \ succession of blows ; contention ; attack ; op- position. He »Tm« lo haT* Wrn \ plant of »low growth, bM fontxH] fir itiuMiun, Mid Aueu to cmiun ihe bu^elingt uf tlvs nulnat Btonn. (t'irt BUFF'IX, M. A sort nf coarse stufi*; as, buffin gowns. BUTTLE,*. [Fr.] The buffalo. BUFTLE, r. L To puzzle ; to be at a loss. Sie^ This is probably the same word as Baffi.s. BUFFLE-HEAD, (hed,) n. [fti^ and heud.] One who has a lar^e head. BUF FLE-HEADED, (buffl-hcd-od,) tu Having a lar^e lie;ul, like a buffalo ; dull ; stupid ; fooli.sh. BUF'FO, N. [It,] The comic actor in an opera. BUF-FOON', «. [Fr, bouffua ; It. buffo; Sp. ft«/on. a buff.Hin, comical ; lU b.ffare and biiff.:rf, to "trifle, joke, play the fiH>l ; Sp. b^ar, to mock or ridicule ; bufar, to blow, or puff with angi>r, to ^nort ; Port. id. These verbs indicate the origin of buffoonerj-. The root of bttffi't, ptiff, signities to drive, to push, to strike. See Pl'fk.] 1. A man who makes a practice of amusing otliers by low tricks, niitic gr-iturcs and pi»siurfs, jokes and other vulgar pit-asanlrieit. A droll ; a mimic. Johnson. Uncyc 2. He that uses indecent raillery. OartA, BUT-FOO.V, r. u To make ridiculous. OlajivdU. BUF-FOOX'ER-Y, n. Tin- arts and pnictices of a buf- foon ; low jests ; ridiculous pranks ; vulgar tricks and postures. Jiikit-ion, Dr>'den has placed the accent improperly on the fir«t syllable. BUF-FOON 'I.\G, a. Buffooner}-. JOn/den. OuUnW Quint, BUF-FOON'ISH, a. Like a buffoon ; consisting in lowjens or gestures. BUF-FOON'ISM, n. The practices of a buffoon. BUF-FOON'-LIKE, o. Resembling a buff.K>n. Skervood. BUT-FOON'LY, a. Consisting of low, vulgar tricks. BUFTY, a. Resembling the buff of the blood in color and texture ; as, tJie Imffrj coat of liie blood. il Pertaining to buff oti the bliXMl. BCFON-rPE, It. [L. &«>, a toad.] Toad-stone, considered as a fosi^il tooth of the An- arrhiciia^ or sea-wwlf, formerly much esteemed for its imajrinary virtues, and worn in ring.t. It w;is named front an opinion that it was found in the h>^ad of a toad. Kiicyc, BUG, n, [Cln. W. bag, by^nn^ small.] In cotninoa lantrtuiffe, the name 01 a vnst multitude of insects, whirl] iufi^st houses and plp,:it3. In 100/- o-zy, tliis word is ap()lii.-d to the insrcts arranged un- dftT the genu'? Ciniex, of which several hundred spe- cies are d^'jjcribed. Bu^s bt;long tt) the order Hemii»- tera. Th'^y are furnished with an inrt-cted rostrum or beak, and with aiit.MiuK longer th:in the tliomx, and the wings are folded together crosswise. The back is fiat, the throat margined, and the feet are formed for running. Some species have no wings. The house-bug, or bad-bug, is a troublesome and dis- gusting in.*^ct. Ehcijc. Cyc. The insects of the genus Cini'*x ^Linn.) now form an extensive group, divided into triors, families, and genera. FA. Eacyc. BUG, I n. [W. bteg, a hobgoblin or scarecrow ; BUG'BE2R, { bugadu, to terrify ; Russ. buka, a sprite or goblin. In Pcrs. ■ A, bauk^ is fear.] A frightful object; a walking ppecter; anything imaginary that Js considered as frightful. Locke. Pope. BUG'BESR, r. u To alarm or frighten with idle phan- toms. Archbp. King. BUG'GER, n. [Fr. bou^e; Sp. bajarron ; D. boggereny verb.] One guilty of the crime against nature. A vile wretch ; a term of reproach. BUG'GER- Y, n. The unnatural and detestable crime of carnal intercourse of man or woman with a beast ; or of human beings unnaturally with each other. Sodomy. Kncyc. BUG'GUNESS, n. [from buggy.] The state of being infected with bugs. BUG'GY, a. [from bug.] Abounding with bugs. Johnson. BUL BUG'GY, n. A light vehicle, to be drawn by one horse. BO'GLE, \n. [W. &ttlrflt^ a shepherd. (See BO'GLE-HORN, t Blculic.) The shepJierd's horn, or from tlio sjiuie riKil as the Fr. bcughr^ to bellow, from its sound.] 1. A hunting liorn. Spejiser. SAak. 2. A military instrument of music. BO'GLE, «. An elimgated glaps bead, of various col- or", tliough more comiiionly bhicit. McCuUoch, Shak. BO'GLE, n. [L. buirufa, or burrUlo.] A name common to different opecieB of plants, of the genus Ajuga, natives of Euroiw. Encyr.. BO'GLE, j ji. Names that have been given, BO'GLE-VVEED, \ in America, to the Lycopus siu- u;itu.'Aa>FC'.i, tongue.] 'I'lie popular name of a genus of plant% called Anchu^it, used in dyeing and c»»loring. 'i'lie small wild bugloss, ts iJie Asperugo The viprr^s buglosn, is the Echiuni. BUG'-WORT.n, Aplant,theCimicifuga. Muhlenberg. BOML, (t)ule,)7). A name given toli[;htuud coiupticaud figures of brass, uuburnished gold, &c., set, as an ornament, into surfaces of ebony or other dark wiHid, or of tortoise-shell. Braade. Ency. Dom. Ecou. BOIiL'\VOUK,(bule'wurk,)«. Work in which wood is inlaid with bii/d. BUIIR'S'JT)\E,(bur'stone,)n. A subspecies of silcxor quartz, occurring in amorphous masses, compact, like homstone, but coiiliiining a greater or less number of irregular cavities. It is used for mill-stones, Cleaveiand. This word is often written Burrstone. BUILD, ibWd,) V. t. i pret. Built; pp. Built, (bilt.) The regular prct. and pp.^ Buildeu, is somo- times used. [Sax. byldan, to confirm ; byld, btjlde.^ byldOy constancy, firnmess ; bilith, a nutdel, an image ; Sw. bUda : D. afbcelden, verbctldcn ; Ger. bildcHy abbildni; Dan. bilde; a/bilde, to ehaiM!, form, design, delineate, represent, counterfeit ; Sw. ana Ger. bild ; D. bceld, image, statue, figure, representa- tion. The primary sense is to set, fix, or make, and the orthography bUd Would be more accordant with the derivation.] 1. To frame, constnict, and raise, as an edifice or fabric of almost any kind, as a liouse, barn, shop, Bliip, or vessel, a wall, or other structure of art ; to unite materials into a regular structure for use or convenience. 2. To raise by art ; to frame or shape into a partic- ular form ; as, to butld up a head-dress in a cone. Spectator. 3. To raise any thing on a support or foundation ; OS, to build our hopes on air. 4. In Scripture^ to increase and strengthen ; to ce- ment and knit together; to settle or establish, and preserve. JJcts xx. 32. Ep/t. n. ^. 1 Sain. ii. 35. BUILD, (bild,) V. i. To exercise the art or practice the business of building. To biald, lo plant, wh-uever you intend. Popt. 2. To construct, rest, or depend on as a founda- tion ; as, to bnild on tiie opinions of others. .Addison, BUILDER, (bild'er,) n. One who builds; one whose 0(xupaii(jn is to build; an architect, a shipwright, a mason, &.c. 2. A creator. Whusff builiier fttid mukpr ia Oofl. — HeU xi. BUILD'ING, (bild'ing,) ppr. l-Vaming and erecting ; resting on. BUILU'LNG, (bild'ing,) n. A fabric or edifice con- structed for use or convenience, as a house, a church, a sliop, &.C. BUIL'I*, (bilt,) ;jp. Framed and raised ; constructed. BUILT, (bilt,) n. Form; sliai»e; general fiyrire of a structure ; as, the built of a ship. Dryden. Mai: Diet. 2. Species of building. Temple. BUL, n. The common flounder. Chambers. BULB, n. [Gr. iioXliui ; L. bulbus^ a bulb or round root, Fr. bulbe; It. bulbo ; Sp. buibo, an onion, or bulbous root ; W. bal, bol, protuberance.] A scaly body formed on a plant, above or beneath the surface of the ground, emitting roots from its base, and prmlucing a stem from its center. It is al- wnys formed uf imbricated scales. A solid bulb has no existence. Lindley, BULB, c. i. To bulb out, is to project or be protuberant. [Little used.] Evelyn. BULB-A'CEO US, o. Bulbous. [/ believey not used.] Johnson. BULB'£D, (bulbd,) a. Round headed. BULB-TF'ER-OUS, a. Producing bulbs; as, bulbifer- 01m stems. pMton. BULB'OUS, fl. Containing bulbs or a bulb; growing from bulbs; round or roundish. Martyn. Milne.. 2. Containing a knob, or protuberant part ; swell- ing out ; presenting rounded elevations. Kirwan. BUL'BUL, n. The nightingale of the Persians, rep- resented by the pot^ts as enamored of the opening FATE, FAR, P^LL, WII.\T MfiTE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE. MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- BUL rosebud, and perched on some neighboring stem, as pourinc nut his song in her car. Booth BtL'CIIIX, n. A voung male calf. Dekker. Marslmu 3UL6E, n. A di^erenl orthography of ItrLOE. [W. frw/tf-jbiilk ; 6a/c, prominent i Sax. 6u?/wi«, to bellow, from stcelUng ou^-j The bilge or protuberant part of a cask ; protu- berance. 6UL6E, V. u To swell out ; to be protuberant. Moxon. 2. To bilge, as a ship. [See Bilge. J Dryden, BULG'ING, ppr. or fl. Swelling oiit; bilging. 2. As an adj.^ protuberant. BC'LI-MY, Jn. [L. bulimia; Gr. ffov^ifiia, 0ovy BU-LIM'I-A, J great, and >f^'>?, hunger.] A voracious appetite ; a disease in which the pa- tient has a perpetual and in^^atiable appetite for food, and oflen faints, if not indul^ied. Encyc. BULK, 71. [W. biclg^ bulk ; balciaw, to swell, to be proud ; Ir.~ bale, great, strong ; Ru^s. bulkaiju, to tK>il, tu bubble ; D. bitlken, to low or bellow ; Dan. buik^ a bunch on the back ; Sax. bula-ian, to low.] 1. .Magnitude of matorial substance ; whole dimen sions : size of a thing ; as, an ox or ship of great bulk. S. The gross ; the majority ; the main mass or body ; as, the bulk of a debt ; the buU; of a nation. Sioiji. jSddi.^on, 3. Main fabric. Shak. 4. TTie wliole content of a ship'^ hold for the stew- age of goods. Encyc 5. A part of a building jutting otit. Shak. To break bulk, in seamen'ti language, is to begin to onload. Jlfar. Diet, In bulk ; in a mass, or solid state ; as, pork in bulk, or bulk porky i. e. pork not cut up or prepared for p.icking. Ladm in hiJk : having the cargo Inose in the hold, or not inclosL-d in boxes, bales, or casks. A ^ale by bulky is a sale of goods as they are, with- out weight or measure. Bouricr. BULK'-HEAD, n. [bulk and head.] A parUtion in a ship, made with boards, Jk.c., to lurm se[>Rrnte apart- mcnU. Eneifc. JHar. Diet. BULK'I-NESS, n. Greatness in bulk, size, or stnture. Locke. BULK'Y, a. Large ; of great dimensions ; of great size. Dryden. B};lL, n. [G. buUi W. bw!a: Russ. vol. Uu. from hw aex, or from bellowing; Sw. J67a ; Dan. bole.] 1. The male of bovine quadrupeds, or of the dif- ferent species of the geutu Bos, of which coir is the female. 2. Inn scriptural seTiae, an enemy, powerful, fierce, and violent. M my built haT* compnated mT. — Pf . 3. Taurus, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. B(JLL, n. [It. bolla, a bubble, a blister, a seat, or stamp, the pope's bull; Fr. buUe: I^. bulla, a bons, and an ornament worn on a child's neck. This name was given to the seal which was appended to the edicts and briefs of the pop'^, and, in process of time, apF^ied to the edict itself. Sprlman.] A letter, edict, or rescript of the pope, published or transmitted to the churches over which he is h^-ad, containing some decree, nrder, or decision. It is usrd chiefly in matlern of justice or of erace. If the former, the lead or seal is hung bv a hempen cord ; if the latter, by a silken thread, 'fhe lead or bull it impressed on on*» side with the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul, on the other with liie name of ttic pope and the year of his t»**nt'fi*'ato. The writing is in the old round fiothic letter ; and the instniment has about it a cross, with some text of Scripture or reli- gious motto. Lumcr. Encyc, Thr QvUlen Bull, so called from its golden seal, is an edict or iniivrial constitution, made by the em- peror Charles IV., (K^i,) containing the fundamen- tal law of the T^erman eriipin'. Leaden bulii were sent by the emperors of Cnn^tnn- tinople to {Nitriarchs end princes, and by the grandrca of the empire, of France, Sicily, &,c., and by patri- archs and bishopH. fVaxen bulU were in frequent u«»e witli the Greek emperors, who thus scaled letters to their relations. Kneyc. Bali* and bears: a cant term among rtork-brokers for buyers and sellers of stocks on speculation. B)JLL, n. A blunder or contradiction ; more exactly, an apparent congruily, but real inctrngruity, of ideas, suddenly discovered. Jiea. Sydney Smith. B^LL (a prefix) signifies a bull, or large, or having a large head. BI;LL'-HAIT-IXG, n. [bullnnil bait.] The practice of baiting or exciting bulls with dogs. JIdd'uon. BJJLL'-BEEP, n. [bull and bct^.] The flesh of a bull ; coarse beef. Hhnk. Bi;LL'-BEG-«AR, n. [bull and beggar.] Something terrible or frightful. Ayliffe, Bi;LL'-e\LF, (kif,) n. [bull and calf.] A male calf; a stupid fellow. Shak. BJJLL'-DOG, n. [bull and dog.] A variety of dog, of a particular form, and of remarkable courage ; so named, probably, from being employed in baiting bulls, or from the size of the h«!ad. BUL BULL'-FAC-£I), (-fdste,) a. Having a large face. Dryden. ByLL'-Ffi.\ST, See Bcll-Fight. BJjLL'-FrGEIT, n. [bull tiw^ Ji^rht.] A combat with a bull ; an amusement among tlie Spaniards and Portuguese. A horseman, called a torreador or pica- dor, attacks a bull in a circus or inclosed arena, in presence of multitudes of spectators, irritating him with a spear, till the bull rushes ujwn the horse, and perhaps dismounts the rider. After the bull has been tormented a long time, the horseman leaves him, and some persons on foot attack him, and plunge darts into his neck ; and, at a siynal given by the president, the barbarous sjwrt is ended by the dagger of a matador. Encyc. BJTLL'-FLXCH, n. [bull and^ncA.1 A bird allied to the grossbeak, whose breast, cheeks, and throat, are of a crimson color j the Loria pyrrhula, Linn., (Pitr- rhula vulgaris; Brisson,) and the RubiciUa of the older naturali-'ts. Bl;LL'-FL1?, \ n. The gadfly, a stinging insect which BULL'-BEE, i torments cattle. Philips. BtJLL'-FROG, 71. [bull and frog.\ The Rana ocel- lata, a large species of frog, fuund m North America, of a dusky-brown color, mixed with a yelluwish- grten, and' spotted with black. These frogs live in stagnant water, and utter a loud, croaking sound, from which they probably received their name. The bull-frog of New England, is the Rana pipicns. Jitois. Rep. Lnislev. BJJLL'-HEAD, v. [bull and fiead.l A genus of fidhes, the Cottus, with a head broader tlian tlie body, whence the name. The Coitus gobh, or river buU- headj of England, is also called the Miller^s thumb. Encyc. Cye. 2. A stupid fellow ; a lubber. Johnsoiu 3. A smal', black water-vermin. Philips. BJJLL'S'-EVE, n. [bull Timi eye.] Among seamen, n piece of wood, in tlie form of a ring, answering the purpose of a thimble. Mar. Diet. 2. Aldebaraii, a .*t^r of the first magnitude in the constellation Taurus. j?,vA, 3. Among sfamen, a small, obscure cloud, ruddy in the middle, portending a great storm. Encyc. 4. In architecture, a small, circular or elliptical open- ing or window. BJJLL'S'-NCSE, n. In architecture, the external angle of a polygon, or of two lines which meet at an ob- tu:^e anc'le. OwUt, BIJLL'-TROUT, n, [bull and trout.] A large species of trout, (Salmo trutla :) called, aNo,:fa/myH-(row(, and sea-trout, thicker than the common sort, which, like the salmon, ascends rivers periodically to sjiawn. Its back has a bluish-green gloss, and there are several black spots on the sides. Cyc. DicL of JVat. Nisi. BULL'-WEED, n. Knapweed. Johnson. BJJLL'-VVORT, 71. Bisbopweed. Johnson. BUL'LA, n. The name ot a genus of univalvular tes- taceous MoUusca. 2. .\ bleb i a vesicle, or an elevation of the cuticle containing a transparent watery fluid. BJ^LL'ACE, n. The wild plum, a species of Prunus, {p. insititia :) called, aNo, bulluce-plum^ and huUaee- trce; ft native of England. Fam, of Plants. Eticije. 2. The butlv-tree; n sjiccies of Chrysophyllum, a native of tlie \Vest Indies. Font, of Plants. B^LL-AN'Tie, rt, [from bull.} Designating certain ornamental capital li-tters, used in apostohc bulls. It is U7*fd aUo as a noun. Fry. BIJLL'A-RY, n, A coljcrtion of papistical bulls. BUL'LATE, a. [L. ballatus.] [Simth. Having elevatittns like blisters. In botany, a bid- late leaf, is one the membranous part of which rises between the veins in elevations like blisters, Martyn, ByL'LEN-N.^ILa, n. pi. Nails with round heads and short shanks, turned and lackered. Gujili. BJJLL'ET, n. [Fr. bouUt, dim. of boule, a ball. See Ball.]* A ball of iron or lead, called also shot, used to load piinH for killing man or beast. Halls for cannon are made of iron ; musket balls are made of luad. BI;LI/E-TIN, n. [Fr. bulletin, a ballot, a packet, a certificate ; Sp. hnJetin, a ticket, or warrant ; boleta, a ticket, a billet; Purt. boleta i IL builf.tta, buUetUrw ; pro[>erly, a roll.] 1. A rei»ort of a state of facta, issued by authority, as of military opt^ratiuns, or of the health of some distingiiiuhed iK-rsonag*;. 2. In a wider sense, any public notice or announce- ment, espi'ciallv of news recently received. Bi;LI/E-TIN-liOARI), n. A board on which an- nouncements of news are put up, particularly at newjj-roomH, printing-oflic^s, &c. nVU.'l-KD, (bul'lid,) pp. Insulted. BJJLL'ION, fb>ii'y"iiO «• [Fr. billon, base coin.] Uncoinea (p»ld or silver m the mass. The precious metals are called bullion, when smelted and not per- fectly refined ; or, when refined, but in bars, ingots, or in any form uncoined, as in plat*^. Encyc. In political economy, this word is used to denote gold and silver, botli coined and uncoined. P. Cyc. BI^L'LI-RAG, V. U To insult in a bullying manner. Todd, BUN BULL'ISH, a. Partaking of the nature of a bull, or blunder. Mdtoiu BJJLL'IST, n. A writer of Papal bulls. Hannar. BUL'LrrE, n. A petrified shell, or the fossil remains of shells, of the genus Bulla. Jameson. BUL-LI"TION, (-lish'un,) «. [L. bullio. See Boil.] The act or state of boiling. Superseded by Ebui^ LiTiopf. Bacon. BSJLL'OCK, ?i. [Sax. bulluca; G. buUochs.] An ox, or castrated bull. In America, it is applied to a full-grown ox. B|JLL'OCK\S-E?E, (-!,) n, A small, tliick glass or skylight, in a covering or roof. BIJLL'V, ». [Sw. b'dla, to bellow; buUer, a tumult; i)an. buUen, swelled, pufled up; or, more directly, from Pax. bulgian, to bellow.] A noisy, blustering, overbearing fellow, more dis- tinguished for insolence and empty menaces than for courage, and disposed to provoke quarrels. Jiddison. BJJLL'Yj V. t. To insult and overbear with noise and blustering menaces. King. BJJLL'Y, V. L To be noisy and quarrelsome. Jnhnson. BJJLL'Y-ING, 71. Act of bullying, or state of being bullied. BIJLL'Y-ING, ppr. Insulting with threats. B^JL'RUSH, n. [bole, or boll, and rush.] A large kind of rush, growing in wet land or water, and without knots, says Johnson ; but Dryden calls it the knotty bulnwh. The name bulrush la applied. In England, to the Scirpns lacustris, and also to the Typha latifoUa, and T. angiistifolia, {P. Cyc. ;) in America, to the Juncus effitsus. BULSE, 7?. A certain quantity of diamonds. Wraxalh [IndioA BUL'TEX, n. [See Bolt.] A bolttr or bolting-cloth ; also, bran. [J^vt used.] BUL' W ARK, 71. [Sw. bolvdrck: D. hohcerk; Gcr. bolU iBcrk,- Dan. bolveerk; from D. bol, plump, and a ball. Sw. bula, \V. bal, a protuberance, and work; a pio- jecting or outwork. Fr. boulevard : Sp. and Port, ba- luartc : It. baluardo.] 1. In fortijicatiim, a bastion, or a rampart ; a motin J of earth round a place, capable of resisting cannon- shot, and formed witlt bastions, curtains, ice. Encyc. 2. A fortitication ; also, any means of defense ; as, a navy is the hnlirark of a nation. 3. 'i"hat which secures against an enemy or exter- nal annoyance; a screen or shelter; means of pro- tection and safety. Salvfttion will tiod appoitX for walls Knd huliearkt. — Ii. xxvl, BIJL'WARK, V. t To f(»rtify with a rampart ; to se- cure by a fortification ; to protect. Adilison. Barlow. BUM, n. The buttocks ; the part on which we sit. Johnson. BU.M, V. I. To make a noise, Mamton. BUM-BAIL'IFF, n. [A corruption of bound-badtff.] In England, an under-bailiff; a subordinate civil officer, appointed to serve writs, and to make arrests and executions, and bound with sureties for a faith- ful discbarge of his trust. [A vulgar word.] BUM'BARD, 7(. See Bombard. [Blackstone. BUM'BAST, n. [A ditTerent orthography of Bombast, which see.] 1. A cloih made by sewing one stuflf upon another; patchwork. Oreio. 2. Linen stufled with cotton; stufling; wadding. &V.ZA-. BUM'BLE-BEE, n. [L. bomMut, a buzzing.] A large bee, sometimes called humble-bee ; so named from its sound. BUM'BOAT, fi. A small Boat for carrying provisions to a ship at a distance from shore. Mar. Diet. BUM'KLV, 71. [See Bumpkin.] A short boom project- ing from each bow of a ship, to extend the clew of the fori^sail to windward. 2, A small out-rigger over the stern of a boat, to Vxt.-nd the mizzen. .Mar. Diet. BUMP, 71. [\V. pipmp, a round mass; pwmpiaw, to thump; allied to L. boinbus, and Eng. pomp, from swelling, thrusting out.l 1. A swelling or protunerance. Dryden. 2. A thump ; a hf avy blow. BUMP, r. i. To make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise, as the bittern. It is also written boom, [W. bwmp.\ Dryden. BUMP, r. (. To strike, ns with or against any thing large or solid ; as, to bump the head against a wall ; to thump. BUMP'ER, n. A cup or glass filled to the brim, or till the liquor runs over. I>ryden. 2. A crowded house at a theater, &c,, in honor of some favoriU; performer, BU.MP'KIN, 71. [hump, large, swelling, and kin, Sak. cyn, kind, genus.] An awkward, heavy rustic ; n clown, or country lout. Locke. BUMP'KIN-LY,a. Clownish. [JVotused.] RUhardsoru BUN, 71. A kind of cake. BUNCH, 71. [W. pwngi Dan. bunke, bynke, a heap, or heaped measure.] 1. A protuberance ; a hunch ; a knob or lump ; as, the bunch on a camel's back. Isaiah, TONE, BULL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0U8.— € as K ; as J j 8 ns Z ; ClI as SH; TU as in THia. BUO 2. A cluster ; a numhor of llie same kind growing tofit-ilter ; as, a buueJt of pmpcs. Drydm. 3. A luunber of things tied together; as, a bunch of keys J a bunch of rods. Locke, 4. A collection of things; a knot; as, a bunch of liair ; a bunch of trees. Speiucr. BUNCH, r. i. To swell out in a protubemnrc ; to be protuberant or round. n'oodtcard. BUNCH, r. t. To form or tie in a bunch or bunches. BUNCU'-BACK -ED, (-bakt,) a. \buneh and 6aa.] Having a bnnch on the back ; crooked. Shak, BUNCHM-NESS, n. The quality of being bunchy, or fprowing in bunches. Johnson. BUNCH' Y, a. Growing in bunches; like a bunch; having tufts. ^ , ^f^* BUN'DLE, n. [Sax. byndel; D. ^ndd: G. ^il»rf, b»n~ del : &\v. bindrl^ and bunL This word is formed tYom llie root of bind^ bund, bond.] 1. A number of Uiinr^ put together. 9. A r\>ll; any thing bound or riJled into a conve- nient funn for conveyance ; a?, a bnndU uf lace ; a bundle of bav. SpectatiT. BUN'DLE, r. f. To tie or bind in a bundle or roll ; often fuilowed by up ; as, to b^x^e up clnthe^. Laekc Swift. To bumdie qf; to send a person off in a hurn-, or pet, IMlotea^. BUNG, m. [Fr. hondon i G spund ; D. ^onds i VV. btcngf a bung-htde.l The stopple of the orifice in the bilge of a cask. .Vurtimer, BUNG, V, L To atop the orifice in the bilge of & cask with a bung : to cloee up. BUN'GA-LOW, n. In Ben^aly a counlr>- house or cot- tage, erected by European j, and cunUructi^-d of wood, bamboo, mats, and ihatcb. .Malcvm. BUNG'-DRA\V-ER, it. A wooden malkt, of a pt-cu- lior fonn, (or takiu Uw bung out of a cask. [IJhmL] BUNG/-HOLE, n. [^MUf Mud holr.] The hole or ori- fice in the bilge of a caafc. SooteUmca •bortcoea into Brno. BUN"GLE, (bong'gl,^ r. L To perfonn in a clumsy, awkward manner ; a«, to h*mgU in luaLiog shoes. Thyden, BUN^'GLE, r. C To make or mend clumsily ; to butch ; to manage awkwardly ; with up. DryJen, BUN"GLE, R. A botch ; inaccuracy ; gross blunder ; clumsy performance. Rajf. BU.\''G'LER, s. A clurn^', awkward workman ; erne who performs without skill. Pttukaau BUN"GL1NG, ppr. Performing awkwardly. BUN"GLING, a. Clumsy ; awkwardly done. P r jrf m. BL*N"GLL\G-LY, ado. Cluuisily ; awkwardly. DentU^ BUNK, a. [Dan. kpJie^ a meal-tub ; Sw. i««f£t^wa«, a milk-pan.] A case or box of boards for a bed ; a word luad m aamt* marts ^ J^meriuL BUNK'ER, n. A large bin or receptacle fiW vartoQs things, as coals, &c. BUN, > m. [Scot, bun^ bunn : Ir. bumMi Gr. 3 ivpniy BUNX, i a hill, and a cake oifrred to deities. It sig- nifies a mass or collecliun.] A small cake, or a kind of sweet bread. Ony. BUN'ION, (bun'yun,) n. .\n excrescence or ball ori the Beat toe correspttnding to a corn. BCX^ a. The middle part, cavity, or bcUv of a s:ul. Mar. Diet, BUNT, r. t. To swell out ; as, the sail bnuu. 52. In pvpmiar Uutgunge^ to push with tlie Iiorns ; to butt. [t»ee Puis T.J BUNT'ER, n. A cant word ft-r a woman wlio picks up rags in the streets ; lieoce, a low, vulgar woman. Jakason. BUNT'ING, n. A name common to diffircnl species of the genus Erabehra, as the Enelisli or common btinting, and the snow bunting. The rice bunting, or bi^>olink, is a species of Uterus. BUNT'ING, j H. [*ier. fran/, D. bont^ sUeakcd, orBf BUNT'INE, j diiferent colors.] A thin, woolen stuff, of which the colors or fljigs and signals of ships are maile. Mar. DirL BUNT'LINES, n. pL Ropes fastened to cringles on the bottoms of square sails, to draw tnem up to their yards. .Vor. D'Ct. BUOV, (bway,) n. [Fr. froicef, a buoy ; D. fti>ci, a buoy, a lodge or hut, a fetter, or shackle, a handcuff; honjen^ to fetter, to bna^ ; Ger. btni: Dan. 609 : Ru4S. frtty ,- £p. frojjtf, a buoy ; probably from the toon of Sax. byniL, to dwell, that is, to set, be fixed, or stationary. Dan. boe^b9endt,^ 1. A float, 2. A floating mark to point out the position of ob- jects beni-aih the water, as anchors, shoals, rocks, &,c. Buoys are of various kinds ; as, c n-hm^vg, in the form of a cone ; nun-bnoys, which are large in the middle, and tapering nearly to a point at each end ; cable-buoys, empty casks employed to buoy up the ca- ble in rocky anchorage. Life-buoy ; a buoy fnif nded to support persons who have fallt-n into the water, until a boat can be dis- patched to savp ihem. 'I'a strram tht buoy, is to let it fall by the ship's side into the water, before letting go the anchor. Mar. DitU BUR Bl^OY, (bway,) V. t. To keep alhwt in a lluid ; to bear up, or keep from sinking in a fluid, as in water or uir ; with if;>. fVoodirard. 2. To supiHirt or sustain ; to keep from sinking into ruin or dr5pi>ndency. Kiit [Sax. bur,] signifies a chamber or a cottage. BOR, ) BUR, «. [Sax. JKrrr, burduchnns.-4 in sounding the letter r. 3. A broad ring of iron beliind the place for the hand on a spear used in tilting. F.ncyc. BUR'BOT, a. [from L. barbaius^ so named from its Ikeard.] A fisli of the genus Gadtm, (O. Lota^) shaped like an t el, but shorter and thicker, with a flat head, and on the nose it has two small txards, and another on the chin. It is disgusting in appearance, but delicate food. It is colled also eei-pout. Kncyc BUR'DE-LA IS, «. A sort of grape. Johnson, BUR'D£N, (bur'dn.) Written also BrnTHEN. [Sax. bffrdfn^ bifrthra ; Sw. bUrda : Dan. byrde ; G. biirde ; Ir. hiart or beirtf Gr. t^afiTtm Vr./ardeaa; Arm. /ard; (K>m bfor ; L. fmt or porta ; Pers. .^ yj burdan^ to carry. See Rcam.] ^ -^ 1. I'hat which ia bonie or carried ; a load. Hence, a. That which is borne with labor or dilficulty ; that which is griovuus, wearisome, t>r oppressive. Milton. a A birth. S/iaJc A. [Fr. hourdun, a drone.] The verse repeated in a sons, or the r'^tiirn of the theme at the end of each Tente; the chonis; so callt-d from ilie application of this woni to the dn>ne or base, and the pipe or string which plays it, in an instrument. A chord which is to be divid''d, to fierfonn tlie intervals of music, when open and iuulivid>'d, is also called the burden. Kncyc. 5. In eo:ninon laui^uttj^ey titat which is often repeat- ed ; a subject on vvlitch one dwells. 6. A fixed quantity of certain commodities; as, a burden of gad steel, I-.JO |Ktimds. 7. The contents of a ship; tlie quantity or number of Ions a vessel will carry ; as, a ship of a hundred tuns burdrn. 8. A club. r.>Vo( in use.] Spenser. BUR'DfiN, (bur^ln,) v. U To load ; to lay on a heavy loJid ; to encumber with weight. Hence, '2. To oppress with any tiling grievous ; as, to bur- den a nation with taxes. 3. To surcharge ; as, to burden the memory. BUR'nKN-/JD, pp. or a. Loaded witJi weight; encum- bered ; opitrerised. BrR'n/r\-ER, n. One ^vho loads ; an oppressor. iiUR'D>JN-OUS, a. Grievous ; heavy to be borne ; op- pressive. Sidney. 2. Cumb?rsome; useless. Milton. BVR']*F,S-i^C)SlE, a. Heavy ; grievous to be borne ; rausinK uneasinesd fir fatigue ; oppressive. Dnjdrn. BUR'DKN-PfiME-LV, ndv. In a burdensome manner. BUR'D/:X-?OME-NES."^, n. The quality of being bur- densome ; heaviness ; oppressiveness, BUR'DOCK, n. [Aur and duck.] The popular name of a genus of plants called Arctiunu They are troub- lesome weeds. The les-'ier burdock is a species of Xanthium. BC'REAU, (bG'ro,) «. [Fr. bureau, an ofiice, a table, a court, a chest of drawers ; Sp. bareo, a court of jus- tice ; Arm. hurell ; Fr. bure, a cloth. 'I'he primary sense is a cloth covering a table, like exchequer. Lu- nier.\ 1. Achestof drawers, for keeping papers or clothes. 2. A department for tlie transaction of business by a public functionary. f)n the continent of Europe, the highest departments, in most countries, have the name of bureau: as, the bureau of the minister of foreign affairs. In England and America, the term is con- fined to inferior and subordinate departments. In Spanish, this word tiureo is n court of justice for the trial of ptrstms behmging to Uie king's house- hold. BU-REAU'CRA-CY, (bu-rtS'km-se,) n. A system in which the business of govenmient is carried on in departments, each under the c<»ntrol of a chief, in coiitridistinction from a system in which the oflicers of government have a co-ordinate authorily. [ii^fjif.] Brande. BU-RETTE', n. In ehemistnr, an instrument, invented by Gay-Lussac, for the purpose of dividing a fluid into hundredths or thoiisandihn, consisting of a larger grad- uated glass tube, and a smaller pamllel tube, connect- ed with the former at the base, and tecurved at the top. p. Cyc. BUUG, Ti, [This Is the same word as Bonouini, the only difltrence being in the pronunciation of the final letter] A borough ; originally, a fortified town, but now a city or town, which sends ntembers to parliament, whether incorptinited or not. [See Borouoh.] BURG'AOE, u. [from bur^.] In tln^Ush law, tenure in hurgugf, or burgage tenure, is tenure In socage, npphed to cities or towns, or where houses, or lands which were formerly the site of houses, in an ancient borough, are held of some lord in conimon socage by a certain established rent ; a remnant of Saxon Ul>- ertv. Blackstone. BURG'A-MOT, w. A variety of pear. [Soe Beroa- MOT.] y. A kinil of perfume, [See Heroamot.] BURG'A-NET, > n. [Fr, bourtpU^ote, from bur^, in BURG't>-NET, \ the sense of cumring or guarding.] A kind of helmet, the Spanish murrion. Spenaer. Shak. BUR-GKOTS', n. [Fr. bovrgeoiSj pronounced boorih- war'j from bourgy burg.] A burgess BUR-GEOIS',(bur-jois',) n. A species of type, orprint- ing letter, sinaller tlian long primer, and larger than brevier. [See Boi'BaEois,] BUR'GKON, See Boubgeon. BUR'GESS, Tt. [Fr. bourgeoisy from bourg, burg.] 1. An inhabitant of a borough, or walled town, or one who pos-erson guilty of burglarj'. BUKG-l,A'RI-OUS, a. Pertaining to burglary; con- stituting the crime of burglary. To conie down a chimney ia held a burglarious entry. Ii!acksto7te. BURG-T^X'RI-OUS-LY, adv. With an intent to com- mit burglary ; in the manner of a burglar. Blackstone. BURG'LA-RY, n. The act or crime of nocturn.M house-breaking, with an intent to commit a felony. To constitute this crime, the act must be committed in the night, or when there is notdayliglit enough to discern a man's face. It must he in a mansion house, or in an adjoining building which i.t a part or parcel of the mansion. There must be an actual FATE, FAR, FALL, WHi^T.— METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE. MOVE, WOLF, BQQK.— - — . - _ ~ ^^ BUR breaking and an entry ; bul nn openinp nijulu by tin; offender, as by taking out a pane of glass, or lit^int; a window, niii^ing a latc]i, picking a Ktck, or removing any fastening, amounts to a breaking; and putting in of the hand, after sucli breaking, is an ento'* The act must also be done with an in- tent to commit felony. BlaclisUmc. BURG'O-MAS-TER, «. {hur^ and masUr.] A burgh- master ; a magistrate, or one employed in the gov- ernment of a city. The burgomastrrs are the chief magistrates of the great towns in Holland, Flanders, and Germany. 9. An aquatic bird, the glaucous gull, (Lants glau- ei«,) common in arctic regions, which lays its eggs in the holes of rocks. Ed. F.iicyc. BUR'OOUT, (bur'goo,) jt. A kind of thick gruel nsed by seamen. BUR'GRaVE, n. [burg and G. grafy D. graaf, a count.] In some, Europr^m eountriesy an bereditar}' gorcmor of a town or castle. [Propt-rtv Bl'rggbate, which ser.] BITR'GU.\-DV, n. A kind of wine, so called from Bursundv in France. Shfustime. BUR'GU\-DY PITCH, n. Turpentine from which the essential oil has been distilled off, with the addi- tion of water. It is used fur plasters. BURH ia the same as hurg, bnrgh, with the aspirate. It is Saxon, and signilies a cit/, a castle, a house, or tower. Hence, in composition, it signifies defense, protection ; as, czccnAurA, {quecn-burh,) a woman ready to assist ; CuOiburhj eminent for assistances. CViftson'jf Camden. BUR'I-AL, (ber'ri-al,) n. [See Bi'rv.] The act of burj'ing a deceased person; sepulture; interment; the art of depositing a dead body in the earth, in a tomb or vault, or in the water. 9. The act of placing any thing under earth or wa- ter ; as, to bury seed in the earth. BUR'I-AL-PLACE, n, A place appropriated to the burial of the dead ; a grave-yard. BUR'I AL SERVICE, (ber'fe-a!,) n. The 9er%ice performed at the interm'-nt (if the dead. BUR'I-i?D, (ber'rid,)pp. or a. Deposited in the earth, or in a srave. BIJR'I-ER, (ber'ri-er,) n. One who buries a deceased person. ShaJi. BC'KIX, n. [Fr. barin ; Port, bm-il ; It. buUno.] A eraver ; an instrument for enfrravin*. Johnson. BURKE, p. £. [trom the name of the Irishman who first committed the crimOj in 18*29.] To murder a person with the intention of selling the bodv for dis'^ectinn. BL'RK'>;b.(burkt,);7;j. Murdered, as above. [Jtfbrffm.] BURK'I.VG, ppr. Murdering, as above. BURL, V. L [See BuBLT.] To dress cloth as fullers do. .Johnson. S. To pick knots and loose threads off from cloth. A.th. BUR'LACE, n. [A contraction of bitrddaia.'\ A sort of grape. Johnson. BURL'ER, n. A dresser of cloth. BlJR-LErfUUE', C-lesk,) a. [Fr. ; IL hirhsco, from burUirf!, to ridicule ; burlap mocker)', raillery ; Port, and f?p. burlar, to jewt or scoff; burUitco^ a wag, a jester. The tenninntion tsitte. answers lo Eng. wA.] Jocular; tending to excite laui;ht*;r hy ludicruiis images, or by a contrast between the subject and the manner of treating it, as when a trilling subject is treated with gravity. BUR-LESQUE',!!, Ludicrous rf-prpscntation ; a con- trast hrrtween the subject and the niauni-r of treating it, which tends to excite Iaui;ht'^r or ridicul.^. 9. A composition in which a trilling wubjiMt or low incident is treated with great gravity, as a subject of great dignity or importance; or a compos i Hon in which the contrast between the subject and the man- ner of considering it rt-nders it ludicrous or ridic- ulous ; as in Virgil Travestie, the Lutrin of It(Mli;au, ButJerN fliidibras, and TrunibuU'fl McFingal. BUR-LErfQl-'E', V. u To turn into ridicule; or l4> make ludicrous by representation, as by treating a low or iritling subject with ercat gravitv. BUR-LESU'UER, (bur-lesk'er,) h. Oiie who bur- lesques or tunis to ridicule. BUR-LET'TA,n. [Italian. See RuHLKsiit;!, Buiu,t.] A comic opera ; a musical farce. BUR'LI-NESS, n. [See Buelt.] Bulk ; bluster. Johnson. BIJR'LY, a. [The sense probably Is mreJU4. Hence it accords with Rubs. ftuWyit, to be noisy, to swell as ■otind. Qil. VV. broliato. See BrHLEsqVE.] Great in size ; bulky ; tumid ; falsely great ; bois- terous. Drydtn. Cojrley. This word is obsolete, ornearly so, in America ; but hurly-burly is common, in vulgar use, for noise, con- fusion, uproar. BURN, (J. f- ,■ pret. and pp. BuaxEo or Bi-bst. [Sax. btman^ bigman, or fryrwan, lo bum : brtjne, a burning fire, ardor; Sw. brinna. brdnna i G. brennen ; I). branden ; Dm. brtende, from brand; L. prujui, and, perhaps, farnujty fornat., a furnace. The [irimary sense is, to rage, to act with violent excitement.] 1. To consume with fire; lo reduce to ashes by BUR the action of heat or fire ; freiiuontly with up ; as, to burn up wood. 2. To expel the vohitile parts and reduce to char- coid by fire ; as, to burn wood into coal. Hence, in popular language, to burn a kiln of wood, is to char the wood. 3. To cleanse of soot by burning; lo inflame j as, to burn a chimney ; an extensive u.^e of the word. 4. To harden in the lire ; lo bake or h;irdcn by heal ; as, to burn bricks or a brickkiln. 5. To scorch ; to affect by heat ; as, to bum the clothes or the legs by the fire ; to burn meat or bread in cookerj". 6. To injure by fire ; to affect the flesh by heat. 7. To dry up or dissipate ; with up ; as, to bum up tares. Dryden. 8. To drj- excessively; to cause to wither by heat; as, the sun bums the grass or plants. 9. To heat or inflame; to alTect with excessive stimulus ; as, ardent spirits burn the stomach. 10. To heal so much in cookery, as to give the food a disagreeable empyreumaiic taste. Hence the phrase burnt to. 11. To calcine with heat or fire ; to expel the vola- tile mailer from substances, so that they are easily pulverized ; as, to burn oyster shells, or limestone. J9. To affect with excess of heat ; as, the fever bums a patient. 13. To subject to the action of fire ; to heat or dry ; as, to burn colors. Eiicyc. 14. In surgery^ to apply an actual cautery ; to cau- terize. To bum up ; lo consume entirely by fire. To burn out ; to burn till the fuel is all consumed. BURN, r. i. To be on fire ; to dame ; as, the mount burned with fire. Ezodua. 2. To shine ; to sparkle. prftice ! O whewlorc burn your err* i Hoiot. 3. To be inflamed with passion or desire ; as, to burn with anger or love. Thomson* 4. To act with destructive violence, as fire. Shall Uiy wnih bum like fire f — Pi. Ixxxii. 5. To be in commotion j to rage with destructive violence. Tfx? groan still d'*p''M nrni tlir comtiat bumi. Pope. 6. To be heated ; lobe in a glow ; as, the face burns. 7. To be alTecled with a sensation of heat, pain, or acidity ; as, the heart bums. 8. To feel excess of heat ; as, the flesh burns by a fire ; a patient bums with a fever. To bum out; to burn till the fuel is exhausted and the fire ceases. BURN, n. A small stre.im ; a brook. [Scottish.] BURN, n. A hurt or hijury of any part of the body, caused by the aclion of fire. 2. The operation of burning or baking, as in brick- making ; as. they have a good burn. BURN'A-BLE, a. That maybe burnt. [Little used.} BURN'ED, ) pp. or a. Con-'umcd with fire, scorched BURNT, S ^' 'iried with fire or heat ; baked or hardened in the fire. BURN'EU, n. A i>erson who burns or sets fire to any thing 2. An appendage to a lamp defdgned to promote comhusticui. BURN'ET, n. A plant, the Poterium Sanguisorba, common or garden burnet. The Sanguisorba oflici- inlis. is the wild burnet or great burnet. BURN'E'I'-SAX'I-FRACjE, n. A name common to diir-nTit species of jilaut-* of the gsiius Pnnpim Ua. BUR.N'IN'O, ppr. Consuming with fire ; (laming ; scorching; hardening tiy fire; calcining; charring; riginc as fire; glowing. BUR.N'LNG, n. Combustion ; the act of expelling volatile matti-r and reducing lo iuhcs, or lo a calx ; a fire ; inflammation ; the heat or raging of potision. In furireryy actual cautery ; cauterization. BURN'ING, a. Powerful; vehement; as, a burning shame ; a burning sccnl. SAak. 2. .Much heiited ; very hot; scorching, Th* burning p\n\ia of Inilia. S. S. Smith. BURN'ING-Or-ASS, n. [bum and gfass.] A convex gl!U«H, which, wbr-n exposed to Ihe dirTt rays of the sun, collects ihem into a small s(»ace, orjtoint, called a foeii.-', pr<»ducing nn intense heat. The name is given al.*o to a concave mirror which condenses the sun's rays. Kncyc. BUKN'ING-MIR'ROR, n, A sincle concave mirror; or a combination of plane mirrors, so arranged as to combine their rays in one focus. BURN'ING-THORN'Y-PLANT, n. A species of Euphorbia or spurge. Fam. of Plants. BURN'ISH, t>, U [Fr. brunir; D. hruitueren ; It, brunirf ; Sp. brunir. This word undoubtedly is of secondary formation, from the color of flame. See Bur?*.] I'o polish by friction ; to make smooth, bright, and glosfiy ; as, to burnish steel. DryiUn. Bl.'R.N'ISH, r. i. To grow bright or glossv. Swift. BURN'ISH, 71. Gloss; brightness; luster. Christ. Ohserv. BURN'ISH-KD,(bum'iBhl,)pp. Polished; made glossy. BUR BUR.V'ISil-ERjM. The person who polishes or makes glo;*sy. 2. An instniment used in polishing, of different kinds. It may be a piece of round polished steel, a dog's or woIt"'s tooth, a piece of copiwr, agate, or peb- ble, &c. It is used for giving a gloss or smoothness to metjils, to the edges of books, &.c. BURN'lSH-ING,p;?r. Polishing ; makingsmootta and glossy. BURN'OOSE, ) 7U [Sp. albomoz ; Port, alhemoz ; Pcrs. BURN'OS, , 1 „ O'A^^ ' ®^'' ^^^»-*^ biruna.] An upper cloak or garment, used by the Arabs. PurkhuT-^. BURNT, pp. or o. from Burn. Consumed; scorched; heated ; subjected to the action of fire. BURNT'-KAR, Ti. A disease in grain, by which the seed is rendered abortive, and its coat covered with a black iwwder ; the diarbon (coal) of the French, and the brand of the Germans, P. Cvc. BURNT'-OF'FER-ING, n. [burnt and offer.] Some- thing offered and burnt on an altar, as an atonement for sin; a sacrifice ; called also bumt-sacrifice. The olTeringa of the Jews were a clean animal, as an ox, a c^ilf, a goat, or sheep ; or some species of vegetable substance, as bread, and ears of wheat or barley. BURR, n. A roughness in sounding the letter r. 2. The lobe or lap of the ear. Diet. 3. The round knob of a horn next a deer's h'^ad. 4. The sweetbread. [£mcuc. BURR'-MILL'STONE. See Buhr-Stone. BURR'-PUMP. \n. A pump, having a staff of 6, 7, BILGE'-PUMP, \ or 8 feet long, with a b.-ir of wood to which the leather is nailed, which serves instead of a box. This staiT is worked by men who pull it up and down, with a rope fastened to the midille of it. Eneyc. BITRR'-STONE, J n, A silicious or quartz rock, con- BUHR'-STONE, i mining many irregular cavities, aitd used for mill-stones. BUR'RAS-PIPE, n. An instrument or vessel used by Burge()ns to keep corroding powders in. Johnson. BUR'-REEl),7i. A plant, the SjKirganium. MuJilenberg. BUR'REL, Ti. A sort of pear, called also the red but- ter pcary from its smooth, delicious, soft pulp. Philips. BUR'REL-FLY, n. The ox-fly, gad-bee, or breeze. Johnson. BUR'REL-SHOT, n. [Fr. bourrcler^ to torment, and shot.] Small shot, nails, stones, pieces of old iron. Sec , put into cases, to be discharged among enemies. BUR'ROCK, T?. A small wier or dam where wheels are laid in a river, for catching fish. Philips. BUR'ROVV, K. A dilferent orthography of Buroh, BoBuucH, which see. BUR'ROW, n, [Sax. byrgen^ a septilcher, frjrrton, to bury, or beorgan, to keep.] *A hollow place in the earth, where small animals lodge, and sometimes deivwit their provisions. BUR' ROW, r. I. To excavate a hole in the earth ; to lodge in a hole excavated in the earth, as conies or rabbits. In a more general *«i.«, to lodge in any deep or concealed place. The word seems to include Iho idea of excavating a hole for a lodge, as well as lodging in it ; but the verb is not often used transi- tively ; as, to burrow the earth. BUR'HfiVV-ING, ;»/ir. Lodging In a burrow. BURS'AR, n. [See Bub'se.] A trejisurer, or cash- keeper ; as, the bursarof^a college, or of a monastery ; a f>urser. 9. A student to whom a ytipend is paid out of a burse or fund appropriated fur ttiat purpose, as the exhibitioners sent to the universitiua in Scotland, by f.uh preshytery. Encyc. Johnson. BURS'AU^-i'lHP, n. The office of a bursar. Hale^. BURS' A-RV, ». The treasury of a college or mon- astery. 2. In Scotland, an exhibition. Encyc BURSCIfy (bursh,) n. ; pi. BttRscHEM. [Ger] A youth ; especially a student in a German university. BURSE, (burs,) n. [Fr. bourse, a purse, the vesicle of the gall, the tiull or skin of seeds, an exchange ; D. bcurs, a purse, an exchange, scrotum ; Ger. bUrse, a purse, an exchange; D. bars., the same; It. bcrsa; Sp. and PorL bolsa, a purse or bag, r being changed into /.] 1. A public edifice in certain cities, for the meet- ing of merchants to consult on matters of imde and money, and to negotiate bills of Exchange. This is the name used in many cities in Europe, bul in England and America, such building is called an exchange. 2. In France, a fund or foundation for the main- tenance of poor scholars in their studies. In the middle ages, it signified a little college, or a halt in ti university. EnnfC, BURST, V. i, f prrt. and pp. Burst. The old participle biirsten is nearly obsolete. [Sax. byrston, burstan; n. barste7i ; G. berstm ; Dan. bristf ; Hw. brisfa, to burst. The word bristle seem» lo belong to bursty denoting a shoot.] 1. To fly or break open with force, or with sudden TONE, BUhh, UNITR — AN"GER, VI"CI0U8.— e as K ; as J ; a as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. BUS violenre ; to suffer a violent (iisnipikm. The pecu- li;ir forre of this word ia, in ex[trp:*sini; a sndiifn nip- lure, with rioience, or rxpaHsiiiiit or botii. Hfiice it is peiierally used to sijinify the smldr-n niptiire of a tJtini; by internal fjrcv, nmi a, lilwrnlion t'nun con- finement; ad, tu 6urj>t from a prison ^ the henrt bursts with critf. MiiUnu 2. To break away ; to spring from ; as, to burH fVom the amis. Piipf- 3. To come or fall ti;jon suddenly or with vtt Jence ; to nish upon unexpectedly ; ns, a sound bumta upon our ears. A. To issue ?uddenlv, or to rome from a hidden or retired place into more open view ; as, n river burets from a valli-v ; a xprins bnr>^-* fr-nn th ' earth. 5. To brt-ak forth into action suddenly; ms, lo bunt into lenr^. 6. To break or rush in with violence ; as, to bmrM into a house or a morn. 7. To oiK-n siHintant-otit^Iy, as an ahw^-ss. It is orten foJk'Wcd hy an intensive i«rtielo ; as, OMt, ftrrthy atPOtt,/n'm. or asuHtitr. BURST, r. t. To hreafc or rend by force or violence ; to open suddenly ; us, to hitrst a chain or a diMr ; to iMrvi a cannon. BL'RJfT, ». A suddrn h^•aIlinI! f 'rth : n disruption; a violent rendinft ; more a/rprcpnaUlii, a suddrn ex- plosion or ^hcNttiiif f<»rth ; a^, a burA of thunder; a hmnt of applause ; a bmrM of passion. 3. A ni|>ture or hernia, or the unnatural protrusion of the contents of the aUdomrn. FrRST. t pp, or a, Aiilxted with a rupture or BURST'KN, i bertiia. RfTlST. ;»■». Opened or rent asundfr by vitJenre. N-XEStf^ ». The rtate of bavin^a nii>Iure; :. II. One thai bursts. [the hernia. N'J, ppr. Rendia; or parting by violence; BURST'-WORT, n. The IL-mi*ria, a plant said to be inod a^nst bemia or niptures. Bl'RT, n. A flat li'«h of theiurbot kind. JohnmiM, BrRTH'fiX. SeeBraoa:*. Bl'R'TON, II. A KOiall tackle formed by two blocks or pullc^, used to see np or lighten the t4>pnu««rtm».taeUfc Mar. DeU BUR'Y, (ber'ryj a. This word is a different urthng- lafhy of bmrf-, hmrky Wmijf*. It siiniifles a hiHitie, habiottion, or castle, and is retained in many names of ptow, as In y*rwa^ifry, Danhmrf^ JStdarwtmMkmrf. The word is itaed by Grew for kmmta, BUR'Y, (ber'ty,) t>. t [Pax. hyiimm. ^wfvii, to bury ; ^/«M, a Comb or »e^clwr; alned to keargvi^ to •are.] 1. To deposit a decea.«ed peison in the graTqj to inter a corpse ; Co entomb. S. To cover with earth, as seed »own. & To hide; to conceal; to oven^helm; to cover with any thing; as, to kmrf any one in the ruins of a city. 4. To withdraw or conceal in retirement ; as, to *«ry one*s seif jn a monarter)', or in solitude. 5. To commit to the water: to deposit in the ocean ; as, dead bodit's beri^d in thf deep. & To place one thing witliin another Thjt e K biiTitd in ber. Sbak. 7 To forget and forgive ; to hide in oblivion ; lu, to htiTf an injur>'. To bury tit haUliet, in the <:triking metaphorical language of American Indians, is to lay a^ide the instruments of war, fure>'t injuries, and make p'«re. BUR'Y-IXG, (ber're-ing,) ppr. Interring; hiding; covering with earth : overwii Iming. BUR'Y-IXG, (bf r're-inr,) ■. The act of interring the dead ; sepuUure. Joh>t xii. 7. BUR'Y-ING-GROr.ND, *m. A emve-vard : a place BCR'Y-1X(;-PLaCE, i appropriated to tlie sepul- ture of the dead ; a church-vard. BUmj, M. [D. bosck : G. bm^eh'; Dan. buAk ; Sw. buj^ke ; it. Amcs ; 8p. bosque ; Fort, bosqmt ; whence Sp. bosf- eagff Ft, boc^ige^ It. bogeata, a grove or cluster of trees, Qu. Gr. fSooKu-^ L. pasc9^ originally, to feed on sprouts.] 1. A shnib ; particularly a shnib with branches rising from or near the root ; a thick shnib ; also, a duster of shrubs. With hunters, a fox tail. Spender. H'ollrr. Kncyc- ^sh, % A thicket or place aboundins in trees or bushes. fThis w;is the original sense of the word, as in the Dutch bovh, a w*>d, and was so used hy Chaucer. In this 8en:«e it is exienpivelv u-ted in the British colonies, e:*p^cially at the Cape of Good Hope, where it uiay have bf'cn borrowed from the Dutch.] 3. A branch of a tree fixed or huni! out as a tavern sign. Hence, since tlie branch has been discontin- ued, a coronated frame of wood, hune oiit as a tav- ern sign, is so called. Hence the English proverb, " Good wine needs no bush." Ertrye. [/ kjioiD not Ouit £Aw u go used m the UnUM SaUfg.] 4. A circle of metal let into the sheaves of such blocks a.-* have iron pins, to prevent tlieir wearing. JUar. Diet. BUS The word is applicable lo n like circle in other round holi-s as to the kty-hule of a watch, the vent of a mm, &e. This word when applied to Pheaves is called friwA, but when applieil to the circular inm of a rart wheel is, in America, called a bor, Qu. It. bosso, the box- tree ; bfls^ilo, a litlle box. Johnson writes it hu,theL B|,"SH, r. I. To ernw thick or Im^hy. .^fiUl>». B|.'t!H, r. (. To furni>-h a block with a bu«h,or to line any orifice with metal to prevent wearing. BJjsil'EI., n. [Fr. hftit.irait ; Arm. bor.*rl ; Norm, bits- nfl : pnihablv fpun baLiie^ ftyi(c, a box; lu bossolo^ that IS, n little box.] 1. A drj- measure, containing eight gallons, or four pecks. The Winchester bushel, used in Rugland from the time of Henry VII. to the year 1 8 .?fi, con- tains eight irallohii of wheat ; each gallon, eight pounds of wheat, troy weight ; the [K>und, twelve ounces troy; the ounce, twenty steriings, and the sterling, Ihirty-lwo criins of wheat gn)winir in the middle of the ear. The contents are mSO.-l.* solid Inches, equivalent to 1131 ounces and 14 penny- weights trt)y. In IsOfi, the iin|)frTial bushel was in- tnnluced into Knclanil, contninlniT 2018. IW cubic inches ; sti that 33 of the old or Winchester bushels are vervnenrly eipial to 3*2 imperinl bushels. Brande. The \VinchVster bushel is used still in thtt United Stiles. Biuhet signifit*s both the qtiantity or capacity, and the ve9S4int ; a matter of question ; something to be examined or considered. Fituea ti> p)»*'rD a a perplpxed businett. Bacon. 7. Something to be done ; employment of imi>or- tance to one'n intere-st, optmsed to aiauscmatti as, we have no business in town. They wrc fir fn>m the Zidoiiiani, and had qo bunntat vnlh any Of»r. — Ju'lg»?». 8. Duty, or employment that duty enjoins. A lawyer's business is to do justice lo his clients. J'o do the business for a man, is to kill, destroy, or niin him. BUS'I-NESS-LTKE, a. Being in the true manner of BUSK, 7f. [Fr, busfpie.] [business. A piece of sTeel, whalebone, or wood, worn by women on the breast, to form tlie shape ; a word de- pendent on fashion. Donne. BUSK, n. A bush. [^Tat ust4.'] BUSK, V. i. To be active or busy. This is probably the Stixon word bys^tan, to busy, or the Sp. buscarf to search. Busk is still usrd in America. [See Bu»y.] Fairfax uses it in the sense of prepare. BUT tnin^itively, "to busk them to battle." In the Scot- tish diiileet, it signifies to dress or nttire. BUSK'^:i>, (huskt,) a. Wearing a busk. PoUok. BUSK'KT, n. A sinall bush, or a compartment of shnitw in a garden. Spenser. BUSK'IX, n. A kind of half boot, or high shoe, cov- ering the fool and leg U) the middle, and lied under- neath the knee, worn by actors in tragedy on the singe. The buskins of the ancients had very thick soles, lo raise the actors and actresses to the stature of the persons they represented. Encye. 2, In classic authors, the word is used for tragedy. BUSK'IN-£D, (busk'ind,) a. Dressed in buskins. M,Hi>n, BUgK'Y, a. Bushy ; wooded ; shaded or overgrown with trees or shrubs; generally written bosky. [See Bush.] Shak. BUSS, n. [Per. • *Xaa«*j bosidan ; Ar. to kiss; L. basio ; Fr. baiscr ; Norm. Acfcr; Sp. brsar ; l*ort. beijar; It. baciare ; D. poezetif to kiss. The verb may be from the noun, and perhaps from the name of the lip ; at any rate, from the same radical! sense, to pusii ; Per. p«i, the lip; W. and Ir. bus, tJio lip ; D. poes^ a kiss, a puss, a fur tippet, a giri ; Sp, beso, a kiss; Port, bei^o, the lip; fteyo, a kiss; It. bacio. Tiiia Word, SO venerable for its an- tiquity and gencrnl use, luis fallf^n into disrepute.] 1. A kiss ; a .salute with the lips. 2. [l^.buLt; G.biise; Russ. iitsa.] A small vessel, from dO to 70 tuns burdt:n, carrying two masts, and two sheds, or cabina, one at each end ; used in the herring fishery. Encye. Mar. Diet. BUSS, V. t. To kiss ; to salute with the lips. SJiak. BUST, n. [It. and Sp. histo ; Fr. buste; L. bustum,] 1. I u sculpture, the fipure of u person in relief, allow- ing only the head, slHUilders, and stomach; ordina- rily placed on a pedestal or console. Iti speaking of ail anti(|ue, we say tiie head is marl)te, and the bust porpliyry, or bronze; that is, the shoulders and stoni:uli. 3. The chest or thorax ; the trunk of the human bodv. Encyc. BUST'ARD. n. [bus and tarda; It. otarda; Ei. oulardi: Ancient Celtic, tarda. Plin. 10, 22.] The Otis tarda, a species of bird of the Grallic order, growing to the weigiit of 2j or 27 iwunds, with a breadtli of wing of six or seven feel. It in- habits En gland, and the tempurate regions of Europe, and of iKirts of A-*ia and Africa, feeding on green corn and other vegehibltjs, and on earth-worms. It runs fast and Uikes fii^lit with difiicutty. Encyc. BUS'TLE, (bus'l,) ». L [Tliis word may be allied to busit, or to L. festino.] 'to stir quick ; to he very active ; to be very quick in motion, utlun ux usually with the sense of noise or agiL'Ltiuu. And leuve the worloty; Sw. byte, booty ; biiUi^Ut exchange ; Dau. bytte^ booty, a parting, division', distribution ; byttej to part, ilivrde, exclianee, barter ; Sp. bolin ; It. botUuo ; Fr. bittiii, booty. The primary sense of booty is to rove or wan- der, to part or separate from ; applied to persons, it is towandtr; applied to things, it may inchide strip- ping. Butf then, i« a contraction of buUiitf and pri- marily a participle.] 1. Except ; besides ; unless. Wbo coil it be, but peijured Ljegu t StmOi, That is, removed, separated, excci»ted. Lycon be- ing separated, or excepted, wbo can it be } AnH, bm iiifirmil^, Which waits uoon aroni tiinM, bath ■untetltiiig aciied His wtslKti liUliiy, lie h>ul hlinarU The luiuls ttod waiera measureU. S!"ik. That is, except, unless, separate this fact, that in- firmity had seized his ability, he bad n>ea»ured the lands and waters. In this use, A«l, butan^ is a participle, equivalent to exeeptmgt and may be referred to the person speak- ing, or, mt»re naturally, it is equivalent to execpttd, and with tlie following words, or clause, forming the ca^e absolute. Who can it be, Lycor bcinff exwptrd ? Aiui, kit nif nutjle Mr>or a Uue i>l' aiiiid, It were etwugh to put him to ill Utiiikinr. Skak. It QUI not be but Stttin hath Kitae dir<-ctor, of infiiiiie nuwrr, (o gxade ber iu ail her w»n. Hooker. ThcK m no qontion bM the kin^ of Spkiit will refunn hum of the ftbuMi. AiidiMon, It b not InipoMifaje but 1 nui7 altrr the complcxiou of iirtnidal)le man, bat to his enemies ; that is, excirpt. There is not but one man present ; that is, there is not rzerpt or br^irles one pres- ent. So, also, " Our light affliction is but for a mo- ment." 2 Cor. iv. Our aftliction is itflf, exerjit for a moment. 11 they kill ub, we ehMI btU d^. — 9 King* vil. The common people in America retain the origin- al and correct phrase, usually employini? a ni'-rttive. They do not say, 1 have but one. On the other hand, th'-y say, I have not but one ; that is, I havir not ex- cept one ; exce|rt one, and I have none. This word buty for butan^ is not a conjunction, nor has it the least affinity to that part of speech. BT/ T, eonj. [Sax. botf, reparation, sntisfartion, com- penpntiun ; and adverbially, moreover, further, that is, something added to make good, to supply that which is wanted, from bctan^ to make betifr^ or more, to amend, tliat is, to advance^ ; D. bortei Sw. bate; Dan. baadc: W. buz, advantaf^^. So, in Rer. aber, but, is the Eng. prer. In some of these lan- giiages, it denotes a fine or penance, tJmt which makes satisfaction. In Danish, profit ; bande^ to gain or profit ; W. buiiaw t Goth, botmn, id. ; G. buMt, biiMte*. VVe use this word as a noun, in the phrase. He give^ a guinea to boot, that is, to make grxtd, to satisfy, or by way of addition; and as a verb, in the phrase. What boatji it.' what gain or pnifit is it? It is radically the same word as bet m better: and the radical sense is, to advance.) .More ; further ; noting an addition to supply what is wanting to elucidate or modify the sense of the preceding part of a sentence, or of a discourse, or to continue the discourse, or to exhibit a contrast. Now dhwlir Iijth, hupi", charity, tb'^e Uiree ; but the greatest of thCK m charity , — I Cor, xiii. WIko prid«T coni'tli, then cumeth abftiTM ; but with lite lowly it wiadoiTi. .— Pro*, si. 0«rr waiiu nre nraiiv und pii'-tfoiw, but qaii* of unolVr kind. The huiB-- of rc!irf9cijt,iii»r» w^rc well «(fToe«l ui paMiiig the bill ; but Che S'-naUr iliaw-iiMl. This word is, in fact, a noun, equivab-nttn addition or supply ; but, in grammatical cnnstniction, no in- conv»"nience results from considering It lu be a con- nective. BUT, n. [Fr. bout, end, extremity, and but, end, aim, design ; Arm. but or baut. It is sometimes written bvtt, psp^riaily when applied to the end of a plank. It coincides, in fk-n««; and elt-menli, with L. peto, Sp. botf, a ihniHt, botar, to ciL«t, It. biitta, bntio, bottare, Fr. bnttr, bunder, Eng. pimt, and many other words. 1. All end ; a limit ; a bound. It Is used particu- larly for the lareer end of a thing, as of a piece of timbvr, or of a fallen tree ; that which grows nearest the earth. It is not nfl'-n applied to the bound or lim- it of land ; yet butted^ for bounded, is often used. HUT •2. TIr; •nd "f \\ pl.-inkj in a t^liipV side or lM.tlc.!n, which unittri witli another ; generally written i^ui r. 3. A mark or object of ridicule. 4. 'I'he fiM)t or end nf a play. BUT, V. i. To be bounded by ; to lie contiguous to; a word ujtrd in .America. [See Ahut.] BL'T'-END, H, [but !U\d cad.] The largest or blunt end of a thing ; as, tlie butr^ml of a musket, or of a piece of timber. This word is tautological^ but and end signifying the same thing; unless but 19 consid- ered as equivalent to swelling, protuberant. BJJTCH'Eit, n. [Fr. boudicr; Arm. boozer, a butcher; Fr. boucherie. ; It. beccheridy butchery, shambles. The primary sense probably is to stick or stab, as the Fr. boadirr signifies to stop, tliat U, to set, to thrust.] 1. One who slauglitt-rs animnls fur miukt-t ; or one whose occupation is to kill animal?! fur the table. The word may, and often does, include tlic person who cuts up and sells meat. 2. One who kills men, or commands troops to kill them ; one who sheds, or causes to be sht;d, human blood in abundance ; applied to princes and conquerors who delight in tcar^ or are remarkable fur destroying hu- vian life. Locke. BJJTCH'ER, I'. (. To kill or slaughter animals for food, or for market 2. To murder; but emphatically applied to murder committed witli unusual cruelty, or circumstances of uucoininon barbarity. BUTCH'ER-BIRD, jt. The shrike ; a name common to dilferent species of birds, of the genus Lanius. One spt^cies of this genus is called king-bird^ from its courage in attJicking hawks and crows. Kncyc, The king-bird is now arranged under the genus Muscic^pa, (M. ti/rannus.) Ed. Encijc. BUTCU'ER-tl), pp. or a. Killed ; slaughtered. BtjTCH'ER-LXC pftr. Slaughtering. ByTCH'ER-LI-.NES^i, n. A cruel, savage, butcherly mrinner. Johnsfm. BJJTCH'ER-LV, a. [frtim butcher.] Cruel; savage; murdenius ; griHsly and chiiusily barbarous. Shak, BJJTCH'EK'S-r.ROOM, m. A plant, the Uuscus acu- K-alU:-:, called al.^u kif-e-hoUy. It is used by butcliers for brooni-f to sweep their blo<;ks. Kacijc. ni;T('M'ER-RO\V, «. A row of shambles. JVkithck. BUTCU'EIl-Y, n. The business of slaughtering cattle for the tablj or for markt^U Pope. 2. .Murder, especially murder committed with unu- sual barbarity ; great slaughter. Siiak. Drydeiu 3. The pl.ijct: where animals arc killed for market; a shainbk'S, or slaughter-liouse ; also, a place where b1rtcd into England by foreigners or nit-rchant strangers, [t was a comi>osition I'lr the privileges yranf-d In tliein by King John and Edward I., and originally rereivijj by the crown; but it has bf-en granted to certain ntibli-men. It was called Au(- Icraff; because originally jKiid to the king's butler for the king. BlackAtone. Encyc. Bi:T'LK;l-SniP, n. The office of a butler. Oc/lx1.21. BUT'ME.N'T, n. [Old Fr. uboutement^ from bout, but, end.] 1. A buttress of an arch ; the supporter, or that part wliich joins it to the upriirht pier. Encyc. 2. The mass of stot, probablyfas but, bouti L. petv.] To tlirust the head forward ; to strike by thrusting the head aguin^^t, as an ox or a ntni. H'otton. Dryden, BUT'TEU, pp. Struck witli the head. 3. a. Having abuttals ; as, tlte land is butted and bounded as follows. BUT'TER, ». [Sax. baler, butera; D. boter; Ger. but- ter i D. butyrumi Gt. iJovTVuiiv.] An oily substance obtained from cream or milk by churning. AgitJition separates the fat or oily part of milk from the serous and curdy part, called batter- milk. Butter ; in Vte old chemistry, a name given to some of the chiorids, fioin their soft, butyraceous consistence, when recently prep:ired ; as, Butter if antimony ; now called the sesquichlorid of antimony, and obtained by distilling a mixture of cor- rosive sublimate and antimony. Batter of arsenic ,* the sesquichlorid of arsenic, ob- tained by a like process. Butter of bismuth ; llie chlorid of bismuth. Butter of tin ; sublimated muriate of tin. Butter of zinc; the clllorid of zinc. Butter ; in veffeUible eliemistry, a name given to cer- tain concrete fat oils, which remain solid, or of a but- yraceoufl consiatence, at the ordinary temperature, as those of the cocoa-nut and the cacao. Butter of ciuao : an oily, concrete, white matter, ob- tained from the cacao-nut, by bruismg the nut and boiling it in water, or by heat and expression. JSi'iH, Tlumison, BUT'TER, r. f. To smear with butter. 2. To increase the stakes at every throw or every game ; a cant term amonsr ^aine.-ecies of Tussilago, or colt's-ftKPt, T. Petasitis^) growing in wet land, with very large leaves. Earn, of Plants. Encyc. BUT'TER-€(?P, i H. A name given to a species of BUT'TER-€UPS, ( Ranunculus or crow-foot, witli bright yellow nowers ; called jilso golden-cup and king's-cup ; llie cuckoo-budd of Shakspeare. Fnni. qf Plants. Lee. BUT'TER-FLOVV-ER, n. A yellow Hower; the but- tercup. Oay. BUT'TER-FL?, n. [So named from the color of a yellow species. Sax. buter-Jiege or buitcr-jleoge. See Kv.] A name common to the different species of lepidop- terous insects, of llie genus Papilio, (Linn. ;) projHjrly, in the third and last stage of their existence. They liave four wings imbricated with a kind of downy scales ; the touguti is convoluted in a spinU form ; and the body is hairy. The siHJcics are numerous. They are now considered as forming a group, subdivided into trilMJs, families, and genera. ButterHies proceed from the chrysalides of caterpillars ; caterpillars pro- ceed from eggs deftosited by butterdies; tlicy then change into chrysalides, which produce buttertlios, which again deposit their eggs. BUT'TER-FLS'-SHELI., n. The popular name of a genus of Testaceous .Mollusca, with a spiral unilocu- lar sliell, callt^d Foluta, Enrye. BUT'TER-IS, n. An instrument of steel set in wood, for paring the hoof of a horse. Earrier^i Diet. BUT'TEU-.Mll.K, w. TIip milk that remains after the butter is separatt^i from it. Johnstui calls this wheyt but wliey is the thin part of the milk after the curd or cheese is seictrated. Buttermilk, in Ajnerica, is not called fchey. BUT'TER-NUT, n. [butter and nut.] 1, The fruit of an American tree, the Juglans cine- rea, so called frtun the oil it contains. The tree bears a resemblance, in its general appeanmce, to the black walnut, oo called. It is sometimes called oilnut and white walnuL 'I'he tree is called also but- ternut or butternut-tree. Dr. M. Cutler calls it JugUuu caOuirtica. It is the Juglans cinerca of otiiers. Belknap, 2. The nut of the Caryocar nucifenim, a native of South Amr-rica, called also the Savuari, (vulgarly Suwarrow) nut. BUT'TEIl-FRIXT, ) n. A piece of carved wood, used HUT'TER-STAMl', ( to mark cakes <.f butler. BUT'TKK-TOf)'rU,H. A broad fort; tooth. John.son. BUT'TKR-W'IFF, ) n. A woman who sells but- BUT'TKR-\VOM^\N, \ ter. Johnson. BUT''I'ER-\\'ORT, V. A species of Pinguicula, (/*. vulgaris,) a j)Ianl growing on bctgs or soft grounds. The leaves are covered with soft, p(;llucul prickliis, wlik-h secrete a glutinous liquor; and milk, which has been strained through it, acquires, in a iV.\y or two, consistency, and is an agreeable food, used in the north of Sweden. Ennfc, * BUT'TER-Y, a. [from butter.] Having the qualities or apjicarance of butter. Ilaraey. BUT''l ER-Y, Tt. An apartment in a house where but- ter, milk, provisions, and utensils are kept. In anrne colleges, a room where liquors, fruit, and refrchhiuents are kept for sale to the students, BUT'TI.NG, ppr. Striking with the head. TONE, BULL, tJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C10U3 — € as K ; as J ; « as Z ; CH as SU ; ^'H as in THIS. =^^ ^.^ ' for BUY BLT'TOCK, M. The ruiitp, or the protuberant part bvhmd. a. Tbe convexity of a ship behind, unilerthe litern. Mar. Diet, Bl'T'TON, (biil'n,) n. [Fr. boutoHy a button, a bud j W. buUuH, (tr tutttciH: Cian. buUum : lu buUone ; Sp. frvtAM, a button or bud ; fnun the root of bud^ that is, a pu^h or protuberance. See Butt.] 1. A knubi a small ball; a ailch, used to fasten together the diflerent parts of dress, made of ntetal, eiiky niuhair, wood, iiC. 2. Anv knob or ball fastened to another body ; a small pmtuberant bodv. Bogie, Popt. 3. A bud ; a gem ot a planL Skak. 4. The button of the rt-ins of a bridle, is a ring of leatht^T, with the nins passed tiirough, which runs alone the iLiifjth of the reins, Eneyc 5. A tlat piece of wikhI, turning on a nail or screw, to faMen diK>r^ 6. A small, round mas^ of metal, found at the bot- tom of a crucible, in cht^-mical experiment:, or which fumams on the cupt-1, in the proces5 of assaying. JV(Mt>/50N. Brande. 7. The sea-urrhin, an animal which has prickles instead of feet. Atnsiearth. BUT'TOX, (but n,) r. L To fasten with a button or buttons ; to inclose or make secure with buttons ; often followed with up ; as, to button up a waistcoat. 2. To dress or cloth'^ [JVot used.] BUT'TON-Bi;^n, n. The p..pu!ar name of the Ceph- alanthus occidentalis. BUT''J'0\-£D, pp. Fastened with a button. Bt'T'T0N-H6LE, ». The hole or loop in which a button id caught. BUT'TON-IN<;, ppr. Foslenmg with a button. BUT'TOX-MAK-ER, ». One whose occupation u to make buttons. BUT'TOX-STOXE, n. A species of figured stone, or bard flint, resembling a button, consisting of two bodies which appear to be the tilling up of holes in a ghell. A species has been f«.wnd finely striated, like a mohair button. I'his name is given also to a ifpe- cies of slate found in the marquisate of Bareith. Enrvc BUT'TON'-TREE, a. The Conocarpua, a g^uus of plants, natives of the West Indie&, FAm.tfPUmtM. Emeye, BUT'TOX-WEED, «. The popular name of a genus of plants, the Spermacoce. Fom. of Plants, BUT r OX- WOOD, M. The Platanus occidcnuUis, Western plane-tree, a large tree, growing in Xorth America, producing rough balls, from which it is named. Tbe wood is hard, and used for windlasses, wbeehLand blocks. Belknap. jUmw. i BITT'TRESS, n. [This wotd appears to be comprised f^ bmt, end, and triu.', or soom wonlof that family.] 1. A prop ; a wall or abutment, built archwise, serving to support another wall on the outside, when Tery high, or luided with a heavy supen»tructiir& Kneye. *2. .Anv prop or support SoutM. BUT'TRtSS, r. (. To support bv a buUress ; to ptopt BL'T'TRE5S-i.T>, (but'trest,) pp. or o. SuppMted with a buttress. fVtird. BUTTS, B. p/. [from butu] A jrface where archers meet to shoot at a mark. Also, short pieces of land in arable ridges and furrows. Emcvc Butts and bcunds are the abuttals and boundaries of land. NoUmtay. BUT'WIXK, n. A bird. Johnson. BUT-Y-RA'CEOUS, ( a. [from btttvrum, butter.] BUT'Y-Ht)L*S, \ Having the qualities of but- ter : resembling butter. Encvc. J^'icholson. Flvyer. BU-TVR'I€, a. Butyric aeid is an acid found in but- ter; an oily, limpid fluid, having the snu'll of nincid butter, and an acrid taste, with a sweetish after -ta&te, like that of ettier. BO'TYR-IXE, w. A peculiar oily matter, existing in butter, associated with (4eine and stereine. BCX'E^OUS, a. Belonging to the bos-tree. BL*X'(-NA, j n. An alkaloid obtained from the Btuus BUX'IXE, 1 semperTirens, or common box, BUX'OM, a. [Sax. bocjtim^ from bog^ a bow, 6u^an,to bend, and sv/n, some.] 1. Obedient ; obsequious, ready to obey. [Obs.] Mdton. 2. Gay; lively; brisk. Mdton. 3. Wanton ; jollv. ' Dryden. BUX'OM-LY, flrfr. Obediently. \_Obs.\ 2. Wantonly ; amorously Johnjttm. BUX'OM-XESS, n. Meekness; obedience. [Obs.] 2. Briskness ; amomusnt^s. [Chaucrr. BUY, (b?,) p. t. : pret. and pp. Boi'ght, (bawL) [Sax. bigan, or byegan^ ^'/o" -' Goth, bugyan^ to buy.] 1. To acquire the property, right, or title, to any thing, by paying a consideration or an equivalent in money. It difT^rs from iarto- only in this — that In barter, the consideration or equivalent is some spe- cies of commodity ; in purchase^ the consideration is money paid or promised. To purchase ; to acquire by paying a price to the satisfaction of the seller ; oi>- posed to seU. 2. To procure by a consideration given, or by something that is deemed worth the thing bought; BY to procure at a price ; ns, to buy pleasure with praise ; to buy favor with flattery. Denhatn. 3. To bribe ; to ctirrupt or pervert the judgment, by iwiying a consideration. To bug off: to influence to compliance ; to cause to bend or yield by s<^nie considrraiion ; as, to fruy ojf conscience ; to dt-Uich by a considenition given ; as, to bug off one from a |iarty. To bug out ; to buy off, or detach from. Shak. a. 'I'o purchase the shore or shares of a persim in a stock, fund, or |>arinership, by which the seller is sejianitt'd from the comp;uiy, and the purchaser takes his place ; as, A buys out B. To purchase stock in any fund or partnership, is to buy in. To bug OH credit^ is to purchase a thing, on a prnm- iKe in fact or in law, u> make payment at a future day. 7*1' buy the rr/ivi-il, is to give money for the right of purchasing, at a fixed price, at a future Ihne. Tu bug the small-poz^ in South ^Vales, is to receive it by iiKKulation, Ennjc. In iiopular language, to buy is to pay dear for, us in Chaucer. BUY, r. i. To negotiate, or treat about a purchase. I will hug with 7UU a.nd ».-ll wiib yoa. Stuik. BtTT'ER, ». One who buys ; a purchaser. WoUviu BUY'IXG, (by'iiig,) ;»y/r. Purcha^iuig. u ^ ^ BUZZ, e. i. [It. fru::trar«,to whisper; Tcrs. • «X>*yJ bazidan^ to blow, as wind.] " 1. To make a tow, humming sound, as bees; to make the sound of i, with an expimtioii of breath be- tween the tongue and the roof of tlie moutli or upjwr leelh. 2. To whisper; to speak with a low, humming voice ; to make a low, humming sound. Shak. Hagieard. BUZZ, r. t To whisper; to spread, as n-port, by whispers, or to spread secretly. Benticy. BUZZ, n. The noise of bees; also, a whisper. South. Bacon. BUZZ'ARD, n. [D. buuwrd; G. friusoar, busshardf It. u -. boizapa i Ft. buze, busty or busard ; Pers, 'Aj ftaui, a hawk.] 1. A species of Falco, or hawk, the Falco butfo; a rapacious, but sluggish bird ; the breast usually of a yellowish white ; the upper parts of a deep brown. In some parts of America, according to Pennant, it is called the greet hcn-haickf from its feeding on poultrii'. Pennant Kncgc, The' bird rfem'd to by Pennant is the Falco brUeei- 4eay or short-winged buzzard. Alofs. Rep. 2. A blockhead ; a dunce. Johnson, BITZZ'ARO, a. Senseless ; stupid. Milton, BLZZ'ARU-ET, n. A species of Falco, or hawk, re- s/'inbling the buz/.ard in most resiM;ct.s ; but its legs are, in pro(se ; a.d. Ho, in the phrase **to pass or gt) fry," there is a noun understood. By and by, is a phrase denoting nearness in timej in a short lime after; presently ; soon. Wnifn pcrseciilioii urisflh, bocuiuc of tliC wonl, hy and hy, he la oIVi'iitLeil. — MiiU. xiii. By the by, signifies, as we proceed or pass, [Fr. en passant,] noting something interposed in the progress of a discourse which is distinct from the main sub- ject. The old plirose, " on the ii/," on the passage, is now obsolete. To Mand by, is to stand near, or to support. By, in luHaby, and in the nursery, a word used in lulling infants to sleep, is evidently allied to words found in many languages, signifying to rest, or be quiet, or to appease ; that is, to press, to slop, as the Gr. r(iii(t>, L. paeo. It is used in Russia, as with us — bayu bat. This, probably, is the same word as the foregoing. By, or bye., in by-law, [Sax. bilage,'] is probably the Sw. by, Dan. bye, a village, town, borough, or city, from tiw.byjrgia, Dun. htjgger,G. baurn, 11. buuiPfn, lo build. Sax. fryan, to inhabit; tliat is, a town-luw, a municipal law in the common phrase good-by, by signifies pass- >n^i ^oing. The phrase signifies, a good going, a prosperous passage, and it is precisely equivalent to farewell, [Sax. faran, to go, go icell,] may you have a pood going, equivalent to good speed in Ihe phrase "to bid one good sjteed." [Not Oud speed, as is generally read and understood.] By is used in many compound words, in most of which we observe the sense of nearness, closeness, or a withdrawing or seclusion. B^^'ARD, n. A piexe of leather crossing the breast, used by the men who drag sledges in coal mines. Brande. B^'-BL5W, n. A side or incidental blow. BY'-BUST-XESS, (-biz'ness,)?!. Business aside of the common mode. B5'-eOF'FEE-IIOUSE, n. A coffee-house in an ob- scure place. Addiaon, BY'-tOX-CERN'MEXT, n. An affair distinct from the main business. l>ryden, BY'-eORN-ER, n. A private comer. BY-DE-PEXD'ENCE, h. An appendage ; that which dei»ends on something else, or is distinct from the main dependence. Shak. BY'-DE-SIGN', (-de-sln'j) n. An incidental design or purpose. Hudibras. BY'-DRIXK-IXG, n. A private drinking. BY'-EXi), n. Private end ; secret purpose or advan- tage. L* Estrange. BY'-GONE, (-gawn,) a. Past; pone by. LH by-gones be by-gones, let the past be forgotten. [ScoClish.] Orew. B?'-IX'TER-EST,n. Self-interest; private ndv:.nlage. jiltcrburu. BV'-I-.aXE, TU A private lane, or one out of the usual roaYl. BT'-LAW, n. [Dan. by, a town.] A town-law ; the law of a citv, town, or private corporation. Bacon. BV'-MAT-TER, n. Something incidental. Baet>n, BV'-Xa.ME, n. Nickname ; incidental appellation. Caimlni. BT'-XAME, v. t. To give a nickname to. Camden. B V-PAS'SAGE, n. A passage by the by or way ; or a by-way. BY'-PAST, a- Past ; gone by. [ScoU dialect] Chryve. BT'-PATH, n. A private path ; an obscure way. SJuilc. BV-PL.aY, n. On the stage, a scene which is carried on aside, and commonly in dumb show, wliile the main action proceeds, with a view, ordinafity, to en- hance the sport- BV-PCR'POSE, n. An indirect or concealed purpose or desicn. Bt'-RE-SPE€T', n. Private end or view. Bacon. Ph-yden. FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T.— METE, PRfiV. -PINE, M/VRtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, BQQK.- CAB CAB nT'-K(")An, n. A private or obscure road. Sunrt. B?'-R, which occurs be- fore «, i, and J. The fonncr is distinguished in this vocabulary by C, which may be cidled *<•. In Rusk., C is precisely the English s, as it wa» in the old Greek alphabcL C before * is mute ■, as in brick, nek. €\-J'nA, n. A square stone in the temple at Mecca, regarded with adoration by Mohammedans, as pre- sented by an angel Ui Abraham. The entire temple is sometimes called by this name. BnMle. CAB, 1. A covered carriage with two or four wheels, drawn by one horse. CAB, n. [Ileb. Ch. 3P tab.] „..,,„,. An OnenuU dry measure, being the sixth part of a acah or satum, and the eighteenth of an ephah, con- taining two pints and five sixths English and Araer lean com measure. . eA-B\L' n. [Fr. eabair, a club, society, or combina- tion ; It. cni'I\G, p}^. Yielding ; giving up. Ck'ORAt, B. A species of citrun-tree. Pailas. Tooka. f 'f:'I)IiI\E, (sC'drin,) a. Ilelunging to redar. Cr.'DKY, a. Having iJie color or properties of cedar. (^'KD'TLE, n. A scroll ; a writing. Cotgrave.. rKICr.^-OlJH, a. Fit to be ft-lled. Krelyiu C£iL, r. (. rsp. cif/o, heaven, a roof or ceiling; It. eielo ; Fr. del, heaven, a canopy, a tester ; L. eaiurn. Uu. Gr. HQiAoi. This word indicates iu original up- piicition to vaulted buildings, witlioul divisions Into Btorios ; such as many of the public edifices in Eu- rope, but which are rarely seen in America.] To overlay or cover the inner roof of abuildiDg; or lo cover the top or roof of a room. Aod the gmucr houae h« etiled with fir^tTne, — 2 Chroti. til. CClL'^D, (seeld,) pp. or a. Ovcrliud with timber, or with plaiitertng. « CEL CeIL'ING, ppr. Covering the top of a rotun or build- inir. CiclL'IXG, n. The upper horizontal or curved sur- face of an apartment, opposite the door. It may be of boards, or of lath and pl.iHteriug. Hence ccUin^ ia usctl for the upper part of a room. 9. In ship-buitdiHir, the inside jtlanks of a ship. CeIL'ING-A'D, a. Furnished with a ceiling. tVordsioprth. CEL'AN-DINE, it. [I>. celnlonie: It. ctlidonia: L. chc- lidaitiai Gr. xtyu'-.-vn", from xiXtf'Mv, a swallow.] A plant, swallow-wort, Imnu'd or prickly poppy, growing on uld walls, among rubbish, and in waste places. The lesser celandine is cjilh'd pile^ourt, a 3i>e- cies of RanuncJilus. The name is al.^o given to the Hocconia, a plant of the West Indies, called the ffrciter tree-celaiulijie. The tme orthography would be Chelidine. Coze. Fam. if Plant*. CEL'A-TURE, n. [L. calatara, from Cu^lo, to engrave or emboss.] 1. The act or art of engraving or embossing. 2. Th;»t which is engraved. Hakt'wUl. CEL'E-BRANT, «. One who performs a public rt-tig- iuus rite ; applied particularly to the othciating priest in the Roman Catliolic cluirch. CEL'E-URATE, i*. ^ [Ir. ceileMbradh ; Fr. c^lebrer ; Sp. and Port, celebrar; It. celeb rare ; L. cdibro, from eeleber, famous. The Huss. has slatlyu. Q,u. the nxit of Gr. icAtid).] 1. To praise; to extol ; to commend ; to give praise to ; lo make famous ; as, tu celebrate the name of the Most High. Thi' grave c«iii)ot celebrate thw. — 1«. xxxviu. 2. To disiingitish by solemn ritea ; to keep holy. From PTi-n to enu 8h;JI ye (r/efcnK* joiir S.4l>U»lh. — Lev. xxiil. 3. To honor or distinguish by ceremonies and marks of joy and respect ; as, to celebrate the birth- day of Wa«iiingtace in a given time. Kncyc. CEL'E RY, n. [Fr.celeri; D.aeldery; G.selLcri; Gr. A plant, a species of Apium, cultivated for the table. CE-LES'TIAI,, (se-lest'yal,) a. [L. eaXestU, from «e- lu.m, ctttam, heaven.] 1. Heavenly ; belonging or relating to heaven ; dwelling in heaven ; as, celestial spirits ; celestial joys. Hence the word twtvcys the idea of superior excellence, delight, putKv, &.c. Drydcn* 2. Belonging to the upper regions, or visible heav- en ; as, celestial signs ; the celestial globe. CEL 3. Descending from heaven ; as, a suit of celestial armor. Pope. CE-LES'TIAL, n. An inhabitant of heaven. Pope. CE-LES'T1.\L.-I7,E, (se lest'yal-ize,) ». u To make celestial. CE-LES'TIAL-TZ-ED, pp. Made celestial. Qu. Rev. CE-LES'TIAL-LY, ado In a heavenly or transport- ing manner. CE-LES'TI-FI-ivD, pp. Made heavenlike, CE-LES'TI-FV, r. (. To communicate something of a hiavenlv nature to any thing. [J^ot used.'^ Brown. CK-LES"i'I-F?-L\U, ppr. Making heavenlike. CEL'ES-TIN, > B, In mineralogy, native sulphate of CEL'ES-TIXE, ] strontian, a mmeral so named from its occasional aelicate blue color. Ure. CEL'ES-TINS, n. pL A religitjus order,founded by Cel- eptin V. in the 13th century. They have ninety-six convents in italy, and twenty-one in France, 'i'hey rise two hours after midnight to say matins. They eat no flesh except when sick, and fast often. Their habit is a white gown, a capuche, and a black scap- ularv. Ejuyc Ce'I.(-AG, a. [L. caliaeus; Gr. Koi\tatcos, from KntXta, the belly.) Pertaiiung to the lower belly, or intestines. ..irbuOinoL CE-LID'A-CY or CELT-BA-CY, v. [L. ccelebs, an unmarried [Mirson ; ca/iAutu.?, a single life.] An unmarried state ; a single life. It is most fre- quently, if not always, applied to males, or to a vol- untary single life. They look oti celibtuy as on Kccuned slnlc. Spectator, CEL'I-BATE, n. A single life ; celibacy ; chiefly used when sjwaking of the single life of the Roman Cath- olic clergy. Encyc 2. A person who is unmarried. Hieh. Vict. CEL-II)-0G'R.\-PHY, n. A description of apptirent spnts on the disk of the sun, or on planets. CELL, H. [L.ceUa; Ir.ecaU; Sp. ccWa ; Port, and It. cclla ; D. keLlcr^ a cellar ; G, keller ; Sw. keUare ; Dan. kcUcr ; VV. cell. It Ikih the elements of the L. celo^ to conceal, and of the English hold.] 1. A small or close apartment, as in a prison, or a bath. 9, A cottage ; a cave ; a small or mean place of residence. Prior. 3. A small cavity or hollow place, variously ap- plied ; as, tlie cells of the brain ; the edU of a honey- comb, &LC. 4. In botany, a hollow place in a pericarp, particu- larly in a capsule, in which seeds are lodged. Ac- cording to the number of these cells, pericarps are called unilocular^ bilocular, tr'doealar, &.c. Martyn, 5. In anatomy, a little bag, or bladder, containing fluid or other matter ; as, the adipose cdls, containing fht. Encyc 6. A religious house. Chaucer. 7. In ancient architecture, the ccU, or cdla, was tho part of a temiile witiiin the walls. CEL'LAR, M. [Ij. crllariuiii. See Cell.] A room unutheru, a native of Africa and the south of Kunij^e ; the Oriental, growing in Annenia and Taurica ; and the Western, growing in Virginia. Knc^c. 7'i>*>*f, CEM'E\T,«. [L.c**«iM/mB; Fr-ctw*/; \Tm.eimant; Spk cMN«»t«, the groundwork of a building ; It. eiiMido, an essay or ex{>erinienL] L Any glutinous or other substance capable of uniting bodies in clow cohf-xion, as mortar, glue, solder, *«, In frui/JiJi,'', cemml denote* a stn.tiiger kind of moitor than that whidi xs ordinarily u^^-d. S. Bond of union ; thai which unites finuly, as penons in friendship, or men in society. 3. Powders or jiastes, surrounding bodied in pots and cruribU-s, for chemical {lurposes. This word is |Houounced u-ment' by Itrande and Bmart. CE ME.VT', ». (. To unite by the application of glutinous substances, by monnr which hardens, or other matter that produces Cidie^ion of bodies. 'i. To unite tiniily or clo«ely : a-H, to cemtni all parts of the communttv \ to temaU friendship. CE-ME\T', r. i. Vu unite or becume solid \ to unite and cohere. ^orp. CEM-EXT-ATION, «. The act of cemenUng j the act of uniting by a suitable suhslance. a. In ekgmutrfh a process which consists in sur- rounding a solid Widy with the powder of <4her suh- atances, and heatiag the whole to redness. Iron is tbiu converted into stocl, glass mto porcelain, &.c. CE-MENT'A-TO-RY, «. Cementing ; having the quality of uniting linnly. Encpe. CE-MES'T'EU, pp. or a. UniUMl by cement ; changed bv cem-'Ut ; dnulv united; consolidated. CE^.MEXT'ER, «. * The ^xr^MU or thing that cements. CE-MENT'I.\G, ppr. or a. Uniting by cement; dnnging by means of a cement ; uniting closely ; con>ulidaiing. CEM-EX-Tr"riOUS,(9em-cn-lish'U3,)«. Having the quality of cementing. ForsyOt. Uniting as cement j eoncttitiiiatitig ; tending to unite or consolidate. GEM E-TER-Y, h. [L. cttmeUriam; Gr. ^^tpomptoi't fmm «r.Kfi.it.>, to sleep.] A place where the dead bodies of human beings are buried. AddUon. CE.N'.\-TO-RY, a. [L. canaiorius^ from coriiu, supper, eirao, to sup.] Pertaining or relating to supper. Brmen. CEX'0-BITE,n. [GT.K>0iarfiit& conmiunity, frtMn ffiiv-of, common, and ^jn(, life, fitmo, to live.] One of a religious order, who live in a convent, or ^k community ; in opposition to an anchoret, or hermit, who lives in solitude. Kneyc. CEX-0-BIT'I€, j a. Living in corarannity, as CEN-O-BIT'IG-AL, ( men belonging to a convent. C£'NO-BY, a. A place where persons live in com- munity. Buck. CEN'0-T.\PH, (sen'o-taf,) a. [Gr. Ket-yrJ^io*-, from Kffot, empty, and ra^o^^ a tomb.] An empty tomb erected in ht»nor of some deceased person ; a monument erected to one who is buried elsewhere. Johnson. Encyc. CEXisE, (sens,) a. [L. census, a valuation, a register- ing, a tax ; censMj to enroll, to tax. Uu. Ch. c:p, to impose a fine.] 1. A public rate or tax. Bacon. 2. Condition ; rank. [ObsJ] B. Joiu/on. CENSE, r. t. [Ft. member. See Ixcexse.] To perfume with odurs from burning substances. J^ryden. CEXS'ER, «. [Fr. eneeiiMoir; Sp. inceitsano; IL w- ecHsierf. See Ixcesse.] A vase or pan in which incense is burned. Among tAe Jews, a kind of ch.itiiig-dish, covered by a dome, and su.^pended by a chain, used to offer perfumes in sacrifices. Encyc. CEXS'IXG, ppr. Perfuming with odtirs. CEX'SIOX, (sen'shun,) n. [L. ccn^o. See Cexse.] A rate, tax, or assor. 8ee Cense.] 1. An officer in ancient Rome, whose business was to register the effects of the citizens, to impose taxes according to the proi>erly which each man posses.sed, and to in^ipeci the manners of the citizens, with power to censure vice and immorality by inflicting a public mark of ignominy on the offender. CEN 3. One who is empowered to examine all nianu- scripts and hooks, lK>f«re tliey are committed to the pn-ss, and to sec ttmt U)ey contain nothing heretical or iliinioral. Encyc. :i. One who is given to censure. Drydai. CEX-SO'llI-AL, \ a. Uehmging to a censor, or to the CllX-f'O'Kl-AX, i corrcciitHi of public morals ; as, ccn^oritil p<^>wer. i Ftill of censure. [More pnip«*rly CESsonious.] CEX-SO'RI-t>US, a. Adilict'-d to censure ; apt to hlim* or omdi'mn ; severu in making remarks on otli.r.^, or on their writings or manners ; ol^n im- pl> ini^' ill-nnture, ilttberallty, or unctioritubleness j as, a crH.foriotui critic '2. Implying or expressing censure ^ as, censorioiLs re mark «. CKN-S0'RUOUS-I,Y, aJp. In a censmrious manner. CEX-;?0'RI-OU3-.NESS, n. Uis[xtsition to blame and condeiun ; the habit of cenfunng or reiiroaching. 9. 1'he qtiidity of being censurious, [Taylor. CEN'.SOR-LIKE, a. Censorious. CKX'.'^i Ht Sllir, «. 'i'he ollice or dignity of a censor; tli>- iMiie during which a censor liulds tits otiice. CEX'-SU-AI^, (sett'i^hu-iil,) o, [L. crtLtnulis.] R<-latiiig to, ur cuniittuing a census; liable to be rated. H'hitakfr. Encyc CEX'8t;R-A-BLK, a. [See CsNii he.] Worthy of ceuiiure ; Ltatiinble ; culpable ; reprehensible ; f^iulty ; tf^j a c^ii-^'Hruhlf p;Tiion, or cciuarabU conduct. CEX'Sl;R-A-BLE-XESS, h. Blaumbleness ; fitness to be censured. HTutJuck. CEN-SI'R-A-BhV,nJp. In a manner wurtliv of bl.une. CEX'SURE, (sen'shur,) n. [L. cmsura ; Fr. ccttsure ; Sp. Port, ami lU censura ,* fn>m L. cc}isro^ cen^or.l 1. An estimate or judgment witliout implying dis- appntb ition. [ Ohs.'\ Bamci. -X. The act ol' bhuning or llndiug fiiilt and citn- di inning as wrong ; applicabk* in the inoriU conduct, or to i4»" works of men. \Vh -n applied to person-, it is nearly equivalent to blame, rcpriKtf, repn-Ji-n- sion, reprimand. It is an cxpretuiun of disappntba- tiun, which oflen implies repro^>f. 3. Judicial s/ntence ; judgment that condemns. An ecclesiastical censure is n tientence of condeuiiiation, or penalty inflicted on a member of a church fur mal- conduct, by which he is deprived uf the communion of the church, or prohibited from executing the sacerdotal office. Encyc CEX'SURE, (sen'shur,) p. C [Fr. censMrcr; Sp. ccji- furar.] To find fault with and condemn as wrong ; to blame; to express disapprobation of ; as, to caigure a man, or his manners, or his writings. We Uufh &t Taoity ofVner than we centure prid'* Burkmintter, 3, To condemn by a judicial sentence, as in eccle- siastical affairs. :t. To estimate. [JVot in use.] Shak. CEX'Sl'HE, c. i. To judge, [JSTot inu-te.] CEX'.SIJH-A'D, (sen'shurd,) pp. Blamed; reproved; cttndeiiiued. CEX'r^UR-IXG, pjw. Blaming; finding fault with. CEX'SIJR-EXG, rt. A blaming ; reproach. CEX'SUS, n. [L. from eenseo. See CtNiE.^ 1. In ancirmt Rome, an authentic declaration made before the censors, by the citiz-ens, of their names and places of abode. This declaration was regis- tered, and contained an enumeration of all their lands and estjiiea, their quantity and quality, with the wives, children, domefi-tics, tenants, and slaves, of each citizen. Hence the word signifies this enu- meration or register, a man's wliole substance, and the tax imposed according to each man's property. 2. In the United States of America^ an enumeration of the inhabitants of all the States, taken by order of the congresn, to furnish the rule of apjwrtioning the rt-presentation among the Slates, and the number of representatives to which each State is entitled in the congress; also, an enumeration of the inhab- it:ints of a State, taken by order of its legislature. CENT, n. [Ft. cent i Sp. cicnfo; Port, ccn/o ; lU cento; from L. centum, formed on the Celtic, W. can!. Arm. cant. Corn. tan:. The Welsh cnnt signifies a circle, ho-^p, wheel, or rim, a wnttled fence round a yard or curn-fliKir, hence a complete circle, a hundred. It is probable that the Teutonic and Gothic Au;ui, in hun- dretlj is the same word. Ar. tSX^ havdon^ a hun- dr:;d, and the same root gives India^ Hindu. See Hl'noreu.] 1. A hundred. In commerce, per cmL denotes a certain rate by the hundred ; as ten per cent, is ten in th.e hundred, whether profit or loss. This rate is called prrcentaffe. 9. hi the United States cf America, a copper coin who«e value is the hundredtli part of a dtdlar. CEXT'-A<*;E, n. Rate by the cent or hundred. CEX'TAUR, iu [L. Crtiiduru*; Gr. Ktfravpos. Q.U. KUT'i.i, to spur, and r.iii/^oj, a bull.] 1. In mtfiA^'/f'^v, a fabulous being, supposed to be half man and half horse. It has been suppiwed that thi!i> fancied monster originated among the Lapittis, CEN a tribe in Thessaly, who first invented the art of breaking liorHos. Hut the origin of Uie fable and of the naiui; is doubtful. ij. .\ conHteilation of the southern hemisphere. Encyc CEX'TAUR T/.R, V. i. To perform the acts of, or to be tike, a centaur ; to be a man, and act like a brute. Young. CEX'TAUR-UKE, a. Having the appearanr^e - hundred years. CEN'TER, ) », [Gr. kivtouv, a [Kiint, gnad, or spur, CEX''TRK, \ from •^cvT'to, to prick; h. centrum; Fr. centre; Sp. ceittro ; Port, and It. u/.j 1. A point equally di»;lant from the extremities of a line, figure, or body ; the middle point or place of any thing. 'i. Th.! middle or central object. In an artny, the body of tnmps occupying the place in the line be- tween the wmgs. In a fleet, the division between tlie van and rear of llie line of battle, and between tlie Weather division and lee, In the ordirof sailing. 3. A sinjile body or house. [Mar. Diet, Th'-S'- iviMiintii'ii* colli'Cli-il all aulhont)' into one center, kin^, ni'U'k, ^iisition. CE\'TRie-AL XESS, n. Situation in the center. CE.V-TiUFTi-OAL, a. [L. ceniraia and famo, to flee.] 1. Tending to recede from the ceniiT. Th»» eentrif- ujfol furcr of a body is that force by which all bodie:^, movin;; round anoihcr body in a cur\*e, lend to fly olf from the a.tis of their motion, in a tangent, to the peripht;ry of the curve. Kncijc. 2. In butanif, expandini; dtst at the summit, and later :it th'j ba^'e, a^ a flower. Limliry. CE.\-TRIP'E-TAL,a. [L. centrum and jieto, to move toward.] 1. Tending toward the center. Ceiitrijirtal forcr^ in th;tt force which draws or nnpelj a body toward some ptiinl as a center; as in ca.-*e of a planet ro- vutving round the sun, the renter of the 5y.-*t.'m. •3. In botany, expanding lir.it at the ba'le of (he iu- florejfccnce, and later at the summit, lu a M.iwer. A'ote. — Tb ! common ncc'^niiiation of centr\fa>ral and ecutripetal \s artificial and har-h. The arcenl on the first and third syllahl^^, lu in circampolar^ wouM \\'- natural and easy. CEN-TL'M'V'IR, n. ; ;i^ Cc-iTUM'viRi. [L. c«nCum, a hundrt^il, and cir, a man.] A name given to certiin judgr;*! in ancient Rome, appointed by the prelor, to d'-cide common causen among the people. At first, three were taken from each of the thirty-five tribcH, malting one hundred and five, though, for the ttaku of the round number, th?y were called cftuumvin. Th;i nnmber was af^ lerward increa.-'ed to one hundrc'd and eighty, with- out a rhange of their title. S/niih*^ l>icl. CEN-TCM'VI-RAL, a. Pertaining to the cenlnmvir. Ci:\-TUM'VI-RATE, n. The ollice of a centumvir. CEVIX'-PLE, a. [Ff.,from L. ceiitupUx, ecittum, and plicOf to f(dd.J A hundred fold. CEN'TO PI.E, D. (. To multiiily a hundred Add. CE\-TO'PLI-€ATE, r. L [L. crntum and plictUiUy fuld'-d ; Hp. centuplirar, tr> mak<,- a hundred fold.] To make a hundred fold. CE.N'-TC PLI-€S-TED, pp. Made a htmdr-d fold. CEN'-rO'PU-eA-TLVti, ppr. Making a hundred f.dd. CE.N-TO'RI AL, a. rfrora cenUry.] Relating to a century, or a hundred years ; as, a centaritit sc-rmon. Wh-:n (hr third ctnturvil JubtW of NVw Kn^iniil alvill come, who of ua wili then be livinf U) p^ruci^te Uir irrirrnl Joy i J. iVoodbrilgt. CEN'-TO'RI-ATE, u. (. [L. centurio, to divide into hundreds, or companies.] To divide into hundredsr. JoAmtoti. Bailry, CEX-TC'RI-A TOR, / n. [Fr. centuriaieur, from L. CEX'TU-RIriT, i emturia, a century, or from cciU«ri0, to divide into hundred^.] An historian who di.itinguixh'-H time intne'-nturjeti; as in the Universal Church liistiiry of iMagd'-burg. Jiyl'ffi: CEN-TO'RI-ON, », [L. cmiurw, from ceatAm, a hun- dred. ] CER Among the Romans, a military* oflicer who com- maudL'd a hundred men, a century, or company of infantry, answering to the captain in modern armies. CEX'TU-RY, fsent'yu-re,) n. [L. centuiiu, from centum, a hunared.] • 1. In a general sense, a hundred ; any tiling con- si.-iting of a hundred parts. 2. A division of the Roman pixiple for the purpose of electing magistrates, and enacting laws, the peo- ple voting by centuries; aUo, a company consisting of a huiulrcd men. ;j. A period of a hundred years. This is the most common signification of the word; and as we begin our modern computation of time from the incarna- tion of Christ, the word is generally applied to some term of a hundred yearti subsequent to that event ; as, the /rot or second cntlury, or the tenth century. If we intend to ap;tly the word to a different era, we use an explanatory adjunct; as, the third century before the Christian era, or after ttic reign of Cyrus. ■1. The Centuries o/.yfaa-debur:r ; a title given to an ecclesiastical liiHiory, arranged m thirteen centiutes, compik'd by a gn^al number of Protet^tants at JUd^- debiirff. CEOU [Sa.T., a ship, L. celor, or Eng. keel.] This word \i> somotim'^s found prefixed to names. CEPlI-AL-AL'Oie, a. [Infra.] Relating s, pain?] The headache. CE>PHAL'ie, a. [Gr. AC-lmXiKOi, from Kei^aXri, the head.] Pert-lining to the head; as, cephalic medicines, remedii-s for disorders in the head. The cephnltc vein, which runs along the arm, was so named be- cause tha ancients used to open it for disorders of the head. Encyc. CE-PHAL'ie, Ti. A medicine for headache, or other disorder in the hi-ad. CEPH'AL-0-EX-TRAeT'OR, n. An instniment to extract a r;tus by clasping the head. Casanuua. CEPII'AL-O POD, 7(. [Gr. Kc^aXq, head, and r.u5a, the feet.] In natural AiX^w, a molluscous animal character- ized hv a distinct head surrounded by a circle of long arms, \)y which it crawls and seizes objects. The sepia, or cuttle-fish, is one of these animals. The name rcphnlo/wii alludes to the fact that llie feet, or arms, are arranged about ttie head, or appear to pro- ce4'd from it. Dana. CEPH-A-LO-POD'ie, ) 0. Belonging to the ceplial- CEPH-A-LOP'0-DOUS, \ opods. CE-PlIfi'Uy, n. A constellation in the northern hem- isphere. Cl-I'PHUS, n. A water-fowl of the duck kind ; also, a species of monkey, the Mona. Diet, of JVnt. litst, CE RS'CEOU.S, a. [L, cera, wax.] Wax-like ; par- taking of the nature of wax. CER'A-SIX, n. \U cerfums.] .\ny gimmiy substance wnich swells in cold water, but does not readily dissolve in it. Ure. Dr. John. CER'A-SITE, n. [L. cerit-fum, cherry.] A m-trifaction resembling a cherry. Cyr. a. The native muriate of lead. Dana, CE-RAS'TeS, n. [Gr. Ktnafrrn, from Kinn^, a horn.] In zoolog-tj, a genus of poisonous African scrp^mts with horns. Branilc % CE'RATE, n. [y. erratum, from cera, waxj A thick kind of ointment, composed of wax and oil, with olii''r ingredients, ai>plied externally in va- rious disi-ast-s. Cyc. Cf.'RA-TEI), a. [L. wrofiM.] Cuv monster in the j^h ipe of a dog, gtiarding the entrance into the infer- nal rt;gions, and d i.scribcd. by different anri^nt wri- ters, as having three, filiyi ^^^ oven a hundred heads. CRRE, n. The naked skin that covers the base of the bill in some birds, as in Ihoso of the hawk tribe. Encyc CERE, r. I, [L. eera, wax.] To wax, or cover with wax. fViseman. CE'RE-AL, a. [from Cf-re^.] Pertaining to edible grain, as whi,'at, rye, &.c. HambolitU CE-RE-A'I^I-.\, ». pi. A technical term for the edible praini*. I'rout. CERE ltEL'I>UM. n. [U eerebcHam.] The hinder and lower part of the brain, or the lit- tle brain. Coze* CER'trltRixE i ^' t*^"*"' '^' '^<^'''"*'*'*"'t ^^^ brain.] PertaininK to the cerebrum, or brain. CER'I>BKUM, n. [I^] Th-' front and larger part of the brain. CfiUE'CLOTII, fi. [L. cera, wax, and cloth.\ A cloth smf^ared with melted wax, or with some gummy or glutinous matter. Bacon, But the English word for n cloth used to cover wounds is srnr cloth ; H.tx. nar ctotk, a sore-cloth. CP.R'KD, (sperd,) pp. t^pread over with melted wax. CeRE'.MBXT, h. [I., cera, wax.] CER Cloths dipped in melted wax, wirh which dead bodies are infolded, when embalmed. Johnson. CERE :\I0'X1-AL, a. [Hee Ceremont.] 1. Relating to ceremony, or external rite ; ritual ; according to the forms of established riles ; as, cere- monial exactness. It is particularly applied to the forms and rites of the Jewish rt-tigion ; as, the cere- monial law, or worship, as distitiguished from the Ttwral and judicial law. 2. Formal; observant of old forms; exact; precise in manners. Drijdetu In tliis latter sense, Cehemomoui is now uxed. CER-E-MC>'X[-AL, 71. Outward form; external rite, or established forms, or rites, including all the forms prescribed ; a sysiLui of rules and r;?remonies, en- joined Iiy law, or established by cu-torn, whether in religious worship, in social intercourse, or in tbo courts of princes. 2. The order for riles and forms in the Roman Catholic church, or the book containing the rules prescribed to be observed on solemn occasions. CER-E-MO'XI-AL-LY, adv. According to rites and ceremonies ; as, a person ceremonially uncle:in ; an act ccremo^iia'ly unlawful. Mdton. CER-E-M5'Nl-OUS, a. Consisting of outward forma and riles ; as, llie ecremonious part of worship. In this Sense, Ceremo:(i&l is now used. 2. Full of ceremony, or solemn forms. Shak. 3. According to the rules and forms prescribed, or customary ; civil ; formally respectful. " Ceremoui- ous phrases." .Addison. 4. Formal ; according to the rules of civility ; as, to take a ceremonious leave. 5. Formal ; exact; precise ; too observant of forms. CER-E-^IO'Xl-OUri-LY, tu/e. In a cer^^monious man- ner ; formally ; with due forms. CER-E-M0'Xl-OU.S-NESy, II. The use of customary forms; the practice of tutward forms of stale ; the forms prescribed or established hy order or custom, serving for the pur[K).se of civility or magnificence, as in levees of princes, the reception of embassadors, &c. Master of ceremonies ; an otficer who superintends the reception of embassadors. A person who regu- lates the forms to be observed by the company, or aiteudanis, on a public occasion. Cls'RE-O-LITIi, Ti. [L. ccra, wax, and Gr. Xt^^js, a stone.] A substance which in appearance and softness re- sembles wax ; Bomelimes confounded with steatite, Cyc. C/eavclaud. Ck'UE-OUP, n. [fj. cereus, from cera, wax.]^ Waxen; like wax. Oayton, Ce'RkS, n. [I..1 In mj/t/iofo(Ty, the inventor or goddess of corn, or rttner the name of corn deified. 2. One A. i. *2, (>. In the latter sense, it i? U!*ed as a noun ; as, " cer- tata also of yoar own wcla have »aid.*' Jtcts xvii. CER'TAIN-LV, mdn. Without doubt or question ; in truth and ftct. Otf-MM/y Uib VM a O^mam tnui.— L^div xxSI. 2. Without failure. II? ML*!, I w&] eersdni^ retun to then. — 0«a. s«fi. CER'TAIN-XESS, a. Certainty, which see. r£R'TAlN-TV, (aer'lin-te,) a. A fixed or real Mate ; truth; facL KwMr fur ft etr^nn^, tMt tb* I-nft] your OM will no more diin 9. FuH assurance of mind ; exemption f>om doubt. CWMnar b Um peiorftioo of ibe >£ToctDrot or tUKt^rmcni of oar MBWi, i^ocH. 3. Exemption from failure ; a-% the certoisfy of an event, or of the success of a medicine. 1^ etrtain^ of fUBWuBnit b lb? utirat aeairity ■f&bMt ofnm. Amt n . A. Recularity ; settled state. CER'T£*, ode. Certainly; in truth j rerily. [06#.] Ckttueer. CER-TIE'I-CATE, a. [Fr. errtificaif IL eerUfic^to. Bee CsaTiFT.J 1. In a gnerai g^nsty a wriilen testimoiTy not sworn lo; a derlaraiion in writine, signed by the |Mjty,and intended to verify a firL 2. in a mart particular «m.ff, the written declara- tion, under the band or seal, or bftfh, of some pub- lic officer, lo be used as eWdence in a court, or to substantiate a facL A certificate^ of tliis kind may be ct'nsid'.Ted as piven under the oaih of othce. 3. TVioi ftj crrt^eaWj is whi-re the evidence of the person certifying is the only proper criterion of tlie point in dispute; as, when the i^tsiie is whether S person was absent in the anny, this is tried by Die certificate of the marenchall of the army, in writing ander his seal. Blcckstone. CER-TIF'I-CaTE, r. U or i. To give a certiftcate ; tolod^e a certificate with the pn*per officer, for the purpoete of being eieio;ited from the [tayment of taxes to support the mini;jtr>', in a piri^h or eccle- giastical society. AVte Kn^Uuid. % To give a certificate to, acknowledging one to be a paiisbioner. Bat aodt aa-1i)ic«teri pemt can gala DO vuinmnil. Biatkttane, b. 1, ch. 9. 3. To verifV bv certificate. CER-TIF'I-€A"-TED, pp. Declared ; verified by a certificate. CER-TIF'ieA-TI.NG, ppr. Fumishingwith a certifi- cate ; verifvinc bv a certificate. CER-TI-FI-€A'TION, a. Ttie act of certifvinc CER'TI-FI £D, pp. or a. [See Certift.] Testified to in writinff ; a^isured ; made certain ; informed. CER'TI-Fl-ER, n. One who certifies, or assures. CER'TI-FT, V. t [Fr. ceriifier; gp. eertijicar ; It, eer- tifitmx; I-diW L. certifico; from cerftu, ceruitn, and facia J to make.] 1. To testify to in writing ; to make a declaration in writing, under hand, or hand and seal, to make known or establish a facL Tb« )^'*-s^ thiJi etrti/g that apinioo to Ihe dunccIloTi and upon inch o-macate tbe dccne b maaiBy feundrd. TV juilsr *tMll cmrtfy vnAa fab hand* Ibat th>? br'-hold came ctiiea/ io •junUMu Blaekvlone. 2. l*o give certain information t/t ; applied to per- gmu. We hare «qI and rtrti^ the }dng. — Etn. W. 3. To give certain information of: applied to tJungs. Thb b d^^ned lo fxr^fy thoae thing* that are c«nfirn»»nl of Gul't faror. Hammond, CES It is f-'lUiwed by o/^ after ilic iH'reon, and K-fore the thing t«'M i ns, I «T(i,lV.i you rf Ihe fart. CEU' n F?-IN(;, ppr. Giving a wriltin testimony, „or certificate ; giving certain notice ^ making cer- tainiy known. C£H-i'IO-RA' RTj a. [Low L. eertiorw, (Voin ccrttiSy ccrtitfr.l A writ issuing out of Chancerj-, Kinp's Hcnrh, or other superior court, lo call up the records of an infe- rior court, or remove a cause tliere depending, that it may be tried in tiie superior court. This writ is ohl.iined up*in complaint of a party, lliat lie has not received justice, or that he can not have an impartial tri:il in Ihe inferier court. Eafite. CEU'Tl-TUDE, M. [Low L. certitudo, (wm ccrtiur, certain.} Ccrt:unty ; assurance ; freedom from doubt. />rwf/c.t. .^ CER'Ul.E, a. [U earulrus.] Dlue. /.Vyer. CERrXE-A-V, i a. [I^ c^ulcuj ; It. and Sp. ce- CE-RC'LE-OUS, i rulco.] ■ t*ky-roIored ; blue. T/iPtnsvn. CER r-LlF'I€, a. I'rodueinc a blue or sky-color. CER'IJ-LI.V, ». Indigt> dissolved in sulphuric acid, used in tlveing Saxon blue. Btgdow. CE-RC'.MEN, n. [I- r^ra, wax.] The wax or vcilow mutter secreted by the ear. CE'RL'.*^E, n. iFr. cernsei L. and IL cenissa; Sp. crnL-iW.] Wliitc lead ; a carbonate of lead, produced by ex- posing the metal, in thin phites, to the vaiMir of vine- gar. Lead is sometimes found native in the form of cenise. CE'RC^'-ED,(9^'rust,) a. Washed with a preparation of white lead. Braum. and Ff. CE!t'Vl-€.\L, tt. [L. eerrii, the neck, wlience ccr- tfiM/i.f.] Belonging to the neck ; as, the cervical nerves ; ecrrieal vessels. Encyc, CER'VIXE. a. [L. cmrinns ; Sp. crrrino f from L. ermtSy a dt^er ; W. amo ; Com. and Arm. kam ; Kauiichatka, karo.] Pertaining to the deer, or to animals of the genus Cer\-us. CE SA'RE^.AN, a. The Cesiarean operation is the tak- ing of a child from the wuinb by cutting ; an op«Ta- tion which, it is said, gave birth to Ciesur, the Roman entperor. CES-PI-TI"TIOr9, (-tish'ns,) a. fL. ce^es, turf.l Pertaining to turf; made of titrr. Oough. CE.S'PI T04»E, a. JL. cejpes, turf.J In totamm. growing in tufts. CES'Pl TOOb, o. Pertaining to turf; turfy or tnriy plant haa manf ■lrm> from the w*me ivnt, fotuang a clow, thick corpri ur maUing. AJartyn. CESS (as a luwn, a rate or tax, and as a rn-fr, to rate or lay a tax) is probably a comiptiuu of asse^.ty or from th"* iiame root. It is not used. Spenser. CES.S or CESSB. f»ut of all ce^e sans eesse, is with- out stay ; excessively. S/iak. CESS, r. i. [L. ee^fsoj to cease.] To cease. [Obs.] Spenser. 9. To neglect a legal duty. [06*.] CoiceL CES3'.4,.\T, a. Ceasing ; intermitting action. Montague. CES-SA'TION, n. [L. cessatio, from cf»., or wlien the pardon of a parish takes another benefice, without dit'pensation, tlie ben(;fices are void by ces- sion, without resignation. Etinjc. CES'SlON-v\-RY, a. Having surrendered effbcts ; as, a cessionani banknipt. Martin. CESS'IMEN'l', ». An assessment or tax. [JVot used.] CES'SOK, n. [L. cesso, to eeosf.] In lair, he that neg- lects, for two years, lo pf double, six-sided pyramids. It is either colorless or tinged with red or a shade of yellow. The princii»al constituents are silica, alumina, and lime, with "20 p<-r cent, of water. Gmelinite, leoyne, acadiolite, and sedereritc, are considered varieties of this mineral. J>ana. CIIACE. See Chase. C?!A-CO0N',?i. [i^p. charana.] A dance like a saraband. CHAD, (shad,) n. A kind offish; the shad. Carcie. CHaFE, tJ. (. [Fr. echauffer ; Sp. escalfar, to warm; Port, escalfar, to [Hiach or boil slightly ; from the root of L. calco, whence calrjioy calfacio.] 1. To excite heal or inflammation by friction; as, to chafe the skin ; also, to fret and wear by rubbing ; as, to chafe a cable. 2. To excite heat in the mind ; to excite passion ; to inflame ; to make angr}' ; to cause to fret ; to pro- v tlie husks when seimnit(Ml fnitn the rnrn by thritshing, riddling, or winnowing. The word is st.nvMinn-s uwd, ratln-r iinprw[ic'rly, to denote stniw cut swM for the fm^d of callle. .V./rfifn. F.ncijc. 9. Refuse ; worthlt-ss niritter ; especially that which is light, and apt to be driv^-n by the wind. In Scrip- tare, false dortrinea, fniilles;* dt;?ipns, hypocrites, and uneodly men, are compared to chalT. Ps. i. 4. Jer. xxiii. -iS. /v. ixxiii. II. Mali. iii. 12. CHAFr-eUT-TEll, n. A machine fur ciiUing up straw, &.C., into chaff. Cn AFTER, V. i. [Sax. ceapian. ; D. ktwpen ; G. k-tufen ; Pw. kapa : Dan. k^bcr^ to bargain or buy. It seems to be radically the same word as ch&tp^ clieap'rity and chap in chapman, See Cheap.] To treat about a purchase ; to bargain ; to haggle ; to negotiate^; to chop and change; as, to cha_ff>r for prefnnents. Dryden. CHAF'FER, r. U To buy ; to exchange. Spenser. [/« thi.* nmge k is ob-folrtj'.] CHAF'FER, n. Merchandise. [A'ot in use.} Skeltcm. CIIAF'FER-ER, n. One who chaffers ; a bargainer; n buyer. CHAF'FER-I\G, ppr. or a. Bargaining; buying. CIIAF'FER.V, II. A Tessel for heating water. [Local.] CMAF'FER-V, n. Traffic ; buying and selling. [06aJ Spenser. CHAF'Fl.VCH, n. [chaff and JSnrh.] A species of birds belonging to the Frnigillidic or Finch family, which are said to delight in chaff, and are admired fur their song. cn.\FF'LF>lS a. Without chaff. Shak. CIIaFF'WEED, n, A plant, cudweed, a species of Gn;iphahum ; but this name is given also to the Cen- tuncul;iB. JiluMenherg. CIIXFF'Y, a. Like chaff; full of chaff ; light; as, eA/rffij straws; ehuffij opmions. Brown. OlanvUle. CIl-iF'ING, n, SLite of being rubl»ed by friction. CilJlF'IXG, ppr. Heating or fretting by friction ; vex- ing or fretting the mind. CH.TF'I\G-Dtsn, n. [cknfe and dish.} A dish or ves;>el to hold coals for healing any thing set on it; n portable grate for coals. CHAGRIN', (f-ha-grin',) n. TFr. This word, ap- plied to a particular kind of skin or leather, is said lo be derived from a 'I'urkish word, a-ai'r/, Fr. croupe. The .^kin is dressed sit as to present on its surface lit- tle eminences. See Shagreen.] Ill-humor; vexation; peevishness; frelfulness. Pope. CHA-GRfN', (sha-grin',) 1. 1 [Fr. ehai^rintr.] To excite ill-humur in ; to vex ; to mortify. CllAGRIX'>:i),p;». Vexed ; fretted; displeased. CHaI.\, n. [Fr. chainty for chavsne; Norm, cudene, and chryiif. ; Arm. chadcn^ aulenn, or jwirna ; Sp. cadeaa ; Fort, cadea ,- It. aitena : L. eulena ; 1). keUn ; G. kette ,- S ^ 8w. kUdia ; Dan. kedc; VV. eaditem Qu. Ar. s i«^=- ^ from . V^^ i akada, to bind or make fast.] 1. A series of links or rings connected, or fitted in- to one another, usually niaile of some kind of metal ; u, a chain of gold, or of iron ; but the word is not restricted to any particular kind of material. It is used oftrn for an orna.nent about the person. 2. That which binds ; a reid chain ; that which restrains, C4)nfine-s, or fetters ; a b -2Pct iL 3. Bondage ; affliction. * Ue hath nude m^ dMiin hairy. — Lahi. IQ. 4. Bondage ; slavery. hi tii, to write.] The act or art of engraving on copper or brass. CHAL-Da'IG, tt. Pertaining to Chaldea, anci#nt!y a country on the Frat or Etiidirates, in Asia, called, in Scripture, Shiiiar. Of this Babylon was tlie pruici- pal city. eiIAb-DA'I€, Ji, The language or dialect of the Chal- deans, eilAL'DA-TSM, n An idiom or peculiarity in the Chaldce^dialecL ParkhnrsU €HAL-l)ic'AN, 71. An inhabitant of Chaldea. CHAL'PEE, a. Pertaining to Chaldea. CHAL'DEE, «. The language or dialect of the Chal- deans. CHAL'DRON, ^ n. [Fr. chaudron : Sp, calderon ; It. CHAL'DER, > caiderone, a kettle. The same word ClIAU'DRON, ) as caldron. ChalUcr is not in use in the United Slates,] A measure of coals consisting of thirty-six bushels,'* [Pronounced, in England, chawl'dron or chd'dron.] CHAL'ICE, n. [Fr. calice: Sp. ra/ixf It. calicc : D. kelk; G.kclch; L. calir ; Gr. *fi.Xi(. It should, from its etymology, have been written Calicb.] A cup or bowl ; usually, a communion-cup, ClIAL'IC-i-JD, (chal'ist,) a. Having a cell or cup ; ap- plied by ShakspL-are to a flower; but I believe little CHALK, (chawk,) v. [Sax. eeala D. Dan. and G, kalk; Hw. kalcJa W. catc; Corn, kalch ; Ir. caifk; 1.. call ; Fr. thaiix. The Latin caU is limestone, chalk- stone, ami the heel, and calco is to kick and to tread. In Italian cjha is a crowd. The sense then is, a mass made compact, a clod or lump. If the Greek \aAif, tlint, gravel, is the same word, the Latm^ de- viated from their usual practice in writing calx, for chalz. These words are probably connected in origin with eallux.] A well-known calcareous earth, of an opaque white color, soft, and admitting no polinh. It contains a large portion of carbonic acid, and is a variety of car- bonate of lime. It is used as an absorbent and anti- acid. CleOceland. JVichulson. Kinoan. Jiikin. Black chalk is a species of earth used by painters for drawing on blue paper. Red chalk is an indurated clayey other used by painters and artificers. French chalk is sieatiLc or soapstone, a soft magne- sian mineral. CHALK, V. L To rub with rhalk ; to mark with chalk. 2. To manure with chalk, as land. 3. From the use of chalk in marking lines, the phrase to chalk out is used to signify, to lay out, draw out, or descrilie ; as, to chalk out a plan of pro- ceeding. CHALK'-CUT-TER, n. A man that digs chalk. iVoodward. CHALK'KT), (rbawkd,) pp. Marked with chalk. " CHALK'I-.\ESS,(chawk'i-ness,)H. The state of being CHALK'ING,/;/»r. Marking with chalk. [chalky. CHALK'-PIT, H. A pit in which chalk is dug. Johnson. CHALK'-STONE, n. In medicine, a concretion in the hands and feet of men violently affected by the gout, once snp[)osed to be of a chalky nature, but composed chiefly of uric acid in combination with soda. Brande. 2. A small lump of chalk. Isaiah. CIIALK'V, (chawk'y,) a. Resembling chalk; as, a chalky taste. 2. White with chalk ; consisting of chalk ; an, chaljyy cliffs, Howe. 3. Imprrgnated with chalk ; as, chalky water CIIAL'LENtSE, n. [Norm, c^denirr. an accusation; chatnngp, a claim ; cJuiUcnffcr, to clauu ; from the root oi call, Gr. luAff'), KcX>{ «ii[VTinrily. CoHm; -' TONE, niJLI., IJNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUa-C as K ; 6 aa J ; 8 aa Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. IHO CHA 6. Ani»n<: Auntrr*, the opt'iiing and crying of lunriuls at lirst liuiliiii; tlic scRtit of Xhcxr f;.tme. K/tryr. tt. In iair, »ii c\ci'i>tioii to jiimrs ; the claiiu uC a port)- iliai certain jurors shall nut sit in trial nytoix taint or Ills t-auae ; tliat is, a calliuc tlR'in vtV. TUv riehi of challi ngv is pivrn, both in civil and criminal tri;iU, for certain cansn^s which are siipjK>si-d U> dis- quolifv a juror to be an im|>artial jndpe. Tiie right (ri cballcnge extends eilhtr to the whiJt* panol or ar- my, or only to particnlar jurors, railed a cM4i!t^n^ to Mc poUg. A principal cAallfn:rf^ is thai which tho law allows without cause aj^-ientMl. A cSaHcuire t» tkt fkror, is when the p;irt> all- fits a special cau^w. In rnmiinl cases, a [>ri*.niir iii.iy chaMiigp twenty iu- rora without H^siciiing a cau*e. This is calU-d a pfrrmptory ch^tlUnjr, BUtdiStoue. 7. In tl'fftioas, an excepsion to a person as n^t lo- (rally qu;ilifi d to vot-. ( O'mUii Stat'-s.) CHAL'l, t:\OR, r. t. To call, invit-, or »;umnion to answtr. for an olTenw, by sinzk" comb it or dui'l. 2. To call to a contest wer. ^,*-t(yrr. Shak. 4. To claim a« due ; to demand as a rtcht ; ax^ the Supreme Being cA^W^-nifj t'urrovtrenc^ and h)'nia;:e. 5. In lav, lo call orf a jiimr, or jumrs ; or to de- mand xixiX jtinm aball uut «ii in trial upuu a cau»r?, [Se« the num.] & In daetMw, to object to a person as not qualified lOTottt. [OmiuH SlaUs.] 7. To call tn the pi-rformanre of conditions. CHAL'LE.NOK-A-BLE, a. Thai may be challenged ; Ihnt niav be called to an account. SaMcr. CHAh'UtSm a jurj'. CHAL'LIS, (shal'ly,) «. An elegant, twilled, fine woolen fabric, used for ladies* dressea. Encwr- tif Dom. Eeon. CHA-LVBE-AX, o. [Infra-] Pertaining to steel well leniEiered. Mitun, eilA-LVB'E-ATE, o. [L. ehalvi>s : Gr. yaXvi^j^ sled; Uu. from Ckalu^^ a town near the Euiine.] ImpregBAtea with |uuticles of iron; as, ikaii^hcaU ' wati-r*. eH.\-LYB'E-ATE, n. Any water or other liijuof into which iron enters. Cn\M, (kam,) n. The sovereign prince of Taitary. U-uoIlv wriaen Khan. C'U-yiDE', (sha-mide',) n. [Ft., from IL ckiamaUi^ a calling ; dUoncarc, lo call ; L. clama : S\\ Uamada; Port, ekamada^ from dutmar^ to call, ^ee ('lain. J In tpor, the beat of a dnim or sound of a tnimpel, inviting an enemy to a parley ; as for making a {irop- osition for a truce, or for a capitulation. Enctic. CH.A.M'BEIt, n. [Pr. duimbrt; Arm. campr, eatmbr : It. eamrra ; Port. Sp. eamara : L. camera ; Gr. xaitaooj an archi-d roof, vault, or upper paller>, a chamber; D. ka:ner ; G. immmrr ; Sw. kammare ; Dan. kammer ; Ch. ^Sp to arch ; Eih. •p^-'^L, kamare, an arch or vault.] J. An api^m>-nt in an upper storj-, or in a story above the lower tloor of a dwelling-biHise, often used as a lodginz-room. i Any retired room ; any private apartment which a p^son occupies; as, be called on the judge at his Jtwrph minrd inut hk rtainhir aad wrpL — Grn. xluL 3. Any retired place. Hrx bouae u ihr wmj to hrll, guJoff dowB to the chombert of drmth. — PruT. ni. 4. A hollow or cavity ; as, the cJtam&er of tlie eye. Sharp. 5. A plare where an assembly meets, and the as- sembly itst-lf, applied particularly to legislative and judicial bodies ; as, star chamber: imp^-rial chamber; tkamher of accounts; ecclesiastical chamber; privy ekamker; ekamber of p^ers, &:c. 6. In waUbay affitirsj tlie chamhrrof a mortar is that part of the bore where the pow*der ties. 7. A ptfi^dtr-ckamber, or homb-cMaabcr, a place un- der ground for holding powder and bomb^, where they may be safe, and secured from rain-^. 8. The ckambfr of a mine ; a place, generally of a cubical form, where the powder is confined. 9. A species of ordnance. Qu. Camden. 10. The clouds. Ps. civ. 11. Certain southern consteUatious which are bid from us. Tbe chumbersof UkraouUi. — Jobfx. CHAM'BER-^OUN'CIL, n. A private or secret coun- cil. Shak. CHA CHcate causes in court. CHAM'BER OF COM'MERCE, n. A boftrd to pro- tect III-.- interests of commerce, chosen fVuni uinung the nuTrhiints and traders of a city. CHAM'BER-WI.N'DOW, n. The window of achan»- CIIAM'BEK, V, i. To reside iu or occupy as a cham- ber. S. To be wanton ; to indulge in lewd or immodest behavior. Rom. xiii. CII.XM'BER, r. (. To shut up, as in a chamber. Shak, Cn.^.M'lIER-/;D, pp. or a. t?hul up, as m a ciinmber. Shak. 5. m. In r^NcAfi/oyy, divid-d intoconipartincnts by walU or [Ktrtitioiis ; as, a ehambernl tthetl. Bnek'and. CH.^M'I>EH-EK, H. One who intrigues, or imluli;es in wantonness. Shah. CHAM'BRK-FEL'LOW, n. One who Kteeps rn the :*:Hne apirtntent. SjiccJator. CIUM'IIKU-HANG'ING, n. Tapestry or hangings for a rhaniber. CHAMBER INO, n. Wanton, lewd, immodest beha- vior Horn. xiii. CH aM'BER LAIN,(-Iin,) w. [Fr. rhambeltan ; Arm. cam- brrian ; Sp. camarrm; Port, eamarriro ; It. ea-iin-li-i^o ; li. katntriiH :^ ; linn, hi mmrr-hrrrc; l^ camerarins.] 1. An oflieer charged with the direction and man- agement of the private apartments of a monarch or nol»Je. He was originally keejier of the treasure chaiiilter ; and hence, in some municipal corpom- lion>», the term denotes trrtLfurer. The lord cham- berlain of Great Britain ia the sixth otiicer of the crown. To him belong livery and hjdging in Uie king's ctuirt ; on coronation day, he briniis to the king his appnret, his sword, scabbard, ^c. He dresses and undn>f^4es the king on that day, and waits on him be- fore and alter dinner. To him also b'-lou5« the care of providing all things in the house of lords, in time of itarlianient. L'nd*T him are the gentleman nslier of the black rolel. CIIAM'BEK-LAIX^IIIP, n. The office of a cham- CHaM'BER-LVE, «. Urine. [berlain. CHaM'BER-.MAIO, a. A woman who has the care of chambers, making the lied^, and cleaning the rooms, or who dresses a lady, and waits upon li>^'r in her apKirtnient. CHAM'BER-POT, n. A vessel used in bed-rooms. CHAMBER-PRACTICE, «. The practice of coun- selors at law, who give tJicir opinions in private, but do not ap(K-ar in court. CHAM'UREL, R. The joint or bending of the upper part of a horse's hind leg. In New England, pro- nounced gauibrcl, which see. €H.\-Mi:'LE OX, n. [L. chanuBleon ; Gr. xa/iaiX^wi-.] An animal of the genua Lacerta, or lizard, with a naked body, a tail, and four feet. The body is six or seven inches long, and the tail five inches ; with this it clings to the branches of trees. The skin is cold to the touch, and contains small grains, or emi- nences, of a bluish-gray color in the shade, but in the light of the sun, all parts of the body become of a grayish-brown, or lawny color. It has, however, th'^ power of greatly changing its color. It is a na- tive of Africa nndAsia. Encijc. €HA-M£'LE-OX-IZE, p. t. To change into various colors. Diet. CHAM'FER, r. L [Corrupted from Fr. ccAoncrcr, to hoUow, to cut sloping; Arm. chancra; said to be from cancer.'] 1. To channel ; to cut a furrow, as in a column, or to cut into a iiloping fonn, or bevel. Johnson. Bailey, Encyc. 9. To wrinkle. Shak. CHAM'FER, ( n. A small gutter, or furrow, cut in CHAM'FRET, i wood, or other hard materia!. 2. A filope, or bovel. CHAM'FEK-f;D, pp. or a. Cut into furrows, or cut sloping, or b^'veling. CHAM'FER-I.NG, ppr. Cutting a gutter in ; cutting in a slope, or bevel. CHAM'ITE, n. Fossil remains of the Chama, ashell. CHAM'LET. Pee Camlet. CHAM'OIS, (shara'my or sha-rooi',) n. !Fr.,from It. camoiza « Sp. gamuzn, from ^amo, a buck.] An animal of the goat kmd, whose skin is made into soft leather, called chamois, or chamois leather. It is now arranged with the anU'lo|r"s. Cunier. €HAM'0-MrLE, ». [Gr. xajiut, on the ground, and p^Xov, an apple.] The popular name of the Jinthemia nobilis ; a bitter plant, much used in medicine. CHAMP, c. U [Fr. champayer, I have not found. Q,u. CHA Gr. Karru), for m is often casual before a labial, and in Gr. yatiijiai is the jaws.] 1. '1\> l)iie with repealed action of the teelli ; us, a horse cltaiups the bit. ■J. To bile into puiall pieces ; to chew ; to nuisticatc ; to devour. Dryden. CHAMP. V. i. To chew ; to perform the action of biting by re|>eated motion of tha teeth ; as, to dtamp upon the bit. Hooker. CHAM-PAG\E', {sham-pane'O n. A kind of brisk, sparklina wine, from Champagne, in France, ClI.\M-PAIG.\', n, [from catnp, or the same root.] A flat, open country. Bacon. JSlUton. ClIAM-PAIGN', (shani-paue',) a. Level, open; as a chamimij^H countrj'. CHAM-PaIN", 71. In hrraltlry, champain, or point chaiupitiM, is a mark of dishonor in the coat of arms of hiiu who has killed a prisoner of war after lie has askeil for tpuirler. Encyc. CIMMP i)h: MARS, (slj-.ing do milrz,) [Fr. ;] liUralhj, the liehi of .Mars; an exifusive, op'-n space in Paris, used for militar>- reviews and public a&semblies. CHAMP' f;i), pp. Bitten; rbewed. CHAMP'KK, «. One tJial champs, or bites. CIIAM'PF.R-TOR, v. [See Champerty.] In law^ one ^\"ho U guilty of champerty, which see. CH AM 'PER-'I'V, M. [Fr. champart, ficld-renl ; ekamp, L. campus, a field, and part, a share, or partir, to tii- vide, campuin partirc,] A p|wcie8 of maintenancn, being a bargain with a plaintilf, or defendant, to divide tJie land, or other niatt!!r in sriil, between Ihem, if they prevail ; whereupon the charnp^rior is to carry on the pari} 's suit nl his own expense. The purchase of a suit, or of tlu; right of suing. BInckstoiic. CHAM-l'IGN'ON, (sham-pin'yon,)7i. [Fr.] A kind of edibb: mushroom. CHA.MP'LN'G, ppr. Biting with rep."ated action. CHAM'PI-t).\, ». [Fr. champion; Arm. cnmpyon ; Sp. earnpeon; Vojt. cam pea in, or campiam ; lU campiaur ; D. kamprr, or kampvcgtrr ; G. kampfrr. In alt the Teutonic diahxts, camp, or Aamyy, signifies a combat, and in some of them, a canp; S:x\\. campa,i\ camp, and a eontbat ; c^/n/^o, a soldier, warrictr, or gladia- tor ; W. rjimp, a game, a feat ; campiaw, to contend in a game. Hi'-re we luive the origin of the Latin campus. It was originally the plain, or open place appro|iriated to gantes,H[iorts, and athletic exercises.} 1. A man who undertakes a combat in the place or cause ot" another. Baron. 2. A man wlio fiyhts in his own cause in a duel. 3. A liero ; a brave warrior. Hence, one who is bold in ciuitest; as, a champion fur tlie truth. CHAM'PI-0\, r. (. To chullenge to a conibaL Shak, CHAM'PI ON-f:n, pp. Challenged to combat. CHAM'Pl-ON-ESS, m. A female champion. Fairfax. CIIAM'PLON-ING, pjn-. Challenging to combat. CHAM'PI-ON'-SHIP, H. State of being a champion. JV. .^. Heo. CHAM P^L'LIO.\-IST,(sham-p6l'yun-ist,) ii. A fol- lower of Chamimlliun the younger, in respect to Egy[rtian hieroglyphics. CHANCE, n, [Fr. chance; Norm, chtaunce ; Arm. changz ; D. kaits ; G. schame. This seems to be frntn tlie participle of Ihe French verb chfoir, to fall, ."^p. caer, from the I^. cado, or directly from the Latin cadens, cadeiUia.] I. An event that hap[icns, falls out, or takes place, without being contrived, intended, expected, or fore- seen ; the effect of an unknown cause, or the unu- sual or unexpected vffi-ci of a known cause ; acci- dent ; casualty; fortuitous event; as, time and cJtaitce happen to all. By charux a prim cnnir tlowii that Wiijr. — Luke x. 9. Fortune; what fortune may bring; as, they must take their ehunce. 3. An event, go<>d or evil ; success or misfortune ; luck. Shak. 4. Possibility of an occurrence ; opportunity. Your Iniljiliip may hiivc a chnttce to eacape Uus are Ihi-e. — Deut. xju. Ah, Citsca, ri-il UK ttliid liatli clianced to-day. ,9!ink. CHANCE, a. Happening by chance ; casual ; as, a chance comer. CHANCE'A-BLE, a. Accidental; casual ; fortuitous. CHANCE'A-BLV, aAo. Casually ; by chance. CHANCE'-eOM-ER, (kum'tr,) n. One who comoa unexpectedly. jSddison, CHANCED, (chinst,) pp. of Chance. CHANCE'FtJL, a. Hazardous. Spcnjscr. CHANCING, ppr. Happening. CIIANCE'-MED'LEY, n. [chance and medley, a mix- ture : buj more properly, chaademeU, Norm. Fr., a hot debate, strife, or quarrel ; chaud, hot, from L. calidiui, and niclicr, for meslcr, to mix.] In fflw), the killing of another in self-defens'^ upon a sudden and unpremeditated encounter. The term has been sometimes applied to any kind of homicide by misadventure, but, in strictness, is applicable to such killing only as happens in defending one's self against assault. Blackstane. P. Cyc. Bouvier. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRgY FIXE, SIARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, B(X>K.— i5o CHA (HA CHAN'CEl-, K. t^f* f**"*:^) "^ ckant-enu; L. caufdli, l.ittiec!», or cro3s bars, inclosing the pUcn ; Sp. cancel^ caiiciUa,tl wouden screen, a wicker gate ; U. caacclio, b.ilu5trjdes i Gr. «i)«Ai5; CU. SpV kaiikel,ol kan- ka'd, network ; Syr. iii. Si* Casceu.] Thai p in of a church, bctnoeu llic :iltar, or com- munion table, and the balustrade, or railms, tliat iiif.l.jsM it, or tlint p:irt\vllsr3 llie altar is placed; lurm-rly inclosed with iallices, or cross-bars, iw now with rails. Ettnic. Juh:i3oit. c:!I.\.\'l-'Eb-LOR, ». {Tr. chancrlinr i Ann. chanceUlier, or r^ttccUer ; :fp. taniUtUr ; PorU clumctlUr ; It. can- crllin-e; P. kantrUer : G. kainlm Sw. caaUUr; Dan. kantilcr or aintsUr ! L. ctmcrlim-itin, a acribe, sixreta- rv, notary, i»r chancellor ; from caucilo, to niiike lat- tice-work, to fioicrf, or blot out by cros.sinf the lines ; or from canctlU, lattices, because llie secretary sat behind lattices.] Ori^iiallif, a chief notary or serine:, under th3 Ito- man emperors; but in FA:;l(Uid, in later times, an officer invested with judiii;d powers, and pattKU- larlvwith the .superiht-ndcnce of all cUarters, letters and other ollicial writings of the crown, that n-iimred to be solemnly authenticated. Hence this olflcer b.came the keeper of the greal seal. From th- K'>- man empire, this office paused to the church, and hence evejv bishop baa bis chancellor. nt lord 4i'» dM«cf]lor ../ Qreal. Bntaii, or kupcr 0/ Ihr. irrtU tnJ, is the highest otHcer of the crown He is a pri»-v counselor by his office, and prolocutor of the house of lords by prescription. To him bel.ings the jpiKiintment of all justices of Uie peace ; he is keeper of the kinj's nmscience, visitor of all hospitals and ctHleges founded by the kins, guardian of all charitable uses, ami jud^e of the lush Court of Chancery. . . . . , , ChanctUvr nf an ecelryuisttcal roart, is the bishop s lawyer, virsed in the civil and canon law, to direct the hKhop in causes of the church, civil and cnininal. CluactUor of a caHuilral, is an officer who hears lessons and lectures in the church, by him.«elf or his vicar, inspects schools, hears cau.si», applies the seal, writes and dUpatches letters of the chapter, keeps tlie books, &c, ChnnctUar uf V>c etchrqnrr, is an officer who pre- sides in that court, and lakes care of tha interest of the crown. He has power, with the lord Ireasur^T, to lease the ciuwn lands, and with others, to coni- poiinil for forfeitures on penal statutes. He is the highest finance minister of the British government. Ckunr'Uiir of a tLr.ictrMl), is all officer who seals the diplomas, or letters ol^ decree, &,c. The chan- cellor of Oxford is usually one of the prime nobility, elected bv the students in convociition ; and be holds the office' for life. He Is the chief inagistrale ill the government of the university. The chancellor ol Cambridge is also elected from nmon« the prime no- hiliiv ; he does not hold his ulflce for life, but may ', ' ■ ' r very three years. r of the oriitr uf lU Oortcr, and other niil- , ,; ,,, ! r- is an ollia-r who seals the commissions and iiiaiida'tes of the chapUT and assembly of the knights, keeps the register of their proceedings, and delivers their acts under Uie seal of their order. JtihnJtffll. F.tiryc. In Frana, a secretary is, in some cases, called a ehanciUor. In tlu UniUd Slalrj, a chancellor is the judge of a court of chancery or equity, established by st.atiite. , . In Scripture, a master of the decrees, or president of the council. Ezra iv. Cll.< VCKlrLOR-SIIIP, n. The office of a chancel- lor : til ■ time durini! which one is chancellor. (■;!\Vt'i: RY,n. [Fr. chanerl'erir i .\tm. cartemrry ; .!h,iaf It. iMiicfJIerta; L. eanceUaria. from lUices, or from the judg •, who presided in • ronrtj I. In (irt I. In (Ireat Britain, the highest court of justice, next to the parliament, consisting of two distinct tribunals ; one ordinary, being a court of common law • the other erUaordinanj, or a court of equity. The'ordinary bgal court holds pleas of reco^'iiizanres acknowledged in the chancery, writs of scire facias for repeal of letters paUnt, wriLs of partition, and all personal actions by or against any officer of the court, liut if the parties come to issue in fact, this court can n« try it by a jury i but the record niu«t be d 'livered to the King's Rench. From thi.s court issue oil original writs that pass under the gre,at seal, com- missions of charitable uses, b,ankruptcy, idiocy, lu- nacy, tc. - r. •- The extraordinary court, or Court of Equity, prft- ceeds upon nil(« of eqiiKy and conscience, moderates the rig.ir of the common law, and gives relief in casr.s where there is no remedy in the common law 3. In the Umtui Stairs, a court of equity, [courts. CMAN'CRR, (shank'er.) ». [Fr. cluinere ; Ann. ehantr. The same as cancer, canker!) A venereal ulcer. OlIAN'CROUS, (shank'riis,) a. Ulcerous; having the qualities of a cbanere. CHAN-DI'i^l.If.R', ("han-de leer',) n. [Fr. id.i Sp. candclere; It. ranttrliere; Ann. catititlnir, or eartttiUr i from I., candtla, a eanilU, from caneo, to shine.] 1. .\ frame with branches to hold a number of candles, to illuminate a public or large room. 2. Ill foriijicauon, a movable parapet, serving to support fascines to cover pioneers. CHX.VD'LER, B. [Uu. Fr. cimnddier ; or rather Teu- tonic Jiandler. See Corn-Chandler.] A general term for a dealer, the particular meaning being determined liy a prelix, as, IaWhW -chandler, f.W^y-chandler, Sec, CIU.N'D'LEK-LY, cJe. Like a chandler. Milton. CIl.\.\D'LEll-y, B. The commodities sold by a chandler. CH.!i.NDRy, n. The place where candles are kept. B. Jonson. CHAN"FltIN, n. The fore part of a horse's head. GH.'iNtJE, r. t. [Fr. chancer; It. canrydai. CHANT'ING,pBr.ora. Singing; utteringa melodious voice ; repeating words with a singing voice after the manner of a chant. CHANT'ING, 71. The act of singing or uttering after the ni.inner of a chant. CHANT'RESS, n. A female singer. Mdton. CHXNT'RY, n. [Fr. cliantrerie, from ekant] An endowed chapel where one or more priests daily sing or say mass for the souls of the donors, or such as they appoint. Coitrt. eH.\-OL'0-<5V, n. A treatise on chaos, or chaotic CHA'OS, (ki'os,) n. [U chaos: Gr. x«"i-J [matter. That confusion, or confused mass, in which mat- ter is supposed to have existed, before it was sep- nmted into its different kinds, and reduced to order by the creating power of God : " Rudis indigesia()ue rooles." Ovid. TONE, BULL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, Vi"C10Ua — Cas K; as J j « aa Z; CH as SH .1 TH as i n THIS. 101 ClIA ii Any mixrJ mass, without due furm or order; OS, B ckaos of matertuls. 3. runi'tisiun ; disorder; a state in which the paru Are uii(]i.'>tiiiguUhed. Doiuu. €HAO'r'IC, a. Resembling chaoa ; confuted; as, the earth woa origmally iii a ekaoUe stiite CHAPorCH^P,v.t [Ar. 70^0, to cut offor out. ^ ioci>trMe;(^L^iajiia,tospl)t,rend,tear,orcleave, to cut It seems to be allied to the G. and D. kcpprn, Dan. A«^pcp, Ft.ecuper: but these acree better wiUi Ar. C^' »j.,f^ kabaa or kaynfit^ to CuL Se« Chof and Gafc] To cleave, ^'plit, rrark, or open longitudinnllv, as the surface of liie earth, or the skin and desh uf the band. I>ry wt^athcr cXap^ tlie caith ; cold dr>- winds cAnjt the hand^. CHAP or CHAP, c. u To cmck ; to open in long slits ; a^, the earth eka^ ; tlie hands ekam. CHAP or Ca^f, N. A longitudinal elett, pip, or chink, as in Um aurftce oC the earth, or in the hands or feel. CU.^P, «. [Sax. caii/t, a beak, or chap; pL eeaJiM^ the chaps,] The appcr and lower part of the mouth : the jaw. It is ap;>hed to beasl^ and vulgarly to men ; gener- ally in the plural, the ckapa or mouth. CnXr, a. A man or a b«>y ; a yiMith. It 19 used also in the sense of a buyer. " If yo«i want to s^ll, here is your cAop." In this sense it coincides with chapman. [See CHSAr.l SUtU. CHAP, c. i [Sai. oapimA To cheap-n. [.V«« usri.] CRJiP^R-R-iV. n. [Sp., from ekcparra^ an er e r g re c n oek.] A thicket of low evergreen oaks. JVfatwaii*^ Did. CHAP'-BOOK, a. [See CHAmA.-f and Chbap.] A small U)ok, c4irried about fur sale by hawkers. CHAPE. It. [Fr.eAii|>e,the tongue c.f a bucklWj a cover, a churchman's cope, the head of an alembic ; .\nn. chap i Sp. rVp*) * thin plate of metal covering same kind of work. Qu. cap.] 1. The catch of any thmir, as the hook of a scab- bard, or the catch of a buckle, by which it is held to tbe back strap. 3. A bnus or silver tip, or caf>c , tb.it strengthens the end of a scabtmrd. Jakn^ton. Pk Uips, CHJSP'E^U,iatap'po,)n.;pL Chapkaux, (shap'pdKe.) [Fr.l A hat ; In kermldry, a rap or bonnet. CMjU^EAU bras, (iihap'po htL,) a. A railitar>- hat Mrhtcb can be flattened and put under the arm, CJIAP'EL, a. [Fr. ckapdlt: U eapefla; Arm. dutprl; Sp. eapitUy a chap^H. a hood or cowl, a chapter of collegians, a pnx>f-e;beet ; Port. taptUa ; It. eappfUA ; D. kaprt: fntni the same n>ot as cap. It is said that the kings of France, in war, carried S?L .Martin*s hat into Ilitr rield, which was kL>|H in a t^nt as a prertotis relic, whence the place tnok the name eapella,ii little bat, and the prieA who bad the custody of the tent wa$ called eaptUanuA, now duxplAim. Hence the word cMapd came to signify a private oratory*. fDicye. LmmitrA 1. A hoase for public worship, erected separate &om a cbnich : primarily, a private oratory, or hotitse of WMvhip belonj:ine to a private p-r*ori. In Oreat Britain there are several sorts of chapcU ; as, parvdOtU chapels^ distinct from the mothi-r church ; tiutptU which adjoin to and are a pait of tJie cbnrrb ; such were formerly built by honurahle pt-r- •ons for bur>'ing-plac«9 ; ehaptls of eAif, additional chiirche*, built in large parishes, for the ncc^mmo- daitnri cf the inhabitants ; free dutpel^^ which wr^re foiiu^lcd by the king of England; chapds in the uni- rn-.-<, places of worship belunisin^ to particular collfses; domfstie ckap^h^ built by ni^lemcn or ptn- tlemen for the use of their families. Kneyc. 2. In EAftand, a place of worship for disscnt.T^. 3. A printer's work-house ; said to be so citk-d because printing was first carried on in a cha|>el. Also, an aaaociation of workmen in a printing-onice. BrattJe. Bailey. £«<■_!/<;. CHAP'EL, r. t To deposit in a chapeL BeatLin, 4* Ft CHaPE'I.E-^S, a. Without a chape. CHAPXET, (■• ["•«W««tJ A pair of atjrrup leathers, with rtimips, joined at the top in a sort of leather buckle, by which they are made &iC to the frame-work of the saddle, afltr th<-y hive been adjusted to the length and bearing of the rider. Farrirr''s D.cL CHAP'EL-ING, n. The act of tumine a ship round in a light breere of wind, when close-hiuh-d, so that she will lie the same wav as bc-fore. Mar. Diet, CH-WEL-LA-NY, n. A place founded within some church and dependent thereon. ^9tiliffr. CH.\P'EL-RY, n. The bounds or Jurisdiction of a cbapeL CIIA CHAP'E-RON, (shap'e-r?ii,)w. [Fr.] A hixid or cap worn by the kniglits of the Gartt-r in their habits. It was anciently worn by men, wnmon, nobles, and populace; afterward appropriated to ductors and li- centiates in ci>1I.^ges. 1 hi' name tlien i>assed to cer- tain devici-s placed on the furcht-ads of horses which drew the hearse in pompou$i funeralsi. 2. One who attends a lady to public places as a piide and pmtertor. Jokiison. Enqtc. CHAP'E-UON. (shap'e n^n,) r. t To attend a lady to public placfs 09 a guide and protector. CHAPE-RfiX'KD, pp. \Vait*;d on in a public assem- bly by a friend or pnttector. CHAP-E-R0.\'I-N'G, ppr. Attending on a female In a public asst-niblv. CH.\P'-FALI.-A:X, (chopTawIn,) a, [chap and full.] Having the lower chap di-pressed ; hence, drjected ; dispirited ; silenced. B. Juiu-mji. CHA1"I-TER, a. [Fr. chnpitrait; It. eapitrtlo ; L, ciip- itfUum^ from caputy a head. Tliis is a diflereut word for Capitau] 1. I'bo upper part or capital of a column or pillar. [Cbs.] [See Capital.] 2. That which is dt-Iivered by the moutli of the Justice in his charge to the inquest. Enajc. CHAP'LAI.N, (liu,) H. [Fr. chtpflmn ; Sp. capeUan ; It, eapfUnno t L. capetlanus ; from chaprl,'] 1. An ecclesiastic who has a chajx*!, or who per- forms seivice in a cliapi'l. The king of (ireat Britain has forty-eight chaplains, who attend, four each month, to pcrfarm divine «;rvicw fur the n>yal fam- ily. Princes alsM, and (vrsons of quality, have chap- lains, who officiate in their chapels. 2. A clers>*nKin who b Kuigs to a ship of war, to a regiment of land forces*, or to some public institution, for perfiirming divine service. 3. A cl'-r}0'man who is retained to perform divine ■errice in a family. OuijJains of thr popr^ are auditors or Judges of eaiispfl in the sacred piilace. Enttfc. CHAP'LAIN-CY, a. The office or station of a chap- lain. CHAP'LAIX-SHIP, n. The office or business of a chaplain. 2. The possession or n^venue of a chaprl, Jvhnjion. CHAP'LESH, a. Without any dcsh about the month. CHAP'UET, a. [Vr. eJutpeUt.] [Bailty. Skak. 1. .\ gaiiand or wreath to be worn on the bead ; the circle of a crown, 2. A string of beads used by the Roman Catholics, bj* which the)' count tlie number of tlieir pravers. They are made sometinu;s of coral, of wood, ol* dia- monds, 4tc., and are callt.d paifrnonters. The inven- tion is ascribed to Peter the Hermit, who pruhabty learnt it in tlie East, as the Orientals use a kind of ch,aplet, called a cAm'n, rehearsing one of the perfec- tions of God on each link, or head. The Great Mogul is s.iid to have eighteen of Uiese chains, all precious stont-s. I'he Turks also use a kind of chaplct in reciting Uieir praytrrs. F.nnjc 3. In architecturf, a little molding, carved into round be.ads, pearls, olives, or the like. 4. In htmiemanahip^ a chapelet, which see. b. A tuft of feathers on a peacock's head. Johnson. 6. A small chapel or shrine. Hammond. CIIAP'M.VN, n. ,• p/. Chapmk!*. [&Bi%. etapman ; D. koi'pnan ; G. katifinann: I), ki'dbmand. See Cheap.] 1. A cheaiK-ner ; one that offers aa a purchastrr. Tlifir citapmen they belruy. Diydtn. 2. A seller ; a market-man. Shak, CHAP'PED, (chapt,) pp. Clefl ; opened, as the sur- face or skin. CIIAP'PIXG, ppr. Cleavine, as the surface or skin. CHAP'PV, a. Full of chaps ; rl.-ft. CHAPS, n. ;./. The my( i« use,} Skehon, CHAR'AC-TER, «. [L. diaracter; Fr. caracUra Sp. caractrr; ft. carattere; Hr. \iioiiktijPj fVom the verb X't^uTfftj, \iipurrto, x<*/"^('''» *** scrape, cut, en- grave.] 1. A niark made by cutting or engraving, as on stone, metal, or other h:ird nialeriid ; hence, a mark or figuri! made with a pen or style, on pajjer, oriilher •material used to contain writing; a hater or figure used to f.trm wonls and communicate ideas, Char- arir-rs are tUenil, As the letters of an alphabet ; nu- vterat, us the arithmeiical fissures; embh.matirai or symbulictit, which express things or ideas ; ami ahbre- riitiionn ; as, C. for cciitiiniy a hundred ; lb. for libra, a pound ; A. I)., Anno Domini ; 5lc, 2. A mark or figure made by stamping or impR>9- sion, as on coioit. 3. The manner of writing ; the peculiar fonu of letters ust-d l»y a particular person. You know ilie chamcUr Co bo yotir brother's. Shak. 4. Thi^ peculiar qualities impressed, by nature or habit, on a iMirwn, which distinguish him from oih- en* ; lIieKe constitute rci/ rArtracfe?", and the qualities which he is supjMiscd to posses.-^ couistitute his esti- matcA charactTTy or reputation. Honce we say, a cfiart.rf'-r is not formed, when the person has nut ac- quipil -trible and distinctive qualities. o. All account, d';Rcription, or representation of any thing, exhibiting its qualities and the circum- stances attending it ; as, to give a bad cJiaracUr to a town, or to a road. G. A person ; as, the assembly consisted of various characters, eminent cAarnc/yr*, and low rharacttra ; oil the charaetcra in the play appetu-ed to advantage. Tlw friiniWiip of dutiii^iiMirU character*. Botcot. 7. Ry way of eminence, distinguished or good qualities ; tliose which are esteemed and respected ; and thoHe which are ascribed to a person in common esiiination. We inquire wlit^her a ytranger is a man of chiiracte.r, 8. Adventitious qualities impressed by office or sta- ti<>n ; the qualities that, in public estimation, h^-long to a piTson in a particular suuion, as wlien we ask how a magistrate or commander supports his cluzrac- Ur. 9. The pt^culiar qualities or properties by which one thing is distinguif;hed from another, as animals, plants, and minerals. Tbt-s'' propTlJ^i whtn employed for the purpoie of diacnipiinv tjng timicmlit, «je cilled charactert. Cleavelanl. ID. Distinctive quality of any kind strongly marked, particularly energ>' or force ; as, a man is said to have no character, or a grtsal deal of cfutractcr. CHAR'AC-TER, r. f. To engrave ; to inscribe. Mdtun. Shak. 2. To describe ; to distinguish by particular marks or traits. Jififfurd. €HAR'AC-TER -ED, pp. Engraved; inscribed; dis- tinguished by a particular character. Mitforil. CHAR'Ae-TER-ISM, Tt. The distinction of character. Bp. HaU. 2. A particular aspect or configuration of the heavens, Encyc. eHAR-A€-TER-IS'Tie, ) 0. [Gr. x(ip'Tnp.] That constitutes the character ; that marks the pe- culiar distinctive qualities of a person or thing; as, generosity is often a characttriatic virtue of a brave man. It is followed by ofi as, generosity is cHariteteristxe o/tnie bravcrv. CHAR-AC-TEU-IS'Tie, tu That which constitutes a characUT ; that which characterizes; that which distinguishes a person or thing from another. Invention a Ihe characUrUtic of Homer. Pope. 2. In grammar, the principal h-tter of a word, which is preserved in most of its tenses, m its deriv- ativirs and compounds. The characteristic of a logarithm, is its index or ex- ponent. L FATE, FAR, FALL, WII.^T.— METE, PUBV. — PI.VE, MARIXE, BIRD. — NoTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK. ClIA CIIA cnA The citanulrrijitic triangle of a carre, in gcoiuetO'* i^• a recliliitenr right-aucK-d triangle, whose hypi.t- enuse makes a ii;iit of Uie curve, iiol stiisibly dif- fer. lit from a riglit line. Encuc. eHAR-Ae-TER-lS'Tie-AL-LY, aJo, In a manner that liistincuishes cbitracicr. CnAK-Ae-fER-IS'TLC-AL-XESS, h. The state or qualities of being chararierfetic. CMAR-AC-TEtt-I-ZA'TIO.N, n. Act of character- ii'.his. CnAR'AC-TER-I/.E, r. L [Gr. xre the person ; as, to charge a crime on the offi-nder ; to charge evil cunsequenccii on tlie doc- trines of the Stoics. m. To censure ; to accuse. Ill all thb Job Emnril not, nor charged God fbolt^j. —Job 1. 13. To lay on, give, or communicate, as an order, command, or earnest request ; to enjoin ; to exhort. Charge tU'-m iliit nv rich in tliii worU, thai they be not high- ntiniicd. — 1 Tim. vi. In this sense, when the command is given in the name of G<^d, or with au oath, the phrase amounts to an adjtiratiou. To adjure; to bind by an oath. 1 Savu xiv. 28. 14. To give dircTtitms to ; to instruct autliorita- tively ; as, the judge ehanrrd the grand jury to in- quire res|>ecting breaches of the peace. 15 To communirnte elcctricaJ matter to, as to a cooti'd vial, or an electrical battery. CHARGE, r. L To make an onset. Thus Glanville says, " Like your heroes of antiquity, he cJmrircs in iron ; " and we s.ay, to charge with fixed bayimets. But in this application, the object is understotid ; to charge the enemy. CMXR6E, n. rPr. charge; Arm. and W. carg; Sp. cnrga, cargo ;Vori. carga, carrega; H. carieay carco ; Eng. cargo.] 1. That which is laid on or in ; in a general aense^ any load or burden. It is the same word radically as cargo. 2. Tbe quantity of powder, or of powder and ball or shot, used, or proper to be used, in loading a mus- ket, cannon, or other like instrument. 3. An onset ; a rushing on an enemy ; attack ; especially by moving troops with fixed bayonets. Hut it is used for an onset of cavalry, as well as of infantry. 4. An order, mjunction, mandate, command. McwB|fn»t" Jt>«hiiii a charge. — Num. xxvii. The ldH£ p«Ye charge conceminjf ALajDui. —2 Sam. f vili. Hence, 5. That which is enjoined, committed, Intrusted, or delivered to another, implying care, custody, oversight, or duty to be performed by the pert^un in- irui^ed. I gn»" Il^uiani charge orrr Jt-ruaalrm. — Neh, »ii. Hence lli.^ word includes any trust or commission ; an office, duty, employment. It is followed by of or over; more generally by of. Hence, 6. The pLTson or thing committed to another's cust(»dy, care, or management; a trust. Thus the people of a parish are called the miiiiiiter'a cJturge. The •Ijirry gTinnliaii drove hia charga away To Boioe frcih ptuture. Dryden. 7. Instructions given by a judge to a jury, by a bishop to his clergy, or, among Presbyterians, &c., by a member of an ordaining council to one who is set as pastor over a congregation, or to the congrega- tion themselves. The word may be used as synony- mous with command, direction^ exhortation, or injunc- tion, but always implies .solemnity. 8. Imputation in a bad sense ; accusation. Lay not tliLi sin to th<;ir charge. — AcU tH. 9. That which constitutes debt, in commercial transactions ; an entry of money, or the price of good>«, on the debit side of nn account. 10. Cost ; expense ; as, the charges of the war are to be borne by the nation. 11. Im(H>sition on land or estate; rent, tax, or whatever constitutes a burden or duty. V2. In military affairs, a signal to attack ; as, to sound the cJiarge. 13. The posture of a weapon fitted for an attack or coinbaU Tb«ir ann«d •Iatcs in eharg*. SUak. 14. Among /dm>r.T, a preparation of the consists ence of a thick decjTCtion, or between an ointment and a pla.«tpr, used as a remedy for sprains ami in- flammations. l.S. In heraldry, that which is borne upon the color; or the figures represented on the escutcheon, by which the hearers are distinguished from one another. l(i. In elrctrieal rinerimenti, a quantity of electrical fluid, communicated to a coated jar, vial, or pane of glaits. 17. In painting, charge, or overcharge, is an exagge- ration uf character in Conn, color, or expression. Klmrs. A charge of Ira/l, is thirty-six pigs, each containing six stone, wanting two poundt*. CHAH6E'A-ilI>E, a. TJiat may be charged ; that may be sit, laid, imi)«>sed ; as, a duty of forty per cent. Is charirrable on wine. 3. Subject to bii charged ; as, wine is chargeable with a duty of forty per cent, 3. Expensive ; costly ; as, a chargeable family. 4. Laying or bringing expense. BccniiK we would not be chorgeabie to any of you, — I Then. li. 5. Imputable ; that may be laid or attributed a.s a crime, fault, or debt ; as, a fault chargeable on a man. 6. Subject to be charged or accused; as, a man ehargraJtU with a fault or neglect. CHARGE' A-BLE-NESS, b. Expenslvenesa ; cost; costlinosfl. Boyle. CIIARGE'A-BLY, ode. Exi)ensively J at great cost. Ascham. CnXRG'ED, pp. Loaded ; burdened ; attacked ; laid on ; instructed ; imjiuicd ; accused ; placed to the debt ; ordered ; commanded. ChAR'GE D'MF-FAIRES', (slr.lr'zhi daf f5ir',) n. [Fr.] A person intrusted with tbe public interest in a foreign n.ation, in the place uf an embassador or other minister. CnARGi:'F[JL, a. Expenshre ; costly. [A^oi u.'^cd.] Shak. CIIARGE'LESS, o. Not expensive; free from ex- pense. CHXRG'ER, 71. In Scots law, one who charges anoth- er in a suit. 2. A large dish. JVum. vil. 3. A horse used in battle. CHARGR'-HOtrSE, n. A scliool-house. [06.-.-.] SluiJc CHARG'ING, ppr. Loading; attacking; laying on; inj-truciing ; commanding; accusing; imputing. CIL\R'I-LY, arfe. [See Cmauy.] Carefully; warily; fnigally. [Little lurd.] Shah. CHaR'I-NESS, n. Caution; care; nicety; scrupu- lousness. [LUUc m(«/.] Shak. CIIaR'LVO, for Chqiumg, doing chores, is used by Coleridge. CHAR'I-OT, 7t. [Fr. chariot, from char, a car, which see ; Sp. It. carro ; It. carrcUa.] 1. A half coach ; a carriage with four wheels, and one seat behind, used for convenience and pleasure. 9. A car or vehicle, used foriiierly in war, drawn by tivo or more horses, and conveying two men each. These vehicles were sometimes armed with htioks or scythes. CHAR'I-OT, V. t. To convey in a chariot. Miltfrrf. CHAR'I-0'i"-ED, pp. Borne in a chariot. Cowpcr. CJI.VR-I-O'I'-EER', Ti. The person who drives or conducts a chariot. It is used in speaking of mili- tary chariots, and tlio.se in tlie ancient games, but not of modern drivers, .John.^im. Addison. CHAR-I-OT-EER'ING, ppr. Driving a chariot. 2. a. Using a chariot. CHAR'I-OT-MAN, m. The driver of a chariot. 9 Chruti. xviii. CHAR'I-OT-RaCE, w. a race with chariots; a sport in which chariots were driven in contest for a prize. Addison, CIIAR'I-TA-HLE, a. [Fr. See Chabitv.] Benevo- lent and kind ; as, a charitable disposition. 2. Liberal in benefactions to the poor, and in re- lieving them in distress ; as, a charitable man. 3. Pertaining to charity; springing from charity, or intended for charity ; benevolent ; as, a chai-itable institution, or society ; a charitable punwse. 4. Formed on charitable principles ; favorable ; dictated by kindness; as, a charitable constniction of words or actions. CIIAH'I TA-BLE-\ESS, n. The disposition to be charitable, or the exercise of charity. 9. Liberality to the poor. CHAR'1-TA-BLY, adu. Kindly ; liberally ; benevo- lently ; with a dis]»f)3ition to helplhe poor ; favorably, CHAR'I-TV, n. [Fr. charitei L. charitas, or caritas ; W. cariad : Sp. cartdad ; Port, caridade: It. caritd, caritade. Q,u. Gr. ;^a,oif. The Latin carifa^ is from cariLi, dear, costly, whence beloved ; and the word was sometimes written charit/is, as if from the Gr. X(i,u((. The Latin carus would seem to be from the verb careo, to waul, as ilearness arises from srarf itv. Of this we have an example in the English dmr, whence dearth, which shows the primary sense of dear to be scarce. But qu. the Oriental '^p\ Class Gr, .\o. 50.J I. In a general aense, love, benevolence, good-will ; that disposition of heart which inclines nu-u to think favorably of their fellow-men, and to do them g(X)d. In a theological sense, it includes supreme love to God, and iniiversal good-will to men, 1 Cor. xiij. Cvl. iii. 1 Tim. i. 2i In a vtore particular sense, love, kindness, affec- lion, tenderness, springing fripin natural relations; as, tJie charities of father, son, and brother. Mdtou. 3. Ijilierality to the poor, consisting in a!m>f-piving or benf-factions, or in gratuitous services to relieve them ill distress. 4. Alms ; whatever is bestowed gratuitously on the jKxir fur their relief. 5. Liberality in gifts and services to promote pii!)- lic objects of utility, as to found and Hupi>t)rt Bible societies, missionary societies, and others. 6. Candor; liberality in juilging of men and their actions; a disposition which inclines men to think and judge favorably, and to put the best conslniction on words and actions which the case will admit. Tlie hi^hi^sl excrciae of charUy ii cb&rity towant x\iv tmch^iritv blc. Buckmintter. 7. Any act of kindness or benevolence ; a?, th^ charities of life, 8. A charitable institution. D. ffcbAt.rr. Sisters of charity, in the Roman CnthoUe church, are an order or society of females whose office is to at- tend the sick. CIIAR'1-TY-SeHOOL is a school maintained by vol- untary contributions for educating itoot children. TONE, BULL. IGNITE,— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K; a» J ; S M Zi CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. CHA CHXRK, r. t. [On. eAor, or Ch. l^n, Ar. Oj^* **" mJta, to burn.] To burn to a coal ; to char. [Abt •w«i.J [See Chvr.] CHAR-I-VA RVy Cslt^r-e-va-ree'O n. [Fr.] A mock Serf nude of discordant music, keilles, tin norns, &c., dtsigDid to iiniioy and iu^nll. U was at first dinxl- ed Hgaiust ividowii whu married a second tinu', at an ndvanct'd agt* ; Iml is ntuv ejttendfd to other occa- sUiMH uf mtctiirnid aiinuyanct* :\\\d inrJulL. CHAUL'A-TAN,(!ih;irraUin,)n. [Fr., frorn It. ciai- laUuoj a quack, fmiu eiarinre, to prnl^ ; f'jx eharla- (tiN, from cJiarlttTt to prate i Port. ckarUr^ id. ; L. j^oi^ r«Ja, ifarriff ; Uf. j iidnfj.] One wht) |»ratt;i> much ut bis own Ctvor,and makes unwarnuitablt pirtensioud to skill ; a quack ; an em- IHfic; a mountebank. BroicH, BitUm CnxUL-A-TA.N'ie^AL, a. Quackish j making un- due juvtensinn'f u> sikill ; ignorant. Cotcley. CHXKL-A-TA.S'IC-AULY, air. .\fter tlie manner t>f a chnriatan. CU\Ul/A-TA.N-RV. (dhUrl'a-lan-ry,) n. Undue pre- tt-n-^ious to skill; quackery; wheedling ; deception bv fair word-*. JohnsoH. CIU i:LK3»S-\VA l.\, n. [CiutrUst Celtic kart^ a man, ur ruKiir. ^e \V*ai?i.] In Astronompt seven stars, more commonly called Uij Dipi^er, in the oon;5tellaiion called Ursa Majtfr^ or the Great lUar. Encjfc [Tbe word :!«eni--4 to denote the rustless u^aiiiy or Wiii!itn,^««i r:illt-d froui its ^hape ; the four stars cor- resptmdiiig to the bi>dy, and the other three to tl)e tunsrue or neap — KU.\ CHAK'hOCK, M. [Sax. cerlice. Leac^ in Paxnn» ia a leek i but the snue word occurs in heudock^ and it priikhblv sl^nific-^ a plaui ox rooL] The Enj^UI) name of the Raphanus Eaphantstruro, and Sinapis arveiisi^, ver)' poruicious weeds anii>ng Kmm. One kind has yellow lowers; another, white. With jointed (HKld. Lw, Encyc CHAKM, 1. iFr. diarme; Norm, fomie, or t^anne; Arm. dulm : L. carmfit^ a song, a verse, an t>utcr)', a charm, it coincides with the W. g*irmy an outcry, fornudv, to shout, Sax. ctrM, or cjrrM, outer)', noit*e. See ALAaM.] 1. Words, characters, or other things imagint;d to po8^.ss some ticcult or unintelligible juwer i hence, a Diafpc |K»wer or sfK-ll, by which, with tlie supposed a^isiance of the devil, witches and sttrcerers have becrn siippotsed to do womlerful things. Spell \ en- chaniment. Hence, ^ That which has power to sut>due opfio^ition, and gain tlte atfer tions ; that which ciin plea^^e trre- si.-<:tbly; that which delights and attracts the heart; gL>ueraUy in Uie plural. The aorilcB of iiaMn and tfaB dhOTDM of ut, Addmm, Good huiWMT only lAacfatH cAorau to l«M. Pojf. CHARM, r. L To subdue or control by iBCantation of secret induence. 1 wilt artid serpent! artMngjou^which will not be Jer. ' 2. To subdue by secn^t power, especially by that which pleases and delights the mind ; to allay or ap- pease. Music the fiercest grief can duim. Pope. 3. To give exquisite pleasure to the mind or senses ; to delight ; as, we were dtaraud with the conver- sation. The aerwl aongvier dtarms us with her tndodious wMica. Anon. 4. To fortify with cbarms against evil. I bru- a etennerf life, wbkh mu«i pot ytet>t. Skak. l^''ot in use.] 5. To make powerful by charms. j^ Johnson. 6. To summon by incantation. ShaJt. Johnson. 7. To temper agreeably. Spenner. CHARM, r. i. To iwuind harmonicallv. JUilton. CHAR'MA, a, A fi^h resembling the'eea-wolf. CBARM'£D, pp. or a. Subdued or defended by cbarms ; delighted ; enchanted. CHARM'ER, n. One tlwt charms, or hx-? power to charm ; one that uses, or has the power of enchant- ment. DeuU xWii. 11. 2. One who delights and attracts the affections. CHXRM'ER-ESS, n. An enchantress. Chaucer. CHXRM'FUL, a. Abounding with charms. Cuicley. CHARM'ING, ppr. Using charms ; enchanting. 2. a. Pleasing in the highest degree; delighting. Music k but an elegant anJ dtanaing apexie^ of docuiiun. , E. Porter. CHXRM'IXG-LY, air. DelightfuUy ; in a manner to charm, or to give delight. She smileii Tery charmingly. Addison. CHARM'I.\G-NESS, n. The power to please. Johnson. CHARMLESS, a. Destitute of charms. Steift. CHAR-XK'CO, b, A sort of sweet wine. Shak. CHAR'.VEL, 0. [Fr. ekarnfl, carnal, fleshly: charniery a charuel-liouse, a larder ; Arm. carucU ; Sp. camrro ; IL earn-iio ; L. airnalis^ carnal, from caro^ flesh.] Containing flesh or carcasses. Milton, CIIA CIIXR'NEI'-HOUSE, w. .A place under or near chtirch- es, where the bones of the dead are rcposited. An- ciently, a kind of |K>rtico or gallery, in or near a churihvard, over which liio bones of the dead were laid, atier the flesh was atnsunied. Eiicye. CHX'RO.V, II. [Or.] In my'JtoloiriJi the son of Er^.-bus and Xox, whnse oflice was to fi rry the souls of the deceased over the waters of Acheron and Styx, for a piece of money. CHXR'PIE, (slOr'pe,) a. [Pr.] Lint for drcs-sing a wound. anilK-ls of latitude at equal distances, and of course the degrees of latitude and longitude itre every where equal to each other. Mereaior*s chart : a chart constructed on the prin- ciple of .Mercator's projection. [See Projection.] Globular chart ; a chart constructed on a globular projection. [See Projection.] Selenograpkic ehartSj represent the spots and appear- ances of the moon. Topographic eharisy are draughts of particular places or small parts of the earth. Kacyc. CHXR-Ta'CEOUS, (-shus,) a. Resembling paper; quite o|iaque, like most leaves. Lindley. CIIARTE, (shirt,) w. The constitution or fundanien- lal law of the French monarchy, as established on the restoration of lA>uis XVHI., in 1814. Brandc. CHAR'TER, a. [Fr. chartre, from L. diarta. See Card.] 1. .\ written instrun»ent, executed with usual forms, given as evidence of a grant, cttntract, or whatever is done between man and man. In its more usual sense, it is the instniment of a grant conferring pow- ers, rights, and privileges, eitlier from a king, or other sovereign power, or frttm a private person ; as, a charter uf ezemption, that no person shall be impan- neled on a jury ; a charter of pardon, &c. The char- ters, under which most of the colonies in America were settled, were given by the king of England, and incorp<»raied certain persons, with powers to liold the lands granted, to establish a government, and make laws for their own regulation. These were called charter gove7^menL. Ramsay. 2. Invested with privileges by charter; privileged. 3. Hired or let, as a ship. [Skak. CHXR'TER-LVG, ppr. Giving a charter; establishing 2. Hiring or letting by charter. [by charter. CHXRT'IS.nL 71. [from chaHiT.] In England, the principle of a political party who desire universal suffrage, the vote by ballot, annual parliaments, and other radical reforms, as set forth in a document called the people^s charter. P. Cyr.. CHXRT'IST, n. One infected with chartism, or radi- cal principles. CHXRT'LESS, a. Without a chart ; of which no chart has been made; not delineated on paper; as, the chartle-iS main. Barlow. CHA C/un rUKUSi:', (sb>lr-troore',) M. [Fr.] A cele- brated monastery of Carthusians, in the mountains of Dauphiny, in France. The regulations are ex- ceedingly severe. CHXRT'U-LA-HY, n. [Ft. chartulatre. See Cartu- laht.] An nfticer in the ancient Latin church, who had the care of charters and other papers of a public na- ture. Hlackstuiif uses this word for a record or regis- ter, as of a inunxstery. CHAR'Y. o. [Sax. ceariir. See Care.] (.-areful ; wary ; frugal. Shak. CH.^S'A RLE, a. That may be chased ; fit for the cliase. Oowrr. CHXSE,^\ L [Fr. chasser ; Ann, chagzeal ; Sp. cazar ; Port, ca^iir ; It. ciuciare^ The elements arc Cg or Ck ; and the change of a palatal to a sibilant resembles that in brace,] 1. Litcnilhj, to drive, urge, press forward with ve- hemence ; henco, to pursue for tile purpose of taking, as game ; to hunt. 2. To pursue, or drive, as a defeated or ilying ene- my. Len. xxvi. 7. DeuL xx.xii. 30. 3. To follow or pursue as an object of desire ; to pursue for tlie purpose of taking ; as, tu chase a sliip. 4. To drive ; to pursue. Chaaed by thrlr liroUif-r's eii.lleaii malice. KnoHli. To chase awuyy is to compel to depart ; to disjM^rse. 7*0 chase metals. See E.-vchase. CHASE, n. Vehement pursuit; a running or dri^nng after, as game, in hunting; a flying enemy, iii war; a ship at sea, &e.. 9. Pursuit with an ardent desire to obtain, as pleas- ure, profit, fame, &c. ; earnest seeking. 3. That wliich may be chased ; that which is usu- ally taken by the chase; as, beasts at dutse, A. That which is pursued or hunted ; as, seek some other chwic. So, at sea, a ship chased is called the chase. 5. In law, a driving of cattle to or from a place. 6. An open ground, or place of retreat for deer and other wild beasts ; ditfi^ring from a forest, wliich is not private property, and is invested with privileges, and from a park, which is inclosed. A chase is pri- vate projx^rty, and well stored with wild beasts or game. 7. [Fr. ckasse; Sp. caxa; It. eassa. See Case and Cash.] An iron fnune used by printers to confine types, when set fn columns or pages. 8. A wide groove. 9. Chase of a ^in ; the forward part, from the tnm- nions to the swell of the mouth. Park's Pautology. 10. A term in the game of tennis. Chase truNs; in a ship of war, guns used in dialing an enemy, or in defending a ship when chased. These have their |Kirts at the head or stern, CHAS'KD, (chast,) jip. or a. Pursued; sought ar- dently ; driven ; embt>ssed. CHXS'ER, n. One who chases ; a pursuer ; a driver ; a hunter. 2. A term applied to gunii at the head and stem of a vessel, for firing when in chase. Brandt. 3. An enchaser. [See Exchase,] CH.AS'I-BLE. See Chasuble. CHaS'ING, ppr. Pursuing; driving; hunting; em- bossing on metals CHXS'ING, n. The act or art of embossing on metals. CHASM, (kazm,) n. [Gr. xstm''! ^' chasnia, from Gr. Xaio, \aoKoi, x**"'£^i ^t) open.] 1. A ileft ; a fissure ; a gap ; properly, an opening made by disrupture, as a breach in the earth or a rock. 2. A void space ; a vacuity. Belwi-i?n ihe two proponliions, Ibal the gof\»^\ k Uth", and thai it is EUbc, what a hiarl'ul chasm J Tlie imiicUled reiucm hov-i* over it in dismfty, Buckminiier. CHASM'ED, (kazmd,) c. Having gajB or a chasm. CHASM'Y, a. Abounding with ciuisms. CHAS'SE-LAS, n. A eort of graiie. CHAS'SEL'R, (shas'saur,) n. [Fr., a huntsman.] In military affairs^ one of a body of cavalry, light and active, trained for rapid movements. CIIXS'I'E, a. [Fr. chaste; Arm. chast; It. Sp. and Port. casto : from L. cxistus. Sax. cusc, D, knlisth, G. keii^ich, Sw. kysk, Russ. chistei^ are probably from the same root. Q-u. Ir. caidh. I suppose the primary sense to be, separate, from the Oriental practice of sequester- ing females. If so, castas accords with the root of cattle, W.cas; and, at any rate, the word denotes purity, a sense taken from separation.] 1. Pure from all unlawful commerce of sexes. Ap- plied to persons before marriai^e, it signifies pure fmrn all sexual commerce, undefiled ; applied to mamcd persons, true to the marriage bed. 2. Free from obscenity. WliUe Ihey l>cho!d yciir chaste conversation. — I Pet. iJi. 3. In laniruage, pure; genuine; tincornipt; free from barbarous words and phrases, and from tiuainl, aff.'cteil, extravagant exfiressions. CilASTE'-E5-.£D, (-Ide,) a. Having modest eyes. ColliiLH. CHXSTE'-TREE, n. The Agmis rastus, or Vitex ; a tree that grows to the hight of eight or ten feet, prt>- FATE, FAR, FALL, WU^T.— M£TE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— j7)4 \ CHA CHE CHE diicin^ spikes of flowers at the end of even' strong shtn.ose of corriTtion. CHA?TE'\ESS, B. Chaftity ; pnrity. CWXt^'T ES-lSiiy ppr. Correcting; afflicting for cor- rection. CHAS'Ti^N-ING, «. Correction ; sutTering inflicted for the purjwse of rechiiiniiig. CHAS-TIS'A-BLE, a. Deserving of chastisement. Sherteuod. CHAS-TTSE', V. U TFr, eh&tin-; Arm. c-nra lo jjiif- him Lktutitenienl 1 Sliak. 1 havp ijnmc c/ia*ii*emenl ; I will nut oIltriKl any more. — Jub The chaxtU&ment of our peace, in Scripture, was the pain which Christ 8ufl*ered to purchase our jHJace and reconciliation to God. fa. UiL CHA.S-TT8'KU, b. One wfco chastises ; a punisher ; a corrector. CIIAS-'IIS'ING, ppr* Punishing for correction; cor- rertine. CIlAS''l'r-TY, B. [h. r-aMHiu ; Fr. chasteU ; Sp. easti- dad; It. castitd; fn>m L. ca.tULt, chiiste.] i. Purity of llie body ; freedom from all unlawful conmterce of sexes. Br/trre wati'iajrc, purity fnnu all commerce of sexes ; a/Ur marriage^ ndelily to the marriace bi-d. 2. Freedom from obscenity, an In language or con- versation. 3. Freedom from bad mixtiut^ ; purity in worda and phrnsett. 4. Purity ; unadulterated slate ; as, the ehwHiuj of the ErrMf. [J^ntinwe.] Shak. CHAT, n. Free, familiar talk ; idle talk ; prate. CHAT. B. A twig, or little Rtick. [Sre Chit.] CH.Vr-EAU', Jshatto',) v. [Fr., a castle. Bee Cai- ti,eJ a castle ; n neat in the countr>. CHAT'E-LET, (shat'e-let.) 7.. A little castle. Chambers. CHAT'Er_^LA-NY, n. [Fr. ehatenrnic] The lordship or Jurisdiction of a castellan, or gov- ernor of a rastU(. [See CAiTELLA?rT.] CHA-TOY'ANT, a. [Fr. duil, cat, and ail, eye.] Having a changeable, undulating luster, or color, like that of a cat's eye in the dark. ClIA-TOY'ANT, n. A hard stone, a little tran •■parent. which, being cut smrxith, presents un \U surftice and in the interior an undulating or wavy light. It i^ of a yellowish-gray color, or verging to an olive-green. It rarely exceeds the size of a filhrrt. Diet, of A^f, ffuf. CHA-TOY'MENTj n. Changeable colors, or chongea- bleness of color, in a mineral ; play of colors. Cleavi:iand. CHAT PO-TA'ToES, w. pi. Small potatoes fit only for pigs, &.C. Brandc CHAT'TAII, n. In /«//<«, an umbrella. CHAT'TED, pp. Talked familiarly, or on light sub- jects. CHAT'TfTL, (chat'l,) n. [See Cattle.] rrimarihj, any article of movable goods. In modern usagCy the word chattels comprehends all goods, movable or im- movable, except such as have the nature of freehold. " CbutteU are real or personal. Chattels reul, are such as concern or savor of the realty, as a term for years of land, wardships in chivalry, tlie next presentati4in to a church, estates by statute merchant, elegit, and the like. Chattels personal^ are things movable, as animals, furniture of a house, jewels, corn, &c." Blacktitone. CHAT'TER, v. i. [See Chat.] To utter sounds rap- idly and iudNtinctly, as a niatrpie or a monkey. 2. To make a noise by collision of the teeth. We say, the teeth chattery when one is chilly and shiver- ing. 3. To talk idly, carelessly, or rapidly ; to jabber. CHAT'TER, n. ii^ounds like those of a pic or monkey; idle talk. CHAT'TER-BOX, n. One that talks incessantly. CUAT'TER-EU, n. A prater ; an idle talker. 2. A name given to some species of dentirostral birds, from their loud and monotonous notes. They feed chit-fly on berries. Swainst-iu CHAT'TER-I\G, ppr. or a. Uttering rapid, indistinct sounds, as birds; Ulking idly j moving rapidly and clashing, as the- teeth. CHAT'TER-ING, n. Rapid, inarticulate sounds, as of birds; idle talk ; rapid striking of the teelli, as in chilliness. CHAT'TI.NG, ppr. Talking familiarly. CHAT'TY, fl. Given to free conversation ; talkative. CHAT'WOOD, 71. Little slicks; fuel. BaUey. Jvhason. CHACF'FER, n. [Fr. chaHjh-, to heat.] In chemistry^ a small furnace, a cylindrical box of sheet iron, oj>en at the top, with a grate near the bot- tom. Kufe. CHAU-MON-TELLE', Ji. [Fr.] A sort of pear. CHAHN', «. A pap. [J^uttn me.] [See Yawn.] CH ALJN, 0. i. To open : tu yawn. [JVot in use] CHAUXT. SeeCHA.-«T. CHAV'EN-DER, } „:•',: i CHEV'EN, \ "• t^*^- '^^"f^*-] The chub, a fish. CHAW, V. L [Sax. cancan ,■ D. kaauwen ; G. kauen ; Fr. caa-Haim, or eognaitn ; Arm, jaoga^ or chugiicln ; coin- ciding with jawy which in Arm. is jnved, frarcd, or chaffcU, and as cheek and juw are olten united, this word coincides with Sax. ecoc, ceoca. It is most cor- rectly written and pronounced ekavs y but chew is deemed most elegant.] 1. To grind wi:h the teeth ; to masticate, as food in eating ; to ruminate, or to chew, as the cud. 2, To ruminate in thought ; to revolve and consid- er. \Obs.} CHAW, n. [A dTfTurent Spelling of jnate, to gain ; I>. kaop, a bargain or purchase ; " te ko(»p zeltrn," to set to sale ; " gm-d koop," cheap, good piirchaMe ; konpcH, to buy ; G. kaufen i Dan. Ai- Uber ; Sw. kafia ; Russ. kiipayu ; L. eaupo ; Eng. to cheapen, to ehaffrr, chap-man, ehop-heoky to chap and change. The sense is, a purchase, and gnod cheap is a gtmd purchase or bargain. Hence, probably, omit- ting gtwd^ we have cheap,] 1. Bearing a hiw price in market ; tHat may be purchased at a low price ; that is, at a price as low or lower than the usual price of the article or com- modity, or at a price less than the real value. 'J'he sense is always companitive ; for a price deemed cheap at one time is considered dear at another. It i» It priticipli; which th*" prugn-M of politicul •ci^nc- hu clearly nLttili«h"c \atttot vl frc«inen tliUk lo compel Oie labor of aliivi. L. Bacon. S. Being of small value ; common ; not respected ; as, cheap beauty. Mike uuL jfourarlf cheap In (he eyrt of the world. Anon. CHRAP, ». Bargain; purchase; as in the phrases, good chenpy l>ettf'r ehrAp ; the original phrases from which w« have cheap. [ ObH.] CHf:AF'£N, (chGp'n,)t». (. [Sax. ceapian. SeeCHEAP, supra.] 1. To attempt to buy; to ask the price of a com- modity; to chafltr. To Bhoji* in crowds iht tUg^]cd frmiiloi fly, PnUjini Id dteapcn gtmda, iTui itoiliiug Uty. Stoyt. 9. To lessen value. I^ryden. CHEAP' SN-SD, (chep'nd,) pp. Bargained iirj beat down in price. CHkAP'A'N-ER, n. One who cheapens or haituins. CHkAP'£.\-ING, ppr. Bargaining fnr; chalfeitng; hi^iting down the price of. CHkAP'ER, a. comp. More cheap , less expensive. CHk.-VP'EST, a. superl. Most che.ap ; least costly. CHkAP'LY, ado. At a small price ; at a low rate. CHEAP'iVESS, M, Lowness in price, considering the usual price, or real value. CH£.\R. See Cheer. ^ - .- CHEAT, r. L [Sax. ceatt. In Ar. c Jv=i khadaa, sig- nifies to deceive, circumvept, seduce ; to fail, to hide, to disguise, to defraud; n I ^=^ kaida^ signifies to deceive, to lay snares ; Eth. li^il) chiet or hict, sig- nifies to cheat, to deceive, to defraud.] 1. To deceive and defraud in a bargain ; lo de- ceive for the purpose of gain in selling. Us proper application is to Commerce, in* which a person uses some arts, or misrepresentations, or witliliolds some facts, by which he deceives the purchaser. 2. To deceive by any artifice, trick, or device, with a view to gain an advantage contrary to common honesty ; as, to cheat a person at cards. 3. To impose on ; to trick. It is followed by of or out of, and colloquially by into, as to cheat a child into a belief that a medicine is palatable. CHkAT, w. a fraud committed by deception ; a trick ; inijKjsition ; imposture. - 2. A person who cheats; one guilty of fraud by deceitful practices. CHeAT'A-BLE-NESS, «. Liability to be cheated. Hatnmiiiid. CHEAT'-BREAD, (-bred,)ji. Fine bread purchased, or not made in the family. [LitUe vjfed.] CHkAT'EO, pp. Defrauded by deception. CHkAT'ER, n. One who practices a fraud in com- merce. CIIf.AT'ING, ppr. or a. Defrauding by deception; imposing on. CHf.AT'ING, n. The act of defrauding by deceitful arts. CHkAT'ING-LY, adv. In a cheating manner, CHECK, V. t. [Fr. eehec, pi. echecs, which we have changed into ihess; Sp. laqne, a move at ch<^ss ; xaque de mat^, check-mate ; Port, raaue, a check ; xagoate, a rebuke. Sp. and Port, xaquwia, a halter; It. scaccOy the squares of a chess-board ; scncchiy chess-men ; scacco-inaUOy check-mate ; scar rale, check- ered ; IjOW v.. scaccariumy an exche<)uer, Fr. echtquier; G. sehacky chess ; schachmatty check-mate ; D. schaaky chess ; schaak^maly check-mate ; Dan. shaky chess, crooked, curving ; skak-mat., chock-mate ; skakrer, to barter, chaffer, chop and change ; Sw. schaeJi, chess ; schach-maUy check-mate ; Russ. schach, check, chess ; gchneh'Viat, check-mate. In Spanish, xaque, zequCy is an old man, a sluiik, and xacoy a jacket. These latter words seem to be the A r. «.L^ ahaichy or *Lm ; the latter ts rendered to grow old. to be old, to blame or rebuke, under which we find shaUc, the former signififrs to use diligence, quasi to bend to or apply ; also, to abstain or turn aside. In Arabic we find also (^twU fhakka, to doubt, hesitate, halt, and in Hebrt;w the same word ^3a' signifies to still, allay, sink, stop or check, loobstnirt or hedge ; ^^r a hedge. We lmv(t, in these words, clear evidence of the man- ner in which several modern nations express the Sheniific C^, or ifZ-] 1. To stop; to restrain; to hinder or repress; lo curb. It signifies to put an entire slop to motion, or to restrain its violence, and cause an ubatument ; to moderate. 2. To rebuke ; to chide or reprove. Shak. 3. To cmnpare any pajH-T with its counterpart oi with a cipluT, with a view to ascertain its authen- ticity ; to comjmre corresponding papers; to control by a counter-register. 4. 7'o make a mark against names in going over a list. 5. In .tfflmfln.vA/'/K to ease off a little of a rope, which is too stifliy extenued ; also, to stopper the cable. Jitar. Diet. CHECK, V. i. To stop ; to make a stop ; with at. 'Vhi: mind chtcka at any »iffon»iB iin<1otliiking. LorVe. TONE, BIJI.E, UMH'K. — AN"GER, VI"ClOUS.— tJ as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; Cll a« SII ; TH as in THIS. 195 DrjfiUH, CHE 9. To clash or interfere, I lor? (o ck€ck with bow'^'M' 3. To strike with rcprvssioti. [ These appiications are not fregnmL^ (HECK, H. A stop; hi»denince ; rebuff; smltlen re- straint, or continued restraint ; curb ; control } gov- ernment. a. Thai which slops or restmins, ns reproof, repri- ninnd, rebuke, sliftht or disgrust, ft-ar, apprehension, B (icrsim ; any stop or obstruction. Cfarendvn. 3. A mark put aKaiu.«t names in going owr a list. 4. A tuken given to railnukd paf=*'nffere, serving to identity Uiem in claiming their hijijnii:-, Blc. Also, in tkeatrrs^ a siniilnr token, to idenlily those who go out, expecting to return. 6. In faUonrv^ when a h.iwk forsakes her proper game, lo follow ro(>ks, pies, or other fowlB, that ciraa h«r in ber flight. Bailey. Emci/c 5. *nH> correspoiKlenl cipher of a iKink nota; a MMMipMHliBg udeoture ; any counter-register. JokiuMtn. 7. A leriD in clwaa, when one puny obliges the other either to move or guard his king. 8. An ordtr for money, drawn on a Kinker or on the eu^ier of a bank, (nyabte to the h<-nn-r. This is a sense derived fn>m that in definition 6. 9. la popular tise, dudtcrtd duth ; ckeek for Oksdk^or tkuk mtf.- » roll or book containing the namea of perauos who are attendants, and in the pay of a king at great persona^, as donMsCie. aer- vaatSb Bailfif £nMa. Clrrk iff the dudL, la the British king's boosebuld, has the check and amtiol of Die yeomen of the guard, and all the osbeie belon^ng to the n^al fkmilv, the care of the watch, &C. Baiirjf. £ac|pe. Cfsra ^tU €kadt i in the British royal dock-yards, is an officer who keeps a register of all tbajpea em- ployed on board bis majesty's abips and vesaria, and of nil the artiticeiv in the eenrice of the navy, at the port whrre he is settled. CHECK'-KOgK, «. A book containing blank checks upon a bank. B^mvier, CMECK'£D, >^. Stopped: restrained; rrprttsaed i CHECKT, i curbed j modeniud ; controlled ; rcp- CHECK'ER. «. L [fiom dheek, or perhafM din-cily from the Pr. etkifmuTt a chess-board. .Woiii. t.seh*qir^ or dwkerf^ exchequer.] 1. To vaheirtte with rn«s lines; to form into little squares, tike a chcss-buord, by lines or stripes of different colors. Hence, S^ To divenUy ; to vari^ate with different qual- ities, scenes, or events. Oar afark ait, ■■ k wwe, dhMfttni wkh trudi md £ib*l>o>>d. CHECK'ESjS. One who chocks or restrains; are- buker. S. A chess-board. CHE('K'ER, ) n. Work varied ahemBtely as CHECK'ER-WORK, t to its colors or materialai work ci.nfiirting of cross lines. CHECKER-ED, pp. or a. Diversified ; variegated. CHECK'ERS, ». pi. Draughts ; a common gome on n checkered board. CHECK'IXG, ppr. Suipping; curbing; restraining; modemiing; contmllins; rebuking. CHEL'K'LESS, o. Tliat can not be checked or re- stnined. CUECK'MATE, it, [-ce Check. -Vott is from the root of the Sp. and Pot. miUr^ U> kill. Ar. Cli. Syr. Hcb. Eth. Sam. n>T3 mot*, lo die, to kill.1 1. The movement in the game of chess, which stop^ all furth'r moving, and ends tlie game. 2. Fi tTuraticrltfy defeat ; overthrow. SpenMr. CHECK'MATE, p. L To make a move in ches9, which stops all further moving, and ends the game. Hence to arrest and defeat. SJidtan. CHECK'MaT-ED, pp. Siopjied In the game of chess. CHECK'MAT-l.VG, ppr. Making a Ust move in chess. CHECKS, n. A U-nn applied to a kind of checkered cloth, Si9 ginghams, plaid:;, Slc. CHECK'Y, ». In herttldry, a border that has more than two rows of checkers, or when the bordure or shteid is checkered, l:ke a chess-buard. Kneyc. CHEEK, n. [Sax. ctae, cfota : D. "kaak ; this is proba- bly the same word as jaw, Fr. joii<, .\rm. savd^jaced^ connected with joaf a, dtus^veiM, lo chaw, or chew, for the words cAca, dUeiL, and jae, arc confounded ; the same word which, in one dialect, signifies the cbeek, in another signifles the Jaw. Qcna in Latin is the Englbb cAm.] 1. Tbende of the facebeluwtbe eyes on each side. 2. Among mechanics, cherJcs are ihiMe pieces of a machine, or other kind of workmanship, which form corresponding sides, or which are double and alike ; as, the cheeks of a printing-press, which stand per- pendicular and supiK»rt the three somniers, the head, shelves, and winter; the ekeeka of a turner's IiUhe ; the ehrfks of a glazier*s vise ; the cheeks of a mortar, and of a gun-carriage ; the cheeks of a mast, which serve to sustain the trestle-trees, &c. CHE Chrrk bit ji'tel ; cltwpiiesji; proximity. Braum. CIIEl.K'-BilNE, K. The Ixme tf the cherk. CUEEK'iJU, (checkl,) a. liruught near ilje che« k. CvUon. CIIEKK'-TOOTH, It. The hinder tooth or tusk. Joel CHEEP, r. u To chirp, as a small bird. [i. 6. CHEER, r. L [Kr. eh^re: Arm. cAer, cheer, entertain- ment ; Ir. gairim^ to call, shout, extol, rejoico ; tir. Xaipoiy to rej*»ice, to Imil or salute. The primary sense is, to call out or f hout, as in joy ; a stmse re- tained in jovial compfmiey, to gice cA^er;*, and among seamen, to SHlute a t^liip by cheers. Orient. N'>p kara.l 1. To salute with shouts of joy, or rhf'ers, or with stamping or otiu'r expres-Jions of applause. S. To dispi-1 gloom, sorrow, silence, or apathy ; to cause to rejoice ; Ut ghidden ; to make chi^^rfiil ; as, to tAcrr a lonely desert ; the ckeeriHg rays of tho sun ; giKMl news cheers the ht;trt. 3L To infuse life, spirit, animation; to incite; to cnriHirnge ; as, to tJkerr the hounds. CHEEK, c. L To grow cheerful ; to l>ecome gladsome M joyous. Al Mclit of llii-r my fflootny toul chwrt up. PhiUipt. Chtxr Dp, injr liub. CHEER, «. A shout of joy ; as, they gave three cheers. Al*o, stamping, or other expressions at applause. 2. .K state oi" gindness or joy ; a slate of animation above gtiKini and dipresston of spirits, but below mirth, gaytty, and jollity. Son, be of pxKl dtstr; thy A» arc fi)r;^vCTi tlm. — MnJt, ix. Tbcn vnr 'Ur-y hJI o( good cftMr, uiil they obo loolt aoiue meat. — AcU xxtH. 3. Mirth ; gayptj- ; jollity, as at a feaal. 4. Invitation to gayety. Shak, 5. Entertainment; Uiat which tnakea cheerful; provisions for a ftrast. Shak. The table wm ItMbled with ftwd cheer. frving. 6. Air of countenance, noting a greater or less de- ^«e of cheerfulness. Ha vonb ifarit diDodnc dWr EDUxtrirood. MVtPn. CHEER'ED, pp. Enlivened ; nnimaled ; made glad. CHEER'ER, n. One who cheers ; he or that which gladdens. Thou . [Collo^ial.] Dr. Oieyne. CHEER'Y, a. Gay; sprightly; havmg power to make gsy- Com^, let ui bi^, and qiuff a cheery bowl. Gay. CHEESE, », [Sax. cese, or cyse; Ir. cow ; W. caws; Com. kes ; Arm. cans ; L. easeus , ^p. queso ; Port. queljo ; D. kaas ; G. kdse ; Basque, ga^ma, or gazta. The priniar>- sense is to curdle, to congeal, fn>m col- lecting, drawing, or driving; W. co-fiaw, lo curdle. Perhiips it is allied to squeeze.'] 1. The curd of milk, coagulated usually by rennet, separated from the serum or whey, and pressed in a vat, hoop, or mold. 2. A mass of j>omace or ground apples placed on a press. Kncvc of Dom. Econ. CHEESE'-€AKE, ti. A cake made of soft curds, su- gar, and butter. Prior. CHEESE'-MO\"GER, (-mung'ger,) n. One who deals in or sells cheese. B. Jonson. CHEESE'-PaR-I^'G, 71. The rind or paring of cheese. Bcaum. CHEESE'-PRESS, n. A press, or engine for pressing curd in the making of cheese. Qay. CHEESE'-REi\-iNEt, n. A plant, ladies* bed-etraw, Galium venim. CHE CHEF.*E'-VAT, n. The vat or case in which curds an^ coiilined fur presKJng. Otattvillc. CHEES'V, a. Ilavitig tho nature, qualities, taste, or furni of cheese. ClIF.F'iriFMV^RE, (shcf-doov'r,) n. [Fr.] A mas- terpiece or i>erfurmitnce in arts, &c. CIIKG'KE, J r^ .. ., ,, , CHEG'OE, \ "• t^P* ^A'V"*'". s'liiill.] A tropical insect, that enters the skin of tlie fi-cl and multiplies incredibly, causing an itching. J-'ncyc. It is wrilti'U, also, chi^irrr,, cJiigoe^ jiime^r. CMEI-KOP'TER, 71. ) [Gr. xttn, the hand, and eiIET-KOP''I'ER-A, 7i. pi \ TiTCtrnv, wing.] 'I'erms applied to animals whost; anterior toes are connected by a nu'rnbrano,and whose feet thus serx'e fnr wine-, as tlie hat. Lnvicr. CIIET-ROP'TEK-OUS, a. Belonging to the ChLiroi>- tera. CHErRO-THE'RI-UM, ti. [Gr. \ctp, hand, and 0^- fitofy beast.] An animal whose footsit-ps alone have been found in Germany. It is somt/timcs spelt ckiro- thtrium. CIIEK-G'A. n. The Chinese porcelain clay. eHEL'I-DOX, 71. [Gr.] A brown fiy with silvery wings. €HE-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [Gr. x'/>1, a claw, and L./cro, to bear.] Furnishr-d with claws, as an animal. eilEL'l-FoKM, a. [L. c/irla, a claw, and /,n-m.] Having Iht; fnrm of a claw. CHE-LO'M-A.N, n. > [Gr. \£>w»'r?, a tortoise.] Terms CHE-LCNl-A, 71. pL ] applied to animals of the tor- toise kind. CHE-LO'.NI-AN, a. Pertaining to or designating ani- mals of the tuiUiise kind. CHS'LY, ( ke'le.) h. [L. chela; Gr. x^^fj » claw.] The cluw of a shell fish. Broinn. €HEM'ie-AL, (kim'i-kal or kem'i-kal.) [See Chem- isTRr.] Pertaining to chemistry ; as, a chemictd op- eration. 2. Resulting from the operation of the principles of bodies by decomposition, combination, &.c. ; as, chemical changes. X According to the principles of chemistry ; as, a chemir.al combination. eilEM'lC-AL-LY, adv. According to cliemical prin- ciples ; by chemical process or oi»criu guess. If lexicographers and writers had been contented to lake the orthography of tiie nations ii' the sttuth of Europe, where the origin of tiie word was doubtless understood, and tlirough wlmm the word was intro- duced into En^hind, the orthography would have been seitli'd, uniform, and corresponding exactly with the pronunciation.] Chemistrij is a science, the object of which id In discover the nature and properties of all bodies by analysis and synthesis. Macf/uer. Chcmi*try is that science which explains the inti- mate mutual action of all natural bodies. Fuurcmy. Analysis or decomjwsilion, and synthesis orcomtu- nation, are the two methods wliich chemistry uses to accomplish its purposes. Fourcroy. Jlonpir. Chemistry may l>e defined, the science which in- vestigates the composition of material substances, and the permanent changes of constitution which their mutual actions produce. Ure. Cheml-'try may be defined, that science, the object of whicli is lo discover and explain the changes of FATE, FAR, FALI>, WH.\T. — MeTE, PRfiY. — PTXE, MARKNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, B(?(?K.— CHE coni|iositi»n that ucc^ir among the integrant and con- sl.itu:;nt parts of diirerenl botlies. Hennj. Ciu'inistry is the scit-ncc which irt'ata of ihuse events and changes in nalurul bodies which are not aci'oinpanicd by sensible motions. Thomson. Chem'istrij is justly considered as a science, but the pmctical optrratuins may be denominated an art. Chemistry relates to tiiose operations by which the intimate nature of btidies is changed, or by which they acquire new propc-rtioa. Dary. rilEUUE. See Check. ('HEa'UER. See Checker. CHER'IFF, n. Written also Pheriff. The prince of Mrrca ; a liigh priest ani;>ng the .Mi'hnmmedans. CllEK'lSM, r. t, [Kr. cherir: Arm. cfirri^ia : from Fr. eJtrr, dear ; \V. cir, bounty ; cirtaw^ to piiy, to cherish. See CABrss.] 1. To treat with tenderness and affection ; to give wanutJi, ease^ or comfort to. We WT* grnlle anion^ yon, even n* a rmrsc chetishelh hur cliililrrn. — 1 ThciHt. ii. TLic •iaiiisel wa% Cur, aiid ch»ruhed tfar kirif^. — 1 Kings i. 2. To hold as dear ; to embrace with atTeciion ; to foster and encourage ; as, to chrrish the principles of virtue ; to cherish religion in the heart. 3. 'I'o treat in a manner to enci'iiraae growth, by pnilection, aid, attendance, or supplying nourish- ment; as, to cherish tender plants. 4. To harbor ; to indulge and encourage in the mind ; as, lo cherigh ill-w ill, or any evil passion. CHKR'ISH /:D, (cher'Uhl,) r;». or a. Treated with tend'Tness; warmed) com tort ed ; fostered. CUER'ISII-ER, n. One who cherishes; an encour- ager; a supporter. CliER'lSH-iNG, ppr. Warming; comfortingj en- couraging; fostering; treating with ntfuction. CIIP^ii'IS[|-IXG, n. Sup[K)rt; encouraeemenL CHr:R l?;iI-L\G-LV, ado. In an affectionate or cher- ishiim manner. CHER'Isn-MEXT B. Encouragement; comfort. [Oft*-.] €lIER'Mi:». See Kermes. CHE-ROOT', n, A kind of cigar. The genuine cAe- root is from Manilla, in the Philippine Islands, and is hiKldv pri7.ed for ilie delicacv of its flavor. €HER-0-FUT'.\ .MOS, n. [Or. \-u>o%y a hog, and r«rf/i»K, river.] An animal of the order of i»chy- df-nnata, allied to the hog, now extinct. CHER'KY, n. [Fr. cerise: L. ccrasus; It. ciriegia ; VvtU eerfja ; Sp. cereta; Ann. gerKicn] I), kars^ or kritk ; G. kir^che ; Sw. kirsbar ; Dan. kirseb(gr : so named, it is said, from CfTtwiw, a city in Pontus, near the Euxine, whence the tree was imported in- to Italy.J The miit of a tree, a species of Pninus, of which there «re many varieties, as the red or garden cherry, the red-heart, the white-heart, the blark cherry, the black heart, and several others. The fniit is a pulp inclosing a kernel. It is related that this fruit was brought from Cerasus, in Pontus, lo Italy, after the def-at (if .MtUiridates by Lncullus, A. R. 08it, and in- troduced into England by the Romans, about 130 years aftenvard, A. I). b5, Bitrbadof 4 cherry y is the genus Malptghia, of several specie*. The berries are red, cherry -shaped, acid, aud eatable. Bird cherry^ \s a species of Pninus, Ihe common laun-I, or lauro-ttrafug. Lee. Also, the PrunMA Patlu-i. Eneyc. Cornelian chrmi is the frtiit of the Comus, cornel- tree, or dog-wood. It is a small, acid, cherry-like, eatable berry, Du-arf elifrry, is the frwU of a species of Loniccra, or hnney-suckle. Hottentot cherry, is the fruit of a species of Cassine. The fruit is a trisperinous berry, of a dark, purple C4tlor. fViitfer cherry^ is a name of the fruit of the Phy- salt'*, a genus of many species. It is a b<-rr}' of the size of a small cherry, inclosed in an inflated, blad- der-tike calyx. This name is also given to a species (tf Solanum. Fam. of Plantt. CIIER'RY, a. Like a red cherry in C(rfor; red, niddy, hlimming ; as, a cherry lip ; cherry cheek*. fllEK'RY, n. A cordial composed of cherrj' juice and .-spirit, sweetened and diluted. The wild cherry m most generally Ufted for this purpose, being steeped for «ome days in spirit, which extmctn Ihe juice of tJic fruit J the tincture in then sweetened and diluted tn the taste. This cordial is moderately bitter and a-tringent. It is somelimes made of the mazzard. ri!ER'RV-CHEEK-£D, C-cheekt,) a. Having ruddy cheeki^. Coniereve. CMER'RY-Prr, n. A child's play, inwhich cherry- ftonefi are thrown into a hole. Shak. CIIER'RY-TREE, n. A tree whose fruit is cherries, in th'; more appropriate sense of the word. The name is mostly given to the common cultivated trees, and to that which prrxluces the black wild chcr* ry. The wood of the latter is valued for cabinet w'.rk, eilER'HO \P.SE, n. [Gr. xcoaovrtToi : vcniroj, land, or uncultivated land, and vr)l. Cherurs; but the Hebrew plural Cherubim is also used. [Heb. 3^"iD kmtb. In Ch. and Syr. the corresponding verb signifies to plow; and the word is said to signify, properly, any image or figure ; if so, it may have been named from en- ffravimr. Hut this is uncertain, and Uie learned are not agreed on the signification.] A figure composed of various creatures, as a man, an ox, an eagle, or a lion. The first mention of cherubs is in Oen. iii. 94, where the figure is not described ; but their office was, with a flaming sword, to keep or gimrd the way of the tree of life. The t%vo cherubs which Mnsea was commanded to make at the ends of the mercy-seat, were to be of beaton work of gold ; and tiieir wings were to extend over the mercy-scat, their faces toward each other, and between them was the residence of the Deity. Ez. .XXV. The cherubs, in Ezekiel's vision, had each four heads, or faces, the hands of a man, and wings. The four faces were, the face of a bull, that of a man, that of a lion, and that of an eagle. They had the likeness of a man. Eiek. iv. and x. In 2 -Sam. xxii. 11, and Psalm xviii. Jehovah is represented as riding on a cherub, and flying on the wings of the wind. In the celestial hiemrchy, cherubs arc repre- sented as spirits next in order to seraphs. The hiero- glyphical and emblematical figures embroidered on the vails of the tabernacle, are called cherubs of cu- rious or skillful work. Ex. xxvi. .\ beautiful child is called a cJicrvh. CHER-C"B1€, \ a. Pertaining to cherubs ; angelic. CHER-C'Hie-AL, \ Sheldon. CHER'U-IUM, 71. The Hebrew plural of Cherub, CHER'U-RLV, a. Cherubic ; angelic. Shak. CHER'U-BIN, n. A cherub. Dnjden. CHER'UP; a corruption of ch'-rji, which see. CHER'VIL, n, [Sax. cerfille, a contraction of L. chtp?^ ophytlum: Gr. xaipi'pvXXo^; X"*,"^> *** rejoice, and fpvWu', leaf.] The popular name of a plant, of the genus Cha;ro- phyllum. CHES'A-PRAK, V. A bay of the United States, whose entrance la bi'tween Cajie Charles and Cape Henry, in Virginia, and which extends northerly into Marj'Iand 270 miles. It receives the waters of the Susquehannaii, Potomac, Rappahannoc, York, and James Rivers. CHES'I-BLE. See Chasuble; CHES'LIP, n. A small vermin that lies under stones. CHESS, 71. [Fr. ecAecs. See Check.] An ingenious game performed by two parties with different pieces, on a checkered board, that is, a board divided into sixty-four sqimres, or houses. The suc- cess of the game depends almost entirely on skill. E.ach gamester has eight dignified pieces, called a king, a queen, two bishojts, two knights, and two rooks, or castles ; also eight pawns. The pieces of the parties are of different colors. Enryc. CHE.'*S, 71. [I do not find this word in any English dictionary ; nor do I know its origin or afltnities. In Persian, ijm^ khajt, or gas, signifies evil, depraved, and a useless weed.] In JWtc England, the Dromus Secatinus, a grass which grows among wheat, and is supposed to be ■ wheat degenerated or changed, as it abounds most in fields where the wheat is winter-killed. It bears some resemblance to oats. This fact is mentioned by Pliny, Nat. Hist. lib. 18, ca. 17. " Primum omni- um fnimenti viiJum avena est ; et hordeum in eam depenerat." This change of wheat and barley into oats he ascribes to a moist soil, wet weather, had seed, &c. ^his opinion coincides with ob- servations in America, as wheat is most liable to perish in moist land, and often in such jilaces, almost all the wheat is killed, and instead of it chess often appears. Hut this change of wheal into chess is now dented, and the conunon opinion is allirmcd, by the able.^i hntani^ts, to be erroneous. CHKSS'-AP PLE, 71. A H|>ecies of wild service. CHKSS'-ROARD, n. The hoard used in the game of chess, and from the squares of which chejs has its name. CHRSS'-MAN, 71. A piece used in the game of chess. CHESS'-PLAY-ER, n. One who plays chess; one skilled in the game of chess. CHESH'-TREE, 71. In xhipa^a. piece of wood bolted perpendicularly on the side, to confine the clews of the main sail. CHESH'OM, M. Mellow earth. Bacon. CHEST, 71. [Sax. e&ii or cyst; L. eista: W. cist; Ir. cisde^ Gr. K^nT^; G. ki^te ; D. kist; Sw. kista; Dan. fcirtc. See CH«»TffOT.] 1. A box of wood, or other material, in which CUE cmtds are k^-pt or transported. It differs from a trunt m tiot b!.'inL' covered with skin or leather. 9. The tnink of the btwly from the neck tO'tho belly ; the thorax. Hence, broait-ehe.tted, narrow- che.^ted i having a broad or narrow chest. 3. In commerce, a certain quantity ; as, a chest of sugar ; a ehrst of indigo ; &,c. CheM of drawers, is a case of movable boxes call!;d draieer.i. CHEST, V. L To reposit in a chest ; to hoard. John.^tm. CIIKST'ED, a. Having a chest, as in thick-cAc.^fcii.- narriiw-rAftsf.rrf. CHEST'-FOUND-ER ING, v. A disease in horses, like the pleurisy or j>eripneumony in the human body. Farrier^s DicU CHEST'NUT, (ches'nut,) n. [Sax. cystel, and the tree in Sax. is eystbeam or eystenbeavii L. caManc^i, the tree and the nut; Yx. cliataignei Aim. gLttenen, or^geslenen: W.castan; Sp. castana; Poll. ea^tanJta : It. enstairna : G. kastanie ; Sw. Dan, kastanie; from Welsh cast, envelopuient, the root of castle, from separating, defi-nding ; so named from ita shell, or cover. It is often written Chesnut.] The fruit, seed, or nut of a tree belonging to the genus Cjistanea. (t is inclosed in a prickly pericarp, which contains two or more seed-i. CHEST'NUT, a. Being of the color of a chestnut ; of a brown colpr. It is, pertiaps, rarelv used as a noun. CHEST'NUT-TREE, n. Castanea vesca ; the tree which produces the chestnut. This tree grows tu a great size, with spreading branches. It is one of the most valuable timber-trees, as the wood is very durable, and forms in America the principal timber for fencing. The timber is also used in buildiug, and for vessels of various kinds. Dwarf -eJtestnut, or chincapin, is another species of Casta nea. Horse-chestnut is a tree of the genus -^sculus. The common tree of this sort is a native of the north of Afiia, and admired for the beauty of its flowers. It is used for shade and ornament, and its nuts are esteemed good food for horses. The scarlet-flowering horse-chestnut is a native of Carolina, Brazil, and the East, and is admired for its beauty. The Indian Rose-chestnut, of the genus Mesun, t>ears a nut, roundish, pointed, and marked with four elevated longitudinal sutures. Eveyc. Fanu of Plants. CHES'TON, 71. A species of plum. Juhnsun, CIIk'TAH, n. -The hunting leopacd of India; the Felis jiibata. CHEV'A-CHIk, (shev'a-sh6,) n. An expedition with cavalry. [JVot used.] Chaucer. CIIEV-AL', n. [Fr.] Literally, ahorse ; and hence, in composition, a support or fmme. I'hus a cheval- glass is a targe swinir-glass mounted on a frame, &c. CHEV-AL'-DE-FIUSE', generally used in the plural, Chevaux-de-Frisk, (shev'o-de-free/..) [Fr. cheval, a horse, and frisr., any thing curled, rough, en- tangled ; the horse of frise, or frizzled horse. Hence called also turnpike, tourniquet.] 1. A piece of timber traversed with wooden spikes, pointed with iron, five or six feet hmg ; used lo de- fend a passage, stop a breach, or make a retrench- ment to stop cavnlrv'. 2. A kind of trimming. CHEV-A-LIeR', rshev-a-leer',) n. [Fr.,from cACTJo/,a horse ; Sp. eabaliero. See Cavalrt.] 1. A knight ; a gallant young man. Shak. 9. In heraldni, a horseman armed at all points. CHEV'EiV, 71. [Fr. cheve^-ne.] [Encyc A river fish, the chub. CHEV'ER-IL, 7J. [Fr. c/tevreaa, a kid, from chevre, a goat, L. caper, W. garar. Arm. gavricq, gavr,\ Soft leather made of kid-skin ; hence, a yielding disposition ; yielding or pliable. [Used as a noun or adjective,] Shak^ CHEV'ER-IL-IZE, r. (. To make as pliable as kid- leather. Montagu. CIIEV'I-SXNCE, (shev'e-zUns,) n. [Fr. rherir, to come to the end, to perform, to prevail, from chef. the head, litemlly the end. Sec Chief and Achieve.] 1. Achievement; deed; performance; enterprise accomplished. [ Obs.] Spenner. 9. In lain, a makmg of contracts; a bargain. Stat. 13 Eliz. 7. 3. An unlawful agreement or contract. 21 Jam. 17. 4. An agreement or composition, as an end or order set down between a creditor and his debtor. Ehcaic-. CHEVRON, V. [Fr., a rafter ; W. ceber; Arm. gehr.] 1. In ArrflWri/, an honorable ordinary, re{>resenting two rafters of a house meeting at the top. Bailey. 9. In architectuTC, an ornament in the form of zig- zag work Oicill. 3, Tlie distingui^!hing marks on the sleeves of non-commissioned officers' coats, Campbell. CHEV'KON-/:nj (shev'rond,) a. Having a clievron, or the form of it, B. Jonson. CHEVRON-EL, (shev'ron-cl,) n. A small chevron, CllEV-RO-TAIN', n. [from Fr. ehevre, a. goat.] The smallest of the antelope kind. TONE, BULL, TJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CfOUS C a« K ; m J ; 8 as Z ; CH aa SH; TH as In THIS. CHI CHEW, (chu,) e. t. [Sax. canmji,' D. kaauwem G. kaum. Set; Ch*.w.] 1. To bUe ami griiui with the leeih ; to innsiicntc, as food, to prepant it for deglutition ami dieestiou. S. To nuiiinale in Uie thoughts j to uieilitHte ; as, to cAiw revriige. Shak, 3. To chauip ; to bite, hold or luU iiboat in the moiitii ; as, to ekmc tobacco. 4. To taste, without swallowing. Skak. CHEW, e. t. To cluuap upon ; to ruminate. Old politktuM Otev on wittUnn pML Popt. CHEW, n. That which is chowed ; thnt which is held in the mouth at once; a cud. [rw/jror.] CHE\V'£D, (cliade, >;»/'• Ground by tiio teeUi; mas- ticated. CUfiW'ET, (cbfl'et,) n, A kind of pie, made of cbof^d subatauc*^ CUEW'ING, pfr. or «. Grinding with the teeth ; masticatiniE ; niminatjnc ; meditating i champing. CHT'A, «. A bvautiful M. riran pi inl. CHI'AN,*. Pcrt-iinhic i -!■' in the Le\Tint. Ouam Mrtki a mr\\ < oniimct kind i>f earth, from Chios, use M >-- an a£trinf*<^nt, aaU a oosmelic;. Elncyc Ckimm birpMUwe, or Cfipms titrpentine. is procured fiwD Uw Pikacia Teivbinthiia. It is ot the conabt ence t^ honey, clear, and ol" a vellowish white. €HI-A'RO OS-€0'RO. Sec CLAK£-u(i»crRE. eHI-At«'TO-UrrE, «. [Gr. xi«<^ros, decussauid.] See Akdall'site. CHIH'HAI., «. [Fr. eiboulc] A small sort of onion. BeatmonL CHI-CANE', (she-kant^,) n. [Fr. dtteoMe ; Arm. acmn or cuvurei, Qu. Sax. sttic^sc, to dco-ive.] I. In lawj 9hi{\; turn ; tnck ; cavil ; an abuse of Judkiar)' proceedings, by artitic4>.s, unfiiir |Hactices, or idle ot>j<-ctii>n3, which tt-nd to ix.Ti^lux a cause, puzzle the judge, or impose on a party, and thus to delay or pervert justice. 3. In uir, sophistry ; dininctionsnnd gublKties, that tend to ptphi^try ; mean or unfair artifices to perplex a cause and obecure the truth. CUIC'CO-RV, a. The Cichorium Intybua ; alaocalled jKccvry. One nectes is cultivated m En^aod as a mlad , and anoiW speciea is used in Prance lo aduK teral"' rotfee. CHICII'ES. s. fL Dwarf pea& CUICII'LLNG, { a. A TeCck or pea, of the CHICH'LING-VETCH,) genus Latbyrus. used in Germany for food, bat inferior to other kinos. MiUer, CHICK, eu L To sprout, as seed In the p'ound ; to regetate. Chalmers. CHICK, ) N. [Sax. eesii ; 0. kuiken ; G. ktidiiem ; CUICK'EN', t Qm. Russ. ehikaifmy lo peep.] 1. The young of fowls, porticiUarly of the domestic ben, or gallinaceous fowla. 3. A person of tender years. 3. A word of tendemeea. CHICK-A-REE', B. The .\merican red squirrel, the Scinru.i llud-tiuiius. CHICK'EN-HEART'ED, a. Timid; fearful j cow- ard! v. CHICk'EX-POX, a. A mild, contagious, eruptive di»- efl^e, ef^nerally appearing in children. CHICK'LIXG, a. A small chick or chicken. CIIICK'-PeA, «. [L. ricrr: G. kicker: Sp. chicharo.'] The popular name of a species of the genus Ciccr; a native of Spnin, where it is used in olios. It is small'-r than the common pea. CHICK'-WEED, B. The popular name of a species of Steltoria. The common chick-weed, with while Moaaoois, afiTord? a reniarkahle instance of tlie sleep of ptanta ; for, at niirht, the leaves approach in pairs, and indose the tt;nder nidmients of the young shoots. The leaves are cocritng and nutritive, and are deemed excellent food for persons of a consumptive habit. They are deemed useful also for swelled breasts. Eneyc Wiseman. CHIDE, r. t, i jnret, ChV>, [Chodm is obs. ;] part. Chid, Criddett. [Sax. cidan, lo chide, to scold ; W. cazi^ to chide, to press, to straighten ; Ch. Q:9p, to scold, to brawl, to fight. Q.u. \\. cad, a battle.] LiteraUif, to scold : to clamor , lo utter noisy words ; that is, to drive. Hence, 1. To scold at ; to reprove ; to utter words in anger or by way of disapprobation j to rebuke j as, to chuU one for his faults. 3. To blame ; to reproach j as, to ekirU folly or neg- ligence. To ehidt from, or chide away, is to drive away by •rolding or reproof. CHIDE, V. i. To scold; to clamor ; to find fault; to , clamors, reproves, or CHI contend iu words of anger ; sometimes fuUuwed by •ritA. The peo})lc tiid chidt with Moan. — Ex. zvii. 2. To quarrel. Skak. 3. To make a rough, clam(»ou8, roaring noise \ of, the chiding flotKl. Skak. CHIDE, n. Klurmtir; gentle noise. Thomgatu CHID'ER, a. One who chides, cli rebukes. CHIU'ER-ESS, n. A female who chides, [JVot used.] Chaucer, CHTO'ING, ppr. Scolding; clamoring; rebuking; mak- ing a harsh or continued nutse. CHID'ING, a. A scolding or clamoring; rebuke; re- protif. CHTD'ING-LV, adv. In a scolding or reproving man- ner. CHIkF, c [Fr. c*c/, the head, that is, the top or high- est point ; .Norm, chief: Sp. jefe; Ir. crapi It. capo. It is evidLUlly from the same niot as the ll caputy Gr. irc<>'iAr), and Eng. ai/ie, but through tiiu Celtic, prob- ably frtrm shootine, exuimling.] 1. Highe-si in otlice or rank ; principal ; as, a chief prii^st i Uie chtrf butler. Gen. xl. 9. Amonf Utr rf*ie/ ndcn, nvui; believeit on (litn. —John xii. 2. Princi[KU or most eminent, in any quality or action ; most distinguished ; having mo:tt induence ; commanding most resi)ect ; taking the lead ; most valuable ; most imp4inant ; a word of extensive use ; a.", a c(iunlr>' chief in arms; agriculture is tlie chief employment of men. Tbo IuumI of the )>rii)oea uul nilen batli boen dd^ Id UUt tie*- put. — EvM iz. 3. First in alTection ; most dear and familiar. A whlspprer arpftntU-lh thief frirntls. — Prov. xtJ. CHIEF, n. A commander ; particularly a military commander ; the i>erson who heads an army ; equiv- alent to the modern terrns commander or enteral-in- ekief, captain-general, or generalv'simo. 1 Ck, xi. 2. The principal pcpHm of a tribe, family, or con- gregation, Slc Auf/i. lit. Jub xxix. Matt. xx. 3. In tkief; in English law, in capite. To hold land in chi^, is to huld it directly from the king by honorable {lersonal services. BlacksionA, 4. In heraldry, the up[H'r part of the escutcheon, divided into tlirre points, dexier, mtdMe, and ginister. Brand*, In chitf, importa something borne in this part. Kneyr. 5. In Spenser,il seems to signify something like achievement, a mark of distinction ; as, chaplcts wrought W*ilh a chirf. Johnson. 6. This word is often used in the singular number to express a plurality. I look the du^ of four tribn, wiM men and knoim, and made them heails o«er you. — Upuu i. IS, Thrar vtn th«^ dtief of the offioen thai vera orer Solomoit'a work. — I Kings ix. In these phrases, chief m&y have been primarily an adjective ; that is, chief men, chief persons. 7. The princijKiI part; the most or largest part of one thing or of many ; as, the chief of the cfebt re- mains unpaid. The jteopln took of (h* qxiH, aheep and ox«n, the cAi«/ of the thiugiWbkhiiticiiiM liave U,'eii uUerlj' il«lro_ved, — 1 Sa.m.XY. He amoie the chief of Uieir atrcngth. — P». Ixviii. CHIP.F, adv. Chiefly. CHIKF'AGE, i n. A tribute by the head. [OK] CH£V'AGE, i Ckambers. CHlKF'DOM, n. Sovereignty. Spenser. CHIkF'ESS, frheeres,) n. A female chief. CHIkF'-JUS'TICE, n. The presiding justice ; partic- ularly the presiding judge in the courts of Common Pleas, and King's Bench, in England, and of the Supreme Court of the United Stales, and also of tlie Supreme Court in some of the States. CHIkF'-JUS'TICE-SHIF, ft. The office of chief- justice. Story. CHI eF'LESS, rt. Without a chief or leader. Pope. CHIeF'LY, ado. Principally; eminently; in the first place ; as, it ehicfiy concerns us to obey the divine precepts. 2. For the most part. In the parts of the kingdom where the eatatea of tl»e disarnteia diiejiy lay. Siffift. CHIeF'RIE, (chef 're,) n, A small rent paid to the lord paramounL Spenser's Ireland. CHIeF'TAIX, (-tin,) n. [from chief , Nona, ckevcnteins, formed like captain, capitainc] A captain, leader, or commander; a chief; the head of a troop, army, or clan. It ia most commonly used in the latter sense. The chiefuiinsof the High- land clan«, in Scotland, were the principal noblemen and gentlemen. Encyc. CHIkF'TAIX-CV, ^71. Headship; captaincy; the CHI£F'TAIN-SHIP, \ government over a clan. Johnson. Smollett. CHIilVAXCE, n, [Norm, chivisance. See Cheti- SAKCE.] An unlawful bargain ; traffic in which money is extorted. [Obs.] Bacon. CHI CIIF?V%''!"**" l^^-'^"*^- See Achieve.] To come lo an end ; to issue ; to succeed. [0&5.] CIIIF'F0J\'IER', (shif-fun-eer',) iu LUcrally, a re- ceptacle for rags t>r shreds. 2. A movable and ornamental cupboard or recep- tiKle. Smart, CHIF'FY, n. An instant. CHIG'GEK, CIII'GO. See Chsore. CHII/BLAIN, n. [chUl; Sax. eeh, cold, and blatn.] A blain or sore produced by cold ; a tumor nlTecf- ing the hands and feet, accompanied with inllnmuia- tion, jmin, and sometimes ulceration. Kncyc. CHIL'ULAKN, r. (. To produce chilblains. CHILI), 71.,- pi. Children. [Sax. eiVrf; in Dan. ktdd is progeny, kulde is coldness, and kaler is In blow strong. Child is undoubtedly issue, that which is produced.] 1. A son or a daughter ; a male or female descend- ant, in the first degree ; the immediate proguny of pa- rents; applied lo the human race, and cliiefly loa \H:t- «on when young. Thetenn is applied to infants from their birth ; but Uie time when they cease ordinarily lo be so culled, is not defined by custom. In strict- ness, a child is Uie shoot, issue, or produce of llie parents, and a person of any age, in n.tipi-ct to the An infant. [parents, is a child. Hnjar cart ih"* child umler one of (he ihnilw. — G''n. xjd. It signifies also a person of more advanced years. Jpphthii'a dnnjhtT wna hb un|y child. — J^IOc^^a xl. Th? chUd Bh.ill t>-h,.»o himwfl pminlly. — U. iii. A cura.< will be on tliuae wtw coiTupi ilie niunils of their chUdren, J. Clarke. The application of child lo a female^ in opposition to a male, as in Skakifpearp, is not legitmiaie. 2. One weak in knowledge, ex|M'rience, judgment, or attainments ; its, he is a mere child. BehuM, I CM not np^ivk, for I am a diild. — Jrr. i. 3. One you n^ in grace. 1 Jnhn ii. One who is huuibte and docile. Mati, xviii. One who is unfixed in principles. Kph. iv. 4. One who is born again, spiritually renewed and adopted ; as, a child of God. 5. One who is the product of another ; or whose principles and moral.s are the product of another. Thou child of the devil. —AcW xiii. That which is the product or (fleet of something else. Thii nolilo paasioii, child of iiit^^cy. Shak, 6. In tJu plural, the descendants of a man, hpw> ever remote ; as, the children of Israel ; the children of Edom. 7. The inhabitants of a country ; as, the cJiildren of Seir. 2. Chron. xxv. To be tcith child ; to be pregnant. Oen.xvu II. xix.SG. CHILD, tj i. To bring children. Shak. CHILD'-BEaR-ING, ppr. or o. [See Bear.] Hearing or producing children. CHTLD'-HEAIMNG, n. Theactof producing or bring- ing forth citildren ; parturition. JUiUon. Jlddi^oa. CHILD'IJED,?!. [child and bed.] The state of a wo- man bringing fitrth a child or being in labor; par- turition. CHILD'HIRTH, (-burth,) n. [child and birth,] The act of bringing lorth a child ; travail ; labor ; as, the pains of chiidbirtk. Taylor. CIIILDE, n. A cognomen formerly prefi.Ted to his name by the oldest son, until he succeeded to the titles of his ancestors, or gained new honors by his own prowess. Booth. CHILD'ED, a. Furnished with a child. [JVot used.] CHiLD'ER-MAS-DAY, n. [cliild, ina>s,!Lnd day.] An anniversary of ihe church of England, held on the 2Sth of December, in contmemoration of the children of Bethlehem slain by Herod ; called also Innocents' Day. Bailey, Encyc CHILD'IIQOD, 71. [Sax, cildhad. See Hooo.J 1. The state of a child, or the time in which per- sons arc children, including the time from birth to puberty. But in a more restricted sense, the state or time from infancy to puberty. Thus we say , infancy, childhood, youth, and manhood. ChiUUiood and yonih are ranity. — Ecclca. xi. 2. The properties of a child. Dryden. CHILD'LXG, ppr. [The verb to child is not now used.] Bearing children ; producing; as, cAittfin^ women. .^rbnthnoU CHILD'ISH,a. Belongingtoachild ; trifling; puerile. Whpn I becime a man, 1 put away childiah thin^. — 1 Cor. xiii. 2. Pertaining to a child ; as, childish years or age ; ehildifsh sptirts. 3. Pertaining to children ; ignorant; silly; weak; as, childish fear. CHILD'ISH-LV, adv. In the manner of a child; in a trifling wav ; in a weak or foelish manner. CIIlLD'lSH-j\ESS,n. Triflingness, puerility, the state or qualities of a child, in reference to manners. But in reference tq the mind, simplicity, hamilessness, weakness of intellect. F.\TE, FAR, FALL, \VH/iT.— MeTE, PRBV. — FINE, M.MILNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK.— __ - rJj CHI Clfll.U'l.ESS, a. neslitiite of children or ofliiwing. 1 Siin. \\\ 33. ^ CHILDLESS-XESS, n. Stale of being without chil- dren. I'vcrcU. CIIILD'LTKE, a. ResemWing a chilli, or thiU wiiRh beluni^s to cliildreii ; bectuntiif; a ciiibl i metk ; sub- missivi' ; dutiful ; as, tlnltUtke obedience. CMTLDLY, a. Like n cliild. CfltL'DUE.V, n. ; pi. of Child. CHIL'I-AD, (Icil'c-ad,) «. [Gr. xi^<"«» fr»^ni xiXia^ a l)ious;ind.J 1. A thounniid ; n collection or sum, containing a thiiti^and individuals or particulars. Holder. 2. Tho p-riod of a thousand vcars. Kneyc €HIL'I-A-GON, n. [Gr. xtXia, a thousand, and ^CLtftd, a corner.] j'^lane figure of a ttiousand angles and sides. Barlow. eHIL-[-A-HE'DRON, n. [Gr. xt\ta, a thousand, and it-a, a base.] A solid fieure of a thousand equal sides or faces. eillLa-XReil, (kU'e-ark,) a. [Gr. xiAiu, a thousand, and •i^\oi, a chief.] The military commander or chief of a thousand nun. eilIL'I-\IteU Y, iu A body consisting of a thousand men. Mttfard. eaiL'I-ASM, (kirp-azm.) n. [Gr. xt\ia.] The millennium, or thousand yeard n-ften Satan is to bt* b;.und. Rei\ xx. eillL'I-AST, n. [Sapra.] One of ths sect of milbn- nariaii.4. Cim^l-FAe'TIVE. Soe Chtlipactitb. €HIL-I-OL'I-TKll. See KiLoLiTER. eHIL-l-OM'ETER. See Kilometer. CIIII.L, n. [Sax. ce/«, ryfc, cyl, cold ; cftan, to be cold ; D. kil ; allieii to Fr. ^fief, L. sf^^ ^rJidus. See Cold, %vhich appears to be radically the same word. The word cfte in Saxon is a noun.] 1. A shivering with cold ; rigors, as in an asjue ; the cold fit that precedes a fever; sensation of cold in an animal body ; chilliness. [See Cold and IIeat.] 2. A niodiinite degree of cold ; chilliness m any body ; that which gives the 9cnt!ation of cold. 3. Ftiruratircly, a cheek to feelings of joy; as, a chUt came over the a-ssembly. CHILL, a. Coot ; miKlemtefy cold ; tending to cause shivrrin^ ; as, the chill vapors of night. a. Sttivering with cold. Mf ehill V'jint rrr>ru> wiUi dnp:t)r. JJoiM. 3, Cool ; distant ; formal ; dull ; not warm, animat- ed, or aff^rtionate ; as, a chill reception. 4. Depressed ; dispirited ; dejected*, discouraged. ClllI^L, r. L To taiiife a shivering or shrinking of the skin ; to dieck circuiatiun or motion *, as, tu cfiill the bliK)d or the veins. The force of this word lies in exprt-ssiiig the shivering and shrinking caused by cold. •2. To make cold, or cool ; as, the evening air ehUU th>- earth. :i. To blast with cold ; to check the circulation in plants, and stop th<-ir growth. BlucJcmore, ■L Til cheek moliuu, life, or action ; to depress ; to deject ; tu discourage ; as, to chid Uio gnyety of the spiriU. Rdiger.t. Cff I!>L'f:D, pp. Made cool ; made to shiver ; dejected. ClilL'LljH. TheiHMl of the Cayenne or Guinea pepper. CiIILL'I-.N'E.SS, n. A sensation uf shivering ; rigors, i A moderate degree of coldnt-ss ; as, the ehOU- ne-ii of the air, which tends to caiist: a shivering. CIIILI/i\G, p/^r. or a. Cooling : causing to shiver. CHILL'l.VG-LV', fuic. In a chilling manner. CMILL'NKSS, n. Cwlness ; coldness ; a shivering. CHILL'V, a. Cool ; modi-rately cold, such aa to cuose shivt-rmg ; as, a chdltj day, night, or air. eillLOGKAM. See Kilouram. €HiL'0-Pt»D, n. [Gr. \(t\-H, a lip, and irorf, a foot.] in tiHf/o^, an aniitial of the order of myriapiMls or crn(ip toll a bell ; L. campana, a bell, from its •oiind, whence It. tcampanare, to chinie.1 I. The consonant or harmonic sounds of several correspondent instruments. Uiafruiu>!»ti thtU inaile melodious chimt. Milton. 52. Correspondence of sound. Love — tuini)on{zer robe worn by a bishop, to which lawn sleeves are usually attached. Hook. €HI-MER'ie-AL, a. Merely imaginary ; fanciful ; fan- tastic ; wildly or vainly conceived ; that has, or can have, no existence except in thougfiL eHI-MER'IC-AL-LV, adv. WUdly ; vainly ; fanciful- ly ; fanta-stically. ClilM'IN-AGE, n. [Fr. ehemin; Sp. camino^ a way.! In /rtw, a toll for passage through a forest. Cowci. CIIIM'LVG, ppr. [from chiim.] Causing to chime; sounding in accordance. eniM'IS TRY. See Chemistst. CHIM'NEY, n. ; pi. Chimneys. [Ft. chcminic; Ann. ciininal, or cheminal; G. kainin; Com. chimbla ', Ir. simileur; Sp. chimenea; It. cammino ; L. commits; Ch. ]^0p J Ar. ,,*»*3 kaminon ; Gr. Kaptvos ; Uuss. kamin. It seems originally to have been a furnace, a stove, or a hearth-] 1, In architecture, a body of brick or stone, erected in a building, containing a funnel or funnels, to con- vey smoke, and other volatde matter, through the roof, fntm the hearth or fireplace, where fuel is burnt. This body of materials is sometimes called a slack of cliimnri/.^, especially vvhen it contains two or more funnels or passages. 9. A fireplace ; the lower part of the body of brick or stone which confines and conveys smoke, 3. A tali gla«s to surround the flame of a lamp. CHIM'iNEY-HOARI), n. A fire board, which see. CHIM'NEV-COR'NER, n. The corner of a fireplace, or the space between the fire and the sides of the fireplace. In the Northern Stales of America, fire- places were formerly made six ur eight feet wide, or even more, and a hum] was placed by the side of the fire, as a seat for children, and this often furnished a comfortable situation for idlers. As fuel has become scarce, our fireplaces are contract<'d, till, in many or most of our dwellings, we have no chimney-corners. 3. In a mm-e enlarged aetme, Uie fireside, or a place near the fire. CIIIM'NEY-HOOK, n. A hook for holding pots and kettles over a fire. CHIM'NEY-MON'KY, ( mun'ny,) n. Hearth money, a duty [»aid fiir each chimney in a house. [AJm^.] CHIM'NEY-PIkCE, n. An ornamental piece of wood or stone set round a fireplace. CHIM'NEY-POT, n. A cylinder of earthen ware, resembling in appearance a stone {K>t, placed at the top of chimneys to prevent smoking. CHIM'.N'EV-SUEEP'ER, n. One whom; occupation is to sweep and wrape ehinineys, to clean them of the soot that adheres to tlieir si(fes. CHIM-PAN"/EE, 71. An animal of the ape kind ; the African orang-tjiitang. DicX. J^al. Hint. It is now considered a distinct species. Cuvier. u CHIN, n. [Sax. einne; Pera. ' JL^^jaun; D.kin; G. kinn ; Dan. kind, the cheek ; Sw, kind ; Ij. geva ; Gr. jfvi^i. The sense is prolKibly an edge or side, and allied to chine.] The lower extremity of the face, below the mouth ; the ptiint of the under jaw. CHI'NA, n. A sp^K^ies of earthen ware, made in China, and so called from the country ; called, also, China ware, and porcelain. [See Porcelain.] CHI'NA-OR'ANGE, n. The sweet orange, said to have been originally brought from China. cm CMI'jV VR,n. A tree of India. CHI'.\A-ROOT, fl. The root of a Bpecios of Sniilax, brought from the East Indies, of a pale reddish color, with no smell, and verv little taste. CHL\e'A-I'I.\, ti. The dwarf chestnut, Ca-^itanea pumila, a tree that rises eight or ten feet, with a !)ranrhiu;:, shruliby stem, producing a nut. CHINCH, H. rCiu. It. cimiee, L. cimer, corrupted.] A kind of bug of a disgusting smtdl, which does great injury to wheat and other grains, DicL JVat. nh^ CHIN-CHIL'LA, ti. A small animal of South Amer- ica, producing a beautiful fvtr known by this name. Brandc, CHIN'eOCGH, (-kauf,) n. [H. kind, a child, and kucJi, a cough.] A disease, oflen epidemic among children. Itcon- tinu"s for some weeks, and is attended with violent IKiroxysms of coughing. From a particular noise made in cou;!hing, it is also called Aoopin^-cough. CHINE, n. [Fr. echine; It. schiena : Attn, chein. It may be allied to chin. Tn German, schiene is tlie shin, also a clout, a spli it ; and rad-schiene is the band of a wheel; Russ. ^cAina.] 1. The back-bone or spine of an animal. S. A piece of the back-bone of an animal, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking, corresponding to a baron of beef or a saddle of mutton, 3. The chime of a cask, or the ridge formed by the ends of the slaves. StnL of Penninjlvania. CHINE, r. L To cut through the back-bone, or into chine-pieces. CHI.X'KU, a. Pertaining to the back. BeaunuandFL CHI-NkSE', a. Pertaining to China. CHI-NicSE', «, sing. undpL A native of China; also, the language of Chin:u CHIN"GLE, (shing'gl,)7t Gnivel free from dirt. [See Shin ole.] Dunne. CHIN"GLY ; a less commim sptdling of Shinglt. CHINK, n. [This word may be a derivative from the Saxon cinan, or ginian, gconan, to gai)e, to yaion ; Gr. ^'iivw; or from the common root of tiieae words. Sax. civa, or cinu, a fissure.] A small aperture lengthwise; a clefl, rent, or fis- sure, of greater length than breadth ; a gap or crack ; as, the diinks of a wall. CHINK, V. i. To crack ; to open. ^ Barret, CHINK, V. L To open or part and form a fissure. CHINK, u.f. [SeeJiNOLK.] To cause to sound, by shaking coins or small pieces of metal, or by bring- ing small, sonorous bodies in collision; as, to cliink a purse of money. Pope. CHINK, V. i. To make a small, sharp sound, as by the collision of little pieces of money, or other sono- rous bodies. jJrbuthnot. CHINK'V, a. Full of chinks or fissures; gaping; ofKMiing in narrow clefts. Dryde.iu CHIN'NA'I), o. Having a long chin. Keraey. CHIN'aUA-PIN. See Chincapin. CHINSE, V. t. In naval, affairs^ to tlirust oakum into the Steams or chinks of a ship with a chisel or point of a knife, as n tem]>orary expedient for calking. Mar. Dirt. CHINTZ, n. [D, chJts : G. liti; Sans, chccti Hindoo, cftemt; Per. ehim, spotted, stained.] Cotton cloth, print<;d with flowers and other de- vices, in a number s,or small pieces ; hewed. CHIP'PER, r. i. To chirp or chirrup. Porby. In JYfw England, this wc»rd i? colloquially ustiil as an adjective, for lirrly, chrcrful, t^/iotioe, as kipper is used III the Craven dialect. CHI1"PI.\G, ppr. Cutting off in smnll pieces. CHlP'PINli, H. A cliip ; a piece cut olf tir separated by a cutting or engraving instrument ; a fragment. S. The flying or hre.'iking off in small pieces of the edges of potter's ware and porcelain, Knci/c. €111 RA'tHlA, n. [See below.] GoiU in the hanb«. liu. Sax. cfardai, to creak. Clmiioer uses the verb lo cMirk, in the sense of ckirp^ or chat- ter. The word is fuunil in the Kuss. rAiria^u, to chirpL It is collo()iital in Ni-w Kn^lnnd.] Lively ; cheerful ; iu good spirits i iu a comfortable stale. CHIRK, B. t. To chirp. [ Ohs.] Chaucer. CHlRMf V. i. [Sax. qfrmau.] To »\n^ as a bird. [J^Tot im «*«.] CniI'RCM;R.U»H, (kl'nvgr.if.) n. [Gr. x"?, the hand, and y.iiiifiui^ to write] 1. ^flc««£/y, a writing, which, requirin^t a counter- part, wa^ vniEroi<^-. eHT-ROL'CMilriT, h. [Gr. xtipy Uie hand, and Aoj oj, discourse.] One who communicates thoughts by signs made with the hands and tinkers. CHI-BOL'O-tiY, a. fSee CHiaoLoonr.] The art or ptactioe ot communirating tJioughfs by signs made by the bands and tinkers ; a substitute ffir language or discourse, much usi-d by llie deaf and dumb, and far others wno communicate with them. BaJew. eHI'RO.MAN'-CER, n. [See Chirohaicct.] One who attempts to foretell luture events, or tu tell the fortunes an(U£:«»*•,. j-n, one who oper- ates with Che hand, vc(^,ibe hand, and coyi^ work j I* ciururgu* : Fr. ekirttrgieii ; l*p. cirajano ; Port, svr- fiam^ or etT-urgiam : IL cJuntrgo : Arm. surgpan,] A surgeon ; one whose profession is tu heal dis- eases by manual operations, instruments, or external applications. [This ili-sounding wurd is obsolete, and it now appears in the furm of Surgeon, which seeJ eHl-RUR'GE-RY, a. [Gr. x«ipoup>ia. Sec Chirur- CKON ] That part of the medical art which consists in CIIL healing dineasi's and wounds by instniuients and cx- ti*rn;il apphcatiuus ; now wriltfu l?itKUEHv. eill-UL'R'CK', ia. Pertaining to surger>-, or to CHrUL'll'Oie-AL, \ the art of healing diseases and wounds by nvmual operations, instruments, ur ex- ternal applications. 3. Having qualities useful in external applications, for healing diseases or injuries. It is now written Surgical. CHIS'EL^ a. [!>. cLvaiu, a cliisri ; cts-r/rr, to engrave ; Arm. guell; Sp. dacel } lleb. p^, Ch. DiJ or KIJ, or Ar. >^ cAacM, to cut, hew, or carve. Bee Class Gs.] An instrument of iron or steel, used in carpentrT.', joiner}', cabinet work, masonry, sculpture, &,c., either fur piiring, hewing, or poncin«. Ctiisels are of dif- ferent sizes and shapes, titled fur particular uses, CHIS'EL, r. U To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel. CUlS'Eh-FDf pp. or a. Cut or engrav^ed with a chisel. CUIS'EL-lNG,;i|n-. Cutting with a chisel. CHIS'LEO, a. [Heb. iS C3, from Uie Ar.^ ^^<=^ kasUa, to be torpid or cold.] - ' The ninth month of the Jewish year, answering to a i»art of November and a part of December, in tlie nu^lern division of the year. CHIT, R. [Sax. citA, a shiK)t or twig, from thrusting out.] 1. A shoot or Fprout ; the first shooting or germina- tion of a seed or planL Hence, "2. A child or iKibe, in familiar language, 3. A freckle ; that is, a push. CHIT, r. i. To sprout ; to shotit, as a seed or plant. CHIT'CHAT, a. [Sec Chat, Chattkr.] Prattle; familiar or tritlinc talk. CHIT'TER-LLNG, a. The frill to Uie brt^asl of a shirt. Gascoigne. CHIT'TER-LI.VGS. a. pL The smaller intestines of swine, 4tc., fried tor ft.»od. CHIT'TV, a. Childish ; like a babe. Johnson. 2. Full of chiLn or sprouts. CHIV'.\L,-RI€, (shiv'ai-rili,) a. Partaking of the char- acter of chivalry'. CmVAUROCS, (shiv'al-ms,) «. [See Chivalry.] Pertauiing to chivalry or kuigbt-ermntry ; warlike ; bold ; gallant. Sprnser. CHIV'AL-ROCS-LY, (shiv'alrus If,) adv. In a chiv- alrous manner ; boldly ; gallantly. Benjamin. CinV'.\L-RY, (shiv'alo'O «- [fr- chnralerie, from chfvatier, a knidit or horseman, from eJieral, a horse ; Sp. cabaUenai It. cavaUrria. See Cavalry.] 1. Knichihood ; a miliur>- ditjnity, founded on the service nf s«.tldiers on horseback, called knights; a service furmerly deemed more honorable Uian service in infanlr)'. Bacon. 2. The qualifications of a knight, as valor and dex- terity in anus. Shak. 3. The system of knighthood ; the privileges, char- acteristics, or manners of knights j^ the practice of knight-errantry, or the heroic defense of life and honor. L>rydcn. 4. An adventure or exploit, as of a knight. Sidney. 5. The body or order of knights. Shak. 6. In English law, a tenure of hmds by knight's service ; that is, by the condition of performing ser- vice on horseback, or of performing some nol>te or military service to his lord. 7'his was general or B[iecial ; general, when the limanl held per servititim mUUarr, without epecilicatiitn of the particular ser- vice ; special^ when the particular service was desig- nated. ^Vhcn the tenant held only of the king, the tenure was regal; when he held of a common per- son, it was called common, 'i'liis ser\'ice was also grand sergeantry, as when the tenant was bound to perform service to the king in his own person ; and petit aergeantryy -when he was bound to yield to the kirtg annually some small thing, as a sword or dag- ger. Chivalr>' that might be held of a common per- son was called escuagCy gcutagium, or shield service. Bladi-Htone. Court of chtpolry ; a court formerly held before the lord high constable and earl marshal of England, having cugnizance of contracts and other matters re- lating to deeds of arms and war. It had jurisdiction both of civil and criminal causes, but no ptfwer to enforce its decisions by fine or imprisonment, not being a court of record. It is now nearly extinct. CHIVF:. See Cive. [BlackMone. CHIVES, n. pi. In botany, slender threads or filaments in the blossoms of plants. fSee Stame:?.] CHLAM'V-PHORE, i n. [iiT. x^'iMi'i, a cloak, and CHL.V-MYPH'O-RUS, S (^£.jw, to bear.] A small South American quadruped, allied to the armadillo. It is covered with a shell or coat of mail, like a cloak. Harlan. CHLA'MYS, tu [L. and Gr.] A tunic, or loose coat, worn by tlie ancients over the vest or doublet. Elmes. CH LO-R.V-CE'Tie ACID, a. An acid formed by the action of chlorine on acetic acid. Dana. CHLO'RAL, n. A liquid compound of chlorine, car- CHO bon, an'R0-€AR'I10\-0US, i bonic acid and chLro- carbunoiLf acid are applied, the fonner by Thomson, and the latter by Ure, to a compound of chlorine and carl)onic oxyd, formed by exjKising a niixlure of the two gases to the direct solar rays. It was discovered by Dr. J. Davy, and called by him pkosgenc-gas. CHLo'RO-CY-AN'ie, a. Composed of chlurine and cyanogen. €H*L()-ROM'E-TEU, n. [Gr. \\ciooi and pirpav.] An instrument for testmg the decoloring or bleach- ing iwwers of clilurid of lime. CHLO-ROM'E-TRY, n. The process for testing the bleachmg[Hiwerof any combination of chlorine. Ure. QIILU-RO'P.AL, 71. [Green opal.] A greenish, earthy mineral, consisting of silica ana oxyd of iron, with IS to 20 per cent, of water. Dana. CHLO'RO-PHANE, a. [Gr. xAwiOfS, green, and <^aiv(o, to show.] A variety of fluor spar, from Siberia. When placed on a heated iron, it gives a beautiful emerald-green light, Cleaveland. Cyc. CHLO-RG-PHiE'ITE, tu [Gr. x^t^P'^Sy green, and 0«i- oi, blackish^] A rare mineral found in small nodules ; it consists frincipally of silica and iron, with a little alundna. t has been supposed to be decomposed olivine. Cleaveland. CHLO'RO-PHYL, n. [Gr. x^wpof, green, and 'pvXXuv, leaf] The green matter of the leaves of vegetables. Pelletier. €HLO-R0'SIS, n. [Gr. \Awpif, green.] 1. The green sIcKness, a disease of females, char- acterized by a pale or greenish hue of the skin, weak- ness, palpitation, dyB|)epBy, Ace. Cwrc. 2. A disease in plants, causing them to turn of a pale hue. €HLO-R0T'ie, a. Pertaining to chlorosis; as, cA/o- rutic affections. Med. Rep. 9. Affijcted by chlorosis ; as , chlorotic nnn^. litittie. CHLO'ROUS, a. Chlorous acid is that acid of chlorine and oxygen which contains the smallest proportion of oxygen. CHLO ROX-AL'ie, a. Chlorozalic ether; an oxalic ethiT containing chlorine instead of hydrogen. Chlorozalic acid was formerly used for chlomcetic acid. Dana. €HLO'RU-RET, n. A compound of chlorine ; a name formerly given to what is now called a chlorid. CnOAK. See Choke. CHO'AN-ITE, n. A zoophyte of the chalk. MnnteU. CUOCK, V. i. ']'o fill up a cavity, (to choke ;) as, " the wood work exactly chocked into the joints." Fuller. 2. To encouiitt'r. [See Shock.] CHOCK, n. A wedge, or something to confine n cask or other body, by chucking into the space around it. [Hfnce the word chock-full, meaning completely filled. Todd. So chock up means completely up.] 2. An encounter. [See Shock.] CIIOCO-LATE, n. [Fr. chvcolat; Sp. and Port, cho- colate ; It. cioccolata, from cacao.] 1. A paste or cake composed of the roasted kernel of the cacao, wiih other ingredients, usually a little sugar, cinnamon, or vanilla. The nut is first ground fine, mixed with the ingredients, and put in a mold. 2. The liquor made by dissolving chocolate iu boil- ing water. CllOCO-LATE-IIOUSEjTU A house where company may be served with chocolate. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— M£TE, PR^Y. — PI.NE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, BQOK. CHO CHO€'0-LATF--iNUT. See Cacao. L'HODE, the old preterit of Chide, which see. CHOICE, n. [Fr. choU ; Arm. ckoas; Sax. cyst, D. keu.1 i See Choose.] 1. The act of choosing ; the voluntary act of se- lecting or separating from two or mure things that which is preftrred ; or the determination of the mind in preferring one thing to another ; election. Yc know how Ih-it a gwod wliilp i»eo God made choice nmong lu, thiit tti« G«iiti]es by m^ mouui should hear tlie word of die go«peI, «nd beliere. — Acta xt. 2. The power of choosing ; option. Whrre Ihrre it force, there can he no eftaicf. Of iheae aJl^niaijrcs we have ouf own choice. Anon, 3. Care in selecting; judgment or skill in distin- guishing what is to be preferred, and in giving a preference. 4. The thing chosen ; that which is approved and selected in preference to others ; selection. Sot let thy conquests only be h?r dunce. Prior. 5. The best part of any thing ; that which is pref- erable, and properly the object of choice. In the ckoica of our »epulchera bury ihy dead. — Geo. xxiH. 6. The act of electing to office by vote ; election. To -make choice of; to choose ; to select ; to separate and take in preference. CUOICE, a. Worthy of being preferred ; select ; precious ; very valuable. My choicttf houn of life arc lort. Sw{/X, My revenue i« briier tJian choice silver. -^ Pror. tiIL 2. Holding dear ; preserving or using with care, as valuable ; frugal ; as, to be choice of time, or of ad- vantages. 3. Selecting with care, and due attention to prefer- ence ; as, to be choice of one's company. CHOICE'-DRAVVN, a. Selected with [iarticular care. Shak. CHOICE'LESS, (choisless,) a. Not having the (wwer of choosing ; not free. Hammond. CHOICE'LY, (chois'ly,) adv. With care in choosing ; with nice regard to preference ; with exact choice ; as, a band of men choicely collected. 2. Valuably ; excellently ; preferably ; curiously. 3. With great care; carefully ; as, a thing choicely preserved. CHOICE'NESS, (chois'ness,) Tt. Valuableness ; par- ticular value or worth ; aa, the choicenes.^ of a plant, or of wine. enOIR, (quire,) n. {L.ehonu; Gr. xopos; Ft.chaur; Sp. Port, and lU eoroi Sax. dtori D. choor; G. chor; At. ,L^3 kaurQj to go round, to collect, or bind. See Chobui.] 1. A collection of singers, especially in divine »er- vice, in a church. 2. Any collection of singers. 3. That part of a church appropriated for the sing- ers. In Congregational and some other churches, the singers are placed in certain seats in the galleriex. 4. In caihedrals, nnd eoUeiriale churches and chap- «itf, that part of a church eastward of th-' nave, and separated from it, usually, by a screen of open work. This, in parish churches, is called the chancel. 5. In nunnm/'.', a large hall adjoining to the body of the church, separated by a grate, whore the nuns King the office. CHOIR'-SER'VICE, (qiiTre'-) tu The service of sing- ing performed by the choir. ff'urlnn. CHOKE, v.t. [Sax. aceoran. In Arm. eoucj, or ifoucq^ . is the neck, with which choke may be connected, in the sense of narrowne-ss, or compression, 'i'he sense of choke is to stuff, thrust down, or stop ; or tu com- press, or bind tight. (The Sp. ahi-rtir is the Port. ttfoffar, L. suffoco.) It is probably allied to the Sp. cegarjto shut, L. cSctLs^ Eng. try. Sax. e/pff.] 1. To stop the passage of the breath, hy hlling the windpipe, or compressing the neck. The word is used to express a temporarj- or partial stoppage ; a.'*, to choke with dirt or smoke ; or an entire stoppjige that causes death ; to suffocate ; to strangle. Jifark v. 3. To stop by filling ; to obstruct ; tu block up ; as, to eJtoke the entrance nf a harbor, or any pn^snge. 3. To binder by olistniction or inipedimeiits ; to hinder or check growth, expansion, or progress; as, to choke [dants ; to chvke the spreading of the fruit. Bacon. Tboma choke them. — MaU. xiu. LuVe viil. 4. To srootber, or 8ufl1>cate, as fire. Dryden. 5. To sapprew, or stifle ; as, to choke ttic strong conception. S}ink. 6. To offend ; to cau^ to take an exception ; as, I was choked at this word. SwifL We observe that this word generally implies crowd- ing, stuffing, or covering. A charmel is choked by stones and sand, but not by a boom. CH6KE, V. i. To have the windpipe stopped ; as, cat- tle are apt to choke when eating potatoes. 2. To be offended ; to take exceptions. Clio CHOKE, n. The filamentous or capillary p.art of the artichoke. JohtL-ion, CHOKE'-CHER-RY, n. The popular name of a spe- cies of wild cherrj', remarkable for its astringent qualities. CHOK'KD, pj>. or a. Suffocated; strangled; obstructed by filling ; stifled ; suppressed ; smothered. CHOKE'-DAMP, n. Noxious vapor (carbonic acid gas) in wells, coal mines, and otlier pits. CHOKE'-FyLL, n. [dwke and full.} Full as possi- ble ; quite full. CH6KE'-PEAR, n. A kind of pear that has a rough, astringent taste, and is swallowed with difficulty, or which contracts the parts of the mouth. 2. An aspersion or sarcasm by which a person is put to silence. [j3 Imo term.'] Clarissa. CHOK'ER, n. One that chokes another; one that puts another to silence ; that which can not be an- swered. Johnson. CHoKE'WEED, m. A plant so called. CHoK'ING, ppr. or a. Suffocating; strangling. CH5K'V,a. That tends to suffocate, or has power to suffiicate. CHOL'A-GOGUE, (kol'a-gog,) n. [Gr. xo^1^«J'*'f» from \'*Af?, bile.J A medicine that has the specific quality of evacu- ating the bile. enOL'ER, fkol'er,) n. [L. cholera; Gr. X">'; indicating anger; excited by anger: as, a choleric speech. Rulegh. CHOL'ER-IC-NESS, ti. Irascibility ; anger; peevish- ness. CHO-LES'TER-ie, a. Pertaining to cholesterine, or obtained from it ; as, ckolesteric acid. Ure. €HO-LES'TER-I\E, n. [Gr. X'i'Kn, bile, and arcpcosj solid.] A fatty substance, resembling spermaceti, found in the bite and biliary concretions. CHO-Lt-AM'BIC, TU [L. ckoUambi.] A verse in poe- tr>- having an iambic foot in the fif^h place, and a spondee in the sixth er last. Beittley. CII(')L'TRYy n. A Hindoo camvansera, or empty house, for the use of travr^lers. Malcom. CHOX'DRO-DTTE, «. A light-yellow, brittle mineral, occurring disseminated through primary limestone, as in New Jersey, and Orange county, New York. Regular crystal* can rart^Iy be distinguished. It is sometimes "brownish, reddish, or apple-green. Chondrodite consists of silica, fluorine, and mag- nesia. It has been called brucite in the United States. Dana. CHON-DROL'O-OY, n. [Gr. xov^posy a cartilage, and Au>'>5 ] The history of cartilages. eHON-DROP-TE-RYO'I-AN, n. [Gr. xoi>^pf>i and nrCfiv.] A term applied to an order of fishes, characterized by the gristly nature of the spines which support the fins. Cavibr. CHOX-DROP-TE RYG'I-AN, a. Gristly finned. CHOOSE, (chuze,) v. L; pret. Cuoaz \ pp. Chosem, Chosk. [Sax. ceosan ; u. kiezen: G. kiesen ; Sw. ke»a: Ice. kioorn; Pr. choinir ; Arm. chuasa: Pers. frhoiiditn. The Hebrew has IPrp to collect. See Class Gs, No. 40, 70, 71.] 1. To pick out ; to sehct; to take by way of pref- erence from two or more thincs otfered ; to make choice of; as, refuse the evil and choose the good. The man \iv! Lonl doDk cKoott »htill be holy. — Num. xvl. 2. To take in preference. Lcl ua dioo«e lo tujiid^ment. — Job xxxtT. 3.*To prefer ; to choose for imitation ; to follow. En»y not the oppressor, and ckoote none of hli wayi. — Prov. Ui, 4. To elect for eternal happiness ; to predestinate to life. Many *re wll'-d, btit C-w choten. — M«U. xx. For bis clcci's inki:, whom lie hatli cha»tn. — Mnrk xi'iL 5. To elect or designate to office or employment by votes or suffrages. In the Utiitnl State^i, the people choose representatives by votes, usually by ballot. CHOOSE, r. I. To prefer ; as, I chuose to go. 2. To have the power of choice. The phrase, he can not choose hut stay, denotes that he has not tlie power of choice, whethiT to stay or not. The verb, in these phrases, is really transitive ; CHO the following verb standing as the object, implead of a nuun. cnooS'ER, n. He that chooses; he thai has the power or right of choosing ; an elector. CHOOS'ING, ppr. Selecting; taking in preference; elect iiig. CHOOS'I.XG, n. Choice; election. Chfosimt riofM, in music^ a term applied to the mouth. eilO-RAG'ie, a. Pertaining to the choragus; as, ehoratric monument.s. CHO-RA'GUS. B- [Gr. x'^pnyoi^ x'^poc and aj r.i.l In Jithens^ a term applied to those who superintended a musical or theatrical entertainment, and provided a chorus nt their own expense. CHO'RAL, a. [from chorus.] Belonging to or compos- ing a choir or concert ; as, choral symphonios. MiUon. 2. Singmg in a choir; as, choral seraphs. CHf)'RAL-LY, adv. In the manner of a chorus, enORl), (kord,) n. [L. chorda; Gr. xan6ri, an intes- tine, of" which strings w);re made When it signifit:a a string or small ropi*, in general, it is written cord. See Cord.] 1. The strine of a musical instrument. Milton 2. In mMyic, the combination of two or more soui.ds uttered nt the same tinu^, according to the Inws of harmony ; as a third, fift^i, and eighth, which ore TtNE, BJJU^ IJNITE. — AN"GEtt, V1"CI0US. — C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z j CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. ar» 20) CHO perfect ekordSy or consooaaciea. The fourth and sixth are imperfect chonls. 3. In ffvmftry^ a right line, drawn, or supposed to exif nti, fniin one end of an arc of a circle t4) the oUier. Hence the churd of an arc is a right liuc joining the esir.'iiuties ufthot arc. Etio/e. eH()KI>, r. L To string. Dryden, €HUKI>'BD, pp. Strung ; nimished with strings. eHORD-EE', «. [See Chord.] In medicine and *»ii^ geru, a painAiI erection of the penis, under which It Is coniiiderablv curved. CHORD'ING, ;>V- Furnishing with strings CHORE, «. [Eng. char,] In Jitnerica, this word de- notes small work of a domestic kmd, as distinguished from the principal work of the day. It is generally us:-d in the plural, fJWrw, which includes the daily or occasi«)naI business of feeding cattle and other anim:ils, preparing fuel, sweeping the bouse, clean- ine tumiiiire, &.c. [3ee CHAa.] eilOR-E-PtS'eO-PAL, a. [Gr. x^poj, place, and tnt- CM/r -,-, bishop] pertaining to the power of a miff^afan or local bishop FdL eiiCR-E-PISTO-FUS, n. A local or suflHgan bishop. Hook. eHO-BEIJS, \ a. [Gr. xopcto^.\ In OMcient poetry, a CHO REE', t foot of two 8>1lablea, the ftnt long and the second short ; the trochee. €HO'RI-AMB, i m, [Gr. \oott '$, a trochee, and €HORI-AM'BlJS.i .a^;? if, iambus.] • In amcUmt poOrg^ a foot consisting or four syllables, of which the fint and last are long, and the others short ; that is. a choreus or trochee and an iambus unitt-d ; as, iM&tltbu, oMiirtas. Enqfc CHO-RI-AM'BIC, «. A churiarab. CHO-Rl-.AM'BIC, a. Pertaining to a choriamb. CHO'RI-ON, n. [Gr. xooiar or X"P*«^ i the latter setrms to be allied to x<^^«>>t to hold, or contain.] (n aaolMnr, the exterior raembrane which Invests the r-iiis In utero. enO'RIST, «. [Fr. dumsU,] A alngtsr in a choir. t'HOR'IST-ER, R. [from ekorus^ choir?} 1. LiUralit/j a smger ; one of a choir; a singer in a concert. Dryden, 2. One who leads a choir in church music. This is the sense in the United States, €HO-ROG'RA-PHER, m. [See CHoaoGRArHT.] A perstui who describes a particular region or country ; or one who forms a map or maps of particular rc~ gions or countries. Kncye* CHO-RO-GRAPH'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to chorogra- phy ; descriptive of particular regions or countries \ laying down or marking the bounds of particular copotries. £iiryc. €H'J-RO-GRAPH'ie-AL-LY, drfc. In a chorograph- .cal manner ; in a manner descriptive of particular rrgions. enOROG'RA PHY, n. [Gr. x'>>P9Si * pUce or region, and >pa^u, to describe.] The ait or practice of making a map or description of a particular region, cuuntry, or province ; or of marking its limits, bounds, or position. Choraffraphy differs Irom gfo^rapAy. as the description of a par- ticular country- differs from that of the whole earth ; and from topography, as the description of a country differs from that of a town, city, or district. Encye. eUO'ROID, «. [Gr. xooioi', a particular membrane, and ni-Ji, likeness.] In oMotomy, a terra applied to several parts of the body that resemble the chorion ; as the inner mem- brane investing the brain, or the pia mater; the second coat of the eye | Uie fold of the carotid artery in the brain, in which is the pineal gland. Coze, Encyc €HO'RUS, n. [L. ehonu { Gr. xooos ; Sax. chor ; Fr. ehamr ; D. ckoor or koor ; Sp. and It. coro ; Ir. ctn-u ; W. cOr, In Welsh, the word signifies a round or circle, a choir. If the primary sense is a circle, or a company, the word may be referred to the Ar. Xj kttmm, to go roand, to coUect, to bind ; or to taiTj, to return, to repeat Clofis Gr, No. 32, 34. If the radical sense is to sing or shouf) it may be allied to Gr. \atyiD. The former is most probable.] 1. A number of singers ; a company of persons singing in concert ; hence, a piece performed by a whole company in concert. Dryden. Pope, ,^d-lison. 2. The persons who are supposed to behold what passes in the acts of a tragedy, and sing their senti- ments between the acts. SAak, Johnson, 3. The song between the acts of a tragedy. Johnson, 4. Verses of a song in which the company join the singer ; or the union of a company with a singer, in repeating certain couplets or verses, at certain peri- ods in a song. Johnson. Encyc 5. A musical composition of two or more parts. 6. Among the Greeks, a chorus consisted of a num- ber of singers and dancers. CUR CHOSEy ^shose,) ». [Fr. chose : Sp. coaa, suit, cause, thing ; It. cosa : Port, cousa ; L. causa. (See CAt'sa.) The primar)' sense is, action, tirging, prosecution. Sec Thiexo and Causs.] In laie, property in action ; a right to possession ; or that which may be demanded and recuvt;red by suit or action at law. Tims money due on n bund or note is a chose ta action ; a recompense fur damage done is a chose in action ; the former proceeding from an ezpressy the latter from an impiitd, contract. A contract executed is a chose in possession ; a contract executory conve^-s only a chose in action. A chose locoL is annexed to a place, as a mill or the like ; a ekoM transitoryy is a tiling w hich is movable. Blackstone, Encyc. CHOSE, prrt. and pp. of Choose. CH0S'*.'\, (chO'enJ pp. Selected from a number; picked out ; taken in preference ; elected ; prudesti- nnted ; designaunl to office. 2. a. Select; distinguisbed by preference j em- inenL Hu cAamu eapuuiu k» drown^ In (he wa. — Ex. xv. Yf tilt * cAoMTt ^iieraiion, k royrO priesthflud. — 1 Pet. U. CHOU'A.N'S, (shoo'anz,) a. pi Royalist insurgents on the River Loire, during the French revolutions. They were mostly brigands. Brande, CHOUGH, (chuflQ a, [Fr. choucas; Ir. cog i Sax. uo or ceofh. This word may be the same as jack, in jackdaw. It appears to be a Cornish word.] The Cornish chongh is a bird of llie genus Corvus, neariy of Uie size of the crow, and mischievous, like the magpie. It is black, except the bill, legs, and feet, which are red. It is a native of the west of England. DicU ofJVaL Hist, Chongk is also applied to the jackdaw. Cue CHOULE. See Jowl. CHOUL'TRY. SeeCHOLTRT. CHOUSE, r. t. [This word may be ftom the root of ctftea ; Arm. cou^ida, or concAeia ; Ar. f wL^ khau- M, to deceive or defraud ; Eth. /T^nvy chasawa, to lie, decei%-e, or cheat.] To cheat, trick, delraud ; followed by t^f, in Hudi- braa ; but in America by out of- as, to ekoaae one ovl of his money. [A is noio vulg^ar.] Drydea, Stoijl. CHOUSE, H. One who is easily cheated ; a tool ; a stmi^eion. Q. A trick ; »ham ; imposition. Johnson, CHOUS' , (choust,) pp. Cheated j defrauded j im- iiosed on. CilOLJS'I\G, ppr. Cheating ; imposing on. CHOWDER, n. In JVrw England, a dish offish boiled with bisctiit, salt pork, &c. In S[)anish, cAi'de is a paste made of milk, eggs, sugar, and Hour. In the west of England, choiodrr-becr is a liquor made by boiling black spnice in water and mixing with it molasses. CHOWDER, r. L To make a chowder. CHOWTER, r. L To grumble like a frog or a fro- ward child. Phillips. eURE-MA-TIS'TI€3, n. [Gr. xp'z/'a'-a, wealth.] The science of wealtii ; a branch of political economv. CHRES-fOM'A-THY, n, ["Gr. xpTtoro^adcia.] A book introductory to the learning of languages, containing selected passages, with notes, explana- tions, Ate. [^German.] CHRISM, fknzm,) n. [Gr. x/>'(r/xa, from xp'w, to anoinL] Unguent junction. In the Aoman Catholic and Greek eharches, oil consecrated by the bishop, and used in the administration of baptism, confirmation, ordina- tion, and extreme unction. It is prepared on Holy Thursday with much ceremony, and, in some cases, mixed with balsam. Encyc. CHRIS'MAL, a. Pertaining to chrism. Brenint, CHRIS-MA'TION, iu The act of applying the chrism, or consecrated oil ; in baptism, by the priest ; in con- firmation, by the bishop. In ordination, it is usually 8t\ied unction. Encyc. CHRIS'MA-TO-RY, n. A vessel to hold the oil for chrism. CnRfS'OM, n. [See Chrism.] A child that dies within a month after its birth ; so called from the chrisom-clolh, a linen cloth anointed with holy oil, which was formerly laid over a child's face when it was baptized. Also, the cloth itself. Encyc. CHRIST, ju [Gr. x-^'oruj, anointed, from xju(o, to anoinL] The Axoittted; an appellation given to the Sa- vior of the world, and synonymous with the Hebrew Mr.saiAH. It was a custom of antiquity to conse- crate persons to the sacerdotal and regal offices by anointing them with oil. eHRIST'-CROSS-ROW, (kris'kros-ro') n. An old term for the alphabet, probably from the cross usual- ly set before iL fVhitlock. CHRIS'TjE.V, (kris'n,) v. t. [Sax, cristnian ; D. kers- tenen. See Christ.] 1. To baptize, or rather to baptize and name ; to initiate into the visible church of Christ by the appli- cation of water ; applied to persons. And a-i a name is given to the person in the ceremony, hence. CHR 2. To name ; to denominate ; applied to things. Burnet. CHRIS'TK.V-DOM, (kris'n-dmn,) n. [Sax. cristendom, cristen. Christian, and dom, power, judgment, rule, jurisdiction. See Christ.] 1. The territories, countries, or regions inhabited by OiristianSf or those who profess to believe in the Christian religion ; particularly, all couutries gov- erned by Christian sovereigns and institutions. 2. The whole bi>dy of Christians. Hooker. 3. Christianity ; the Christian religion ; as, while Christendom prevailed. [Unusual.] Milner. CI1R1S'T>:N-£;1). (kris'nd,) pp. Baptized and named ; initiated into Christianity. €IlIUS'Ti!;iN-ING, (kris'n-ing,) ppr. Baptizing and naming. eilKIS'TKN-IXG, n. The act or ceremony of bap- tiy.ing and naming ; initiation uito the Christian re- ligion. eimiS'TIAN, (kri.st'yan,) n. [Gr. xP't^riofof ; L. chrL^tianus ; Sax. cristcn ; D. kristen ; Fr. chritien f Sp. cristiano ; Arm. cristenf W. cristian. See Chhiw.] 1. A believer in the religion of Christ. 2. A professor of his belief in the religion of Christ. 3. A real disciple of Christ; one who believes in the truth of the Christian religion, and studies to ful- low the example, and obey the precepts, of Christ ; a believer in Christ who is characterized by real piety. 4. In a general sense, the word ChrLftians includes all who are born in a Christian country or of Chris- tian parents. CHRIS'TIAN, a. [See the noun.] Pertaining to Christ, taught by him, or received from him ; as, the ChrLitian religion ; Christian doctrines. 3. Professing the religion of Christ ; as, a Christian friend. 3. Belonging to the religion of Christ ; relating to Christ, or to his doctrines, precepts, and example ; as. Christian profession and practice. .^ 4. Pertaining to the church; ecclesiastical; as, courts ChrLttian. Blackstone. CHRIS'TIAN, r. (. To baptize. [JVotuseiL] Fatke, CHRIS'TIAN-ISM, (krisl'yan-iziu,) n. [Gr. xptffTta- vtofin^. See Christ.] I. The Christian religion. H. The nations professing Christianity. Johnson. eilRIS'TIA.N-ITE, n. See Awokthite, with which it is identical. eilRlS-TIA.N'I-TY, (krisl-yan'e-te,) h. [See Chris- tian, from Chrut.] The religion of Christians ; or the system of doc- trines and precepts taught by Christ, and recorded by the evangelists and apostles. Wliilsi poliiiclnni are (liapDling^ about monarchi'^a, niiit'Jcnvcioa, arnl n-j)i.blica, ChrUlianUy la alike applicable, uwliil, ;iiiii (rinndly lo them all. PaUy. eHRIS-TIAN-I-ZA'TION, n. The act or process of converting to Christianity. CHRIS'TIAN-IZE, t>. L To make Christian ; to con- vert to Christianity ; as, to Christianize pagans. eHRlS'TIAN-IZ-£D, pp. or a. Converted to Chris- tianity. CHRIS'TIAN-IZ-ING, ppr. Converting to Christian- ity , evangelizing. CHRIS'TIAN-LIIiE, a. Becoming a Christian. Shak, eilRIS'TIAN-LY, ada. In a Christian manner ; in a manner becoming the principles of the Christian re- ligion, or the profession of that religion. eilRIS'^TIAN-NAME, v. The name given in bap- tism, as distinct frum the gcntilitious or surname. €HRIS-TIAN-OG'RA-PHY, n. A description of Ciiristian nations. [JV*o£ itsed.] Pagitt. CIIRIS-TICQ-LIST, n. [Chrustas axkA eolo, lo culti- vate.]^ A worshiper of Christ. eilRIST'LESS, a. Having no interest in Christ. Ch, Sped. CHRIST'MAS, rkris'mas,) a, [Christ and inass, Sax. TnoKsOj a holy day or feast ; D. kersmis.] 1. The festival of the Christian church, observed annually on the 25th day of December, in memory of the birth of Christ, and celebrated by a particular church service. Tiie festival includes twelve days. Q. Christmas-day. CHRIST'MAS-BOX, n. A box in which little presents are deposited at Christmas ; the presents made. CHRIST'MAS-DAY, n. The 25tb day of December, when Christmas is celebrated. CHRtST'MAS-FLOW-ER, n. Hellebore. CHItlST'MAS-ROSE, n, A plant of the genus Hc!- leborus, producing beautiful white flowers about Christmas, CIIKIS-TOL'O-CV, n. [Gr. XP'^rof and Xoyj^ ] A discourse or treatise concerning Christ. CHRIST'S'-THGRN, n. The Rhamnus paliurus, a deciduous shrub, a native of Palestine and the south of Europe. It has two thorns at each joint, and IS supposed to have been the sort of which the crown of thorns for our Savior was made. Encyc. eilRO-AS'TAXES, n. [Gr. xft"a, color.] In natural history, a genus of pelluciu gems, com- prehending all those of variable colors, as viewed in different lights. [JVot technical.] Encyc. CHRO'MATE, n, [See CHROMf:.] A salt or com- pound formed by the chromic acid with a base. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PRgV. — PIXE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BpOK.- 20« - CHR €HRO-MAT'IC, o, [Gr. xooifxnTiKOi, from tf'"'/"'* color, from \ n. [Gr. X'*''V''i^ i'\me,an6 ypofi- eHRON'0-GRAPII,i ^a, a letter or writing, from ^O'<0w, to write.] ' An inscription in which a certain date or epoch is expressed by niiineral letters ; as in the mollo of a medal struck by GusLivus Adnlphus in lti32. ChrlstVs DVX; ergo IrlVMphVs. CHRO.V-O-GRAM-MAT'IC, to. B»longing (o a €IIRON'-0-GR.\.M-MAT'I€-AL, ( chronogram, or . containing one. CHRON-O-GRAM'MA-TISTjU. A writer of chron- ograms. €HRO-.SOG'RA PHER, m [Gr. xP^vofy time, and ypaii'it, to describe.] One who writes concerning time or the events of lime ; a chroni>toger. Tooke. €IIR0-NOG'RA-PHY, n. The description of time pnxt. [LitxU tM«^] CMRO-NOL'O-GER, \ n, [See CHRoifOLoor.] A €IIR0-N0L'0-<5IST, \ person who attempts to dis- cover the tnie dales of past events and transactions, and to arrange them under their proper years, or divisions of u'me, in the order in which they hap- pened. 2. One who studies chronology, or is versed in the scii;nce, CHR0-N0-L06'IC, / a. Relating to chronology ; CHRO-N'O-LOO'IC-AL, j containing an account of events in the order of time \ according to the order of time. eilRtvNO IX^G'ie-AI^LV, (utv. In a chronological manner ; in a manner according with the order of time, the series of events, or rules of chronology. CHRO-NOiyOGY, n. [Gx. xo'>vo>«)yta ; XP^'^fj lime, and ><')•{, discourse or doctrine.] The science of time ; the method of measuring or comjrtiting lime by regul;ir divis^ions or periods, ac- cording to Ihe revolutions of the sun or moon ; of ase«rtaming the true periods or years when past ciiu events or transactions took place, and arranging them in their proper order according to their dales. If history wiitioiit e^rotiology is dark aud ounfuaed, chronology wiihout hi>lor>' >* dr; aiul Li&ij- pot, green.] A species of mole at the Cape of Good Hope, the fur of which retlecta most brilliant metallic hues of green and gold. €HRYS'O-e0I^LA, n. [Gr. xpvtokoXUo, glue of gold, xpV(T(Js and KuXXa.] A name given by the Greeks to borax, and also to the green or blue car- bonate of copper. Cleaveland. €HRYS-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. xp^aoc, gold, and ypa- 0JJ, description.] A writing in letters of gold. €IIRY8'0-LITE, tu [Gr. x/juffof, gold, and XiOos, stone.] A mineral, called by Ilaiiy and Rrogniart, peridote, and by Jameson, prismatic chrysolite. Its prevailing color is some shade of green. It is harder than glass, but less hard than quartz ; oflen transparent, sometimes only tmnslucent. It occurs sometimes in crystals, sometimes in small amorphous masses or grains, ana sometimes in rolled pieces. Olivine is a variety of this species, of a boltle-green color ; it is disseminated frequently through basalt. Cleaveland, CHRYS OL'O GY, n. [Gr, xovaoky gold, and Ao)0(.] That branch of political economy which relates to the production of wealth. €IIRY3'0 PRASE, n. [Gr. xfivvonpaaos i XP'*"*?* gold, and TpaToc, a leek.] A mineral, a variety of quartz. Its color is com- monly apple green, and often extremely beautiful. It is translucent, or sometimes semi-transparent ; its frariure even and dull, sometimes a little splintery, sometimes smooth and slightly concboidal ; its hard- ness little inferior to that of 11ml. Cleaveland, CHUB, n. ['I'his word s.-ems U) signify thick head, or a mass or lump. In Pers. chub or ckob is a club. Pee Class Gb, Nos. 1 and 2.] A river fish, called also Cmcteh, of the genua Cy- priinis. The body is ohlung, nearly round j the head and back green ; tiie sides silvery, and the belly while. It frequents deep holes in rivers shaded by trees -, but in warm weather floats aear the surface, nnd fiirnishes sport for anglers. short and thick. ClIuiVBY^* j fl. Like a chub; short CHUB'nED-NEP.S, n. The state of being chubby. CHUB'FAC-£D, (-fasle,) a. Having a plump, round fiiCft. Adiiiaon. CHUCK, V. i. To make the noise of a hen or partridge, when she calls her chickens. CHUCK, V. L To call, as a hen her chickens. CHUCK, V. i. To jeer ; to laugh. [See Chuckle.] CHUCK, w.t- [Fr. choquer; Russ. cAoAayu, to strike gently i port, and Sp. choear.) 1. To strike or give a gentle blow ; as, to chuck one under the chin. 2. To throw, with quick motion, a short distance ; t*> pitch, [yulirar.] CHUCK, n. The voice or call of a hen. CHU 2. A sudden, small noise. 3. A word of endearment, corrupted fVom ehick^ 4. A slight blow under the chin. [chicken. CHUCK'-FXR-THING, n. A play in whichafartliing is pitched into a hole. CIIUCK'-HOLE, n. A steep hole in a wagon nil. [LocaU] CIIUCK'LE, (chuk'kl,) v. U [from chuck.] To call, as a hen her chickens. 2. To fondle ; to cocker. [Q.U. W. cocru. See CHUCK'LE, n. A short, suppressed laugh. [Cocker. CIIUCK'LE, V. i. [Ch. Iin chuck or huk, to laugh. See Class Gk, No. 18, and Giggle.] To laugh in a suppressed or broken manner j to feel inward triumph or exultation. CHUCK'LKD, pp. Fondled ; called, as by a hen. CHUCK'LE-HEAD, (chuk'1-hed,) n. A person with a large head j a dunce. Knowles. Bailey says, a rat- tling, noisy, empty fellow. [Vulgar.] CHUCK'LE-HEAD-ED, a. Large or thick headed. Smart, CHUCK'LING, ppr. Fondling ; calling, as a hen. CHUCK'LING, n. Suppressed laughter; inward tri- umph or exultation. CHUD. V. U To champ; to bile. [Oft*.] Stafford. CHO'KT, 71. Forced meat. Bacon. CHUFF, n. [Perbaps VV. cyf^ a stock or stem ; cyfiawy to become torpid.] A clown ; a coarse, heavy, dull, or surly fellow. CHUFF'I-LY, adv. In a rough, surly manner ; clown- CHUFF'I-NESS, n. Suriiness. [ishly. CHUFF'Y, a. Originally, fat or swelled out, especially in the checks*, as, a chujfy lad. Rich. Diet. Hence, 2. Figuratively, surly ; angrj* ; stomachful. In JVew England, this word expresses thai displeasure which causes a swelling or surly look and gninibling, rather than heat and violent expressions of auger. [U.^cd in Sussex and Kent, Eng.] CFlUK, Ti. A word used in calling swine. It is the original name of that animal, wliich our ancestors brought with them from Persia, where it is still in use. Pers. chuk, Zend, ckuk, a hog ; Sans, sugnra. Our ancestors, while in England, adopted the Welsh hwc, hog ; but chuck is retained (n cur jKipular name of icoodchuek, that is, wood hog. This is a remarka- ble proof of the original sealof iheTeutcuiic nations. I have taken diuk from Adehing. The French co- chon may he the same word. CHUM, 7i. [Arm. ckornm, or ckommein, or kam, to dwelt, stay, or lodge; Fr. chQmer, to rest, Q,u. Sax. ham, home.] A chainber-fcllow ; one who lodges or resides in the same room ; a word used in colleges. CHUM, V. i. [from the noun.] To occupy a chamber with another. [Used in .American colleges.] CHUMP, n. A short, thick, heavy piece of wood, less than a block. Johnson. CHUNK, K. A short, thick piece of wood, metal, ic. [Local in iCM^/awd, colloquial in .America.] CHU-NAM',71. The name in India for /tmc; and hence, stucco, &.C. Malcom. CHURCH, Tt. [Sax. circe, eirc, or cyric; Scots, kirk, which retains the Saxon pronunciation ; D. kcrk ,■ G.kirche; Sw, kyrckia; Dan. A;ir/c« ; Gr. KvptaKOv, a temple of God, from Mipia-.ttj, j»ertaining to a lord, or to our Lord Jesus Clirist, from «ii/)ins, a lord, Russ. tierkor.] 1. A house consecrated to the worship of God, among Christians ; the Lord's house. This seems to be the original meaning of the word. The Greek £«icX/(ffiu, from fKK-'Xiio, to call out or call together, denotes an assembly or collection. But xvpiaKOi, KvpuiKov, are from Kvpm^, lord, a term applied by the early Christians to Jesus Christ ; and the house in which they worshiped was named from that title. So KvpiuKti signifies church goods, bona ecclcsiastica ; Kvptiticr,, BC. i}iiip't, the Lord's day, dies domintca. 2. The collective body of Christians, or of those who profess to believe in Christ, and acknowledge him to be the Savior of mankind. In this sense, the cimrch is sometimes called tlie catholic or universal church. Johnson. Kncyc, 3. The collective body of saints in heaven and on earth, called the invisible church. 4. A particular number of Christians, united un- der one form of ecclesiastical government, in one creed, and using the s^me ritual and ceremonies ; as, the English church; the Gallican church; the Presbyterian churdt ; the Roman Catholic church ; the Greek diurch. Jj. The followers of Christ in a particular city or province; as, the church of Ephesus, or of Aiitioch. 6. The disciples of Christ assembled for worship in a particular place, as in a private house. Col. iv. [See No. 9.] 7. The worshipers of Jehovah, or the true God, before the advent of Christ ; as, the Jewish church. 8. The body of clergy, or ecclesiastics, in distinc- tion from the laity, llence, ecclesiastical authority 9. An assembly of sacred nilcrs convened in Christ's name to execute his laws. Crudcn. Brou^n. 10. The collective body of Christians, who have made a public profession of the Christian religion, | and who are united under the same pastor; in dis- ' TONE, BULL, IINITE. — AN"GEE, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH aa 3H; TH as in THIS. CHU linclton from those who twlong to the same p:msh, or ecctesmstical society, but huve iniide no profession of thrir fiiiih. CHL'RL'II, r. t. To perform with nny one the omce of rfHiming thanks to the church, after any signal dtitivenuice, as from the dangrrs uf childbirth. Joknsom, CHL'RCH'-ALE, n. A wnke orfeast commenioratory of the dedication of the church. Johnson. ClirRCH'-AT-TIKE\ II. The habit in which men oflirinte In divine service. Hooker. Cni'RCM'-AU-THOU'I TY, n. Ecclesiastical pow- er; spiritual juri!»diction. jittrrbuiy. CHrRCH'-nENCII, n. The seat In the porch of a CHI'RCII'-BU-RI-AU (bcr-rj'-al,) n. Bunal accord- in" to the rites of ilie church, .^ifliffK CHURCIl'-DI.^'CM-PUNE, ". Discipline of the church, intended lo correct the oOeosea of its ni'Mnbers. CHIRCM'OOM, «. The government or autnonty of rlie church. CHrRt'M'-FOCND'ER, n. lie thai builds or endows n rtiurch. Hooker. C1K'RL'1I'-G6-ER, n. One who usually g(jea to chtin'h. rHlRCM'-G^INR, fl. Usually attending church. CIirRCir-IIIS'TO-RV, «. HiiAory of the Christian cliurrh ; rfclesiasiical hiittory. CIirRCiriNG, «. The act of oOerlng tbanks in church lifter childbirth. CIIURCU'-UA-\D, M. L.ind belonging to a church. Teloertmiu CnrRCK'-LTKP., a. Becoming the church. CnrRCIl'-UV'lNG, ii- a benedce in on established church. CHL'RCH'MAX, n. An ecclnnastic or c!crc3rinan ; one who ministers in sacred thin?^ i An Episco|>.ilir*n, as di>tinEuish«d ftom aPres- bvterian or Congreffationalirt, i-C CHVRCII'MAN-^MIP, m. Suie of being a church- man, or of belonging to the established church, tU. Ret. CIU'RCU'-MEM'BER, N. A member in communion w^iih n rhiirrli : a profisswor of relisiuae of being a church meuiber. CIinRClI'-MC'Sie, n. The service of singing or cJi-iiuJiU in 'A rJi'iroh. rhurch service. C!' IK XT, It. Benefice or ad- Ci! ■ ' church. Sovtk, C!i ' rsiiardiimoflhe ( , [lari^h. Church- war.l' 1!^ are rippirtnted l»y tlie miinstcr, or elecled by the parishioners, to superintend tlie church, its prop- erty and concerns, and the behavior of tlie parish- ioners. For thew and many other purposes, they p<»5t*ess corporate powers. Johnson. Eneye. CHUKCH'-WAY, ft. The way, street, or nxid, thai leads to the church. CHURCH'-WORK, n. Work carried on slowly. Chalmers. CHURCH'- YARD, n, Tlie grmind adjoining lo a church, Ln which the dead are buried ; a cemetery. jttbiuojt. CHURL, n. [Sax. eeorl : D. kttrrtt; G. krrl; Dan. kari It signifies, primnrity, a man or rather a mole, for it was applied to cllier animals, as a rarf-cat, a male cat ; and males are named from their strenjrlh, or the sex ira^^ies it ; hence, cflrl-Acm;tdenoti'd strong hemp. JIusearlay a hottse-carl^ or i»ervnnt ; buscarla^ a gkip*S'CarL See Spelman. Uence the name Charles^ Oarolus.] 1. A rode, surly, ill-bred man. Sidney. 2. A mslic; a countrj'man, or laborer. DrytUn. 3. A milter; a nii^ar^. h. xxxil. CHURL'ISII, a. Rude ; surly ; austere ; sullen ; rough in temper; unfeeline; uncivil. 2. Selfish ; narrow-minded ; avaricious, Kin^. 3. [Of things.] Unpliant ; unyielding ; cross- grained ; harsli ; unmanageable j as, cktLrlmh metal. Bacon. A. Hard ; firm ; as, a ehvrtisk knot. Slutk. 5. Ob^Unate : as, a ekurlisk war. Baton. CIirRL'ISn-LY, adv. Rudely ; roughly; in a churl- ish manner. CHL*RL'ISII-NESS, «. Rudeness of manners or temper : but generally the word refers to the lerfiper or disposition of mind; snllenness ; austerity; indis- position to kindness or courtesy. CHURL'Y, a. Rude; boistennis. CHURME, /m. fSax. evrm. clamor; cvrman. to cry CHIRM, i out; W. Jiirm.] Noise ; clamor, or confused noise. {Obs.'] Bacon. CHURN, n. [Sax. ci>m, cyriu, or cerene, a chum, cer- nan, to chum ; D. kam, karnm ; Dan. kiemej kienter. Qu. S.tx. q/rran, to turn.] A vessel in which cream or milk is agitated, for sep-'trating the oily parts from the caseous and serous parts, to make butter. CHURN, «. t. To stir or agitate cream for making butter. CIC 2. To shake or apitite with violence or continued motion, as in the otH-mtion uf making butter. CHURN'ED, pp. Agitated ; made into butter. CHL'RN'ING, ppr. Agitating lo make butter; shak- ing ; stirring. CHL'RN'lNGjn. Theoi»emtion of making butter from cream by airiUilion ; a shaking or stirring. 2. As much butter as is made at one operation. CHUR.N'-STAFF, »- The staff or instrument used in churning. CHURR'-WORM, n. [Sax. eijrrany to turn, and tporm.] An insect that turns about nimbly, called, also, a fan-crickrt. Johnson, Bailey, CH08E. See Choose. CHO'STTE, n. A decomposed variety of chrysolite. Urt. CnOTE, Cshaie.) n. [Fr.] A fall. CHV-AZ'ie, a. [from the initials of corfron, hydrogen, and auiteS] A term applied to the compounds of hydrocyanic arid. CHT-h.X'CEOU9, o. [See Chtle.] Belonging to chvle ; consisting of chyle. CUVLE, (kile,) n. [<;r. xi-Xoc, juice, humnr.] In antmai bodies, a white or milky fluid, prepared from the chyme. It is absor1>ed by the lacteal ves- sels, by which it is conveyed into the circulation, a5simil;Ued into btooil, and converted into nutriment. fjietie, Q^uiney. Coze. CHYT^I-FAC'TIOX, n. {ch,,le and L./flcto.] The act or process by which chyle is formed from fond in animal lK»dies. Arbuthnot, CHYL-I-FACTIVE, a. Forming or changing into chvle ; having the jwwer lo make chyle. CHtf-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. ekylus and/ero.] Tninsmitting chyle. Cheyne, eilV-KO-PO-ET'ie, o. [Gr- xvXoi, chyle, and iroitw, to make.] Chylifaciive ; having the power to change into chvle ; making chyle. Arbttthnot. CHyL'OUS, o. [from cSyle."] Constfeting of chyle, or partaking of iL JirbutJtnoL €H?ME, (kime,) it. [Gr. xt-yoj, juice.] That particular nuxlification which food assumes after it has undergone the actiim of the stomach. Cyc Amm ctv, a chokinc] The Cow-bane, a genus of plant*) containing three species, one European and two American. 'J'he European sjiecies is called, popularly, wtUcr-hrrnhck. The name eicuta is sometimes applied to Conium maculatum, or oflicinal hemlock. It was likewise one of the ancient names of a poison, now unknown, which was used in the execution of criminals. CID, n. [Ar. srid, lord.] The name of an epic poem of the Spaniards. Brande. CI'DER, n. [Fr. eidre or ndre; It. sidro ; Sp. sidra; Arm. ci-itr; Port, cidra, a citron, and cider. This can not be the Gr. aixfpu, unless the radical tetter has been changed.] The juice oi apples expressed, a liquor used for drink. The word was formerly used to signify the juice of other fruits, and other kinds of strong liquor; but it Is now appropriated to the juice of apples, be- fore and after fermentation. CT'DER-I.'^'r, n. A maker of cider. Mortimer. CI'DER KIN, 7U The liquor made of the gross matter of apples, after the cider is pressed out, and a qtian- tity of boiled water is added; the whole steeping forty-tMght hours. Plidlipa. [The two last words, I believe, are little iLsed in Atnrriea,] Ct DE-yAJ>rr', (se de-v^ng',) [Fr.] Formerly ; used to designate men who have been in oflice and retired. CIBR'^E, n. [Fr. Qn. L. cera.} A wax candle used in religious rites. CI-GXR', w. [Sp. eiyoTTO, a small roll of tobacco for smoking. In Sp. eiffarra is the h. cicada, the balm- cricket, or locust, Port, cifrarra ; and in Sp. civarron is a large spt^cies of that animal, and a large roll of tobacco.] A small roll of tobacco, so formed as to be tubular, used for smoking. Cigars are of Spanish origin. CII/ER-Y, 71. The drapery or foliage carved on the heads of cohmins. Owili. CIL'I-A, 71. pi. [I,.] The eyelids. 2. In botany, long hairs upon the margin of a vege- table body. Brandt. 3. In io«?oi?T/, very minute filaments, which project from animal membranes, and are endowed with the power of vibratory motion. CIL'IA-RY, a. [L. cilia, the eyelashes, or edge of the eyelid.] Belonging lo the eyelids ; pertaining to the alia in animals or vegetables. Ray. flTTATF i ril 'i'a-Tf'd \ °* [^^^^ ^" ciZmw, as above.] In botany, fumtslicd or surrounded with parallel filaments, or bristles resembling the hairs of the eye- lids ; as, a ciliated leaf, &c. Encyc. JUartyn. CI-LI"CI0US, (se-lish'us,) a. [from L. cUium, whence J eilidum, hair cloth ] ^ Made or consisting of hair Brovm. CIL'I-O-GRaDE, n. [L. cilium and irradior.] An animal that swims by means of cilia. The word may be used adjectiveiy. Ci'MA. See Ctma. CIM'BAL, n. [It. dambeUa.] A kind of cake. CI-MXR' See Chimebe and Simar. CIM'BRie, a. Pertaining to the (^imbri, the Inhab- itants of the modern Jutland, in Denmark, which was ancMenlly called the Cimbric Chersonrse. Hence the modern names, Cymru, Wales, Cambria ; C^ro, a Welshman ; Cirmreiir, Welsh, or the Welsh lan- guage ; names indicating the Welsh lo be a colony of the Cirabri, or from the same slock. CIMMIRie, n. The language of the Cimbri. CI-Mi2'LI-XRCH, n. [Gr. KztpnXioi, precious furni- ture, and ",o\of, a chief.] A superintendent or keeper of valuable things t)e- longing to a church. CIM'E-TER, n. [Fr. cimiterre } Sp. and Port eimitarra ; lU ncimitarra.] A short sword, with a convex edge or recnrvaled point, used by the Persians and Turks. fT^"s word IS variously written ; but it is a word of for ^n ori- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRgY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.— 804 CIN gin, and it is not material which orthog^phy is used, prov *sipelas and other intlanimnlions. It is white, of a loa*e, soft texture, nmlders into a fine powdt-r, and effervesces with acids. It Is useful in taking spots from cloth. Another species, of a purple col- or, is the steatite or suap-rock. From another spe- cies, found in the Isle of Wight, tobacco-pipes are made. Pliny, lib. 35, 17. Encyc. CIXeHO'XA, n, [So named from the Countess del CiMcA(/H.j The Peruvian bark tree, quinquina, of which there are nnmenm.i species. CI\-eil5'NI-NA, 1 n. An alkaloid obtained from the CIN'CHO-NI.NE, > bark of several species of Cin- CI\-GlIo'XI-A, 7 ch(ina,and one of tlie medicinal active principles of this bark. CINGT'i'RE, (sinkl'yur,) n. [L. cinetura, from cingo^ to surround, to gird ; It. cintura ; Ft. ceinturr.] I. A belt, a girdle, or something worn round the body. Pope. 3. That which encompasses or incli>se3. Bacon. 3. In architrctitre, a ring or list at the top and bot- tom of a column, separating the shaft, at one end, frori the batse ; at the ottier, from the capitil. It is supposed to lie in imitation of the girths or ferrules anciently used to strengthen columns. Chambers. CI.\eTM^'R-£D, a. Having a cincture or girdle. CIN'DER, n. Chiefly used in thep/.. Cinders. [Fr. cendre ; It. erncre ; Sp. cfniza ; L. cini.i, ashes. In VV. siiulu) Is the cinilers or scoria of a forge ; Sax. sindcr^ the scoria uf metals ; D. xindel ; Sw. simtcr. Qm. Gr. «'»'£(, Kovia, dust, ashes.] 1. Small coals, or partides of fire mixed with ash- es : embers. ('P^ii " (Ae usunl aen-ne of the word in .^mericji.'] a. Small particles of matter, remaining after com- bustion, in which fire is extinct ; as, the cinders of a forge. (/ believe this word is never used as synonymous vith leu.] CI.V'DER-WEXCH, ) n. A woman whose business CIN'DER-WO.M'AX, \ is to rake into heaps of ashes for cuidt/rs. [JVvt known in .^nierica.] Johnson. CI.N*'DElt.-Y, a. Resembling cinders, or composed of llif-m. CIN-tFA€'TION, n. Reduction to ashes. CIXE Ra'CEOUS, ( a. [L. cinereus, from einUi, ash- CI.N r. RE-OUS, i ea.] Like ashes ; taaring the color of the ashes of wood. CI\"E RA-KY, a. Pertaining to .i«hes. [Martyn. CI^*-I■^RA'TIO\, n. ffrorn L. nnit, ashes.] The reducing of any thing to ashes by rombiistion. CI.\'-E-RI"'I'lOUS, a. [I« cinrricius, from cinis, aslies,] Having the color or consistence of ashes. Cheme, CIN-EH'U-LE.NT, a. Full of ashes. CI.\"GA-L.F:.SE, n. A native of Ceylon. a. Pertaining to Ceylon. CI.V'GLE, H. [Ir. eeangal; L. etn^itm, (Vora ango^ to gird. J A girth ; bul the word is little used. [See Sur- CINliLE.] CIN'.NABAR, B. [Gr. Ktwa^api ; L. oHnabaris; Vex- sian .Iaa5 bandar.] Ri'il sulphurct of mercur)- or quicksilver. It occurs native, in brilliant red crystals, and also in amorph- ous m.X4ses uf different shades of red and brown. it is very heavy, and gives out fumes of quicksilver when heated. In the atts, it in railed vermition, and is us»'d as a paint, Th<5 eom(»nund made artificially, by a union of mercur)' with sulphur, is the vermilion of commerce. flrpntic cinnabar, is tn impure cinnabar of a liver- brown color, and sub-metallic luster. Dana. CI.N'iN'A-Il AR-I.N'E, a. Pertaining to cinnaltar; con- sisting of cinnabar, or containing it ; as, cinnabarine sand. Joum. of Science. CI\'NA-MON, n. [Gr. Kiuytn'>i\ ttr kiv. a/j'-'fiou ; h. ciunaindHHum. (lu. It. cannrUa; Sp. eancla; D. ka- Hff^t: Fr. cannrlU. M is the Hrb. pOSp.] The bark of two sp«'cies of Lauriis. The tnie cin- namon is the inner bark of the Launis Cinnamomum, a native of Ceylon. The base cinnamon is from the I^unis C'nssia. I'he tnie cinnamon is a most gmtrful aromatic, of a fragrant smell, moderately pungent taxtc, accjtufKinied with some degree of sweetness and 8'rtringency. It Is one of the best cordial, car- minsOve, and restorative spices. The essential oil !• of great price. F.neyc. Hooper. Cwutnum-iDoter I> made hy distilling the bark, first CIR infused in barley-water, in spirit of wine, brandy, or white wine. Clove^innamon is the bark of a tree growing in Bra/.il, which is often substituted for real cloves. IVkite-cinnanion, or Cuiu-lla alba, is the bark of a tree growing in the West Indies, of a sharp, biting taste, like pt'pper. CIN'NA-MO\-SToNE, n. A rare mineral, from Cey- lon, of a hyacinth-red color, yellowish-brown, or honey-yellow ; sometimes used in jewelry. It was called bv Haiiy Kssonite, Cleaveland, CI.VaUE," (sink,) n. [Fr., five.] A five ; a word used in games. CL\aUE'-FOIL, n. [Fr. cinque, five, and J«fci«e, a leaf, L. fiUunu] A creeping plant, often cdl\cii five-finger ed grass ; a si>ecies of Poteiitilla. 2. In Gothic architecture, an ornamental foliation, having five points or cusps, used in windows, pan- els, ate. CINUUE'-PACE, n. [Fr. cinque, five, and pas, pace.] A kind of grave dance. Sltak. CINaUE'-PORTS, n. pi. [Fr. ciwjue, five, and poris.^ Five havens on the eastern shore of England, to- ward France, viz., Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich. To these ptirts Winchelsea and Rye have been added. These were anciently deemed of so much importance, in the defense of the kingdom against an invasion from France, that they nxeived royal grants of particular privileges, on condition of providing a certain number of ships, in war, at their own expense. Over these is appointed a warden, and each had, befvire the Ref\irni Act, a right to send two members to parliament, called barons of the cinque porta. Cotcel. BUwJistone, Encyc* CINdUE'-^SPOT-TED, a. Having five spots. Shak. CIX'TER, n. [Fr.] In architecture, tUe timber fram- ing erected in apertures between piers to support voussoirs, or materials of an arch when in building, till they are keyed. EJmes. CI'ON, M. [Fr. cion or scion. Different modes of spell- ing the same word are very inconvenient ; and what- ever may have been the original orthography of this word, cion, the must bimple, is welt established, and is here adopted.] A young shmit, twig, or sprout of a tree, or plant, or rather the cutting of a twig, intended for ingraft- ing on another stock ; also, the shoot or slip inserted in a slock for propagation. CITHER, n. [Fr. ehlffre; Arm. chtjfr or eiifn It. cifera or cifra ; Sp. and Port, cifra ; D. cyffcr ; G. ziffcr ; Dan. C'ffer; Sw. liffra; Russ. tsiphir; Ar. jJLa^ siforon, empty, and a cipher.] 1. In arithmetic, an Arabian or Oriental character, (of this form, 0,) which, standing by itself, expresses nothing, but increases or diminishes the value of other figures, according to its [xisition. In whole numbers, when placed at the right hand of a fig- ure, it increases its value tenfold ; but in decimal fractions, placed at the left hand of a figure, it di- minishes the value of thalUguro tenfold. 2. A character in general. Ralegh. 3. An iutt'rtexture of letters, as the initials of a name.cngnived on a seal, box, plate, coach, or tomb ; a device ; an enigmatical character. Anciently, mer- chants and tradesmen, not being iK»nnilted to bear family arms, )>ore, in lieu uf them, their ciphers, or initials of their names, artfully interwoven al>out a crtws. Encye. 4. A secret or disguised manner of writing; certain characters arbitrarily invented and agreed on by two or ni.»re persons, to' stand for letters or words, and understood only by the persons who invent or agree to use tlirm. I'hts is a mode of communicating in- formation by lettf-rs, in time of war, with a view to conceal facts frtjm an enemy, in case the letters should be intercepted. This art has given rise to another art, that of tleeiphcring ; and hence cipher is used for a key to uiinivel the characters. To have, or to Irarn a cipher, is to be able to interpret IL CITHER, r. i. In popular language, to use figures, or to practice arithmetic. CITHER, r. L To write in occult characters, Hayitard. 9. To designate ; to charactcrlKC. Shak. CITIIER-IXG, ppr. Using figures, or practicing arith- 2. Writing ill occult chanicters. [metic. CITHER ING, n. The act or art of compiitmg by nunibcrs, CITHER-KEY, Csi'fcr-kE,) n. A key for deciphering writings. CIP'O-M.V, n. [Clu. It. eipoUa, an onion, apollina, a shalot.] A green marble, from Rome, containing while zones. It conststs chiefly of carbonate of lime, with quartz, shistus, and a small portion of iron. J\richolson. CIPTUS, n. [L.] A small pillar or column, usually having an inscription, used by the anciimls for vari- ous purposes, often as a funeral monument. CTR€. SceCiRcua. CIR CIR'CXRj 7u A name, in India, for Jwfn'c/ or prov- ince. Itenncll. CIR-€AS'SJAN, a. Pertaining to Circassia in Asia. 2. A term applied to a kind of woolen cloth. CIR-Ce'AN, a. Pertaining to Circe, the fabled daugh- ter of Sol and Perseis, who was supposed to possess great knowledge of magic and venomous herbs, by which she was able to charm and fascinate, and then change into swine. Bryant. CtR-CEN'SlAN, a. [L. eircences, games of the circus.] Pertaining to the Circus, in Rome, where were practiced games of various kinds, as running, wrest- ling, combats, &;c. The Circen.sian games accom- panied most of the feasts of the Romans ; but the grand games were held five days, j^ommencing on the 15th of September. Lempricre. Encijc. CIR'CI-i\AL, ia. [L. circin»w, a c---< karoy to go round. Class Gr, No. 33, 34,] 1. Jn^geometry, a plane figure, comprehended by a single curve line, ciUled its drcuntferrnce, every jiart of which is equally distant from a [xdnt called the center. Of course all lines drawn from the center to the circumference, or periphery, are equal to each other. 2. In popular use, the line that comprehends the figure, the plane or surface comprehended, and the whole liody or solid matter of a nmnd substance, are denominated a circle ; a ring ; an orb ; the earth. He that vitteth on the circle of ttie eonh. — Is. xl. 3. Compass ; circuit; as, the eircU of the forest. Shak. 4. An assembly surrounding the principal person. Hence, any comi>any, or assembly ; as, a circle of friends, or of beauties. Hence the word came to signify indefinitely a number of persons of a (mrtic- ular character, whether associated or not ; as, a po- litical circle; the circle of one's acipiaiulance ; hav- ing, however, reference to a primary association. 5. A scries ending where it begins, and perpetually repeated ; a going round. Thiu in a circlt ntiis tlie pctunnt's pnin. Dryiler 6. Circumlocution ; indirect form of words. Fletcher. 7. In logic, an inconclusive form ef argument, when the same terms are proved in arbcm by the same terms, and the parts of the syllogism alternately by each other, directly and indirectly ; or when the foregoing proposition is proved by the following, and the following is inferred from the foregoing ; as, *' that heavy bodies descend by gravity, and that gravity is a quality by which a heavy b(Mly de; scends," Encye. OlanviUe. IVfttts. 8. Circles (\f the sphere, are either great circle.^, which divide the s|>here into equal parts, as the equator, iLC, or small circles, which divide it into unequal parts, as the polar circles. 9. Circles of nltitnde, or almuranttrs, are circles par- allel Urthe lu>ri/.on, having their common pole in the zenith, and diminishing as they approach the zenith. 10. Circles of latitude. In astronomy, are great circles perjMjndicular to the plane of the ecliptic, passing through its poles and through every star and planet. 11. Circles of longitude, m astronomy, are lesser cir- cles parallel to the eclijitic, diminisljing as they re cede from it. 12. Circle of perpetual apparition, at any given place, is the boiiniiary of tlial space around the ele- vatiid pole, within which the stars never set. Its distance from the pole is equal to the latitude of the place. D. Oltnsted. 13. Circle of perpetual occidtatian , at any given place, is the boundary of that space around the de- pressed pole, within which the stars never rise. D Olmsted. M. Diurnal circles, are immovable circles supposed to be described by the several stars and other jioints in the heavens, m their diurnal rotation round the earth, or rather in the lotation of the earth round its axis. 15. Horary circles, in dialing, arc the lines which show the hours (m dials. Id. Circles of the empire; the provinces or princi- palities of the former German empire, which had a right to be present at the diets. Maximilian I. divi- ded the empire into six circles at first, and aflr'rwarda into ten ; Austria, Burgundy, Lower Rhine, Bavaria, Upper Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Up[)er Rhine, Westphalia, and Ix>wer Saxony, 17. Dniidie.al circles. In British topography, are TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0U3 € as K ; as J j « as Z ; CTI as fill ; TH as in THIS. 305 CIR Certain nncieiu inchisuroa fomit-d by rutle stones cir- cularly nrniigcil ; as Stoiu'lungo, neur Salisbury. Encjfc. CIR'CIiE, (sur'kl,) p. t To move round; to revolve round. And o(Vr pUiicta etrcls othnr WM. Popt. 3. To encircle ; to encompaas ; to surround ; to Inclose. Prior. Pope, 3. TV circle in; to confine ; to keep together. Digby. CTR'CLE, c. i. To move circularly ; zs^ the bowl ur- eter ; llie circling years. CXK'€hF.Vi,pp. Siinoitndt'd; encompassed; inclosed. ClR'CLfrn, a. Having die form of a circle j roui.d ; A^y itie mounts circlrti orb. ShaJL C1R'€LER, K. A mean poet, or eaxMlar poeu CTR'ei.ET, «. A little circle ; a circle ; an orb Pop*, CIR'CLI.VG, ppr.oT a. Encompassing ; going round ; iitcr>:*ing J rn lire ehriing year* ; the cirding conup}'. (:iR'etM.'RLB, (xnr'ko-?:Ie,) «, [Gr. Kiftooi, and K«rA-..] A viirix or dilatation of the spermatic vein j n variocele ; hernia varicosa. [See Ci«socelc.J CIR'€C'n\ Csur'ktt.) lu [Ft. eircmit; U eircuitms,' of area, eircHm, and A), to go.] 1. I'tie act of moving or pairing round ; as, the periodical circuit uf the earth round the fun, or of the moon round the earth. H^atts. 3, The space inclust J in a circle, or within certain limits. Miltan. 3. Any space or extent measured by tmveltng round. Addison, 4. That which encircles ; a ring ; a dindem. SA*ut. fi. In Ei^tmHy the journey of judges thmiigh sev- eral counties ur boroughs, for the purpose of holding courts. In du United Staif~i,tUii journey of judges thnmgh certain ststas or counties for the same {lur- poae. 6. The counties or states tn tvhich the same Jiid^ or judges hold courts and administer justice. It is common to designate a certain number of ccxinties to form a circuK, and to assign one or mure judge:* to each circuit. The courts io the circuiUi are called circuit courts. In the government of the United States, a certain number of stales form a circuit. 7. A long deductiim of reanKm. Danns, 6. In U», a longer coiir^ of proceedinga than H necessary to recover the thing sued fur. CvtctL Emcmc JoJtMSon, Bailey gives this as the definition of Ciecuitt. CTR'eiTIT, r. i. To move in a circle ; to go round. PhtUpt. CTR'eiTIT, V. L To move or go round. H'arUm. CIR-eriT-EER', ». One that traveb a cirouiL Pope CIR-CL*-l"TIO.\, (sur-ku-iah'un,) m. [U circuttio.] The act of going round i compass } circumlocu- tion. lUuU utmL] Heokm', CIKCCa-TOUS, a. Going rwind In a circuit; noC direct \ as, a daxmimu rtMu! or course. CIR-CP'I-TOUS-LY, odr. In a circuit. CtR-COU-TY, a. A going round ; a course not di- rect. Mak. tlRCU-LAR, a. [L. dreularis. See Circlb.] 1. In the form of a circle ; round ; circumscribed bv a circle : as, the sun appe-art to be ctrcalar. 2. Successive in wder ; always returning. Roscommon, X Vulgar j mean ; circuniforaneous ; a^, a circular ^orL Drnniji, A. Ending in itself; used of a paralogism, wltere the second proposition at once proves the first, and is ^oved by iL Johnson, Baker. b- Addressed to a circle, or to a ntmiber of persons having a comnmn interest ; as, a urcmlar letter. 6. CircM/ar /ous, are straight hoes pertaming to the cir^e, as sines, tangents, secants, &.c. 7. Circmiar wuaher*^ are those whose powers ter- minate in the same digits as the roots themselves; as 5 and 6, %vhose squares are 25 and 36. Btuley. Barlow, 5. Ciremlar soi/iNv-, b the method of sailing by the arch cf a great circle. Encyc. CIR'CL'-LAR, R. A circular letter, or paper. CIR-CL'-LAR'I-TY, «. The state of being circular. CIR'CL"-LAR-LV, civ. In a circular manner ; in the form of a circle ; in the form of going and reluming, ;iR'ei;-i — ?_ . . circulo.'\ CIR'eU-LATE, (sur'ku-late,) p. i. ngan [Fr. circular; L. 1. To move in a circle ; to move or pass round ; to move round and return to the same point; as, the bliXid circulates in the body. 2. To pass from place to place, from person to per- son, or from hand to band ; to be dilTused ; as, mon- ey tireulaus in the country ; a story circulates in town. 3. To move round ; to run ; to flow in veins or channels, or in an inclosed place ; as, the sap of plants cavulates ; water circulates in the earth, or air m a city or house. CIR'CU-LaTE, r. L Ttt cause to pass from place to place, or from person to person; to put about; to f pread ; as, to circulate a report ; to circulate bills of credlL CIR'CU-La-TED, pp. Caused to pass round. CIR CIR'eU-LA-TINO, ppr. or a. Moving or passing n»ind i iKissing mun one to anuiher. ClR'eU-LA-TINU UEC'I MAI., n. In arithmt-tUy a term applied to decimals in which two or more figures are con--'. CIR-€U-L.VTiON, n. The act of moving round, or in a circle, or in a course which brings, or tends to bring, the moving body to the point where its nu>tion began ; as, the circulation of the blood in tlie body. S. A seiles in nliich the same order is preserved, and things return to the sntne state. 3.|rheact of going and returning; or of passing fh)mplac« to place, or from peri>un to person ; as, tlie circHltttion of money. 4. Currency ; circulating coin, or notes, or bills, current for coin. 5. In cAemiitry^ circulation !s an operation by which the same vai>or, raisttd by fire, fulls back to be returned and distilled several times. CIR-CU-LA-TORI-OUS, a. Traveling in a circuit, or from house to house. [Little used-l Barrow. CIR't:U-LA-TO-RV, a. Circular; as, a circulatory 2. Circulating. [letter. CIR'CC-LA-TO-RY, a. A chemical vessel, in which that which rises from the vessel on the fire is col- lected and cooled in another fixed upon it, and fulls down again. JufuL-ion. CIR-eirM-Ati'l-T.^TE, r. t To agitate on all sides. CIR-GU.M-AM'BI-EN-CY, n, [L. circum, around, and atnlfiuyto go about. See Ambient.] The act of surrounding or encompassing. Brown. CIRCCM-A.M'III-ENT, a. Surrounding ; encompass- ing ; inclosing ur being on all sides ; used piirticu- larly of the air about the earth. CIR-CUM-AM'BU-LATE, v. i. [L. circumambulot to walk round ; cireum and tuabuU/.] To walk round about. CIR-CUM-AM-UU-LA'TiON, h. The act of walking round. CIR-€UM-CELL'IOV, ». [L. ctmon, about, and cdla^ a cell, or cellar. Hence, a vagrant.1 In dbtrdk kistary^ont of a si^t of illiterate peasants that ttdberod to the Douatists in the fourth century. Mitner. CIR'CUM-CTSE, V. L [L. circumctdoj circunt, aruuiid, and eidoy to cut; Fr. cireaneire; Sp. circoncitiar; lU dretmcidert.] 1. To cut off the prepuce or foreskin of males ; a ceremony or rite in the Jewish and Mohammedan religions. The word is applied also to a practice anitmg some nations of pcrlbnning the like opera- tion upon females. 2. I'u put off the sins of the flesh ; to become spiritual or holy. Col. ii. 11. CIK'CL'M-CrS-/:D, sur'kuni-slzd,) pp. or a. Having the prepuce cut off; spiritually purified. C1R'CU.M-CIS-ER, n. One who performs circumcis- ion. MUlon. CIR'CUM-CIS-ING, ppr. Cutting off the prepuce ; purifying spiritually. ClR-eUM-ClS'ION, (snr-kum-sizh'un,) tl The act of cutting off the prepuce or foreskin. 2. Rejection of the sjus of the flesh; spiritual purification, and acceptance of the Christian faith. 3. The Jews, as distinguished from Gentiles. Col. iv. 11. CIR-€UM-€L0'SION, a. The act of inclosing on CIR-eUM-CLTR-SA'TION, n. [L. cireum, about, and curso, to nin.] The act of running about. [JV"y( used.] Barrow. CIR-CLTM-DCer', V. t. [L. circumduco ; cireum, round, and duco, to lead.] To contravene ; to nullify ; a term of civil law. [Little used,\ J^yliffe. Clk-eUM-DLfe'TION, n. A leading about. [Little iwed.] Ifoo):er. 2. An annulling; cancellation. [Little u^ed.] Ayl(ff'e. CIR'CUM-FER, r. (. [L. circumfero.^ To bear or carry round. [J^'ot in use.] Bacon. CIR-eL'.M'FER-E\CE, n. [L. circumferentia^ from cir- eum, round, and /«tu, to carr).] 1. The hne that goes round or encompasses a fig- ure ; a peri[iher}' ; applied particularly to the line that goes round a circle, sphere, or other figure approach- mg these in I'orni. JtfiUon. 2. The space included in a circle. Jifdton, Dryden. 3. All orb ; a circle ; any thing circular or orbic- ular; as in Milion, speaking of a sliicld. The hMttd eireun\ftrenc« Ilun^ on hia Khouldcn JiKc the iiioou. CTR-CUM'FER-ENCE, v. u To include in a circular space. [J^ot %tsed.] Brown. CIR-CUM-FE REN'TIAL, (I. Pertaining to the cir- cumference. Parkhurst, CIR-eUM FE REN'TOR, n. An instnimcnt used by surveyors for taking angles. It consists of a brass index, and circle, all of a piece, and carries a mag- netic needle suspended above the center of the cir- cle. The circle is graduated into 3G0 degrees. Only CIR a rough approximation to the truth is obtained hy this iustrtinifiil. Braiide. CIK'CUM-FLEeT, v.U To place the circumflex on a word . Cnt'CUM-FLECT-ED, pp. Having the circumflex. CIR'CUM-FLECT-ING, ppr. riacing the circumflex on a Word. CIR'CUM-FLEX, n. [L. circurr^rxiu; drcum, round, and Jlfctv, to bend.] 1. A wave of the voice embracing both a rise and fall on tlie same syllable. Walker. 2. A character, or accent, denoting a rise and fall of the voice on the same long syllable, marked in Greek thus (",) and in Latin thus (".) CIR'CU.M-Fl.EX, v.t. To mark or pronounce with the accent called a circumflex. fValkrr, CIR-eUM'FLU-E.N'CE, ii. [L. cireumfiuens ; cireum^ round, and fiuo, to How.] A flowing round on all sides; an inclosure of waters. CIR-CUM'FLU-ENT, a. Flowing round; surround- ing as a fluid ; as, circumjlaciit waves. Pope, CIR-CUM'FLU-OUS, o. [L. circuwfiuus. See Cia- CUMFLUENCC.] Flowing round ; cncomiKissingas a fluid ; circum- fluent. Mdlun. Pope. CIK-CLIM-FO-RX'NE-AN, ) a. [L. circumforuneufi ClR-CUM-FO-RA'iNE-OUS, i circuw, around, and /oris, a door, or abroad.] Going about ; walking or wandering from house to house ; as, a circumjpranevus fiddler or i)iiM'r ; circuittr- furaneuus wits. Adduon, Sped. 47. CircujiiforaneoiLs musicians, male and female, are daily seen at the doors of hotels in Fratice ; and sontetiuies they enter the room where a company is dining, and entertain them with music, exi>ecting a fratM: or a lew sous as a reward. VV. CIR-€CM-FC'$E', /). (. [L. circainfasas ^ cireum, and fundo^ fusus, to pour.] 1. To pOur round ; to spread round, as a fluid. Biuon. 2. To spread round ; to surround. Jftltun. CIR-eU.M-FO'SILE, a. [h. cireum, anii fasUis, that may be melted.] 'I'hat may be {mured or spread round ; as, circumr- fasile gold. Pope, CIU-CUM-FO'SION, n. [See Cihcumfuse.] The act of pouring or spreading round ; the state of being |>oured round. Johnson, CIR-eU.M-<5ES-TA'TiON, n. [L. cireum and ges- tatio.] A carrying about. Taylor. ClR-eUM'GY-RATE, \ v. t. [L. cireum and g^ynw.a CIR eUM-OYRE', i turning round.] 'i'o roll or turn round. [Little tuied.] Ray. CIR-eUM-GV-RA'TIO\, n. The act of turning, roU- ing, or wliirliug round ; the turning of a limb in its socket. Quincy. Chryne. CIRCCM-r'TION, (sur-kum-ish'un,) n. A going round. CIR eU-M-JA'CEiVT, a. [L. circumjacens ; cireum and jacco, to lie.] Lying round ; bordering on every side. Johnson. CIR-eUM-LI-GA'TION, n. [L. circumliffo, to bind round ; dream and ligo, to bind.] The act of binding round; the bond with which anv thing is encompassed. Johnson, CIR-'eUM-LO-CO'TION, n. [L. circumloeutio ; cireum and tocittio, a speaking, luquor, to speak. ^ A circuit or compass of words ; a penjihrase; the use of a number of words to express an idea, when a suitable term is not at hand, or when a s]>uakcr chooses to avoid the use of a single term, either from delicacy or respect, or with a view to soften the force of a direct expression, or for other reason. CIR-CUM-LOe'tl-'J'O-RY, a. Pertaining to a circum- loculion ; consisting or contained in a compass of words ; periphrastic. Shciuione. CIR-€UM-MOR'£D, a. [L. cireum and viurus, a wall.] Walled round ; encompassed with a wall. Shak. CIR-eUM-XAV'I-GA-BLE, a. [See Circum.navi- OATE.J That may be sailed round. Ray. CXR-CUM-NAVI-GATE, v. t. [L. circuvinamgo ; cireum. and navigo, to sail, from navis, a ship.] To sail round ; to pa.ss round by water ; as, to cir- cuimtavigate the globe. CIR-CaM-NAV'I-GA-TED, pp. Sailed round. CIR-CUM-NAV'I-GA-TING, ppr. SaUing round. CIR-CL'M-NAV-I-GA'TION, n. The act of sading round. Arbuthnol, CIR-CUM-NAV'I-Ga-TOR, n. One who sails round. CIR-CUM-PLieA'TION, 7U [L. circumplico; cireum and pfico, to fold.] A folding, windfing, or wrapping round ; or a state of being iriwrapped. [Little u^erf.] Bailey. CIR-eUM-Po'LAR, a. [L. circntiiy and Eng. polar.] About the pole; an apiKillalion given to stars which are so near the north pole as to revolve round it without setting. The number of these depends on the latitude of the spectator. We apply it to the north polar region and stars, but the word is appli- cable to eitlier pole. Cia-eUM-P0-Sl"TION, n. [L. cireum and positio.] FATE, FAR, F^LL, WHAT.— MeTE, PRfiV.— PIXE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.- 206 '• CIR The act of placing in a circle, or the state of be- ing so placed. Eveli^. CIR-€UM-Ra'SION, (-ra'zhun,) n. [L. drcumrasio ; cireum and rado, to shave.J The act of shaving orpiu"itig round. [Little vsed.] CIR-eUM-Ro'TA-RY, a. burning, rolling, or whirl- ing round. Shenstone. CIR eUM-RO-TA'TION, n. [U cireum and roUtio, rotation, from rotOj to turn round.] Tlie act of rolling or revolving round, as a wheel ; circumvolution; the state of being whirled round. ClR-€UM-SCrS'SILE, (-sis'sil,) a. [L. eircumseindo^ to ciit round.] This epithet describes a mode of dehiscence in bot- any, occurring by a transverse, circular separation of the sides of the ovarv. CIR-€L'.M-SeRlB'A-lt'LE, a. Capable of being cir- cumscribed. CIR-€UM-S€RIBE', r. ^ [L. circumscribo ; cireum and scribo, to draw.] Literally, to draw a line round. Hence, 1. To inclose witliin a certain limit j to limit, bound, confine. You are Bbo»e The litU*? foTins which dreunucnbt your «x. Soiilhtm, 2. To write round. [Little used,] CIR-€UM-.seRIB'£D, jm. or o. Drawn round, as a line; limited; cnnfined. Fn geometry, this word is applied to a figure which is drawn round anottier figure, so that oil its sides or planes touch the inscribed figure. Eneyc. CIR-CU.M-SCRTB'I.N'G, jrpr. Drawing a line round; inclosing J limiting; confining. CIR-CCM-S€RIP'TI-BLE, a. That may be circum- scrilied or liuiiled bv bounds. ClR-CUM-tfeRIP'TlOX, n. The line thai Timita ; limitation ; bound ; confinement. Shak. S. The termination or limits of a body ; the ex- terior line which determines the form or magnitude of a body. Ray- 3. A circular inscription. Ashmole. CIR-eU.Vf-S€RIP'TIVE, fl. Defining the external form ; marking or inclosing the limits or super- ficies of a body. Grew, CIR-€UM-SeRIP'TIVE-LY, adv. In a linuled man- ner. Montairu, CIR'CUM-SPECT, a. [L. circumspectus $ cireum and aptcio, to look.] Literatiy, looking on all sides; looking round. Hence, Cautious; pnidert ; watchful on all sides; ex- amining carefully all the circumstances that may atfect a detennmation, or a mejL»e or danger. Ray. CtR'CUM-SPECT-NESS, 11. Caution; circumspec- tion ; vigilance in guarding against evil from every quarter. Wuttvn. CIR'eUM-STANCE, n. [L. eircum-'tfintia, from cir- eamsians, standing about ; circam and ato, to stand.] LttrrtUltf, that which stands around or near. Hen re, 1. tk>mething attending, appendant, or relative tu a fact, or case; a particular thing, which, though not esaerftial to an ncttoii, in some way aflecLs it ; the same to a moral action as accident to a natural suh- rtanre ; a.s, the eireu7n.*tanee^ of time, place, and persons, are to be cmisidered. 3. One of the adjuncts of a fact, which make it more or less criminal, or make an accusation more or less probable ; accident; something adventitious; inridt-nt ; event. Johnson. 3. Circumstanceif ; in the plural, condition, in re- gard to worldly estate ; state of property ; as, a man in low eireamjtaneejt, or in easy circumstAtnces. CTR'CUM-HTAXCE, v. t. To place relatively, or in a particular fittiatlnn. Dunne. CIR'eU.M-.STAN-C/:D, (Bur'kum-stansrt,) pp. or a. P1:tced in a particular manner, witli regard to attend- ing farts or mcidenis ; as, cireumstaneed as wc were, Wi.> rould not escajie. CIR'ei;M-**TAJntal; casual. Donne. 1. Abounding with circumstances, or exhibiting CIR all the circumstanc^^s ; minute: particular; as, a circumstantial account or recital. 5. In iaw, circum^itantial evidence is that which is obtained from circumstances, which necessarily or usually attend facts of a particular nature, from which arises presumption. Blackstvne. C1R-€UM-STAN'T1AL, n. Circumstaittiuis, in the pluntl, are things incident to the main subject, but of less importance ; op[>osed to esseutiaU ; as, the circum-itantials of religion. Jiddison. CIR-€UM-1^TAN-TIAL'I-TY, n. The appendage of circumstances ; the slate of any thing as modified by circumstances. Jolu^on. 2. Particularity in exhibiting circumsWiices ; minuteness ; as, the circu.mstantiality of a story or description. CIR-eUM-STAN'TIAL-LY, adv. According to cir- cumstances i not essentially ; accidentally. Olanville. 2. Minutely; exactly; in every circumstance or particular. Broome. CIR-eiJM-STAN'TIATE,r. (. To place in particular circumstinces ; to invest with particular accidents or adjtmcts. Bramhall. 2. To place In a particular condition with regard to power or wealth. Swift. r7'Aw word is little nsrd.] CIR-eUiM-TER-RA'NE-OUri, a. [L. circam, about, and terra, earth.] Around the earth. HahpceU. CIR-CUM-UN'DU-LaTE, r. U [L. cireum and un- dulattts.] To tlow round, as waves, CIR-eUM-VAL'LATE, v. U To surround with a [Little used.] [rani[)art. CIR-€UM-VAL-LX'TION, n, [L. eircumvalloj to wall round ; cireum and vallo, to fortify with a rampart.] 1. In tJit art of tear, a surrounding with a wall or rampart; also, a wall, rampart, or parapet with a trench, sunounding the camp of a besieging army, to prevent desertion, and guard the army against any attempt of an enemy to relieve the place be- sieged. Encyc. ^ The rampart or fortification surrounding a be- sieged place. jVoie. — This word, from the Latin r*i//u, or vallum, vallus, denotes properly the tcall or rampart thrown up; hut as the rampart is formed by entrenching, and the trench mak. a part of the fortification, the word is applied to both, ft^w Eng. Wall.] nR-euM-VEC'"'""*' " -' " carry.] CIR-€UM-VEe'TION, n. [L. drcum and rcAo, to A carrying about. [JVotused.} CIR-GUM-VENT', tj, t, [L. ctrcumvenio ; cireum and renio, to come.] LiteralUjy to come round ; hence. To gain advantage over another, or to accomplish a purpose by arts, stratagem, or deception ; to de- ceive ; to prevail over another by wiles or fraud ; to delude ; l<» impose on. Milton, Dryden. CIR-eUM-VE\ T'ED, pp. Deceived by craft or strat- agem; deluded. CIR-eLJ.M-VE.\T'IXC!,p/»r. Deceiving ; imposingon. ClR-eUM-VEX'TION, n. The act of prevailing over another hy arts, address, or fraud; dect-ption ; fraud; impostttre ; delusion. South. 2. Prevention ; preoccupation. [Obs.] S/iaA-. CIR-€UM-VE.\T'IVE, a. Deceiving by artifices; deluding. CIR-CUM-VEST' r. t [L. cireumvestio ; cireum and vestio, to clothe.] To cover round, as with a garment. WoUon. CIR-€UM-VO LA'TION, tu [L. eircumvola ; cireum and volOf to fly.] The act of tlvmg round. [Little iised.] CIR-eUM-VO-L0'TlO\, n. The act of rolling round : the Ht;ite of being rolled ; also, the thing rolled round anotluT. Jirbuthiuit. Wilkins. 2. In arekitecture, a turn in the spiral line of the Ionic capital. Oioilt. ClR-eilM-VOLVE', (sur-kum-volv',) v. t. [L. circitm- volfo i cireum and volvo^ to roll.] I'o roll round ; to cause to revolve ; to put into a circular motion. Olanville, CIR-CU.M-VOLVE', c. i. To ro". round ; to revolve. CIR-eU.M-VOLV'£D, ;>;). Rolled round; moved in a circular manner. CTR-CU.M-VOLV'IXG,p/Tr. Rollinground ; revolving. CIR'GCS, n. ; pi. Circuski. [L. cireus ; Fr. cirque i It. circo i Sp. eirco ; Or. «i,oxoj- ; whence circle. Which see.] 1. In antiquity, a long, oval edifice, used for the exhibition or games and ahowa to the people. The Roman circus was encompassed witli porticos, and furnished with rows of seals, rising one above another, for the accommodation of spectators. The Circus Maximus was nearly a mile in circumference. .Adam. Enr.ye. 2. The open area, or space inclosed, in which were exhibited games and shows, as wrestling, fighting with swords, stuffs, or pikes, rtmning or racing, dan- cing, quoits, &c. 3. In modem times, a circular tnclosure for the ex- hibition of feats of horsemanship. CIT CIRL, TU An Italian bird about the size of a sparrow. Diet, of J^aU Uist. CIR'RHO-POD, n. See Cibbiped. CIR-RIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. cirrus, a tendril, and fero, to bear.] Producing tendrils or claspers, as a plant. CIR-RIO'ER-OUS, a. [L. cirnut and gero.] Having curled locks of hair. CIR'RI-PED, n. [L. cirrus, a lock of hair, and pes, a foot.] A general term, applied to animals of the barnacle kind. The feet are long and slender, and curve to- gether into a kind of curl. They are inclosed in a more or less conical cell, having some resemblance to those of certain niollusca; yet Uiey belong pro|)crly to the class Crustacea. Dana. CIR'RO-eO'MC-LUS, w. [L. drrus and cumulus.'] In THCfrm-o^ojq^, a cloud which is composed of the cumulus broken up into small masses, presenting a tleecy apjiearance, as in a mackerel-back sky. D. Olmsted. CIR'RO-STRA'TUS, n. [L. cirrus and atratu*'.] In mete4)rolorry, a cloud naving the characters of the stratus in its main body, but of the cirrus on its mar* gin. D. Olmsted. CIR'ROUS, a. [L. cirrus, a curt.] In botaiiy, terminating in a curl, or tendril ; as, a cirroiis leaf. Martijn, CIR'RUS, n. [L., a lock or curl.] In meteorology, a name given to one of the four fundamental clouds, from its fibrous appearance, resembling carded wool. D. Olmsted. 2. A fossil turbinated shell of the chalk. Mantell. CIR'SO-CeLE, n. [Gr. Kipoog, a dilated vein, and K'lXVi a, tumor.] A varix, or dilatation of the spermatic vein ; hernia varica-*a. Qaijicy, Coxe. CIS-ALP'INE, a, [L. ds, on this side, and MpeSfAips, whence aipitiusy alpine.] On this sidtf of the Alps, with regard to Rome; that is, on the south of tlie Alps ; op[)osed to transal- pine ClS-AT-LAN'Tie, a. Being on this side of the At- lantic Ocean. Story. CIS'P.\ DANE, a. [L. da, on this side, and Padus, the River Po, whence Padanus.] On this side of tlie Po, with regard to Rome ; that is, on the south side. Stephens. CIS'SOID, n. [Gr. KintTOij ivy, and £i(^ti$, form.] In geometry, a curve ot the second order, invented by Uiocles. Bailey, Encyc CIST, 71. [Gr. KifTTTi, a chest.] In architecture and sculpture, a chest or basket; usually applied to the baskets employed in pnwressiona connected with the Eleusiniau mysteries, [^ee also CvsT.] Brande. CIST'ED, a. Inclosed in a cyst. [See Cysted.] CIS-TER'CIAN, n. [Custeauz, in France.] A monk, a reformed Benedictine. CIS'TKRiN', ;i. [L. cisierna; cista, and Sax. a:m, place, repositorj'.] 1. An artificial reservoir or receptacle for holding water, beer, or other liquids, us in domestic uses, dis- tilleries, and breweries. 2. A natural rcser\'oir ; a hollow place containing water, as a fountain or lake. CIST'ie, o. See Cystic. CIST'US, n. [Gr. Ktoro^.] The n»ck-rose,a genus of plants, of many species, most of them natives of the southern jNirts of Europe. Some of them arc beautiful evergreen, flowering shrubs, and ornamental in gardens. Encyc. CIT, 71. [Contracted from ciliten.] A citizen, in a loto sense; an inhabitant of a city ; a pert townsman ; a pragmatical trader. Pope. Cri''A-DEL, n. [Fr. citadelle; iL dttadella; Sp. ciuda^ dela ; from the li. citta, city.] A fortress or castle, in or near a city. Intended for its defense ; a place of arms. Juhnson. Encije. CI'TAL, 7». [from cite.] Reproof; impeachment. [Little used,] Shak. 2. Sumuious ; citation; quotation. [Little used.] Johnson. CT-TA'TION, n. [L. dtatio, from eito, to cite, which see.] 1. A summons ; an official call or notice, given to a person to appear in a court and answer to a de- mand ; a call or notice to appear, in various other cases, and the paper containing such notice or call. 2. Quotation; the act of citing a pa^tsage from a book, or from another person, in his own words; also, the passage or words quoted. Watts. AUerbury. 3. Enumeration ; mention. Harvey. CT'TA-TO-RY, a. Citing; calling; having the power or form of citation ; as, letters dtalory, AyiiJJ'e, CITE, v.U [L. eito, to call; Fr. citer; It. eiUirc ; Sp and Port, dtar; Goth, hailan ; Sax. hatan, or haian, to call, order, command ; G. heisscn, whence Eng. be- hest; D. heetcn; Sw. heta; lh\M. hedcr. The same Word in Dutch and Danish sigtiities to lirat. The sense, then, is to rouse, push, drive, stimulate. 6e« Excite, Ikcite.] 1. To call upon officially orauthoritatively ; to sum- TONE, BJJLL, tINITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— <5 as K; O as J ; • as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. CIT mott : to (tivB legal or official notice, as to a defund- anl to apjiear in court, to answer or defend. MiUan. a. To enjoin ; to direct j to summon ; to order or urge. Prior. 3. To quot^ ; to name or repeat, as a pa&'^ix' or the words of nnitther, eitber from a book or from verbal cotnnitiuiciuion ; a-«>, to ctfc a passage from Scripture, or to cUe tbe very words a man utters. Bacon. I>rydeiu 4. To call « name, in support, proof, or conflrma- tion : as, to eiu an autbority to prove a point in law. VTT'EDy pp. Quoted ; aunwiMmed. CIT'ER, n. One wbo riles or summons into court. 3, One wbo quutes a pjis^age or ibe word^ of an- olhpr. ClT'ESiS, a. [See CiT.] A city woman. [Lita«mMd.] CITH-A-BIS'TI€, a. (U eUkant, a harp or lyre.] Pertaining to or adaptrd to ihebai:;t.or appropria- trK) to tJie arcumpanmient uf tb<:- b»rp. Mus. DUl CITH'ERN, n. [L. nlAura : IVcitar^i Sp.eitant; D. cftrr : Gr. ^t^rtf-a.] A stringed musical instrument, among tSe ^ncienis^ the precis fumi of n liicb is ni>t kiiuwn, but it bore suaiti resemblance to the modem guitar, ibe name of wbirh ii evidently from tliis ancient word. Ciri CI»M, a. [from ciL] Tlie manners of a cit or ciii/en. B. y«»tfOK. CIT l-f:0, (sit'id,) a. Belonging to a city. Dra^ftau. CIT'|4:;RADE. a. Relating to a tribe of spiders whose lec< are u^iually lit only fur running. CrriXG, ppr. Uuotiug ; sumnitining. CIT'I-7,/:N, (sit'e-zn,) «. [Fr. eitp^*; ludUadino; t^|). ciutiiidano ; Tiirt. ctdadam i from lU eiUa, Sp. dm- liady n city. See L'itt.] 1. Tlie n.itive of a city, or an inhabitant who enjoys tbe frecitoiii and privileges of the city in which he re- std«s ; tl)e fremiau uf a city, as dLstinguished from a foreigner, or oti'; not entitled to its francliisea. 3. A towmunan ; a man of tiude j not a gentle- man. Skak. 'X An inhabitant} a dweller in any city, town, or place. bnfdetu 4. In a general grmtf^K native or permanent resi- dent in a city or counir>- ; as, the eitnexj of London or Pbiladrlpliia; the citiirnjof Uie L'uited States. 5. In (**■ Vuited Statr.<^ a pers*»n, naiivtror natural- ized, wbo has llie privjlt-ge of excrrising the elective francbbte, or the (lualilicattons which enable him to ▼oce for rulers, and to pureliase and bold real estate. If UiP oitfznw oT (he (JniWd StUn ilMMtU naU be (m uk) tmppx, tbe bull will be etuiielf Uwir own. Waahutgtim. CIT'I-Z/TV, a. Raving the qualities of a citizen. CIT'I-ZK.N'-ESS, «. A female citizen. [Rarr,] BonlX. CIT'I-2/:.N-8HIP, M. Tlie state of being vested with the richts and privileges of a citizen. Bp, Home, CIT'I Zf:.N-Sf>L'DIER, («it'o-an--5talline compotind of hydrogen and carbon, obtained from the essential oil of lemcms. CIT'RIC, a. Belun^ng to lemons or limes j as, eitm acid. CIT'Rie ACID, n. An acid obtained from the juice of lemons. It is found almoin some other substances. CIT'RIL, a. A beautiful song-bird of Italy. Diet, of J^aL Hist. CIT-RI-N*.^'TIOX, a. [See CiraiSE.] The turning to a yellow-green color. , CIT'RI.N'E, (-rin,) u. [L. dirimu.] Like a citron or leraon ; of a lemon color ; jrdlow, or greenish yellow. CIT'RI XE, a. [ L. ettnnus.'\ A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz. Daxa. CIT'ROX, a. [ Fr. citron ; L. direum, or cjlntm,] Tbe fniit of the citron-tree, resembling a lemon. CIT'ROX-TREE, n. The tree which produces the cit- ron, of the genus Citrus. It has an upright, smooth •ten, with a bmnchy head, rising from live to fifteen feet, adorned with l.irge, oval, spear-shaped leaves. To the same genus belong the lemon-tree, orange- tree, &;c Eneyc Crr'ROX-W,\-TER, a. A liquor distilled with the rind of citroB^ Pope. CIT'RUL, n. The pompicn or pumpkin, so named from its yellow color. [/ beiievt net used.] CIT'TERX. See Cithers. C IT' Y, «. [Fr. eiti ; It. eitta, cittade^ or cittate ; Sp. ci'a- dad; Port, ddatle ; from the Latin civitas.) 1. In a general gensCj a large town : a large number of bouses and inhabitants, established in one place. 2. In a mert affrtmriaU sour, a ciirporate town ; a town OT collective body of inhabitants, incorporated and governed by particular officers, as a mayor and aldermen. This is the sense of the word in tbe United States. In Great Britain, a borough town corporate, which is or has been the seat of a bishop, w tbe capital of his see, is called a dty. 3. Tbe collective body of citizens, or the inbab- CIV itants of a city ; as, when we say, the city voted to establish a market, and the city rept^aled tlie vole. CIT'V, a. Pertaining to a city j as, city wivna ; a city feast ; citv niann:.*r!S. SftaJi. Crr'V-COi. KT. «. The municipal court of a city, consisting of the mavor or recorder and aldermen. CiVE«, M. [Fr. eire; L. eepa.] [U. State^i. A species of leek, of the genus Allium, growing in tuA^ o ^^ CIVET, B. [Fr. eipctu; It. libeUo; Ten. ^Lj m- bc^; the sweet scent of any beant ; Ar. ^Lij lobba- S ^ ^ ion^ cream, luid civet; S^Ltj lifra^on, a civet cat. The Arabic verb signilits to make butter, and \\\\n substance may be named from '\\s rt^seuiblance to iL] A substance, of the consistence of butter or honey, taken fttim a bag under the tiiit uf the civet caL It is of a clear, yellowish or hrownish color; of a strong smell, and offensive when undiluted, but agreeable when a small portion is mixed with an- other substance. It is used aa a perfume. Knew. CIVET CAT, a. The animal that pmduces civet, a species of V'iverra. This animal bears a resemblance to a polecat, or to a fox ; it is of a cinereous color, tinged with yellow, marked with dusky fijHtts dis- pitsed in rows. It inhabits India, Guinea, Etliiopia, nntt Madagascar. Knaje. CIVIC, a. [L. cirietts, from cirw, a citizen.] Liierallti, pertaining to a city ur citizen ; relating to civil atfairs or honors. Pope. The civic crown, in Roman affairs, was a crown or garhind of oak leaves and ncorus, bestuwed on a soldier who had saved tbe life of a citizen in battle. CIVIL, tt. [L. cirilLf, from ciri*^ a cili?x'n ; Fr. civU ; It. cictU ; Sp. ciriJ, Qu. the Welsh cum, to shut, in- close, fence, hedge ; for the rude inhabitants of an- tiquity fortified their towns with hedges, stakes, or IKiIisndes.] 1. Relating to tbe community, or to the policy and government of the citizens and subjects of a state ; as in the phrases, eiril rights, civil gfivemment, civU privileges, cttfil war, cieil justice. It is op|KiSf^d to criming; as, a cirtV suit, a suit between citizens alone; whereas a criminal process is between tlie Mtate and a citizen. It is distmguisbed from ecclesi- astical, which respects the church ; and from military, which respects iJie army and navy. 2. Relating lo any man as a member of a commu- nity ; as, drd power, eiril rights, the power or rights which a man enjoys as a citizen. 3. Reduced to order, rule, and government ; under a regular administration ; ini|dying some refinement of manners ; not savage or wild ; as, dvil life, dcil society. 4. Civilized ; courteous ; complaisant ; gentle and obliging ; well-bred ; .alTable ; kind ; having the man- ners of a city, as opposed to llie rough, rude, coarse manners of a savage or clown. Wb'TV eiril speech and sod )>«nuBUOD hung. Prior, 5. Grave ; sober ; not gay or showy. Till tivii-auiu^ oiDm appear. MUtan, 6. Complaisant ; polite ; a popular colloquial use of tA« word. 7. Civil death, in law, is that which cuts off a man from civU society, or its rights and benefits, as ban- ishment, outlawry, excommmiication, entering into a monasterv-, &c., as distinguished from natural death. 8. Civil law ; in a g-eneral sense, the law of a state, city, or country ; but in an approjtriate sensCy the Roman law ; the municipal law of the Roman em- pire, c', maritime, and ecclesiasticiU slates. U. CivU war; a war between the people of the Ame slate or city ; opposed to foreign war. 12. CivU year; the legal year, or annual account of time which a government appebavior in the treatment of titb- ers, accompanied with kind ofiices, and attention to their wants and desires. Civility respects manners or external degiortment, and, in the plural, civilities denote acts of politeness. Clarendon. South. Dryden. CIV-IL-I-ZA'TION, n. [See Civilize.1 The act of civilizing, or the state of being civilized ; the state of being refined in manners from the grossness of sav- age life, and improved in arts and learning. 2. Tlie act of rendering a criminal process civil. [J^ot u.-*e.d.] CI VIL-IZE, V. t. [It. ctfi7tiiare; Fr. civiliseri Sp. and Port, civilizar ; from ciri/.] To reclaim from a savage state ; to introduce civil- ity of manners among a people, and instruct them in tbe arts of regular life. Locke. Waller. Denham. CIVIL-IZ-£D, pp. or a. Reclaimed from savage life and manners ; instructed in arts, learning, and civil manners. Such wJe of cotMcience wid du^ in op^n mnritet It not reconcila- ble with the preaenl aUUe of dmUxed society. J. Quincy. CIVIL-IZ-ER, n. One who civilizes; he that re- claims others from a wild and savage life, and teach- es them the rules and customs of civility. 2. That which reclaims from savngeness. CIVIL-IZ-ING, ppr. or a. Reclaiming from savage life ; instructing in arts and civility of manners. CIVII^LY, adv. In a manner relating to govern- ment, or to the rights or character of a member of the community. Huoker. 2. In a manner relating lo private rights ; opposed to criminally ; as, a prctcess civilly commenced for the private satisfaction of a party injured. Ayltffe. 3. X^ut naturally, but in law ; as^ a man dDilly dead. • 4. Politely ; complaisantly ; gently ; with due de- corum i courteously ; as, we were civillij Ueated. Dryden, Prior. 5. Without gaudy colors or finer}' ; as, chambers furnished dvUly. [Obs.] Bacon. CIV'ISM, n. [L. ciri.-.-, a citizen.] State of citizenship ; patriotism. CIZ'AR, V. U To clip with scissors, UVot in use,nor correct.] Beaum and Fl. CTZE, for Size, is not in use. eLAB'BER, (71. Milk turned, become thick IIOX'XY-CLAB'BER, ] or inspissated. [G. lab, D. Irb, rennet.] « CLACK, p. i. [Fr. elaqurr, to flap or snap; cliquet.ti mill-clapper ; cliyuctrr. to clack ; W. clcca, clegyr ; Ir. elaffaim ; IJ. klakkcn ; Sax. cloccan, to cluck ; I^ glodo. Probably from the root of tbe LaU loquur, dr. Ajxcj, Xijt^-o). See Cluck, and Class Lg, Xo. 27.] ^ 1. To make a sudden, sharp nuis:;, as by striking or cracking ; to clink ; to click, 2. To utter words rapidly and continually, or with sharp, abrupt sounds ; to let the tongue run. CLACK, 71. [VV. clecy a sharp noise, a crack, tale- bearing ; cleca, elecian, clcgyr, to clack, to crack, to tattle. Seethe verb.] 1. A sharp, abrupt sound, continually repeated, such as is made by striking an object, or by bursting or cracking ; continual talk: as, we do not wish to liear his clack; a coninion expression. Hence tlie word is used for the tongue, the instrument of clack- ing. Butler. Prior. 2. The instrument that strikes the liopper of a grist mill, to move or shake it, for discharging the corn. And, according to Johnson, a bell tliat rings when more com is required to be put in. To clack wool, is to cut off the sheep's mark, which makes it weigh less, and yield less duty. [JVu( used^ I believe, in .America.] CLACK'ER, n. One tJiat clacks ; that which clacks. CLACK'IXG, ppr. or a. Making a sharp, abrupt sound, continually repeated ; tjUking continually ; tattling ; rattling with the tongue. CLACK'IXG, 71. A prating. FATE, FAR, FALL, WH,\T METE, PRfiV. — PIXE, MARtXE, BTRD — XOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. ao8 CLA €l>ADy pp. [?ee Clothe.] Clothed; invested^ cov- ered as with a gajment. Ji'rijboTiiii had clad tiinueif with a new purmctil. — 1 Kings xi. Tbe fielJa an dad in cheerful green. For yc/aJ, see Yclad. CLSI.M, V. t [L. claiao, to cr>' out, to call upon : It. c/aiimre, or e/ttamare ; Port, clamar ; Sp.Uamar; Sax. hlemman; Sw. gLunma ; Ir, g^Iatnaim.] 1. To call for ; to ask or seek to obtain, by virtue of authority, right, or supposed right ; to challenge as a right ; to demand as due ; a^, to claim a debt j to claim obedience or respect. 2. To assert or maintain as a riglit ; as, he daims to be tlie bfst poet of the age. 3. To have a right or title to ; as, the heir claims the ei^tate by descent ; he claiiaa a promise. 4. To proclaim. [06o-.J Spenser. 5. To call, or name. [Oft^.l €LAIM, n. A demand of a right or supposed rifiht ; a calling on another for something due or supposerl to be due; as, a claim of wages for st-rvices. A claim implies a right, 4r supiH>sed rielil, in the claimant to something which is in another's possets^ion or power. A claim may be made in words, l)y suit, nrid by other means. The word is usually preceded by inakt or Id}) ; to make claim ; to lnii claim. 2. A right to claim or demand ; a title to any debt, privilege, or other thing in posst^ssion of another ; as, a prince has a eJaim tu the thronu. Ijainrr'* dal/rtt \o the fiist mik antoiig epic iikU7 elomor lur llli^rtj do out muit Vtbrniiy gnnX it. Anon. *' Clamor yotir Umgnes," tn Fhakspeare, if intend- ed to mean, " stop from noise," is not English. Perhaps tbe word was dam up* ^° ^^8 "' ^^Pi <"' used lor it. CLA CLAM'OR-ER, n. One who clamors. Che.'iterjUl'l CLAM'OR ING, ppr. Uttering and repeating loud words; making a great and continued noise; par- ticularly in complaint or iiu;)ortunate deniand.'^. CLAM'OU-OUS, a. Speaking and repeating loud words ; noisy ; vociferous ; loud ; turbulent. Hooker. Pope. Swift. CLAM'OR-OTIS-LY, ado. With loud noise or words. €LA.M'OR-OUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of being loud or noi:*y. CLAMP, V. ru. klnmp: G. klammcr^ klemmcn ', Dan. klamp ; W. cf»^mu, to tie.J 1. In fCrtWd^, something that fju^tms or binds ; a piece of timber or of iron, u^ed to fasten work to- gether ; or a particular manner of uniting work by letting boards into each oilier. 2. An in.-^truinent with a screw at one end, used by joiners to hold pieces of wiwd togetln^r. 'A. In ship-buildm/r^ a thick plank on the inner part of a ship's side, used to sustain the ends of tbe b?anis. 4. A smooth, crooked plate of iron, fureU>cked on the trunnions of a cannon to keep it fasf to the car- riage. Clainjw are also used to sirenglhcn masts, nnh to fasten the maf^ts and bowspritj of small ves- sels and of boats. Jilar. Diet. 5. A large mass or pile of bricks laid up fi»r burn- ing, in which the end of one brick is laid over another, and a space is lt;ft between the bricks for the fire to ascend. Kneyc. Clitmp-irons ; inma used at the ends of tires to keep the fuel from falling. BuUcij. Clamp-uailn; nails used to fasten on clamps in ships. CLAMI', r. t To fasten with clamps. 2. In joinery, to (it a pitxe of lioard with the grain, to the end of another piece of board across the grain ; as, to claj'ip a table to prevent its warping. Jluron. eLAMP'/:D, (klampt,) pp. United or strengthened with a rlam[). CLA.MP'ING, ppr. Fasteningor strengthening with a clamp. CLAN, n. [fr. claim, or Wflwrf, children, posterity; a tribe, breed, generation, family. Erse, elan or klaaru Perhaps G. klein, small.] 1. A race ; a family ; a tribe. Milton. Dryden. Hence, 2. In Scotland, a tribe or collection of families united under a chieftain, ustially hi'aring the same surname, and supposed to be descendt^d from a com- mon ancestor. 3. In contempt, a sect, society, or body of persona closely united by some common interest or pursuit. JWttV. — In Russ. kolieno signifies a knee, and a family, race, or tribe; Irish glan, the knee, and a €LAN'CU-LAR, a. [L. clancularia,'^.] fgeturation^ Clandestine ; secret ; private ; concealed. [^LiU^ used. ] CLAN'^eU-LAR-LY, ado. Privately ; secretly. {Lit- tle used,'\ €LAN-DES'TI\E, (-tin,) a. [L. clanAe.^tinu.'^.] Sccrt^t ; private; hidden; withdrawn from public view. It oflen bears an ill sense, aa implying cratt or decejrtion, or evil design. eLA\-DES'TLNE-LY, ado. Secretly j privately ; in secret. CLA N-DES'TI NEWNESS, 7U Secrecy ; a stale of con- cealment. eLAN-DE.S-TIN'I-TY, n. Privacy or secrecy. CLANG, V. U or i, [L. elango, to M>und ; G. lilang ; D. Uank ; Sw. klang ; Dan. klang t Gr. >i\a} > o), K^a^«}, jtAq} (o), rKSa}ny. It appears from the Greek, that h is not radical, and that this word belongs to C1;lss Lg, coinciding with clink, clank, and probably with dark.] To make a sharp, shrill sound, as by striking me- tallic subfitances ; or to strike wiDi u sharp sound. Tiic-y clanged their •o>mil)ii; &nni. Prior, CLANG, n. [L. dangor; O. klang; D. klanic. See the verb.] A sharp, tthrill sound, made by striking together metallic substancfs, or sonorous bodies ; as, the dung of arms; or any like sound ; as, the c/«n!»' of trmnpi'is. This word imiities a degree of harshnesa in the sound, or more harshness tlian clink. Milton. eLAN"Gf)R, (klang'gor,) n. [L.] A sharp, shrill, harsh sound. [See ('lano.] Dryden. €LAN"GOR-OUS, a. Sharp or harsh in sound. Spectator. CLAN"GOUS, fklang'gns,) a. Making a clang, or a shrill or harKh sound. Broicn. CLANK, n. [See Clamo.] The loud, shrill, sharp sound made by a collision of metallic or other so. noroua bodies. Spectator. CLANK, r. (. or i. To make a sharp, shrill sound : to strike with a sharp sound ; as, the prisoners clank their chains. CLAN'NI8II,a. Closely united, like aclan ; disposed to adhere closely, as the members of a clan. CLAN'NISII-LY, adv. In a claunish manner. CLAN'NISII-NE.Si*, n. Close adherence or disposition to unite, as a clan. CLAN'SIIIP, n. A state of union, ai in a family or clan ; an association under a chieftain. Encyc. CLA CLAP,r. i. ,■ pre^and pp. CLAPcBDor Clapt. \B.klap- pen, kloppen : Dan. klapper ; Sw. klappa: O. klappen or klaffcn; Russ. kleplyu. The Dutch and German words signify to dap or strike, and to talk, clatter, prate. Sax. cleifpian or clypian, to call, to speak, whence yc/cpw/, [obs. ;] \V.clepian,lo clack, to babble, from Ucp, a lapping, llepiaw, to lap, to lick. The sense is to send, drive, or strike, L. alapa, a slop.] 1. To strike with a quick motion, so as to make a noise by tlie collision ; to strike with sontrthing broad, or having a flat surface ; as, to clap the hands ; to clap tlie wings. Locke. Dryden. 9. To thrust; to drive together ; to shut hastdy ; followed by to / as, to dap to the door or gate. Lucke. Shak. 3. To thrust or drive together ; to put one thing to another by a hasty or suddun motion ; followed by tc, on, or in ; as, to dap the hand to the mouth ; to Jap spurs to a horse ; to dap on a saddle. jyatts. Addison. Dryden. 4. To thrust ; to put, place, or send ; followed by in, into, under, over, &i.c. ; as, to dap one under the hatches ; to dap one into Bedlam ; to dap a board I over a pit. Shak. Spectator. 5. To applaud ; to manifest approbation or praise by striking the hands together; as, to dap a pi'r- fonnance on the stage. ti. To infect with venereal poison. Tfiseman. To dap up ; to make or complete hastily ; as, to dap up a peace. Shak. HowcL 2. To imprison hastily, or with little delay. Sandys. CLAP, V, i. To move or drive together suddenly with noise. The doo™ around me clapU Dryden. 2. To enter on with alacrity and briskness ; to drive or thrust on ; as we say to reaiwrs or mowers, dap in, or cltip to : that is, enter on the work, begin without delay, begin briskly. 3. To strike the hands together in applause. Bid thoin clap. Sttak. CLAP, 71. A driving together; a thrust and collision of bodies with noise, usually bodies with broad sur- faces. Give tlie door a.etop. Swift, 2. A sudden act or motion ; a thrust. P:t,v all df^liu at Diie clap. Suift, 3. A burst of sound ; a sudden explosion ; as, a dap of thunder. 4. An ac t of applause ; a striking of hands to ex- prt:ss appruhalion. Addiion. 5. A venereal infection. [Fr. dapoir ; D. klapoor.] Pope. 6. \Vith falconers J the nether part of the beak of a hawk. Bailey. CLAP'ROARD, (klab'bord,)?!. A thin, narrow board, for covering houses. [U. States.] The word is also used aa a verb for to cover with clapboards. In England, according to Railey, a clapboard is what, .in Ami-rica, is called a stave for casks. CLAP'-DISH, 71. A wooden bowl or dish. CLAP'-DOC-TOR, n. One who is skilled in healing the cla]), or venereal disease. Tatlcr. €LAP'-.\F.T, n. A net for taking larks, united with a Utoking-gla.ss. Bailey. Encvc CLAP'PKl), (klapt,) pp. Thnist or put on or together ; applauded by striking the hands together ; infected with the venert^nl disease. CLAP'PER, n. A person who claps, or applauds by clapping. 2. That which strikes, as the tongue of a bell, or the piece of wood that strikes a mill-hopper. X A burrow or inclosure. [0&;*.] CLAPTER CLAW, v. t. [cirtp and c/aic.] To fight and scratrh. hmart. Hence, 2. 'i'o scold ; to abuse with tlie tongue ; to revile. Shak. JIudihras. CLAP'PING, ppr. Driving or putting on, in, over, or under, by a sudden motion ; striking the hands to- gether. CLAP'PING, 71. The art of striking the hands to- gclher, onhnarily by way of applause. CLAP'-TRAP, 71. A trap for clapping in theaters. Hence, a trick or device to gain applause. CLARK, n. A nun of the ordi;r of Si. Clare, Chalmers. GLAR'EN-CEOX, > (klar^en-shu,) tl In Great Brit- CLAR'EN-(nKOX, i ai/t, the second king at arms, so called from iht; duke of Clarene.e, and apjxiinted by Edward IV. His otfice is to marsiial and dispose the funerals of nil baronets, knights, anrl esquired, on tfic south of the River Trent, Bailey. Encvc CLARE'-On-SeORE', n. [L. dams, clear, and oUcn- ra-n, obscure.] liight and shade in painting; or the particular dis- tribution of the lights and shades of a piece, with r ■- npt'.cl tr) the ease of the eye and the eflect of the wholK piece ; also, a design of two colors. Encyc. CLAR'ET, 7t. [Fr. dairet, from clair, clear; IL da- retti).] A species of French wine, of a clear, pale red color. Thomson. TONE, BgLL, TJNITE. — AN"GEIl, VI"CI0U8. — C aa K ; 6 aa J ; B as Z ; CII aa SH ; TU aa in THIS. CLA €LAR'I-€nORD, n. [L. clorw, clear, and ekor^ a Btring. See Chord.] A mustcul in-^niinent, In form of a spinet, now out of uw ; r.illfd, nl9o, manicfuTtL €LAR-I-FI-eA'TIO\, M. [See Clarift.] The act of clearing; particiiJarly the clearing or fining of lit;uiii sutvitanct:^ fmra all feculent mutter by chem- ic:J means. Haeon. €LAR'IFr £D, (klar'e-fide,)pp'0"*a. Purified; made clear or fine ; defecnteil. €LARI-FI-ER, n. That which ctarifiea or piiri fit's ; as, whites of eggs, bluotl, and isinglass, are clarifiers of liquon, EdwardM, a. A Tessel in which litpior i« clarifit^d. /fiirjrtnjt'.t Med. R*poM. €I*AR'I-FT, r.t. [Ft. rtarifier; It. duarijiai.rt; from 1*. elarus, clear, and/dfw, to make.] J. To make clear ; to purify from feculent mailer ; to di-fcoite; to fine; apptud porficuMr/y la liquors i as, to clarify wine or simp. ^ To make clear ; to bri-. Orose. €LAR'V, p. i. To make a loud or sbriU noise. [.Vot *-•'«/.] OoUiMf, eLA'RY, «. [A formptifm of Sdarea.] A plant of the et-nuis Salvia, or sugc ; Salvia Schirea. €LA'RY-WA-TER, n. A comp-wiiion of brandy, sugar, clar>- flowers, and cmnanion, with a little am- berp^ dissolved in iL It is a cardiac, and helps di- gestion. Eiu-vc, CLASH, v,i. [D. IdeLfTMi G. kUtsdun^ ktiUeJu» ; Don. kloLfker.} 1. To strike ag;iiust ; to dnve against with force. .yitte, — The Sense of this word is simply to strike against or meet with f>>rce ; but when two soundmg bodies strike together, the effvct is a sound. Hence the word of\^n implies, to strike with a nol'^e ; as, daslui»S^ arms. Z>en)uim. 2. To meet in opposition ; to be contrary ; to act in a contrary direction ; to interfere, as opposing persons, minds, views, interests, &.c. ; as, the opin- Kins (jf men dask; dashing interests. SoutJL Bacon. ImfepnKlcnt JanvlJaioof ^eould am £ul to dafh. Dmght'M TheK for fastening ; a catch ; a small book to hold tofctber the covers of a book, or the difilrent parts oCn garment, of a belt, &.c. .Addison. S. A close Mobrace ; a throwing of the arms around. Shak. CLASP, V. L To shut or fasten together with a rlxsp. Pirpe. 3. To catch and hold by twining ; to surround and j cling to ; as, the clasping ivy. Milton. 3. To inclose and hold in tbe band ; or simply to inclose or encompass with tbe fingers. Baom. A. To embrace closely ; to throw tbe arms round ; to catch with the anns. Mdtan. Dryden. 5. To inclose and press. CLASP' £D, (klispt,) pp. Fastened with a clasp; shut ; embraced ; inclosed ; encompassed ; caught. CLA CLXSP'ER, «, He or tliat which clasps ; usually the tendril of a vine or other plant, which twines round snnicihing for support. ei.ASr'ER-EU, a. Furnished with tendrils. Cl.XSP'ING, ppr. or a. Twining round ; catching and hi>ldin<:; embracing; inclosing; shutting or fasten- ing wiUi a clasp. a. In botany, surrounding the stem at the base, as a Ifaf. Mnrtyn. CLXSP'-KNIFE, C-nlfe,) a. A knife which folds into the handle. Johnson. GLASS, H. [L. dassisy a class, a fleet, a trotip, that is, a ctilleclion ; It. dns.te ; Fr. dasse ; Sp. da^se ,- Arm. c/df r, and .ls, the pupils who learn the same lesson, and recite together. In some cases, students of ditferent standings, pursuing ilie same studies and reciting together, or attending the saiue professor, or the same course of lectures. 3. Scientific division or arrangement; a set of beings or things having something in common, or ranged under a common denomination. Hence, in toology, animals are divided into classes, as cjuad- nipeds, birds, fi.^hes, ice. So, in botany^ plants are arranged in classes. Classes are natural or art{/icial ; natunU, when founded on natural relations or rtMsem- blanres ; artificial, when formed arbitrarily, for want of a complete knowledge of natural relations. Mariyn. CLASS, r. t To arrange in a class or classes, to ar- range in sets, or ranks, according to some method founded on natural distinctions ; to place together, or in one division, men or things which have, or are supposed to have, something in coumion. 3, To place in ranks or divisions students ttiat are pursuing tbe same studies ; to form into a class or classes. €LASS'£D, (kl&st,) pp. Arranged in a class or In sets. CLAS'SIC, jo. [L. dassintsi Fr. dassiqur; It. €LAS'SlO.\L, ( dassico: Sp. da^ico ; from L. dassUiy the first order of Ritman citizens,] ^ I. Relating tn ancient Greek and Roman authors of the first rank or estimation, which, in modern times, have been, and still are, studied as the best models of fine writing. Thus Aristotle, Plato, De- mosthenes, Thucydides, &.c., among the Greeks, and Cicero, Virgil, L.iv>', Sallust, Cesar, and Tacitus, among the Latins, are da.ssical authors. Hence, 2. Pertaining to writers of tlie first rank among the moderns; being of the first order; constituting the best model or authority as an author ; as, Ad- dison and Johnson are English dassical writers. Hence, dassical denotes pure, chaste, correct, re- fined i as, a dassical taste ; a dassical style. At Urrrfiool, RcMCoe b lilce Pompej'a column al Alezftn(]ri&, Igwchng iioae in clattic dignity. Iraing. 3. Pertaining to a class or Classis. CLAS'Sie, n. An author of the first rank ; a writer whose style is pure, correct, and refined ; primarily, a Greek or Roman autlior of this character; but the word is applied to writers of a like character in any nation. Pope. 2. A book written by an author of the first class. CLAS'SIC-AL-LY, adv. In tlie manner of classes; according to a regular order of classes or sets. It »t>ulJ be impoaable lo bear all it* •f-'cific deuUi b the nieutory, if ibtj were nut ciatticalty arnm^Hl. Kerr't Latoitier. 2. Tn a cla^ical manner; according to the manner of classical authors. €LAS-SI€-AL'I-TY, i n. The quality of being cla»- CLAS'Sie ALNESS, \ sical. CLAS-SIF'ie, a. Constituting a class or classes ; noting classification, or the order of distribution into seta. Med. Repos. Jin.. 2. €LAS-SI-FI-€a'TION, n. [See CLAssjFy.l The act of forming into a class or classes ; distribution into sets, sorts, or ranks. EnfieWa Ph'd. Encyc. CLAS'SI-FI-CA-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to classffica- tion ; that admits of classification. jSm. Eclectic. CLAS'SI-FT-£D, pp. or a. Arranged in classes ; formed into a chiss or classes. €LAS'SI-FY, V. t. [L. dassis, a class, and facio, to make ; a word of modern coinage.] To raiike 'a. class or classes ; to distribute into classes ; to arrange in sets according to some com- mon properties or characters. Th? rc(. of Cleate. CLAV'EL-LA-TED, a. An epithet applied to potash and pearlash, (davellati cineres,) from the billets of wood with which they were burnt. SmarL Coze. CLA'VI-A-RY, n. [L. davLi^ a key; Gr. ^Acij, con- tracted from KXtiSod) ; L. claudo.] In tnusic, an index of keys, or a scale of lines and s[i»ces. Encyc, art. Clef. CLAV'I-CnORD, n. [L. davis, a key, and chorda, a Btriiip.] A musical instrument of an oblong figiire, of the nature of a spinet. Tlie strings are niullied with small bits of fine woolen cloth, to soften the soimds ; usrd in nunneries. [See Clahichobd.] Encyc. CLAV'I-GLE, -Tu [L. davicida, a tendril, that is, a little key or fastener, from davis, a key or lock.] The collar bone. There are two clavicles, or chan- nel bones, joined at one end to the scapula or shoul- der bone, and at the other to tbe sternum or breast bone. QuiHct/. CLAV'I-CORN, n. The name of a family of insects. CLA'Vl-ER, «. [L. davis, a key.] In muMc, an as- semblage of all the keys of an organ or piano-forte. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— M£TE, PR^Y.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— CLE representing all the sounds used in meludy and hamionv. CLA-Vie'lJ-LAR, a. Pertaining to tbe collar bone or clavicle. €LAV'1-6ER, B. [L. claois^ a key, and gcro, to carT>-.] One who keeps the keys of any place. Ck. Rrlitr. ^ppraK €LAW, n. [Pax. date ; G. klaiie ; D. ki^muio ; Dan. kliiv: &\v. bl,./, or klo.] 1. The sJiarp, hooked nail, of a beast, bird, or ullier animal. Eftry l»"Mt that p*irt«h the hoof, and cleavftli th'- cleft Into two elnvt, and cliTweUi Uip cml, ye sh^Ol ''«i, — Dcuu xiv. Bla Oiiils WIT*; gi^WQ like lAnit' clau4. — Dnii. it, 9. The whole foot of an animal armed with bonked nail?. 3. The hand, in contempt. CLAAV, r. t. [SajK. clawcn.] To pull, tear, or srraicli with the nails. Shuk. South. 2. To scratch or tear in general ; to tickle. Shak. Uudibras. 3. To flatter. [Ob.*.] S/utk. To daw off 01 away ; to scold or rail at L^E-irtmnirf, 3. In seamanship^ to turn to windward and beat, to prevent falling on a lee shore. Hence, 3. In rulfrar lan^uaj^ty to gel offer escape. €LA\V'BACK, n. [claw and buck.] One who flatters ; a sycophant ; a wheedlcr. JeweL €LAVV'£D, (klaft d,) pp. Scratched, pulled, or turn witli claws. 2. a. Furnished with claws. Orero. CLAWING, ppr. Pulling, tearing, or iscratchiug with claws or nails. eLAVV'IN'G OFF, n. The act of beating or working ^>it from a lee shore, or from another vessil. Totten. €L.^W'LESS, a. Destitute of claws. Jtiiirn. of Sdenee, €LAY, H. [Pax. dag: G. klei; D.Udi W.cUi; Dan. ikitf-^', riscous, sticky.] 1. The name of cert-iin substances which are mix- tures of silt'x and nlttmine, sometimes with lime, matmesia, alkali, .ind metallic oxyds. A species of earths which are firmly colicnut, weighty, compact, and hard when dry, but stiff, viscid, and ductile when moist, and snmoth to the touch; not readily diffii:*il>le in water, and whi-n mixed, not readily subsiding in iL They contnicl by heat. Clays ab- sorb water greedily, and become soft, but are so t4.-n:u'ious as to be molded into any shai^ ; and hence thf>' ar.; the materials of bricks and various vessels, dtitnestic and chemical. Encyc Cleardund. 2. In poetry and in Scripture, earth in gcneml. Dojtne, I alao un formal out of Uie datf. — Job xxxiii. 3. In Scripture, dav is used to express frailty, liableness to decay and destruction. Thr» iliiit ihvcll in hoosr* of cfc^. — Job ir. €1-aV, r. I. To cover or manure with clay. Mortinur. 2. To purify and whiten with clav, as sugar. Kdioards. W. Ind. €I.AY-BR,AIN'ED, fl. Stupid. Sh^xk. eL.W-Hril.T, (kl«'hill,) a. IJuilt with clay. €LAV'-COLD, a. Cold as clay or earth ; lift'lesfl. Roifif^ CLA V'KD, pp. at a. Covered or manured with clay. 3. Purified and wiiiten-jd with clay ; as, daycd cuRnr. Fdmards. €La YF,?, n. pL [Fr. daif, a hurdle ; VV. diryti.] In/ttrtifiatlimt, wallh'S or hurdl 's made witii stakes inlerwuveu with osiers, to cover lodgments. Chambers. GLAY'KY, a. Consisting of clay ; abounding with clay } partaking of clay ; like clay. eLAY'-<;u»JUND, 71. Ground consisting oT clay, or aboiinding with it. CLAY'LSG, ppr. Covering or manuring with clay. 2. Purifying with clay. CLAY'Irill, a. Partaking of the nature of clay, or containing particles of it. CLAV'-LAN'D, j n. Land consisting of clay, or CLAV'—^OIL I abounding with it. CLA Y'-31ARL, n. A whitish, smooth, chalky rla5-. Mi/rtiriier. CLAY'MORK, n. A large sword, used formerly by the Scotti:rou«4, compart, or slaty. Its color is gray, oltm tinged with yullnw or blue ; also ittsw or pale red, or brownish re^l, and sometimes greenish. Clfandaud. CLKA.V, a. [.Sax. dtne ; W. glan or gtain; Ir. glan; Arm. iflftn. The primary sense seems to be, to open or to remove, to 3ep;irate.l In a geaeral jf^njie, free from extraneous matter, or whatever is injurious or olfiuisive : hence its signifl- cation depends on the nature and qualities ot* the •ubstancfis to wbich it is applied. CLE 1. Free from dirt, or other foul matter ; as, dean water ; a dean cup ; a dean floor. 3. Free from weeds or stones ; as, dean land ; a dean garden o»» field. 3. Free from knots or brandies ; as, dean timber. In America, dear is geneniUy used. 4. Free from moral impurity; innocent. Who c\n briiij a clean ihing out of an uucleau? — Job xi». Acta xviii. 5. Free from ceremonial defilement Lev. x. JVam. xix. 6. Free from guilt ; sanctified ; holy. John xiii. Ps. li. 7. That might ba eaten by the Hebrews. Oen. vii. viii. 8. That miglit be used. Luke xi. 9. Free from a foul disease; cured of leprosy. 2 King's V. MatL viii. 10. Dextrous; adroit; not bungling; free from awkwardness ; as, a dean fi-at ; a deati boxer. 11. Free from infecliou ; as, a dean ship. A dean bill of health is a certificate that a ship is cZcan, or fn-e from infection. CLk.AN, adv. (iuite ; perfectly ; wholly; entirely; fully ; indicating; separation or complete removal of ever>' part "Tlie p^-ople pjissed dfanovtit Jordan." ,7ask. iii. *' Is his mercy deun gone forever ? " Ps. Ixxvii. This use of dean is not now elegant, and not used except in vulgar language. 2. Without miscarriage ; deitrously. Pope «une off clean with Homer. Henley. CLEAN, V. t [Sax. cZtnun; W. glanau. See the adjective.] To remove all foreign matter from ; to separate from any thing whatever is extraneous to it, or what- ever is foul, noxious, or ofllnsivo, as dirt or filth from the hands, body, or clothes ; foul matter from a vessel ; weeds, shrubs, and stones fr«>m a meadow ; to purify. Thus a house is cleaned by sweeping and washing ; a field is cfraned by plowing and hoeing. CLEA.\'/:i), pp. Freed from tilth or dirt. CLkAN'ER, n. A person or tiling that cleans CLkA\'-HA\D ED. a. Having clean hands. ChK.AN'-HF.ART-ED, o. Havinu a pm-e heart. Cl.cAN'ING, ppr. Freeing from filth. CLi~:A\'I.NG, n. The act of making clean. 2. The n(li.rbirth of cows, ewes, &c. Gardiner. CLEAN'LI-.NESS (klen'li-ness,) n. [from flranly.] Freedom from dirt, filUi, or any foul, extraneous matter. Addl^oiu 2. XeatJu.'ss of person or dress ; purity. Swift. CLEAX'LY, (klen'Iy,) a. [from dean.] Free from dirt, filih, or any foul matter ; neat ; carefully avoid- ing filth. Dryden. Jiddison. 2. Pure ; free from mixture ; innocent ; as, deagUy joys. OlantuUe. 3. Cleansing ; making clean ; as, cUanly powder. Prior. 4. Nice ; artful ; dextrous ; adroit ; as, a deanly play; a, deaidy evasion, [Ob.t.] Snertaer. V Etdrantre., CI.EAN'LYj (klen'Iy,) ado. In a clean manner; neatly; without filth. Shak, CLkAN'NESS, n. Freedom from dirt, filth, and for- eign matti^r ; neatness. 2. Freedom from infection or a foul disease. 3. Exactness; purity; justness; correctness; uatd tff language or style; as, deaaness of expression. [Obs.] Dryden. 4. Purity ; innocence. In Scripture, cleanness of hands denotes innocence. Clranness of teeth denotes want of provisions, ,^'nos iv. 6. CLEAXS'A-BLE, (klenz'a-bl,) a. That may be cleansed. Sherinuod, CLEANSE, (klenz,) o. t [Sax. dterman, from cZtrne, clean.] 1. To purify ; to make clean; to remove filth, or foul niatttT of any kind, or by any pnwess whatever, as by washing, rubbing, scouring, scraping, purging, ventilation, ice. ; as, to dean.ie the hands or face ; to eltan/ie a gannent; to cleanse the bowels ; to dcaiue a ship; to deansr an inffcled house. 2. To free from a foul or infectious disease; to Ileal. Ler. xiv. 4, 8. ,Mitrk i. 42. 3. To free from cen^tnonial pollution, and conse- crate to a holy use. A*urn. viti. 15. £zrA:. xliii. 20. 4. To purify from guilt I ./nAn i. 7. .5. To n^movtt ; as, to dcumr a crime. Dryden. CLEAN3'>;i), (kicnzd,) pp. Purified ; made cletm ; purg'^d ; healt;d. CLEANS'KR, (klen/.'er,) n. He or that which cleanses; in mc/ZiciHc. a detergent Jirbuthnot. CLEANS'ING, (klenx'iiig,) ppr. Purifying; making clean ;piirginK ; removing foul or noxious matter from i freeing from guilt. CLEANS'IN'G, (klen/.'ing,) a. Adapted to cleanse and purifv. CLEANS'ING, (klen^'inp,) w. The act of purifying or_ purging. Murk i, 44. Lukti v. H. CLkAX'-TIM'HEU -AD, a. Well-proportioned. [A-^£ in_ uMe.] Shak. CLkAR, a. [W. efflffr, clear, bright, from llaer, a re- , CLE flux, llaerv^ to ebb, to clear, or W. eglur, clear, from llur^ extended, [like floor;] Ir. gleair, tear, leir^ and glor; Arm. aclrar ; L. dams; Fr. dair ; Sp. and Port. Clara; It. ekiaro; D. klaar; G. klar; Sw. and Dan. klar. See (ilaku and Glorv.] 1. Open ; free from obstruction ; as, a dear plat of ground ; the way is dear. 2. Free from clouds, or fog ; serene ; as, a clear day. 3. Free from foreign matter; nnmixed ; pure; as, clear water ; dear sand ; cle^ir air ; drar glass. 4. Free from any thing that creaus douiit or un- certainty ; apparent ; evident ; maniiVst ; not ob- scure; con:^picuou8 ; that is, u[Mrn to the mind; as, the reason is clear. 5. Unclouded ; luminous ; not obscured ; as, a dear sun ; a clear shining after a rain. 2 Sam. xxiii. i). Unobstnicted ; unobscured ; a.-*, a dear view. 7. Perspicacious ; sharp ; as, a dear sight 8. Not clouded with care, or niffled by passion; cheerful ; serene ; as, a elear aspect Milton. 0. Evident ; undeniable ; indisputable ; as, the victory was dear. Miliinu 10. Q,uick to understand ; prompt ; acute. MothT of sci'-'noc, now I feel Ihy power Wiibiii ine clear. Milton. 1 1. Free from guilt or blame ; innocent ; unspotted ; irreproachable. 2 Cor. vii. In action f^iithfut, anil in honor clear. Pope. 12. Free from bias; unprepossessed; not preoc- cupied ; impartial ; as, a dear judgment Sidney. 13. Free from debt or obligation ; not liable to prosecution ; as, to be clear of debt or responsibility. Gay. 14. Free from deductions or charges ; as, dear gain or profit. Locke, 15. Not entangled; unembarrassed; free; as, the cable is dear. A ship is c/tijr, when she is so remote from shore or other object, as to be out of danger of striking, or to have sea room aulficient. Ifj. Open ; distinct ; not jarring, or harsh ; as, a dear sound; a cZcar voice. 17. Liberated ; freed ; acquitted of charges ; as, a man has been tried, and got de.or. 18. Free from spots or any thing that disfigures ; as, a dear skin. Cltrar is followed by ^om or by of. Thou BJi'vU be ^ear from this my oath, — Gen. xxiv. Th<; air is clear o/ damp exh^atiuus. Temple. €Li5AR,fl(/n. Plainly; not obscurely ; manifestly. 2. Clean ; quite ; entirely ; wholly ; indicating entire separation; as, to cut a piece dear off; to go dear away ; but in this sense its use is not elegant CleMr, or in the dear, among joiners and carj>aitrrs, Is applit'd to the net distance between two bodies, where no other intervenes, or between their nearest surfaces ; e. g., to the sp;ice wilhiu walls, or length and breadth dear or exclusive of tlie thickness of the CLr:AR,«. t To make clear; to fine ; to renjove any thing foreign ; to separate from any foul mailer ; to purify ; to clarify ; as, to clear liquors. 2. To free from obstructions ; as, to dear the road. 3. To fnse from any thing ni>xious or injurious ; us, to dear the ocean of pirates ; to tlear the land of enemies. 4. To remove any encumbrance, or embarniss- ment ; often followed by off or away ; as, to dear off debts: to ciror airuy rubbish. 5. To free ; to liberate, or disengage; toexonerate; as, to dear a man from ucbt, obligation, or duty. G. I'o cleanse ; us, to dear the hands from filth ; to dear the bowels. 7. To remove any thing that obscures, as clouds or fog ; to make bright ; as, to dear the sky ; sonu'times followed by up. Dryden. Mdioiu 8. To free from obscurity, perplexity, or ambiguity ; as, to clear a question or theory i to dear up a case or point Prior, 9. To purge from the imputation of guilt; to jus- tify or vindicate. Ilnw ■hall we clear awTt^Un} — Gen. xKt. Tbit will by no iik-him cUa>r Uic ffiiilly. — Ex. xsxir. 10. In a legal sense, to acquit on trial, by verdict j as, the prisoner has been tried and dearetU 11. To make gain or profit, beyond all expenses and charires ; a», to dear ten per cent, by a sale of goods, or by a voyage. 12. 'i'o remove wood from land ; to cut down trees, remove or burn them, and prejuire land for tillage or pasture ; as, to dear land for wheat 13. To leap over or pass by without touching, or failure ; as, to c/rar a hiulge or ditch. IV. Scott. To clear a ship at tJie eustmn-hotute, is to exhibit the documents retpiircd by law, give bonds, or i»rrform other acts requi-iitc, and procure a permission to sail, and such jkiik-ts as the law rtH^uirt^s. To clfMT the land. In scamen*s language, is to gain such a distaucf from shore, as to have open sea room, and he out of danger from the land. 'I'o dear the hold, is to empty or unload a ship. To dear a ship for adion, or to dear fur action, is to I -- TONE, BJ/LL, IINITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOOS. — C a« K; as J; « as Z; CH as SHj TU an in THIS. ————— 27 r CLE remove all en c 11 in brine ea from the decks, and pre- pare for an en^-igt'iuoiiL €L£AR, r. u To become free from clouds or fog; to become fair ; ofleo followed by up, p^, or aieay ; as, Ibe !itk>- dearj ; the woatlicr clears up ,- it clears aicay ; it clears nfj. 2. To be disenitaged from encumbmnces, distress, * or eulanglf menls ; to become free or disengaged. Us tlau d*ara at onee will tvUjve. Akom. €LeAR'AOE, n. The removiug of any thing. [Lit- tle UAttJ,] CLfiAR'AXCE, H. A ccrtificnte llml a ship or vessel has bevu cUartd at the custom- house ; peruusstou to sail. €LftAR'ED» pp. or a. rorified ; f>red fmm foreign matter, or fn>m encurabrnnce ; miule mniiif'^sl ; made luminous; clt^an^d; liberated; acquiUod; diaca- gafrd. ei>£AK'GR, a. That which clears, purifies, or en- lichiens ; that which bnjrhtens. jSddi^H. €LEAR'I\G, ppr. Purifying;; rerao\-iDg foul matter, encumbrances, or obstniriions : making evid^'nt, or luminous; clettnsiiis; tibtmiing; di^iiiET'ieiii!! ; ac- quitting; making gain beyond all c^K^t^ and cliarsc^. CLftAR'liiG, m. A defence ; justilication ; viudica- tna. 3 CSPT. vii. 9. A ptaca or tract of Und cleared of wood for caUiviUioo ; c e^mmon use o/tAe WirrJ in J3:iterica. 3. The Kt of making cK-ar. CLEAR'ING-HOrSE, n. A |»lace in Umdon, where bankers meet daily, to exchange dratts and settle bahincefi. JTCmJUdL CLfiAS'LT, «4r. Plainly ; evidjnlly ; fully ; as, the ftet is c/AtWy pruv«>d. , SL Without obstruction ; luniinoudy ; as, to obUto 3. With dear discernment; as, to understand eUartv. A. U'tthoiit entnnplement or eonftision. Baeon. 5. Plamly ; honestly ; candidly. t>p^ eltartif ftnJ iiii[wniUl7 vlih younptvn. IVtaUon. 6. Without reserve, evasion, or stibterf^ige. Davits. €L£AR'XESS, ■. Freedom from fiml or extraooous matter ; purity ; as, the cUariuss of wuter, or other liquor. S. Freedom from (d»stniction or encumbrance ; as, the cUamesa of the jpoun J. 3. Freedom from u>^ or clutidii -, openness ; as, the dmnvest of the akr. It gen'^rallyexpresMeai leas than krifttMas or MpUmdar. Er. x x i v. 4. DisCinctnesa ; pprsptrulty ; lumtDOQsness ; as, the ctosriuatf of reo-soa, &f views, uf ailments, of eiplaoatioiu. & Plainneaa, or plain dealing ; siocerfty ; htmesty ; farrn"-"* ■ ^^n.l..r, Baeom* ■ 11 imputation of 111. SSak. ~ : ping. €LeAR'-STARCH'ER, n. One who clear-stnrrhes. €LKAR'-STARCiri\G,p.r»r. Stiifening with sLirch, and then clearing by cinppin:; in the h:inj'«. 2. M. The act of siitT-iiin? with starch, and then clearing by clappins in iho hands. CLEAR'-STO-RY, n. In Qothlc architectitrc^:iT\ upper story, or row of wind^iwa in a church, tower, or other erection, rising dear above Uie adjoining parts of the building. Olofs. o/jirch, CLEAR'-ToN-in), a. Hnving a cl?ar sound. €LeAT, a. [tiu. the root of L. eluudc, Gr. xXtiOp'tv, the fartener.] 1. A narrow strip of wood nailed on in joinery. 3. A term applied to small wooden prujcctiond in tackle, to fasten ropes bv. €LEAV'A-BLE, m. That may cleave or he divided. €LEA V'AGE, n. The act of rleanng or splitting. 2. In Ruiera/«!▼ bonn dvCM to my sldn. — Ps. eu. l>rt my totirue ctasM lo ihe rwrf of ibt month. -^Ps. exxxtii. CtaMC u tlux which ■ good. — llom. xii. 2. To unite apUy ; lo fit ; lo sit well on. Shah. CLE 3. To unite or be united closely in interest or affec- tion i to adhere with strong attachment. A iimi) >biv][ I'-AT^ txtliT ui(t motbor, and cJfOM tu hU wUe. — tk-n. ii. Mutt. xix. CitoM \o JvhoithjxratQnA.^-JaA. xxUt. d-EAV'E, V. L; pret. Clkft ; pp. Clsft or Cleateo. The old prtH.( ct cc, is obsolete ; dace is ubsoK-scent. 'i'he old partiei|ile^ dooen, is obsolescent, or ratlit-r used as an ndjertive. [Sax. deqfian^ or f/<^a?i ; D. UiHtcen ; O. klicbcn; Sw, kli(ftm; Dan. klUter: tinnn. topatfu; Gr. X'irw. This woni seems to be connected Willi the I., tiber, free, and bark, book, UberOjlo free, Fr. iirrer, whence liilipcr.] 1. To jKirt or divide by force ; to fplit or rive ; to oprn or sever the cohering iiarts of alHMly,by cutting, or by thir aptUieatum of I'urce ; as, to cUavc wood j to cUacs a rock ; to dtiave tho llood. Ps, Ixxiv. Milton. Drifilen. S. To part or open naturally. Evrr boat liuX cUavtth ibo deft into two dnwa. — OeuL xir. GLE.WE, », i. To part ; to op<'n ; lo crack ; lo sep- arate, OS parts of cohering bodies; as, llie ground draces by froi^t. I'he Motiitt of Olires shAll c'com in Um mkUt Uiercof. — Zcch. XIT. GI.RA V'KD, pp. Fplit ; rived ; divided. GLEAVE'LA-ND-ITE, n. ffn»m Professor Cleaveland.) A minenil, generally of a white or grayish-white color, sometimes blue, or bluibli, or reddish ; called also silicioits feUipar^ or albite. PkiUips. CLEAVER, n. One who cleaves; that which cleaves; a butcher's instniment for cutting nnimal bodies inio joints or pieces. jirbu/hnoU CI'EAV'IN'G, ppr. Sticking; adhering; uniting to. AI«o, itplitting ; dividing; riving. GI.E.W'IN'G, B. The forcible separation of a Iwdy into pnrts, p:uticularly of wood in the direction of its fiber?. CLECHE, a. In lertiWrtf, a kind of cross, charged will) another cross of tlie same figure, but of tlie roltir of the field. Enctic. CLEDOE, n. Among tniners^ the upper stratum of fuIliT'M earth. GLEDG'Y, a. An epithet applied to stubborn, tena- ciiriKi soils, or those mixed with clay. HolUrmav. GLEF, n. [Fr. drf: L. c/*xri.«, a key, the fastiner.J A charartiT in mu--«ic iilaced at ihe beginning of a rtaff, to determine the degree of elevation occupied by that staff in the general chiviary or system, and to pidnt out the names of all Uie notes which it con- L*iin4 in the line i>f thnt clef. Rtiusseaa. CLEFT, pp. ortf. from Clkave. Divided ; split ; parted a'vunder. Milton. CLEFT, n. A space or opening made by splitting ; a crack ; 4 creiice ; oa, the deft of a rock. Is. ii. 'Jl. Addison. 3. A disease in horses ; a crack on the bought of th« pastern. Fat^ier'^s Diet. 3. \ piece made hy splitting ; as, a deft of wood. [This Word is sometimes written Clikt.J GLEFT'-FlpQT-ED, a. Having a cloven ft. GLEFT'-GRA KT, B. (. [cU\ft and ^rrafu] To ingraft bv cleaving the stock and inserting a cion. Mortimer. GL*EFT'-GRAFT-L\G, n. .\ mode of gnirting, in which the cion is inserted in a clcfl made in ttie st»>ck. Brande. GLEG, ». The horsefly ; Dan. kUg. CLEM, V. U [G. klemmen.) Xo starve. [JV*«i in ttse.] Jonson. GLE.M'A-TIS, a. The virgin*s bower, a climbing plant : so called from its clemata, or tendrils. GLEM'EX-CY, n, [L. dnnenlia^ from cUmcTts, mild, smooth ; whence Fr. dcmnicf; It. dcmcnza^ Sp. de~ weHcia; W. Uiin, smooth ; Het>. Qn*? to be soft, mild, gentle.] 1. Mildness ; softness ; as, the demency of the air. Drijden. 2. Mildness of temper ; gentleness or lenity of dis- position ; disposition to treat with favor and kindness. ) jir.iv tivx thai ihou wouUlcat hear ui of thy eieinency a few vrordA. — Act* xxiv. 3. Mercy ;di8poaition to treat with lenity, to fnreive, or to spare, as offenders; tenderness in p'lnishing ; opposed to severity, harshness, or rigor. Addison. A. Sof\ne!»s in resptrct to the elements ; as, the rlemency of the season. Drydcn. ei-EM'E.\T, a. Mild in temper and disposition ; gf-ntle ; lenient ; merciful ; kind; tender; eonijKis- siunate. GLE.M'E.VT-IXE, a. Pertaining to St. Clement, or to his compilations ; or to the constitutions of Clement the Fif^.h. GLEM'E.NT-LY, ode. With mildness of tr-mper; mercifnitv. 7'aijhr. CLENCH.' SeeCLi!icH. GLF.PE, p. (. or i. [Sax. drpan^ deopany chjpan^ to cry out; W. c/epjaw, to clack.J To ciill, or name. [ Obs.] Shak. For yclrpfd, see YcLEhEo. CLEP-SA.M'.MI-A, Tu [Gr. AAcnroi, to hide, to steal, and apfi'?, sand.] An in5triiment for measuring time by sand, like an hour-glass. Brown. CLE €IXP'SY-DR A, n. [L., from Gr. K-XciPuSpa ; ^Atn-rw, to steal, to hide, and ni^ -/a, water.] 1. A timepiece used hy the Greeks and Romans, which nif-asured time by Ihe discharge of a certain f]unntity of water. Also, a fountain in Greece. •3. A chfmiral vessel. CLERE'-STO-RY. Sec CLEAB-STOnr. CLKK'GI-CAL, a. Pertaining to the clergy. [JW( «.■.'•(/,■]_ [?ee Clerical.] Milton. GLICI!'G% , H. [Ft. derjji; Noniu derkua^ clereiy e*.Tgy, or clerks, and clerjriet literature ; Arm. dorr, the plural o( donreai, a clerk ; Corn, cloireir; Ir. cleirj clergy, and cleirrioch, a clerk or clergyman ; L. clcrus, dericusy which would setnf to be from the Gr. KSnoi'ij lot or piilly to hb clergy nft-r m Ixforo cuiivic[k>ii. DiackMlone. Ben^t of clergy; in English lam, originally, the exeniplitm of the persons of clergymen from criminal process before a secular judge ; a privilege which was extended to nil who could read, such persona lieitig, in tlie eye of tlie law, derici, or clerks. But iliis privilege has been abridgi-d and modified by various statutes. See Ulacksione, b. 4, ch. 28. lu the ITnited States, no bi'nefit of clergy exists. CLEK'OY-A-BLE, a. Euiitkd to or admitting the btncljl of clergy ; as, a clergyable felony. Blackstone. CLEK GV-.MA>\, n. A man in holy orders; a man regularly authorized to preacli the gospel, and ad- minister its ordinances, according lo the forms and riihs of any particular denomination of Christians. In En;zlaiid', none but ministers of the Established CImrch bi^ar tlie name of dergijinen. CLEK'IC, w. A clerk or clcrgjiiian. Horsley. CLEinC-AL, a. [L. dericiui i Gr. K)'man, or ecclesiastic ; a man in holy ord'Ts. Clerk is still, in England, the legal appt-Ha- tion of a clergjrnan. Aylijfe. S. A man that can read. Every one tlwl could reaJ — bring accounted ft cter!:. B'ackttoru. 3. A man of letters ; a scholar. Sidney. South. I'he foregoing sigiiitittations are found in the Eng- lish liiws, and histories of the church ; as, in the rude ages of the church, learning was chiedy confined to the clergy. In modern usage, 4. A writer ; one who is employed in the use of the pen, in an ollice, public or private, for keeping rec<»rds and accounts ; as, the clerk of a court. In some cases, derk is synonymous with secretary; but not always. A clerk is always an oHicer sulHirdinate to a higher officer, bo:ird, corporation, dr person ; whereas, a secreLary may be either a subordiuate officer, or the head of an office or department. 5. An assistant in a shop or store, who sells goods, keeps accounts, fcc, 6. A layman who is the reader of responses in church service. Johnson. GLERK'-ALE, «. [dcrk and ale.] In England, the ft^iisl of the [larissh clerk. Warton. CLERK'LESS, a. Ignonint ; unlearned. Waterkousc CLEIIK'LIKK, a. Like a clerk ; learned. Shak. CLERK'LY, a. Scholar-like. Cranmrr. CLERK'LY, adv. In a K-arncd manner. Gasroitrne. CLERK'SIIIP, n. A state of being in holy orders. BlacL-'tone, 2. Scholarship. Johnson. 3. The office or business of a clerk or writer. Swift. CLEU'O-MAX-CY, n. [Gr. /fA/joof, lot, and pavrcta, divination^] A diviii'tlion by throwing dice or tittle bones, and ohs'-rving the points or marks turned up. Bailey. CLER'-Sl O-RY. See Clear-vStort, CLf.VE, \ in the composition of names, denote a CLIK, > 'place situated on or near a cMft', (m the GLTVE, ) side of a hill, rock, or precipice ; as, Cleacdand, Clifton. GLEV'ER, o. [I know not the radical letters of this word. If the elements are db, or lb, tile aflinitics FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MeTE, PRBV. — PWE, MARINE, BtRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.- 2T2 ~ ' CLI may be Russ. lotkie, convenient, (isxtrous, ulocka^ deAlerity, craft, loi'ltfu^ to lake or sci/.e. as if allied to Gothic Ivfa, Ir. lamb, \V. IJaw, tiie hand. In Ir. lub is a thong or loop, n plait or fuUl, and craft, cun- ning ; lubachf sty, crafty ; lubanij to bund. In Eth. mtr _ /aftinpi, signifies iniienioTis, ready, skillful, and the verb, to understand, or be skillful. If v, in rXi-vcr^ is from g, as in many other words, the affinities may be Sax. gleaw, fcnowinp, skillful, iiidustrious, wise, which is the G. klun, D. idoekj Dan. klog^ Sw. kluk. Let Uie reader judge.] 1. Dextrous; adroit in u»ine tools or other means of accomplishing an end with address and skill ; as, a clecer artisan, or clecer chambf^rniaid. 2. Expert; ingenious, handling all subjects, requir- ing intelligence and ability, with skill, dexterity, and success ; as, a ctecer reviewer, a clever dfbatiT. It does not, however, di-Mu.te the highest order of talent, much less creative genius. 3. Executed or performed with adroitness and dexterity ; as, a clever review, a clever sitct-ch, or clecer device or trick. J/MO^otu 4. In J^'eiD England^ good -nnlu red, posst?ssing an agreeable mind or disposition. In Grrnt Britain, this word is applied to the body or the hitt-llect, in respect to adroitness of action ; in j^merica, it is a|>- plicd chieHy to the temper or dispositiiiii. In Orent Britain, a clecer man is a dextnins man, one who performs an act with skill or address. In A>u? England, acleper man is a man ofa pleasing, obliging disp«>sition, and amiable manners, but often iuipty- inga moderate sliare of talents. Fitness, suitable- n -ss, gives Itoih senses analogically ; the former* nppliKd to the boily or intellect ;■ tlie latter, lo the dis- position, or its tpialities. In some of the United State-.*, this word is applied, as in England, to the intellect, denoting ingLtiious, knowing, discerning. eLEVER-LYjOiiio. Fitly; dextrously; handsomely. Butlvr, €L.EV'ER-XESS, n. Dexterity; adroitness-, skill. JuhiL^on. 3. Mildness or agreeahleness of disposition : oblig- inL'ness; goodnature. JVew EiigUud. All irtn bent to the form of an ox-bow, with tlie two t:nils perforated to receive a pin, u.'^ed on the end of a cart-neap, to hold the cJiain of thi; f irward iiori^e or oxen ; or a draft iron on a plow. [Loail in Efiifland.] J^cie Enffland. €LE\V, (kill,) n. [Sax. cleotp, eliice: D. ktuwen : O. klobfn; Ij. globus. The word signlHes a ball or a lump. In Welsh, clob is a knob or hoss ; clmfm is a cl;^b or knob ; cUip js a lump; all from roots in W ; llob, a lump, a lubber.] 1. A ball of tliread. Sjtsnser. 3. The thread Umt forms a ball ; the thread that is used to guide a person in a labyrinth. Hence, any thing thai guides or directs one in an intricate case. tFattjf. 3. Th" lower corner of a square-sail, and the aft- niost rurner of a stay-sail. Mar. DicL CLEW, (klu,) r. r. in *«iman.*Aip, to tniss up to the yard, by means of clew-gnmels or clew-lmes, in '2. To dirert. [order to furling. CLllW'ED, (klide.) pp. Trussed up, as sails. €i.EVV'-GXR'NETrf, n. pi. In marine laniniage, a sort of tackle, or rope and pulley, fa»tr-up-sail, top-g^lant and sprit-siiils. Mar, Diet. CLICK, r. (. [D. klikkrn ; Ft. eli^/ueter, to crack; eli- tfiteij a mill-clapper, tiee Clack, to the ro«»l of which this word belongs.] /.iterallij, to strike. Hence, I'o make a small, shirp noise, or rather a sucres- Bion of small, sharp soundi^, as by a gentle strilctng. Tl»e •olsmn dKUh-waich eliekfd. Ony, CLICK, n. In aeamm^s lanffruitre, a pall, or small piece of iron, falling into a notched or raiihet wheel, atiiiched to the winches in cutters, &lc. Mar. Diit. CLICK, n. A small, sharp sound. •2. The latch of a door. [Local.'] CLICK'ER, n. '1 he servant of a salesman, who stands at lite dour to invite customers. {A loio word, and not UAfd in the United Slatf-.t.] CLICK'ET, n. The knocker of a door. [J^ot used in tfui United States.] CLICK'ING,;;pr. or a. Making small, sharp noises. CLICK'ING, ». A small, sharp noise. CLIENT,*. [Ft. client; lUclientr; Sp. trf. ; L. r/i«M.l 1. Among the Romans,- a cili/^n \vh3d year is called the grand climacteric It h;is been supiKwe'd that these pt-ricds are attended with some remarkable change in respect to health, life, or ftirtrine. Bruwn. Dri/iten. Pope. CLl-MA-TARClI'ICja. [Gr aA>tpa ; whence L. climai It. and t^pan. cliinai Fr. climaL Uu. from Gr. hXtviOyto lean or incline, or the root of climax.] 1. In geography, a part of the surface of the earth bounded by two circles parallel to the equator, and of such a breadth that the longest day in the parallel neare.^t the |h)le is half an hour longer than that near- est the equator. The beginning of a climate is a pantltel circle^ in which the longest day is half an hour shorter than that at the end. The climates be-gin at the equator, wlk;re the day is twelve hours long; and, at the end of the first climate, the longest day is twelve and a half hours long; and this in- crease of half an hour cimstitutes a climate, to the polar circles ; frtmi which climates are measured by the increase of a month. Johnson. Enctjc, 2. The condition ofa place in relation to the various phenomena of the atmosphere, as tcm[>erature, mois- ture, &.C. 'i'hus wu say, a warm or cold climate; a moist or dry dimatt ; a favorable climate ; a genial climate, CLT'MATE, V, L To dwell ; to reside in a particfilar region. Shak. liitt of SU Domingo. [Little mtrd, and hardly legitimate.] CLI-MAT'IC, t a. IVrtaintng to a climate or cli- CLI-MAT'IC-AL, \ mates; limited by a climate. CLI MA-TIC'I-TV, n. The property of cliniatizing. CLI'MA-TIZE, e. f. To accustom to a new climate, as a plant. CLI'MA-TTZK, r. i. To become accustomed to a new climate ; a", iilantii will climatize in foreign countries. CLI'MA-TTZ-/JD, pp. Accustomed lo a new climate. CLl-MA-TOL'O-GV, n. [Gr. «X£,I climbed up into a lycamore-tr^e, — Luke 2. To mount or ascend with labor and difficulty, ShaJi. 3. To rise or ascend with a .slow motion. BI;ick v.ipora climb alufl. Drydtn. A. To mount or ascend by means of tendrils or ad- hesive fibers ; applied to plants, CLIMB, (klim,) v. L To ascend by means of the hands and feet, implying labor, ditnculty, and slow progniss ; as, to climb a wall or a steep mountain. Prior, 2. To mount or ascend, with labor or a slow mo- lion ; as, to climb the ascents of fame. Prior. 3. To mount or ascend by means of tendrils or ad- hesive fibers ; applied to plants. CLIMli'.VBLE, (kllm'a-bl,) a. That may be climbed. Shencood. CIJMB'En, (kllnid,) pp. Ascended by the use of the hands and feel, or by tendrils; ascended with labor. CLIMlt'ER, (kllm'er,) 7t. One who climbs, mounts, or rises, by the hands and feel ; one who rises by la bor or eflTorl. 2. A plant that creeps and rises on some support. Mortimer, 3. One of an order of birds that climb, as the wood- pecker. They ha\e two toes before and two behind. CLtMlCEU, V, L [from climb, or a different orthogra- phy of clamber.] To tliinb ; to mount with efliirt. [JVotnsed.] Tusser. CTJMB'LNG, ppr. or a. Ascending hy the use of the hands and fuel, or by tendrils ; ascending with diffi- culty. CLI.MH'ING, fklim'ing,) n. The act of ascending. CLI.ME, w. [irom climate, or directly from Gr. and L. clima.] A climate ; a tract or region of the earth ; a poeti- cal word, but sometimes used in prose, [See Climate.] Whatever cUitu the buh'i bright cin;lc wamia. MiLlan, CLINCH, V, t, [D. kliuken, to clink or rivel; hlink, a latch, a rivet; Dan. A/infrc, a latch; Sw. klinkai Fr. clenche; allied to cling, link, \V. elided, a latch.] 1. To gripe with the hand ; to make fast liy bend- ing over, folding, or embracing closely. Thus, to eliiieh a nail, is to bend the point and drive it clovely. To clinch the hand or fiyt, is to contract the fingers closely into the palm of the hand. To clinch an in- strument, is to close the fingers and thumb round it, and hold U fast. 3. To fix or fiLslen ; to make firm ; as, to clinch an argument. CLINCH, R. A word used in a double meaning; a pun; an ambiguity; a duplicity of meaning, with identity of expression. Johnson. Here one poor won! « hiintlrei! elineke* mnlcfs. Pope. 2. A witty, ingenious reply. Bailey. 3. In seaittrn^i language, tlie part of a cable w hich is fastened to the ring of an anchor ; a kind of knot and sci/.iiigs, used to fasten a cable to the ring of an anchor, and the breeching of a gun lo the ring-bolls in a ship's siile. Mar. Did, CLINCir/:;i), (kliucht,);v Made fast by doubling or emhracing closely. CLINCII'ER, n. That which clinches; a cramp or piece of iron bent down to fasten any thing. Pope. 2. One who makes a fsmarl reply. Badcy. 3. Fi'rurativeln, (hat which makes fast. CLINt'll~KR-HriLT, ( / , :„ v | a. Made of clinchcr- CLINK'KR-HI.'ll/r, \ i-"'"'-' I work. CLINCH'UK-U'OKK, (-wurk,) n. In ship-building,tUe disposition of Ihe planks in the side ofa boat or ves- sel, when the lower edge of every plank overlays the next below it, like slates on the roof of a house. Mar. Diet CLINCH'ING, ppr. Making fast by doubling over or endimcing closely ; griping with the fist. CLING, V. i ; pret. and pp. Clumo. [Sax. cUn^an, to adhere and to wither ; Dan. klynger, lo grow in clus- ters ; khjnge, a heap or cluster. Sec the transitive verb below. J 1. To adhere closely; to stick to; to hold fast uptm, especially by winding round or embracing; as, the tendril of a vine clings lo its supjtort. Two Ixilx-^ of love close clinging lo her waisi, Popa. 3. To adhere closely ; to stick to, as a viscoiis sub- SLince. fViseman. 3. To adhere closely and firmly, in interest or af fection ; as, men of a |»arty cling to tlieir leader. CLING, V, U To dry up, or wither. Till tiuiiiiif ding i]ire. ^udt. In Saxon, dmgan is rendered lo fade or wither, marccseo, as well as In cling. In this sense is used TONE, BrLL, l^NITa— AN"GER, VI"C10US € aa K; d^f J; B a« Z; CH as 8H ; TH as in THIS. 213 CLI fordinffim, jt^ fttrduKgnu The mdirnl ften^te, then, appears to b«, to contract or draw tofrcther; and tiry- iue, witheriiifft is exBresaed by shrinking. [7**^ Utttrr use of tkr word is ob.-.spiuUs. A tUnu-al convQTt M a convert on his deiith-bed. Anriently, persons receiving bapti&m on their deaUi-beds wire called elitUcM. C»tt, Rncfc Tttiflor. CLIN'IC, It. One confined to the bed by sirkne^. CLIN't(^-AI*-I>V, Wp. In a clinical umincrj by the bedside. CLINK, aw t {Sw. kimf; Dan. JUiavcr, tdinker: D. Idkukok; G. kltmgmu This aeenia to be a dialrrtical otthographjr of cZaa^, efoaJk, L. danffo : and, if ■ is not radical, they coincide with clacly eluJcy with tlie radical aenae, to strike.] To ring or jin^ ; to utter or make a small, sharp aound, or a Mocession of such aotinds u by i«triking amaU p***ff>*^ or other sonorous bodies together. /Vier. Gay. CLINK, «. A sharp aound, made by the collision of mall sonorous bodies, c^prnser, according tu John- son, uses the word for a knocker. CLINK'ER, a. Vitreous matter which collects in Air- naces where atone coal is used. 3. A very bard kind of brick. €?LTNK'ING, pfr. Making a small, sharp aound, or flucceaaion or aounda. CLINK'STCXE, a. [diMk and sdms, Inm lu aono- rousness. See Photcoutk.] A mineral which has a slaty structure, and to |^n- erally divisible inio tabular masses, uaually thick, sometimes thin like lh<>^ of annUile. The cmxs fracture is commonly !^i>lintery. Its colors are dark pcenish-gray, yellowish, bluish, or ash-gray ; and it IS usually translucent at tbs edgw,SDOietiinea opaque. It occurs in extensive masses, often coopoemmI of co- lumnar or tabular distinct concretions, more or leas ngnlar. It Is uaually found among secondary rocks ; sometimes resting on basalt, and covered t^ green- stone. ClftntUnd. CLI-NOM'E-TER.m. [Gr. kXicw, to lean, and ^tr^oy^ mt-asure,] An instrument for measuring the dip of mineral siratL Urt, CLIN OMET'Rie-AL, a. Performed by a clinom- eter. eUXOTJANT, (klink'ant,) n. [Fr.] Tinsel ; false glitter. CU.VU'UA.VT, (klink'ant,) a. [Fr.] Glittering ; dressed in tinsel finery. [AW Engtuk.^ Shak. €LI''0, a. [Gr. cXfibk] In Mytaoto^, the muse who presided over history. CLIP, V. L [Sax. tlifpajk; Dan. kUpprrz Sw. klippa. The sense seems to be, to strike, to cut off by a sud- de-n stroke. The DaniiiLfon. 4. To confine ; to hug j to embrace. [IMtU used.] Shak, To dip t«, is a vulgar phrase, in A^nr EiigUtneL, for to nin with speed, and w.a8 so used in falconry. So cut is used -, cut OIL, run fast. This seems to be the meaning of Dfyden : — Some bkon Moopa ■! wh« brr e^v dnMinw^ And, vkh her eaf-nma (br q^ntrj ivuat\ flum i nta Ots U wck, uul ebpa U Aawn the wind. This sense would e^m to he allied to that of trap. CLIP, II. A blow or !?troke with tJie hand j as, he hit him a dip. r_Vfw EarlaatL] 3. An embrace ; that is, a throwing the arms round. Sidiuy. 3. A sheep-shearing. 4. The product of sheep-*hearing; as, there will be a large dip this year. Fi/rby. This is retained in New (England. €LIP'P£D, I pp. or o. Cut off; cut short; curtailed; CLIPT, ) diminished by paring. CLO CLIP'PER, n. One who clips; especially one who cuts olF tlie edge's of coin. .^ddisoiu 2. A vessel built fur fa^t sailing. €L1P'PI.NG, pfir. Cutting off or shorteninp with shears or scissors; diminisliing coin by paring off the eiljiea ; curtailing. CLIP'PIXi!, n. The act of cutting off, curtailing, or diminiNhing. i Tlint which is clipped off; a piece sepaniled by clipping. Ludit:. CZ./Qi/*;(kleek,)«, [Fr.] A narrow circle of per- s*»ns ; a party ; ti^ed commonly in a bad sense, CLIVERS, a. A plant, ihe Galium aparine ; called also frot-gTas3, or kairiff. It has a stjuare, rou^h, jointed stem ; Ihe joints hair>' at the base, witli eliiht ur len narrow leavt^ at each joint. Khcijc CI.IV"I-TY, II. Inclination ; ascent or de^^cent. CLfiAK, ( H. [Sa.x. Luh; D. lakeiL In Chaucer, lake CLOKE, y is cloth.] 1. A loose outer garment worn over other clothes, both by men and women. '2. A cover; that which conceals; a dbguise or pr:-t-LV, adv. In a concealed manner. CLOAK'ING, ppr. Covering wilJi a cloak; hiding under an external covering;. CLO'CHARD, n. [from c/«cA, Fr. dochc] A belfry. [J^ot used.] Wcrver. CLOCK, n. [Sax. du»}ra, diie^ffa ; D. klok ; G. khdce ; Ihin. ktokk$ ; Sw. klonka; Fr. doc-he: Arm. c^>cA, or deck ; Ir. do^; W. dGc ; properly, a bell, and named from its sound, from striking. It coincides in origin with dadc and duck, L. glucioy Ch. >hi. Class Lg, No. 27. See Cli'ck.J 1. A machine consisting of wheels moved by weights, so constructed, that by a uniform vibration of a pendulum, it measures time, and its divisions, hours, minutes, and seconds, with great exactness. It indicates the hour by the stroke of a small Imm- mer on a bell. The phrases, what e^dock is it! it U nine oUlodi^ seem to be contracted from vkat qf Lba dt^ 1 it is nuM of tk* dodu 3. A figure or figured work in the ankle or side of a stocking. Swift, CLOCK, r.t. To call. [Sec CtrcK.] CLOCK'-MAK-ER, a. An artificer whose occupation is to make clocks. CLOCK'-SET-TER, a. One who regulates Uie clock. f-\'ul usfd.] Skalc. CLOCK'-U'ORK, n. The machinery and movements of a clock ; or tJial part of the movement which strikes the hours on a bell, in distinction from that pint which measures and exhibits the time on the face or di:d-plate, which is called watck-work. Kncyc. 2. Well-adjusted work, with regular movement. CLOD, n. [D. kluiu a clod; G. klots ; Dan. klods ; Sw. kUn^ a log, stock, or stump ; Dan. klode ; D. kloot. a ball ; G. loth, a ball ; D. U/od, lead, a bull ; Sw. ann Dan. lod, id. ; VV. duder, a heap. Clod and dot seem to be radically one word, signifying a ni'iss or lump, from collecting or brin^int* together, or from condens- ing, setting, fixing. In Sax. dud, a rock or hill, may be from the same root. See Chiss Ld, No. 8, 9, 10, 16, 26, 3.% 3R, 40. Ciu. Gr. kXujOm, to form a ball. \ 1. A luird lump of earth of any kind ; a mass of earth cohering. Bacon. Drydeii. 2. A lump or mass of metal. iLitUeused.] MiUon. 3. Turf; the eround. SwifU A. That which is earthy, base, and vile, as the body of man compared to his soul. Milton. BitrncU 5. A dull, gross, stupid fellow ; a dolt. Dryden. 6. Any thing concreted. Carew> CLOD, B. u To culled into concretions, or a thick mass; to coagulate ; as, dodded, gore. JUiUon. [Sec Clot, which is more generally used.] CLOD. r. L To pelt with clods. CLOD'DY, o. Consisting of clods ; abounding with clods. 9. Earthy : mean ; gross. Shak. CLOD'HOP-PER, n. A clown ; a dolt. CLODTaTE, iu A stupid fellow; a dolt; a thick- skull. eLOD'P;'lT-ED, a. Stupid ; dull ; doltish. JirhuthnoL CLOD'POLL, a. A stupid fellow; a dolt; a l»lock- head. Skak. CLOG, tj. U [W. de ih^r. Boelyn. 2. To form an accretion ; to be loaded or encum- bered with extraneous mutter. The l^cth or Oie «.nw will begin to clog. Shirp. CLOG, n. Any thing put upon an animal to hinder motion, or leaping, as a piece of wood fastened to his leg. 2. An encumbrance ; that which hinders motion, or renders it ditficult ; lunderance ; im|iediincht. SlAVcrr is ih* pirat*^ clog to rprciilation. Siei/l. 3. [Uu. Fr. daque; ^{t. and Port, gahcka; Ann. galoig.] A term applied to overshoes with thick soles of leather or wood for wci weather, 4. A wooden shoe. [Provincial in England.] CLOG'GKD, (klogd,) pp. or a. Wearing a clog; shackled ; obstructed ; loaded With encuiiihnmco. CLOG'GI-NEPS, n. The state of being clogced. CLOG'GING, ppr. Putting on a clog; loading with encumbrance; obstructing; impeding. CLOG'GV, a. That clogs, or has power to clog; ► thick ; gross. CLOItf'TER, n, [Fr. clottre. ; Rax. c/ait-Tfr, or chmter; Arm. damtr, or cloestr; Sp. dn astro ; It. dniistro, or diiostro } I), khostrr; G. klatder ; Dan. and ^w. klu.t- trr; \V. daws, chcys; Ir. daJth.ttur ; L. daustrum, frcun daujnijt, pp. of daudo. See Eiig. Close.] 1. Literally., a close ; a close or inclos«;d place. A monastery or nunnery; a house inhabited by m(mkH or nuns. 3. In architeelurej an arcade or colonnade around an oiM'H court. .1. In a more limitrd sens-e, the principal part of a reffular monastery, consisting of a square, erected between Ihe church, the chapter-house, and the refectory, and over which is the dormitory. Tlie prop the Uml'itn of Ute •»ng. Dryden. 4. The manner of shutting. Tite iloore of plaiik were ; their cloee ezquialtc. Outpman, 5. A grapple in wrestling. Bacon. CLOSE, a. Shut fast ; tight ; made fast, so a^ to have no opening ; as, a dose IxtX ; a close vizard. 2. Having parts firmly united; comi>act ; dense; applied to solid substances of any kind ; as, the c/o»e teiture of wood or metal. \i. Having parts firmly adhering; viscous; tena- cious ; as oil, or glue. IFilkins. 4. Confined ; stagnant; fvithout ventilation or mo- tion ; as, dose air. 5. Confined ; retired. WMle Dand UrjA hiiiucir cJo#«. — 1 Chron. xiL 6. Hid ; private ; secret ; as, to keep a purpose dose. A*um. V. Luke it. 7. Confined within narrow limits ; narrow; as, a d0»e alley. 8. Near ; within a small distance ; as, a dose fight or action. 9. Jfiined ; in contact, or nearly so ; crowded ; as, to sit do»e, in. Ctmipressed, as thoughts or words ; bence, brief ; concise ; oppOMcd to loose or diffuse. Whf-f thp oHsrItttil it doee, imj vereion can reach It tn Uie mme eompu*. Dtyden. U. Very near, in place or time ; adjoining, or near- ly BO. I wcw hifn eont* efo»9 lo th« ram. — I>»n. *lii. Thpy Btitecl clow by Cn-ir. — Aci» itvii. SoOH Uire nikfonuiie blluwt close Url^iid. Pope. 12. Having the quality of keeping secrets, ihonghtt, or d«rjtipns; cautious; as, a dose minister. Hence, In frientl^hip, trusty ; cxnfidential. Skak. 13. Having an appearance of concealment ; imply- ing art, cnifl, or wariness ; as, a dose aspect. Shak. 14. intent; fixed; att4:ntive ; pressing upon the object ; as, to give dose attention. Kerp jour mhhl or thoughta cloee to t>>e biuUicM at iiikjea. Lock*. 15. Fttll to the point ; home ; pressing ; as, a dose argument ; bring the argument doae to the question. DrydcH. 16. Pressing; earnest ; warm ; as, a dose debate. 17. Confined ; secluded from comnmnication ; as, a dose prisoner. 18. Covetous ; penurious ; not lilieml ; as, a dose man. 1ft. Applied to the weather or air, c//>»c, in poptilar langnaice, denot/>s warm and damp, cloudy or foggy, or warm and relaxing, ocrasionini; a sense of lassi- tude and depression. Terhaps, originally, confined air. 20. Ptrirtly adhering to the original ; as, a elose translation. 21. In heraldry^ drawn in a coat of arms with the wings clfise, anil in a standing posture. Bailey. CLO Close nrrntm : an election in which the votes for the dilferent randid.tles are nearly etpial. Close ruf/* : an eK-clion in which the number of votes fordiflerent p, a. Being in close order; closely tiniled. Milton. €LoSE'-B.XIl-Il£D, a. Made close by bars; firmly closed. €L0SE'-BOD-I-KD, (-bod-Id,) a. Fitting the body ex- artlv ; setting close, as a garment. ^yiiffe. €LoSE-eOM-.M0\'ION, n. The pmrtice, in some sects, of admitting none even to occasianjil commun- ion at the Lord's supper, except those who embrace the distinctive peculiarities of the sect. CUise Communion ; with Baptbts, cotnmunton in the Txtrd's supper with tln-ir own sect onlv. eLCt^E'-eO.M-PACT'ED, a. Being in compact order; com [Kic t. Addison. eLOSE'-eOR-PO-RA'TION, n. A body or corpora- tion which fills its own vacancies, and is not open- to the public. CLOSE'-COUCH-ED, (-koucht,) a. auite concealed. Mdlon. €LoSE'-eUR'TAI\-ED, a. Inclosed or surrounded with curtains. Miltoit. €LoSK'-FIST-ED, a. Covetous; niggardly. Berkelnj. eLdSE'-HA\D-Er>, a. Covetous; penurious. JIale. €LoSE'-HA\D'E[>-NESS,n. Covetousness. flohjtUnj. eLoSE'-HAUL-£l), a. In seamanshipy having the tacks or lower comers of the sails drawn close to the side In windward, and the sheets hauled close aft, in sailing near the wind, L e., near that [Hiint from which the wind blows. Knctjc. CLOSK'-PENT, n. Shut close. Dryden. CI-oSE'-UU.\R'TER», 71. pi Strong barriers of wood used in a ship for defense when the ship is boarded. Hence, to come to close quarters^ is to come into direct contact with an enemy. Mar. Diet, CI.O.SE'-.SHt'T, a. Shut closely. CLoSK'-MTOOL, n. A chamber utensil for the con- vtMiience of the sick and infirm. €Lo5E'-T0\GU-A'D, (tungd,) a. Keeping silence ; cautious in speaking. ShtJt. CLoS'KH, pp. or a. Shut; made fast; ended; con- cluded. GL6SE'LY, a/h. In a close, compact manner ; with the (Kirts united, or pressed together, so as to leave no vertt ; as, a crucible doaely luted. 2. Nearly ; with little space intervening ; applied to space or time t as, to follow closely at one's heels ; one event follows closely upon another. 3. Intently ; attentively j witti the mind or thoughts fixed; with near inspection; as, to look or attend dosdy. 4. Secretly; slily. [AIjI much used.] Carew. 5. With near atlection, attachment, or interest; in- timately ; as, men dosdy connected in friendship ; nations dosdy allied by treaty. 6. Strictly ; within close limits ; without commu- nication abroad ; as, a prisoner dosdy confined. 7. With strict atlherenco to tlia original ; as, to tianrilale closely. eLCeE'NES8, ft. The state of being shut, pressed to- gether, or united. Hence, according to the nature of the thing to which the word is applied, 2. Compitctness ; solidity ; as, the closeness of text- ure in w(K)d or fiwsils. Bacon. 3. Narrowness ; simitness, as of a place. 4. Tightness, in building, or in apartments; firm- ness of texture, in cloth, &.c. 5. Waul of ventilation ; applied to a close room, or to the air ronfiiied in it. Satijl, 6. Confinement or retirement of a person ; recluse- ness ; solitude. Shak. 7. Reserve in intercourse ; secrecy ; privacy ; cau- tion. Bacon. 6. Covetousness ; penuriousness. Addison, Q. Connection; near union; intimacy, whether of friendship or of interest ; as, the doscness of friend- ship, or of alliance. 10. Pressure ; urgency ; variously applied ; as, the doaenesa of an argument, or of debate ; the closeness of a question or inipiiry. 1 1. Adherence tu an original ; as, the closeness of a V|jsi).n. t'*^*'*'^' CLoS'ER, n. A finisher; one that concludes or fin- 2. A piece of brick used to close a course of brick- GLOS'flK, a. f comp. «if Close. More close. [work. CLo.S'EST, a,; suprrl. of Close. Most close. CLOS'ET, TU A small room or apnrtuicnt for retire- ment ; any room for privacy. Wlwn thou pmjnt, enter hilo thy cloeirt. — Matt. »i. 2. 4in apartment for curiosities or valuable things. Dn/den. 3. A small, close apartment, or recess, in tiie side of a room, for re[x>siting utensils and furniture. GLOS'ET, c. U To shut up in a closet ; to conceal ; to lake intoa private aprtrtinent forcousultation. Syfi/L GLOS'E'l'-ED, pp. Shut up in a closet ; concealed. CLO CLOS'ET-IXt;, j>^. Shutting up in a private room; conrcaliue. t'LOS'ET-HLV, (kloz'et-sin.) n. Sin committed in privacy. Bp. UaU. CLOSIl, n. A disease in the feet of cattle, calb'd also the founder. Bailry. CL^^S'ING, ppr. Shutting ; coalescing ; agreeing ; end- ing. CLoS'IXG, a. That ends or concludes; as, a closing word or letter. CliOSS'IiXG, n. End; period; conclusion. CLOSi'UUE, (klo'zhur,) n. The act of shutting; a closing. Boyle. 2. That which closes, or shuts ; thai by which sep- arate parts are fastened or made to adhere. Pope. 3. Inclosure; that which confines. Shak. 4. Conclusion. Shak. CLOT, rt. [See Clod.] A concretion, particularly of soft or lluid matter, which concretes into a mass or lump ; a^, a dot of blood. Clod and dot appear to be radically the same word ; but we usually apply eJod to a hard mass of earth, and dot to a mass of softer substances, or fluids concerted. CLOT, V. i. To concrete ; to coagulate, as soft or fluid matter, into a thick, inspissated mass ; as, milk or blood clots. 2. To form into clots or clods ; to adhere ; as, dot- ted glebe. Philips. CLOT'-BTRD, n. The common CEnanlhe or English CLOT'-BUR, «. [G. klr.ttf.] Burdock. [ortolan. CLOTH, (kloth or klawth,) n, [Sa\. dath; D. klecd, cloth, and klcednn, to clothe; G. hleid^ kldden ; Sw. kidde, klada; Dan. kla:de^ kUrder. The plural is regu- lar. Cloths ; but when it signifies g:irments, it is writ- ten Clothch.] L A nianulactiire or stuff of wool or hair, or of cotton, riax, hemp, or other vegetable filaments, formi-d by weaving or intertexture of threads, and used ftir garments or other covering, and ft»r various other purjwses ; as, woolen doVi^ linen doVi, cotton cloih^ hair cUtth. But cloth is oHeu used for a fabric of wool. In con- tradistinction to that made of other material. 2. The covering of a table ; usually called a table- doth. Pope. 3. The canvas on which pictures are drawn. [Mut used.] Di-yden. 4. A texttire or covering put to a particular use ; as, a cloth of state. Haytoard, 5. Dress; raiment. [See Clothes.] I'll ike'er dutruat my Uol fur cloA aiit] tircitd. Qiutrlaa. 6. The covering of a bed. [-Vuf u^ed.} Prior. 7. The doth, is familiarly used for the clerical profes- Bion or clergy ; so we say, a person of your doth. Smaj^. CLo'i'lIE, V. t. ; preL and pp. Clothed or Ulad. [dee Cloth.] 1. To put on gannt-nts ; to invest the body with raiment; to cover with dress, for concealing naked- ness and defending the body from cold or injuries. Th? I-oni God milk- cosu uf skin nnil clothed them. — Gon. iU. 2. To cover with something ornamental. Embroidercil purple clotliee the (jolileri beda. Pope. But dotlte, without the aid of other words, seldom signifies to adorn. In this example from Pope, it sig- nifies merely to'cover. 3. To furnish with raiment ; to provide with clothes ; as, a master is to feed ami dothe bis apprentice. 4. To put on ; to invi>t ; to cover, as with a gar- ment ; as, to doLie thoughts with words. I will dothe Iht prifsta wiih Kdvaiion. — P». cxxt!!. I)riiw5iiicss hUjII c/w/Ae ii iiiiiii witli r.iK*. — Piov. xxiii. Ijet tlieiu tjc clothed witli slmMie. —Ph. xxxv, 5. To invest ; to surround ; to encompass. The I.on1 w dolhed with mn)"«ty. — P». xcKi. Thoii art dotlied wiih honor ivnd ma}e«ty. — Pa. dr. 6. To invest ; to give to by commission ; ns, to clothe with i»ower or nuthority. 7. To cover or spread over ; as, the earth is clothed CLOTHE, V. i. To wear clothes. [with verdure. C«re no more to chlhe tiiid ent. Shai, CLOTH'i^D, pp. Covered with garments ; dressed ; invf^ted ; furnished with clothing. ei.OTUKS, ^kimhz or kloze,) n. ; pi. of Cloth. Cover- ing fur the human body ; dress; vestments ; vesture ; a general term for whatever covering is worn, or mi^e to be worn, for decency or comfort. ir i mny tuudi but liU dotltei I ■ball be )vbcile. -' Mark v. Q. Thi' covering of a bed ; bed-clothes. Prior. CLGTHES'-BASK-ET, 7i. A large basket for holding or carrying clothes. CLOTIlES'-RKCSIl, n. A brush for removing dust, &,c., from cinlhs. Booth. eL5THE.H5'-LINK, n. A line on which clothes are hung out to dry. CLOTIl'l Ell, (kliiih'yer,) n. In English authors, a man who makes cloths ; a maker of cloth. JohtLion. [fn tliis sense, t brlieve, it is nut used in Vie United States; certainly not in JVno Enirland.} 2. In America^ a man wbuwe occupation is to full and dress cloth. ei-5TH'ING, p^. ora. Covering with or putting on TONE, BULL, tINlTE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOU8 € as K ; d as J; ■ as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. CLO vestDienis of any kitiJ ; providing with garments } inveMing ; ctwcring. CLOTH'ING, n. Ganndnts in general ; clothes ; tlress ; raiment ^ covering. Ab Sat me — mjr tioJUng wu mckcloth. — Pb. xxxv. 2. The ait or practice of making cloth. [ UttusuaL] Tbff king look mwimirw to Instruct Ibc n-fujec* from Fljuidt-ra iu ihe art of ei>»hing. Hat/. €LOTII'-?Hi%AR-EIt, ». One who shear* cloUi, and fret-s il from su(>erfluou3 nap, CLOTH' -WORKER, (-wurit-,) n, A maker of clolh. SaM. €LOT'P0LL, n. A ihickskull j a blockhead. [See CLODrOLL.] €LOT'TED, pp, or a. Concreted into a mass ; inspw- sated ; adhering in a lump. Clotted eraim. ; cream obtained by warming new mUk. €LO'i"'TER, V. L [from dot.] To concrete or gather into lumps. th-iftUn, €LOT'TL\G» Fpr. Concreting ; inspissating ; forming into cKrta. €LOT'TV, a. [from c/-striUits. [See these words.] D. OUnsted. 2. A coUtclion of smoke, or a dense collection of dust, rising or flouting in the air ; as, a eUiud of dust. A doud ol' iiicfuar. — Vjek. viiJ. 3. The dark or varied colors, in veins or spirts, on stones or otht-r boilies, are called clouds, -4. A great multitude ; a vast colleclion ; as, a cloufd of witnesses. Eeciar v« are rncQn)[Maed with » gn»t ft thmd of vtOHMB*. — 5. Fiffuntireh/. a state of obacarity, darkness, or danger ; as, amidst the doud* of war ; a chud hung over bis character; there was a deud thruwn over their prospects. €LOUO, r. L To orcrspread with a cloud or clwids ; as, the sky is daudai ; duudt intercept the rays of the son. Heflce, 9: To obscure ; to darken ; u, to doud the day, or tratii, or reason. 3. To darken in veins or spots ; to variegate with colors ; as, domd^ marble. 4. To make of a gloomy aspect ; to give the appear- ance of sullenness. What n^ca furv cloudM hb KomlViI brow. Pope. ^ 5. To sully ; to Uirnish. Shak, CLOUD, r. L To grow cloudy ; to become obscure with clouds; sometimes followed by ocer; as, the skv clouds over. €LOUD'-AS-CEXD'ING, a. Ascending to the clouds. Sandm. €LOUD'-BER-RT, n. A plant, called also knot-l>'emj ; Rubus ch:im!Eniuru*. CLOUD'-BORX, a. Bom of a cloud. Dryden. CLOUD'-CAPT, a, [daud and cap.] Capped with clouds ; touching the clouds ; lofty. The lioyd-capl Uwcts. ShaJc. CLOUD'^OM-PEL'LER, n. He that coUects clouds ; Jove. CLOUiy-eOM-PEL'LIXG, a. Collecting clouds j or driving clouds ; as, cloud-compdline Jove. IViiUer. Drtiden. €LOUD'-€0V'ER-£D, (-kuv'erd,) a. Enveloped with clouds. Young. CLOUD'-DIS-PEL'LIXG, a. Having power to dis- perse clouds. Dryden. €LOUD'-E-eUPS'£D, (-e-klipst',) a. Eclipsed by a cloud. ShaJu CLOfD'ED, pp. or a. Overcast; overspread with clouds; obscured; diirkened ; rend^-red gloomy or sullen ; varit-gated with colored spots or veins. €LOL*D'-FE.\C-£D, (feust,) a. Fenced with clouds. CLOt'D'-GTRT, (gurt.) o. Girt with clouds. eLOLTD'I-LY, ode. [from cloudy.] With clouds; darkly ; ob*iCUrelv. Dryden. CLOUD'I-NESS, it. The state of being overcast with clouds ; as, the doudiiuss of the atmosphere. Harvey. 9. Obscurity ; gloom ; want of brightness. 3. Darknt-ss of appearance ; variegation of colors in a fossil or other body. 4. Appearance of gloom or sullenness ; as, cloudi- ness of aspect. CLOUD'ISG, ppr. or a. Oven-preading with clouds; CLO oba^uring; giving an appe:irance of gloom or sulk' n- ness ; v:iriHi;;itiu:: with colors. CLOUU'-KIr'S.lNG, a. Touching the clouds. Skal: CLOUU'LKSS, (1. Being without a cl^jud ; uncloud- ed ; clear ; bricht ; luminous; as, cloudless skias. eLOlTl)'LESS-LV, atir. AVithout clouds. €LOUl)'-PlRRC-ING, a. Peuetrating or rising above the clouds. PhiUjis. €L0UD'-TOPT, a. Having the top covered with a cloud. Gray. €LOUD'-T0UCn-ING, (tuch-ing,) a. Touching the clouds. Sundys. €LOUU'-\VRAPT, (-rapt,) a. Involved in clouds. Bvtrriitf^. CLOUD'V, a. Overcast with clouds ; obscured witli clouds ; as, a dvudy day ; a doudy sky ; a cloudy night. 2. Consisting of a cloud or clouds; as, a doudy pillar. Ex. xxxiii. 9. 3. Obscure ; dark ; not easily understood ; as, cloudy luid confused notions. t^fatd. 4. Having the appearance of gloom ; indicating gloom, anxiety, sullenness, or ill-nature; not oi>en or cheerful; as, rifw^j/ looks. Speusrr. ShaJc. 5. Indicating gloom or sullenness ; ns, riouf/i/ wmth. 6. Markrd with veins or s|»ot3 of dark or various hues, as marble. 7. Not bright ; as, n cloudy diamond. Boyle. €I-OUGH, ( kluf,) «. [Sax. ctougk, a cleft] A clert in a hill. CLOUGH, (klof,) «. In commerce^ an allowance of two poundt4 in every hundred weight, alter tare and tret have btien deducteil, for the turn iif the scale, that the commodity may hold out in rtitailing ; often writ- ten Cloff. It is little used. CLOUT, n. [Sax. dut^ a p.ntch, a plaster, a plate, a scam or joint; Sw. klut; \V. dirt, a patch, a clout; cbrtiaw, to patch ; Sax. ffeduted, sewed together, clouted, patched ; ge^ceod mid gedudedum scon^ shod with clouted shoes. This undoubtedly signilies patched shoes, for dut, in .Saxon, does not signify a nail. The word c/uiit, a nail, may be from the French clou, doutrr, from L. clavus, from the root of L. daudo^ duda. Whether doutcd brogues, in Shak- epi':ire, signify patched shoes or shoes studded with nails, let the critic determine. Such shoes are com- mon in England, and were formerly worn in Ameri- ca. The prinwrj- sense is, to thrust or put on ; hence the sen»e of blote.] 1. A patch ; a piece of cloth or leather, &.c,, to close a breach. 2. A piece of cloth for mean purposes, Spmser. 3. A piece of white doth, for archers to shooi at. [A'ot now Ufed.] Shak. 4. An iron plate on an axle-tree, to keep it from 5. [Fr. douj douter.] A small nail. [wearing. 6. In riti^ar/anfiia^«, a blow with tliehand. [JVeu EngUnd.] Chahners. CLOUT, t). L To patch ; to mend by sewine on a piece or patch ; as, doiited sfiooa, in Milton. This is the sense as understood by Johnson. Mason under- Btinds the word clouted to signify nailed, studded with small nails, from the French douter^ and the following words in Shakspeare, " wJiose rudeness answered my steps too loud," give some counte- nance to Mason's interpretation. In this case, the verb clout must signify, to nail, or fasten with na^s ; to'stud. a. To cover with a piece of cloth. Spenser. 3. To join clumsily ; as, ciouteti sentences. Ascham. 4. To cover or arm with an iron plate. ■ 5. To strike ; to give a bl()W. Beaum. CLOUT'ED, pp. or a. Patched; mended clumsily; covered with a clout. Clouted cream, in Qay^ is evidently used for dotted cream, i. e., cream obtained by warming new milk, Brij7ide. CLOUT'ER-LY, a. Clumsy; awkward. Mortimer. CLOUT'IXG, ppr. Patching ; covering with a clout. CLo'V.\TE, a. In condwlogy, an epithet applied to a shell which is thicker toward the top and elongated toward the base. Gilbert. CL6V'E, prcU of Cleave. [06,e.] Spenser. CLOVE, n. [p.hloof. See Cleavk.] A cltft ; a fia*ure ; a gap ; a ravine. This word, thoush properly an appellative, is not often used as such iu English ; but it is appropriated to particular places, that are real clefts, or which appear as such ; as, the CloKeof Kaaterskill, in the State of New V«rlt) and the Stony Clove. It is properly a Dutch word. Journ. of Science. CLOVE, n. [Sax. dufe ; Fr. dou : Sp. davo ,• Port, era- vo ; from L. daruj^ a nail ; s*) called from its resem- blance to a naiL So in D. kruidnagel, herb-nail or spice-nail.] 1. A verj' pungent aromatic spice, the unexpandcd flower-hud of the clove-tree, Caryophyllus, ^native of the Molucca Isltjs. The tree grows to the size of the laurel, and its bark resembles that of the olive, No verdure is seen undt-r it. At the extremities of its brandies are produced vast numbers of flower- buds, which are at tirst white, then green, and at last red and hard. These are called cloves. Encyc. CLU 2. [from dravf.] The parts into which garlic sep- nraTe-i, when the outer skin is removed. Tate. 3. A certain wei>;ht ; seven iwunds of wool ; eialit pounds of cheese or butter. [J^ut used in AiiiericaTl CLOVE-GIL'LY-FLUW-ER, n. A species of Dian- thus, bearing a beautiful flower, cultivated in gar- dens ; called, also, carnation pink. JVofe. — Some writers sup|K>se that gilly-flmrer should be written ./H/(/-/(»wfT. But qu., is it not a corruption of the French girojle, dou de girojle^ cloves ; girojlee, a gilly-rtower ; girojlier, a stocK-gilly-flower ; L. eary- ophyUus, Chaucer wrote cloue gilofre. Cant. Tales, Kt.iiO-J. The lUjIians write j^arofano, probably for garifiilo t Arm. gcnvjles^ gemificit. Johnson supposes the plant so called from the smell of the flower re- sembling that of cloves ; but it is probably from its shape, ilie nail-flower, as in Dutch. [See Clove.] CLO'VAN, (klo'vn,) pp. or a. , [from cleave.] Di- vided J parted. CLo'V*;N-FQOT-ED, j a. Having the foot or hoof CLO'VAW-HOOK-i^D, i divided into two parts, as the ox ; bisiibous. CLOVE'-PINK, M. The clove gilly-flower or carna- tion piuk. CLO'VKU, I Ti. [Sax. chzfer-wyrt^ clover- CLO'VER-GRXSS, J wort: G. ktee i D. Water; Dan. klever or klcc. Tlie Saxon word is rendered also marigold and violrL The Dutch word signifies a cltib. The name, then, signifies club-grass, dub- wort, L. Clara, from its flower. Dan. klebbcr, to deace, to cling.] A genus of plantR, called Trifolium, trefoil, or three-leafed, Fr. lrcf.e. The species are numerous. The reti clover is generally cultivated for fodder and for enriching land. The while clover is also excel- lent food for cattle, either green or dry, and from its flowers the bee collects no ^mall portion of its stores of honey. To lice in dorer, is to live luxuriously, or in abun- dance ; a phrase borrowed from the luxuriant growth of clover, and the feeding of cattle in clover. CLO'VEIt-£D, a. Covered with clover. Tktmson. eLO\VN, n. [L. colonus, a husbandman.] 1. A countryman ; a rustic ; hence, 9. One who has the manners of a rustic ; a cluirl ; a man of coarse manners ; an ill-bred man. Sidney. Dryden. Swift. 3. The fool or buflbon in a play, circus, &c. CLO^VN' AGE, n. The manners of a clown. {J<'ot in use.] B. Jonson, €LOWN'ER-Y, n. Ill-breeding ; mstic behavior ; rudeness of manners. '^Little used.] VEstrunge. CLO WN'ISH, a. Pertainuig to or resembling clowns ; co'hsisting of rustics ; as, a downish neighborhood. Dryden, 2. Coarse ; hard ; rugged ; rough ; as, doicnisk hands. Spenser. 3. Of rough manners ; ill-bred ; as, a clownish fellow. 4. Clumsy ; awkward ; as, a clownish gait. Prior. CLOWN'ISH-LY, adv. In the manner of clowns; coarsely ; rudelv. CLOWN'ISH-NESS, 71. The manners of a clown ; rusticity ; coarseness or rudeness of behavior ; in- civility ; awkwardness. Dryden. Locke. CLOY, «. (. [from Fr. clouer, or the root of the word, tlie L. cludo, claudo ; coinciding in elements with glut.] 1. Strictly, to fill ; as, to cloy a harbor by sinking ships ; to cloy one's couch with tears. Rich. Diet, Hence, 2. To glut, to satisfy, as the appetite ; to satiate. And as the appetite, when satisfied, rejects addition- al food, hence, to fill to loathing, to surfeit. Who call cloy the hungry ed^e ot'appuiiie By tfcire iiuajjiiwlJun ol a feasi ? Sfiak. 3. To spike up a gun ; to drive a spike into the vent. Bailey. Johnson. 4. In farriery, to ptick a horse in shoeing. Aah. [In tJie two latter senses, I believe Uie word is little vsed, and not at alt, in America,] CLOY'J'i;D, (kloyd,) pp. Filled ; glutted ; filled to sa- tiety and loathing; spiked ; pricked in shoeing. CLOY'ING, ppr. or a. Filling ; filling to satiety or disgust. CLOY'LESS a. That can not cloy, or fill to satiety. CLOY'MENT, n. Surfeit; repletion beyond the de- mands of appetite. [Little used.] S/uik. CLUB, n. [W. dopa, diDpa, coinciding with dap, a lump, and club, clobyn; G. klSpfd; D. klaver ; Sw. klubbai Dan. klabbe ; L. clava. The sense is probably a knob or lump, W. llicb. Hob, whence lubber. It is evidently connected with deace, to stick or cling, Dan. klcbber.] 1. Properly, a stick or piece of wood, with one end thicker and heavier than the oiher, and no larger than can be wielded with the hand. 2. The name of one of the suits of cards ; so named from its figure. 3. An association of persons who meet under cer- tain .self-imposed regulations, for the promotion of some common object, as literature, science, hilarity, politics, &c. 4. An association for the support of a club-house, which see. FSTE, FXR, FALL, WH^T. — MeTB, PRgY. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD, — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK. — " 216 " ~~~ ~ CLU 5. The dividend of expense at a club or snnie meet- ing ; as, to paj' one*s club. Iladibras. Club of Hercules. The story of Hercules with hia dub originated in the use of ciubs^ as weaiwna of war and other acliievements, among rude nations, before the invention of other instruments and the use of iron. Hence striking^ beating, was the first mode of killing; and hence smite and slay, properly signifying to «rrifce, came to signify to kill. HfTciiles was the leader of a savage band, who wioldcd the heaviest club ; and hence the club was the origin of the scep- ter, which is in the shape of a chib, coinciding with Latin scipio. Any bold warrior at the head of a pred- ator>' baud was a Hercules. GLUB, p. i. [VV. clttpiaw, to form into a himp.] 1. To join, as a number of individuals, to the same end ; to contribute separate powers to one end, pur- pose, or efiTect. Till ffro»?r lUorTM, tumbling in th" strwim Of nocjr, Ruiilly coei, and ciubUd into a. dream. Ihyden. 2. To pay an equal proportion of a common reck- oning or charge. €LUB, V. t. To nnite for the accomplishment of a common end ; as, to club exertions. 2, To raise by a proportional assessment ; as, to dab the ex[»ense. 3, In common parlance, to raise or turn uppermost the breech or club of a musket ; as, the soldiers clabbad their muskets. €LUB'B£D, (klnbd.) pp. Collected into a sum and averaaed, as different expenses. 2. Unitml tu one end or effect. 3. Shaped like a ciub. ^.-ti'ii. Rfsearcheji, v. 913. 4. Having the breech turned upward, as a musket. 5. Heavy, like a club. Chaurer. €LUB'BEK, ( n. One who belongs to a party, cluh, ct CLUB'BIST, ( a.--aociation. Burke. eUTB'BING, ppr. Joining in a club; uniting to a common end. €LUB'-FrST, n. A large, heavy fist. €LUB'-FrST-ED, a. Having alarge fist. HowelL eLUB'-frX>OT, R. A short, deformed foot. eLllB'-FOOT-ED, a. Having short or crwked feet. eLL B'-HEAD-EI), a. Hnving a thick head. Derkam. CLUB'-HOU."^E, Ji. An esublishment for furnishing nieaN, and a place of rendezvous, to a select number of individuals, called loosely a dub, to whirh addi- tions can be made only by ballot. Each inenib*.'r pays an annual tax for the support of the house, and re- ceives bis meald and other refreshments at tlieir ac- tual cost. Chainbers^s Mag. 6LUB'-Lj\VV, n. Ooveniment by rlubs, or violence ; the use of arms, or force, in place of law ; anarchy. Addison. CLUB'-MAX, n. One who carries a club. eLUB'-MOSS, n. A kind of moss, Lycopadium dava- tam, whf>se minute seedd are burnt in theaters to im- itate lightning. Braiule. CLUB'-ROOAI, n. The apartment in which a club meets. jJdtlison. €LUB'-RUSH, n, A genus of plants, the Scirpus. Muhlenberg. €LtJB'-SH.AP-KD, (-shapt,) a. Shai)ed like a club ; growhlg thicker toward the lop ; clavated. Martyn. CLUCK, p. L [Sax. doccan ; Dan. klukkrr ; Sw. 'klya- ka ; G. gludcm ; D. klokken ; W, d»trian,cLtdan ; Arm. Uocbat; L. glocio; It. ckiocdare; Sp. docar, doquear ; Cli. jS:. Clans Lg, No. 27. (See Clach ami Clock.) The Gr. «Ab>^u seems to be the same word, as it giTens of a rapaci^s animal, as of a cat or dog. 2. The hands, in the sense of rapacity or cruelty, or of ixtwer. Iladibras. StilUhgJlect CLUTCH'ING, ppr. Seizing with the hand. CLUT'TER, Ti. [VV. cluder, a heap or pile, from du- daw, to bear, to bring together, to heap. It has the elements of L. claudo.'\ 1. A confused assemblage ; as, a clutter of words. lie K.iw wh-it a clulttr tliere waj wiUi bii^ pu(«i p^inx, nnd ipiu. L'Htirange. 2. Noiae j bustle. [This sense seems allied to clatter, but It is not the sense of the word in New England.] CLUT'TER, r. (. To crowd togetjier in disorder ; to fill with things in confusion; as, \a clutter a room ; to clutter the house. CLUT'TER, V. i. To make a bustle, or fill with con- fusion. The English lexicographers explain this word by noise ami bustle, but probably by mistake. eLUT'TER-£D, p/i. Encumbered with things in dis- order. CLUT'TER-ING, ppr. Encumbering with things in CLYP'E-ATE, a. {\a. dypeus, a shield.] [confusion. Shaped like a Roman buckler. CLYS'Mie, a. [Gr. KXvapa.] Washing; cleansing. CLYS'TER, n. [Gr. KAi)orrio,from jf>o(w, to wash or cleanse ; L. dy.iter : D. kiistcer; G. klystier ; Fr. dis- tere ; Dan. kluteer.] An injection ; a liqind substance injected into the lower intestines, fur the purpose nf promoting atvine discharges, relieving from coativeness, and cleansing tlie bowels. Sometimes it is administered to nourish and support patients who can not swallow aliment. €LYS'TER-rZE, v. L To apply a clyster. COA CLYS''J'Elt-riI'E, ?i. A tube or pipe used for mjec- tions. €I-AG'13-LXTB V. i. To curdle or congeal ; to turn from a fluid into a consisteut stale, or fiJed sub- stance : to thicken. Bacon, Boyle. €0-AG'U-LA-TEh, p;». or a. Concreted ; curdk-d. eO-AU'C-LA TIN'G, ppr. Curdline ; concealing. eO-Ai;-l;-LA'T10X, a. The act or chan;^ing from a fluid to a fi^ed state ; concretion : the su-ite of being cuafulaled ; Uw body formed by coagulating. ArbtOktutL (X>'AG'U-LA-TIVE, a. That has the power to cause ccmcrrtion. Botfle. eO-Ad^-LA-TOR, a. That which caiwca coagula- tion. jfrftittAitot. eO-AG'l^-LUM, n. A coa^it:ited ml9s ; as card, a clot of blood, separated by cold, acid, &e. Eneife. Coze. CO-AI'TI, a. A ^MMries of monkey in South America. CCAK. See Cokk. eO.AI^a. [Sax. «1 or wfl ; G.kakUt Ti.hKl; Dan. kml; Svr.kU; It. ruat; Com. kotan; Rusa. tigul. Qa. Heb. Snx It is from the scn»e of glowing, raging, for in Dan. ktder signifies to blow !ing or measuring charcoal. COAL'-BLACK, a. Black as a coal ; very black. JJrijden. €5AL'-BOX, a. A box to carrj- coil to the fire. Swift COAL '-FISH, R. A siK'cies of Gaclus or cod, named from the color of its back. It gruwa tu the length oCatwo feet, or two and a half, and weighs about thirty pounds. 7*hi8 fish is found in great numbers about the Orkneys, and the norilu-m parts of Brit- ain. DifJ. of .VtU. Ihst. €oAL'-CXRT, a. A cart cnijilayed in conveying coal. CO-\L'-EY-£rD, a. Ila\'iM2 eveS as Itlack as a coal. eOAL'-FlELD, n. A field for co:d ; a bed of fossil coal. €OAL'-FTRE. n. A fire of which coal is the fuel. €0AL'-FORM-A'TIO.\, ». In s''ol<>sy, the formation or group_of Pirata in which coal is fuund. eOAL'-HEAV'ER, M. One who is employed in car- r^'iiig Coal, and eA'p-Yiallv in discharging it from €6AL'-IIOD, «. A k'til? for co:il. [coal sliips. €OAL'-HOl':?E, n. A house or ^hed for keeping coal. €OAL'-MEAS-L'RE, (kolt-'mezh-ur,) n. The meas- ure used in ascertainmg ihe qtianrtly of coal. eOAL'-MEAS-URES. ( mi*/.h'iirz,J n. pL Strata of coal with the attenJaiit rock^ €OAL'-Mk'TER, n. One appointed to measure coals. Smart. €6AL'-.MIXE, m. A mine or pit containing mineral cool. eOAL'-ifTX'ER, ». One who works in a coal-mine. CoAL'-MOUSE, n. A small species of titmouse, with a bl:uk head. • CoAL'-OF-FICE, n. An office of a coal-dealer. GoAL'-FIT, n. A pit where coal is dug. In Amer- ica, a place where charcoal is made. eaAL'-SCUT-TLE, a. A vessel for carrying coal. CoAL'-SillP, n. A ship employed in transporting coal. €5AL'-ST0NE, B. A kind of cannel coal. COA COAL'-^VOUK, (-wnrk,) n. A C(»alery ; a place where ctuil ii^ duij, including the niacliiiKr>' for raising tlie coal. Gf^AL'-YARD, n. An inclosure for the deposit of coal. GOAI/EU-Y, R. A conl-mine, coal-pit, or place where coaU are dug, with the engines and machincTy used in discharging the water and raising the coal. Bncyc. CO-A LESCE', (ko-a-lcss',) r. i. [L. coalesco^ from coalfo ; con and ale., to fit.] The adaptation or adjustment of ports to each other. Boyle. €0-\K€T'ATE i ^' *• ["• '^*"'c'Ot con and arcto.] 1. To press together; to crowd; to straiten; to confine closely. Bacon. a. To restrain ; to confine. Ayliffe. GO-ARCT'ATE, a. Pressed togctlicr. Humble. GO-XRt-TA'TlO.V, n. Confinement; restraint to a uamtw space. Bacon. 2. Pressure ; contraction. Rau. 3. Re^^tramt of libt-rty. BramhalL GOAKSE, a. [This word mny be allied to ffro.i.t, and Uie Latin crc-isu.^ ; for similar transjKisitions of letters are not uncommon.] 1. Thick; large or gross in bulk; comparatively of large diameter ; as, coarse thread or yarn ; coarse hair ; coarse sand. This seems to be the primary iftnse of the word ; opposed to fine or slender. Hence, 2. Thick ; rough -, or made of coarse thread or yam ; as, coarse cloth. 3. Not refined ; not separated from grosser parti- cldS or impurities ; as, coarse metal ; coarse glass. Shak. 4. Rude ; rough ; unrefined ; uncivil ; as, coarse 5. Gross; not delicate. [manners. Th? coaraer tie of humiiti law. Tliomson. G. Rude; rough; unpolished; inelegant; applied to lanffita^c Drydea. 7. \ot nicely expert ; not accomplished by art or education ; as, a coarse practitioner. Arbathnot. 8. Mean ; not nice ; not refined or elegant ; as, a coarse perfume ; a coarse diet. (^AR.SE'LY, adv. Roughly; without fineness or re- finement; rudely; inelegantly; uncivilly; meanly; without art or polish. Brown. Dnjden. GOARSE'XESS, n. Largeness of size ; thickness ; as, the coarseness of thread. 2. The quality of being made of coarse thread or yarn ; whence thickness and roughness ; as, the coarseness of cloth. 3. Unrefined state ; the state of being mixed with gross particles or impurities ; as, the coarseness of glass. Bacon. 4. Roughness; gross n ess ; rudeness; applied to manners; as, the coarsene.'is of a clown. Qarth. 5. Crossness; want of rcfinemi;nt or delicacy; want of polish ; as, the codrseness of expression or of language. •VEstrange. H. .Meanness ; want of art in preparation ; want of nicety ; as, the coarseness of food or of raiment. GSARS'ER, a.f eomp. of Coarse. GOAIWE.^T, a.; superl. of Coarse. eO-AS-SESS'OR, «. [See Assess.] A joint assessor. COA GO-AS-HOME', V. L [con and assume.] To assume Bonifiliing witii another. Walsall. GOAST, n. [L. costa^ a rib, side, or coast; W. c^xi; Fr. cute, (dd Fr. costc ; It. costa. ; Up. co^ia ; Port. id. ; D. kusti G. k'tste. Hence, to accost. See Claris Gs, No. 18, i'i, 67. The word properly signifies a side, liuiil, border, the exterior p|Jirt, from eztciition.] 1. The exterior line, limit, or border, of a country, ns iiw Scripture : "From the river to the utiermost sea shall your coast be." Dfut, x'l. *'And ships shiill Come from the coast of Clilitim." J^am. xxiv. Hence the word may signify ilia whole country within certain limits. Ex. x. 4. 2. The edge or margin of the land next to tlie sea ; the sea-shore. 'J'his is the more common applicntiun of the word ; and it seems to be used for sea-coast, thi' bordiT of the sea. Hence it is never used for tlie bunk of a river. 3. A side; applied to objrcts rndejinittly, by Bacon and J\rrirlon. [ This is a correct use of the word, but nous ob.iul(te.] 4. The country near tho sea-*liore ; as, populous towns along the coa-^L The coast is clear, is a proverbial phrase, signifying, the danger is over; tlie enemies have marched uif, or h'ft llie coiLst. Drydcn. G6Ari'r, u. i. To sail near a coast; to sail by or near the stiore, or in sight of land. Ttie uiid<-itu coeisted only itt ih'~ir n.ivi^tion. Arb^lhnoL 2. To sail from port to port in the same country. GOAST, V. t. 'i'o sail by or near to; as, to coast the AuKTican shore. 2. To draw near ; to nppnMch ; to follow. [OA.v.] Spenser. GOAST'-ROCK, n, A rock on a coast. C*deritlge. GOAST'-SKU'l-.MENT, n. Sediment lodged on a coiist. Phillips. G6AS T'F.D, pp. Saileil by. GOAST'ER, Ti. One who sails near the shore. Drytlen. 2. A vessel that is employed in sailing along a coastj or is licensed to navigate or trade from pt»rt to port m the same country. In the United Siait^s, ccHisting vesstds of twenty Inns burden and upward must be enrolled at tlie ctK-.loni -house. GOAST'ING, ppr. or a. Sailing along or near a coast, GOAST'ING, n. The act of sailing along or near a shore. 2. Tho sport of sliding down a hill-side, upon sleds or sledges, in winter. [Used in tlie East<'rn Stales, and also in New Brunswick, where this appli- cation of the word may imssibly haveorigiufitedaniuug the Acadians, from c^tf, old Fr. co^if.ahiH-siile. — £J.] GOAST'INO-PI'LOT, iu A pilot wlio conducts ves- sels along a coast. GOAST'lAti-TRADK, n. The trade which is carried on I>etween the diir<;rent ptirta of the same country, or under ttie same jurisdiction, as distinguished from fiireign trade. COAST'ING-VES'SEL, n. A vessel employed iji coasting; a coaster. G0.'\ST'VV'ISE, adv. By way of or along the coast. COAT, n. [Fr. cotte; It. cottai It. cuta; Corn, kuta ; Pol. kittz. It may be from the root of the Russ. kutaya, to cover, and be allied to kut. The primary sense may be, t^jit wiiich is spread over or put on. But such Words are sometimes from verbs which sig- nify to strip, or to rept;l. Tlie Gr. KsvO-.y has the like elements, but the sense seems to be, to with- draw. I question whether coat has any connection with the Shemitic ina, Gr. xirwi-, a tunic. This word in Ch. Syr. and Ar. signifies Hax.] 1. An upiier garment, of whatever material it may be made. I'lie word is, in modern times, genenilly applied to the garment worn by men next over the vest. Gmi midc coaU offtkin ami cloih'-il th'?m. — G'n. iii. Jiicoh tiuuk- J(ML-|th A coat ui inMiiy colurs. — G^'ii. xxzvii, ill.- atiAll put ou tho huly ItiiPii coat. — L«c"vil. xvi. Goluilh wns armed willi a coal of mail. — I Sam. xvil. 2. A petticoat ; a garment worn by infants or young children. Locke. 3. The habit or vesture of an order of men, indi- cating the order or office. Men of Ilia coal should be miiidiiig their praycn. S.ei/t. So \^e say, ** men of his clotfi." 4. External covering, as the fur or hair of a be.aKt, the skin of serpents, the wool of sheep, &.c. Mdton. 5. A tunic of the eye ; a membrane that serves as a cover ; a tegument. Derhaia. ti. The division or layer of a bulbous root ; as, the coats of an onion. 7. A cover; a layer nf any substance covering another ; as, a coat of tar, pitch, or varnish ; a coal of canvas round u mast ; a coat of tin-foil. 8. That on which ensigns armorial are portrayed, usually called a coat cf arms. Anciently, knights wore a habit over their arms, reaching as low as the navel, open at the sidea, wilh short sleeves, on which were the armories oflhe knights, embroidered in gold and silver, and enameled* with beaten tin of various colors. 'I'his habit was diversified wilh bands and fillets of several colors, placed alternately, and called deoices, as being divided and c<»niposed of FATE, FAR, FALI>, WHAT.— M£TE, PRgY PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BpgK.- COB several pieces sewej together. The representation of these is still called a cuat of arms. 9. A coat vjhnail, is a piece of armor, in form of a shirt, consi^iug uf a network of iron ringu. 10. A card ; a coai-ftird, is ouu on which a king, queen, or knave, is painted. €OA'i', p. (. To cover or spread over with a layer of any sub,^lance 3 as, to coat a retort ; to coat a ceiling ; to coat a vial. '2. To cover with cloth or canvas ; as, to coat a mast, or a pump. €dA'r'-AR-MOR, n. A coat of arms j armorial en- sijins. Blaclutone. Sftcnjitone. Co AT'-GX RD, B. A card bearing a coated figure, viz., the king, queen, or knave j nuw corrupted intt) Court- card. Smart, CAAT-EE', n. A coat with short flaps. COAT'ED, pp. Covered with a coat ; loricated ; cov- ered or overspread with any tiling tiiat defends j cl'ithed with a membrane. '2. a. Having concentric coats or layers, as a bul- Itons root, Marti/n. eo-A'TI, n. An animal of South America, resembling the mccoon, but with a hinger body and neck, shorter fur, and sm;Uler eyes ; the Vioerra nasua of Linnxus. €oAT'lN(i,;»pr. Covering with a coat; ovenpread- ins. COATTNG, n. A covering, or the act of covering ; loric-ition"; any substance spread over for cover or defence ; as, the coating of a retort or of a vial. 2. Cloth for coatK ; as, merchants advertise an as- sortment of coatings. e6AX, r. L [VV. cocru^ to-fondle, to cocker ; eocyr^ a coaxing, indulgence ; Sp. cocar^ to make wry faces, to coax.] To wheedle; to flatter; to soothe, appease, or per- suade by flattery and fundling ; to lead on by kind treatment ; to bring about by miinagement. [j9 col- l-tfuiat woriL] L' KHranire. CoAX'i;!), (k6xt,)pp. Soothed or persuaded by flat- Co AX'EU, n. A whtedler; a flatterer. [tery. CAAX'I.\G,p/»r. Wheedling; flatlenng. CoAX'I.NG, n. The act of wheedling or leading on by kind treatment; managing. €r)AX'I.\G-LY, U//F, By coaxing. COR, n. [ VV. cob or cop, a top or tuA, a thump ; Gr. Kvfffi: O. Jtrtp/, the head; V.kup; l:^:\x. cop.] 1. The top or head j a covetous wretch ; a foreign cuin. iiadey. [In thf.ie senses, not user/ in America.] 2. In America, the rrcepiacle of tlie maize, or Amer- ican com ; a shotit in form of a pin or spike, on which grows tlic corn in rows. This rccepUtcle, with the com, is called the ear. 3. A ftca-fowl, the sea-cub. [It. gabb'taao^ a cob, sea-mew, or gull.] 4. A ball or [x-llei for feeding fowls. Bailaj. t. In some pjirl-sof Eucliiud, a spicier. Old Dutch kop^ or koppp^ a spider, rt^taincd in koppeypin^ .fpinne- kop, a spider. H. A close-built, frtrons, hardy kind of ptmy. 7. Clay mixed with «truw ; as, in cob-voalli, which are uwd in coUMtruciing cott:igea in some parts of England. H, A large cobble stonn. Rirh. Diet. COB, p. f. Ainone ntuloTA and talilifru^ to punish by striking the hrcech with n flat pitcuof woiid, or with n board. Mar, Diet, C^'IIALT, n. [Vi.eebalt. This is said tu Imi the G. kobufd^ a goblin, the drnion of the mine^ ; so callL'd by miners, because cobalt was trotihlcsomc to miners, and at fir:*t its vnJur was not known.] A m<;tal of a reddifh-gray or gmyish-vvhile color, vt-ry brittle, of a fltie, cliMe gniin,com|>acI, but easily reducible to powdrr. It cryytalti7.cH in bundles of needles, arranged one over another. It is never found in a pun* state ; b"it usually as an oxyd, or combined with arsi-nic or iL-! acid, with sulphur, iron, &.C, \Xa ores are aminu'd und-d. It exhales the odor of garlic ; gray cobalt, a com- potind^uf cobalt, antenic, iron, and sulphur, of a while color, with a tinge of ptil ; its structure is foliated, and its crysi:i|<4 have n ciihe for their [irim- itivp form ; sulphtirtt of cobalt, compart and Ina^Mivo in its ftnirture ; oxyd of cobidt, brown, or brown- ish-black, generally friable and earthy ; sulph.ate aud ar>*eniate of cobalt, both of a r<'d or p<-ach bl^sH4)m color, the fornuT soluble in watt;r. Th^^ impun" oxyd of cobalt is called znfftn but when fitted with three parU of silicious sand and an alkaliin; fl:ix, it is c«invcrtnl into a blue gla^s, r-all 'd smtOt 'i'he great U';e of cobalt is to givi; a p rmari'iil blue color to plas« and enamels np')n nutah, porcelain, and earllK'n wares. Fourcroy. hUictjc. Vlrunrtaml. Cobalt-bloom ; acicular arsmialc of cobalt. Cubalt-crujit ; earthy arseniat*; of cobalt. CO-B/>LT'IC, a. r*rtainiug to c(»balt, or consisting of it; resi!Mibling cobalt, or containing it. €0 n.jLT-I\E, B. A cr)-stallized ntineriil, of a silver or yellowish color, composed chiefly of the arsenialo and RUlplmret of cobalt. Dana, coc COB'BING, TU A beating on the breech with a flat piece of wood. eOB'BLE, M. A small fieh lu.at. W. Scott. [Scottish.] COB'BLE, i n. LKiig, topple. This seems eOB'BLE-SToXE, ( to be of Welsh origin, W. cub, a mass, a cube, or cob, cirp, head, top.] A rtmndish stone; a iM:bble ; supposed to be a fragment, rounded by the attrition of water. We give this name to stones of various sizes, from that of a hen's egg or smaller, to that of large paving stones. The.se stones are called by the English copple-stonesj and bowlder-gtoiies, or bowlders. The hiltrr name is amitiig us known only in books. COB'BLE, V. U [In Persic, ^L>y$=3 kobal^ is a shoe- maker.] 1. To make or mend coarsely, as shoes ; to botch. Sftak. 2. To make or do clumsily or unhandily; as, to cobble rhymes. J>rydeit, eOB'BLER, n. A mender of shoes. .Sddisoru 2. A clumsy workman. Shak. 3. A mean person. Drydcn. eOB'BLES, (kob'biz,) n. pi. Lumps of coal from the size of an egg to that of a foot-ball. Brande. eOO'BLING, ppr. Mending coarsely. COB'BY, a. Stout ; brisk. [J^ot in use."] Chaucer. COB'CAL, n. A sandal worn by ladies m the East. eOB'COALS or COB'BLES, tu yL Large round eO-BEL-LIG'ER-ENT,a. [See Belligkrei^t.] Car- r>ing on war in conjunction with another power; ordinarily, in accordance with some previous ar- rangement or stipulation. CO-BEULIG'ER-ENT, n. A nation or state that car- ries on war in cuimection with another. eOB'I-KO.\, (kob'i-urn,) n, [See Cob.] An andiron with a knob at the top. Baeoiu CO-BISH'OP, n. A joint or coadjutant bishop. COB'LE, Ti. [Sax. euoplc] [jiyliffK A boat used in the herring fishery. eOB'LOAF, n. [Sax. ci'p and loaf.] A loaf that is irregular, uneven, or crusty ; applied also to personal appearance. GdbcrL COB'NUT, 71. A boy's play, or a hazel-nut so called, used in play ; the conquering nut. Ash. Barret. CO BOOSE', n. See Caboose. COB'S'I'oNE, TU See Cohble. CtJli'SWAN, n. [ct.6, head, and swan.] The head or leadim; swan. B. Juiisoju C01V-\VALL,it. A wall made of unburnt clay, mixed with straw. Brande. Ct)B'WEB, R. [cob or kt^fpe, a spider; D. spinnekop; Sax. atter-coppa^ poison spider. In Ch. ^JiJ, is a spider's web.] 1. The line, thread, or filament which a spider spins from its abdomen ; the network spread by a spidt^r to catch iLs prey. Hence, 2. Any snare, implying insidiousness and weak- ness. JtihuHon. In this sense, it is used adjectively, or in composi- tion, for thin, flimsy ; as, a cobweb law. Drydrn. Steif>, Or slender, feeble ; ns, the cobweb thread of life.< Buckminster. eOB'WEB-Bi^D, (kob'ivebd,) a. In 6oia»i/, covered with a thick interwoven pubescence. Murtytu 2. (Covered with cobwebs. eOB'WEB-V, a. Covered with cobwebs. Hooker, Cr>'CA, n. A highly stimulating narcotic, the drit-d leaf of the Krythrorylva eocay a plant found wild in Peru. P. Cyc. COCaGXE', (kok-ttne',) n. An imaginary country of idleness, luxury, and delight. Hcttce applied to Liindun and its suburbs. Smart. COX'A-LON, n, A large coctfon, of a weak texture. Encyc. eoC-CIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. coccus and fero^ to bear ; Gr. KOKK'i,n berry, grain, or seed, or u red berry used in dyeing ; VV. cGc, red. Bearing or producing berries ; as, cocciferous trees or plant-'. Qwiiicr/. COCO-LITE, n. [Gr. »o«Jcof, a berry, and KiOo^, a stijin'.] A variety of aupito or pyroxene ; tailed by Haiiy, gTiinuiifnrm pyrojrne. Its cobir is usually some shade of green. It is composted of granular, (listinct concretions, easily separable, wune of which present ih«; Dpfiearance of crystals whose angles and edges have bi-en obliterated. Charelmtd. Diet. ofJVaL Hist. COC'CC-LCS IN'DI-C(JS, n. [L.] The fruit of the Anaminn jMiniculata, n narcotic, eintrtic, and eathar* tie, onrn added in small (pianlity to malt liquors. COCCYX, H. [Gr. *.««,(.] In anaiumy, a soinll b:mc at the lower extremity of the OS sriniun. C'>cn'I-.\P.AL, n. [i4p. eoehinilia, a wood-louse, and an insert used In dyeing; It. eocciniiflia ; Fr. corJie- utlle ; from the Gr. xuKK'-i, as the cocjiineal was fur- merly supposed to lie the grain or seed of a plant, and this word was formerly defined to b(t ttie grain of thi; Ilrz gland^cra, 8ce Gregoir^s Jirmoric />ic- tionary.] coc An insect, the Coccus cacti, a native of the warmer climates of America, particularly of Oaxaca, in Mexico. It is found on several species of c«ffiw,iiar- ticularly on that called JVopal or indumftg-tret. The female, which alone is valued for its color, is ill- shaped, tardy, and stupid ; the male is small, slender, and active. It is of the size of a tick. At a suitable time, these insects are gathered and put in a pot, where they are confined for some time, and then killed by the application c»f heat. These insects, thus killed, form a mass or drug, which is the proper ctJcAjHCo/ of the shops. It is used in giving red colors, especially crimson and scarlet, and for making car- mine. It has been used in medicine, as a cardiac, sudorific, alexipliarmic, and fi.'brifuge ; but is now used only to give a color to tinctures, &,c. Knnir. COCH-LJ'l-AR'i-FOUM, a. Having the form of a snail-shell, or of the ear. Dana. COCII'LE-A-RV, 1 a. [L, eochlea-,ti screw, the shell COeil'LE-ATE, > ol a snail ; Gr. KcxX<>i, from eOCM'LE-A-TED, > kuxA^', to turn or twist.] Havhig the form of a screw ; twisted like a snail- shell ; spiral; turbinated; aft,a cochlratepoiX.Jilartyn. COCH'LITE, n. [Gr. KO\Xiai, a snail.] A fossil hhcit, having a mouth like that of a snail. Jtloriti. COCK, n. [Sax. coc ; Fr. coq ; Arm. gnrq ; Sans, kiika ; Slav, kokosck. The sense is, that which shoots out or up; It. cocca, the tip of a spindle, the top or crown ; L. earumen.] 1. The male of birds, particularly of gallinaceous or domestic fowls, which, having no appropriate or distinctive name, are called dunghill fowls, or barn- door fowls. 2. A weather-cock ; a vane in shape of a cock. [It is usually called a weather-cock.] [Sfiak. 3. Aspout; an instrument todraw out ordisciiarge liquor from a cask, vat, or pipe ; so named fi^om its projection. 4. The projecting corner of a hat. Addison. 5. A small conical pile of hay, so shaped for shed- ding rain, called in England a cop. When hay is dry, and rolled together for carting, the lieaps are not generally called eodis, at least not in New England. A large conical jiile is called a stncJc. 6. The style or gnomon of a dial. Chambers. 7. The needle of a balance. Bailey. Johnson. 8. The piece which covers the balance in a clock or watch. Bailey. 9. The notch of an arrow. [It. eoeca.] Johnson. 10. The part of a musket or other fire-arm, to which a flint is attached, and which, being impelled by a spring, strikes Tire and opens the pan at the same time. 11. A small boat. [W. ciec, Ir. coca, D. and Dan. kaoff. It. cocca.] It is now called a cock-boat^ which is tautology, as cock \l?t'\( is a boat. IxJ. A leader ; a chief man. Sir Andrew is Uie cot* orihc clMb. Additon. 13. Cock-crowing; the time when cocks crow in the morning. Skak. Cock-a-hoop^ or cock-on-thc-hnop ; a phrase denoting trium[ih ; triumphant; exultnig. [(lu. Fr. coq a kuppe. Bailey,] Camden. Shak. Hudihras. ■Cock and a bull ; a phrase applied to tedious, trifling stories. COCK, c. L To set erect ; to turn up ; as, to eork the nose or ears. Addison. a. To set the brim of a hat so as to make sharp corners or points ; or to set up with an air of perl- ness. Prior. 3. To make up hay in small conical piles. 4. To set or draw back the cock of a gun, in order to fire. Dryden. COCK, r. i. To hold up the head; lo strut ; to kmk big, pert, or mriiacing. Drydcn, Addison. 2. To train or use fighting cocks. [Utttn used.] 3. To cockiT. [.Vu( ill use,] [B. Jonson. COCK-ADE', n. [Fr. cocarde; Sp. cocarda} Port, cacar^ or cocarda.] A ribbon or knot of riltlmn, or something similar, worn on the hat, usually by officers of the army and navy, sometimt^s by others. It most usually desig- nates itie military character j sometimes political parties. eo<.'K-AD'ED, a. Wearing a cockade. Young. COCK'AL, H. A game called huckle-bone. Kinder, COCK-A-TOO', a. A bird of the parrot kind. HcrheH. COCK'A-TRICE, n. [Fr. cocatrix, from eve. Junius mentions tiie word as in I), kockctra.i. The Irish call it rio-rh-nathair^ the king-serpent, answering lo bas- ilL-^k.] A serpent imagined to proceed from a cock's egg. Bacon. Taylor, Js. xl. 8 ; lix. .'». GOCK'-BILL. In .icamen^s language, the anchor is a ci'ck-bill^ when it is suspended pcrpendiculilrly from the cat-head, ready to be let go in a moment. Mar. Diet. eOCK'-BOAT, n. A small boat. [See Cock, \o. II.] eoCK'-BilAIN-CD, a. Giddy ; rash. Milton. eoCK'-BUOTIl, n. Broth made by boiling a rock. Hartley. TONE, BULL, IINITE.-AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C iuKjOiuJj«MZiCHMSH;THMin THIS. coc ' MA V'KR, m. The May-bug, or dorr-beetto, a L .. ^ .;o\V, H. A cock-crowing. Csltridgt, COCK'-t'KOW-ING, «. The time at which cocks crow ; enrly morning. .Vorjl: xiii. €tH'K'£D, (koki,) pp. or a. Turned up and fomiuiff a point, as Lh« brim of a hat. a. Mnde inlo a cock, as n.iy. 3. Having the cuck drartn back, as a giin. eOCK'ER, r.t [yWcocru. Sec Coai.I Tu fundle ; to indulge \ to treat with tendcrnriis ; to iKuniter. i^Mjie. SttlfL COCk'ER, n. One who follows cock-fighting. JaKntan. "?. A sort of apatterdash. Bp. HaiL \ EL. m. A young cock. Dryden, : ING, H. Imiulgence. MiUon* .a. Brisk ; pert. Skt r woi L fi )«. K i; r, tu [Qu. Fr. eacMA, Ann. wc*r.>t, a •ciI.] A ft-al of the custom-house ; a royal seal , rather, a scrtJI of pafrtimcnl, sealed and delivered, by tlie officers of the custttm-house, to merchants, a^ a war- rant Uiat tbvir niercjiandise is entered. The office of ouirv. SpdMOJt. CoieeL £icwc eOCK'ET-BRE.\D, a. The finest sort of wheat bn'-ad. Qii. stamped brMd. COCK'-EVE, ( I,) a. A sqaintlng eye. [AVi/. ffantjA rOCK'-FTGRT, > a. A match or omtest of uame eoCK'-FlUHT-ING, j cocks ; a barbarous si«*rt of the ancients and modenis, in which anrks are st-t to 6ght with each other, till one or the otiier i? con- qnercd. BarKn. Addison. COCK'-HE\I>~EU), (hed-ed,) a. Having a head like that of the cock. eOCK'-HORSE, a. On horseback ; triumphant^ exulting. l^rwr. COCK'ING, ppr. or o. Turning op, as the brim of a bat, &c, [See Cock, the verb.] eOCK'ING, n. Cock-fighting. Bmum. and Ft. eOCK'LB, (kokn,)iu [Sax. cMcii, CMaf, or aocUi Ir. M^/; 9p. and Port, jt'tfa; Fr. evqueHe^i.] A pl&nt or weed that grows among com, the com- Toac. a 9pecies of Agrostemma. It is al^o api>Iied to the Lolium or dameL COCK'LE, ■. [Pr. c^m, eo^nOU; L. eocJdfa; ^V. »cftj, pi.; Gr. c»xX»{, «>xX(.i?, from «tf\X ■•, to turn or roll. Probably, by giving the x * na.) xit 1^ eoncka, are frnm the same mot, whence xot\t-A(«i', L. coHckyUmmt It. anuki-rlia. Sec CoscH.] 1. A small testaceous shell ; or nuh^r a eonus t.f shells, the Cardium. The general cham-ierisiics are : shells nearly rfiuilaieral and equivalvular ; hinge wuh two rmall teeth, one on each side nesir the beak, and two larger reuKAe latrrat teeth, one on each side ; prominent nbd running fntm the hinge to the edge of the valvr. Cttvirr. Litm^vs. S. A mineral ; a name given by the Corni'th nuners to Airt^ or scJtorL A'icMson. 1 A young cock. [Obs.] [See CocarREi-] SpeH^tT. COCK'LE, r. i. or L To contract into wrinkles, to shrink, (nicker, or wrinkle, as cloth. Bailrg. GOCK'L£D, fp. Contracted into folds or u-rinkKs; 2. Having shells. ' [winding. eOCK'LER, a. One that takes and sells cockles. eOCK'LE-STAIES, «. pL Winding or fpiral stairs. Chambers. €X)CK'-LOFT. n, [See Cock.] The top loft; the upper room in a house or other building; a lumber riiom. Drfdm. Sxt/t. eOCK'-.MAS-TER, a. One who breeds game cocks. €OCK'-MATCH, m. A match of cocks ; a cockfight. j9.idisoiu eOCK'NBY, a. [.Most pmhably frt-m Ij. coquina a kitchen, or co^ixo^.io cook; Fr. co^in, idle; Fr. c^cAgwe^ It. cmccagna^ an imaginary country of idle- neas and luxur>-. In some ancient poetry, the word seems to signify a cook. ** Aad ff\ I MT, \yf >nr wkA, I hs*« no >ilt bncon, Ne BO t a kt r m f, try (^tn«e, txAo^pin to nolGe." ** At dm temm wm ihrj ■Prr«d ia rUi snmj, Evrr7 h*% msA fire had s eoirn^." Bee note on Chaucer's Canterbury Talcs, line 4306. KdJnb'irgh, 1782. Hence, a citizen who leads an idle life, or never leaves the city.] 1. A native of Londv^n, oy way of contempL WaUs. Shak. 2. An eflcminate, ignorant, despicable citizen. Shak. eOCK'XEY-ISM, a. The condition, qualities, man- ners, or dialect of a cockney. eOCK'XEV-LIKE, a. Resembling the manners of a cockney. Burton. €OCK'-PAD-DLE, n. The Imnp^fi^ih or sea-owl. Eitcyc, COCKTIT, n. A pit or area, wheie the game cocks fight. Shak. 2. The privy u>uncil room at Westminster has this name, because built on the cockpit of Whitehall palace. BraiuU. COD 3. In ships of war^ a room or apartment, in which the wouniled men are ilrensed ; situated near llie afU-r hatchway, under the lower C'ln-deck. The for^-Mckpil is a place leading to the magazine passage and the store-room of the boatswain, gunner, and car|>etiter. Mar. Diet. eOCK'ROACH, n. The p»»pulir name of a genus of insects, the Itlutta, i-f severul s[R'cies. They have four seniicnisiaceoiis wings, and r-jseinble the lieeile ; tjie h,-nd is intlccted toward the breast; the feelers are liardllke bri^^tles ; the el>tm and wings are plain, ant) resemble parchment. These aniruuls are very troublesome, as Ihey enter chests uf clothes, meal- tubs, pantries, and infest beds. They avuid the liabt, and luive a very unsavory amL-H. Enctic. COCKS'€6MB, n. The caruncle or amib of a cwk. 2. A plant. This name is given to the Ctlosia cri.«tata, the Petlicularis or lousewori, an(l the Rhi- nanlhus or yellow rattle. f^m. of Plants. Lee. 3. A fop, i»r vain, silly fellow. [Si'e Cotcimn.] eOCKS'HEAD, (bed,) a, A jilaut, the Hedysanim or sainfoin. Fam. of Plants. eOCK'SHUT, n. The close of the day, when fowls go to rtH>=t. Shak. eOCK'SPL'R, n. Virginia hawthorn, a species of medlar. Miliar. eOCK'SCRE, (shQre,) a. Confidently certain, [jf low word.] Pope. The term is metaphorically derived from the ciK-k of a firelock, as being much more certain to fire than the match of the old matchlock. Ilolloway. eOCK'SWAIN, B. [Contracted into Coxe.v.J [r5ee An omcer on board of a ship, who has the care of the btiat and the boat*s crew. Mar. Diet. COCK'- WEED, n. A plaut, called also dittander and pefi^-nvort. Jahn^ion. CO'CoA, (ka'ko,) n. A name given to a simple prep- anititheGiry*s i>estle, of equal thickness at the ends, but stunewhat smaller in the middle. The bark is »me, or ecttsuc.^ 1. Any husk, envelope, or case, containing the seeds of a plant ; a pod. Mortimer. S. A bag ; the scrotum. 3. A pdlow. [J^ot in tisc] €0'D,\, tt. [It.] In miLtiCj the close of a coiniwisition, or an additional close. eOD'DED, a. Inclosed in a cjkI. Mortimer. COD'DER, n. A gatherer of cods or peas. Johnson. COD'DY, a. Husky. S'terwood. CODE, TU [L. codez, or cordex; Fr. code; It. codiee; t?p. codigo. The Latin word signifies the stem of a tree, and a hoard, or number of boards united, on which accounts w ;re kept. So the Greeks used (TX£(i/)j a board, for a like purpose, from (TX'i'^j '" cut or split ; whence L. schMa, a sheet.] 1. A collection of the laws and constitutions of the Roman emperors, made by order of Justinian, con- taining twelve books. The name is also given to other collections of Roman laws ; as, the Theodosian coiU. Hence, in general, 2. Any orderly collection or digest of laws. Pope. Blackjitone. COE €0-l>K'I.NA,j CO-Dk'IA, > a. [Gr. fruffctd, a poppy-head.] C0-I)i5'rxk, ) An alkaloid, obtained fVom opium, and one of its medicinal active principles. CO' DEX. n. [I,.] A manuscriirt ; a book ; a code. et>l>'(iljK, n. [Sp. rojf/T, to catch. Chatmfir/t. Hence he defines the word nyjuwer. Hut the primary sense is by no means uhvious. I take it to be a corruption of eottager. Norm, cotier.] A rustic ; a clown ; a misertv man. COD'I-CrL, n. [L. eodicUlits, dim. of codez.] A writing bv way of supplement to a will. eOD-I-t.'IL'LA-RV. a. Of the nature of a codicil. eO-DI-FI €A'T10N,Ti. The act or process of reducing laws to a code or system. Cfi'lH-FI Kl), pp. Reduced to a code. Cr>'r)I-FI ER, ( «. One who forms or reduces to a cri'PIHT I code. Ct^'UI-FY, P. e. [code and faeio.] To reduce to a rode or digest, as laws. CO'I>I-FY-L\G, pi'r. Forming into a code. CO-DIL'LA, n. The coarsest part of hemp which is sorted out by itself. The term is also applied to the coarsest itart of flax. M^CuUock. eO-l)ILLE', (ko-dil',) n. [Fr. codiUe; Sp. coJiUo, the knee, a joint ; codo^ the elbow, that is, a turn or a fastening.] A term nt ombre, when the game ia won. Pope. COD'LE, i V. L To parboil, or soften by the heat of COD' DUE, \ water. eOU'I-E, V. t. To make iniirh of. [JVoI in use..] COD'LINti, i n. All a|iple codled ; or one suitable for COD'LIN, \ codling, or used for that purpose. GOD'LING, n. A yoiliig cod. [Bacon. Mortimer. eO-EF'Fl-CA-CY, 71. [con and efficacy^ L. efficio.] Joint efficacy ; the power of two or more things acting together to produce an effect. Brown. eO-EF-Fl"CiE\-CV, n. [eon and efficiency ; L. efficio.] Co-operation ; joint power of two or more things or causes acting to the same end. OlanvHlc eO-EF-Fl"CIENT, (fish'ent,) a. [con and L. rfficien^.] Co-oiR'raiing ; acting in union to the same end. eO-EF-FI"CIE.\T, n. That which unites in action with something else tofiniduce the same effect 2. In algebra, a n«mb>*r or known quantity put be- fore letters, or quantities, known or unknown, and into which it is stipjMised to he multiplied ; as, in 3 z and a x,3 and a are the coefficients of z. 3. In Jliiiion-ji, the covff}cir.nt uf any generating term is tlie quantity which arises from the division of that term by the generated quantity. Chambers. Bailey. CO-EF-FI"ClENT-LY, ado. liy co-oi>eration. eO-ELD'ER, H. An elder of the same rank. Trapp. eO-E-LEC'TION, V. Joint election. Cffi'LI-AC, ( o. [Gr. «o(Ai't/fos,from xoiXta^ the belly ; Ce'LI-AC, \ allied p»Thaps to «->(Aoj, hollow.] Pertaining to the belly, or to the intestinal canal. Cirliac artery^ is the artery which issues fr'.nn the aorta just below the diaphragm. Kncyc. Ca-linc pas-^ion i the lientery, a flux or diarrh*;a of undigested food. Coze. CaUiac vein ; a vein of the intestinum rectum. Coze. CO-EMP'TION, n. [L. cocmptio ; con and emoy to buy.] The act of purchasing the whole quantity of any commodity. Bacon. eO-EN-JOY', V. t. To enjoy together. IIowcU. eO-E\-JOY'/:D, pp. Enjoyed together. eO-E\-JOY'ING, />pr. Enjoying together. CO-K'(iUAL, a. [h. con and rr/iiatU^ equal J Equal with another person or thing ; of^the same rank, dignity, or [lOwer. Shak. eO-K'Q.UAL, n. One who is equal to anf»ther. eo E-aU^L'1-TY, n. 'I'he state of bf^Liig equal with another; equality in rank, dignity, or [jower. €0-i-:'UUAE-LY,'a(/r. Willi joint equality. CO-ERCE', (ko-ers',) v. L [L. coerceo ; eon and arc«o, to drive Or press.] 1. To restrain b}' force ; to keep from acting or transgressing, particularly by moral force, as by law or authority ; to r».^pre'»s, Aybjfe. ^ To compel ; to constrain. Tli<*>e ciiiiA^ — rocrced by ihoK wtiich preceded, und coerang tho«s wiiich lullowod. Dutighl, Ttteol. COERCED, (ko-erst',) pp. Restrained by force j compelled. CO-ERC'ini^E, a. That may or ought to be restrained or compelled. eO-ERC'I-BLE-NESS, ju The state of being coerci- ble. CO-ERC'ING, (ko-ers'ing,) pyjT-. Restraining by force ; constraining. CO-ER'CION, n. Restraint^ check, particulariy by law or auiliority ; compulsion; force. South. COERCIVE, a. Tliat lias power to restrain, par- ticularly by moral force, as of law or authority. Hooker. Drydcn. 2. Compulsory ; constraining ; forcmg. CO-EUC IVE LV, adv. Hy constraint. Cf>-ES SEN'TIAL. a. [con and essential^ from L. ts-HCHtiaiis. See Essej^ci:.] KATE, FAR. F^l-L, WH^T METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, RIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF BOOK. _-- I. COF Partaking of the same e^ence. We hlcm And magni^ that coetaeiuifU Spirit, etcrn^UIy pro- o^i^iig from uic Filher and Son. Hooker. €0-EjI-SEN-TLVL'I-TY, «. Participation of the same essence. Johnson, eO-Et*-SEi\'TIAL-LY, ado. In a coesscntial manner. eU-ES-TAJJ'LlSH-AJEiNT, n. Joint establishment. Bp. of l^ndaff. eO-ES-TATE', n. An esUte or stale of equal rank, or estate in alliance. CO-E-TA'\E-OUri, a. [L. coatanms; con and atasy age. CoETASjEAN is rarely used.] Of the same age with another ; beginning to exist at Uie same lime ; with to. *' Every taiilt has penal effc-cts coftaReoas to the act." But wiVi may be prt-f- erable to to. This word is sometimes used as synun- yaious with cotemporary ; but cuetaneotu seems prop- erly to denote cotemporary in origin, raUu-r than c&- temp>.>rary in existence at any other period. It may, however, be used in both senses. €0-E-Ta'\E-OL;S-EV, adv. Of or from the same age or beginning. Uicight. €0-E-TERN'AL, a. [L. con and aternus.] Equ;dlv eternal wiili another. JHllton, eO-E-TEtt\'AI^LY, ado. With equal eternity. Hooker. eO-E-TERN'I-TY, n. Existence from eternity equal with another eternal being ; equal eternity. Hammond. eO-£'VAL, a. [h. coijeviLs ; con and . Being equally extended. GrrtP. CO-EX-TEXU'IXU, ppr. Extending through tlie same space or duration with another. eO-EX-TE.\'H10.\, n. The act of extending eqUKlly, or the »t.nte of ln:ing (.■qiially txt«;iidtMi. Hale. €0-EX-TE.\'SIVE, a. Equally extenHive ; having equal extent. €0-EX rE.\'S[VE-LY, atlv. Of etpial extent. eO-EX-TEN'HIVE-.N'ESS, n. Equal extension or ex- tent. eOF'KEE, u. f Fr. cafe i It. cnffe ; Sp. e^fi ; Port. id. i G. kuffte; I), koffy; Ar. cahwik, or cahiffA, which tlie Turks pronouncf cahorh. This plrint is said lo be a native of Ethiopia.] i. The berry of a tree belonging to the genua Cof- fea, growing in Arabia, Persiii, and in other warm climates of Asia and Ainerica. It wdl grow to the biBht of 16 or 18 feel, htit it-n growth is generally stirit.d lo 5 feet, fur the ronvojiience of gathering ilie fniiu The stem is upright, and covered with a light-brown bark ; the branches are horizontal and * op{K>»ite, crossing each other at every joint, and form- ing a sort of pyramid. The flowers grow in clusters at the root of the leaves, and close to the branches ; they are of a pure wh.te, and of an agreeable odor. The fruit, which is a berry, grows tii clusters, along the branches, under the axils of the le.avu*. t'.tiajc 2- .\ drink made from the berry of llie co»fet>trec, by dfcoction. 'I'he berry is first rotb-'ted, and then ground in a mill, and boiled. The use of it is s;iid to have been inlrodurcd into France by 'J'hevennt, Uie travtfler, and into England, in U>^2, by a Greek servant railed Pasipia. 'I'he best colfee is said to be the Mocha coff.'e, from Arabia Felix. The cottee of Java, Bourbon, and the West Indies, consUtutes an important article of commerce. eoK'KEE-€UP, n. A cup from which coffee is drank. COF'FEE-HOUSE, n. A house of cnlertainmeni, wherfi guestH are supplied with cntfee and other re- Ircsluuents, and where men meet for conversation. Prior. Sid iff, 2. A house of ent»-rtainm'*nt for boarders or lodg- cis; a hotel ; an inn, whid Suii>i, the Dialricl Couria have cognizanct of tnaritimr' catiaca. 2. Jurisdiction, or right to try and determine causes. The Court of Klng'i Bench ha> orifriiit^l Jimwliciion an'l cofnl- zarice of uJt tLCliuiU of Ircapuas K el arvu*. Blackatoite. 3. In latPy an acknowledgment or confession ; as In fines, the acknowledgment of the cognizor or de- forciant, that the right to the land in question is in the plaintiff or cognizee, by gift or otherwise; in replevin, the acknowledgment of the di'fcndiini, that he took the g(«i(is, but alleging that he did it legally as the bailifi" of another person, who had a right »o distrain. Black:*tune. 4. A badge worn by a retainer or dependent, to indicate the [lerson or party lo which he belonged. .S. Knowledge or notice ; perception , observation ; as, the ro'Tftizauce of the sonsCH. ii. Knowledge by recollection. Spenser. COG'NI ZAN'T, (kug'ne-zanl ffT kon-'e-zant,) a. Hav- ing knowledge of. TONE, BPI.L, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VF'CIOUS. — G as K ; 6 as J j » as Z ; CH m SH ; TH as in TUia [-TV, M. The quality of being con €OG'M-7.AN"r, (kog'ne-sant vr kon'ezani,) a. Uav- ini: kmmirtliie nf. eoG-.M-ZKK', (kop-ne-aiw' orkon-e-zee',) ji. Iniatr, one to whom a fint; is aiknowli'ilced, or the plaintilf in an nction Tor the R»sunince of luml by fine, €OG-NI-Z0R', fkofr-ne-Kor', «r kon-e-xor',) «. One who acknuwieages the ri^bt of the plaintiff or cog- nhct^e, in a fine ; otlierwise called the dffemdAml or ie/vrriamt, BUekstomt. €OG-N0'MEX, «. [!>.] A jramame. The last of the Uiree naineJ) ainmis the Ronums. It describt'd the house or fsniily of a jjerson ; as the nomen did the ^N^.- while the pntnotneA was the name of the in- dividual. BrMde. eOG-NoM'IX-AL, c [U MfKMMii, ft surname j eon and Ntrmcii, name.] 1, Pertainine to a surname, 2. Having the <^nie name. [Little usedJ] Brwwn. €OG-XOM-I.\-A'TU>\, m, [L. cojpwwea.] A «umauie : the name of a family; a name given from any accident or quality ; as, Alexander the OtmC Br^vnt. eOG^NOS'CE.SCE. n. [See Coo:«iTioir.] Knowledge ; the act or Mate of knowing. [LittU COO^'OS-CEJrTK, a. ; fL Cogsoicixti. [IL] A connoisseur. [LiuU m»ed.\ eOG-XOS-CI-BlL'I — rognnsctble, €OG-NOS'Cl-BLE, a. That may be known. [Liule usfd.] Hale. €OG-XOS'CI-TIVE, «. Having the power of know- ing. Cudvorlk. COG-KOfytT^ «. [L., he acknowledges.1 In iow, a tena used when the defendant acknowledges the Juatice of llw plaintiff^s claim, or a part of it, and BudTen Judgraeut to be entered against bira. Biack^a^e. eO-GUARIVI-AX, w. A joint guardian. KenU COGUE, B. A small wooden vessel ; a dram. [Loc^\ eOG'-WIIEKL, a. A wbeil with cop" or teeth. eOHAB'lT, p. L fL. con and habOo^ to dwelt] 1. To dwell with ; to inhabit or reside in company, or in the ttame place or country. Stiles. SuutA. 2. To dwell uc live liigether aa htisband and wife ; usually or oflt-n ap[4ied to persan.s n.>t leg^dlv married. CO-HAB IT-AXT, ■. One who d*vell* with anoIlKr, or in the ^aiiic (dare. Dtea^ of Fitt^. eo-HABIT-A'TIOX.a. The act or state of dwelling tug«tlier or in the same place with anoilier. StileSj illtiL SeniL. 9. The stite of living together as man and wife, with;>ut btMUK legally married. Baeom. eO-IlAH'IT-I.NG, ppr. or a. Dwelling toccttacr, or the nt't of doing su. €0 HCIR', (ko-air",) a. [L. esimrtt; cm and Ures, an ketr. See Ilaia.] A joint heir; one who succeeds to a share of an inheritance, whidi is to be divided amtrng two or more. eO-IIfilR'ESS, (ko-iir'esa,) n. A female who in- herits a share of an estate, which is to be divided among two or more heirs or beires:^s ; a joint heiress. eO-HER'ALD, M. A joint herald. €0-HERE', r. L [I* cofuxreo; con and *X. (hS'zhun.) n. [Ir. coesione; from L. £okar- licles of homogeneous Uklies which unite in a luasit, bv « naturil tendency ; one of Uie diirfn-nt spircica of attraction. JSTcwU'n. .^rbulknut. 2. Connection ; dejtendence ; os, the cohe.-iwn of ld'*as. But in this sense, see Coherence. Lucke eO-llK'SlVE, o. That Ims the |H)wer uf sticking or colierini! ; tending to unite in a mass, and to resii^t separation. J^ichoUotu €0-ilP:'SIVE.LY, adv. With cohesion. eO-Hfi'SIVE-XESS, R, The quality of being cohe- sive ; the quality of adhering together ; as particles of nuttier. eO-IUB'IT, P. U [L. eohibro.'l To restrain. eO-HIH'rr-ED, pp. Restrained. eO-IIUriT-IXG, ppr. Restraining. €0-l!I-BI"TIOX, n. J;L, u>hihitio.] Hinderancd ; re- eO'HO-BATE, c. U [Port, cohoror.} ["^''^'ut- Among eaWy chnnists, to repeal the distillatiun of the same liquor, or that from the same body, pouring the li<|Uor back upon tlie matter remaining in the vessel. BitiUn. Eneyc €tt'!iO-BA-TED,;jp. Repeatedly distille.l. eO'IIO-BA-TIXG, ppr. Distilling n p.-atidly. €0-H0-BA'Tl0X, n. [S|k cokobaewn.} The oixralion of repeatedly distilling the same liquor, or that from the same substance. Encye. eO-H0E9', I a. A fall of water, or falls; a word of eO-MOZE', i Indian origin in America- eO'HORT, n. [L. cofwrsi Fr. cohortc; It. coorte; Sp. cohorte ; Port, irf.] 1. Among Vie Romans^ a body of about five or six hundred men ; each cohort consisted of tliree mani- ples, and each maniple of two centuries; and ten cohorts constituted a legion. .^dam^ Rom. AnL 2. In poetrtf^ a band or body of warriors. Milton. eO-HORT-A'TlO.V.n. Exhortation; encouragement. [Aul Krffrf.] • DicU eOIF, n. [Ft. eoi^ffi ; Arm. eoeff; It. cajffa, a cap ; Sp. aifin, a net of silk or thread worn on the head ; Fort. Ctfi/it, a caul.] A kind of caul, or cap, worn on the he-ad by ser- geant*) at law and others. Its chief use was to cover the clerical tonsure. Encyc €OIF, r. L To Cover or dress with a coif. eOIPKDj^(koift,)iu Wearing a coif. ad-dress. Jiddison. s, a corner.] Shak. eoiGXE, Iv.i. To live by extortion. [An frith word.] COIX'Y, \ BrygketU €OIL, P. t, [Ft. eueillir : perhniis Gr. ciXcu, or wAiw. Set- the nH*l3 Shi and SnfJ, Class Gl, No. 5, 48.1 To (rnthtr, as a line or cord, into a circular form ; to wind into a ring, as a serpent, or a rope. COIL, a. A ro(»e gathered into a ring ; on shipboard, a single turn or winding is called a/oJte, and a range of fakes is called a tier. 2. A noise, tumult, bustle, confusion. Bailcij. JohnsoTU COIL'KD, pp. or a. Gathered into a circular form, as a rope, or a serpent. COIL'I.NG, ppr. Gathering or winding into a ring or circle. eOlX, n. [Pr. coin, a comer, a wedge ; Arm. eoi^n ; Sp. cjiquituL, a C4iruer, and curia, a wedge ; Port, fu'/ta: \j.ettneusi Gr. ytiyvta; Ir. cuinne ; W. gain^j or cyn, a wedge. 'J'lie pronunciation of this word, by otir common people, is quine^ or quoin, when ap- plied to a Wedging ^tone, in masonry. See the next word.] 1. A comer or extenial angle; a jutting point, as of a wall. Sfuili, RiLttic coins s stones jutting from a wall, for new buildings to be joined ti>. Bailey. 2. A wedge for raising or lowering a piece of ord- nance. Baiiey. 'S, A wedge or piece of wood to lay between casks on shipboard. Bailey. COI.V, a. [:?p. cunai Port. ckbAo, a die to stamp money ; Sp. acuharj to coin or impress money, to n*t;dge ; Port, cnnhar; It. conto, a die; comarCy to coin ; Fr. coin; Ar. /.l3 kamta, to hammer, forge, or stamp. Tlie sense is, to strike, beat, or drive, coinciding with the French coii^ner, or eogner. Hence we see that ci^i, wiiether it siguifi<-s a cor- ner, a wedze, or a die, is from the same root, from lhru.-;ting, drivin;;.] PrimnrUyt the die employed for stimping money. Hence, 1. Money stami>ed ; a piece of metal, as gold, sil- ver, copper, or oilii-r riietal, converted into money, by impres.sing. on it marks, figures, or characters. To jnahe gtjod money, these impressions must be niade unili;r the authority of government. That which is sLimped without aulJiority is called /o/fc or counterfeit coin. Formerly, all coin was made by hanun^ring; but it is now impressed by a machine, or mill. Current eoin\, is com legally sLimped, and circula- ting in trade. Jincirnt cuins^ are chiefly those of the Jews, Greeks, COK and Romans, which are kept in cabinets as curios- ities. 2. !a architecture, a kind of die cut diagonally, aflcr the manner of a llii;lit of a staircase, serving at bottom to support columns in a level, and ul top to correct tilt' inclination of an entalilature support- ing a vault. Eneyc 3. That which serves for payment. Th,^ Kim of prM'.-nt advtxiiUi{v to Acab UiU bliKxl b rfpnUl in « nubler coin. Hammotui, GOIX, r. L To stamp a metal, and convert it into numey'; to mint. 2. To make or fabricate for general use ; as, to coin words. Shak. 3. To make ; to forge ; to fabricate ; in an ill sense ; ns, to coin a lie : to coin a l^ible. Hndibras. Vryden. COIX'AGE, n. The act, art, or practice, of stamping metallic money. Arbutknot, 2. Coin ; money coined ; stamped and legitimated metal for a circulating medium. 3. Coins of a particular stamp; as, the coinage of George III. 4. The charges or expense of coining money. * 5. A making ; new production ; formation ; as, the coinage of words. 6. Inventitm ; forgery ; fabrication. This U Uie rrry emnage of your brain. Sihai. €0-IN-CIDE', V. i. [h. eon and incido, to fall on ; in and cadoy to fall. See Cadekce, Case. Low L. coincido ; Sp. coincidir ; Fr. eoincider.] 1. To fall or to meet in the same point, as two lines or bodies ; followed by with. U Ih-? equator aivl ihe etlipVc li:iJ coincided, It would hare n*n- 2. To concur ; to be consistent with ; to agree ; as, the judges did not coincide in opinion. The T\i\fn of rig'ht JuU^niiMit &itil of gowi ratiocination oftni ewntitU with eadi uiiior. WaU*. €0-IN'CI-DEXCE, n. The falling or meeting of two or more lines, surfaces, or bodies, in the same point. Bentley. 9. Concurrence; consistency; agreement; as, the eoinridence of two or more opinions; coincidence of evidences. • Hale. 3. A meeting of events in time; concurrence; a happening at the same time ; as, cuuictf/cuce of events. €0-LVCI-DENT, a. Falling on the same point ; meeting, as lines, surfaces, or bodies ; followed by Vftth, J^mcton. 2. Concurrent ; consistent ; agreeable to ; followed by tciVi. Chriitianilj' teachca nolhiiiff but what la perfrclly etAnddent vnlh the ruling priiiciji^i of a virluoua niaa. Soulh. eO-IN'CI-DEXT-LY, ado. With coincidence. eO-IX-CID'ER, n. Ho or tliat which coincides or concurs. eO-IX-CID'IXG, p;>r. or o. Meeting in the sameiwint ; agreeing ; concurring. eO-hX-DieA'TION, n. [L. con and indication from indico, to show.] In mcdtciney a sign or symptom, which, with other signs, as^iists to show the nature of the disease, and the proper remedy ; a concurrent sign or symptom. eOlX'^D, pp. or a. Struck or stamped, as money; made ; invented; forged. eOlX'ER, n. One who stamps coin; a minter; a, maker of money. Addison, 2. A counterleiter of the legal coin } a maker of base money. 3. An inventor or maker, as of words. Camden, eO-IN-HAB'IT-AXT, n. One who dwells with another, or with others. eO-IX-HER'IT-ANCE, n. Joint inheritance. €0-IX-IlER'IT-OR, n, A joint heir ; a coheir. eOIN'IXG, ppr. Stamping money; making; invent- ing; forging; fabrit^ating. COIN'ING, n. The a«, art, or practice, of making stamped metallic money. €0-IX'aUI-NATE, c. U [L. coinquino.] To pollute. [JW usedJ\ €0-lX-aUl.NA'T!0N, n. Defilement. {Xot used.) eO-IN-STAX-TA'NE-OUS, a. Instantaneous at the same moment. €0IR, «. A material for cordage, consisting of Iho fibers of the cocoa-nut; also, the cordage made of this material. P. Cyc. eOIS'TRIL, n. [Said to be from kestrel, a degenerate hawk.] 1. A coward ; a runaway. Shak. Johnson. 2. A young lad. Bailey. eOlT, n. A quoit, which see. eOIT'IXG. See Quoit. eO-I"TIOX, (ko-ish'un,) n, [L. eoitio, from coeoy to come together; con and eo, to go.] A coming together ; chielly the venereal inter- course of the sexes ; copulation. Grew. eO-JOlX', B. L [h. conjaniTo. See Conjoin.] To join with another m the same office. [Little «sed.] Shak. eO-JCROR, n. One who swears to another's credi- bility, n'otton, €CKE, n. Fossil coal charred, or deprived of its bilu- FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — METE, PREY. — PIXE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE. MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— ___ - COL men, sulphur, or otiier extraneous or volatile matter by fire, aud liius prcp;ired for exciting intense heat. Eiicyc. Cleageland. COKE, V. L To convert into coke. €OL'AN-DER, (kul'len-der,) n. [U coIo, to strain ; Ft. eouler^ to flow, to trickle down j cotdantj (lowing; couloiry a colander.] A vessel with a bottom perforated with little holes for straining liquors. In America^ this name is given, I believe, exclusively to a vesst;! of tin, or other metal. In Orcat Brttain^ the name is given to Vessels, like sieves, made with hair, osiers, or t\vigs. ^ay. Ray. DryUcii. eO-LA'RKS, 71. The genuine wine of Portugal. €0-LA'TIOA, n. The act of straining, or purifying liquor, by passing it through a perforated vessel. [LitUe luetiA eOL'A-TURE, 71. The act of straining i the matter strained. [LitUe used.] eOL'BER-TlNE, n. A kind of lace worn bv women. johruoH. eOL'eill-CIXE, n. A vegetable alkaloid obtained from Cotchicum Autumnale. €OL'€III-eii'M,». The meadow saflTron of English writers, a term applied to a genus of bulbous-rooted plants fuund in many p.'irts of Europe. From the bulbs of the Culchicum Autumiuile, a medicine is prepared, which is used as a remedy for the gout and rheumatism. Partington. Loudvii. €OL'eO-TII.\R, n. The brown red oxyd of iron which remams after the distillation of the acid from sulphate of iron ; us^rl f.tr polishing ghiss and otiier substances. It is culled by artists crocwi, or crocus mortis. Hitcyc Ure, The sulphate of iron is called colcotJuir or cJialcite, when the calcination has been carried so far as to drive offa considerable part of the acid. Fou-rcruy. [See Chaucite.I eOLD, a. [Sax. eatdi G. kitlt; D. koud^ contracted; Gotli. colds; Basque, gtdda : Sw. kail; Dan. hold; and the noun kiilde, Tlie latter seems to be con- nected with kulj a coal, and kaler^ to blow strong. But the connection rajiy be casnal. In Swedish, kyla signifies to cool, and to burn ; thus conncctiii;; cuo/, cold, with the L. c«/f», to be hot. Both cold and heat may be from rushing, raging, and this word may be from the same root as frale. If not, cuul wtHild seem to be allied to I^ ^elo.] 1. Not \varm or hiit ; gdid ; frigid ; a relative term. A subsLince is cold to the touch when it is less warm than the body, and when, in contact, the heat of the biMjy pas^s from the body to the substance ; as, coUl air ; a culd stone ; cold water. It denotes 8 greater degree of the quality than conl. [See the noun.] & Having the sensation of cold ; chill ; sliivering, or inclined to shiver ; as, I am cold, 3. Having cold t|unlities ; as, a cold plant. Bacon. A. Frigid; wanting passion, zeal, or unlor ; indif- ferent ; unconcerned ; not animated, or easily ex- cited into actirju ; as, a cvld spectator ; a cold Citris- tian ; a cold lover, or friend ; a culd temper. Hooker. Jiildidon. Tlioii «r. n-^ithCT eoH nnr hot. — Rer. Ui. 5. Not moving; unaffecting; not animated; not able to excite feeling ; spiritless ; as, a coUl discourse ; a Cold jf'^t. .^dilison. 6. Reserved ; coy ; not affectionate, cordial, or friendly ; indicating inditVerence ; as, a add look ; a cold return of civilities ; a cold reception. CUtrendan. 7. -Not healt^d by sensual desire. Shak. 8. Not hasty; not violent Johnson. 9. Not Hrfecting the scent strongly. Shak. 10. Nut having (he scmt strongly alfected. Shak. €OIiI), B. [Sax. fc/f, eyl, eyle; U. koelu^ koude ; G. kcUte. See Cool.] li The «ens;iiion produced in animal bodies by the ^ escape of h.'-'at, and the consequent cunlraciion of the fine vessels. Also, the cause of that sensation. Heat expands the vessels, and cold contracts them; and the transition from an expanded to a contracted Btiite is accompanied with a sensation to which, as Well as to the cause of it, we give the denoii^nati'in of culd. Hence cold is a privation of heat, or the cause of it. Kacyc. Bacon. 9. A shivering ; the effect of the contraction of the tine vessels of the body ; chilliness, or chillmrss. jyryden. 3. A disease ; indispoaition occasioned by cold ; ralarrh. €0I.I»-Hl,0OD'En, f-blud'ed,) a. Having cold blood. 9. Wilhnut sensibility, or feeling ; hard hearted. COr.O'ER. a. comp. More cold. COI-D'EST, a. vupfW. Most cold. €oLr)'-FI\CH, n. A spocies of Motarilla, a bird frequenting the west of England, with the head and bark of a brownish gray, the b(;lly whitp, and the quill f-ather-* and tail blark. Diet ofJVat. JliM. €o!.I)'-HEA UT'EX), a. Wanting passion or fccliijg ; indifferent. €OU>'-HEART'ED-LY, adv. In a cold-hearted man- COLD'-HEART'ED-NESa, n. Want of feeling or Mnsibility. COL eOLD'-SHOUl^'DER. To give the cold shoulder to any one, is to treat him witli cool neglect eOLD'lSH, a. Somewhat culd. eOLD'LY, ado. In a cold manner ; without warmth ; without concern ; witliout ardor or animation ; without apparent passiuu, emotion, or feeling; with JndiiTerence or uegUgenee ; as, to answer one coldly ; a proposition is coldly received. GoLD'XESS, M. Want of heat ; as, the cold.tfjis of water or air. When the heat or temperature of any substance is less th.au that of the aniuial body ex- posi*d lo it, that state or temperature is called culdite.-i.i. a. Unconcern; indifference; a frigid state of teni- pei ; want of ardor, zeal, emotion, uuimation, or spirit; negligence; as, to receive an answer with coldnam : to listen with coldness. 3. Want of apparent affection, or kindnesa ; as, to receive a friend with coldne.i.i. 4. Coyness; reserve; indifference; as, to receive addresses with ^oldnesti. 5. Want of sensual desire ; frigidity; chastity. CoLD'-SllOKT, a. Brittle when cold, as a nutal. COLE, n. f.Sax. caul^ aiwl, or caicel; L. caulLi ; Gr. «..\£oi, a sheath, and €0-Li:-<)P'TER-A, lupl. \ irrfoif, a wing.J A term applied to an order of insects, havmg crus- taceous elytra or shells, which shut and form a lon- gitudinal suture along the back, covering the wings which lie beneath, as the beetle. eO-LE-OP'TER OUS, a. Having wings covered with a case or sheath ; belonging to the Coleoptera. eOLE'-PERCH, Tu A smaU fish, less than the com- mon [K'rch. Diet, of J^aL HlI/IC, n. [L. colicus ; Gr. xoiAifcof, fVoin koiX"*', the colon.] In general^ a severe pain in the bowels, of which there are several varieties ; as, bilious colic, liysteric colic, nervous colic, and many others. Coze. Quincy. eOL'ie'lL i*^ Affecting the bowels. MUlon. eoi/ICK-v", a. Pertaining to colic. eOL'I.V, rt. A bird of the partridge kind, found in America and the West Indies, called also a quail. eOUI-SE'UM, n. [It. e.olueo.] The amphitheater of Vespasian a> Rome, the largest in the world ; also written Colo9si:uh. COLL, o. C. To embrace. [AVC in usa.] [See Collar.] Spenger. €OL-LAB'0-RA-TOR, n. [Fr. collahomteur.] An asitociaie in labor, csjfCciaUy literary or scientific. r Recent.] Sdliman. eoi^LAPSE', n. A falling together, as of the sides of a hollow vessel. 2, An extreme depression of the boilily energies. COL-LAPSE', (kol-Iaps',) r. i. [L. coUabor, coUapsus ; con and labor, to slide or fall.] To fall l(»gether, as the two sides of a vessel ; to clfise by falling together ; as, the fine canals or ves- nels of the body colUipse in old age. Arbuthnot, C0I,-LAPS'/;D, (kol-la|>st',) pp. or a. Fallen together ; eOL-LAP'srON, C-shun;) n. A state of falling togeth- er ; a !Htate of vessels closed. eOL'LAR, B. [U collare; Fr. collier, collet; Arm. colyer i It. collare; Sp. collar; from L. eollum, the neck.] L Something round the neck, as a ring of metal or a chain. The knights of several orders wear a chain of gold, rnameled, and sometimes set with ciphers or other devices, to which the badge of the order is appended. Ktunjc. 2. The part of a garment which surrounds the neck. Job xxx. 18. 3. A part of a harness for the neck of a horse or other beast, used in dmught. 4. Among ncamen, the upiK'r part of a stay ; iilso, a rope in form of a wreath, to which a stay is cimfined. 5. In areJiitecturCf an horizontal piece of timber con- necting and bracing twc) opposite raAcrs. Brande. Also, a ring, cincture, or astragal. OvoUt. To slip the collar, is to flfccape or get free ; to dis- entangle one's self from oiflkulty, labor, or engage- ment. Johnson, A collar of brawn. Is the quantity bound up in one parcel. [JVuE u-ted in America.] Johnson. eOL'LAR, V. ^ To seize by the collar. 3. To put B collar on. COL To collar beef^ or Other meat, is to roll it up and bind it close with a string. yEnglisk.] eOL'LAR-AGE, n. A tax or fine laid for the collars of witie-drawing horses. \Kag,] Bailey. Encyc. GOL'L.VR-BkAM, n. In architecture, an horizontal piece of timber connecting and bracing two opposite rafters ; ako called collar. Owilt. eOL'LAR-BONE, n. The clavicle. €OL'LAR-DaV, n. A day on which knights appear at Court iji their collars. Smart. eOL'LAR-i^;0, pp. Seized by the collar. S. Having a collar on tlie neck. COL-LaT'A-ULE, a. Capable of being collated. COL-LATE', V. t. [h. collatum, coUatus ; con and la- tum^ latus ; considered to be the supine and participle offcro, confcro, but a word of distinct (trigin.] Literally, to bring or lay together. Hence, 1. To lay together and coiTiparc, by examining the points in which two or mure things of a similar kind agree or disagree ; applied particularly to vianiLseript^i and books i as, to collate copies of the Hebrew Scrip- tures. 2. To confer or bestow a benefice on a clergj-man, by a bishoji who has it in his own gift or patronage ; or, more strictly, to present and institute a clergy- man in a bLnefice, when ihe same person is both the ordinary and the patron ; followed by to. 3. To bestow or confer. Taylor. 4. To gather and place in order, as the sheets of a book, for binding. COL-L.^TE', V. i. To place in a benefice, as by a bishop. U tlic bishop n'^g'K-cIs to collau within lix mouUia, the right to do it Uetulvt* UI) Uie archU4hop. Eiuyc. eOL-LAT'ED, ;)/). Laid together and compared; ex- amined by comi)aring ; presented and instituted, as a clergyman to a benefice. COL-LAT'ER-AL, a. [L. coUatcralis ; con and laieror- lisy from latus, a side.] 1. Being by the side, side by side, on the side, or side to side. In )iii bright radiance nnd coUnleral light Mii«i I be oamfoneA, not tii his aphere. Shak. Collateral pressure, is pressure on the side. So we say, cuUateriil circumstances ; circumstancea which ac- company a princiiKil event. 2. In genealogy, descending from the same stock or ancestor, but not one from the other; as distin- guished from lincuL Lineal descendants proceed one from another in a direct line ; collateral rehiikms spring from a common ancestor, but from different bninches of that common stirps or stock. Thus the children of brothers are collateral relations, having different fathers, but a common grandfather. Blackstone. 3. Collateral security, is security for the performance of covenants, or the payment of money, besides the principal security. 4. Running parallel. Johnson, 5. Dilfitsed on either side ; springing fVom relations ; as, collateral love. Milton. 6. Not direct, or immediate ir by ilin-ct or cotlaUml nniiil. Sluik, 7. Concurrent; aw, Ci*Wa((frfli strength. Atterbu-ry. COL-L.^T'ER-AL, n. A collateral relation or kins- man. eOI^LAT'ER-AL-LY, adv. Side by side; or by the side. 2. Indirectly. Dryden. 3. In collateral relation ; not in a direct line ; not linonlly. COULAT'ER-.^L-NESS, n. The state of being col- I atonal. COL-LAT'ING, ppr. Comparing; presenting and in- stituting. COIv-La'TION, n. The act of bringing or laying to- gether, and comparing; a tomparison of one copy or thing of a like kind with another. Pope. 2. The act of conferring or bestowing ; a gift. Ray. 3. In the canon law, the presentation of a clercy- mnn to a benefice by a bishop, who has it in his own gift or patronage. Collation includes both presenta- ti(m and iustitution. When the patron of a cliurch is not a bi5hL-I.F.€T', r.£. [L. e^AUga^ coittr t mm ; mm and fc/o, to gather ; Gr Xtfttt,] 1. To gather, as eepuate persoas or things, into one body or place ; to aseemble or Iving together ; a«, to e9lUct men into an army ; to etIUtt ideas j to 9oUcct particulars into one sum. SL To gain by obst^rvation or inforrantion ; as, fVoro ■II that can be cetUttedy the public peace will not soon be interTU[Aed. 3. To gather from premiMe ; to Infer as a eonse- quence. Which eMueqoencf, I cononn dismayed. Skak, MilUm. €OL-'LE€rr', e. i. To run together ; to nrcumulnle ; as, pus eaiiecu in an abiicesa ; sand or auow eolUcts in banks. COL'LEGT, «. A short, comprehensive prayer; a prayer adapted to a pnrticukir d»y or occosiun, and read together with oUier parts of the church ser\'ice. Brande. TatfUrr. S. A collertina or gatherini; of muney. [ Little used.] €01.-LE€>-Ta'.\E-A, «. pL [L., things coUecled.] In Uxtrmturej a term applied tu a selection of passages from varifMis authors, usually made fur the purpose of instniction. Brande. --COL-LEC-TA'XE-OUS, a. [L. eaOsetaneus.] Gathered ; collected- €OLr-LEeT'ED, pp. or a. Gathered ; assembled j con- gregated ; drawn together. S. «■ Reeorered from surprise ot dismay ; not dis- concerted ; cool ; firm; prepared. eOL-LECT'ED-LY, adr. In one view; together; in one bodv ; in a coot, prepared state of mind. €OL-LEeT'ED-\KS.S, n. A collected state of the mind ; recovery from surprise. eOL-LEera-BLE, o. That may be collected or gath- ered ; that may be inferred. 2. That may be gathered or rerovered ; as, the debts or taxes are or are not eoUefitble. €OL-LG€n^[NG, ppr. or a. Gathering ; drawing to- fMher; a.«sembUng. eOL-LEC'TIOX, K. The act of gathering or assem- bling. 9: The body formed by gathering ; an assemblage, or assembly ; a crowd ; as, a collection of men. 3. A oontribatian j a sura collected for a charitable parpoae. N«« eonoRotox' Uw coOse&on for the Mints. — 1 Cor. xri. ^ A gathering, as of matter in an abscess. 5. The act of deducing consequences ; reasoning ; Inference. [LiUlt used.] Jokitson. Hooker. & A corollary ; a consectary ; a deduction from premises ; consequence. Johnson. Hooker. 7. A Iwok compiled from other books, by the put- ting together of parts ; a compilation ; as* a collection of essays or sermuns. C0L-LEe-TI"T10US, (-tish'us,) a. Gathered up. eOL-LEGT'IVE, o. [L. attUctieusi Fr. colUct^f; It. ooUettico.] 1. Formed by gatliering ; gathered into a mass, sum, or body ; c^mgre gated, or agsregated. Sviji. 2. Deducing consequences ; reasoning ; inferring. Broien. 3. In gnaaottr^ expressing a number or multitude COL united ; as, ncoUeetire noun or name, whicli, though in the singular numt>er itself, denotes more than one ; as, ft'm/»'i»w, armtj, troopy asst^hly. €OL-LECr'lV'E-LY, adr. In a mass, or body; in a collected state ; tu thf aggregate ; unitedly ; in a state of combination ; ils, the citizens of a state collectively considered. €OL-LE€T'I VE-NESS, a. A state of union ; mass. €OI.-LEeT'OK,a. One who collects or gathers things which are .scattered or separate. 9. A compiler ; one who gathers and puts together parts of books, or scattered pieces, in one book Addison. 3. In frotony, one who gathers plants, without studying botany as a science. Encyc. Also, a term applied to the dense hairs covering the styles of some plants. Brande, A, An officer apfK>iiited and commissioned to col- lect and receive customs, duties, taxes, or toll. l^mple. 5. A bachelor of arts in Oxford, who is ap|)ointed to superintend some scholastic proceedings in Lent. Todd. eOL-LEer'OR-SniP, > n. The office of a collector eOL-LECT'OR-ATE, ( of customs or taxes. 2. The juruulictiuu of a collector. jSstat. Ruearekes. eOI^LEG'.\-T.VRV, n. [U con and Ufo, to send.] In the eivd /dw, a person who has a legacy left to him, in comnu^n with one or more other person.^. Chambers. Johnsotu- COL'LCGE, n. [L. collegium ; con and Ugo^ to gather.] In its primary sense^ a Collection or a^Membly. Hence, 1. In a general smsey n collection, assemblage, or society of men, invested with certain powers and rights, perfitrining certain duticji, or engaged in some common employment or pursuit. 2. In u partirular sensCy an aafsembly for a political or ecclesiastical pur{M>ierties of a college. eOL-LE'6t-AX, H. A nienibcr of a college, particu- larly of a literar}' institution so called; an inhab- itant of a college. Johnson. €OL-Lk'GI-ATE, a. Pertaining to a college ; as, col- legiate studies. 2. Containing a college ; in.Qtttuted after tlie man- ner of a college ; as, a collegiate society, Johnson. 3. A collegiate church is one that has no bishop's see, but has the anciuint retinue of a bishop, canona, and prebends. Of these, some are of royal, others of ecclesiastical foundation ; and each i.s regulated, in matters of divine service, as a cathedral. Some of these were anciently abbeys which have been secularized. F.neyc. eOL-LE'Gl-ATE, TU The member of a colbge. Burton. eOL'LET, n. [Fr. collet, a collar, or neck, from L. coUxtm.] 1. Among jewc/i^r:?, the horizontal face Tr plane at the bottom of brilliants ; or the part of a ring in which the stone is set. Rncyc. Johnson. 2. In gtass-maJcing, that part of glass vessels which sticks to the iron instrument used in taking the sub- stance from the raelting-pot. Encyc. 3. Anciently, a hand or crting coal from the ports where it is re- ceived from the mines, to the ports where it is pur- chased fur consumption. eOLL'IER Y. (kol'yor-y.) n. The place where coal is dug. [See Coalkry.J 2. The coal trade, (iu. €0L'Ll-FLOVV-ER. See CiULi flower. eOL'H-GATE, «. t. [L. adligo; con and ligOy to hind. J To tie or bind together. The piKiM or iaiiii;liiu arc coUigated ia row«. NUh. Diet. €OL'LI-GA-TED, pp. Tied or bound together. eOL'Li-<;A-TL\G, ppr. Binding together. eOL-LI-GA'TIO.\, n. A binding tniden. S. In burlesque, a child. SAak. 3. In Job XV. 97, it seems to have the sense of a thick piece or fleshy lump. " He maketh collops of fat un his flanks." This is the sense of tlic word in New England. eOL-Lo'aUI-AL, a. [See Colloquy.! Pertaining to Common conversation, or to mutual discourse ; as, eoUotfiual language ; a colloquial phrase. €OL-L0'aUI-AL,-I«M, n. A colloquial fonn of ex- pression. €OL-Lo'Q.lTI-AL-LY, ado. By mutual conversation. €OLXO-aUIST, B. A speaker in a dialogiie. Jilulone, COL'LO-QUY, n* [L. eoUoquium; con and loquor^ to speak.] Conversation; mutual discourse of two or more ; conference ; dialogue. Mdton, Taylor. eOL'LoVV, See Collv. eOL-LU€'TAN-CY, tu [L. colluctor; con and /uetor, to stniggle.] A struggling to resist; a striving against; resist- ance ; oppcjsiiion of nature. eOL-LLTC-TA'TIOX, tu A struggling to resist ; con- test ; resistance ; opposition ; contrariety. Woodward. COL-LCDE', D. I. [h. coUudoi con and ludoy to play, to banter, to mock.] To play into the hand of each other; to conspire in a fraud ^ to act in concert. Johnson. €OL-L0D'ER, n. One who conspires in a fraud. eOLr-LCD'ING, ppr. Conspiring with another in a eOU-LOD'ING, n. A trick ; collusion. [fraud. eOL-LC'«ION, (-zhun,) n. [L. colltuio. See Col- lude.] 1. In laiB, a deceitful agreement or compact be- tween two or more persons, for the one party to bring an action against the otiier, for some evil purpose, as to defraud a third person of his right. Cowel. A secret understanding between two parties, who plead or proceed fraudulently against each other, to the prejudice of a third person. Encyc. 2. In general, a secret agreement and co-operation for a fraudulent purpose. €OL-LC'SIVE, a. Fraudulently concerted between two or more ; as, a collusive agreement. €OL-L0'SIVE-LY, adv. By collusion; by secret agreement to defraud. eoL-LO'SIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being col- lusive. COL-LO'SO-RY, a. Carrying on a fraud by a secret concert ; containing collusion. eOL-LO'VI-ES, n. [L.J Filth ; a sink; a mixed mass of refuse matter. COL'LY, i n. [Supposed to be from cnal.] GOL'LOW, ) The black grime or soot of coal or burnt woo(L Woodward. Burton, eOL'LY, r. (. To make foul ; to grime with the smut of coal. Skak, eOL'LY-RITE, n. [Gr. KoWvmov. infra.] A variety of clay, of a white color, with shades of gray, red, or yellow. Cleavrland. €OL-LYR'I-UM, n. [L. ; Gr. KoWvnuw. Uu. from KoXvM, to check, and ^:o(, defluxion.] A lotion Intended to prevent excessive discharges, now applied only to eye-waters. Brandt, eOL'MAR, n. [Fr.] A sort of pear. eOL'O CYNTH, n. [Gr. K-.A'>«u.'fc'd lung buried in rlie earth. JIUL It is an earthy variety of lignite or bnmn coal. Clear (land, eO-L0G.\E'-VVA-TER, (ko-Ione'wii-ter,) n. A liquor composed of spirits of wine, oil of lavender, oil of rosemary, essence of lemon, and oil of cinnamon. eOL'O-Lrl'E, It. [Gr. nwAui', the colon, and AtW^s, stone.] A name given to the fossil intestines of f)rart of the os sacrum, where, from it« straight coume, the canal takes the name of rtctunu Encyc. Qnmey. 3. In ^?ramnuir,apointorcharacter formed thus [:], used to mark a pause greater than tliat of a »emi- COL colon, but less than that of a period ; or rather. It is used when tiic sense of the division of a period is complete, so as to admit a full [»oint ; but someiliing is added by way of illustration, or the description is continued by an additional remark, without a neces- sary dependence on the foregoing members of the sentence. Thus, A brute atriTea at fi poml of perfection he can never p:ws : In a tew y.-ira he hu all the euilowmcnu he ia capuLle of. Speet. No. iii. The colon is often used before an address, quota- tion, or example. *' Mr. Grey was followed by Mr. Erskine, who spoke thus : ' I rise to second the mo- tion of my honorable friend.* " But the propriety of this depends on the pause, and this depends on the form of introducing the quotation ; for after say, said^ or a like word, the colon is not used, and seems to be improper. Thus, in our version of the Scrip- tures, such members are almost Invariably followed by a comma: "But Jesus said to them, 'Ye know not what ye ask.* " The use of the colon is not uniform ; nor is it easily defined and reduced to niles. Indeed, the use of it might be dispensed with without much incon- venience. €OL'0-NEL, (kur'nel,) n. [Fr. colonel : It. colonncllo ; Arm. coronal ; Sp. coronet ; Port, coronel ,■ from It. colonna, Fr. co/onnc, a column, It. colonncllo^ the col- umn of a book.] The chief commander of a regiment of troops, whether infantry or cavalry. He ranks next below a brigadier-gener.il. In Eii;:land, colonel-litutenani is the commander of a rccirn, nt of guards, of which the king, prince, or other pcTson of eminence, is colonel. Lieutenant-colonel is the second olficer in a regiment, aud commands it in the absence of the colonel. €OL'0-NEL-CY, (kur'nel-cv,) ) n. The office, eOL'O-NEL-SHIP, ^kur'nei-ship,) i rank, or com- mission of a colone/l. Sw(ft. Washington. eO-L0'\I-.A.L., a. [See Colokv.] Pertaining to a colony ; as, colonial government ; colonial rights. [C01.0SICAL is not in use.] COL'O-NIST, B. [See CoLo:fv.l An inhabitant of a colony. Black-stone, Mnrskall^ Life of Washington. eOL-0-.\I-ZA'TlOi\, n. The act of colonizing, or slate of being coluiiized. Coloniiation society ; a society in the United States dcsigm^d to aid free blacks in emigrating to Africa. eOIj-O-Nl-ZA'TION-IST, n. A friend to coloniza- tion, particularly to the colonization of Africa by emigrants from the colored population of the Uni- ted Stales. eOL'O-NIZE, V. t. [See Colont.] To plant or estab- lish a colony in ; to plant or st-itle a number of the subjects of a kingdom or state in a remote country fur the purpose of cultivation, commerce, or defense, and for permanent residence. Bacon, The Grvela colonized Ihe »oiilh of Ilnly And of Trance. 2. To migrate and settle in, as inhabitants. Enjiwb Puriuii* colonized N-w England. eOL'O-MZE, r. i. To n,*muve and settle in a distant country ; as, to colonize- in India. Buchanan. eOL'0-i\iZ-*:D,pp. Settled or planted with a colony. eOL'O-XIZ-ING, ppr. or a. Planting with a colony. eOL'O-NIZ-IN'G, n. The act of eslablis^hing a colony. Thii rt-'tp fKiper hm Iveri ailojiteil .a* ihe btt»i» of alt h-^ Inter colonizing: Tooke, i. 6^^. €OL-0\-NADE', n. [It. eohnnnta^ from cotonna, a column; i^p. coliintUa ; i'r. colonnade. See Column.] 1. In architecture, a series or range of ctilumns, placed at regular intervals. Bmldt^r^s Diet, j^ddison. 2. Any stories or range of rolumns. When dis- posed in a circle, or when surrounding a building of any shape, they are called a peristyle; when the rows of columns are double or more, they form a polyKtyle. Pope. COL'O-NY, n. [Ij. eolania^ from rolo, to cultivate.] I. A company or body of people transplanted from their mother coimtry l^i a remote province or coun- try, to cultivate and inhabit it, and remaining subject to tlie jurisdiction of the parent state ; as, the^ritish ct»lonies \\\ America, or the Indies ; the Spanish colo- nies in South America. - When such settlements, in later limes, cease to be subject to the parent state, they are no longer denominated colonics. Til'? fiol r-tiK-m of Ni-w Kiiylnnil wer^ ihe bftl of Rngli«hTn«n, w. Ii-ei]iicifil, (Ir-voiit cTin*(iJiii«, anil I'uiotii lovm of lib- erty. Th-rc was nr.ver a colony fomieil of better nmleriab. AmtB. 9. The country plantf'd or colonized ; a plantation ; aluo, the body of inhabitants in a territory colonized, including the descendants of the firr't planters. The people, though born in the territory, retain the name of colonittsy till they cease to be subjects of the pa- rent state. 3. A collection of animals ; as, colonies of shell- fish. Encyc eOL'O-PIIA-NY. See Colofhost. COL'O-PHON, 71. An inscriptiits.1 like a colos- eOL-03^£'AN, I SOS ; very large ; nuge ; gigantic eOL-Oa«e'UM, a. The name gt\*en to the largest aii^iliicbeater in the world, that of Vespasian ; also written Cousium. €0-L03'SLTS, H. [L. and Gr.l A statue of a gican- lic size. The most remarkalue colossus of antiquity was one at Rhodes, a statue of ApoUo, so high that tt is said ships might sail between its legs. GO-LOS'SUS-WISJ::, ttdr. In the manner of a co- kwsus. Skak, eOLT0RT-AtiE,n. The system of dlslribuUng tracts, &c, bv Colporteurs. €0L'P6RT-ECR, } a. [Fr. earBI6, a. Pertaining to columbium ; as, co- lumbic acid. eOL-l'M-BIF'ER-OL'S, a. Producing or containing columbium. Pkittips. €OL'UM-BT.VE, a. Like, or pertaining to, a pigeon or dove ; of a dove color, or like the neck of a dove. eOL'CM-BIXE, B. [L. eolumbina.] 1. The popular name of Aquilegia, a genus of plants of several species. The Thalictrum, or Bieadow-rue, is also called feathered eolmmhine. Sl The heroine in pantomime entertainments. Fenning. 7*fae name of the mistress of Hariequin in our pantomimes. Todd's Johnson. COM [Colombina is, In Italian, a diminutive term of en- denrmeni, "pretty little dove," (Plaut. ("as. 1, 50, •' Meus pullus piisser, mea coluinbn, ml lepua ; '' Asin. 3,:t, 103, " Dicigitur mennaticulaui.coluuiliam, vt:l ratellum, llinindiiieni, inoiu-dulain, itasDrrciilum, putillum ; ") and it denotes, in old Italian comedy, the nHtiip of a maid-«en*anl, who is a perfect coquette, in which respect the character familiar to our ICnglish stage varies fr^im the prototype. — E. H. B.] CO-LUM'BITE, n. The ore of columbium. eO-LUM'BMJM, n. [from Columbia^ America.] A metal tirsi discovered in nn ore or oxyd, found in Connecticut, at New London, near the house of Govenior Wintiirop, and by him transmitted to Sir Hans Sloane, by whom it was deposited in the Brit- ish Mui^um. The same metal was afterward dis- covered in Sweden, and called tanUdum^ and its ore tAnUditf. CUaveland. eO-LUM'BO. See Calumba. eOL-l^-MEL'LA, n. In frotmijf, the central column in a capsule, taking its rise fruni the receptacle, and having the seeds fixed to it all round. MaHyn. The axis of the fruit. LinMey. SLi In amehology, the upright pillar in the center of most of the univalve shells. Humble. eOL'UBCN, rkol'lura,) n. [h. coltmna, columen; W. colse, a stalk or stem, a prop ; coUrvyn^ a column ; Ir. epl&k, a stalk, a column ; Ann. coulouenn : Fr. colonne ; It. eclonna ; Sp. eolumna : Port, columna, or coluna. This word is from the Celtic, signifying the stem of a tree, such stems being the first columns used. The primary sense is a shoot, or that which is set.] L In arehilecture^ a long, round body of wood or stone, used to support or adorn a building, composed of a base, a shaft, and a capital. I'lie shaft tapers firom the base, in imitation of tJie stem of a tree. There are five kinds or orders of columns. 1. The TmseoMj rude, simple, and masrty ; the higlit of which is fourteen semi-diameters or modules, and the dimi- nution at the top from one sixth to one eighth of the inferior dhuneter. 2. The Dt>ri£^ which is next in strength to the Tuscan, has a robust, masculine ns- pect; its hight is sixteen modules. 3. Thts lunie is more slender than the Tuscan and Doric ; its hight is eighteen modules. 4. The Corinthian is more deli- cate in its form and proportions, and enriched with ornaments; its hight 'should be twenty modules. S. The CompotUe is a species uf the Oorintlitan, and of the same highL Kncvc In strictness, the shaft of a column consists of one entire piece; but it is often com|>oscd of different pieces, so united as to have the appearance of one entire piece. It difiers, m this respect, frnm a pillar. which primarily signifies a pile^ composed of small niecik But the two things are unfortunately con- founded ; and a column, consisting of a single piece of timber. Is called a pUlar, or pile. 2. An ert'ct or elevated structure, resembling a col- umn in architecture; as, the astronomical column at Paris, a kind of hollow tower, with a spiral ascent to the top; gnomonie column, a cylinder on which the hour c^the day is indicated by the shadow of a style ; military eoUtmitj among the Romans ; triumphal coU HSM, &c 3. Any body pressing perpendicularly on its base, and of the same diameter as its base ; as, a column of water, air, or mercur\'. 4. In the military art, a large body of troops drawn up in deep files, with a narrow front ; as, a solid col- umn. So, also, numbers of ships in a fleet following each other in order. 5. Among printers^ a division of a page ; a perpen- dicular set of lines seinrated from another set by a line or blank space. In manuscript books and pa- pers, any separate perpendicular line or row of words or figures. A page may contain two or more columns ; and, in arithmetic, many columns of figures may be added. C. In botany ^Xhe aggregate stamen of a plant when the filaments are united into a tube around the styles, as in tlie Malvaceous plants, which have been called Colammferay i. e., column- bearers. The united sta- mens and styles of the plants of which the genus Ordus is the type, is called a column. €0-LUM'NAR, a. Formed in columns; having the form of columns ; like the shaft of a column ; as, co- lumnar spar. COL'U.M.N-£D, fkorurad,) a. Having columns. ec»-LCRE', n. [Gr. Kohtvn'-q ; «yAo<:, mutilated, and oiipn, a tail ; so named because a part is always be- neath the horizon.] In ojitronomy and ^eo^aphy^ the colures are two great circles, supposed to intersect each other at right angles, in tiie poles of the world, one of them pass- ing through the solstitial and the other through the equinoctial points of the ecliptic, viz., Cancer and Capricorn, Aries and Libra, dividing the ecliptic into four equal parts. The points where these lines in- tersect the ecliptic are called cardinal points. BarUnc. eOL'ZA, n. A variety of cabbage whose seeds afiTord an oil used in lamps. Vre. COM, in composition, as a prefix, Ir. comh, or cotmA, W. cym or cyv, L. com or cum^ denotes withj to, or against. €6'MA, n. [Gr. *fj;ia, lethargy.] COM Irf-thargy ; dozing: a preternatural propensity to sleep ; a kind of ntujKir of diseased [ktsuiis. Coze. eO'M.\, n. [U, from Gr. KOfin, a head oriiair.] 1. In botany, a species of bract, terminating the stem of a plant, in a tuft or bush ; as in Crown-im- perial. MartUH. 2. In astronomy, the envelope of a comet ; a dense nebulous covering, which surrounds the nucleviSy oi body of a comet. eO'MART, a. [con and moH.'] A treaty; article; acreemenL [Obs.] Skak. COM ATE, a. [L. comatiw, from coma ; \x.fiamk,ciabh.] Hairy ; encom|>as9cd with a coma, or bushy apjiear nnce, like hair. Shak. Cc^'MATE, n. [co and mate.l A fellow-male or com- panion. Shak. eO'MA-TOSE, ja. [See Coma.] Preternaturally dia- eO'.MA-TOUS, I posed to sleep; drowsy; dozing, without natuml sleep ; lethargic. Coze. Grew. COMB, (k6me,) n. [Sax.] A valley between hills or mountains. \Locm.\ Brown. COMB, (kSme,) n. [Sax. eamb, a comb; cemban, to comb; G. kamm; D. kami Sw. kamtm Dan. Aam, a comb ; Ir. ciomaim, to comb or card. Qu. L. como, to dress, trim, or comb, which seems to be allied to the Gr. KOfi\p>i. But Uie noun may be the radical word in our language, and from scratching, scraping ; Eth. It U ffamea, to shave or scrape.] 1. An instrument, with teeth, furseparating,cbianR- ing, and adjusting hair, wool, or flax. Also, an in- strument of h-rn or shell, fur keeping the hair in its place when dressed. 2. The crest, caruncle, or red, fleshy tuft, growing on a cock's head ; so called from its indentures, wJiich resemble the teeth of a comb. 3. The substance in which bees lodge their honey, in small, hexagonal cells. 4. A ary measure of four bushels ; properly Coohb. [J\'ot used in tlie United States.'\ DOMB, COMB, ». t. To separate, disentangle, cleanse, and adjust, with a comb ; us, to comb hair ; or to separate, cleanse, and lay smooth and straight ; as, to comb wool. COMB, V. L li\ the language of seamen, to roll over, as the top of a wave ; or to break with a white foam. [Uu. Sp. combar, to bend, or from the English comb.] CoMB'-HIRD, (kome'burd,) n. A gallinaceous- fowl of Africa, of the size of a turkey-cock. COMU'-IIRUSH, n. A brush to clean combs. COMB'-MAK-ER, n. One whose occupation is to make combs. COMB'-MAK-ING, n. The art or business of making combs. COM'BAT, V. i. [Fr. combattrc, com and battre, to beat with or against; It. combtUtere; Sp. combatir; Port. combaltr : Arm. combadti or combatein. See Beat.] 1. To fight i to struggle or contend with an op- posing force. Par-Jon me ; I wUI not combal in my shlrL Shak, This word is particularly used to denote private contest, or the fighting of two persons in a duel ; but it is used in a general sense for the contention of bodies of men, nations, armies, or any species of an< imals. Afler th? rail of the republic, the Romans comhaUd only for the cbaic« of mfutif n. Oibbon, 2. To act in opposition. Jtftlton. It is followed by with before the person, and for before the thing sought ; as, A combats icith B for his right. COM'BAT, r. (. To fight with ; to oppose by force; as, to combat an antagonist. 2. To contend against ; to oppose; to resist; as, to combat arguments or opinions. COM'BAT, n. A fighting ; a stniggling to resist, over- throw, or conquer; contest by force; engagement; battle ; as, the combat of armies. 2. A duel ; a fighting between two men ; formerly, a formal trial of a doubtful cause, or decision of a controversy between two persons by swords or batons. CO.M-BAT'A-BLE, a. That may be disputed or op- posed. CO.M'BAT-ANTjO. Contending; disposed to contend. B. Jonson. CO.M'BAT-ANT, ti. A person who combats ; any per- son who fights with another, or in an armyj or fleet. S. A duelist ; one who fights or contends in battle, for the decision of a private quarrel or difierence ; a champion. 3. A person who contends with another in argu- ment or controversy. COM'BAT-ED,pp. Opposed; resisted. Locke. COM'BAT-ER, n. One who fighu or contends. Shenoood. COM'BAT-ING, ppr. Striving to resist ; fighting ; op- posing by force or by argument. COM-BAT'IVE, a. Disposed to combat. COM-BAT'IVE-NESS, n. Amon^ p/^renologists, an organ which predisposes a person to fight ; disposition to contend. COMB'ED, (k5md,) pp. or a. Separated, cleaned, or dressed with a comh. FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — .METE, PREY. — FIXE, MARLVE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK ■ _ COM €oMB'EU, (kom'er,) n. One who combs ; one whose ocnipaiion ts lo comb wtwl, fcc. COM'BKR, (kum'ber,) n. Encumbrance. [J^"otvsed.] €OM'BER, H. A long, slender fish, with a red back, found in Cornwall, England. eOM-BIN'A-BLE, a. Capable of combining. Clieaterjield. eOM-Br?iI'A-BX*E-NE3S, n. Plate of being combin- able. eOM'BI-NATE, a. [See Combine.] Espoused ; be- trothed. [JVot usfd,] Shak. eOM-BI-NX'TION, ». [Fr. eombinaisan. See CoM- BiNcl In general, close union or connection. Hence, 1. Intimate union, or association of two or more persons or things, by set purpose or agreement, for e(r--^cting some object, by joint operation; in a orood sensf, when the object is laudable ; in an ill sense, when it is illegal or iniqiiitouf). When the word stands by itself, it is commonly taken in a bad sense ; as, combinations have been formed among the people. It is sometimes equivalent to league, or to con.tpiracij. We say, a eomhinaiiun of men to over- throw government, or a combination to resist op- pression. 3. An assemblage ; union of particulars ; as, a combination of circumstances. 3. Commixture ; union of bodies or qualities in a mass or compound ; as, to make new compoun'ds by new eombinations, Boyle. 4. Chemical union ; union byatfinitv- Mix Jry add of t.irMr vnth dry cartxmate orpotatfa ; no combi- nation will ?ruu4, till WAier m added. Henry, 5. In maVttmatics^ the term rt*mt/'.naUons denotes the different collections that may be formed out of a given number of things, taken a'certain number at a time, without regard to th*- order in which they are arranged; and are thus distinguished from pCT-mufa- tiouA^ or changes, which have reference to the order in which the several quantities may be arranged. Barlow. 6. Comhinalion room : in the University of Cam- bridge, Eng., a room into which the fellows withdraw after dinner, for wint- , dessert, and conversation. eO>!-Bl\E', r- t. [Ft. combiner; fL combinare ; Sp. combinar : from the Low Latin combino, of com &nA binas.two ami two, or double.] L I'o unite or join two or more things ; to link closely together. Fri>;ii^lre», maj be ni-tde to CQjnbine bj the interyention of i third. 4. To confederate ; to unite as nations ; as, the powers of Europi; combined against France. COMlBIN'ED, (kom-blnd') pp. or a. United close- ly ; associated -, leagued ; confederated ; chemically united. €OM-BI\'ER, n. Fie or that which combines. C^MB'ING, (kdm'ing,) ppr. Separating and adjusting hair, wo4il, tec. by menn^ of a comb. eOMB'IXG, n. Borrowfd hair combed over a bald €0 part of the head, [/^cal.] Bp. Taylor. OM-BI\'I\G, pnr. or a. Uniting closely ; joining in purpose; confederating; uniting by chemical affinity. CoMB'LESS, a. Without a comb or crest; as, a cowblf-'*s cock. Shak. eO.M-BUST', a. [L. combtutus, eomburo.] Wh:-n a planet Is in conjunction with the sun, or apparently very near it, it is said lo be combust, or in combustion ; an old mathematical term now dis- used. eOM-BUST'LBLE, a. TFr. eombusUble; Sp. id. ; from L. eomburo, com^buj^tum.] That will take fire and bum ; capable of catching fire ; thu«, wood and coal are combustible bodies. eOM-BUST'I-BLE, n. A substance that will take fire and burn ; a body which, in its rapid union with others, disengages heal and light. Ure. €OM-BUST'I-l!LE-NESS, \ n. The quality of taking €OM-BUST-l-BIL'l-TV, \ fire and burning;; the quality of a substance which admits the action of fire upon it; capacity of being burnt. Lavoiirier. 3. The quality of throwing out heat and light, in the rapid combination of its substance with another bod v. Ure. €OM-BtJS'TIOx\, (kom-bust'yun,) Tu [Low L. com- biutio. .See Comrust.] 1. The operation of fire on inflammable substances ; COM or, according to modern chemistry, the union of an inflammable substance with oxygen, attended with light, and in most instances with he,at. In the com- bustion of a substance, heat or caloric is disengaged, and oxygen is absorbed. Lavovfier. This theory of Lavoisier being found somewhat defective, the following definition is given. Com- bustion is the disengagemenlof heat and light which accompanies chemical combination. Ure. Combutlion can not iy rcgiinleil rs dependent on any peculiar piiiicipte or form of iitalter, but niUBt be considered aA *. ^iieral result of intense chemictl sction. Brandt. 2. In popular language, a burning ; the process or action of fire in consuming a body, attended with heat, or heat and fiaine ; as, the combustion of wood or coal. 3. Confiagmtion ; a great fire. Hence, from the violent agitation of fire or flame, 4. Tumult ; violent agitation with hurry and noise ; confusion ; uproar. Hooker. MiiUm. Dryden. eOM-BURTTVE, a. Disposed to take fire. COME, (kum,) r. i. ; prc(. Came; part. Come. [Sax. cuman, or cioiman ; Goih. cusiman, preL cioom ; D. koomen, pret. kwam i G. kommen ; Sw. komma ,- Dan. kommtr^ to come. Q,u. W. cam, Ir. ceim, a step. And qu. the Ar. ^\ji kaumai Heb. Ch. Dip to rise, or stand erect ; to set or establish ; to subsist, con- sist, remain ; to rectify, or set in order ; and in Arabic, to be thick, stiff, or congealed. The senses of the words appear to be very different ; but we use come in the sense of rising or springing, applied to corn ; the corn comes or comes up, G. kei/nen. So the butter comes, when it separates from the whey and becomes thick or stiff. And is not our common use of come, when we invite another to begin some act, or to move, equivalent to rise, being originally directed to persons sitting or reclining, in the Ori- ental manner.' Coming implies moving, driving, shooting along, and so we use set} we say, to set forward ; the tide sets northerly.] 1. To move toward ; lo advance nearer, in any manner, and from any distance. We say, the men come this way, whether riding or on foot; the wind comes from the west ; the ship comes with a fine breeze ; light come* from the sun. It is applicable, perhaps, to every thing susceptible of motion, and is opposed to go. 2. To draw nigh ; to approach ; to arrive ; to be present ; as, the time has come. Come thou and all thj house Into the art. — Gen. ril. All my lime will I wait, till my change com*. —Job idr, Vihen shall I coJn« and appear before God ?— Ps. xlii. Then shall the end come. — Mut. icxiv. Thy kingdom comx ; 'iiy will be done. — Matt. vi. 3. To advance and arrive at some state or condi- tion ; as, the ships came to action ; the players came to blows ; is it com^ to this ? Ilif soni come to honor, and h" knoweih It not. — Job sir. I wonder how he came to know what had been done ; how did he come by his knowledge ? the heir comes into possession of his estate ; the man will come, in time, to abhor the vices of his youth ; or he will come to be poor and despicable, or to pov- erty. In these and similar phrases, we observe the pro- cess or advance is applied to tlie body or to the mind, indiflV-rently ; and to persons or eventi. 4. To happen or fall out ; as, how cnmcs that.? let come what will. Hence, when followed by an ob- ject or person, with to or on, to befall ; to light on. After all that has come on US for our evil deeds. — Eb% Ix. All things com* alike to all. — Eecl«s. U. 5. To advance or move Into view ; to appear; m, blood or color conies and goes in the face. Spenser. Shak. 6. To sprout, as ptanti ; to spring. The com comes or cfwieA up. "In the coming or sprouting of malt, as it must not come too little, so it must not come loo much." Mnrtimcr. So Bacon uses the word ; and this use of it coincides nearly with the sense of Dtp, qiiom, 2 Kinsrs x'w. 2G, and in the same chapter inserted in Isaiah xxxvii. 27. It is the G. keimen. Icelandic keima, to bud or germinate. 7. To become. So eamt I a » idnw, ^ak. 8. To appear or be formed, as butter ; to advance or change from cream to butter; a common use of the word ; as, the butter come*. Hudibras. 9. Come, in the imperative, is used to excite atten- tion, or to invite to motion or Joint action; come, let us go. This is th" bfir ; come, let ua kill him. — M*tf . ixi. When repeated, it sometimes expresses haste ; eoTn«, COVU-, Sometimes it expresses or introduces rebuke. As the sense of come, is to move, In almoat any manner, in its various applications, that sense is modified indeflnitelv by other words used in con- nection with it. Thus, with words expressing ap- COM proacfi, it denotes advancing nearer; with words ex- pressing departure, a^Jrom, of. out of, &.c., it denotes motion from, &c. To come about ; to happen , to fall out ; lo come to pass; to arrive. How did these things come about 7 So the French venir d bout, to come to the end, that is, to arrive. 7'o come about ; to turn ; to change ; to come round. The wind will come about from west lo east. The Bliip comes abouL It is applied to a change of senti- ments. On better lhou«rhts, and mv ur»ed rcasoTis, They arc come about, and won to the true side. B. Jonton. To come again ; to return. Ocn. xxviii. Lcp. xiv. 7'o come after; to follow. J\Iatt. xvi. Also, to Come to obtain ; as, to come after a book. To come at; lo reach; to arrive within reach of; to gain ; to come so near as lo be able to tike or pos- sess. We prize those ni()st who are hardest to come eU. To come at a true knowledge of ourselves. Also, to come toward, as in iiilacking. [Addison. To come aioay ; to depart from ; to leave ; to issue To come back ; to return. [from. 7*0 come by ; to pass near ; a jiopular phrase. Also, to obtain, gain, acquire ; that is, lo come near atj or close. Examine how you came 6y all your state. Drydtn. This is not an irregular or improper use of this word. It ia precisely equivalent to possess, to sit by. [See Possess.] Ho in Ger. bekommen, D. bekoomen, to get or obtain ; the by or be prefixed. To come down ; to descend. The Iiord wiit come doton on Mount Sinai. — Ex. xix. Also, to be humbled or abased. Your princi pa lilies shall come doion. — • Jer. xitl. Comt doioH from thy glory. — Jer. xlviii. To come for ; to come to get or obtain ; to come aAer. To come forth ; to issue or proceed from. Gen. xv Is. xi. Micah V. Also, to depart from ; to leave. Mtrk ix. Also, to come abroad. Jer. iv. 7*0 come from; to depart from ; to leave. In popu- lar language, this phrase is equivalent to, where is his native place, or former place of residence ; where did this man, this animal, or this plant, originate. To come home ; that is, to come to home, or the house ; to arrive at the dwelling. Hence, to come close ; to press closely ; to touch the feeluigs, interest, or rea- son. [See Home.] T'o come in ; lo enter, as into an inclosure. Alsb, to comply ; to yield ; as, come in and submit. Also, to arrive at a port, or place of rendezvous ; as, the fleet has come in. Also, to become fashionable ; to be brought into use. 8illcen garments did not cotjie In till lats. Arbulhnol. Also, to enter as an Ingredient or part of a compo- sition. A nice sense of propri«tj cottms in to highlea the character. Also, to grow and produce ; to come to maturity and yield. If the corn comes in well, we shall have a supply without importation. Crops come in light. Also, to lie carnally with. Qen. xxxviii. To come in for; lo arrive in time lo lake a share. Johnson says this phrase is taken from hunting, where the slow dogs take nothing. Q.n. But the sense in which we now use tlie phrase has no refer- ence to time or slow movement. It is, to unite with others in taking a part. The rfsl came in far subsidioi. Sioi/t. To come into ; lo join with ; to bring help. Also, and more generally, to agree to ; to cotnply Willi ; lo unite with others in adopting ; as, to come into a measure or scheme. , 7^0 come near ; lo approach in place. Hence, meta- phoHccUly, to approach in quality ; lo arrive at nearly the same degree in a quality, or accomplishment ; to resemble. Temple. 7'o come nigh, is popularly used in like senses. To come no near, in seamajtshg>, is an order to the helmsman not to steer so close lo the wind. To come of; to issue from ; to proceed from, as a descendant. Of Priain'i royal race my mother came. Dryden. Also, lo proceed from, as an effect from a cause. This com«s of )udginj by tlie eye. L'Eetrange. Whence come wars? Come they not of your lasts? — James iv. To come off; to depart from ; to move from on. Also, to depart or deviate from a line or point ; to become wider; to dilate. Bacon. Also, to escape ; to get free. If they C077W lyT wfei ca" their dellverauce a miracle. Additon, Hence, to end ; lo arrive at the final Issue; as, to come off with honor or disgrace. To come off from ; to leave ; to quit. Felton. To come off, is also used for take place ; as, the meet* ing came off at such a time. To come on ; to advance ; to proceed ; as, come on, brave boys ; night is coming on. So we say, the young TONE, BULL. IINITE. — AN"GEtt, VI"CIOUa— € MK;Oa*J;»aaZ;CH«i SH ; TH as in THIS. 8S7 COM man c«m«» on well in bis studies ; aud the phrase of- ten denoles a pruspemus advance^ successful im- provement. So we say of plants, they ctrme on well, they (frow or thrive ; that is, ihey proceed. Alao, to fall on ; to happen to. Lest ihu mmt on jrou which ■ spoken of Id lh« propheb. — Acts xoL Also, to invade ; to rush on. To e4tmt! oter ; to pass above or across, or from ^ to sing, and denoting that the comedian was a strolling singer ; or whether the first sjilable is from Ki.tfift^, a merry feast, wh'.-nce comic^ eomical, the latter indicat- ing that the comedian was characterized by butfoon- ery. The latter coincides in elements with the Eng- Uah earn*.} A dramatic competition, intended to represent the lighter passions and actions of mankind, which are to be imitated in lansuage, dress, and manner, by actors on a stage, for the amusement of spectators. The termination of the intrigue is happy, and the desism is amusement COME'LI-LY, (kum'le-ly,) ade. In a suitable nr de- cent manner. [Liale used.] Sheneood, eOME'U-XESS, (kum'le-ness,) n. [See Comely.] That which is becoming, fit, or suitable, in form or manner. Comeliness of person implies symmi'tr^' or due proportion of parts ; camelinesg of manner implies decj-tnim and propriety. '* It signifies something less forcible than be-, ur due proportion j but it expresses less than beau^ut or eUgatU. 1 hJiTT teen a ton of Je««e — a mnety person. — 1 Sam. xvi. I will DOl conceal hit comoly proponioii. — Job xli. 3, Decent ; suitable ; proper ; becoming j suited to time, place, circumstances, or persons. Pniisp ia rtm»«/y (or the upr'jfKl. — Ps. xxxiii. Ii l( conuJy ihrtt n wom:u) pmy to (Jod uiicomrJ f — 1 Cor. xi. 0, whMt a worid is this, when what is coiMly Knvenonis biui that bean it I Shak. €OME'LY, (kum'ly,) adt>. Handsomely j gracefully. .Aschmii. COM'ER, It. One that comes; one who approaches ; one who has arrived, and is present. eOM-ES-S.^'TION, n. [L. eomessaiio.] Feasting or reveling. IJaU. eO-.MES'TI-BLE, a. [Fr.] Eatable. [JVb( used.] tVottcn. COM'ET, n. \\u cometa; Gr, KOfitjTijs; from K-oitrj, coma, hair ; a nair>* star.] A term applied to those members of the solar sys- tem which consist either wholly or in part of nebu- lous matter. They usually move in very eccentric orbits, having the sun in the focus, approaching very near to the sun in their perihelion, and receding to a very great distance from it at their aphelion. A comet, when perfectly formed, consists of three parts, the nucleus, the envelope, or coma, and the tail ; but one or more of tliese parts is frequently wanting. D. Olmsted. eOM'ET, It. A game at cards. SoutJteme. €OM-ET-A'RI-UM, n. An astronomical instrument. intended to represent the revolution of a comet rouna the sun. Encyc €OM'ET-.\-RY, fl. Pertaining to a comet. Cheyne. €0 MET'ie, a. Relating to a comet eO.M'ET-LrKE. a. Resembling a comet Shak. eOM-ET-OG'RA-PIIY, n. [comet, and Gr. ^pa^ut, to describe.] A description or treatise of comets. eOM'FIT, )n. [D. konfyH G. an\fect; Dan. eO.M'FIT-t;RE, i coiifect; Fr. cor\Jit, conjure; It cojtfrtto, confettura, or cottfezionei Sp. eonjiu ; Port. co^feito i from the L. confectura, eoiifcctus, cojijicio, con and /dcio, to make.] A drj* sweetmeat; any kind of fruit or root pre- served with sugar and dried. Johnson. eOM'FIT, (kum'fit,) p. t To preserve dry with sugar. Cowley. eOM'FIT-M.^K-ER, n. One who makes or prepares comfits. C;0.M'FORT, (kumTurl,) 1. 1 [Low L. conforto ; Fr. confoTier ; Arm. c6nfurti:, or eo^forta; It. conforiare; Bp. and Port, eon/ortar ; Ir. eomh-fhurtach^ comfort, and furtachd^ id. ; furtaighim. to relieve or help : from the L. eon and fortls, strong.] 1. To strengthen; to invigorate; to cheer or en- liven. Ijfhi fxcelleth in cor^foriing the tpirita of mea. Bacon. Comfort yc your hearu. — Ueii. Kviii, 2. To Strengthen the mind when depressed or en- feebled ; to console : to givii new vigor to the spirits ; to cheer, or relieve from depression or trouble. Hm fneitds came to nuiuiii with him and to eom/ort talm. — Job ii. 3. In Imc, to relieve, ai^sist, or encourage, as the accesi51'FORT-A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of enjoying comfort. eOM'FORT-A-BLY, adv. In a manner to give com- fort or consolation. Speak ye comfortably to Jeruifilpm. — Is. xl. 2. With comfort or chcerfuhiess ; without despair. Hope oot>\fortaUy and cheerfully for Ood'« perliinnancc, HnmmoTtd, eOM'FORT-ED, pp. Strengthened ; consoled ; en- couraged. €OM'FORT-ER, n. One who administers comfort or consolation; one wlio strengthens and sup[K>rts tlie mind in distress or danger. I looked for comfortgra, but found none. — Pi. Ixix. Mifc'nible eomfortera are ye all. — Job xvi. 2. The title of the Holy spirit, whose office it ii to comfort aud support the Christian. Bui the Comforter, the Holy Sjiiril, wliom th" Pnther wilt Mad in my name — he will leach voii all ihin^. — John xiv. 3. A knit woolen tippet, long and narrow. €OM'FORT-FIJL, a. Full of comfort. €0.M'FORT-LNG, ppr. or a. Giving strength or spir- its ; giving ease ; cheering; encouraging; consoling. €0M'FORT-LESS,a. Without comfort ; withoutany thing to alleviate misfortune or distre.ss. I will not leave you comfortleit. — J-thn xir, eOM'FORT-LESS-LY, adv. In a comfortless manner eOM'FORT-LESS-NESS, n. State of being comfort- less. €0M'FORT-RESS, n. A female that affords ctmifort. eO.M'FREY, ) (kum'fry,) n. [Qu. L. conjirmo, equiv- eOM'FRY, j alent to c«7Wo/i(/o.] The popular name of a genus of plants, the Sym- phvtum. €6M'ie, a. [L. comicus; Gr. *fii;inroc. See Comedt.] 1. Relating to comedy, as distinct from tragedy. 2. Raiding mirth; fitied to excite merriment Shak. COM'IC-AL, a. Relating to comedy ; comic. Gay. 2. Exciting mirth ; diverting ; sportive ; droll. jiddijfon. We say a buffoon is a comical fellow, or his story or his maimers are comical. COM'IC-AL-LY, aric. In a manner befitting comedy. 2. In a comical manner ; in a manner to raise mirth. €OM'ie-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being comical ; the power or quality of raising mirth. Johtuon. CO.M'ING, ppr. [See Come.] Drawing nearer or nigh, approaching; moving toward ; advancing. 2. a. Future ; yet to come ; as, in coming ages. 3. Forward ; ready to come. How comijtg to the poet every mute. Popt, {The latter sense is now unusual.] 'Ii\"G, n. The act of coming; approach. 2. The state of being come ; arrival. The liOrd hath bleued Ihee since my coming. .— Gen. xxx. eOM'ING-IN, n. Entrance. 1 know ihy ^in^-out and thy coming-m. — 2 Kings xix. 2. Beginning ; commencement ; as, the coming-in of the year. 2 Kings xiii. 3. Income ; revenue. [J^ot now used.^ Shak. 4. Compliance ; submission. [JVot in i«c.] Jilass-inger. CO-MI" TI-A, (ko-mish'e-a,) n. pi [L.] In ancient Rome, a term applied to the assemblies of the people, for electing officers and passing laws. CO-.MI"TIAL, (ko-mish'al,) a. [ii. comitia, an assem- bly of the Romans ; probably fonued from cwn and eo, Ir. coimh, W. cym, or ajv.] 1. Relating to the comitia or populai assemblies of the Romans, for electing oflicers and passing laws. Midtiletoit.. 2. Relating to an order of Presbyterian assemblies. Bp. Bancroft. COM'I-TY, n. [L. comitas, from comesj mild, affable j Ir. caomh.] Mildness and simvity of manners ; courtesy of in- tercfmrse between individuals or communities ; civil- ity ; good-breeding. -Well-bred people are character- ized by comity of manners. COM'MA, n. [Gr. KofAfta, a segment, from lorr'-', to cut off.] 1. In itriting and printing, this point [,] denoting the shortest pause in reading, and separating a sen- tence into divisions or members, according to the construction. Thus, " There is not a just man up«m earth, that doeth good, and sinneth not" " Virtue, wit, knowledge, are excellent accomplishments.*' " Live soberly, righteously, and piously, in the pres- ent world." 2. In mimc,n name applied to tlie interval between FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MeTE, PREY. — PL\E, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, B(?OK. «fiS COM tbe major and the minor lone ; also applied to some otUt-r small mtervals. Ed. Encyc. a Distinction. JlddUon. €OM-MXND', p. L [It. comandare; Sp. eomandar, man- dar ; Arm. eoumandi : Fr. commander ; con, or com, and L. mando, to command, to commit to ; Basque manatu ; literally, to send to, to send forth, from the same rout as commend^ demand^ and Li. moneo. See Class Mn.] 1. To bid ; to order ; to direct ; to charge ; imply- ing authority, and power to control, and to require obedience. We will ucrifiee to the Vtotx^ mi ■in\, as he thftll commatui u*. — Ex. »iii. I know (hai tie [Abraham nl Wellington commanded an army in Spain , he '.ommandeti the army at the battle of Waterloo. 3. To have in power; to be able to f^fHrns^ p*.wer or authority over^ as, a military post ^w/iwwn(/> liie durrounding cnuntry ; a fort commatids the .larhor 4. To overlook, or have in tlie power of 'he -vc witliout obstruction. 5. To direct ; to send. Tto" L<»nl »hx]! command the Mnnn^ on thM. — Deut. xxviil. The Lord will cotnatand hia luring kmiiit«M. — P«. xHi. 6. To have or to exercise a controlling influence over ; a«, a good magistrate eommatuLs the respect and affections of the people. eOM-MAND', r. i. To have or to exercise supreme authority; to possess the chief power ; to govern; aa, the general commands with oigtiity and human- ity. What general commands in Canada ? eo.M-M.i^ND', n. The right or power of goveniing with chief or exclusive authority ; ituprenie power; con- trol ; as, an officer has a brigade under his command ; he takes command of the army in France ; an appro- priatf military term. 2. The power of controlling; governing influence ; sway. Hp auinned tin aieolute command om hiM rnulen. Drywerof overlooking, or survejring, with- out obstruction. TIk •I'^py ■tnnd Which overlooks thf TiUe with wiilr commanrf. Dryden. 6. The 'v»w»*r of governing or controlling hy force, or of d< . iiz and protecting ; as, the fortress has complete coiuntaitd of the port. 7. I'hat wliicta is commanded ; control ; a.i, a body of tnK)pH under command. Mar.ifuiIL 8. Order; request; message: any communication desin-d, or sent; a eompUmentary luie. 9. A body of troops, or any naval or military force, under the command of a iKirticular officer. eOM-.M;WL)'A HLE, a. That may lie commanded. eOM-.MAN-DANT', ». [Fr.] A commander; a ctun- manding officer of a place or of a body of forces. SmoUett, €OM-MAND'A-T0-RY, o. Having the force of a com- mand. eOM-MAND'ED, pp Ordered; directed; goremcd ; umtrolled. eOM-MXNI>'ER, n. A chief; one who has supreme authority ; a leader ; the chief officer of an army, or of any division of it. The term may also be applied lo the admiral of a fleet, or of a squadron, or tit any supreme officer ; as, the commander of the land or of tJie naval forr^ ; the commander of a ship. 2. In £A« nary, an officer wlio ranks above a lieu- tenant and below a captain. 3. One on whom wa.-* bestowed a cnmmandry. 4. A heavy beetle or wooden mallet, used in pav- ing. &r, [rhi-i gives as the primary sense of L. mandoy to send, to drive.] 5. An inxlfument of surgery. Wiseman. eo,\1-.MA\irKf(-V, / rpr .„«™«„j«;. 1 eOM-MA.NIVRY, !"• [^^■'^"^""^"^^ic.] Among several ordrrs of kniirtu.'*, n district under the control of a member of the order, who received Ihe income of the estates btlonging to the knights within that district, and expended part for hia own use, and arrounteil for the rest. Brandts There are strict and regular rommandrifs, obtained by merit, or in order ; and others are of grace and favor, bestowed by the grand master. There are al- so atmtnandries for the religious, in the orders of St, Bernard nnd St. Anthony. Encyc. €OM-,\IA\n'I.\G, ppr. or «. Ridding; ordering; di- recting with authority ; governing; bearing rule; ex- ercising supreme authority ; having in power; over- looking without obstruction. COM 9. 0. CoiiiP'lling by influence, authority, or dig- nity ; as, a man of commanding manners ; a command- iTur elo(ilience. eOM-MAND'ING-LV, adv. In a commanding man- ner. €OM-MAND'MENT, n. A command ; a mandate; an order or injunction given by authority; charge; precept. Why do ye IniisfTPS* Ihe eommanifrntnt of Ood ? — Matt. xv. 'J'his is tlip fim and great commandmsnl. — Matt. xxii. A iivw commarubnerU 1 girc to you, that ye lore one another. — John xiii. 2. By way of eminence, a precept of the decalogue, or moral law, written on table:* of stone, at Mount Sinai ; one of the ten commandments. Ez. xxxiv. 3. Authoritv ; coercive pttwer. Shak. eO.M-.M.\.\D'RESS, n, A woman invested with su- preme authority. Hooker. €OM'MAItK, n. [Fr. comarqtie ; Sp. eomarea,] The frontier of a country. Shdton. COM-MA-Tfi'ItT-AL, a. [con and material,] Consist- ing of the same matter with anoihi^r tiling. Bacon. €OM-MA-TE-Rl-AL'I-TV, n. Purticipation of the same UKitter. Johnson. t'f 'M .M.A'I'TC, a. Having short clauses or sentences ; orief; concise. eO.M'M.V-TISM, n. [from comma.] Briefness; con- ciseness in writing. Bp. Horsley. eO.M-MEAS'UR-A-BLE, a. [Pee Measi^re.] Hav- ing a common measure. But Comme.nsurable is generally used. COM.ME //- K^f/r, (kom-il-fo,) [Fr.] As it should be. eOM-MEM'O-RA-BLE, a. Memorable ; wprthy to be reniL'Tiibcred, or noticed with htmor. [See Mcmura- BLE.J €OM-SlEM'0-RATE, u. U [L. coinmamrro; con and viemortty to mention. See Memory.] To call to remembrance by a solemn act ; to cele- brate with honor and solemnity ; to honor, as a per- son or event, by some act uf respect or affection, intended to preserve the renienibmnce of that per- son or event ; as, the Lord's supper is designed to commemorate the sufferings and dying love of our Savior. eOM-MEM'O-RA-TED, pp. Called to remembrance by some art of sul -mnity. eoM-MEM'O-RA-TIXG, ppr. Celebrating with hon- or by some s*ilemn act. eO.M-ME.M-O-RA'TION, n. The act of calling to re- nienihrance by some solemnity ; the act of honoring the memory of some person or event by solemn cel- ebration. The feast of shells at Plymouth, in Massa- chusetts, is an annual commemoration of the first lauding of our ancestors in 1620. Commemoration day, at the university of Oxford, Eng., is an annual solemnity in honor of the benefac- tors of the university, when orations are delivered, and prize compositions are read in the theater. It is the great day of festivity for the year. Huher. €O.M-MKM'0-RA-TIVE, a. Tending to preserve the renienihrance of something. -^ttrrbury. COM-MKM'O RA-TO-RY, a. Serving to preserve the memory t>f. COM-MENCE', (kom mens',) v. i. [Fr. commencer; Port, come^ar : Sp^comffjcwr ; It. cominciare; Arm. couman^u Perhaps e^tm and.initto.J 1. To begin ; to take rise or origin ; to have first existence ; as, a state of glory to commence after this life ; this empire commenced at a late jieriod. 2. 'J'o begin to be, as in a change of character. lyt not le.-trninp, too, comnuruv ita fue. Popt. 3. To take a degree, or the first degree, In a uni- versity or college^ Bailey, eOM-MEXCE', c. (. To begin; toenterupon; toper- form the first act ; as, to commence ofierations. 2. To begin; lo originate; to bring; as, to com- mence a suit, action, or process in law. €OM-.ME.NC'/[:U, (kom-menst',) pp. Begun; origi- nated. COM-.MENCE'MENT, fkom-mens'ment,) w. Begin- ning i rise ; origin ; first extst(;nce ; as, the com mencemntt of New Style, in \15c2 ; the commencement of hostilities in 1775. 2. The time when students in colleges eom-nunee barhelnrs ; a day in which degrees are publicly con ferred in the English and American universities. ef)M-MK.\CING, ppr. or a. iteginning ; entering on ; originating. COM-MENn',». t. [Jj. coTpmemlo ; con and mnndo: It. commendare ; Port, encommenilar ; Fr. recommander ; Sp. ctnnaniinr, to commaiul, nnd formerly to commend. This is the same word as command, differently ap- plied. The primary sense is, to send to or throw ; henc*!, to charge, bid, desire, or entreat.] 1. Te rich prcaent to the princp commei\dt, Dryden. COM-MEND', n, Coraniendation. [J^ot used.] Shak. €OM-MENU'A-BLE, a. [Fr. recammaudable ; It. com- viendaifr. Formerly accented improperly on the first syllable.] That may be commended or praised ; worthy of approbation or praise ; laudable. Onkr and decent ccif rnoiiiet in the church arc eovtnten'iab'e. Bacon, n. State of being com- Laudably ; in a praise- €OM-MEND'A-BLE-NESS, mendable. COM-MEND'A-BLY, adv. worthy manner. €OM-M'END'AM,n. [L.] In ecclesiasticallair, in Eng- land, a benefice or living commended, by the king or head of the church, to the care of a clergyman, to hold . till a proper pastor is provided. This may be tempo- rary or perpetual. Blackstone. The trust or administration of the revenues of a benefice given to a layman, to hold as a deposit fur six months, in order to repairs, &c., or to an ecclesi- astic, to perform the pastoral duties, till the benefice is provided with a regular incumbenL Encyc €OM-ME\D'A-TA-RY, n. [Fr. commendataire i It. commendatario, commendatoreT] One who h^rtds a living in commcndam. €OM-MEND-A'TION, n, [L. commendatio.] 1. The oct of commending ; praise; favorable rep- resentation in words ; declaration of esteem. Need we, as Kme others, letters of commendation 7 ■ xxxi. -2 Cor. 2. Ground of esteem, approbation, or praise; that which presents a person or thing to anottier in a fa- vorable light, and renders worthy of regard or accept- ance. Good-nalura U lbs most g«dUk« commendadon of a man. Dryden. 3. Service ; respects ; message of love. Shak. J^ote. — In imitation of the French, we are accus- tomed to use recommendation, &.C., for commendation. But, in most instances, it is better to use the word without the prefix tc. A letter of commendation, is the preferable phrase. eOM-MENU'A-TOR, n. One who holds a benefice in conunendam. Chalmers. €0M-MEND'A-TO-RY, a. Which serves to com- mend; presenting to favorable notice or reception; containing praise ; as, a commendatory letter. Bacon. Pope. 2. Holding a benefice in commcndam ; as, a com- mendatory bishop. eOM-MEND'A-TO-RY, n. A commendation ; eulogy. South. COM-MEND'ED, pp. Praised ; represented favorably; c<>Miniiiti'd in charge. e<.>M-Mrn. a Renaik; oBaemdon. la mA m ^mt m thU, k k not mMt Thu every oitt atamm akaald beat fca commmmt. SSmkm eOM'MENT-A-SY, a. A conunenl ; expntiition ; ex- plaaatkfta ; Olustration of dlAcult and obscure pas- sages in an author. S. A book of comments or annotations. 3. An historical nanative ; a memoir of paiticalar transactions ; as, the &»smC«na# of Cesar. €OM'ME\T-A-RV, e. I. To wriU notes upon. [Lit- tit used 1 eOM'MC.V-TATE, r. C To make commenu ; to write notP?« up«^n. PwTK, ^ Lk. eOM'MENT-A-TOR. n. One who comments; one who writes annoCalMMu; an exposilor ; an annotalor. [The accent on the first syllable and that on the third are nearty rquatj €OM-MENT-A'TOR-SHIP, a. The office of a com- mentator. €OM'ME\T-ER, n. One that write* comments ; an 3. On'> who makes remarks. [annotator. €OM'.ME.\l-l.\G, jtpr. Making notes or comments on soiii'-ihine paid or written. €O.M-.M E.\-TI"TlOUi?, (kom-men-tish'us,) a. [L. «w»- Invt-nl-:-*! , feigned ; imaginary. OlanvUle. COM'MCRCE, a. [Fr. cMfmmeret ; L. eommertium ; eon and M0-c*r, to buy ; merz^ mereo. See Class Mr, No. 3. It. cvaiMercw ; SJx amertia : Port, ctnmmtreio. For- meriy accented on the second syllable.] 1. In a generol smttf^ an intt-rchau^e or mutual change of goods, ware*, pn»i»frty of any kind, between nation:* or individual1E eOM-MER'CIAL-LY, adv. In a commercial view. Burke, €OM-MER'CI\G, ppr. Holding intercourse with ; as, and i'Xik< r^fmrnerciMtr with the skies. MilUm. eOM'MgRE, (mire,) a. [Fr. mere.] A Common mother. eOM-MET'ie fl. Giving a gloss or beauty. €0.M'MI-GRATE, r. i. [L. ctfunai^ro ; con. and migro^ to migrate.] To migrate together ; to move in a body from one conntry or place to another, for permanent residence. [LKOit used,] €OM-MI-GRa'TION, «, The moving of a body of peo|[de from one countri.- or place to another, with a view lo permanent residence. fVoodwanL COM eOM-MI-.\A'TION, n. [L. eomminaiioi con and mi- Rutio, a tlireateulng, from minor^ to threaten. See Mk:«ace.] 1. A threat or threatening ; a denunciation of pun- ishment or vengeance. i The recital of God's threatenings on stated days ; an office in the Liturgy of Uie Church of England, appointed to be read on Ash Wednesday, or un the first day of Lent. Encye. €OM-MIN'.\-TO-Ry, a. Threatening; denouncing punishment. B. Junson. €OM-MIN"GLE, (ming'gl,) r. (. [f*n and miiij^U.] To mix together ; to mincle in one mass, or inti- mately ; u> blend. [See MiNc.LK.] S/iak. €OM-MIN"GLE, r. i. To mix or unite together, as dirrert>nt substances. Bacon. €OM-MIN"GL/:D,k». Mingled together. €O.M-MIN"GLING, ppr. Mingling together. €OM-MI.\'V-ATE, V. U To grind {Kot used.] [See COMMrwi'TE.] eOM-MIX'U-I-BLE, a. Reducible to powder. Brown, €OM'MI-NCTE, v. u [L commiauo; con and nttnao, to le«*eu, from the root of minor ; Ir. mwa, mm, fine, small, tender ; W. mtdny man ; Ar. . _« manna, to di- minish. Class Mn, No. 5.] To make rmall or line ; to reduce lo minute porii- cl6s,orto a fine powder, by breaking, pounding, rasp- ing, or grinding ; to pulverize ; to triturate ; .to levi- gate. It is chiefly or wholly applied to substances not liquid. Bacon. eOM'Ml-.NC-TED, pjr. or a. Reduced to fine particles ; pulverized ; trilumted. eOM'MI-XC-TING. ppr. Reducing to fine particles; pulverizine; levigating. €OM-MI XO'TION, n. The act of reducing to a fine powder or to small particles ; pulverization. 3. .Attenuation ; as, coMmiauXura of spirits. Bacon. eOM-MlS'ER-A-BLE, a. [See CoMMiscaATE.] De- serving of commiseration or pity ; pitiable ; that may excite sympathy or sorrow. Thu commUrrobU penon, Edward. Bacon, [UttU usfd.] €C).M-MIS'ER-ATE, r. t. [L. eommiseror; eon and ■twerfw, to pity. See Miserable.] 1. To pity ; to compassionate ; lo feel sorrow, pain, or regret, for another in distress -, applied to persons. Wc •boiiKl eotnmwenu* thoM who ^Toan benesih itie weigltl of «fp, ilime*»e, OT want. DtnJtam. 2. To regret ; to pity ; to be aorry for ; as, to cotr- miseraie our mutual ignorance. Locke. eOM-MlS'ER-A-TEn, pp. Pitied. eOM-MlS'ER-A-TL\G, ppr. Pitying; compassionat- ing ; ffcline sorrow for. e0.^1-MI«-ER-A'TI0\, n. Pity ; compassion ; a sym- pathetic sulfering of pain or sorrow fur the wants, af- flictions, or di:m compassion. €()M-MIS'ER-A-TOR, a. One who pities. Brown. eOM-MlS-^A'RI-AL, a, [See Commissary.] Pertain- ing to a commissar}-. Smollett uses Commusorial; but Uiis is not regu- lar nor authorized. eOM-.MIS-riA'RI-AT, n. [Sp. comisariato. See Com- SSARY.l The office The office or emploj-ment of a commissary ; or the whole body of officers in the commissary's depart- ment. Tvoke, Ritsg. i. 575. €OM'MIS-SA-RY, n. fFr. commissaire : lu and Port. eommitsario ; Sp. comtsario ; I^ow L. commis^iariHs ; from commissiu, eommitio ; con and m'Ulo^ to send.] 1. In a ^renerai sense^ a commissioner ; one lo whom is committed some charge, duly, or office, by a su[ie- rior prm't-r ; one who is sent or delegated lo execute some office or duty, in the place, or as the represent- ative, (if his superior. 2. In eeclesia-'tical ^aw, an officer of the bishop, who exercises spiritual jurisdiction in places of the dio- cese so far distant from the episcopal see, that the chanctillor can not call the people to the bishop's principal consistory court, without putting them to inconvenience. Ayliffe. Encye. 3. In a military sense, an officer who has the charge of funii^hing provisions, clothing, &c., for an army. Commissaries are distingui.-!hed by different names, according to their duties ; as, eommissartjseneral, who is at the head of the department of supplies, and has under him deputy commissaries and wauirt* commissa- ries ; the latter lo issue or distribute the supplies, 4. An officer who musters the army, receives and inspects tlie muster-rolls, and keeps an account of the strength of the army. He Is called the commis- sary-general of musters. The commissary of horses has the inspection of the artillery horses; and the eommisf:ary of stores has charge of all the stores of the artillery. Encye. €OM'.MlS-SA-RY-GEN'ER-AL, n. The head of the commissarv department. €OM'AUS-SA-RY-SHIP, n. The office of a commis- sary. JiyUffe. • COM eOM-MIS'SIO\,(-mish'un,) n. [Ft. commission ; It conmiuione ; Sp, comtsiom L. cinttmissio^ Witli a differ- ent applir,ation, from committo ; con and miUo, to send.] 1. The act of committing, doing, performing, or perpetrating ; as, the commission of a crime. 2. The act of committing or sending to ; the act of intrusting, us a charge or duty. 3. A writing from proper authority, given to a per- son as his warrant for exercising certain powers, or the performance of any duly, whether civil, ecclesi- ai=iiciil, or military. Hence, 4. The tiling committed, or power and authority given. 5. By a tiietomjmy, a number of persons joined in an office or trust. (j. In commerce, the state of acting under authority in the purchase and sale of goodts for another. I'o trade or do business on eommissiim, is to buy or sell for another by his uulliority. Hence, 7. The allowance made to a factor or commission merchant for transacling business, which is n certain rate per cent, of the value of the goods bought orsold. 6. To put a skip into rommittsion. Is to send it forth on public ser^'ice after it has been laid tip. 9. To put the great seat into commission, is to place it in the hands of commissioners during the period that intervenes between the going out of one lord kec[H*r and the accesjiion of another. Commission of bankruptcy, is a commission issuing from the chancellor in Great Britain, and in other countries from some proper authority, appointing and empowering certain persona to examine into the facts relative to an alleged bankruptcy, and In secure the bankrupt's lauds and eff'octs for the creditors. Commission of lunacy, is a commission issuing from the Court of Chancery, to authorize an inquiry whether a person is a lunatic or not. Commission ojfficer^ in the army or rtarv, is an officer who has a commission, in distinction from subaltern officen*. €OM-MIS'SIO\, (kom-mish'un,) v. t. To give a comniiKsion lo ; to empower or authorize by com- mission. The president and senate apj»)ini, but the president commissions. United S/jites. 3. To send with a uiundate or authority. A cliwu-n hinrt He fim eommifiont to tltr Lmiiiin land. Drydtn. 3. To authorize or empower. JV7;ff. — CoMMi9sioNAT£, in a like sense, has been wsi'A, but rarL'lv. eOM-MlS'HION'-.\L, \ a. Appointed by warrant. eOM-.MI.'^'SION-A-Ry, i [Litde used.] COM MI.S'.^ION-KD, pp. or a. Furnished with a coimnission ; emiMiwcred ; authorized. €OM-MIS'SION-ER, n. A jwrson who has a com- mission or warrant from proper authority, to perform some office, or execute some business, lux the person or Kov<-rnment wlilch employs him, and gives him authority , as, comminsiouers for settling the bounds of a stale, or for adjusting claims. C0.M-MIS'S10\-I.\G, ;*;«■. Giving a commission lo ; furnishing with a warrant ; empowering by letters patent or other writing, authorizing. eOM-MIS'SION-.MEK'CHANT, n, A merchant who transacts business as the agent of other men, in buying and selling, and receives a rate per cent, as his commission, or reward. G0.M'M1S-S1|KE, /(. [L. cummissuraj from committo. commissus : lil<;rally,a sending or thrusting logellier.J 1. A joint, seam, or closure ; the place where two bodies, or [>arts of a boily, meet and unite ; an Inter- stice or clef\ between particles or parts, as belween plates or lainellie. 2. In architecture, the joint between two stones, or application of the surface of one to that of another. 3. In anatomy, a sultu*e of the cmnium or skull ; articulation ; llie comers of the lips. Also, certain parts in the ventricles of the brain, unitingtht. two liemlj'pheres. Coie. COM-MIT', I'. (. [L. committo, to send to, or ihnist together; eon and mitto, to send ; Fr. mettre, to put, set, or lay ; commettre, to commit ; It. meitere, eom- mettere ; Sp. met^r, cotnetcr ; Port, meter, cojntter.] Literally, to send to or upon ; lo throw, put, or lay upon. Hence, 1. To give in trust ; to put into the hands or power of another ; to intrust ; with to. Cammil (hy wny to liie Lonl. — Ps. xxxvii. The thinga ihou h^iat heard of me, commit to foithfiil men. — 2 TJiN. ii. 9. To put into any place for preservation ; to de- posit ; as, to commit a passage in a book to memory ; to commit the body to the grave. 3. To put or send to, for confinement ; as, to rtwn- mt( an offender to* prisrm. Hence, for the sake of brevity, commit is ij^d for imprison. The sheriff" has committed the offender. 4. To do ; to effect or perpetrate ; as, lo commit murder, treason, felony, or trespass. Thou th&U not commit wdultery. — Ex. xt. Fate, far, fall, what.— mete, prey. — pine, MAJtlNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, EQQK.— 230 ~ ~~ ' COM COM 5. To 'oin or put together, for a contest j to matcb ; followed by teitJi ; a Laiinism. • How di>-a Philopolia eommil (he opponent ullh ihc responilfnt. [UttU UMiL] Mart. ti. To place in a state of hostility or inconRniity. " ConijniUirt^ short and long words." But this seems to be the same signification as the foregoing. 7. To expose or endanger by a prdhninary step or decisiun whicli can not be recalled ; as, to commit the peace of a country by espousing the cause of a belligerent. You might harp wilialied i*very duty uf jiolilical frienilship with- out commUdns ilie honor uf your iovereign. Juniut. 8. To engage ; to pledge j or to pledge by implica- tion. The grnen\ adiirew^d leil«r« to Gpn. Gnte« and to Gen. m.tit), e.-iuiinnin^ ihem KOTiinit »ny ludilcii sM^iit to ilie pTop<^«al, which might poMil.ly be conkidered us coinniitling the laLlh of the Uaiied Suues. Maralioll. And with the reciprocal pronoun, to commit one^s selfy is to do some act, or make some declaration, which may bind the person in honor, go<»d faith, or consistency, to pursue a certain course of conduct, or to adhere to the tenure of that d claration. 9. To refer or intrust to a committee, or si-lect number of persons, for their consideration and rrjMirt ; c tfrm of le^i-ttatioH ; a.-!, the petition or the bill is committed. Is it the pleasure of the huuse to commit the bill ? 10. To commit fuHu, is to commit to prison for trial, hi distinction frum a teniporary commttriunt while under examination. Bnuvier. eOM-MIT'MENT, n. The act of committing ; a sending to prison ; a putting into prison ; imprison- ment. It is equivalent to .WHrfjHjf or puttitiif in s'lm- ply ; as, a commitment to the Tower, or to N'ewgate ; or, for the sake of brevity, omitiine the name of the place, it U equivalent to putting into pri/on ; as, the offt_*nder is secured by commitmeuL 2. An order for contining in prison. But more generally we use mittimus. 3. The act of referring or Intrusting to a committee for consideration ; a term m le^lation ; as, the c'om- mitmejU of a petition or a bill to a select number of persons for consideration and report. 4. The act of delivering in charge, or intrusting. 5. A doing, or perpetration, as of sin or a crime ; commission. Clarendon. 6. The act of pledging or engaging ; or the act of exposing or endangering. [See the verh, NiiS. 7 and 8 1 HamiltAJti. eOM-.MIT'TAL, n. A pledge, actual or implit-d. eO.M-MIT'TEU, vP' Delivered in trust ; given in charge ; deposited ; imprisoned ; done ; perpetrated ; engaged ; exposed ; referred to a comenittee. Fidly committed; committed to prison fur trial. [See Commit.' €OM-.MIT'TElJ, n. One or more persons elected or apiKtinted, to whom any matter or husiness is referred, either by a legislative body or either branch of it, or by a court, or by any corporation, or by any society, or collective body of men acting together. In legis- lative bodws, a house or branch of that body may resolve or lonn iuelf into a committee, called a com- mittee of the tehole kou^e^ when the speaker leaves the chair, and one of the members acts a^ chairman. Standing committers are such as continue during the existence of the legislature, and to these are com- mitted all matters that fall within the purposes of their appointment ; as, the committee of elections, or o{ prinleges, &,c. Special committees are appointetl to consider and report on jKirticular suhjccls. eOMMIT'TEE^HIP, ». The office and profit of committees. Milto, eOM-MIT'TER, n. One who commits; one who does or perpetrates. Sonth. €OM-MIT'Tl-nLE, a. That may be committed. [Little «.««/.] Brown. eoM-MlT'TfS'G, jtpr. Gi\ing in trust; depositing; imprisoning; perpetrating ; engaging ; referring to a committee ; exposing. €X).M-MIX', V. t. {\j. c-ommisceo^ commizttLs ; con and mtMeo, to mix. [See Mix.] To mix or mingle ; to blend ; to mix, as different ■ubHttnces. Bacon, J^'nrUm. €OM-MlX', V. i. To mix ; to mingle. HhaU. €OM-MIX'£D, (kom-mixt',) pp. Mixed ; blended. €OM MIX'ING, Mr. Mixing; blending. eOM-MIX'TION, (kom-mix'chun,) n. MUture^ a blending of different ingredients in one mass or compound. Brown. CoHMixiott is used by Shakspeare, but is hardly legitimate. €OM-MIXT'URE, (kom-mixfyur,) n. The act of mixing ; the slate of being mingled*, the blending of Ingredients in one mass or compound. Bacon. 2. The hixss formed by mingling different tilings ; composition ; compound. Bacon. Shnk. Wutton. 3. In Scats law, a method of acquiring properly, by blending different substances belonging to different proprietors. Encye. e6.M-M0DE', n. [Fr., from h. commodtu, conveni- ent ; con, or a»n, and modus, manner. See Mode.] 1. A kind of head-dre.s8 fonuerly worn by ladies, Mdison. 2. A chest of drawers often with shelves added, and other conveniences €OM-M6 DI-OUS, a. [Fr. commodt; jLcomodoi Sp. id. ; L. commodua, See Mode.] Convenient; suitable; fit; proper; adapted to its use or purpose, or to wants and necessities ; as, a commouiou-D house or room. The liuvtu waa not commodioui to winter in. — AcU xxrW. 13. It is followed by for before a noun ; as, a place commodious for a camp. €OM-.M5'DI-OUS-LY, adv. Conveniently ; in a com- mtidious manner; suitably; in a manner to uflord ease, or to prevent uneasiness ; as, a house ccnnwodi- otuly situated ; we may pass life commodiously with- out the restraints of ceremony. €OM-M6'DI-OUa-NESS, n. Convenience; fitness; suitaldeness ft>r its purpose ; as, the commoisHess of a JK'Use or an apartment ; the commodiousness of a situation for trade. eOM-MOD'I-TY, H. ['L. commoditas : It. coinoditd : Fr. commodite ; Sp. comudidud : Port, commodidade. See Commode.] 1. Pnmarihjy convenience ; profit ; advantage ; interest. " >Ien seek their own commodity." In this sense it was used by Hooker, Sidney, itc. ; but this is nearly or wholly obstdele. 2. That which affordsease, convenience, or advan- tage ; any thing that is useOil, but particularly in commerce, including every thing movable that is bought and sold, goods, wares, nu-rchandise, produce of land and manufactures. Unless, perhaps, ani- mals may be excepted, the wonL includes all the movables which are objects of commerce. Commotli&et are n.orab\n, rAlu.ible bj monej, the common n..Miire. Locke. The |irinci|>n1 uv or tnone; is To tsre the commtilalion of mora bulky commoditit». ArbulhnoU Staple commodities, are those which are the produce or manufacture of a countr>*,and constitute the prin- cipal articles of exportation. Thus flour is the staple commodity of \ew York and Pennsylvania ; flour and tobacco, of Marjiand and Virginia; cotton and rice, of South Carolina and Georgia; cotton, and sugar, of Louisiana. eo.M'MO-Df^RE, w. [This word is probably a corrup- tion of the Italian ctt mandator e , a commander; or the Spanish comendaitar, a superior of a monasterj', or a kniglit who holds a comniandry.] 1. The oliicer who commands a squadron or de- tachment of ships, destined on a particular enter- pri.se. In the British marine, a. naval officer having the teiuptirary rank of rear-admiral. Brande. 2. A title given by courtesy to the senior captain, when two or more ships of war are cruising in com- pany. TuUen. 3.' The convoy or leading ship in a fleet of mer- chantmen, which carries a light in her top to conduct the other ships. eOM-MOD-Ij-LA'TION, n. [L. con and modulatio.] .Measure ; agreement. [Little used.] HaktwUl. eOM'MOIUXE, (muln,) n. [Fr.] A monk of the same convent. Y-V«t in ust."] Sdden. €OM'MO.N', It. [ifc communis; Fr. commitn ; Arm. coumun ; It, comune ; Sp. conmn : Port, commum ; Goth. gamaitis ; Sax. ffemien ; G. gemein ; D. ^emeen ; Sw. gemtn ; Dan. ffcmern ; Ir. rnmann ; Goth, gamana, a fel- low, fellowship. This word may be composed of cum and man, men, the plunil men I)eing equivalent to people and rulgiu*. 'J"he last syllable is clearly from thf* rtK'l of many, which seems to behmg to the root of man, and mean is of the same family. Hence we Bee the connection between common and mean, as vvliiar, from vulgus, Eng. folks A 1. Belonging etpially to more tlian one, or to many indefinitely ; as, life and sense are common to man and bciLst ; the common privileges of citizens ; the common wants of men. 2. Belonging to the public; having no separate owner, 'i'lie right to a highway is common. 3. General ; serving for the use of all ; as, tlie common prayer. 4. Universal ; belonging to all ; afj, the earth is said to be the common motlier of mankind. 5. Public; general ; frequent; as, common report. 6. Usual ; ordinary ; as, the common operations of nature; the common forms of conveyance ; the com- mon rules of civility. 7. Of no rank or superior excellence; ordinary. .Applied to men, it signifies, not noble^ not distin- guished by noble descent, or not distinguished by office, character, or talents ; as, a common man ; a common soldier. .Applied to things, it signifies, not distinguished by excellence or superiority ; as, a common essay ; a common exertion. It, however, is not generally equivalent to mean, which expresses Bomething lower in rank or estimation. 8. Prostitute ; lewd ; as, a common woman. 9. In grammar, such verbs as signify both action and passion are called common ; as, aspernor, I despise or am despised ; also, such nouns as arc both masculine and feminine ; as, parens. COM 10. A common bud, in botany, is one that contains both leaves and flowers ; a common peduncle, one that bears seveml flowers , a common perianth, one that incloses several distinct fnictifi cations ; a ctnn- moH receptacle, one that connects several distinct fructificatitms, Murtyn Common div'iser, or measure, in mathematica; is a number or quantity that divides two or more num- bers or quantities without a remainder. Common law; ill Great Britain and the United States, the unwritten law, the law that receives its binding force from immemorial usage and universal reception, in distinction from the written or sUitute law. That body of rules, principles, and customs, which liave been received from our ancestors, and by which courts have been governed in their judi- cial decisions. The evidence of this law is to hs fount! in the reports of those decisions, and the records of the courts. Some of these rules may have orij^inated in edicts or statutes which are now lost, or in the terms and conditions of particular grants or charters ; but it is most probable tlial many of them originated in judicial decisions founded on natural justice and equity, or on loc;iI customs. Coonaon pleas: in Greut Britain, one of the king*s courts, now held in Wrstininsier Hall. It consists of a chief justice and three other justices, and has cognizance of all civil causes, real, persmial, or mixed, as well by original writ as by removal from the inferior courts. A writ of error, in the nature of an appeal, lies from this court to the Court of King^s Bench. Blackstone. In Home cf tJie jJmerican States, n court of common pleas is an inferior court, whose jurisdiction is lim- ited to a cflunty, and it is sometimes called a county court. This court is variously constituted in differ- ent States^ and its powers are defined by statutes. It has jurisdiction of civil causes, and of minor of- fenses ; but its final jurisdiction is very limited ; all causes of magnitude being removable to a higher court by appeal, or by writ of error. Coinmon prayer; the liturjjy of the Church of Eng- land, w hich all the clergy of the church are enjoined to use, under a penally. Encyc. Common recovery : a legal process for barring en- tails, remainders, &.c. [^See Recovert.] Co7ninon time ; in mw-vir, the name given to those varieties of lime, in which the measure consists of two or of four equal portions. Ediv. Encye. In common ; etiiially with another, or wilh others ; to be equally used or participated by two or more ; as, tenants in common ; to provide for children in common ; to assign lands to two persons in common, or to twenty in co/nmon; we enjoy the bounties of Providence m common, eOM'MON, n. A tract of ground, the use of which is not appropriated to an individual, but belongs to the public, or to a number. 'I'hus we apply the worti to an open ground or space in a highway, re- served for public use. 2. In Imc, an open ground, or that soil the use of which belongs equally to the intiabitauts of a town or of a lordship, or to a certain number in Uie gTouotl- BUtkttof»a. €OM'MON-A6E, a. Tbe right of pasturing on a com- mon*, the joint right of using any thing in common with others. Mtnson. eOM'MOX-AL-TV, a. The rommoo people. In Or«at A-itaiK, all classes and conditjooa of people who are below the rank of notulity. Th* aewMMAy, Un ibe MUitr, ue dlvfcfed Into arT«-ra] In Ok$ Utdud StMUSt eommon^tf has no very defi- nite signification. It is, however, oscd to denote duU part of the pe<^e who live by ubor, and are not liberally educated, nor elevated by office or profes- siooal pursuits ft. Tbe bulk of mankind. Hooker. €011'.M0.\'ER, a. Oneof the lower mnk, or cfmunoo people \ one under Ibe degree of nobUity. JtdHson. ft. A member of the bouse of commons. Swifi. 3. One who has ajiunt right in common ground. 4. A stndenc of tbe second rank in the University of Oxford, Eng., (conevpoading to a pettsioner at Cambridge,) wbo is not dependent on the foundation for support, but pays for hts board or commons^ to- gether with all other chaises, Hahrr. 5l a prostitute. SJuUu 6. A p:iTtaker. FuUrr. eOM-MOM"TION, (nUh'un,) b. [L. commonitU. Bee MojiiTiorf.] Advice ; warning ; instruction. [IMtie uatdJ] COM-MOX'I-TIVE, a. Warning ; monitor)-. [Xi«/e a«ed.l [MOX'I-' COM-MOX'I-TO-RY, a. Calling to mind ; giving ad- monition. For. OOM'.MOX-LY, odr. Usually ; generally ; ordinarily ; flvqiiently : fiv the most part ; as, conflnned habits com ' - ■■• -le through life. C!OM . a. Frequent occurrence ; a state of : ;i or usual. *X i^iT>.u p^'iicipatioa by two or more. [Utile ©OM'.MOX-PLACE, a. Common, trite, not new or , extraordinary. > COM'MOX-PLACE, a. A memorandum ; a common topic. €0 M ' MO N -PLACE, r. U To enter in a common- place-book, or to reduce to general heads. Fclton. COM'MOX-PLACE'-BQOK, n. A book in which things to be remembered are recorded. €OM'MOX-^LAC-£D, (-plist,) a. Entered in a com- monptace-book. eOM'MONS, ■. pL The common people, who inherit or possess no honors or titles ; the vulgar. Chaucer. Shak. Dryden, ft. In Emfl&iul, the lower bouse of partiament. con- sisting of tbe representatives of cities, boroughs, and coantiea^ chosen b^ men possessed of the property or qualifications reqarred bv law. This body is called lAe koiut entatives, in North Carolina, bears the same name. 3. OmsB^n gromnda ; land possessed or used by two or more persons in common. [See Commo:*.] 4. Food provided at a common table, as in colleeea, where many persons eat at the same table, or in the same hall. Tbcfr tammont, chou^ bat co&ne, were ttothing meant. Drydtn. COM Doctors Commons^ in London ; a college founded by Dr. Harvey, for the professors of thr civil law, where the civilians rifmmoa together. The house vva>t con- sumed in the great fire in If^C, but rebuilt in 1G72. To this coUme belong thirlv-four proctors. £«cye. COM'MOX-TY, «. In ScoU /oir, Imid btlonging to two or nmre common proprietors ; or a heath or muir, of which there has been a promiscuous pos^tession by pastiiraire. Ennjc. COM-.MO.N-VVf.AL', ) a. [See Weal and €t>M'MOX-\VEALTH', \ Wealth.] 1. An established fonn of government, or civil polity ; or, more genemlly, a state ; a body politic, consisting of a certain portion of men, united, by com- pact or tacit agreement, under one form of govern- ment and s)-8ieni of laws. This term is applied to the government of Great Britain, which is of a mixed character, and lo other governments, which are con- sidered tkA Iree or popular, but rarely, or improperly, to an absolute government. A commonwealth is projierly a free state ; a popular or representative gov- ernnii-itt ; a republic ; a^, the commonieetilth of Mas- sachusetts. The word signifies, strictly, the eommon good or happinf,t.t ; and hence, the form of govern- ment supposed best to St'cure the public good. -1. The whole body of people in a statu ; the pub- lic Shtk. 3. The tcaitory of a stale ; as, all the land within the limits of the commoniceaUk. JltLl !m within th^ pivcinri — nnil lUl peraona eonmorant tb r-ln — arr oUiire.I lo «iifiiefure the person. Aotl U»cre will I meet bi»(J commune with, tiiee, — Ex. xxr. 2. To have intercourse in contemplation or medi- tation. Commune writh your own hcAri on j-our bfl'l. — P», i». 3. To partake of the sacrament or Lord's supper ; to receive the communion ; a common use a/ the word in America^ as it is in the fVflsh. CO.WMUJ\r£, n. A small territorial district in France, one of the subordinate divisions of the country in- troduced in the late revolution. In the country^ a commune sometimes embraci-s a number of villages, while some large cities are divided into a number of communes. COJ^M V.VI-BUS AJ^'J\''IS; one year with another ; on an average. COM-MO^J^I-BUS LO'ClSi one place with another; on a medium. €OM-MU-\r-€A-BIL'I-TY, n. [See Commdmcate.] The qualit>' of being communicable j capability oi b^-ine imparted from one lo another. Johnson. eOM-.MO'NI-CA-BLE, a. [Fr.] That maybe com- COM municntcd j cafwble of being imparted from one to another; as, knuwlt:dge i^ communicable by words. I.1UII blisa, tu tli>'c 110 inure comtnunieaitU. Milton, Ei'Tnal life ia cva.munictibiM tu all. ho»{nf[» «n'i. Taylor, \je\ him thut ia (Riiglu in the word tommunicaU to tum that tcachcih in nil gootl ttiingi. — Qui. vi. 2. To impart reciprocally, or mutually; to have or enjoy a share of; fullowetl by with. Common benefili t,n to be communicaiitd wilh all, bnl p<«u- li-ir b^nffiia mth choice. Bacon. But Dioiiieile ileuirea tnv (jDiiipany, Anil SLill communiealeM liia praise ioith mo. Dryitn. 3. To impart, as knowledge ; to reveal ; to give, as infonnation, eitluT by words, signs, or signals , as, lo communicate intelligence, news, opinions, or facts. Firrmerrhjy this verb had with before the person re- ceiving ; a.'i, " lie communicated those thotiglits only with the Lord Digby." Clarendon. But now it bus to onlv. 4. 'i''o deliver ; as, to commMnicaU a message ;-~to give ; as, to communicate motion. eoM-MO'M-CATE, P. L To partake of the I^ord** supper. Taylor. • Instead of this, in America, at least in Acu? Eng- landy commune is generally or always used. 2. To have a conmiunicalion or passage from one to another ; to have the means of passing from one to another; as, two hou»es communicate with each other ; a fortress communicates witli the country ; the canals of the body communicate with each othi^r. Arbuthnot. 3. To have intercourse ; applied to persons. 4. To have, enjoy, or suffer, reciprocally ; to have a share with another. Ye hnre done well thkl ye did eommunicata with my affliction. — Phil. i». eOM-MO'NieJ^-TED, pp. Imparted from one to another ; bestowed ; delivered. €OM-MC'NI-eA-TlNG, ;jpr. Imparting; giving or bestowing; delivering 2. Partaking of the sacrament of the Lord's supper. 3. leading or conducting from place to place, as a passage ; connected by a passage or channel ; as, iwo lakes communiciting with each other. 4. Having intercourse by words, letters, or mes- sages ; corresponding. COM-MU-NI-CA'TION, v. The act of imparting, conferring, or delivering, from one to another; as, the communication of knowledge, opinions, or facts. 2. Intercourse by words, letters, or messages; in- terchange of thoughts or opinions, by conference or other means. AbiiT h.iil communication with the oMeri of !«rnel, sartnp, Yf solicit lur Daviil in timet p.ot to l>e king Ovlt Vuu. — S Sunt. iii. Ijf.i your communication be, yea, ypa ; nay, nay. — Mall. ▼, In 1 Cor. XV. 33, " Evil communications corrupt g(Kid manners," the word may i^ignify conversation, ctiltoquial discourses, or customary association and familiarity. 3. Intercourse : interchange of knowledge ; cor- respondence ; good understanding between men. S'-cft» may be c^irriril ao fir aa to aiop (lie eovimunication necca»ary amonff all who have llit; niamiereintiiit of utiiirx. Su>i/t 4. Connecting passage ; means of passing from place to place ; as a strait or channel between seas or lakes, a road between cities or countries, a gallery between apartments in a house, an avenue btttween streets, &.c. Keep open a communication with the besieged place. 5. That which is communicated or imparted. The bouse received a communicaXion from tJie governor respecting the hospital. 6. In rhetoric, a trope, by which a speaker or writer takes hvs hearer or reader as a partner in his sentiments, and says ire, instead of /or you. Beattie. €OM-MC'NLeA-TIVE,a. Inclined lo communicate; ready to impart to others. In the sense of liberaJ. of benefits^ though legitimate, it is little used. 2. Disposed to impart or disclose, as knowledge, opinions, or facts ; free to communicate ; not reserved. We iinTe p»itl for o'lr want of pnnLtcncc, and determine for the (•it\3Tc to be Ifta commumtxtUat. SuiJ^. FiTE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PBgY. — PINE, MAEYNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQpK.- ZM COM €OM-.MCt'\I-€A-TIVE-NESti, ju The quality of be- ing communicative ; readiness to impart to otlin4. €OM-M0'TA-TIVE, a. [Fr. commutatif; U. commit- tatipo. See Commute.] Relative to exchange ; interchangeable ; mutually pas<«ing from one to another; as, cornmufd/irtc justice, justice which is mutually done and received, between men in society. Tu culti'if an baUtuil T^g*Tii i-> afmrnulalivf Justice. Burka, €OM-M0'TA-TIVE-LV, adv B> way of reciprocaj exrhanee. Browtu €OM-M0TE', V. U [h.commuto; con and muto, to change. See Mt'TisLs and Mutation.] COM I. To exclianjie ; to put one thins in the place of another; to give or receive one thing for another; as, to commute our labors ; to commute pain for pleas- ure. 2. In AiWJ, to exchange one penalty or punishment for anoilii'r of less severity ; as, to commute death for trmispo nation. eOM-MO'1'K', V. i. To ntonc ; to compensnte ; to stand in the place of; as, one puiiulty commutes fur another. €OM-M0T'En, pp. Exchanged. COM MCT'IXG, ppr. Exchanging. eOM-MC'TU-AL, a. [con and mutual.] Mutual; re- ciprocal; used in poetry. Thftre, Willi commutuni «*I, w^ both h4 I «iiove 111 acu of iloar benevoleticc ami love. Pope. €0'5IoSE, a. [L. comosus, hairy.] In botany, ending in a tutl or kind of briHh. Bramle. COM-PAOT', a. [L. compaclu.^, compingo ; con and pan-To, pactufy to thrust, drive, fix, make fast or close ; antiq. pugo^ paco ; Gr. -r:ri) M'm. See Pack.] Literallij, driven, thrust, or pressed together. Ilence, 1. Closely and tirnily united, as the particles of solid bodies ; firm ; close ; sulid ; dense. Stone, iron, and woiid are compact bodies. A citmpnct leaf, in bot- anvy is one having the pulp of a close, firm texture. 2. ComfKising ; consisting. A wjii.l»rin» (in*, Compnrt of unctuous v'a|)or. Milton. This sense vs not common. [See the verb.] Com- pact seems to he used for compacted. So in the fol- lowing example. 3. Joined ; held together. [Little used.] A pipe of itvon iwhIb, eompaci with wax Io^Hilt. Peacham. 4. Brief; ck»se ; pithy; not dil^use; not verbose; as, a compact discourse, eOM'PACT, n, [L. compactum.] An agreement; a contract between parties; a Word that may be applied, in a general sense, to any covenant or contract between individuals; but it is more generally applft^d to agreements between na- tions and states, as treaties and confederacies. So the constitution of the United States is a political contract between the States ; a national compact. Or the word is applied to the agreement of the individu- als of a comnninity. The Inw of n^iiuiia depctidi on mutuul compact*, treaties, IraCiiei, &c. Biackitone. In the l)'*^iiiiiii^s of spr^pch there was an lni}4icti compact, Ibuntlt'il on common consent. South. €O.M-P.A€T', r. t. To thrust, drive, or press closely togetiier ; to join firmly; to consolidate; to make close ; as the parts which compose a body. Now the bright sun tomptietM th- precious stone. B'.ackmore. This verb i.s not nmch used. The 'participle is more fretjuent ; as, tJie earth's compacted sphere. Ro^CArmmon, The solids are more strict aixl compacted, ArbutknoU 2. To unite or connect firmly, as in a system. The wliotc bo'ly filly Joined tof<:lher anJ compacted. — Epii. vr, 3. To league with. Thon pernicious woman, CompncX with ber that's jfunc. Shak. 4. To compose or make out of. If hf", compact of Jars, grow musical. Shak. In the two last examples, compact is used for com- pacted. COM-PACT'ED.pp. oro. Pressed close ; firmly united or conni'cted. COM-PACT'ED-I.Y, adv. In a compact manner. eOM-PACT'EI) XESS, n. A stale of being compiict ; firmness ; clusqikcss of purts ; density, whence results h ard ness. Digby. eo.\I-P.\CT'ER, n. One who makes a compact. €O.M-PACT'l-BLE, a. That may be joined. eOM-P.\GT'I.NG, ppr. Uniting closely ; consolidating. COM PAC'TIO.N, n. The act of making compact ; or the state of being compact. Bacon. eOM-P.-VCT'LY, adv. Closely; densely; with close union of parts. eOM-PACT'iN'ESS, ». Firmness ; close union of parts ; density, Boyle. eOM-PACT'lTRR, „. Close union or connection of parts; structure well connected ; manner of joining. ^tenser. COM PA'GkS, n. [l^,] A system of structure of many partH united. Ran- €0.M-PAG-IN-A'TI0\, n. [L. compago. See Com- pact.] Union of parts ; structure ; connection ; context- ure. [Little used.] Brown. €OM'PA-NA-BLE, a. Companionable. [ Oft^.] €OM'PA-NA-BLE-NESS, n. Sociableness. [Obs.] Sidney. €OM-PAN'I-A-BLE, a. Social. [Obs.] Baron. €O.M-PAN'I-A-BLE-NES8, n. Sociableness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. €C>M'r\-'NJ-ED,pp. Associated with; attended. €O.M-PAN'iON, (kom-pan'yun,) n. [Fr. compagnon; COM Arm. compai^nun; It. campagno; Sp. companero; Purt. companhciro ; Ir. compaaach. See CoMrs.nr.] 1. One who keeps company with another; one with whom a person frequently associates and con- verses. " It differs from friend^** says Johnson, " as ac-quuintanec from confidence.''^ The word does not necessarily imply friendship ; but a cc/mpaiiion is ofYen or generally a friend. A cotitpanior. of fools shall be destroyed. .— Pruv. xiii. 2. One who accompanies another ; as two persons meeting casually and traveling together arc called companions. So soldiers are called companions in 3. A partner ; an associate. [arms. Epsphnxlitus, my brother, and companion in tabor, and fellcw- soldier.- Pl.il. ii. '^ A. A fellow ; a mate. Shak. 5. A term sometimes applied to a knight ; in distinc- tion from the knights commanders of tlie same order. 6. A sort of wooden porch, placed over the en- trance or staircase of the cabin, in merchant ships. Hence the cabin stairs are called the companion- way , and the ladder by which officers ascend to and de- scend from the quarter deck is called the companion ladder. Mar. DicL COM-P.-WION^A-BLE, a. Fit for good fellowship; qualified to be agreeable in company ; sociable ; agreeable as a com|>anion. Clarendoiu €OM-PAN'IOX-A-BLY, adv. In a companionable manner. COM-PAN'ION-LESS, a. Having no companion. €OM-PAN'I0N-SHIP, n. Fellowship; association. Sliak. 2. Company ; train. Shak. CO.M'PA-NY, (kuin'pa-ne,) n. [It. compagnia; Sp. compania ; Port, eompanhia ; Fr. compagnie ; not from cum and panui, breati, a mess or number of men eat- ing ttigelher, as is commonly supposed ; but from cum and pannus, cloth, Teutonic /dAnc or vaan, a flag. The wttrd denotes a band or number of men under one fiag or standard. What tfecides this question is, the Spanish mode of writing the word with n tild6, titled K, cam;jania, for this is the manner of writing pano^ cloth; whereas panis, bread, is written pan. I'he orthography of the word in the other languages is confirmatory of this opinion.] J. In milttnry affairs, the soldiers united under the command of a captain ; a subdivision of a regiment, consisting usually of a number from sixty to one hun- dred men. But the number is indefinite. 2. Any assemblage of persons ; a collection .'!" men, or other animals, in a very indefinite sense, it may be applied to a small number, or any multitude what- ever ; as in Scripture we read of a company of priests, a company of prophets, and an inmmierable company of angels ; also, a company of horses. 3. An assemblage of persons for entertainment or festivity ; a i»arty collected by invitation or other- wise. 4. Persons that associate with others for conversa- tion or pleasure ; society; as, let your children keep good company. 5. The slate of being a companion ; the act of ac- companying; fellowship; society; as, we cannot enjoy the company of licentious men. I will keep thoe company. Dryden. G. A number of persons united for the same pur- pose, or in a joint concern; as, a company of mer- chants or mechanics ; a company of players. The word is ajtplicable to private partnerships or to incor- porated bodies of men. Hence it may signify a firm, liouse, or partnership ; or a corporation ; as, the East India Company, a banking or insurance company. 7. I'lie crew of a ship, including the officers ; also, a fleet. To bear company; to accompany ; to attend ; to go with ; denoting a temporary association. His fallhlul dog ilwll bear him company. Pope. To keep company ; to accompany ; to attend ; also, to aisoriate with frequently or habitually ; hence, to freipient public houses. Prov. xxix. eO.M'PA-NV, c. L To accompany; to attend; to go with ; to tx! companion to. [But Accomfant is gen- erally used.] eOM'PA-W, r. I. To associate with; to frequent the company of. I wroi^ you not to company with fornlcftton. — I Cor. v. 2. To be a gay companion. [Oft*.] Spenser. 3. Tt» have conmierce with the other sex. Bp. Hall. €OM'PA-NY-ING, ppr. Associating with j accom|ja- nying ; attending. €0.\l'PA-RA-BIjE,fl. [h. eomparabilis. See Compare.] 'i'hitl may be compared ; worthy of comparison ; being of equal regard ; that may be estinuited as eqiuil. Tliere Is no blessing of lifR eomparalU w tho enjotmcni of r discreet and »imiuiii friend. Addiwan. I'he prrcicus sons of Zion, comparabU to fine gold, — L^m. iv. €O.M'PA-RA-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree wor- thy to be compared, or of equal regard. H'otton. eOM'PA-RATES, n. pi. In logic^ the two things com- pared to one another. TCNE, BJ;LL, T^NITE. — AN"GEa, VI"CIOUS € as K : as J : S as Z : CU as SH : TH as in THIS. 30 "231?" COM €0M-PA-RATION, n, ProTision ; a making pro- vision. eOM-PAR'A-TlVE, d. [U. eompanUtvuj ; lu com- forctiro,- Ft. eomparatif. See Oompabb.] 1. Ediiinated by comparuon ; nut positive or nb- dulute. The conipanxtic€ weiRlit of a boily is tli;it which is estimaicd bv comtwirinij it with the weight ©'"another bodv. A body may bi* called heavy, when cuiu|iared with a featht-r, which would be cMed light, when compared with iron. So of eomparmtiCt goml UT evil. a. Having tlie pow^r of comparing diirrent things ; a», a eompanUice furuUy. Uii. Olancille. 3. In(/raf»nmr.expressJDgmor«orle«a. Thecm- pamtiv€ degree of an *ljective eiprewe* a greater or less degree of a qiianttiy, *r qualitjfi than the pcMitire; as, brujittfr, or wore briffht ; tmaUer ; JiHer • Hromper; water. €t>m,paraHvt aiuttamif ; that branch of anatomy which treats of the anatomy of man and of other animals in one connected view, in order to compart tbem, and arrive at general conclusions. Ai. Aw. COM-P.\R'A-TIVK. a. One who is equal, or pre- tends to be an equal. [JV'of noi^ Msed.} Shali. COM-PAR'A-TIVE-LY, adv. In a state of eompa- ri9>.>ii ; by comiiarii^n ; accordmg to estimate made by Compari^n ; not po>itiYeIy, absolutely, or in it- self. A thi:ij: is c'tmyiard.'iiy/y heavy, when it Is compared with something less heavy. Paper iseom- partttiMif light or heavy ; fij;/*/, when compared . vuh Uatl .• and Aoiry, when coropar-cd with air. Hnir few, cMtfrnrmlive-'v. »• tbc instauces of a vise • ..iilic^ioa of time ami taleotsl Amtm. COM- P A R bl*. V. t. { h. r^nparo, to prepare, to provide or procure, to maIceeqnal.tocotnpare ; iron andjMro, topi-«pare; It. jxi rare, lo drew, trim, a lorn ; also, to jwrry ,■ Sp. jximr, to prepare, to halt, to stop, to pre- vent, to detain, to stake at canls; Port, parar, to stop or cease to go forward; to meet orconiincupon; to touch or be bounded ; to tend ; to dnve at some end; to aim at; to como to; to hinder; to parry, or wu-d off ; to turn or change in Inclination or morals; to lay or itake, as a wager ; Sp. parada, a halt, stop, pau»e ; a fold for cattle ; a relay of horses or mutes; a dam or bank ; a bet. stake, or wager;apara be included in eomparo. One of the principHl significations i?, to i-top; that Is, to set ; to tix. in fencm^, it is to intc-rcept by thrurting the weapon aside. In gamine, it is to lay or throw down. All the senses unite In that of extending, ll)ru''tin£, or driving. W. par, that is, contiguous, •prtpartdnesjtj a pa»r, a fellow, Eng. p^*T, L. par. The laitc-r word seems to signify, extended, or reaching to, and to be closely allied to the Purtuguese sense of contiguity.] 1. To set or bring things together in fact or In con- templation, and to examine the relations they bear to each other, with a view to ascertain their at;ree- ment or disagreemeai ; as, to compare two pieces of doth, two tables, or coin? ; to compare reasons and arguments ; to compart pL^a«ure with. pain. In comparing movable, tilings, it is customary to brine them together, f »r examination. In comparing thinirs jniin-n-able or r-^raoi*', and abstract ideas, we bring Wu-oi together in thd mmd, as far as we are able, and consider them in connectiim. Comparison thefefnre is really col!ation, os it includes iL 3. To liken; to represent as similar, for the pur- pose of illustration. S«:»n ro wp tt r rf tb? p'ej'e Id tin sea, aod oralon and cown- »-i:or« to ite vH»Ja ; far titat iha mm would to calm and qiuet, iT ite vimla diJ b« traotfe k. Baton. In this sense compare is followed by to. 3. To examine the relations of things to each other, with a view lo discover their relative propor- tions, quantities, or qualities ; as, to compare two kingdom!^, or two niuunlains, teith each otiierj to CMi;Nir« the number ten milh fifteen; to compare ice wUA crj-stal ; to compare a clown leith a dancing- master or a dandy. In this sense compare is followed by leitk. 4- in grammar^ to form an adjective in the de- grees of comparison ; as, blaclask, blaek, btaeker, hlaekest. 5. To get; to procure; to obtain; as in Latin. rO*y.]_ Spenser. eO.M-PARE', V. i. To hold comparison ; to be tike or equal. 2. To vie. [Oh».] Spenser. COMPARE', a. The state of being compared ; com COM parative estimate; comparison ; pooxibility uf enter- ing into comparison, or being considered ns equal. »mall rall'-T* Wiui iMir talTihipa. 9 Simile ; similitude ; illustration by comiNirison. [TkL" noun is in mjs, but eaa not be consitiered as eU^ant.] eoM-PAR'KD, pp. Pet together and exaniin.;d with resperi to likeness or uiilikiucris, aiirceniL-nt or dis- agreem- III ; likened ; represented as similar. CO.Sl-PAU'ER, H. One who compares or makes a comfKirison. CU.M-PaK'ING, ppr. Examining the relations of things In each other -, likenine. €OM-P.\K'lNi*, n. Act of coiiiparing. Barter. eOM-PAR'l-SON, R. [It. compamiioru ; Sp. eo«- paracioH ; Fr. €omparai.ioH ; Port, ci^mparu^am ,' L. comparatio. See CoHrAHC.] 1. The act uf cu comyisrwo.i. Lockt. 3. Comparative estimate ; proportion. Who ia h(l among Jom Eliat anw thia houu in lU firat g]ory 1 Aiiit how dit yoo *^9 il now? Ii il noi in your cya in eompari»on ei ii aa noihini; ? — Maj. U. 4. In grammar, the f;tfmation of an adjective in its several degrees of signiftcaiitm ; as, strong., strontrrr^ strongest i greetUs/i^ green, greater, ereenr-si ; glorious., more fflorioHS^ most glorious. In ^ngli^h, there are strictly four degrees i^ comparison 5. A simile; similitude, or illustration by si- militude. WbeKonto ah^ll we liken Um kln^loin of GoM Or wUli what comjjrUnn tiiall we compare itf-^-Mark it. 6. In rketorie, a figure by which two things are considered willi regard to property or quality, which is common lo them both ; as, a hero is like a lion in courage. Here courage is common to hero and lion, and constitutes the point of resemblance. Encyc. The ili»iJncti.«i triwetrn timi'itud* nml comparison U, ih-d l\w fanner hoa tr\rrmar \o ihe fuo/ily ; lli« iaiter, to ihe q^tanlitf. Compmrison w beiweeti more oikI ja«« ; timili' tuti£ i* Iviwrrti MOtfd arid bnd. U^uiniLal — hung like a i-iiipr»i oil ihe sr — ia a Ukeoeaa bjr compariMon. J. Q. Adama, lect. tz. But comparison has reference to quality as well as qunniitv. eOM-PAR'l*', r. U [Fr. compart>r; It. compart ire ; Sp. compartir^ cv«, or com, and partir ; L. pariio, to divide. See Part.1 To divide ; to mark out a plan or design into its several (iart:> or subdivisions. H'vtton. eOM-PART'HD, pp. Divid'd into parts or apartments. eOM-PART'lXG, ppr. Dividing or disposing into part^ii. eOM-PXR-Tr'TION, n. The act of dividing into parts. In architecture, the division or disiKisition uf the whole groundplol of an edifice into ibi va- rious apartments. Encyc. 2. Division; part divided; a separate part; as, am^ihilheaters needed no compartitions. fVottoiu €OM-PART'ME\T,n. [Fr. compartimeut ; II. compar- timestto.] 1. A division or separate part of a general design, as of a picture, or of a eroundplot. Pope. Peacham. 9. A design componed of several different figures, dis^posed with symmetry, for nmffthent ; a's, a com- partment of tiles or bricks, duly iirranged, of various colors, and varnished, to deconite a building. In gar- dening, compartments are assemblages of buds, plots, borders, walks, &,c. In heraldry, a compartment is called al^^o a partition. Encyc. COM PXRT'.NER, n. A sharer. Pearson. eOM'PASt?, (krim'pas.) n. [Fr. compos; i^p.compa^; II. compasso ; Port, eompasso : con, or com, and Fr. pas, Sp. pa.-'o, It. passo, a pace or step, L. passus, which co- incide5 with the pjirticiple of pando, to open or stretch. (See Pace and Pass.) A compass ia a stepping lo^elh- er. So in Spanish and Portuguese, it signifies a beat- ing of time in music] 1. Stretch; reach; extent; the limit or boundary of a space, and tlie space included ; applied to time, space, sound, &.C Our knowledge lies within a very narrow compass. The universe extends beyond the compass of our thoughts. So we say, the compass of a year, the compass of an empire, the compass of rea- son, the compass of the voic-e. And id th^it compatt al! the world conlji!i]a. Drydtn, S. A passing round ; a circular course ; a circuit Time U com- round; j^nd wh^re I di>l begin, there thall I end : M> lil« hna nut its corapoaa. Shak. Ttiejr fncKr-d a eompati of aeven dajra* joumej'. — 2 Kiiiga iii 2 Sflm. V. Acu xxTJii. COM 3. Moderate bounds ; limits of truUi ; nuMleratioD , due limits. Thi^ licnse is the same as tlie first, and the peculiar force of the phrawe lies in the word within. 4. The exlint or limit of the voice, or of sound. [See No. I.] 5. .\n instrument, often called the mariner*s com- pa.is, used for directinsr or ascertaining the course of ships ui sea. It consists of a circular box, conialniitK a |>aper card nmrked with the thirty -two points of di- rt^rtion, and fixed on a majsiietic needle, that always point--* to the north, tli» vari:iiion excejaed. The nee- dle, with the card attathcd to it, turns on a pin in the center of the box. The box is covered with gl.is^, to pr>-vent Uie motion of the card from being disturbed by the wind, and is so aunpended as to remain al- ways in an horizontal position, notwithstiiiuling the motion of the ^hip. Encyc. i>. An instrument used in surveying land, con- structed, in the main, like the mariiitf'H conipasd : but with this difference, that the needle is not tilted into the c:ird, moving witii it, but plays ak»iie ; the card b<^'ing drawn on the bottom of tlie box, and a circle divided iiito 3o0 degrees on the liiiili. 1'liis tii- tftruiuciit is u.scd in surveying land, and in directing travelers in a desert or forest, niincrs, Jfcc. Encyc. €OM'PASS, (kum'pas,) v. l Liicralitj, to measure with a compas.s. Hence, 1. I'o Htrctch round ; to extend so as to embrace ttie Vt'hole : hence, to inclose, encirrle, gras|>, or suiKe ; as, to compass with ihe arms. a. To smround ; to environ ; to inclose on idl sides ; sometimes followed by around, rounds or Now, all ihc blcaaiiigi Of a gtad Tnlhfr eompatt [n'^e aiouU ShaJc. Wit!i favor wl'[ (h.-u compata hltn as wilh a ihlelil. — Fa. v. The willuwi of Hid ljro»k cotapaaa bim abonU — Joii xl. '.i. To go or walk round. Vi; •hnll rnmpn.ta thf cify — and the •eTrnll) day ye alutll r-ompaaa ■.ii'-. ci'.v s-rv-n Urii''«. — Josh, vl. For ye compoaa Ma and land. — M:UL xxiii. 4. I'o besiege: to beleaguer; to block up. This is nol u different sense, but a particular appli- cation Thfne enemiei shatl ra«t a trr^nch about thee, and co">paaa tiiee round, and keep thee hi on every aide. — Luke xEx. 5. To obtain; to attain to; to procure; to bring williin one's power ; to accomplish. If I cnii check my prrinc lovi-, I will ,■ If Dot, to compdga Ult Pll use my slitll. Shak. How can yon lii'i'V to compaaa your d^iignif Denham. 6. To purpose ; to intend ; to imagine ; to plot ; to contrive ; as we say, to go about to perform, bat in mind only ; as, to compass the death of the king. QimpaaAng ami imagining the dcaih of (he king an" (ynnny- inoiia icrnii ; compata aignifying the purpose nr (le»igii of the mind or will, and nol, aa in bummun sp<-ech, the carrying aiich deiign to citi-ct. Biackalonx, eOM'PASS-IJOX, (kum'pas-) m. A box for a compass. eOM'PASS-NEK'DLE, /(. The ne^^dle of the compass. eOM'PASS-SAVV, n. A saw that cuU in a circular manner. COM'PAt'S-A-BLE, a. That may be compassed. Burhe. eOM'PASS-ED, (kum'past,) pp. Embraced ; surround- ed ; inclosed ; obtained ; imagined. eOM'P.'VSS-ESjTi.p/. [Ot iv pairof compasses, so named from its legs ; but pair is superflunus or improper, and the singular number, co/w;ia.*,<, is the preferable name.] An instrument for describing circles, measuring figures, tc, consisting of two ptiinted legs or branches, made of iron, steel, or bniss, joined at the lop by a rivet, on which they move. There are also com[>asses of three legs, or triangular com- pa.sses, cylindrical and spherical compiases, wilh four branches, and various other kinds. Encyc. eOM'PASS-I\G, ppr. Embracing; going round ; in- clo»-:ing ; obtaining; accomplisliing j imagining ; in- tending. 2. In ship-bttilding, incurvatcd ; arched. Jifar. Diet. eOM-PAS'SJON, (kom-pash'un,) n. [It. compassione; Sp. ctimpa.-ni>n ; Fr. compussiun ; Low L. cvinpassio, eompatiur : con and paitor, passus, to suffijr. bee Pa- tie sce.] A suffering with another; painful sympathy: a sen^^ation of sorrow excited by the distress or misfor- tunes of anoUier ; pity; commiseration. Compassion is a mixed passion, compounded of love and sorrow ; al least some portion of love generally aiiends the pain or regret, or is excited by it. Extreme* di.^tress of an enemy even changes enmity inio al Ica^t tem- porary affection. Ur, being full of eompaaaion, forgavu their Iniquity. — Pa. Ixxviii. Hii fittier h.-ir] cowipa»rior\, and ran, and fell on hla neck, and ki=B.;d biiT,. — Luke xv. €OM-PAS'SIO.\, V. L To pilv. [Abi used.] Shak. €OM-P,\S'SION-A-BLE, a. Deserving of pity. [Lil- tle u.'ted.] Barrow. €OM-P.\S'SI0N-ATE, a. Having a temper or dispo- sition to pity; inclined to show mercy; merciful; FSTE, FAR, FALL, WHAT MfiTE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARKNE, B|Ra — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, V^QLF, BQQK.- 234 " ■ ■ ■ ' ^ COM having a heart that is lendrr, ami easily moved by the distresseei, suircriiigs, wants, and inrtrmiiies of others. I'bere ucver wai a h"i\rt truly gmat nnd grucrous, that wa> not aho tender aiit) ciMnpiunonaU. Sautii. eO^I-PAS'SIOX-ATE, F. (. To pity ; to commiaenite ; to have compassion for. CampnatioTiaUt my p.tiiis, and pities m«. Additon. €OM-P.\?"SiOX-A-TED, pp. Pitied. COM-PAS'SIO-N'-ATK-LY, adv. With compassion; mercifully. Clarendon. eOM PAS'i?ION'-ATE-NESS, n. The quality of be- ing coMi[)ai<:sionate. eOM-PAt'SIOX-A-TIXG, ppr. Having pity on j com- misenainc. COM'PASS-LE.^3, a. Having no compass. Kmrwles. eOM-PA-TER.\'I-TV, «. [con and paUmUy.^ The relation of a gudfather to the person for whom he an- swers. Davies. €OM-PAT-I-BIL'I-TY, n. [See Compatible.] Con- sistency ; the quality or power of coexisting with somi^thing else; suitableness; as, a compatibility of tempers. €OM-PAT'(-BLE, a. [Ft. compatiblei Sp. uL; Port. eoiiipattcet ; from the L. competo, to sue or seek for the same thing, to agree ; coa and pcto, to seek.l Con-sistent ; thai may exist with ; suiEuble ; not incongruous; agreeable; followed by tritA; some- times by to, but less properly. Tbe poeu hnve Joiued quAliue> which hj oaliire are tha motl compalibtt. Broome. The o\Jtc-r of a legislator and of a Judge are deemed not com- patiAu. To pardon odenden is not always compatU».'a uil^ public laleiy. €OM-PAT'I-BLE-NESS» n. Consistency ; fitness ; agreement; the same aa Coupatibiliiv, which is grnfrillv used. eO.M-PAT'I-BLV, arfp. Fitly ; suitably ; consistently. €OM Pa'TIENT, (silent.) tt. [L. ct»nand patior.] S'lltlVrinc togctht-r [Little used.] Buck. €OM-PA'TKI-OTorCOM-PAT'R[-OT, n. [It. wm- patriotia : Sp. compatriota ; con, or eom, and patriot.] One of the same country, and huviiig like iiit<;rests and feeling*?. Burke. COM PA'TRI-OT or COM-FAT'RI-pT, a. Of the f>ame coimtrj-. Jike^tsiiie. eOM-PA'TRI-OT-ISM or €0.M-PAT'Rl-OT-ISM, n. Fellow- patriotism. COM-PKEIt',*n, [L. mnipar; con and par, cqunl. See Peer.] An equal ; a companion ; an associate ; a mate. P/iUips. €OM-PEER', t!. L To equal ; to match ; to be equal with. SJuik. COMPEER', V. i, [L. amtparec.] To appear. [06*.] COM-PKL', V. t* [L. eompeUo, compeltere ; can and prllo, til 4rive ; Sp. compeler ; Port, compellir. See Pkal and Api-eal.J* 1. To drive or urge with force, or irresistibly ; to contitniin ; to oblige ; to necessitate, I'lthcr by phya- icnl or moral force ; aH, circumHtanc^^s compel us to practice economy. ThoK shalt not comptl him lo wttrt aa a bund serf ant. — Ijorit. axv. Ami il>cy compel one Simon to bear hi* crrna. — Maik X*. Go out inio tW hiL,'lii*HVs nnd hrd;pR, and compel thrm to come in, that my h<»we iniij be filled. — Liikr- xir. 2. To force ; to take by force or vinlrnce ; to seize. The •ubj'^u' pri~f Cotriei (hmnirh coni(nl««inn«, wlicit cotapel from cnch A sisUi pan of hta subiianoe. Shak. [This sense it harsh, and not very common.] Johuaatu 3. To drh'e together ; to gather ; to unite tn a crowd or com]«iny. A Latinism ; cvmpeU/re ffregem. In onf^ troop comp#t>i, Uryd4n, 4. To »ei7.e ; lo overpower ; to hold. And rn*j sleep ihtif wcarjr liinU tompeUtd. DryUn. [Unu.'ntal.] K To call forth ; L. eomprllerf. [Obs.] Speruer. eo:.I PEh'LA-BLE, a. That may be driven, forced, nr constrained. COM PEL'hA-IlLV, adv. By compulsinn. eOM-PEh-LA'TIO\, w. [L. eontpeUiUio ; eomprUo, eumpeUare^ the same word !is the preceding, applied to the voice ; to send or drive out the voice.] A cercmonioua appellation ; the word of salutation. The etmpeUaUon of ih* ktngn o( France la by *ir«. Tiinple. €OM-PEL'LA-TO-nY, a. Compulsive. CO.M'PEI/L/JD, pp. Forced ; conf>trained ; obliged. €O.M-PEL'LER, n. One who compels or coniitrains. COM-PEf/LING, ppr. Driving by force; constrain- ing ; obliging. Cf»M'PEN!), i ri ^r 1 €OM-PK\D'I-UM, i *• lI- comptTultum.] In literature^ an abridgment ; a Rummary ; an ppitome ; a bnef compilation or composition, con- taining the principal licads, or general principles, of a larger work or system. COM eOM-PEXD-I-A'RI-OUS, fl. Short? contracted. [Lit- ilc lu^'f'/A- eOM-PE.\D'l-ATE, t\ (. To sum or collect together. [Ji'ot u.-td.] eoM-PEND^-OUS, a. Short; siimmarj- ; abridged ; comprehensive ; containing the substance or general principles of a subject or work in a narrow compass ; as, a covipendioits system of chemistry ; a compendi- ous grammar. 2. Short; direct; near; not circuitous; as, a c(»m- pendiouA way to acquire science. eOM-PEND'I-OUS-LY,odD. In a short or brief man- ner ; summarily ; in brief; in epitome. COM-PEND'I-OUS-NESS, n. Shortness; brevity; comprehtnsion in a narrow compass. Beatln/. COM-PENS'A-IJLE, a, [See Compensate.] That mav bf compensated. [Little useiW] eOM-PE.\'SA TE or CO.M'PEX-SATE, p. t. [L. com- penso ; con and penso, to prize or vslue, from pernio, to weigh, to value. See Pendent.] 1. To give equal value to ; to recompense ; to give an equivalent for services, or an amount lost or be- stowed ; to return nr bestow thai which makes good a loss, or is estimated a suificient renmneration ; as, to competuiate a laborer for his work, or a merchant for hi*! kwses. 2. To be equival.nt in value or effect to ; to coun- terbalance ; to make amends for. The length of UiC night and Ihc dews do compentate the heat of the di>y. Bacon. The pleasures of sin never eowptntalt the sinner fi^r tite mis- eries lie sufl^-rs, even in this life. Arwn. €OM-PE.\'SATE or COM'PEN-SATE, v. I To make amends ; to supply an equivalent ; followed by for; as, nothing can cowpcnsate for the loss of reputation. This word is gmerally accented on the second syl- lable, most unfortunately, as any eiu will determine by ihe feeblcnes.-* of the last syllables in the parti- ciples coiiipsii'. sated, compen' sating. E.icli seeming want compensaUd of course. Pope. * With the primar>' accent on the lirst sylhible, and the sr-condary accmit on the third, this defect, and the ditliculiy of uttering distinctly the last syllables, are remedied. eOM-PE.N'SA-TED or COM'PE\-SA-TED, pp. Rec- ompensed ; supplied with an equivalent in uuiouut or etfect ; rewarded. eOM-PEi\'SA-TI\r. or COM'PEN-SA-TIXG, ppr. Giving an equivalent ; recompensing ; remunerating ; making good a deticiencv. eoM-PEN-SA'TlO.V, n. That which Is given or re- ceived as an equivalent for services, debt, want, loss, or suffering; amends; renmneration ; recompense. All othei debts mar comprntatioit find. Dryden. 'J'he pleasuf*^ of fite are nu comp^ntadon br llie loss ul divtn« Ikiur and prott-biiun. 2. That which supplies the place of something elite, or makes good a deficiency. Palcy. X In /dir, a set-olf ; the payment of debt by a credit of etpial amount. eo.M-PEN'SA-TIVE, a. Making amcnd.s or ctmi- pensatiun. €O.M-PE.N'SA-TO-RY,a. Serving for compensation ; mitking an)end8. CO.\I-PK.\SE', (kom-pens',) v. t. To recompense: fiiund in Bacon, but not now in use. [delay. COM-PE^KEiN'OI-iNATE, r. i, [h. compertmdino.] To COM-PkTE'j p. (. [l-t. competo ; con and peto.] 1. l'osi;ek,or strive for the same thing as another ; lo carry on compt^tition or rivalry. Our manufdcturcra eomptu with tho Engiiah In maJiins cation cloUia. 2. To striv? or claim to bo equal. The tnget of antiquity will not dan to eompeU with (he In- ■pircd auth .rs. Miln*r, COM'PE-TENCE. \ Ti. [L, competes, compeU>, to be eO.M'PE-TE.N-CV , ( meet or fit ; con and peto, to seek ; properly, to press, urge, or come to.] Primarily, tiiness ; siiitablencsd ; convenience. Hence, 1. Sufficiency; such a quantity as is sufficient; property or means ut supt^rtluity. 2. Ciualified ; fit ; having legal capacity or (lower ; as, a competent judge or cotirt ; a competent witness. In a judge or court, it implies right or authority to hear and determine ; in a witness, it implies a legal right or capacity to testify. 3. Incident; belonging; having adequate power or right. That is th" pTiTi|.;ye of the infinite Author of things, who norer sluitibers nor aleeps, but is not compettnl to nnv finite Uing-. Lorke. It is not competent to the defendant lo allege frjud in lite plain rill; €OM'PE-TE\T-LY, adv. Sufficiently ; adequately ; suitably ; reasonably ; as, the fact has been compc- tenth/ proved ; a church is competently endowed. €OM-PET'I-ULE, a. [Ay£ noio v^ed.] See Com-^ PATIBLE. ^ COM-PkTTNG, ppr. Striving in rivalri'. COM-PE-TI"TION, (kom-pe-tish'un,) n. [Low L. cmnpetitio.l See Compete and Competence. 1. The act of seeking, or endeavoring to gain, what another is endeavoring to gain at the same time; rivalry; mutual strife for the same olyect; also, strife for suiieriority ; us, the competition of two cantlidates for an office, or of two poets for superior reputation. 2. A state of rivalsfaip ; a state of having equal claims. A portniit, with which one of Tiiian'a could not come In comptdtion. Dryden. 3. Double claim ; claim of more than one to the same thing; formeriy with to, now with /or. Comjtetition lo llie crown there ia none, norc;irt be. Bacon. There is no com/>ettliun but for the second pUce. DryUn. eOM-PET'l^'OR, n. One who seeks and endeiivors to obtain what another seeks ; or one who claims what another claims ; a {ivul. Tliey enn not brook compelilon lo love. Shak. 2. An npjMinent. Shak. eOM-PET'I-TO-RY, a. Rivaling ; acting in compe- tition. Dangers qf the Countnj. €OM-PET'I-TRESS, \ k . y . . CO.M-PET'I-TUIX \ female competitor. eO.M-Pl-LA'TIO\' n, [See Compile.] 1. A cyileciiun of certain parts of a book or books intj a separate book or painplilet. 2. A cullecti tu [L. complacens, complaccoi eoM-PLA'CEN-CY, i con and jflacea, to please ; Fr. complairt, complaisant ; It. compiacere, compiaccnlc ; Sp. complacer.] 1. PleasTire ; satisfaction ; gralificatltm. It is more than approbation, and loss than dtligfit or jay. Others procliiiin the itifiririitifs of a fffnt man with sitisrtciion and cwnplaceney, if iliey discover none of the lilot in thenisclvcu. A'ldieon. 2. The cause of pleasure or joy. Jfiltini. 3. Complaisance; civility; softness of manners ; defmrtment und address that afford pleasure. Complae^ttc^j, And trinh. and maidy sw<^inr>si, Owf.-lt ever un his tuiiffue, und smooth his ihuujthts. Addison, In the latter sense, CoMri,At9ANeE, from tlie French, is now used. [See Comi'laisance.) TONE, BULL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, Vi"CIOtJe. — € as K ; aa J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH : TH as in THIS. COM COM COM eOM-PLA'CEINT, «. Civil ; complusauu Thcj look up wtUi K ton ofeomptactnt awe to kinp. Bur**. €X)M-PLA-CEN'TIAL, m. Marked by fomplnnnce ; acfommodnlinc. C*. Relig. JlppftU, €OM PL A-CKN'TIAL-LY.fldp. In a complacential or acc(.^tiim(id:iting manner. COM PLA'CENT-LY, ode. Softly j in a comp!ac«nl manner. €OM-PLAlN', c. L [FV. torn ftsimirt ; eon, or «wi» and flaimir^ fUu^ to lament, to bewail ; Sp. TpUmir ,- It. eowimAiri^€r€^ OK compioMgrrc ; ftwm the I*, ptamf^j to Strike, to lamenL If n is not mdical, the unginal word wna pfoj^o, colnrJding with pia^^ Gr. nXt,) rf But this is doiibtAil. The phmnry sense is to drive, whenre to strike and to Inment, that is, to strike the bands or Imasis, as in exirviue grief»ar to drive forth tbe vi>i<*, Tbe phrase is pn^ierly elliptical. eOM-PLA[N'A-BL£, «. Tbal may be complained of. f AWc ia usf.) ' FtUkamu €OM-PLlIX'ANT, a. [Fr. campUifmant.] 1. A proMcutor ; one who prosecutes by complaint, or commences a U^ fwocess afainst aa offender for tbe recovery of a nght or penalty. U* iImII ImMi «ne moMtr to ihr oer of Um town, t.:d the oibrr Hkiuj t« tbe nm vi tbm eaimpimtm^ta. S. Tbe pinfntifr in a writ of audita qi)en>la. Ihid. GOM-Ptiurr. — h*j sxii>. 1 oMMina io ttv oeMp'aou, ami n«kc k H'-isr. — Ps. |t. ytn J«WB btM awny «i»tl gneroue am*p:ninu »piui«t Patil Acu ZXT. I And no ckkv* of eei p tafwL Booktr. 9. Tlie cause or subject of complaint, or munnur- ing. Tbi porertj of the drrrj t«()i bera ibe coeipfaifft of ell vho wmh wen to ihr cburclt. Smi/L 3. The cause of compUint, or of pain and uneasi- Ein the body ; a malady ; a disrase ; usually &[>- lodisardas not violent; as, a eompLiimt in the Isorkeasl. 4. AccQsatkM) : a charf aeain?! an offender, made by a private person or informer to a justice of the peace, or other proper officer, allt^^ni; thai the of- fender bas violated the law, and claiming the pen- alty due to the prosecutor. It differs from an infor- MstMB, which is the prosecution of an otTeuder by tbe attorney or solicitor-general ; and from a presmt- mau and indictmtta, which are tbe accusation of a grand jury. 5. Representation of injuries, in a f^fn^nd aetut ; and apprvpriaUtif, in a writ of audita querela. €OM'PLAI-8.VNCE, (kom'pla-zans,) n. [Fr. eomplai- ««jiee, from comvtaisant, the participle of compUire ; anty or coin, ana ptatrtj to pL-ase, whence pluisanty pleasing, ptaUir^ pleasure, h, placeo, plaeert^ the in- finitive changt^ into ptatre : IL compiaeenza, from compiacfrf, piac^e ; Sp. eurnplaeencia, complacer. 'i'his is the same word as eomplacatcf : the latter we have from the I^tin orthocraphy. This word aflbrds an example of a ch;ins^ of a polntal letter, in the Latin, into a sibilant, in Fn-nch ; c into .«.] 1, A pleasing dt^portment ; courtesy ; that manner of address and behavior, in soria! iniercnurse, which gives pleasure ;civdily ;oblig!n£ronde^ension ; kind and afifable reception and treatment of guc!fts ; exte- rior acts of civility ; as, the gentleman received ua with co'upiaijtance. a. Ciindtrscension ; obliging compliance with the wishes or humors of others. Ill mmpJaitana poor Ciiptd ineometl. Prior. 3. Desire of pleasing; disposition to oblige; the primeipU iur Ifae act. Tour coMotelesMcr will not pennk your guiMM to bn Ineoin. «»•'*'"- Anon. eOM'PI.AI-SAXT,(kom'pla-Kint,)ffl. Pleasing in man- ners ; courteous ; obliging ; desirous lu please ; as, n eomptniI'PLA1-SANT-L.Y, (kom'pla zant ly,) adv. In a plf'a)«ing manner; with civility; with an obliaiug, atTablf address or deportmenL Pupr. eo.M'PLAISA.VT-NESS, n. Civility; complaisance. f/Mtle luied.] eOM'PLA-NATE, a. Flat or laminate ; having thin plal''^. COM'PLA-\ATE, ir. U [L. e,*mplano; con and pla~ eO>!-PLA\E', I nuSy plain, tjee Plane and Puis.] To make level ; to reduce to an even surface. Derham. €0M'PLA-X;K-TED, \ pp. Planed to an even sur- eOM-PLAX'ELL i face. eOM'Pl-A-NA-TING, { ppr. Reducing to a level sur- €O.M-PLAN'I.NG, j face, €X>M'PLE-.MEXT, n. [U complfmentum^ fnwn compleo^ to till ; eon and pUo^ to till. Literally, a filling.] 1. Fullness ; completion ; whence, perfection. Ttwy, ei tbey f?M'H. ha.l (heir fill. To * full campirmant uf ntl ihetr ill. ttuh. Thlta, 2. Full qnantity or number ; tbe quantity or num- ber limitt'd ; as, a company has its campUment of men ; a ship has its compttmrnt of stores. 3. ThiU which is added, not as necessary, but as ornamental ; something adventitious to the main thing; ceremony. [See Com ru me:* t.] Gemiehed and ik^cked ia modest compltment. Skak, 4. In trigonomettify the complement of an are or oit- gie^ is the difference beiween^he arc or angle and ninety degrees. Thus, if the arc taken is thirty de- grees, its comjrferaent is sixty. Day. 5. In fteemitryy the complements of a paralhlojrram are the two spaces which, with the pa rnl It- log rams ab«iut tbe diagonal, make up or 'CQmpleu the whole parallelogram. Brandt. 6. In ajOroHiOmy, complrment is used to denote the distance t^ a star from the zenitti. BarUtw. 7. Aritkmitieal complement of a numhrr^ is the dif- ference between the_ number and 10, H)0, 1000, Slc. Its principal use is Tn working proportions by loga- rithms. Day. 8. In forfifie/ttion, the ctrmplfmenl of the eurtaiuy is that pan in the interior side which makes the denii- eorge. eOM-PL&ME.VT'AL, a. FUling; supplying a de- ficiency; completing. eOM-PLE-MENT'A-RY, n. One skilled in compli- ments. _ [.VVt IK use.] B. Jonsort. GOM-PLKTE', a. [L. compUttLfy from compleo ; con and ple4>y inusit., to fill ; It. eompiere. The Greek has irA (ui,to approach, to fill, cuutracled from irtXaio, the primary sense of which is, to thrust or drive ; and if the Latin pleo is from the Greek, which is probable, then the original orthography was peleo, eompeleo: in which case TAdOjt, tteAiiui, pi«>, is the same word as the English//^. The Greek ttW/Ow is said to be a de- rivative. Literally, filled ; full.] 1. Having no deficiency ; perfect. And jf are compUu in bira w1k> tethe bead of all prinelpalil; ■ml pawvi. —Col. li. 2. Finished ; ended ; concluded ; as, the edifice is complete. Tlii» couree of r;inltjr almott compleu. Prior. In strict propriety, this word admits of no compar- ison ; for that which is complete, can not be more or less so. But as the word, like many others, is used with some indani!/l is comptetetL eOM-PLit T'KD, pp. Finished ; ended ; perfected ; ful- filled ; accomplished. eOM PLETE'LY, ado Fully ; pertectly ; entirely. Swift, eOM-PLETE'MENT, n. The act of compU-ting ; a finishing. Dnjdm. eOM-PLETE'NESS, n. The state of being complete ; |>erfection. Watts. €OM-PLET'ING,;)pr. Finishing; perfecting; accom- plishing. eOM-PLfi'TION, R. Fulfillment ; accomplishment. Tlit-re wni a futl, enlirc hBrmooy nnd conePnt in lite divine jirvdiciioni, rea-irin; their tomplttion in Chnat. SquiH. 2. Act of completing ; state of being complete ; ul- mti»l extent ; pt^rfect state ; as, the gentleman went to the university fur the completion of his education or studies. eOM-PLE'TIVE, a. Filling; making complete. Harris. €OM-PLi5'TO-Ry, a. Fulfilling; accomplishing. Barrow. €OM PLk'TO-RY, jt. The evening service ; the com- plin of the Roman Catholic church. Hanptrr. CUM'I'LEX, \ ar [L. complrnu, eo.\I.p|,EX'£D, (kom-plekst',) ] complex, emhni- cing, fruui eompleetor, to embrace; coJi and plvrto, to weave, or twist; Gr. jrAc«ci»; L. plieot VV. plytfu: Arm. plena; Fr. pUer; It. piegart; Sp. plegar; D. plvoijrn, to fold, bt'nd, or double.] 1. Coini>osed of two or more parts or things ; com- (XMlte ; not simple ; including two or mure particu- lani connected ; as, a complex being ; a compUz idea ; a complex term. Ideas mitde up nT t^ventl simple onei, I citU compUx ; ■«eh h* Iwaut;, Kr->titii>ie, a rnnu, the univcrae. I^ofkt, 3, Involved; ditficult; as, a com;>^x subject. eOM'PLEX, n. Assemblage; collection j complica- tion. [LUtle used.] Thi« p^rahle of ih« wadding lupper comprthen.l* in ii Ihe . who Iff eotnpltx a( all the bleuing* and pri*ile^''i of (he goupcl. South. eOM-PLEX'ED-NESS, n. Complication; involution of parts in one integral ; compound state ; as, the camplerednesa of moral ideas. l.ocke. eOM-PLEX'IO.N, (kom-plex'yun.) n. A complex stale ; condition ; as, to this complexion we must come at last. [Little used.] Shak. ii. The color of the skin, particularly of the face ; \ the color of the external parts of a body or thing ; us, a fair complexion j a dark complexion; the complexion of the sky. 3. 'I'he temperament, habitude, or natural disposi- tion of the body ; the peculiar cast of the constitu- tion, which gives it a particular physical character ; a medical term, but used to denote character or descrip- tion ; as, men of this or that complexion, 'Til ill, thourti dilffr^nC your complexiona are j The family of heaven for invn •hoiilJ war. Dryden. €OM-PLEX'ION-AL, a. Depending on or pertaining to complexion ; as, complexional efflorescences ; com- ple.rional prejudices. Brown. Fiddes, €OM-PLEX'ION-AL-LY, adn. By complexion. Brown. eOM-PLEX'IOX-A-Ry,a. Pertaining to the complex- ion, or to the care of it. Taylor. eOM-PLEX'IOX-ED, (kom-plei'yund,) a. Having a certain temperament or state. Addison. €O.M-PLEX'I-TY, n. The state of being complex ; complexness. Burke. eO.M'PLEX-LY, adv. In a complex manner; not sim- ply. eO.Vt'PLEX-NESS, n. The state of being complex or involved. SmitK, eOM-PLE.\'l|RE, n. The involution or complication of one thing with others. eOM-PLT'.\-BLE, a. [See Complt.] That can bend or yield. Milton. eOM-PLI'ANCE, n, [See Comply.] The act of com- plying; a yielding, as to a request, wish, desire, de- mand, or proposal ; concession ; submission. L.PI tlip Itin^ mRPl eomplianct in your looki, A frrr and reaily yidding to hi* wiihea. Rove. Q, A disposition to yield to others. 3. Obedience ; followed by with ; as, compliance with a command or precept. 4. Performance ; execution ; as, a compliance with the conditions of a contract eOM-PLI'ANT, a. Yielding ; bending ; as, the eom^ pliant boughs. [See Pliant, which is generally used.] Milton. 3. Yielding to request or desire ; civil; obliging. €OM-PM'ANT-LY, adv. In a yielding manner. €OM'PLl-tJA-CY, n. A state of being complex ()r in- tricate. Mitford. eOM'PM-eATE, r. t [h. compUco; con and plicoy to fold, weave, or knit, see Complex.] \. Literally, to interweave ; to fold and twist to- gether. Hence, to make complex ; to involve ; to en- lanule ; to unite or connect mutually or intimately, as different things or parts ; followed by'wiM. Our oliVn* mun. So we say, a complicated disease ; a complicated affair. Commoiirm in Ihe parti m^jr complictU and dUpose tlicra arter the manni^r roqiiiiite (o make thcnii tlick. BoytB. 2. To make intricate. FATE, FAR, FALL, WH*T.— MeTE, PRgY. — HNE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, BQQK.- 236' C031 COM'PLI-CATE, a. Complex; composed of two or more parts united. Thotigh ihe p&rticiilAr actions of wi\r are compUattt in f/<«, yn Ukv are y^p.irmte ft:id ilitiiiici lit nghl, Bncon. 2. in botany, folded together, as the vulvps of the f:ttime or chaff" in some pTunses. J^Iartyn. €O.M'PLr-eA-TED,;»p.ora. Interwoven ; entiinRled;' involved; intricate; composed uf two or mure tliiiiga (T parts united. €0-M'PLI CATE-LY, ado. In a complex manner. COM PLI-€ATE-NKSS^ n. The state of being com phcated ; involution ; intricacy ; perplexity. Hale. eO.M'PLI-eA-TKNG, ppr. Interweaving ; infolding ; uniting. eOM-PLI-€A'TI0N, n. The act of interweaving, or involving two or more things or parts ; the state of being interwoven, involved, or intimately blended. Tlw noiioin of a coiiftii^l hiiowleit^e «re alwayi full of per- fikxity anil complications. Hl^ihrw. 2. The integral, consisting of many things involved or inti-rwoven, or mutually united. By xltniliiii; a compliaiiion of ideaa, the mintt [( bewililTcd, Want. eOM'PLI-CA-TIVE, a. Tending or adapted to in- volve. COM'PLICE, (plis,) ". [It. complice : Fr. Port, and Sp. id. ; L. compficOf eomphcitamy ciniipUce^. See Com- ri-icATE and CoMrLci.J One who is united with another in the commis- sion of a crinte, or in an ill design ; an associate or confederate in some unlawful act or design ; an tuxomplice. The latter is now used. [See Accom- FLicE.] Shak. Clarendon. €O.M-PLIC'I-TY, (plia'e-te,) i». [Fr compUciU.] The state or condition of being a complice or ac- complice. [/Mtle u-ted.] CO.M-PLI'£D, pret. of CoMPLT, COM-PLI'ER, n. One who complies, yields, or obeys; a pen*4m of ready compliance ; a man of an easy, yielding temper. Swift. eOM'I'Ll-MK.N'T, tt. [Fr. id.; It. complimento ; Sp. eHmpUmienio^ completion, perfection, Compliment ; Port, comprimentu, length, rulfilliiu-nt ; compliment, obliging words, from the verb rw/n;/ri>, to fulfill, to perfitnn ; Sp. cumplir ; It. compicre ; L. evmpleo. See Complete.] 1. An expression of civility, respect, or regard ; as, to.!i:-ii'l or make one's cmtplimeats to an absent fKend. In thin application, the plural is always used. H« otMcrvcil f'-w complim^ntM in matter vf amia. Sidney, 2, A present or favor bestowed. My friend made me a eompliment of Homer's Iliad. €X)M'PLI-MENT, r. u To praise; to flatter by ex- pressions of appntbatitm, esteem, or respect. MrniAfchs ■ Sheiil'l compliment th^ir fo^, aiiil (hiin their frienil*. Prior. RHr eomplimeult M-^oelau* »pry hw(l*uiiicly. P"pe, 2. To congratulate ; as, to complinURt a prince on the birth of a ?(m. 3. To bestow a present ; to manifest kindness or regard for, by a present or ()ther favor ; as, he com- phmriited us with tickets for the exhibiiiim. €(»M'PLI-MEXT, V. i. To nass compliments ; to use ceremony, ur ceremonious language. I niake the inl-rlucuion, upon ucc-iaiun, ofnjMmtnt with each oiber. Boj/U. eOM-PLI-MENT'AL, a. Expressive of civility or respect; implying compliments. LAUf .ncT' f'o^ rtcli iikI alHiiid.int in compHmenial nhrnari, aixl auch froOi, Wotton. eOM-PLI-MEXT'AI^LY, adv. In the nature of a Cfimpliment; by way of civility or ceremony. Broomti. COM PLI-MENT'A-RY, a. Expressing civility, rtt- gard, or praise. eOMPM-.\IK\T-ED,pp. Praised. eOM'PLI-MEXT-ER, n. One who compliments ; one given to compliments ; a flatten-r. Johnson. €OM'PM-ME\T.|.NG, f;w-. Praif?ing, bestowing on as a pn-si-nt. €O.M'PM\E, j «. [Vr.complu; It. ampina ; from L. CO.M'PLI.V, \ eojnpteo, eomplmrh, computus.] The last diviHi<)n of the Roman Caihiflic breviary ; the la-Ht prayer at night, to be rcrilrd nftt-r sunset ; so called because; it closes the 8er\'ice nf the day. Johnjioit. Kiietjc. Taylor. COM'PLISfl, for Accomplish, is not now used. Spriuer. COM'PLOT, B. [French, of «m,or r<»n«, and ;i/o(.] A plotting together ; a joint plot ; a plot ; a confederacy in some evil design ; a conspiracy. I know tttrit comptot ii to hrtve my life. Shak. COM PLOT', r. U To plot together ; to conspire ; to form a picrt ; to join In a secret design, generally criminal. W« (lull th/'m eomp!otling lo^i-lher, and contHvin|r a new ■ceitr uf mivrira lo Ilie Tru)aiia, ' Pope. €OM-PI/)T'MENT, a. A plotting together; con- spiracy. Kinff. eOM-PLOT'TED, pp. Plotted together : contrived. €OM-PI>OT'TER, «. One Joined in a plot ; a c^n- ipirator. Dryden. COM eOM-PLOT'TI.VG, ppr. Ploninp together; conspir- ing ; contriving nn evil design or crime. eOM-PLOT'TLXG-LV, adv. Ily complotting. COM-PLU-TE.X'SIA.N, a. The Comp1%Uen:ectatiou9 or wishes, is to fulfill them, or coniptete them. 2. To yield to ; to be obsequious ; to accord ; to suit; followed by vith; as, to comply with a man's humor. The truth of thinga will not comply with our coiiceiti. "naofon. COM-PLV'ING WITH, ppr. Fulfilling ; performing ; yieldinc lo- COM-PONE', V. U To compose; to settle. [Obs.] [See Compose.] eOM-P6\E', i In heraldry.^ a bordure, or compone, is €OM-P0N'£D, \ that formed or composed of a row of angular parts or checkers of two colors. COM-PO'.NE.NT or COM'PO-XENT, a. [L. compo- nensy compono ; con and pono^ to place.] Literally^ setting or placing titgether ; hence, com- posing ; constituting ; forming a compound ; as, the component parts of a plant or fossil substance ; the eompimrnt parts of a society. €OM-P0'\ENT or COM'PO-NENT, n. A constitu- ent part. Digby. CO.M-P0RT',r. i. [It eomportare; Fr. comporter; Sp. and Port, comportur ; con and L. portOj to bear. (See Bear.) It is followed by leith.] To comport with : literally ^ to bear to or with ; to carry together. Hence, to agree with ; to suit ; to accord ; as, to consider how far our charity may camport with our prudence. His behavior does not comport irith his station. COMPORT', V. L With Uie reciprocal pronoun, to behave ; to conduct. It it ciiriniii 10 ohm^rrt how Lord Somen — comported Mmeel/ on Ihiit occaaiuu. Burke. [Little used.] 2. To bear; to endure; as in French, Spanish, and luilian. [JVot u^ed.] DanieL eOM'PORT, ?i. Behavior; conduct; manner of acting. I knew them well, and marked their ruJ« comport. Dryden. This word is rarely or never used, but may be nd- miMihle in poetry. We now use deportment. The accent, sinc(> Oryden's time, has been transferred to the first svlliible. €OM-P0RT'A-BLE, a. Suitable ; consistent. We eaat the rulei of Ihia art Itito lome comportal^t meihori. WoUon. €OM-P0RT'ANCE, n. Behavior; deportment. [Obs.] Spenjser. eOM-PORT-A'TION, a. An assemblage. [.Xotused.] Up. Richardson. lied. eOM-PftRT'ED,pp. Behaved; siiilei COM-PORT'INfi, ,,pr. Behaving; syiting. COM-PORT'MENT, n. Behavior ; demeanor ; man- mr of acting. [J^ot now wed.] Hale. Addixon. CO.yfPOS MkMtIS. [L. con andpo.*, from the root of poifsum,, poti.i.] Possessed of mind ; in a sound state of mind. GOM-POSE', r. (. [Fr. composer ; Arm. compost ; from the prtrticiple of the L. compono, composites i eon and ponn, posifitSy to set, put, or lay ; Fr. poser, and in a different dialect; Eng. to put i Sp. componcr ; It. eomporre.] Lilerallii, to place or set together. Hence, 1. To form a compound, or one entire body or thing, by uniting two or more things, parts, or indi- vidtial^; as, to emnpose an army of raw soldiers; the pjirliament of ilreat Britain is composed of two houses, lords and commons ; the senate of the United States is composed of two Henators from each Slate. Zeal ought lo he compoeed nf the hljthe«l ilegreei ef .k. 3. To constitute, or form, as parts of a whole; as, | COM letters compose syllables, syllables compose Words, words compose sentences. ,^ A few uneful thioM, c«nfounclwi with many trirte«, fill their roeiuoriea, mnii compote their Intelleaual poweuiuna. H'atte. 4. To calm ; to quiet ; to appease ; to tranquillize ; that is, to set or lay ; as, to compose passions, fears, disorders, or whatever is agitated or excited. 5. To si4tle ; to adjust ; as, to compose differences. 6. To place in proper form, or in a quiet state. Ill a pcac'lul grave my corpae compote, Drydtn. 7. To settle into a quiet slate. The sea compoeee ilacif to a level iiir^iee. It requirea fihonl tttu duya to compote it aAer a gult, W. 8. To dispose ; to put In a proper state for any purpose. [Obs.] Tiwt army seemed well compoted to obtain that by their aworda which ihey could not by ili'^ir pen. Clarendon, 9. In printing, lo set types or characters in a epm- posing stick, from a copy, arranging the letters in the proper order. 10. In music, to form a tune or piece of music with notes arranging them on the staff in such a manner, as, when sung, to produce harmony. COM-P0S'£D, pp. Set together, or in due order; formed ; constituted ; calmed ; quieted ; settled ; adjusted. 2. a. Calm ; sedate ; quiet ; tranquil ; free (Vom agitation. The MMhlunii there in aober tritimnh ant, Compoted hU jiosture, and Itis lo«b aedate. Pope, €OM-PoS'ED-LY, adv. Calmly ; seriously ; sedately. The nun very compoatdly iinawered, I am ho. C7arendon. COM-POS^ED-NKSS, n, A stale of being composed ; calmness ; sedateness ; tranquillity. fVUkinn, COM-PoS'ER, n. One who composes; one who writes an original work ; as distinguished from a compiler; an author; also one who forms tunes, whether he adapts them to particular words or not. 2. One who quiets or calms ; one who adjusts a difference. €OM-Po»'lNG,ppr.ora. Placing together ; forming ; coiistiliiting ; writing an original work ; quieting; seltliiig ; adjusting; setting tyiies. eOM-Pf^S'INO-STICK, 7t. Among prittters, an in- strumenl in winch lypes are set from the cases, ad- justed to tlie length of the lines. eOM-POS'ITE, c Made up pf parts ; as, a composite language. Coleridge. 9. In architfclarey the composite order is the last of the five orders of columns; so called because its capital is composed of the Ionic order grafted upon the Corinthian. It is of the same proportion as the Corinthian, and retains the same general character, with the exception of the capital, in which the Ionic volutes and echinus are introduced, and the Corin- thian cau/icofi (or smaller branches) and scrolls are left out. It is culled also the Roman or the Italic order. Glass, of Archif^ Composite number; one which can be measured exactly by a number e:kceeding unity, as 6 by 2 or 3 ; so that 4 is liie lowest composite number. Kucye. eOM-PO-SI"TION, Ti. In a general sense, the art of composing, or that which is composed ; the act of forming a whole or inlcgml, by placing together and uniting different thiif^s, parts, or ingredients : or the whole body, mass, or coirii>ound, thus formed. 'J'hus we speak nt the composition of medicines, by mixing divers ingredients, and call the whole mixture a composition. A composition of sand and ^ly is used for luting chemical vessels. Vut pillari of atone, caied over with a eompoeition thM looba like mrtrhle. Additon. Ilent and vivitcity, ia ngf, b an excellent eompotinon for husineaa. Bacon, 2. In litcratMre, the net of inventing or combining ideas, clothing them with words, arranging them in order, and, in general, commiiting them lo paper, or otherwise writing them. Hence, 3.' A written or printed work; a writing, pam- phlet, or book. Jiddison. 4. In m\isic, the act or art of forming tunes ; or a tune, song, anthem, air, or other musical piece. 5. 'J'he state of l)eing placed together ; union ; conjunction ; combination. Coniemplile Ihing'a flrai in their aimple naturea, and then view th**'" in compoeiiion. Walit. f). In the fine Art*, that combination of the several parts, in which each is presented in its due propor- tion. By com;m*i(ion Is meant the ilialrilmtion and orderly pbeing of tilings, boiti in ^ciiertl and particular. Dryden, 7. Adjustment; orderly disposition. Ben Jonson spt-aks of the composition of gesture, look, pronunci- atiim, and motion, in a preacher. 6. hlutual agreement to terms or conditions for the setllenieiit of a diflerence or controversy. Thua we nre ayrecd; I cruve our tompoiition mny te written. Shak. 9. Mutual agreement ftir the discharge of a debt, on terms or by means different from those required TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOU8. — C as K ; C as J ; « as Z ; CH as 8U ; TH as in THIS. 2:17 COM by Ihe originnl coiitnirt, or by \:iw, as by the pny- ni'.-nt of -d dittVrt'iit sum, or by ntiikitip other com- petisiitiun. Hence, tin: amn so p:ii-nthetica! method of reanoning; syn- Ihf-i^ : :\ tiniti.Hl (.[' r«':(<.>iim- In>in known or admit- t: ■ 'Mlilll", [KtstulateB, (,r n:iU'il. :ind fnini I]; , . . f iln- tliiiii; to be pruveU i or ibc j,cl ■ : - of KDOwledse^ and con. so that the understondiL. :i>nv tnitb tbroocfa its durL-ruiil >tagcs uf ;^adaliuii. 'J'ht« method of reasoniniE b opposod to «a«/ynt, or resolm- CwM. It begins with first principles, and, by a train of reasofiing (Vom thcnn, dtxiuces Ihe [HnapoAi-' tions or truths sought. CVrnpojoficrn, or fj^mdusis^ pro- ceeds by collecting or combining i ana/iwu, or rsM/it- Cim, br aeparatuig or ttnfoldiag. Harrit. Emeite, 14. Id frimUMft ^^ ^cl of aeOing t>-pe« or charac- len in the eom^ptiMg-ttidt, to form lines, and of ar- ranging tbe linei m a galley, to make a column or page, and from this to nuUce a fomu 15. Id ekemtstrff the combimilion of different sub- ataneea, en* subsuuices of different natures, by affin- i^ ; from wluch results a compound substance, dif- fsrbig In properties from eitti-r of thr component paitA. Thus leater is a e^mpcMtmn of hydrogen and oxygen, which are inviaiUe gaaett. 1& CMR^MiCwaqf/vrcM, in awcAmiM'^, is the finding of a single forc« which sliall be equal to two or more firen forces when acting in given directions UAtrt, 17. OaptnCwa of ^ ra p tf rt wa. In m aiM tm t t ie*^ is w?— *" '■ •■- pn^Ktiuoals, the sum of the ftr* and srcoiifl as the sum of tlie third and r 1 1 rtli. Barlow. eu.*. . ' '^ . . . \ 13, 0. Compoondod } having Uie power oi' compounding or composing. CMJM-POS'I-TOR,*. Inpna/^/-, one who seU tipes, and make« up the pages and f^irms. *Z One w lio sS-St>^S'OR, w. A joint pomemor. €OM POS':ai-BL£, a. Icom and f*s*ibie,] ConslsCenL [AW msed.] CkitlmjFWorOt. CO.H'POST, *R. [It. e/nmposta : L. eoaipo^aum^ from cvtftyMiio. See CoMross.} In a»rictdtttrr^ a mixture or romposition of \Mrioii8 maniirmE! t«ub?:tances lor fi-rtilizmi: land. Compo<:t may be made by almost evt-r}' animal and vegetable mbstance in nature, with lime or other earthy matter. 2. A mixture or composition for plastering houses, nsuallv called eompo, StaarL €OM Po^T, r. L To manure with compost. Adroit, €0M-P0ST'1;RE, a. iSoil ; manure. [.Vu( used,] Siak, eOM-P6sTRE, rkom-po'zhur,) a. [Sec Composk.] 1. The act ot coiuposiug, i*r that which is com- posed ; a composition ; as, a form of prayer of pub- lic eemp^tmrei a hasty eowip»sitre. Ill ibe coMppaMTM wf nco, Rtnemti^r joa are a man. Wittla. In this use ,this word haAgiv<-n way to Composition. 3. Composition; combination j arrangemeni; or- der. [LiaU lucd.] Pnm Um TariauB atmaotttrtM of thete cArpaacle«. harp^n all tile Taiicu^ of bMiwa fcnanl tnit of ihrm. Wouamtrd. 3. Tbe form, adjustment, or dt5po3ition of tne va- rious parts. b oMvosw* ofbta fcw, Uved a bir Iwl loanl,* gmw. Crtmtiatp. Tbe outward ibmi and eompDmrt of lb« body. Ditppa. 4. Frame ; make ; temperament. Hia tomipo*urt tnuu be rarv inftenl, Wboin xhcM thinga caimul Mrmialt. Shak. 5. A settled state of the mind ; sedateness ; calm- ness ; tranquillity. When ihe p a wi a— am «l«at, the miDd eojoya ila most prrC-ct compMun. Watta. [This u the most eemmim use of this word."] 6. Agreement ; settlement of differences ; compo- sition. \^UttU usciL\ The tt-aij m Cxbhd^ gare ibe l^ireat bopra of a I^IPP' *""'** ptuvrt. King CiiarU: €OM-PO-TA'TIOX, a. [L. ampotatio; con and po- tatiOy from potjt^ to drink, j The ad of drinking or tippling together. Brown. PhUtpg. COM €0M'PO-TA-TOK, «. One who drinks with another. Viipe. eOM-POl'.\D', V. L [T» compono: can and pwdc, to set ur put ; Sit. eomponer ; It. coinporre, for contponrre ; Port, ettmpor.] I, To mix or unite two or more ingredients in one mass or body j as, to compouHd drugs. Wlmrvf-r compoundfth aiijr like it, shall be cut off IVoin hit j.-dpl"-. — Kx. xx%. S. To unite or combine. >V« h»tv Uir power of afi^rinj and compot all live v.in:-iiM of pjctuie. 3. To com|M)se ; to constitute. [.Vb* v.sed,] Shall. 4. In t^minmar, tii unite two or more words j to fonn one word t>f two or more. 5. To settle amicably ; to adjust by aijrerment ; ns a difTerence or contrttvorsy. Bacon, Skak. \Jn tAis sfHM Kt now use CoMrosK.l b. To pay by agreement ; to discimrcc, rt^ a debt, by (laying a p:irt, or givini; an cqiiiviileut (litlercnt fn>ui that stipulated or reijuircd i as, to compound debts. Oafi. Kut we now nse, more generally, to compound wUh. [See the verb intransitive.] To ecm pound /deny y is for a person robbed to take the Igoods again, of other com[>ensation. upon nn ai^eement not to prosecute tlie thief or robber. Tliis onense ii*, by the laws of En^zlaiiil, punisliahle by fine and imprisonment. liUirkstnne. GO.M-POLT.ND', V. L To apree upon concession ; to ctune to term:! of agreement, by abating something of the first demand ; followed by for before the thing accepted or remitted. Tbejr were glad to canpauj^d for his bare commit nfiit (o the Tower. Oartttdon, S. To bargain in the lump j to ag^ ; followed by vUh, Compoumi wiA Ihia CjIIov by the jrar. Shak. 3. To come to terms, by granting something on each side ; to agree. Contwall oompouni»d lo ftimlah l«n oxeo lor thirty potimH. Cart's, Pankfirlaua and Ms admirera hn*eciMn;Kiurut^ witli Un- Gaien* lata. Mid ttrwgbl iuw pracu*! • mised um ol cuamictl ined- iduea. * 7\mplt. 4. To settle with a creditor by ajrreement, and discharge a debt by paying a part u( \iA amount ; or to uiiike an n:;reement to pay a debt by means or in a iiiaiiiier diriVy.'nl from that stipulated or required by la^v. A bankrupt may compound with his creditors for ten shillings on the pound, or fifty cents on the dollar. A man may compound with a parson to [yiy a sum of money tn lieu of tithes. [See CoMrosuioK, No. 9.] To compound with a felon^ Is to lake the goods stolen, or other amends, uiton an agreement not to Srosecnte him. Blackitone. M'POU\D, a. Composed of two or more ingre- dients Ormpound aubataiieea are made up of two or more airnple ftutkUnces. Watu. 2. In grammary composed of two or more words. Ink-ntond, writing-desk^ carelessness^ are compound words. 3. In botany^ a compound jlower i^ a species of as;- gregale flower, containing several florets, inclosed in a commtm perianth, on a common receptjicle, with the anthers connected in a cylinder, as in the sunflower and dandelion. Martyn. Harris. A compound stem^ is one tliat divides into brunches. A compound Itaf^ connects several leaflets in one p^icde, c^ed a common petiole. A compound raceme, is composed of several raco- mules or small racemes. A compound spike^ is composed of several spicules or spikeleL*!. A compound corymb^ is formed of several small corymbs. A compound' umbel y is one which has all its niys or peduncles bearing umbetlules, or small umbels, at the top. A compound fructification, consists of several con- fluent rtortti' : opposed to simple. 4. Compound interest, is interest upon interest ; when tbe interest of a sum is added to the principal, and then bears interest ; or when the interest of a sum is put upon interest. 5. Compound motion, is that which is effected by two or more conspiring powers, acting in diflerent but not in opposite directions. Barlow. 6. Compound or Composite, number, is that which may be divided by some other number greater than unitv, without a nMuainder j as 18, wliich may be divided by 3, 6 and 9. 7. Compound ratio, is that which the product of the antecedents of two or more ratios h;L« to the product of tlieir consequents. 'J'hus 6 to 73 is in a ratio com- pounded of 2 to 6, and of 3 to 19. Dny. 8. Compound quantity ; in algebra, a quantity com- posed of two or more simple quantities or terms, con- nected by the sif^u -f~ (P'"**) or — (minus.) Thus a-\-b — c, and bb — b, are compound quantities. Daij. 9. Compound larceny, is that which is accompanied COM with the aggravation of taking goods from one's Iiouse or piisoii. Black.stene. 10. Compound time; in music, a tenn applied to those varieties of lime in which each measure is divided into six equal parts. T. Iln-ttings. ^COM'POUXD, B. A mass or body formed by the union or mixture of two or more ingredients or dif- ferent substances ; the result of composition. Mor- tar is a compound of lime, sand, and water. Man ii a cum}>ound of flush and spirit. Souih. 2. In the FMxt Indies, n yard round a building ^ a corruption of tbe Portuguese word campania. COMl*UUM)'.\-m.E, a. Capable of being com- pniindfd. Shertcood. €<)M-POUND'En, pp. Made up t>f diflerent mate- rinls ; mixed ; formed !>y union of two or more sub- stances. eOM-Pi^)UND'KR, n. One who compounds or mixes diflerent thins^. 2. One who attempts to bring parties to terms of Bgreenii-nt. [Little used.] Strift, 3. One who conifwunds with a debtor or felon. 4. One at a university who pays extraordinrtry fees, according to his means, for the degree he is to take. SmarU €OM-POUNt>'ING, ppr. Uniting difltyent substances in one body or mass ; forming a mixed body ; agree- ing by concession, or abatement of demands ; dis- charging a debt by agreement to pay less than tlie original sum, or in a dilFerent manner. eOM-PRK-CA'TIOX, n. fL. con ami precatio.] A pniving together. [Little used.] €OM-PRK-lit:Nl)', r. L [L. comprehendo ; con and prehendo, to seize or grasp ; It. comprenderc jrrentlere ; Sp. and I'ort. comprehmder, prender ; Fr. comprendre, prendre. This word is a compound of the Latin con and //rj-, and the Saxon hendan or henian, to take or 6ei/.e ; ge-hentan, id. Hence forehend, in Spenser.] Literally, to take In ; to take with, or trgether. 1. To contain; to include ; to comprise. The pmpirr of Great Britain comprehendt En^Und, Scotland, anil Ireland, with lheirdpp<.-iidencies. a To imply ; to contain or include by implication or construction. if there be any other eommnndment, it fs briefly comprehended \n tliis snyiiiff, Thou alialt lore W\y oeiglibor us ih^atlt.— Kotii. xiii. 3. To understand ; to conceive ; that is, to take, hold, or contain in the mind ; to possess or to have ill idea ; according to the popular phrase, " 1 take your meaning." God ilo''th freal Uiings, which we can not comprehend. — Job xxxvii. It is Dut alwnvs aafe to di«beIi*'V« a propoaiLloii or slalement, becAiisp we iJu noL comprtkend it. €OM-PRE-IIEND'ED,py. Contained ; included ; im- plied ; understood.* €OM-PRK-IIE\D'ING, pTW. Including; comprising; und'Tsianding ; implying. eOM-PRE-llE.\'SI-ULE, a. [L. comprebensibUis.] 1. 'I"lmt may be comprehended or included ; pos- sible to be comprised. 2. CaiHible of being understood ; intelligible; con- c*'ivahlf.' bv the mind. eOM PRE-IIEN'SI-BLE-NESS, n. Capability of be- inc understootl. More. €OM-PltE-HE\'SI-BLY, adv. With great extent of embrace, or comprehension ; with large extent of signification ; in a manner to comprehend a large circuit. The words wiadom and ri^hteousn^aa are commonly used mj comprghenfioely, so as to signtfy all leli^jon und virtue. T^olton. This word is rarely used. [See CoMPREHErr- SIVELV.l eOM-PRE-HEN'SIGN, n. [L. eomprekensio.] The act or quality of comprehending or contain- ing; a comprising. In ilie Old Ti-stainciil there ts a close comprehension of the Neu ; in the Neio, nn open dUco^ery of the Old. Hooker. 2. An including or containing within a narrow compass ; a summary ; an epitome or compend. This wise and reli^ons aphorism, in the tPXt, is the stim and coniprehtjition of all iJie ingredients ofbunuin hippiness. Rogerg. 3. Capacity of the mind to understand ; power of the understanding to receive and contain ideas ; ca- pacity of knowing; as, the nature of spirit is not within our comprehension, 4. In rhetoric, a trope or figure, hy which the name of a whole is put for a part, or that of a part for a wliole, or a definite number fur an indefinite. Hamris. eOM-PRE-HEN'StVE, a. Havinglhe quality of com- prising much, or including a great extent ; extensive ; as, a com/rrehensive charity ; a comprehenaive view. It seems sometimes to convey the sense of compre- hending much in a small compass. 2. Having the power to comprehend or tmderstand manv lliinffs at once ; Ti^.di comprehensive \h;'aA, Pope. COM PRE nE.X'SIVE-LY, aih. In a comprehensive manu'T; with great extent of embrace eOM-PRE-HE.\'»IVE-XESS, n. The quality of be- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY.— PINE, MARtN'E, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK. - 23S COM COM ins comprehensive, or of inrliidiiig mucti estenl ; as, the comprrhcnsiveness of a view. a. Tlie quaJily of including raucli in a few words, or uarrnw compass. Coinpir" itw tn-BUt/ and eomprthentiveneta of t^^m]* on .i.ciin( coi.n. aiWoon. eOM-PHI2-HE.\'SOR, n. One wlio has oWnined knowleitse. [J^. I. [Fr. cmnpromrttre : lu compro- niettiri^t Hp. eompro.-aeier ; L. cotnpromitto; corn and vromilfi}, to promise.] 1. 'i'o pledge or engage, by some act or declaration, which may not be a .lirect promise, but whicli ren- ders necessary some future act. Hence, a. To put to ha/.nrd, liy some previous act or mcasuri!, which cannot be recalled ; as,'lo compramil the honor or llie safety of a nation. eo.M'PltO-MlT-EU, pp. Pledged by some previous act or declaration. eO.M'PllO-.MlT-lNG, ppr. Pledging; Ciposing to hazard. , , . . , , eOM-PKO- VI.\'CI.\L, (-shal,) n. [mn and provMCud.} One belonging to the same province or archiepts- copal jurisdiction. AtjUJfi:, eO.MPT, (kount,) >u [Fr. compu, from compuu,.] Account ; computation. [ Obs.] Shak. eOMPT, c. (. To compute. [Oio-.J [See Coust.J eO.MPT, n. I'L.comptus.] Neat; spruce. (.VulaaeA] eOMP'J'1-BLK, (kount'e-bl,) a. Accountable; sub- ject; submissive \_Ob.t.\ Shak. €0M'PRES9, «. In snr^trv, a bolster of .soft linen cloth, with several folds, used by surgeons to Cuvc' a plaster or dressing, to keep it in its place, and de- feml the jiart from Ilie external air. E.ictic. C0.\1-PRESS'/;D, (kom prest',) pp. or o. Pressed or squeeled together ; forced into a narrow or narrower cumpa-ss; embraced carnally. ■i. In Jolanj, flatted ; having the two opposite sides plane or llat ; as, a compresseil stem. .Varttin. etJM-PRE.SS-I-BIL'I-TV, n. The quality of being cofopressible ; the quality of being capable of com- pression into a smaller simre or conipa.is ; as, the eompressibilUy of elastic fluids, or of any soft sub- stance. .. .' , J eO.M-PRE3S'I-BLE, a. Capable of being forced or tliiven into a narrower coniji-iss ; as, elastic fluitls ate crmprtssiiUi water is coMpressiblt in a small eO.M-PRE.«.S'I-nLE-N'ESS, n. Compressibility ; the qilalilv of bring compressible. COM PilKSS'ING, WO-. Pressing together. eO.M-PRE.S'S10N, (kom-preslrun,) «. The act Sf compressing, or of pressing into a narrower coinp.ass ; the act of forcing the parts of a body into closer union or density, by the applic.ition of force. 9. The state of behig compressed. eoM-PKE.SSI VE, o. Having power to compress. Smith. eOM-PRESS'I^RE, n. The act or force of one body pressing against another ; pressure. BayU. eu.M'PKlEST, n. A fellow priest. [.Yotinvr.] , Miltfin. eOM-PRI.NT', e. i. [SeePBiiT.] To print together. It is taken, in lax, for the deceitful printing of another's copy or book, to the pr.Judice of the pro- prietor. [LiUU mat.] PhUip.: eo.>I'PRI.vr,«. The surrcpititious printing of a work b.-longing to another ; a work thus printed. Smart eOMPllIS'AL, n. The act of comprising or coriipre- heiidlng. Barruw. eOM-PRISSE', n. (. [Fr. compri', participle of com- prendrt ; I<. eomprehendo. See tjoMfHEHEND.] To comprehend ; to contain ; to include ; as, the substance of a diacouree may be comprised in a few words. eOM-PRIS'BD, y?. Comprehended; contained. euM-PRIS'l.VG, m>r. Containing; including; com- prehending. eo.M'PROBATE, T. i. To agree in approving; to concur in testimony. £/i/ot, COM-PRO-BA'TION, n. [L. comprobatio, eoiaprobo ; eon and probo, to prove.] Proof ; joint attestation. [LMe used.] Brown. GO.M'FRO-.MISE, n. [L. eomifromU.ium, from eom- protnitu, to give bond to stand to an award ; cun and prrtiait/.i, t«> promise ; l\. comprumiaso ; t'r.eomproiau i Sn. compromise. See Phomui.] 1. .\ mutual promise or contract of two parties in controversy, to refer their diflercnces to the decision of arbitrators. 2. An amicable agreement between parties in con- troversy, to settle their diflerenccs by mutual con- cessions. 3. .Mutual agreement ; adjustment. Judge Chipman. [This is its Hjtual st^ificaften.] COM'PRO-.MISE, c. I. To adjust and settls a difler- ence by mutual agreement, with concessions of claims by the parties ; to comjiound. a. To agree ; to accord. S\ak. 3. To commit ; to put to hazard ; to pledge by ■ome act or declaration. .Smarf. [In Out tense, set CoHraouiT, icAicA t» gencraUji €OM'Pr6.MI»-£D, (kom'pro-mizd,) pp. Settled by agreement, with mutual concessions. eoM'PROMIS ER, n. One who compromises. COM'PRO MIS-l.NO, ppr. Adjusting by agreement. See Control, the true eO.MPT'EV, nJe. Neatly. [JVot in «.«.] Sherwood. eo.MFI''NE.-iS, lu Neatness. UVol m use.] Slurwood. eO.MP"rO.\-ITE, n. .\ mineral from Vesuvius, iden- tical with Tliomsonite, which see. eo.MP-TROLL', (kon-trcl'.) ' spellinL'. eOM-PIIL'S.\-TIVE, j a. [L. compn/»u.<, from coni- CO.M-PI'L'SA-TO-UV, j piUo ; Low L. compulso. Comptlliiig ; forcing ; constraining ; operating by force. . S/wt. eoMPUL'S.\-TIVE-LY, adv. By constraint or com- pulsion C6.M-PL'I.'S10.V,n. [Low L. com/iuWo. See Compel.] 1. The act of driving or urging by force, physical or moral; force applied ; constraint of the will; tlie application of a force that is irresistible. II f'...t,oin Wert at I'lcnty a« biJCltlJerne*, t would give no man a rcu 'II on .Mmpulntin. S\ak. A uinn is .-xciiicti for acta ilone through unavoidable turce and eompiiition. li.cu:k,lounii<».'w:, eom- pui^'nrre, or compunijare ; Sp. cvmpuncion i Fr. componc- tioji. See PiiNOENCT.] 1. A iiricking ; stimulation ; irritation ; seldom used in a hicrul sense. Brown. ■2. .V pricking of heart ; poignant grief or remorse proceeding from a consciousness of guilt ; the pain of sorrow or regret for having olfended God, and in- curred his wrath ; the sting of conscience proceeding from a conviction of having violated a mond duty. Uc acliiiowieil^l hia diiloyalty lo the liing, wllh^exprr.tioni o( great com^Mnrtion, €O.M-Pi;.\e'TION-LE3S, tion. „ . , . €OM-rUNC'TI0US, (kom-punk'shus,) a. Pncking the conscience ; giving pain lor offenses committed. Istil iiQ compunctiout vUiiing* of iinlur* Slinlcp my f'li [iiirpotc. STiak. eOM-PUNC'TIVE, a. Causing remorse. Johnson. eo.M-PO'I'IL, 71. A fullow-|iiipil. [LUde iwetl.] fVuitan. eOM PUR-r,A'TIOX, n. [L. eompur^o ; eon and pur- ffo, to piiritV.] . In Uti/y, the net or practice of Jnstifyinc: a man by the oath of itihi^rs, who swear to Iheir bclit'f of Jiirf vrmcity ; wager of law, in which a man, who has given eecuniy to make hi;* law, brings into court eleven of hia neiglibotii, nnd having mada oath him- self that lie does not owe the plaintiff, the eleven ni-ichhurs, called evmpur^mUir't, nvow on their oaths that they believe in their conseicnctis he has affirmed the truth. ' mackstonc. €OM PUR-Ga'TOU, n. One who bears testimony or swears to the veracity or innocence (»f another. [See CoMPt-ROATIOr^.l COM POT'A-BLE, a. [See Comfute.] Capable of being computed, numbered, or reckoned. J/ale. eOM-PUTA'TfON, n. [L. eoi/i/iHMt'o, from eomputo. Sec Compute.] 1. Tho act of computing, numberinir, reckonmg,or estimatnig; the process by which different sums or particulars are numbered, estimated, or comimred, wiih a view to ascertain the amount, aggregate, or I Oartitdot Not feeling compunc- CON uthvif result depending on such sums or particulars. We find by compulation the quantity of provisions necessary to eupptirt an army for a year, and the amount of money to pay them; making the ration and pay of each man the basis of the cojiiputatioji. By computations of t^me or years, we ascertain the dates of events. 2. 'I'he sum, quantity, or amount ascertained by computing or reckoning We pa»« for women of fifty : mB.nj additional yean nro thrown lino femilo §ompulaaon» ot ihi» nature. Additon. 3. Calculation. eO-M-POTK', V. t. [L. eomputOt ctm and puto^ to lop or prune ; to think, count, reckon ; to cast up. The sense is probably to cast or throw togetlier.] 1. To number; to count; to reckon; lo cast to- gether several sum.s or p:u-ticular8, to ascertain the amount, aggregate, or other result. Compute the quan- tity of water tliat will fill a vessel of certain dimen- sions, or that will cover the surface of the earth. Com- pute the expenses of a campaign. CoinpuU time by weeks or days. 2. To ca--;! or estimate in the mind ; to estimate the amount by known or supposed data. 3. To calculate. eOM-POTE', n. Computation. [J^ot used.] Brovm. eOM-PCT'ED, pp. Counted; numbered; reckoned; estimated. €OM-P0T'ER, 7U One who computes ; a reckoner ; a calculator. Sw^. €OM-P0 T'lNG, ppr. Counting j numhermg ; reckon- ing; estimating. €OM'PU-TIt5T, n. A computer. fVoUon, JL More, eOM'R.VDE, H. [Fr. camuradei lU cainerata; Sp.cama- rada ; Port, camarada ; from cantara, camerUj a ciidiii- bcr.] Literally y one who lodges in the same room. Hence, iH a more' general sense, a fellow, a male, or compan- ion ; an associate in occupation. eOM'RADE-SIIIP, n. Slate of being comrades. eOM'ROGUE, n. A feUow-rogue. [*Vot in «je.] Ji. Jonson, eOX, {with or against.] A Latin insepanible preposi- tion or prefix to other words. Ainsworili remarks that eon. ami ctim have the same signification, but that cam is used separately, and con in composition. Con and cum may be radically distinct words. The Irish fomA, or coimhy is equivalent lo the Latin con ; and tho VVelaih cym, convertible into cj/r, appears to be the same word, denoting, says Owen, a mutual act, qual- ity, or effect It is precisely equivalent to the Latin com, in comparoy compono; and the Latin com, in com- position, may be the Celtic comh or cijm. But, gener- ally, it seems to be con, clianged into com. Ainsworth deduces cum from the Greek aw ; for originally it wai written ryn. But this is probably a mistake. Con coincides, in radical letters and in significa- tion, with the Teutonic «-aiji, ^en, j^ean, igcn^ ig^en^ in the English again, again.-it ; Sax. gean, ongean : Sw. igcn : Dan. igien. Whatever may be iU origin or affinities, the primary sense of the word is prob.i- bly from some root that signifies to vicet or oppose^ or turn and meet ; to approach to, or to be with. This id the radical sense of most prepositions of the like import. [SeeltieEngUshWiTH,AaAin.] Soinlrish, coinnfy a uncling ; os coinne, opposite. G'H, in compounds, is changed into I before /, as in eolUgOy to ciilUct, and into m before a labial, as in compare, to comi»are. Before a vowel or A, the n is dropp>;d ; as in coalesco, to coalesce.^ to eo-opcraie ; co~ kibro, lo restrain. It denotes union, as m eonjoin; or opposition, as in eonJUct, conUnd. Ou. W. gan, eON, [abbreviated from Latin contra, against] In the phrase pro and con, for and against, con denotes the negative side of a question. As a noun, a person who is In the negative ; as, the pros and cons. CON V. t. [Sax. centum, coitnan, cunnan, to know, to be able, to be skillful or wise ; and cennan, to bear or bring liirth, Gr. ycvt^no}} and eumiian, to try. to nt- tempt, to prove, Ueonor; whence cunning, skillful, experienced, or skill, experience ; the latter word, euBBWrt, coincides in sense with Sax; anginnan, on- irinnan, to begin, to try, to attempt, L. cower. D.kcn- nen, lo know, understand, or be acquainted; kunnen, to be able, M«, to know or understand, to hold or con- tain ; the luHt signification coinciding with the \\ . iranu, lo contain. G. kennen, to know ; and konncn, to b." able. Dan. kan, lo be able, pret. kunde, whence kund.iLab, knowledge, skill, experience. Sw. kaiina, to know; kuna, to be able, to be skilled, to know. The primary sense is, to strain or stretch, which gives the sense of strength, power, as in can, and of hotrl- ing containing, comprehending; a3,coMtam, from con- tinro. Unco, Gr. Tiir'.o, L. lendo. And this significa- tion connects these words with gin. In its compounds, begin. Sax. btginnan, anginnan, &c., to strain, to lr>', to slreich forward and make «n effort ; also with the Gr } tvvaiji, L. gignor, to beget, or to bring forth. See Class Gn, No. *i9, 3ti, 40, A'i, 43, 58. In the sense of know, con signifies to hold or to reach.] 1. To know. [Obs.] Of mii«i, lloliWiiol, I eonit* no tklll. Span»er. TONE, BULL, TJNITE. — AN"OEB, VI"CIOU3. — € aa K j o« J ; g >» Z ; OH^ 8H ; til m in THIS. CON " I shall not mmiw Answer.*' I shall not know or be able to uuwer. Ckauctr, 2. To make ooe*B self master nf ; to flx in the mind, or commit to memory ) as, to csn a lesson. Miltmt HoUUr. T» com tMankt; lobe pleased or obliged^ or to thank. [Ofc*.] CAtfHffr. Skak. C&V J-JtO'RR^ riUl With love or pleasure. eO-.NA'TU:?, n. [L.] Effurt; aitrtiifrt. Pain/, 2. The tendency of a body lowurd any point, or to mir«ue its course to the same line of direction. PaUif. eON-eAM'ER-ATE, r. (. [L. e^neamtro^ to arch ; can and camera^ an arch, arched roof, or cMambtr.'^ Tu arch orer ; to vault ; to lay a concave over ; as, a cancamfraleti bone. Ortth €0.\-€AM'ER-A-TED, pp. Arched over. -€ON€AM-ER-A'TIO.\, s. An arching; nn nrch or vniilt : an arched chamber. Otamvitle. €ON-eAT'E-NATE, r. f. [IL cMwoteiurre, to link to- getber ; eemeatemaU ; Low L. t*mtMttm«tuM ; cam and tatemMf a chain ; Sp. csncaitaMr, and cncadour, fhun ssilriM, Ft. os^mu*, a diain.] To link locpther; to unite In a successive series or clmin. aa thtnss depending on each other. Harris. eO.X-CAT E-\X-T£D, pp. Linked together; united in a series. €OS€\T'B-SX-TrSGy pyr. Linking together in a series. €0.\-€AT-E^N.\'TION. n. A series of links united ; a successive series or order of thin^ connected or depr-ndine on each other ; as, a concMmctiun of cauaesL eO.\-eAU«E' n. Joint cause. tJVot used.} FMurbw. €0.\" eA-VA'TlO.V, a. [9ee Cokcate.] The act if making concave. eOX'CAV'E, a. [L. conetvus; eon and corits, hollow. 8eeC*«s.j 1. HuU.iw, and arched or rounded, as the inner surface of a qibencal body ; opposed to Mweet ; as, a & HoUow, In < gtmrnral ssnss; as, the csneaM shores of the Tiber. SUk. 3, lnfrN'CA VE, a. A hollow ; an arch, or vault ; as, the ethereal mmmm. eOX'CAVE, p. L To make hollow. Srword. €X>\'€aV-*D, pp. Mad.' hiOlow. eO.N'CAVE-VKSS, a. IlollnwneMi. eOX'e.W-lNG ppr. Making hollow. eON-eAV'I-TV, a. [IL eamcavitd: Fr. wMomUf 8p. csJKsmdsd.] Hottowness; Ibe internal surface of a hollow spherical body, or a body uf other figure-, or the sfMce within such body. WUtou. €ON-€a'VO-€O.N'€AVE, o. Concave or hollow on both iturfaces. eoX-CA'VO-eoX'VEX, a. Concave on one side, and convex un the other. [See Contbx.} eON-CA'VOU:^^^ ^l^ coaunu.] Concave, which €X>N-eA'VOlTS-LY, adv. With holIownrM^ ^ in a manner to discover tiie internal surface of a hollow sphere. CON-C£AL',F. L [Low L. £tf ncWd . eon and cc70, lo with bold from sight ; ^x. hetaa^ ha-JanyffektBiam^ /reAeloHt to heal and to conceal ; G. A«Mea, to conceal, and Asi/oi, to heal; D. Af;/eN, to heal and to conceal ; Dan. A«/ar, to conceal; W. cf/a, to hide ; Fr. ceirr; It. ceiare; Sp. e4Uler, to keep silence, to dissemble, to abate, to gn>w calm ; Port, ealar, to conceal or keep close, to pull or let down ; **cala a boca,** hold your peace ; al:K> intransitive, to be still or quiet, to ktvp silence ; coinciding in oricin with lehoU^ alt, ^'y, hold^ &c The primar>' ^en-^e is to strain, hold, stop, restrain, make fast or strong, all from the same root as the Sbemitic So, nSs, ^k^», '(\6u\ kalem, Gr. cuXvu. Class d. No. 32, 36.] 1. To keep close or secret ; to fcwbear to disclose ; to withhold from utterance or declaration ; as, to nannaf one's thoughts or i^inions. lb ibe vords df ibe Holy One.— Job tI. 2. To hide ; to withdraw from observation ; to cover or keep from sight; &s^ a. party of men eon- emiad themselves behind a wall } a mask eoneeaU the fine. WbM profit ii ll if «r« sUr our brotlKr and ametat his blond t Geo. zxXTii. eOX-CE.\L'A-BLE, o. That may be concealed, hid, or kept close. Brown. COX-CeAL'ED, (kon-*eeld',) pp. or o. Kept close or secret ; hid ; withdrawn from sight ; covered. €X)X-CF:AL'ED-Ly, adv. So as not to be detected. €0.\-CkAL'ED-.NES.S, a. A state of being concealed. €O.X-Ce\L'ER, n. One who conceals ; as, the wm- eeatfr of a crime. Clarendon. €OX-CeAL'IXG, ppr. Keeping close or secret; for- bearing to disclose ; hiding ; coverine. €OX-CeAL'I.\C, n. A hiding i a withholding from dii^losure. eOX-CKAL'.MEXT, n. Forbearance of disclosure j a CON keeping clode or secret ; as, the concealment of opin- ions or passions. 2. Tiie act of hiding, covering, or withdrawing from sight ; as, the evnefalmrnt of the f:ice Hy a mask, or of the person I»y any cover or shelter. 3. The state of being hid or concealed ; privacy ; as, a project formed in concealment. 4. The place of hiding; a secret place; retreat from observation ; cover from sighL Tlu* cipfi tiT« Ofl>n it! kind concgaiment ftj ■! few, Tltrir food tu tii«;^s, *ml iu iiiosa Ih'-ir nMU. Thornton. €ON-C£DE^ V. L [L. eoneedf ; eon and ctdo^ to yield, give way, depart, desist ; IL concerfers, e^Ure ; 8p. ctfacarfer, cadcr; Fr. eoneedrr, ctder; Ir. ctadaighkm; W. fadoel, and fadaw, to quit or leave, to permit. The preterit cem indicaU-s that this word m:iy be from a root in Class Gs, t?ee th.-tt Class, No. tV7. Samaritan. See also Class Gd, and Ckdb an'R and eapio, tu take or seize.] 1. Conception; that which is conceived, imagined, or farmed in the mind ; idea; thought ; ini:ige. In Unjihing tlicrr prer pi^c^dnh » eotttvH of *ouirwh'it rlificu- ious, and therrluM it la pruprt lo man. Bacon. • 2. Understanding; poweror faculty of conceiving ; apprehension ; v, a man of quick conceU. [JVeor/y antiqMated.'l Uuw oAfn did her rjrea njr to me th«l (hry loved I yvi t, not lowkiitg lur lucb « nuucr, b«d uol my conceit op^n lo un- drnund Uiein. Sidnty. 3. Opinion ; notion ; fancy ; imagination ; l^n- ta«tic notion ; as, a strange or odd conceit. 8c«M ibou a RHui wtoe In lili own conctit ? there la mnro hope of ■ feol lb«a of htm. — I'ror. xxvi. 4. Pleasant fancy ; gayety of imagination. I (re&Jc took him in the hevl is go t-'Etirange. 5. Affected or unnatural conception. Some to con^tit itlmie tb-'ir worka onno'^. Po}>t. 6. Favorable or self-flattering opinion ; a lu^y or vain conception of one^s own person or accomplish- ments. Bjr a lit'l» >tud7 and a prfat toncxU uf himself, he haa loit hia reli^iijii. Btnllty. Out of conceit with ; not having a favorable opinion of; no longer pleased with ; as, a man is out of con- ceit with his dress. Hence, lo put one out of conceit with, is to make him indifferent to a thing, or in a degree displeased with it. TUlotson. SioifL eOX-CElT', tj. e. To conceive ; to imagine ; to think ; to fancy. The itronff, by eonixi&ng themaelvea we&k, ue Uiep-by ren- dere'l inactive. South, eON-CRIT'ED, pp. Conceived ; imagined ; fancied. 2. part. a. Endowed with fancy or imagination. [Obs.] KhoUcs. 3. a. Entertaining a flattering opinion of one's self; having a vain or too high conception of one's own person or accomplishments ; vain. If jou think Ric too conctitedt Or 10 fWMioa cjiiickijr hraied. Sai/l. Followed by of before the object of conceit. Ttte A'hrniana were eonieiud of [br-ir own wit, acknce, and po 1 itr new, Benlley. €OX-CEIT'ED-LY, adr. In a conceited manner; fancifully ; whimsically. CoiurHtediy ilreu her. Donne. €OX-CeIT'ED-XESS, «. The state of being con- ceited ; conceit ; vanity ; an overweening fimdness of one's own person or endowments. Collier. COX-CkIT'LESS, a. Of dull conception; stupid; dull of apprehension. [M/t in use.] Skak. €OX-CeIV'A-BLE, a. [Fr. coaccvable ^ It. concrpi- bde ; i^\i. conceptible. See Conceive.] 1. That may be imagined or thought ; capable of being fmmed in tlie mind by the fancy or imagina- tion. If it were poaailite to contHre na invention, wh'rn-bj' nny con- aioabU wcif^M niay be moved by any conceioabtt power. 2. That may be understood or believed. ilia not conceii-ahle that it ihoiild be the very perton, whoae ahnpe and vi>ic< ii aaaumed. Aturbury. €OX-CeIV'A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being conceivable. €0.\-CeIV'A-BLY, ode. In a conceivable or intelli- gible manner. On the WIT lo Hie cibU:!, ■ off vitli a coneml. CON COX-CP.IVE', (kon-seeve' ) r. U [Fr. coneeroir ; IL coHcepire ; Sp. coiicebir { PorL conceher i L. concipio ; eon and capio^ to take.l 1. To receive into the womb, and breed ; to begin tlie formation of the embrjo or fetus of an animal. Then ah:!!! ali« be free and eoncti94 aeed. — Num. v. Heb. X\. Eliubctli hiitli conceived n auii in Iter ollid my mother conceive me. — Pa. 11. S. To form in the mind ; to imagine ; to devise. thi'y conctioe mi»clii''f and brin^ forth vatiily. — Job xv, N<^bu<:liiidiK'ic^r haili conccipccf a purpuae aguiiiil you. — Jer. xlix. 3. To fonn an idea in the mind ; to understand ; to comprehend ; as, we cannot conceive the manner in whirh spirit opt'mtes uiKtn matter. 4. To tlinik ; to be uf opinion ; to have an idea; to imagine. You c.tii h.inlly couceiee thin miin to have been bred In the a.>in- <;limjtr. Sm/1. eON-OKlVE', P. i. To have a fetus formed in the womb ; to breed ; to become pregnant. Tlioii ahull conceive nnil bear a aon. — Judge* jtiii. 3. To think ; to have a conception or idea. ConceiM of lliiiiea clforly and dbtincily in ilieir own n>t|iir''a. Wau,. The (frifved comrooni Hardly concetoc of me. iSAoir. 3. To understand ; to comprehend ; to have a com- plrte idea of; as, 1 can not conceive by what means this event has been produced. CO.N-CkI V/;i>, (kun-seevd',) pp. Formed in the wunib ; framed in the mind; devised; imagined; undt-rsiucKl. COX-C'f;IV'ER, n. One that cfmceives ; one that comprehends. COX-Cf:IV'IXG, ppr. Forming a fetus in the womb ; framing in the mind; imagining; devising; think- ing, rniuprchcnding. eOX-CKl V'lXG, 71. Apprehension; conception. Shah. €0\ CEL'E-BRATE, v. t To celebrate together, •f ATi/K u.vf(/.l Sherwood. €OX-CE.\T% B. [L. coneentusy from coudnoy to sing in accordance ; con and cano^ to sing.l 1. Concert of voices ; concord or sounds ; har- mony ; as, a concent uf notes. Bacim. 2. Cunsisti-ncy ; accordance ; as, in concent to a • man's own principles. Atterhury. CO.N'-CEXT'El), part. a. Made to accord. Spenser. COX-CEX'TER, j u. i. [Fr. concentrer ; It. concen- €OX-CE.\'TUE, i trare; Sp. and Port, concentrar; Con and L. centrum, a center; Gr. KEirpui', a goad, a sharp point, a cattcr; xevTCbi, to prick or goad. 'J'he primary sens* is a point.] 'i'o come to a ptiini, or to meet in a common cen- ter ; used of converging lines, or other things that meet in a point. All thf-ae are liiie ao many linea drawn from aevernl objeCla, that in loine way fcUic to him, and concenUr in bira. Halt, COX-CEX'TER, ) V. t. To draw or direct to a com- eoX-CEX''I'RE, \ mon center; to bring to a point, as two or more lines or other things. Tlic hnvin^ a part I<'aa to anjm.ite, will aerve to concenter the apirili, and make iliera more active in the reat. Decay uf Piety. CON-CEX'TER-£D, i pp. Brought to a common cen- COXCEX'TREI), J ter; united in a point. COX-CEX'TER-IXG, >ppr. Tending to a common COX-CEN'TRIXG, ] center ; bringing to a center. eoX-CE.VT'FlIL, a. Harmonious. Fotherby. COX-CEX'TRaTE, r. L [See Coscemter-] To bring to a cirmmon center, or to a closer union ; to cause to approach nearer to a point, or center; to bring nearer to encli other ; as, to concmtrate par- ticles of salt by evaporating the water that holds them in solution ; to concentrate the troops in an army ; to concentrate rays of light into a focus. 2. To increase the specific gravity of a body. jsTote. — 'i he verb concnUrate is sometimes accented on the first syllable. The reason is, with the pri- mary acctrnt on the first sellable, and a secondary accent on the third, the pronunciation of the par- ticiples, concentrating, conceatrated, is much facil- itated. eON-CEX'TRA-TED,;)p. or a. Brought to a point or center ; broiitiht to a closer union ; reduced to a nar- row compass : collected into a closer body. eOX CEN'TRA-TIXG, ppr. Bringing to a point or to closer union ; collecting into a closer body, or narrow compass. eoX-CEX-TRA'TION, n The act of concentrating; the act of bringing neare together; collection into a central point ; compression into a narrow space ; the state of being brought to a point. 2. In chemistry, the volatilization of part of a liquid, in order to increase the strength of the re- mainder. eOX-CE.VTRA-TIVE-XESS, n. Among phrenolo- gists, the power or faculty of concentrating the in- ti'llectual force. €OX-CEX'TR!C, fl. [It. eoncejUrico ; Fr. eoncentrique ; L. concentric us i con and cmCrum, center.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T.— MeTE, PRfiY PIXE, MARTTNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOOK.- 240 ' CON Having a common center ; as, the eoncetUric coats of an onion ; the concentric orbit^ of the planets. eON-CE.N'TRie-AL-LY, ado. In a concentric man- ner. €ON-CEX-TniC'I-TY, n. State of being concentric. €ON-CE.NT'y-AL, a [from concent.] Harmonious j accordantj Jl'arton. €ON'-CEP'TA-€LE, 7?. [L. eonceptaculum ; from con- cipio. See Conceive.] 1- That in n-bicb any thing is contained ; a vessel j a receivKr, or receptacle. XVoodward. 2. In botanij^ a follicle; a pericarp of one valve, opening longitudinalty on one side and having the seeds loose in it. The term has also been applied to the cases containing the reproductive organs of such plants as ferns. .Martun. €ON-CEP'TI-BLE, n. [See Co:»cErv\BLE.] That may be conceived ; conceivable ; intelligible. \J\''ot * used.} Hale, eON-CEP'TIOX, 71. [L. eoHceptio, from concipio. (See ConcEiTK.) It. eoncezione; Sp. concepcion i Ft. conception,] 1. The act of conceiving; the first formation of the embr>-o or fetus of an animal. I will prrmtly malOytj xhy aomw and Ihy eoncep&oru — Gen. ili. 2. The state of being conceived. Joy bad the like eonerptian in our eyet. Shak. 3. In pneumaJtolo^^ apprehension of any thing by the mind ; the act of conceiving in the mind ; that mental act, or combinalioji of acts, by which an idea or notion is formed of an absent object of perception, or of a sensation fonnerly felt. When we see an object with our eyes open, we have a perception of it ; when the same object is presented to the mind with the eyes shut, in idea only, or in memory, we have a cotufption of it. Kamts. Stevsart. Eneyc. 4. Conception may be sometimes used for the power of conceiving ideas, as when we say, a thing is not within our conception. Some writers have de- lined conception as a distinct faculty of the mind j but it is considered by others as memory, and per- haps with propriety. 5. Purpose conceived ; conception with reference to the performance of an act ; as, note his dangerous conception in this point. Shak. 6. View or opinion ; apprehension ; knowledge. Ani\ flJ it t»f«»t« concyiml vihat renion were, AnJ Uiat conctption ihoulil (listiiictl> kliow. Dat^tt. 7. Conceit; affected sentiment or thou;:ht. \^Rare.] lie !■ UM full ofcofUCTJlionf, poinUufcpigruT), &nd wittlciami. DryUn. €ON-CEP'TIOUS, (kon-sep'shus,) a. A\il to con- ceive ; fruitful ; pregnant. [Awt now used.] Shak. €ON-CEP'TIVE, a. Capable of conceivinE. [LUtle used. 1 eON-CEP'TU-AL-IST, n. One who m:».' - .. conceptions are the only universals in philoawijuy ; a nominalist. J. Murdoch. CO\-CER\', r. (. [Fr. eoncemer: It. concemere ; Sp. coHcernir; to concern, to regard, to belong to; Low Latin coneemo ; con and cemo, to separate, sift, di- vide ; to see. If this is the true origin, as 1 suppose, the primary sense is, to reach or extend to, or to look to, as we use regard. ] 1. To relate or belong to. X*ietch■• in our moit imder tntemtl, ami eonctm^ ua more than those with luijr oth«r nation. Addison. It mttch concema its to Kcure tfae favor and pr>:eciion or God. Anon. 3. To interest or affect the passions ; to take an Interest in ; to engage by feeling or srnliment ; as, a good prince coneems himself in the happiness of his subjects; a kind parent concerns himself in tbe vir- tuous education of his children. Thej ihirik ib^tna^I'^t oiil of the rench of ProTiJene^, and no longec 7 truthi, •olKfconvincing vane, Cxplaiaeopc acted in concert. 2. A number or company of musicians, playing or singing the same piece uf music at the same time ; or the music of a company of players or sing- ers, or of both united. 3. A singing in company. 4. Accordance; harmony. CON'OERT-PITCII, n. In mit^tc, the pitrh or degree of elevation generally adopted for a given note, and bv which the other notes are governed. P. Cue €ON-CERT-A'TION, n. Strife ; contention. [Littie iL*ed.] CON-CERT'A-TIVE, a. Contentious; quarrelsome. eON-CERT'EIJ, pp. or a. Mutually contrived or planned. CON-CERT'ING,;>pr. Contriving together. CON-CERT'O, n. [It.] A piece of music composed for a particular instrument, which bears the greatest part in it, or in which llie performance is partly alone, and partly accompanied by other parts. BraTide. eON-CES'SION, (kon-sefih'un,) ti. [L. conce^aioy from concedo. See Concede.] 1. The act of granting or yielding ; usually imply- ing a demand, claim, or request, from the party to whom it is made, and thus distingui^^hed from giv- ing, which is voluntary or spontaneous. The concttrion of th-^a* cluutcrt waa in a i;arlijm''nlary way. Halt. 2. The thing yielded ; as, in the treaty of peace, each power made large concessions. 3. In rhttoriCy or debau, the yielding, granting, or allowing, to the opposite party, some point or fact that may bear dispute, with a view to obtain some- thing wtiich can not be denied, or to show that, even admitting the point conceded, the cause is not with the adverse party, but can be maintained by the ad- vocate on other grounds. 4. Acknowledgment by way of apology ; confes- sion of a fault. CON eON-CES'SION-A-RY, a. Yielding by indulgence or alloxvance. €0\-CES'SION-lST, ti. One who is in favor of mak- ing concessions. €ON-CES'SIVE, a. Implying concession; as, a con- cessive conjunction. Lowlh, €ON-CES'SIVE-LY, adv. By way of concession or yielding; by way of admitting what may be dis- putable. Brown, €ON-CES'SO-RY, a. Conceding ; yielding. €ON.CEr'TO,n. [It. See Conceit.] Affected wit; conceiL [A'ot English^ nor in use.] Shen^tone, eOXCH, (konk,)n. [L.cojicha; GT.Koy\ri; It.conca; Sp. concha; Fr. conque; probably W. cocos^ cockles, and perhaps allied to cofujw, to frown, to knit the brows, that is, to wrinkle. S«e Cakcer.] A marine shell. Adds orient pearls, wliicU from the eoncht he drew. Dryden. CONCH'I-FER, (konk'e-fer,) ti. [L. concha, a shell, and/ero, to bear.] An animal that produces or is covered with a shell, as the tortoise ; applied particularly to bivalve mol- lusks. Cuvier. Kirby. roXCH-IF'ER-OUS, a. Producing or having shells. CONCH'ITE, (konkate,) n. A fossil or petrified conch or sh.-ll. J^'aU Hist. eOXCH'OID, (konk'oid,) n. [conchy supra, and-Gr tt(^«f, form.] The name of a curve, given to it by its inventor, Nicoinedes. eOXCH-OID'AL, a. In mineralogy^ having curved elevations or depressions, in form like the valve of a bivalve shell ; applied only to a surface produced by fracture ; the fracture, when of the kind d«?scribed, is said to be conchuidtil. ' Dana. €0\eiI-0-LOG'ie AL,a. [See CoscHoi,oo\-.] Per- taining to concliolopy. eo.\€ll-OL'O0lST, n. One versed In the natural history of shells ; one who studies tlie nature, prop- ertit^s,' and habits, of shells and their included animal!^. CONCH-OL'O-G Y, Ti. [Gr. ko) xt,, a shell, and Aoj os, discourse.] The doctrine or science uf sliells and the animals that inhabit them. €ONCH-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. Koyx^i » shell, and fiiTfiivi, to measure.] An instrument for measuring shells. Barnes. eONCH-VL-l-A'CEOUS, (-shus,) a. [from conch.] Pertaining to shells ; resembling a shell ; as, concAyf- iaceous impressions. Kirusan. €Oi\CH-YL-I-OL'0-GlST, ) [from L. conchylium, a eoXCH-YL-I-O^'O-OV. ! shell-fish.] See Cone h- oLOGisT and tA>NcHoLoor. €UN€H-YL-I-OM'E-TRY, n. [L. conchylium, and Gr. plTO'tl'.] The art or science of measuring shells or their curves. eONCH-YL'I-OUS, a. Of the nature or species of shells. €ON'CIA-TOR, TI. In glass-vorks^ the person who weighs and proportions the salt on ashes and sand, and who works and tem|>ers them. Enajc. COJ^-ClERdE', fkon-sarj',)«. [Fr.] A keeiRir, ah of a prison, a palace, &c. eON-CIL'LA-ULE, M. [L. eoncUiabulum.] A small u.-4Kenibly. [JS/'ot in tise.] Bacon. eON-CIL'I-.Mt, a. [from L. concilium, a council.] IVriaininp or relating to a council. [Little used.] eON-ClL'I-A*rE, (kon-sil'e-ute,) v. t. [L. concilio, to draw or bring together, to unite ; a compound of con and catoydr. k'iXlo), to call ; Ch. "^S^N in Aph., from ^Sj, nSj, or nSa, to hold or keen, to trust, to finish, to call, to thunder ; W. galw. 1 lie primary sense of the root is, to strain, stretch, drive, or draw. Calling is a straining or driving of voice. See Class Gl, Xo. 3-3, 36, 4e. 41) i and sec Council.] 1. To lead or draw to, by moral influence or power; to win, gain, or engage, as the affections, favor, or good-will ; as, politenes.-* and hospitality conciliate alfi'Ction. U. To reconcile, or bring to a state of friendship, ns pf;rsons at variance. We say, an attempt has been made to conciliate the contending parties eON-CIL'I-A-TED, pp. Won ; gained ; engaged bv moral influence, as by favor or affection ; reconciled. CON-CIL'I-A-Ti;SG, ppr. Winning; engaging; rec- onciling. H. a. Winning ; having the quality of gaining favor : as, a conciliating address. eON-ClL-I-A'TIO\, 71. The act of winning or gain- ing, as esf;em, favor, or affection ; reccmciliation. eON-ClL'1-A-TOft, B. One who conciliates or recon- cileu. €Oi\-CIl/I--<-TO-RY, a. Tending to conciliate or reconcile; tending to make peace bciwecn personi at variance ; pacific ; as, the general made concdia.- t^ry propositions to the insurgents; the legislature (idtipted conciliatory measures. GON-CIN'NI-TY, n. [L. concinnitas, from cnncinnus. fit, concinno, to fit or prepart^ ; either from con anti cdtio, to sound in accord, or the last conoiituent of the word may be the lleb. and Ch. |0, to fit or adapt.] TONE, BI;LL, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0US C aj K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH aa SH ; TH a» In THIS. 31 241 CON 1. Fitnew<; suitableness; neatness. [Uttle used.] 2. A jinirlinK of words. TVnpAitt. eON-ClVNOL'S, a. [U eoncatnus. Bee'Coycty- MFT.] Kit ; suitable ; ngreeable ; becoming ; pleamnt ; an, • coKciAiuriu inlenrut iu music -> a comcimunu sv-stem. Eneye. CavC/O JfD CLS'RUM, (kon'ahe-o.) [L.] A aer- nion 1(1 Uif L-ltTgy. evi.\'Cia-NA-TOR, n, [Infra.] A preacher. [.VW •n msf.] CO.N'CIO-N'A-TO RY, «. fL. wmcwnatorou, ftom Ctiitfiif, an asdemhly.] Pertojiiing to preaching or discouraes to public &-*setnblie!}. fioteeL €0\-Cr:?E', «. [L. Mneisus,cut off, brief, frt^m con- cido ; wn and eado, to cut See Class Gd, No. 2, 4, 8, 49, sa] Brit'f; tibort, applied to language or style; con- taining few words; comprehensive; coinprr bonding much in (evr words, or the principal ntaUfrn only ; as, in GenMii we bave a tmtati accuuiit oi the cmidoo. Where tlie Kuiboc la IM Lrte€ ukI comuc, mmplitr a tail-. Waiu. CO.V cr?r'I.V, ads. Briefly; in few words; com- ! ■ C^ '^^, a. Brevity in speaking or wri- [ 'imrM should not be studied at tlie ex- pii-r i'( p.-rspicuUy. €6N-CI3'I0\, (kon-sizh'uo,) n. TLow L. comcuw, Irom eomcisum, concido^ to cul off; IL concidone.^ UttmUff, a cutting off. Hence, In Srwptiire, the Jews, or ttiuse who adhered to circumcision, which, after our Saviiv's death, was no longer a seal of ilie covenant, but a men cutting ortbeflenh. D l«M»rf Jog*; bevaKoTthe cOMcinim. — PhU. UL eON-CI-TATION, a. [L. emuitjUu. from eoudto, (o stir or disturb ; evn ana ciftf, (o stir.J The act of stirring up, exciting, or putting in roo- CONCri'E', r. L [L. c^ndto,] [tion. To e»cilc. [AW is m*«,] CON-CIT'ED, yp. Excited. COX-CTT'I.NO, mr. Exciting. eoS-ClT'lZES, n. A fellow-citizen. eON-C^A-MA'TtON, a. [L. camcLtMotia, from c^w cbino ; earn and cJsmw, to cry nut. See Ci.aim.1 An outcry or stiuut at many Cogeiber. DitL CON'CLAVE, a. [L> coacfavc, an Inner nxKU ; e«n and c/oru, a key, or from the same root, to make fart.] 1. A private apartment, particularly the room in which the cardinals of the Roman Catholic church meet in privacy, for the election of a pupe. It con- sists of a range of small rdU, or apannienLfl, stand- ing in a line along tbe galleries and hall of the Vati- can. Rtt^ye. 9. The assembly or meeting of the cardinals, shut op for the election of a pope. fnryc 3. A private meeting ; a close as^mbly. Oarth. €OX'eLA-VlSr, a. Au attendant whom a cardinal b allowed to take with him into the conclave for ttie choice of a pope. Ehc^c Am. COX-GLCDE', e. L [L. eoneludo; can and eiaudoy or dmdoy to shut; Gr. iiXti^Jti>, or (rAfw, contracted; It, umduudrrt ; Sp. coiuJuir ; Port. id. ; ft. conclurt. The sense is, to stop, malte fast, shut, or rather to thrust together. Hence, in Latin, claudo signifies to bait or limp, that is, to slop, as well as to shuL See LlD.l_ 1. To shut The rtTj penon of ChHM — wma onl;, toachtng boUll; vub- MADOc, concfitdW in Uu (rave. Hookm:, {Tlus MM of Vt* w^rd is mMcommem.'] S. To include ; to comprehend. PorOod (Mth mmdmdad iheA all in iinbriiaf. — Rom. zL Tte Scripture liBtfa eomtlttdrd all unrter tin. — Gal. iB. The meaning (rf tbe word in tbe latter passage may be, to declare irrerocaUyf or to doom. 3. To enllect by reasoning ; to infer, as from {H-em- isea ; to dose an argument by inferring. Tbeivfera we eomttttdt. Urn a man i> j unified b; &ith wiiboot (be tleevta of tbe Uw. — Bam. itL 4. To decide ; to determine ; to make a final judg- ment or detennination. Aa loochin' the Gentiln vho beliere, we h-ive written and eot^uaed thxt ittey obaerre uo much Uiiiig. — Rum. xL 5. To end ; to finish. I will condMtfa ihia put whh tbe speech of a connw^lor of Kaie. Bacon. 6. To stop or restrain, or, as in law, to estop from Autber argument or proceedings; to oblige or bind, as hy authority, or by one's own argument or con- cession ; generally in the passive ; as, the defendant ii concluded by his own (rfea. If tbrr will apfeaJ to revelaiioo br their creatioo, tbcy must be tometadtd by it. Hoie. I do not GoiuUei Lbe dtcinon of that motion, apon tSdaviu, to amotinl Co a rta JutAcata, wtttch ou^bt to conclude tbe present iiiqairj. Ktnl. CON CON-€Lt?DE', I*. C To infer, as a consequence; to determine. Tlie worM wUl cuit^iwU I haJ a gullly conacJi-nce. ArbuVinot. But this verb is really transitive. The world will conclude t^l I had a ^ilti/ conscience — that id here the object, referrmg to the stibsequent clause of the seRtenre. [See verb transitive, No. 3.] a. To setUe opinion ; to form a final judgmcnL Can weooNdii^ u|Xmi liUbKr'* liiatafaJIt;;, aa our ^ulh^^ hai ■loM f AtUr6*iTy, 3. To end. A train pflW, Th.it, made in lutt, conclude in pcrJuri>-«. Dryltn. The old form of expression, to conclude of, is no longt^r in uw, €O.N-€LCU'ED, pp. Shut; ended ; finished; deter- mined ; infrrred ; comprehended ; stopped, or bound. G0.\-€LOI)'E\-CY, n. Inference ; logical deduction frtrtu premises. HaU, €0.\ GLOO'EXT, a. Bringing to a close ; decisive. Bacon, eON-€L0D'ER, a. One who concludes. Muuntaffu. eON-eLOU'ING, ppr. Shutting; ending; determin- ing; inferring; comprehending. Q. a, Fin:U ; ending ; closing ; as, the concluding pcnlence of an essay. COX-eLrD'I.\G-LV, ik/p. Conclusively; with in- controvertible evidence. [Little uned.] Diifby. eO.N-€L0'tfI-BLE, a. 'J'hal may be conrltided or in- ferred i determinable. \IMU u.-ted.] Hammond. eON-€LC'alON, Ckon-klu'zhun,) b. [L. conchisw.] I. End ; close ; the last p:ut ; ati, the conclusion of an address. 0. The close of an argument, debate, or reasoning ; inference that ends the dincuttsion \ final result. L«ei ua hrar the conelifion of ihe wboI# mutter ; Pear God, aad keep Ilia coiniuandmcDU ; for thta ia the wbole dnt^ of man. — eoclea. xiL 3. Determination ; final decision ; as, after long debate, tbe house of commons came to this conclusion, 4. C(>ns4-qiience ; inference ; Uial which is col- lected or drawn fVom premist^s ; itarticularly deduc- tion from proposition.i, facts, experience, or n-asoning. 5. The event of experiments ; experiment. We jpraeiloe a!l coneluMont of grafting ami InocuUiing. [UU 6. Confinement of Uie thoughts ; silence. [JSTol uttdJ] Shak. eO.V-CLO'SIOV-AL, «. Concluding. [Aof nsed.] eON-CEO'SIVE, a. [It. eondtiAvo.] [Hooper. 1. Final ; decisive ; as, a conclusive answer to a propiwition. 2. Decisive ; giving a final determination ; pre- cluding a further act. Tl»e agreriog »oy» of both booiea were Dot. bjr any law or n-aaoti, nrncJiMiMLo my judgnwoL Atfi^ Charlt: 3. Decisive ; concluding the question ; putting an end to debate ; as, a conclusive arguiaenL 4. Regularly consequential. Mf-o. n»t Iniowing the Ime formi of •yllogianu, ean not know wlieibcr Ibej are made iu ri^t aitd con<;/u«iM nitxlot an.|figiifra. Locke. CON-€LC'SIVE-LY, adv. Decisively; with final determination; as, tbe point of law is conclusively settled. eON-CLO'SIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being conclusive, or decisive; the power of determining the opinion, or of settling a question ; as, the ciuicU- siveness of evidence, ur of an argument. Jiale. eON-€L0'SO-RV, IU Conclusive. eON-eO-AG^U-L,ATE, v.t. [con and coagulate.) To curdle or congeal one thing with another. Boyle. eON-eO-A*;'C-LA-TED, pp. Curdled; concreted. eOS-€0-AG>\J-LX-Tl\G, ppr. Concreting; curdling. eON-eO-AG-U-LA'TlOX, B. A coagulating together, a.4 different substances, or bodies, in one maiis. Crystallization of ditferent salts in the same men- struum. Coxe. r Tkis word is little used.'] CON-GOGT', V. L [L. concoquo, concoctum ; con and cotjuo. to cook. See Coos.] 1. To digest by the stomach, so as to turn food to chyle or outrimeuL The Tiial ftinciioni are pf-rformed by genera] aud comiat.t bwi ; the food is conoocted. Ch^nt. 2. To purify or sublime ; to refine by separating tbe gross or extraneous matter ; as, concocted venom. 'Dtovtson. 3. To ripen- [Obs.] Fruila atid gxaini are h.^l^a jear in concoc&ng. Bacon, 4. Figuratively, to form and prepare in the mind ; as, to concoct a scheme. eON-GOGT'ED, pp. or a. Digested ; purified ; ripened. €0\-€OGT't^R, 7L A persrtn who concocts. CO.\-Gf>eT'I.\G, ppr. Digesting ; purifying ; ripening. eON-GOG'TIO.\, n, [L. eonc4)ctio.] 1. Digestion or solution in the stomach ; the pro- cess by which food is turned into chyle, or otherwise prepared to nourish tiie body; the chan^je which food undergoes in the stomach. Coze. Encyc. 2. Maturation ; the process by which morbid mat- CON ter is separated from the blood or humors, or otlicr- w ise changed and prepared to be thrown off. Coxe. 3. A ripening ; the acceleration of any thing U>- ward perferlion. Johnson. GON-GOGT'IVE, a. Digesting ; having the power of digesting or ripening, Milton. GON'GOL-OR, f-kul-lur,) a. Of one color. [M>t in use.] Brown. CON-COM'I-TANCE, in. [L. wn and comitor, to €0.\-eO.M'I-TAN-CV, \ accompany, from comes, a companion. See Count.] A being together, or in connection with another thing. Till! aeconJar; ivctiun ■uhfialeth not alone, but in eoticomiutttcy Willi the odier. Brouin. GON-GOM'I-TANT, a. Accompanying; conjoined with ; concuncnt ; attending. It h*a j)lfla»pd our wis*! Crenlor to annex to aeveral ol)J«tB a coneumilant plcoaure. Locke. CON-CO.M'I-TANT, n. A companion ; a person or thing that accompanies another, or is collaterally con- nected. It is seldom ai^lied to persons The other eoncomilant ol Ingratitude la hard-heartedn»a. SouOi. R'-proncU it a conco/nilant to greatnesa. Addison. eON-GOM'I-TANT-LiT, adv. In company with oth- ers. Pearsojt. CON-COM'I-TJtTE, r. t To accompany or attend; to be Collaterally connected. [JVut useiL] Harcey. eON'GORD, n. [Fr. eoncorde; L. concordia, from eon- cars, of con and cor, cordis, the heart. See AceoBD,] 1. Agreement between persona ; union in opinions, sentiments, views, or interests; peace; harmony. What coTiTOrd hath Chrlat wilh Belial f— 2 Cor. vl. Q. Agreement between things ; suitableness; har- mony. If, naliire'a concord lirok*", Among the contlcllHtiuiia, war were spruog. AKlton, 3. In music, consent of sounds ; harmony ; the re- lation between two or more pounds which are agree- able to the ear. [See Chord.] Th"; man that hnlh not music in himaelf, Nor ti not movpd wiilt concord of iweet sounds, Is (t for treasons. Shai. 4. A compact ; an agreement by stipulation ; treaty. Davics. 5. In ?/i?c, an agreement between the parties in a fine, made by leave of the court. This is an ac- knowledgment from the deforciants that the land in question is the right of the complainant. Blackstonc. 6. In grammar, agreement of words in construc- tion, as adjectives with nouns in gender, number, and case, or verbs with nouns or pronouns in num- ber and person. Or concord may signify the system of rules for construction callitd syutar.. Fitrm of concord, in ecclesiastical history, is a hook among the Lutherans containing a system of doc- trines to be sub;*cril)ed as a condition of communion, composed at Torgau in 1.576. Enevc. CON-GORD'A-BLE, a. That may accord ; agreeing; harmonious. eO\-GORD'A-BLY, adr. With agreement. Rogers. GON-GORD'ANCE, n. [Yr. cuncfrrdance : IL toncor- danza: h. concordans, from concordo, to agroc. See Concord.] 1. Agreement. In this sense Accordance is gener 2. In grammar, omcord. [J^ot used,] [ally used. 3. A dictionary or index in which all the principal words used in the St:riplures are arranged alphabet- ically, and tlie book, chapter, and verse, in ivhich each word occurs, are noted ; designed to assist an inquirer in finding any passage of Scripture, by means uf any leading word in a verse which he can recollect. eON-GORD'AN-CY, n. Agreement- Mauntagu. GON-GORD'ANT, a. Agreeing; agreeable; corre- spondent; hannnnious. Brown. GON-GORD'ANT, n. That which ia accordant. Mountagu* GON-GORD'ANT-LY, adv. In conjunction. GON-GORD'AT, n. An agreement made by a tempo- ral sovereign with the pojie relative to ecclesiastical matters. ^ In the. canon /aw, a compart, covenant, or agree- ment concerning some beneficiary matter ; as. a res- ignation, piirmutatiun, promotion, and the like. GON-eORO'lST, B. The compiler of a concordance. Ch. Observer, March, 18Ii. GON-GOR'PO Rate, r. U [L. concorporo, of con and corpus, a bodyj To unite different things in one mass or body ; to incorporate. [Little used.) Tai/lor. GON-GOR'PO-IlATE, v. i. To unite in one nifiss or bodv. Clcavcland. GOX-€OR'PO-R5-TED, pp. United in amassor hodv. CON-GOR'rO-RA-Th\G, j^r. Uniting in a masa or bodv. G0\"G0R PO-RA'TION, n. Union of things in one mass or bfjdy. GON'GOURSE, n. [Fr. coneours; Sp. coneurso; It. concorso; Ji. concursus, from concurro, to run togeth- er ; con and curro, to run.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — M£TE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK-- 243 ' cox CON 1. A moving, flowiiiff, or ninnini? lomether ; con- fluence; as, a furttiitoud eoncaartie of atoms; a eon- course of iiu'n. 2. A uicetins ; an assembly of men ; an assemblage of things ; a foUecticn formed by a vuluntary or spufi- taneous moving and meetins in one place. Jicts xix. 3. The place or p*"int of meeting, or a meeting ; tlie point of junction of two bodies. Tli« drop will bciu lo mo»e toward the concourse of the [Tkijf apptication is unKSuaL] eON-€ RE-aTE , 0. L [coa and create ; It concreare,] To create with, or at the same lime. Dr. Taylor iti8ts!» ihai it n inconsisiem with the nature of virtue ttiai ii ihoulU be c^ncrtuied with uny p«Taon. Edaard; Orig. Sin. eON-CRE-AT'EO, pp. or a. Created at the same time, or In union with. €0.\-eREl>'lT, c. t. To intrust. [JVot used.] Barroto. eON CRE-Ma'TIO.V, «. [L. cottcreiaoj to burn to- getlier ; eon and crcmo, to burn.] Tlje act of burning ditTerent things together. [Ld- tie used.] €ON'eRE-ME\T, v. fLow L. concremrntnmj from eoHcresco, to grow together. See Coschkte.] A gri'wing together; the collection or mass formed bv cmicreti.tn, or natural union. ffale. €OX-eUE.S'CENCE, n. [L. concrescentta, concresco. See Concrete.] Growth or increase ; the act of growing or increas- ing by spontaneous union, or the coalescence of sep- arate particles. Ralegh. €0.\ €RE:>'CI-BLE, a. Capable of concreting ; that may congeal or be changed from a liquid lo a solid state. Ttiey forTTie.l a jj^mime, fixed, concreldbU oil. FoUreroy. €0\'€ReTE, rf. [L. coneretus, from eoncrescOy to grow together ; eon and eresco, to grow. See Gaow.j 1. Ltterally, utiilp^i in growth. Elence. formed by coalitirm of separate particles in one body ; consist- ent in a mass ; united in a solid form. The firil concrete state or coii«»teiit tiirf.ice of the chnu. Burnet. 2. In to^U-., eiisting in a subject ; not abstract ; as, the white tinow. Here whiteness is considered as ex- isting in the snow, and not as a separate thing. Concrete wrina, while they exprcM the qoi.Iily,a-it^ a. cvncrete sound, or mnvcment of the voice; is one which slides continuously up or down, aa distinguished fmm a discrete movement, in which the voice leaps at once from one line of pitch to another. Riush. CO.N'eRKTE, n. A compound; a mass formed by concretion, spontaneous union, or coalescence of separate i>articles of matter in one body. CM i* • purou* concrtlt. BenlUi/. 2. In philosophy, a mass or compound body, made up of different ingredients ; a mixed body or mass. Sdy. chiefly by 8[K>n- taneius cohesion, or other natural process ; as, saline p:irticles concrete into crystals ; blood concreies in a bowl. Ap))lled to gome sub^itiinces, it is equivalent to induratt ; as, metallic nmlter concretes into a hard body. Applied to other substances, it is equivalent to eon^ea/, thicken^ ingpijsate^ eoa'/ulate^ as in the con- crelion of blood. Jirbulhnot. Woodward. J^icton, COX-CRkTE", b. (. To form a mass by tlie cohesion or coalescence of separate panicles. Hale. eON-€RKT'El>, p/>. or tt. LJniied intoa solid mass; ctmgealed, inspissated, clotted. €0\ CRkTE'LY, ad». In a concrete manner; in a manner to include the subject with the predicate ; not abstractly. JiTorris. €')N-eRKTE'NE3?, n. A state of being concrete; co.ii:i]lrtiion. eON-CKKT'lNG, ppr. Coalescing or congealing in a inas!)rmed by prowingto- gether, by congelation, condensation, coagulation, or induration ; a clui ; a lump ; a solid suh>itance formed In the Mifl parts ttr in the cavities of animal bodies. eO\-CRF:'TIO-N-AL, a. PorUiniug to concretioiu eON-€Ri^.'TlON-A-RY, a. Pertaining lo or made up of concretions ; producing concretions. Hitchcock. eON-€RF.'TIVE, fl. Causing to concrete; having piwor to produce concretion ; tending to form a solid mass from separate particles; as, conerctive juices. €0.\ CRK'TURE, [.Vot it.srd.] 30N-€RE\V', Broufn. A mass formed by concretion. €0N-€RE\V', (kru',) v. i. To grow together. [JVot used,] Spenser. eo.V-CRIM-TX-A'TION, n. A joint accusation. CON-eC'BIN-AGE, n. [Fr. See Coxcupine.] The act or practice of cohabiting, as man and woman, in sexual commerce, without the authority of law or a legal marriage. In a more general sense, this word is used to express any crimiiial or pMhibited sexual commerce, including adultery, incest, and forni- cation. In some countries, concubinage is marriage of an inferior kind, or performed with less solemnity than a- true or formal marriage ; or marriage with a woman of inferior condition, to whom the husband does not convey his rank or quality. This is said to be still in use in Gennany. Encyc. In ffltf", concubinage is used as an exception against her that sueth fur dower ; in which it is alleged that she was not lawfully married to the man in whose lands she seeks to be endowed, but that she was his concubine. Onocl. eo.\-€C'HIV-AL, a. Pertaining to concubinage. eON-eO'BlN-A-RY, Ti. One who indulges in concu- binage. eON-GOBIX-A-RY, a. Relating to concubinage. eo\-€C'B[N-ATE, n. Whoredom; lewdness. [JVot in use.] Taylor. eOX-eU'BTiNE, (konk'yu-btne,) n. [Fr., from L. con- a^inay fn>m cvncumboy to lie together; cvii and cum- bo, or eubo, to lie down.] 1. A woman who ctdiabils with a man without the authority of a legal marri.^ge ; a woman kopt for iewd puriHises ; a kept mistress. Bacon. Sbab. Drifden. 2. A wife of inferior condition ; a lawful wile, but not united to the man by the usual ceremonies, and of inferior condition. Such were Hagar and Kelu- rah, the concubines of Abraham ; and such concu- bines were allowed by the Roman laws. Encyc. Cnulen. CON-CUL'CaTE, v. t. [U concitlco.] To troad on ; to trample under UioU Jiduuntaga. CON-eULCA-TEn, pp. Trampled on. CON-eiJL'CA-TING, ppr. Treading on. eON-eUL-CA'TlON, n. A trampling under foot. [JVoi much used,] eON-eC'PIS-CE\CE, ti. ri-. concupisccut-a, from con- cupisco, to covet or lust alter ;<:un and cupio,to desire or covet.] Lust; unlawful or irregular desire of sexual pleasure. In a more ircnfral sense, \1\g coveting of carnal things, or an irregular appetite for woridly good; inclination for unlawful enjoyments. We know even aecret conmpUemrt lo be ittt. Hooker. 6ip, lakm; occnaion bv the conimnDUineni, wroujflit in nie all mntiner of concupUcenee. — Rom. »ii. eON-CCTIS-CENT, a. Desirous of unlawful pleas- ure ; libidinous. Shak. CON €U PIS-CE.VTIAL, a. Relating to concu- piscence. eoN-CC'PIS CI-BLE. a. Exciting or impelling to the enjoyment of«arnai pleasure; inclining to the at- tainment of pleasure or good ; as, concupiscible appe- tite. SoutJi. eOX-GUR', r. I. [L. eoncurro, to run together; eon and curro, to run; It. concurrere i Sp. concuTrir; PorL concorrir ; Fr. cuncourir.] 1. To meet in the same |M>int ; to agree. Xt^nMiii mil] acute concur, Vtmptt. 2. To agree; to join or unite, na in one action or opiniim ; to meet, mind with mind ; as, the two houses of parti;tmcnt dmcar in the measure. It has uj-th before the person with whom one agrees ; as, Mr. Burke concurred loUh Lord Chatham in «ipinion. it ban to before the effect. Kxiiciur* 111 roAii nmCur lo (fneml ine. Pope, 3. Ti> unite or be conjoined, with the consequen- tial spii.-fp of aiding, or contributing power or in- fluence to a Common object ; as, various causes may conrur in Hie changes uf temperature. ef>N ClJlt'UK-Nf'E, n. Ameeiingor ctuning together; union ; conjunction. We hare no other meaaure hut of our »wn idea», vilh the coHfuntnca vf oiher prubable reatona, tn persuaJe us. Z.ocAe. 2. A mooting of minds; agreement in opinion; union in design ; implying joint ai)probalion. Ttirq'iiii ihe Pruuil wna expelleJ br tiie universal concurrence of iiiiLle» nil 1 peiip.f. Siri/l. 3. A meeting or conjunction, whether casual or intended ; combinaliun of agents, circumstances, or events. Stnirrh wiiti ih^M grvat eonc u rrtnett of thfit^. Crashme. CON 4. Agreement; consent; approbation. See No. 3. 5. Agreement or consent, implying joint aid ot contribution of ptnverttr inlluence. From these autitime images we collect the ^reatneM ol the work, and the tiecebsiiy of tlie divine eoncurreficc (o it. Ruffer: 6. A meeting, asof claims, or power ; joint rights, implying equality in diilerent persons or bodies ; as, a concurrence of jurisdiction in two ditferent courts, €ON-CUR'REN-CY, n. The same as Concl'kkenck. f eON-€UR'RE\T, a. Meeting ; uniting ; accompany- ing; acting in conjunction ; agreeing in the same act; contributing to the same event or effect op- erating with. 1 Join witli tliese lawa ihe personal presence of the king's 1011, as a concurrent cause of ihis rvformntion. Vaviet. All cumbuied. Your beauty, and my impoience ot mind. And hie concurrent flame, that blew icy fire. Dryden. 2. Conjoined ; associate ; concomitant. There is no .lifferen<;e l>eiween the ronrMrrenf echo and tlie ite. rent, but the quickness or ilowiiesft of the reiurti. Bacon 3. Joint and equal ; existing together and operat- ing on the same objects. The courts of the United States, and those of the States, have, in some cases, concnrrrnt jurisdiction. COX-CURRENT, n. That which concurs ; Joint or contributorj- cause. To all BlTaira of iniportnnce there are three wrennry conrur- ren(«~ltitie, indnatry, and fRCtilite*. Hecay of Pi»iy. COX-CUR'RENT-LY, adv. With concurrence ; unit- edly. €ON-€UR'UIXG, ppr. or a. Meeting in the same point; agreeing; running or acting together; unit- ing in action ; contributing to tJie same event ur effect ; consenting. • A concurring figure, in geometry^ is one which, being laid on another, exactly meets every part of it, or one which corres|Knids with it in all its parts. COX-CUS-SA'TIOX, II. [See Concussion.] A vio- lent shock or agitation. eoX-CUS^SKI), (kon-kust',) n. Shaken. CON-€'US'SION, (kon-kusli'un,) n. [U eoncussio, from eoncutio, to shake, from cau and qnctio, ytiassu, to shake or shatter. From Ihe sense of discutio ami pcrcutio, we tnay infer that the primar>' sense is to beat, to strike, or to beat in pieces, lo bruise, to heat di!wn, Fr. cesser, Eng. to qudsh^ L. ardo, euiio. See Class Gd, Xo. 38, 40, 7fi, and Class Gs, Xo. 17. 1. Tlie act of shaking, particularly and properly by the stroke or impulse of another body. It iibetieveil that ffreat ringiiifuf bells, inpopulont ciiies, hatb di8ii|iiiie>i pektiknt air, which may be fiuui the conctifxion of the nir. Baton. 2. The state of being shaken ; a shock ; as, the concussion of the brain by a stroke. It is used also for sliaking or agitation in general; as, the euncns- sivn of the earth. ti'oodicnrd. CON-CUS'SIVE, a. Having the power or tptaliiy of shaking. Johnxon. CONl), V. t. [Fr. eo7tdmr(.] In seamen^s hnguage, to conduct a ship; to direct the man nt the helm how to steer. Bailry. Encyc. COX-DEMX', (kon-dem',) v. t, [L. nmdcmno ; con and damno, to condemn, to disapprove, to doom, to devote ; It. eondannare, dannare. ; I'ort. condcnan Sp. ift. ; Fr. condavmar ; Arm. condauni ; D. doemcn, ver- doemen ; G. verdammen ; Sw. doma, fvrd'Oma ; Dan, diimmer,ford'6mmer i Sax. deman, fordemaji, lo deem, to (/oiirn, to judge, to condemn. Bee Damn, Dekm, D<»OM.l 1. To pronounce to be utterly wrong ; to utter a sentence of disapprobation against; U> censure; to blame. But the word often expresses more than ceiLture or blame, and seems to include the idea of utter rejection ; as, to condemn heretical opinions ; to condemn one's conduct. We condemn mjstakea with Mperily. where we paw over aini with ^lUlcneM. Bueicmmiter. 2. To determine or judge to be wrong, or guilty ; to disallow ; lo disapprove. Beloved, if nur hfnrt condemn u» nut, we have cunfideiice to- ward (iixl.- 1 Juhn iii. 3. To witness against; to show or prove lo be wrong, or guilty, by acontrarj- practice. The nii'n nf Nitievch dliall rise in Uiil(;menl With thia genera- tion. And shall condemn it.— >falt. xii. 4. To pronounce to be guilty ; to sentence to pun- ishment ; to utter sentence against judicially; to doom; opposed to acquit or absotnei with to before the penalty. The Btable. Brown. €0\-DEM-NJ'TIO.\, ■. [L. cvndemHotio.] The act of condemning ; the judtctal act of dedaring one guilty, and dooming him to punishment, Foi ihc Judfneot wm b^ one to eondsmnation. — Roin. v. SL Tba tuts of being condemned. Dwl thoa not ftmr God, iwinf thou art ia 'he BMne CTw rf www- 3. The canse or reason of a sentence of condem- nation. JoJin iii. €X)N-DEM'\A-TO-RY,a. Condemning; bearing con- demnation or censure ; as, a coademHatory sentence or decree. COSDEMS'ED, Cls'^n-**^'"'*'^ PP- o*" * Censured ; pronounced to be wronp, gfuiliy, worthies*, or for- fi'iifi) ; adjudged or sentenced to piiiiidhiiit-nt. CO.N-DEM'XER, n. One who condemns or censures, CO.vnKM'NI.NGj^pr.Wfl. C«-n?«rinc; disaHowinc; pmni'uncine to be wronj, guilty, worthies:}, or for- feitfd ; seriiencinr to punithmc nL eON-DKNS'A-BLE, a, [8ee Cor^oE^sr.] Capable of being condensed ; that may br compressed into a ■mailer compaaa^ and into a more close, compact Mate ; aa, vuor is amUmuaih, CON-DENS' .\TE, tr. t. [See Co:fDE^9i.] To con- deofle ; to compreaa Into a citieer form ; to cause to take a more compact state ; to make mitre den«e. CON-DENS'iTe, r. i. To become more dense, close, or hard. eON DENS' ATE, a. MatedaBw; condenMsd; made more close or compact. Peaekam. €ON-liENS'A-T£U, yp. Condensed ; made more compact €0\-DE.\S'A-TING, ppr. Making more clow or coaapwrt. CON-DBN-5ATION, n. [L. eamUmMtm. See Cov- DK!(SK.] Tbe act of making more dense or compact ; or the net of causing the parts that compose a body to ap- proach or unite more cktaely, either by mechanical praMure or by a natural fvocess ; the stale of being condensed. Dew and clouds are suppoeed to be fonned by the csndta ailisw of \-apor. It m oppoaed to rff-'''-"'-'" ■"•'i rrpoMMtnu Conden"'*-— *• -"-Htca- t :>re».>*ible matter : an :i-yi- t I'TPased hnrdiie*-*,?. _lit. €u.\ ...... V riVE, a. HiiviDgaiK..!... ..J i^„J^ucy to cinidi?iisc €O.N-l)ENSE', (Iton-dens',) r. I. [L. amiauo ; can and ifeva, to make thick or close; IL eemdemmrt; Bpu and Port, etrndensar: Fr. een^iwer. See Dknse.] 1. To make more chiae, thick, or campacC ; to cause the panicles of a body to appnmch, or to unite more dowly, e^m* by their own attiacticm or affinity, or by mechanical force. Thus vapor is said lo be ar%- i ms td into water by the application of cold ; and air is cMt d eiued in a tube by pressure. Hence the word ia aometimes equivalent to eamprejts. ^ To make thick ; to inspissate ; applied to scfly tamprtaihU substanets. 3. To compress into a smaller compass, or into a dpee body ; to crowd ; applied to sfparaU individuals. Thus we say, to nandense ideas into a smaller com- pass. Dryden. eON-DENSE', r. £. To become close or more com- pact, as the particles of a body ; to approach or unite more closely ; to grow thick. Vapor* romiriu* aitd ooaXnat into ■rmII parecU, ^tMon. CONDENSE', a. Close in texture or compOTition ; comfiact i firm; den^ : condensated. [^ee DE:taE, which is generally used.] AIHl>h. CONDENSED, (kondenst',) n. or a. Made dense, or more r!'> :. n. A pneumatic engine or springe, i:, r uLherelastic fluids may be compressed. it r»nsi*ii5 oi a cylinder, in which is a movable piston to force the air into a receiver, and a valve to prevent tbe air fnan escaping. Enc^c, 2. A vessel, or part of machinery, in which aqueous or spirituous ^'ap'^irsare reduced toatiqriid form. This may be done either by injecting a quantity uf culd wat^r into the condenser, as in that of a steam-en- pine, or by immt-rsing the condenser in another vessel, thr^>ui;h which ct.ld water coniinunlly flows. Hebcri. CO.N-DENS'iNG, ppr. or h- co',to point out to tbe fishermen, by signs, the course of the shoals of fish. CuieeJ, 2. One who gives directions to a helmsman liow to steer tile ship. Eacyc. CON-DE-SCENCE', n. Descent from stiperinrity. eON-DE-SCEND', r. i- [It. ctmdtsceadert ; Sp. conde- aunder i Fr. condeteejuirt ; eon and L. ductudo. See Dmck.-vd.] CON 1. To descend from the privibges of superior rank or dignity, to do some act to an inferior, which strict jujitice or the unlimury rules of civilitv do not n-quire. Hence, to siibmii or yield, as to rin "inferinr, implying an occasiunal relinquishment of distinction. Miii.l nut hi^h Utinjfi, lul eund4tcend u> men of low eiUte. — Kutn. iiu 9. To recede from one's rights in negotiation, or common intercourse, to do some act, which strict Justice does not require. Spain's tnlfhiv momrch, In grxeloati clemency, dun comd44nnd, On Uii«a coiKliiiwdt, to U-ci>in« your fricnJ. Drydtn. 3. To stoop or descend ; lo yield ; to submit ; im- plying a relinquishment of raiik, or disnily of char- acter, and sometimes a sinking into debasement. Can thry ihink m* »a brokrn, to drU-u^d, Wish torpor*) •-rvii.nlir, ih«t my mind cicr Wiit condc«c»»(f to tiicli ttl«urvl co.nmniiiU f AlUton. CON-D&,SCE.\D'ENCE, n. A voluntar}' yielding or submission to an inferior. You will ohafrve [ui the Tnrk.J nn in»nltmg condttcendtnca, which l^«r*iiJi» Utrir coiilciiipt ui yuu. Kl-jn. eON-DE-8CEND'ING, ppr. Descending from rank or distinction in the intercourse of life j receding from rights or claims; yielding. 2. a. Yielding to inferiors ; courteous ; obliging. eON-DESC'E\D'ING-LY, ot/c. By way of yielding to inferiors ; with voluntary submission; by way of kind concession ; ctmrteously. JStterburri. eON-DE^SCEX'SION, «. Voluntary descent from rank, dignity, or just claims ; relinquishment of strict right ; submission to inferiors in granting refiursu or performing acts which strict Justice does not require. Hence, courtesy. It fiffbkk pride and commamlB btimiliijr, modrilj, nnd condt- Mnuiofi Id otl>«ra. TMloUon. RaptiB*!, AfDidat hta tenbowi sttch a dig-nity and eon^ ducntmam in alt hjj beliavivr, at are suiuUc u> a ttipirrior mturr. Addi»on. CON-DE-SCEN'SrVE, a. Condescending ; courteous. Barroic. CON-DE-SCENT', m. Condescension. f.Vot used.] Bp. Halt eON-DIGN', (kon-dtne',) o. {L. etrndiptus ; con and dipnuA^ worthy. See Dioxirr.] 1. Deserved ; merited ; suitable ; applied usually to fiuniskmenti as, the malefactor has suffered eottdign punishment. 2. Worthy ; merited ; as, condi^ praise. [/a tMe taOtr sense j Meldem used.] [Spenser. Shak. eON-DIG'NI-TY, a. Merit ; desert, in sc/ioul dictn- i/y, the merit of human actions, which claims re- ward on ihe score of justice. MUner. CON DIGN'LY,(kon.dIne'ly,)fldp. Accordingto merit. CON-DIGN'.NESS, (kon-dlne'neas,) n. Agreeablencss In deserts ; (suitableness. CON'DI-MENT, a. [L. coa^nteMtum, from condio^ to aeason, pickle, or preserve.] Seasoning ; sauce ; that which is used to give relish to meat or other food, and to gratify the taste. Ai for railiah nnd the Itk«, Ibey are Tor eondimfnU, und not for noiihvhmenL Bncon. CON-DIS-CI'PLE, n. [L. eondi^cipulas ,■ eon and di»- cipuluM. See Disciple.] A school -fellow ; a learner in tbe same school, or under the same instnictor. CON-DTTE', v.L [L. condio^ cvjidiium.'] To prepare and preserve with su^r, salt, spicei", or the like ; to pickle ; as, to eondite pears, plums, quinces, mushrooms, &c. {Little iwfrf.] Ortw. Tayiirr. CO.N-DITE'MEXT, n. A composition of conserves, powders, and spices, in the form of an electuary. [LiUlr used.] Bailey. eoS-DlT'lSG^ppr. Preserving. [Little used.] Orew. CON-DI"TION, (kon-dtsli'un,) «. [L. conditio, fnun amdo^ to build or make ; lo ordain ; properly, to set or fix, or to set together, or in order ; con and do, to give ; properly^ to send.] 1. State; a particular mode of being; ajipUed to external eireunutance.*, to the body, to tite mind, and to things. We speak of a good condition, or a bad con- dition, in reference to wealth and poverty ; in refer- ence to health and sickne.<«s ; in reference to a cheer- ful or depreifsed disposition of mind ; and with reference to a sound or broken, perishing state of things. The word signifies a setting or fixing, and has a very general and indefinite application, coin- ciding nearly with state., from sto, to stand, and de- notes that particular fruin'-, form, mode, or disposi- tion, in which a thing Lxisis, at any given time. A man is in a good condition, when he is thriving. A nation with an exhausted treasur>', and burdened with taxes, is not in a condition to make war. A poor man is in a humble condition. Religion affords consitlation to man in every condition of life. Ex- bortatious should be adapted to the condition of the mind. CoTviilion, rirrnmitnn''^, !• i\ni ihr- lliing; BliM i* Uic sjiNO ill iiibjfct gr in ltii>e. Pvpe. 2. duality; property; attribute. U UKttttd to »■ a comiition and prcpfrty of di«in« pow^r* and brin^i to be hidden and unseen tu oUierv. Bacon. CON 3. State of the mind ; temper ; temperament ; com- plexion. [See No. 1.] Shiik. 4. Moral quality ; virtue or vice. Raleigh. South. [T/iM^ srn.tcs, however^ fall tcit/itn the first drjiniliou.] 5. Rank, that is, state with respect to tlie orders or grades of society, or to property ; as, persons of the best C(Ouiitiott. Clarendon. 6. Terms of a contract or covenant; stipulation ; that is, that which is set, fixed, established, or pro- posed. What are the conditions of the treaty ? Mahp otir condiliant wilh yon cnplivc king. Drydtn. He aeii'lrih and dcftiretb conditiont af pc.ica. — Luk« xiv, 7. A clause in a bond, or other contract, containing terms or a stipulation that it is to be performed, and, in case of failure, the penally of the bond is to be in- curred. 8. Terms given or provided, as the ground of some- thing else ; that which is established, or to be done, or to happen, as requisite to another art ; as, I will pay a sum of money on condition you will engage to refund it. 9. That which must exist, as the ground or neces- sary adjunct of something else. C0N-DI"T10N, (kon-dish'un,) v. i. To make terms ; to stipulate ; as, it is one thing to condition fur a good office, and another to execute iU CO\-DI"TION, V L To contract ; to stipulate. h w*i coniUtiontd belwwn SnUim and Tit»n, that Snturn ■liuiild ) ui lo dealt) oil till male cliildren. Ralegh. CON-DI"TION-AL, a. Containing or depending on a condition or conditions ; made with limitatiouH ; not absolute ; made or granted on certain terms. A con- ditional promise is one which is to be perftinned when something else stipulated is done or has taken place. A conditional Cfe, in law, is one which is granted upon condition that, if the donee siiall die without such par- ticular heirs as are specified, the estate shall revert to the donor. Hence it is a fee restrained to particular heirs, to the exclusion of others. 3. In ^ammar and logic, expressing a condition or supjMisition ; as, a conditional word, mode, or tense ; a ritndifiiinal syllogism. eON-ni"T10\-AL, n. A limitation. Baam. CO\-DI"TlUN-AL'I-TY, n. The quality of being conditional, or limited ; limitation by certain term-*. CON-DI'TION-AL-LY, ode. With certain limita- tions ; on particular terms or stipulations ; not abso- lutely or positively. Wc aee UrfTc firrfrrmfnU t^ndffred lo hira, but eondilionally, upon Ilia Uuin^ wicked otlioca. H'outh. CON-DI"TION-A-RY, (dish'un-,) a. Conditional ; stipulated. [JVot aseti.] J^orri,: CON-D["TI0N-ATE, a. Conditional ; established on certain terms. [jsTot used.] Hammond. CON-Dl"TION-ATE, r. (. To qualify; to regulate rJV*(*t in «.•(«.] * Brown. CON-DI"TlON-i!:D, (kon-dish'und,) pp. Stipulated; containing terms to be performed. 2. a. Having a certain state or qualities. This word is usually preceded by some qiialifying term ; as, good-conditioned, ill-conrJtiioned, b&st- conditioned. CON-Dl"TION-IiNG, ppr. Making terms or conditions in stipulations. C0N-DI"T10N-LY, ado. On certain terms. [JV«( w.f»/.] Sidney. eON'in-TO-RY, n. [L. eonditorium, from coudo. to hide.] A repository for holding things. eON-I)rt'LA-TO-RY, a. Expressing condolence. CON-DOLE', tJ. 1. [L. coitdolco ; con, willi, and doleo, to ache, or lo grieve.] To feel pain, or to grieve, at the distress or misfor- tunes of another. Your Trl^ndt would have catiac lo rejoice, r<»lher than condole wiiii you. It is followed by with before the person for whom we feel grief. CON-DOLE', t). (. To lament or bewail with another, or on account of another's misfortune. [Unusual.] Why atmiild mir pj'-t petition liii for her tnf- cielivery, und af- Ifffward condole her miuvirrktge.* Dryden. Milton. eON-DOLE'MENT, n. Grief; pain of mind at an- other's loss or misfortune; sorrow; mourning. Shak, CON-DO'LENCE, n. Pain of mind, or grief excittd bv the distress or misfortune of another. Jirbuthnot, eON-nOL'ER, n. One who condoles. CON-DOL'I.N'C;. ppr. Grieving at another\<5 distress. CON-DOL'iNG, n. Expression of grief for another's loss. CON'DO-MA, n. An animal of the goat kind, as large as a stag, and of a gray color. Diet. ofJ\'at. Hist. It is a s'pecies of anteloi>e, the Ji. strepsiceros. CON-DO-NA'TION, n. [L. condono.] The act of pardoning. [Little used.] CON'DOK, n. A large bird, of the genus Vultur, found in the must elevated parts of the Andes, in South America. It flies liigher than any other bird. The reports of its size have been much exaggerated. X>ana. CON-DCCE', V. i. [L. eonduco ; eon and ducoy to lead ; Sp. condttcir ; It. eondurre.] FATE, FAR, PALL, WHAT. — METE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE. BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK.- CON To lead or tend ; to contribute ; followed by to. Tbej mjy conduct to furvher di» tlieurjr ot ItgttU eric* for conipl'"t nj the PitlCUilt. To conduce to, includes the sense of aidins, tending to produce, or furnishing the menns ; hence it is sometimes equivalent to promote, advance, or further. Virtue conduces to the welfare of sctciety. Rfl!0on coftdaces to temporal happiness. Temperance coiuiaces to health and long life. In tile transitive sense, to conduct, it is not author- ized. €O.\-D0CE'ME\T, n, A leading or tending to ; ten- dency. Gregory. €ON-D0'CENT, a. Tending or contributing to. Lau-d. €OX-DC'CI-BLE, o. [L. conducibUis.] Leading or tending to; having the power of con- ducing ; having a tendency to promote or forward. Our Savior huth enjoined iii h Kuormble Krvic« ; nil hi« lawa are in themarUet condudbU \o Lhc leuiporitl itiCffr«Hi of [hrm tJtiitl ubfterre ihem. B€nilty. [Tliis tcord is less used than Co:*ducite.] €O.V-DC'CI-BLE-iNESS, n. The quality of leading or contributing to any end. More. CO.\-[>C'CI-BLY, adv. Tn a manner to promote. €0\-DC'CIXG, ppr. Tending or contributing. CO\-D0'CIV'E, a. Thai may conduce or contribute ; having a tendency to promote. Aa action, howr^r«r conducive lo (he gooti of ourcouniry, will be reprtM-ikteii as pnrjudicial to il. Adduon. €ON-DC'CIVE-N'ESS, n. The quality of conducing or tending to promote. Bmile. €0\'DL'eT, H. (Sp. conductai It. condotta: Fr. con- duite; from the L. condactas, but with a different sense, from eonduco, to lead ; con and duco. See DCKG.] 1. LtteraUvy the act of leading ; guidance } com- mand. So U'aller has used it. Coitduct of KMiiica i« a prinw'd art. 2. The act of convoying or guarding; guidance, or bringing along under protection. Shak. 3. Guard (in the way ; convoy ; escort. Shak. r7'Af^* senses are now \Lini.t\uil,thourrh not improper.] 4. In a general sense, personal beh;ivior ; ctHirse of Bction^ ; deportment j applicable equally to a good or bad course tif actions ; as, laudable conduct ; detestable conduct. The word seems originally to have been followed with life, actions, affairs, or other term ; as, the cojtdact nf life ; the conduct of actions ; that is, the leading along of life or actions. Yonn; iven, in (he conduct ami maaagt of actioriM, embrace niure rhin lli-T cnu tiukl. Bacon, What in (h« conditct o/our life appewra. Drxjdan. But, by custom, conduct alone is now used to ex- press the idea of behavior, or course of life and man- ners. 5. Exact behavior ; regular life. [Unusital.] Swift. 6. Management; mode of carrying on. Chriitianit; haa tiumaiiued the conduct of war. Pa!ey. 7. The title of two clereymen appointed to read prayers at Eton Collegt;, in England. Masi>n. €0.\-r)treT', p. t [Sp. eonditcir; Port, conduzir, to conduct, and to conduce ; Fr. conduire ; iL condurre : L. eonduca. But the English verb is from the noun conduct, or the Latin participle.] 1. To lead; to bring along j to guide; to accom- pany and show the way. And SwUh came (o Gilsal, to mnduei the kinr over Jordait. — 2 Sam. air. a. To lead; to director point out the way; as, the precepts of Christ will tonduct u.s to happiness. 3. To Icadi to usher in j to introduce ; lo attend in civility. Pnjf, tecrire (hem doM^, and coruluct ihcm Into our preaence. £7uit. 4. To give a direction to ; to manage ; applied to things; as, the farmer conducts hiu affairs with pru- dence. 5. To lead, as a commander ; to direct ; to govern ; to command ; as, to conduct an army or a diviaiun of troopfl. 6. With the reciprocal pronoun, to conduct one^s self, is to behave. Hence, by a citKtoinar>- omititfion of the pronoun, to conduct, in an intrauifttive scn^, is to behave; lo direct personal actions. [See the noiinJ 7. To etcort ; to accompany and protect on the way. €0N DUeT'EO, pp. Led ; guided ; directed ; intro- duced: conimaiided ; manag^'d. eO.N-DUCT-I-BIL'I-TY, n. rapability of being con- ducted ; as, the conductibility of the electric tluid. eO.V-DUeT'I.VO, ppr. or a. Leading; escorting; introducing; commanding; behaving; managing. €0.\-DUe'TIO.\, n. The act of training up. [A«t in use-.] B. Jnnson. 2. Transmission through or by means of a con- ductor. Henrfa Qkem. €ON-I»UC-TI"TIOUS, ( tinh'us,) a. [L. conduaiiius, from e^mduco, lo hire.] Ulr»'d ; employed for wages. •^yliffc. €O.N-DtJCT'IVE, a. Direclmg ; leading ; managing. CON €ON-DUeT'OR, n. A leader; a guide; one who goes before or accompanies, and sliows the way. 2. A chief; a commander; one who leads an army or a people. 3. A director ; a manager : a superintendent ; aa, the conductor of a railroad train. 4. In surs.] A protuberance on the end of a bone ; a knot, or joint ; a knuckle. Core, CO.\'DYL-OID, a. [Gr. Kov^.v\',g and et'^oi, form.] The condyloid process is the posterior protuber- ance at the extremities of the under jaw ; an oblong rounded bead, \vhich is received into the fossa of the temporal boni;, ror(ning a movable articulation. The anterior is called the coronoid process. Encyc, eON'DYL-UID, n. The a|»ophysis of a bone; the prnjecting coft end, or process of a bone. Coze. eoX'DYL OPE, \ n. [Gr. tor^uAuf, a joint, and €O\-DYL'O-P0D, \ iTO'>i, foot.] A gem-ral term applied by Cuvier lo insects, Crus- tacea, and spiders, in allusion to tho fact that they are articulated animals with jointed feet. Dana. CONE, n, [Fr. cone ; It. and Sp. cono ; from h.eonu3 ; Gr. Kov -If ,- W. COR, that which shoots to a point, from extending ; W. connyn, a tail ; conyn, a Htalk ; cono, a spruce fellow. It colncideji in radical sense wiih the rof)t of can and begin.] 1. A solid body or figure having a circle for its base, and its top terminated in a point or vertex, like a sugar loaf. 2. In botjiny, the conical fruit of several evergreen trees, as of the pine, fir, cedar, and cypress. It is composed of woody scales, usually opening, and has a seed at the ba«(; of each scale. Martyn. A cone of rays, in opd'r.*, includes all the rays of light which proceed from a radiant point and fall uiK)n a given surface, as of a glass. Barlow. Brande. A right cone, h when its* axis is perpendicular to the plane of its base, and its sides equal. It is formed by ilie revolution of a right-angled plane triangle ab4iut one <'f it■^ nid^*-'. Brandr. An oblige or scalene cone, is when its axis is in- clined to ihe plane of its base, and its sides unequal. €0-.MVlNK. K.-eCo-*n:^A. [Baileu. Brande. GO'NE-PATE, I H. The Mexican popular'nnmeofan CO'NE P \T[j, ( animal of the weasel kind in Amer- ica, resembling the polecat in form and si/.e, and in its fetid stench. It i"* the Mephitis Americana, commonly called skunk in New England. Cf)NE'-e*IIAP-A-0, (-shairt,) a. Having the form of a eO'NEY. See Coxt. [cone. €ON-FAB'TJ-LATE,B.i. [L. confabulor ; conandfab- ulor, lo tell. See Kari.e.] To talk familiarly together ; to chat ; to prattle. ir butU eon/ohitUut or no. {LUtls u»ttl.\ Cowptr. CON-FAB-tJ-LA'TION, n. [L. eonfabuUitio.] Familiar talk ; easy, unrestrained, unceremonious c<»nver^ation. Familiarly abridged into cor^oi. [JVol an elegant woni, and little, used.] eON-FABafl.A-TO-RY, a. belonging to familiar talk. [/Mtle used.] CON eoN-FA-.MII/IAR, (-fa-mU'yar,) a. Very familiar. [JVot in usf.) €0.\ FAR-RE A'TION, Ti. [L. confarreatio ; eon and farreo, to join in marriage with a cak», from far corn or meal.] The solemnization of marriage among the Romans, by a ceremony in ivhicli the bridegroom and bride tasted a cake made of flour, with salt and water, called /ar or pants far re us, in presence of the high priest and at least ten witnesses. JJyliffe. jidam. CON-FAT'EU, a. Fated together. [.Vot in use] €ON-FECr', V. L To make sweetmeats. [See Com- fit.] eON'FEGT, n. [h. r.onfcctus, conjicio. See Comfit.] Something prepared with sugar or honey, as fruit, herbs, roots, and the like ; a sweetmeat. ' Harvey . CON-FECT'ED, pp. Made into sweetmeats. €0N-FE€T'1NG, ppr. Making into sweet(neats. CON-FEC'TION, n. [L. coufcctio, from c«*ykw ; eon and facio^ to make.] 1. Any thing prepared with sugar, as fruit: a Bweetineat ; something preserved. Bacoiu Kitcyc. 2. A composition or mixture. Bacon. 3. A soft electuary, Knc^c. €ON-FEC'TION-ER, n. One whose occupaliou is to make, or to sell, sweetmeats, &.c. Boyle, Shak. [Confectionery in this sense is obsolete.] CON-FEC'TION-ER-Y, «. A place for sweetmeats ; a place where sweetmeats and similar things are made or sold. 2. Sweetmeats in general ; things prepared or sold by a confectioner. €ON-FEC'TOR, n. [L.] An officer in the Roman games, whose business was to kill any beast that was dangerous. Milner. eON-FEC TO-UY, a. Pertaining to the art of making sweetmeats. Be^aum. eON-FED'ER-A-CY, «. [Low L. confaderatio; cm and fffderatioj from fadtis, a league. Sec Federal and Wed.] 1. A league or covenant ; a contract between two or more persons, bodies of men or states, combined in support of each oUier, in some act or enterprise ; mutual engagement ; federal compacL Tlic rricniUhips of the wjrtil .ire oft Confe-ltracitM in vice. A'hliton. A cun/edaroi'y ol' princca to checJt inn -ER-A'TION,n. [Fr. confederation; It. con- fedt-raiionc : IjOW l«. conftrderntio ; con and fitderatio.] 1. The act of confed'-rating; a l':ague ; a compact for nmtual support ; alliuiic<^', jKirticularly of princes, nations, or stales. The ihrr-e prince* filter into n •irici league ami coti/tdern&nn. itacon. 2. The United States of America are sometimes called tlie confeAleration. eON-FER', r. (. [Fr. conferm It. eonfcrire; Sp. eon- ferir ; L. conffro ; eon and fero, lo bear, to bring forth, to show, to declare. See Beak.] To discourse ; to converse ; to consult together ; Implying conversation on some serious or important subject, in distinction from mere talk, or light, famil- iar conversation ; followed by »ritA, >l.i'>i>i>h cof/errtd mlh Jonb >nnntion con/er* on IhP kinij no rojiil authoritx. S'outh, This word is particularly used to express the print of favors, bencnt.s, and privileges, lo be enjoyed, ttr rights which are to be pt^rmauent ; as, to ronfrr on one the privileges of a citizen ; to confer a title or an honor. TONE, BULL, TZNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— C u K ; as J ; « as Z ; CH aa 8H ; Til m in THIS. CON 9. To compare ; to examine by comparison ; lUer- «Uy, to bring together. [See CoMrARE.] If ve eo^/Vr ibe»f obaemtjooa wiih Mben of tlie like nRture. [Tlku joue^ dinigk gtnuint^ is mme obsolrtt.] 3. To contnbute ; to conduce to ; that is, to bring ta The closeness of parts confers much to the Btrensth of Iht* union ; or, intransttiveiy, confers to the sireninh of the union. [Ohs.] OlancitU. CON'FEKE.NL'E, n. [Fr. conf.reuee ; Pp. eof^fer^nda ; It. conferenia. See Co:«rBii.] 1. The act of conversing on a »'*rious subject ; a discoufiiinc between two or more, for the purpose of insiniction, consultation, or delib'-raiion ; formal disciHinte ; oral di<*cu3sion ; as, tho mintf>ters had a ttm f trwmce at Ratisfoon. Tm th^.r who M«a>e«l to ^« toiiK ■ tiM, w ausftrtnc* ftdUed ooihln; to me. — G«l. iL 3. A meeting for constiltation, discussion, or in- Kniction. 3. Comparison ; examination of tilings by com- porisoo. Tto natml cMifbrvMet oTobwrvaUoiM. The ctt^iT*it€* tX d}S- fcnnt paijw of Suture. Buoktr, iTlit MMM it, / Mie««, mmB obsolete.} , Ji noeUac of the two bmiiche!* of a Iv-'gislnture, br their eoauatttee, to a^JuM diiferencea respecting &. A scaled meeting of preachers in the Wesle>'aa Methodist church, for transacting business. eON'-FEH'RED, p^. Given; imparted; bestowed. €ON-FER'RER, k. One who confers; one who con- verses ; ouc! who bestows. eO.N FER'RINXi, ppr. Conversing toeetln'r ; bestow- eON-FER RING, n. The act of bestowing. [ing. 3. Co I II [nn son : eiamination. eOX-FER RC MLNA-TED, a. Sikl.red together. Ilooka: €ON FER'VA, a. .*p/.Co?cPKKTJK. [L.] iD^ttowy.the name of an extensive sr-cii4»n of tae jtltf^, consisting of simple, tubular, jnintt;J waler-weeda. P. Cifc eON-FES:*', r. L [Fr. e^nfusn-; IL eonffosaret Sp. tmmftaar : Pivrt. confessor : frt>m I*. conJiUor, att^ftssum ; eon and /a/f<>r. to own or acknowledge ; Ir, faoMtM.] 1. To own, ockuitwledgf, or avow, aa a crime, a fault, a charge, a debt, or something th^t is against oae*s interest or reputation ; as, I eonfrss the arcu- ment against me is good, and not easily refuted ; let tu frankly coi^ftss our sins. UwtuB fcniu vkk baoiMi critf eenf—a. Prior. " Cot{fem tkm fteely of tby sins," u»^d by Shak- Bpeara, b not legitimate, unloaa in the sense of Soman Catholics. i ii. In (Ac RomaM CatMolic ekurck^ to acknowledge sins and faults to a priest : to disclose the state of the conscience to a priest, in private, wtih a vi^-w to ab- solution ; sometimes with the reciprocal pronoun. 3. To own, avow, or acknowledge ; publicly to declare a belief in and adherence to. Wboevrr Bfaall eon/Ml me behn toen. — MfttL x. 4. To own and acknowledge, as true disciples, friends, or children. Bim will I Qottjttt t^ft>re mj ri»lh*r who i« tn beaven. — Malt. X. 5. To own ; to acknowledge ; to declare to be true, or to admit or assent to in words ; opposed to deny. IV-n ■ ill 1 confttM to thee thai tby own rigbt luuid ud ure U-FE:?S', r. i. To uiake confession; to disclose fanlu, or the state of the cunscience ; as, this man went to the priest to eo^fr^s. eON-FESS'AXT, a. One who confesses to a priest. Bacirn. eON-FESS'A-RY, a. One who makes a confession. [JAil u.*rd.] HalL eON-FE.'*S'£D, (kon-f:?st',) pp. or a. Owned ; ac~ knowL-dged . declared to be Itue ; admitted in words ; avowM ; admilt'^d Ui disclii*e to a pricsL €0\-FES.^'Er>-LV, aWr. liy ci»nffssion or acknowl- edgment : avowedly ; undeniably. Demosthenes was fon/Xiserf/jf the preatesi orator in Grei*ce. 2. With avowed ptirp-'se ; as, his object was con- ffif^lM to secure to himself a benefice. €OX-FfisS'I\G, ppr. Owning; avowing; declaring to be true or real ; granting or admitting by assent ; receiving diwltwure of sins, or the state of the con- science of another. eoXFES'SrON, (honfrsh'un,) a. The acknowl- edgment of a crime, fnult, or something to one's disadvantage ; open declaration of guilt, failure, debt, accusation, &.c. With the month con/ettion u ma>1ir to tnlnition. — Ront. X. CON 3. Avowal; the act of acknowledging ; profession. 3. The art of disclosing sins or faults to a priest ; the disburdening of the conscience privately to a confessor ; sointtimes called aurtctUur confrssion, 4. CunfK*sian, or confrssion of faith i a formulary rn whieh the articles of faith are comprised ; a cret-d to be assented to or signed, as a pretiminai^' to admis- sion into a church. ft. The acknowledgment of a debt, by a debtor, before a justice of the peace, ic, on which judgment is entered and etoeulion issued. CON-FES'SIO.\-AL, «. The seat where a priest or conft'fisor sits to hear confessions ; a coiifeasion- eoX-FKS'^ION-A-RY, a. [Sp. confesionario.} [chair. A confession-chair, as afcwve. €ON-FES'SIO.\-A-RY, a. Pertaining to auricular confe-islon. €0\ FES'SION-IST,)!. One wbo makes a profession of faitll. JShiunta^u. eON-FESS'OR, «. [Pr. confesseur; Pp. cow/<-.«.r,] 1. One who confesses; one who acknowledges his sins. 2. One who makes a profession of his faith in the Christian religion. The term was particularly t^\>- plied, in the early church, to one who confessed the doctrine of Christ before persecuting tnagistnites, and firmly endured p*intshment for defending the faith. If »uch a one died under his torments, he was called a imortifr. Hoitk. The term was used, also, for such Christians as lived a good life, and died with ttie reputation nf sanctity. Kncyc^ 3. A priest of the Roman Catholic chnrch, who hears the confessions of others, and has power to grant thetn absolution. COX-FErfT', pp. or a. [For ConrESiEo.} Owned; open : aeknowlod'ii-d ; apparent; not disputed. eON-FE-ST'LV, oJc. (^For Confbssedlt.J Avowed- ly : indts)iiitably. [I^ttU tuftl.] eON'Fl-DA.NT, a. «. ( One intrusted with secrets ; €OX'FI-l>AN'TE, n./. i n confidential or bosom friend. [This wonl has been spelt eunjident by Mit- ftinJ, Coxe, and others, and this spelling would be preferable, as more conformed to the derivation of the Wonl. J eo\-FIO£', F. L [L. eaitJuUf ; con and fdo^ to tnist ; II eoi^/idore ; 9p. Port, confiar j Fr. confier ; Arm. Jlnmo. Hee Faith.] To trust; to rely on, with a persuasion of faith- fulness or veracity in the person trusted, or of the reality of a fact ; to give credit to ; to believe in, with aasurmnce ; followed by in. The prince confiilrs M his ministers ; the minister confident in the strength nod reeonrcesof the naticm ; we confide in the veraci- ty of the sacred historians ; we confide in the truth of a r*'p«irt. eO\-FIDE',r. (, To intrust; to commit to the charge of, with a belief in the fidelity of the person intrust- ed ; to deliver into pttssession of another, with assur- ance of safe keeping, or go«jd management ; followed by to. We eonjide a secret to a friend ; the common interests of the United States are confided to the congress ; the jvince conjidis a negotiation to his envoy. Tb^y would tnfc* th" property oiil of the hanJt ofthos* io whom ii woa confidtd by the charter. Hopkinton. Conjcn-'M trtay, umlrr Ihc co»sti(utian, cotijide lo the Circuit Court Jariaiiicuuu of all olIoiiMa against the tJiiiiMl Slua's, Judge Story. eON-FTD'ED, pp. Intrusted ; committed to the care of, for preservation, or for performance or ejiercise. eON'FMlENCE, n. [L. confide ntia : It. confidenia; Sp, confiania; Fr. coafianct^ confidence See Con- fide.] 1. A tnisting or reliance ; an assurance of mind or firm belief in the integrity, stability, or veracity, of another, or in the truth and reality of a fact. Mu- tual confidence is the basis of social happiness. I place confidence in a statement, or in an official report. It ia beitrr to tra*! in tbc Lord, than to put cot^fidtnc* in num. — Pa. esTiii. I reV'iee that I liave confiitntt tn you in all thiitga. — 3 Cor. vii. 2. Trust ; reliance ; applied to one^s mm abilities or fortune i belief in one's own comjietency. Hia tirr,*^ Iwl.k* milier piMipcroin ih-n calni, had miaed hit cutijidtnce Tiy ■ucc'ia. Baton. 3. That in which trust is placed ; ground of trust; he or that which supports. Isnii-l wi» a»ha!ii^l t>f B-lh-el tb'ir eonfidtnte. — Jf r. zlviiL Jehu»ah ihall be tUy cotifiUna. — Prov. iii. 4. Safety, or assurance of safety ; security. They *hill b-iild bo'i5'"i and plivnt vinryarda ; yea, they ■hall dwell witit eot'fidence. — Evk. xxviii. 5. Boldness ; courage. Preachinr U»e Hngdom of God with ali confidence. — Act* xxviii. 6. Excessive boldness ; assurance, proceeding from vanity or a fulse opinion of one's own abilities or ex- cellencies. Tbdr confidgne* ariaeth from too much credit gifea lo ihf ir own « lu. /looker. CON eO\'FI-DENT, a. Having full belief; trusting ; rely- ing ; fully assured ; as, the troops rush on, cui\fidc>U of success. 1 am coii/tlsnl thai much m.-iy b« dona toward the liQpro?(!meiit of pluUifophy. Boy'id. 3. Posttlvti ; dogmatical ; as, a confident talker. 3. Trui^ting ; witliout suimicion. FEonif, Ih* a> limt and ^tcioiia unlo me, A* I itm cunfidenl aail kind tu thee. Shak. 4. Bold to a vice ; having an excess of assurance. The fin>l r..-vth and 1* ron>/«nl. — Prov. xi*. eOX'FI-DENT, n. One intnisled with secrete ; a con- fidential or bosom friend. Dryden. Coze. Mitford. [Tfiit word has been nsualhj written Confidant. There ffular En g{ish ortho^aphy would be Cokfident, asffiven bi/ Corr and Jllitford.] eoX-FI-DH.N'TIAL, a. Enjoying the confidence of another ; trusty ; that may be safely trusted ; as, a confidential friend. 2. That is to be treated or kept in confidence ; pri- vate ; B-s, a confidential matter. 3. Atliiiitted to special confidence. eON-FI-DE\'TIAL-LY, adv. In confidence; in re- liance or socrecv. eON'FI-UENT-KV, mle. With firm tnist ; with strong assurance ; without doubt or wavering of opinion ; positively; as, to believe confidently; lo assert confi- deutlu. €ON'FI-DENT-NESS, n. Confidence ; the quality or state of having fidl reliance. eOX-FII)'ER, «. One who confides- one who inlnists to ani'thcr. GON-FID'ING, ppr. or a. Trusting; reposing confi- dence. eON-FIG'lJ-RXTE, v. I [L. cof\fiffuro. See Confio- URE.] To show like the aspects of the planets toward each other. Jordan. eON-FIG-U-RA'TION, n. [Fr., from L. eonfi^uro.) I. External f rni, figure, shape; the figure which bounds a body, and gives it its external appearance, constituting one of the principal difierences between bodies. JCncyc. 3 Relative position or aspect of the planets ; or the face of the homscope, according to the relative positions of the planets at any time. Bailey. Johnson. 3. Resemblance of one figure lo another. SaUey. Jones. COX-FIG'URE, r. U [L. coj\figuro; eon and figuroy lo form ; fifrvra^ figure.] To form ; lo dispose in a certain form, figure, or shape. Beutley. eON-FIG'IIR-£D, (kon-fig'yurd,) pp. To dispose in a certain form. eON-FIG'l|R-ING,ppr. Forming to a figure. eO.N'-FIN'A-BLE, a. Tliat may be confined or lim- ited. Bp. nail. eON'FIXE, n, [L. confinis^ at the end or btirder, ad- joining; confinium^ a limit; con and jfnu, end, bor- der, limit; It. confine^ coi\fino ; Sp. confin; Fr. and Port, confins. See Fine.] Border ;edge ; exterior part ; the part of any territory which is at or near the end or extremity. It is used generally in the plural, and applied chiefly to conn- tries, territory, cities, rivers, &c. We say, the con- fine,i of France, or of Scotland ; atiA, fi^urativehj, the confines of light, of death, or the grave ; but never the confines of a book, table, or small piece of land. CON'FIXE, a. Bordering on ; lying on the bordr-r ; adjacent ; having a common boundary. Johnson. CON'FINE, r. t. [Fr. confiner; Sp. confinari It. confi- Tuarf.] To border on ; to touch the limit; lobe adjacent or contiguous, as one territory, kingdom, or state, to another; usually followed by on; sometimes by ir.ik. England ronfines on Scotland. Connecticut confines on Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, and the Sound. €ON-FI\E', V. U [Sp confinari Fr. confiner. See supraj 1. To bound or limit: to restrain within limits; hence, to imprison ; to shut up ; to restrain from es- cape by force or insurmountable obstacles, in a gen- eral sense; as, to confine horses or cattle lo an inclo- sure ; to confine water in a pond, to dam ; to confine a garrison in a town ; to coi^e a criminal in prison. 2. To immure ; to keep close, by a voluntarj' act ; to be much at home, or in retirement ; as, a man con- fines himself to hia studies, or to his house. 3. To limit or restrain voluntarily, in some act or practice ; as, a man may confine himself to the use of animal food. 4. To tie or bind; to make fast or close ; as, to confine air in a bladder, or corn in a bag or sack. 5. To restrain by a moral force ; as, to confine men by laws. The constitution of the United Slates eow'- fines the States to the exercise of powers of a local nature. CON-FLX'JCD, pp. or a. Restrained within limits ; im- priBr)ned ; limited ; secluded ; close. €0.\'FTXE-LESS, a. Boundless ; unlimited ; without end. Hhak. €ON-FIXE'MENT, n. Restraint within limits; im- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MeTE, PREY. — FIXE, MARIIXE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 34^ — — — CON CON CON Brisonm.-nl ; any restraint of liberty by force orotlipr obstacle, or necessity ; as, the covjmemeM of a debtor or criminal to a prison, or of troops to a besieged town. . . .. - . 9. Voluntary restraint ; aecliislon ; as, the cottjmt- ment of a man'to his house, or to his studies. 3. Voluntary restrairtV in action or practice ; as, eonjinrmejil to a particular diet. ^ 4. Restraint from going abroad by aickness, partic- ulnrlv by chililbirtll. _, . €O.N-f'IN'ER, n. He or that which limits or restrains. eONFI.N-ER, n. .\ borderer ; one who lives on con- fines, or near the border of a country. ^'^- . 2. He or that which is nearthe limit; a near neigh- bor; he or that which is adjacent or contiguous ; as, cov/iricrs in art ; coiijinm between plants and ani- mals, as ovslers. Wntton. Bacm. eO.N-FIN'l.N'G, ppr. Restraining ; limiting ; uuprison- inc. eON'-FIN'I-TY, 71. [L. cOTi/tnifas.] Contiguity ; near- n.-sis ; neiahborliood. Diet. eOS-MRM', (kon-furm',) v.t. [L-coufirmoi am ana ftVme, to make tirin. See Firm.] I To make linn, or more firm ; to add strength to ; to strengthen ; as, health is confiriiud by exer- cise. 2. To fii more Bmily ; to settle or establish. Mil* 111 ih.? (liicipip*. — Acu ij to mine h«it«. lHaccabefi. CbnSrmir'g Oi^ 1 coitirm ih^e ii 3. To ra:ike firm or certain ; to give new assurance of tnlth or certainty ; to put past doubt. Tbe IcliBwiiT of ChrMl wa» conjirmed in you 1 Cor. L 4. To fix ; io radicate ; as, the patient has a eon- S'to sirensthen ; to ratify ; as, to confirm an agree- m.nt, prouiie.!, covenant, or title. (i. To make monj firm ; to strengthen ; as, to cm- firm an opinion, a purpose, or resolution. 7 Toadmit to the full privileges of a Christian, by the imp..silion of a bishop's hands. Johnson. 8. In 1A« rocernment of Uie United States, to estab- lish, assent to, or ratify ; as, the senate confirms or reji'cts the appointments proposed to them by tue president of the United Swtes. eoN-FlRM'.VBLE, (kon-furin'a-bl,) a. That may be confirmed, established, or ratified ; capable of being made more certain. _ ^ Brotcn. eO.\-FIRM-A'TIO.\, n. The act of confirming or es- t^blUbing ; a fixing, settling, establishing, or making more cert-iin or firm ; establishment. la Ihe dofeii" »"■! mrJSrmation of llie Joipel, ye ure «ll patl»k- enof my g'««.-Pl"l- ■• 2. The act of ratifying ; as, the confirmation of a promise, covenant, or stipulation. 3. The act of giving new strength ; as, the conr firmation of health. , 4. The act of giving new evidence ; as, lue coii- frmatinn of opinion or report. ... „ 5 That which confirms: that which gives new stre'nEth or assurance; additional evidence; proof; convincing testimony ; a.s, this fact or this argument is a confirmation of what was before alleged. 6 In /«», an assurance of title, by the conveyance of an esute or right in rsat, from one man lu anoth- er by which a voidable estate is made sure or una- vo'idable or a particular estate is increased, or a pos- session made perfect. Btetrt.,.j. 7. In cAuriJi afairs, the act of ratifying the elec- tion of an archbishop or bishop, by the king, or by persons of his appointment. Bjac^jfcrae. 8. The act or ceremony of laying on of hands, in the admission of baptizeS persons to the eiijoynient of Christian privil«ge.«. The person to be confirmed brings his godfather and godmother, and takes upi.n him.«lf the baptismal vows. This is practiced in the Greek, Roman, and Episcopal churches. Hammond. Eneyc. eON-IIRM'A-TIVE, (k)n-furm'a-tiv,) a. Having the power of confirming ; tending to establish. €ON-FIRM'A-TlVE-LY, adv. In a manlier tending to confirm. .. , , . . _ €ON'-FtRM-A'TOR, n. He or that which confirms. eo.NFIRM'A-TO-RY, (kon funn'a-to-ry,) a. That serves to confirm ; giving additional strenclh, force, or stability, or additional assurance or evidence. 2. Pertaining to the rite of confirmation. eO.V-FIRM'tU, (kon furmd',) pp. or a. Made more firm ; strengthened ; established. , , , 2 Admitted to the full privileges of the church. €ON-FIRM'ED-NES8,(kon-fumi'ed-nes«,)i>. A fixed stale. . ... eO.V-FlRM-EE', n. One to whom any thing is con- eO.N-FIRM'ER, (kon-furm'er,) ". He or that which confirms, establishes, or ratifies ; one that produces new evidence ; an attej»ter. Sfutk. eO.N-FIR.M'I.NG, (konfurm'ing,) ppr. .Making firm or more firm; strengthening; ratifying; giving addi- tional evidence or proof ; establishing ; administering the rite of confirm ition. ... , eO.N-FTRM'I.NO-LY, (kim fiirm'lng-ly,) adv. In a manner to strengthen or make firm. B. Jonson. eON-FIfeA-BLE, o. [See CosusciTE.] That may be confiscated ; liable to forfeiture. Browne. €ON-FlJi'C.\TE or CO^'FIS-CaTE, r. (. [L. con- fiseo! con and fiscus, a basket, hamper, or bag; hence, revenue, or the emperor's treasure ; It. coi^- care: Fr. eoffisqucr; Sp. confisrar.] To adjudge to be forfeited to the public treasury, as the giHids or estate of a traitor or other criminal, by way of penalty ; or to condemn private forfeited property to public use. The enml'? of the rebcli w.is sek^d iind confitcated. Anon. eO.V-FIS'CATE or €ON'FIS-€ATE, o. Forfeited and adjudged to the public trea.sury, as the goods of a criminal. __ eON-FIS'CA-TED or eONTIS-CSTEn, rp. or a. Adjudged to the public treasury, as forfeited goods or estate. . , eO.\-FIS'€X TLVG or eON'FIS-€S-TlNG, ppr. Ad- judging to the public use. e'JN'-FIS-e.i'T10-\, n. The act of condemning as forfeited, and adjudging to the public treasury, as the goods of a criminal who has committed a public offense. Kira vii. 26. eON'FIS-CA-TOR, 71. One who confiscates. Burke. eON-FIS'eA-TO-RV, a. Consigning to forfeiture. Burke. eON'FIT, 71. A sweetmeat. [See Cohfect.] €ON'FI-TEXT, 7). [h.confitms. See Confess.] One who confu-s^-s his sins and faults. [J^ot mttck used.] €0.\'FIT-liRE, n. [Fr., from confire, confit ; L. cob- fectura, conficio ; con and facio. This word is cor- rupted into Comfit, which is now used.] A sweetmeat ; confection ; comfit. Bacon. CON'-FIX', V. U [L. coiySffo, coiiyiniia ( can anifiga, to fix, to thrust to or on. toee Fix.] To fix down ; to fasten, SImk. €0.\-FIX'£l), (-fixt,) pp. Fixed down or to; fast- ened. €ON-FlX'ING, ppr. Fixing to or on ; fastening. eo.V-Fl.X'IjRE, 71. The act of fastening. Moantagu. CON-FLa'GRANT, a. [l^ conjlagrans, confiagro l con andjti^o, to burn. See Flaubast.] Burning together in a common tlanie. MilUm. €ON-FLA-GRa'TION,7i. [L. con^iu^atii!. See Fla- grant.] 1. A great fire, or the burning of any great mass of combustibles, as a house, but more especially a city or forest. Bentley. 2. The burning of the world at the consuiniiialion of things, when " the elcmenU shall melt with fer- vent heat " eO.N'-FLA'GRATIVE, a. Causing conflagration. €0.\-FLA'T10N, 71. [L. conflatia, from confio ; con and ^o, to blow. See Blow.] A blowing together, as of many instruments in a concert, or of many fires in melting metals. StnarU eoN-PLEX'liRE. n. A bending. [JVi.I ujcrf.] eO.N'FLICT, It. JL. confiictus, from confiigo ,• co7» and fiigo, to strike, Eng. to flog, to lie* j Sp. conflicto ; It. eonftitto ,' Fr. confiiL] 1. A striking or uashing against each other, as of two moving bodies in opiwsition ; violent collision of substances ; as, a conflict of elements or waves ; a conflict of particles in ebullition. 2. A fighting; combat, bj* between men, and ap- plicable to individuals or to armies j as, the conflict was long and desperate. 3. Contention ; strife ; contest. In our iMt conflict, four of hia live win went hallinff off. Shai, 4. A struggling with diflicultics ; a striving to op- pose or overcome ; as, the good man has a perpetyal confliet with his evil propensities. h. A struggling of the mind ; distress } anxiety. Cai. ii. 6. The last struggle of life ; agony ; aa, the confiiu with death. Thomson. 7. Opposing operations ; countervailing action ; collision ; opposition. In exrrcwiiif the ri^til of fmemon, tin? msti of ivli^i'in rxpert- enc- • uo cori/licl between lii* itoty auJ hia niclimition. J. Apiiteton. CONFLICT', r. i. To strike or dash against; to meet and opiiose, as bodies driven by violence ; as, conflicting waves or elements. 2. To drive or strike ngaiiist, as contending men Of armies; to fight; lo contend with violence; as, conflicting armies 3. To strive or struggle to resist and overcome ; as, men conflicting with difilcillties. 4. To be in op[iosition, or contradictory. Tlic Uwi of the Unitj^d SlAtce iind of the iniliriilo^.l Blsli-* may, in aornr &iae«, c«n/ic( with euch otlwr. WliiUion' I Rep. eON-FLlCT'I.N'G, ppr. Striking or dashing tigether ; fighting ; contending ; struggling to resist anil over- come. 2. o. Being in opposition ; contrary ; contradictory. In the abacoe« of all ctmfiieling evl,lciiee. &lory, CO.V-FI.ICT'IVE, a. Tending lo conflict CO.N'FMJENCE, n. [L. ronfluenlia, from confluo ! con and jluA, to flow. See Flow.] 1. A flowing together; the meeting or junction of two or more streams of water, or other fluid ; also the place of meeting ; as, the eonflurnce of lIieTigna and Euphrates, or of the Ohio and Mississippi. 2. 'The running together of people ; the act of meeting and crowding in a place ; a crowd ; a ton- course ; the tatter icord is more generally used. Temple. Shah. 3. A collection ; meeting ; assemblage. Boyle. eON'FI.U-ENT, o. [h. confluens.] Flowing togeth- er ; meeting ill their course, as two streams ; as, confluent streams. Blackmore. 2. In meiliciU science, running together, and spread- ing over a large surface of the body ; as, the ciiiifiueiit small-pox. F.ticyr. 3. In botany, united at the base ; growing in tults ; as, confluent leaves ; running into each other ; as, cen/iiieiil lobes. Martijn. €0.\'FLU.\, 71. [Low L. confluxia, from ciMiJtuo. See Confluence.] 1. A flowing together; a meeting of two or more currents of a fluid. Shak. 2. A collection ; a crowd ; a multitude collected ; as, a general conflux of people. Clarendon. eoN-FLUX-1-BlL'I-TY, 71. The tendency of fluids to run together. [Little used.] Boyle. €Oi\-FOR.\l', a. [L. conformist eon unAfiyrma, form.] Made to resemble ; assuming the siuiie fonn ; like ; reseiiibling. [LiZtle used.] Bacon. CON-FORM', 1>. (. [L. conformo f con and formo, to form, or shape, {torn forma, form.] 1. To make like in external appearance ; to re- duce to a like shape, or form, with something else ; with u> ; as. to conform anv tiling to a model. 2. More generally, to reduce to a likeness or cor- respondence in manueiB, opinions, or moral qual- ities. For wltom lie (IM fbt^know, lie alto diii pre.l-.ttinale lo be conformed to the image of hia Son. — llotn. "iii. Be not cunfortned to this world. — Horn. aii. 3. To make agreeable to ; to sqtuuu with a rule or directory. Demand of Uiem why Ihey con/oTTTl not Uiemaelrea to Iho Older of the chureb. Uooktr. CONFORM', V. i. To comply with or yield to ; to live or act according to ; as, to conform to the fashion or to custom. 2. To comply with ; to obey ; an, lo conform to the laws of the state. CO.N-FOB.M'A-BLE, a. Correspondent ; having the same or similar external form or shajie ; like ; re- sembling ; as, an edifice conformable to a model or draft. . . 2. Having the same or similar manners, opinions, or moral qualities. The fi"ntil.ia were nol mixde conformoUt to the Jewa, in that wiiich waa to eeaie at tile conniig of Chriat. Hooker. 3. Agreeable ; suitable ; consistent ; as. Nature is co7i/urmpr. Reducing to a likeness; adapt- ing; roniplviliB with. CO.N-FORM'lS'l', 71. One who conforms or complies ; apnrimruilAy, one who complies with the worship of the Church of Eiiglanil, or of the established church, as distiiiuTii^hed from a dissenter or non-conformut. et be distinifuished ; to mix in a mass or crowd, so that Individuals can not & To thftiw into disorder. [be distinguished. Lei OS fa down, ut%i then eo ty ^M t d tbdr lin^i*^. — dr n. xl. 3. To mix or blf>nd, so as to oecasioo a mistake of one thing for another; as, men may tmi^fimmd Idoaa with wurd:i. A t^l body Md ft ««tilsf Ifwr, brcwige ihry »fK« hi 101117 *i^s, sn ««rt w k> w V "" " **- Boyl*. ^ To perplex ; to dislnrik ibe appfebeDston bv in- diattaetaeaa of Ideas or words. BIttD may tamfewU each other by anintelHgiWe terms or wrong apiaica- tioM of wtrds. &, To abash ; to throw the mind into disorder ; to caat down ; to make ashamed. Bi tboo (w\^w«*da< ftod br«r \hj ahanw. — Eliek. xvL ~ ' ' t ili0 Jowa ftl Oamftacu*. — Acta ix. 8. To perplex with terror ; to terrify ; to dismay \ to astooiw ; to throw into coostematioM ; to rtnpefy with amaxement. Bo cpahe lb* Son of Ood ; ftm) Skbiii otood r lofttber, ftiKl wen «w^ / to Mi » J « rf . - ; to orerthrow. Aciatl. TheaoUihMfe 7. Tb destroy 80 de^p ft oftBee 10 cs^/bMid iIm ffsn or manUad in on* nturbing the mind ; abashingi and putting to sliame and nilence ; as- toatahing . €ON-FRA-TER'XI-TY, it. [It. amfrattrnita ; Fr. eon- frmtvmU ; e«n and U fratenutas, fraternity, frvtm Jratar, brother.] A brotherhood ; a society or body of men united ftir some porpoee or in some profession ; as, the con- frmtermit^ of Jesuits. eOX-FRI-€X'TION, n. [It. wni/maiiowr, friction ; L. ecnfrieo i con and^ruro, to nib. See Fbictio:*.] A rubbing against ; friction. Baton, €OX-FRlER, B. [Ft. canfrert.'] One of the same religious order. Wetrer. eOX-FRO.NT', (kon-frunl',) r. t, \\X. eonfrontare ; Sp. and Port, confrontar ; Fr. amfronUr ; con and ^Nt, the forehead, or front, I,, frous.] 1, To stand face to face in fuil view ; to face ; to stand in front. Hff ipokf, nod tb«n comfromu the IwlL Drydcm. S. To Stand in direct opposition ; to oppose. Tbemt ftad vnt cliarclMft did tuth eanfrmU the Jewt and coacvrwtak Umn. Hooker. 3. To set face to (aee ; to tning into the presence of; as an accused person and a witness, in court, for examination and discoverj- of the truth; fol- lowed by with. Thr wiuM^M sn eot^fromti wtHk the acow^d, th<> aecuaed milk ooe ftttother, or the wiukcsaea wtiA oii<_- anoilrr. 4. To set together for comparison ; to compare one thing with another. Wbeo 1 atm/rmt % mwUI wtlli ft renr, I only ahow too the a&me dsaifn executed bj iliSVreut haD'la. Additon. eOX-FROX-TA'TION, a. The act cf bringing two persons into the presence of each other for examina- tion nnd dt<:cnvery of tnith. CON-FRONT' ED, pp. Set face to face, or in opposi- tion ; broti£hl into the presence of. €0N FRONTING, fpr. Setting or standing face to face, or in opposition, or in presence of. €OX FRONT'MENT, a. Comparison. 0/«y. eON-FCSC, SI. Mixed ; confounded. Barret. eOX-FCSE', », (. [U eoitfwisus ; Fr. coTifns ; from L. canfundo. See CowroufCD.] 1. To mix or blend things, so that they can not be distinguished. Slurintn^ •ouD'la ftod votcf^ all cxm/ustd. Hiilon. UttTj b«n)» of th« WAirior ia with con/tued ooiae. — la. ix. CON 2. To disorder, as, a sudden alarm confused the troops ; a careless book keeper has coi^uscti the ac- counts. 3. To per^dex ; to render indistinct ; as, the clamor csi0MS(( his ideas. 4. To tJirow the mind into disorder ; to cast down or abash; to cau»e to blush; to agitate by surprise or shame; to di^oncert. A sarcastic remark con- JkMd the gentleman, and ho could not proceed in bis argument. COfsfitatd sad mdlj ah* ai length (cplled. Pope. eOi\-F08'£D, (kon-fazd',) pp. or a. Mixed ; blended ; so that the tilings or persons mixed can not be dis- tinguished. Sonw cried one ihiiif, and wme fttiother; foi the aaeembly wiu confuted. — Acu xix. 9. Perplexed by disorder, or want of system ; as, a te^ft*4 account. 3. Aba-shed ; put to the blush or to shame ; agitated ; disconcerted. €OX-F0S'EU-LY, orfr. In a mixed mass ; without order or Sfparation ; indistinctly ; not clearly ; tu- multuously ; with agitation of mind ; witliout regu- larity or system. €OX-FCS'ED-.NEe*9j a. A state of being conflisedj want \>( order, distinction, or clearness. The eaiiae of ttic con/uMtdn»»t of our iiulioita U want of ntten- lintt. Norrit. eOX-FCSE'LY, ad. Ohscnrely. Barret €0X-FCS'ING, ppr. Mixing; confounding. eO.\-F0'8luN, ». In a genrral j»e*wii, a mixture of sevenil things promiscuously : hence, disorder; ir- regularity ; as, the frnfu^iem of tongues at Babel. 2. Tumult ; want of order in society. Ttte wbttle ciiy wsa fiMrd with con/ution. — Acu xlx. God ia out the auUtur of cuf\/'u«ion, — 1 Cor. xiv. 3. A blendine or confounding; indistinct combi- nation ; opptised to diatinHnsM or pn-tpieuiiy ; as, a eonfuMon of ideas. 4. Abashment ; shame. O l*onl, Vi me ne»er be pm to eon^tdon Pa. Ixxl. We lie in ^laine, ftud ouf eoV^cion eorerrth ua. — Jer. Kl. 5. .Vstonlshment ; agitation ; perturbation ; distrac- tion of mind. ConfvMwn dwelt in everr ftce. Sptctaior. 6. Orerthrow ; defeat ; ruin. Thd maken oT klota ahtll ;o to cot\f*iMion togtHhe r.— Ii. xlr. 7. A stiatneful blending of natures ; a shocking crime. L^rit. xviii. 523 ; xx. \% €0X-F01''A-BLE, a. [See Confute.] That may be confuted, disproved, or overthrown ; that may be shown U> be false, defective, or invalid ; as, an argunient or a course of reasoning is confutable. €OX-F0'TAXT, n. One wiio confutes or undertakes to confute. Milton, €ON-FU-TA'TI0X, a. The act of confuting, disprov- ing, or proving to be false or invahd ; refutation ; overthrow, as of arguments, opinions, reasonuig, theory, or error. eON-FC'TA-TlVE, a. Adapted or designed to con- fute. Rich. Diet. eOX-FCTE', V. t [L. eonfuto; con and ant./uto; Sp. confuSar : It. ctmfutare. Class Bd.] 1. To disprove ; to prove to be false, defective, or invalid ; to overthrow ; aa, to confute arguments, rea- soning, theor}', error. '2. To prove to be wrong ; to convict of error, by argument or proof; as, to confute an advocate at the bar ; to confute a writer. €ON-FC T'ED, pp. Disproved ; proved to be false, defective, or unsound ; overthrown by argument, fact, or proof. eON-FOTE'MEXT, n. Confutation ; disproof. MUtoiu €ON-FCT'ER, n. One who disproves or confutes. €OX-FCT'ING, pjn-. Disproving ; proving to be false defective, or invalid; overthrowing by argument or proof. €ON'Ce, (kon'jee.) n. [Fr. congi, lea\*e, permission, discharge, contracted from conged; vcih^congedier^ to dismiss ; It. congedo, leave, permission ; congnUtre^ to give leave ; Arm. congea. The verb is a compound of con and ged; W. gadaw, to quit, to leave, to per- mit ; gad, leave. Oadaio is the Celtic form of the L. cedo. Conged is tlierefore concedu.] 1. Leave; farewell; parting ceremony. Spenser. a. The act of respect performed at the parting of friends. Hence, the customary act of civility, on other occasions; a bow or a courtesy. The capUuii niluiei you wilh conge profound. Swift. eON'GE, V. I, To take leave with the customary ci- vilities ; U> bow or courtesy. The preterit, Co:»GEED, is tolerable in English ; but CosGEi-^o will not he admitted, and ConuEEtRo is an anomalv. COA"* O*.' />'i^t/RE', (Iton'zha-da-Ieer',) [Fr.] In«- eUsiastical affairs, the king's license or permission to a dean and chapter to choose a bishop ; or to an ab bey or prior)' of his own foundation to choose their abbot or prior. The king of Great Britain, as sove- reign patron, had formerly the appointment of all ec- clesiastical dignities ; investing by crosier and ring, CON and after^vnrd by letters patent. But now the king, on demand, sends his conge it' clire to Uie dean and chapter, with a letter missive, containing the name of the |>erson ht; would have ttiein elect, and if thty deliiy the election twelve days, the noininution de- volves on the king, who may appoint by letters pa- tent. Rnttfc. CtJicel. Btackntove. COX'Clfi, n. In arch iucture, n molding in form of a quarter round, or a caveito, which serves to se|«imle two members from one another ; such as thai which joins the shad of the column to the cincture, culled also apopkyge. Also, a ring or ferrule, formerly used on the extremities of columns to keep them from splitting; afterward ijuitated in stone-work. Encyc. €0X-6eAL', (kon-jeel',) v. t. [I., congeto ; con and ^«/o, to freeze; Fr. eougeler; It. congdare; Sp. con- ffclar; Arm. caledi. This may be connected with the W. ceuUfc, to curdle or coagulate, from caul, a caIPs maw ; also, rennet, curd, and chyle. The L. geto has the elements of coo/, hut it may be a dilTerent wordj 1. To change from a fluid to a solid state, aa by cold, or a lass of heat, as water in freezing, liquid metal or wax in cooling, hlot>d in Blagnating or cool- ing, ice. ; to harden into ice, or into a substance uf less solidity. Cold congeals water into ice, or va|Kir into hoar-frost or snow, and blood into a solid iir^a, or clot. 3. To hind or fix with cold. Applied to the circu- lating blood, it does not signify absolutely lo IianJcn, but to cause a sensation uf culd, a sliivc-ring, or a re- ceding of the blood from the extremities; as, tlie frightful scene congealed his blood. €ON-GeAL', v. i. To grow hard, stiff, or thick, from loss of heat ; to pass from a lluid to a solid state ; to concrete into a stilid mass. Melted lead congt^i water congeals ; blood congeals. CON 0F:AL'A-IILK, a. That may be congealed ; ca- pable of being cunverted from a tluid to a solid state. €ON 6f:AL'i:D, pp. or a. Converted into ice, or a solid mass, by the loss of heat, or other process ; concreted. €0N-6f.AL'EI)-XESS, n. State of being congealed. €OX-GKAL'INfi, ppr. Changing from a hquid to a solid state ; concreting €ON-0eAL'MKNT, h. a chrt or concretion ; that which is formed by udy, covered in a fine skin, admitting only an artery and a lymphatic vessel to pass in, and a vein and a lym- phatic vessel to pass out. Parr. Coze, eOX-GLO'BATE, v. U To collect or form into a ball, or hard, round substance. Orevj. €OJf-GLO'BA-TED, pp. Collected or fonned into a liall. €ON-GL6'BATE-LY, adv. In a round or roundish form. €ON-GLO-BA'TION, n. The act of forming into a ball ; a round body. CON-GLOBE', V. t, [L. eonglobo; con. and globo, from globus, a round body.] To gather iuto a ball ; to collect into a round mass. ArUtoJU €O\-GL0BE', V. u To eoUect, unite, or coalesce in a round mass. MiUon. eON-GLCB'KD, pp. Collected into a ball. eO\'-GL6B'I.\G, ppr. 'Gathering into a round mass ur ball. eON^SLOB'l^.LATE, v. i. To gather into a little round mass, or globule. Johason. €ON-GLOM'ER-ATE, a. [L. eonglomero ; con and glomerOy to wind into a ball, from glamuSyO, hall, a clew. See Glomerate."] 1. Gathered into a ball or round body. Acontrlom- erittc gland is composed of many smalbT glautU, whose excretory ducts unite in a eonnuon one, as the liver, kiitneys, pancreas^ parotids, d-c. Each lit- tle grandulated portion furnishes a small tube, which unites with otlicr similar ducts, to form the common excretory duct of the gland. Coze. Encye. 3. In botantf, eonglum^raie flowers grow on a branching peduncle or footstalk, on short pedicles, ciosi'ly compacted together without order ; op|[K>se(l to diffujied. Martyrt. 3. Conglumf rale rocks. See Puddino-Stome. €ON-GLOM'EH-ATE, v. L To grUher into a ball or round body ; tn collect into a round mass. Ornr. €ON GLOM'EK-ATE, n. In g'ologij, a sort of pud- ding-stone, or rock, composed of t>el>ble8 cemented together by another miii'T:il substance, either calca- reous, silicious, or nrgill:u'.euus. Bramie, €ON-GLOM'ER-A-TED, pp. or a. Gathered into a bill or Dund maos, €0.\-GLOM'EK-A-TING, ppr. Collecting into a ball. CON-GLOM-ER-A'TION, n. The act of gath. ring into a ball ; the state of being thus collected ; cullco- tion : a'"ciunul;itiim. €ON'-GL0'Tl \A.\T, 0. [See CowOLUTirfiTE.] Glu- ing ; uniting; iM-aling. Bacon, eON GLC'Tl-NAN'T, n, A medicine that hcalti wounds. eO.V-GLO'TI-NATE, v. U [L. eonglulino-, con and glutino, from irluten, glue. See Glue.] 1. To glue togi^ther \ to unite by some glutinous or lenacirms substance. 2. To heal j to unite the separated parts of a wound bv a tenacious substance. CON-GLO'TI-XATE, r. i. To coalesce; to unite by the int<^Tvention of a callus. .JohnHon, €O\-GL0'ri-\A TED, r-V- or a. Glued together; united by a ti-nacious substance. eo\-GLO'TI-.\A-TLVG, ppr. Gluijlg together ; uni ting or ctosin;; by a tenacious substance. eo\^I.0-Ti-\A'nON, Ti. The art of gluing to- gether; a Joining by means of some tenacious sub- stance ; a healing by uniting the parts of a wound ; union. JirbutknoL €()N'-GLC'TI-NA-TIVE, a. Having the power of uniting Uv glue or othrr substance of like nature. €ON-<;LO'1T-\A-TOR, n. That which has the power of uniting wounds. IVoodicard. CON eON"GO, (kong'go,) n. A species of I €ON-GRAT'li-LANT, a. Rejoicing ii black tea. tjoicing in participation. Jililton. eON-GRAT'TJ-LATE, (kon-grat'yu-late,) r. U [h. congratttlori eon and gratulor, from grataSf grateful, pleasing. See Grace.] To profess one's nluasure or joy to another on ac- count of an event deemed happy or fortunate, as on the birth of a child, success in an enterprise, victor}', escape from danger, &c ; to wish joy to another. We congratulate the nation on the restoration of peace. Formerly this verb was followed by to. " ITie subjects of England may congratulate fe; themselves." Ih-ijden. But this use of to is entirely obsolete. The use of iritA after this verb, " I congratulate toith my country'," isj perhaps, less objectionable. Iiut is rarely used, i'he intransitive sense of the verb may there- fore be considered as antiiiuated, and no longer legit- imate. eON-GRAT'lJ-LA-TEn, pp. Complimented with ex- pressions of joy at a happy event. eOX-GRAT'lJ-LA-TING, ppr. Professing one's joy or satisfaction on account of some happy event, prosperity, or success. €ON-GRAT-U-LA'TION, n. The act of professing one's joy or good wishes at the success or happiness of another, or on account of an event deemed for- tunate to both parties or to the community, €OX-GRAT'U-LA-TOR, n. One who offers congrat- ulation. Milton. eON-GRAT'U-L V-TO-UY, a. Expressing jov fur the good fortune of anoih-.tr, or for an event fortunate for biith parties, or for the community, €OX-GREK', p. i. To agree. [J^ot in use.] Shak. COX-GREET', V. L To salute mutually. [JVb( tn use.] Sliak. eON''GRFr<3ATE, (kong'gre-gate,) v. t [L. congrego ; con and grex, a herd, \V. gre. See Gregarious.] To collect sepjirate persons or things into an as- semblage; to assemble; to bring into one place, or into a crowd or united b4>dy ; as, to congregate men or animals ; to congregate waters or sands. Hooker. MUton. Shak. C0N"GRE-GATE, r. i. To come together; to as- semble ; to meet. Equiila with equaia often eongregaU. Denham. eON"GRE-GATE, a. Collected; compact; close. [Utrtt: u.-Tfl.] Bacon. COX"GRlVGA-TED, pp or a. Collected; assembled in one place. eoX"GRE GATING, ppr. Collecting; assembling; c<)mins together. eoX"GKE-GA'TION, (kong-gre-ga'shun,) ru The act of brinjiing toj^ethur, or assembliup. 2. A collection or assemblage ttf separate things; as, a rortgregatiiin of va|X)rH. Shah. 3. More generallu, an assemldy of persons; and appropriatdij,' an assembly of persons met -Lji^lie worship of God, and for religious instruction. Ilijoker. 4. An assembly of nilers. ^im, xxxv. 5. An assembly of ecclesiastics or cardinals a]!- pointed by tho [h>ik! ; as, the congregation of the holy olhre, &c. Also, a company or aticicty forming a subdivision of a monastic order. Encyc. fi. At Offord and Cambritlge, the assembly of mas- ters and (lortors for tninsactuig the ordinary business of conferring decrees, Bramie. COX"(;RE-Ga'TION-AL, o. Pertaining to a congr& gat ion. 2. Belonging to the system of Congregationalism ; appropriately used of such Christians as maintain that each congregation is indep'-mdent of others, and has the right to cluKise its own pastor and govern itself; as, a Congregational church or mode of wor- ship. J. Murdoch. €0X"GRE-GA'TI0\-AL-ISM, n. That system of church government which virsts all ecclesiastical power in the asseinblud brotherhood of each local church, ai an independent body. J. Murdoch. eOX"GltE-<;A'TION AI^IST, n. One who belongs to a Congregational church or society ; one who holds to the independence of each congregation or church of Christians, and the right of the ass(;m- bh-d brethren to elect their pastor, and to determine all eccli'-instical matters. J. Murdoch. eOX"GRE.-*S, (kong'gress,) n. [\i. eonX"GRU-ENCE, ) ?t, [L. congruentia, from congruOy CON-GRC'EN-CY, \ to agree, or suit.] Suitableness of one thing to another ; agreement ; consistency. More. eON"GRU-ENT, a. Suitable; agreeing; correspond- ent. Davics. €OX-GR0'I-TY, n. Suitableness ; the relation of agreement between things. There IB no congruity lytw<^n n mpan «iib]cet antl a lofty atylc : buL an obvious congruUy Lx;tweeu lut elcvalud bLluou aui] digniiied d<erfect qualifi- cation for the gift and reception of God*s grace. Milner. 5. In geomrtnj, figures or lines, which, when laid over one another, exactly coincide, are in covgruihj. €0.\"GRU-OUS, a. [L. congraus.] [Johu^on. 1. Acc-ordant; suitable; consistent; agreeable to. Light, airy music, and a solemn or mn>ba- bility of a fact, or on slight evidence ; pre|K)nder- ance of opinion witbuiU pruitf ; tiurmiiie. We 8{M!ak of future or unknown things by amjeeturej and of probable or unfounded ecMJtxtiiTes. a. Idea ; notion. SkaJt. eON^EGT'CRE, (kon-jekt'yur,) v. L To guess; to judg^ by gues9, or by the probability or the pofsfbil- ity of a fact, or by ver>- slieht evidence ; to fonu an opinion at randuin. What will be Itie issue of a war, we may c*jjijfefurt^ but can not know. He coit- jeetmreti that some luisfurtune hod happened. eO.N-JEt'T'LK /:D, pp. Guessed ; surmised, eO\JECT'UK-EU, R. Onewho gnessea; a goa— a r ; one who forms or uuers an opmion without proof. eON-JE(rr'UR-ING, «»r. Guesaing; aamWng. eON^OB'BLE, 0. L To aeCtle; toconcart. [Vmlgar.] eOX^OLN^ V. c [Fr. tmtgaiMdrti IL emigmgman, or tmmgvutgert ; L. etmpaifm i can and juMga^ to join. See Joi:«.] ]. To jMn together, without any thing intermedi- ate ; to unite two or more persons or things in close eonnectioo ; a*, to caaJMa frieiHU ; to csji/om man and woman in marriage. Dr^dm. Skak. Q. To associate or connecL Lrt tluu whkli he kmnm omxi be Mariy nrnfobtt d vHh vlat be €ON-JOIX', V. t. To unite ; to Join ; to league. Skak, COX-JOIN'£D, pp. or a. Joined to or with ; united j associated. eON-JOIN'ING, ppr. Joining together; uniting; connecting. eONJOLNT', tt. Unilid ; connected ; associated. Cmtjoint liegrtta : in musu, two notes which follow each other immediately in the order of the scale ; as nl and re. JbAs-ion. Comjoimt trtriukards ; two leiracbords or f^ts chiefly in combining the words which unitedly furm the several tenses in the several perstms. CON'JU-GATE, A. A word agreeing in derivation with another word, and therefore generally resem- bling it in signification. We hart leivrord, in It^Sc, ihai conjugaUa BJt •nmrtim-t ui OAiue onij, mini mA n deed. UramiiaH. COX'JU-GATE, a. In botany, a conjugate leaf is a pinnate leaf which has only one pair of leaflets ; a eoHJugate raceme has two racemes only, united by a common peduncle. Martyn. CanjugaU diariMer ; in gemnrtry^ a diameter paral- CON kl to a tangent at the vertex of the primitive diame- ter. ./J. D. Stanley. eoN'JU-GA-TED, pp. Passed through its vurious fonni, as a verb. €ON'JU-G.4-TlNG, ppr. Passing through its modes of form:ition. eON-JU-GA' HON, n. [L. conjugatio.] 1. A couple or pair; as, a cottju^ation of nerves. [Little used,] Brown. S. The act of uniting or compiting ; union ; as- aamblage. Benttry. Tai/lvr. 3. In grammar^ the distribution uf the several in- flect)o:is or variations of a verb, in their different voices, monies, tenijes, numbers, and persons ; a con- nected scheme of ntl the derivative furms of a verb. GON-JU\eT', a. [L. coajuncttu, from eonjungo. See Co:ue a^^ust him, Caw did it. Addison, 2. To bind two or more by an oath ; to unite in a common design. Hence, intransitively, to conspire. [^'ot tiSMot.] Jtltlton. €OX'JURE, (kun'jur,) r. t. To affect, in some man- ner, by magic arts, as by invoking the Supreme Being, or by the use of certain words, characters, or ceremonies, to engage Bupernatural intluence ; as, to conjure up evil spirits, or to conjure down a teni{>est ; to atnjure the stars. JVote, — It is not easy to define this^^'ord, nor any word of like import ; as the practices of conjurers are little known, or various and indefinite. The use of this word indicates that an oath or solemn in- vocation originally formed a part of the ceremonies. 2. To conjure up; to raise up or bring into exist- ence without reason, or by unnatural means; as, to eonjitrt up a phantom, to conjure up a story. COX'JURE, (kun'jur,) p. i. To practice the art? of a conjurer ; to use arts to engage the aid of spiriu in performing some extraordinary act. Shak, CON 2. In a tuh^ar sense, to behave very strangely; to act like a witch ; to play tricks. eoX-JOR'/ai, pp. Bound by an oath. euN-JORE'MLXT, n. Serious injunction; solemn demand. Mdion. €ON'JU-RER, (kun'jur-er,) n. One who practices conjuration"; one who pretends to the secret art of performing tilings supernatural or exlniordinaTy, by the aid of superior powers ; an impostor who pre- tends, by unknown means, to discover stolen goods, &c. Hence, irtmically, a man of shrewd conjecture ; a man of sa;,'acity. Jiddison. Prior. eoX-JCK'lXG, ppr. Enjoining or imploring solemnly. €ON-NAS'CENCE, n. [L. con and nascor, to be born.] 1. The common birth of two or more at the same time; prtMluction of two or more togeiher. 2. A being born or pruduct-d with another. Brcnen. 3. The act of growing together, or at the same time. IViscman. eOX'XSTE, a. [L. con and natus, born, from nascor,] 1. Born witli anotlier; being of the same birth ; as, connate, notions. South. 2. In botany, united in origin ; growing from one base, or united at their bases ; united into one body ; as, connate leaves or anthers. Marlijn. eOX-XA'TIOX, n. Connection by birth ; natural union. eOX-NAT'^-RAL, a. [con and natural.] 1. Connected by nature; united in nature; born with anotlier. Thenar airiM:tiuiia are connatural to u iticy. 2. Participating of the same nature. Anil mix with our contiaturai diwt. .'Ealrange. €ON-NAT-U-RAL'I-TY, n. Participation of the same nature ; natural union. Johnson. Hale. eON-NAT'U-RAL-IZE, r. L To connect by nature. €ON-NAT'lJ-RAL-rZ-KD,;7p. Connected hy nature. €ON-NAT'll-RAL-IZ-ING, ppr. Connecting by na- ture. €ON-NAT'IJ-RAL-LY, adv. By the act of nature ; originally. Hale. €ON-XAT'lT-RAL-NESS, n. Particii.ation of the sf»me nature ; natural union. Johnson. Pearson. CON-NECT', V, L [L. conneeto ; eon and nectof It. amnettcre. See Class Ng, No. 32, 38, 40, 41.] 1. To knit or link together ; to tie or fasten to- gether, as by something intfervening, or by weaving, winding, or twining. Hence, 2. To join or unite; to conjoin, in almost any manner, either by junction, by any intervening means, or by order and relation. We connect letters and words in a sentence ; we connect ideas in the mind ; we connect arguments in a discourse. The Strait of Gibraltar connects the Mediterranean with the Atlantic. A treaty connect;? two nations The interests of agriculture are connected with those of commerce. Families are connected by marriage or by friendship. COX-XECT', V. I. To join, unite, or cohere ; to have a close relation ; as, this line of stage-cuaches connects with anotlier ; this argument connects with another. Burke. €OX-XECT'KD, pp. or a. Linked together ; united. eON-NECT'ED-LY, adv. By connection ; in a con- nected maimer. GOX-.\ECT'IXG,ppr. or a. Uniting; conjoining. COX^-XEC'TIOX, n. [L. eonnexio ; It. connessione. See Connect.] 1. The act of joining, or stale of being joined ; a sLite of being knit or fastened together : union by junction, by an intervening substance or medium, by dependence or relation, or by order in a series ; a word of very general import. There ta a conncctitm of links in a chain; a connection between all parts of tiie human body ; a connection between virtue and happiness, and between this life and tlie future; a connection between parent and child, nia^'ter and servant, husband and wife; between motives and actions, and between actions and their consequences. In short, the word is applicable to almost every thing that has a dependence on or relation to another thing. 2. A relation by blood or marriage. 3. A religious sect, or united body ; as, the Meth- odist connection. €ON-NECT'IVE, a. Having the power of connecting. eOX-NECT'IVE, 7i. In giajnmaj;A word that con- nects other words and sentences; a conjunction. Harris uses the word for conjunctions and proposi- tions, Hermes. €ON-XEeT'IVE-LY, adv. Tn union or conjunction ; jointlv. • SieifL €0X-X"EX', v. t. [h. connexum.] To link together ; to join. [A'tJi in use.] Hall. eON-NEX'ION, n. Connection. [But for the sake of regular analog}', I have inserted Cowsection, as the derivative of the English conned, and would discard Connexion.] COX-NEX'IVE, a. Connective; having the power to connect; uniting; conjunctive; as, conn(^zirp par- ticles. [Little used.] fVatta. FATE, FAR, F^VLL, WHAT.— MeTE, PRgY. — PLVE, MAKtNE, B1RD._N0TE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- fi'^U CON eON-N'TV'AXCE, n. [See Cowxive.] Properly, the act uf winking, \iex\ce, figuratively, voluntary blind- ness to an act ; intt-ntioniil forbearance to see a fault or other act, generally implying consent to it. Every viO' int-Tpr-u a egmtinince to be approbadoa. South. fON-N'TVE', V. i. [L. coniiireo, eonnivi or connixi; coti and the root of nicto, to wink. Class Ng.l 1. To wink ; to close and open the eyulias rajv idly. Spectator. 2. In a fi^trative sense, to close the eyes upon a fault or other act ; to pretend igiuinmce or blindness ; to forbear to see; to overlotik a fault or other act, and suffer it to pass unnoticed^ unceiisured, or un- punished ; as, the father conntre^ at the vices of his son. €OX-\IV'EN-CY, Ji, Connivance; which see. £iicon. eON-NTV'ENT, a. Shutting the eyes j forbearing to see. .Milton. % In anatomy, the conn'wenl valves are those wrin- kles, cellules, and vascules, which are found on the inside of the intestines. Encyc. 3. In botany, closely united ; converging topcilier. CON-.\T V'ER, ". One who connives. [Katon. COS'SIV'lSii, ppr. Closing the eyes against faults ; pariuitting faults to pass uncensured. eoN-NOIri-SECll', C*^on-nis-sur' or knn-nis-saur',) n. [Fr., from the verb connottre, from L. cojnuaco^ to know.] A person well versed in any subject ; a skillful or knowing person } a critical judge or master of any art, particularly of pamting and sculpture. eON-NOlS-CsEuK'tiUlP, n. The skill of a connois- seur. €ON'XO-TATE, v, U {con and nott, L. nolo, notatu.<'.'\ To de.signale with something else ; to imply. {Lit- tle usedA Hammond. eON'NO-TA-TED, pp. Desitrnated. eON'NO-TA-TING, ppr. Designating. eON-NO-TA'TlO.V, n. The act of making known or designating with something ; implication of some- thing bt'side itself; inference. [Liaieused.'] Halt. €0.\"-.N0 TE', r. t. [L. con and notai nuto, to mark. See Note.] To make known together ; to imply ; to denote or desi;.'nale; to include. {Little used.'\ South. eOX-NoT'EI), pp. Denoted. €OX-N0'BI-AI*, a. fL. eonnabuUts, from connubium i eon and nubu, to marry.] Pertaining to marriage ; nuptial; belonging to the state of husband and wife; as, connubial riles; coti- nubial love. eON-NU-.MER-A'TIO.V, n. A reckoning logelhRr. Ponton. €OX'\(J-3AN'CE, B. [Fr. eonnoisMnee, from cunnoUre, to know, L. coffitosco.] Knowledge. [See Coo?iiza!«ce.] CON'XU-S.VXT, a. Knowing; informed; apprised. A neiiiral ritvl, brmkinj^ ■ LIuclciUc, b ILiUe ta cvnfiRcntioii, If connutant of tlte UuckaUe. Broiont. €0\-NLf-fOR'. See Coonhor. eON-NU-TRC'TlUUi;:, a. Nourishing together. eON^NY, a. [\V. cono.] Brave ; line. [Ucal.] Orone. CC'NOID, n. [Gr. Kt^vott^m i «b>f oc* a cone, and ciiji^ fonn.] 1. In geometry, a f»olid formed by the revohition of a conic section about its axis. If the conic sectitm is a parabola, tiit: resulting solid is a paruholic cnnoid, or pamboloid ; if an hyjK*rbola, the solid is an hyper- bolic cunoid, or hyperboloid ; if an ellipie, an ellip- tic coiinid, a spheroid, or an ellipsoid. Edin. Encyc. 2. In anatifmyy a gland in the third ventricle of the brain. rpsi;mbling a cone or piae-apple,and called the pineal c^land. Encye. €0-NOli>'AL, o. Nearly but not exactly conical. /jindley. CO-.VOID'ie, ia. Pertaining to a conoid; tuving €0-.\OID'ie-AL, i the form of a conoid. eO-NO.M-I-NEE', Tu One nominated in conjunction with another ; a joint nominee. Ktrby. eON-taiJAD'RATE, V. (. To bring into a square. €0.\-ClUAS'SATE, n. £. [L. conqaasso.] To Hhiike. [Little usedT] Harvey. eON-UUAS'SA-'l'ED, pp. Shaken. €0\-aiJAS'SA-TING, ppr. Shaking. €O.N'CII;eR, (konk'er.jr.f. [Fr.conyHertr, from the L. eowjttiro t con and qtuero, to seek, to obtain, to con- quer ; Ann. cottqeuri. As qiuEro is written, it belongs Ui Class tir, and its preterit to Class Gi. See Ar. \yS karau or quarauj and Heh. Ch. *^pn to seek. Claas Gr, No. 51, 55.J 1. To subdue ; to reduce, by physical furce, til! re- vlfltance is no longer made ; to ovprrome ; to van- qnL'^h. Alexander conquered Asia. The Romans con- qnrred Carthage. 2. To gam by force ; to win ; to take possession by violent means ; to gain dominion or sovereignty over, as thf. subduing of the power of an enmiy generally Implies possession of the person or thing subdued by CON the conqueror. Thus, a king or an army conquers a country, or a city, which is afterward rej*tored. 3. To subdue ojiposition or resistance of the will by moral force ; to overcome by argument, persua- sion, or other influence. Anns eonquert hut to »are, Anil rcivcnis but to bless. Smith. He wi-nt forth conquering nnil to cowpser. — Rc». ri. 4. To overcome, as ditficulties; to surmount, as obstacles ; to subdue whatever opposes ; as, to con- quer the passions ; to coni/ucr reluctance. 5. To gain or obtain by effort ; as, to conquer free- dom ; to conquer |>eace ; a Krench application of the Word. eON'UUER, (konk'cr,) v. u To overcome; to gain tlie victory. Tlie cliampioiis re«oi»«l lo conquer or to die. Waller. €ON'QUEU-A-BI.E, a. That may be conquered, overcome, or subdued. St'uth. €ON"aUEK-A-HLE-NESS, n, A sUite thai admits of being conquen-d. eON'tlUER-EU, (konk'erd,) pp. or a. Overcome; subdued ; vanquished ; gained ; won. eON'CiUER-E.SS, n. A female who conquers; a vic- torious fir-male. FairfiLx. CO\'UUER-ING, ppr. or a. Overcoming ; subduing ; vanquishing; obtaining. CO.N'aUEtt-I.NG-LV, (konk'er-) ailc By conquering. eO\'aUEll-0K, (konk'er-ur,) n. One who conquers ; one who gain^* a victory; one who subdues and brings into subjection or possession, by force or by influence. The man who defeats his antagonist in cornhiit Is a conqueror, as is the general or admiral who defeats his enemy. CO.N'UUEST, (konk'west,) n. [Fr. eonquHe: It. con- quista ; Sp. id. ; L. cotiqitisitus, qms-Httui, qwestus, from quaro, to seek. The h. quasivij qatesitas, coincides in elemenls with the VV. ccisiaw, Eth. /UJUJ Class Gs, No. 35. The primary sense is to seek, to press or drive toward.] I. Thi! act of conquering; the act of overcoming or vanquishing opi>osition by force, physical or moral. jjpplirjl to prrxoiu, territory, and the tike, it usually im- plies or includes a taking possession of; as, the con- que.it o( Caniuiix by the British troops. So we speak of the conquest of the he.irt, the passions, or the will. % Victory ; success in arms ; the overcoming of opposition. hi joys otconqiiett he nmgivt hi* lirextli. Addiron. 3. That which is conquered ; possession gained by force, physical or moral ; as, Jamaica was a valuable comiuesl for England. 4. In a feudal sense, ncqilest ; accpiisition ; the ac- quiring of property by other^neans tlian by inherit- ance, or the acquisition of proiH.Tty by a number in conununity, or by one fur all the others. Blaefcsto ne. En eye. 5. In the law of nations, the acquisition of sove- reignly by fnrce of arms. Th» ri'ht o( confuett '» dorivnl from the lawi of war. Encye, 6. The act of gaining or regaining by effort ; as, the conquest of liberty or (wace ; a Errnch phrase. eO.N-SAN-GUIN'E-OLTS, a, [L. eon.mitnuineus, infra.] Of the same blood ; related by birth ; descended from the same parent or ancestor. Shak. eO.N-SA.N GIJIN'I-TY, n. [I* eonsan^uinitas ; con and .lanffuii, bl- lo its dictates. Locke. Court of conscience : in En^^land, a court estai)lishcd for the recovery of small debts, in London and other tradine cities and districts. Blackstone. eON'SCIENCE-LESS, a. Having no conscience. Hooker, eON'SCIENCE-PROOF, a. Proof against the com- punctions of conscience. eON'SCIEXCE-SMIT'T£X, a. SmiUtn by con- science; stung with remorse. AlUn. eON'SCIENC-£D, (kon'shensht,) a. Having con- science. South. eOX'SCIENT, a. Conscious. [J^'ot iwed.} Bacon, €ON-SCI-EN'TlOlIS, (kon-she-en'shus,) a. Influ- enced by conscience ; governed by a strict regard to the dictates of conscience, or by the known or sup- posed rules of right and wrong ; as, a conscienttous judge. 2. Regulated by conscience ; according to the dic- tates of conscience ; as, a conscientious probity. L'E:^tranTe. €ON-SCI-EX'TIOUS-LY, adv. According to the di- rection of conscience ; witli a strict regard to right and wrong. A man mnv err eonseieHtiou.tluced iuto Fntiirt> :\i tbe tiiun of Ihe rvviilution. BranJe. CON'SIVti'KATK, r. t. [1,, trtn-tfcro ; ce* and sacro^ to Cv'! I. See Saobkh.] sacred, by ct-rtain cer- t! .:l' to sacred uses ; to set tuMii, ut-uiLui.1-, ur ut><>ir,iM liic scrvice Olid wonliip of Uod ; BS, to cmwconote a cburch. 1>iDa ilnlt CDfifaonUfl Amma and hia Mtw. — E*od. siU. AU tbe u)*er, itn.l F(»t>l, »iul Trwr>U of bram d inMi, ate cofi- Movtirf v> iht? LMia. — Joab. «i. 3. To canimize ; to exalt to the rank of a aaint ; to enroll among the gods, as a Roman empercr. 3. To 8«c apart and Uess the cic uicnu in tbe rucha- ri5t. 4. To render TeneraMe ; to make respected ; as, niL-^ itr pniiriples emueermltd by time. COX'.SR-€RA TE, a. Sacred ; conaecrated ; devoted ; dedicated. Tbf/ aert btbrf lU m0m tdimm mmd.wmUss ht pttnf.] -TED, pp. or «. Hade aocnsd by rere- eOX'SB^RA-TED, Riuaiea or aoleaui rit«a ; acpotntod Aom a oomnmn to a stcred use ; devoted or dedknted to tbe service and wonhjp of Ood ; made reoeiablo. CON'SE-eUA-TED-NESS, a. 8tate»or being conse- cnied. eON'SK CRA TING, ppr. or «. Makinp sacred ; ap- pnt'.mattQe to a -niinoD to a sacred use, or uf dcvo- tUowiBgof*eotir8c OMert. eON'?Ee-TA-RV, a. [h. ctfiwMtanw, frrnn etnutcctor, i^ (Utow ; eom and Mctor, MfiMr. See Ssca.] Fullowing ; cunaeqoeal j cooaequential i dcducible. Brvten. eON'SEe-TA-RV, a. That which foll^-ws ; conse- quence ; deduction from premises j corUlary. €ON-SE-€t>'TI0.V. «. [L. ct*n->Mitio, from aautmor, to fuUoW ; eon and sequor^ to fullow. See Sckk.] 1. A following or scqu^i ; train of conscsed ; as, a {larent gives h!-« corLtnt to tbe raarrinee of his daugUtcr. We prnerally use this word in cases where power, rights, and flaims. are concerned. We give cviuent, wlifu \vt- yiystem atlicts Born<- distant part. This cnnsfHt is snpixwed to exist in, c»r be pnidnced bv> tbe nerves, and tbenlVictiuna to be cmnmiinicatMil from one part to anollier by niean^ of Uicir niniirlcarKms and distrihuiiuns ihrough the body. Thus the stone in tlie hladdiT, by velli- catini* the fib* rs, will produce sijasnis anil colic in Uie btiwels ; a ^liami-fUl thing seen iir heard will pro- duce blubbing in tlie diet k a. Quincy. Encyc. But niiiuy facts indicate that other causes than nervous coninmnication produce sympathy, CON-I^E^lT', V. i. [L. eoasmtio. See tlie noun.] 1. LitrrtUliiy to think with another. Hence, to agree or accord. More generally, to agree in mind and will; lo yield to wliat one has the power, the right, ur the di^{>ositioM to witbbold^ or refui^e to grant. ir Hiin^n ««iop ihrr, coiuent ihou not. — Prov. L Ari tbe unr^tirwcd l»**it- Anon. eO\SE.\-TA'NE-OUS-LY, adt. Agrt;eably j con- 9isi»-nily ; stiitahlv. eON-SEX-TA'NE-6US-\ESS, a. Agreement; ac- cordaiire ; consistency. DicL eOX-.'^EXT'ER^ B. One who consents. COX-SEX 'TIE.NT, (koD-sen'sbent,) a. [L. consentiens, COJtsr»fio.] .\grei;iiig in mind ; accordant in opinion. The Atnbwrtqr doe lo itae nMWtrUicHf )uJi|[inent of Ihr church. Pear ton, eOX'SE-QIJEXCE, N. [I>. COTMeyacnfta, from eonse- qaor; evn and sequor^ to follow. See 8e£K.] L That which follows from any act, cause, princi- ple, or inTtes of actions, llfucc, an event or effect produc4*d by some preceding act or cause 6hun the biurr aom*ejumtce ; for know. Tbe d.\jr thou ntcst iherroi; thou shftlt tUe. MVlon. The rofiMTUcnco of h>t^riiix:raiiee w d'mgnct, poT«rtj', diacasp, niid prriiknlure death. 2. In lo^if, a proposition collected from the agree- ment of other previous propositions ; the conclusion which results from reason or argument ; inference ; deduction. Krerjr mtk^iiKl bring ]a nccountnble to hia MakT ; man u a ntti'Minl I'-ing; thr^ ajnsequenct theu musL be, that iiuui is MCoUIlUl'l'^ Ui hia Mnk'T. Fnia ihi» tntiti of arguiTiciit, the Ofntequenet b obvioaa. 3. Connection of cause and effect ; consecution. ] f.-lt ThtU T mim aft/r Ihee, with tfab my aoa ; Slid) tuiU cunteijuence unitos u> three. MUton. 4. Influence; tendency, as to effects. The sense of o/rusequeHce, in this use, is modified by the words connected with it; a*i, "it is of little consequence,^' that is, of little importance, small effL-cts will fnltow ; ** it isof «o consrquencey" of no moment, no effect of importance will foilow ; " it is of gre/it eonscqaeiice,'' of great importance, great effects will follow. 5. ImjMrtance; extent^ive influence; distinction; as, a man of great consequence in society. In consequence ; by means of ; as the effect of. eOX'SE-QUE.N'T, a, [L. consrqueiis.] 1. FoUowmg as the natural effect ; with to or otu Tbe n£rhi wu eonaeqtunt to, and built on, &a act perf-cdj per- ■oraL Locke. HiB poTerty wu ocwMpMnf on bis vieca. 2. Following by necessary inference or rational deduction ; as, a proposition consequent to other prop- ositions. eOX'SE-UUEXT, ju Effect ; that which follows a cause. Thoy vfxn ill gtyrcroed, wliich b always a eojite^uent of ill- fKiymrnl. Daoiet. 2. Tiiat which follows from propositions by rational dedurtitm ; that which is deduced from reasoning or arcumentation ; a conclriifion or inference. €OX-SE-aUEX'TlAL, a. Following as the effect; CON produced by the connection of effects with causes; as, a consti/uential evil. 2. Having tbe consequence justly connected with the premises ; conclusive. Th^ac arguments are highly come/uential and cnucludcDt lo my |>uri»u. Hai^. 3. Important. 4. Assuming the .lir of a person of consequence ; pompous ; uppticfl to per.ipns. €ON .'^EUUE\'TIAL-LY,adu. With just deduction of consequences ; with right connection of ide.ia. 2. By consequence ; not immediately ; eventuftlly South. 3. In a regular series ; in the order of cause and effect. JItMiiOR. 4. With assumed importance ; with conceit. CttinpbelL €ON-SE-aUEX'TIAL-NES8, n. Kegular consecu- tion in difjc^urse. DicL €OX'SE-UUE\T-LY,nWr. By consequence; by ne- cessary connection of effects witli their causes ; in consequence of something. €0\'yi-l-aUEXT-XES.S, n. Regular connection of propcx-iitions AtUowIng each other ; consecntiun of discourse. [lAttie u-scrf.] Digby. eON-SEK'TION, n. ^L. conscro, eonscHum.] Junction; adaptation. Younff. €ON-t^ERV'A-BLE, o, [See Conserve.] That may be kejrt or preserved from decay or injury. eON-SERV'AN-CY, n. [h. eonscrvans. See Co.-?- SERVE.] A court of conservancy is held by the hml mayor of London, fur tbe preservation of the fislicry on the Thiinies. Johnson. €OX-HERV'ANT, a. Preserving; having the power or quality of preserving from decay or destruction. €ON-SER-VA'TION, n, [L. M/werrofio. See Con- 8EBVE.] The act of prc.ser\'in|r, guarding, or protectine ; pn-scrvation from loss, decay, injury, or violation ; the keeping of a thing in a safe or entire ytiite ; n-t, the ci*7i,vtrna/ion of bodies from perishing; the coiiser- ration of tbe peace of society ; tbe cuimervation of privileges. €OX-SEKV'A-TISM, n. The desire and effort of preserving what is established. €OX-SERV'A-TlVE, a. Preservative ; having power to preserve in a safe or entire state, or from loss, waste, or injury. Peacham. eOXSERV'A-TIVE, n. One who aims to preserve from ruin, innovation, injur>', or radical change ; one who wishes to maintain an institution, or form of govrrninentj in ila present state. [Mudern u.-ia<'p.'\ €OX-SER-VA'TOR, n. A preserver; one who pre- serves from injury or violation, jjjipropnutcltj. an officer wIjo has the charge of preserving the public peace, as judges and sberiffit ; also, an otbcer who has the charge of preserving the rights and privileges of a city, corporation, or community, as in Roman Catholic tmiversities. It ii^ a word of extensive ap- plicatii)n. 2. In Conneetiait,3. per^fon appointed tosuperlntnnd idiots, lunatics, &,c., manage their property, and pre- serve it from waste. eON-SERV'A-TO-RY, a. Having the quality of pre- serving from loss, decay, or injury. €OX-SERV'A-TO-RV, n. A place for preserving any thing in a ?tate desired, as fmm loss, decay, waste, or injury. Thu.«, a fish-pond for keeping fish, a grnnnry f()r corn, an ice-house for ice and other ihinc-s, a receptacle for water, &.c., are called con- gervatoriej!, 2. A greenhouse for exotics, often attached to a dwelling-house as an ornament. In large f(jn.*/*rrfl- torics, properly so ciilled, the plants are reared on the free soil, and not in pots. Brande. 3. A society for promoting, or for preserving, music in good taste. eoX-SERVE', (kon-serv',) v. t. [L. eonservo ; eon and servo, to hold, keep, or guard ; Fr. conservcr; It. ennservare ; Sp. eonservur. See Class Sr, No. 34, 38, 39, 40. 45, and Class Dr, No. 32.] To keep in a safe or sound state ; to save ; to pre- serve from loss, decay, waste, or injury ; to def<*nd from violation ; as, to eon.servr. bodies from perishing ; to conserve the peace of society ; to con.tcrve fruits, roots, and herbs, with sugar, &,c. €0N'1?ERVE, 7t. A sweetmeat made of fresh fruits, &c., beat into one uniform nmas, with fine sugar, and without boiling. Encyc. of Dom. Ficon. 2. In pA-rwi«cy, a similar prejiaration, designed it* preserve the flowers, herbs, roots, or fruits of sim- ples, as nearly as [>ossilile, in their natuml fresh Elate. Fresh vegetables and sugar of the consistence of honey. Encyc. Coze. 3. A conservatory. \_J'iit. iv. ItjtMi Ihmi ronjri'fcre^ my sprranl Job f — Job t. ConthUr liw lili-:s t>t the fitkl how tlicy grow. —Mutt. vi. 2. To view attentively ; to observe and examine. Th*? priesi shall eonader the leprwy. — Lct. xiii. 3. To attend to ; to relieve. BlrssmJ is lie that considerelh the poor. — Ps. xU- 4. To have regard to ; to re?pect. I*t lis coTtairtttr oiw another to pwrokc to Iotc Hid to good works. — Heb. x. 5. To tike into view in examination, or into ac- count in estimates ; as, in adjii;4iing accounts, ser- vices, lime, and expi-nse, ought to be considered. 6. In the imperative, ccrwiticr is equivalent to, think with care, attend, examine the subject with a view to truth or the consequences of a measure. So we use set, ohserre, think, attend, 7. To requite ; tn reward ; particularly for gratui- tous services. €ON-SID'ER, r. i. To think seriously, maturely, or carefully ; to rcflecL Notw mnndereih in hb h^Ait, neiihrr U there kiiowledga or und-Titini ling. — '■. xl'"- Id thn (t»y of adrerehy connder. — Zce.\"». vil. 2. To deliberate ; to turn in the mind, as in the case erf" a single person ; to deliberate or conxutt, as numbers; sometimes followed by qf; as, I will coa- tider your case, or of your case. The iiposlW Rntl plden come together lo miwder of Ihii m»l»-r. — Act* XV. 3. To doubt ; to hesitate. Drydcn, €ON-SID'ER-A-BLE.a. [Fr.andSp. SceCusaiDER-J That may be consinered ; that is to be observed, re- marked, or attended to. It ia considerable, that wm^ nms have ha.1 InacriptionB on thfm, expre«inj that Uic lamps were burning. »rUktn: [ TTUs priTTUiry use of the word is obsolescent^ or very rarelt/ useton. eON-HID'EK-ATE-LV, a//o. With ddibenition ; with due considi^rati(Mi ; calmly ; prud*-nlly. Bacon. eON-J^ID'ER-ATE-NESS, n. Prudence; calm del ib- e rat ion eON-Sll>-ER-A'TrON, n. [U consideration SeeCotc- •IDBR.] 1. The ucl of considering ; mental view ; regard ; notice ; as, let us tiike into eimsidcration the conse- quences of a hasty deci^'ion. 2. Mature thought ; serious delibernlioD. Let M ililtih with eonsideration, Sidtty. 3. Contemplation ; meditation. Tho Ic/r vou b'ar to Mopsa halh brought you to the eonsuUra- Hon of Ik* virtues. Sidney. 4. Some degree of importance ; claim to notice, or regard ; a moderate degree of respectability. Luciin is an author of connleration among the Latin nw-ts. Adiliaon. ; motive of action ; in- 5. That which is considered fluence ; ground of conduct. He was obliffcd, antecedent to aU other contideraSoiu, to search ail asyhim. Dryden. 6. Reason ; that which induces to a determina- tion ; a.«, he was moved by the cvnsidcratiAJus set be- fore him. 7. In law, tlie reason which moves a contracting party to enter into an agreement ; the material cause of a contract ; the price or motive of a stipulation. In all contracts, each party gives something in ex- change for what he receives. A contract is an agreement, upon sufficient consid- eration. This contiiideration is erpre^is or implied ; cx- nrf.v.f, when the thing to be given or done is speci- fied ; implied, when no specific coiie=ideration is agreed upon, but justice requires it and the law implies it; a"*, when a man labors for another, without stipu- latiTiff for wages, the law infers that he shall receive a retisonable eon.iidcration. A good consideration is that of blood, or natural love ; a valuable consideration is such as monev, marriage, &c. Hence, a considera- tion is an equiv"al«ut or recomjwnse; that which is g-ipen as of equal estimated value with that which is receivcii. €OX-SID'ER-A-TIVE, a. Taking into consideration. [Littlr iisrd.] eON-SID'EH -/H), pp. Thought of with care; pon- dered ; viewed attentively ; diliberated on ; exam- ined. eON-SID'ER-ER, n. A thinker; one who considers : a man of reflection. JConsidebatob i$ not in use.] €ON'-t?in'ER-I.\G, ppr. Fixing the mind on ; medi- tating on ; pondering ; viewing with care and atten- tion ; deliberating on. JV(;(e. — We have a peculiar use of this word, which may be a corruption for considered, or which may be a deviation from analogy by an insensible chiinge in the structure of the phrase. " It is not pos- sible for ns to act otherwise, ciTTtstrfcrmjj- the weakness of our nature." As a participle, this word must here refer to us, or the sentence can not be resolved by any rule of fcigliah syntax. It would be correct lo say, « II is not possible fur ns to act otherwise, the weak- ness of our nature being considered; " or, " We, con- sitlerinfT the weakness of our nature, can not act oth- erwise." But the latter phrase is better grammar than it is sense. We u.se other participles in like manner ; as, '^.^llotein^ for tare, the weight could not be more than a hundred pounds." These and simi hir phrases are anomalous. Hut considering is no mote A kind of conjHnctiony in such a phrase, than it is a nmin. eON-SID'ER-ING, n. The act of deliberating, or carefully attending lo ; hesitation; as, many mazed considerings. Shak. €ON-J«II)'ER-ING-LY, ado. With consideration or delihenition. Whole Duty of Man. CONSIGN', (kon-winc',) p. L [L. consi^io, lo seal or sign ; con nnd siffno,Ui seal orptamp; aig-Hum, a sign, seal, or mark ; It. consegnare, to dept»sit, deliver, con- sign ! 'fip. const 9-nar; Y'r. eonsig^ier. (See Sign.) The sense is, to set to, to thrust, or send.] 1. To give, send, or set over ; lo transfer or deliver Into the [Hwsession of nnolhtr, or into a dirterenl stale, with the sense of fixedness in thai stale, or permanence of possession j as, at death the body ia conjfiiptetl to the grav«. At ihe d!\r wf p-nerd account, good men are to be coruigittd oi>er to haoihct sUte. AUerbun/. a. To deliver or transfer, aa a charge or trust ; to commit ; as, lo consign a youlh lo the care of a pre- ceirtor ; to eonsiitn goodi lo a factor. 3. To set over or commit, fi>r permanent preserva- tion ; as, lo eonsi^ a. hisUiry to writing. jSdditon. 4. To appropriate. Dryden. €0N-SI(;N', (ktui-slne',) v. i. To submit to the same terms with another ; also, to sign ; to agree or con- sent. [Obt.] Shak. eON eiG-NA''riON, It. The act of consigning ; the art of drhvering or committing to another person, place, or Rtale. CON suniis, delivers, or ci.muiiu goods or other things in trusl to nnothi'r fur sale, or 8U|K'rintendencc. €ON-SIONI-FI-eA'T10N, n. [See SioniFV.l Joint sicnlficalion. "?'Vf' eON-SlG-Nll"I-eA-TIVE, a. [Sec Siokift.) Hav- ing a like signiOcation, or jointly sii-nificntive. VaUuiicey^ Oram, 07. eON-SIGN'ING, (kon-sIne'-,)n>r. DcliverinR to anoth- er in trust; sending or committing, as a possession or charjre. eON-SICN'MENT, (kon-sine'-,) ?i. The act of eon- signing ; consignation ; the act of sending or coni- mittiiig, as a cliarge for safe keeping or management i the act of depositing witli, as goods for sale. a. The thing consigned \ the goods sent or deliv- ered to a factor for sale ; as, A received a large con- gitramrnt of good.' from B. 3. The writing bv which any thing is consigned. eON-SI.M'I-LAR, ol Having common resemblance. [Little u.wrf.l ,,. , €ON-S[-MIL'l-TUDE,7i. Resemblance. [hMle uned.] eO.\-.SI.S'r', «. i. [L. cunnisto ! con and *m(o, to stand j Sp. consislir i If. comi^tere i Fr. consistrr.] 1. To stand together ; to be in a It-xed or perma- nent state, as a body composed of parts in union or connection. Hence, to be ; lo exist ; to subsist ; to be supported and maintained. He was bofore all tiling*, and by him all Ihloga conswi. — anfisrutdon to et«mid rtiln. TVtjtor. Dra{>air U a o-ruln [rjtUe lucd.] [Sec Coksiommekt.] eON'SIO'NA TIJRE, B. Full signature ; joint sign- ing or stamping. eO.N-SIO.V'A'l), (kon Bind',) pp. Delivered; com- mittiMl for keeping or management ; deposited in trust. eoN-SI'. eON-SO'CIATE, m. [L. a>nsoci4Uus. See Ihe next wonl.] An associate ; a partner or conft'derate ; an nccom- ptice. Hajfward, CO\--«0'CIATE, p. e. [L. ronsodatu0t (Vom emwecM ; ten and sociOf to unite ; sociiUy a companion. See 1. To anite ; to join ; to araoclate. Wottan, 3. To cement or bold in close union. BmnuL 3 To unite in an aMrmbly or convention, u pas- ton and messengers, or delegates of churdies. Saybrook Ptmtfinm. €OX-S0'CIATE, r. i. To unite ; to coalesce. Aest/ry. 2. To unite, or meet in a body ; to form a consocl- ai ion of pastors and messengers. Sofhrook Platform. €0\-sr>CI.\ TED, fp. or s. Associated in a body. €O.N-Srt'l'IA-TFN0, fp-. Uniting in a body. eON-SO-Ci-ATION, (kon-ao4b»-i'staun,) n, Inti- mate Dnif^ — PUk^M. T. 9. That which comforts or r eft t wh es the mirits ; the cause of comfort ; as, tbe etm m lnfim at Israel. Lukt it. €ON"SO-LA-TOR, a. One who comftirts. €ON-i^OI/A-TO-Rr, «. [L. amsolmtmiu.] Tending In eive comfurt ; refreshing to tbe mind ; a«!aia!!iniE fricf. Hoitril. €0.\-SOL'.\-TO-RY, a. A ^)cech or writing oon- lainine topics of cttmfurt. M'dUm, €ON4;6LE', r. t [L. kommUt ; It. conMlarr ,- So. cffn- • mtari Ft. csju«I«r. Tbe primary sense is either to •ct or allay, to give rest or quiet, Ar. ^Lw# tola, Heb. nhv ; or ibe sense is to Btren|:then, in which case it coincides wiib the roM of tolU. The latter is most probable.] To comfort : to chi?crlhe mind in difttress or de- piesston ; to alleviate prief, and give rcfrt^shment to tbe mind or spirits ; to give contcntmcnl ur moderate happiness, by relieving from di-tn-ss. The promises of the pospel may welt console the Chri^ian in all the afilictions of life ; it is a const^ing redoction that the evils of life are temporary. I un moch cam»oltd bj the wfcciinw thai Uk Rltfion of Chrut 1ms t»^n »ttacked m nin I17 ftU Ifae viu xnd phtkiwplmm, uid iu trinaipli hu heca Mifkie. P. Htnnf. eON'S<^LE, v. [Ft.] In mrdiiUetMr^^ m bracket, or sboulder-pi«rce ; ur an ornament cut uptm the key of an arch, which Ilas a prujecture, and, on orrasion, snres to support little cornices, figures, busts, and rases. Encyc eOX-SCL'JED, jip. Comfcwted ; cheered. eO\-^0L'ER, n. One that gives comfort. eOX-SOL'I-DAXT, a. [See Co;«9olidate.1 Having the qunliiv of uniting wounds, or funning new flesh. €OX-SOL'i-DA.Vr, n. A medicine that heals or nnites the pirts of wounded flesh. Cotm. eOX-£!OL,'I-DATE, v. L [IL eausolidare: Fr. eon*oli~ ier: Sp. cansalidari eon and L. soltdtLS^ solid. See Solid.] 1. To make solid ; to unite or press together loose or separate parts, and fonn a cumpaci mass j to harden or make dense and firm. Up fixjcd sod tamaoMalmi tbe earth tbrm Ihe watm. Burnet. 3. To unite tbe parts of a broken bone, or the lips of a wound, by means of applications. Encye. 3. In a store gaural sertse, to unite various partic- ulars intd «ken at tbe head, dryneM maketh Ifaetn idor «pC Baeon. CON €ON-SOL'l-DATE, a. Formed into a solid mass. Elyot. €ON-SOL'I-DA-TED,pp. ora. Made solid, hard, or compact ; united. €OX-.t(>cks. Brandt. €OX'SO-N'ANCE, a. [Fr., from L. consonantia^ con- sonanSf from eonsono, to sound together ; con and sono^ to sound. See Sound and Tost.] I. Accord or agreement of sounds. In music, con- sonanee is an accord of sounds, simultaneously prt^v tluced, which creates an agreeable sensation in the ear as the third, fifth, and eiglith. It defies, also, tbe according intervals. When the intervatof a con- sonance is iiivariahle, it is called perfeet; but when it may be either majt>r or minor, it is termed imperfect. Busby. 3. Agreement ; accord ; congniity ; consistency ; agrrcnbleness ; suitableness ; as, the consonance of opiniitiis among judges j the consonancs of a ritual to tite Scriptures. eoN'SO-N^XT, a. Agre^g ; according; congru- ous ; conawent ; followed^nerally by to; sometimes by m'cA; as, tbis rate is consonant to Scripture and reason. 9. In music, composed of consonances; as, conso- nant intervali«if €Oi\'SU-NANT, m. A letter, or element of speech, having either no vocality, nsp and the other muu;s, or only an imperfect viMralily, as i, J, &c. For this reason, c^msonants are ordinarily sounded only in connection with a vowel, nnd hence the nume. Tho consonants are belter aillcd articulationsfgafi they are tbe names given to the sevenil closing.^ or junctions of the organs of speech, which precede and follow the openings of the organs with which the vowirls are uttered. These closings are pcrferx, and wholly intercept the voice, as in tlic syllables eA-, eo, ct, or imprrfect, and admitting some t:lighl sound, as in ma, em. Hence, some articulations are called mutesj and others semi-covrris. The consonants begin or end s)-llubles, and their use is to determine the ninn- ner of beginning or ending the vocal sounds. These closings or configurations of the organs, being vari- ous, serve to divei^ify the syllables, as in uttering ba^ da, pa, or oA, ad, ap ; and, although b and p nviy ha considered as reprosenting no sounds at all, yet they so niodifv the utterance of ab, ay, or ba, pa, that the slight difference between these articulations may be Eerceived as far as the human voice can be distinctly eard. €ON'SO-NAA'T-LY, adv. Consistently; in agree- ment. €ON'SO-NANT-XESS, n. Agreeablcness ; consist- ency. €ON'SO-XOU3, a. [L. consonus.J Agreeing in sounu ; syniphonious. eON-i^O PI-ATE, r. L To lull asleep. [^"01 used.] €0\-SO-PI-A'TI0N, n. A luUing asleep. [JVb( used.] CON'SO-PITE, r. U [L. cotisopio.] To compose ; to lull to sleep. [JVo£ used.] €OX'SO-PITE, a. Calm; composed. [JVotused.] More. €ON'SORT, n. [L. consors; con and sors, sort, state, kind.] 1. A companion ; a partner; an intimate associate ; particularly, a partner of the bed ; a wife or husband. He Bin»!e clwee lo li»e, and ihunnwl to ued, Well ^eoA-fl U> want a contort of hit bed. Dryden. 2. An assembly or association of persons, convened for consultation. Spenser. 3. Union ; conjunction ; concurrence. Ailerbary. 4. A number of instruments played together ; a symphony ; a concert. In this sense concert is now used. 5. In navigaiiany any vessel keeping company with another. ^uecn c(msort; the wife of a king, as distinguished from a queen reptant, who rules alone, and a muen doiras^rr, the widow of a king. eOX-SORT', T. i. To associate ; to unite In company ; to keep company ; fuUowed by viith. Which of the Grecian chiefs contoTU \oiih lliee i Dryden. €ON-SORT', ». t. To join ; to marry. ■Wiih hia coTuorUd Efe. Milton. CON Q. To unite in company. He brgiii* to coruorl himacir with men. Lotk: 3. To accompany. {Kvt itsed.] Shak. eON-SOUT'A-HLE, a. Suitable. Wotton. CDN-SOKT'ED, ///). United in marriage. Milton. COX-SOIvT'ING, ppr. Uniting in company with ; as- sociating. €ON-S0K'TION n. Fellowship. [J^ot used.] Brown. eoX'SOllT-SHIP, «. Fellowship; partnership. eON'SOUND, n. The name of several species of plants. eON-SI'EC'TA-nLE, a. Easy lo be seen. C0i\-SPKC'T10N, n. A b.'hulding. [A;.« used.] eo.\-.SPl-:e-TO'I-TY, n. Sight ; view. [JVvt used.] €ON-yPI-:it'SION, n. A sprinkling. [J^utused.] eOiN-SPieO'I-TV, TU Couspicuousness; brightness. [Lttlle used.] Shak. eOiN-SPIClI-OUS, a. [h. conspicuvs, from conspicio, to look or see ; con and specio, to see. See Species.] 1. Open to the view ; obvious to the eye ; easy to be seen ; manifest ; as, to stand In a conspicuous place. Or cum? I lesi conajncwan. MUton, 2. Obvious to the mental eye; clearly or extensive- ly known, perceived, or understood. Hence, emi- nent ; famous ; distinguished ; as, a man of conspic- uous talents : a lady of conspicuous virtues. eON-SPie'U-OUS-LY, arff. In a conspicuous man- ner ; obviously ; in a manner to be clearly seen ; em- inently ; remarfcablv. eON-SPie'U-OUS-NESS, n. Openness or exposure to the view ; a state of being visible at a distance; as, the cotuipicuousness of a tower. 2. Eminence; fame; celebrity: renown; a state of being extensively known and distinguished ; as, the con.'^ieuousness of an author. €ON-SPIR'A-CY, M. [L. conspiratio, from conspiro. See Conspire.] 1. A combination of men for an evil purpose ; an agrecntent, between two or more persons, to commit some crime in concert; particularly, a combination to commit treason, or excite sedition or insurrection, against the government of a slate ; a plot ; as, a con- spiracy against the life of a king ; a conspiracy against the government. Mure Ih.ia forty had mnde this corxtpiracy, — Acu xxili. 2. In law, an agreeinent between two or more per- sons, falsely and maliciously to indict, or procure to be indicted, an innocent person of felony. Blaclistone, 3. A concurrence ; a general tendency of two or more causes to one event. Sidney, €ON-SPIU'ANT, a. [L. conspirans.\ Conspiring; plotting; engaging in a plot to com- mit a crime. Shak. eoN-SPI-RA'TION, n. Conspiracy; agreement or concurrence of things to one end. eoN-SPIR'A-TOK, n. One who conspires; one who engages in a plot to commit a crime, particularly treason. 2. In law, one who agrees with another falsely and maliciously lo indict an innocent person of felony. By the British statute, a conspirator is defined to be one who bhids himself by oath, covenant, or other alliance, to assist another falsely and maliciously to indict a person, or falsely to maintain pleas. Eneyc. COi\-BPIK.E', V. i. [L. coTtspiro, to plot ; con and 5p^ TO, to breathe. But tbe primary sense is, to throw, lo wind ; hence spira, a fold, circle, wreath, or band ; and Ihe sense of the verb is, to breathe together, or, more probably, to wind or band together.] 1. 'I'o agree, by oath, covenant, or otherwise, to commit a crime ; to plot ; to hatch treason. The 8-rvants of AmrtiDn conwpirtd a^^irut him, and slew tbe king ill his own house. —2 Kings xx'u TV-y contpirtd ag^iiisi J a eonalanl bodjr. Boyle, [In thit sense not usrd.] 2. Fixed ; not varied ; unchanged ; permanent j im- mutable. Th- wotIU *• ft •«» of ehan*^, and to bo COruiatU, In nUurr, were incointancy. CowUy, 3. Fixed nr firm in mind, purpose, affection, or principle ; unshaken j unmoved ; as, a constant friend or lover. 4. Certain; Rtendy ; firmly adhernnt; with to; as, H man conjttaiU to his purpose or to his duties. €t)N'STANT, n. In phtjsicjt, that which remainn un- changed or invariable. Thus a quantity, force, law, Sec, when it continues unchanged, is called a ton- .sUttit. P. Cye. €O.\-8TAX-TI-N0-P0L'LTAX, a. Relating to t'on- stantinoplej^the metroixjlis of the empire of Turkey. Cf>.\'.^TANT-LY, Of/. Finnly; steadily; invariably; continually ; perseveringiy. Kliolx contlanUy nUinii^ that It wnj ft^n ao. — AeU tK. TItnK Uiiiigs I will ttiMl lhi>a aflirm conttantly, — Til. lii. CON'STAT, II. [L., it appears.] In England, a cer- tificate given by the clerk of the pipe and auditors of the exchequer to a person who intendtclla- ; tions. J' Barlow. eON-STEL-LX'TION, n. A cluster, asspinhlage, or group, of fixed stars ; a numb«.'r uf stars which appear as if tiittiated near each other in the heavens, and are considered as furuiinga particular division. The constellations are reiluced mostly to the figures of certain animals or oUier known things, as the bear, the bull, the ram, the balance, &c. Kur ilic BUira or hcaruii, and tlie cotttUllationt tiir^Tvuf, nli'.iU not give Uuir lighu — !■- xiii. 2. An assemblage of splendors or excellences. €Oi\-STER-N.A'TlON, n, [L. comtcrnaliv, from con- stf^mo ; con and sterno., to throw or strike down.] Astonishment ; amazement or horror that confounds the faculties, and incapacitates a person for consulta- tion and execution ; excessive terror, wonder, or sur- prise. South. €ON'STI-PATE, V. t. [L. constipo ; con and .stipo, to crowd, or cram, Eng. to stuff, to stop. See Stufk and Stoi".] 1. To crowd or cram into a narrow compass ; to thicken or condense. Bacon. 2. To stop, by filling a p^assage, and preventing motion ; as, to constipate capillary vess<-ls. .^rbuVinot. 3. To fill or crowd the intestinal canal, and make costive. Browiu eON'STI-PA-TED, pp. Made costive. eON'STI-PA-TING, ^pr. Making costive. €ON-Sn-PA'TION, n. The act of crowding any thing into a less compass ; a pressing together ; con- dt^nsntion ; as, a close cosing, or making, as an essential part; as, oxy- gen and hydrogen are the eonstiUieni parts of water. Botlr. ■oul, and rejuoii, nit: Lite ihrw eonttifusnt parti vfo. mim. Dryden. 2. Having the power of constituting or appointing. A qui^iion of righlariici bttwoen the con»lUuenl and n-pr-'n-nl- Rtive Uxly. Juniut. €ON-STIT'lI-ENT, n. He or that which sets, fixes, or furms ; he or that which constitutee or comitoses. Their Um composure ui'l origination requiK'a n higher and no* bli-r conadtufM than chance. Halt, Q. That which constitutes or composes, as a part, or an essential part. 3. A term applied to those who appoint or elect some one aa their re prose nUitive to an office or em- ployment. Burke. €ON'STI-T0TE, r. U [U constituo i con and staiuo, to s<;t. (See Statue, Statute.) It. constituire; 8p. constituir; Fr. conjttituer,] 1. To set ; to fix ; to enact ; to establish. Wp muBi obey Inwt niryviint^ nm) coTUtiUiUd bj lawOil niithor- ity, not a^iiinitt llic law o( God. lUijtor. 2. To form or compose ; to give fonnal existence to ; to make a thing what it is. Perspicuity ecnsti- tutfs tlie prime excellence of style. 3. To appomt, depute, or elect, to an office or em ploytnent ; to make and empower. A sheritf is con- stUatrd a conservator of the peace ; A has constituted B his attorney or agent. eON'STI-TOTE, n. An established law. [Obs.] €ON'STI-T0-TED,pp. ora. Set; fixed- established; made ; elected; appointed. eON'STI-TO-TED AU-THOR'l TIES, n. pi The niagistmte'? or ir<»vernors of a people, //. JMore. eO.N^STI-TO-TER, n. One wlio constitutes or ap- points. CON'STI-TO-TING, ppr. Setting ; establishing ; com- posing:; elerting ; apjH>inting. eoiV'STI-TO'TKJ.N, n. 'J'he act of constituting, ennctinc, establishine, or apiwiinting. 2. The stale of Inking ; that form of l>eing, or pe- culiar structure and connection of part.s, which makes or character iww a syittem or botly. Hence, the particular frame or temperament (»f the htiman body is called its constitution. VVc speak of a robust or fef:ble constitution; a fold, phlegmalic, sanguine, or irritable constitution. We speak of the constitution of the air, or other substance ; the eonstituiioa of the solar system ; the constitution of things. 3. The frame or temper of minil, ufiijctiona, or passions. 4. The established furm of government in a stdte. kingdom, or c;tber or closea an onnca of the body ; aa, the eom- struiar Uburrum^ a muscle of the lips. Kneyc 9. A term apfklied *to large serpents which crush tbeir prey in their foldi, as the Boa Cff^Hruiory k,c* Brands. eON-^TRIXGE', (kon-slrinj',) r. t [L. coMstritigo, See Ck'W«T«Ai:«.] To draw together ; to strain into a rwirrow com- PBss ; to contract ; to force to contract itselC OMagBquoCT cMMrwifff, hudmlke fins, ud co^ |^l»Jtb e €ON-STRtN'6'EDjjip. Contracted ; drawn tocetber. €ON-STRlN6 EXT, a. Uaving the quality of con- tractiti!!, bindius, or compressing. Bacon. Thomson. eoSSTlilSO'lSG, fpr. Drawing or compressing into a ^riialler compass : contracting ; binding. €OX-.STRL*eT', v.L [L. eonstruo, con^nuUm', eon and rfmtf, to lay, dii«pD«e, or set in order ; Pp. co%- ttruir: Fr. eoiuCnure; lU t^ See Stbcctlbe.J 1. To put together the parts of a thing in their proper place and order ; to build ; to form ; as, to eoiutrtut an edifice S. To devise and compose ; as, to constmet a new system ; or aimi^v to frame or form ; as, to canstruet a telescope. The word may hiclude the Invention, with the formation, or not, at the pleasure of the writer. A man cmuCtmCs a ship according to a model ; or a grammar by a new urangemeot of prin-. ciplcs ; or a planetarium cf a new form. Z* To iot^iiccc or understand. [See Coic«tbce.} 4. TV coHstmct aa equation, in gtimeiri/, u to form a geometrical figure c^vrespooding to the equation. SUtdoff, eOS-STRUGT'ED, pp. Bufll ; formed ; ccwpoa ed $ compiled. eOX-STRUCT'ER, «. One who conatructt or frames. €OX-STRl*t'TIM;, ppr. Buildinz; framing; com- eOX-STRUe'TlUX, «. [I* anutnctia.] Tpiising. 1. The act of building, or of dcvLsing and Conning ; fahric'.iiiun. 2. The furra of building; the manner of putting together tlte parts of a builatng, n machine, or a f>y»- tern ; sttructure ; coofomiatinn. The sailing of a ship and its capacity depend cbieHy on its Ci/ruitraciian, 3. In grammar^ synux, or the arrangement and con- nection of wordsin asentence, according tu established nsasea,or the practice of good wriu rs and speakers. 4. Sense; meaning; interpret;Uion , exiilanniioii ; or the manner of undersLinding the arrangement of words, or of underslandmg fact". Let us find the true canstruetion ; or lei us give the author's wtirrta a sound, rational, consistent conftrnction. What con- struction can be put upon this alTair, at upon the con- duct of a man ? &. The manner of describing a figure or problem in geoatetrr. Johnson. The drawing of such lines, such fi^itre, &c., as are pie^^ously necessary for oiakine any deuionslraiion appear mure plain and undeniable. Encye. 6. The eonstructum of an e^uation^ in geometry, is the drawing of such lines and fieures as are neces- sary fir the solution of a prubieni or ibe demonstra- tinn of a Iheorem. StanU^. Johnson. eOX-STRL'C'TIOX-AL, a. Pertaining to consiruc- .tkm i deduced from construction or interpretation. [UhushoL) fi'ateHand. €OX-8TRUC'TIOX-rST, n. One who construes a writing or public instrument. €OX-STRi;eT'lVE, a. By construction: created or deduced by coiwtniction , or mode of interpretation ; not directly expressed, but inferred -, as, evnstruetice treason. BUutstone. StipuUtiiMM, expmaed or Imp&Hl, (ucnul or cotutritaiM.^ eON-STRUeraVE-LY, adv. In a constnictive man- ner ; by way of construction or interpretation ; by fair inference. Channcey. United States. A ur%nnl mmt ^n aotist at a tlodndr, ettbrr aaiuOlj bj & funnal infomwUMi, or oMutru ^t i wtl y by ootice to bk eovnu- Tnrni. junL €OX-STRUeTaVE-XE.«9, n. Among pkretuAcgists, the faculty which leadd to the formation of parts into a whole. Combe, €0.\ STRUCT'LTIE, (kon-strukt'yur,) n. An edifice ; CON pile ; fiibric. [For this, Structurb is more generally used-l Bltickmore. eOX"t*TRCE, r. t [I., cotulrup. See Construct.] 1. To arrange words in tlieir nattinil order ; to re- duce frvim a iran--^)x>sed l«i a natural onler^ so as to discover ibe i»ense uf a sentence ; hence, to interpret, and, when applied to a foreign language, tti translate ; to render into English ; as, to cotuitruc Gruek, Liitin, or French. ■a. To interpret ; to explain ; to show or to under- stand the meaning. Iprty thnt 1 snny ntX \x ta iimlrntooi) or exiMMtnt»d. Hooktr, TCim we we put tu conttrv* -uid LMrnpbnai.- uur "wn wurxU. eOX'8TB0-ED. fp. Arranged in natural order; in- terpreted ; unJerstood ; transluted. €OX'STRlT-lXi;, ppr. Arranging in natural order; iountlin<; €0X' xnoun>lin<:; inierprotinp ; translating. X'riTU-FR ATE, r. (. [I- cvnst*ntro { To violate ; to debauch ; to defile. cvnMuitro i eon and vtitpro. [to ravish.] €CX'STtJ-l*RA-TEn,;ip. IKrhanched. eoX'.sTU -PKA-TIXG, jtpr. Viulating. €OX-STU-l*RA'TIO.\, n. The act of ravishing ; vi- olation : defilemenL Bp. HaU. eOX-SUo-SIST', ». i. To subsist together [See tf ub- BIST.l eON-fIX-.\L, u. Custoinar>'. CON'SUL, n. [L. consul^ from consulo, to consulL] 1. The chief magistrate of the ancient Ronuui re- public, invested with rt^gal authority for one year. There were two consuls annually chosen in the Cam- pus .Martins. In the first agea of Rome, they were elected from patrician families or noblemen ; but, in the year of Rome 388, the people obtained the privi- lege of electing one of the consuls from their own body, and sometimes both were plebeians. Encye. 2. A chief maj^istrate, among the French, during their revolution, in imiUition of the Romans. Brands. 3. A p*TStm commissioned by a king or state to re- side in a foreign country as an agent or representa- tive, to protect the risrbts, commerce, merchants, and seamen, of the state, and to aid the government in any commercial transactions with such foreign country. 4. An advif^er. [Ay( leeU aiiihoriiedA Bacon. eON'SUL-A6E, 71. A duty laid by the British Levant company on imports and exports for the support of the companv*s aiTairs. Eton. COX'SL'L-Aft, a. Pertaining to a consul ; as, consular ptiwfr ; consular dignity, or privileges. €OX'SL'L-ATE, n- [L. consiUatus.] The ofllce of a con^^ul. jiddison. [ This is applicable to modem consuls, as weU as to the Roman.] 2. The jurisdiction or extent of a consul's authority. 3. The residence of a consul. l/CenU eON'SUL OE\'ER-AL, ii. A consul, in the commer- cial ^frt-iY, apiK»inted for several places or over several consuls. Encye. Jim. €OX'SUL-SMIP, 71. The office of a consul ; or the term of his otfice ; applicable, only to Roman consuls. COX-SULT', c. i. [L. consulto, from consulo, to con- sult, to ask counsel. The last syllable may be from the Ar. ^Lm* saaJUi, Heb. Ch. Sam, Eth. Vnw, to ask.] 1. To seek the opinion or advice of another, by a statement of facts and suitable inquiries, for the pur- pose of directing one's own judgment ; followed by viih. Rrhoboam eonaulltd with the old m«o. — 1 Kin^ xil. David consuiud wUh the capiaiiu of thousands. — 1 Chron. xiii. CON 2, 1\> take counsel together ; to seek opinions and advice by mutual statements, inquiries, and reason- ings ; to deliberate in common. Tlic chirl fiTV-sUcDfwu/ttd thai tln-y iiiigiit put Lataru* to death. Juhii xii. 3. To consider with deliberation. Luke xlv. CONSULT', V. L To ask advice of; to seek the opinion of ancrther, as a guide to one's own judg- ment ; as, to coiLsuU a friend or parent. "2. To Seek for inforniutioti, or facts, in sometbing; as by examining luH»ks or papers. Thus, 1 cunAulted several authors on thu subject ; I consulud tlie olficiai documents. 3. To regard ; to have reference or respect to, in judging or acting; to decide or to act in favor of. We are to consult the necessities, rather tiian the pleasures, of life. We are to con.'tult public as well as private interest. He consulted his own safety in fligtit. l->e fiuicj 70U conauil, consult your pune. Franklin. 4. To plan, devise, or contrive. Thou hiut coruuliBd •home to Uiy houK, by cutting off nuoy people. — Il&b. n. [7%w ftense is unusual, ami not to be counCenayteed.] eOX-SULT', n. 'i'he art of consulting ; the effect of consultation ; determination ; a council, or deliber- ating assembly. Drydcn. Bacon. This word is, I believe, entirely obsolete, except in poetry. It would be naturally accented on the first syllable, but the [xfets accent the last. €ON-SULT-A'TI0X, n. The act of consulting; do- liberation of two or mure persons, with n view to Eonie decision. The chii'r iirieau helJ a coruujiaiion with the elden ami icribea. — Murk xv, 2. A meeting of .persons to consult together; a ' council for deliberation, as of legal counsel retained in a cause, or of physicians in a dangerous disease. Wisetnan. Writ of consultation ; in lauj, a writ awarded by a superior court, to return a cause which bad been re- moved by prohibition from tlie court Christian to its original jurisdiction; so called, because tlie judges, on consultation, find ttie prohibition ill founded. Blackstune. eON-SULT'A-TIVE, o. Having the privilege of consulting. Bram/iall. €OX-SULT'ED, pp. Asked ; inquired of, for opinion or advice ; regarded. eOX-SULT'ER, 71. One who consults, or asks coun- sel or information ; as, a eonsuUer with familiar spirits. Deut. xviii, COX-SULT'IXG, ppr. or a. Asking advice ; seeking information ; deliberating and inquiring mutually ; regarding. eOX-SCM'A-BLE, a. [See CoxauME.] That may be consumed ; possible to be destroyed, dissipaU-tl, wasted, or spent; as, lujbestos is nui consumable by fire. . tVilkins. The iitiportatiuii aotl exportfili eOX-SCME', V. U ru. eonsumo; con and sumo, tt> tJike. So, in English, we say, it takes up time, that is, it consumes time. Sp. consumiri It. consu- mare; Ft. consumer. Class Sm.] 1. To destroy, by separating the parts of a thing, by d(^coju;)osition, as by fire, or by eating, devour- ing, and annihilating the form of a subtiUtnce, Fire consumes wood, coal, stubble ; animals consume fiesh and vegetables. 2. To destroy by dissipating or by use ; to expend ; to waste ; to squander ; as, to consume an estate. Ye aslt, a>id rc-eiriT': not, Ii«ru** ye Atk amiss, thai yc may eon- $unu it upon your Iujux. — Juinca iv. 3. To Spend ; to cause to pass away, as lime j as, to consume the day in idleness. ThPir da^s did he comunie in raniiy. — P». lxx»iii. 4. To cause to disappear ; to waste slowly. My &;sh \t conMumed o.^mhj . — Job xx xviii. 5. To destroy ; to bring to utter ruin ; to exter- minate. ihem. — Ex. xxzij. Let r alone — that I may contur. To waate away slowly ; to be €ON-S0ME', V. exhausted. Their Be«h — their eyea—llieir tongue Bhall tontums away. — Z-'ch. xiT. The wicked ahall periBh — they •h:dl contuvu.— ^*. xxxvil. €ON-S0M'£D, ^p. Wasted; burnt up; destroyed; dissiiKiled ; squandered ; ex|>ended. eOX-SCM'ER, 71. One who consumes, spends, wastes, or destroys; that which consumes. eOX-SO.M'ING, p/Jr, Burning; wasting; destroying; expending; eating; devouring. 2. a. That destroys. The Lord thy God i< a conaummg fire. — Dcui. Ir. €ON-SUM'MATE or €OX'SUM-.MATE, c. (. [L. consummo, consummatus ; con and summo^ from sum- ma, sum ; Fr. consummcr; Sp. consumar. See Sum.] To end ; to finish by completing what was in- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MeTE, PREY.-PIXE, MARINE, BIRD.- NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK^ 256 CON CON eon and tended ; to perfect ; to bring or carry to llitf utmost point or degree. * He had s mind lo eonaummalt Ihe happineM of the day. Toiler, €ON-SUM'MATE, a. Complete ; perfect ; carried to the utmost extent or degree \ as, consummate great- ness or fi'licity. „ eON-SUM'MA-TED or €0\'SUM-MA-TED, pp. Completed : perfected ; ended. CON-SUM'AiATE-LY, auch are called the points of contact, eON-T ACTION, w. The act of touching. Brown. eON-TA'GION, (-ta'jun.) n. [\^ conlagia, from the roi* of coi^ngo^ tango, primanly, tago^ to touch.] 1. /JteraUif, a touch or touching. Hence, the communicaiV.n of a disease by contact, or the mat- ter communicated. More gtneraUy. that subtile mat- ter which prtJr»gi! more coniagioua. Wtrt. eON-TA'OIOl'S-LY, adv. By contagion. eO\-TA'0[OUS-NES3, n. The quality of being con- tftgirmv. CONTAIN', 17. t. [L. eontineo : eon and tcnro, to hold ; It. toatenere : Ft. eantenir ; Sp, eontencr. See Teskt, Teki-be.] 1. To bold, as a vessel ; as, the vessel eontams a Ion. Hence, to have capacity; to be able to lold ; applied to an tmptij vesseL 2. To comprehend ; to hold within specified limits. Behold, the heaven and ttte heaTen of heatena cannot coiUain Uwe. —1 Kings tiu. 3. To comprehend ; to comprtse. The history of lj\'y contains a hundred and forty books, 4. To hold within limits prescribed ; to restrain ; to withhold from trespass or disorder. The king's peraon containa the unruly people from eril occaaion*. [Oba.] Spenser. Pear not, my lord ; we can contain ourselves. Shak. 5. To include. This article is not contained in the account. Tliis number does not contain the article specified. 6. To inclose ; as, this cover or envelop contains a letter. €ON-TaIN', r. i. To live in continence or chastity. Jirbuthnot and Pope. \ Cur. vii. eON-TAIN'A-BLE, a. That may be contained or cnniprisi'd. Boyle. eON-TAIN'i=J), vp. Held ; comprehended ; com- prised ; incliide(l; inclosed. eON-TAIN'ER, n. That which contains. eON-TAIN'ING, p;'r. Holding; having capacity to hold ; comprehending ; comprising; including; in closing. eON-TAMT-NATE, c. f. [L. contamino f can and ant. tamino, Qu. Heb. Ch. Syr. NDO to defile. Class Dm, No. 19.] To corrupt the purity or excellence of; to pol- lute ; as, tocff«(tf7nirt«/r the blood. It is employed, usually, in a figumtive sense ; to sully ; to tarnish ; to taint. Lewdness contaminales character ; coward- ice contaminates honor. BhaJl we now OinlaiMiMU our fing. x». 3. To slight ; lo neglect as unworthy of regard ; to reject with disdain. Wherefof do ttw wicked canlemn God f — Pi. x. They fonWmn Uic couhkI of ihi Mo«t High. — Pi. cvU. €ON-TEM'NKD, (kon-temd',) pp. Despised j scorned ; slighted ; neglected, or rejected with disdain. eON-TEM'NER, n. One who contemns ; a despiser ; A Bcorncr. eON-TEM'NING, ppr. Despising; slighting as vile or despicable ; neglecting or rejecting, as unworthy of regard. COX TEM'PER, r. U [Low L. cantrmpero; eon and tempero, to mix or temjwr. See TeMPEn.] To moderate ; to reduce to a lower degree by mix- ture with opposite or different qualities ; to temper. Th*! Iravi qiinlUy and conletnper tU" hi-al. Rfiy. €ON-TEM'PER-A-MENT, n. Moderated or qualified degree ; a degree of any quality reduced to that of another ; temp'rumtut. Derham. €ON-TEM'PEK-ATE, r. t [See Coxtemper.] To temper; to reduce the quality of, by mixing sorae- tliing opposite or different; to mtwlerate. Brown-. IVl.ieman. eON-TEM-PER-A'TION, n. The act of reducing a quality by admixture of the contrary ; the act of mod- erating or tem[H!ring. Brown. 2- Temperament; proportionate mixture; a>», the eonUmperament of humors in different bodies. Hale, [Inst.'ad of these words, Temper and Tempera- ment are now generally used.] CON-TEM'PER-A-TURK, 71. Like temperature or temperament. eON-TEM'PLATE or CON'TEM-PLATE, r. U [L. contemplor. If m is radical, see Class Dm, No. 3, 4, 350 1. To view or consider with continued attention ; to study ; to meditate on. This word expresses the attention of the mind, but sometimes in ctmnectinn with that of the eyes ; as. to coRtcmplate the heavens. More generilly.lheactof the mind only is intend.^d ; as, to contrmpUte the wonders of redemption ; tt) con- template the state of the nation and its future pros- pects. Teach me to wnlemptaU thy friee. Mra. Dtutny. CON , , . t_ 2. Tjo consider or have m view, in reference to a future act or event ; to intend. A decree of the nationHl iWwniUy of France, June 26, 1792, coniemplaUa aiupply from the United Siatcaot four iniliioin of hvres. There p*inti.in ionrie particutara to complete the hiformallon rorv t^mplaled by ihoae reaoluiiona, Hanullon'e Report. If a in-alv cuni^uns any itipulutioni which eouiemjtlnle a »l:\iif of future war. Kent't Commen^arita. €ON-TEM'PLATB or CON'TEM-PLATE, r. i. To think studiously ; to study ; to muse ; to meditate ; as, he delights to coiUemplate on the works of crea- tion. €ON-TEM'PLA-TED or CON'TEM-PLA-TED, pp. or a. Considered with attention ; meditated on ; intended. €ON-TEM'PLA-TINGorCON'TEM-PLA-TIXG,ppr. Considering with continued attention ; meditating on ; musing. €ON-TEM-PLA'TION, n. [L. coi'temphtin.] 1. The act of the mind in consid'-riug with att-n- tion : meditation ; study ; continued aUeniuji tif the mind to a particular subject. ConUmplation is keeping the kiea, brought hilo tlif mini, smtw liiiie nctudJly in view. Locke. 2. Holy meditation ; attention to sacred thhips ; a particular application of the furegoing defiiiHiou. To have in contemplation ; to intend or purpose, or to have under consideration. €0\-TEM'PLA-T1ST, n. One who contemplates. €ON-TEM'PLA-TIVE, a, Givifn to rimiein|>l;uiouffinuj, can be great, the contempt "f which ia Kr^:ll. A'tdi^n. a. The state of being despised ; whence, in a scrip- tural sense, shame, disgrace. Borne ihali awak* to everJoaiinj contempL — D.m. xW. 3. In /aw, disobedience of the rules and order* of a court, whirh in a piinishiible offense. eON-TICMPT'MlLE, a. [L. contnnptibihs,] 1 Worthy of contempt ; that deserves s«'orn or dis- dain ; despic.Uile ; mean; vile. Intemperance is a contemptible vice. No plant or animal is so contempt- ible m not to exhibit evidence of the wonderful ptjwer and wisdiim of the Creator. The pride that leads to dueling is a contrmptibleiassion. 2, Apt to despise ; contemptudUs. [JVot legUimatc.] Placed in the same lime Flaring in the same Shuk CON-TEMPT'I-RLE-NES-S t. The stnto of bo ng contemptible, or of being despised; despicablenesn ; inennness ; vileness. CON-TEMPT'l-ULY, adv. In a cttjitemptiWe man- n-T : nieiinly ; in n manner deserving of contempt, eON-'i'EMPT'l'-OUS, a. Manifesting or e\:|)res Bor ceiunwf vHk ttaeio io ImUlr.— DvulK. S. To strive ; to uaa eanust efibrU to obtain, or to d^bnd and pcMcrre. nmmtmt far wluu rou atdy eu tmow. Dryitn. Te dwuU oubmUt cMlmrf Jir tht fUdi «CMi aiMfwi to tte sum. — Juttea. 3. To dispute earnestly ; to itriTe ia dttbat«. TVr ibu WTK of Uw ctiouncWM caMMriirf wlh Mm. — Adi xi. Jobix. 4. To reprove abarply ; to cbfde ; to strive to con- vince and nclaim. ThBB mammdtA I with the rukn. — N«h. xSi. * & To etrtva in opposition ; to punish. Tbe Lord God csAsd to coRMirf t7 Jbv. — AmosTB. ^ To quarrel; to dispute fiercely; to wraof^ The parties tmnUmd ahomt trifles. To ana£md/or; 10 strive to obtain ; as, two compet- itors contend far the prixe. €OX-TE.ND', p. L To dispute ; to contest. Vrteo CAnfaafe iImII corntad Uie worid with Rome. i>rydm. This tnuuitive use of eomtend is not strictly legiti- mate. The phrase is eUi| hundlily. Qma. GoilUnna, with contxntat^nlt i> grvat puio. — 1 Tim. ri. S. Gratification. €ON'TENT3 or CON-TENTS', n. ph That which is contained ; ttie thing or things held, included, or comprehended within a limit or line ; as, the contents of a cask or bale ; of a room or a ship ; the contents of a book or writing. S. In geometry^ the quantity of matter or space in- cluded in certain lines, Bartcw. 3. Heads of what a book contains ; an index. €ON-TERM'IN-A-BLE, «. [U con and terminus.] Capable of the tuame bounds. }Vonon, eON-TER.M'IN-ATE, a. Having the same bounds. B. Jonson. eON-TERM'IN-OUS, > a, [h. eonierminiu, con and eON-TERM'IN-AL, ( terntinusy a border.] Bordering upon ; touching at the boundary ; con- tiguous ; as, a people contenninoiu to the Roman ter- ritory. eON-tER-RA'NE-AN, ) a. [L. eonterraneus; con eON-TER-RA'NEi-OtrS, \ and terra, countr>'.J Being of the same countrj*. [J\''ot used,] Diet. CON-TES-SE-RA'TION, n. Assembly ; collection. euN-TEST', V. L [Ft. amiester, to dispute. The Sp. and Port, conte^tar, and L. contfstor, have a different sense, being «iuivalent to the Eng. attenL See Test.] 1. To dispute ; to strive earnestly to hold or main- tain ; to struggle to defend. The troops coni^ted everj' inch of ground. a. To dispute ; to argue in opposition to; to con- trovert \ to litigate ; tu oppose ; to call in question ; as, tlie advocate contested every point. Nooe have conutled tlie proponiuD of tiieae aacicnt pieces. Dryden. €ON-TEST', V. I To strive ; to contend j followed by with. The difBcuhy oT aa argument add* (o the pleaaiire of conUitirtg wiA it, when there are hope^ of victory. Bumtt. 2. To vie; to emulate. or man, who d.irn in pomp teilh Jove contetL Pope. eON'TEST, 71. Strife ; struggle for victory, superior- ity, or in defense ; struggle in arms. All Europe en- gaged in the contest against France. The coiuest was furious. 2. Dispute ; debate ; violent controversy ; strife in argument. Leave all notay conteatt, ail linmodeat r.lamon, aod brawling lan- guage. Walts. €ON-TEST'A-BLE, a. . That may bP disputed or de- bated ; disputable \ controvertible. eON-TEST'A-BLE-NEBS, n. Possibility of being contested. eON-TEST-A'TION, n. Tlj^act of contesting; strife; dispute. A^er yean spent in doiaestie eonlertotiorw, the (bund meant to wiUKliav. ClairKndoii. 2. Testimony ; proof by witnesses, Barrow, €ON-TEST'ED, pp.oia. Disputed. eON-TEST'ING, ppr. Disputing. eON-TEST'ING, n. The act of contending. Baxt^. eON-TEST'ING-LY, adv. In a contending manner. CON eON-TEST'LESS, a. Not to be disputed. HUL eON-TEX', V. t. To weave together. [Au£ used.] Boyie. eON'TEXT, n. [L. conteztas, fVom contexo; con and teifl, to weave.] The general series or composition of a disrjjurae ; more particularly, the parts of a discourse which pre- cede tir follow the sentence quoted ; the pafwagcs of Scripture which are near the text, either before it or allcr it. The sense of a pitssage of Scripture is olU:n illustrnled by the contezt,. CON-TEXT', a. Knit or woven togfiiherj close ; finn. Drrhanu €ON-TEXT' V. t. To knit together. [JVot used.) €ON-TEXT'lJ-RAL, o. Pertaining to contexture, or to the human frame. Smilh. €ON TEXT'lIRE, (kon-text'yur,) «. The interweav- ing sevenil parts into one body ; the disposition and union of the constituent pitrts of a thing, with re- spect to each other; composition of parts ; constitu- tion ; as, a sill; of aduiintble co7UeJtare. ilo «»■ nut of any dcUcate conUxtura ; hia liniba ralbor atnnly than daiiiiy. H'oUon. €ON-TEXT't;R-ED, a Woven ; formed into texture. €ON-TlG-NA'TION, n. [L. contigiiatio ; con and tignum, a beam.] 1. A frame of beams ; a story. TVotton. 2. The act of framing together, or uniting beams in a fabric. Burke. CON TI-GOT-TY, n. [See CoifTiouous.] Actual contiict of bmties ; a touching. Hale. eON-TIG'lJ-OUH, a. [L. contiguus ; con and tango^ taffo, to touch.] Touchnig; meeting or joining at the surface or border ; as, two contigHous bodies or countries. The liuuw* in ancient Rome were noi cofidguout Eneye. This word is sometimes used in a wider sense, though not with strict propriety, for ailjaceiit, or near, without being absolutely in contact. Usually followed by to. Bacon uses with, but he has not been followed. CON-TIG'U-OUS-I.Y, cu/r. In a manner to touch j without intervening space. Dryden, eON-TIG'U-OUS-NESS,n. A state of contact ; close union of surfaces or borders. eON'TI-NENCE, ) b. [L. continentia^ from contineo, eON'TI-NEN-CY,i to hold, or withhold; con and teneo, to hold. See Tenet.] 1. In a general sense, the restraint whicli a person imposes uptm his desires and passions ; self~com- niand. 2. Jippropriately, the restraint of the passion for sexual enjoyment ; resistance of concupiscence ; forbearance of lewd pleasures: hence, chastity. But the term is usually applied to males, as chastity is to females. Scipio the younger exhibited the no- blest example of continence recorded in pagan his- tory ; an example surpassed only by that of Joseph in sacred history. 3. Forbearance of lawful pleasure. Conlont wilhnut lawful venery, u conUntnce ; without unlawful, ii clia«tiiy. Grew. A. Moderation in the indulgence of sexual enjoy- ment. ChaciUy b either aUtinencff or continence ; nb«tinencc b that of ▼irgiiii or widowi ; con/in«nre, that of married penona. Thy/or. 5. Continuity ; uninterrupted course. [A*o( now used.] Ayliffe. CON'TI-NENT, o. [L. continens.] 1. Refraining from unlawful sexual commerce, or moderate in the indulgence of lawful ple;Lrtion. Gacli prince furnishes his coiir tiniffnt of men, money, and munitions, eON-TIN'GCNT-LY, adv. Accidentally ; without design or fiire-^iglit. , eON ri\'<5E\T-.\ESS, n. The state of being con- tingent ; fortuiU>usness. eON-TI.\'l^-A-BLE, a. That may be continued. Je_ffrr6on. eON-TTN'U-.\L, a, [Ft. conUnuel; L. coatiuuas. See CortTisuE.] 1. Proceeding without interruption or cessation ; unceasing; not interuiitting ; used in reference to time. Be Out hKtli a. Taerrv heul hath a cotuhuial feajt. — Pror. xr. I have gnmi bMVUwn uul omtiAwai aovrow of bcaxt. ^ Rom. tx. « 2. Very frequent ; often repeated ; as, the charita- ble man has continual applications fur alms. 3. CfnUiiual fecer, or contiuued fever : a fever that abates, but never entirely intermits, till it comes to a crisis ; thus distinguished from remitting and inter- mitting fever. 4. Cotuinual dam : in law^ a claim that is made frooi time to time, within every year or day, to land or other estate, the possession of which can not be obtained without hazard. CoyoeU, 5. Perpetual. CoRtmual proportiimals ; quantities in continued proportion. [See Cohti:«ued.] Brande. eON-TIN'U-j\I^LV, adv. Without pause or cessa- tion ; unceasingly ; as, the ocean is continually roll- ing its waves on the shore. 2. Ver>- often ; in repeated succession ; fVom time to time. Thou abiOt eat bread at mj (able continwilly.*-2 Sam. Ix. €ON-TI\'U-AL-\ESS, ti. Permanence. Hales. €0>'-TlN'Lf-A.VCE, n. [SeeCowTiNUE.] A holding OR or remaining in a particular state, or in a course or series. Applied tu time, duration ; a statt? of last- ing ; as, tlie continua.tix of rain or fair weather for a day or a week. Sensual pleasure is of short eon- tinmaTue. S. PerseYerance ; as, no excuse will justify a con- tinuance in sin. Bjr pauenl eondnuana In w«ll doiof . ^ Ron. Q. 3. Abode ; residence ; as, during our conttnuoHce in Paris. 4. Succession uninterrupted ; continuation ; a pro- longing of existence y as, the brute regards the con- tiuuoHce of his species. .Addison, 5. Progression of time. la thj book all my memli^n wn wntlfio, which In C9filinuaiu» were r^iiuneti. — Ps. cxxiiK. 6. In /«», the deferring of a suit, or the giving of a day for the parties to a suit to appear. Alter issue or demurrer joined, as well as in some of the previ- ous stages of profeedinp, a day is continuallif given, and entered upon record, for the parties to appear on from time to time. The giving of tlm day i» called a continuance, Bladutone, 7. !n the Unittd Statejt, the deferring of a trial or suit from one stated term of the c<»urt to another. b. ('ontinuity ; resistance to a separation of parts ; a holding tngelher. [■^^ot used.) Bacon, €0.\-TIXMT.aTE, tj. L To join closely together. CON-TI.\'(2-ATE, a, [U eontinnatu.t.] [Potter. 1. Immediately united; holding togrther. [LiaU UMd,] Hooker. 2. Uninterrupted ; unbroken. [tiuU uted.'] Peacham. tloN-TiN'TT-A-TED, pp. Closelv joined. eON-TT-NMI-ATE-LY, adv. With continuity; with- out intemiption. [Liitle uncfi.] fVilkins. CON-TIN'U-A-TIN'G, ppr. Closely uniting. eON-TIN-Q-A'TION, n. [L. conUnuntio.) 1, Extension of existence in a scries or line ; suc- cession uninterrupted. TVa^ thinp mtnt be worin ot Prorklenw, ft>r the oontinuntion 2. Extension or carT> Ing on to a ftirther point ; as, the continuation of a story. 3. Extension in spare ; production: a carrying on in lengUi ; as, the emtinualion of a line in survey- ing. CON eON-TIN'l2-A-TIV'E, n. An expression noting per- manence or duration. To these may be mlilud continnativtt ; a>, Rnme remntiiB to thi> diiy ; which iiicUnlcs ut leasL two propoaiiiuiis, viz., Rimie was, aiiil Rome is. Waitt. 2. In jnTamwiOT", a word that continues. Harris. €ON~TlN'U-A-TOR, n. One who continues or keeps up a series or succession. €ON-TIi\'UE, (kon-tin'yu,) v. i. [Fr. eontinuer; L. continuoi con and feneo, to hold; IL continuMrei Sp. continxiar. See Tenet.] 1. To remain in a state or place ; to abide for any time indefinitely. The multitude con&nut with me dow three days, and hare noth- ing to eat. — Malt. xv. S. To last ; to be durable ; to endure ; to be per- manent. Thj kin^om shall not eonBnu^. — 1 Sam. xUi. 3. To persevere ; to be steadfast or constant in any course. If ye eontinxte in mj word, then are ye my disciples indeed. — John Yiij. €ON-TIN'UE, V. U To protract ; not to cease from or to terminate. 0, con&nite thy loring-kindnesi to them that Imow tliee. — Ps, xxxvi. 2. To extend from one thing to another; to pro- duce or dmw out in len^rth. Coiitinue the line from A to B ; let the line be catttinued to the boundary. 3. To persevere in ; not to cease to do or use ; as, to continue the same diet. 4. To hold to or unite. [JiTot used,] TJie navel ron&'nu<« tlie infant to Its mother. Brottn. eON-TIN'lI£D, f kon-tin'yu de,) pp. or o. Drawn out ; protracted ; proauced ; extended in length ; extended without interruption. 2. a. Extended in time wilbont intermission ; pro- ceeding without cessation ; uninterrupted ; unceas- ing ; as, a continued fever, which abates, but never entirely intermits ; a continued base is performed through the whole piece. Continued proportion^ in aritJimetic and alfffhra^ is a proportion composed of two or more equal ratios, in which the consequent of each preceding ratio is the same with the antecedent of tlie following one ; as, 4 : 8 : 8 : 16 : : 16 : 3S2. Day. CON-TIN'U-ED-LY, adv. Without interruption ; without ceasing. J^orris. €ON-TIN'lI-ER, n. One who continues; one that has the power of perseverance. Shak. eON-TIN'lT-ING, ppr. Remaining fixed or perma- nent ; abiding; lasting; enduring; persevering; pro- tracting : producing in length. 3. a. Permanent. Here we hare no con&ntdng city. — Heb. xiil. eON-TI-NO'I-TY, n. [L. continuitas.] 1. Connection uninterrupted ; cohesion ; close union of parts ; unbroken texture. Philosophers talk of the solution of continuity. 3. Law of continuity i in physicsyih^ principle that nothing passes from one state to another, witliout passing through all the intermediate states. Brande. €0N-TIN'U-O. [It.] In mtme, continued. eO.V-TIN'U-OUS, a. [U continuus.] Joined without intervening space; ks^ continuous depth. Thomiton. €ON-ThV'tJ-OUS-LY, adv. In continuation without intemiption. COJ^-TOR-J^r-A'Tty n. fit. eontomo, eontomat^.'l In numismatics^ a species nf medals or medallions of bronze, having a curved furrow, {eontorno^) on each side, and supfiosed to have been struck in the days of Constantino and his successors. £ncyc. ^m. CON-TORT*, V. t, [U. contorqucoj contortus ; con and toroufOy tortus.] To twist together ; to writhe. eON-TORT'EO, p^. or a. Twisted over each other in oblique diri'ctions. A contorted corol, in botany^ has the edge of one petal lying over the next, in an oblique direction. Martyn. eON-'l'OR'TION, n. [Fr. eontorsion; h. coTitortio.] 1. A twisting; a writhing; a wresting; a twist; wry motion ; as, the contortion of the muscles of the face. Swift, 2. In medicine, a twisting or wresting of a limb or member of the body out of its natural situation ; the iliac passion ; partial dislocation ; distorted spine ; contracted neck. F.ncyc. Coze. eON-TOUR', (kon-toor',) n. [Fr. contour; It. con- tomo t Sp. id. ; con and laar^ tomo, a turn.] The outlinqj the line that bounds, defines, or ter- minates, a figure. Kncyc. JohrLsan. €O.N-TOUR'N1-A-TED, a. Having edges appearing a?) if turned in a lathe. Encyc. COJV'TRJl i a Latin preposition, signifying asainst^ in oppo«ifurn, entering into the composition of some English words. It appears to be a compound of con and tra^ like hUra : tra for W. tras. Fr. contre. €ON'TRA-BANl), a. [It. cnntrabbanflo, contrary to proclamation, pruhibited ; Sp. contrabando} Fr. con- trtbande. See Ban.] CON Prohibited. Contraband goods are such as are prohibited to be imp(»rted or exported, either by the laws of a p.-iriiciilar kinydfim or state, or by the law of nations, or by special treaties. In time of war, arms and munitions of war are not permitted by one belligerent ttrbe tmns^Kirted to the other, but are httid to be contraband, and liable to capture and condcm- naiion. eON'TRA-BAND, n. Prohibition of trading in goods contrary to the laws of a state or of nations. 2. Illegal traflic. €ON'TRA-BA\D-IST, n. One who traffics illegally. COJSr-TIM-BAS'SO. [It.] The largest kind of bass- viol, usually called the double bass. Brande. COJ^TRA BO'^OS MO'R£S. [L.] Against good morals. CON-TRACT', r. t, [L. contraho, contractum ,- con and troAo, to draw ; It. eoutrarre; Sp. contraerf Port, con- trahir ; Fr. contracter. See Da.*,w.] 1. To draw together or nearer ; to draw into a less compass, either in length or breadth ; to shorten ; to abridge ; to narrow ; to lessen ; as, to contract an In- closure ; to contract the faculiiss ; to contract the pe- riod of life ; to contract the sphere of action. 2. To draw the parts together ; to wrinkle ; as, to contract the brow. 3. To betrotli ; to affiance. A contracted his daugh- ter to B ; the lady was contracted to a nmn of merit. 4. To draw to; to bring on; to incur; to gain. We contract vicious habits by indulgence ; we con- tract debt by extravagance. 5. To shorten by omission of a letter or sjllable ; as, to e^nlraet a word. 6. To epitomize ; to abridge ; as, to contract an essay. CON-TRACT' t?. L To shrink ; to become shorter or narrower. Many bodies contract by the application of cold ; a hempen cord contracts by moisture. 2. To bargain ; to make a mutual agreement, as between two or more persons. We have contracted for a load of flour ; or we have contracted with a farmer /or a quantity of provistoits. COX-TRACT', [for Contracted,] pp. Affianced j betfiitliL-d. S/ia/c. CON'TRACT, TI. An agreement or covenant between two or more persons, in which each party binds him- self to do or forbear some act, and each acquires a right to what the other promises ; a mutual proinit^e, upon lawful consideration or cause, which hinds the parties to a performance ; a bargain ; a compact. Contracts are executory or executed. Sup. Court, CrancWs Rep. S. The act by which a man and woman are be- trothed, each to the other. Sliak. 3. The writing which contains the agreement of parties with the terms and conditions, and which serves as a proof of the obligation. CON-TRACT'EI), pp. Drawn together, or into a shorter or narrower compass ; shrunk ; betrothed ; incurred ; bargained. 2. a. Drawn togf'ther ; narrow; mean; selfish; as, a man of a contracted soul or mind. Contracted vein, or vena contracta ; a term denoting the diminution which takes place in the diameter of a stream of water issuing from a vessel, at a short distance from the discharging aperture. Hebert. CON-TRACT'ED-LY, ado. In a contracted manner. £p. JVewton. CON-TRACT'ED-NESS, n. The state of being con- tracted. 2. Narrowness; meanness; excessive selfishness. CON-TRACT-I-BIL'I-TY, n. Possibility of being contracted ; quality of suffering contraction ; as, the contractibility and dilatabilily of air. Arbutfinvt. CON-TRACT'I-BLE, a. Capable of contraction. Small aii^blitdtlcr* dilitablc and contmc^lt. Arbulhnot. CON-TRACT'I-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of sufl'cr- tng contraction ; contractibility. DicL CON-TRACT'ILE, a. Tending to contract; having the power of shortening or of drawing into smaller dimensions ; as, the contractile force of certain elastic bodies, Darwin. eON-TRACT-IL'I-TY, n. The inherent quality or force by which liodies shrink or contract. Bcddoea. CON-TRACT'ING, ppr. Shortening or narrowing; drawing together ; Icsitening dimensions ; shrinking; making a bargain ; Iwtrothing. 2. a. Making or having made a contract or treaty ; stipulating : ns, the contracting parties to a league. CON-TRACTION, n. [L, contractio.] 1. The oct of drawing together, or shrinking ; the act of sliortening, narrowing, or iesseniny, extent or dimensions, by causing the parts of a body to ai>- proacl) nearer to each other ; the state of being con- tracted. Oil of vitriol will throw the stomxch Into involuntary «nfmc- Hont. ArbuOitiot. The contraction of the heart is called systnliT. SoiitC tiiiii^A in^luu n confrocliori of tli': ii'^rvcs. Bacon. 2. The act of shortening, abridging, or reducing within a narrower compass by any means. A poem may be improved by omissions or contractions. 3. In grammar^ the shortening of a word, by the TONE, BJJLL, TJNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS — € u K; d as J; • a« Z; OH as SH ; Til aa in THIS. CON oniasJon of a lt*tter or syllnble ; as cauU for can not ; kmrtt for hurifted or bnrsten ; Sw. aiid Dan. ord^ a word. 4. Acontmct; marriage contract. [JiTot vsed.] 5. Abbrevinliott. fSAflK. eON TRACT'OR, n. One who contracts ; one of the parties to a bargain ; one who covenants to ilo any thing for another. Taylor. 9. One who contracts or covenants with a govern- ment to furnish provisions or other stipphes, or to perfiirm any work or service for the public, at a cer- tain price or rate. eOXTRA-DANCE, n. [Ft. eontrfidaitse ; It eontrad- darna : Sp. contraiianza,] A dance Ln which the partners are arranged in opposition, or in oi)i>osite lines. [The word is now more generally spelt and pro- nounced Coc«fTBT-DA:r)jd#«. Tbeiews—apoka mJbM tbam tUaf* whicliwrn- spokeo bj pAol, contnidkmv ntra and distinc- tion.) Distinction by opposite qualities. W« wpemk of aaa of iofimutjr, in controd&ftiRctKm to thtne of South. eON-TRA-DIS-TINCT'IVE, a. Distingtiishinj by oppo^itei Harris. eOX-TRA-DIS-TIN"GUISH, (-ting'guish,) r. L [con^ tm and distinguiak.} To distinguish not merely hy difTerential, but by opposite quiUitiea. Theae uc oar complez ideas of soul and body, as et>nlra4i*tu^ fidUhed. Locke. eON-TRA-DIS-TIN"GUISH-f:D, (ting'gwisht,) pp. Distinguished bv opposites, €ON TRA-DIS-1'I\"GUISH-ING, ppr. Distinguish- ins bv opposites. €OX-TRA-Fl5'Si:RE, (-fish'yur,) n. [contra and ^- surt.] In sKraery^ a fissure or fracture in the cra- nium, on the side opposite to that which received the blow, or at some distance from it. Cozt. Encye. €0\-TRA-IN'DI-€A\T, B. A symptom that forbids to treat a disorder in the usual way. Burke, €ON-TRA-I.\'DI-t"ATE, r. t [eantra and indicaU.] In medicine, to indicate some method of cure, con- trary to that which the general tenor of the disease CON requires; or to forbid that to be done which the main scope of the mnhtdv points out. Harvey. Enr^e. €ON-TRA-IN'UI-eX-TEI), pp. Indicating a meUiod contrary lo the usual one €0N-TR"A-IN'DI-€A-TING, ppr. Indicating a con- trary- method of cure. €0\-TRA-IN-DI-€i'TION, n. An indication, from some peculiar symptom or fact, that forbids the method of cure which the main symptoms or nature of th«« disease requires, .^rbuthnot. €ON"-TRAK'TO, «. TlL] In music, the part imme- diately below the trehle, called also the counter tenor. Brandt, €ON'TRA-MURE, a. An oat wall. [See Counteb- MCBK.] eON-TR A-NAT'lI-ttAL, a. Opposite to nature. [Lit- tl« used.] Bp. RiLgt. €ON-TRA-NI'TEN-CY, n. [L. corUra and nitor, to strive,] Reaction ; n^sistance to force. €ON-TRA-l'6sE', V. t. To set in opposition. €ON-TRA-PO-Sl"TION, (-zish'un,) n. [contra and SositioH.] A placing over against ; opposite position. N-TRA-PL'NT'AL, a. Pertaining lo counterpoint. €ON-TRA-PUNT'IST, n. One skUled in counter- point. Mason. €ON-TRA-REG-tI-LAR'I-TY, n. [cinUra and regu- iarity.) Contrariety to rule, or to regularity. Morris. €ON-TRA'RI-ANT, o, JFr., from contrarierj to con- tradict, or run counter.] Contradictory ; opposite ; inconsistent. [Little MjredJ Jiyliffe. €ON'TRA-RIES, (kon'tra-riz,) n. pi [See Co:»- TBABT.] In loiric, proptisitious which destroy each other, out of which the falsehood of one does not establish the truth of the other. If two univenals differ in^qnalitjr, th«y aro mnXrariet ; aa, tvery vin» it • ITM ; no mm ia a tree, Thrae can oev«r be buili true togMber; but tbcy may be both f.dse. Waitt. €ON-TRA-RI'E-TY, n. [L. contrametas. See Coif- TBABT.] 1. Opposition in fact, essence, quality, or princi- ple ; repugnance. The expedition failed by means of a contrariety of winds. There is a contrariety in the nature of virtue and vice ; of love and hatred ; of tnilh and falsehood. Among men of the same profession, we tind a contrariety of opinions. 2. Inconsistency ; quality or position destructive of its opposito. How can these cotttrtirwius B.fi«e 7 SkaJc. €ON'TRA-RI-LY, ado. In an opposite manner; in opposition ; on the other side ; in opposite ways, CON'TRA-RI-NESS, n. Contrariety ; opposition. DicL €ON-TRA'RI-OUS, a. Contnuy j opposite ; repug- nant. Milton. eON-TRA'RI-OUS-LY, «fo. Contrarily ; oppositely. Shak. eON'TRA-RI-WTSE, adv. [contrary and tcise, man- ner. 1 On the contrary ; oppositely ; on the other hana. Not pradcring eril for eTil, nor raiOln^ for raiUng ; but controri- vMf , bicssinr. — 1 Pel. iii. €ON'TRA-RY, n. [L. contrarius, from contra, against ; Fr. contraire ; Sp. and It. contrario.] 1. Opposite ; adverse ; moving against, or in an opposite direction ; as, contrary winds. 2. Opposite ; contradictory ; not merely different, but inconsistent or repugnanL The flrah lust^ih against the arnnt, and tha apirit agsiinst the flesh ; a4ul tbe«e are conlrary, the oae lo the other. — This adjective, in many phrases, is to be treated grammatically as an adverb, or as an adjective re- ferring to a sentence or affirmation ; as, this hap- pened contrary to my expectations. The word here really belongs to the affirmation or fact declared — this happened'; for contrary does not, like an adverb, express the manner of happening, but that the fact itself was contrary to my expectation. .According, agreeable, pursuant, antecedent, prior, anterior, &.C., are often used in the like manner. €ON'TRA-RY, n. A thing that is contrary or of op- posite qualities. No contrarieM hold more antipathy Than I and such a kimve. Shak. 2. A proposition contrary to another, or a fact con- trary to what is alleged ; as, this is stated to be a fact, but'l will endeavor to show the contrary. On tftc contrary; in opposition ; on the other side. Swifl, To the contrary ; to an opposite purpose or fact ; as, he said it was just, but I told him to the contrary. They did it, not for want of inalniciioD lo tiie conlrnry. SmUngflset. €OX'TRA-RY, v. U [Fr. contrarier.] To contradict or oppose. [OJs.] €ON'TRA-RY-MIND'ED, a. Of a different mind or opinion. HaU. €OX-TRAST', V. t. [Fr. contrastcr. Norm, id., t» con- trast ; It. contrastare, Sp, and Port, contrastar, to re- CON sist, withstand, strive, debate, quarrel. The. primary sense is, to set against, or lo strain, to strive.] 1. To set in opposition diffi>rent things or quali- ties, to show the 'superior excellence of one to ad- vantage. To ro7itraat the goodruae of God with our rebellion, will tend 10 iiiuke \i» liiuiible and Ihunkrii). Clnrk, Serm., July 4, 1814. 9. In painting and sculpture, to place figures in such opposition or dissimilitude, that the one shall give greater visibility and effect to the other. The figureB of ihc groups imist contraet ctich other. Dryd^n, €ON-TRXST', V. t. To stand in contrast or opposi- tion to. The loiiils which divide the sandstone contract firn-Iv v^ith (he divisional planes which scpnrale tlie bosiilt into pillars. Lyell. €ON'TRXST, n. Opposition of things or qualities; or the placing of opposite things in view, to exhibit the superior excellence of one to more advantage. What a contrast between modesty and impudence, or between a well-bred man and a clown ! 9. In pornfin^ and «;it/;jeyre, opposition or dissimil- itude of figures, &c., by which one contrihiitea to the visibility or effect of the other. Jokiuioiu Contra.'it, in this sense, is applicable to things of a similar kind. We never speak of a contrast between a man and a mountain, or between a dog and a tree ; but we observe the contrast between an oak and a shrub, and between a palace and a cottage, €ON-TRXST'ED, pp. or a. Set in opposition ; exam- ined in opjwsition. €0N-TRAST'1NG, ppr. Placing in opposition, with a vimv to discover the difference of figures or other things, anil exhibit the advantage or excellence of one beyond that of the other. CON'TRA-TEN'OR, n. In music, a middle part be- tween the tenor and treble ; contralto; coutiter. eON'TRATE-WHEEL, n. A wheel, the teeth of which lie contrary to those of the other wheels ; i. e., parallel to the axis ; used chiefly for clock-work. €ON-TRA-VAL-LA'TION, n. [L, contra and roKo, to fortify ; Fr. contrevalUition.] In fortification, a trench guarded with a parapet, fonned by tlie besiegers between their camp and the place besieged, to secure themselves and check Siol- lies of the garrison. Brande. €ON-TRA-Ve\E', d. U [L. contravenio; contra and venio, to come.] Literally, to come against ; lo meet. Hence, to op- pose, but used in a figurative or moral sense ; to op- pose in principle or effect ; to contradict ; to obstruct m operation >to defeat ; as, a law may contravene the provisions of the constitution. CON-TRA-VkN'ED, pp. Opposed ; obstructed. eONTRA-VEN'Ett, n. One who opposes. €0N-TRA-VeN'ING, ppr. Opposing in principle or effect. eON-TRA-VEN'TION, n. Opposition ; obstruction ; a defeating of the operation or effect; as, the pro- ceedings of the allies were in direct contravention of the treaty. CON-TRA-VER'SION, n. [L. contra and versio, a turning.] A turning to the opposite side ; antistrophe. Conjrreve. €ON-TRA-YER'VA, ?i, [Sip. contrayerba ; Port, con- traherta ; contra and yerba, herca, an herb, L. kerba ; a counter kerb, an antidote for poison, or, in general, an antidote.] The popular name of various plants, as of some species of Dorstenia, Passiftora, ice. €0N-TRE€-Ta'TI0N, n. [L. contrectatio, tracto.] A touching or handling. FerraiuL COJ^-TRE-TEMPS', (kon-tr-ling',) n. [Fr.l An un- expected accident, which thrown every thing into confusion. €0.\-TRIB'U-TA-BLE, a. That can be contributed. eON-TRIB'l|-TA-RY, a. [See Coi^tributk ] Pav- ing tribute to the same sovereign ; contributing aid to the same chief or principal. It was situated on the Ganges, at the place where this river r^ ceived a conlributary stream. D'Anvitle, An. Geog. €0N-TRIB'UTE, v. t. [L. contribuo; cot and tribuo, to grant, assign, or impart; It. contribuire : Sp. con- tribuir ; Fr. contribuer. See Tbibe, Tbibute.] 1. To give or grant in common with others ; to give to a common stock or for a common purpose ; to [jay a share. It is the duty of Christians to contribute a portion of their substance for the propagation of the gospel. 2. To impart a portion or share to a common pur- pose ; as, let each man contT^bute his influence to cor- rect public morals. eON-TKIB^lJTE, V. u To give a part ; to lend a por- tion of power, aid, or influence ; to liave a share in any act or effect. There is not a single beauty in the piece, to which the invention musl not conlribuU. Pope, eON-TRIB'U-TED, pp. Given or advanced to a com- mon fund, stock, or purpose ; paid as a share. FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — MeTE, PREY. — PL\E, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— CON €ON-TJtlB'U-TI.\G, ppr. Giving in common with otlHT'* to some stt>ck or purpose ; imparting a share. eON-TRI-BO'TfON, n. The act of giving to a com- mon stock, or in common with others ; the act of lending a jwrtion of power or intlut'iice to a common purpitse ; the payment of each m:in's share of some common expense. 2. That which is given to a common stock or pur- posCf either by an individual or by many. We speak of the coHtribution of one person, or the contribution of i society. Contributions are invuliintary^ as taxes and imposts ; or volunlarvi, as for some tindertakinc- 3. In a military sen-ae^ impositions paid by a frontier country, to secure themselves frnm being plundered by the enemy's armyj or impositions u(>on a country in the power of an enemy, which are levied under various pretenses, and for various purposes, usually for the tiuppurt of the armv. €ON-TRIB'U-TIVE, a. Tending to contribute ; con- tributing ; having the power or quality of giving a portion of aid or influence ; lending aid to promote, iJi concurrence with others. This mrriuure ia contributiot to the aame entt. Taylor. €ON-TRIB'^-TOR, n. One who contrihnles ; one who gives or pays money to a commun stock or fund ; one who gives aid to a common purpose, In conjunc- tion with others. eON-TRIB'U-TO-RY, a. Contributing to the same stork or purpose ; promoting the same end ; bringing I assistance to some Joint de!>ign, or increase to some common stock. eON-TRIS'TATE, v. U VL. coniristo.] To make sorrowful, f A"o( used.] Bacon. €0\-TRIS-Ta'TION, 71. The act of making sad. [JVbt itc^"?.] Bacon. eON'TRITfi, o. [L. eontritus, from eontfro, to break or bruise ; eon and t£rOf to bruise, rub, or wear. See Trite.] Liter aU]i,womt or bmised. Hence, broken-hearted for sin ; de<:ply aflected with grief and sorrow for having offended Godj bumble; penitent; as, a con- trite sinner. A broken aiid & anttriU heart, O God, thou wilt oot iletpbe. — P«. li. €ON'TRITE-LY, adv. In a contrite manner; with penitence. [for sin. €O.V'TRITE-NESS, n. Peep sorrow and penitence €0N-TRI"T10N, (trish'un,) n. [L. eutttritio.] 1. The act of grinding or rubbing to powder. J^ToPtan. 2. Penitence ; deep sorrow for sin ; grief of heart for having done wrong, especially towards an infi- nitely holy and benevolent God. T\ie word is usu- ally understood to mean genuine penitence, accom- panied with a deep sense of ingratitude in the sin- ner, and sincere resolution to live in obedience to the divine law. Fruit« of more pHiiing anvor, from Uiy loed Suwii with eontrition ia his hcut. Miilon. Imperfect repentance ia by some divines called at- trition. €0\-TRTV'A-BLE, «. [See Cottrntrx.] That may be contrived ; capable of being planned, invented, or devised. Prrpntiol modofl nay ■e«n rwily a>ntrivah!e. WiUdns. €ON-TRI VANCE, n. [Sec Contrive.] The act of inventing, devising, or planning. TVre b no work impowibk lo ilii-»e contrivl hu always aonv bnudful ddipi, which he Ant MtAl>- tuhi'-a, awl Uyn contrive* iba muna which wQI nniiindty condua him to hia end, Drydtn, 2. To wear out ; as, three ages such as mortal men contrive. Spensir. [Oft.«.] [This must be from th»i L. contrro, enntrivi^ and if the Fr. controuvrr, and ftalian controvare, are the same word diffr«'nlly applied, the primnry sense is, to invent by nibbing, thai is, by ruminating; or to strike out, as in forge. But tlie word is probably from trouBfr^ to findj CONTRIVE', r. I. To form or design ; to plan ; to schnmc ; as, how shall we contrice to hide our sham** ? [ TftLi verb it reaUrj transitive, but followed by a verb, in tkf plac.f of an object or fuimf.J CON'-TKIV'ED, pp. or a. Invented; planned; de- vited. CON TRTVE'ME.VT, n. Contrivance; invention. CONTRIVER, «. An inventor; one who plans or devise!* : a schemer. Swift. Shak CONTRIVING, OTM-. Planning; formmg In design. CON-TRoL', B. [Fr. controller a counU^r n-glster ; centre and rMe, a roH, list, or catalogue ; Arm. coun- ter rifU.] CON 1. Primariltf^ a book, register, or account, kept to correct or check another accoimt or register ; a coun- ter register. Hence, chuck; reslniint ; as, to speak or to act without control. The wind raged without control. Our passions should be under the control of reason. 2. Power ; authority : covomment ; command. Children should be under the co/ifro/ of their (Kirenls. The events of life are not always under our control. 3. He or that which restrains. Burke. CON-TROL', r. t To keep under check by a counter recister or double account. The proper officer co«- trois the accounts of the treasury. 9. To check ; to restrain ; to govern. 1 f-fl my Tirlue atnigglii'g in my soul ; Bui stronger ikibuliii liuea iit povrur cuittnU. Drt/dtn. 3. To overpower; to subject to authority; to counteract ; to have under commaiul. The course of events can not be eontroUed by human wisdom or power. 4. To direct or govern in opposition ; to have supe- rior force, or authority over. A reciul can not control the pl.iiii words in the jfrantir.g part of a iWiI. Johnson's IteporU. CON-TROL'LA-BLE, a. That may be controlled, cJiecked, or restraintid ; 8ubji;ct to command. Puasion is t)i«f •Initiki iaUe l)y itM^oii. eOX-TR0L'L£D, fkon-trold',) pp. Cheeked ; re- strained ; Eovenied. CON-TRoI/LER, m. [Norm, eoutUrc-rouler.] 1. One who controls or restrains; one that has the power or auliiorily to gttvern or control. Thp grem Controller of oL'LER-v''MIP, n. The office of a controller. eON-TK0L,'LIN<;, ;ifr. or o. Checking; governing. eON-TROL'.MENT, n. The power or act of con- trolling ; the state of being restrained ; control ; restraint. 2: Opjiosition ; resistance ; counteraction ; refu- tation. For this word, Cowtrol is now generally used. eON-TRO-VER'SA-RY.a. Disputatious. Bp.HaU. eON'TRO-VEKSE, n. and tj. Controversy, and to dispute. [06*.] CON'TRO-VER.n'-ER, ( n. A disputant [Oft*.] €ON'TRO-VER8-OK, \ Mountag-u, CON TRO-VER'SIAL, (-shal,) a. [See Controvert, C0Ty atiutit thn title. LoAt. Wilhout corUroMray, XPKot. ia the myaU^ry ot pxlUiMM. — 1 Tim. lii. 2. A suit in law ; a case in which opptwin^ par- ties contend for their respective claims before a tribunal. And bv \.\f\t woTti ahnll ctf.ry conlrovarty and every atroke be triml. — Dviii, xxi. 3. Dispute ; oi^>ositiun carried on. The ImtA hitlh n controt^rttj with the iialiuiis. — Jct. xxr. 4. Opposition ; resistance. And alrtiiniing H [th: tflrn:til| with lurwi* of cuntnwcr«y. StuiJt. eON'TKO-VERT, P. t. [L. eontrovcrto, controversor ; contra and verto^ verso^ to turn. Literally, to turn against.] To dispute; to oppose by reasoning; to contend agnmst in words or writings ; to di;ny and attempt to disprove or confute ; to iigifUe contrary opinions ; as, to controcrrt opinions or principles ; to controvert the iuslnesB of a conclusion. CON CON'TRO-VERT-ED, pp. or a. Disputed : opposed in dfbate. eON'TUO-VERT-ER, n. One who controverts ; a controvf rsin! writer. B. Jmuion. €ON-'l'RO-VERT'I-BLE, a. That may be disputed ; disputable ; not too evident to exclude diffijrence of opinion ; as, this is a controvertible point of law. CON-TRO-VERT'I-BLY, adv. In a controvertible manner CON'TRO-VERT-ING,;)pr. Disputing; denyingand attempting to refute. CON'TRO-VERT-IST, n. One who controverts ; a disputant ; a man versed or engaged in controversy or disputation. How unfriendly is ihfi apiril of die ctm&-owr£i*( to th^ <1iBc<*n»- meni of the critic ! Campl^ll. CON-TO'BER-NAL, a. [L. contubemalis^ from contu- bernium : con and t.ubcma.] Pertaining to fellowship in a mess or lodging ; de- notiiii; a species of concubinage. CON-TU-MA'CIOUS, (kon-tu ma'shus,) a. [L. am- tumor, from con and tumeo, to swell.] 1. Literally^ swelling against ; haughty. Hence, obstinate; jKrverse ; stubborn; inflexible; unyield- ing ; disobedient ; as, a contumacious child. % In law, willfully disobedient to the orders of a court. Blackitone. CON-TU-MA'CIOUS-LY, adv. Obstinately ; stub- bornly ; perversely ; in disobedience of orders. CON-TU-MA'CIOIJS-NES.S, ?(. Obstinacy; perverse- ness ; stubbornness ; contumacy. CON'TU-MA-CY, m. [L. contumacia.] 1. Stubbornness; unyielding obstinacy; inflexi- bility. Milton. 2. In /aw, a willful contempt and disobedience to any lawful summons or order of cotirt ; a refusal to appear in court when legally summoned, or disi>- bedieiice to its rules and ortlers. JiyUffr. CON-TU-ME'LI-OUS, a. [L. ctmtujndiosus. See COSTUMKLY.] 1. Haughtily reproachful ; contemptuous ; inso- lent ; rude and sarciustic ; as, contiimeliotLi language. SiPift, 2. Haughty and ctmteinptuous ; disposed to utter re[)roach, or to insult ; insolent ; proudly rude ; as, a contumelious person. Shtik. 3. Reproachful; shameful; ignofninious. Decay of Piety. eON-TU-MK'LI-OUS-LY adv. In a cimtumilious manner ; With pride and ctuitempt ; reproachfully ; rudely ; insolently. CON-TU-Mk'LI-OUS-NESS, n. I»iiroach ; rudeness ; contempt. CON'TU-ME-LY, n. [L. contumelia, from eontumeo; eon and tunieo, to swefl.] Rudeness or reproach compounded of haughtiness and conttrmpt ; contemptuousness ; insolence ; con- temptuous language. The opprcsaor'a wruny, Ihfl pruml man's contumely. Shak, CON-TUND', r. t. [L. contiindo.] To beat ; to bruise by beating. [Little used.] CON-TOSE', p. t. [L. contusus, contundv.] To beat ; to bruise ; to injure the flesh or substance of a living being or other thing without breaking the sktn or substance, sometimes with a breach of the skin or substance. Bacon. €ON-TCS'f:i), ftp. or a. Bniised. CON-TCS'ING, ppr. Bruising. CON-TO'SIUN, (kon-tii'/.hun,) n. [L. contiutio, from eontundo ; con and tunda, to beat ; San. tad.] 1. The art of beating and bruising, or the state of being bruised. 2. "The act of reducing to powder or fine particles by beating. Bacon. 3. In jd/rfrm/ia bniise ; a hurt or injury to the flesh or some part of the body by a blunt instrument, or by a fall, ijroducing no breach or apparent wt»und. CO-NLIN'DRuM, n. A sort of riddle in which siime odd resemhl.mre is proposed for discovery binween things quite unlike ; a quibble ; a low jest SmarU- CON'r-SA-IU.E, a. Liable to be tried or judged. CON't^-SANCE, n. [Fr. r.nnnoissancc.] Cognizance ; knowledge ; notice. [See Cownu- 9ANCB.] eON'n-SANT, a. Knowing; having notice of. eON-tf-SOR'. See Cocmzoh. eON-VA-LESCE', Ckon-va-lnss',)c.i. To grow better after sicknitss ; to recover health. CON-VA-LES'c:HNCE, in. [V.. concahsco,Xo prow CON-VA-LES'CKN-CY, \ stronger ; con and valcaco^ to get strength, i-alco, to he strong, Eiig. wdl. See Well ami Avail.] Renewal of health ; the insensible recovery of health and strength after disease ; the state of a body renewing its vigor after sickness or weakness. eON-VA-LES'CENT, a. Recovering health and strength after sickness or debility. eoN'.VA-LES'CING, jmr. Recovering health. CONVECTION, rt. [L. eonvectio, from convck«t to convey.] A carrying ; the act of carrying or conveying ; as, the convection of heat. ProuL TONE, ngLL, UNITE. — AN"GKR, VI"CIOU8. — C as K ; d as J ; » as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as In THIS. S61 CON eO\-V£X'A-BLE, a. [See ConrENK.] That may be convened or assemble^d. Pcmo^igt^ May^ IS09. 2. CunsislenU [OA*.] Spenser. €ON-VeXE', c. i, [U ctmmtw; «*» and Pfnw, to coroej t. Tucometoflecberj to meet; Coonite; osthings. [VhusuoL'] Tte njra of lifte MtiTCTs« aod conanw !■ tfaa •re*. /foMoA. a. To come togeltier ; to meet In the same i^aoe ; lo aasemble ; as persons. Parliament will watvjie in NovembtT. The two houses of the legislature evtt- vmmt at twelve o'clock The citizens amcened in the stale house. CO.V-VeNE\ r. t To raaae to aseemble ; lo call to- gether ; to convoke, llie president has power to MKcea£ the Ctmjjreas on special occa ai o n a. 3. To summon judicially to meet or appear Bt the pHtMl outon ttv, cicrka can be t9mw tm § d 00I7 befcn mn €ON-VR;V'KD, pp. Assembled ; convoked. €ON-V£\'EIl, a. One «'ho conrenea or meets with others. [ O^*.] a. One who calls an assembly tocether. Hence, 3. The cliairman of an orfartixed body, as a com- nitit-"- " t, iM" h,* proTince to evsveiK or call them to;:. ^.J €0\ \ (a. [1«. cMCBMiiaUsa, from evn- co.\-\ ^ ^ V, i TMio.] LiUrmiiy^ a cufumj; together ; a meeting. Hence, 1. Fitneas ; suit^^eness ; propriety ; adaptation , < -one thing to another, or to circumstances. Hookrr. % CommOdiiHtsnes* ; ease ; freedom from diffi- culty* Evv(7 mui nnat wit aoawtbinf for Ibe tonvemenHcn(i>>ifJy accept the invlLition. €OX-Ve.S"'IXG, ;ijr. Coming bother ; calling lo- B ther. eON-V&X'l.VG, a. The act of coming togetber ; cnnvnlion. eOX'VHENT, a. [L. cvaenbu, from coareav, to as- semble ; Fr. etrxvenL] 1. An assembly of persons devoted to religion ; a body of monks or nuns. 3. A bouse for persons devoted to rdigion ; an ahb?y ; a monasterr ; a nunnery. • €X)N-VEXT', V. L [I* coMcenfK^, amrenio.] To call before a judge or judicature. Shak. €OX-VE.VT', c. i. To meet; to concur. [.Vwi used,] Beaum, eON-VEXT'I-€LE, «. [U awrraticiJajR, dim. of atmvemUu.] 1. An as-aemWy or meeting; usually applied to a meeting of di^^enter^ from the e!. See Costewk.] I. The act of coming together ; a meeting of sev- eral persons or individuals. BoyU, % Union ; coalition. 3. An asse mbly. In this sense, the word includes any formal meeting or collection of men for civil or ecclesiastical purposes ; particularly an assembly of dcL'Cites or repreientaiives for consultation on im- portant concerns, civil, pcdittcal, or ecclesia'^ticnl. In QrttU Britain, convention is the name given to an extramlinary assembly of the estates of the realm, held without the king*s writ ; as the assemtdy which restored Charles II. to the throne, and that vvliich declared the throne to be abdicated by James II. In Vie United StaUs^ IhU name is givt-n to the as- sembly of representatives which fwrms a constitution of governmf ni, or political association ; as, the con~ venUon which formed the constitution of the United States in 1787. 4. An agreement or contract between two parties, as between the commanders of two armies ; an agreement previous to, or in the place of, a definitive treatv. CON eOX-VEN'TION-AL, a. [Fr. concentionneL] 1. Stipulated ; formed by agreement. Ccmaimriunat wennuv r^rrrwl liy irniirci on (frajiu, made out of iN" crown ot bni^liu KTvice. Halt. 9. Arising out of custom or tacit agreement ; as, a eonvemtiomal use of language. eOiN-VEN'TION-ALr-iSM, n. That which is received or esiahlished by convtrnlion or ngreemenL €ON-VEN riO\-AL'I-TY, n. A conventional mode of living and acting. eON-VEN'TlON-AL-LY, ad. In a conventional manner ; by tacit agreement. eON-VE.\'TU>.\-A-RY', a. Acting under contract; settled by stipulation ; conventional ; as, eonrcNtion- «ry tenants. Careio. €ON-VEN'TIOX-ER,ii. pne who belongs to a con- vention. €O.V-VEX'TIOX-IST, n. One who makesa contract. €OX-VEXT'lj-AL, a. [Fr. conventueL] [Sterne. Belonging to a convent ; monastic ; as, eonoentual priOTs. €OX-VEXT'lT-AL, n. One that lives in a convent ; a monk or nun. .diidiaan^ €OX-VER0E', (kon-verj',)r. i. [Low L. eonvtrgo i con and rergo, to incline. See Verge.] To tend to one point ; to incline and approach nearer together, as two lines which continually h[>- proach each other ; opposed to dherg-e. Lines which converge in one direction diverge in the other. The mounuins conutrga tnio » A\g\c nige. J^fferaon, eOX-V^ERft'EXCE, > a. The quality of converging ; eOX-VERO'EX-CY, \ tendency to one point, Ort'eory- €0X-VER6'EXT, a. Tending to one point; np- pnmching each other, as they proceed or arc e.\tend- €0N-VER6'ING, ppr. or a. Tending to one point ; amiroaclimg each other, as lines extended. ComvtrgMg nufs; in tmtiat, those rays of light, which, proceeding from diflerent points of an object, tend toward a single point. At this point they cross, and become diverging rays. Encije. Converging series^ in mathematics^ is that in which the magnitude of the several terms gradually di- minishes. Barlow. eON-VERS'A-BLE, a. [It. conversabile ; Fr. concer- tahU. See CoitTsasE.] Qualified for conversation, or rather disposed to converse ; ready or inclined to mutual communica- tion of thoughts ; sociable ; free in discourse. Jiddison, €0.\-VERS'.\-BLE-.\ESS, n. The quality of being free in conversation ; disposition or readiness to con- verse ; sociability. eOX-VERS'A-BLY, ado. In a conversable manner. COX'VEKS.VXCE, I n. Disfxisition to associate; €OX'VER-SAX-CY, \ habit of familiarity. eoX'VER-SAXT. a. [IL coHver^aiUe. See Cow- terse.] L Keeping company ; having frequent or custom- ary intercourse ; intimately associating ; familiar by feUowship (x cohabitation ; acquainted. But ih' im^n wre rrry goo-t tn ua — k> long m we wew flo nt r. aard fith Uviii. — I Sim. xxt. Nrrcr 10 bK infr^tcl wilh dtrlight, Nor coni>ermuU ailh euMe aiKrulIencM. SfiaM. 2. Acquainted by familiar use or study. We cor- rect our style, and improve our taste, by being con- versant with the best classical writers. In the foregoing applicatiims, this word is most generally f.illnwed by jntA, according to present usage. In was formerly used ; and both in and amon^ may be used. 3. Concerning ; having concern or relation to ; having for its object ; fullowed by abovt. Education b convertant about children. Wotton. eOX'VER-S.\XT-LY, adv. In a conversant or famil- iar manner. eOX-VER-SA'TIOX, n. General course of manners ; behavior ; deportment ; especially as it respects mor- als. Let jrour converta&m be u b»'«)mrth the fo«pel. — Phil. L Be ye iioly La ail iimniicr o( conoeraaxUm. — 1 Pel. i. [In this sense nearly obsoUt^.] 2. .\ keeping company ; familiar intercourse ; inti- mate fellowship or association ; commerce in social life. Knowledge of men and manners is best ac- quired by conversatio7i with the best company. 3. Intimate and familiar acquaintance; as, a con- rersation with books or other objects. 4. Familiar discourse ; general intercourse of sen- timents ; ctiat ; unrestrained talk, opposed to a for- mal conference. WTwl 1 meuiioncil in conoersiUion wm nol a new thought. [This is nofc the most general use of the leord.] eOX-VER-SA'TIOX-AL, a. Pertaining to conversa- tion ; done in mutual discourse or talk. €0X-VER-SA'TIOX-AL-IST, n. One who excels in conversation. eOX-VER-SA'TI0N-£D, a. Acquainted with the manner of acting in life. [JVot tisai,] Beaum. and Fl. CON €ON-VERS'A-TIVE, a. Relating to an intercourse with men ; opposed lo contemplative. * She ctioae tu endue lum with atnotrtativa quolUlet of youth. Wotton. COJ^ VKR-SAZ.I-0'J^K, (kon'ver-s4t-7,e-6'na,)«. [IL] A meeting for conversation, [Uirticularly on literary subjects. Oray. €0N- VERSE', p. i. [L. conversor ; con and versttr, to be turned ; \'t. eonverser ; ft. conversare ; Sp. eonver- sar. LUeraUyy tu be turned to or with ; to be turned about.] 1. 1 o keep company ; to associate ; to cohabit ; to hold intercourse and be intimately acquainted ; ful- lowed by with - — — for him who Inn^Iy \uf^ To Mek the dUiaiu IuILb, luid there coiiDtrta M'ilh iiuiure. TTiomaon. 3. To have sexual commerce, Ouardiaru 3. To tallc familiarly ; to have free interrourse in mutual communication of thoughts and opinions ; to convey thoughts reciprtKally ; followed by with be- fore the person addresiied, and on before the subject. Converse as friend with friend. We have often eon- versed toilh each other on the merit of Milton's poetry. ['I /lis is now the most genrral usf- ^f the word.] CON'VERSE, n. Conversation ; familiar discourse or talk ; free interchange of thoughts or opinions. Pormed by thy cont»rt« happily to et"fr From grare to guy, from lively to Mvere. Pop*. 3. Acquaintance by frequent or customary inter- course ; ct)habitatinn ; familiarity. In this sense, the word may include discotirse, or not ; as, to huld con- verse wilh persons of diffi-rent sects ; or to hold con- verse with terrestrial things. 3. In lofrie, the eonrerse of a propositiim is that which arises from interchanging the terms ; i. e., putting the predicate fur the subject, and the subject for the predicate. It should not (as is often done) be confounded wilh the contran^ or opposite of a propo- sition, which is formed by introducing the negative not or no. 4. In mathematics^ an inverted proposition ; thus, after drawing a eonchision. from soiiietliitic jfu/tpavet/, we invert the ordf^r, making the conclusion the sup- poriitiou or premises, and draw from it what was first ^^upiKwed. Thus, if two sides of a triangle are equal, thf^ngles opposite the sides are e<|ual ; and the eonnersr is true, i. e., if these angles are equal, the two sides are equal. Barlow. Brande. rON'VERSE-LY, adv. With change of order ; in a contrary order ; reciprocally. Johnson. COS VEK'SIOX, M. [L. conversio. See Convert.] 1. In a ffnierrd sensr^ a turning or change from one state to another; will) regard to substances, trans- mutation ; as, a cottversion of water into ice, or of food into chyle or blood. 2. In miliUry itffairs^ a change of front, as when a body of troops is attacked in the flank, and they change their position to face the enemy. 3. In a thcoh/irical or moral seyise, a change of heart, or dispositions, in wliich the enmity of the heart to God and his law, and the obstinacy of the will, are subdued, and are succeeded by supreme love to God and his moral government, and a reformation of life. 4. Cliange from one side or parly to another. Th:il converaion will be siupected Ihat apparently concum with iiiteresi. Jofitiaon, 5. A change from one religion to another j as, the converAon of the Gentiles, .^ets XV. C. The act of appropriating to private use ; as, in trover and conversion. Conversion of equations ; in algebra ^ the reduction of equations by multiplication, or the manner of alter- ing an equation, when, the quantity sought, or any member of it, is a fraction ; the reducing of a frac- tional equation into an integral one. Kncyc Bailey. Johnson. Conversion of proportion, in mathematics, is when of four proportionals it is inferred that the first is to its excess above the second as the third to its excess above the fourili. Barlow. Conversion of propositions, in logic, is a changing of the subject into the place of the predicate, and still retaining the quality of the proposition. Bailey. COX-VERS'IVE, a. Sociable ; conversable. COX-VERT', V. t. [U conrerto; con and verto, to turn; coinciding in elements and signification with barter, and probably from the root of Fdru, vario, veer, Sp. birar, Port, virar, to turn. Class Br.J 1. To change or turn into another siib.«itance or form ; as, to convert gases into water, or water into ice. 2. To change from one state to another ; as, to convert a barren waste into a fruitful field ; to convert a wilderness into a garden ; to convert rude savages into civilized men. 3. To change or turn from one religion to another, or from one party or sect to another ; a?, to convert pagans to Christianity ; to convert royalists into re- publicans. 4. To turn from a bad life to a good one ; to change the heart and moral character, from enmity to God FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MeTE, PR£Y.— PIXE, MARXXE, BIRD X6TE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 2^ [^ CON and from vicious bubiLs, lu love of God and to a boty life. Rr-p , an.I be converted^ Ih^X your kiu maybe '.111 lii. il'^ ^ltlRe^ ^m the error of bia way, aluill nre , . ui. — JajiKSV. 5. To turn toward a point. Cry»tAl will e^IiTy iiiio e!«tridiy, and convert the needle trebly plact-d. [C'tiutuoi.] Broten. 6. To turn from one use or destination to another ; aa, to concert liberty into an engine of oppresssion. 7. To appropriate or apply to one's own use, or to personal benelit ; as, to concert [mblic property to our own use. 8. To cbnnge one proposition into another, so that what was the subject of the first becomes the predi- cate of the second ; ns, all sin is a transgression of the law ; but every transgression of tlie taw is sin. Hale. 9. To turn into another language. B. Jvnson. €ON-VERT', ». i. To turn or be changed ; to under- go a ctiange. Th'- '.ore of wicked frieada eonveru to fear ; Til a fd%ir, loluie. Shak. eON'VKRT, n. A person who is a)nverled from one opinion or practire to another ; a, person who re- nounces one creed, religious system, or |»arty, and erabnices aiu»Iht/r ; applied particularly to those who c)tange their religious opinions, but applicable to po- litical or philtisophical sects. 2. Inm more strict sensCy one who is turned from sin to holiness. Zion ihiil be T«dectned with Jud^metit, and her conoerU wiOt h^iii'ouaiinB. — la. i. 3. In m/m/irferwa, a lay friar or brother, admitted to the sf rvic* of the hotise^ without orders, and not al- lowpfl to sing in the choir. Eneyc CONVERT' ED, pp. or a. Turned or changed from one substance or state to another ; turned from one religion or sect to another ; changed from a stnie of sin to a state of holiness ; applied to a particular ut>e ; appropriated. €ON-VEKT'ER, n. One who converts; one who makes converts. €0.\-VERr r-BIL'I-TY, b. [from cffnveriibUA I The capability of being converted or changed from one substance, form, or state, to another \ as, the eoHvertibiiity of land into money. Burke. 2. The tpiality of being changeable from one let- ter to another ; as, the eoHpertibilUij of m with 6, or of d into t -^s. Rt:searche^. €ON'-VERT'I-BLE, a, [Fr., from conrertir.] 1. That may be changed ; susceptible of change ; transinutable ; transformable. Minprala are fwl conatrlHile Into another apeclcs, thoti^ of the ainie genua. Harney, 2. So much alike that one may be used for anoUier. Usury and interest are not now coacertibU terms, tliough fonnerly they were. 3. That may be changed, as one letter foj another ; as, 6, p. and / are fonvertibU letters. eO.N'-VERT'I-BLK^NESS, n. Convertibility. eOX-VEKT'I-MLV, ode. Reciprocally \ with inter- change of lenna. South. CON-VERT'ING, ppr. Turning; changing. eON-VERT'lNG, a. Adapted to convert i that con- verts Irom a state of nature to a slate of grace. eON'VERT-rrE, «. a convert. [wVot in use.'\ eO\'VEX,a. {L. contei.us ; XUconresso.] Rising or swelling on the exterior surface into a spherical or round form; gibbous j opposed to eon- eavey which expresses a round form of the interior surface ; as, a convex mirror or lens, CON' VEX, n- A convex body i as, beaven*8 convex, Tiekd. eON'VEX-ED, (kon'vext.l a. Made convex ; protu- berant in a spherical frrm. Brown. eo\-VEX'ED-LV, (m/(t. In a convex form. Brown. €ON-VEX'I-TV, n. [L. eonttczUn.1.] The exterior surface of a convex body ; a gibbous or globular form ; roundness. JWir^oa. Bentley. CON'VE.X-LV, ado. In a convex form; as, a body eanreibi ronicil. €0\'VEX-NESS, n. Convexity ; which see eON-VEX'O-eON'CSVE, a. Convex on one side and concave on the other -, having the hollow on the inside corresponding to the convex surface. eON-VEX'fJ-CON'VEX, a. Convex on both sides. CON-VEV', (kon vi',) o. L [L. convtho ; con and ve- hoj to carry, .'^ax. wtegan^ iDegan, Eng. to weigh. See WiioH and Wat.] 1. To carry, bear, or transport, either by land or water, or in air ; as, to eonmj a letter or a package ; to eoHOfif good? from England to France. 2. To pass, or cause to pxss ; to transmit j as, tu eonpcw a right or an estate from father to son. 3. To transfer ; to pxss a tiilr to any Uiing from one person to another, as by dt'cd, a^isignment, or otherwise ; as, to connty lands by bargain and sale. ^ To caimc to pass ; to transmit ; to carry, by any medium j as, air conveys sound ; words convey tdeaa. CON 5. To manage with privacy. [A''ot lused.] I will coHivjf lt>e biuiiifw hm I s)iall fiiHi roeaiia. Shak. 6. To impart ; to communicate. CON-VgY', (kon-va',) v. i. To play the thief. Shak. eON-VfiVA-BLE, (kon-va'a-bl,) a. That may be conveyed or tmnsferred. Burke on the Sublime, CON-VfiVANCE, (kt.n-va'ans,) n. The act of con- veying ; the act of bearing, carrj'ing, or transport- ing, by land or water, or tlirough any medium. 2. The act of tran.sinitting, or transferring, as ti- tles, estates, or claims, from one person to another ; transmission ; transferrcnce ; assignment 3. The instniment or means of passing a thing from place to place, or person to person ; as, a ve- hicle is a conr-eyance for persons or goods; a canal or aqueduct is a conveyance fur water ; a deed is a con- veyance of land. 4. Kenioval ; the act of removing or carrying. Shak. 5. Management : artifice ; secret practices. [/n this sen.1t, vbsulrte.] Spenser. €ON-V£Y'AN-CER, (kon-va'an-ser,) n. One whose occupation is to draw conveyances of property, deeds, &^c. CON VBY'AN-CING, n. The act or practice of draw- ing deeds, teases, or other writings for transferring the titli! to property from one person to another. CON-V'BY'£D, (kou-vide',) pp. Carried; transmit- ted i transferred. eON-VBV'ER, (kon-va'er,) n. One who conveys; he or thai which conveys, carries, transports, trans- mits, ortninsfers from one person or place to another. 2. A jut'gler. Shak. CON-V'EV'INO, (kon-vi'ing,) ppr. Carrjing; trans- porting ; trausfi'rriug. eON-VI-CIN'l-TY, tt. Neighborhood ; vicinity. fVariam. eON-VICT', V. t. [L. eonvmco, convictum; con and rineo, to vanquish or subdue ; Sp. contencer ; It. eon- vincrre; Fr. ctntvainere. (See Convince.) The verb viaeo is allied to vineio, to bind, the primary sense of which is, to strain, force, make fast ; hence, to sub- due ; and as n appears to be casual, the root is Vg or Vc] 1. To determine the truth of a charge against one ; to prove or find guilty of a crime charged ; to deter- mine or decide to be guilty, as by the verdict of a jiir>', by confession, or other leg:U decision. Tbe jir-y convicted the prisoner of felony. 2. To convince of sin ; to prove or determine to be guilty, as by the conscience. Thry wlio hmnl it, liriiiff eonoicled by thelrownconwlence, went out one by uiic. — Julin viii. 3. To confute ; to prove or show to be false. [ 06*.] Brown. 4. To show by proof or evidence j as, to coarict a person of ern>r. Hooker. CON-VICT', pp. for Cor*TrcTED. Proved or found guiltv. Shak. CON'VICT, n. A person proved or found guilty of a crime alleged against httii, either by the verdict of a jury or othtT legal decision. eON-VICT'EU, pp. or a. Proved or detennined to be guilty, either by verdict of a jury or by the decision of conscience. eON-VICT'lNG, ppr. or a. Proving or finding guiltv. CON-VIC'TION, )i. The act of proving, findmg, or determining to be gtiilty of an offense charged against a perstm before a legal tribunal ; as by confession, by the verdict of a jury, or by ilie sentence of other tri- bunal, as in the summary convictions before commis- sioners of the revenue. 2. The net of convincing, or compelling one to ad- mit the truth of a chiuge ; the act of convincing of sin or sinfulness ; the state of being convinced or convicted by conscience ; the state of being sensible of guilt ; as, the conviction.^ of a sinner may be tem- porary, or lasting aud etiicactous. By conviction^ a sinner is brought to rei»entance. Men often sin againi: Chriat. — Acta xvtu. CON 2. To convict ; to pr(»ve guilty; to constrain one to admit or acknowledge himself to be guilty. 1/ ye have respect to pcnuiis, ye comniit «iii, and are oonvtnetd o( \hy] ihi- law aj [niiiKgrt-Mura. — Jiiiiit^ ii. 'To eoneiiu^e n.i\ itut are uii^Mlly tunoug them of all tbeir ungod- ly deeds. — Jude X». 3. To convince ; to prove. [Ofis.] Shak. 4. To overpower ; to surmount ; to vanquish, r 06s.] Shak. eON-VIN'CED, (kon-vinst',) pp. or a. Persuaded in mind ; satisfied with evidence ; convicted. CON-VINCE'MENT, (kon-vins'ment,) n. Convic- tion. [Little itacd.] eON-VIN'CER, 7t, He or that which convinces ; that which makes manifest. J\Iore. €ON-VIN'CI-BLE, a. Capable of conviction. 2. Capable of being disproved or refuted. [Little used.] Brown. CON-VIN'CING, ppr. Persuading the mind by evi- dence ; convicting. 2. a. Persuading the mind by evidence ; capable of subduing the opiHisition of the mind anil compelling its assent We have eonvincinfr proof of the truili of the Scriptures, and of God's moral government of tbe world CON-VlN'CINGrLY, adv. In a convincing manner; in a manner to leave no room to doubt, or to compel assent. * Clarendon. eON-VIN'CING-NESS, n. The power of convincing. eON-VI"TIOUS, (kou-vish'us,) a. [L. convUior.] Reproachful. [ Obs.] a eON-VIVE', v.U To entertain; to reast. [JVotin use.'] * Shak. CON-VlV'I-AL, a, [L. convivalisy from conviva, a guest, or convivoy to live or eat and drink together ; tttti and Fi'eo, to live. See Victuals.] Relating to a feast or entertainment; festal; so- cial , jovial ; as, n convivial meeting. Dcnham. CON-VIV-I-AL'I-TY, n. The good humor or niulh indulged at an entertainment. 5. A convivial spirit or disposition. eON'VO-CATE, v.t. [L. concocoy to convoke; con and cocoy to call. See Voice.] To convoke ; to call or summon to meet; to as- semble by summoiis. [See Convoke.] eON-VO-CA'TlON, w, [L. convocatio.] I. 'i'he act of calling or assembling Dy summons, S. An assembly. In i!»e firat diiy there alial] be a holy convocation. — Ex, xii. 3. In Uie Church uf England^ an assembly of the clergy, by their representatives, to consult on ecclesi- astical affairs. It is sununoned to meet at the same time witli parliamr*iit ; but, for m(»re than a century past, it has been prorogued imiuediatcly upon its as- Beinbling. Edin,. Encije. Brande. 4. In the University of Oxford, an academical as- sembly, in which the busines»- of the univertiity is transacted. Braiuie, CON-VOKE', 0. U [E. convoco i Fr. convoquer. See Voice.] To call together ; to summon to meet; to assem- ble by summons. It is tiio prerogative of the presi- dent of the United Stnl^-s to convoke the senate. CON-VOK'ED, pp. Summoned or assembled by order. eON-VOK'ING, ppr. Summoning to convene ; as- sembling. eON'VO-LUTE, I a. Rolled together, or one part eON'VO-LU-TEI), t un anothr?r ; as, tho sides or margins of nascent leaves in plants, or as the petals and stigmas in Crocus. Martyn. Lee. eON-VO-LO'TlON, n. [L. conrolutio.] 1. The act of rolling or winding together, or one thing oil anps which accom- pany provisions, ammunition, or other property, for protection. 2.-3'he ship or fleet ctindiicted and protected ; that wiiich is conducted by a piotecting force ; tliat TCNE, BULL, IINITE. — A.N"GER, VF'CIOUS € as K ; as J ; « as Z; ClI as SH ; TH as in THIS coo whteb b convoyed. The word sometimes includes boUi tho protecUng and protected fleets. JtdMinlty JiMMtt. Jtaderavm. Burchttt, FMcyc State Papers. 4 The act K'-ROOM, a. [cook and rsosi.} A room for cook- ery ; a kitchen. On bocrd qf shipsy a galley or ci bouse, eOOK'Y, a. [D. faiot, kotkje, a j^e.] A small cake, moderately sweet COOL, a. [Sax. cW; H.kotli G.hUU: &w.kaa; Dan. kmid, cold ; kSSUrj lo cool ; kmide, chilliness ; kutery to Uowstroog.] 1. Modentely cold ; being of a temperature be- tween hot and cold ; as, ewU air ; cooi water. 9. Not ardent or zealous ; not angry : not fond ; BoC excued by passion of any kind ; indifferent ; as, a tool friend ; a cool tamper ; a cool lover. 3. Not ha.«ty ; deliberate ; as, a co(U purpose ; a a>ol falsehood or deception. Hence, 4. Impudent in a very hieli degree, as, when speak- ing of some trick, pretension, tc, we say, " That is i No< retainine heat ; light ; as, a cool dress. COOL, n, A moderate state of cold; moderate tem- p:;raUire of the air between hot and cold ; as, tlie coal of the day ; the cooi of the morning or evening. COOL, p. L [Sai. eoUan^ acolian ; D. koeien ; G. kiik- Ua; Dan. kiSler.] 1. To allay heat ; to make cool or cold ; to reduce the temperature of a substance ; as, ice eooU water. Send LuuiH, ihat Ik xrar dip ih- lip of hk finjrer to i»»ter, and eool my lotig-ue. — Luke xri. e^K a. To moderate excitement of temper; to allay, as passion of any kind ; to calm, as anger; to abate, as love ; to moilerato, as desire, zeal, or ardor; to render inditferenU €OOL, F. (. To become less hot ; to lose heat. Let lea or coffee cool to Uie temperulure of the blood be- fore it be drank. S. To lose tiia heat of excitement or passion ; to become less ardent, angrj-, zealous, or affectionate ; to become more moderate. Speak not in a passion : flrst let your temper ossL eOOL'-eUP, a. A beverage that is cocaing. eoOL'JED, pp. Made less hot, or less ardunt. €OOL'ER, n. That which cools ; any substance which abates heat or excitement ; as, acids are eooUn to the body. a. A vessel in which liquora or oUiers things are cooled. €0Oiy-HE.AJ>-ED, (hed-ed,) a. Having a temper not easily excited ; f>ee from passion. Burke, COOl,'ING,^pr. Abating heat orexcitement; making or becoming cool. €OOL'L\G, a. Adapted to cool and refresh ; as, a eoolin^ drmk. eoOL'lSH, a. Somewhat cool. Ooldsmith. eoOL'LY, adr. Without heat or sharp cold. i^ In a cool or indifferent manner; not cordially; without passion or ardor. He was cooUy received at court. 3. Without haste ; calmly ; deliberately. The design was fomitd cooUy, and executed with firmness. COOL'NESS, «. A moderate degree of cold ; h tem- perature between cold and heal ; as, the coolness of the summer's evening. 2. A moderate degree, or a want of pai^sion ; want of ardor, or zeal; indifference; want of affection ; as, they parU>d with eoohie^s. €OOL-TA.\K'ARn, R. An old English beverage of various competition, but usually of ale with a little wine, or wine and waler, with an addition of lemon juice, spices, and burrage, or otlier savory herbs. Eneyc. Dom. Econ. CJOOL'Y, a. An East Indian porter or carrier. €OOM, n. [Pr. eambouis : Sw. tint, sooL] Soot that gathers over an oven's mouth ; also, the matter that works out of the naves or boxes of car- riage wheels. In Scotland^ ihe useless dust which falls from coals. eOOMB, (k*»oni,) ) n. [Qn. L. cumulus, or Gr. kvu- €OMB, (kimj j ^uV] A dr)- measure of four bushels, or half a quarter. €OOP, a, [D. Jkin>, a tub , kutper, a cooper ; G. kufr ; Fr. euoe: L. mpo, fVom beruling, boUowness, or con- taining, holdmg. Qu. Gr. Kvfiog. The Latin cupa seeni:i to be huth coop and cup. See Cup.] 1. A btJX of tKiurds, grated or barred on one side, fur keeping fowls in confinement. It is usually ap- plied to long boxes for keeping poultry for fattening or conveyance on board of ships, as ca^e is us«d for a small box lo keep aineinp-birds in houses. I do not know Uial it is ever used in America for a pen to con- fine other animals. 2. A p?n i an inclosed place for small animals. Johnson, 3. .\ barrel or cask for the preservation of liquors. JuhnsoH. 4. A tumbrel, or close cart. F.ncyc. Jamie^um^s DicL [The three last senses not .^meruan.l eOOP, c. u To put in a coop; to confine in a coop. Hence, to shut up or confine in a narrow compass; usually fullowt'd by up ; to coop up; sometimes by ia. Ttw TroJHiu cooped mUtin their wall*. Dryden. Tivy are eoopedin cXote hj the law» of tlie Miinu^. Locke. COOV'KDy (koopt,) pp. Shut up in a coop ; confined to narrow limits. GOO-PEE', Tu- A motion in dancing. eppP'ER, n, [from coop ; D. kuiper ; G. h'/er.] One whose occupation is to make barrels, hogs- heads, bulls, tub^, and casks of various kinds. €QQP'ER, r. L To do the work of a cooper; to mend or put in order, as a cooper does casks. €arent, of a whitish or [jiUe-yellowish coK"-, an agreeable smell, and a bitterish, pungent taste, .^t is of the consistence of oil, or u little thicker. As a medicine, it is corroborating and detergent. Encyc. CO'PAL, «. [Mexican copaUi, a generic name of res- ins, Claciffcro.] The concrete juice of a tree growing in South America and the East Indies, hard, shining, transpa- rent, citnm-colored, and inudoroiis. It is nut strictly a gum, nora resin, as it has not the solubility in water common to gums, nor that in spirit of wine common to resins. In these respects it rather resembles am- ber. It may he dissolved by dig-'jstion in linseed oil, with a heat little less than sutficient to boil or de- compose the oil. This solution, diluted with spirit of turpentine, forms a beautiful transparent varnish. Enctjc. J^ichoUon, €0-PAK'CE-NA-RV, n. [co, or con, and Norm, parco- nitr, parteiicry. See CopAacErtKR.] Partnership in inheritance; joint heirship; Joint right of succession or joint succession to an estate of inheritance. €0-PAR'CE-NER, n. [con and parcener, from part, Ft. parti, L. pars, or the verb partir, to divide.] A coheir ; one who has an eqiiaf portion of the in- heritance of his or iier ancestor witli others. All Uie coparctnert together make Un oiie heir, uul hnre but one CttUitc among ihein. Blacktton*. Coparcetiera lake by dc«cciit ; joint-lenatiU, by purcli i*-. Blade atont, eO-PAR'CE-NY, tt. An equal share of an inheritance. €0-PART'MENT, n. The same as Compartment. [JVof in use.] fVarton. <■ eO-PART'NER, n. [con and paHner. See Copar- cener.] 1. One who has a share in a common stock for transacting business, or who is jointly concerned with one or more persons, in carrying on trade or other business ; a partner; an associate, particularly in trade or manufactures. 2. A sharer ; a partaker; as, copartners of our loss. Milton, CO-PXRT'XER-SHFP, n. Joint concern in business; a state of having a joint share in a common Kti>ck, or a joint interest and concern in business, particularly in trade and manufactures. 2. The persons who have a joint concern. eO-PART'NER-V, n. The state of being copartners in any undertaking ; not confined, like copartnership, to trade or business. Kin a-. eO'PA-TAIN. n. [See Cop.] High-raised ; pointed. [JVot in use.] Shak. €0-Pa'TRI-OT or €O-PAT'RI-0T, n. A joint pa- triot. Q. Morris. CO-PAY'VA. See Copaiba. COPE, n. [W. c6b ; Sax, atppe ; D. kap ; Dan. kappe, kaabe ; Sw. kappa or kapa ; Fr. chape, whence chapcau, a hat ; Sp. capa ; It. eappa ', Pott capo."] 1. A cover for the head. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — MfiTE, PRgY.— PLVE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, .MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 26i COP 2. A sacerdotal cloak worn m sacred ministrations. An omameiil worn by chanters and subcbajiters when they officiate in solemnity. It reaches from tlie shoulilem to tiie feet. 3. Any thing spread or extended over the head ; the arch or concave of the sky i the roof or covering of a house ; the arch over a door, &.c. " 4. An ancient tribute due to the king or lord of the soil, out of tiie lead mines in some parts of Dt rby- shire. Encyc. €OPE, V. L To cover as with a cope. Addi^otu 2. To pare the beak or talous of a hawk. Badny. 3. To embrace. [Obs.] Shak. €OPE, r. i. [Dun. kicy contention ; iire*, to strive j kappes, to strive, to equal, to envy ; Sw. A*/, strife ; kifioa, to contend or quarrel j kdppai, to strive j to em- f- — ulat« ; Ar. I « ^—i kafaa^ to turn back, to drive away, to thrust, to oppose, to equal ; (^vJL^3 kafaiy to be sufficient, to be equal, to be like, to be a substitute. Class «b, No. 53, 55.] 1. To strive or contend on equal terms, or with eqtial strength ; to equal in combat j to mutch ; to op- pose with success. Tlwtr reneraJ* have not boeo able to cop* with \hc troopt ot TH\ tiuthei Tame, no power could cope with tiie pope. He vsa too open and direci m hi* conduct, ami poMi^Med too ttt. tie laui.tg^UKut, lo Cojm with ao Cuol aiid aluUl'ul bji adve^ K>ry. Hlrt. 2. To contend ; to strive or struggle ; to combat. HiMt coped irith tioct ; din was thr din of wu-. PkUxpt, 3. To encounter \ to interchange kindness or sen- timents. Shak. 4- To make return ; to reward. [Oft^.l Slutk. 5. To exchange or barter. \jXot in iw«.J Bailey, eO'PECK. See Kopbck. €6P'/;T>, (kopt,) pp. or a. Covered with a cope. e'GPE'MAN, n. A chapman. [J^Totu^aL] Stuik. €0-PER'\l-CA.\, o. Pertaining to Coi>ernicu3, a Prussian by birth, who taught the world the solar sjstr-in now received, called the Copernicaa syt^tem. e5PKrf'.M.*TE, n. [cupe and raatc] A companion or fri.-nd. [Qbs.] iJabburd. COPE'.'^ToNE, ft Head or lop stone. eO-PFIO'SI.S, 71. [Gt.] Deafness. €OP'I-CD, (kop'id,) pp. [See Copy.J Tjikcn off; written or transcribed from au original or form ; imi- tuf'd. G(.>P'I-ER, i n. One who copies ; one who writes or COP'Y-IST, ) transcribes from an original or form ; a transcriber ; an imitator ; also, a plagiar}-. Addison, Urydeti. COP'IXG, ppr. Striving; contending. COP'IXr., «. [See CoFE, «.] The top or cover of a wall, usually made sloping to carry on the water. 1 Kings vii. 9. A eopinf oorr, is a projecting work bt-veling on its under side. COPIOUS, a. [Ft. copieuz; It. caoioso : Sp. w/. ; L. copto^tUf from co/nu, abundance, Ir. euib. (iu. Ch. 22i to collect, gather, arcumulate; Ar. Lx^ j<^K, id. Class Gb, No. 2, 5, ^] 1. Abundant; plentiful; in great quantities ; ftiU ; ample ; furnishing full supplies. The tender henrt i> p«»c«, And kindlx pmin iu eojjiou* tnuurc* lurth In ruiuiu cotiTene, T'Aonwcii. 2. Furnishing abundant matter: not barren ; rich in sup]>lies. The redemption of man ia a copi- aiu subject of contemplation. JJiil, Son of (iod, Skvkit of men I th^ oanM Bluut Im Uk eopiout luatter of mjr Ktug. MUton. €0'PI-OUS-LV, adv. Abundantly) plentifully j in large quantities. ^ Largely ; fully ; amply ; diflfVisely. Tbe r^malua of antiqiuty have been eoploiuly described hf u«*. elm. Adduon. eO'PI-OUS-NESS, n. Abundance; plenty j great quantity ; fUll supply. 2. DiffVisiveness of style or manner of treating a subject ; as, the enpiousnejtg of Homer. Drydcn. COP'l.ST, n, A copier; an iU-formtd word. COP'LAND, n, A piece of ground terminating in a cop (»r arute angle. [JVot tued in .^/nerica.] Diet. €0-PLANT', V. i. To plant together [Au( m u^e.l Cf>-P0R'TIO,N, n. Equal share. [JVot used.] Spenser. C'iP'Pf.'I), > a. [See Cop.l Kiting to a point, or COP'PLKD, ( bead. Capped like a ■uga^lc^af. Wiieman. eOP'PEU SeeCcPBi- €OP'PER, n. [D. koper ; G. kup/er ; Rw. kopparf Ir. copan Com. cober i L. cuprum i Fr. cuicre; Sp. eubrf. : Purt. id. : Arm. eumr, eoevre ; supposed to be K> called from Cyprug^ an i"le in the Mediterra- nean. This opinion ia probable, as the Greeks called COP it X"^*''S Kvnpiofj Cyprian brass, brass of Cyprus. | In this case, copper was originally an adjeclive.l j A meul of a pule red color, tinged with yellow. Next to gold, silver, and platinum, it is the most ductile and malleable of the metals, and it is more elastic than any m^tal except steel, and the most sonorous of all tiie metals. It is found native in laminiB or fibers, in a gang almost always quartzous ; it is also found crystallized, and in grains or super- ficial laininx on stones or iron. It is not altered by water, but is tarnished by exposure to the air, and is at last covered willi a green carbonated oiyd. Coi>- per in sheets in much u^ied for covering the bottoms of ships, for boilers, and other utensils ; mixed with tin and zinc, it is used in enamel-painting, dyeing, &.C. ; mixed with tin, it forms bel 1- metal ; with a smaller proportion, bronze ; and with zinc, it forms brass, pincJibeck, 4tc. When taken into the body, it operates as a violent emetic, and all its preparations are violent poisons. Fourcroy, Encyc Hooper. COP'PER, a. Consisting of copper. Clcaceland. COP' PER, «. A vessel made of copper, particularly a large boiler. 2. Formerly, a small copper coin. My friends filled my pocket with copper*. Franklin. eOP'PER, r. L To cover or sheathe with sheets of copper ; as, to ct*pper a ship. €OP'PER-AS, n, [Fr. eouperose ; X>. kapcrrood, that is, red copper, and koperroest is copper rust, verdigris ; Ann. couperosa, or couperos.] Sulphate of iron, or green vitriol ; a salt of a pecu- liar astringent taste, and of various colors, green, gray, yellowish, or whitish, but more usually green. It is much used in dyeing black and in making ink, and in medicine, as a tonic. The copperas of com- merce is usually made by the deconi(>osilion of iron pyrites. The term coppera.t was formerly synony- mous with vdrivly and included the green, blue, and white vitriols, or the sulphates of iron, cupper, and zinc. Cleaveland. Fourcroy. COP'PER-BEL'LY, n. An American serpent, the Coluber enilJiroffa.itrr. COP'PER-BOT-TO.VI-£D, o. Having a bottom sheatlied with copper. €OP PER-ED, pp. or a. Covered with sheets of cop- [K'r ; shealhed. eOP'PKK-FAST -EN-ED, (fis'snd,) o. Fastened with copper bolts. eoP'PEK-HEAD, (hed,) n. [from its color.] A poisonous American serpent, the Trigonocepludus contortrU : the Boa contortrix of IJnniDus. eOP'PER-ISlI, a. Containing copper; like copper, or (wrtaking of it. C(»P'PER-NoSR, Tt. A red nose. Shak. COP'PER-PLaTEj n. A plate of polished copper on which coucjive lines are engraved or corroded, ac- cording to some delineated figure or ilesign. This plate, when charged with any colored tluid, imparts an impression of the figure or design to paper or parchment. £,ncyc. 2. A print or impression on paper, &c., from a cop- p«*rplati:. eoP'I'ER-SMITH, M. One whose occupation is to uianufacture copper utensils. eOP'PER-WORK, (wiirk,) n. A place where copper it wrought or manufactured. fVuodward. €OP'PER-VV0RM, (wurm,) n. A little worm in ships ; a wonn that frets garments ; a worm that bre^'ds In one's hand. AinsworVi. COP'PER-Y, a. Mixed with copper ; containing cop- per, or made of copper ; like cupper in taste or smell. Woodward, COP'PICE, { n. [Norm, eoupti^ from couper^ to cut, COPSE, ( Gr. «rjsTt.t.] A wofMl of small growth, or consisting of undrr- woy of a deed, or of a iKiiid ; a copy of Addison's works ; a copy of the laws ; a copy of tlie Scrip- lures. 3. The form of a picture or statue according to the original ; the imiution or likeness of any figure, draught, or almwt any object. 4. An original work ; the autograph ; the arche- tvpe. Hence, that which is to be imitated in writ- ing or iirinting. I-et the child write according to the fopy. The copy is in the Imiuls of the printer. Hence, a patu.-rn or example fur imitation. His virtues are au excellent copy for imit;ition. 5. Abundance. [L. atpia.] [Obn.] COP'Y, r. U To write, print, or engrave, acct>rding to an original ; to form a like work or com|Ktsition by writing, printing, or engraving ; to transcribe ; uflin followed by out, but the use Is not elegant. The men of Hezekiah copied ceitain proveriis of Solo- mon, a. To paint or draw according to an original. 3. To form according to a model, as in archi- tecture. 4. To imimte or attempt to resemble ; to follow an original, or pattern, in uuinners or course of life. Copy the Savior in his humility and obedience. COP'Y, V. L To imiiate or endeavor to be like ; to do any thing in imilatit.n of soniething else. A painter copieg from the life. An obedient child copies aft-er ilia parent. They nnver ful, wlicn th>*y eojtj, lo follow llie hod lut wdl as the giii«L Dryden. eOP'Y-BQQK, n. A book in which copies are written or printed for learners to iinilato. eOP'Y-i-;!), (kop'id,) pp. Transcribed ; imitated ; usu- ally written Copied ; but copyed is preferable. COI"Y-EU, n. One who copies or tninscribtis ; usual- ly written Copier ; but copyrr is most regular. eOP'Y-HfSLH, 71. In England, a tenure of estate by copy of court roll ; or a tenure for which the tenant hath nothing to show, except the rolls made by the steward of thn lord's court. Hlacksttme. COP'Y-HoLD'ER, n. One who is possessed of land in copv-hold. COP'Y-l'\G, ppr. Transcribing. COP'Y-ING-PRESS, n. A machine for taking an ex- act copv of any manuscript recently written. lUberL eOP'Y-LST, n. A copier; a transcriber. TCNE, BJJLL, UNITE.— AN"GEa, VI"CIOUS C as K ; G as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 34 265 COR eOP'Y-RIGHT, (rite,) ■. ITie sole right which an author has in his own uri^nal literar>' compositions ; the exclusive right u( an author to print, publish, and vend his own Iiii-rar>- works, for his own ben- efit ; the like right in the iuinils (if an assignee. eO-QUAL'MN, n. A small titridruped, of th« squir- rel kind, but incapable of clmibtns trtt-s. Diet, nf A'at, JfLit. €0QUE'LI-€OT, J (kOke'lfr-ko.) n. [Fr.] Wild pop- €0UUELI-€O, \ py ; hence, the color of wild uoppv, viK., a mixture of uninge and scarlet. €0-UOET', (ko-ket',) r. (. To atteiitpt to attract no- tice, adminittun^ or love, from vanity ; to treat with ■n appearance of lendemew or regara, with a view to deceive and disamwint. You mn m^ugtling a nuild of hoaor. Aii/L CO-QUET', r. i. To trifle in love ; to treat a penmn with an appearance of flivor, but with a deslf a to de- ceive and dbAppoinL eOaUET'RV,«. [ft, coqurtUha.] Aitemplfl to attract admiration, notice, or love, from vanity ; affectation of amorous advances ; tri- fling in love. ^tUism. €0-aUETTE', (ko-kctS) m. [Tt. esfa«e, a bwiu. a genetal lover, a cuck-boot ^ cafsstfc, a jilt ; from the Welsh or Cdtic tmtgoL, a rain, saucy wench, a co- qaeUe, froin cm;^ , vain ; 8p. eofuttA ; IL ctrrfia, an owl ; n'prtftrrf, to play the wag, to trifle, lu coquet ; dceCr/ria, coquetrj' ; civeUtHo, a vain youne fellow.] A vain, air>', trifling girl, who endeavors to nitntct admiration and advances in love, from a deivire to (mliiy Tsaity, and then rejects iter lover ; a jilL Tbe Gftai coTMcOu in artpiw aJoft rppair. And spon uhI ItuUcr iu Uk; fiehia ol kir. Pvpt. M'ote. — In French, aufvet is masculine, and ec^etie ftmintne \ but, as onr lanpia^^ has no such termi- nation for gender, ii may be better to write co^tt for both sexes, and for distinctian prefix wkaU vo ilie word when applied to a man. eO-aUET'TED, prti. and pp. of CoqrtT, which see. €0-QL'ET'TI\G, ppr. Attracting notice to gain ad- mirer*, and then rej.^tinE tlicm. €X>--. eO-UUET'TISII-LY, (ko^ket'iab4y,) adv. In a co- quettish nmnnt'r. COR, s. The raeature of a pottle. eOR'A-CLE, n. {\\\ f,rrwgU.] A boat used, m Wnlt^, by fishermen, made bv covering a wicker (jame with U-ather or oil-cloth. A similar boat was used by the ancient Eg:)'piinns. Branilr. €OR'A-€OID, a. [Or. (r-ina^a crow, and ttfo<, f.irm.j A small, sharp proct'^s of the xcnpulii, shaped like a crow'.-i beak. The nttme has been eitendcd to a bone in birds, &c., near the jthoulder-joint. Brandt, CO&'ACOID, a. Shaped like a crow*s beak. BHckJajud. COR'AL, «. [I*, eoralliam : Gr. rtpaX\tiVy fmm ^oofj, dams^>l, and <>j, sea ; Fr. carttU, or coral ; It. caraUa ; 8p. t&ral : D. kt*raal ; G. kvralle : Dan. koral.] In looUgy^ a subitance consistinE; chiefly of carbo- nate of limL'. It is the solid sr-crelioiij* of zoophytes, produced within the tis=!nt*s of the p«.lyps, and corre- spondins to the skeleton in higher animals. Corais have oflen the form of trees, shrubs, or assume hem- ispherical and ncHlular shapes. Such are madrepores, ustrraa, and bratM-cvral. The surface is usually cov- ered with radiated cells, each of whrch marks the position of one of the p«.>lyp-i ; and, when nlive, the animals appear like flowers over every part of the zoophj-te. Dana, 2. A piece of coral, used by children as a play- thing COR'AL, a. Made of coral ; resembling coral. COR'.\L-R.\G, n. In ecoUfffv^ a coralliferous deposit, forming a member of the middle division of oolite. HttmbU. eOR'AL-TREE, n. A -enus of plants, Erjlhrina, of several species, natives of Africa and America. They arc all shrubby, flowering plants, adorned chieily with trifoli.-!te or three-lobed leaves, and scarlet spikes of papilionaceous flowers. COR'AL-WORT, n. The popiilar name of certain species of planu, Dentaria, called also tooth-v>irrt, or UMtk-ruArt, Fam. of PlanU, eOR-.AL-LA'CEOUS, a. Like coral, ur paruking of its qiialltiL*R-AL-LIF'ER-OU3, a. Containing coral. Oitbert. €OR'AL-LI-FORM, a. Uarai and form.] Resembling coral ; fiirked and cnxjin-'d. Kinean. €OR-AL-LlG'E\-OU3, a. Producing coml. Humble. €OR'AL-LL\E, (iiM,) a. Consisting of coral ; like coral : containing coral. eOR'AL LINE, n. A submarine, semi-ralcareoufl or calc-areous plant, con.-'AL, i «- [«"-^' *»'» ^"' ='^''«. f"""-] Having thL' form uf coral ; branching like coral. Diet. Attf. HisU eOR'AL-LOIO, a. A term fonnorly applied to a s[m;- cies of ininiitc corals called Escara, and al.-4o sonie- tnnes to the Oor^ronias. Encyc. Cn'R-iM JCOI CE, [U] Before the judge. CiyH.iM Jk'OYJt'DI-Cl-U [1-] lUforeone not a judge ; before one who has not jurisdiction. eO-RA.NT', a. [Fr. ct/urutif, running ; courir^ to run ; L. curro.] A lofty, sprightly danre. Johnson. Temple. €ORB, a. [L. corbL-i. See the next word.J 1. A basket used irt cialeries. 9. An omanieni in a building. Spenser. eORB' AN, M. [L. corbis ; D. korf; G. korb ; Sw. Jtw^ ; Dan. ItUT.' Fr. eorbeiUr; Eth. Tl^l ' karbo, a wicker basKet ; Russ. korban, a church box or che^t, a treus- ur>-. But, in Ethiupic, km-ban is an oblation, that which 13 oflered to p, to approach, to cause to appriKich, to bring or ofler.j 1. In Jeieish onfiyutfy, an otTering, sacriflce, or oblation of any kind, presented before Go giro. Encyc. 2. An alms-basket; a vessel to receive gifts of charity ; a gift ; an alms ; a treasury of the church, wjiere ofTerings are deposited. OUmrL 3. Among Mvhammedan.'i^ a ceremony performed at the foot of Moimt Arafat, in Arabia, near Mecca. It consists in killing a number of sheep, and distrib- uting them among the poor. Encyc. CORBE, a. [Fr. courbf.] Crooked. [A'ot in '«.«.] Spritger. eORB'EIL.Ckor'bel,))!. [Ft. eorbcUle ; lU eorbetio. Sec CoasAX.] In ybrt^Jlfatioa, a little friwiff, to be filled with earth, and set uptm a parapet, tu shelter men from the fire of besiegers, Johnson. eORB'EL, a. [See the preceding words.] 1. In archiutiurey the representation of a basket, sometimes set on the heads of caryatides. 2. The vase or tambor of the Corinthian column; so called from its resemblance to a ba.-*ket. Encyc. CORB'EL, n. A short piec^: of timber, iron, Alc, in a wall, jutting six or eight inchr"8,a3 occasion requires, in the manner of a shiwildcr-piece ; sometimes placed, for strength, under the semigird'-r uf a platform. The under part is sometimes cut into the form of a boultin, sometimes of an ogee, or of a face, &c. Encyc ,/uhiuon, 2. A niche or hollow left in walls for images, fig- ures, or statues. Chambers. eOR'BV, n. A raven. [Aat in use.] COR'CULE, Ja. [L. corcuUm, but In a different eOR'CLE, 1 sense. It is a diminutive, from cor^ the hearL] In butant/^ the heart of the seed, or rudiment of a future plant, attiched to and involved in the cotyle- dons. It consists of the plume, or ascending part, and the rostel, or radicle, the simple descending port. Mttrttfit. CORD, n. [VV. cord ; Fr. eordt ; It. eorda : Sp. euerda ; D.koord: L. chorda i Gr. X''.*"'''* According to the H'eLth, this word signifies a twist, from cOtj the root of choru-:] 1. A stnng, or small rope, composed of several strands twisted together. Rahab let down the spies by a cord through the window. Joah. ii. 2. A quantity of wood or other material, originally measured with a cord or line. The cord is a pile ctmtaining I-2d cubic feet; or a pile eight feet long, four feet high, and four feet broad. 3. In Striptiirej the cords ofthtt wicked, are the snares with which they catch the unwarj'. Ps. cxxix. The curds of sin, are bad habits, or the consequences of sin. Prov. v. The cords of a man, are the fair, gentle, or natural means of alluring men to obedience. Ilns. xi. The cords of vanity, are worldly vanities and pleas- ures, profit, or preferment ; or vain and deceitful arguments and pretenses, which draw men to sin. Is. v. To stretch a line or cord about a city, is to level it, or utterly to destroy it. Latn. ii. Tile cords of a tent, denote stability. To loosen or break the cords, is to weaken or destroy ; to ImgOicn the cords, is to enlarge. Job xxx. Is. liv. Jer. x. CORD, r. t. To bind with a cord or rope; to fasten with cords. 2. To pile wood or other material for measurement and sale by the cord. CORD'MXK-ER, tu One whose occupation is to make rop.^s ; but in America called rtrpemaJcer. eORD'WOOD, n. Wood cut and piled fur sale by the cord, in distinction from lon^ wood ,- properly, wood cut to the length of four feet ; but, in this respect, the practice is nut uniform, in Scotland, cordwood is woikI conveyed to market nn board of vessels, in op- pasition to that which is floated. Encyc. COR eORD'AftE, n. fSp. eordagef Fr. id. ; from eord.] A term applied to all sorts of cords or ropes used in the running rig^'ing of a ship, or kept in reserve, to supply the place of that which may be rendered un- serviceable. In a more general sense, the word in- cludes all ropes and lines used on board of ship*. COIID'ATK, iu. [L. cordatu3, with a different COUD'.VTED, i signification, from cor, the heart.] Having the form uf a heart ; heart-shaped ; a term used by Uiilnralists ; as, a cordate leaf, in botany, nv seiiibling the lungitudinal section of the licart. Hence, c<'r//«ie-oW(iH^»', heart-shaped lengthened ; cur- datr- lanceolate, lienrt-shapcd, gmdually tapering to- wnrd each extremity, like the head of a Imicc ; cordate -satrittatc, heart-stiapud, but resembling the head of an arrow. Martyn. CORD' ATE LY, ado. In a cordate form. CORD'KD, pp. ox a. Bound or fastened with cttrds. 2. Piled in a form for measurement by the cord. 3. Made of c^irds i furnished with cords. Shak. 4. StrijM"d or furrowed, as by curds. 5. In heraldry, a corded cross is one wound With cords, or made of two pieces of wood. Encyc. COR-DI-^LlKR', (kor-de-leer',) n. [Fr., from cvrde, a girdle ur coni worn by the order.] A Franciscan friar; one of a religious order found- ed by St. Franeis ; n gray friar. The Cordeliers wear a thick gray cloth, a little cowl, a chaperon, and a cloak, with a girdle uf rope or curd, tied with three knots. Encyc. COR'DEL tN'G, a. Twisting. eORD'I-AL, fl. [Fr. and Sp. cordiali It. cordials; from L. eur, the heart.] 1. Pruceediiiij from the heart ; hearty ; sincere ; nut hyiKicriticul ; warm ; afl^ectionate ; as, we give our friends a cordial reception. Will) luuki uf cordial love. Milton: 2. Reviving the spirits ; cheering ; invigorating ; giving strength or spirits ; as, cordial waters. fViseman. CORn'I-AL, n. In medicine, that which suddenly ex- cites the system, and increases the action of the heart or circulation when languid ; any medicine which increases strength, raises the spirits, and gives life and cheerfulness to a person when weak and depressed. 2. Aruiiiatized and sweetened spirit, employed as a beverage. Cooley. 3. Any thins that comfurts, gladdens, and exhila- rates ; as, gixni news is a cordial to the mind. CORD'I-AL-HKART'EU, a. Having cordial aflec- tiun. eORD-I-AL'I-TV, n. Relation to tha heart. [jYot used.] Brown. 2. Sincerity ; freedum from hypocrisy ; sincere afllection and kindness j as, our frieiuis were received with coriiialitv. eORD'I-AH/E, V. t. To render cordial. Ec. Rev. CORIVl-AL-IZ-KD, pp. Rendered cordial. CORD'I-AL r4-ING, pvr. Making cordial. eORlJ'I-ALLY, aJf. Heartily; sincerely; without hypocrisy ; with real affection. The Christian cor- dtaUt, receives the doctrines of grace. €ORO'1-AL-NESS, n. Cordiality ; liearty good will. eOHO'IE RUE. n. The mineral called otherwise iolUe and Uichroite. eORD'I-FORM, a. [L. cor, the heart, and forma, form.] Heart-shaped ; having the form of the human heart. €ORD'I-XER, B. {JVot u-fed.] See Cordwaimeb. CORD'ING, ppr. Binding with cords ; piling for meas- urement. COR'DON, n. [Fr. and Sp. cordon; It. cordone; Port. cordam. See Cord.] 1. In foruficatiun, a row of stones jutting before the rampart and the basis of the parapet ; or a row of stones between the wall of a fortress which lies aslope, and the parapet, which is peri>endicular; serv- ing as an ornament, and used only in fortifications of stone-work. Johnson. Encyc. 2. in military languatre, a line or series of military posts ; as, a cordon of troK.— g66 COR seeds ; as, the core of an apple or qtiince. It wa3 formerly applied lo place ; as, in the core of a square. 2. The inner part of an ulcer or boil. Dnjdeji. 3. In archiuctare^ the interior part of anything; as, the core of a column or wall. OwilU 4. A bi^y. [Fr. cflrp*-.] [JVwt used.} Bacon, 5. A disorder of sheep, occasioned by worms in the liver. Chambers. CoiVF.D, (kord,) a. In the herring fishery ^ rolled in salt, and prepared fur dr\ins. JisK €0-Rk'CENT, n. A joiiil regent or mier. Wrnxall. eO-KE-LA'TIO.V, 71. Corresponding ndation. KidiL eORF, n. A basket for carrying coals and oihpr min- erals in a mine. OUbert. €0-RI-A'CEOUS, (ko-re-i'ahus,) a. [I*, corltweas, {lom coriunty leather.] 1. Consisting of leather, or resembling leather; tough ; as, ctn-iaerous concretions. ,1rbuthnoL 'X In botanify stiff, like leather or parchment ; ap- ptif-d to n leafy a calijz, or capsule. Martyn. CO-RI-AN'DKR, b. [L. coriandrum; Gr. Kopioi/f Kopi- avnv.'] The popular name of a genus of plants of one spe- cies. The seeds of this spt^ciL-a liave a strong smell, and, in medicine, are considered a^i i>touiachic and carminative. €0 RIN'DON. See Corundum. eOR'INTH, n. A city of Greece. Henc«, a. A small fruit, now called Cl'bba?(t ; which see. Philips. Broome, eO-RIXTH'I-Ae, a. Pertaining lo Corinth. D\i»ctHe, eO-RL\TH'I-AN, a. Pertaining to Corinth, a celebra- ted city of Grwece ; as, Corinthian culumu ; Corinthian order; Corinthian brass. The CorinUiian order, in architecture, is the mo.-*t delicate of all the ordfrs, and enriched wiih a profusion of ornaments. The capital is usually adurued with olive leaves or acan- thus. Enryc. €0-m'V*AL, 11. [cor and rival; written imprttperly CORRIVAL.] A rival, or f.-llow-rival ; a competitor. Shak. €0-Rr'VAL, r.L To rival ; to pretend to equal. Shak. €o-RrvAhsnip,i«- •'"'"' "^=*i^y- €ORK, H. [D.kurk; G.kork: Sw. korck: Unn. kork ; Sp, eorcho : Russ. korka: Ft. ecorce: L. cortez, bark, rind, shell, crust.] 1. A glandiferous tree, a species of Quercus, grow- ing in Spain and Portugal, having a iJiick, rough, fungoui, clelt bark. a. The outer bark of Ihe tree, or epidermis, of which stnppl^js fur bottles and casks are made. This outer bark is taken u/f, and a new epidermis is formed, which, in six or seven years, becomes fli for use. This bark is al'Wi burnt to make a kind of light black, called Spaninh black. '.\. .\ stopple fur a bottle (ir cask, cut out of cork. CORK, r. L To stop bottlr^s or casks with corks ; to cnufine or make fiist wtlh a cork. [See also Calk.] CORK'KD, (korki,) pp. .Stopped with a cork. COKK'I.NO, ppr. Stopping with corks. eOKK'INO-Pt.V, n. A pin of a large »\7x. Swift. COKK'.SCREW, C skru,) n. A screw to draw corks from iM'ltles. eORK'Y, 0. Consisting of cork ; resembling cork ; dry and tough like cork. Bind fut hU corky Kima, Shak. eOR'MO-RA.VT, n. [Fr. corvtnran ; Sp. corvijon. Cormorant ts suppfjsed to be cornipled from Corvtu nutrrniu, sea-raven. '1 he Welsh also called the bird nurrrran, sca-cr«w.] 1. A gL-nus of sea-bird!<, {Phalnrro e»raz,) of\cn called the sea-raven, and distinguished for its voraci- ty. The head and neck are black ; the coverts of the wings, the srapulHrs, and the back, are of a deep n^n, edged with black, and glossed with blue. The Mile of the lower ninndilde is covered with a naked, yelk>wRk)n, which extends under the chin, and fonns a JWrt n( pouch. ThiH hird occupies the cliffs by the ■en, feeds on fi^h, and is extremely voracious. Etuyc. 2. A ehitton. COR'.MCS, n. [Gr. •n/>,»n. and Sw. kom Not improbably this word is the L. ^a- iiHin. .Such transpositions are not uncommon. The word sjgnifi^'s not only the hanl seeds of certain plants, but hail and shot, I^ trramh. It. gT'in^ grain, bail, siiot. John^m quotes an old Runic rhyme: " Hagul er kaM.'mtiir Aorna," Hail is the coldf^st corn, 8fe Graiiv.1 1. A single seed of certain plants, as wlient, rye, barley, and mai/.? ; a gruin. In this sense it has a plural ; as, three barley corns make an inch, it is genrrally applied to edible seed*, which, when ripe, %n hard. fi: The seed* of certain plants In 'general, in bulk COR or quantity ; as, co7-n is dear or scarce. In this sense, the word com|irelien'e, but bad for corn. In this sense, corn has no plural. 3. 'I'he plants which produce corn, when growing in the litld ; tlie stalks and ears, or the stalks, ears, and seeds, after reaping and liefore thrashing. We say, a field of cotti, a sheaf or a shock of corn, a load of corn. The plants or stalks are included in the term corn^ until the seed is separated from the ears. 4. In sur-^ery^ a hard excrescence, or induration of the skin, on the toes or some part of the feet, occa- sioned by the pressure of the shoes ; so called from its hardness and resemblance to a corn. ■ 5. A small, hard particle. [See Graik.] CORN, V. t. To preserve and seasim with salt in grains ; to sprinkle with salt ; as, to com beef, 2. To granulate ; to form into small grains. eORN'-BASK-ET, n. A large basket for carrying the ears of maize. CURX'HI.N'D, n. Climbing buckwheat. [ZmcgL} Grose. CORN'-RLaDE.b. The leaf of the maize. Corn-blades are collected and preserved as fodder, in some of tlie Southern States of America. eORN'BRASII, rt. A ctiarse, shelly limestone, form- ing a soil celebrated, in Wiltshire, England, for the growth of corn. Brands. Mantell. eORN'-BREAD, (bred,) n. A kind of bread or bread- cake made of ihe meal of Indian corn. eORN'-CilAND-LER, n, [ChamUer, a dealer in can- dles, is supposed to be fnuii the Fr. chandelier; but what has this word to do with com and skip, in com- chandlemnd ship-chaudier J In these words, chandler seems to be a corruption of the Teutonic handier, a trader ; Sw. kornhanfUare, a corn-dealer ; Uan. handler ; G. id. ; I>. handeljtar.] A denier in corn. COKN'-CLAU, a. Covered with growing com. BarlotP. CORN'-CRAKE, n. The crake or land-rail ; the corn- crow ; for frrriA'a, in Sw., and kragc. in Dan., is our word crow, and the name is probably taken front its cr>'. The Dutch kraai, a crow, is conimcted from kraatr, and kraaijen is to crow, to vaunt, to tell tales ; G. trtlAc, krdhen. eORN'-eUT-TER, n. [com and cut.] One who cuts corns or indurations of the skin. eORN'FiKLD, n. A field wliere corn is growing. eORiN'-FLAG, n. 'J'he jwpnlar name of a genus of plants^ the Gladiolus, of several species, bearing red or white flowers. eORX'-FLCOR, n. A floor for com, or for thrashing corn. h. xxi, Hos. ix. €OR\'-FLO\V-ER, n. A flower or plant growing among corn, as the blue-bottle, wild poppy, A:c. Bacon, eORX'-HEAP, «. A heap of corn. Hall. CORN'-LA.N'D, n. Land appropriated or suitable to the production of com or grain. CORN'-LAWS, n. pL In Oreat Britain, laws prohib- iting the importation of foreign corn or grain for home consumption, except when the price rises bi^yond a certain rate. Repealed in ]84(>. JiVCuUoch. CORN'-LOFT, n. An apiulment for corn ; a granary. Shcnoood. eORN-MAR'Y-GOLD, ji. The popular name of a ge- nus of plants, the Chrysanthemum. eORN'-MA:*-TER, n. CJne who cultivates com for sale. [JVot uned.] Bacon. CORN'Mi'S-TER, a. One who measures com. CORN'-MILL, n. A mill for grinding corn, more gen- ernily called a erijit-mill. eOR.\'-PARS-LEY, n. The popular name of a genus of* plants, the Hison. CORN'-PIPE, n. A pipe nthde by slitting the joint of a green stalk of corn. Johnson. eOK\'-KO(;K-ET, n. The popular name of a genus of plant-*, the Itunias. CORN'-RoSE, H. A species of poppy, or Papaver. CORN'-SAL-AI), n. A plant, a sjwcies of Valeriana, whi)<)e top It-aves are ^nld tu be a gcKid salad. COKX'STALK, f-«lawk,) n. A stalk of corn, partic- ularly a stalk or the mai/.e. JImr.rica. CORN'- VI-O LET, n. A species of (.'ampanula. TaU. CORN'-WAIN, n, A wagon that carries corn. CORN' AGE, n. [from Fr. come, L. curnu, a horn.] An ancient tenure of lands, which obliged the t*-n- anl to give notice of an invasion by blowing a horn. CORN'E-A, n. [from L. coma, a horn.] {Biackstonc. 'I'he sinmg, horny, tran-iparenl membrane in the fore (Mirt of the eye, through which the rays of light pass ; situated in the sclerotica, and considered by some as a portion of it. CORN'ED, (kornd,) pp. or a. Sprinkled with salt; cured by salting ; an, fomed beef. 2. Drunk. [/m>w.) Orose. COR COR'NEL, ) n. [L. comus, from comu, a €0R'NI:L-TREE, [ Imm, or its root, from the eOR-NKL'IAN-TREE, ) hardness of tlie wood; Sp. como ; It. comiolo : Fr. conwuillcr.] The cornelian cherr>'or dogwood, the popular name of a species of Cornus. The Cornus mascula, or cor- nelian cherrj'-tree, has a stem of twenty feet high, branching and forming a targe head, garnished with oblong leaves and small umbels of yellowislt-green flowers, succeeded by small, red, acid, eatable, cher- ry-like fruit, Kncyc COR-NeL'IAN. See Carnelian. CORNE'MCSE, \n. [Fr. comemuse ; come, r horn, CORN'A-MCTE, \ and muse; It. comamui-a.] A bagpipe. Drayton. €ORN'E-OCS, a, [L. comcus, from eornu, a hi-m. See Horn.] Homy ; like horn ; consisting of a horny substance, or substance resembling horn ; hard. Brown. COR'NER, n. [W. cornel, from co^m, a point or pro- jection, a horn ; Corn, kornal ; Arm. com : Ir. rearna ; Sw. ham, (See Horpt and Graii«.) Qu. Heb. Ch. Syr. and Ar. ]'^p karan, to shoot.] L The point where two converging lines meet ; property, the external point ; an angle ; as, we met at the orrner of the slate house, or at the corner of two streets. 2. The interior point where two lines meet ; an angle. 3. The space between two converging lines or walls which meet in a point. Hence, 4. An inclosed place ; a secret or retired place. Thj* ihing WM not doiie in x comer. — Act» xxvi. 5. Tndefinitelii, any part ; a part. They searched everj- corner o{ the forest ; they explored all corners of tlie country. C. The end, extremity, or limit ; as, the comers ot the head or beard. Lee. xix. Corner teeth of a horse ; the fore teeth between the middling teeth and the tushes, two above and two below, on each side of the jaw, which shwit when the horse is four years and a half old. Farrier^a Diet C0K'NEK-/;D, (kor'nerd,) a. Having corners; hav- ing three or more angles. COR'NElt-€AP, H. The chief embellishment or or- nament, Shak. euR'NER-STONE, n. The stone which lies at the corner of two walls, and unites them ; the principal stone, and es|H*cially the stone which forms the cor- ner of the foiindiiiion of an ediflce. Who laiii) lh« corner-ttont ihcn"or? — Joli xzxvlli. Clirial LiiiikAelf tjciti^ Uie chid' corntr-tlont . — Epb. 'i. COR'NER-TEETH, n. The fouf tet-th of a hor»e, be- tween the middle leeih and the tushes. COR'NEil-WlSE, fl'/(r. Diagonally; with the corner in front ; not parallel. COKN'ET, n. [Fr. cornet, cornette ; It. corfietta, ror- netto ; Sp. corneta, from L, cornu, a horn. See Horn.] 1. An insirumeut of music, in the nature of a tmm[»et, sounded by blowing with the mouth. It was of a winding shape, like a horn ; used in armies, and on occasions of joy. Odviil plnycij br-rnre the l^rtl on corntts.-^i S.im, rt. 2. In modern vsa^e, an officer of cavalry, who bears the ensign or colors of a troop. He is the third oflicer in the c^mipany. Encve. 3. A comjKiny of cavalry ; a troop of horse. \j^ot used. ] Clarendon, Bacon. 4. rhe comet of a horse, [coronet,] is the lowest part of his pastern, that nms round the rothn, and is dis- tinguished by the hair that joins and covers the upper part of the hoof. Fnrrier^s Diet. 5. A litile cap of paper in which retailers inclose small wares. 6. A scarf anciently worn by doctors. DicL 7. A head-dress. DicL COR'J*^Er-.^-Pl!i'TOJ>rs, [Fr.] A brass, wind, mu- sical instrument, tike tlic French horn, but capable of much greater inflection, fnun tlie valves and piston* wilh which it is furnished. Brande. eORN'ET-CY, a. The commission or rank of a cornet. Ckraitrrfiehl. Stephens. COIIN'ET-ER, n. One who blows a cornet. liakcmilL COR'NICE, n. [It. cm-nice ; Fr. corniche ; Sp. cornisa; from L. coronis, Ur. xu;aa)i/i(, koihoi'i), a summit, a eroiBii.) 1. In architecture, the upper grand division of the entablature of a cidunin, or the highest projecture ; that which crowns an order. Brande. 2. A little projecture in joinery or masonry ; as, the cornice of a chimney. Encyc. Comice-riniT of a cannon, Is the ring next from the muz/.le-rinw backward. Encyc. eORN'I-CLE, n. [I*, comiculum, from comu, a horn.] A little horn. Brown. e^?R-NIC'lJ-LATE, a. [from L, eornv, a horn.] 1. Horned ; having horns. More. 2. In botany, producing homed poda ; bearing a little spur or horn. Chambers. eORN-IF'ie, a. Producing horns. CORN'l FOR.M, a. Having the shape of a horn. TONE, BULL, TINITa— AN"GER, VI"CI0U8. — C a« K ; 6 as J ; » aa Z ; CH as SII ; TH aa in THIS. _____ __ COR COR-NIC'KR-OL'S, a. [Ij. cvriUffer; cortiUy a horn, anil iftTi'. u» tKor.] Ilorin-d ; having horns ; -as, eomi^freus animals. CORXINii, pfr. SnrtDkling wiib salt. [Brmtn, eORX'IXG-IIOUSE, n. A house or place when pow- der is ):ninulat£d. CO&N'ISII, a. IVrtaiiiins to Coniwall, in England; and, as a hvuh^ the lanjiiiajie of Connval). rOIlN'IST, ■. A jx^rfomiet on the cornel or horn. CORN'LESS^iu Cteslitute of corn ; as, eormlcss dwell- iiip-nlare.«. Tookc'j Rustia. €ORN'-SNAKE, n. Tb« Colubet gutlatu* of the SiiutherR United States. COR'A'U^iM-^Mfy.VfS, n. [L.J A fossil shell, like a nuu*s horn ; an ammonite. eOR-NUeO PI A, ■. ; pL Cuasucorix. [L.c0nu(, a borii^nd copia, plenty.] 1. Thtt Uuru of plenty, an emblem of abundance of fruits. & ln«rcA4tMtKr«ftnd JcxVter«,th06f!ttre cf abom, frcun which fruits and doffera are reprewnted as prvce«dinx. COR-NOTE', V. t [U e^rmmtus. from emuMt a horn.] To bestow horiM ; to cucktdd. Bitrttm, eOR->'0 TED, n. or a. GraAed with horns ; homed ; 'i. In AcbiMy, bom-shap(-d. [cuckolded. eOR-NO'TO, x. [It.] .\ man thai wears the boms ; a cuckold. €0R NC'TOR, ». A ruckold-m.-iker. Jordan, eORN'Y, s. [U corns, n hom.l Horny ; stntog, atilf, or hard, like a bom ; T«9em- blins hom. Mittam. €ORN'Y, s. [from cortu] Producing com ; contain- ing corn. Prior. Dryden, COR'O-DV, ) n. [It. eerrfda^ provision j eorrrdare, €OR'RO-DY, \ u> furni-h.} .\n iillownnce of m_v Ui- fineness of ' "\ the gayness of its colors; but tlitrr . vccriions. It is somotimes inaccu- ntt4;ly c;uifa a.n^om vanXJUm^rr. Marhfm. Ennte. Darwim, CX>R-OL-L.^'CEOrS, a. Pertaining to a corol ; in- closing and protecting like a wreath. A arroUacmit* corrm^g. Lee. €OR'OL-LA-RY, a. [L. carollarimnL, a coronet, from oonWto, a crown. F'utis coroiuti vptts. Jokiuon* Fr. corWAurcj 1. An inference from a preceding proposition. J. Day. 9. A consequent tnith which follows immediately from some preceding truth or demonstration. BarUne. 3. A surplus ; [because the word originally de- noted a gmiuity lo a person beyond his due.] Shck, €OR'OI^LATE, (a. Like a corolla; having co- €OR'OU-La-TED, i rollas. €OR'OL-LET, | a. Oneof the partial flowers which COR'OL-LULE, t make acompound one \ the floret in an aei:regate flower. Marian. Eneyc eO-Ro'NA,"- [L., a crown.] In «rciii«d from tlie heart. Coze. Enrye. Stomachie eonmary ; a vein inserted into the trunk of the 8{>lt'nic vein, which, by uuiting with the mes- entfric^fi.rms the vena imrtu. Encyc. COR'O-.NA-TEI), a. In fo«rAo/«;.T/, crowned, or girt toward the apex with a smglu row of eminence)). Humble. eOR-O-XA'TION, n. [from L. wnma, a crown.] 1. The act or solemnity of crowning u sovereign ; the act of investing a prince with the insignia of roy- alty, on his succeeding to the sovereignty. "X The pomp or assembly attending u coronation. Pope. Coronation-oath ; the oath taken by a monarch at hi9roroii;iiii)n. €ORO .NEL, (kur'nel.) n. [Pp. corojirf ; Port. id. ; Fr. €olomd; It, eotoHelio. \Ve follow the J^panish and Por- tugese orthography in our pronunciation.] The olficer who commands a regiment. t^Ofrs.] SprnsfT. COR'O-NER, n. [Law L. eoronator^ from corona, a crown J In Kni^landy an officer whose office is concerned princi|Ki]ly with plead of the crown. One chief part of hi» duty is, when a person dies, or is supjMiscd to die, a viol.nt death, lo inquire into the manner of his death. 7'his umsi be done by a Jury, on sight of the body, and nt the place where the death happened. In England, the coroner is lo inquire, also, concern- ing shipwrecks, and certify whether wrecks or not, and who is in possession of the goods; also, con- cerning iren!*ure-tn>ve. As a miniiOerial officer, llie eoroHfr is Uie sheritf's substitute ; and when an ex- ception can be taken to the sheriff', fur suspicion of parUality, process is awarded to the coroner. Blackstone, In some of the Slates in America there is a cowrtw, but his principal or only duty is to inquire into the causes of viok-nt death, tn Connecticut there is no such otficrr, the duty being perfonuL-d by a constable, or justice of the peace. eOR'O-NET. «. [fntm L. corona, a crown.] 1. An inferior crown worn by noblemen. The eor- •Kct of a duke is a^itrned with strawbcrr>' leaves ; that of a marquis has leaves witli pearls interiKised ; that of an earl raises the |>earls above the leaves ; that of a visctiunt is surrounded with pearls only ; that of a baron has only four pearls. Johnson. 9. In port'cal tanguagey an oniamentol head-dress. Coronet of a horse. Sec Counet. €OR'0-.\ET-ED, a. Wearing, or entitled lo wear, a coronet. €!0-RON'I-FORM, a. [L. corona^ a crown, and /ornm, form.] Having the form of a crown. €OR'0-NOID, 0. [Gr. nopoifnt a crow, and et6ai, form. J ^'utmg the upper and anterior process of the end of the lower Jaw, called the cormioid process. Coze. eOR'O-NULE, a. [from L. corona, a crown.] A coronet or little crown of a seed j the downy tuft on seA'ds. Martyn. eOR'PO-RAL, a. [It. cnporale : Fr. caporal ; Pp. co- pnral: from L. captU^ head, or more directly from the Celtic root o{ caput, Sp. eabo. lu capo, Eng. ctipe. Our orthography is a corruption.] 1. The lowest officer of a company of infantry, next below a serjeanl. He has charge over one of the divisions, places and relieves sentinels, &c. 2. The corporal of a ship of war, is an officer under the master at arms, employed to u^ach the sailors the use of small arms ; to attend at the gangways on en- tering ports, and see that no spirituous liquors are brought, except by permission ; to extinguish tire and candles. Sec eOR'PO-RAL, a. [L. corporalis, from corpus, body.] 1. Belonging or relating to the body ; as, corporal pain, opposed lo mentaL* 2. Material : not spiritual. [See Cobpobeal.] Shak. eOR'PO-RAL, I n. A fine linen cloth, used to cover €0R-PO-RA'LE, ( the sacred elements in the eu- charist, or in which the sacrament is put. Paley. Chalmers. Corporal oath ; a solemn oath, so called from the ancient U!*age of touching the corporale, or cloth that covered the consecrated element-^. Palnj. eOR PO-RAL'I-TY, n. The state of being a body or embodied ; opposed to spirituality. If Uiit liffl't halh any corporality. It !• most mibtle a.n'1 pure. JiaLegh. €OR'PO-RAL-IiY, adv. Bodily ; in or with the body ; as, to be corporally present. eOR'PO-RAL-SHIP, n. [ftum corporaL] A corporars office or command. In the ranks, a cor[»orai does the dutv of a private, but his pay is greaier. €OR'P0-UA3, n. The Old name of the corporal or communion-cloth. COR COR'PO-llATE, a. [L. corporatus, from cvrpuror, to be shai^i'd into a body, from corpu-t, body.] 1. IJntt'>(l in a body, or cumniunity, as a number of indiviclu.ils, who are empowered to transact busi- ness as an individual ; foniied into a body ; as, a cor- poraie assembly, or society ; a corporate town, Sw\fU a. United; general; collectively one. Tliey aiitwer iii « eorpomU roice. ShaJt. COR'PO UATE-LY, adv. In a corporate capacity. eOR'PO-KATE-NESS, ru The slate of a cor|)orate iMidv. Diet. eOR-VORA'TIOX, n. A body politic or corixirate, formed and authorised by law to act as a single per- son J a society having the capacity of transacting bu.'tiness as an individual. Corporations are ag-^e^ gate or sole. Corpuratiinis a^grciraie consist ol two or more persons united in a society, whicti Is pre- served by a successiiui of members, citlier fon^ver, or till the corporation is dissolved by the power that formed it, by the death uf alt its members, by surren- der of its charter or frniichises, or by forfeiture. Kuch corjKjratiims are the mayor and aldermen uf cities, the head and fellows of a colli'ge, the dfan and ci)a[>- ter of a cathedral church, the slockholders of a bank or insurance company, &.c. A corptiratton gole con- sists of one person only and his successors, as a king or a bisho]). Blackstone. eOR'PO-RA-TOR, n. The member of a corjMiration. Ser;reant. €OR'PO-RA-TI;rE, n. The state of being embodied. [Aof, in u,>(r.] More. COR-Pd'RE-AL, I a. tlnving a body ; consisting of €0R-P5'RE-0(JS, i a material body; malerisd ; op- ptwfMi to spiritual or immaterial ; as, our corporeal frame; corporeal sub^jtanee. eOR-P5'Rt:-AL 1ST, n. One who denies the exist- ence of spiritual snbsUinces. €OR-PO-RE-AL'I-TY, n. The state of being corpo- real. eOR-PO'RE-AL-LY, adv. In body; in a bodily form or manner. Jiichardsan. eOR-PO-Rl'i'I-TY, 71. The state of having a body, or of being embodied ; materiality. Tic one attrilniUHl cirrportUy to Ood. StUHngfUeL eOR-POR-I-FI-eA'TION,tt. The act of giving body or palpability. eOR POK'l-K?, V. L To embody ; Ui form into a body. iJtTot w-'iff/.] Boiite. R'PU-SANT, n. [Pp. euerpo snnto, hnly body.] A name given by seamen to a luminous appearance often Iwhtld, in dark, tempestuous nights, iiboni the decks and rigging of a stiip, but particularly at the mast-heads and yard-arms, supposed lo be electrical. JIar. Dirt. eORPS, (kOre ; pi. korz,) n. sing, and pi. [Fr., from L. corpus, biKiy. Being pronounced tyre, it is an ill word in English.] 1. In military language, a body of tfotips ; any di- vision of an ar^ny ; as, a corps dc reseme. 2. A body, in contempt, as used by Milton and Dryden, but probably pronounced in the English manner, as corpse. 3. A carcass ; a dead body. [See Corpse.] Shak. 4. In architecture, any part tiiat pruject.s beyond a wail, serving as the ground of sonte decoration. (hpilL CORPS DTP-LOMA~Trq_UE' , (kore dip-lo-mi-teek',) [Fr.] The body of ministers or diplomatic charac- ters. CORPSE, (korps,) n. [L. corpus, a body ; Ir. corp ; W. arrvy Arm. arrf; It. corpo ; Sp. cuerpo.'\ The dead body of a human being. Addison. C0R'PU-LF:\CE, i n. [Ij. corpulentia, from corpus, a COR'PU-LK.\-CY, i body.] 1. Fleshiness; excessive fatness ; a state of being loaded with flesh, as the body of a human being. Jirbuthnat. 2. Spissitude ; grnssness of matter ; as, corpulence of water. [LitUe used.] Ray. COR'PIT-LE.N r, a. Fle:>hy ; having a great or exces- sive quantity of fat or flesh, in proportion to the frame of the body : as, a corpulent child. COR'PL'-LE\T-LY, adv. In a corpulent manner. COR' PUS CHRIS' 7 T, (body of Christ.) A festival of the chureh of Rome, kr[it on tlie next Thursday after I'riniiy-Sunday, in honor of the cucharist. Encye. COR'PUS jVfRrs C.'i.N'OJ^ J-Cl, [L.] The body or code of canon law. COR'PUS JtyUIS CI-yPLJS, [L.] Body of civO law. eOR'PUS-CI.E, (kor'pu3-8l,) n. [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus, l>ody.j A minute particle, or physical atom ; corpuscles are the very small b(»dies which compose large bodies, not the elementary principles of mailer, but such small particles, simple or com|K)nnd, as are not dis- solved or dissipated by ordinary heat. U will a<1Y. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOOK.— 2^9 ~~~ COR riuls of all large bodies. The corpuscular philosophy .itU;tuptj to account for the pheiionieiia of iiutiire, by tlie motion, figure, rest, position, &.c., of tiie minute p:irlicl.-ri of mutter. Encyc €crH.-FU8-€U-LA'RI-AX, a. Corptiscrilar, as above. €OR-PUS-eU-LA'RI-AX, h. An advocate for the cor- puseular pliilosophy. eOR-PUS'CL'LE. See Cohpi'sclc. €OK RaDE', r. t. To mb off. €OR-RaD'ED, pp. Rubbed off. €OR-KaD'I\G^;w. Rubbing off. €OR-Ra-D1-A'TION, 7». [L. con and radiatio. See Riv.] A conjunction of rays in one point. Bacon. COR-REtJT', a. [L. correctiis^ from eorriffo ; con and rcfro^Ui fk?i ri*:ht; recdw, riirhtjStraieht. See Right.] /,i((T,iy/i/, set right, or made straight. Hence, right; conformable to truth, rectitude, or propriety, or con- furinable to a ju;?t standard ; not faulty; free from error. A eorrfct edition uf a book is exactly according to the original copy. Correct manners correspond with the rules of morality and received notions of deconim. Correct principles coiuciile with the tnilh. Correct language is agreeable to established usage. CORRECT', F. L [L. correctiLij currigo ; con and rtgo. See Right.] 1. To make rignt ; to rectify ; to bring to the standard of truth, justice, or propriety ; as, lo correct manners or principles. Hence, 2. To amend ; to remove or retrench faults or er- rors ; to set right ; as, lo eorrert a bi»ok ; to ei>rreet a copy for the press ; or in printing, to correct the pre«t, or errors of the press. 3. To bring back or attempt to bring back to pro- priety in momis ; to punish for faulttt ur deviations from moral rectitude -, to chastise ; to discipline j as, a child should be corrected, for lying. Corrtct Ihy ion, aiid he tbaJI give ihw mt. — Ptot. xx1«. 4. To obviate or remove whatever is wrong or in- convenient ; to reduce or change the qualities of any thing by mixture, or other application ; to counteract whatever is injurious ; as, to corrrrt the acidity of the stomach by alkaline preparniioiis ; to correct the relaxing quality of water by boiling it with animal substances. Jirbuthnot, eOR-UEt-'T'ED, rp. nr a. Set rigiU ; imvA from er- rors ; amendril ; punished. eOR-BECT'lXG, ppr. Bringing to the standard of truth, justice, or propriety ; anienR RECT'LY, a'/D. In a correct manner; in con- formity with truth, jiiHtice, rectitude, or propriety ; according to a standard ; agrcealde lo a copy or original; exactly; accurately; without fault or er- ror; as, to behave CMrrectiy ; to write, Bp(;ak, or think r.orreeUy i to judge correctly. €OR-RE€rT'NES8, n. Conformity to truth, ju«tic*, or pr(»prt«ty ; as, the eorreetueu of opinions, of judg- ment, or of manners. COR a. Conformity to settled usages or rules ; as, cor- rectness in writing or spi'akiiig. 3. Conformity to a copy or original ; as, the cor- rectness of a book. 4. Conformity to established rules of taste or pro- portion ; as, the cirrrectness of design in painting, sculpture, or architecture. eOR-RECT'OR, H. One who corrects ; one who amends faults, retrenches error, and renders con- formable to truth or propriety, or to any standard ; as, a corrector of the press ; a corrector of abuses. 2. One who punishes for correction ; one who amends or reforms by chastisement, reproof, or in- struction. 3. That which corrects ; that which abates or re- moves what is noxious or inconvenient ; an ingre- dient in a composition which abates or counteracts the force of another ; as, an alkali is a corrector of acids. TiirptTitinp ia a corrector of quickBL'ver. Quincy. eOR-REO'1-DOR, n. [Sp.] A Spanish magistrate. Smollett. eOR'RE-LATE, n. [L. con and rclatus. See Relate.] He or that which stands in a reciprocal relation to somethint; else, as father and son. South, eOR-RE-LX'TION, n. Reciprocal relation. Paletj. eOR-REL'A-TIVE, a. [L. con and rclatimis. See Rel&tb and Relative.) Having a reciprocal relation, so that the existence of one in a reciprocal state depends on the existence of another ; as, father and scui, husband and wife, are correJatice terms. The term son is correlative to that of father. eOR-REL'A-TIVE, tu Thai which is opposed to something else in a certain relation. The stm is the correlative of his father. Darkness and light are cor- relatircs. Rest is the correlative of motion. €OR-REL.'.\-'I'lVE-LV, adv. In a correlative relation. COR-REh'A-TIVE-NESS, n. The state of being COR-REP'TIO.X, n. [L. cin-ripio.] [correlative. Chiding; reproof; reprimand. Hammond. €OR-RK:-SrO\I)', r. i. [It. corrispondcrc ; Fr. cor- rrspondre ; Sp. corrcsponder ; from L. cim and respon- dtOy to answer ; re and spoudeo^ to promise. See SpoNson.] 1. To suit; to answer; lo agree; to fit; to be cungmous ; to be adapted to. Levity of manners dtjefl not correspond with the dignity of the clerical cliaraclcr. The length of a ro(^i should cvrrespoiid with the breadth. Actions should correspond with words, 2. To be equal ; to be adequate or proportioned. I^et the means of prosecuting a war correspond wiUi the magnitude of the contest. 3. To communicate by letters sent and received ; to hold intercourse with a person at a distance by sending and receiving letters. We delight to cor- respond with those we love and respect. , 4. To have direct intercourse or communion. Thus Milttm speaks of man as created magnani- mous, to c.orrf..tpond with Heaven. \^Rare.'\ eOR-RE-SPOND'EiNCE, \ n. lUIation ; fitness ; con- eOR-RR-'^PONn'E.N-CV, i gruity; mutual adapta- tion of one thing to another. There is no correspond- ence U^tween a polite education and clownish man- ner*. 9. Intercourse between persons at a distance, by means of letters sent and answers received. The ministers of the two courts have had a correspond- ence on the subject of commerce. Hence, 3. The letter^ which pass between correspond- ents. The correKpifmUne* of the ministers is pub- lUhed. 4. Friendly Intercourae ; reciprocal exchange of offices or civilities ; connection. liCi miliury prnoiu bold guod corrctpondmM with the other gTTfti tneit ill the «tAle. Bacon. eOR-RE-SPOND'E.N'T, o. Suitable; fit; congruous; agreeable; answerable; adapted. Let behavior be corrtjrjtondent to prt>fession, and both be correspondent lo good morals. COR-RF^-SPONfVENT, a. One who corresponds; one will* whom an intercourse is carried on by letters or messages. When A is the correspondent of B, B IS the corrfmondent of A, POXb' mnnner. eOR-RESPt ENT-LY, adv. In a corres[K)nding eOR-RE-SPOND'fjVO, frpr. or a. Carrying on inter- course by letters ; answering ; agreeing ; suiting. Corresponding mnmher of a aoeietii^ one residing at a distance, wtio Is invited to hold intercourse with the society, and aid in carrying out its designs. eOiURE-SPON'SI VE, a. Answerable ; adapted. Shak. €OR-RE-8PON'SIVE-LY, adv. In a corresponding manner. €OR'RI-D0R, n. [Fr. ; Pp. earredor, from correr ; It. correre ; I<. eurro, to run, to tlow. 'J'he termination dor may, perha[iK, be the L. for, as in curator, eursi- tor. Corricii^siKinfies a runner; hence, a running, flowing, or long line.] 1. In arekUceture, a gallery or open communication round a bunding, leading to several chanilKtrs at a distance from each other. Brande. COR 2. In fortification y the covered way lying round the whole coujpass of tlie fortifications of a place. Harris. COR-RI'<^EJ^DAy n.pl. [L.] Things or words to be corR'cted. €OR'RI-6l-IJLE, a. [Fr., from L. corrigo^ to correct.] 1. That may be set right, or amended j as, a corri- gible defect. 2. That may be reformed ; as, the young man may be corrigible. 3. Punishable ; that may bo chastised for correc- tion. He was adjudijod corrigible for abusive words, eoR'RI-6l-BLE-i\ESS, n. The quality of being cor- rigible. eOR-Ri'VAL, n. A fellow rival;, a competitor. More correctly, Corival, which see. €OR'RI-VaTE, v. U [L. con and rivus.) 7'o draw water out of several streams into one. i Little used.] Burton R-RI-Va'TION, b. The ninning of dillerent streams into one. [JVot much nsed.] Barton. C0R-R0B'0-RA.\T,rt. [SeeConaoBORiTE.] Strength- ening ; having the )>ower or quality of giving strength ; as, a corroborant medicine. €0R-R0B'0-RANT, n, A medicine that strengthens the bunian bodv when weak. COR-ROB'O-RaTE, r. U [L. eorroboro ; con and roboroy to strengilion, from robur^ strength. Class Rb.] 1. To strengthen ; to make strong, or to give addi- . tional strength to; as, to corroborate Ihe nerves; to corroborate the Judgment, authority, or habits. Watts. fVotton. 2. To confirm ; to make more certain. The news was doubtful, but is corroborated bv recent advices. €0R-R0B'0-RA-TED, pp. or a. S{rt;ngthened ; con- firmed ; rendered more certain. eOR-ROB'O-RATING, ;»;>r. or a. Strengthening; giving lirmness or additional assurancS ODBUBiadEsltaaa cam^ goad nuinen. — 1 Cot, it. 3. To waste, spoQ, or cotuume. Iajt mat ap $» y wa wtrw UfMiia oa euih, whrre moth uul raM . w. or a. Putrefied; vitiated; de- praved ; sptuled ; marred ; bribed ; infected with errors. eOR-RfPT'ER, «. One who corrtjpts ; one who vitiates or taints ; as, a torrupter of morals, or of Christianity. 3. One who bribes; that which depraves or de- stroys integrity. 3, One who introduces errors. €OR-RUPT-i-BIL'I-TY, n. The possibility of being corrupted. COR-RrPT'I-BLE,«. [Ft. eorruptibte : ll. eomUtibOe.] 1. That may be corrupted ; that may become pu- trid ; subject to decay and destruction. Our bodies are ctn-mptiblt, 2. That may be viti^ited in qualities or principles ; msceptible of depravation. Manners are corruptibU by evil eiainple. eOR-RCPT'I-Bl>E, m. That which may decay and perish ; the human body. Thia CQrTap6&i4 matt pot oa ineoiruption. — t Cor. xv. COR-RCPT'I-nLE-N'ESS, n. Susceptibility of cor- niption ; corruptibility. eOR-RUPT'I-BLV,apu!ii,'e, 7. Bribtry. Ilu obtained his suit by comiptivn. 8. In /rttr^ taint ; impurity of blmxt, in consequence of an act of attnmder of treadou or felttny, by which a pertton is disitbled to inherit lands from an ancestor, nor can retain those in his possession, nur transmit them by descent to hia heirs. if mr Biackttotf. COR-RUPT'IVE, 0. Having the quality of corrupting, tainting, or vitiating. It ■hiNiM tic eiiilueil wtUi aonie comtpdve qtuOity, Baj/, eOR-RUPT'LESS, s. Not susceptible of corruption or decav. Dnjdm. COR-Kl'In^'LY, adv. In a comipl manner ; witli comiption ; viciously ; wickedly ; without integrity. We Imtc dealt Tei; torrvpily KfainM thee. — Neh. L 2. Rv briberv. A judgment was obtained corruptly. €OIVRt*Fr'.\ESS, a. The state of being corrupt; putrid stale or putrescence. 2. A state of moral impurity ; as, the corruptness of a judge. X A vicious state ; debasement; impurity; as, the eorruptmess of language. €OR-RL'PT'UES8, a. A female that corrupts others. Bfauin, and Fl. COR'SXIR, «. [Fr. corsaire; Sp. eorsario^iv cruising by a privateer; earsear^ to cruise ; U. corsare^ a pi- rate, from corsoy a course or career ; L. cursus, from curro, to run.l A tenn applied, especially in the south of Europe, to a pirate ; one who cruises or scours the ocean, with an armed vessel, without a commission from any prince or state, to seize and plunder merchant- men ; also, a pinttjcal vessel. eOR'SAK, n. A species of fox. Pennant. CORSE or COR:?E, n. [Fr. corps; L. corpus.] A corpse ; Ihe dead body of a human being; a poftieal word. Jiddison. eORSE'-EN-eUM'BER-ED, a. Loaded with dead bodies ; as, the corst-eneumbertd plains. Barlow. €ORSE'-PRES ENT, n. A mortuary or present paid at the interment of a dead binly. Blackstonr. eORSE'LET, a. [Fr. coraeUt i IL corsaUtto f from eorsf.] 1. A little cuiras^ or an armor to cover the body for prtjtection, worn formerly by pikeinen. Eneyc. 2. That part of a winded insect to which the wings and legs are altarhed, and which answers to the breast of other animals. eORSE'l^ET, r. u To encircle with a corselet. BrMum. CORSE'LET-EO, pp. Encircled with a corselet. COR.SE'LET-LVG, ppr. Encircling with a corselet. eOR'SET, n. [Fr., from ctfTje.] A bodice; jumps; something worn to give shape to the body ; used by ladies and dandies. eOR'HET, B. L To inclose in corsets. €OR'tfET-En, pp. Confined in corsets. COR'SET-I\G, ppr. Confining in corsets, €OR'SET-I>G, n. The act or practiceof binding with corsets. CORS'.VED, n. [Sax. corsnadt^ comp. of corse, curse, and sntedy a mouttiful, piece, or bit. It is called also Hcd-brewly need-bread, bread of necessity.] The morsel of execnition, or curse ; a piece of bread consecrated by exorcism, and to be swallowed by a suspected person, as a trial of his innocence. If guilty, it was supposed that the bread would pro- duce convulsions and paleness, and find no passage. If innocent, it was believed it would turn to nourish- ment. Blackstone. COR' TEf^Ey (kor'tazh,) n. [Fr., from the IL corUggio^ from corUy court.] A train of attendants. COR'TES, (kor'tez,) n. pU [from eorte, court.] The Spanish and Portuguese name of the states of the kingdom, composed of nobility, clergy, and repre- sentatives of cities; the assembly of the states, answering, in some measure, to the parliament of Great Britain. •eOR'TEXy n. [L.J Bark, as of a tree. COR'TI-CAL, a. [from L. cortex, bark. See Chabt.] Belonging lo bark ; consisting of bark or rind ; re- sembling bark or rind ; external ; belonging to the external covering ; as, the cortical part of the brain. Ckeyn e. A cortical bud, in plants, proceeds from the scales of the bark. Martyn. COR'TI-CATE, ( a. [L. corticatus, from corUx, COR'TI-Ca-TED, S bark.] Having or resembling the bark or rind of a tree. BrincTi. COR-TI-CIF'ER-OUS, a. [cortex and fero, to pro- duce.] Producing hnrk, or that which resembles it. Diet. €OR-TIC'I-F0R.M, (kor-Us'e-form,) o. [cortex and form.] Resembling bark. l8S'?{:eOUS,! '^ Barky ;fuU of bark. DkU COS eOR'TILE. «. [It] The area or open internal cuurt- yiird of inl welling- house or other building. Brande. CO-RCN'UUM,«. A crystallized or massive miiieriU of cMrenie liardness, consisiingof nearly pure alumina. It is allied to the sapphire, and is sometimes called adamantinr itpar. Brande. CO-KUS'CANT, a. [Sec Corl'sc4te.] Flashing ; jllilteriiig by llashes. COlt'LIseAVE, c. i. [L. corn.iro, to flash.] To flash ; to litihten ; to glitter. Barlow. C0R-Utf-CA'TlO.\, n. [L. cvruscatio.] 1. A flash ; a sudden burst of light in the clouds or atmosphere. Bacon. 2. The li;:lit produced by the combustion of in- ftanunablu gits in the earth. J^rwtuiu 3. Fiiruratirely, intellectual brilliancy; as, the cor- uscation.-! of genius. jirtificial coruscations arc produced by phosphorus and sulpliuric acid, or by sulphuric acid and iron filings. F.tieyc. COR-FF.E'y (kor-va',) n. In feudal lato, an obligation to perform certain services, as the repair nf rmuis, &r,, fcr the feudal lord or soven'iKn. Brande. CORVE'I'TE', M. [Fr. corvette i i>p. corveta, a leap, a curvet, a boat.] A sloop of wiir, ranking next below a frigate, and carrying not more than about twenty guns. Oritrtnal- /y, Corvettes and sliKips of war were light vessels with only one mast, but they are now frig:ite-rigiy,d, with three masts, nnd built fur fast sailing. Lunier. COR-VET'TO. See Corvette. COR'VT.NE, a. [from corou.t.] Pertaining to the COR'VO-HANT. See Cobmobast. [crow. COK'VUS, n. [h. corvus, a niven.] 1. In astruHomij, a constellation of the southern hemisphere. 3 A military engine or galley used by the Romans for boarding ships in war. It was a strong platform of boards nt the prow, movable as on a spindle, and thrown over the side of the enemy's vessel when gnippled. F.ticyc. COR.Y-BAN'TIC, a. Madly agitated ; inflamerf like the Corybantes, the frantic priests of Cybcle. Cu'ltrttrth. eOR-Y-DAL'IN-A, ) n. An alkaloid obtained from COR.V-DA'LIA, [ tlte root of Corydalis tubcr- COR YD'A-L1\E, ) osa. CO-RYM'BUS ( "" [^ '^onjmbiin ; ijT. Kopvu/ioi.} I*rimari\y, a top, head, orcluster. In modem botany, a species of intl«)rcscence, in which the lesser or par- tial rtower-stalks are produced along the ccMumou stalk on both sides, and, though of imeqiuU length, rise to the same height, so as to form an even sur- face, as in Spiraia opulifolia, scurvy- prass, &,c. Milne. Jitartyn, €0-RYM'BI-A-TEI), a. Garnished with clusters of berries or blossoms in the form of corymbs. ' €OR-YM-BlF'ER-OUS, a. [L. corymbifcr ; corymbus and fern, to bear.] Producing corymbs ; bearing fruit or berries in clusters, or pniducing flowers in clusters. Jildae. eO-RYM'BOU3, a. Consisting of corymbs ; in clus- ters. Barton. Lee. €0-RYM'BU-L0U3, a. Having or consisting of little corymbs, Bartoiu eOR'Y-PHENE, n. A fish with a sloping, truncated head, and the dorsal fin extending the whole length of the bark. Pennant. eOR-Y-PllE'lTS, n. [Gr. Knnv^aio^.'X The chief of a chorus ; any chief or leader; as, tne corypknts of theologians. SoiU/u €0S-CIN'0-MAN-CY, ti, [Gr. KocKtvovy a sieve, and fiatreta, divination.] The art or practice of divination, by suspending a sieve and taking it between two fingers, or by fixing it to the point of a pair of shears, then r<"pt^aling a fonnula of words, and the names of persons sus- pected. If the sieve trembles, shakes, t)r turns. when any name is repeated, the person is deemed guilty. This divination i3 mentioned by Theocritus, and is said to be still practiced in some parts of England. The practice and the name are strangers in America. eO-Si:'€ANT, n. [See SECAtcx.] In geometry, the secant of the complement of an arc or angle. Cm'ES. See Cozen. [Barlow. eOS'KN-AGE. See CozcrrAGE. eO-SE\'TlENT, (-sen'shent,) a. Perceiving together. CO'SEY,a. Snug ; comfortable. 2. Ciiatty or talkative. Smart, eO'ffil-LY, adv. Snugly ; comfortably. Smart. CO'SiER, fk6'zher,)». [Fr. cousu, co'udrc,] A botcher. [J^ot used.] Shak. CoS'IN-AOE, (kuz'in-aje,) n. [Fr. cousinage, kin- dred. See Cousin.] In law, a writ to recover possession of an estate in lands, when a stranger has entered and abated, after the death of the tresail, or the grandfather's grand- father, or other collateral relation. Blackstone. €5'-SI.\E, n. [See SinE.] In geometry, the sine of the complement of an arc or angle. Barlow. eOS-.MET'lC, o. [Gr. voir/iqrixus, from ko(t/«o$, order, beauty.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MkTE, PREY. — PLVE. MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— ^0 "~~~~~^ " " COS Benutityin^; impruving boauly, p:irticul:ifly the beauty of ihe skin. €OS-MET'l€, 7u Any external Rppltcation that ren- ders the skin sod, pure, and white, aiid hulps to beau- tify and improve the coinph*xion. Kncyc. G<)¥'.M1G, a. Cosmiciil j relating to the nniverse. COS'Ml€-AL, a. [Or. KoafiiKoSy from (toj^jj, order, the world.] 1. Relating to tlte world, or to the whole system of viitible bodies, including the earth and stars. 2. In aneieHt astronomy^ rising or setting with the sun ; not acroiiical. Brande, €OS'MI€>AL-LY, ado. With the sun at rising or set- ting ; a stjir is said to rise or set coamicallu, wlit-n it ri^B or sets witii the sun. Brande, €OS-.MOG'0-NIST, n, [See Cosmooomt.] One who treats of the origin or forin:ition of the universe ; one who is versed in cosmogony. Enfield. eOS-MOG'0-NY, n. [Gr. K^^cyLoyoyta; jciff/ios,' world, j-oi'*;, generation.] The generation, origin, or creation of the world or universe. In physics, the science of the origin or for- mation of the universe. Enfield. Eneyc. eOS-MOG'RA-PHER, n. [See Cosmociiapht.] One who describes the world or universe, including the heavens and the earth ; one who is versed in co;^ mography. €0S-MO-GRAPH'ie, ) a. Relating to the general eo.<-.MO-GRAPirie-AL, i description of the uni- verse : ptTtaining to cosmography. eOS-MO-GRAPH'I€-AL-LY, adv. In a manner re- lating to the science of describing the univcr^, or ciirresponding to cosmography. €0«-.MOG'RA-PHY, «. [Gr. .fo-r/j .>pa0ia; xocftus, the World, and yumpot, to describe.] A descrifrtion of the world or universe ; or Che Bcience which teaches the constitution of the whole system of worlds, or the fi;:ure, disp>)sition,and rela- tion of all ita parts, and the manner of repnsenting them on a plane. Brautle. eOS'MO-L,ABE, n. [Gr.iroff;i'>s, world, and Aj/^/i^j-w, to take.] An ancient instrument for measuring distances in the heavens or on eartli. Barlow. €0S-MOL'A-TRY, h. [Gr, Koo^oi, world, and Xa- roLi'i,}^ lo wnrship.] The worship paid to the world or its parts by heathen.". CitdtcortA. €OS-MO-LOC'ie-AL, a. [See Cosmol.ov.] Rela- ting to a discourse or treatise of ttie world, or to the science of the universe ; pertjtining to coscnologv. €0«-MOL'0-tirST, B. One who describes theuni- vi-r^e ; one who is versed in cosmology. €0«->!0L'O-6Y, n. [Gr. K»ait>\uyta; «off/»os, the universe, and Xi>^n(, discourse.] The science of the world or universe; ora treatise relating to thu' structure and [>arU of the system of creation, the elements of bodies, the mod'itications nf material things, tlie laws of motion, and the order and Course of nature. Enaic. Entieid. €0»- MO-PL AS'Tie, a. [Gr. kooho^I world, and ffA iflff'j, to form.] World-forming ; pertaining to the formation of the world. HaUvwelL eO»-.MO-POL'r-TA\, ) n. [Gr. ififf/i.t, world, and eO»-MOP'0-UTE, \ vuXirni, a citijM-n.] A person who ha.^ no fixed residence ; one who is nowhere a Granger, or who is at home in every place; a citizen of the world. HoteelL €OS-MO-POL'I-TAN-I8M, a. Citizenship of the world. eog-MOP'O-Lrr-ISM, n. The state of mon, In which all nations form one S4H:ial cttmmunity, free fri'H) national prejudices and attachments, or in which the common interest of the whole is the object of piihlir measiirf!f. 2. Huperior regard to the public weal, Cfudmerg, COS MO-RX'MA, n. [Gr. noottuij world, and opau, to see. J A picturesque exhibition, consisting of a number of drawtnus, which are laid tiorizontally round a •emicircniar table, reft^-cted by mirrors placed oppo- sil'- to tliem diagonally, and virwed ttiroueti a coti- vex lt;n» placed in front of each mirror. The pi<- turr-M are illuminated by lamps so situated as not to bf seen by Ihf upecfalor. Brandt* €' >K-Mo R.A Vnc, a. Pertaining to a cosmorama. €0«'M') SPHERE, n. [Gr. K-icrttni and a^p-noa.] An apparatus for showing the position of the earth, at nny given tunc, with respt^ct to the dxed stars. It conxi«i'« of a hollow gl.-iss glt*be, on which are de- picted th^ stars forming the constellations, and with- in which is a terr»'strial globe. lleberl. . eoS.^, N. A fiindoo measure of one English mile and a quarter, nearly. A.nai. Rcjt. 2. Mircbra, when fir^t brought into Europe, was called the Rale of Co.<^, probalily from the Italian ftffrntt fii Coxa, the rule of the thing, the unknown (ii: called eov»fl. Hence, old writers s|>eak ilicr*, and Ihe tMMie art. Brande. * One of a military people, skillful as iior-fa, cvtt.*tein; W. costiau) ; It. costare ; Sp. costur; Port, c iwtar ; Ir, cosnam. The noun cost coincides in most of these languages with coast and L. eojfta, a rib, the exterior parL The primary sense of the verb is, to Uirow or send out, to cu«f, as we say, to lay out. Qu. the Ar. and Pers. (wUsamJ" kostason^ a balance, or pair of scales, from Hiu T kastaa^ to di.strihute. I call this a transitive verb. In the phrase, a hat co-fU six dollars, the sense is, it ex- pends, lays out, or causes to be laid out, six dollars,] 1. To require to be given or expended in barter or purchase ; to be bought for ; as, this book cont a dol- lar ; the army and navy amt four millions a year. 2. To require to be laid out, given, bestowed, or employed ; as, Johnson's Dictionary cost liim seven years' labor. 3. To require to be borne or suffered. Our sins cost U!i many pains. A sense of ingi^atitude to his Maker eo^tis the penitent sinner many pangs and sorrows, COST'AL, 0. [Fr. costal^ from I*, costoy a coast, side or rib ; Sp. costa^ cost, and a coast ; eosteary to pay costs, to coast ahing. A coast or side is the extreme part, a limit, from extending, Uirowing or shooting out, Eng. to east.] Pertaining to the side of the body or the riba ; as, costal nerves. COST'ARD, n. A head. [J^ot used.] SAak. 2. An apple round and bulky, tike the head, Johnson. COST'ARD-M0\"Gr.R,/ (-mung'ger,) n. An apple- COST'ER-M0\"GER, \ seller ; applied to hawk- ers and peddlers who sell fruit ; a fruiterer, Brandc. Rich. Diet, COS'TATE, ) rr ^ 1 eOS'TA-TED, ! ** i^ ^"^-i Ribbed ; having ribs, or the appearance of ribs. Brande. COS'TIVE, a. [Contracted from It. eostipata, costt- pare, from the C eonslipo, to cram, to stuff'; con and stipoy to cram.] 1. Literally, crowded, sluffi^d, as the intestines; hence, bound in IxHiy ; retaining fucal matter in the bowels, in a hard and dry state ; having the excre- ments obstructed, or the motion of the bowels too slow. 2. Dry and hard j as, costive clay. [JVot used.] Mortimer. COS'TIVE-LY, (u/u. With costivcness. CDS'TIVE-NESS, n. A preU'rnalural detention of the fecal matter of the bowels, with hardness and dryness; an obstruction or preternatural slowness of evacuations from the bowels. Medicine. COST'LESS, o. Ctjsting nothing. Barrow, €()ST'I.I-ER, o. comp. More costly. COST'LI-KST, o. superl. Most costly. eoHT'IJ-NESS, n. [See Costlv.] Expensivcness ; great cost or expenan ; sumptuousness. Rec. xviii. 19' Si/lney. COST'LY, a. [from cost.] Of a high price ; sump- tuous ; expensive ; purchased at a great expense ; as, a costly habit ; cottty furniture. Mktt u>uh K pound o( ■piknnafd, veiy eoatly. — John xii. COT €OST'MA-RY. n. Gr Koaroiy h. castas, an aromatic plant, and Maria. Ar and Pers. U.^V kosu] A species of tansy, or Tanacetum ; alecoBt. . eOS'TREL, n, A bottle. [AVf in use.] COS-TCME', w. [Fr. eostuine, custom.] 1. In ;>ainft«£-,*a rule or precept by wlncli an artist is enjoined to make every person and thing sustain its proper character, observing the scene of action, the country or place, and making the habits, arms, manners, and proportions correspond. Hence, the observance of this rule in execution. Eneyc. 2. An established mode of dress, particularly that which is appropriate to a given age, place, per- son, &.C. eO-SUF'FER-ER, n. One who suffers with another. CO-SU-PUkME', h, A partakerof supremacy. Shak. €O-S0RE''J'Y, (slmre'te,) n. One who is surety with another, Mass. Rep. Co'SY. See Cosev, or Cozt. €OT, I n. [Sax. cot, eote, eyte ; G. koth; D. kot; W. €oTE, ( art. In Welsh, the word signifies a cot, a hovel or stye, an abrupt termination, a rump, a tail, a skirt. Cwta, short, abrupt, bob-tailed ; cwtau, to shorten. Tliis indicates that cot is from cutting ofl^, and hence dt-fending.] 1. A small house ; a hut; a mean habitation ; also, a shed or inclosure for beasts. 2 Chron. ixxii, 2. A leathern cover for a sore linger. 3. An abridgment of cotquean, 4. A cade lamb. [Local.] Orose. 5. A little boat. GOT i COTT "* i'^^^- c"') "**) a bed. Qu. Gr. Kotrn.) 1. A small bed, 2. On board of ships, a bed frame suspended from the beams, for the officers to sleep in, between the decks ; a piece of canvas, extended by a frame. eO-TA.\'GENT, n. The tangent of the complement of an arc or angle. Barlow. COTE, n. A sheepfold. [See Cot.] COTE, V. t. To pass by and turn before ; to gain i round in coursing, and give a eum[)etitor the turn. LiUle uscd.]^ Shak Chapman. -TEM-PO-ltA'NE-OUS, a. [Infra.] Living or being at the same time. CO-TEMPO-Ua'NE-OUS-LY, adv. At the same lime with some other event. eO-TEM'I'O-RA-RY, a. \L. con, co, and tempus, time.] Living or being at the same time ; as, cotrmporary authors. Josephus was cotemporary with Vespasian. Lucke. Blackstone. eO-TEM'PO-RA-RY, n. One who lives at the same time with another, [I consider this word as preferable to tonlemporanj, as being more easily pronounced.] GO-TEN' A NT, h. A tenant in common. Kent, CO-TE-RIK', (ko-te-ree',) n. [Fr.] A circle of fa- miliar friends i a meeting, for social or literary inter- course. Brande. CO-TERM'IN-OUS, a. [See CorcTKRMiNou!..] Bor- dering U|>on ; adjacent in territory. .Jefferson. eO-THl'RN'ATE, ( a. Buskined : relating lo trage- CO-'I'HrH.N'A-TED, \ dy. Coekeram. eO-TIG'l^-LAR, a. [L. coticula, from tos, a whet- stone.j Pertaining to whetutoncs \ like or suitable for whet- stones. Kirwan. GO-TIL'LON, \ ,w^,:,f^..n^ i«- [Fr., a petticoat.] GO-TIL'LION,! (•**»-*'* y""') j A^ brisk dance, performed by eight persons together ; also, a tune which regulates the dance. GOT'LAiXU, n. Land appendant to ft cottage. COT'QCkAX, n. A man who busies himself with ilie affairs wliich proi)erly belong to women. GO-TKUS-TEE', n. A joint trustee. KcnU COTS'WOLD, «. [Sax, cote and wold.] A term ajiplied lo shirepcotes in an open country. GOT'TAGE, B, [from cot.] Properlyyn cot; a hut; a small habitation for |KX>r persons. The •pn-ciiftst shnJI t« dwellings and eouagt$ for thrphfrda. — Zcjth. ii. The term Is also now applied to small but neat and tasteful dwellings. €0'V'TA- ' ■ ' ; , a. Producing cotton. €oi i L'.\->i.\-i. ni.\K', (kot'n-nia-cheen'j) a. A machine for carding or spmniug cotton. eOT'TO.N-MILL, ». A mill, or building, with ma- chincri- for carding, roving, and spinning c^tfton, by the ft>nv (if water or steam. €OT'T0\-PLA\T, i n. A plant of the genus Gos- eOT'TO.X-SHRUB, i s>pium, of several species, all growing in warm climateit. The principal spe- cies are, 1. the herbaceous cotton, with smooth leaves and yetJow dowers, succeeded by roundish capsules, full of seeds and cotton ; 2. ' the hairy American Ciiiton, with hairy stalks and lea%'cs, and vellow flow.ns, succeeded by oval piMls ; 3. the Rar- badoes shrubby cotton has a shrubby stalk, yellow flowers, and oval pcwls ; 4. the artH>rcijm, or tree cottim, with a woody, perennu-il stalk, bears yellow flowers and large pods. The first three species are annual plants ; Uie la^t is pereiini.il. Earyc In tke SeiUkfrm Staift t^jimencA^ the cotton culti- valed IB distinguished into three kmds ; the mmmketn . tmttam^ so called fmni Ma culler ; the grt<» getJ cottim, pKoducinf white cotton with green seeds. These grow in the middle and uppercuuntr^',and ore called skmrt atapU e0tt^m. The kUek aanf eait.m, cult)\'aied in the lower eaaatry. near the aea, and on the i^Jes - »cw the abote, produces cotton of a fine, white, aUky appeanuKe, very stiong, and of a*long rtaple. The seeds of the lune staple cotton are separated by rallergins. The »e«ds of the short staple cotton are separated, with mure difficulty, bv a saw-gin, invented by Kli Whitney. Ramsmg, Drmftatu eOT'T OX-PRESS, a. A machine for pressing cotton into bales. eOTTOX-TinS-TLE, (kot'n-tlui-l,) a. A plant, the Onopordum. MnkUabtrg. €OT'T0\-\VEED, a. A plant, the FiUapo. The name is given also to the Guaphalium, cudweed, or goldvlocks, eOT^t ON-WOOD, H. A tree of the popiar kind, the Populus Canodeiisis. COT'TO.\-Y, j o. Downy; nappy; covered with COT'TO.N-OL'S, i hairs or pube^nce, like cotton. a. Soft, lik^cottOQ. [Martm. eOT'V-LE, > «. UU. Korv\r,.] €OT'V-LA, I The cavity of a bone which receives the end of another in articulation. CO-TVI^K'DO\, n. \i^i. KorvXfiSuiyj from ««rn>»?, a hollow or cavity.] 1. In frotaJiy, the peri-^hable lube of the seeds of plants. It involves and nourishes the embryo plant, and then perishes. Some seeds have two lobes; others one only, and others none. Martm, Encye, 3. In aaaijnty, a cup-shaped vascular body, adher- ing to the chorion of some oninials. Sratuie. 3. A genus of plants, navel-wort, or kidney-wort, of sevi-ml species. F.nruc CO-TYI^£'DO-XOU8, a. Pertaining to cotyledims; having a seed-lobe. eO-TVL'I-FOR.M, a. In fkftioloa-vi, an epithet applied to such organs as have a rotate figure with an erect limb. Oilbrru COUCH, r. i, [FV. eovehr^ a bed ; wmcAer, to lie downi ; Xonn. omcAc, a cottch, and laid double ; Sp. gaeho, bent down slouching ; agachame., to stoop, to crouch ; Port, cgvdutrsr^ aeo^aparse, to ^oop, crouch, or squM ; Arm. coaeAa and acoacha, our viilf^ aeoocA ; D. huAken ; G. luKken ; Dan. hugrr. The primary sense is, to lay or throw down. See Class Cg, Gk, No. 7, 8, 9.] 1. To lie down, as on a bed or place of repose. 2. To lie down on the knees j to stoop and recline on the knees, as a beast. Pinw tigrrn ooucAaI kround. Dryien. 3. To lie down in secret or in ambush j to lie close and concealed. The Mrl of Afifva touAtd m a furrow. Htufieard, JudAh aoucA«d u a Ikn. — G*n, xlix. COU .4. To lie ; to lie in a bed or stratum. B]«M^ of \}» Ijonl be liii land — fut tln^ ilew, and tor the ilwp "■-' '■-^ bewMh. — IXdt. xxxiii. 5. To Stoop ; to bend the body or back ; to lower In reverencei or tu bend under labor, pain, or a burden. ItsAchiu- to m Mnnig an, couching ilown between iwo biirlciii. — Ovn. xlix. Tfane coucAuift, and Uic«e lovl/ coutusIm. Skak. COUCH, V. L To lay down ; to plane on a bed or place of rest. When nntvulied roulh, with Ufwtiiffed brmin, X>oUi cftMflfc hb lirntiL Shak. 9. To lay down ; to spread on a bed or floor ; as, to MwcA malt. Mortimer. 3. To lay close, or in a stratum. The »»t«T» CQUck UwcDMlvn, u dose u ma» bo, lo ili« ciil/r 4. To hide ; to lay close, or in another body. It fa In i»P, Rt Ihfa ilnjr, tu roucA vfavla in vnlU, Ui p \thtr the vrlod mm the tap, wtU ptiM It iJuwn in ipouu uiio moiiu. Bacofi. 5. To Include secretly ; lo hide ; or lo express in obscure terms, that imply what is to be understood ; with HA^r. All thia, auil moiv, He* eoudud under thia ollppon', J.'£!$lrangt, Hence, 6- To involve ; to include ; lo comprise j to com- prehend or express. Thia grmt »rguroent fcr n niture tfM«, which St. P*ul hiuh eouchmt in Ute wunia reul. AU«r6ury. 7. To lie close. Spenser, 6. To fix a spear in the rest, in the posture of attack. Tbrjr eouefttd thrit ajvan. Milton, Dryd^n. 9. To depress the condensed crystalline humor or film that overspreads the pupil of the eye. Johnson. To remove a cataract, by entering a needle throuiih the coats of the eye, and pushing the lens to the bottom of the vitreous humor, and then downward and outward, so as to leave it in the under and out- side of the eye. Encyc. The true phrase is, to e^udi a cataract ; but we €OI ay, to coMck the e>'e, or the patient UCH, n. A bed ; a place for rest or slsep. MiUon. Dryden. 9. A aeat of repose ; a place for rest and ease, on wliich it is common to lie down undressed. Milton. Ih-ytUn, 3. A layer or stratum of barley prepared for malt- ing ; as, a couth of malt. Brande. 4. In paiiUing^ a lay or impression of color, in oil or water, covenng the canvas, wall, or other matter to be painted. Kncyc. 5. Any lay or impression used to make a thing firm or consistent, ur lo screen it from the wealhur. Encyc. 6. A covering of gold or silver leaf, laid on any sub:erty ; A U could not be elected to the offu^e of senator, for want of estate ; B C, not being of the hlood of the ancestor, could not inherit his estate. 6. Had sutTicient capacity. The world could not contain the books. John xxi. 7. Was capable or susceptible, by its nature or constitution, as of some change, lie found a sub- stance that Could nut be fused. ti. Had adequate strength or fortitude ; as, he could not endure the pain or the reproach. 9. Had motives siitlicient to overcome objections. He th4jught, ttl first, he could not comply with the reata and &11 die council aouifhl falw wiUioaa. ^ Malt. XX. The word is applicable to any body of men, ap- pointed or Convened for consultation and advice in important affairs ; as, a council of divines or clergy^ men, with their lay delegates ; a council of war, con- sisting of the principal ollicers, to advise the com- mander-in-chief or admiral ; a. council of physicians, to consult and advise in difficult cases of disease. 2. A body of men 8f>ecinlly designated lo advise a chief magistrate in the administration of the govern- [ menl, as in Great Hritain. 3. In some of the Jimerican States, a branch of the legislature, corresiMmding with the senate in other States, and called legialatlve coujicil. .fiTeio Jersey. 4. An assembly ol prelates nnd doctors, convened for regulating matters oi doctrine and discipline in the church. 5. Act of deliberation ; consultation of a council. AfdUm. Commortr^ouncil of a city ; in London, a court con sisting of the lord mayor and aldermen in one house. FITE, FAR, FALL, WH.\T. — METE, PRgY. — PINE, MARIXE, BIRD NOTE. DOVE. MOVE. WOLF, BQQK.— cou and of representatives of the several wards, called eomniOH-<*mncUrncn, in the other. But more generally^ the common- council is considered iis the body of representatives of the citizens, as distinct from the mayor and aldermen. Thus, in G-miectiatt, the ciiies are incorporated by the name nf "The Mayor, Aldermen, Coiumon-Couneil, and Freemen, of the City of Hartford, New Haven, &c." Eeumenieul council ; in churcli histor)', a general council or assembly of prelates and doctors, repre- senting the whole church ; as, the council of Nice, of £[ihesua, and of Chalcedon. Eneyc. Prii'y council ; a select council for advising a king in the administration of the government. Aulic council. See Aulic. eOUN'CIL-bOARD. n. Council-table ; the table round which a council holds consultation. Hence, the council itself in deliberation or session. eoUN'CIUOR. n. The member of a council. [See Counselor.! eOU\'CIL-TA-BLE, tu Council-board. eO-UiN-DER-STAAD ING, n. Mutual understanding. eO-U-MTE', V. U To unite. [JVot used,] More. GOtlX'SEL, n. [Fr. conseil ; Ami. consailA; it. eon- ngiio ; Sp. consejo ; Port, conselho ; from L. eonsHium, from the root ofconsuio^ to consult^ which is probably the Heb. Cb. Byr. Sam. Eth. Vks^, Ar. ^Lw saula^ to ask. Class SI, No. 16, 4-3. The radical sense of the verb to ask is, to set upon, urge, or press. Hence the Oriental verb is probably the n>ot nf the L. salio^ agsiiia^ or from the same root. See the like analogies in L. peto^ to ask, to a^saiLJ 1. Advice j opinion, or instruction, given upon re- quest or otherwise, for directing the judgment or conduct of another i opinion given upon deliberation or consultation. E^rrry purpoae ta nuUiabed by otuntaL — Pror. xx. Ttiou nA« out hexrkeii^ lo my atuiutl, — 2 Chron. xxv. Z. Consultation; interchange of opinions. VVe took iwcel courtMtt UigriUwr. — Ps. W, 3. Deliberation ; examination of consequences. Thcr ^1 confeaa Ihal, In (h« working of ih^l ftnl c%uar-, cotttutl IR uac-d, HNUoa lullowed, anj u. waj observed. liooktr. 4. Prudence; deliberate opinion or judgment, or the faculty or habit of judging with caution. 0, how convly ii the wudoin ofoM men, umi unite; txLuiding^ and euuntel w men of honor I — Ecclua. rsT, The Uw sh.dl pcrub froat Ibe pneal, uid eaunMl frum the an- cienu. — ittik. xiU 5. In a bad MCiue, evil advice or designs } art ; machination. TbR coiHwti of the fnnrajd U carried headlong. — Job t. 6. Secrecy ; the secrets intrusted in consultnlion ; secret opinions or purposes. Lict a man keep his own couiuel, 7. In a scriptural sense^ purpose ; design ; will ; decree. Vt'tiM U>r eounael det^nnlnM before to be done. — Act* it. To ihuw tin InunuuUlay of hu eounwi. — tlrti. *L 8. Directions of God*s word. Thou •halt guidf me bjr thj toMnrntU — P». Ixzil!, 0. Tbe win of God, or bis truth and doctrines con- cerning the way of salvation. I have not ihucned lo decluv la /eu all tht; eountl of God. — A<^ tx. 10. Those who give counsel in law ; any counselor or advocate, or any number of counselors, barristers, or st-rgeants ; a^, the plainiitT's cmiTiael^ or the de- fendant's cAJunstl. The attortiey-gencral and solicit- or-general are the king's cuunsrl. In this sense tbe word has no plural ; but, in tlie singiUar number, is applicable to one or more peisons. eOUN'SEL, r. U [L. conMlior.] 1. To give advice or deliberate opinion to another fur the government of nis conduct ; tu advise. 1 cownMi (hee \n buy of mc ^Id tiied in die far.. — Ber. Ui. 2. To exhort, warn, admonish, or instnirt. We imghr frequently to counsel our children against the vices of the age. Thry that will not be coMnteUd can not be feliwd. Prankhn. 3. To advise or recommend ; as, io counstl a crirtie. [ Ai>( tbmA iwerf, ] Drydea. eoUN'SEL-KEEP'ER, n. One who can keep a hc- cret. Sfutlc. €Oi;\'SEO-KEEP'I\a, a. Keeping secrets. Shak. COUN'HEL-A-BLE, a. Willing to receive counsel ; disposed to follow the advice of others. Clareniha, COU N'HEL-£D, pp. Advised ; instructed ; adraon- itthed. eOUN'SEUING, ppr. Advising ; instructing ; ad- monir«hing. COL'N'SeC-OB, n. Any person who gives advice ; but prop'.-rly one who is authori7.ed by natural rela- tionahip, or by birth, office, or profession, to advise another in regard to hi^ future conduct and measures. Ahitbophel was David's counstlor. His mother was bte tom%$daT to do wickedly. 9 Chron. zxli. In COU Oreat Britain, the peers of the realm are hereditary counsrlitrs of the crown. 2. One of the members of a council ; one appointed to advise a king or chief magistrate, in regard to the administration of the government. 3. One \\ ho is consulted by a client in a law case; one who gives advice in relation to a question of law : one whose profession is to give advice in law, and manage causes for clients. Privy counselor; a member of a privy council. €0UN'SEL-0R-SHI1*, n. The office of a counselor, or privy counselor. COUN'l', V. L [Fr. conter; It. contare; Sp. Port, eon- Utr; Arm. counta or contein. Q,u. the root. The Fr. has compter, also, frum the L. computo ; the Sp. and Port, computar ; and the It. comptitare. The Eng. count is directly from conter; and it may be a question whether conter and eoittar are from the L< computo.] 1. Tonuuiber; to tell or name one by one, or by small numbers, for ascertaining the whole number of units in a collection ; as, to count the years, days, and hours of a man's life ; to count the stars. Who can count ihc dust of Jactib ? — Num. xjciii. 2. To reckon ; to preserve a reckoning j to com- pute. Some trtbn of nide nations count Uieir yean by the comin' of crn^in Unla among ihem at certain Mfuoua, and leaving them at othc-ra. Lock*. 3. To reckon ; to place to an account ; to ascribe or impute ; to consider or esteem as belonging. Abraham bt-li charge. Raise. COUNT, tJ, I. To count on or upon ; •to reckon upon ; to found an account or scheme on ; to rely on. We can not connt on the friendship of nations. Count not OR the sincerity of sycophants. 2. To swell the number, or count; as, each addi- tional one counts. COUNT, tu [Fr. conte and compte; Sp. cutnta and ca- enlo ; It. conto. The Spanish has also computo^ and the IL ill.] 1. Reckoning; the act of numbering; as, this is the nimiber according to my ctruftt. 2. Number. Spenser. 3. In laiPj a particular charge in an indictment, or narration iii pleading, setting forth the cause of com- plaint. There may be ditferent counts in the same dtM'taration. eOU.NT, H. [Fr. comte ; It. confc : Sp. conde ; Port, id, ; Arm. condt; from L. comes, comitis, a companion or associate, a fellow -traveler. Qm. con and eu.] A title of foreign nohilit>', equivalent to the Eng- lish carl, and whose domain is a county. An earl ; the alderman of a shire, as the Saxons called him. The titles of English nobility, according to their rank, are duke, marquis, earl, viscount, and baron. Biackstone, Eacyc COUNT'A-BLE, a. That may be numbered. Spenser. COUXT'ED, pp. Numbered] told; esteemed; reck- oned ; imputed. eOUN'TE-NANCE, n. [Fr. contmance^ttom contmant^ containing, from contmir^ lo contain, L. contineo ; con and trneo, to hold.] I. Literally, the contents of a body ; the outline and extent which constitutt^s the whole figure or eZ' ternni appt^arance. Jipprnpriattly^ the human face; the whole form of tbe face, or system of features ; visage. A merry b«ut maketh a cheerful countenance. — Pror. xr. Be not, MJ tlie hypucritea, of a tad countenance. — Mult. vi. 3. Air ; look ; aspect ; appearance of the face ; as In the phrase, to change or alter the countenance. 3. The face or look of a beast ; as, a horse of a good tountenanct-, 4. Favor; good-will ; kindness. I'huu luut mode him glad with thy cijunttmnee. — Ps, xxi. Hence, fn scriptural lan'ruase, the light of God's rrmntenance is his smiles or favorable regards, his fa- vor and grace ; and to hide his face or countenance ia to manifest his displeasure, and withdraw his gra- cioii.4 aid.-*. So the rebuke uf his countenance indicates his anger and frowns. Ps. \xxx. This application of face or comttenance^ which set.'ms to bo of high antiquity, proceeded probably from the practice oi turning away the face to express auger, dirtplfasure, and refu?«fil — a practice still com- mon, but probably universitl among rude nations. The opposite conduct would, of course, express fa- vor, i'he grant of a petition is accompanied with a look directed tu the petitioner; the refusal or denial, with an averted face. Htrice, 5. Support ; aid ; patronage ; encouragement ; fa- vor in promoting and maintaining a person or cause. cou Let religion enjoin the countenance of the laws. Give no countenance to violations of moral duty. It is the pmvinse of Ihc mngi«tmte to give count^Tianee tn pictj and Tinue. Autrfiury 6. Show; resemblance; superficial appearance. 7. In law, credit or estimation. CoweL To keep the countenance^ is to preserve a calm, com- posed, or natural look, unruffled by passion ; to re- frain from expressing laughter, joy, anger, or other passion, by an unchanged countenance. In countenance ; in favor ; in estimation. If the i)Tof''uion of religioti wen.' in couniettance nmong raea of disuticui>ii| it wouliThavc a hujipy etluct uii socic-iy. To keep in coujiienance r to give assurance or cour- age to ; to sup[K)rt ; to aid by favor ; to prevent from shame or dismay To put in countenance ; to give assurance ; to en- courage ; or to bring into favor ; to support. Out of countenance', confounded j abashed; with the countenance cast down ; not bold or assured. To put out of countenance; to cause the counte- nance to fall ; to abash ; to intimidate ; to diticoncert. eOUN'TE-NANCE, o. (. To favor ; to encourage by opinion or words. The design waa made known lo the mhiister, but be said nothing to CDuntenonos iu Anon, 2. To aid ; to support ; to encourage ; to abet ; to vindicate, by any means. Nellher Bhall thou countenance a poor man la his cause. —£x, xxiii, 3. To encourage ; to appear in defense. He countenanc»d the landing in his long-boat. WoOon. 4. To niake a show of. Each to these ladks love did eounlenanes. Spenter. 5. To keen an appearance. Shak. COUN'TE-NANC-tO, f koun'te-nanst,) pp. Favored; encounmed ; supportea. €OUN'TE-NANC-ER, n. One who countenances, fa- vors, or supports. COUN'TE-NANC-ING, ppr. Favoring; encouraging; supporting. eOUNT'Elt, n. [from count.) A false piece of money or stamped metal, used as means of reckoning ; any thing used to keep an account or reckoning, as in games. 2. Mnney, in contempt. Shak. 3. A table or board on which money is counted ; a table on wliich goods in a shop are laid for examina- tion by purchasers. In lien of this, we sometimes see writttm the French CoMPTOiR, from compter^ computo ; but counter is the genuine orthography. 4. 'I'he name of certain prisons in London. 5. One that counts or reckons ; also, an auditor. 6. Encounter. [J^'otused.] 7. In ships, an arch or vault, whose upper part is terminated by the bottom of the stern. The upper or second counter is above the former, but not vaultt^d. 8. A telltale ; a contrivance in an engine or car- riage to tell numbers, as of strokes or revolutions. 9. In music, counter is the name given to an under part, to serve for contrast to a principal part ; as, eountCT'-tenor, Sec. Counter of a horse; the breast, or that part of a horse's forehand which lies between the shoulder and under the neck. Farrier^s Diet. eoUN'TER, adv. [Fr. contre; L. contra ; Sp. and IL contra ; probably a compound of con and tra, as in ei>- tra, ultra.] 1. Contrary ; in opposition ; in an opposite direc- tion ; used chiefly witii run or ffo; as, to run counter to the rules of virtue ; he went counter to his ttwn in- terest. 2. Tlie wrong way ; contrary to the right course. Shak. 3. Contrariwise; in a contrary manner. Locke. 4. The face, or at the face. [Act used.] Sandys. This word is prefixed to many others, cliiefly verbs and nouns, expressing ojijwsition. COUN-TER-ACT', v. t. [amnur and art.] To act in opiwsition to; to hinder, defeat, or frustrate, by con- trary agency. Good precepts will sometimes counter- act the effects of evil example ; but more generally good precepts are counteracted by bad examples. eoUN-TER-ACT'ED, pp. Hintlercd ; frustrated ; de- feated by contrary agency. COUN-TER-AeT'ING, ppr. or a. Actiugngainst; hin- dering ; frustrating. €0UN-TER-AC'T10N, n. Action in opposition ; hin- derance. eOUN-TER-ACT'IVE, n. One who or that which counttTocts. eoUN-TER-ACTTVE, a. Tending to counteract. eOUN TER-ACT'lVB-LV, adv. By counteraction. eOUN'TER-AT-TRAC'TION, n. [counter and at- traction,] Op[)osite attraction. Shetistone, eOUN'TER-AT-TRA€T'lVE, a. Attracting in an op- posite way. TONE, BULL, tJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. -C as K; as J ; 8 as Z ; OU as SH ; f U as In THIS. 35 273 cou €^UN'-TEU-BAL'ANCE, F. f. [«««««• and balaHcc,] 1'u wi^ijzb npiiiiist ; lo weigh Ri^tn^tt with an equal weidht , lu act ;ij;:tiiist with tiqual power or eireci ; to cuunUTv.iil. A roluiim of thirty inches of quicksil- ver, -lud a cttluiiin uf thirty-twu fLt;t of water, eoan- UrbaUmce the we-ight uf a like rulutnn of the whole atui'f^iiht^re. The iiteastires of sin never cffimirrAaf- OMct the tain, iuiser>', and sbame, which fullow the cuinrnis^iun i>i it. eOU.N'TER-BALr-AXCE, n. Equal weight, power, or ai^ency, acting in opposition to any thing. Moi»?]r b the couitlrr&i^onr* of ail ibinfv purelMMfak. Lotk*. eOUN-TER-BAL'ANC-CD, (bal'anit,) |^ Opposed by e<)ual weieht, power^ or eOecL eOL'N-TER-BAL'AXC-I.SG, pffr. or «. Opposing by equal weiphi, (wwer, or operation. eOUN TER-UO.NU, n, [ctfiiiU«raBd hwkd.] A bond to 9ave harmless one who baa given bond for an- otlier. eOUX-TER-BUFF'.».l. re«iHla>aiid ^.] To strike bock or in an opposite directkm , lo drive back -, to sum bv a Mnw f>r impukie in fronL Dn/dtM, COUN'')*ER-BUFP, a. A Mow in an opposite direc- tion ; a stroke that stops motion or causes a recoit Sidneif. COUN-TER-BUFF'ED, (-buft,) ff. Struck with a blow in oupusiiion. €OUN'TER-eAST, a. Delusive contrivance ; contra- ry cast. Sf€Hser, eOUN'TER-€AST-ER, n. [coumUr and carter.] A caster uf accounts j a reckoner ; a book-keeper, in ci». »- site direction. eOUX'TER-DI3-TIXe'TION, a. Contradistinction. eOUX'TER-DRXIX, it. A drain parallel to a canal or embanked water-course, for cotleciJng the soakage water. QoUl eOUX-TER-DR.\W^ r. t [eouMter and iram,'\ In poialiaj?-, to copy a design or painting, by means of a fine linen clotb^n oiled paper, or o^her transparent mauer, whereon the strokes appearing through, they are traced with a pencil. The same is done on glass, and with frames or nets divided into squares with silk t»r thread, or by means of instruments, as the para.llc1ogram. Snctfc. eOL'X-TER-DRAWlXG, ppr. Copying by means of lineit dnwn on some transparent matter. eOL'X-TER-DRAWX', pp. Copied from line* drawn on something else. eOt'X-TER-EV'I-DEXCE, n. [counter and eridenee.] Opposite evidence j evidence or testimony which op- poses other evidence. BurtteU €OL'X'TER-FEIT,Ckoun'tCT-fit,) o- (. [Tr. eantrffaire, contrtfttd; contre and /otre, to make ; L. contra and facia ; IL controfftre, eomtraffiUta ,- Sp. cotUrahaexr^ con- traktdu>.\ 1. To forge ; lo copy or imitate, without authority or right, and with a view to deceive or defraud, by passing the copy or thing forged for that which is origins or genuine; as, to counterfeit coin, bank- notes, a seal, a bond, a deed, or other instrument in writing, the handwriting or signature of another, Ifec. To make a likeness or resemblance of any thing with a view to defraud. a. To imitate; to copy ; to make or put on a re- semblance ; as, to cou-nttrfeit the voice of another I p^T^on ; to eouxtrrfeit pielv. I eoUX'TER-FEIT, r. i. 'to feign ; to dissemble ; to I cam' on a fiction or deception. Skak. 1 €OITX'TER-FEIT,a. Forged; fictitious; false; fab- .cated without right ; made in imitation of some- thing else, with a view to defraud, by passing the false copy for genuine or original ; as, counterfeit coin cou a counterfeit bond or deed ; a couiUtrfeit bill of ex- change. ■^2. As»4uming the apponmnce of something ; false; hypocritical ; as, a eottntrrftit friend. '3. llnving the resemblance of ; &lse ; not genuine; na, countrrfett modesty. joijx €OUX' TER-FEIT, (koun'ter-fit,) n. A cheat ; a de- ceitful person; one who pretends to t>e what he is not ; one who personates another ; an impostor. -2. In /a», one who obtains money or goods by counterfeit letters or false lukens. Kacyc. 'X That which is mnde in imitation of something, but without lawAil authority, and with a view to de- fraud, by pMsing the false for the true. We say, the note is a evunttrf^ eOU.\'TER-FEIT-ED, pp. or o. Forged ; made in imiuilion of soniethin(!,with a view todefiraud ; co[>-* ied ; iinit:tU>d ; feicned. COUX'TEU-FEIT-ER, n. One who counterfeits ; a forger. €. One who copies or imitates; one who assumes a false appearance. 3. One who endeavors to set off a thing in false colors, €OUN'TER-FEIT-fXG, n. The act of forging ; the mnkinc of a counterfeit resemblance. eoCN'TEK-FEIT-IXG, ppr. Forging; feigning. eOUX'TER-FEIT-LY, ado. By forgery ; falsely ; fic- titiously. eOUN-TER-FER'MEXT, n. [coanfer and ferment ] Ferment opposed to fermenL Addison. €OUN-TER-Fe'SANCE, n. [Fr. etmtnfaiaancc] The act of forging ; forgery. [06s.] eOUN'TERFOIL, ( n. That part of a tallv struck eOUN'TER-STOCK. \ in the exchequer, which is kept by an officer in that court, the other b'.'ing deliv- ered to the person who has lent the king money on the accountl and is called the stock. Badey. €OUX'TER-F0RT, a. [coaatw and /ot^I A buttress, spur, or pillar, serving to support a wall or terrace subject lo bulflS. Chamberg. COCX'TER-GACE, n. [anoKar and gage.] In car- ptntrff a method lued to measure the Joints, by trans- ferring, as, for instance, the breadth of a mortise to the place where the tenon is to be, in order to make them fit each other. IhoiU. COUX'TER-GUARD, a. [counter and fttard.] In fitr- t^fictttion^ a small rampart, or work mixed before the point of a bastion, consisting of two long faces par- allel to the faces of the bastion, making a salient an- gle, to preserve the baji^tion. It is sometimes of a aifi'ercnt shaiie, or dilfE^renity situated. F.ncyc, €OUX-TER-IXTHr-EXCE, r. L To hinder by op- posing influence. \ Little utedA Scott. eOCX-TER-IX'FLO EX-Ci:D,C-in'flu-?n8t,)pp. Hin- dered by opposing influence. eOUX-TER-IXFLU-EX-CIXG, ppr. Opposing by opposing influence. €OC.\'TER-LIGHT, (Ute,) n. [eouafer and h>At.] A U^t opposite to any thing, which makes it appear to disadvantage. Chambtrs. €OUN-TEB-MAND', v. L [Fr. contremander ; contre and mander^ L. duuu/o, to command.] 1. To revoke a fonner command ; or to give an or- der contrary to one before given, which annuls a for- mer command, and forbids its execution ; as, to coun- termand orders. S. To oppose ; to contradict the orders of another 3. To prohibit. [Little used.] Harvey. €OUN'TER-MAND, n, A contrary order; revocation of a former order or command. Shak. eOUX-TER-AIAXD'ED, pp. Revoked; annulled, as an order. €OIJX-TER-MAXD'IXG, ppr. Revoking a former order ; giving directions contrary to a former com- mand. eOUX-TER-MARCH', c. t. [counUr and march.] To march back. COCN'TER-.MARCH, n. A marching back ; a return ing. Collier. 2. A change of the wings or face of a battalion, so as to bring the right to tlie left, or the front into the rear. Cyc. 3. A change of measures ; alteration of conduct. Jiurnet. eOUX-TER-MARCH'ED, (mircht,) pp. Marched back. €OUN-TER-MARCH'ING, ppr. or n. Marching back. eOCX'TER-MARK, n. [coutUer and mark.] A second or third mark put on a bale of goods belonging to several merchants, that it may not be opened, but in the presence of all the owners. 2. The mark of the goldsmiths' company, to show the metal to be standard, added to that of the arti- ficer. 3. An artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses, that have outgrown tiieir natural mark, to disguise their age. 4. A mark added to a medal, a long time after it has been struck, by which its several changes of val- ue may be known. Chambers. COUX-TER-MARK', v. L To mark the corner teeth of a horse by an artificial cavity, to disguise his age. Farrier's Diet. COU €OUX'TEK-MINE, «. [«»««(«■ and mine] \n military affairs, a well atiil gallery sunk in the earth, and running under ground, In search of the enemy's mine, or till it meets it, to defeat its efl'i^ct. Military Diet, 3. Means of opposition or counteraction. Sidney. 3. A stratagem or project to frustrate any contriv- ance. L"" tleitratige. eOUX-TER-MIXE', v. t. To sink a well and gallery in the earth, in search of an enemy's mine, to frus- trate his designs. 2. To counterwork ; to frustrate by secret and op- posite measures, COUN-TER-MIN'ED, pp. Counterworked. eOUX-TER-MIN'IXG, ppr. Sinking a mine to frus- trate another mine. €OUX'TER-MO-TION, n. [counter und motion.] An opjK>site motion ; a motion counteracting another. Diffby. Collier. eOUN-TER-MO'TIVE, n. An opposite motive. eOUX-TER-MOVE', v. t. or i. To move in a contrary direction, or in opposition to another. €OUX'TER-MOVE-MEXT, n. A movement in op- position lo another. €OUN-TEU-MOV'ING, ppr. Moving in an opposite direction. eOUX'TER-MORE, n. [Fr. contremur; contre and niur, L. murus, a wall.] A wall raised behind another, to supply its place, when a breach is made. eOUN'TER-MORE, v. t. To fortify with a wall be- hind another. €OUN'TER-M0R ED, pp. Fortified by a wall behind another. COUN'TER-MCR-IXG, ppr. Fortifying by a wall be- hind anollicr. eOUX'TER-NAT'^-RAL, a. [counter and natural.] Contrary to nature. Harvey. eOUN'TER-XE-GO-TI-A'TIOX,7i. [counter und ne- gotiation.] Negotiation in opposition lo other negotia- tion. COUN'TER-NOISE, n. [counter and noise.] A noise or sound by which another noise or sound is over- powered. , Catamy. COUX'TER-0'PEN-ING, n, [counter and opening.'^ An aperture or vent on the opposite side, or in a dif- ferent place. Sharp. COUX'TER-PACE, n. [counter and pace.] A step or measure in opposition to another ; contrary measure or attem))t. Swift. €OUX'TER-PAL-£D, a. [counter and pale,] ui her- aldry^ is when the esculrheon is divided into twelve pales parted perfesse, the two colors being counter- changed, so that the upper and lower are of dilfL-rent color*. Encyc. eOUX'TER-PAXE, n. A particular kind of coverlet for a bed. [See Coumterpoint.] 2. One part of an indenture. [ Obs.] B. Jonson. eOUX'TER-PART, n. [counter and part.] The cor- respondent part ; ttie part that answers to another, as the two papers of a contract or indentures ; a copy ; a duplicate. Also, the part which fits another, as the key of a cipher. Jiddison. Johnson. S. In music, the part to be applied to another ; as, the base is the counterpart to the treble. Bailey. Eneyc. €OUN-TER-PAS'SANT, a. [counter and passant,] in heraldry^ is when two lions in a coat of arms are rep- resented as going contrary ways. Badey. Encyc. COUN'TER-PE-TI"TION, (-pe-tish'un,) ??. A pe- tition in opposition to another. Clarendon. COUX'TER-PLeA, n. [counter and pica.] In law^ a replication to a plea, or request. CoweL COUX-TER-PLOT',- v. t. [counter and plot.] To op- pose one plot to another ; to attempt to frustrate strat- agem by stratagem. eOLIX'TER-PLOT, n. A plot or artifice opposed to another. L^Estrange. eoCX-TER PLOT'TING, tu A plotting in opposition to a stratagem. eOUX'TER-POIXT, n. [Ft. eontrepointe ; Arm. con- treppentenn ; It. contrappunto ; contre and poinL] 1. A coverlet ; a cover for a bed, stitched or woven in squares. It has been corrupted into Counter- pane. 2. In music, coitnterpoint is when the musical char- acters by which the notes in each part are signified, are placed in such a manner, each with respect to each, as to show how the parts answer one to an- other. Encyc. Busby. The term is now synonymous with hartnonvf and nearly so with compoKition. P. Cyc* 3. An opposite point. Sandys, COUX'TER-POISE, v. L [Fr. eontrepeser? It. contrap- pesare ; Sp. contrapesar ; contre^ contra, and pcscr, pe- ear, to weigh. See Poise.] 1. To counterbalance ; to weigh against with equal weight ; to be equiponderant to ; to equal in weight The force and diatnncp of wei^hu counUrpmnng each other, ought lo be reciprocaU DigUy. The heuvineaa of boclit-a nimt be counlerpotMd by a^lummet Eiatcned about the pulley lo the axi». U tlkins. 2. To, act against with equal power or effect ; to balance. The wisdom of the senate may be able to FATE, FAR, F,\LL, WHAT. — M£TE, PREY. — nXE, MAKtXE. BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, BQQK.— cou cou counterpoise Ibe rash impetuosity of a democratic house. COUN TER-POISE, n. [Fr. contrepoids; IL contrap- peso ; Sp. cotttrapeso.] 1. Equal wciglit acting in opposition to something ; equiponderance ; a weight sufficient to balance anoth- er in the opposite scale'; equal balance. Milton. 2. Equal power or force acting in oppo.sition ; a force sufficient to balance another force ; equipol- lence. 3. In the manege^ a position of the rider in wliich his body is duly balanced in his scat, not inclined mure to one side than the other. Kiicyc. eOL'X'TER-POIS-ED, pp. Balanced by an equivalent oppo^inp weight, or by equal power. eOL'N'TER-POIS-ING, ppr. or a. Balancing by equal weight in the opposite scale, or by equiil power. eOUN'TEH-POI-SON, (-poi'zu,) it. fcwuntcrand pin- sen ] One poison that destroys the effect of auollier ; an antidote; ; a medicine that obviates the effects of poison. ArbuthnoU eOUN'TER-PRA€-TICE, %. Practice in opposiUon to another. eOL\\'TER-PRESS-t;RE, r, [counter and pressure.] Opposing pressure ; a force or pressure that aria in a contr»r>- direction. BUukmore. eOUN'TER-PROJ-ECT, n. [counter and project.] A project, scheme, or proposal, of one party, given in oppojiition to another, before given by the other par- ty ; as in ihe negotiation of a treaty. Sirift, eOUiV'TER-PROOF, n. [counter and proof.] In en- gravinv^ a print Liken off from anuther fresh printed, which" by being passed through the press, gives the figure of the fonner, but inverted. Brande, COUX'TER-PROVEjr. L IcounUr and vrovcA To take off a design in black lead or red clialk, by passing it through a rolling press with another piece of paper, both being nioktcned with a sponge. Clmmbers. COUN'TER-PROV -ED, pp. See the verb. eOL'X'TER-PROV-ING ppr. See the verb. eOU.\-TER-REV-O-L0'TION, n. A revolution op- posed to a former one, and restoring a former slate of tilings. €OU\''rER-REV-0-LC'TION-.\-RY, a. Pertaining to a counter-revolution. €OUN'TER-REV-0-Lu'TION-tST, n. One engaged in or lirfriending a counter-revolution. COIJN'TER-ROLL, n. [counter and roll] In /aw, a counterpart or copy of tlie rolls, relating to appeals, inqiieitt^, Alc Batley. 2. As a verb, this word is contracted into Control, wliich see. eOL'N-TER-R5L'MENT, n. A counter account [See COWTBOL.] eOUX-TER-Si'U-ENT, a. [Fr. c&ntre and *ai//i>, to leap.] In heraldry, is when two beasts are borne In a coal, leaping fmm each other. Bailey. eOU.N'TER-SeXRP, n. [Ft. eontrescarpe ; It. contra- Scarpa : Sp. eoutrae^carpa : contre and enearpe, scarpa, esearpa, a sinpe, fri>m the root of carve.] In /ortifteniion, the exterior talus or slope of the ditch, or the talus that supports Ihe earth of ihe cov- ered way ; but it often signifies the whole covered way, with its parapet and glacis ; as when it is said, the enemy have lodged themselves on the eounter- acarp. " Harris. Encifc. rOUN'TER-SeUF-FLE,»t. Opposite scuffle ; contest. COII.N'TER'-SkAL, c. e. To seal w ith another. SKak. COL'.N' rER-,*iKAL-/:U, pp. Sealed with another. GOL'-N'TER-.-^eAL l-N'i, p;»r. Sealing with another. eOU.\'TEK-SE-eORE', o. £. [eountrr and secure.] Tu»*:cure one who has given security. €OUN'TER-SE-€0'RI-TY, n. Security given to one who has entered into bonds or become surety for another. . Bailey. €OUN''TER-SENSE, n Opposite meaning. HtneM. COUN'TER-SIGN, (-sine,) r. t. [evunter and sign.] LUeralt^, to sign on the opposite side of an inslnimenl or writing ; hence, to sign, as secretary or other sub- ordmate officer, a writing signed by a principal or superior, to atttrsi the authenticity of the writing. Thus charters signed by a king are countersigned by a secretary. Bank notes, signed by the president, are ctmntersigni'd by the cashier. €OIJX'TER-SlG\, n. A private signal, word, or phnt'^e, given to soldiers on guard, with orders to let no man {kia» unless he first names that sign ; a mili- tary watchword. Advance, and give the counterfign. a. The signature of a secretary or other subordi- nate officer to a writing signed by the principal or superior, to attest its aiithenticiiy. €OUN'TER-Sir;-,\AL, n. A signal to answer or cor- rexpotid Ui an«>ther ; a naval term. €OUN'TER-SU;'N'A-TlTRE, n. The name of a sec retary or other subordinate officer countersigned Ui ■ writing. Below ih'; Imperial anme i> cominoti1)r b counUr-ngrmtar* o( oot uf Ihe CMntft rtunia;rr«. 7boA«. €0T:N'TER-SIGX-£D, pp. Signed by a secretary or other Bubordinalc officer. €OUN'TER-SIGX-IXG, ppr. Attesting by the signa- ture of a subordinate officer. eOUN'TER-SlXK, v. L To drill a conical depression in wood or metal, as in a hole for a screw. €OUN'TER-{3IXK, n. A drill or braccbit for counter- sinking. €OUX'TER-S[NK-IXG, ppr. See the verb. eoUN TER-STAT'U'1'E, n. A contrary statute or ordinance. Milton. eo UN 'TERr-STRoKE, n. A contrary stroke -, a stroke returned. Spaiser. €OUN'TER-SUNK, pp. See the verb. €OUN-TER-SCRE'TY, «. A counter-bond, or a surety to secure one that has given security. eOUX'TER-SWAY, n. Contrary sway; opposite in- fluence. Milton. €OUN'TER-TAL-LY, n. A tally corresponding to anotlier. eOUN'TER-TASTE, n. [counter and taste.] Oppo- site or false taste. Skenstone. eOUN-TER-TEN'OR, ) n. [counter and Unor.] In eOUN'TER, J music, one of the middle parts, between the tenor and the treble; high tenor. €OUN'TER-TIDE, n- [coujUer and tide.] Contrary tide. Ehyden. €OUN'TER-TIME, n. [counter and time.] In tJte manegej the defense or resistance of a horse, that in- terrupts his cadence and tlie measure of his manege, occasioned by a bad horseman, or the bad temper of the horse. EtCcyc 2. Resistance ; opposition. - Dryden. COUN'TER-TLTRN, n. The height of a play which puts an end to expectation. Dryden. eOUN-TER-VAIL'. r. (. [counter and L. valeo, to avail or be strong.] To act against with equal force or power ; to equal ; to act with equivalent effect against any thing; to balance; to compensate ; as, the profit will hcLrdly eountervail the inconveniences. Allbou^ the cntmy eould not caunt£rvad the kin^'i dam&ge. — EMh. rii. €OUN'TER-VAIL, n. Equal weight or strength; power or value sufficient to obviate any effect ; equal weight or value ; com[iensation ; requital. Spenser. South. €OUN-TER-VAIL'ED, pp. Acted against with equal force or power: balanced ; compensated. eOUN-TERVAIL'ING," ppr. or a. Opposing with equal strength or value ; balancing ; obviating in effect. COUN'TER-VIEW, (-vu,)n. [counter Knd view.] An opposite or opposing view ; opposition ; a posture in which two persons front each t,llier. Milton. 2. Contra-st ; a position in which two dissimilar things illustrate each other by opposition. Swift. eOLfX'TER-VOTE, r. U To vote in opposition ; to outvote. ScotL eOUX'TER-WEIGII, C-wa,) v. L [See Weigh.] To weigh against ; to counterbalance. Jlscham. eOUX'TER-WIIEEl., v. L To cause to wheel in an opposite direction. eOUX'TER-VVHEEL-ING, ppr. Causing to move in an opposite direction. COUX'TER-WIXD, n. Contrary wind. COUX-TER-VVORK', (-wu^k,)p.^ [See Wokk.] To work in opposition tu ; to counteract ; to hinder any effect by contrary operations. Ttut counlfTworit each fuUjr anil caprice. Pop*. €OUN-TER-W0RK'ING, ppr. Working in opposi- tion ; counteracting. COUNTER-WROUGHT', (-niwt,);ipp. Counteracted; opposed by contrary action. eOUXT'ESS, n. [Fr. eomtesse; It. eontessa; Sp. eon- de.ia. See Count.] The consort of an enri or count. COUNT'IXG, Mr. Numbering; reckoning, COUXT'IXG-HOUSE, i n. [See Counx, the verb.] eOUNT'ING-ROOM, \ The house or room appro- priated by merdianls, traders, and manufacturers, to the business of keeping their books, accounts, letters, and papers. COUXT'ING, n. The act of computing or reckoning. eOUNT'LESS, a. [count and less.] That which can not be counted ; nut having the number ascerUiined, nor ascertainable ; innumerable. The sands of the sea-shor*! are countlfsn. COUX'TRI-FT-Al), (kun'trc-flde,) a. Rurtic ; rural; having the appearance and manners of the country. Todd. Rich, Diet. eOUN'TRY, (kun'try,) n. [The correct orthography would be CoNTHV, Fr. contrcf, It. contrada, rontmcted from L. eonterra, con and terra, land adjacent to a city. Hence, the citizens say, ** Let us go into the country." The l>atin has confrrraneu.'*,ar.oniilryman.J 1. Properly, the land lying about or near a city ; the territory situated in the vicinity of a city. Our friend has a seat in the country, a few miles from town. See Mark v. Luke viii. Hence, 2. The whole territory of a kingdom or slate, as opposed to city. We s&y, " The gentleman hns a seat in the country,^* at any distance from town indefinitely Hence, 3. Any tract of land, or inhabited land ; any re cou gion, as distinguished from other regions ; a king- dom, state, or lesser district. We speak of ali the countriii) of Europe or Asia. Ai»d llicy came into the country of Monb. — Rulh 1. 4. The kingdom, state, or territory, in wliich ono is horn ; the land of nativity ; or the particular dis- trict indefinitely in which one is born. America is my country, or England is my country. Labun laid, It niual nut be to douc iti our country, .— Qcu. xxix, 5. The region in which one resides. He Bolounifd in the laud of promise, u In a foieipn eounlry. — Heb, xi, 6. Land, as opposed to water j or inhabited territory. The ahipmcii deemed thai they diew near lo wnie eounlry. — Acu xxTii. 7. The inhabitants of a region. AH the country wept with a loud voice. — 2 Siun. XT. 8. A place of residence; a region of permanent habitation. Thi^y declare pliunlj that ihey leek a country, — Heb, xl. They deaiie abetter counfT^, Uml i», a heafcuty. — Heb, xi. 9. In law, a jury or jurors ; as, trial by the coun- try, per pais. COUN'TRY, (kun'try,) a. Pertaining to the country or territory at a distance from a city ; rural ; rustic ; as, a country town ; a cou7i(ri/ seat ; a counfjT/ squire ; a country life ; the country party, as opposed to city party. 2. Pertaining or peculiar to one's own country. He apokc in hla country Ungua^. Alaccabt*: .?, Rude ; ignorant. Drydtn. COUN'TRY DANCE, n. [Fr. contre danse.] A danco in which the partners are arranged opposite to each other in lines. Originally and properly, Contra- DAMCE. COUN'TRY-MAN, n. One bom in the same country with another. This man is my countrytnan. See 2 Cor. xi. 26. 2. One who dwells in the country, as opposed to a citizen ; a rustic ; a farmer or husbandman ; a man of plain, unpolished manners. 3. An inhabitant or native of a region. What countryman is he ,'' COUN'tRY SkAT, n. A dwelling in the counfcry used as a place of retirement from the city. eoUNT'-WHEEL, 7(. The wheel in a clock which moves round and causes it lo strike. eoUN'TY, n. [Fr. ccmpti; Sp.com/ado,- It. contia; L. eomitatus. See Count.] 1. Originally, an earldom ; the district or territory of a count or earl. JVtiw, a circuit or particular portion of a state or kingdom, separated from the rest of the territory, for certain purposes in the ad- ministration of justice, ll is called also a shire. [See Shire.] Each county has its sheriff and it;* court, with other officers employed in the adminis- tration of justice, and tlie execution of the laws. In England there are fifty-two counties, and in each is a lurd-tieutenant, who has command of the militia. The several States of America are divided by law into counties, in each of which is a county cuurt of inferior jurisdiction ; and in each the supreme court of the State holds stated sessions. 2. A count ; an earl or lord. [0A«.] Shak. County palatine, in England, is a county distin- guished by particulitr privileges ; so CHlIcd apfl/uii*), the palace,hecauselheo\\ ner hadorigtniilly royal |K»wcrs, or the snme powers, in the administration of justice, as the king had in his palace ; but llieir powers arc now abridged. The counties palatine, in England, are Lancaster, Chester, ami Durham. County corporate, is a county invested with partic- ular privileges by charter or royal grant, as Lon- don. York, Hrlstol, &c. COUN'TY, o. Pertaining to a county ; ns, county court. COUN'TY COURT, n. A court whose jurisdiction is limited to a county, and whose powers, in America, depend on statutes. In England, it is incident to the jurisdiction of the sheriff. COUN'TY TOWN, n. That town where the various courtsof a county are held. In the Western States, it is improperly calli-d a county seat. COUP DK GRACE', (koo-de-gnis',) [Fr.] Literally, the stroke of mercy by which an executioner ends tlie Bufferings of one on the rack, &c., by death. Hence, a decisive, finishing stroke ; a finisher. COUP DE MJilJ^, (kno-de-mans',) [Fr.] An1n- stintaneous and unexpected attack or enterprise. Chup y>'ai:/A, (koo-dale',) [Fr.] Slight view ; glance of the eye. COUP /)'£-r.^r, fkoo-dd-fA',) [Fr.] A sudden, de- cisive blow, In politics ; a stroke of policy. COUP DK SO-LKIL', (koo-de-so-lile',) [Fr.] A stroke of the sun, COUPE', fkoo-pa',) n. The IVoni apartment of a French diligence eOU-PEE', (koo-pee',) n, JFr. eouprr, to cut.] A motion in dancing, when one leg is a little bent, and suspended from the ground, and with the other a motion is made forward. Chambers. TONE, BULL, t^NITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; Cl as J ; « as Z ; CH as SH ; ^'H as in THIS. 275 Arm. Mw Dan. kvMfl; lUb. or fold ; ^ 1. Tw. place, or c cou COUPLE, (knp'pl} ■. [Ft. eoupte: L. copula ; IL Sp. D i i.'ti. iii.. and ^fip, to duuble ^ jir kind, and near in puM^, tM t . a?, a coupU of men ; a ctupU of onuig&i. 1 have [jianlea a compU of chernr- treea. We can not c-UI a liorae and an ox a c0Mp/e, unless we add a generic irrm. Of a horse and ox feetling in a pa^iire, we sh«>uld sajr, a CM^Ie ^ oiu- ■mIs. Among btinUmen and soldiers, K«c« ia used for e0Hf>/c ; a^, a brace of ducks ; a *ract of platoU. CWitpte differs from pair, whidi implies, atricUy, not only things of the some kind, but likeness, equality, or cutftomary association. A ptur is a wmplc^ but a eoupU may or may not be a pair, a. Two things of any kind connected or linked to- gether. 3. A male and female connected by marriage, be- trothed, or allied ; as, a married couple; a young cample. 4. That which links or connects two things tofeth- er ; a chain. eOUPLE, (kup'pl,) 9, L [Pr. eoupUri L. eopmU} 8p. caymUri lU a^uimre.] 1. To link, chain, or connect OM thing with an- other j to sew or fliAeo togelber. TiKn ^btUt CBMpto tks cotalns wftb bocte. — Ex. nrrt 3. To many i to wed ; to anite, as husband and wife. COVP'LE. ». I. To embrace, as the sexes. Dnfden, eOUP'Lfb, (kup'ptd) pp. or a. United, as two things } linked: married. Cammed a>lmmju ; in areAi. With courage; bravely; buldlv ; stoutly. €0UB-A'GEOUS-NESS,«. Courage; boldness; brav- en- ; intrepidity ; spirit ; valor. lou:MVTb,("- [Fr.«.r«tt,n.nntag.] L A piece of music in triple Ume ; also, a kind of dance, consisting of a time, a step, a balance, and a coupee. Encyc. a. A title of a newspaper, so called from its rapid circulation. eOU-RAP', n. A distemper in the East Indies ; a kind of herpes or itch in the armpits, groin, breast, and face. JE«cyc eOURB, r, i [Fr. COTtrfter.] To bend, [j^ot in use,\ eOrUB, a. Crooked. [A*ot ia «<«.] €6rR'B.\-RIL, n. Anime, a resinous substance which flows from ttie liymenea, a tree of South .\merica ; used for varnishing. Foureroy COU'Rl-ER, (koo're-er,) n. [Fr. effunw, from ctfurtr, to run, L. curro.] cou 1. A messenger sent express fur conveying letters or dts[}.-tt<.'hes, usually on public business. a. 'i'he name of a newsfiaper. COURSE, n. [Fr. course t Sp. eurso; \U corso i It. cursai from L. cursus^ from curro, to run, W. ^^yru, Eng. *iirry. See Class Gr, No. 7, 15, 33, 34.J 1. In its general sease^ a passing; n moving, or motion Airward, in a direct or curving line ; applica- ble to any body or substance, ^ulid or tluid. jSppLtd to animaig^ a running, or walking ; a mce : a career; a passing, or |Kis:sage, with any degree of swiftness indefinitely. JippUed to Jiuidsy a flowing, as in a Rtream in any direction ; as, a straight course^ or winding courne. It is applied to water or other litiuids, lu air or wind, and to light, in the sense of motion or passing. Jfyplimi to solid bodies, it signifies motion or pass- ing ; as, the eotuve of a rotlini^ stone ; the course of a carriage ; the course of the cartti in its orbit. jSjtplied to itar4;'-utiirn. it siffnities a passing or mo- tion on water, or in biilloons in air; a voyage. S. The direction of mi>tion ; line of ad\*ancing ; point of compass, in which motion is directed ; as, what ccriu-se shall the pilot steer.' In technical lan- guage, the angle contained between the nearest me- ridian and that point of compass on which a ship sails in any direction. .Afar. Did. 3. Ground on which a race is run. 4. A passing or process ; the progress of any thing ; as, the course of an argument, or of a debate ; a course of thought or reflection. 5. Order of proceeding or of pnssing from nn an- cestor to an heir ; as, the course of descent in in- heritance. & Order ; turn ; class ; succession of one to an- other in office or duty. SokuiMNi appouit^ ibe anu-mt ot the piiratm 3 Chrou. viil. 7. Stated and orderly method of proceeding ; usual manner. He obtained redress in due course of law. Leave Nature to her course. 8. Series of successive and methodical procedure; a train of acts or applications ; as, a course of med- icine administered. 9. A methodical series, applied to tKe arts or sci- ences; a systenii7.ed order of principles in arts or sciences, for illustration or instruction. We say, the author has com[deted a course of principles or of lectures in philosophy. ANo. the order pursued by a student ; as, he has conipltited a course of studies in law or physics 10. Manner of proceeding ; way of life or conduct ; deportment; series of actions. Thnl I might fm'wh my cottrM whh Joy. — ArU xx. Their cotirM m evi\, — Jcr. xxiii. 11. Line of conduct; manner of proceeding; as, we know not what aturse to pursue. 12. Natural bent ; pro[>ensity ; uncontrolled will. Let not a perverse child take his own course, 13. Tilt; act of running in the lists. 14. Orderly structure ; system. The Uin^Mc ■cttpih on fire ihe courgt of nature. — Junea IH- 15. Any regular series. In architecture^ a contin- ued range of stones, level or of the same hight throughout the whole length of the building, and not interrupted by any aperture. A laying of bricks, &c. 16. The dishes set on table at one time; service of meat. 17. Regularity ; order ; regular succession ; as, let the classes follow in course. 13. Empty form ; as, compliments are often words of course. Of c/iur*<,* by consequence; in regular or natural order ; in the common manner of proceeding ; with- out special direction or provision. This effect will follow qf course. If the defendant resides not in the State, the cause is continued of course. COURSE, V. L To hunt ; to pursue ; to chase. We courted him at the heels. Shak. 2. To cause to run ; to force to move with speed. May. 3. To run through or over. The blood courses the winding arteries. The bounding steed courses the dusty plain. COURSE, V. i To run ; to move with Eipeed ; to run or move about ; aa, the blood courses. Shak. The grrjhounda courted through the ficMa. €OURS'£D, (korst,) yp. Hunted ; chased ; pursued ; caused to nin. COURS'ER, B, A swift horse; a runner; a war horse ; a -word used chiejly in pottry. Dnjdetu Pope. 2. One who hunts ; one who pursues the sport of coursing hares. Joktuon. 3. An order of birds which have short wings, and move chiefly by running, as the ostrich, dodo, and cassowary. Kirby. 4. A disputant. [JVot in use.'] Wood. COURS'ES, n. pi. In a ship, the principal sails, as the main-sail, fore-sail, and mizzen : sometimes the name is given to the stay-sails on the lower masts ; sdso to the main stay-saiis of all brigs and schooners. Mar. Diet, a. Catamenia ; menstrual fiux. COU COURS'EV, «. Part of the hatches in a galley. Sherwood. COURS'ING,p^, Hunting; chasing; running; rtow- inc ; coiniK'Hing to run. COURSM.NUj n. Tlu; act or sport of chasing and himt- ing hares, loxes, or deer. COURT, n. [Sax. curt; Fr. cour; Arm. court; It. corte i Sp. corte: Port, corte; L. curia; Ir. cutrt. The primary sense and application are not perfectly obvious. Most probably the word is from a verb which signifies to go round, to collect. W. cirr, a circle ; Ar. .\j kaura. to go round, to collect, to bind. Hence applied to a yanl or inclosure. See Class Gr, No. 33, 34. It may ptissibly be allied to yardj Goth, ffurds ; or it may be derived from a verb signifying to cut off or separate, and primarily sig- nify the fi'nce tliat cuts off or excludes access. The former is most pri>bable.] 1. An uncovered area before or behind a house, or In its center, and in the latter case usually surround- ed on all sides by tlie buildings; in popular lanj^uage, a court-yard. Oinilt. a. A space inclosed by houses, broader than a street ; or a apace forming a kind of recess from a public streeL 3. A palace ; the place of residence of a king or sovereign prince. Europe. 4. The hall, chamber, or place where justice is ad- ministered. St. Paul WM brought Into the highest eoart In Athens. AtUrhmy. 5. Persons who compose the retinue or council of a king or einp<'ror. Temple. 6. The persons or judges assembled for hearing and deciding causes, civil, criminal, military, naval, or ecclesiastical ; as, a court of law ; a court of chaTicer>' ; a court martial ; a court of admiralty ; an ecclesiastical court; cowrf baron, &.c. Hence, 7. Any jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesias- tical. 8. The art of pleasing; the art of insinuation; civility ; flattery ; address to gain favor. Hence the phrase, to make court, to attempt to please by flattery and address. 9. In Scripture^ an inclosed part of the entrance into a palace or house. The tabernacle had one cimrt; the temple, three. The first was the court of the Gentiles ; the second, the court of Israel, in which the people worshiped ; the third was the court of the priests, where the priests and Levites exercised their ministry. Hence, places of public worship are called the courts of the Lord. 10. In t/ie United States, a legislature consisting of two houses; as, the Oeneral Court of Massachusetts. The original constitution of Connecticut established a General Court in 1639. B. TrumbuU. 11. A session of the legislature. COURT, r. f. In a general sense, to flatter; to en- deavor to please by civilities and address; a use tif the word derived from the manners of a court. 2. To woo ; to solicit for marriage. A thousand court yoa, though the; court In vain. Pope. 3. To attempt to gain by address; to solicit; to seek ; as, to court commendation or applause. COURT, r. C To act the courtier; to imitate the manners of the court. COURT-BAR'ON, n. A baron's court; a court inci- dent to a manor. Blackstone. COURT'-BRED, a. [See Breed.1 Bred at courL COURT'-BREED-ING, n. Education at a court. MiUon. COURT'-BUB-BLE, TU The trifle of a court. Beaum. COURT'-CHAP'LAIN, n. A chaplain to a king or prince. COURT'-CUP'BOARD, n. The sideboard of ancient days. S/iak. COLIRT'-DA V, n. A day in %vhich a court sits to ad- minister justice. COURT'-DREriS, n. A dress suitable for an appear- ance at court or levee. COURT'-DRESS-ER, n. A flatterer. Locke. eOURT'-F ASH-ION, n. The fashion of a court. FaUiT. eOURT-FA'VOR, n, A favor or benefit besto\ved by a court or prince. L'Estrange^ eOURT'-HAND, n. The hand or manner of writing used in records and judicial proceedings. Shak, eOURT'-HOUSE, n. A house in which established courts are held, or a house appropriated to courts and public meetings. America. C6URT'-LA-DY, ?i. A lady who attends or is con- versant in court. COURT'-LEET, «. A court of record held once a year, in a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, be- fore the steward of the leet. Blackstone. COURT'-MAR'TIAL, n. ; pi. Courts-Martiau A court consisting of militarj' or naval officers, for the trial of offenses of a military or naval character. COURT'-PLASUTER, n. Sticking-plaster made of silk, with some adhesive substance, commonly gum benzoin, on one side. Ure. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MElE, PREV- — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. — cou GOV COV A court or inclosure round a ; solicited in mar- Co tIRT'-YARD house. €oVVL'V'ED,pp. Flattered i wooed riage ; sou^hL eOURT'E OLjS, {kurt'e-*!8,) a. [froni court; Fr. cour- tois ; It. cortejfe: Pp. eortes.'j 1. Polite; well-bred; being of ele^nt manners; civil: obliging; condescending; applied to persons. 2. Polite; civil; graceful; elegant; complaisant; applied to manners, 4'c- €6URT'E-OLIS-LY, adv. In a courteqys m.inner; with obliging rivility and condescension ; complai- sanllv. eOLTRT'E-OUS-NESS. n. Civility of manners; obli- ging condescension ; comptaii^iuice. eOUKT'ER, n. One who courts; one who solicits in m;irri:ige. Sherwood, €OLRT'E-SAX, (kurt'e-zan,) «. [Fr. coartisane i Sp. eortfjtuuai from courL] A prostitute ; a woman who prostitutes herself for hire, es|iecially to men of rank. eOURT'E-SY, (kun'e-sy,) «. [Fr. courtoisie ; Sp. It. eortr.-ia ; Port, cortezia ; from Fr. eourtoisj Sp. cartes, courteous, from eourf.] 1. Elegance ot politeness of manners ; especially, politeness connected with kindness; civility; com- plaisance ; as, the gentleman shows great co'urtfsv to strangers ; he treats his friends with great courtr^t. 2. An act of civility or respect; an act of kindness or favor performed with politeness. SAuA. Bacon. 3. A favor ; as, to hold upon court^jy, that is, not of right, but by indulgence. Tenure by courtesy, oi curtesy, is where a man mar- ries a woman seized of an estate of inheritance, and has by her isstie born alive which was capable of in- heriting her estate ; in this case, on the death of his wife, he holds the lands for his life, as tenant by cur- tesy. Black-^tone, COURTE'SY, (kurt'sy,) n. The act of civility, re- spect, or reverence, performed by a woman ; a fall or inclination of the body, corresiKjnding in design to the 1m>w of a gentleman. Druden. eOURTE'SY, (kurt'sy,) r. i. To perfonn an act of civility, respect, or reverence, as a woman. A'y«.— This word was formerly applied to the other sex ; but is now used only of the acts of rever- ence or civility performed by women. €01;RT'E-SY, v. c To treat with civility. [A*ot in u.ie.] COL'RTE'SY-IMG, (kurt'sy-ing,) ppr. Making an act of riviliiv' or respect, as females. eOURT'IER,(k6rt'yur,)n. [from court.] A man who altends or frequents the courts of princes. Bacon. Dryden. S. One who courts or solicits the favor of another ; one who flatters to please ; one who possesses tiie art of gaining favor by address and complaisance. Tlvrrr w:^ not among' all our pHiiciM a planter courtier of ttw V*-op(^ than Ricturl III. Suckling. COURT'IER-Y, n. The manners of a courtier. [JVot used.] B. JoTLson. RT'I.V- IXG, ;>pr. Flattering; attempting to gain by address ; wooing ; suliciting in marriage! tCURTTNG, n. The act of paying court ; the act of soliciting in marriage. rOURT'UKE^ a. Polite ; eleeani. Camden. CftURT'Ll NESH, n. [See CottBTLT.] Elegance of manner ; grace of mien ; civility ; complaisance with dignitv. -Df^fty. eOURT'UNG, n. A coortler; a retainer to a court. B. Jongon, eCURT'LY, a. [court and like.] Relating to a court ; elegant ; polite with dignity, applied to men and man- nerm ; flattering, C7i/»/(rrf (o teno-nnjrr. Pope. C(^VKT'l,Yj atit. In the manner of courts; elegantly; in a rtnttenng manner. COURT'.SIIIP, n. The act of soliciting favor. Swif^. 2. The act of wooing in love ; solicitation of a Woman to marriage. Dnjden. 3. Civility; elegnncs of manners. [Ohs.] Donne. €OCS'/N, (kuz'n,) n. [Fr. cousin. Q,u. contracted from h. cansohrinusj or eansangumengj or is it allied o to the Persian iJ^^^L related, kindred .'] 1. In a gmrral srnse^ one collaterally related more remotely than a brother or sister. But, 2. Appropriately, the son or daughter of an uncle oraiint; the rhtldren of brothers and nisters being usually denominated eonsin*, or rousin-ffertnans, (from ffemuxnu^, of the same Btr>ck.) In the second gener- ation, they are railed second coxudnx. 3. A title given by a king to a nobleman, particu- larly to those of the council. Johnson. COtTS'/N, (kuz'n,) o. Allied. [Ohs.] Chaucer. €0U9'/N-LY, (knx'n-Iy,) a. Like or becoming a rou«in. eOLTH'Sf-NET, (kooa'si-net,) n. [Ft., a cushion.} In architecture, a stone placed on the impost of a pier for receiving the first st^me of an arch. Also, that part of the Ionic rnpilal between the abacus ana quarter round, which serves to form the volute. (heUt. €OU-TEAU', (koo-to%) ii. [Fr., a knife.] A hanger. CoVE, n. [Sax. cvf, cofe, an inner room, a den. Qu. Obs. L. corum. 'I'he fripani^li has the word witli the Arabic prefix, alroba and alcove : Port alcova ; IL alco- CO. It may be allied to cubby, VV. cicfi, a hollow place, a cote or kennel ; or to cave, Ar, iio kabba,to arch, or t_jL3 kauba^ to make hollow.] A small inlet, creek, or bay ; a recess in the sea- shore, where vessels and boats may sometimes be sheltered from the xvinds and waves. CoVE, V. t. To arch over ; as, a coved ceiling. ^_ _ Sioinbume. eOV'E-NA-BLE, a. [Old Fr.] Fit; suitable, [Obs. trickliffe. €OV'E-NANT, (kuv'e-nanl,) «. [Fr. convenant, the participle of concenir, to agree ; L, conoenio, con and omuf, to come ; Norm, canevence, a covenant ; It. con- rfni(on«, from L. couventio. Literally, a. coming to- gether; a meeting or agreement of minds.] 1. A mutual consent ur agreement of two or more persons, to do or to forbear some act or thing , a con- tnict ; stipulation. A covenant is created by deed in writing, sealed and executed ; or it may be implied in tl»e contracL Encyc. Blackstone. 2. A writing containing the terms of agreement or contract between parties ; or the clause of agreement in a deed containing the covenant. 3. In thfvloa^y, the covenant of works, is that implied in the commands, prohibitions, and promises of God ; the promise of God to man tlial man's perfect obedi- ence should entitle him to happiness. 7'his do, and live : that do, and die. The evtienant of redemption, is the mutual agree- ment between the Father and Son, respecting the re- demption of sinners by Christ. The covenant uf grace, is tUat by which God en- gages to bestow salvation on man, upon the condition that man shall t»elieve in Christ, and yield obedience to the terms of the gos[jel. Cruden, Encyc. 4. In church affairs, a solemn agreement between the membersof a church, that they will walk together according to tlie precepts of the gosi>el, in brotherly affection. eOV'E-.NANT, (kuv'e-tiant,) r. i. To enter into a for- mal agreement ; to stipulate ; to bind one's self by contract. A covenants with B to convey to him a certain estate. When the terms are expressed, it bas/i/r before the tiling or price. Tbey eoMfian(«d triih him /or ihlrtjr pieeefl of BUTer. — Malt. xjcvi. €OV'E-NANT, ». t. To grant or promise by cove- nant. eOV'E-NANT-ED,pp. ora. Pledged or promised by covenant. COV-E-NANT-EE', b. The person to whom a cove- nant IX made. Blackstone. €OV'E-NANT-ER, n. He who makes a covenant. Blackstone, 2. A subscriber to the Scotch national covenant, in the reign of Charies I. Also, one of the Scotch secedcrs, who, in 1743, renewed the same covenant _ J. JSIurdock. CO V'E-NANT-ING, ppr. Making a covenant ; stipu- lating. €0V'E.V-OU.S. SeeCormand Cotihous. CO V'E.NT, n. [Old Fr. eovent, for couvenL] A ctinvcnt or monastery. Bale. Hence, Covent Garden, in Tendon, is supposed to have been the garden of a convent on that siwt. eOV'E.VT-RY", n. Toaemlto 0'rrn(ry, denotes, among military men. to exclude from the society of the mess, to sliut out from all social intercourse, for conduct re- garded as mean or iingentlemanly. Orose. [This phrase Irm been traced to the times of Charles I., th(Migh with great doubt as tit its origin. The fol- lowing facts, mentioned by Baxter in the narrative of his life, may, perhaps furnish an explanation. CovetUry was a stronghold of the Puritans; and, at the commencement of the troutdes, many of this de- spised wet, in the nrighboring country, " that would fain have lived quietly at home, were forced (by the roynlist^i) to be gone, and to Coventry they came.'^ Honce, the phrase to send to Coventry may have been handed down by the Cavaliers to military men, and obtained its prew-nt application.— Pld.] eoV'E.V-TRY BLOE, n. Blue thread of a superior dye, made at Coventry, England, and used for em- broidery. B. Jonson. Tooke. COVER, (kuv'er,) v. U [Fr. couprir; Sp. and Port, eu- brir ; It. coprire ; Norm, tuverer and converer ; from L. cooperio.] 1. To overspread the surface of a thing with an- other BtibHtnnce ; to lav or set over ; as, to cover a ta- ble with a cloth, or a floor with a carpet. Tb« riillpjTi an- eooerefl with n-rn. — Pn. txr. The lofiuu BlLiU cover thp foe- ui' llic fliirUi. — Ex. x. S. To hide ; to conceal by something overspread. If I any, fliipily thr fIndfn'-« shnll cover mp. — P«. c«Kxi». 3. To conceal by some intervening objerl ; as, the enemy was covered from our sight by a foresL 4. To clothe; as, to cover with a robe or mantle ; to cover nakedness. 1 Sam. xxviii. 14. £i. xxviii.42. 5. To overwhelm. The waterm cotwrd thcchftriou a.nd honffmcn. Cx. xW. Let thcni be covered witli repnjacli. — P«, Ixxi, 6. To conceal from notice or punishment. Charity alia]! eooer the multitude of lins. — I Pet. ir. 7. To conceal ; to refrain from disclosing or con- fessing. He that eooerelh hli Bin ahall not prosper. — Prov, xxriiL 8. To pardon or remit. BlfBaetl is he who«c sin ii covered. — Pi. ixiiJ. 9. To vail, applied to vomen. 1 Cor. xi. To wear a hat, applied to men. Be covered, sir. 10. To wrap, infold, or envelop; as, to cover a package of goods. 11. To shelter; to protect ; to defend. A squadron of horse covered the troops on the retreat. And the •oft viingt of peace coixr him around. Coaley. 12. To brood ; to incubate ; as, a len covering her ^mi- ^ . dddison. IJ. To copulate with a female. 14. To equal, or be of equal extent ; to be equiva- lent to ; as, the receipts do not cover the expenses ; a mercantile use of the word. 15. To disguise; to conceal hypocritically. 16. To include, embrace, or comprehend. This land wtm coverea by a mortgage, Johnson's Rep COVER, fkuv'er,) n. Any thing which is laid, set, or spread over another thing ; as, the cover of a ves- sel ; the caver of a bed. 2. A»y thing which vails or conceals; a screen- disguise ; superficial appearance. Affected gravity may serve as a caver for a deceitful heart. 3. Shelter ; defense ; protection. The troops fought under cover of the batteries. 4. Concealment and protection. The army ad- vanced under cover of the night. 5. The woods, underbrush, &c., which shelter and conceal game ; shelter ; retreat. 6. A plate set on the table. COVER-CHIEF, 71. A covering for the head. [Obs.] y^Kiro.n «■ „ Chaucer. eo\ 'KR-CLE, n. [Fr. ] A small cover ; a lid. COVER-£n, (kuv'erd,) pp. or a. Spread over; hid ; concealed ; clothed ; vailed ; having a hat on ; wrap- ped ; inclosed ; sheltered ; protected ; disguised. eoV'ER-ER, n. He or that which covers. COVERING, ppr. Spreading over; laying over; concealing; vniling ; clothing; wrapping; inclos- ing; protecting; disguising. eOVER-ING, n. That which covers ; any thing spread or laid over another, whether for security or concealment. Noah P-moYml the cooertng af the aric. — Gen. viii. He Bprend a cloud Utr n covering. — Pt,. cv. IX-Biriictlon hath no covering..-- Job xxvL 2. A cover ; a lid. Every open YPBacI that hath no £W#rni maktnji coninicu t, pp. or a. Earnestly desired ; greatly wi<>hed t-r lunged for. COV'ET-ER, (kuv'el-er,) a. One who covets. €OV'ET-I.N-oung. Henet, a amall flock or number of birds tugether ; ^piM (• gmme; as, a eivee|r of par- tridges. jSddison. a. A company ; a aeL COVIN, (kuv'in,) a. [Ou. .Ar. . -XT gahruneii«, a native of warm climates. It has a fibrous root and an herbaceous, climbing stalk, with red papiltona- cecHis flowers, and leguminous, coriaceous pods, crooked, and covered with sharp hairs, which pene- trate the skin, and cause an itching. A sirup made fnim these pods has been used as a vermifugCL eOWHERD, n. [See Herd.] One whr«e occupa- tion it is to attend cows. eoW'-HOLSE, n. A bouse or building in which cows are kept or lAabled. Mortimer. COW COW'-KEEP-ER, M. One whose business Is to keep cows. Broome, eOVV'-LEECH. a. [See Leech.] One who pn>- {etmes to he.ll the diseases of cows. eoW'-LEECH-lNG, n. The act or art of healing the disleniiKrrs of cows. Mortimer. C'iWLICK, a. A tuft of hair turned up over the forehead, as if licked by a coxv. Forby. eOW'-PARS-N'EP, n. .\ plant of the genua Heracle- um ; the wild parsnep. €OVV'-PE.\, n. A pen for cows. €OVV'-POX, «. The vacrine disease. eOW-aUAKES, a, Quaking grass, the Briza, a genus of plants. eOWSLIP, t lu .K plant of the genua Primula, or eOW'S'-LIP, ( primrose, of several varieties. The American cowslip belong:^ to the genus Dodecntheon ; the Jerusalem and mountain cowslip, to the genus Pulmonaria. eoW'»'-l,r.NG'WORT, n. A plant of the genus COW-TREE, a. [Sp. polo de vara.] [Verbascum. A tree of South America which produces milk, a nourishing fiuid ; the Galactodendron utile. Humboldt. €0\V'-\VEED, a. A plant of the genus Ch^cropliyl- him. or chervil. eOVV'-VVHE.\T, n. A plant of the genua Melampy- rum. €OW'ARD, a. [Jr. couanl ; Arm. eouhard; Pp. and Port, atbarde. The original French orthography was eutveri^ and it hac. been supposed to be from culum vertere^ to turn the tail. I'his suggestion receives countenance fnunthe corresponding word in Italian, codardoy eodardia, which would seem to be from coda, the tail ; and it derives confirmation from the use of the word in heraldry. In Welsh, it is eafan, ca^gi^ from the some root as L. cac«.J 1. A person wlio wants courage to meet danger j a poltroon ; a timid or pusillanimous man. A ooMird dr, a circle ; G. kauem. See Class Gr, No. 33, 34, 37.] To sink by bending the knees; to crouch; to squat ; to bend down through fear. Our dame aiu coteering o'er a kitchen Qre, Thyitn, COWER, V. ^ To cherish with care. [JVo( used,\ COW''ER-£D, pp. Cherished with care. {Upenser. CO WER-ING, ppr. or a. Bending down; crouching ; timorous. COWHIDE, n. The hide of a cow made, or to be made, into leather. 2. A coarse riding-whip made of cow's hide. COWHIDE, V. i. To beat or whip with a cowhide. .America. COWHTD-ING, n. A beating with a cowhide. Am. COWING, ppr. Depressing with fear. CO WISH, o. Timorous; fearful; cowardly. {LiuU ttA«(^.] shak. COWL, ju [Contracted from Sax. cugle, eugele; L. cucuUhs ; Ir. cochai ; Sp. cogulla ; Port, eogula, cucuta.} 1. A monk's hood, or h;tbit, worn by the Bernard- ines and Benedictines. It is either white or black. What differ mow, you cry, than crown ami coml ? P'pe. 2. A vessel to be carried on a pole betwixt two persons, for the conveyance of water. Johnson. COWL'-nSTAFF, B. A staff or pole on which a ves- sel is supported between two persons. Suckling, eOWL'£D, a. Wearing a c^wl ; hooded ; in shape of a cowl ; as, a eotcled leaf. CRA COW-LIKE, a. Resembling a cow. Pope. CO-WORK'ER, { wurk'er,) n. One that works with anothtT ; a ci>-operat(>r. COWHY, n. A small shell, the Cypraa monita, used for money in Africa and the East Indies. Mnlcom states Unit 8000 arc equivalent to a dollar at Calcutta, and 10,000 at Bankok ; but the value varies at differ- ent places. COX'COMB, C-k5m,) n. [cock's comb.] The top of the head. Shak. 2. A st|;^p of red cloth notched like the comb of a cock, which licenset^ fools wore furnierly in their caps ; also, the cap itself. Sfuik. 3. A fop ; a vain, showy fellow ; a superficial pre- tender to knowledge or accomplishments. Orydea. 4. A kind of red flower ; a name given to a spe- cies of Celosia, and some other plants. COX'COMB-LY, ( koni-) a. Like a coxcomb. [JVut used.] Beauin. aitd FL COX'COMB-RY, (kox'kom-iy,) n. The manners of a coxcomb. Ec. Rev. COX-COM'IC-AL, a. Foppish; vain; conceited; a low word. COY, a. [Fr. eoi,or coy, quiet, still ; contracted, proba- bly, from the L. quietusy or its root, or from cautns.] Modest ; silent ; reserved ; not accessible ; shy ; not easily condescending to familiarity. Like Dnphne she, tu lovely and aa coy. Walltr, COY, V. L To behave with reserve; to be silent or distant ; to refrain from speech or free intereourse. Dryden. 2. To make difficulty; tobe backward or unwill- ing ; not freely to condescend. Shak. 3. To smooth or stroke. Shak. COY. for Dkcov, to allure. [J^ot in use.] S/iak. eOY'lSH, a. Somewhat coy or reserved. COY'I.Y, adv. With reserve ; with disinclination to fam il iari ty. Chap man. COY'.\ESS, 71. Reserve ; unwillingness to become familiar ; disposition to avoid free intercourse, by silence or retirement. Wh^n the kind nymph would coynttt feign, And liidiM tnil to Lc found a^in. Dn/d*n, COYS'TREL, n. A species of degenerate hawk. Dryden. COZ, (kuz.) A contraction of Cousin. Sliak. COZ'£.\, (kuz'n,) V. t. [Q.U. Arm. cou^zycin, eouchiein, eojtchcia, to cheat, or to waste and fritter away. In Russ. kosnodei is a cheat. Qu. chouse and cheaL] 1. To cheat ; to defraud. Ho thai »iitTcr« a fovemmenl to be abuird by can-leun^w and nr^lt-ct, dof-i (he auine thing with him thai cornipdy aeta himself to cozen it, L'Btlrangc. 2. To deceive ; to beguile. Children may be cotentd into a knowledge of the letfra. ^ Lockt. €OZ'i:??-AOE,(kuz'n-aj,) n. Cheat; trick ; fraud ; de- ceit; ariihce : the practice of cheating. Dryden. Swifl. COZ'£N-£D, (kuz'nd,) pp. Cheated ; defrauded j beguiled. C^Z'/Ji\-ER, n. One who cheats or defrauds. COZ'A'N-ING, ppr. Cheating; defrauding; beguiling. C6'ZI-LY, ad. Snugly ; comfortably. IV. Irving, CO'ZY, a. Snug ; comfortable. fV. Irving. 2. Chatty ; talkative. SmarL CR aB, 71. [Sax. crabba and hrefen ; Sw. krabba ; Dan. krabbCy krtebs ; D. krab, kreeft; G. krabbe, krebs ; Fr. ecrevisge ,■ W. crar, claws ; cravane, a crab ; cravu, to scratch ; Gr. KnpaQoa L. carabas. It may be al- lied to the Ch. aSa kerabhy to plow, Eng. to grave, engrave, L. scribo, Gr. ypa^i.\y literally, to scrape or scratch. See Class Rb, No. 30, 18, Ate] 1. An Dnimal of the class Crustacea, having the whole booy covered by a crust-like shell called the carapaxi it has ten legs, the front pair of which ter- minate in claws. Crabs differ from lobsters and shrimps in having the tail very small, and concealed at all times under the body. There are several genera, among which the Cancer and Lupa afford the most common edible species. 2. A wild apple, or the tree producing itj so named from its rough taste. 3. A peevish, morose f)erson. Johnson. 4. A species of crane much used by masons for raising large stones. 07DilL 5. A wooden engine, with three claws, for launch- ing ships and heaving them into the dock. Philips. 6. A pillar used sometimes for the same purpose as a capi'tan. Mar. Diet. 7. Cancer, a sign in the zodiac. Crab^s cUiw i in t/ie materia medico, the tips of the claws of the common crab ; used as absorbents. Eticyc. Crab's eyes; in pharmacy, concretions formed in the stomach of the cray-fish. They are rounded on one side, and depreijsed and sinuated on the other, considerably heavy, moderately hard, and w ithout smell. They arc absorbent, discussive, and diuretic. Encyc. Crab-lice; small insects that stick fast to the skin. CR.\B, a. Sour; rough; austere. [Uu. crab, sapra, or L. aeerbiis.] CRAB'-AP-PLE, n. A wild apple. [See Crab, No. 2.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 278" ' ~~ CRA CRA €RAB'-GRXSS, n. A genus of plants, the Digitaria. eRAB'-TRKR, n. The tree that bears cnib-appWs. GRAB'-YAWS, n. The name of a disease in the West Iii<"lies, being a kind of ulcer on the soles of the feet, with hard, callous lips. Encyc. €RAB'BED, a. [fn.m craA.] Roue» out. (^jgfie^ni.I Dryden. 3. To utter a lond or sharp, sudden sound ; as, the clouds crucA- -■ the whip cracks. Shak. 4. T(i boa-^t ; to brag ; that is, to utter vain, pomp- ous, blustering words ; with of. The Kihiojw ((/ Uieir ■wect comiilcxJoo crack. {Not ele^nt.] CRACK, n. [Gr. h}ai-] 1. A disniption ; a chink or fissure ; a narrow brrach ; a crevice ; a partial Beparniion of the (mrts of a -tubstance, with or without an opening; as, a erark in timber, in a wall, or in (jla^s. 2. Aburrtof sound ; a wharpor luud sound, uttered suddenly or with vehemence ; the iwund of any thing suddenly rent; a violent report ; as, the crarjc of a falling house ; the crack of a whip. 3. Change of voice in puberty. Shak. 4. Cra/.mess of intellect ; or a craxy pcnwn. 5. A biKist, or b. Breach nf cha-tity ; and a prostitute. [Low.] 7. A lad ; an instant. [JVut u. b»; biiasted nf. [Fumiluir, or tote.] HoUoway. CRACK'-BRALN-£D, o. Having intellecU impaired ; crazy. CRACK'ED, (krakt,) pp. or a. Burst or split; rent; broken ; partially severed. a. Impaired ; crazy. CRACK'ER, ». A noisy, boasting fellow. Shak. 2. A firework ; a quantity of gunpowder confined K> as to explode with noise. 3. A hard biscuit. Smart, 4. That which cracks any thing. CRACK'-HEMP, / n. A wretch fated to the gallows ; CRACK'-ROPE, i one who denerves to be hanged. Shak. CRACK'ING, ppr. or a. Breaking or dividing par- tially ; opening; impairing; snapping; uttering a Mudden, sharp or loud sound ; buaxting ; casting Jokes. CRACK'IN'G, B. A breaking or dividmg ; a sharp, abrupt sound. €RACK'LE,(krak'I.)Tj. i. [dim. of crack.] To make slight cracks; to make small, abrupt nuises, rapidly or frequently repealed ; to decrepitate ; as, burning th'»riis eracklf, CRACK'LLVG, ppr. or a. Making slight cracks, or abnipt Titjl'*':*. CR AUK' LLSG, n. The making of small, abrupt cracki or reports, frequently repeated. Th' eraOtling of ihorin im-W a pot. — Ee«l«. TiL 9. The rind of roairted pork. Perry. €RACK'XEL, n. A hard, britUe cake or biscuit. 1 Kings xiv. 3. CRA'DLE, n. [Sax. cradd; W. eryd, a rocking or shaking, a cradle ; crydu, to shake or tremble ; cry- dian, crydiaw, id. ; from rAyd, a moving ; It. erealham, to shake ; Gr. ko.x^jw, id., and to swing ; II<-b. T>n to tremble or shake, to palpiLite ; Syr. in Ethp., to rub or scrape. Without the first letter, W. rAyd, Heb. Ch. Eth, lyi to tremble, to shake. In Ar. tXc , raaday to thunder, to impress terror, to trem- ble ; and ^\, rarfa, to run hither and thither, to move one way and the other, to tremble or shake. The Arabic Js£ , to thunder, coincides with the Latin rtido, to roar, and the W. grydiatP, to utter a rough sound, to shout, whoop, or scream, grydwst^ a murmur, from gr^td, a shout or whoop, and this from rkyd; so that 'crtfdiaw, and gnjdiaw are from the same root, and from this we have cry, and cry implies roughness, coinciding with the Syriac, supra, to scrape, whence g-ratr, gride., iw tlie;r might Uike him bf crafi, and pit him to ilcaih. — Miirk jut, 3. Art; skill; dexterity in a particular manual occupation ; hence, the occupation or employment itself; manual art ; trade. Ye blow that by ttii« craft we hare our wetUih. — AcU xix. 4. A term applied to all sorts of vessels. Tott^n. Small craft, is a term given to small vessels of all kinds, as sloops, schooners, cutters, &.c. CRAFT, r. i. To play tricks. [J^ut in vsf.] Shak. CRAFT'I-LY, flrfe. [See Cbaftt.] With craft, cun- ning, or guije ; artfully ; cunningly ; with more art than honesty. CRXFT'I-N'ESH, 71. Artfulness; dexterity In devis- ing and etfccting a purpose ; cunning ; artifice ; stratagem. He lakcth the wlie in thHr -rwn cra/tint$S. — Job r. Not waikinK In cra/HTftt, nor haiiOiing the worj of Ood deceit. fully. — 'i Cor. i». CRA CRAFTS'.MAN, n. An artificer ; a mechanic ; one skilled in a manual occupation. CRAFTS'MAS-TER, n. One skilled in his craft or trade. CRAFT'Y, a. Cunning; artful ; skillful in devising and pursuing a scheme, by deceiving others, or by taking advantage of their ignorance; wily; sly; fraudulent. He lUsappointelh the derloM of the crafty. — Job v. 2. Artful ; cunning ; in a good sense, or in a laud- able pursuit. Bi'ing cra/tif, 1 caught jrou with guile. — 2 Cor. lii. CRAG, n. [W. Scot, and Ir. craig i Gaelic, ereag i Corn, kart^ ; Arm. garrecq ; probably Gr. pu\"a, &axts, from the root of ^i>vvb>, to break, hke rapes, in Latin, from the root of rumpo, rupi, and crepido, from crepo. (See Crack.) The name is taken fVom breaking, h. frango, for frago ; and fragosus and cratgy^vire the same word with dilfcrent prefixes ; Eng. ratrtred. Tlie Koayni in Cilicia, mentioned by Strabo and Pliny, retains the Celtic orthography.] \. A steep, rugged rock ; a rough, broken rock, or point of a rock. 2. In geolvgy, a tertiary deposit of gravel mixed with shells. Lyell. CRAG, n. [Sax. kracca, the neck ; Scot, crag or craig l Gr. /iax'f. The same word probably as the pre- ceding, from its roughness, or break. We now call it rack.] The neck, formerly applied to the neck of a hu- man being, ns in Spenser. We now apply it to the neck or neck-piece of mutton, and call it a rack of mutton. CRAG'-BUILT, (bill,) a. Built with crags. Irvmg. eRAG'OED,a. Full of crags or broken rucks; rough; rugged ; abounding with prominences, poinU, and inequalities. CRAG'GED-NESS, n. The stale of abounding with crags, or broken, pointed rocks. CRAG'GI-NESS, n. The state of being crapgy. CRAG'GV, fl. Full of crags ; abounding with broken rocks; rugged with projecting points of rocks; as, the craggy side of a mountain ; a craggy cliff. CRAKE, n. A boast. [See Crack.] Spenser. CRaKE, n, [Uu. Gr. Kpci, from ko£ic>o.] The corn-crake, a migratory fowl, is a species of the rail, Railiui, found among grass, com, broom, or furze. Its cry is very singular, crek, crrk, and is imitated by rubbing the blade of a knife on an in- dented bone, by which it may bo decoyed into a neU Encyc. CRAKE'-BER-RY, n. A species of Empetrum or berry-bearing heath. CRAM, r. (. [Sax. crammian ; Sw. krama; coinciding in senses ana probably in origin, with ranu] 1. To press or drive, [Ktrticularly in filling or thrust- ing one thing into another; to stuflT; to crowd ; to fill to superfluity ; as, to cram any thing into a basket or bag ; to cram a room with people ; to cram victuals down the throat. 2. To fill with food beyond satiety ; to stuff. Cliildren would be more ft^ from (iiieajes, if they wi-n not vramm*d so much by loud mother*. Lockt. 3. To thrust in by force ; to crowd. Piite haa crammed ut all into one Ieo«e. Zhyden. CRAM, V. i. To eat greedily or beyond satiety ; to stuff. ^^P^' CRAM'BO, n. A play in which one person gives a word, to which another finds a rhyme. Sunft. CRAM'M/:D, (kraind,) pp. Stuffed ; crowded ; thrust in ; filled with food. €RAM'.MIXG,p/»r. Driving in; stuffing; crowding; eating beymid satiety or sufficiency. CRAM'MING, Tt. A cant term, in the British universi- ties, for the act of preparing a student to pa.sa an examination, by going over the topics with him be- forehand, and furnishing him wilh the requisite answers. ^ , „ ^ , CRAMP, n. [Sax. hramma; D. kramp; O. Dan. and Sw. krampe ; It. rampone, a cramp-iron. Q.u. Ir. erampa, a knot. If m is radical, this word may ac- cord with the Celtic crom, G. krumm, crooked, from shrinking, contracting. But ifp is radical, this word accords with the W. I'tj^c-i', index.} The doctrine or science of determining the proper- ties or characteristics of the mind by U^ conforma- tion of the skull. Oood. €RA-NI-0-U)G'IC^AL, a. Pertaining to crantologj*. €RA-NI-0L'0-G1ST, a. One who treats of crann>lo- gy, or one who is versed in the science of the cra- nium. €RA--V1-0L'0-6Y. a. [Gr. ir/jaxoy, the akull, and Aj^os, discoorse.] A discourse or treatise on the cranium or skull ; or the science which investigates the sinicture and uses of the skuils m various animals, i>articitlarly in rela- tion to their specific character and intellectual pow- ers. £i. £iuryc. eiU-NI-OM'E-TER, a. [Gr. Koaviov^ the skull, and ptToor, measure.} An instrument for measuring the skulls of anihials. €RA-NI.O-MET'RIC-AL, a. Pertaining to craniome- €RA-XI-OM'E-TRY, a. The art of measuring the cranium, or skulls, of animals, for discovering their specific ditTt'rences. CRA-M-OseO-Py, a. [Gr. coacto*', supra, and cr«o- a-iw, to view.] The science of the eminences produced in the cra- nium by the brain, intended to discover the particu- lar part of the brain in which reside the M'gans which infiuence particular passions or faculties. Ed. Enq/c €RA'XI-UM, ji, [L. J from Gr. Kaaviov.'\ The skull of an animal ; the assemblage of bones which inclose the brain. CRAXK, ». [This word probably belongs to the root of cringe^ krinkU, to bend. D. krinkfl, a CUrl ; JkrtfJt- tW, a bend or winding ; and ktank, weak, is probibly from bendins ; Ir. /reatu^ to make crooked. Uu. J715, or the root of crook.] i CRA 1. Literally, a ht'ud or turn. Hencf, an iron axis with a part b«Mit like an ellww, for producing a hori- zontal or jK'rpcndiculnr motion by means of a rotary motion or the. contrary. Thus the saw in a saw-mill is made to rise and fall at ev<-r>- turn uf tlie axiq. 3. Any bend, turn, or winding. Shak. 3. A twisting ur turning in speech ; a conceit which consists in a change of tlie form or meaning of a word. QuipK, and erankt, ftod wanton wiln. Milton. 4. An iron brace fur various purposes. Mar. Vict. eR.ANK, a. [D. knnk : G. ii, weak ; Sw. Ardrtdta, to afllkt i Dan. iknsnier, id., or kraagery to careen a ahip.1 1. In semaea's IsHj^uaffe, liable to be overset, as a ship when she is too narrow, or has not suflicient ballast, or is loaded too high, to carry full sail. 2. Stout ; bold ; erect j as, a cock crowing crank. SprtLser. CRANK, j e. I. [See Crat«k. n., and Crinkle.] CRANK'LE, \ To run in a wiiiaing course; to bend, wind, and turn. S«« bow UUs ri*pr etmtm me trOMk&ng in I Shak, CRANK'LE, (krankl) r. u To break into bends, turns, or angles ; to crinkle. Olil Vagn'a Btraun — CrttnkHng ber tkinka. PhUipt. CR.\NTC'LE, n. A bend or turn ; a crinkle. CRANK'L£D, pp. Broken into unequal surfaces. CRANK'L£S, (krank'l/.,) n. pi. Angular prominences. CRANK'LIXG, ppr. Breaking into bends, turns, or angles. CRANK'NESS, n Liability to bo overset, as a sliip. 5. .Stoutness ; erectness. CRANK'Y. SeeCsAKB, a. CRAX'NI-KD, (kran'nid,)a. [See CnA^fjtr.] Having rents, chinks, or fissures ; as, a crannied wall. Broten. Shak. CRAN'NY, «. [Fr. eran : Arm. eran, a notch ; L. rrc- %a ; ftom the root of rend. Sax. hrentUin, or rendan ; Ann. nmna^ to split ; crrnna^ to cut olT; \V. rA^au, to divide ; rhoHy a piece ; Ir. roinnimy or ruinnim, to dr- vide ; Gr. cpicu; L. eento. Bee Class Rn, No. 4, 13, 16.] 1. Praperiff a rent; but commanlv^ any small, nar- row opening, fissore, crevice, or chink, an iu a wall, or other substance. Id a Rrni buililing. Uw cKoWim ought to be filled «iih brick or •tone, fiunl u Uk crawriM. Drj^an. % A hole i a secret, retired place. He porped late vrtry cmmiy. Ar^tiihnol. 3. In gliu» makings an iron instrument for forming the necks of glasses. Eneyc, CRAN'NY, a. Pleasant; praiseworthy. Bailey. CRAN'NY-ING, a. Making crannies. CRAXTS, n, pU [G. kranu\ Garlands carried before the bier of a maiden, and hung over her grave, Shak. CRAPE, n. [Fr. crfpe and er^ery to ciiri, to crigpy to frizzle ; Ann. crrp ; Sp. crespon^ cmpe ; erespo, crisp, curled ; crespar, to crisp or curl ; Port, erespain. Crape is contracted from ertspy crisp. D. krip, G. krepp, Dan. kreo. See Cbisp.] A thin, transparent stuff, usually black, made of raw silk gummed and twisted on the mill, woven without crossing, and much used in mourning. Crape is also used for gowns and the dress of the clergy. A MJnl in crape U twic« a winl in lawn. Pope. CRAPK, r. u To curl; to form into ringlets; as, to crape the hair. CRAP'^D, (krapt,) pp. Curled ; formed into ringlets. CRAP'IXG,p;fr. Curling; forming into ringlets. CRAP'LE, n. [W. erac.] A claw. Spenser. CRAP'XEL, a. A hook or drag. [Qm. grapneL] CRAP'U-LA, n. [L.] A surfeit. CR.\P'l|-LEXCE, B. [L. crapulay a surfeit. See Caor.] Cropsickness ; drunkenness ; a surfeit, or the sick- ness occasioned by intemperance. Diet. CRAPU-LEXT, ) a. Drunk ; surcharged with liquor; CRAPULOUS, ( sick by intemperance. Did, CRaRE, a. An unwieldy trading vessel. {Ohs.] Shak. Tuone. CRASH, V. L [Fr. ecrasery to crush. Cra^h seems to be allied to erush and to riuA, Sax. krcosan.'] To break ; to bniise. Shak. CR.ASH, V. i. To make the loud, clattering, multifa- rious sound of many things falling and breaking at once. When conTuWoni cleave th« laboring Canh. BHorc the dianuU javra appears, the ground TremUes vid be&vca, the nodiiing hoiuis erxuh. SmilK. CRASH, Ti. The loud, mingled sound of many things fallinff and breaking at once ; as, the sound of a large tree falling and its branches breaking, or the sound of a falling house^ 2. [L. erassns.] Coarse hempen cloth. CRASIi'KD, {kraaht,)p;>. Broken or bruised. CRA.SH'IXG, ppr or a. Making or denoting a loud, clattering noise. CKA CRASH'ING, n. The sound of many things falling and breaking at once. There thaU be a grmt cmthing from the hilla. — 2cph. I. CRa'SIS, n. [Gr. KpnTiSj from Ktpavvvpiy or (cipa&i, to mix, to temper.] 1. The temper or healthy conRtittition of the blood in an animal body ; the temperament which fonus a particular constitution of the blood. Coze. 2. In grammar^ a figure by which two different let- ters are contracted into one long letter, or into a diphthong; as, uXr;()i:a iuto aXqOt] i T^x^oi into t\*- >:'» US- CRASS, 0. [L. craasua^ the same as Gross, whicli see.] Gross; thick; coarse; not thin, nur fme ; applied to Jtuitts a»d solids ; as, cra^s and fumid exhiilatious. [ Little vsed.] Brnion, CRASS'A-MEXT, n. The thick, red part of the hlooil, as distinct frnni tlie serum, or aqueous part ; the clot. CRASS'I-MENT, n. Thickness. SntarL CRASS'1-TUDE, n. [L. cra^situda,'] Crossness j coarseness ; tliicknesa ; applied to liquids or noliih. Bacon* Woodward* CRASyXESS, V, Crossness. OUinviUe, CRATCH, n. [Fr. creche.] A manger or open frame for hay. Spenser. The childish amusement called mating crdic/t-cm- dle is an intended representation of the figure of the cratch. T'oone. CRATCH. See Scratch. CRATCH'E*, n. pi. [Q. fcrtt/te, the itch, cratches; kratieuy to scratch.] In the manege, a swelling on the pastern, under the fetl(»ck, and somftlmes under the hoof of a burse. CRATE, 71. [L. crates.] A kind orbasket or hamper of wicker-work, used for the transportation of china, crockery, and similar wares, CRa'TER, n. [L. crater, Gr. iroflrijo, a great cup.] 1. The aperture or mouth of a volcano. 2. A constellation of the southern hemisphere, con- taining .31 stars. CRA-TER'I-FORM, o. Having the form of n crater. Man tell. CRXUXCH, (kranch,) r. t [D. schraiisseni vulgar serauiuh.] To cnish with the teeth ; to chew with violence and noise. CRXUXCH'ING, ppr. or a. Crushing with the teeth with violence. GRA-VAT', »i. [Fr. cravate: It craratta; Sp. corbata; Port, caravala. In Dan., krage, and krave^ is a collar, a cape, the neck of a shirt, &.C.] A neckcloth ; a piece of tine niAlin, or other cloth, worn by men about the neck. CRAVE, V. t. [Sax. crufian, to crave, ask, implore; \V. creruf to cry, to cry for, to crave ; crev, a cry, a scream ; Sw. krajia; Dan. kraver ; Ice. krcfa. (See Class Rb, No. 2, 4, Syr.) So also D. roepen : Sax. hreopen, Goth, hropyan, to cry out, as our vulgar phrase is, to 7-i;i out. The primary sense is, to cry out, or call.] 1. To ask with earnestness or importunity ; to be- seech ; to implore ; to a^^k with subiriissiou or huiuil" ity, as a dependent ; to beg ; to entreat. Aa for my notjl>rr fdenila, I craoe Uieir pnrdoru. SSiat. JbCL-ph — went iii buLiiljr u> Pitaic, aiul craotd the body of Jcsiu. — Mark XV. 2. To call for, as a gratification ; to long for; to re- quire or demand, as a passion or appetite; as, the stomach or appetite craves food. 3. Sometimes intransit.ively, with for before the thing sought ; as, I crave for mercy. CRA V'£l), pp. Asked for with earnestness ; implored ; entreated ; longed for ; required. C H A ' V P'l'i \ f'RS'VFN'V' v"" t*^"' '"'"*'"' t;rave, that is, one who CRA' V ANT ) ^^'^^ ^'^^ ^'^ ''^"^ when vanquished.] 1. A word of obbxjuy, used, formerly, by one van- quished in trial by battle, ana yielding to the con- queror. Hence, a recreant ; a coward ; a weak-heart- ed, spiritless fellow. Shak. 2. A vanquished, dispirited cock. Shak. CRa'VEN. (kra'vn,) v. t. To make recreant, weak, or cowardly. Shak, CRA'V/:X-£D, (kra'vnd,) pp. Made recreant or cow- CRA'Vi'JN-ING, ppr. Making cowardly. [ardly. CRAV'ER, n. One who craves or begs. CRAV'IXG.ppr. or a. Asking with importunity ; urg- ing for earnestly ; begging; entreating. 2. Calling for with urgency ; requiring ; demanding gratification ; as, an appetite craving food. CRAVING, n. Vehement or urgent desire, or calling for ; a longing for. CRAVIXG-LYjorfy. In an earnest or craving manner. CRAV'ING-XESS, n. The slate of craving. CRAW, TI. [Dan. kroe; 9w. krafra. This word coin- cides in elements with crop ; W.cropa; Sax. crop; D.krop;G. kropf. The Danish ftroe signifies the craw, and a victualing-house, tavern, or ale-house. It seems to be named from gathering.] The crop or first stomach of fowls. Ray. CRAW'-FISH, ( n. [Craw is contracted from crab, CRaY'-FISH, \ or from the Welsh crag, a shell ; FATE, FAR, PALL, WHAT.— METE, PRfiY. — PINE, M.ARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.- 280 CRE yysgtui crajrcm, sliell-di^h. (Sec Crab.) Uu. is not fishf in these words, from t!ie lost syllable of the French ecreciase ?] A species of CriL-'tacfa of the same genus with tlie lobster, {^stactis^) but snKLllur, and found in fresh- water streams. It is fsteuint'd very dtlicnle food. GRAWL, r. i. [D. krieUn : Scot, eruwt; Dun. krae- IcTy to crawl up, to cHnib ; Sw. krdiay to crawl, to swann ; D. ffrulen^ to swami ; grUlen, to sliivor or shudder ; Fr. gTouiiier^ to stir about, to cniwl with insects ; It. grUlare, to sioiuier. Qu. Dan. krdler^ to ;ich.] \. To creep ; to move slowlj'by thrusting or draw- ing the body along thi; ground, as a worm ; or to move slowly on the hands and knees or feet, aa a human being. A worm eraiELt on the earth j a boy erjwU into a cavern, or up a tree. 2. To move or walk weaisly, slowly, or timor- ously .- He W3J hantly able to eraiol about the room. AibulhnoL 3. To creep ; to advance slowly and slyly ; to in- sinuate one*9 self; as, to crawl into favor. [7'Ajj use is vulgar.] 4. To move about; to move in any direction; used in conUmpU AlwurJ opiiiioiiR cmiol nViout (Jii world. South. 5. To have the sensation of insecU creeping about llie body ; as, the flesh croKls. €RA\VL, «. [Uu. 1). kraal.] \ pen or inclosure of stakes and hurdles on thti ^-a-coast fur conLiining lish. Mar. iJieL €RAWL'ER,Ti. Ue or that which crawls; acreeper; a reptile. €RAW1.'IN"G, ^/w. or a. Creeping; moving slowly alone tht* ground, or other substance ; moving or walking slowly, weakly, ur liniuruusly ; insinuating. €RAVVL.'lMi-LY, adv. In a crawling inauiu>r. CRAY^ER I "* ^ small sea vessel. [Au( in use.] €RAY'-FlSII, n. The river lobster. [See Craw- FlSH.j €RaY'O.V, rt. [Fr., from cnu«, chalk, from L. cr^a, Sp. ^tJa.] 1. A general name for all colored stones, earths, or othL-r minemls and substances, used in drawing. Enci/e. 3. A kind of'pencil, or colored cylinder, to draw lines with. It is usually mode of pipe-clay, colored with Mime pigment. JJryden, 3. A drawing or design done with a pencil or cmyon. Johnson. CRA Y'ON, V. t. To sktttcb with a crayon. Iknce, 3. To sketch ; to plan ; to commit to |»a)>er one's Arct Ihoughts. BoUngbrokt, CRAV'O.N /■;!), pp. Sketched with a rrsiyon. €H.^V'0.\-L\G, jjpr. Sketching or planning with a crayon. CRA Y'0.\-PAIVT-L\G, n. The act or art of drawing with crayons. CRAZE, 0. L [Fr. Kra.ier; Sw. hrossa ; to break or bruise, to crush. See Crush.] 1. To break ; to weaken ; to break or im])air tlie natural force oreneruy of. Tilt If-ngOt ot y-U*. Ah'I •PtlniUr; nuitklif-M, cmzt my uibIm, A/iUon. 3. To crush in pieces ; to grind to powder ; as, to Crete tin. 3. To crack the brain ; to shatter ; to impair the inletlert ; as, to tw eraird with love or grief. Shak. €RA/'^.T>, ;t^. or a. broken; bniiatti ; cnished ; ira- poirf-d ; deranged in intellect ; decrepit. CRA/'KD-.VKSH, n. A broken sute ; decrepitude; an impain-il state of the intellect. Hooker. €RAZK'-MILL, In. A mill re^wmhling a grirt eRAZ'I.\G-.MlLL, \ mill, used for grinding tin. CRA'ZILY, ado. [See Crait.] In a broken or crazy mann'T. €RA'ZI-N'E.sy, n. [See Crazt.] The (rtate of being broken or weakened ; as, the craiiness of a ship, or of the limbs. 2. 7'he Htatc of being bnkcn in mind ; Imbecility or weakness of intellect ; dfrangement. CRAZ'l.NG. pyr. Breaking; crushing; making crazy. CRA'ZY, a'. [Fr. ecTa:-t, and perhaps rugo. The Hax. eearcian^ to creak, may be the same word, the letters traospo«;d ; as may the Hp. cruxir, to CRE ruotlc, Gr. xpiKto, to comb, scrape, rake^ and Russ. crik, a cr>', krichu^ to cry. On this word are formed shri''Ji and screech.] To make a sharp, harsh, grating sound, of some continuance, as by the friction of biud substances. Thus, the hinge of a door creaks in turning ; a tight, firm shoe creaks in walking, by the friction of the leather. eUicAK'IXG, ppr. or a. Making a harsh, grating s«iiind ; as, crcuklng hinges or shoes. CRkAK'ING, n. Aharsh, grating sound. €RkAM, n, [Fr. crSme; L. crtmor ; G. rahm; Sax. ream; Ice. riome; D. room; Sp. crema. Class Rm.] 1. In a general sense, any part of a liquor that sep- arates from the rest, rises and collects on the surface. More particularly^ the oily part of milk, which, when the milk stands unagitated in a cool place, rises and fonns a scum on thd surface, as it is spe- cifically lighter than the otiier part of the liquor. This, by agjiation^ forms butter. 2. The best part of a thing ; as, the cream of a jest or story. Cream of lime; the scum of lime-water ; or that part of lime which, at\owl for holding cream. CRkAM'-CHEESE, Tt. Cream dried by exjwsure to the air till it forms a solid mass. It is not properly cheese, not being formed into curd. Knrye. of Dom, Kcon. CRkAM'A'D, pp. Skimmed off from milk, as tlie best l>art. CRkAM'-FAC-ED, (kreme'faste,) a. White; pale; having ;i i^w.-ird look. Shak. €RfiAM'-NUr, B, The fruit of the Bertholletia ex- celsa^ of South America; more commonly called Brazil nuL Halderman. CRkA-M'-POT, n. A vessel for holding cream. eili'lA.M'V, a. Full of cream; like cream; having the nature of cream ; luscious. GRE'ANCE, n. [Fr., from L. credo, eredens.] In falconnj, a fine, small line, fastened toa hawk*s leash, when she is first luri;d. Bailey, GREASE, n. [Uu. G. krdusea, Sw. krusa, Dan. kruser, Scot creis, to curl, to crisp. Clatis Rd, No. 73, 83 ; or Fr. crcusrr, to make hollow, from creiix, hollow. Class Rg. See Caisp.] A line or mark made by folding or doubling any tiling ; a hp. Marked by doubling. CKkAS'IN'G, ppr. Making creases by folding. CRIC'AT, n. [Fr.] In t/io manegty on usher to a rid in g-mastcr. Encyc. €RE-aTE', r. U [Fr. creer ; It. ereare; Hp. and Port. criar; t.. creio ; Arm. croui ; Corn. gureL In \V, erifu signifies to creau, and ereu, to cry, to crave, to caw, to beg. W, Crete and erf t, constitution, temfx-r ; also, a trembling or shivering with cold. ir. crotk or cruth, fonn, shape ; cruthatghim, to create, to prove, a«ser1, maintain. From the Celtic, then, it appears that the L. creo is contracted by the loss of a i also cri, a cry, and cn'au), to cry, both deduced by Owen from ere; liui ere is a conlrarrion of crrcu, to cry, or of gryd, a crying or Vi\nMi\mi^, or cryd, a shaking. In VVel«h, also, eri signifles rough, raw, crude ; all which unite in the root of cry, cradle, L. rudo, to bray. The primary sen.se of cre- ate and of cry is the same, to throw or drivi; out, to produce, to bring forth, precisely as in the ^hemitic K'>:). But the Wetfth cri?a and crnt may, [lerhaps, be from different roots, both, however, with the same primary sfiise.] 1. 'I'o produce ; to bring into being from nothing ; to cause to exist. la (hn bprtniilnp, Ood eraattd the bemvoo utd tha mrtb. — Gea. C 2. To make or form, by Investing with a new char- acter ; asj to create one a peer or baron ; to create a manor. I ertata you CompKnioiu to our pcrauii. ShaJc. 3. To produce ; to cause ; to be tho occasion of. LonjE abstinence creotf-x uneasiness in the stomach ; confusion is created by hurry. Yoor fy^, In Scothml, Would crtatt aoldjcn, and inaJie women tl^hL Sfink. 4. To beget ; to generate ; to bring forth. The people, wlilch •hull be ertoUd, •haJ) pral«o lh« t*rd. - CRE 5. To make or produce, by new combimitions of matter already created, and by investing these com- binations witti new forms, ctmstitutious, and quali- ties; to shape and organize. God created man in his own Image. — Geo. i. 6. To form anew ; to change the state or charac- ter ; to renew. Crtale in me a cli*aii h'-ftrt, — Pa. li. We are his workmtu»hip, crtaud in Christ Jrsus. — Eph. il. CRE-ATE', o. Begotten ; composed ; created. Shak. CRE-AT'ED, pp. or a. Formed from nothing; caused to exist ; produced ; generated ; invested with a new character ; formed into new combinations, with a pe- culiar shape, constitution, and properties ; renewed. CRE-AT'ING, ppr. or a. Forming from nothing ; origi- nating ; producing ; giving a new chiirac^er ; consti- tuting new beings from matter by shaping, organiz- ing, and investing with new properties ; forming anew. eRE-A'TION, «. Tho art of creating; the acr of CHiising to exist ; and especially, the act of bringing this world into existence. Rom. i. 9. The act of making, by new combinations of matter, invested with new forms and properties, and of subjecting to different laws; the act of shaping and organizing ; as, the creation of man and other animals, of plants, minerals, &c. 3. The act of investing with a new character ; as, the creation of peers in England. 4. The act of producing. 5. The things created ; creatures ; the world ; the universe. As subjects then the whole creation came. Dei\ham. 6. Any part of the things created. Before the low creation Bwami^d wiili men. PanKll. 7. Any thing produced or caused to exist. A false crention, ProcwdinfT from the heat-op pRi«»ed bniin. SAoA. €RE-A'TIOX-AL, a. Pertaining to creation. CRE-A'TIVE, a. Having the power to create, or ex- erting the act of creation ; as, crcaticc fancy ; creative l»ower. CRE-A'TIVE-NESS, n. State of being creative. GREA'TOR, ju [U] The being or person that cre- ates. R-mombcr thy Crtalor In the days of thy youlJi. — Ecdo*. xii. 2. The thing that creates, produces, or causes. GRE-A'TOR-SIUP, n. The state or condition of a cre- ator. GRE-A'TRESS n. A female that creates any thing €Ri:AT'lTR-AL, (kret'yur-ul,) a. Belonging to a crea- ture ; having the qualities of a creature. CRkAT'URE, (kret'yur,) n. [Fr.] That which, is created ; every being besides the Creator, or every thing not self-existent. The sun, moon, and stars; the earth, animals, plants, light, darkness, air, water, &c., are the creatures of God. 2. In a rcstrifted sense^ an animal of any kind ; a living being; a beasL In a tnore restricted sense-j man. Thus we sny, he was in trouble, and no crea- ture was present to aid him. 3. A human being, in contempt; as, an idle crea- ture ; a poor creature ; what a creature! 4. With Words of endearment, it denotes a human btting beloved ; as, a pretty creature ; a sweet creature. 5. That which Is produced, formed, or imagined ; as, a creature of the imagination. ti. A pt^rson who owes his rise and fortune to an- other ; one who is made to be what he is. firfitl prinOTi lliiia, when favorltea ih'.y rake, To Justily iht-ir grwce, liicir crealuret pruiae. DryfUn. 7. A depend-?nt ; a person who is subject to the will or intiuenc*! of another. CRkAT'URE-LY, a. Having the qualities of a crea- ture, [hittle used.] Cheifrte, CRP,ATajRE-SIIlP,n. Thestateof acreature. [Hare.] GRK'BUO'Ua, a. Frequent. GRfi'lJENCE, n, [ll. credmza ; Ft. creance ; from L. eredens, from credo, to believe. See Creed.] 1. Belief; credit; reliance of the mind on evidence of facts derived from other sources than personal knowleilge, as from the testimony of others. We give credence to nn historian of unsuspected integrity, or to a story which is related by a inan of known veracity. 2. That whirh gives a claim to credit, belief, or confidence ; as, a Icttrr of credence, tvhich is intended to commend the bearer to the confidence of a third piTson. [See PaoTHEars.] GRk'DEiNXE, r. (. To give credence to ; to believe. CRl'^^DfJ^' DA, n.pl. [L. See (;bked j In tJieol- ogy, things to be believed ; articles of faith ; distin- guished from agenda, or practical duties. Johimon. GRR'UENT, fl. Believing; giving credit; easy of belief. Shak, 2. Having credit ; not to he questioned. Shak. [ Thii word is rarely used, and in the latter eenst is im[*r(jpe-r.'] GRE-UEX'TIAL, a. Giving a title to credit. CRE-DEN'TIALS, (-shalz,) n. pi. [Rarely or never used in the singular.] 'I'hat which gives credit ; that which gives a title TONE, BI;LL, UNITE. — AN"0ER, VI"CrOUa — C m K j m J i a a« Z ; OH OS 811 ; TH as In THIS. nc 291 CRE or claim to confidence ; the warrant on which be- lief, credit, or tmlhorily, is clalmeil, nmonK strangers ; as the k'tt^rs ufcomiiiendntion and power given \n a goverunifnt lo nn onibassadur or envoy, which give him credit at a foreign court. So the power of work- in'* iiiiru i.'^ tjiven tu tlie ainistles may be considered '' tiling il ertdM* which is consistent with his perfections, and supported by evidence or uniinpe.trhable teati- moay, for his power is unlimited. With regard to huQian affiiira, we do not apply the word to things barely ^MtiUtt but ti> tilings which come within the oaual course of human conduct, and the general rules of evidence. 5. Worthy of belief; having a claim lo crtnlit ; ap- fli&d to ftrtoms, A credMe person is one of known veracity and Integrity, or whose veracity may be Ixiriy deduced ftoin circumstancei^ We believe the history uf Ariacidee and Tbemistocles, on the author itv oXart^hU histcaians. €niEU'l-BLE .NESS, n. Credibility ; worthiness of belief, jii^t rlnim tu credit, [^^e Crediihutt.] €REl>'f-HLV, adv. In a manner that ■ deserves be- lief ; with good authority to support lieiief. eRED'IT, a. [Fr. ertdit; \Uertdtta; Sp. uL; L. cr«d- ttum. See Cbxbd.] 1. Belief; faith ; a reli.ince or resting of th(^ mind on the truth of something said or done. \Ve give credit to a man's declaration, when the mind rests on the truth i^f it, without doubt ur tiuspicion, which is attended with wavering. We give credit to testi- mony or lo a report, when we rely on its truth and certainty. 2. Reputation derived from the confidence of oth- ers ; esteem ; e';(timat)on ; good opinion founded on a belief of a man's veracity, integrity, abilities, and virtue ; as, a physician in high craiU with his breth- ren. Hence, 3. Honor ; reputation ; estiroalit>n ; applied to mm •r tkingx. A man eains no crrdti by pnifanencvs ; and a purm mav lose no credit by critic ism. The trtdit of a man jepend^ on his virtues ; the ertdU of his writings, on their worth. 4. That which procures or is entitlL*d to belief; testimony ; authwitj- derived from one's cliaracter^ or from the confidence of others. We believe a story on the crrdd of the narrator. We bi^Iieve in miracles on the crrdit of inspired men. We trust to the credit uf an assertion made hy a man of known veracity. 5> Influence derived from the reputation of ve- racity or inieprtty, or from the good opinion or confi- dence of others : interest ; power derived from weight of character, from friendship, fidelity, or other cause. A minuter mav have great credit with a prince. He may employ hw crrdit to good or evil purposes. A man u^^'s his credit with a friend ; a servant, with his mastt-r. 6. In commrrcr, trust ; transfer of poods in confi- dence c^ future payment. When the merchant gives a ert^t, he sells his wares on an expre^tsed or implied promise that the purchaser wilt pny for them at a niture time. The seller bflirrtA in the solvability and probity of the purchaser, and delivers his goods oo tmU belief or uust ; or he delivers them on the crsriil or reputation of the purchaser. The purchaser take* what is sold, on credu. Id like manner, money Ib loaned on the ertdit of the borrower. 7. The capacity of being trusted ; or the reputation of solvency and probity which entitles a man to be trusted. \ customer has good credit or no credit with a merch.'mt. 8. In boot-kr^^n^^ tlie side of an account in which payment is entered ; opposed to debit. This article to carried to one*s cr«^ and that to his debit. We speak of the cr^it side of an account. 9. Ptiblic credit ; the confidence which men enter- tain in the ability and disposition of a nation, to make good its engagements with its creditors ; or the i?«=ttmaiion in which individuals hold the public promises of payment, whether such promises are ex{vessed or implied. The term is aL»o applied to th*: general credit of individuals in a nation ; when irerchants and others are wealthy, and punctual in fuliilling engneemenis ; or when they transact busi- ness with honor and fidelity; or when transfers of property are made with ease for ready payment. So we speak of the credit of a bank, when general con- CRE fidenco is placed in its ability to redeem its notes; and the rrrdit of a mercantile house rests on its siip- IHk^d ability and probiiv, which induce men to traai to iLs engagements. vVhen the public credit is ques- tionable, it raises the premium on loans. Cb>?ruh public crwdiL Wmhinglon. 10, The notes or bills which are issued hy the pub- lic, or by corporations or individuals, which circulate on the confidence of men in the ability and dis)Kt- siiion in those who issue them, to redeem thein. They are soiueliines called bilh of cretiil. 11. The time given for payment fur lands or goods sold on trust ; as, a long crfi/>f, or a short credit. \'i. A sum of money due to any person ; any thiiif valuable standing on the credititr side of an ac- count. A has a credit on the books of U. The crtditB are more than balanced by the debits. [In tkU **HMf tk* word hag lAe plurat Hiunber.'] €RED'IT, r. L [from the noun.] To believe ; to confide in the truth of; as, to crcdU a report, or the man who tells it. "U. To trust ; to sell or hian in confidence of future payment ; as, to credit goods or money, 3. To procure credit or honor ; tu do credit; to give reputation or honor. Mny liere h«r monunMrnl RkqiI m, Ta ermiit tiim mile »gv. WoBh: 4. To enter upon the credit side of an account ; as, to credit the amount paid. 5. To set to the credit of; as, to credit to a man the interest paid on a lK>nd CREDIT-A-BLE, o. Reputable; that may be en- joyed or exercised with reputation or esteem ; esti- mable. A man pursues a creditable occupation, or wav of living. Jirbuthnot. eUED'iT-A-BLE-NESS, n. Reputation ; estiuKition. Johngon. CRED'IT-A-BLY, adt. Reputably ; with credit ; without disgrace. €RED'IT-ED, pp. Believed ; trusted ; passed to the credit, nr entered on the credit side of an account. €RED'IT-I.NG, ^;n-. Believing; trusting; entering to the credit in account. €RED'IT-OR, n. [U See Creed.] A person to w horn a sum of money or other thing is due, by ob- ligation, pmmise, or in law ; properly^ one who gives credit in commerce ; but in a general smut, otic who has a just claim for money ; correlative to debtor. In a /farvCtss MUM, one who has a just claim for 9vT\ ices. Addison. CrmStgrw have tetter memtnin ihut deblon. Pranklin. 2. One who believes. [JVbC used.] Shak. GREDT-TRIX, n. A female creditor. CRE-DO'LI-TV, It. [Fr. creduliii, L. erediUitas^ from credoy to believe. See Cbeed and Credulous.] Easiness of belief; a weakness of mind hy which a person is disposed to believe, or yield his assent to a declaration or proposition, without sulficient evi- dence of the truth of what is said or projmsed ; b disposition lo believe on slight evidence or no evi- dence at all. €RED'U-LOUS, a. [L. credulus^ from credo. See Creed.] Apt to believe without sufficient evidence ; unsus- pecting; easily deceived. CRED'tt-LOUS-LV, adv. With credulity. eRED'U-LOUS-NES.S, n. Credulity ; easiness of be- lief; readiness to believe without sufficient evidence. &.-}rimd all crrduliiy is ilie crtdulouineta ofatbi-isu, who believe that chADce could iitaJce tlie world, wbcii it can not build a houac- S. Clarke. CREED, n. [W. credo ; Sax. creda ; It. and Sp. credo. This word seems to have been introduced hy the use of the Latin credo, I bdiece, at the beginning of the Apostles' Creed, or brief system of Christian faith. L. crrrfo ; W. credu; Corn, credzhi; Arm. cridi ; Ir. creidim ; It credere; Sp. creer ; Port, crer ; Fr.croire; Norm- crere, cruer. The primary sense is probably to throw, or throw on ; or to set, to rest on. See Creed. Class Rd.] 1. A brief summary of the articles of Christian faith ; a symbol ; as, the Apostolic creed. 2. That which is believed ; any system of princi- ples which are believed or professed ; as, a political creed. CREEK, V. L To make a harsh, sharp noise. [See Creak.] SHak. CREEK, (kr«ck,) «. [Sax. creeea; D. kreek ; Fr. crique; W. crig; a crack; cri-fyU^A. creek; rkigj a notch or grottve. See Crack.] 1. A «ma!! inlet, bay, or cove; a recess in the shore of the sea, or of a river. They *lbcoTered a ccrtiin crtek with a thore. — AcU xxvii. 2. Any turn or winding. Shak. 3. A prominence or jut in a winding coast. Davies. [Thin sense is probably not legitimate.'] 4. In some of the American States^ a small river. This is cnnlrary to English usage, and is not justi fied by etymology ; but as streams often enter into creeks' and small hays, or form them, the name has been extended to small streams in general. CRE CREEK'Y, (kreek'y,) a. Containing creeks ; full of creeks ; winding. Spender. CREEL, II. All o^ier basket, such as anglers use. Brocket. CREEP, V. i.;pret. and ;>p. Cbeft. [Sax. crroj>an, crtjpan; W. crrpian, crop'tan; D. kruipem Sw. knjpa, to creep ; Dan. kryben^ a creeping ; Ir. drrapam : hp. and Port, trepan h.repo; Gr. tprrot. The sense is, to calrh, to grapple ; and the latter is from the same root, Welsh, crapioK, allied to L. rapio, and to W. cripian, to scrape or scratch. Class Rb.] 1. To move with the belly on the ground, or the surface of any other body, as a worm or serpent without legs, or as many insects with feet and very short legs ; to crawl. 2. To move along the ground, or on the surface of any other lM)dy,in growth, as a vine ; to grow along. 3. To move slowly, feebly, or timorously ; as, an old or infirm man, who creeps about his chamber. 4. To move slowly and insensibly, as time. To-morrow, and li>-mom>w, and to-morrow, Ortepn lu this petty pace from day to day. Sbak. 5. To move secretly ; to move so as to escape de- tection, or prevent suspicion. Ot tlii* lort are they who ctmd into housL-a, and lead cnptire ■Uly wo.m-h. — aiWiii. 6. To steal in ; to move forward unheard and un- seen ; to come or enter unexpectedly or nnobservcd ; as, some ernir has crept into the copy of a history. 7 To move or behave with servility j to fawn. Shak. CREEP'ER, n. One who creeps ; that which creeps ; a reptile ; also, a creeping plant, which moves along the surface of the earth or attaches itself to some otlier body, as ivy. 2. An iron used to slide along the grate in kitch- ens. . Johnson. 3. A kind of patten or clog worn by women. Johnson. 4. Creeper or Creepers; an instrument of iron with hooks or claws, for drawing up things from the bot- tom of a well, river, or harbor. Forby. 5. A small bird of the genus CertJiia, of many r^pe- cies, allied to t|ie woodpeckers and wrens. I'heso birds run along the body or branch of a tree, and when they observe a person near, they run Iti the side opposite, so as to keep out of sight. F.ncyr. CREEP'-HOLE, n. A hole into which an animiil may creep to eacapc notice or danger; also, a siibti^rfuge ; nn excuse. Johnson. CREEP'ING, 71. Act of creeping. Dwight. CREEP'ING, ppr. or a. Moving on the belly, or close to the surface of the earth or otht^r body ; moving slowly, secretly, or silently ; moving insensibly ; stealing along. CREEP'ING-LY, flrfu. By creeping; slowly j in the manner of a reptile. Sidney. CREEP'LE. [JVot used.] See Cbipflb. CREESE, n. A Malay dagger. CRE-MA'TIOX, n. [L. cr-!';na/io,from cremo,to bum,] A burning ; particularly , the burning of the dead, according to the custom of many ancient nations. Encyc CRE-Mo'NA, n. A superior kind of violin, made or invented at Cremona, in Italy. 2, A name erroneously given to a stop in the organ. [.See Cromorna.] Brandt, CRic'MOR, M. [L. See Cbxam.J Cream ; any ex- pressed juice of grain ; yeast ; scum ; a substance resembling cream. Coze. CRf.'NATE, ; a. [I^ crenn, a notch, whence cre- CKE'NA-TED, \ nattis, notched. See Crannv.] Notched ; indented ; scolloped. In botany^ a cre- nate leaf has its edge, as it were, cut with circular incisures, not inclining toward either extremity. When the scallops are segments of small circles, it is said to be obtusely crenated ,■ when the larger seg- ments have smaller ones upon them, a leaf is said to be doubly crmate. Martyn, CREN'A-Tl-JRE, n. A scallop, like a notch, in a'leaf, or in the style of a plant. Bigclow. CREXK'LE, ( See Cringle CRKNG'LE. i ^^ CRINGLE. CREX'U-LATE, a. [dim., used by Linnieas.] Hav- ing the edge, as it were, cut into very small scallops. Martyn. CRe'OLE, n. A native of Spanish America or the West Indies, descended from European ancestors. CRe'O-SOTE, 71. [Gr. Kfitu>^^ gen. of */J£a!, flesh, and (Tdirfjrt, preserver.] An antiseptic principle, often called Jlesh-preserver^ the product of the decoinpitsiiion of wood in a cer- tain manner; an oily, colorless liquid, having the smell of smoke. It is obtained from the pyrolignwis acid and the tarry matter wlich distills over from \v;(>od. It is a powerful irritant. Knight, Ure. A chop or cratch in a horse's leg, caused by the shoe of one hind ftwt crossing and striking the other hind foot. It sometimes degenerates into an ulcer. Encyc. CREP'I-TaTE, f. i". [L. crepito^ to crackle, from FATE, FAR, FALL, WH.^T METE, PRfiY. — PIXE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— _ ______ CRE CRI CRl crepo, to cnck, to burst with a sharp sound ; It. crepitarf, erepart; Fr. crerer : Sax. hrcppnn ; Goth. hrapyan ; D. rorpm ; allied to Eng. rip, and probably from Uie root of ruinpo, rupi, tec. Ste C"»n and Oj.=i Uarafa. Class Kb, No. 27, and No. 18,26,30.] To crackle ; to snap ; to burst with a small, sharp, abmpt .sound, rapidlv repeated, as salt in fire, or durins cilcination. It diflers from delmau, which Bienifies, to burst with a sinsle loud report. €REP'1-T.t-T1.VG, ppr. ("racklins ; snapping. €REP-l-TA'TIO.V, n. The act of bursting with a freijuenl repetition of sharp sounds ; the noise of some salts in calcination ; crackling. Coie. F.ncyc. o The noise of fractured bones, when moved by a siirseon to ascerwin a fracture. Eneyc CREPT, pril. and pp. of Creep. €RE-rCa'CLE, (-si,) ) ». [!-<. crepttsntlvm, from crrpo, eREPOS'ellLE, ( or its root, a little burst or break of light, or broken lighu Crtperm is from the same root.] . ^ .u o.^ Twilight ; the light of the morning from the Hrst dawn to sunrise, and of the evening from sunset to darkness. It is occasioned by the refraction of the eRE-Pl's'eU LAR, j a. Pertaining to twilight ; eRE-PUS'CU-LOUS, ( glimmering; noting the im- iierfect light of the morning and evening ; hence, Imperfectly clear or luminous. Bntipa. Glunnllr. eRE^PU.*'e'II-LlNE, o. Crepuscular. [JV.il luce/.] CRES-CEN'OO, [It.l in music, denotes with nn increasing volume of voico. GRES'CE.NT, a. [U crMcciw, from crMce, to grow ; Fr. cri.i....ari(. See Gaow.] Inrrea^ing; growing; as, cr-Mccwf horns. MilUm. CRES'CE.VT, n. The increasing or new moon, which, when receding from the sun, shown a cuning rim of lii-ht, terminating in points or horns. It is applied to' the old or decreasing moon, in a like state, but less properly. Dryden. 2. The figure or likeness of the new moon, as that borne in the Turkish flag or national standard. The standard itself, and figuralii>cly, the Turkish power. , amon 3. In heraUry, a bearing in the form of a half 4. The name of a military order, instituted by Eenatus of .\njou, king of Sicily ; so called from lis symbol or badge, a crescent of gold enameled. ' Kiictjt ,]uyc. €RES'CENT, v. t. To form into a crescenu Stuard. CRES'CENT-ED, a. Adorned with a crescent. KraU. €RES'CE.NT-FOR.M-£D, a. Formed like a crcsceiiL ScuU, eRES'CENT-SHAP-ED, fJihapt,) a. In toWny, lunate; lunated i shaped like a crescent; as a leaf. Martyn. GRES'CIVE, u. [L. crcaco, to grow.] IncreasiDgj growing. S"<^ CRESS, n. [Fr. crrMon ; It. errjcuine : Arm. cref in. IMinahrd. CREST, n. [Fr.crtu: L. crwla : It. creglm Sp. irrs- ton. This IS, probablv, a growing or shooting up, from the root of ctpjco, Fr. croiire: Norm, ci-ejt. It rises, it accrues ; Russ. rastu or ro»lu, to grow ; roat, growth, size, tallncss.] 1. The plume of feathers or other material on ttie top of the ancient helmet; the helmet iUelf. Shak. 2. The ornament of the helmet in heraldry. Eacyc. 3. The comb of a cock ; also, a tuft of feathers on the head of other fowls. 4. Anv tuft or ornament worn on the head. ' Drydrn. spint ; a lofty mien. Skak. CREST'I.NO, ppr. Furnishing With a crest. CREST'LESS, fl. Without a crest ; not dignified with coat-armor ; not of all eminent family ; of low birth. Shak, €REST-MA-RtNE', (-ma-rccn',) n. Rock samphire. CHE-TA'CEOUS, a. \l- cret^tceits, from creta, chalk. Sp. It. !((.; Fr. craie; D. kryti G. krdde ; Sw. ti-ila.] Chalky; having the qualities of chalk j hke chalk ; abounding with chalk. CRE'Ta-TED, a. Rubbed with chalk. CKF-'Tie, n. [Or. KonriK-n.] A poetic foot of three syllables, one short between two long syllables. BrrUley. CRK'TIN, n. A name given to certain deformed and helpless idiots in the valleys of the -Mps. €Rk'TIN'-ISM, n. The state of a cretin. Kidd. CRE'TISM, n. A falsehood ; a Cretan practice; from the repuuition of the Cretans as liars and deceivers. CRE'TOSE, a. Chalky. CRE-yASSE', n. [Fr.] A deep crevice; a breach. This term is applied on the Mississippi to a breach in the levee or embankment of the river. CREVICE, n. [Fr. crerasse, from ereper, to burst, to crack; II. crepalura i L. crc/o, ta burst. See Crepi- tate and Rip.] A crack ; a cleft ; a Assure ; a rent ; an opening ; as, a rrrriee in a wall. AMison. CREVICE, ti. (. To crack ; to flaw. Il'utton. CREVIS, n. The craw-fish. [LitUe U3rj.] CREW, (kru,) n. [Contracted from Sax. cready or cruM, a crmrii D. rol ; G. roUc ; Bw.roU: Eng. rinit, an assembly, a collection, from gathering or pressing. C1.-ISS Rd.] . , 1. A company of people associated ; as, a noble crcio; a gallant creic. Spenser. Ckery Ckaae. 2. A company, in a low or bad sense, which is now vtosl usual ; a herd ; as, a rebel crew. MUUih. So we say a miserable crew. 3. The companv of seamen who man a ship, ves- sel, or boat ; the' company belonging to a vessel. Also, the companv or gang of a cirpenler, gunner, boatswain, &.C. ^t is appropriated to the common saiKtrs. CREW, pret. of Crow; but the regular preterit and participle, croweA, is now most commonly used, CREWEL, I.. [Uil. D. Ucicf/.] Two-threaded worsted yarn slackly twisted. Johnson. Bailey. CREWET. See Cruet. CRin, n. [Sax. crybb: D. krib: Sw. kntbba; Dan. krybbe ! Ir. grib. ftu. the root of popple, to catch.] 1. The manger of a stable, in which oxen and cows feed. In America, it is distinguished from a rack. Where no oiteii are, the crib is clean. — Pror. x\r. The manger for other beasts. The KM kiiowclh hb n«»ler'« crii. — !•. I. 2. A small habitation or cottage. Sliak. 3. A stall for oxen. 4. A case or box in salt-works. Encyc 5. A small building, raised on posts, for storing Indian corn. V. Slates. 6. A small frame for a child to sleep in. CRIB, c. t To shut or C4iufine in a narrow habita- tion ; to cage. *^', CRIB'&ACE, w. A gameatcards, in which the dealer mnkirs up a thinl hand for himself, partly out of the iland of his oplMmenL Smart. CRIII'BKD, (kribd,) pp. Shut up ; confined ; caged. CR IB' III XG, ;/;«•. Shutting in a crib ; amfining. CRIB'BLE, n. [L. cribetlum, from eriftrum, and this from criftro, to sift ; Sp. cr/6n, eribar ; Port, erico ; U. cribro, erihrare, and crivelUi, erirellare ; Fr. crible, eribter ; W. eribaw, to comb or card ; Arm. kribat ; Ir. riobhar, a sieve ; allied to Eng. garble. See Ch. 5. Loftiness ; pride ; courage ; To furnish with a CREST, r. (, To furnish with a crest ; to serve as a crest for. **^ 2. To mark with long streaks. CEEST'ED, p;).oro. [fn.m crcil.] Wearing a crest ; adorned with a crest or plume ; having a comb ; as, a crrstrA helmet ; a crested cock. 2. In natural history, having a tuft like a crest eREST'-FAI.I^EN, ( fawl-n,) a. riejcrted ; sunk; bowed i dispirited ; heartless ; spiritless. Shak. Ittrwell. a Having the upper part of the neck hanging on one aide, as a horse. Kneye. Sais, Ar. A-*** garbala i Ch. 'jsi, to sift or riddle, Class Rb, No. 30, 34, 46.] 1. A coarse sieve or screen. Brande. 2. Coarse flour or meal. [JVol nsed in the UniUd States.] , , CRIB'BLE, r. I. To sift ; to cause to pass through a sieve or riddle. CRIB'BI.En,;.?. Sifted. CRIB'BI.ING.ppr. Sifting. CRI-BKA'TION, n. [See Oibbli.] 1 he act of sift- ing or riddling ; used in pliarin.icy. CRIB'RI-FORM, a. [L. enbrum, a sieve, and JWma, Resembling a sieve or riddle ; a term applied to the lamina of the ethmoid bone, through winch the fillers of till- olfactorv nerve iiass to the nose. JltiiH.. CRK'll'TO.N ITE, a. A mineral, silus, belonging to the order Hemiptera. There are several species, Bo named, probably, on account of their creaking or chirping voice. The cricicl chirping in Uie hearth. Gotdnnilh. CRICK'ET, n. [Qu. Sax. criee, a stick.] 1. A play or exercise with bats and ball. Pope. 2. Alow stool. [British krigrt,a little elevation. TVhitaker. (in. Sw. krycka, stilts or crutches.] CRICK'ET-ER, n. One who plays at cricket 2)uncombe. CRICK'ET-MATCH, n. A match at cricket CRl'^I), Jiret. and part, of Crv. [Duneombe. CRI'ER, n. [See Cav.] One who cries; one who makes proclamation. The crier of a court is an officer whose duly is to proclaim the orders or com- mands of the court, to open or adjourn the court, keep silence, &.c. .\ crier is also employed to give notice of auctions, and for otherpiirposes. CRIM. CO.V. Criminal conversation ; unlawful inter- course with a married woman. CRIME, n. [L. criraen ; Gr.Kiiipa; It crime ; Port id. ; Sp. crimen ; Fr. crime i Arm. crim ; Norm, crisme. This word is from the root of Gr. sptvM, L. ceruo, to separate, to judge, to decree, to condemn. But this verb seems to be composed of two distinct risits ; for, in Latin, the pret. is crept, which can not be formed from cemo; and in Greek, the derivatives, KniBio, Kijtati, icsiths. Can not be regulariy formed from Kotvtj. The Gr. Kpttvt is undoubtedly a con- traction ; for in Norman the word is crisme. The root, then, of these derivatives is the same as of the Ir. criaUiar, a sieve, VV. rhidyll, Eng. tiddlc ! VV. rhidiaw, to secrete, to separate. We have screen, a riddle, from the root of «raii".i, and riddle, from the Celtic root of »niii5, .uir^;. To judge is to decide, to separate, or cut oflV hence to condemn ; a crime la that which is condemned.] I. An act which violates a law, divine or human ; nn act which violates a rule of moral duty ; an of- fense against the laws of right, prescribed by God or man, or against any rule of duty plainly implied in those laws. A crime may consist in omissi^m or neg- lect as well as in commission, or positive transgres- sion. The commander of a fortress, who snfl'ers the enemy to take possession by neglect, is as really criminal as one who voluntarily o(iens the gates with- out resistance. But, in a more common or re.9trirtejl sense, a crime denotes nn offense, or violaticm of public law, of a deeper and more atrocious nature; a public wrong; or a violation of the commands of God, and liie offenses against the laws made to preserve the pub- lic rights; as treason, murder, robli<;ry, theft, arson, tec. The minor wrongs, committed against individ- uals or private rights, are denominated trespasses ; and the minor wrongs against public rights are called misiirmeaiiors. Crimes and niisdemeanors are pun- ishable by indictment, iiiformutioii, or public prose- cution ; trespasses or private injuries, at the suit of the individuals injured. But, in miiiiy cases, an act Is considered both as a public ofli-nse and a tros|iass, and is puiiisliable both by tiie iiublic and the individ- ual injured. 2. Any great wickedness ; iniquity ; wrong. Nn criint wai ihine, if 'tie no crime to love. Popt. Capital crime ; a crime punishable with death. CRI.ME'FJJL, n. Criminal ; wicki.'d ; partaking of wrong ; contrary to law, right, or duty. Sliak. CRI.Mtl'LIiSS, a. Free from crime ; innocent. Shak. CRIM'IN-AL,a. Guilty of a crime ; applied ta persons. 2. Partaking of a crime ; involving a crime ; that violates public law, divine or human ; as, theft is a criminal act , ,. . 3. That violates moral obligation ; wicked. 4. Relating to crimes ; opposed to civil f as, a crint- inal code ; criminal law. , CRI.M'l-N-.^i' n. A person who has committed an olfensi^ agaiiisl public law ; a violator of law, divine or liuiiian. More piirticularly, a person Indicted or charged with a public offense, and one who is found uiiilli , by verdict, confession, or proof eltl.\l-lN-AL'I-TY, In. The quality of being crinil CRIM'I.NAL-.N'ESS, ( nal, or a violation of law ; giiiltiuosB i the qualify of being guilty of a crime. Thu 1. by no incani the only criicHon of criminiilil!/. ' Biatkilovc, iv. ch. 17. Pano;i/ia(. Encyc. CRIM'IN-AL.LY, ado. In violation of public law ; in violation of divine law ; wickeflly ; in a wrong or iniquitous manner. GUi.M'IN-ATE, c. t. [L. crimisor, criminafM^.I To accuse ; to charge with a crime ; to allege to bo guilty of a crime, offense, or wrong. Otir tnTinidml Inwf tin not rccjnire the olT.n.lcr to pt"iwl trillty or criiniiMU hinaclf. Smu on Uo. "l. Iteloe'i ItertA. CRIM'IN-A-TED, pp. Accused ; chaigcd with a crime. . CKIM'IN-A-TING, r;ir. Accusing; alleging to be Kuiliy. TONE, BULL, UNITE. -AN"GER, Vl"CtOU8— C ,. K ; ai J j « «. Z ; ClI as SII j TH M In THIS. )t83 CRI eRIM-lN* ATrO.V.ii. [L. vrimi«atio7] The act of accusing ; accusation ; charge of hnr- ins t>een guilty of a criiniual act', o^ense, or wnmg. Jvfmson. €RIM'IN-A-TO-RY, a. Relating to accusatiuu ; ac- cualng. €RlM'IN-Ors,a. Very wicked j heinous; ioVolTlng great crime. f.VU tued.] Hiummmtd. €RIiV'IX-OUS^LY,(wit. Criminally i heinously i enor- moudy. [.Vet used.] €RIM'lN-OUS-\ESS,ii. Wickedness j guUt ; crimin- ality. rjW( uitd.] CRIM'O-SIN. SeeCaiMflOiT. JTiMg OksrUa. CRI.UP, a. [Sax. actymmun^ to cnunUft ; D. ftnoM, a cnim ; kruimHeM, to crumble. See CauMBuul i. Easily crumbled i IHablei Ivinle. [LUtU used.] Tto bwki — trauto Ifae twimf tmxth. miipt. 2. Not constsienL [Qu. Dan. krmmy crooked, or supra, easily broken.] [Abe uMdJ] jirbutAn»U CRIMP, r. c [VV. eriM^isw-, to pinch, to form into a ridge or rtm.J To catch i to'^eize ; to pinch and hold. [See CaiMrub] eRlMP, V. L [Sax. faerympc} 1. To ptncn up in ridges, as a ruffle or the hair. 3. In ai p t ai f , to crimple or cause to contriict, as th« flesh of a five fl^h, by gashing it with a knifu, to (iTO it gmier barduoss, and make it more crisp. This h evidently the mme word as the Toregolng. CRIMP, M. In EMglamty an aceiit for coal tnercbants, and fox persons amrernetl in shipping. Bailey, 2. One who dt-cuys another iiito ttw naval or mili- tary sen'ice. 3. One who decoys sailors In any way, for the sake of getiivg them in his power. 4. A ^me at cards. [Oi«.] CR I M P AC E, t «-^ ,^ „, «i„«i«- CRI.MP'INC; \ ^^ cnmping. eRIMP'I\G^MA-CHYNE',(-ma4heen',)ii. A machine consisting of two tluted n>ller8, for crimping rutUes. £Reye. nf Dom, Eean. CRISIPXE, (krimp'l,) e. (. [D. AriM/rm ; G. id. ; Sw. krimpa: Dan. krymper: 8col. croap; \V. crintpune^ to shrink, to pinch ; enem^ cmn, curving, bt-nding, ahrinking ; crynmj to bend. 8ec CarMrLc and Rim- nMy from the same root, \V. rhimp^ run, a rim.] To contract or draw together ; to shrink : l*» cause to shrink ; Ui curt. tfisetuatu €HlMP'LFV,pp. Contrarted; shnink ; curled. €RIMP'LIN(;,;';>r. Coutmctingi shrinking ; curling; hobbling. ^ik. CRIM'SON, (krim'm,) a. [lU ertmigi^ eremigmo ; Fr. rrmmmti ; 8p. earvufi : Arm. cmrmuMJn/ ; D. karmotfn ,- G. kmrmttim ; Sw. MatmuiM ; Dan. kanmuU ; from Ar. brmiztfH, termtSf the cochineal insect or >fy bcrr>.] A deep-red color : a red ting>-d with blue ; also, a red color in general ; as, the virgin cnia^iin of int>d- esty. Shak. He itwde tbr Tiiil of blue, and p>irpl«, aad criauoii. — S CbfOB. ni. CRTM'SON; a. Of a beautiful deep red ; as, the eriro' MM blush of modesty ; a crimson stream of blood. CRIM'SON, r. t. To dye with crimson ; to dye of a deep-red color ; to make red. CRIM'SON, p. i. To become of a deep-red coK»r ; to be tinged with red ; to blu^h. llt^r cheeks crimMtud at the entrance of her lover. CRIM'S 0\-£D, (krim'znd,) pp. Dyed or tinged with a deep red. Cai.M S ON-HC-fD, (krim'zn-hude,) a. Of a crimson color. CRIM'SON-ING, ppr. Dyeing or tinging with a deep red. CRI .M'8 OX-WARM. a. Warm to redness Cfil'-NAL, a. [L. erinisy hair.^ Belt.neing to hair. CRINCX'M, a. A cramp; a contraction; a turn or bend : a whim.<>-. [j3 zvlgar weni.] Hndibras. CKLNGE, (krinj.) r. c. [Probably from the root cX crttttJt, eruUIe, Ueb. and Ch. y^S ; or from the root of erivk, with a nasal sound of the last consonant ; G. kritckai ; W. crjrcit, to curl.] Properly, to shrink , to contract ; to drtw together ; a popular use of the word. [Vul^rly, scringe.] Too arc him eringg Im bee. Shak. CRIXCE, (krinjl^ e. t. To bow ; to bend with servil ity ; to fawn ; to make court by mean compliances. PiaUma mn al«&jB txrwing and crin^nf. Arbul/tnoL. CRINGP-, (krinj,) a. A bow ; senrite civility. Philips. \ GEIXGE'I.ING, n. One who cringes me.inly. CBIXC'ER, R. One who cringes, or bous, and flatters wilh w^rviliiy. €RiXG'IXG» ppr. or a. Shrinking; bowing servilely. eRiX"GLE, (kring'gl,) «. [D. krim^, krinkel^ kronkei, a bend, turn, rtM^-, or twist. See CsA^rK and CaisGE.] 1. A withe for fastening; a gate. [LocaL] CRl 2. In marine langua^y a hole in the bolt-rope nf a sail, I'onm'd by iJiiL-rtwi-JiiuK iht? division of a ni|»e, called a strQ7id. oltfrnately round itself, and Ihruuch the strand of the bi.lt-rnpe, till it Ik-cuiiu-s threefold, and takes the sha|>e of a riiip. Its use is to receive the ends nf the r-s, to which the heads of the stnv-sails are made fiL-st. Mar. Diet. CRlX-I-eCL'TtTR-AI*, a. ReUting to the growth of hair. CRI-XIO'ER-OITS, a. [h. crimger ; criitis, hair, and gerOy to wear.] Hair}' ; overgrown with hair. Diet CRI'XrrE, a. [L. cnnifM^, from m'liw, hair. Qu. W. ertwoip^ to parcb, to friizle.] Havine the appeamnce of a tuft of hair. CRIXK'LK, (krink'I^) r. i. [D. jtririitr/m, to wind or twist. Qu. crayik and rid^, Sax. Arinn-.] To turn or wind; to I»end ; to wrinkle; to mn in and out in little or short bends or turns ; as, the light- ning erirtkUs. €RI.\K'LE, r. L To form with short turns or wrink- les; to mold into inequalities. GRINK'LE, a, A wrinkle ; a winding or turn ; sinu- osity. CRI.VK'LED, pp. Formed into short turns. CRINK'LING, pp. Bending in short turns. €RT-XOID'E-AN, n. ) [Gt. Kotpo^.ti lily, and cirfot, €RT-NOID'E-A, n.pU] likehess.j In gtologyytenus applied to extinct, fossil, radiated animals, related to some of the stnr-fish and asierias, but growing on a long, jointed stalk. The name in- cludes the eitcrinUeSj to which the tenn stvne-fUii h:is oOen l>een applied. Dana, CRT-XOID'AL, a. Containing the fossil remains of crinoidcans. NumhU. CRI'NO."^E, a. Hairy. [See Cai-fiTE.] [Little tuied.] €RI-XOS'I-TY, «. Hairmesa. [Little us fd.] CRIP'PLE, (krip'l,) n. (D. kreuptl; G. krilppel ; Dnn. krjTplingy krUjtpHy and kriibliag, from A-rtf A, a creeping animal ; IceL cryp^n, to move crooked. It would seem that this is from the n>ot of creep.] A lame perwn ; primarily, one who rreejjs, halts, or limps ; one who has lost, or never enjoyed, the use of his limbs, jfcts .\iv. The wi>rd may signify one who is partially or to- tally di-tabled from us'ng his limbs. Sev ibe Uiml beggar tlnoee, tlkt cripplt »ag. Pope. CRIP'PLE, a. Lame. Shak. CRIP'PLE, 1^ t To lame ; to deprive of the use of the limbs, particularly of the legs and feet. a. To ai.«able ; to deprive of the power of exertion. We say, a fluct was crtppUd in the engagement. CRIP'PL/:!), (krip'pid,) ;ip. or a. Laiued ; rendered inip«.' or death. It is sometiines used to designate the excretion of somplliing nuxious from the body, or of the noxious fluids in a fever. Encyc. Parr. 2. The derisive slate of things, or the point of time when an ad^air is arrived at its hight, and must soon terminate or suffer a material change. Th» hour ■» the very critia of yotir Cue. Dryden. CRISP, a. [L. cri^mt ; It. ertspo ; G. kratis. See the verb.] 1. Curled ; formed into cnris or ringlets. 2. Indented; winding; as, o-wp channels. Shak. 3. Brittle ; friable ; easily broken or crumbled. Bacon. CRISP, t>. U [L. erispo; It. crespare; Sp. crespar; Fr. eriper ; Dan. kmser { Sw. krusa; W. oris, a cnist ; crisby a crisp coating; crisbin, crisp, friable; from rhisy broken into poinL<», mince ; allied to cresVy cra- su, to roast or parch. From the Gothic dialects, we oh^rve that p is not radical. Class Rd, Xo. 20, 73, An] 1. To curl ; to twist ; to contnict or form into ring- lets, as the hair ; to wreathe or interweave, as the branches of trees. B. Jonson. Milton. 2. To indent. Johnson. To twist or eddy. Ma.i, R.in nectAT, victiiiig each plant. MUt»n. CRT'*P'ATF i CKISP'A-TED \ "* '^^^'i"E 8. crisped appearance. CRISP-A' TIOX, n. The act of curling, or state of be- ing curled. Bacon. CRI eRIriP'A-TliRE, n. A curiing ; the stale of being- eurlt'il. Lee. Birhmif. CRISP'i'.'D, (krispt,) pp. or a. Curled ; twisted; (riz- 7.lfd. CRIS'PIX, n. An appellation given familiarly to shoe-' makers, from their patron samt, Crij^pinus. CRISP'IXG, ppr. Curiing; frizzling. CRISP'IXG-PIX, n. A curling-iron. l.'aiak. CKIS-PI-SUL'CANT, a. Wavy or undulating, aa lightning is represented. CRI.SP'LY, adv. With crispness ; in a crisp manner. CRISP'.N'ESS, n. A state of being curled ; also, brit- llenesH. CRISP' Y, a. Curled ; formed into ringlets; as, crimpy locks. siitUt. 2. Brittle i dried so as to break short ; as, a crispy cake. CRIST'ATK, ) a. [L. crLstatus. from crista, a CRI.^T'A-TED, i crest.1 In botany, crested ; liiited ; having an apjiendage like a crest or tuft, as some anthers and flowers. Martyn. eRT-TK'RI-OX, n.; pi. Criteria. [Gr. KotTf,{>u>Vy from the root of von-'j, to judge. See Crimk.] A standard of judging; any established law, rule, principle, or fact, by which facts, prn[>ositinns, and opinions are compiin^d, in order to discover their tnith or falsehood, or liy whicli a correct judgment niav be formed. €Rlf H'0-MA\-CV, n. [Gr. KpiOjj, barley, and fiay- rcia, divination. J A kind of divination by means of the dough of cakes, and the meal strewed over tlje victims in ancient sacrifices. Encyc. CRIT'IG, n. [Gr. KfurtKo^, ftom Kntrniy a juiipe or disccrner, from the rcM)t of hoc w, to judge, to sepa- rate to distinguish. See Crime.] 1. A person skilled in judging of the merit of lite- rar)' works ; one who is able to discern and distin- guish the beauties and faults of writing. In a more general sense, a person skilled in judging with propri- eiy of any combination of objects, or of any work of art ; and particularly of what are denominated the _fine arti. A critic is one who, from experience, knowledge, habit, or taste, can perceive the differ- ence between propriety and impropriety, in objects or works prest^ritcd to his view ; between the natu- ral and unnatural ; the high and the low, or loAy and mean ; the concruons and incongruous ; the correct and incorrect, according to the established rules of the art. 2. An examiner ; a judge. Anil cnivke each diy a critic on the Ias(. Pope. 3. One who judges with severity ; one who cen- sures or finds fault. Pope. fVaUs. Sicift. CRIT'ICj II. Critical ; relating to criticism, or the art of judgmg of the merit of a literary perfonnance, or discourse, or of any work in the line arts. [Seo Critical,] CRIT'ie, p. t. To criticise; to play the critic. [Lit- tle us'-d.] TempU. CRIT'I€-AL, a. [L. criticus ; Gr. KptrtKOs. See Critic.] 1. Relating to criticism; nicely exact; as, a crit- ical dissertation on Homer. 2. Having the skill or power nicely to distinguish beauties from blemishes ; as, a critical judge ; a crit- ical auditor ; a critical ear ; critical taste. 3. Making nice distinctions ; accurate ; as, critical rules. 4. Capable of judging with accuracy; discerning beauties and faults ; nicely judicious in matters of literature and the fine arts ; as, Virgil was a critical poeL 5. Capable of judging with accuracy; conforming to exact rules of propriety ; exact; particular; as, to be critical in rites and ceremonies, or in the selection of books. 6. Inclined to find fault, or to judge wilh severity 7. [See Crisis.] Pertaining to a crisis; marking tlie time or stale of a disease which indicates its ter- mination in the death or recovery of the patient; as, critical days, or critical symptoms. 8. Producing a crisis or change in a disease ; indi- cating a crisis ; as, a critical sweat. 9. Decisive ; noting a time or slate on which the issue of things depends; important, as regards tlie consequences ; as, a critical time or moment ; a criti- cal 'y\nrX\ne. in. Formed or situated to determine or decide, or having the crisis at command ; important or essential for determining ; as, a critical posL Miifvrd. 11. Respecting criticism. CRIT'IC-AL^LY, adv. In a critical manner ; with nice discernment of truth or falsehood, propriety oi impropriety : wilh nice scriiiiny ; accurately ; ex- act* y ; as, to examine evidence critieuUy; to observe 2. At the crisis; al the exact time. [critically. 3. In a critical sitnution, place, or condition, »> as to command the crisis ; as, a town crilically situated. JHdf,.rii. CRIT'IC-AL-NESS, n. The state of being critical; incidence at a particular point of time. FATE, FAR, FALL, W1L>T. — MkTE, PUEY.— PIXE, MAIUXE," BIRD.— XOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 254 \2: CRO 2. Exactness ; accuracy ; nicety ; minute care in examinaiinn. €RIT'I-CrsE, V. i. To eTamine and judae critically; to jud^e with attention to beauties and faults; as, to eriticUe on a Iit«;riir>- work, on an argument or dis- course. 2. To write remarks on the merit of a perform- ance ; to notice beauties and faults. Cavil you may, but never crUiiise. Pope, 3. To animadvert u[>on as faulty ; to utter censure ; as, to criticise on a man's manners, or his expf^nses. Locke. €RIT'I-CTSE, r. t. To notice beauties nnd blemishes, or faults, in : to utter or write remarks on the merit of a [>erformance ; as, to criticise the writings of Milton. 2. To pass judgment on with respect to merit or Wame ; as, to criUeise an author ; to criticise the conduct. CRIT'I CTS-RD, (krit'e-slzd,) pp. Examined and judged with respect to beauties and faults. €Rrr'I-l'IS-ING, ppr. or a. Examining and judging with regard to beauties and faults ; remarking on ; animadviTting on. €RIT'1-C1SM, n. The art of judging with propriety of the beauties and faults of a literary performance, or of any production in the fine arts ; as, the rules of 2. The act of jtidging on the merit of a perform- ance ; animadversion ; remark on beAutiea and faults ; critical observation, verbal or written. We say, the authiir*s criticigms are candid, or thev are severe. €RI-'naUE', (kre-teek',) n. [Fr. eniitjue.] A critirat examination of the merits of a performance ; remarks or animadversions on beauties and faults. Addison wrote a critique on Paradise Lost 2. Science of criticism ; standard or niles of judging of the merit of performances. [Often apelt Critic.] 11 idea* nnd word* w^re distinctly wi^JukI, nmt duly conri'lored, Ihvy would adbnl ua luioitarr iorL of logic ojitl critic. Locke. CRIZ'ZRL, in. [See Crisp.] A kind of rough- €RIZ'ZA'I--ING, S ness on the surface of glass, which rlduds its transparency. Encyc. GROAK, p. i. [riax. cracettan; Goth, hrukyan ; L. ero- eio, mtciU> ; Sp. crottxar ; It. crocciare ; Fr. croasser ; Arm. crozal ; G. krachzen; D. kraaijfn, to crow, and kraehsren, to groan; Ir. ffra^j ffrairam; coinciding in elements with VV. cres; cryg, hoarse, cry^u, to make romirh, or hoarse ; Sax. hreog, njugh, and hreous- wn, to rue ; Gr. K,, Kpioy ;/•*(, and K/xiftij, KoayttS- These all appear to be of one fairiHy, and from the root of rou^h and creak, W. rhyg. See Crow.] 1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog or other animal. 2. To cnw ; to cry as a raven or crnw. 3. To make any low, muttering wiuiid, resembling that of a frog or raven ; as their bellies croak. Locke. 4. Fi'juratively^io complain; to forebode evil ; to grumble. Rich. Diet,' 5. In contempt, to speak with a low, hollow voice. CR6AK, n. The low, harsh sound uttered by a frog iir a raven, or a like iM>und. GROAK'ER, n. One that croaks, murmurs, or gratn- bl"s ; one who complains unreasonably. CRoAK'l.N'G, ppr. or a. Uttering a low, harsh sound from the throat, or other similar sound ; foreboding evil ; gnimbhng. €R<^AK'K\G, n. A low, harsh sound, aa of a frog, or the bowels. 9. The act of foreboding evil ; grumbling. CRO'ATS, n. pi. 'I'riKJps, natives of f^riKitia. €KOe'AL-rrE, n. [from crocu.*, saffron.] A variety of the mineral natrolite, one of the zeotites. It has an orange or brick-red color, and occurs in reniform or glubiiiir maii'es, having a radiated structure. CRO'CEOUS, (kro'^as,) a. [L. crocctis, from crocus, saffron.] Like saffron ; yellow ; consisting of saffron. CR5'CHEA, It. pL. Little buds or knobs about the tops of a deer'3 horn. Bailry. €ROC-I-TA'TION, n. [L. crocito.] A croaking. CROCK, n. [Hax. eruce, erocca ; D. kruik; G. krug i D, kriikke; Sw. kruka; Fr. cruche; W. eregcn, an earthen vessel ; eroctin, a poU] An earthen vessel ; a pot or pitcher ; a cup. CEOCK, B, [Qm. from crocks supra, or from Ch. Tin, Ar. Oy^* eharaka, to bum.] Hoot, or the black matter collected from combustion on pfjts and kettles, or in a chimney. Ray. CROCK. V. C. or i. To black with soot, or other mat- ter ci.lfectfM from combustion ; or to black with the cnlnring matter of ctoth. Forhy. JVcib England. €ROCK'ER-V,n. [W.croean, a boil-^r or pot ; eroeenu, to make earthen vessels j croeenyz^ a potter. See Cri'ck.] Earthen ware ; vessels formed of clay, glazed and baked. The term is applied to the coarser kinds of ware, the finer kinds being usually calkd china or pertain. CRO CROCK'ET, n. [Fr. croc^ crochet.] In Gothic archi- tecture, a ttrm applied to curved and bent foliage, used to ornament canopies, spires, and pinnacles. Elmes. CROCK'Y, a. Smuttv. Forby. CROCO-DILE- n. [Fr. KpoK"hi\oi ; (qu. irpfKic, saffron, and dctXus^ fearing;) L. crocodiltis ; It. coc- codriUo ; S[t. cocodrilo.^ 1. An amphibious animal of the genus Crocodilus. It has a naked body, with four feet and a tail ; it has five toes on the fore feet, and four on the liind feet. It grows to the length of sixteen or eighteen feet, runs swiftly on land, but does not easily turn itself. It inhabits the large rivers in Africa and Asia, and lays its eggs, resembling those of a goose, in the sand, to be hatched by the heat of the sun. [See Alligator.] Encyc. 2. In rhetoric, a captious and sophistical argument, contrived to draw one into a snare. CROCO-DILE, a. Pert-lining to or like a crocodile ; as, crocodde tears, that is, false or affected tears, hyp- ocritical sorrow ; alluding to the fictions of old trav- elers, that crocodiles shed tears over those they de- vour. eRO€-0-DIL'I-AN, a. Pertaining to the crocodile. Buikland. CROeO-DIL'I-TY, n. In logic, a captious or sophis- tical mode of arguing. CRo'euS, 71. [Gj. ApoKos, from the Shemitic p*i'«, and its yellow color.] 1. Saffron, a genus of plants. 2. In chemistry, a yellow powder; any metal cal- cined to a red or deep yellow color. Encyc. CROFT, n. [Sax. crofts allied, probably, to L. crypta, Gr. Koi'-rtTM, to conceal.] » A small field adjoining or near to a dwelling-house, and used for pasture, tillage, or other purposes. Bran.de, eROI-SADE', 7?. [Fr., from eroixy a cross,] A holy war; an expedition of Christians against the infidels, for the conquest of Palestine. [See the more com- mon word. Crusade.] CROIS'ES, n. pZ. [See Cross.] Soldiers engaged in a croisade, and wearing the badge of it Burke. 2. Pilgrims wearing the same badge, and accompa- nyine the military expedition. J. Jifurdock. CRo'KER, II. A water fowl that inhabits the Chesa- pt-ak and the large rivers in Virginia; sometimes of three f',"et in length. Pennant. eROM'LECH, (krom'lek,) n. [W. cromle^ ; crom, bent, concave, and lice, a flat stone.] A term applied to huge flat stones, resting on other stones, set on end for that purpose ; supposed to be the remains of druidical altars. Rowland, Mon. .Sntiq. CRO-MOR'NA, n. [Fr. cromome; Ger. krummhorn, crooked horn.l The name of a reed stop in the organ, voiced like the oboe, but of a different quality, bearing the same relation to the oboe as the stopped diapason to the opt'n. Corruptly written Cremona. CROM-WEL'LI-AN, a. Pertaining to Cromwell. CRONE, n. fir. cr(oj«i,old ; crion, withered ; crionaim, to wither, fade, decay ; VV. ertnaWy to wither, to be- come brittle ; Gr. yepwi', old.] 1. An old woman. Suik. Drydtn, 2. An old ewe. Tasser. CRO^NET, n. [cm-onet.] The hair which grows over the top of a horse's httof. Johnson. 3. 'J'Ik! iron at the end of a tilting spade. Bailey. €ROX'I€^AL, CRON'Ye-AL. Sl-c AcnoniCAL. CRO'iNY, R. [See Crone. But this word seems to carry the sense of fellowshipt and is precisely the Ar. " wi' karana^ to join, to associate ; whence its deriv- ative, an associate.] An intimate companion ; an associate j a familiar friend. To obllffe Totir cronv. Swift. To obll^ your crony, Swift- Bring uur dune a oew yenx a gift. Hence, an old crony is an intunate friend of long standing. €RQQK, n. [Sw. krok ; Don. krog ; Fr. croc, crochet; Arm. crocq ; Ir. cruca ; W. crwsj, cncca, croca ; Goth. hrugff, a shepherd's crook, which in Italian is roccof VV. crug, a heap, a rick; Sax. hric; Eng. a ridge; G. Hicten, the teck or ridge of an animal. These words appear to be connected with h. ruga^ a wrinkle, Ruas. kryg, okrug, a circle. Wrinkhng forms roughness, and this is the radical sense of hoarseness. It roco, hoarse, L. rauetui, Eng. rough, W. cryg, rough, hoarse. The radical sense of crook is, to strain or draw ; hence, to bend.] 1. Any bend, turn, or curve ; or a nent or curving instrument. VVe speak of a crook in a stick of tim- ber, or in a river ; and any hook is a crook. 2. A fhepherd's staff, curving at the end; a pas- toral staff. When used by a bishop or abbot, it is called a croaier He left his crook, he Irlt tiii [kicka. 3. A gibbet. 4. An artifice ; a trick. Prior. CRO CROOK, V. U [Fr. crodtcr ; Sw. kr6ka ; Dan. kriiger; V\ . crweau, crocau.] 1. To bond ; to turn from a straight line ; to make a curve or hwik. 2. To turn from rectitude ; to pervert. Bacoru 3. To thwart. [Little used.] CROOK, V. i. To bend or be bent ; to be turned from a "riiiht line ; to curve ; to wind. Camden. eRQQK'-BACK, n. A crooked back ; one who has a crooked back or round .shoulders. Shak. €ROQK'-nACK-£D, (-bakt,) a. Having a round back, or -ihtmldcfs. Dryden. CRQQK'EU, (part, krookt, adj. krook'ed,) pp. or a. Bent ; curved ; curving ; winding. 2. Winding in nionil conduct ; devious; froward ; perverse ; going out of the path of rectitude ; given to obliquity, or wandering from duty. Th>"y arp a prr»«rae aiid crooked ^nerUior.. — Deut. xKxii. CRQQK'ED-LY. adv. In a winding manner. 2. Untowardly ; not compliantly. CROOK'ED-NESS, «. A winding, bending, or turn- ing'; curvity ; curvature; intlection. Hooker. 2. Perver.->eness ; untowardness ; deviation, from rectitude ; iniquity ; obliquity of conduct. 3. Deformity of a gibbous body. Johnson. Taijlor. CROOK'KX, V. u To make crooked. \Kot in iise.] CROdK'lNG, ppr. Bending ; winding. €'K66K'-KNEED,ff. Having crooked knees. Shak. CR6<)K'-SHGUL-DER-£D, a. Having bent shoul- ders. CROP, 71. [Sax. crop, cropp, the crop of a fowl, a cluster, ears of corn, grapes, grains of corn ; D. krop ; G. kropf; VV. crop, the crop or craw ; croptad, a gathering into a heap, a creeping; cropian, to creep. Here we see that crop is a gathering, and that it is connected with creep, whose radical sense is to catch or take hold. Hence crop coincides with L. carpo, carpus, and perhaps with reap, rapio, as it does with grapple. Hence we see how the crop of a fowl, and a crop of grain or hay, are consistently the same word J 1. The first stomach of a fowl ; the craw. 2. The top or highest part of a thing ; the end [JVwt in use.] Chaucer. 3. That which is gathered; the corn or fruits of the earth collected ; harvest The word includes every species of fruit or produce, gathered for man or beast 4. Corn and other cultivated plants while growing; a popular use of the word. 5. Any thing cut off or gathered. 6- Hair cut close or short. CROP, V. t To cut off the ends of any thing ; to eat off; to pull off; to pluck ; to mow; to reap; as, to crop flowers, trees, or grass, Man crops trees or plants with an insirumt-nt, or with his fingers ; a beast crop.s with his teeth. 2. To cut off' prematurely ; to gather before it falls. While force our youth, like fruitii, uiilhricly cropg, Dttikam. 3. To cause to bear a crop ; as, to ertrp a field. CROP, t^i. To yield harvest. [JVot in tise.] Shak. CROP'-kAR, n. [crop and car.] A horse whose ears are cropi>ed. Shak. eROP'-EAR--ED, a. Having the ears cropped. B, Jonson. €R0P'FpL, a. Having a ftill crop or belly ; satiated Milton. €ttOP'-OUT, t). t. To ripen to a full crop. 2. When an inclined stratum, as of coal, appears on the surface, it is said to crop out. Lyell. CROP'PiCD, i pp. or a. Cut otf; plucked ; eaten off; CROPT, \ reapt'd or mowed. €ROP'PER, n. A pigeon with a large crop. Johnson. Walton. €ROP'PING, p/jr. Cutting off; pulling off; eating off; reaping or mowing. CROP'PING, n. The act of cutting off. 2. The raising of crops. CROP'-SICK, a. Sick or indisposed from a sur- charged stomach ; sick with excess in eating or drinking. Tate. CROP'-^SICK-NESg, n. Sickness from repletion of the stomach. [L. crttpula.] CRO'SIER, (kr5'zhur,) n. [Fr. cTonse^ a crosier^ a bat or gaff-stick ; crasser, to play at cricket ; Arm. crogi ; from the rtM)t of cross.] 1. A bishop's crook or pastoral staff", a symbol of pastoral authority and care. It consists of a gold or silver staff, crwiked at the top, and is carried occa- sionally before bishops lyid abbots, and held in the hand when they give solemn benedictions. The use of crosiers is ancient. Originally, a crosier was a staff with a cross on the top, in form of a crutch or T. Encyc. 5. A term sometimes applied to four stars in the southern hemisphere, in the form of a cross; the Southern Cross. Encyc, CROS'LET, M. [See Cross.] A small cross. In heraldry, a cross crossed at a small distance from the ends. Encyc. CROSS, n. [W. croesi Arm. eroaz; G. kreuz; Sw. kors ; Dan. kryds and kors; Russ. krest Class TONE, BIJLL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; G as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS. 285 CRO Rd. But the English cross would aeom to be fW>m the L. criLT, through the Fr. eroix^ rrusier; It, croce ; 8fi. crui : W. crfj, cuincidin; with the Ir. rr^h, rut^ Uu. the idtMitity of tlioso words. The Iruh bu cr05, a cross ; crosadh^ erosaim, to criiAs, to hinder. If the last radical is g or r, this word bt-Iongs to the root of crook. Chaucer \i»ca eroueJie for rr-tu.*.] 1. A gibbet consisting of two pieces of timber placed across each olhej-, either in form of a T or of ail X. That on which otir Siivior suffered, w re|ve- •ented, on coins and other monuments, to taara been of the fltrmer kind. fiuyc 2. The ensicn of the Christian religion ; and hence, Jigumtirelv, the rvli^ion iuelf. How*. 3. A monument with a crwis upon it, to excite de- ToUon, such as were anciently set in market -{ilnces. JokH-iofi, Shak. 4. .\ny thing in the form of a croas or gibb»»t. 5. .\ line drawn UiruUfili anoche*. Jokastm, tk Any thine that thwarts, obstructs, or pi-rplexea ; binderance i vexation j miafortuue ; opposition i trial of patience. Hsfev^B pn|MnA fDOtt nm wbi trossssm 7. A mixin( of breeds in producing animals. 8. Money or coin stamped with the figure of a croas. Diydmt. 3. Tbe right side or Ace of a o(^n, stampi'd with 9 cross. i^rtryc 10. The mark of a cross, instead of a signutiirt>, on a deed, formerly impressed by those wlio c^mld not write. Kncifc 11. Church lands in IreWnd. Dapus. 13. In tktttoff, the suderings of Christ by cruci- Tkst b« sMt reooDdUa both lo God inpiwboctjr by bseroM.— IX The doctrine of Christ's suiTeringa and of the atonement, or of salvation by Christ. Tte pKmeMBt of Uw ctom li lo Qtna that perWi foobrtsw, — ICor. i. OaLT. TV take mp the cross, is to submit to troubles and afflictions from love to Christ. H. In mininff, two nicks cut in the tnrtace of the earth, thus, -i~. Cross ojid pils; a play with money, at which it is pot to chance whether a coin shall fall with timt side up which bears tbe cross, or the other, which is colled piif, (^Ae,) or reverse. CKOao, a. Transverse ; (4illqne ; passing ftom side lo aide ; falling athwart } as, a enss beam. The eroM rtinokm at m neond prian. N^wtsn. & Advene ; opposite ; ositc wavs and cross each other. Eiteyc €RuSS'-llTTK, a. A deception ; a cheat. VEstranfft. €Kt)SS'-BrrK, V. U To thwart or contravene by de- ce)>tion. Collier. €ROSS'-BtT-IN'G, ppr. Thwarting or contmvening by deception. CROSS'-B IT-TEN, jm. Conlravewd by deception. €ROS3'-B0W, iL In archery, a weaptm used for shooting, and formed by placing a bow athwart a stuck. Bailey. €ROSS'-B0\V-ER, n. One who shoots with a cross- bow. Ralegh. €R<-iSS'-BREED, n. A breed produced from the male and female of different breeds. €R0S3'-BU^N, n. A bun or cake with a cross marked €ROSS'€UT, r. U To cut across. [on it. €ROSS'enT-SA\V, n. A saw managed by two men, one at each end. CROSS' £D, (kmst,) pp. Having a line drawn over; canceled ; erased ; passed over ; thwarted ; opposed ; obnlructed ; counteracted. €ROSS-KTTE', n. [Fr.] In arckitectHre, a term ap- plied lo the sninll, projecting pieces in arch stones, which hnng upon the adjacent stones. Bramle. €ROS.s'-EX-AM-l.V-^'T10N, n. The examination or intem>g:ttion of a witness, called by one party, by the (tppwer yard of the mizzen-mast, but seldom used. Encyc. €ROSS'-LEG-GED, (-legd,) a. Having the legs across. €ROSS'-LTKE, a. Having the form of a cross. CROSS'LY, ode. Athwart; so as to intersect some- thing else. 2. Adversely; in opposition; unfortunately. 3. Peevishly ; fretfully. CROSS'NESS, n. Peevishness; fretfulness ; ill-hu- mor ;'^rverseness. CROSS'-PATCH, n. An ill-natured person. [Still heard in JSTnc England.] Mem. of If. Mirre. €R03S'-PIkCE, n. A rail of timber extending over the windlass of a ship, furnished with pins with which to fasten the rigging, as occasion requires. Encyc. €ROSS'-PUR-POSE, n. A contrary purpose ; contra- dictory system ; also, a conversation in which one person does or pretends to misunderstand another's meaning. An enigma; a riddle. Mason. CROSS-UUES'TION, v. L To cross-examine. Kdlingbeck. €ROSS-aUES'TION-ING, ppr. Cross-examining. CROSS'-ReAD-ING, n. The reading of the lines of a newspaper directly across the page, through the ad- CRO Joining culunms, thus confounding the sense, and often producing a ludicrous combination of ideas. CR<->S.s'-KO\V, (-r6,) n. *i'he nlphabet, so named be- cause a cross is placed at the beginning, to show that the end of learning is piety. Johiuon. Skak. *.?. A row that cro»i*es others. €ROSS'-SEA, n. Waves running across others; a swell running in different directions. CROSS'-STAKF, n. .^n inalrumenl to take the alti- tude of the sun or stias. €ROSS'-ST0NE, lu See Harmotome and Staubo- LITE. CROSri'-TIN-ING, n. in husbandry, a harrowing by drawing the harrow or drag back and forth on the same uronnd. Encyc. CROSS-TREES, n. pL In ships, certain pieces of lim- ber, 8up|K>rted by the cheeks and trestle-trees, at the upper ends of the lower masts, to sustain the frame of the lop, and on the topmasts, to extend the top- gallant slironds. Mar. Did. CIt*->SS'-VVS Y, ) n. A way or road that crosses an- CROSS'-itOAI), \ other road or the chief road ; an obscure imth intersecting tho main road. Sltak. €ROSS'-\VIND, n. A side wind ; a« unfavorable wind. Btryle. CROSS'VVTSE, atlc. Across ; in the form of a cra'^s. CROSS'-VVOaT- 71 A plant of the genus Valaigia. CROTCH, n. [Fr. croc, a hook. See Croos and Crutch.] I. A fork or forking; the parting of two legs or branches; as, the crvUh of a tree. Bacon. Furby. 3. In ships, a crooked timber placed on tbe keei, in the fore and aft parts of a ship. 3. A piece of wood or iron, opening on the lop and extending two horns or arms, like a half moon, used for supporting a boom, a spare topmast, yards, &c. Mar. Did. CROTCH'KD, (krotcht,) a. Having a crotch ; forked. CROTCII'ET, H. [Fr. crochet, crodie, from croc See Ckook.] 1. In printing, a term applied to brackets or hooks including words, a sentence, or a passage, disthi- gui.-'hed from the rest, thus [ ]. 3. In music, a note or character, equal in lime lo half a minim, and the double of a quaver, thus, ^. 3. A piece of wood resembling a fork, used as a support in building. 4. A [K'culiar turn of the mind ; a whim, or fancy ; a perverse conceit. All tlir d';vici>a4feiKl crotchtt» of new Inrentiona. Hotoell. CROTCH'ET-ED, a. Marked with crotchets. €ROTCII'E'r-V, a. Having perverse conceits, or crittchetM of the brain. eiirVTON OIL, u. Oil from the Croton tiglium,a plant of Ihe East. It is a violent cathartic, and causes small pustules when rubbed on the skin. Braude. CROUCH, V. i. [G. kriedien, kroch, krochr, to creep, to stoop, to crmge, probably allied to crook, Fr- crorkti, as cringe to crank. Class Rg. Vulgarly, croock, .^crooeh,] 1. To bend down ; to stoop low ; to lie close to the ground ; as an animal. A dog croudies to his mas- ter; a lion crouchcji in the thicket. 9. To bend servilely ; lo stoop meanly ; to fawn ; lo cringe. E*crv one (lint la I'-ft in thy hnnse •hall come and crouch to him, (or a piece of bread. — 1 Sain. ii. CROUCH, V. t. [See Cross.] To sign with the cross ; to bless. [JVtit in u.-ff.] Cluiucer. €ROUCH'ED-FRI-ARS, n. pi An order of friars, so called from the cross which they wore. CROUCH'ING, ppr, or 0, Bending; stooping; cring- ing. CROUP, (kroop,) n. [Fr, croupe, a ridge, top, but- Uicks ; Sp. gritpa; Port, garupa ; It. grappa; W. crib ; Russ. krivei, crooked ; kriclyu, lo bend.] The rump of a fowl ; the buttocks of a horse or extremity tif the reins above the hips. CROUP, (kroop,) n. [Scot, croup, crope, cnipe, croipp, to croak, to cry or speak with a hoarse voice ; Goth. hropyan ; Sax. hreopan, to call out-] The disease calird lechnicidly cynanche trackealis, an inflammatory affection of the trachea, accompa- nied with a hoarse cough and difficult respiration. It is vulgarly called rattiest. CROU-PaUE', Ti. [from croup, or its root.] In the manege, a. leap in which the horse pulls up his hind legs, as if he drew them up to his belly. F.ncyc CROU'PI-ER, Ckroo'pe-*-''i) "■ [Fr.] He who watches the cards and collects the money at a gaming-table 2. One who, at a public dinner party, sits at the lower end of the table as assistant chairman. Smart. KROUt' I "' t^' *''°"'' f^^'fi^S'^' ^" *"^'"^; D.kruid.] Sour crout is made by laying minced or chopped cabbage in layers in a barrel, with a handful of salt and caraway seeds between the layers ; then ram- ming down the whole, covering it, pressing it with a heavy weight, and suffering it to stand, till it has gone through fermentation. It is an efficacious pre- servative against scurvy in long voyages. Encyc FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T.— MeTE, FRfiY.— FIXE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK..— __ CRO ' GROW, (kro,) n. [Sax. cratoe ; Dan. kragc; S\v. kraka ; D kraai : G. kriike ; so named from ils cry, G. kriUun, D. fcrfioy'n, Goth. An/A-, a croaking, hrukyan, to crwoi or cro70, L. crocio,Gr. Kpa^io,Kp'i^u},x£Kpa} a. It lias no connection with L. eorous, but rook is of the same family.] 1. A larp; black bird, of the genus Corvus ; the beak is convex and cultraled, the nostrils are covered with bristjy feathers, the tinfiue ia forked and car- tilaginous. This is a vontcious bird, feeding im car- rion and grain, particuiiirly inaixe, wbicli it pulls up, just after it appears above ground. To pluck ov pull a crow, \s to be industrious or con* tentious about a trifle, or thing of no value. Johnsotu 2. .\ bar of iron with a be:ik, crook, or two claws, used in raising and moving heavy weights, drawing spikes, &C. Mozoiu 3. The voic« of the cork. [See the verb.] 4. The meseuter>' or ruffle of a beast, so called by butcher J. €ROW, r. I.; pret, and pp. Cbowed ; formerly prrt. Chew. [Sax. eraicaa ; 1). kraaijen ; G. krdhen ; Gr. k/ja{^(j. See the noun.] 1. To crj' or make a noise as a cock, in joy, gay- etv, or defiance. i. To boast in triumph ; to vaunt ; to vapor ; to swagger. [^ popular^ but not an elegant tuie of the K>,/r(£] Orandison. €KO\V'-BAR, 7u A bar of iron sharpened at one end, used as a lever for raising heavy bodies. €RO\V'-BER-RY, n. \ plant of the genus Empetnim, or berry-bearing heath. One 8i>ecic8 bears the crow- crake berries. Encyc. €ROW*S'-BILl., n. In aurtrrry^ a kind of forceps for extracting buHets and other things from wounds. Rnege. €ROW'S'-FEET, «. pi. The wrinkles undi-r the eyi"3, which are the etfects of age. [Oft.-*.] Cftaucer. €Ra\V'-FLOW-ER, «. A kind of campion. €KOU''-FQQT, n. On board of ships ^ a complication of small cords spreading out from a long block ; uiicd to su.-'pend the awnings, or to keep Ibe top-sail^ from striking and frettingagain^'t the lops, Encyc -2. In botanv, the Ranunculus, a genus of plants. €RO\V'»'-FOOT, n. In the milUaru aH^ n machine of iron, with four points, so formed" that in whatever way it falls, tttere is one point upward, and intended to stop or embarrass the approach or march of the enemy's cavalry ; a caltrop. Encyc. CROVV'ING, pjw. Uttering a particular voice, as a cock: boa>ryden. > urge ; to drive together. mtnbers together without I with people i locrmcd the vulgar. CROWD, V. t. 2. To fill order; as, i" memory with id'-a"!. 3. To fill to exceM. Volumes of reports eroiod a lawyer's library. 4. To encumber by multitudes. ' S/iak. 5. To urge ; lo press by solicitation ; to dun. 6. In .^camaiuhip, lo mnW «afi, is to carry an extra- jirdinary force of sail, with a view to accelerate the course of a ship, as in chasing or escaping from an enemy ; to carry a press of sail. CROWD, r. i. To pref*H in numbers ; as, the multi- tude crowded through the gate or into the room. 2. To press ; to urge forward ; as, the man croiodcd \nU^ the room. '.i To swarm or be numerous. CRO WD'ED, pp. or a. C4>tlected and pressed ; pressed tog'-tber ; urged; driven; filled by a promiscuous nmltitud^. CROWD'KR, R. A fiddler; one who plays on a eroiod. CROWD'ING, ppr. Presring together; pushing; CRU thnisting; driving; assenibliug in a promiscuous mullitude; filling; urginj;. CROWD'LNG, Tu The act of crowding; the state of being crowded. « GROWN, w. [Fr. couronne; Arm. curun; W.coron; D. kroon; G. krone; Sw. krona ; Dan. krone; Jr. coroin; L. corona; Sp. and IL id.f Gr. Kop-ot-rj. The radical letters appear to be Cr, as corolla, without 7i, indicates, (iu. a top or roundness. See CHOBua.| 1. An ornament worn on the head by kings and sovereign princes, as a badge of imperial or regal power and dignity. Figuratively, regal power; royalty; kindly government, or executive authority. 2. A wreath or garland. 3. Honorary distinction ; reward Tbey do U to obuiu a comiplJtile crown ; wp, an liicoiniptible. 4. Honor; splendor; dignity. 5. The top of the head ; the top of a lununlain or other elevated object. The end of an anchor, or the point from which the arms proceed. (». The part of a hat which covers the top of the head. 7. A coin anciently stamped with the figure of a crown. The English crown is live shillings sterling. The French crown is a hundred and nine cents. Other coins bear the same name. 8. Completion ; accomplishment. 9. Clerical tonsure in a circular form ; a little cir- cle shaved on the top of the head, as a mark of eccle- siastical office or distinction. 10. Among jewclen, the upper work of a rose diamond. 11. In botany, an appendage to the top of a seed, which serves to bear it in tlie wind. 1*2. In architecture, tlie uppermost meiiil>er of the cornice, called also the corona or larmier. CROWN, r. t. To invest with a crown or regal orna- ment. Hence, to invest with regal dignity and power. 2. To cover, as with a crown ; to cover the top. And peacf^fiil olives eroumed tiia hoary bend. Dryden, 3. To honor ; to dignify ; to adorn. Thou luul crotfffKd hhn with glory ami honor. — P«. YiU. 4. To reward ; to bestow an honorary reward or distinction on ; as, the victor crowned with laurel. 5. To reward ; to recompense. She'll crown a ^mtefu] and a. coiuULnt fLime. Roacommon. 6. To terminate or finish ; to complete ; to perfect. 7. To terminate and reward ; as, our efforts were crowned with success, CROWN'£D, pp.oxa. Invested with a crown, or with regal p\->ied i)r unprT-p.-ired state ; a^^ the w Ws w srt of flaaji or plants, or of any body in its natural state. 3. A state of being untbrined or indigested ; imma- tureness ; aa, the erudfntti of a tJioory. €K0'D1-TT, ». [L. crudius.] Rawnaaa ; cnideness ; soineiliing in a cnide sule. Among a*yiCT«a», a term aplilied lo un.ligcsted sub- elances in tjje stomacii, or unconcocted bumurs not well prepand for eipuUiun ; eicrements. eaC'DLF., V. t. To coagulate. But this word is gen- erally written Coaoi-a i which see. eKO'UY, «. Concreted; coaculaled. [MM m ««.] rsee CuBo 1 Sptiuer. 9. Raw; ehiU. [MU—i.] .(See Cauoa.] Skak. eSO'BL, I. [Fr. cnal: L. enulslu ,- It. eruJtle. See Cauot and RiDt.] . 1. Diapueed u give pnin toothers, in body or mind; williag or plc«aed lo tonaent, vex, or afflict; inhu- .aaan; dearitiitn of pity, r io mp aiw o n, or kindness ; fierce ; ferocioua ; savage ; barbarous ; bard-bearted ; Itey SIS s(te,fh>m crmelu. See Carte.] \ vial or snuill |!>ass boale, for holding vinegar, CRCISF, «. Pee Cafia. [oil, «tc CROISG, (kruze,) r. i. [D. tnunea, from knut, a cross ; G. tre«:e« ; D. kryiUer : Fr. creiKr. See Caosi.] To sail b.Tclt and f.jrtli, or to rove ou the ocean in search of an eneiny*s 5liipsfor capture, or for protect- ing commerce ; or to rove ftir plunder, as a pirate. The admiral cruisat between the Ikiliama Wcs and Cuba. We crsiscd off Ca(>e Finisterre. A pirate was cmisiiig in the Gulf of .Mexico. GROISE, a- A voji-age made in crossing courses ; a sailing lo and fro in ^parch of an enemy's ships, or by a pirate in search of plunder. CBOIS'ER, (krux'er,) «. A person or a sliip that cruises ; usuolly an armed ship that sails lo and fro for ca|kea into small pipcw bv the fingers. CRCM'MV, o. FuU of cnimba; 9oft. €RUMP, a. [S'ax. crump; D. kram; O. krumm ; Dan. krum ; W, crom, ervm^ crooked ; Ir. cnwn, whence ervMiaim, to bend, enmian^ the hi|>>bon(!, the mmp. Crmmpy rump, rumpleif erumpU^ erat^U, are doubtletis . of one family.] Crooked; as, entiM^shouldereil. €RUMP'CT, n, A soft cake baked upon an iron plate. €RUM'PLE, p. t, (from crump. See Rumple, the same word without a prefix.] To draw or presa into wrinkles or folds ; to rum- ple or crook. ^J4Lton. €RUM'PLE. r. t. To contract; to shrink. Smith. eHUM'PLsED, pp. or a. Dniwn or pressed into wrin- kles. CRUM'PLING, ppr. Drawing or pressing into wrin- €RliM'Pi.ING, n. A small, degenerate api>le. [kles. Johnson. CRUXK'lE, i "• *■ "^^ "y '''*® ■ crane. [JVot used.] CR V'OR. n, [L.] Gore ; coagulated blood. OrtenhvU. SSSuP,K The buttocks. €RUP. a. Short ; brittle. [■N'ot in usr.] CRyP'PER, (krwp'er,) n. [Fr. croupiere; It. grop- ptera; Sp. grupera; from croupe, grappa, ffrupay a ridge, the buttocks of a horse. Sec Cboiip.] 1. in Uu vtatttgf, the buttocks of a horse ; the rump. 3. A ftrap of leather which is buckled to a saddle, and, passing under a hon>e'ii tail, prevents the saddle fh>m being cast forward on to tiie horse's neck. eRJjP'PER, r. L To put a crupper on j as, to crupper ft horse. €RC'RAL, a. [I*, ermraiis, from crust cruris^ the leg.] 1. Bclun^nng to the leg ; as, the crurat arteries, which convey blood to tlie legs, and the crurat veins, whirh return iL Qutncy. Core, 2. Shaped like a leg or root. Brande. GRU-SADE', II. [Fr. cruisade; It. crociatai Sp, eruior- da ; from L. cr«x', Fr. cro«, Sp. crui, It. croce, a cross. Class Rg.] A military expedition undertaken by authority of the Roman Catholic church, fur liie recovery of the IWy Land, the scene of our Savior's life and sulTer- ings, tiom the power of infideU or Mohammedans. SevermI of these expeditions were carried on frum Eurtipe,und<;r the banner of the cross. Tiie soldiers bad croMM of difierent colored cloth sewed upw England, it is used chiefly or wholly for a small bottle or vial for vinegar, called a vinegar-cruse. €RO'SET, n. [Fr. creuset^ formerly croiaet. See Cru- CI8L.E.1 A goldsmith's crucible or melting pot. Philips. CRUSH, V. £. [Fr. ecraser ; Ir. scrioaanu In Sw. kntssa, in Dan. kryster signifies, to squeeze. In It. croscio is a crushing ; and crondare, to throw, strike, pour, or rain hard. There are many words in the Shemitic languages which coincide with crush in elements and signification. CL. lieb. Syr. DM, lo break in pieces , Ar. jw*^ garasa^ id. j Eth. n^^O eharaiSj to grind, whence grist ; Heb. and Ch. T">n, and Ch. Syr. Heb. fx-v, to break, to cnish j Ar. ^hj the same. See crash, in English, and Fr. frr«w, Arm. freusa, to bruise. Sec Class Rd, No. 16, 20, 23, 41, 48, and Syr. No. 3tj. See Rush.] 1. To press and bruise between two hard bodies ; to squeeze, so as to force a tiling out of its natural shape ; to bruise by pressure. TtK am enuked Balaam's fi>oi k^init th^ wall. — Num. xxii. To crush grapes or apples, is to squeeze them till bruised and broken, so that the juice escapes. Hence, to crush oat, is to force out by pressure. 2. To press with violence ; to force together into a mass, 3. 'I'o over^vhelm by pressure ; to beat or force down by an incumbent weight, with breaking or bruising ; as, the man was crunhed by the fall of a tree. To truth thr pillare which the pUe tu«tiiin. DryrUn, Who are eriuhed before the muih. — Jub iv. CRU 4. To overwhelm by power; to subdue; to con- quer beyond resistance ; as, to crush one's enemies ; to crush a rebt?llion. 5. To oppress grievously. Thuu ih-tli lie «iily ep|>roiacd Knd enuhed ftlwitfi. — Deut. xxviiL 6. To bruise and break into fine particles by beat- ing or grinding ; to comminute. Te criuih a cup qfwtne ; to master or drink it. Shak. CRUSH, V. i. To be pressed into a smaller compass by external weight or force. CRUSH, n. A violent colli-^tion, or rushing together, which breaks or bruises the bodies; or a fall that break.s or bruises into a confused ma^^s ; as, the crush of a large tree, or of a building. The wreck of mailer und (he crush of worlcU. Addison. CRUSH'ED, (kruslit,) pp. or a. Pressed or squeezed so as t(t break or bruise; overwhelmed or subdued by power ; bnJten or bruised by a fall; grievounly oppressed ; broken or bruised to powder ; comminu- CRUSH'ER, n. One who crushes. [ted. CRUSH'ING, pftr. or a. Pressing or squeezing into a mass, or until broken or bruised; overwhelming; subduing by furce; oppressing; comminuting. CRUST, n. [L. erusta ; Fr. crvfite : lU crosta ; D. korst ; G.kruste: W. crM(, from cr&ru, to parch or scorch, eres, a hardening by heat. But the primary sense is probably to shrink, contract, harden, whether tiy cold or heat, and it is probably allied to crystiU, frrezr, crisp, &lc. See Class Rd, No. 19, 33, 73, 7ti, 83, 85, 88.] 1. An external coat or covering of a thing, wliich is hard or harder than the internal substance ; as. tbe crust of bread ; the crust of suow ; the crust of dross ; the crust of a pie. 2. A deposit from wine as it ripens, collected on the interior of beetles, &.c.,and consisting of tartar and coloring matter. Eiicyc. of Dom. Fxun. 3. A piece of crust ; a waste piece of bread. Dryden. L^ Estrange. 4. A shell, as the bard covering of a crab and 5. A scab. [some othifr animals. 6. The superficial substances of the earth are, in ge^lotry, called its crust. CRUST, V. L To cover with a hixrd case or coat ; to spread over the surfjice a sulj:^tance harder than the matter covered ; lo incmst ; as, to cru^t a iliing with clay i to crust cake with sugar ; crusted wilh bark. Addison. 2. To cover witli concretions. iSwiJX. CRUST, V. i. To gather or contract into a hard cov- ering ; to cnncrete or freeze, as superficiiJ niiilter. CRUS-Ta'CE-A, (-fihe-a,)n. pi. One of the cIjissos of the Art^ulata, or articulated animals, including lob- sters, shrim|>8, and crabs; so caJli^d from the cru.«t- like shell wilh which the body and legs are covered. Dtuia. CRUS-TS'CEAN, n. or a. See Crustacea. CRUS-TA-CE-0L'0-6V, n. ["L. Crustacea, and Gr. Aov'if.l The science which treats of the crustaera. CRliS-TA-CE-O-LOG'IC-AL, a. Pertaining to cru^- taceology. CRUS-TA-CE-OL'O-GIST, n. One versed in crusLi- ceology. CRUS-Ta'CEOUS, (kru8-ta'shu3,) a. [Fr. crustacec, from L. crusta,] Pertaining to or of the nature of crust or shell ; belonging to the Crustacea, which see. Ed. Ena/e. CRUS-TA'CEOUS-NESS, n. The quality of having a soft and jointed iihell. CRUST'a-TED, a. Covered with a crust ; as, erustated basalt. Encyc. CRUST-A'TION, n. An adherent cnist ; incrustation. CRUST'ED, pp. Covered with a crust. CRUST'l-LY, adf. [from cn^s*y.] Peevishly ; harsh- ly ; morosely. CRUST'I-NESS, n. The quality of crtist ; hardness. 2. Peevisiiness; raoroseness ; surliness. CRUST'IN'G, ppr. Covering with crust. CRUST' Y, a. Like cru.-t ; of the nature of crust ; per- taining to a hard covering ; hard j as, a crusty coat ; a crusty surface or substance. 2. Peevi.sh ; snappish ; morose ; suriy ; a word used in fayniliar discourse, but not dtenimi elegant. [In the old writers Crust is vised.] CRUT, n. The rough, shaggy part of oak bark. CRUTCH, n. [It. croccia, or gruccia; D. knikf G. knicke; Sax.krtjcka: Dan. fcryftAe ; radically the same as crotch and crook.] 1. A staff with a cur\'ing cross-piece at the head, to be placed under the arm or shoulder, to support the lame in walking. 2. Fitruraticthi. old age. Shak. CRUTCH, v.t. 'Jo suppi^rt on cnitches ; to prop or sustain, with miserable helps, that whicli is feeble. Two ftxil* ihAl cruhh their frelle scu*e on Tcr»e. ItryiUn. CRUTCH'ED, pp. or a. (part. pro. krufcht, and adj. krutch'ed.) Supported with crutches. CPvUTCH'ED FRI'ARS. See Cbouched Fbiars. CRUX, 71. [L. crvx, a cross.] _ ,_ . . , Any thing that puzzles, vexes, or tries, m the high^ est degree. [Little used.] ^ ci.„i,j.- Dr. Sheridan. FATE, FXR, FALL, \VH.\T.- METE, PBBY.-PI.\E, M.\E(.NE, BIRD.- NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- 2SS CRY €R0'YS-E1A6E, R. A ii^h of tbe shark kind, having a triangular head and mcmtli. Diet. ofJVat. IIisL CRV, r. L; pret- and pp. Criep. It ought to be Cryed. [Fr. crier. The VVelsh has cri^ a cry, and rough, raw, criaw^ to cr\', clamor, or weep ; and creuu, to cr>', to crave; both deduced by Owen from cro, a combining cauae, a princijile, beginning, or hrst mo- tion ; also, what pervades or penetrates, a crij. This is the root of create, or from liie same root. Cr«, Owen deduces from rAf, with the prefix cij; and rAc, be renders a run or swift motion. This is certainly contracted from rAerf, a nice, the root of ride ; Owen to the contrary notwithstanding. All the senses of these words unite in that of iiihooting lorih, driviniz forward, or producing. There is a class of words a tittle different from the foregoing, which exactly give the sense of cr^. It. gridare; Sp. and Port, frri- tar; Hax. ^rtsdan ; S\v. grata; Dan. grader: D krij- ten; W, srydioio, to utter a rough sound, from rhydy the Welsh root o^ cry da, to shake or tremble, whence cradle. ( W. crcth, a trembling or shivering with cold, from ere; also, constitntiun, disposition.) The latter root, rkyd, crydUy would give cri, rough, raw, crude. Cry is a contracted word ; but wheiht-r from the for- mer or latter class of roots may be less obvious — pt>s- Bibly, all are from one source. If not, I think cry is from the French crier, and this from gridare, grU^rJ\ I. To utter a loud voice ; to speak, call, or ex- claim with veliemence ; in a very general sense, 3. To odi importunately j to utter a loud voice, by way of earnest rwiuest or prayer. Tb^ people cried \a Pti.iraoh fi-r brvad. — Gffn. xli. The people cried w Mo»=a, ajul he pnyed. — Num. xi. 3. To utter a loud voice in weeping ; to utter the voice (^sorrow ; to lamenL Bui ye tluill cr^ for sorrow of b^nK. — U. \xr. Euu critd wUU ai gr^^t aiid Utter cry. ^ Gen. xzvil. Also, to weep or shed tears in silence ; a popular %*e of the word. 4. To utter a loud sound in distress ; as, Heshbon ■hall cry. Is. XV. tie gi»eUi food lu ibe youn* rsTena which cry, — P». cxlvil. 5. To exclaim ; to utter a toud voice ; with out. 6. To proclaim; to utter a loud voice, In giving public notice. Go, iumI try In the ean of JeruMlem. —Jpt. Si. Ttie voice (A bim thai crieOi ui tbe wilderness. — la. xl. 7. To bawl ; to fiquall ; as a child. 8. To yelp, as a dog. It may be used for the ut- tering of a loud voice by other animals. To cry a^aingt ; to exclaim, or utter a loud voice by way of reproof, threatening, or censure. Arue, go to Nineveh, uiJ cry agaifitt St.— Jonah 1. To cry out ; to exclaim ; to vociferate ; to scream ; to clamor 2. To complain loudly. To cry out against ; to complain loudly, with a view to censure ; to blame ; to utter censure. To cry U>i to call on in prayer ; to implore. CRY, V. t. To proclaim ; to name loudly and publicly for K^viag notice ; as, to cry goods ; to cry a lost child. To cry down : to decry ; to depreciate by words or In writing; to dispraise; to condemn. Men of diaKilnte iivwa cry dotn religioa, beouiae tbeTWooM aot be uiMier the fMnOais of iu TUofMm. 3. To overbear. Cry down thia fdloWa liuolence. ShaJtt To ery up ; to praise ; to applaud ; to extol ; as, to cry up a man's talents or patriotism, or a woman's beauty ; to cry vjt the administration. 2. To raise the price by proclamation ; as, to ery up certain r^ins. [JVo/ in use.] Temple. To cry off: in tke vulvar dialeety is to publish inten- tions of marriage. CRT, n. ; pi. Cribs. In a general itensc, a loud sound uttered by the mouth of an animal ; applicable to the voice of man or^east, and articntate or inarticulate. 2. A loud or vehement sound, uttered in weeping, or lamentation ; it may be a shriek or scream. And there ahAll be a. grriU cry in uU the land of E^yp'. — f.x. zj. 3. Clamor j outcry ; as, war, war, is the public cry. XaA ttn-re woae a preat fry, — Acta xxiiL 4. Exclamation of triumph, of wonder, or of other passion. 5. Proclamation ; puhlic notice. At mMnij^C there w.i* a cry miwlc. — M^tC xx». 6. The notices of hawkers of wares to be sold in tiie street are called cries ; w*, tbe cries of London. 7. Acclamation ; expression of popular favor. Tbe cry went omx for Ihee. ShaA. S. A loud voice in distress, prayer, or reqn^ j Im- portunate call. Be fcr((rtt«th not the o-y of the hiimtle. — Pa. ix. Then wm» h gnmt cry la KgypL — Ks. ail. CRY 9. Public reports or complaints ; noise ; fame. Because the cry of Sodom and Gcmormh ia greitt — I will yo down, iiml K^ whcih-r tlvy have done aliogt-iher accoriiiig to (he cry oJ' iU —.Gen. XTJii. 10. Bitter complaints of oppression and injustice. He Iwoked for rijhiewiaiieM, and behold » cry. — Is, v. 11. The sound or voice of irrational animals ; ex- pression of joy, fright, alarm, or want ; as, the cries of fowls, the yell or yelping of dogs, &.c. 12. A pack of dog.s. . ShaJi. €RVAL, «. [W. crcgyr, a screamer.] The heron. Jiinsworth, €RY'ER, 71, See Crier. CRY'ER, 71. A kind of hawk, called ihe falcon gentle, an enemy to pigeons, and viry swift, jiinsworth. CR^'ING, i/pr. Uttering a loud voice ; proclaiming, &c. CRVIXG, a. Notorious ; common ; great ; as, a cry- ing sin or abuse. .Addison. CR^'IXd, H. Importunate call ; clamor; outcry. €RV'0-LiTE, 71. [Gr. «pu«$, cold, and AiOoy, stone, ice-stone.] A fluorid of sodium and aluminum, found in Gn.-enland, of a pale, grayish- white, snow-white, or yellowish-brown. It occurs in masses of a foliated structure. It has a glistening, vitreous luster. Dane. €RV-OPII'0-RUS, n. [Gr. KfVOi, frost, and 0o/>£(u, to bear.] Frost-bearer ; an instrument contrived by Dr. Wol- laston for freezing water by its own evaporation. CRVPT, n. [Gr. Kourro, to hide.] [Brandt, A sitbterriinean celt or cave, especially under a church, for the intenncnl of persons ; also, a siibter- rnnean chapel, or oratory, and the grave of a martyr. GRYP'Tie, (a. [Supra,] iliddun ; secnt; oc- €RVP'Tie-AL, \ cult. W'ufis, CRVP'Tie-AL-LY, ado. SecreUy. €RYP-TO-GA'.MI-A, >)i. [Gr. upvrroi, concealed, eRYP-TOG'A-MV, \ and ; au vj, marriage.] Concealed fructification. In botany, a class of plants whose stamens and pistils are not distinctly visible. LiantPiis. Ed. Encyc. €RYP-TO-G.^'MI-.^N, i a. Peruiining to plants of the eKYP-TO-GAM'ie, > class Cnjptogamia, includ- eRYP-TOG'A-MOIJS, ) ing ferns, mosses, sea- weeds, mushrooms, &.C. eRYP-TUG'.\-.MIST, 71. One who is skilled in cr>'p- togamir. botany ; one who favors the system of cryp- t*igamv in plants, lAndlcy. eRYP-rOG'RA-PUER, n. On^ who writes in secret characters. eRYP-TO-GRAPH'lC-AL, a. Written in secret char- acters or in cipher, or with sympathetic ink. CRYP-TOG'RA-PiiY, n. [Gr. «^u;rros, hidden, and }paipwj to write.] The act or art of writing in secret characters ; also, secret characters or cipher. €R YP-TOl.'0-6Y, n. [Gr. (rpun-ros, secret, and \oyoi, discourse.] Hecret or enigmatical language. CRYS'TAL, n. [L. cnjftallus ; Gr. KpvnrnWn^ ; Fr. eristal; Sp. cristfl/ ^ \U cruftnlla ; Ti. kristaJ : G. krys- tall ; W. erisial, from cris, it is said, a hard cru^L It is from the same root as rrosp, and VV. cre.fit, a contracted word, probably fi-om the root of the Welsh words, supra, and irrfAAfu, to set. The primary sense of the WeUh words is to shrink, draw, contract; a sen»e equally applicable to the effects of heat and cold. Qu. Ar. LT*^ karasa, Cb. Vyp kerask, to congeal. Class Rd, No. 8.1, ST).] 1. In chemistry and mineralogy, an inorganic body, which, by the operation of afliiiitv, hiis assumed the form of a regular solid, terminateJ by a certain num- ber of plane and smooth surfaces. CUaveland, 3. A factitious body, cast in, glass-houses, called crystal gUms ; a species of glass, more perfect in its conipostlion and manufiicture, than common glass. The best kind is the Venice crjstal. It is called also factitious crtjstid or paste. Encyc. J^Tichalsim. 3. A Buhsiance of any kind having the form of a 4. The glasn of a watch-case. [crj'slal. Rock rrystid, or mountain crystal ; a general name for all the transparent crystals of quartz, particularly of limpid or colorluss (piart?.. Iceland crystal; a variety of calcareous spar, or crj'stalli/.ed carbonate of lime, brought from Iceland. It occurs in laminated masses, easily divisible into rhombs, and ia remarkable for its double refraction. Cl*'aDclund. CRYS'TAT,, a. Consisting of crystal, or like crystal ; clear; transparent; lucid; pellucid. By cryMlnl ■trr-anu Ot/U miirmur through tii« meoda. Dryden, CRYS'TAI^FORM, a. Having the form of crystal. Encye. eRYS-TAL'M-NA^ n. An alkaloid obtained from Indigofera tinciona, the Indigo plant. CRYS'T AIRLINE, a. [L. crystalhnus ; Gr. KpvaraX- Aifoi-] CUB 1. Consisting uf crystal \ as, a crystalline palace, S/iak. S2. Resembling crystal; pure; clear; transjKirenti pellucid ; as, a cryslaliine sky. . JilUtoa. Cry.-italline heavens ; in ancient astronurny, two spheres imagined between tlie primum mobile and the firmament, in the Ptolemaic system, which sup- posed the heavens to be solid and only susceptible of a single motion. Bartow. Crystalline humor, j a lentiform, pellucid body, com- Crystalline lens ; \ posed of a very white, trans- parent, firm substance, inclosed in a membranous capsule, and situated in a depression in the anterior part of the vitreous humor of tlie eye. It is some- what convex, and serves to transmit and refract the rays of light to the vitreous humor. Encyc. Hooper. CRYS'TAL-LITR, 7t. A name given to whinstone, cooled slowly after fusion. Ilall. Tlutinson. €RYS'TAl^LrZ-A-BLE, a. [from erystalliie.} That may be crystallized ; that may form or be formed into crystals. Claoigero. « LuPoisier. €RYS-TAU-LI-ZA'TION, n. [from crystalli-.r.] The act or process by which the parts of a solid body, separated by the intervention of a fluid or by fifciion, again coalesce or unite, and form a solid body. If the process is slow and undisturbt^d, the [Kirtitles assume a regular arrangement, each substance Liking a de- terminate and regular form, according to its natural laws ; but if the process is rapid or disturbed, the substance takes an irregular form. This process is the edect of refrigeration or evaporation. Lavoisier. Eirwan. 2. The mass or body formed by the pr(»cess of crys- tallizing. Woodward'. eRYri'T.AL-Lt/E, r. t. To cause to form crystals. Common salt is crystallised by the evaporation of sea water. €RYS'TAL-1>IZE, r. t. To be converted into a crys- tal ; to unite, as the separate particles of a substance, and fonu a determinate and regular solid. £Ucli spociea of aatt crytlaiLixes in n peculiar form. LaeoisUr. €RYS'TAL-LIZ-/:D, pp. or a. Formed into cr\ stals. CRYS'TAL-LTZ-ING, ppr. Caushig to crysj^lliae ; forming or uniting in crystals. €RY8-TAL-L0G'RA-PHER, 71. [Infra.] One who describes crystals, or the manner of their formation. CRY^-TAL-LO-GRAPH'ie, i a. Pertaining to eRYS-TAL-LO-GKAPH'IC-AI., j crystallography. eRVS-TAL-LO-GKAPH'ie-AL-LY,o(/«. Inthenjan- ner of crystallography. €RYS-TAL-LO(;'RA-PHY, n. [crystal, as above, and ypaipn, description.] 1. The doctrine or science of crystallization, teach- ing the principles of the prtKess, and the forms and structure of crystals. 2. A discourse or treatise on crystallization. CTE-NOID'I-ANS, ite-noid'O n.pl. [Gr. .r*.<5,comb, and cM '5, form.] The third tirder of fishes, estab- lished by .^gassiz, characterized thus : skin covered with jagged, pectinated, unennmeled scales. CUB, n. [Allied perhaps to Ir. caobh, a branch, a shoot. But the origin of the word is imcertain.] 1. The young of certain quadrui)eds,asof thubear and the fitx ; a pii|>py ; a whelp. Waller uses the word for the young of the whale. 2. A yoimg boy or girl, in contempt. Shak* eUB, n. A stall for cattle. [JVot in use.] eUB, p. t. To bring forth a cub, or cubs. In eoi^ tempt, to bring forth young, as a woman. Druden, €UB, p. (. To shut up or confine. [JVot in use.] Burton. CU-BS'TION. n. [L. CMJafio, from eubo, to lie down.] The act of lying down ; a reclining. Diet. €C'BA-TO-RY, a. Lying down; reclining; incum- bent. Diet. CC'IiA-TCRE, n. [from cube.] The findinc exactly the solid or cubic contents of a body. Brandc. CUB'B/:U, (kubd,) pp. Brought forth ; shut up ; con- fined. [Usrdofbea.^ts.] eUH'BING, p;)r. Bringing forth, as beasts; shutting up in a stall. CIJB'-DUAVV^\, a. Drawn or sucked by cubs, applied by Hhakspeare to the bear. Cube, n. [Gr. Kv/iiii ; L. cubus, a die or cube ; Fr. cube; It. cuho; f^p.cubo; Pnri.eubo. In the two tatter languages, itsignifiesalsoa pail or tub, and in Port, the nave of a wheel. W. cab, a bundle, heap, or aggre- gate, a cube ; Ch. 3pp, to square, to form into a cube ; N-^aip, the game of dice, Gr. Kvjjci'i. It seems to bo allied to L.c«/>P, to set or throw down, and to signify tliat which is set or laid, a solid mass.] 1. In geometry, a regular solid body, with six equal square sides, an'ti containing etnial angl'-s. 2. In arithmetie., the product of a number multiplied Into itself, and that product miiltiplieil into tlie same number ; or it is formed by multiplying any niimher twice by itself; as 4 X*! = 16, untl lt> x4 — C4, the cube of 4. * The law of the pLtnela la, that the arjiiareB of t)ie lirnea of th^'r revoIiiUoiu arc in pru^joniaii to the cahta of ijKir iih-au a\»- tanc«». Cube rooty ts the number or quantity, which, mul- tiplied into Itself, and then Into the prodiict, produces TONE, BphL, UNITK. — AN"OEE, VI"CIOUS.— tJ u K; as J ; « as ? ; Cll a« SH ; TH as in THIS. 37 ?wy cue the cuIk i or which, twice multiplied into itself, pro- duces Ihf number uf which it is the rput ; thus, li i;j the cube nxjt or side uf ^, for 3 x 3^:=9, and 3 X 9 = 27. • COBC, r. L To raise to the third power, by multiply- w.ai a number into iL^elf twice. eCBE'-OKE. n. An ore of a green color, consistingof arseuic acid and iron. S eO'BEB.M. [Ar. AjIx^s kabakmi Indian Atftote. Clasa Gb, No. 45. Sp. cubeba.] The small, spicy Um of ihc Piper eniebtiy from 3a- ra, and ihe other K:ist India i^ra. It was formerly caUfd,from its short stems, Piper unu/otinn, or laileil pt-pper. It ffst^mliles a tirum uf pepper, but is sume- wh.-tt lonetT. In aromatic wartulii and pungency, it is far inferior to pepper. Cexe. KncjfC €C'BI&\L.*!*' [l* "^«^» ^" «*«• See Cote.] Having the form or properties of a cube ; that may be or is contained within a cube. A cubic foot of wtfter is the water that may be cuolained within six equal sides, each a foot square. Cmbic t^ativm ; in filgtbra. an equation in which the bighest or only power of the unknown quantity b a cube. Barloic. Cii>(C mMnt^er^ Is a number pn^duced by miiltipty- ing a number into itself, and tliui protluct by the same number; or It is the numbt-r arising from the mulliplicatton uf a square number by its root. [See CCHB.] CO'BIC-AL-LY, o^r. In a cubical method. eO'BI€;-AL-M::ss, K. The state or quality of being CC-Bie'U-LAR, d. [L. cubietUuM.] [cubical. BfUminng to a chamber. eU-Bie'lf-LA RY, 0. [U cubicuium, a bedroom.] Fitted for llie posture uf tying down. [LittU used.] Brwu. €0'BI-FORM, a. HavinR the form of a cube. O/xe, eO'BIT, m. [ L- cvbituj, the elbow ; Gr. nvpt TOf ; prob- ably allied (o L. cubo, and sifpiifying a turn or comer.] l.ln oaotaR*, the fore arm ; the ulna, a bone of the arm fium the dbow to the wrist. Qace. Emcfc 3. In atensuratiom^ the len|^h of a nuui's arm from thv cxtivmity of the middle finger. The cii ancients, n'as of a different length am : notions. Dr. Arbuthnot states Uie Ruin^ ciihit ni seventeen inchcis and four tenths; the cuhit of the fcriptures at a little le«s than twen- ty-two inches; and the English cubit at eighteen inches. t^tcfc eO'BtT-AL, «. Of the length or uksasnre of a cubiL 9: Peitainins to the cubit or ulna ; as, the cmbUai nerve ; eubiul arter>- ; c*bual mnsck. .flvopcr. Ozs. Ct>'BIT-ED, a. Having the nteasor* of a cubiL eCBXES^d. Ha\ine no cubs. [SMdan. CC'Ba-DO-DF:c A-li^'DRALjO. Presenting the two forms, a cube and a dodccahedroru CleateUnd. CC'BOID, a. UavtniE nearly the form of a cube. CU-BOIIVAL, a. rOr. KL lays its eggs in a nest formed by another bird, hv which they are hatrhed. C}jCK'00-BUD, n. The plant crowfoot or buttercup. SJtak. eyCK'OO-FLOVV-ER, It. A plant, a species of Car- namine or Lady's Siuock. eyCK'OO-LIKli, (k^k'oo-) a. Like the cuckoo. €tCK'00-PINT, n. A plant, of the genus Arum. €UCK'00-:^Pn\ i n. A dew or exudation €yCK'0O-ePIT-TLE, ( found on plants, especially about the joints of lavender and roseniar)'. Brown. Or a froth tu- spume found nil the leaves of certain plants, as on white Hetd-lychnis or catchlly, called, aometiniea, epaUing-peppy. Encyc, CUCaUflAN, n. [Fr. eomt%ne.\ A vile, lewd woman. [Abe ra tuf.l B. Jonson, eO'eUI^LATE, \ a. [L, euculUttua, from cucaUtu. eO'eUL-LA-TED, ! a hood, a c^vL] 1. Hooded ; cowled ; covered as with a hood. 3. Having the shape or resemblance of a hood ; or wide at the top and drawn to a point below, in shape of a conical roll of paper ; as, a emeuUate leaf. CO'CUM-BKR, n. [Fr. coucombre. or eoHcambrtiy from L. eueumer or eueumis ; Sp. eohamhro ; D. komnutmmer ; Ir. eueamhar.] The name of a plant and its fruit, of the genus Cucumis. The flower is yellow and belt-shaped ; and the stalks are long, slender, and trailing on the ground, or climbing bv their claspers. eCeUR-BIT, ) n. fL. cucurbita, a gourd ; It. id. ; €0'€UR-BITK, I rr.eucurbUe; from L. curvitas.] A chemical vessel in the shape of a gourd ; but sonie of them are shallow, with a wide muiith. It may be made of copper, glass, tin, or stone ware, and is used in distillation. This vessel, with its head or cover, constitutes tli»» alembic. €U-€UR-BI-TA'CEOUS, a. Resembling a gourd ; as, eiteHrbitaet^ug plants, such as the melon and pump- kin or poniplon. Milne. Jilartyn. €U-€UR'BI-TIVE, a. A word applied to small worms shaped like the seeds of a gourd. CUD, n. [As this word is olV-n vulgarly pronounced fmidy I suspect it to be a corruption of the D. kaauwd^ gekaamwd^ chewed, from kaauwen^ to chew. Arm. ekagueiMj Sax. cA»Nin. See Chew and Jaw.] 1. The food which ruminating animals chew at leisure, when not grazing or eating ; or that portion of it which is brought from the tirst stomach and chewed at once. 2. A portion of tobacco held in the mouth and chewed. 3. The inside of the motith or throat of a beast that chews the cud. Eneyc eUD'BEAR, n. [A conupClon of CutAfterC, with a French prununciation, so called after a man of this name, who first brought it into notice.] A plant, the Lec^nora Tatarca, of the order of Li- chens, much employed in dyeing. It gives a purple color. €UD'DE\, ) n. A clown ; a low rustic ; a dolt. [JVot eUD'DY, j usfd.] Dryden. eUD'ULE, r. i. [Arm. euddyo ; W. ruiiav, to hide, to lurlt, to cover or keep out of sight ; Sax. eudele^ the euttle-fijth. Qu. hide and cheaL See Class Gd, No. 26, 30, 31, 38.] To retire from sight ; to lie close or snug ; to squat. Prior. CUD'DLE, v. t To hug ; to fondle. Forby. Holloway. eUD'DY, n. A small cabin in the fore part of a lighter or boat. Totten. Hence, 2. A very small apartment. 3. The cole-fish. €UD'6EL, n. [VV. cogel; from cdg, a mass, lump, or ehort piece of wood. The Scot, cud, Teut. kodde, kudse^ is a different word ; dg in English being gen- erally from gj as in pledgty bridge^ &c.] A short, thick stick of wood, such as may be used by the hand In beating. It dilfers strictly from a club, which is larger at one end than the other. It is shorter than a pole, and thicker than a rod Dnjden. Locke, To cross the cudgels; to forbear the contest ; a phrase borrowed from the practice of cudgel-players, who lay one cudgel over another. Johnson. €UD'GEL,». L To beat with a cudgel or thick stick. Swift. 5J. To beat in general. Shak. €UD'GEL-f:D, pp. Beaten with a cudgel. €CD'GEL-ER, n. One who beats with a cudgel. €UD'GEL-L\G, ppr. Beating with a cudgel. €LT)'GEL-PROOF, a. Able to resist a cudgel ; not to be hurt by beating. Hadibras. eUD'LE, (kud'l,) n. [Uu. Scot, cuddle.] A small sea-fish. Carew. eUD'WEED, n. A plant of the genus Gnaphalium ; called, also, everlasting, goldylocks, or eternal flower, of many species. The flowers are remarkable for retaining their beauty for years, if gathered in dry weather. Encyc. CDE, (ku,) n. [Fr. queue; L. eauda; It. and Sp. coda.] I. The tail ; the end of a thing ; as the long curl of a wig, or a long roll of hair. CUL 2. The last words of a speech, which a player, who is to answer, catches and regards as an iniiiuatiun to begui. A hint given to an actor on the sta;:.:, wh;U or when to speak. " Johnson. Eixcyc* 3. A liint ; an intimation ; a short direction. 4. The iHirt which any man is to play in his turn. Were it mjf au to fifi'lit. Shai. 5. Humor; turn or temper of mind, [y^lgar,] G. A farlliing, or farthinc's worth. Beaunu 7. The straight rod, useuin playing billiards. CUER'PO, (kwer'iK),) n. [Sp. cuerpo, L. cor}>us, body.] To be in cuerpo, or to walk in cuerpo, are S[t;n)lbli phrases for being without a cloak or upper garment, or without the formalities of a full dmss, en that the shape of the body is expoe«ed. Encyc Hence, to be in cuerpo, also denotes to be naked or unprolectfcd; as, expt^etl in cucrpo to their mge. ,., Hadibras. eUFF, n. [Pcrs. \J3 kafa, a blow ; Ch. (Jpj, .id. ; Ar. U-iLiLT nak^fa, to strike ; Heb. Ups, to strike off, to sever by striking, to kill. The French coup coin- cides with cuff in elements, hut it is supposed lo he contracted from It. colpo, L. colaphus. Cuff, however, agrees with the Gr. Konrti).] 1. A blow with the fist ; a stroke ; a box. iJ. It is used of fowls that fight with their talons. To be atflsty-ctiffs: to fight with blows of the fi.-t. CUFF, r. t To strike with the fist, as a man ; or with talons or \ving3, as a fowl. Congreve. Dmilen. CUFF, r. i. To fight; to scuffle. Drydr,,. CUFF, H, [This word probably signifies a fuld or doubling ; Ar. C ^l «=^ kau/a, to double the border and sew together ; Ch. «f D, lo bend ; Heb. «]D3 ; Gr. KVJtTto ; Low L. cippus. Class Gb, No. 65, *.8, 75.] The fold at the end of a sleeve ; the part of a sli-eve turned back from the hand. Arbuihnut. CUFF'ED, (kurt,) pp. Struck with the fist. CUFF'ING,;>or. Striking with the fist. CO'Fie, a. An epithet applied to the older characters of the Arabic language, used at the time of Mo- hammed, apd about three centuries after, when those now jn use were invented. Encyc, Am. cut BO' .^-O, (ki-bO'no,) [L.] For whose benefit, (cMi est bono 1) CUIN'AGE, (kwin'aje,) n. The stamping of pigs of tin, by the proper otficer, with the arms of the duchy of Cornwall ; corrupted from coinage. McCuUodi. CUl-RASS', (kwe-ras',) n. [Fr. cuirasse; It. corazza; Sp. coraza; Port, coura^a : W. cnras. Qu. from cor, the heart ; or from Fr. cuir, L. corinm, leather.] A breastplate ; a piece of defensive armor, made of iron plate, well hammered, and covering the body from the neck to the girdle. Encyc. cut RAS-SlKR', (kwc-ras-secr',) n. A soldier armed with a cuirass, or breastplate. Milton. CUISH, (kwis,) n. [Fr. caisse, the thigh or leg ; W. coes; Ir. cos.] Defensive armor for the thighs. Shak. Dn/drn. CUT'STJVE', (kwe-zeen',) n. [Fr.] The cookmg de- partment ; cookery. CUL'DEE, n. [L. cultores Dei, worshipers of God.] A monkish priest, remarkable for religious duties. The Culdees formerly inhabited Scotland, In^land, and Wales. Encyc CUL-DE-SAC, [Ft.] LiteraUy, the bottom of a bag, and figuratively, a street which is not open at both ends. Bouvier. CUL'ER-AOE,n. [Ft. cut.] Another name of the Arse-smart. CU-LIC'I-FORM, (ku-lis'e-form,) a. [L. culex, a gnat or Ilea, and/orma, form.] Of the form or shape of a flea ; resembling a flea. CO'LI-NA-RY, a. [L. cuZi/iaritts, from cuiina,^ kitch- en, W. cyl. See KiL!*.] Relating to the kitchen, or to the art of cookery ; used in kitchens ; as, a culinary fire ; a culinary ves- sel ; cuiinary herbs. , JVeKt/)n. CULL, c. (. [Q,u. Fr. ciuUlir. It. cogUere, to gather ; Norm, culhir; It. sceglicre. To cull is rather to sep- arate, or to take.] To pick out ; to separate one or more things from others ; to .select from many ; as, to cull flowers ; to cull hoops and staves for market. ' . Pope., Prior. Lams «f Conn. GULL'£D, pp. Picked out ; selected from many. CUL'LEN-DER, lu A strainer. This, which is the more regular spelling, is now used in some standard English works. [See Colander.] CULL'ER, n. One who picks or chooses from many. 2. An inspector who selects merchantable hoops and staves for market. Laios of Mass. and Conn. eUL'LET, n. Broken glass,to be melted over. Brande. eUL-LI-BIL'I-TY, n. [fromcu%.] Credulity; easi- ness of being gulled. [J^'ot clrgant.] Sitift, CULL'I.VG, ppr. Selecting ; choosing from many. eULL'ING, n. Any thing separated or selected "from a mass ; refuse. Drayton, CULL'ION, (kul'yun,) n. [It. cogUone.] FiTE, FAR, FALL, WIL^T. — MkTE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK. — 900 " - CUL 1, A mean wretch. If from etdlijj one easily de- ceived ; a dupe. Dnjden. 2. A round or bulbous root ; Orchis. [L. colrus.'] €ULL'IO.\-LY, o. Mean J base. [A bud word ^ and not tLsinW\ Sliak. eUL'LFS, n. [Pr. coulisj from coulcr, to strain.] 1. Broth of boiled meat strained. Beaum. and Ft. 9. A kind of jelly. Marston, €UL'LY, n. £See tlie verb.] A person who is meanly deceived, tricked, or imposed on, as by a sharper, jilt, or strumpet ; a mean dupe. Ifudibras. €L'L'LY, V. U [D. JfcitHfrt, to cheat, to ^U.] To deceive ; to trick, cheat, or impose on; to jilt. €rjL'LV-I\G, ppr. Deceiviuf; ; tricking. €UL'LY-ISM, rt. The stale of a cully. [Cm/Zj/ and il3 derivatives are not elegant words.] CL'LM, n. [L. culinas; It. colbk; W. colov^ a stalk or stem ; L. caaJLs; D. kitoL. See (Iuili. and Haulm.] 1. tn botany, the Stalk or stem of com and grasses, usually jointed and hollow, and supporting the leaves and fntcttfication. Jfartyn. 2. The struw or drj- stalks of com and grasses. 3. Anthracite coal ; a species of fossil coal, found in small masses, not adhi-ring when heated, difficult to be ignited, and burning with little tlame, but yielding a disagreeable smell. ^VirhoUon, Joartu qf Science* 4. Comminuted anthracite coal. OUberU eiJL'MEV, n. [L.] Top ; summit. CrL-MIF'ER-Oirs, a. [L. culmus, a stalk, and f«ro^ to bear. J !. Storing culms. Cutmiferous plants have* a smooth, jointed stalk» usually hollow, and wnipput at each joint with single, narrow, shari>- pointed leaves, and their seeds contained in chaffy busks, as wheat, r>'e, oats, and barley. .Milne. Quincy. Q. Abounding in culm or glance coal. Sedgwick. 3. Cnntaining culm. €UL'M1X-aTE, v. i. [L. euImeTi, a top or ridge.] To be vertical ; to come or be in the meridian ; to be in the liighest point of altitude ; as a planet. Milton. €UL'MtN'-ATE, a. Growing upward, as distin- guished from a lateral growth ; a term applied by Dana to the growth of corals. ■ erL'MI\-A-TIXG,ppr. or a. Being at the meridian ; hitving it-4 highest elevation. eUL-MI.N-X'TIO.V, n. The transit of a heavenly body over the meridian, or highest point of alti- tude for the day. BarUno. a. Top ; crown. eUL-PA-HIL'I-TY, n. [See Culpable.] Blamablo- ne»w ; culpableness. CUL'P.VBLE, a. [Low h. culvabilij ; Fr. coupable ; It. colpabUe: from !•. calpa, a fault ; \V. ewlf a fault, a flagumg, a drooping, likc/au/f, from fail.'] 1. Rlimahle ; deserving censure, as the person who has done wrong, or the act, ctmduct, or negli- gence of the person. We say, the man is culpable, or Voluntary ignorance is culpable. 2. Sinful; criminal; immoral; faulty. But gener- ally, cuJpabU is applied to acts less atrocious than criuies. 3. Guilty of; as, culpable of a crime. [.Vnt used.] Sprnger. CULTA-BLB-XES.S, n. Blamableness ; guilt; the quality of deserving blame. CUL'PA-BLY, arfr. Blamahly ; in a faulty manner; in a manner to merit censure. CUL'PRIT, m. [.Supposed to be formed from oil, for cu/p(iA/*, and ^i(, ready ; certain abbreviation* used by the clerks m noting the arraicnment of criminals ; the prisoner is guilty, and the king is ready to prove him so.] Blackstane. 1. A person arraigned In court for a crime. Dryden. 5. Any person convictpd of a crime ; a criminal. erTL'TER, B. f I*.] A colter ; which fue. CUI--TI-HOS'TkAL, a. [U eulter, a colter, and «*- trum, a beak.] Having a bdl flhaned like the colter of a plow, or like a knife, as the heron. Partint^t^in. eUL'TI-VA-BLE, a. [See Cultitatb.] Capable of being tilled or ciiltivated. Med. Rqtn.9. Ktlwards^s W. Ind. €UL-TI-VA'TA-BLE, a. Cultivable. Edward.i. eur/Tl-VXTE, p. t [Pr. cuWwer f Sp. and Port. citUiear : It. calticare ; from L. coh^ eultusy to till, to dweiy • I. To till ; to prepare for crops ; to manure, plow, dress, sow, and reap; to labor or manage and im- prove in husbandry; as, to cultivate laud ; tocuttirate a farm. Sinclair. a. To improve by labor or study ; tn advance the growth of; to n-finc and improve by correction of faults, and enlargement of powers or good quali- ties ; as, to euUivate tak-nls ; to cultivate a taste for poetry. • 3. To study ; to labor to imprrtve or advance ; as, to eultieai^ philosophy ; to culttvntf the mind. 4. To cheriKh ; to fiister ; to labor to promote and Increase ; as, Ut eulfirate the Itrve of excellence ; to euUtcate gracious a/Tectiona. CUM 5. To Improve ; to meliorate, or to labor to make better ; to correct ; to civilize ; as, to cultivate the wild savage. 6. To raise or produce by tillage ; as, to cultivate corn or grass. Sinclair. €UL'TI-VA-TED,;.p.ora. Tilled ; improved in ex- cellence or condition ; corrected and enlarged ; cherished ; meliorated ; civilized ; produced by til- lage. eUL'TI-VS-TING,;jpr. Tilling; preparing for crops; improving in worth or good qualities; meliorating; enlarging; correcting; ibstering; civilizing; produ- cing bv ti!lai;e. eUl^Tl-VA'TION, n. The art or practice of tilling and preparing for crops ; husbandry ; the manage- ment of land. Land is often made better by cultiva- tion. Ten acres under good cu/dpariora will produce more than twenty when badly tilled. 2. Study, care, and practice directed to improve- ment, correction, enlargement, or increase ; tlie ap- plication of the means of improvement ; as, men may grow wiser by the cultivation of talents ; they may grow better by the cultivation of the mind, of virtue, and of piety. 3. The producing by tillage ; as, the cultivation of corn or grass. eUL'Ti-VA-TOR, n. One who tills, or prepares land for crops ; one who manages a farm, or carries on the operations of husbandry m general ; a farmer; a husbandman ; an agriculturist. 2. One who studies or lalHirs to improve, to pro- mote, and advance in good qualities, or in growth. 3. A kind of harrow. CUL'TRATE, ( a. [L. eultratusy from eulter, a eUL'TRA-TED, j knife.] Sharp-edged and pointed ; shaped like a pmning- knife ; as, the beak of a bird is convex and cnltrated. Encyc, art. Corvus. Loudon. eUL'TliRE, rkult'yur,) «. [L. cultura, from coh. See CCLTITATB.J 1. The act of tilling and preparing the earth for crops ; ciiUivation ; the application of labor or other means of improvement. We ou^t to l)l.t.me the culture, not the •oil. Pope. 2. The application of labor, or otiier means, to im- prove good qujilities in, or growth ; as, the ctUture of the mind ; the culture of virtue. 3. 'I'he application of labor, or other means, in pro- ducing ; as, the culture of com or grass. 4. Any labor or means employed for improvement, correction, or growth. eUL'TTJRE, V. t. To cultivate. Thornson. CPL'T(]R-£D, pp. Cultivated. eUL'T^KE-LESS, a. Having no culture. €UL'TlIR-I\G,p;jr. Cultivating. eCL'TUR-IST, «. A cultivator. CUL' VER, ru [Sax. cu^fer, culfra ; Arm. colm ; L. co- lumba.] A pigeon, or wood-pigeon. TViitmson. CUL'VER-llOUSE. n. A dove-cote. Harmar. eilL'VER-IN, n. [Fr. eouleavrinc ; lU colabrina ; Sp. eulebrina; from L. eolubrinusj from coluber, a ser- pent.] A long, slender piece of ordnance or artillery, serv- ing to rarrv a biUl to a great distance. Encyc. CCL'VER-KP.Y, (kS,) n. A plant, or flower. tValton, eUL'VEKT, n, A passage under a road or canal, cov- ered with a bridge ; an arched drain for the passage of water. Ct/e. eUL'VER-TAIL, n. [culver and eaS.] Dovetail, in ioinery and carpentry, TL'VER TAIL-KD, r-tald,) a. United or fastened, as pieces of timber, by a dovetailed joint; a term tuied bit shiptBrifrhtA, Encyc eUM'BEN'j', a. [L. enmho.'] ■Lying down. CUM'BER, r. L [Dan. kummer, distress, encumbrance, grief; D. kommeren f Q. kiimmern, to arrest, to con- cern, to trouble, to grieve; Fr. encombrer, to encum- ber.] L To load, or crowd. A nrirtx of rrivolom Mguincnti eumberM the memorr to nopiir- po*';. Locke. 2. To check, slop, or retard, as by a load or weight ; to make motion diHicult ; to obstnict. 3. To perplex or embarrass ; to distract or trouble. Miirtba wa« cuinbertd nbout much Krviitg. — Luke x. 4. To trouble ; to be troublesome to ; to cause trouble or obstrurtion iu, as any thing useless. Thus, bramblirs cumber a garden or field. [See Encumrcr, which Is more (icnerally used.] eUM'BER, n- Hinderance; obstruction; burdensome- ness; embarrassment; disturbance; distress. Th'a KkIc ihy helps, »ml thus ihj citinbere Brrin^. Spenaer. [Thift leord u now itcaretly jisrd.] eUM'BKR-Kf), pp. I-ondefl ; crowded. €UM'BER-lNG,;7»r. leading ; crowding; obstructing. eUM'BER-HO.\IE, o. Troublesome ; burdensome ; embarTassing ; vexatiotis ; as, cumberMme obedience. Sidney. CUN 2. Unwieldy; unmanageable; not easily borne or managed ; as, a cumbersome load ; a cumbersmnc ma- chine. eUM'BER-SOifE-LY, adv. In a manner to encum- ber. Shenooad. €UM'BER-SOME-NESS, n. Burdensomeness ; the quality of being cumbersome and troublesome. CUM'BRANCE, n. That wliich obstructs, retards, or renders motion or action diiricult and toilsome ; bur- den ; encumbrance ; hinderance ; oppressive load ; embarrassment. Milton. CUM'BROUS, a. Burdensome ; troublesome ; render- ing action difficult or toilsome ; oppressive ; as, a cumbrous weight or charge. Mdton. Dryden. 2, Giving trouble ; vexatious ; as, a cloud of curor broas gnats. Spm.^'eT. 3. Confused ; jumbled ; obstructing each other; as, the cumbrovj elements. Milton. CUM'BROUS-LY, adv. In a cumbrous manner. eUM'BROUS-NESS n. State of being cumbrous. eUM'FREY, (kum'fry,) k. A genus of plants, the Symphytum; sometimes written CoMFREy,CuuFRr, and CuMPHRY. eUM'IN, 71. [L. cuminum; Gr. Kvutvov ; OrientaH^oa, kamon. The verb with which this word seems to be connected, signilies, in Ar. Ch. Syr. and Sam., to re- tire from sight, to lie concealed.] An annual plant whose seeds have a bitterish, warm taste, with an aromatic flavor ; Cuminum cvminum. CUM'.MING-TON-TTE, n. A new mineral discovered by Dr. J. Porter, in Curamiiijrton and Plainfield, Hamp- shire county, Massachusetts, and named by Pruf. Dewey. It is massive, the composition thin, colum- nar, scapiform, stellular, rather incoherent, fibers somewhat curved, luster silky, color ash-gray, trans- lucent to opaque, brittle. Porter. Sfiepard. GO'MU-LATE, r. t, [h.cumulo: Russ. tow, a mass or lump; h. cumulu.i, a heap; Fr. comblcr, cutnuler i Sp. cumular ; It. eumidare.] To gather or throw into a heap; to form a heap; to heap together. Woodward. [Accumulate is more generally used.] eU-JlU-LA'TlON, n. The act of heaping together ; a heap. [See Accumulation.] CO'MULA-TIVE, a. Composed of parts in a heap; forming a mass. Bacon. 2. That augments by addition ; that is added to Boincthing else. In laic, that augments, as evidence, facts, or arguments, of the same kind. Cu'MU-LOSE, a. Full of heaps. « eO'iMU-LO-STRA'TUS, n. [L. curmUiu! and stratiut.) In meteorology^ a name given to a cloud haviua, in its main body, the characters of the stratus, but in its margin, small tufts like the cumulus. D. Olmsted. €0'MU-LUS, n, [L., a heap.] In meteoroto>ry, a name given to one of the four fundamental clonds, from its structure in conve.t masses piled one U[>on another. D. OhiL^ted. eUN, c. e. To know. [JVotusrd.] [See Cos.] 2. To direct the course of a ship. [See Co.nd, the tnie orthography.] CUNC-TA'TION, n. [L. cunctor, tu delay.] Delay, [.^rot much used.] eUNC-TA'TOR, n. One who delays or lingers. [Lit- tle used.] Hammond. CUND, V. t. To give notice. [See Co;«d.] €0'NE-AL, 0. JL. cMncM.-t, a wedge. See Co i v.] Having the (onn of a wedge. CU-Nil'l-FORM, I a. [L. cunea^, a wedge, and/onna, CC'Nl-FORM, j form.] Having the shape or form of a wedge. eUN'NER, H. A vulgar local name fur the limpet or patella. Gilbert. eUN'NING, a. [Sax. cunnnn, eonnan; Goth, kunnan, to know ; Sw. kunna, to be able, to know ; kunnig, known ; also, knowing, skillful, cunning; D. kunnen^ can, to be able, to hold, contain, understand, or know; O. kUnncn. See Can.] 1. Knowingi skillful ; experienced ; wrll-instmrt- ed. It is applied to all kinds of knowledge, lint gen- erally and appropriately, to the nkill and dexterity of artificers, or the knowledge acquired by experience. Esfiu WM 0. running liiinicr. -Gfii. xxiii. I will uke ftwiw Ui'' cunning iinifictr. — li. III. A cunning wofkiii.in. — Kx, xxxviii, 2. VVroupht with skill ; curious ; ingenious. Wllh c\v:nitM of cunning work nh-ill Uinu rnuke them. — Gx. xxvL [The foregoing spn8e.i occur fretiuently in our vcraion of the Scriptures, but are vr.arlii nr quite obsolete] 3. Artful ; shrewd ; sly ; crafty ; lutule ; design- ing ; as, a cunning fellow. They arrrfioWrd to U? cunuing ; let oihcM run the hw-fird of buiij ■iiicere. Sovlh. In this sense, the purpose or final rnd of t*ie per- son may not be illaudnbic ; but cnnming Implies the use of artilire to accomplish the purptwe, ralluir than open, candid, or direct nniaiis. (letn-e, 4. Deceitful ; trickiifh ; employing stratagems for a bad purpose. TONE, BJJLI-^ UNITE. — AN"OEB, VI"CIOUa — € as K; as J; « as Z; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. CUP & Assumed with subtilty ; artful. Aomondaf hb tutrfrit/ to be but » cmuunf bee orfiita>4«oo(l. eUX'MXG, M. KDOwledse: art: skill: dexterity. Let mj riftit hAiid ftiTfM tm Miudjiir. — P>> cxxxrU. 3. Art; artifice; nrtfVilness ; craft; shrewdness; the foculty or act of using stratagem to nccomptiah a purpose. Hence, in a tuft sen^r^ deceitfulnesa or deceit i fraudulent skill or dexterity. DinoanFC eunmnf la a chUJ ; eunninf is the s{» of wladem. Lock*. aqMi,aUttlecup;Cb.aoKA.- Ar i^y^s kmbtm, Ctan Gb, No. 48. Bee also No 6. The primary sense may be, hollow, bending, RussLAspa^, or containing ; most probably the latter, and alhed to L. capta. See So. 50, 53, 68, and Coop.] 1. A small vessel of capacity, used commonly to drink out of. It is ui^ually m:ide of metal ; &>«, a sil- ver cup; a tin cup. But the name is also given to vessels of like shape, used for other purpn changed by fire iiUn a fluid scorin, it nb^orUs iliem. Thus when ft mixture of lead with gnld or silver is heated in a strong fire, the lead is oxyd^.trd, and sinks into the mbsOUice of the cupel, while the gold or silver re- mains pure. This kind of ve^isel is made usually of pboeploie uf lime, or the rei^tdue of burnt bones, xaiumed into a mtrid, which gives it its figure. Enctfc ijQtoisifT. .YtcAolson. €:C'P£L-DUST, a. Powder used in purifying metals. ■Smart. eU-PEl^LA'TIOX, n. The refining of gold, silver, and some other metals. In a cupel, or by scorification. Lacoisier. ^tckoUtnL, £iicyc. CUP'-GALIi, a. A singular kind of gall found on the leaves of osik, &,c. It contains the worm of a ?mall fly. £nfyc. eCPro, n. [L. cupid4>.\ In mytJuthfry^ the god of love. CU-PID'I-TY, n. [L, cKpiditaSy from cupidMS, from ea- pio, to desire, to covet. See Class Gb, No. 02, 24.] An eager desire to possess somi^thing; an ardent wishing or longing ; inurdinaie or unlawful desire of wealth or power. Il is not used, I believe, for the CUR animal appetite, like lust or concupiscence, but for desire of the mind. No propcrtT b arevn whfjn it beeomea Lxrg« enough to t^mpl the cujiiihl^ o( indi^u( power. Bart§. eUP'-MOS3, «. A vague term for a sort of moss, or some plant called a moss, whether correctly or not is uncertain. eO'PO-LA, n. [It. cupola; Sp. cupula: from the root of CUP, or rather from \V. copy a top or suuiniit.] 1. In arcAitecturej a spherical vault on the top uf an edifice ; a dome. 2. The round top of a structure ; as, the cupola of a Aimare. Encyc eO'PO-L.\i:D, a. Having a cupola. [JVot used.] Herbert, CUP'P£D, (kupt,) pp. Bled by means of cupping- glasses. eUP'PER, n. [fn»m eup.] One who applies a cup- plnii-glnss; a scnrttler. CuP'Pl.NG, ppr. or «. -Applying a cupping-glass, with scanfication ; a drawing bliH>d witli a cupping-glass. €UP'PING-GLASS, n. A pliiss vessel like a cup, to be applied to the skin, before and after scarification, for drawing blood. CC'PRE-UfSi, a. [L. cuprexu, from cuprum^ cop(»er.] C<»pi>eri' ; consisting of copper j resembling copper, or pnrt.'iking of its qualities. Encyc Boyle. €U-PKlF'ER-OUS, a. [U cuprum^ copper, and /wo, to Iwar.]^ Containing or afiording copper; as, cupriferous sil- ver. Tookt, Ross. eUP'-ROSE, «. The poppy. CUP'-SHAP-£D, (-shapl,) a. Shaped like a cup. eOTU-LA, I a. [L, cupala.'] In botanvy the cup of CC'PULE, \ theacorn, hu^kof the filbert, chestnut, &c ; a peculiar combination of bracts. P. Cijc. €U-PLT-UF'ER-OUS, a. Bearing cuiniles. CUR, n. [Clu. Lnpponic eoirai Basque dumirra; Ir. gyr, ffaier, a dog. J A degenerate dog ; and, in reproach, a worthless man. .Addison. Shak, Dnjden. €CR'A-BLE, a. [See Cure.] That may be healed or cured ; admitting a remedy ; as, a curable wound or disease ; a curable evil. Drvden, €0R'A-BLE-NES8, n. Possibility of being cured, healed, or remedied. eU-RA-C^A', {ku-ra-s5',) n. A liqueur or cordial, fla- vored with orange peel, cinnamon, and nince, and deriving its name from the Island uf Curacoa, where it is best made. Brandt. €0'RA-Cy, I a. [See Cure and Curate.] The eO'RATG-SHIP, I otiice or employment of a ciirJte ; the employment of a cterg>-inan who represents the incumttt^iit or beneticiary of a church, parson, or vic- ar, and otHciates in bis stead. SiD\fL S. A benefice held by license from the bishop. €U-RAR'I-NA, n. An alkaloid obtained from the La- siustoma Curare, or the Woorara-tree uf South Amer- ica. CO'RATE, m. [L. cmratory or eurotiu, firom cum, care. Bee Cure.] 1. .\ clercjman in the Church of England, who is employed to perform divine service in the place of the incumbent, parson, or vicar. Kncyc There are two kinds ; stipendiary being one who is hired by the rector or vicar to serve for him, and per- petual being one who is not dependent uu the rector, but is supported by a part of the tithes or otherwise. Brande. S. One employed to perform the duties of another. Dnideiu . eO'RA-TIVE, a. Relating to the cure of diseases ; tending to cure. ArbulknoU €U-Ra'TOR, n. [L. See Cure.] One who has the care and superintendence of any thing. Swift 2. A guardian appointed by law. Aijliffe. % Among tke Romans^ a trustee of the afiairs and interests of a person emancipated or interdicted. Also, one appointed to regulate the price of mer- chandise in the cities, and to superintend the cus- toms and tributes. Encyc. 4. In the United Provinces ^ or ITollandy the curator of a university superintends the affairs of the institu- tion, the administration of the revenues, the conduct of the professors, &c. Encyc. eU-RA'TRIX, Ti. She that cures or heals. Cudioorth, CURB, n. [Fr. eourber, in bend; Russ. koroblyu, to bend, to draw in, to strailcn.] I. In tJtc manege, a chain of iron made fast to the upper part of the branches of the bridle, in a hole called the eye, and running over the beard of the horse. It consists of three parts; the hook, fixed to the eye of the branch ; the chain or links ; and ttie two rings or mails. Encyc. 9. Restraint ; check ; hinderance. Religion should operate as an efl^ectual curb to the passions. 3. A frame or a wall round liie mouih of a well. 4. .[Ft. courbc ; lu corba, a disease and a basket.] A hard and callous swelling on the hind part of the hock of a horse's leg, attended with stiffness, and Fomc-times pain and lumeness. Encyc CURB, r. L To restrain ; to guide and manage, aa a horse. Milton. CUR 2. To restrain ; to check ; to hold back ; to con- fine ; to keep in subjection ; as, to curb the pii^sions. And wiaclj lenm to curb xhf k>itowi wild. Milton. 3. To furnish or surround with a curb, as a welL 4. To bend. [JVu( «.«.\E, «. A stone placed at the edge of a pavement, to hold the work together. It is written sometimes Kerr or Kirb. CUR CO'Ll-O. «. [L.] A general name, in the United States, for tiie coleopterous insects which devour fruits, or tlie larve of which do so. Gardner. CURD, n. [Ir. cruth; Scot.eruds. Sometimes, in Eng- lish, Crud. The primary sense is, to congeal or coag- ulate. See Crystal,] The coagulated or thickened part of milk, which Is formed into cheese, or, in some countries, eaten as common fttud. The word may sometimes, perhaps, be used for the coagulated part of any liquor. Bacon. CURl>. r. t. To cause to coagulate; to turn to curd. CURD'ED, pp. Coagulated. [Shak. CURD'LE, (kurd !,) v. L [Sometimes written Cru- DLE. See CURD.j 1. To coagulate or concrete ; to thicken, or change into curd. Milk curdles by a mixture of runnet. a. To thicken; lo congeal; as, the blood curdles in the veins. CURD'LE, V. t. To change into curd; to cause to thicken, to coagulate, or concrete. Runnet or brandy curdles milk. At Florence they curdla their milk with artichoke flowers. Encye. 5. To congeal or thicken. The recital curdledmy blood. CURD'LFD, pp. or a. Coagulated ; congealed. CURD'LING, vpr. Concreting ; coagulating. eURD'y, a. Like curd ; full of curd ; coagulated. Jirbatknot, eOREj n. [L. cura ; Fr. cure ; L. euro, to cure, to take careflo prejiare ; W. cfrr, care, a blow or stroke, af- fliction ; curaiCj to heat, throb, t^trike ; curiato, to trouble, to vex, to pine or waste away ; Fr. curer, to cleanse; "^« curer les rfrnts," lo pick the teeth ; It. cura, care, diligence ; curare, to cure, attend, protect ; also, lo value or esteem ; Sp. cura, cure, remedy, guardianship ; curar, to administer medicines ; to salt, as meat ; to season, as timber ; to bleach thread or Imen ; to cake care ; to recover from sickness ; curioso, curious, neat, clean, handsome, fine, careful. The radical sense of this word is, to strain, stretch, extend, which gives the sense of healing, that is, mtiking strong, and of care, superintendence. But the Welsh has the sense of drivinir, a modified ap- plication of extending, and this gives the sense of separation and purification. In its application to hay, timber, provisions, &c., the sense may be, to make, riglit. as in other cases ; but of this I am not confident.] I. A healing; the act of healing; restoration to health from disease, and to soundness from a wound. We say, a medicine will effect a cure. 9. Remedy for disease ; restorative ; that which heals. Colda, hi>n^;r, prisons, ills without a. curt. Dryden. 3. The employment of a curate ; the care of soula ; spiritual cliarge. CORE, r. t, [L. euro. See the noun.] 1. To heal, as a person diseased, or a wounded limb ; to restore to health, as the body, or to sound- ness, as a limb. The child woj curtd from that Teiy hour. — MaU. xvii. 2. To subdue, remove, destroy, or put an end to ; to heal, as a disease. Chribt gnve his ditcipl':* power to cure diti-aaca. — Luke ix. When the person and the disease are both men- tioned, cure is followed by o/before the disease. The physician cured the man (/his fever. 3. To remedy ; to remove an evil, and restore to a good st'ite. Patience will alleviate calamities which it can not cure. • 4. To dry ; to prepare for preservation ; as, to cure hay ; or to prepare by salt, or in any manner, so as lo prevent speedy putrefaction ; as, to cure fish or beef. COll'i^lJ, pp. or a. Healed ; restored to health or soundness; removed, as a disease ; remedied ; dried, smoked, or otherwise prepared for preservation. eCRE'LESS, a. That can not be cured or healed ; incurable ; not admitting of a remedy ; as, a cureless disorder ; a cureless ill. Dnjden. COR'ER, n. A healer ; a physician ; one who heals. Harvey. CUR'FEW, j;kMrTu,) n. [Fr. eouvrc-feu, cover-fire.] 1. The ringing of a htrll or bells at night, as a sig- nal to Uie inhabitants to rake up their fires and retire to rest This practice orignaled in England, from an order of William the Conqueror, who directed that. FATE, FAR, FALL. WHAT. — MeTE, PRgY.— PTXE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, BQQK.— — to nncticed a curionO/, to wt k trr« on th< north wall, uul at a little bight, to draw it thfnn^i the CUR at the ringing of tlic bi'll nt eic;ht o*cUick, every one shutild put uut bis light aiid go to bed. This word is mA. used in America ; although the practice of ringing a bell at nine o'clock continues in many pliices, and is considered, in New England, as a sig- nal for people to retire from company to their own abodes j and, in general, the signal is obeyed. 2. A cover for a fire ; a fire-plate. [J'^ot used.] Bacon, eUni-A-LIST'ie, a. [L. euriaHs.] IVrtaining to a court. CU-R[-AL'I-TY, n. [L. curialis, from piria^ n court.] The privileges, prerogatives, or retinue, of a court. ij^ot used.] Bacon. R'l.N'G, ppr. Healing ; restoring to health or sound- ness ; removing, as an evil ; preparing for preserva- tion. t;CR'I.\G-HOUSE, 71. A building in which sugar is drained and dried. Edwards, W. Ind. eU-RI-O*L06'ie, 0. [Gr. KvpioXi^ita, propriety of speaking.] Designating a rude kind of hieroglyphics, in which a thing is represented by its picture. Warburton. CU-RI-OS'I-TY, n. [L. curwsitas. See Curious.] 1. A strong desire to see something novel, or to discover something unknown, either by research or inquiry ; a desire to gratify the senses with a sight ;IUbles «r psrtick* Ihry uiM. Huottr. 4. Careful; nice; solicitoua in selection; dilficult to please. A iftnpenu man !■ not eurUnu of dclicac>«. Tby/or. 5. Nice } exact ; subtile ; made with care. Both ih'ar apitya embraoe tbrtr ollJ<^cU — with a morw curiotu dMeniiiiiMtiun. JIvUer. 6. Artful ; nicely diligent. K,»fh oniamrni ahem h-r (ttrm\j U^i, Bjr cunotM ctuitce, ur i::tn;Ie«s art, coinpoaM. Fhir/ax. 7. Wrought with care and art ; elegant ; neat ; fini*ihcd ; as, a euriuws girdle; euriouj work. Ex. xxvjii. XXX. 8. K'-quiring care and nicety ; as, curious arts. 4ct,i xix. 9. Rigid; severe; particular, [LiuU used.] Shak, 10. Rare; singular; what w.ts hardly to be ex- ported ; as, n CMn'oit* fsict. Ifiime. Burke. Siiufhei/. Cu'RI-OUH-LV, flrfc. With nice inspection ; inquisi- tively ; attentively. I saw fiodiinr «t Rnl, but obwrving it more curioutly, t}n! spMa Q. With nice care and art; exactly; neatly; cle- grfntly. Ph. cx\x\x. X In a singular manner ; unusually. eO'llt-OUH-NEHH, n. Fitness to excite curiosity; ex- actness of workmanship. S. Singularity of contrivance. X Curio!«ity. CniL, F. (. [U. krulUn i Dan. JtrBCw, to cuW, to crisp ; Corn, krillia.] 1. To ttim, bend, or form into ringlets ; to crisp ; as the hair. 2. To writhe ; to twist ; to coil ; as a scrponL 3. To dress whh curls. Th^»nrlty lockj That eurUd Mefyr.i. MUlon. A. To raise in waves or undulations; to ripple. fl^ax would br pools, without 'Jk Ijnuhin^ air TaeitflUtt wavr^. DnjiUn, CUR €trRL, V. i. To bend in contraction; to shrink into ringlets. Boyle. SL To rise in waves or undulations ; to ripple ; and particularly, to roll over at the sumniit ; as, a curling wave. 3. To rise in a winding current, and to roll over at the ends ; as, curling smoke. 4. To writhe ; to twist itself. Thf^n round her slonder waist he curled. Dryden. 5. To slirink ; to shrink back; to bend and sink. He curled down into a comer. 6. To play at the game called curling. [Scottish.'] CURL, n. A ringlet of liair, or any tiling of a like form. 2. Undulation; a waving; sinuosity; flexure. J^ewton. 3. A winding in the grain of wood. 4. A disease in potatoes, in which the leaves, at tlieir first appearance, seem curled, and shrunk up. Brandc. CURL'ED, pp. or a. Turned or formed into ringlets ; crisped ; iwijsled ; undulated. CURL'ER, n. One that curis. 2. One that plays at the game called curling. [Scotti.ih.] eUR'LEW-, (kur'Iu,) n. [Fr. courlis^ or corlieu.'] An acpiatic bird, of the genus Numenius, and the prallic order. It has a long bill ; its color is diversi- fied with ash and black ; and the largest species spread more than three feet of wing. It frequent*' the sea-shore in winter, and in summer retires to the mountains. This bird is of the same family witli '* the woodcock and sandpiper, and is much prized for fV>od. Its various species are widely scattered on both continents. eURI/1-NESS, n. A state of being curly. eURL'ING,". A winter game among the Scotch, which consists in launching from the hafW a heavy weight, (as a large stone or mass t)f iron,) along the surface of the ice, so as to strike another heavy weight and prtipel it in a given direction, thus resembling billiards. Jamicsim^s Scottish Diet. eURL.'IN<;, j>pr. ox a. Bending ; twisting; funning into ringlets ; playing at the game of ettrling. CURL'INC-T-RON's, i n. pi. An instrument for curl- eURL'ING-TONG*, \ ing the hair. CURL'ING-LY, adv. In a waving nyjnner. CURL'Y, a. Having curls; tending to curl j full of ripples. lUll};;^:!.'!:^^-.?.'''!'- "-:... -«„,. air. eUR-MUD'GEON, rkur-mud'jun,) n. [Fs, caur^ heart, and mcchant, evil, JVare^. Qu,] An avaricious, churlish fellow ; a miser; a nig- gard ; a churl. Hudibras. €UR-MUD'GEON-LY, a. Avaricious; covetous; niggardly ; churlish. L'Rstrange. CUR'RAN'T, h. ffrom CoriHtA.] Thefruit of a well- known shrub hfionging to the genus Ribes, of which Grossularia is now considered a species ; the gross- berry ur gixMeberry and the currant falling under the same genus. Currants are of various sjiecies and varieties; as, the cummon red and white currants, and the black currant. 2. A small kind of dried grape, imported from the Levant, chiefly from Zante anil Cephalonia ; used in cookerv. JP Culhch. eUR'RE'N-Cy, n. [See CrBBE:*T.] LUrralltj, a flow- ing, running, or p.x-e compounded of L. curium, a hide, and the root of rado, to scmpc, or of a word of like sig- nification. The Sp. and Port, word seems to be al- lied Xoeorter, hark, from stripping; or to L. curtua, short, from cutting. But the L. corium is probably from a rtH't siguifving to scmpe, or to peel. See Class Gr, Nos. .5 and 8.] 1. To dress leather after it is tanned ; to soak, pare, or scrape, cleanse, beat, and color tanned hides, and preitart^ them for use. 2. To rub and clean with a comb ; lus, lo curry a horse. 3. To scratch or claw ; to tear, in quarrels. By wHing liruihrr it^fnit brother, Tu cldw mid Ciirr^ une unuthcr. Butter. 4. To rub or stroke ; to make smooth ; to tickle by flattery ; to humur. But generally used in the phrase, To curry furor : to seek or gain favor by flattery, caresses, kindness, or ollicious civilities. [JVot ele- gant.] Hooker. CUR'RV, n. A kind of sanro much used in India, containing red i«'pper and other strong spices. U ia poiirtui on the food, which is hence spoken of as curried rice, fowl, &.c. 2. A slew of fowl, fish, &.C., cooked with curry* sauce. Spatdnig, eUR'RY-er>Mn, n. [See CoMn.] An iron instru- nuMit or comb, fur rultbing and cK-aning horses. eUR'UY-ING, ppr. Scraping and dressing; clean- ing ; scralrhing. 2. Rubbing down, as a horse. eUR'RY-ING, V. Rubbing down a horse. 2. The art of dressing skins after th'-y are tanned, or of giving them the necessary smoothness, luster, color, and suppleness. Ure. eURSE, V. (. ; preU and pp. Cursed or Curbt. [Sax. eursian, corsian ; Arm. argariL Clu, Ar. Iby^^ karatha.] 1. To utter a wish of evil against one : to impre- cate evil uiHjn ; lo call fur mischief or injury to fall upcm ; to execrate. Thrtii aliidt not etirw the ruler of ihjr people. — Ex. xxW. Bl'-M, nn'l rurte not. — Rom. xU. Curte iTic tiii> people, for ibcj an too mighty for me. — Num. zsii. L TCNE, BULL, IJNITa — AN"aER, VI"CI0U3.— € m K ; 6 M J ; » as Z : CH as SII ; Til as in TI1I8. __ CUR a. To injure ; to subject to evil ; to vex, harass, or tomient with (^reu caliniities. Th; pistvr*, And rMTM 'em with suai kuw m t tbow. Ap*. 3. To devote to evil. ClTRSEf V. t. To utter imprecations; to affirm or deny viih impncalioiu of diviue vengeance. TImd bt^ui Be to cun* «td to awmr. — Mail zxri. CUR9E, u. Haledidloa ; the ezpieasion of-a wish of evil to another. 8Umd — whoevrMdiMwhhftfTferouaairM.— 1 Kiap iL S. Imprecation of oviL Th^7 mieml Into >«tuw.KDd Into an iwth. — Neh. x. 3. Affliction ; tormtint ; great vexation. I Till makr thit dtj • wtm lo alt MUfoML. — Jer. xxvi. 4. Condemnation ; sentence of divine vengeance on sinners. Chri«hath rtdepffwdiMfrDaitlMciiratflflkilnr.— OdLO. 5^ Denunciation uf eviL TtK prim iIhII vfiie all tfaeae CMp«M fat kbook. — Nam.T. eVftS'ED, (karst,) m. Execrated ; afflicted ; vexed ; tortnented i Ma^ed by a curse. 3. DrroCed to destrucUon. "nan ut turwmt frum tke euih. —Gen. Ir. C^URS'BD,*. Deserving a curse; execralrie; haleAU; detestiU»le; abominable, a. VexatkMis ; as, a pursed quarrel ; cais arf Ukmhs. Drydau Prior. 6UBS'ED-LT, ode. In a cursed manner ; enor- mously ; mberably ; in a manner to be cursed or detested. L«f Um word,] €UR?'ED-NE&<, ■, The Jtote of being under a ctuse, or of being doomed to execration or lo evil. CURS'ER, a. One who curves, or utters a curse. eUR'SHIP.a. [See Ci-iu] Dugship ; meanneaa ; Hl- natnre. HmdikrmM. €URS*IXG, fpr. Eiccniiing ; imprecating evil on; denouncmg evil; duoniing to evil, mistiry, or vexa- tion. GURS'ING, «. Execration ; the uttering of a curse; a diioming to vexation or mtwr>'' CDR'SI-TOR, «. [fnini the I., eur.v, rur^iUi, to nin.] InEiifUmdf^tXfrk in the Court of Chancer)', whose business is to mske out original writs. In the stat- ute 18 Edward 111., the rursibkrs are called eUrka ^ emKTse. Tbey are twt-niy-rour in number, and are a corpocation among tbemsttJves. To each are asngned certain counties, to wliicfa be issues writs, facyc €UR'S1 V£, a. [IL carscrs, running. See Coitbsk and Cuaaairr.] Running; flowing. Cmnivt kamd^ is a running band. Fry. CL'R'SO-RA-RV, a. Cursory : bastv. [A'oC in um.] Skmk. €ITR*SO-RI-Ly, adv. [See Ctrasoar.] In a running or bai4y manner; sHjEhtlr : hastily; without atten- tion ; a*, I read the paper cursoriUi, eUR'^a.RI-.\ESS, n. ^Slight view or attention. et'R'SO-RY, a. [L. cunorimtj from ouvw. See CoL'SSK.] 1. Running; hasty; slight; superficial; careless; not with close attention ; as, a cursanf reading ; a e mrs ory view. 3. Running about; not stationary. CrRST, yp. of CuB»E. [See CtssED.] €UR^T, a. Hateful ; detestable ; fn>\vard ; torment- ing ; vexatious; pervi^b ; ni:Llicuant ; mi^hit^ous ; mnltcious ; snarling; a word, however, which c.in be hardly said lo have a delinite signification. It is api^ied to any thin? vexaliims. In st»ine of it-* ap- (diealioiis in old authors, it appears to be the Dutch ioryt, cni?t, and lo signify ertLst^^ crabbed, surly. eURST'NESS, a. Peuvishness i malignity; froward- n?s9 ; crabbcdness ; surliness. CL'RT, a. fL. eurtut.] Siiurt. [Rardf Mstd, and a«f tif^aat] Brown, eTR-TAlL', r. i. [Composed of L. curtua^ Fr. eoart, short, and ImtUr^ to cut ; taille^ edjie.] To shorten ; lo cut off the end or a part ; as, to ntrUtil witrds. Hence, in a rmtre ^nrral arnitf^ lo shorten in any manner; toabridi;e ; to diminish ; as, lo fm the sin^rtators. This is raised or let down by cords. Hence the phrases, to drop Vie curtain^ to close the scene, to end ; to raixe the curtain, or the eurimm wt2/ ri^, to denote the opening of t lie play. And Co draw the curtobi, is to close it, to shut out the light, or to conceal an object ; or to open it, and dis- close the objecL Behind the curtain i in concealment ; in secrvL 3. In/vrCi^rafurn, that part of ihc mmpart which is between the flanks of two bastions, bordered with parapet five feet high, behind which the soldiurs ■ to fire on Uie covered way, and into the moat. luncyc. 4. In ScrtpCvre^nts ; dwellings. Jfab. iiL 7. €UR'TAIN, r, t. To inclose with curtains ; to furnish with curtains. S/iak. CUR'TAI.\-/:D, pp. Inclosed with curtains. CUR'TAI.\-ING, ppr. Inclosing or surrounding with curtains. €UR'TAIN-LEe-TyRE, n. Reproof givCn in bed by a wife to her husband. JitUiison, eUR'T.A IN-LESS, a. Having no curtain. CURT'AL, a. A hor^>, and al^w a dog, with a docked tail. B. Jon-wru eURT'AL, a. Curt ; brief. Milton. 51. Belonging to the €^urt gate ; as, the curtai friar, who was porter of the monastery. Smart, €UR'TXTE, a. [L. curtains^ from curto^ to shorten.] The curtate instance^ in astronvmy, is the disUinc^ of a planet from the sun, reduced lu the plane of the ecliptic; i. e. to that point where a ptTpindiculor, let fall from the planet, meets witli the ecliptic. Or ihft interval between the sun or earth, am] that point where a pt>ri>endicular, let fall from the planet, meets the ecliptic Barloic. ■CUR-TA'TIO.X, a. [See Ci-rtatx.] The inurval betwtren a planet^s diiitauce from the sun and Uie ciirtatr* disUince, Barlvw. Cl'R'TLLAOE, n. In ?aic, a yard, garden, inclosure, or fiild, near and behmging to a niessuuge. [This is probablv fnmi courts or the same radix.] eURT'LY, adv. Briefly, [^rot m iwf,] eURT'.NESS, n. Shortness. CO'RCLE, a. [L. eurulus, from no-nu, a chariot.] Belonging to a chariot. The mrulr chair or seat, among the Romans, was a stool without a back, covered with leather, and so made as to be folded. It was conveyed in a chariot, and used by public officers. Smithes Diet. eURT'SY. See Cocrtibt. eUR V'A-TED, a. [See CiraTi:.] Curved ; bent in a n-milar form. €URV-A'TION, n. The act of bending or crooking. CL'R\"A-TI;rE, a. [L. eurratura. See CuRvi:.] The continual flexure or bending of a line from a rectilinear direction. KHcyc eURV'E, (kur\',) a. [LhCitrviu, bent, crooked ; curoo^ to bend, turn, or wind ; Ft. courbe^ eourber ; ll. curco, eurvare ; Sp. cKrro, carvar. If b is not radical, this word belongs to Class Gr, W. cOr^ a circle ; but qu. ; for in Russ. it is kried.] Bending; crooked; inflected in a regular form, and funning part of a circle ; as, a curve tine, wjiich may be cut by a right Une In more points than one. Encyc. A curve line is that which is neither a straight line nor composed of straight lines. Ct/c CURVE, n. A bending without angles ; that which is bent ; a flexure. In gevmctrtj^ a line of which no three consecutive points are in the same direction or straight line. Brande. CURVE, p. t [L. curvo ; Fr. courier i Russ. krivlyu.1 To bend ; to crook ; lo inflect. CURVED, pp. or a. Bent ; regiilarly inflected. CURVET, 17. [It. a/frctta ; Ft. courbeUe ; Sp. atrveta. See Curve.] 1. In the manfgt^ a particular leap of a horse, when he raises both his fore legs at once, equally advanced, and, as his fore legs are falling, he raises his hind legs, so that all his legs are raised at once. Kncye. 2. A prank ; a frolic. CURVET, r. i. [It- corveltare; Fr. courbeOer ; Sp. eorcetear.] 1. To leap ; to bound ; to spring and form a curveL 9. To leap and frisk. CUR V'l-FORM, a. HaWng the form of a curve. eUR-Vl-L]\'E-AR, ( a. [L. curviu, bent, and tinea, eUR-VI-LI.N'E-AL, ( a line.] Consisting of curve lines ^ bounded by curve lines; ax, a curvilinear figure. eUR-VI-LI\-E-AR'l-TY, n. The state of being cur- vilinear, or of consisting in curve lines. Outh, Quinctilianf Pre/. CUR-Vl-LIX'E-AR-LY, ado. In a cur^'ilinear manner. CURVING, n, A curve; a windini; form. CURVING, ppr. Bending in a regular form ; crooked. CURVLTY, n. [L. curcifa.,.] A bending in a regular form ; crookedness. Holder. cus CJJHH'AT, (kvvsh'at,) n. The ring dove or wood- piceon. Scott. CJJSH'IOX, (kv^sh'un,) n. [Ft. coussin : It. cu:rted by cushions; furnished with cushions. Johnj^-on. ei;SH'IOi\-ET, n. A little cushion. Beau7n. and Fl. eUSK, n. A salt water fish, Brosniius vulifarijt, highly esteemed for food. D. H. Sturer. eUSK'lN, M. A kind of ivory cup. [J^ot in u.-ie.] Bailey. GUSP, n. [L. citflpiJT, a point.] 1. The point or horn of the moon or other lumi- nary. Encyc. 2. In architecture.^ a projecting point in the foliations of Gothic tracery, arches, panels, &.c. ; and also a projecting point, forming a pendent of a pointed arch, &.C, Brandt. eUSP'A-TED, a. [h. cuspis, a point.] Pointed ; ending in a point. eUSP'1-DAL, a. Ending in a point. More, CUSP'l-DATE, / a. [L. cuspidatus, from cuspid, a eUSP'I-DA-TEl), \ point.] Having a sharp end, like the point of a npear ; ter- minating in a bristly i>oinl ; as, a cuspidate leaf. JUartyn. CUS'PIS^n. [U] A point. CUS''I'ARI), Ti. [CymbriccwA-torrf. Junitis. I suspect the first syllable lo be W. cates, curd, cheese.] A comiMisttion of milk and eggs, sweetened, and baked or boiled, forming an agreeable kind of food. Custard-coffin ; a cant term used by Shakspeare for a piece of raised jmstry, or upper crust, which c<)vers or coffins a custard. Todd. eUS'TARD-AP'PLE,n. A plant, a species of Anona, growing in the West Indies, whose fruit is of the size of u tennis ball, of an orange color, containing a y(;llowish pulp, of the consistence of custard. Encyc. CUS'TODK, n. See CraTooiAr*. €US-TO'DI-AL, a. [from custody.] Relating to cus- tody or guardianship. CUS-TO'Dl-AN, n. One who has the care or custody of some public building, &.c. W. Irving. eUS'TO-UY, n. [!>. custodia : It. and Sp. id.; from L. custosy a watchman, a keeper. This word has the elements of castle, W. cas, the primary sense of which is, to separate, to drive ofi"; hence, to defend, to hold. See Chaste.] 1. A keeping; a guarding; care, wwtch, inspec- tion, for keeping, preservation, or security. The prisoner %va3 commiited lo the custody of the shcrifl*. Under the cuatody nnd chitrg« of the sons of Memri shall be the boiiiils (>r Lbc labeniacle. — Num. iU. Hence, 2. Imprisonment; confinement; restraint of lib- erty. 3. Defense from a foe ; preservation ; security. There -vvm prepared a fleet of thirty »hip« for the cuato^y of the I. Bacon. CUS'TOM, n. [Fr. cottfMTne, from cou.'rtMme ; ll. costu- ma, costume ; Sp. costumbrt ; Port, costume ; Arm. cus- turn. Q,u. L. coiisuetHs.] 1. Frequent or conmion use, or practice ; a frequent repftlition of the same act ; hence, way ; cstttfalished manner ; habitual practice. The pri'-Ki'B cuatoni iviili the people waa. — 1 Sam. ii. We have no such cutlom. — 1 Cdr. xi. The customs of die people are vain. — Jcr. r. 2. A buying of goods ; practice of frequenting a shop, and purchasing or procuring lo be done. The 8hopkeei>er has extensive custom^ or a good run of custtrm. A mill or a manufacturer has extensive cus- UrniyOt little custom. Lei liira have your cuMtom, but not your vote*. AMiaon. 3. In law, long-f!stablished practice, or usage, which constitutes the unwritten law, and long con- sent to which gives it authority. Custfrnts are gen- eral, which extend over a state or kingdom, and par- ticular, which are limited lo a city or district. Encyc. CUS'TOM, r. L To make familiar. [See Accustom, which is the word used.^ 2. To give custom to. ' Bacon. FATE, PAR, FALL, WH.\T. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK. — CUT CUT eUS'TOM, V. i. To accustom. Spfiuirr. eUS'TOM, n, [Ft. eoutuine^ from coHtcrj for coiwter, to cost.] Tribute, toll, or tax ; that i3, coat or charge paid to the public. Hinder euttom to whom nistom k due. — Rom. xiii. CiuU/ms, in the plural ; the duties imposed by law on merchandise imported or expiorted. In Great Britain and tA< UniUd States, this tcord is limited to these species nf duties. €US'TOM-A-BLE, o. Common; habitual; frequent. JohnsoTU 9. Subject to the payment of the duties called eus- tains. Laic of Massachusetts. eUS'TOM-A-BLE-NESS, ,i. Frequency ; confonuity to custom. [Little used.] €US'TOM-A-BLY, adv. According to custom ; in a customary manner. Hatfward. eUS'TOM-A-RI-LY, a push, ihnist. press. Whether cut is derived to us from the Welsh or not, may be a qti»?e right to divide ; as, whose cut is it ? 10. Manner in which a thing is cut ; form ; shape ; fashion ; as, the cut of a gannent ; the cut of his beard. Stdlingfiett, 11. A fool ; a cully ; a gelding. [JVo( in use.] To draiD cuts, is to draw lots, as of paper, &.c., col of iinequal lengths. Rich. Diet. Cut and long tail; men of all kinds j a proverbial expression borrowed from dogs. eU-TA'NE-OUS, o. [See CuticleJ Belonging to the skin, or cutis ; existing on, or affecting the skin ; as, a cutaneous disease ; cutatieous eniption. COTE, a. [acute.] Clever; sharp, [yutg.] A^h. eUTH, in Saxon, signifies knoion, or famous. Hence, Cuthwin, a famous conqueror ; Cuthred, a famous or knowing counselor; C uiJibert, ^novjn bright, or fa- mous for skill. Oibson. eO'TI-Cl.E, n. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis, skin, the same as Aif/e, which see.] 1. The scarf-skin ; the thin, exterior coat of the skin, which rises in a blister; a thin pellucid mem- brane covering the true skin. 2. The thin, external covering of the bark of a plant. It serves to prevent too rapid perspiration. and is furnished with respiratory openings called stomata. Brands. 3. A thin skin formed on Ihe surface of liquor. JiTetoUm. €U-TI€'IJ-LAR, a. Pertaining to the cuticle or exter- nal coat of the skin. CUT'LASS, It. [Ft. coittelas ; Arm. eontcla^zm; It. cultrllaccio ; Port, cutelo. This word st^ems to be from the L. cultellus, at least the Italian and French are so ; and n in the Armoric is casual, as in other words in that dialect. The curteleaxt or curtelaz of some authors, and curtai, seem to be corrupted, or they are from Sp. cortar, L. curto, to cut. Cutlas would, from the etymologj-, be a more correct orthography.] A broad,' curving sword; a hanger; used by sol- diers in the cavalry, by seamen, &.c, eUT'LER, n. [Fr. coutelier; Norm, coteller ; Arm. cojtteUer or couttUour; Port, caiiiciro ; IL coltcllinaio ; from L. culter, a knife.] One whose occujiation is to make knives and other cutting instruments. CUT'LER-Y, n. The business of making knives; or, more generally, knives and other edged instruments in general. CUT' LET, n. [Fr. cdtellcUe, a little side or rib; cdti, side.] A small piece of meat for cooking; as, a veal cut/ei. CUT'PURSE, n. [cut and pur^e.] One who cuts purses for stealing them or their contents ; a practice said to have been common when men wore purses at their girdles. One who steals from the person ; a thief; a robber. Shak. BenUey. CUT'TER, 71. One who cuts or hews. 2. An instrument that cuts ; as, a straTC-cutter. 3. A fore tooth, that cuts meat, as distinguished from a grinder. 4. A small boat used by ships of war. Also, a ves- sel with one mast and a straight running bowsprit, which may be run in upon deck ; rigged nearly like a sloop. Mar. Diet. 5. A small one-horse sleigh. .America, 6. An officer in the exchequer that provides wood for the tnllies. 7. A rurtian ; n bravo; a destroyer. [Oft^.] eUT'-THROAT, n. Amurderer; an assassin ; aruf- fiiin. South, Dnjden* eUT'-THROAT, a. Murderous ; cruel ; barbarous. Carcw. CUT'TING, ppT. or a. [See Cut.] Dividing by an edge-d instniment ; cleaving by the stroke or motion of an edged instrument, as by a knife, ax, ur saw; hewing; carving; intersecting; piercing. 9. a. Piercing the heart ; wounding the feelings ; deeply affecting with shgine or remorse; pungent j piquant ; satirical; as, a cM«m^ reflection. eUT'TlNG, Ji. A separation or division. 2. A piece cut off; a twig o^ cion cut off for the purpose of grafting; as, the cuttings of vines. 3. An excavation through a hill in constructing a railroad, canal, &c. 4. The operation of removing a stone from the bladiler. CUT'TING-LY, adv. In a cutting manner. eUT'TLE, ( n. [Sax. eudde, from the sense of eUT'TLti-FISH, \ withdrawing or hiding, allied to cuddle, VV. cuziaw, to hide, Arm. cutoff, or caddijo, to hide.] 1. A genus of molluscous animals, of the order Cephalopoda and grnus Srpia. They have small arms, with serrated niiw, by which they lay fast hold of any thing. They have also two tentacula longer than the arms; the mouth is in the centn; of the arms, and is horny, ancottiTth churches, where ft-male ofl>nders afT^iiist chastity were formerly seatt-d during three Sundays, and publicly rebuked by their minister. WalUr ScotL JamitJivK, eUT'-WA-TER, n. The fore part of a ship*s pntw, or knee'of th^- head, which cuts the water. Also, a water-lbwl, a species of gull ; or rather, the Rliyn- cops, or razorbill. €UT'-\VORK, (-wurk,) II. Embroidery. f-V*Jimwe.] €UT'-\VOR.\l, ■- A name given lo any calerpilUr dwelling on the earth, which eats or cuts away the young i^ant^ of cabbage, cum, beana, A:c Oardiur. CUT. : an abbreviation at kMitdrU iMt^M. CV'AN'ATE, a. A saline compound o( cyanic acid with a base. Cre. CV-A.V'16 AC'IO, a. A compound of csranogen and oxygen. CT'AN-ID, a. A basic compound of cjranocen with Rom- other element or compk>uud. CV'.V.XITE. See Kta.-iitb. CV.VN'O-CEX, a. [Gr. cvafj^, blue, and ^cvvau.to begeu] A compound acidifying and bastfying principle, eompoaad of one equivalent of nitrt^gen and two of carbon. It Is an essential insredient in prussian blue, and Uagas which hasantidur like thai of crush- ed peach leaves, and burns with a rich purple dume. C?-.\.\-OM'E-TER, «. [lir. «.•«*()( and ft'Totij.] An insininieni to a^ertain degrees of blm-ness, or the azure cir of the ocean or sky. HumbiUdL. CT-AX'l^-Kfc^T, M. A basic compound of cyanogen and some other element or compound, ftlore cor- rectly, CT*:ftD. CV-AS-iyUIC ACID, a. taiiu-d l>y decomposing urea by tkeat. BmuU. CT-ATU'1-FORM, A crystullizable acid ob- 1 by tkeat. Bnutde. [L. cyo/Aiu, a cup ; Gr. In the form of a cup, or drtnking-glaa*, a little widened at the top. Lee, CV-Ca'DE-A, n. a natural order of plants, holding an intermediate place betwetm palm:*, ferns, and the pine-tribe or c**\fer^t but appruoching nearer lo the laaL They are natires of tropical dinuites. CY€VL.\-OiU, a. pL [Gr. cvrX«c, a circle.] A numberoftuee arranged r«ind the Isleof Delos, in the (Srerian Sea, in the form f>f a circle. CVC'LA-ME.V, n. [L.] In fc^btay, sow brtmd. CV CLE, a. [Gr. ^^ ^^^ ^^ Claa« Gk, No. 13, Iti.] I. In cJuvmalogff a period or aeries of numbers, which reguUrly proceed from first to last, and then return lo the first, in a perpetual circle. Ilence, 3. The efc<« ^tJte Mom, or gulden number, or me- tonic cycle^ ao called from its invenbir, Milton, U a period of nmcteen years, which being completed, the new and full moons rstum on tbe same days of tJie month. 3. The rifdt pftJu sum, or toUtr cifde. is a period of twenty-eight yearis, which having elapsed, the do- minical or Sunday letters rtftum (o their former place, and proceed in the former order, according to tlie Julian calendar. 4. C^cie of indktwuj a period of fifteen years, at the end of which the Roman emperors imposed an extmordinar>' lax, tt pay the soldiers, who were obliged to serve in the army for that period and no longer. 5. A round of years, or period of time, in which the same course begins again i a periodical space of time. Holder. 6. An imaginary orb or circle in the heavens. Miltcn. Hie-U&AL.j'- I>=«t»i"m«toacjrcle. pyctic pMis i a term applied to certain epic pneta who followed Homer, and wrote merely on the Tro- jan war, keeping within the circ/eof a single subject. Bratule. C^dic ekorus; the chonis which performed tlie songs and dances of the Dithyrambic odes at Ath- ens, dancing round the altar of Bacchus in a circle. Braiuie, CVC'LO-GRAPH, m. [Gr. *r«>o(, circle, and jjoj^w, lo describe.] An instrument for describing the arcs of circles, where compasses can not btt conveniently employed. It is chiefly used in drawing flat seement^, or curva- tures which approach nearly to ittraight lines. OicUt. C^'CLOID, II, [Gr. jcikAos, circh*, and ai .?, form.] A geometrical curve on which d;.'pends the doc- trine of pendulums. The genesis of a cycloid may be conceived by ima^inin; a nail in the circumtereuce of awheel; the line which the nail describes in the air, while the wheel revolves in a right line, is the cycloid. Juhnson. CT-CLOID'AL, a. Pertaining or relating to a cycloid ; CYM as, the cvcLiidal space is the space containc^d between a cveloid and its base. Cfhimhrrs. CY-Cl-(Hr>'l-Ai\S, n. pi. The fourth ordtr of fishes, according to the armngemcnt of Agassiz, Imviug siuootli scales, as the herring nnd snhnon. CYC'LO-LITE, n. A namu given to iMjidrepores. DtcL Jv'uL JfuU C7-eLO^rE-TRY, «. [Gr. «r«Aos, circle, and ^trpcu}, to measure.] The art o( measuring cycles or circles. fTaUis. Cff-CLO-PE'A.V, a. [from Cycli^.'^.] PertiUning to (he Cyclops, fabulous giants of antiquity ; vast; ter- rific. Hall. The term is ol?o applied to the remains of a rude ' and ver)* massive kind uf architecture, of the earli- est ages, demanding an enormous exertion of physi- cal force, Fosbrouke. C?-€LO-Pfi'DI-.\, i n. [Gr. kvkXos, circle, and irm- C«-€LO-P.K'Ul-A, ( i:t I. discipline, erudition.] The circle or compass of the arts and sciences ; circle of human knowledj^e. Il'-nce, the book i>r a books that contain ireiitises on every branch of the arts and sciences, arranged under proper heads, in alphabetical order. [See Ejccvclopkdia.] CT CLOP'ie. o. Pertaining to the Cyclops ; gigtintic ; savage. Bryant. CV'CLOPS, B. sing, and pU [Gr. icwicAwt//; kvkAo;, a circle, and m\J/j an eye.] 1. In fabulous history, a class of giant':, the sons of Neptune and Amphitrite, who had but ime circular eye in the midst of the forehead. They inhabited Sicily, and assisted Vulcan in mailing thundt^-rbolts for Jupiter. Lrmprirrr. 2. A family of minute Crustacea, found both in fresh and saltwater. They are so at3undant in some parts of the ocean as lo atfcrd food fortlie wlialcboue whale, and give a reddish tint to the waters. These animals were so named because the two eyes furm a single minute spot on the center of the head, and tilt lately they were supposed to have but one eye. Dana. CS-CLOSTO-MOUS, o. [Gr. «i.«[X«f and erona.] Having a circular mouth or aperture, as certain mollnscous animals. Kirby. CV'DER. SeeCiDsa. CYG'NET, a. [l^ eygnus^ cycniu, a swan ; Gr. kvk- fOi,] A young swan. Sliak. CYL'IN-DER, a. [Gr. Kv\tvSp'>Sy from KvXtf^ui^ to roll, from cvXior, id. ; L. cyfiadriu; Sp. eiiiruiroi lu id. ; Ft. c^Undre} Heb. Ch. S^i, Ar. ^L^ gau2ay to roll.] In f0ometrf^ a solid body supposed to be generated by the rotation of a parallelogram round one of its aides ; or a long, circular body, of uniform diameter, and its extremities forming equal parallel circles. Kiicyc. Baiieji. CYL-IN-DRA'CEOUS, a. Cylindrical. [LitUe lued.] Lee. Bot. CVl^IN'DRIC, ( a. Having the form of a cylin- CYL-1N'DR1€^AL, ( der, or jiartakiiig of its prop- erties. CYL-L\'DRie-.\L-LY, adv. In the manner of a cyl- inder. CYL-IN-DRIC'I-TY, n. A cylindrical form. CYl^lN'DRI-FORM, o. [cylinder and form..] Having the form of a cylinder. CYL/IN-DROID, n, [cylinder and cif!os, form.] A solid body, approaching to the fifzure of a cylinder, but having the; bases or ends elliptical, but parallel and equal. Brandt. CYL-L\-DRO-MET'RIC, a. Belonging to a scale used in measuring cylinders. Aslu CVMA, n. [Gr. ir o/ia, a wave.] In architecture, a member or molding of the cornice, the profile of which is waving, that is, concave at the lop and convex at the bottom. There is also anoUier form, called cyma reversCj which is concave at the bottom and convex at the top, called also ogee. [See, also, Cvme.] Brandr. CY-MAR', a. A slight covering; a scarf; properly, Sim Alt. CY-Ma'TIU.M, n. [L. ; Gr. KV}taTtov, a little wave.j A top molding to certain parts of the orders m classic architecture. CYM'BAL, K. [L. cymbalum; Gr. KVfiPaXov ; It. cem- balo.] 1. A musical instrument of brass, in a circular form, like a dish, producing, when two are struck together, a sharp, rini;ing sound. 2. A mean inptrumeiil used by gj-psies and va- grants, made of a steel wire, in a triangular form, on which are passed five rings, which are touched and shifted along the triangle with an iron rod held in the l^ft hand, while it is supported in the right by a ring, to pive it free motion. Encye. CYM'BI-FORM, o. [L. cymba, a boat, and furma, form.] Shaped like a boat. Jilartyn. rV'M \ ( "* ^^'' *"^°» fetus, from iciiai, to swell.] 1. Literally^ a sprout, particularly of tbe cabbage. CYP Te^chnieally, an aggregate of flowers composed of sev- eral florets diitinj; on a rece[)lacle, producing all the primary peduncles from the same (K)inl, hut having the partial peduncles scattered and irregular ; all fas- tigiate, or forming a flat surface at the top. It is naked or with bracts jtfart^ 2. A panicle, the elongation of all the ramifications of which is arrested, so that it has the appearance of an umbel. Lindley. CYM'LING, n. A sort of squash. Virginia. CY'MOID, a. Having the form of a cyme, CYM'0-PH.A.NE, n. [Gr, «ii/ia, a wave, and ^dtvw, to app:;ar.] A mineral, caL'ei also chrynoberyl. Its color is green, of ditlerent shades ; its fracture conchoidal or undulated, and in hardness it ranks next to the sap- phire. HiT'iy. Cleaveland. CY-MOPH'A-NOUS,a. Having a wavy, floating light; opalescent ; chatoyant, CVMOSE, } a. Containing a cyme; in the form of a Ct'MOUS, \ cyme. Mtrtyn. CY-NAN'CHE, (se-nan'ke,) n. [Gr. Kvvayx',, a dog- collar, angina ; kvuv, a dog, and u^x^^* ^^ press or bind ; to suflbcate.] A disease of the throat or windpipe, attended with inflammation, swelling, and dilficultv of breathing ond swallowing. It is of several kinds, and compre- hends the quinsy, croup, and malignant sore throat. CY-N AN'TIIRO-PY, n. [Gr. ^uoji', a d.ig, and uyOt>to- Rttf, man.] A kind of madness in which men have the quali- ties of dogs. Chalmers. CV-\AP'I-NA, ) . „,■.... ,, CY-NA'PI-'V ( "• An alkaloid obtained from Althu- CYN'A-PIN'E ) ^^ Cynapium, or fools'-parsley. CYN-ARC-TOM'A-eilY, «. [Gr. kvc^v, a dog, uoktos, a bear, and fiaxn, a fight,] Bear-baiting with a dog. [A barbarous jvord.] Hudibras. CYN-E-GET'ieS, n. The art of hunting with dogs. CYN'ie, a. Pertaining to the dog-star. 'I'he year de- termined by the heliacal rising of the dog-star, (3C5 days, 6 hours,) was culled the Sothic, Cynic, or Ca- nicular year; that of 365 days, (the civil year,) was called the vague year, from its continually changing in relation to the seasons : the period from one coin- cidence of the Sothic and civil years to another, (HiiO SoUiic and 1401 civil years,) ^as called the Sothic period and the cynic cycle. CYX'IC, ) a. [Gr. KvvtKOi, canine, from kvoiv, a CYN'IC-AL, ! dog.] Having the qualities of a surly dog; snarling; cap< tious ; surly ; currish ; austere. Cynic spasm ; a kind of convulsion, in which the patient imitates the howling of dogs. Encyc. CYN'ie, n. A man of a canine temper; a surly or snarling man or philosopher; a misanthrope. [See Cvwics.] Shiik. CYN'lC-ALr-LY, adv. In a snarling, captious, or mo- rose manner. Baeoiu CYN'iC-AL-NESS, v~. Moroseness; contempt of rich- es and amusements. CYN'l-CIS.M, Ji. The practice of a cynic; a morose contempt of the pleasures and arts of life. Prof. Emerson, CYN'ieS, n. pi. [Gr. kwc^, dogs.J In ancient history, a sect of snarling philosophers, who valued themselves on their contempt of riches, of arts, sciences, and amusements. Diogenes be- longed to this sect. They are said to owe their ori- ei'i to Antisthenes of Athens. Encvc CYN'O-SURE, (sin'o-shure or sl'no-shure,) iu '[Gr. KvvofT-iViia, the tail of the dog.] A name given to the constellation of the Lesser Bear, to which, as containing the polar star, the eyes of mariners and travelers were formerly directed. Hence, the term has been used by poets to describe any thing to which attention is strongly turned ; as in the lines of Milton i Where pertirtp* iome beauty liei, Tbe cytu}aure of aciglibohng e/cc Brands. C^'ON. See Cios. C^'PHER. See Cipher. CYPH'ON-rSM, n. [Gr. Kvpov.] A species of punishment frequently used by the ancients, consisting in the besmearing of the crimi- nal with honey, and exposing him to insects. CT 'PR ESS, 71, [L, cupre^sas: Gt. KWitpiocrui.] 1. The popular name of a genus of plants or trees. The most remarkahle are the sempervirens, or com- mon cypress, the evergreen American cypress, or white cedar, and the disiicha, or deciduous Ameri- can cypress. The wood of these trees is remarkable for its durability. The coffin.s in which the Athenian heroes and the mummies of Eg>'pt were deposited, are said lo have been made of the first species. Encyc 2. The emblem of mourning for the dead, cypress branches having been anciently used at funerals. Had sncona atten<1''«I Ihe Anwric.inB.the death of W-vrcn would have been surficienl to damp tiic Joy* of ylciory, iind Gw cmyretB would have been ui)iu.-d wiih the Uuirl. ^'^ Elioft Biog. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT MeTE, PRfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- DAC CYP'RI- AN, o. Bclongins to the Island of Cyprus. 9. A terra applied to a lewd woman. CYP'RIN, a. Pertaining to the fiish of the genus Cyi>- rinus. "^ CVP'Rr-OT, n. An inhabitant of Cyprus. CT'PR1S» n. ; pL Ctprides. A species of fresh-water Crustacea, which swim by means of cilia ; they swarm in stagnant water. ManteU, C?'PRUS, n. A thin, tmnsp.irent, black stuir. Shak. CYR-E-.N'A'ie, a. Pertaining to Cyrene. CyR-I-0-LO'<' proiimate principle found in the Cytisus laburnum, and other plants. It is an active medicine. "^Tree-trefou' "' ^ ^^™^ "' ^""^ ' '''"°' " ^'""' "'' '"""^ ' CMR, 71. A king ; a chief; a title of the emperor of Russia ; pronounced tiar, and so written by good authors. ' »""" "^ Rusti'J'*' (^'^'""'^ "• ■* ''"0 °f «l'o empi«ss of cz>5 of RuS "• ^ "' """ "f "'^'"''«^' ^°" ■"■ «■« D. Din the English alphabet, is the fourth letter and 5 the third articulation. It holds the same place in the English as in the Chaldee, Svriac, Hebrew, Samaritan, Greek, and Latin alphabets. In the Arabic, it is the eighth; in the Riissi.in, the fifth; and in the Elhiopic, the nineteenth letter. D is a dental articulation, formed by placing the end of the tongue against the gum just above the upper teeth. It is nearly allied to T, but is not so close a letter, or rather it does not interrupt the voice so suddenly as T, and in forming the nrticiilation, there is a lingual and nasal sound, which has induced some writers to rank D among the lingual letters. It has but one sound, a.s in rfa, din, bad; and is never quiescent in English words, except in a rapid utter- ance of such words as Haiulkcrchitf. -As a numeral, D represents jScc hundred, and when a dash or stroke is placed over it, thus, D, it denotes five t^muand. As an abbreviation, D. .stands for Doctor : as, .M. D. Doctor of Medicine ; D. T. Doctor of Theology, or S. T. D. Doctor of Sacred Theology : D. D. Doctor of Drcinit) or dom dedil : D. D. D. dot, dicat, dedicat; and D. D. D. D. dignum Deo donum drdit. PAIl, p. (. [Fr. dauber, or from the same root. It has the elements iif dip dub, and tap, Gr. rvTrcj, and of daub. Class Db, .No. 3. 21, 28, 58.] L To strike gently with the hand ; to slap ; to n _ BaUey. 2. To strike gently with some soft or moist sub- stance ; as, to dab a sore with lint Sliarp. DAB, a. A gentle blow with the hand. 2. A small lump or mass of any thing soft or moist. 3. ^mcthing moist or slimy thrown on one. 4. In rporiire lang-ua^e, an expert man ; ha, a da^ at making an index. OoU..ini»*. 5. A small, flat lish, allied to the flounder, of the genus Platissa, of a dark bmwn color. R 2 S*'"' (''"'"'iJ PP- -"truck with something moist. DAB BI.VC, ppr. Striking gently with something moist * D.ili'BI.E, r. t. [Heb. Sao tabal, or from the root of dip, Goth, daupyan, Belgic dabben or daibclen. See Dip.] Literally, to dip a little or often ; hence, to wet ; to moisten ; to spatter ; to wet by little dips or strokes : nl"n'£'f'"J''''- ■ ^ , *"■'*• '»^»'"'"»- UAU UL.fc, V. u To play in water; to dip the hands tnrow water, and splash about ; to play in mud ana water. 2. To do any thing in a slight or snperSeial man- ner i to tamper ; to touch here and there. Tou bmn, I thinje, br^n riiM^rtng with UK tcxu Auerbury. 3. To meddle ; to dip into a concern. DAB'BLER, 7i. One who plays in water or mud. 2. One who dips sligliily Into any thing ; one who meddles without going to the botloiu ; a suiH-rflcial meddler; as, a dabbler in politics. DAB'BM.VO, ppr. or to, and end with, the first strain. r'«"'i, ^^' '''"■ **"■ *■'■ """^"'O A fish, the Cyprinut leucixuM ; a small river fish of a bright silvery color. Walton. DA€'TYL, n. [Gr. iaKrvXo,, a finger; L. dactylus probably a shoot. See Dioix.] A poaAl, the name of a Swedish botanist] A .South American plant. Introduced into Europe by the Spaniards in 17«!). It bears a large, beauti- ful, compouudTlower, of every variety of hue. rm, • . . Partington.. [Ihisnamo Originally belonged to a shrub grow- ng at the Caiie of Good Hope, with flowers of but little beauty.] DXII'LINE, 71. Inulin, the fecula obtained from ele- campane, resembling starch. Ure. DAI'LI-NESS, 71. Daily occurrence. Taylor DAI'LY, a. [Sax. dagVic, from liao-, day.] Ilapiicning or being every day" done day by day • bestowed or enjoyed every day; as, (iui/u labor ; a daUy allowance, in till, day our daily brtail. I.ord't Prayer. D.JI'LY, ailv. Every day; day by day; as, a thing happens daily. * R'JlS^n!."; Something of exquisite taste; a dainty. DAINT'I-LY, a<;i). [from rfninlj,.] Nicely ; elegantly • as, a hat daintdy made. [,Vo( legitimate, nor in use.\ ..... , . ... Bacon. 2. IVicely; fastidiously; with nice regard to what is well tasted ; as, to eat daintdy. 3. Deliciously ; as, to fare daintily. 4. Ceremoniously ; scrujiulously. jro>E. BULL, WITE-AJJ»GBR, VrWu8.-e .s K; lu J ; , .. 2 , CH as 8H ; yu .s in THIS. 297 - DAL DAIXT'l-NESS, ■, Delicacy; softness: eleeanc© ; niccCy ; as, the daitttvuss of the limbs. fO&jr.J 0. JoHsom. ft. Delicacy ; dellciousness ; appiied to food } sa, Ibe rfoMCiJMM of pntvisions. 3. Nicety in uwte ; sqtieaintshness j fiistidlous- neas ; as, toe daintuuss of the taste. H^otton. 4. CeremonkHisncss ; scrupulousness ; nice atten- tion to manners. [Ofr«.] 0A1\T'R£L, R. A delicacy. [AVt m hm-I DALNT'V, a. [W. deintuui; Scot doiiUy; fttnn doiC, dMia, the teeth, L. densy Gr. oiovi, ^ans. ttotes.] ]. Nice ; pleasing to tbe palate ; of axquiaite taste ; dUicious ; as, daintjf food. Bh aoul abbormh dMllr nMtt. — Job xxxB. 5. Delicate ;,of acute sensibility ; nice in selecting what is lender and jrood ; squeAniisb ; soft ; luxuri- ous } as, a HatHty taste or palate ; a dambf pe<^ple. 3. Scrupulous in manners; eemDonious. Skdfc. ■I. Elfgant : lender; soft; pure; neat; eflVmi- natelv beautiful ; as, dmimtf hands or limbs. Skmk. b. Nice ; affectedly fine ; aa, a doia^ speaker. Prior. DXINT% a. SeaMChinK nice and delicate to the tasle ; that which fi ***|"W*'y delkloua ; a delicacy. Bt MI dMiiwo* td MM(t», far tey »• dMoUU nML — Prav. xxB. S. A term of fondnees. [JV«< mutk lued.] Why, UnlV nv dui^. AoL DXTRV, K. [This word I have not found in any other language. In Russ. daym signifies to milk, and Junius mentions dfy^ an old word for milk, and Ice- landic defgia^ to milk. It may be, and probably is, a contnicted word.] 1. Milk, and all th^ concerns it, on a farm ; or the businet*^ of mnnapinK milk, and of making but- ter and chee.se. The whole estaUishmenl respecting milk, in a family, or on a farm. GtDUiKb wfTT ttinvd mocb la En^rlutd otbn' lo ftedlag or dmrfi uid Ui» wtnuMnl tfa« timieU EngHia batter. SI The phice, room, or bouse, where milk 1m set for cream, manafod, and converted into butter or cheese. Diydem. 3. A milk farm or pasture land. Bae»m, DArRV-Mol'.^G, I a. A house or room appropriated DXl'RV-ROOM, { lo the management of mUk. DAI'RV-MaID, n. A female serrant whose bosiness is lo manage milk. Jidduo». DAI'RY~ING, a. The boslneoa of conduaing a dairy. P. Cfc. D.^IS, (da'is *r dase,) a, A nlaed floor at the upper end (H the dnunf-ball, where the high table 9tood. tr. ScotL Also, a canopy with its seat at the hi^ table. DArsi-£D, (da'xid,) c [See Oi.itT.] FuU of daisies ; adorned with daisies. SkaJu DAI'SY, a. [Sax- d^ge»^ge^ day's eye,] A plant of Ibe genns Uellis, of several varieties. The blue daisy belongs to the genus Glc^Hilaria, as does the globe daisy ; the greater or ox-eye daitiy belongs to the genus CbiysantJbemum ; and the middle daisy, to the Ooronicum. Fknu pf Plants, D.X'KER, B. A dicker ; the number of ten. Da'KKR-HEN, a. The corn-crake or land-rail, a bird of the gnillic order of Linncus. Bd, Encifc DA'KIR, K. In Engiisk siaUtesy ten hides, or the '.^entieth part of a last of hides. Eiteyc D.XLE, a. [Goth. dcUt; Dan. and Sw. da/; G.Uud; D,dal; W.d&i; Russ. dot^udol, and dtdine ; allied, perhaps, to d^U. The Welsh dt>l signifies a winding, bend, or meander, and a ditU through which a river runs; a band, a ring, &.c. In D. dsiUen signifies to d, to sink.] A low place between iiills ; a vale or ralley ; a DAL'LI-ANCE, a. fSee Dallt.] Liimtliy, delay ; a UBgoinf ; apprsprtate/jr, acts of fondness ; inter- change of caresses ; toying, as males and females ; as, youthful daliiamee, * MUton. 2. Conjugal emiwaces ; commerce of the sexes. Milton. 3. Detay. [O**.] ShaJt. DAL'LI-£D, (dalHid,) pp. Delayed ; deferred. OAL'LI-ER, a. One who fondles ; a triHer ; as, a dailier with pleasant words. ^^sdiam. DAL'LY, c. i. [W. ddl or doloy to hold, bear, keep, stop ; Arm. dalra, to stop or retard ; Ir. dtii/, delay ; Koss. dltfm. The i^nse of holding is often connected with that of extending, drawing out in time ; Ax. JIj9 loitia, to prolong, to delay. Class DI, No. 30. Bee, aL^, No. 94, 99.] 1. Literaliy^ to delay ; lo linger ; to wait. Hence, S: To tride ; to loae time in idleness and trifles ; to amuse one's s^ with idle play. It b f mrtom to daOg uj langn-. Cs/air.-y. 3. To toy and wanton, as man and woman ; to interchange caresses ; to fondle. S&dk. 4. To sport ; lo play. She dalUa with Uw wind. SJiaJt, DAM D.\L'LY, r. (. To delay; to defer; to put ofl^; to amuse till a proper opiiortunity ; as, to daily off tlie time. [.Voe fliucA used.] Knollcs. D.\L'LY-INGj ppr. Delaying; procrastinating; tri- rimc ; wasting time in idle amusement; toying; fondling. DAL-MAT'I-€A, «. A long white pown with sleeves, worn by deacons in tlie Roman CutUolic church. DA&I, H. [Supposed Uy hv from davte^ which see.] 1. A female parent ; used of beasts, particularly of quadrupeds. 9. A hnman motlier, in contempL Shak. 3. [Pr. doMA, the queen ; Sp. dama.] A crowned mnn m the game of draughts. DAM, n. [D. dam; G. doMun; Sw. id.; Dan. dam^ a pond. See the verb.] A mole, bank, or mound of earth, or any wall, or a frame of wood, raisi-d to obstruct a current of Water, and to raise it, fur the purpose of driving mill-wheels, or ft>r other purpiwes. Any work that stops and confines water in a pond or basin, or causes it to rise. DAM, r. I. [Sax. dstmnaa; G. ddmmen ; D. dammen ; Dan. dOTamer ; Ch. D>A *to stop, to shut ; Heb. and ^ — ? Ch. DBM, Ar. aJsi tUama^ to stop or shut Q,u. Ch. DSO, Ar. ft^Mt tatanuiy id. This t« the root of dwmb. See Class Dm, Na 17, 18, S3, 39.] I. To make a dam, or to stop a stream of water by a bank of earth, or by any other work ; to con- fine or shut in water. It is common to use, after the verb, ia, up, or otU ; as, to diun in, or to dam up, the water, and to dont out is to prevent water from entering. 3. To confine or restrain from escaping ; to shut in : used by Shakspeare nf fire, and by Milton of light. D.AM' AGE, n. ^Fr. dommofe ; Ann. doumaich ; Norm. damage; Sax. aetn; L. damnum : Sp. dano; Port, da- no i ft. danno; Ir. damaistf. This word seems to be allied to the Greek ^n/i'", a fine or mulct, Ch. nor or "^T, to impose a fine. Butqu. See Damn.] 1. Any hurt, injury, or harm, to one's estate ; any loss of proper^ sustained ; any liinderance to the in- crease of property ; or any obstruction lo the success of an enterprise. A man suffer^ damage by the de- stnictinn of his com, by the burning of tiis house, by the detention of a ship which defeats a profitable voyage, or by the fhilure of a profitable undertaking. JSosBors, then, is any actual loss, or the prevention of profit. It is usually and properly applied to prop- erty, but sometimes to reputation and other things which are valuable. But, iu Uie latter cose, injury is more correctly used. 9. The value of what is lost. 3. Damages; in law, the estimated reparation in money fur detriment or injury sustained ; that which is given or adjudged to repair a loss. It is the prov- ince of a jury to assess damages in trespass. DA.M'AGE, r. (. [It, danneggiare; but Norm, damager is lo oppress.] To hurt or harm ; lo injure ; to impair ; to lessen the soundness, goodness, or value of. Rain may dam- age corn or hay ; a storm may damage a ship ; a house is often damaged by fire when it is not destroyed; heavy rains damage roads. D.\M'AGE, v. L To receive harm ; lo be injured or impaired in soundness or value ; as, green com will damage in a mow or stack. DAM'AGEl-A-BLE, a. That may be injured or im- paired ; susceptible of damage ; as, damageable goods. 2. Hurtful; pernicious. [Rare.] DAM'AG-ED, pp. or a. Hurt ; impaired ; injured. DAM'AOE-FEaS'ANT, (dara'aj-mz'ant,) a. [Fr./ai- sant, from /aire.] Doing injury ; trespassing, as cattle. Blackstone, DASl'AG-ING, ppr. Injuring; impairing. DAM'AR. See Dammar. DAM'AS-C£NE, a. [L. damascenus, from Damaseus.] 1. A particular kind of plum, now pronounced Damsott ; which see. 2. It may be locally applied to other species of plums. D.\M'A^K, n. [It. dommaaco; Fr. damas ; Sp. damasco; from Damascus^ in Syri:u] 1. A silk stuff, having some parts raised above the ground, representing flowers and other figures, origi- nally from Damascus. 2. A kind of wrought linen, made in Flanders, in imitation of damask silks. 3. Red color, fnjm the dama*;k-rose. Fairfax. Dama^k-steel is a fine steel from the Levant, chief- ly from Damascuf', used for sword and cutlass blades. DAM'ASK, r. t. To form flowers on stuffs ; also, to variegate; to diversify; a^, a bank damasked with flowers. Milton, 9. To adorn steel-work with figures. [See Daha.s- KEEN.] DAM'ASK-jF:D, (dam'askt,)pp. Variegated Nvith flow- DA3I DAM'ASK-EN, ( r. L [Fr. damasquiner. See Dam- DAM-ASK-EEN', \ ask.] To make incisions in iron, steel, &:c., and fill tliera with gold or silver wire for ornament ; used chiefly for adorning sword-blades, guards, lucks of pii^tut:^, &c. Chambers. DAM-ASK-EEN'ED, pp. or a. Cut into figures and inlaid with guld or silvi-r wire. DAM-ASK-EEN'IXG, ppr. Engraving and adorning with gold or silver wire inlaid. DAM-ASK-EEN'ING, n. The act or art of beautify- ing iron or steel, by engraving and inlaying it with gold or silver wire. DAM'ASK-IN, n. A saber, so colled from the manu- facture of Damascus. DAM'ASK-ING, ppr. Variegating with flowers. DAM'ASK PLLTM, n. A small, black plum. DAM'ASK-ROSE, n. A species of rose which is red, ann, and Holy Ghost, in the one God ; and therefore was accused of teaching Sabellianism. DAM'MAR, n. A name applied to a resinous sub- stance obtained in the East Indies from a species of Agathis or Danimara, a tree allied lo the pine. DAM'M£D, pp. Conhned or shut in by means of a dnm. DAM'MING, ppr. Confining water by means of a dam. DAMN, (dam,) v. t [h. damno; Fr. damner; Arm. dauna ; IL dannare ; Sp. danar ; Port, danar. The Portuguese word is rendered to hurt, to damnify, lo cornipt or spoil, to undo or niin, to bend, to crook, to make mad. The latter sense would seem lo be from the L. demens, and damnum is by Varro referred to drmendo, demo, which is supposed to be a compound of de and emo. But qu., for damno and condemno co- incide with the Eng. doom.] 1. To sentence to eternal torments in a future state ; to punish in hell. He ihat belicreth nol shall be dnmtud. — Mnrk xxi. 2. To condemn ; lo decide lo be wrong or worthy of punishment ; to censure ; to reprobate. He Uiat doiibteth b damned if he eaL — Rom. xir. 3. To condemn ; lo explode ; to decide to be bad, mean, or displeasing, by hissing or any mark of dis- approbation ; as, to damn a play, or a mean author. 4. A word used in profaneness ; a term of execra- tion. DAAI'NA-BLE, a. That may be damned or con- demned ; deserving damnation ; worthy of eternal punishment More generally, that which subjects or renders liable to damnation; as, damnable heresies. 2 Pet. ii. 2. In a low or ludicrous sense, odious, detestable, or pernicious. Shak. DAM'NA-BLE-NESS, n. The slate or quality of de- serving damnation. DAM'NA-BLY, adv. In a manner to incur eternal punishment, or so as lo exclude mercy. Soiu/i. 2. In a low sense, odiously ; detestably ; sometimes DAM-NA'TiON, n. [L. damnatio.] 1. Sentence or condemnation lo everlasting pun- ishment in the future state ; or the state of eternal torments. How can je escape the damnation of bell ? — Matt, xxiii. 2. Condemnation. Taylor. DAM'NA-TO-RY, a. Containing a sentence of con- demnation. Waterland. DAM'Nt'D, (damd J adj. in serious discourse, dam'- ned,) pp. or a. Sentenced lo everlasting punishment in a future state ; condemned. 2. a. Hateful ; detestable ; abominable ; a word ckiefy used in profaiieness by persons of vulgar man- ners. DAMNlF'ie, o. [See Damnift.] Procuring loss ; mischievous. DAM'NI-FT-£D, pp. [See DAMifipr.] Injured ; en- damaged. DAM'NI-F?", r. £. [h. damn\fico ; damnum and /acio; It. damnijicare.] FATE, FAR, Fi^LL, VVH^T MkTE, PREY.— PINE, ALARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— __ _ ___ DAM 1. To cause loss or dainnKe to ; to hurt in estate or iiilen.'st ; to injure ; to endamage ; as, to damnify a m:tn in his g(.>od$ or estate. '^ To hurt \ to injure ; to impair \ applied to the per- son. Spenser. DAM'\1-FY-1XG, ppr. Hurting; injuring; impairing. DAM'XlNGf ppr. Dooming to endless punishment; a rnndemning. 2. a. That condemns or exposes to damnation ; as, a damnintr sin. DAM'NING-NESS, n. Tendency to bring damnation. Hammond. D^^^^ra^r ABS'quE lv^T^ri-a, [l.] Losswith- out any injury ol' the which the law can take cog- nizance. DAMP, o. [G. dampfi D. tlamp ; Sw. damh ; Dan. damp, steam, vapor, fog, smoke ; perhaps st/:am is from the same root, from wasting i Sans, dhuma. See Class Dm, No. 33.] 1. Moist ; humid ; being in a state between dry and wet ; as, a damp clotti ; damp air ; sometimes fog- gy ; as, the atmosphere is dampi but it may be damp without visible vapor. 2. Dejected \ sunk j depre.ssed ; chilled. [ Unusual.l Milton. DAMP, a. Moist air ; buniidity ; moisture ; fog. Mdlon. 3. Dejection ; depression of spirits; chill. We say, to strike a damp, or to cast a damp, on the spirits. Milton. 3. Damps, pi. ; noxious exhalations, or rather gas- es, issuing from the earth, and dek-lerious or fatal to animal life. These are otien known to exist in wells which continue long covered and not usi-d, and in mines and coalpits ; and sometimes they issue from the old lavas of volcanoes. These damps are usually tlie carbonic acid pas, vulgarly called choke-tlamp, which instantly sutfocates ; or carbureted hydrogen, called f re-damp. DAMP, u. (. To moisten; to make humid, or mod- erately weC 2. To chill; to deaden; to depress or deject; to abate ; as, to da»p the spirits ; to damp the ardor of passion. Stpiji. 3. To weaken ; to make dull ; as, to damp sound. Baci/n, 4. To check or restrain, as action or vigor ; to make languid ; to discourage; as, to damp industry. Bacon. DAMP'f:D,(dampt,);?V»- Chilled; depressed; abated; weakened; checked; discouraged. DA.MP'Jt.X, (damp'n,) c. t. To make damp or moist. D.-V.MP'KN-INGjP/»r. Making damp. J inline Johtison. DAMP'ER, n. That which damps or checks, 2. A valve or sliding plate in a furnace to stop or lessen the quantity of air admitted, and tJms to reg- ulate tile heat or extinguish the Are, Edwardji, fV. Ind. Rumford. 3. A part of a piano-furte, by which the sound is deadened. DAMP'IXG, ppr. Chilling; deadening; dejecting; abating; checking; weakening. DAMP'ISH, a. MfKleralL-ly damp, or mnist. DAMP'ISH-LV, adv. In a dampish manner. DAMP'ISH-i\E.SS, w. A nl^d^r^lto degree of damp- nesiv.or rnoistness; slight humidity. DAMP'NESS, n. Moisture; foggmess ; moistness ; moderate humidity; as, the dampnesa of the air, of the ground, or of a cloth. DAMPS «.;>/. See Damp. DAMP'Y, 0. Dejected; gloomy. {LiUleuaed,] Ifayward, DAM'SEL, fi. [Fr. dafHoiseUe and demeitctlr, a. cenlle- wnman, and damoiseau, a spark or beau ; Norm. damoUtlU, or demiceUe^, nobles, sons of kings, princes, knights, lords, ladies of quality, and ddntoyif<;(e«,dara- srla, fi-male infants ; Sp. daminota, a young gentle- woman, any girl not of the luwer class. The Arm. ma-me-irll, va-meatU^ or man-meseU, a woman or mad- am, seems to indicate that the first syllable is a pre- fix, and megell, Eng. miss, a distinct word. But damoUdU, Norm, demicelie, from which we have dam- sel, is doubtless from the Italian damiffeUa, a dimiim- tive, formed from dama, like the L. tiotnicilium, from di/mu^, and pcniciUus, from the root of penna. The Italian damisrUo, in the masculine gender, shows the propriety of the ancient application of damnet to males.] A young woman. Formerly, a young man or wo- man of noble or nctitt-el extraction ; nii,l>am.iel Pepin; lJam.*el Richaru, prince of Wales. It is now used only of young women, and is applied to any class of young unmarried women, unless to Uie most vulgar, and sometimes to country girls. « with hr train of /inmitU nhc wm (Ton?. Drydtn. Tb«-n Bu.i2 md, WhuM damnl in thia ? — Hutii il. This word is rarely used in conversation, or even in proite writings of the present day ; but it occurs frequently m the Scriptures, and in poetry. DAM'SON, (dam'zn,) n. [Contracted from daaiatcene^ the Dama>«cn!i ptum.l I'be fniit of a variety of the Frunus domestica ; a small black plum. DAN DAN, n. [Sp. don. Qu. from dominus, or Ar. • |i dauna, to be chief, to judge, Heb. Ch. Syr. and Eth. jn. Class Dn, No. 2, 4.j A title of honor equivalent to master ; used by Shakspeare, Prior, fee, but now obsolete. DANCE, V. i. [Fr. danser ; Sp. danzari Port, dan^ar ; Arm. danQzal i It, danzare; G. tanzen ; Sw. daasa ; Dan. dandser ; D. dartsseti ; Basque, dantia ; Riiss. tantzyu. Uu. the radical letters, and the Oriental fn, with a casual n.] 1. Primarily, to leap or spring ; hence, to leap or move with measured steps, regulated by a tune, sung or played on a musical nistrument ; to leap or step with graceful motions of the body, corresponding with the sound of the voice or of an instrument. There Is a time to moum, ajid a time u dancs. — Kccles. iii, 2. To leap and frisk about; to move nimbly or up and down. To dance attendance; to wait with obsequiousness ; to strive to please and gain favor by assiduous atten- tions and officious civilities ; as, to dance attendance at court. DANCE, r. (. To make to dance; to move up and down, or back and forth ; to dandle; as, to dance a child on the knee. Bacon. DANCE, n. In a general sense, a leaping and frisking about, .appropriately, a leaping or stepping with motions of the body adjusted ^ the measure of a tune, particularly by two or more in concert. A lively, brisk exercise or anmsement, in which the movements of the persons are regulated by art, in figure, and by the sound of instruments, in measure. 2. A tune by which dancing is regulated, oa the minuet, the waltz, the cotillon, &c. DANC'£D, (dilnst,) ;ip. Moved up and down, back- ward or forward, in measured steps. DXN'CER, n. One who practices dancing, or is skill- ful in the performance. DAN'CING, ppr, or a. Leaping and stepping to the sound of the voice or of an instrument ; movipg in measured steps; frisking about. DAN'CING, R. The act ijf moving in measured step ; frisking. DAN'CING-MAS-TER, n. One who teaches the art of dancing. DAN'CING-SCHOOL, n. A school in which the art of dancing is taught. DA.\'DE-LT-ON, n. [Fr. dent de lion, lion's tooth.] A well-known plant of the genus Leontodon, hav- ing a naked stalk, with one large flower. DAN'DER, V. i. To wander about; to talk incohe- rently. DAN'DI-PRAT, n. [Fr. damim, a ninny ; It. dondo- lone, a loiterer; dondolo, any thing swinging- don- dolare, to swing, to loiter. The Sp. and Fort. tontOy a dolt, may be of the same family. Q.u. prat.] A little fellow; an urchin; a word of fondness or contempt. Jokason. DAN'DLE, r. t [G. tftndeln, to toy, to trifle, to lounge, to dandle ; Fr. dandiner, to jog ; It. dondolare, to swing, to loiter ; Sp. and Port, toiitear, to dote, to talk nans«;nse ; Scot. dandiU, dander. These words seem to be allied.] 1. To shajtc or jolt on the knee, a-s an infant ; to move up and down in the hand ; literaity, to amuse by {day. T« ahall be dandlsd on ber koees — U. Izvi. 2. To fondle ; to amuse ; to treat as a child ; to toy with. 1 am aahanted u> be dandUd thin. Addison. 3. To delay ; to protract by trifles. [Obs.] Spender. DAN'I)L£D, pp. Danced on the knee, or in the arms; fondled ; amused by trifles or play. DAN'DLBR, n. One who dandles or fondles children. DAN'OLING, ppr. Shaking and jolting on the knee ; moving about in play or for amusement, as an infant. DAN'DLI.N'G, n. Act of fondling, or jolting on the knee. DAN'DRUFF, n. [Uu. Sax. tun, a. scab, tetttr, and drof, sordid ; or F r. teiffne. Arm, tijni, or taifrn.] A scurf which fonna on the bead, and comes ofl* in small scales or particles. DAN'DY, n. [Fr. damlin, a ninny, a silly fellow.] A flip; a coxcomb ; one who dresses himself like a doll, and who carries his character on his back, DAN'DY-IHd, a. Like n dandy. DAN'UV-ISM, n. The manners and dressof a dandy. DaNI7, n. A nativo of Dcnnmrk. DANE'GELT, n. [Dane nuA ffelty geld, money.] In Enirland, an annual tax furuierly laid on the English nuliovver,or dominion, doubt, hesitation. In Chaucer, it sigjiifies i>eril, and coy- ness, sparingness, or custody. In old English laws, it denotes a payment in money by forest tenants, to their lord, for permission to plow and sow in the time of pannage or mast-feeding. The primary sense is not obvious. Spenser has the following couplet : — VMiant he BhoiiUI be m fire. Showing danger more Uian ire.] Peril ; risk ; hazard ; exposure lo injury, loss, pain, or other evil. It is easy to boast of despising death when there is no danger. Our crafl U In danger lo be let at naught. — Acti xix. # DAN'GER, r. L To put in hazard ; to expose to loss or injury. Shak. But rarely used. [See Endanger, which is generally used.] DAN'OER-LESS, a. Free from danger; without risk. [Little used.] Sidney. DAN'6Ett-OUS, o. Perilous; hazardous; exposing to loss ; unsafe ; full of risk ; as, a dangerous voy- age ; a dangerous experiment. 2. Creating danger; causing risk of evil ; as, a dangerous man ; a dangerous conspiracy. DAN^GER-OUS-LY, adv. With danger ; with risk of evil ; with exposure to injury or ruin ; hazardously ; perilously ; as, to be dangcrousli/ sick ; dangerously situated. DAN't5ER-OUS-NES3, Ti, Danger; hazard; peril; a state of being exposed to evil ; as, the dangerousntss of condition, or disease. DAN"GLE, (dang'gl,) r. i. [Dan. dinglcry to swing to and fro. Uu. dandle, or Ch. Syr. hpr^.] 1. To hang loose, flowing, shaking, or waving; to hang and swing. He'd nither on a gibbet danglt. livd'ibraa. 2. To hang on any one ; to bo a humble, oflicious follower; with after or about; as, to dangle about b. woman ; to ilangle after a minister for favors, DAN"GLER, n. One who dangles; aj>plied partiair larly to men tcho hang about women. DAN^'GLING, ppr. or a. Hanging loosely ; busily or orticiouj^ly adhering to. DAN'ISH, a. Belonging to the Danes or Denmark. DAN'ISH, Ti. The language of the Danes. DANKj a. [Qu. G. tunken, lo dip.] Damp; moist; humid; wet. DANK, Tt. Moisture ; humidity. Milton. Skak. DANK'ISH, a. Somewhat damp, DANK'ISII-NESS, n. Dampness: humidity. DA-NO'UI -AN, a. Pertaining to the Danube. DA'OU-RITE, n. A mineral, called rubellite, resem- bling shorl, but differing from it in chemical charac- ters. Its color is red, of various shades. CleaveJand. DAP or DAPE, r. i. [Goth, daupyan^ to dip.] To drop or let fall the bait gently into the water; to raise or sink it ; a word used by anglers. fValton. DA-FAT'ie-AL, a. [L. dapes.] Sumptuous in cheer. [JV*y£ in use.] DAPH'NE, n. A nymph or Diana. DAPH'NIN, n. The bitter principle of the Daphne Mezereum, discovered by Vauquelin. It is obtained in small cr>'Btals, hard, transparent, of a grayish color, and a bitter taste. DAP'I-FER, M, [L. dapts, feast, and fero, to bear.] One who brings meat to the table. Formerly, the title or olticeof the grand-master of a king*s house- bold. It still subsists in Germany. F.ncyc. DAP'PER, a. [D. dajipcr^ brave, valiant; Sw. and Dan. tapper; G. tapfcr. See Class Db. No. 13, 28. j Active ; nimble ; brisk ; or little ana active ; neat ; lively ; as, a dapper fellow ; a dapper spark. DAP'PER-LING, n. A dwarf; a dandiprat. DAP'PLE, a. [Most probably allied ioiabby, and from dipping, or to \V. tlavnu, to drop. The word signi- fies spotted, and spots are often from dropping or sprinkling.] Marked with spots ; spotted ; variegated with spots of different colors or shades of color ; as, a dapple- bay or dapplc-irray ; applied to a horse or other beast. It may sometunes express streaked, but this is not its true signification. DAP'PLE, V. U To spot ; to variegate with spots. Th.' ernllfi tUy Dapples Ihe drowiy ciut witii tpoU of gray. 5ftot. Tht: dappUd pink ami MuBliinff ro*r. Prior. DAP'PLfiD, /rp. or o. Spotted ; variegated with spots of difll-rcnt colors or shades of color. DAP'PLING, ppr. Variegating with spots. DAR't i "* A fish found in the Severn. Bailey. D.\RD'rt. [Yr. dard.] What i.-5 thrown out, oris cast fnrward, as a dart is thrown. DARE, ('. I. .- pret. Dubst. [Srtx. dearran, durran; D. darren, diirern ; G. dtirfen ; Sw. dierf\ bold ; dierfvas, to dare, and tHras, to dare ; Dan. tiir, to dare, and VSr, dry, torrid, L. torreo; Dan. t'drhcd, dryness, bar- renness ; tHrstig, thirsty. The German iWr/rn, com- pounded, bedfirfen, signifies to want, to need, to lack, and this, in Dutch, is demen. The Sw. dare, rash, mad, sottish, dara^ to infatuate, Dan. daarer, may bo of the same family. The Gr. ^afypiio, and TONE, BUhh, IINITE. — AN"GER, VI"ClOUa— e as K; ti aa J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SU ; ITH aa in THIS. DAR Riiaai. dmtmifUt to daie, an evMlenUy tbo tame word. - Ar. ,1 j» dhawrUy to be bold, audacious ; to be angry, or averse j to be terrified, to flee. So in Sw. dorrs, to tremble. The sense of boldness, darinfc, is some- times from the sense of ndvancing ; but s«>me of the senses of these wonls indicate the sense of receding.] To have courai^e for any purpose ; to have strength of mind or hardihood to iindc riake any thing ; to be bold enough i not to be afraid , lo venture j to be ad- ▼eniuroos. ^ I d*rc do an Ikat mt; bcconw « man. Skmk. ^ Dart anw of you go w Uw tvlhre ihr unjuit ? — I Cor. vL, limw6i^id»<6mif&mdMrwtmtk hinH Wt» an ihou f — John zri. In this intransitive wnss, dart im not generally frl- lowed by the sign to befbra another verb in the in- finitive ; though ta may be used with propriety. In German, the verb is nunibt-red among the auxiliaries. In the transitive form, it is regular Mhus : DARB, r. L ; prtu and ff. DAaso. To challenge j to provoke ; to defy ; as, to duM a man lo fight Such a ^Mtt, aad aoefa a lover. Dryitn. Tlv 4ar* Imrka ; to catch thera by means of a look- ing-glass, or by keeping a bird of prey hovering aloft, which keeps them in amaxe till caught by a net thrown over them ; to terrify or amase. Johtuon. Drwdeii. D.XRE, a. Defiance ; challenge. [Airt «Md.| Shak. DARE, K. A small lisli, the same as the ddee. £mtyc JtfknaoiL DAR'ET), m. Challenged ; defied. DARG'FtiL, a. Full of defiance. [Mtt Mcd] SUA. DAR'ER, n. One who dare* or defies. DAR'ie, s. A gold coin of Darius ihs Mede, value about 556 cents. DARING, a. A bold act ; a hazardous attempt. StmOey. DAR'ING, ppr. Having courage suflSdent for a pur- pose ; challenging; defying. 2. 0. Bold ; courageous ; intrepid ; fearless ; ad- venturous } biave ; stout. Grino ool, O daHmg priaes, IkU noble iKait. Am. 3. Audacious ; impudently bold and defying, as in ksm>9»-darimfrt defying almighty power. DA&'INO-LV, adv. Boldly ; coumgeuuttly ; fearless- ly; Impudently. The ftiac if ln of our Wj RUfku m rfarinf ^ attackd tnn Ue pna. itMm. DARtNO-NESS, a. Boldness ; couraseoosness , au- dacioasDesa. ^ DARK, a. [Sax. iU$n ; Ii. danJka ; Peia. Sw^ Urak, dark; t^Xjjlj tsrbk, dark, darkness. Bee Class Dt, No. 15] 1. Destitute of light ; obscure. A dark atmos- phere is one which prevents vision. 2. Wholly or partially black ; ha\ing the quality opposite to white ; as, a dark color or substance. 3. Gloomy ; disheartening ; having unfavorable prospects ; as, a dark time in political afiairs. There ii« in «m7 tnu woraao's hmt, a apark of beaVcoly fiic, wtith bcanaa mad Uaxa in the dark bour of adnnitr. irmng, 4. Obscure ; not easily understood or explained ; as, a dark passage in an authw ; a dark saying. a. Mysterious ; as, the ways of Providence are often dark to human reason. 6. Not enlightened with knowledge ; destitute of learning and science ; rude ; ignorant ; as, a dark age. 7. Not vi%-id : partially black. Ln. xiii. 8. Blind. [JVU in use,] Ihjden. 9. Gloomy ; not cheerful ; as, a dark temper. Addiaon. 10. Obscore ; concealed; secret ; not understood ; as, a dark design. 11. Unclean ; foul. JIfilfm. IS. Opaque. But dark and opaque are not synony- mous. Clulk is opajiu^ but not dorfc. 13. Keeping designs concealed. TiM dark, ttnrrlrndn^ Tib-riuk fXbhon. DARK, a. [Sans, tarda.] Darkness ; obscurity ; the absence of^ light. We say, we can hear in the dark. Sh^l Ay woculen be known in ihr dart 7 — Ps. Ixxzriii. 2. Obscurity : secrecy"; a state unknown ; as, things done in the dark. 3. Obscurity ; a state of ignorance ; as, we are all in the dark. DARK, V. L To darken ; to obscure. I Obs.} DARK'-BROW-rO, a. Stem of aspect j frowning ; a«, dark-hnmfd Hotspur. Percy*$ Masque. DARK'-eOL-OR-£D, (-kunurd,) a. Having a dark hue. Smiih. DARk'£N, fdark'n,) c f. rPat. adtcrdaiu] 1. To make dar . -, to deprive of light ; as, close the shutters an-1 aarken the room. DAR St, To obscure ; to cloud. Hk contMeucs ■elilom darktntd hii fiwcd^U. fiocon. 3. To make black. Thr locusta daritntd Un tand. — Ex. x. 4. To make dim ; to deprive of vision. Lm their vfta be darkmad. — Rom. xl. 5. To render gloomy ; as, all Joy is darluntd. Is. xxiv. 6. To deprive of intellectual vision ; to render ig- norant or stupid. Their fiwluih brait wm (foritnwrf. — Rom. f. Ua«ing the lUMientaotfing' dnribfiMrf. — £pb. Ir. 7. To obscure \ to perplex ; to render less dear or intelligible. Who k thk that dwtcnrA eounael bf words without knowledge } Job xxxTiii. 6. To render less white or clear ; to tan ; as, a burning sun darkens tlie complexion. 9. To sully ; to make foul. TKUotson. DARK'EN, V. i. To grow dark or darker; also, to grow less white or dear. DARK'£N-£D, (dirk'nd,) pp. Deprived of light ; ob- sctired ; rendered dim; made black; made ignorant. DXRK'frN-ER, «, That which darkens. DARK'/:.\-l.\0, ppT. Depriving of light; obscuring; mnkins black, or less while or clear ; clouding. DARK'-KV-KD, (Ide,) a. Having dark eyes. DAIIK'-H»tUSE, n. An old word for a mad-house. DAKK'I:?H, a. Dasky ; somewhat dark. \Shak. DARK'LING, a. Being in the dark, or without light; a poetical word. MUtotu Shak, DARK'LY, adv. Obscurely; dimly; blindly; uncer- tainly ; with imperfect light, clearness, or knowl- edge. Tfa«7 learn only wtuit tiaditioa baa darkly coorejed to them. Anon. DARK'-MrND-ED, o. Having a dark, close, or re- vengeful mind. Baxter. DARR'NESS, n. Absence of light. ADd darkmets wai on the Tace of the dnp. — Gen. 1. ^ Obscurity ; want of clearness or perspicuity ; that quality or state which renders any thing difficult to be understood ; as, the darkness of counsels. 3. A state of being intellectually clouded ; igno- rance. Men love darknata rather than li^hL — John ill. 4. A private place ; secrecy ; privacy. What 1 Idl jroo in darkne»t, Uiat speak ye in lighL — Mittt. x. 5. Infernal g^oom } hell ; as, utter darkniss. MatL xxii. 6. Great trouble and distress ; calamities ; perplex- iUes. A daxafdoadaandtUekdoHhwas.— JodB. U. tuI. 7. Empire of Batan. Who hath dcGrvred ua bota the power otdarknssa. — Col. i. 8. Opaqueness. Land of darkness ; the grave. Job x. DARK'SO.ME, (dirk'sum,) a. Dark ; gloomy ; obscure ; as, a darksome house ; a darksome cloud. Miltxfiu Dryden. DXRK'-.«OLTL-En, a. Having a dark soul. DARK'-WORK-ING, (-wurk'ing,) o. Working in darkness, or in secrecy. Shak. DAR'LING, a. [Sax. dearlmg ; rfew, dear, and ling^ which primarily denotes likeness, and, in some words, is a diminutive. So in G. liebling^ loveling, D. liev^ Unff. See Deab.1 Dearly belnved ; favorite ; regarded with great kindness and tenderness ; as, a darling child ; a darling science. Watts. D.AR'LING, n. One much beloved; a favorite; as, that son was the darling of his father. DA RN, r. ^ [W. darn ; Arm. darn ; Fr. dame ; a piece or patch.] To mend a rent or hole, by imitating the testure of the cloth or stuff with yarn or thread and a needle j to sew together with yarn or thread. It is used par- ticularly of stockings. Oay. Swift, DARN, n. A place mended by darning. DARN'£D, pp. Mended by imitating the texture of the cloth. DAR'NEL, n, A plant of the genus Lolium, a kind of grass ; the most remarkable species are the red darnel^ or rj-e-gtass, and the white dameL DARX'ER, B, One who mends by darning. DARN'I.VG, ppr. Mending in imitation of the origi- nal texture ; sewing together, as a torn stocking, or cloth. DARNTNG, n. The act of mending, as a hole in a farment. R'RAIN, r. t [Norm, dareigner, derentr, derdgnery deraigner, to prove, to testify, to clear himself, to in- stitute ; noun, darrein, or derene^ or d^reigite, proof; also, derreinery to endeavor. In Chaucer, the word is interpreted to contest But for thou art a worthy ^nlll knight, And wilnat to darraint hire by batAilIe. TTie word is probably compound. But neither the origin nor the signification is obvious.] DAS To prepare, or to order ; or to try ; to endeavor ; t prove ; to apjily to the Contest. [ Obs.] Carew. Sptnssr. Shak. DAR'RKIN, a. [Comipted from Fr. dernier.) Last ; as, darrein continuance, tlie last continu nnce, Bouvier. DART, n, [Fr. dard; Arm. rfnr^dor dardi lu Sp. an* Port, dardo; Russ. drot. In Sw. dart is a daRget The word is from some verb signifying to throw o thriiwt. In Gr. i'uiiv is a spear or laiice.j 1. A pointed, missile weapon, to be thrown by tb hand ; a short lance. Dryden. Q. Any missile weapon ; that which pierces an* wounds. Ami from about lirr »Iiot darU of Hcifjfl. DART, V. ^ To throw a pointed instrument w'.th sudden thrust ; as, to dart a javeWp. J>-ydin. 2. To throw suddenly or rap'Jly; to set'.; to em'it ; to shoot ; applied to sma'l objects icKic\ pas* wilh velocitt/ ; as, the sun dtrts his bean'is o:.i the earth. Or whai ill eyc» mnllgnnnt fflancea dart. Pope. DART, r. i. To fly or shoot, as a dart ; lo fly rapidly. 2. To spring and run v/\\\i velocity; in grarl sud- denly and run ; us, the deer darted f.om the thicket. DAR'TARS, n. A scab or ulceration ur.dcr the chins of lambs. Farm. Encvc. DART'ED, pj». Thrown or hurled, as a pointed in- stniment ; sent with velocity. DART'ER, n. One who throws a dart. 2, A Brazilian bird, of the Pelican family, which darts into the water after its prey. Partington. DART'ING, mrr. Throwing, aa a dart ; hurling darts ; flying rapidly. DART'ING-LY, adv. Rapidly ; like a dart. DAR'TROUS, o. [Fr. dartre, tetter.] A vague tenn reLiMng to a kind of cutaneous dis- ease of no deflnitt character. D.\8H, o. £. [In Dan. da^k signifies a blow ; in Sw. daskay to strike ; ia Scot, daschy to rush. In Persian, o ^ jLj tax or tauiy is an assault on an enemy. Bee Class Ds, No. 3, 4, 5, 14, 22, 30, 31, 40.] 1. To strike suddenly or violently, whether throw- ing or failing ; as, to daak one stone against another. Bacon. \jv%\ thou (foaft thy foot a^nst a Btone. — Matl. iv. 2. To strike and bruise or break ; to break by col- lision ; but usually wilh the words in pieces. Thou iliatt da*h Ihrm in pieces, aa a potter's vetael. — Ps. ii. 3. To throw water suddenly, in separate portions ; aa, to dash water on the head. 4. To bespatter ; to sprinkle ; as, to dash a gar- ment. Shak. 5. To strike and break or disperse. At once the brushing oars and braxea prow D(uh up the •aodjr wavesj oud ope the depth below. Dryden. 6. To mix and reduce or adulterate by throwing in another substance ; as, to dash wine with water; the story is dashed with fables. 7. To f-^rm or sketch out in haste, carelessly. Pope. 6. To erase ai a stroke ; to strike out ; to blot out or obliterate ; aa, to dash out a line or word. Pope. 9. To break ; to destroy ; to frustrate ; as, to dash all their schemes and hopes. 10. To confound ; to confuse ; to put to shame ; to abash ; to depress by shame or fear ; as, he was dashed at the appearance of the judge. Datk the proud ^metier in his gilded car. Pope, DASH, V. i. To strike, break, scatter, and fly off; as, agitate water and it will dash over the sides of a ves- sel ; the waves dashed over the side of the ship. 2. To rush, strike and break, or scatter ; as, the waters dash down the precipice. 3. To rush with violence, and break through ; as, be dashed into the enemy's ranks ; of, he dashed through thick and thin. DASH, n. Collision ; a violent striking of two bodies ; as, th% dash of clouds. TViomson. 2. Infusion ; admixture ; something thrown into another substance ; as, the wine has a dash of water. Innocence with n dash of Tolly. Addison. 3. Admixture ; as, red with a dash of purple. 4. A rushing, or onset, with violence ; as, tojnake a dash upon the enemy. 5. A sudden stroke ; a blow ; an act. She talcs upon her bravely al firet dash. Shak. 6. A flourish; blustering parade; as, the young fop made a dash. [Fulgar.j • 7. A mark or line, in writmg or printingj noting a break or stop in the sentence; as in Virgil, quos ego — ; or a pause ; or the division of the sentence. 8. In music, a small mark [thus f ] denoting that the note over which it is placed is to be performed in a short, distinct manner. Brande, DASH'-BO.\RD, «. A board placed on the fore part of a chaise, sleigh, or other vehicle, to prevent water, FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T. — MeTE, PR£Y. — PIXE, MARtXE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- ^300 DAT mud, or snow, from being thrown upon those in the vehicle by llie heels of the horses. DA.SH'EO, (daslii,) pp. gtruck violently ; driven agriinst ; bruised, broken, or scattered, by collision ; besprinkled ; mixed or adulterated ; erased ; blotted out ; broken ; cast down ; confuundcd ; abashed. DASH'ING, ppr. Drivine and striking against ; strik- ing suddenly or violently j brt^akina or scatterinp by collision; infusing; mixing; confounding j blotting out ; rushing. 9.(1. Rushing; driving; blustering; making a dash ; as, a dashing fellow. 3. o. Precipitate; nishing carelessly on. Burke. DAS'TARD, K. [la Sax. adastrigan is 'to frigiiten, to deter.] , A coward ; a poltroon ; one who meanly shrinks from danger. Dryden. DAS'TARD, a. Cowardly ; meanly shrinking from danger. Cime on ttieir deulard souls. Additon. DAS'TARD, V. L To make cowardly ; to intimidate ; to di-spirit. Drydfn, DAS' TARD-IZE, v. t. To make cowardlv. UowclL DAS'TARD-r/-£D, pp. Made cowardly.* DAS'TARD-IZ-I\G, ppr. Making cowardly. DAS'TARD-LI-NES3, «. [from daglardly.] Coward- liness. Barrett. DAS'TARD-LY, o. Cowardly ; meanly timid ; b:»e ; sneaking. Herbert. DAS'TARD-XESS, n. Cowardliness ; mean timor- oitsneas. DAS'TARD-Y, n. Cowardliness ; base timidity. DAS'Y-l^RE, n. [Gr. 6 iff'rf and xi; a.] A quadrnped o( New Holland and Van Diemen'd Land, allied to the opossum. DA'TA, «. pL [L. ddfa, given.] . Things given, or aitniitled ; q«:\ntities, principles, or fact;! given, known, (»r admitted, by which to find tilings or results unknown. DA-TA'RI-A, B. The papal chancery at Rome, from which all bulls are issued, so called from the sub- scription, Datum apud Sanctum Petrum, i. e., in the Vatican. Krwyc. Jim. DA'TA-RY, w. .\ high officer of the chancery of Rome, who afhxes the datum Romtc to the pope's bulls. 2. The emjrfnyment of a datary. DATE, M. [Tr. date ; It. and Sp. data ; L. datum^ given, fnmi dit, to give ; Sans, da, d^uu.] 1. That adilition to a writing which specifies the year, month, and day, when it was given or execu- ted. In letters, it notes the time when they are writ- ten or wnl ; in deeds, contracts, wills, and other pa- pers, it specifies the time uf execution, and, usu;Uly, the time from which they are to take effect and op- erate on the riglit-4 of {>erson. To the date is usually added the name of the piiice where a writing is exe- cuted, nnd this is sometimes incliidetl in the term '/«/«. 2. The time wlien any event hapjiened, when nny thing was transacted, or wlien any thing i» to he done ; as, the date ui a buttle ; the date of Cesar's arrival in Britain. 3. End; conclusion. [UnusuaL] WhJU time would »patt, from tief.l receives Its daU, Pop*. 4. Duration ; continuance ; as, ages of endless n/dfe. Milton, DATE, r. f. To write or note the lime when a letter b) written, or a writing execute*} ; to express, in an Instrument, the year, month, and day, of its exccu- li DA''J'I VE, a. or n. [L. daticus, from rfo, to give.] In grammar, a term applied to the cash of nount which usually follows verbs that express giving* or •oni'* act directed to an object. Thus, detur tibi, it is given to yoii ; mrjssum est iitiy it was sent to him ; ficit miAi, he made, or did, to, or /rr, me ; UiquebaiMr dlit, lie spoke to them. It also follows other words ex- DAU pressing something to be given to a person, or tor his benefit ; as, utili^ cohi.-i, useful to you. In English, this relation is expressed by to or for. Dative executor ; in laiD, one appointed by the judge of probate ; an administrator. DAT'O-LIT?], i n. A minemi, occurring in email, DATH'O-LITE, ) complex, glassy crystals, usually colorless, or a little yellowish. It coniciists of silica, boracic acid, and lime, with five per cent, of water. A variety presenting botryoidal or niammillary forms is called botrtjolitc. Dana. DA'TUM, rt. ,■ pi. Data. [L.] Sometliing given or ad- mitted. [See Data.] DA'TUM-LINE, n. In civil enrrineerimr, the horizon- tal or base line, from which the surface-points are reckoned, or measured, in the plan of a railway, &c. Gilbert D.a-rtPlVi STRA-MO'J^I-UM, n. Tlie thorn-apple, a plant yielding seed of a medicinal quality. DA-TC'R'I-.VA, \ n. An alkaloid obtained from Datu- DA-TO'Rl-A, > ra strnmoniumy now supposed to be DA-TO'RINE, > identical with Atropina. DACB, r. i. [yv. dwbiaiB,XQ daub; rfwfi, mortar; Ir. dobhaimh^Xo daub; i/oiA, plaster ; allied probably to Ft. dauber, u* strike, that is, to throw or put on, and the root of this word probably occurs, contracted, in the L. induo.] \. To smear with soft, adhesive matter ; to plaster ; to cover with mud, slime, or other soft substance. Shv look for him au ark of biilrushei, and daubed it wiih bIjitk itml with pitch. — Kx. it. I will break Juwn thr wall ^e hare daubed with untcmpcred mortar. — En'k. xiii. Q. To paint coarsely. If a jdwiire b daubtd with mxny bright colon, the rulgar ad- ntifv it. WaUM. 3. To cover with something gross or specious ; to disguise with an artificial covering. So sinodth he daubed Vm »«« with ihow of viitup. 5Aalr. 4. To lay or put on without taste ; to deck awk- wardly or ostentatiously, or to load with affected finery. Let lilm be daubed with law, Dryden. 5. To flatter gTt)S3ty. Cuiisciciice will not daub nor flnttcr. South,, Dj\UB, v. L To practice gross flattery; to play the nymcrite. Shak, DAI/B'^-TI), (dawbd,) pp. Smeared with soft, adhesive matter ; phustered ; [)ainted coarsely ; disguised ; load- ed with ill-chosen finery. DAUU'ER, n. One who daubs; a coarse painter; a low nnd gross flatterer. DAUB'ER-V, I n. A daubing: any thing artful. DiVUB'RY, \ Shak. DAini'ING, ppr. Plastering; painting coarsely ; dis- guising clumsily; decking ostentatiously ; flattering grossly. DAUB'ING, n. Plastering; coarse painting; gross flattery. Di^UB'Y, o. Viscous; glutinous; slimy; ntihp^ive. Dry J en. DAUGH'TER, (daw'ter,) n. [Sax. dohter ; D. dogter; '6. tochter ; Sw. and Dan. dotter ; Gr. OvyaTT)p ,* Goth. dauhtar; Russ. doeh ; Pers. jj<^^ dochtar^ a daugh- ter; also, ^_^^^ docht, daughter, and a virgin ; also, Btrengtb, power ; Sans, dui^ida, or duhitA. The latter words coincide with the Sax. dugan^ to avail, to be good ; dugothy strength, grace, L. decus. See Dx- CENCT.1 1. The female offspring of a man or woman ; a fe- male child of any age. 2. A daughter-m-law ; a »on*« wife. Raih iiL 3. A woman ; pi. female inhabitants. Dinah went out lo w-e the daughlert of the land. — Gen. xzxiv. 4. A female descendant ; lineage of females. Luke. i. 5. The female penitent of a confessor. Shak. This word is used, in Scripture, for the inhabitants of a city or country, male and female. /*. xvi. 2. Matt. xxi. Also, a tenn of aflection or kindness. Daughter, he of food Mmfort. — MutU ix. DAUGU'TER-LI-NESS, n. The state of a daugh- ter. More. 2. The conduct becoming a daughter. DAUGH'TKR-LY, o. Becoming a daughter ; dutiful. DAUK. See Dawk. [Cavendish. DAUNT, r. L [Ifl Scot. rfa;i^ rfanfoji, signify to sub- due. In Dan. daaner, Sw. d/tna, signifies lo faint or swoon, (iu. I*, domiln, Fr. dompter, contracted.] To repress or subdue rouraae ; lo intimidate ; lo dishearten ; lo check by fear of danger. It expresses Ie«8 than fright and terrify. SomM pnwrttert daunt nn!n life awiik''» and daioTit at ercry llut. Pope. 3. To glimmer obscurely. Locke. 4. To becin lo open or appear. Dryden. DAWN, n. The break of day ; tlie first appearance of light in the morning. They aroae about the dawn of day. — Joah. rt. The word may express the whole time from the first appearance of ligtit to sunrise. 2. First opening or expansion ; first appearance of intellectual light ; as, the dawn of genius, intellect, or mental powers. 3. Beginning; rise; first appearance ; as,lhei/(iicn of tinif!. Shak. 4. A feeble or incipient light; first beams. Thc«r trnder clicuinBUuice* ilitfuac a daion of acrcnity ovor the wul. Pup€. DAWN'ING, ppr. or a. Growing light; first appear- Vng luminous; opening; as, the dawning Ax\y. 2. ppur-tv dl^. — 0«ii. Ei. In this sen^. the plural is often used ; n<', from the damf of the juUsies ; in the Uaus of our fathers. In this sense, also, the word is olVn equi^-alent to life, or eartbl> existence. 5. The contest of a dav ; battle ; or day of combat. The dau is his own. He won the dajff that is, be piined the victor>-. 6. An appointed tir fixed time. If ray debundo Doi kn^p tbrir diy. Dryttn. 7. "nmeofcommemormtinifan event ; anniverwuy ; the aaioe day of the month, in any future year. We celebcate the ^y of our Savior*s birth. DNy kf daf ; daily ; evtry day ; each day In nic- cenkn ; ooniinually ; mtbout intennisslun of a day. D*^ ly day we nufufy ibeou Co m man Prajftr. Bmt or m/y /i iiw *» (ff day ; witbout ceitainty of continuance ; lempuraril)-. Shak. r»-4«y, «^. [Sax. t^-d^f.] On the present day ; tliii day ; or at Uie present time. Dmg tf fract i in ductogy, the time when mercy b oAfared lo sinners. IVAiy, V je vfil bear U> voice, honfea not your btutk — Atys ^ grace ; in law, are days granted by the court for delay, at the prayer of the plaintiff or de- fendant. Sacyc. Three days, beyond the day named in the nrnt. In which the person summoned may appear and answer. BUekaUnu. Dmft^ greet; in eoniMeree, a customary number ofdaya, u Great Briuin and America cAtm, allowed for tti« pa>'ment of a note or bill of exchange, after ft becomes due. A note due on the sevcat* of tite roooth fcs pajfoMe on the Unik, The days of grace are different in different coun- tries. In France, they are lea : at Naples, ei^kt .■ at Venice, AiUi^terdam. and Antwerp, aiz i at Ham- burg, dedre ; in Spain, fottrieem i in Genoa, CJUrty. £«Cye. Day ta eomrtj is a day for the appearance of patties taaeuiL Daf^ ta hank ; in Ea^taid^ days of appearance in the Court of Common Bench. Days in court are gen- erally at (he distance of about a week from each other, and have n-ference to wune festival of t)te church. Onsomeoneofibesedays in bank, all orig- inal writs must be made returnable. HUteJutana. D2Y'-B£A.M, n. The light of the day. Bomrmg, DA V'-BED, li. A bed used for idleness, indulgence, or rest, diirine the day. Skak, DAV'-IK>QKt s- A journal of accounts ; a book tn which lire recorded the debts and creiUts or accounts nf Ute day. DXY'-BREAK, a- The dawn or first appearance of light in the morning. DA Y'-€0 A L, n. A name given by miners to the upper stratum of coaL fncyc DA V'-URE.\M, a. A vision lo the waking senses. Mason. DaY'-FLOW-ER, n. The pc^mlar name of a genus of plants, the Commclina. Muhlenberg. DAY'-Ft.y, a. One of a genus of insects that live one day only, or a very* short time, called Ephemera. The species are numerous, some of which live scarcely an hour, others several days. Kncyc DAY'-FLT-ER, n. .An aoimal that flies in the day- lime. DAY'-LA-BOR, a. Labor hired or performed by the day. DAY-LA'BOR-ER. ■- One who works by the day. DAY'UGHT, (lite,) a. The light of the day ; the light of the sun, as opposed to that of the moon or of a lamp or candle. DAY'-UL-Y, «, The same with asphodcL Johnson. A species of Uemerocallis. Botany. DAY'LY, a. The more regular orthography of Dailt. DAY'-.MAID, a. A dairy maid. SJuik. DAYS'M.VN, a. An umpire or aibiter ; a mediator. Krkher m (faere uj d m if iman betwixt us. — Job ix. DAY'-SPRING, a. The dawn ; the beginning of the day, or first appearance of ligbL WtKTT^ xhe J a ^p ri m g from e» high faalh TUted w. — Lake L DAV'-STAR, H. The morning star, Lucifer, Venus ; the star which precedes the morning lighL Milton, DAY'-TIME, s. The lime of the sun's light on the earth ; opposed to nigkL DA Y'-W'EA-RI-ED, (da'wS-rid,) a. Wearied with the labor of the day. Shak. DAY'-WOM-A.V, n. A dairy maid. DAY'-VVORK, (wurk,) a. Work by the day; day- labor. DAY*»'-WORK, n. The work of one day. Among aeameny the account or reckoning of a ship's course for twenty-four hours, from noon to noon. Encye. DEA DAZE, r. t, [Uu. Sax. dica-s^ ciytfi, dysig^ Eng. dniy. See Dazzle.] To overiKiwer with light ; to dim or blind by too strung a light, or to render the sight unsteady. [jyot now ttsfii, vnlfss in paetryT^ Drydt-ju DAZE, a. Amuna miners^ a glittering stone. DAZ'ZLE, r. t. [tn Sax. dtt,£s is dull, stupid, foolish ; rfioAscoji, to exUnguii^h ; dysi or dy^igy dizzy.] 1. To overpower with light ; to hinder distinct vision by intense light ; or to cause to shake ; to render unsteady, as the sight. We say, Uie bright- ness of the sun dailies the eyes or the sight. S. To strike or surprise with a bright or intense light ; to dim or blind by a glare of light, or by splendor, in a literal or figurative sense ; as, to be daidai by resplcndeut- gluiy't or by a brilliant ex- pression. DAZ'ZLB, v. i To be overpowered by light ; to shake or ba unsteady ; to waver, as the sigbu 1 (Un not utMl thrv tjt9 ; IVr ituMK In RWto, wicl dtuzi* vi\h atiriiriM. Drydtn, DAZ'ZLED. pp. oro. Made wavering, as the sight; oven>*wered or dimmed by a too strong lieht. D.\Z'ZLE-.MENT, n. The act or power of dazxling. IJVot «*■«£.] Donnr. DAZ'ZLING, ppr. or a. Rendering unsteady or waver- ing, as the sight , over[>owering by a strong light; striking with splendor. DAZ'ZLING-LY, adv. In a dazzling manner. DE, a Latin prefix, tlenotes a moving from, separa- tion ; as in debark^ dwiiaf, decease^ deduct^ decamp. Hence^ it often expresses a negative, as in derange. Sometimes it augments the sense, as in deprave^ de- rii. It coincides neariy in sense with the French and L. dia. T^e Latin phrase de jure denotes by right ; de /oeto in fact, or actually existing. DEA'CON, {di-'kn,) a. [L. diaeonvs^ from Gr ita- Kovoff a mmistcr or servant ; ^ui, by, and noww, to serve ; Fr. diacre ; Arm. diagon i It. and Sp. diaeono ,- D. diakem.] L A person in the lowest degree of holy orders. The office nf deacon was instituted hy the apostles, Jtetsvi.,UDd seven persons were chosen, at first, to Ber\-e at the feasts of Chnstianii,and distribute bread and wine to the communicants, and to minister to the wants of the poor. In tke Rtrtnan Calholic cAurcA, the office of the dea- cons is to jnrense the othciating priest ; to lay the corporal on the altar ; to receive the cup from the ■ubdeacoii, and present tl to the person nificiating; to incense the choir ; to receive the pax from the officiating prelate, and carry it to the subdeacon ; and at the pontifical mass, to put the miter on the bishop's head. Enryc^ In tha ekurek ef England^ the office of deacon^s decliued to be to assist the priest in administering the holy communion ; and their office in Presbyterian and Independent churches is to distnbute t'le bread and wine to the communicants. In the latter, they are elected by the members of the church. S. In Seodandj an overseer of the poor, and the master of an incorporati^-d company. DEA'CON-ESS, (dC-'kn-ess,) n. A female deacon in the primitive church. Encyc. DkA'€0.\-RY, in. The office, dignity, or minis- DEv\'€0N-S11IP, \ try of a deacon or deaconess. Encije. DE.\D, (ded,) a. [Sax. dead, probably contracted from degedi D. dood; G. todti Sw. dUd; Dan. dad. See DlK.]^ , I. Deprived or destitute of life ; that state of a being, animal or vegetable, in which the organs of motion and life have cea*ed to perform their func- tions, end have become incapable of perforining them, or erf" being restored to a state of activity. Tht iivo aredeorf who sotighi ihy life. — Ex. ir. It is sometimes followed by of buforC the cause of death ; as, dead of hunger, or vf a f^vor. a. Hanng never had life, or having been deprived of viLil action before birth ; as, the child was born 3. Without life ; inanimate. [dead. All, all but iruth, drop* dead-bom from the prw*. Pope. 4. Without vegetable life ; as, a drad tree. 5. ImitAting death; deep or sound; as, a tUad sleep. 6. Perfectly still ; motionless as death ; as, a dead calm : a dead weight. 7. Emirty ; vacant ; not enlivened by variety ; as, a dead void space ; a dead plain. Drijden. We say, also, a dead level, for a i>erfectly level surface. 8. Unemployed; useless; unprofitable. A man's faculties may lie dead, or his godMs remain dead on his hand."!. So dead capital or stock is that which produces no profit. 9. Dull ; inactive ; as, a dead sale of commodities. 10. Dull; gloomy; still; not enlivened; as, a dead winter ; a dead season. Jiddiion. II. Still; deep; obscure; as, the dead darkness of the nighL 12. Dull; not lively; not resembling life ; as, the dead coloring of a piece ; a dead eye. DEA 13. Dull; heavy; via. a. dead sound. Bayle^ 14. Dull; frigid; lifeless; cold; not animated; not aflVcting; ^ksed of prayer. .^Udison. 15. Tasteless ; vapid ; spiritless ; used of liquora. 16. Uninhabited ; a.^, deaii wails. ArbuthnoU 17. Dull ; without natural force or efficacy ; not lively or brisk ; as, a dead fire. 16. In a state of spiritual death ; void of grace ; lying under the power of sin. 19. Im[)otent ; unable to procreate. Rom. iv. 20. Decayed in grace. Thou hfist a iiKine that thou livest, niul art dend. — Vj"r. iii. 21. Not proceeding from spiritual life ; not pro- ducing good works; as, faith without works is deatL James ii. ' 22. Proceeding from corrupt nature, not from spir- itual life or a gracious principle ; an, dead works. Heb. ix. 14. 23. Perfect or complete; as, a dead level, a dead certainty ; so, also, a dead shot, i. e., a perfect or un- erring marksiiitin. 24. In law, cut ofl^ from the rights of a citizen ; deprived of the power of enjoying tlie ripht;? of property ; as, one banished or becoming a monk is civilly dead. Blaekstove. Dead language; a language which is no longer spoken or in common use by a people, and known only in writings, as the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. Dead ritting, or riting line ; the parts of a sliip's floor or bottom throughout her length^ where the floor lim- ber is terminated on the lower futtock. Mar. Diet. Dead set. See Set. DEAD, (ded,) n. The dmd signifies dead men. Ye ahalt not make cuUinp for the dead. — Lev. xlz. 2. The state of the dead ; or death. Thu is John the BaptiM ; he is risen from (A« dmd, — Matt. xi*. This may be understood thus — he is risen from among the dead. DEAD, (ded,) n. The time when there is a remarka- ble stillness or gloom; depth, as the midst of win- ter or of night. The dead of winter, the dead of night, are Omitliar expressions. DEAD, (ded,) v. i.^ To lose Ufe or force. [Oba.'] Bacon. DEAD, (ded,) v. U To deprive of life, force, or vigor. [Oft.'i.] Bacon. DEAD-€OL'OR-ING, (ded-kul'lur-ing,) n. In paint- ing, the first layer of colors, usually some shade of gray, on which are 8ui>erinduced the finishing colors which give life and beauty to the picture. Brown. DEAD'-DO-ING,a. Destructive; killing. [Obs.] Spenser, DEAD'-DRUNK, a. So drunk as to be incapablo of helping one's self. • DEAD'A'iN. (ded'n,) v. t. [D. doodm; G. tiidten.] 1. To deprive of a portion of vigor, force, or sen- sation ; to abate vigor or action ; as, to deaden the force of a ball ; to deaden the natural po\vers or feelings. 2. To blunt; to render less susceptible of feeling; as, to deaden the senses. 3. To retard ; to lessen velooity or motion ; as, to deaden the motion of a ship, or of the wind. 4- To diminish spirit ; to make vapid or spirillesa ; as, to deaden wine or beer. 5. To deprive of gloss or brilliancy ; as, to deaden gilding by a coat of size. DE,.\l>'E^-ED, pp. or a. Deprived of force or sensa- tion ; made vapid ; to give a dead appearance. DEAD'£\-1NG, ppr. Depriving of force, velocity, or sensation. DEAD'-E?E, (ded'I,) n. [dead-man's eye."] Among seamen, a round, flattish, wooden block, encircled by a rope, or an iron band, and pierced with three holes, to receive the laniard, uaed to extend the shrouds and stays, and for other purposes. DEAD'-HEART-ED, a. Having a dull, faint heart. HalL DEAD'-HEXRT-ED-NESS, n. Pusillanimity. DEAD'-LET-TER, n. A letter which lies for a cer- tain period uncalled for at the post-office, and is then sent to the general post-office to be o|«ned. DEAD'-LIFT, n. The lifting of a thing at the ut- most disadvantage, as of a dead body ; hence, an extreme exigency. Hadtbras. DEAD'-LIGHT, (ded'llte,) tf. A strong wooden shut- ter, made lo suit a cabin window, in which it Ls fixed, to prevent the water frtun entering a ship in a storm. DEAD'Ll-HOOD, n. The slate of the dead. . PeAtraoju DEAD'Ll-NESS, (ded'li-ness,) n. The quality of be- ing deadly. DEAD'LY, (ded'ly,) a. That may occasion death ; mortal ; fatal j destructive ; as, a deadly blow or wound. 2. Mortal ; implacable; aiming to kill or destroy; aa, a deadly enemy ; deadly malice ; a deatlhj feud. DEAD'LY, (ded'ly,) adv. In a manner resembling death ; as, deadly pale or wan. Shak. 2. Mortally. With gToanin's of \ deadly wounded man. — E«k. xxx. 3. Implacably ; destructively. Fate, far, fall, what.— mete, PRBV. — PLNE, marine, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQpK. DEA 4. In a valvar or ludicrous sense, very ; extremely ; as, a deadiv cunning man. .^rbutJlnot. DEAO'LY-^AR-ROf, n. A plant of tlie genus Thapsia. DEAU'LV-NTGHT'SHADE, n. A poisonous plant of the (teniis Atropa, the belladona. DEAD'MaRCH, a. A piece of solemn musicj played at the interment of the dead. DEAD'NESS, ((Ted'ness,) n. Want of natural life or vital power in an animal or plant j as, the deadness of a limb, of a body, or of a tree. Q. Want of animation ; dullness ; languor ; as, the deadness of the eye. 3. Want of warmyi or ardor ; coldness ; frigidity j as, the deadness of the affections. 4. Vapidness , want of spirit ; as, the deadness of liquors. 5. SLite of being incapable of conception, accord- ing to the ordinary laws of nature, ii wi. iv. 19. 6. Inditference ; niortitication of tl e natural de- sires i alienation of heart from temporal pleasures ; as, dea^iaess to the world. DEAD'-\ET-TLE, n. A plant of the genua Lamium, and another of t)ie genu^ Galeopsis. DEAD'-PLEtXSE, n. A mortgage or pawning of things, or thing pawned. Badey. DEAD'-RECK-O.V-IXG, (ded'rek-ninp,) n. In naci- giition^ the judgment or estimation of the place of a ship, without any observatinn of the heavenly bod- ies ; or an account of the distance she has run by the log, and of the coarse steered by the compass, and this rectitied by due allowancea for drift, lee- way, ic. Mar. Diet, DEAD -STRUCK, a. Confounded; struck with horror. DEAD'-WA-TER, n. The eddy water closing in with a ship'^ stern, as she passes through the water. DEAD'-WEIGUT, (ded'wat,) n. A heavy or oppres- sive burden. 3. A name given to an advance by the Bank of England to the government, on account of half-pay and pensions to retired officers of the army or navy. GUbrH. DEAD'-WQOD, n. Blocks of timber laid on the keel uf a ship, iKirticutarly at the extremities. DEAD'WORKS, n. pi. The parts of a ship which are above the surface of the water when she is laden. DEAF, (def irt England, more commonly deef m .Amer- ica.) a. [Sax. deaf; Ice. dauf; D. doofi G. taab ; Dan. rft*tJ ; Sw, diif; D. dooven ; to quench or slide ; Dan. dSver, to deafen ; coinciding with Ch. nqO to extingui»«h, L. stipOy Fr. etoiiffrr^ to stuff. Hence we nay,tJuck of hearing. The true English pronuncia- tion of this word is deef, as appears from the poc-try of Chaucer, who iiniformiy makes it rhyme with leaf; and this proof is confirmed by p<»;try in the work^ of Sir W. Temple. Such was the proijuncia- tirtn which our tncestors brought from England. The word is in analogy with leaf sheaf and the long sound of the vowels naturally precedesthe semi-vowel /. Def from the Danish and Swedish pronuncia- tion, is an anomaly in English nf a sin:.'ular kind, Itu-re being not another word like it in the language. See Chaucer's " Wife of Uath's l*roIugue."] 1. StA perc:. . ."lief. Are 1 ...... .- M^y. WaOi.Pa. 135. 3. \n a metaphorical sense ^wAWnX^nrnf; not regard- ing ; not moved, persuaded, or convinced; reject- ing ; as, deaf lo reason or argiimcnla. Men are d«nf to the calls of the go«i»<.'l. 4. WitlMMil tite dbdity or will to regard spiritual things ; unconcerned ; as, hear, ye itct{f. Is, xlii. 5. Deprived of tlie power of hearing ; deafened ; as, deaf \v\th clamor. fi. Stifled ; imperlect ; obscurely heard ; as, a deaf noiie or murmur. Dryden. DKAF, r. t., to deafen, Is used by Dryden, but is ubao- Itte, unless, pc-rhaps, in poetry. DEAF'^.N, fdeernordefnjr. (. To make denf; to deprive of the power of hearing; to impair tlie or- gans uf hearing, so as to render them unimpressiblu to sounds. 2 To stun ; to render incapable of perceiving Bfiunds distinctly ; as, deafened with clamor or tu- mult. 3. In architecture, to deafen a floor, ts to render it impervious to sound, by filling the space beneath It with mortar and other substances. GwUt, DEAF' i^.\-£D, (deefnd or defnd,) pp. Made deaf; stunned. DEAF'/;X-rNO, jmr. Making deaf; rendering im- pervious to Sound. DEA^'^,V, f'l' • Tie or defle,) adv. Without sense of «iui! I-. heard. DEAi Tncss or defness,) n. Incapacity of {NT Mids; the state r>f the organs which DEA prevents the impressions which constitute hearing ; a-!, the deafness of the ears ; hence, applied to persons, want of the sense of hearing. 2. Unwillingness to hear and regard ; voluntary rejection of what is addressed to the ear and to the understanding. ^tng Charles. DEAF'-MOTE, n. A deaf and dumb person. OallaudeU Deal, v. U ; pret. and pp. Dealt, (deii.) [Sax. dwlan, bedmlan^ gcdtelan ; Goth, daibjan ; 8w. dela ; Dan. deelcr ; G. thrilen ; D. declen ; bcdcelcn ; Russ. delya ; W. dydoli^ to separate ; dy and Uircl, separation, a throwing off, tawlu^ to Hirow off, to separate ; Ir. and Gael, dailim^ to give ; dail, a part, Eng. dole ; Heb. and Ch. ^13 to separate or divide ; Ar. J(Xj badala, to exchange, or give in exchange; jtNj badhala, to give, to yield. (Qu. W. (tozoU, to endow.) There is a remarkable coincidence between the Shemitic word and tho Sax. and Dutch, bedtslan, bedeelen. The ^Velsh tawlu gives the true original sense.] 1. To divide ; to part ; to separate ; hence, to di- vide in portions ; to distribute ; often followed by out. Ii U not lodtnl thv )ma<\ to the hitnjr;. — Is. Iviii, Anii Kume decdt out her hl'wngsiiiiil herald. Tidcel. Q. To scatter ; to throw about ; as, to deal out feathered deaths. Dryden. 3. Ti» throw out in succession ; to give one after another ; as, to deal out blows, to deal out cafds, to deal out curses. D£AL, V. L To traffic ; to trade ; to negotiate. They buy ani) aell, tlicy dtal aiiU trdllic. South. 2. To act between man :ind man ; to intervene ; to transact or negotiate between men. 3. To behave well or ill ; to act ; to conduct one's self in relation to others. Tt|ou shall not iteftl, nor deal falwly, nor tier— Ler. xiz. 4. To distribute cards. To deal by ; to treat, either well or UI ; as, to deal well by dornestics. Such one dcait not fairiy by tiu owu imnil. Locke. To deal in ; Ut have lo do with ; to be engaged in ; to pmctice. They deal in political matters; they deal in low Inimor. 2. To trade in ; a?, to deal in silks, or in cutlery. To deal icith ; to treat in any manner ; to use well or ill. Now will we d^al wnnn wi'lA ihPT, — Gi'n. xlx. IMiim — aiul I will rleiti Well with ihpc. — Ut-n. xxril. 2. To contend with ; to treat with, by way of op- position, check, or correction ; as, he has turbulent passions to deal with. 3. To treat with, by wny of discipline, in ecclesi- astical affairs; to admonish. D£A L, n. [Sax. rfW, d,il, gedal ; Ir. dal : D. detH ; G. tkeil ; Dm. deet ; i^w. del ; Russ. t/«/id. See the verb.] 1. Liter-ally, a division ; a part nr portitm ; hence, an indefinite quantity, dr-gree, or extent; as, a deal of time and trouble ; a deiil of cohl ; a deal of space. Formerly it was timitt^-d by some ; as, some deal ; hut this is now obscdete or vulgiir. In general, we now qunlify the word with i^reat ; as, a irrmt deal of lalior ; a great deal of time and pains ; a great deal of land. In the phrases, it is a great ileal better or worse, the words {Treat deal si'rve as modifiers ensatJons of his prov- idence or moral government. 3. Intercourse in buying and selling ; traffic ; busi- ness ; negotiation. American inerchiints have ex- tensive dealings with the merchants of IJvcrjKiol, 4. Intercourse of business or friendship ; concern. The Jew» have no dealings with the Snniarilans. — John iv. DE-AM'BU-LATE, v. i. [L. deambulo.] To walk abroad. [JVot used.] DE-AM-BU-LA'TION, n. The act of walking abroad. Ely at, DE-AM'BU-LA-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to xi^alks. ' DE-AM'BU-LA-TO-RY, 71. A place to walk in. Dean, n. [Fr. doyen, the eldest of a corporation ; Arm. dean; S]). dean, decano; Port, deam, decano; It. deca- ■no; from L. decanus, the leader of a file ten deep, the head of a college, from decern, Gr. t?c*(ii, W. deg. ten ; so named because originally he was set over ten can- ons or prebendaries. Ayli^'e,] 1. In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary in cathe- dral and colleginte churches, and the head of a chap- ter; the second dignitari' of adiocese. Ancient deans are elected by the chapter in virtue of a conge d^elire from the king and letters missive of recommendation ; but in the chiplers founded by Henry VIII. out of the spoils of dissolved monasteries, the deanery is dona- tive, and the installation merely by the king's letters patent. Eneyc 2. An officer in each college of the universities in England. tVarton. 3. In the United States, a registmr of the faculty in some colleges, and especially in medical institutions. Rural dean, or arch-presbyter, had originally juris- diction over ten churches; but alU^rward he became only the bishop's substitute, with no absolute judicial power in himself, but the ordering nf ecclesiasticnl affairs within his deanery, by the direction of tho bishop or archdeacon. OUbcrt, Dean of a monastt-ry ; a superior established under the abbot, to ease tiim in taking care of ten monks. Hence his name. Eneyc, Dean and chapter, are the bishop's council, to aid him with their advice in affairs of religion, and in the temporal concerns of his see. Encye. DK.'iN'ER-Y, n. The oflico or the revenue of a dean. Clftrention. Sirffi. 2. The house of a dean. Hhak. 3. The jurisdiction of a dean. Each ftrchiii-acotiry i» cHviiled into run] deanerita, niui '■aeh deantry la ilisrided into fKiriihcs. iiiiKkitone. Df.AN'SHIP, n. The oftice of a dean. DK.\R, a. [Sax. deor ; G. thmer, denr, rare ; tkenre or tJie-urung, dearness, scarcity, dearth ; D. danr, dear; duurtc, dearth ; Sw. dyr, dear ; difrhet, dearth ; Dnn. dyre, dijrttd, id. It seems that the primary sense is, scarce, rare, or close, narrow ; this is obvious from dearth. So in L. earns, caritas. Class Dr, So. 7, 8, 19, and Class Sr, No. 4, 34, 47.] 1. Scarce ; not plentiAil ; a.s, a dear year. [Oft.-r.] Shak. 2. Bearing a high price in comjwirison of the usual price ; more costly than usual ; of a higher price than the customary one. Wheat is dear at a dollar n bush- el, when the usual price is seventy-five cents. This sense results from the former, as dearnessis Uie effect of scarcity and demand. 3. Of a high value in estimation ; greatly valued ; beloved ; precious. And thp liial Joy wn» dfortr thiin ihp rrrt. Poj't. Bo yc roiluwen ot Oui, oa dtar children. — Eph. v. DEAR, a. [Sax. derian, lo hurt ; Scot, dert or dnV, to annoy, ana dere, to fear.] , Hurtful; grievous; hateful. [Ohs.'] Shak. DEAR, r. t. To make dear. [J^at usrut.'] Shdt^n. DkAR, n. A darling; a word denoting tender affec- tion or endearment ; as, my dear. DSAR'noRN, H. A light four-wheel carriage. DkAR'-HOUGIIT, (-baut,) o. [See Bouoht.] Pur- cha.sed at a high price; ixa, dear -bought experience; dcar'liiiH.'loved. Sk^ik. DkAR'LY, adv. At a high price; as, ho pays dearly for hi-H ranliness. 2. With gnmt fondness ; as, we love our children DEARN, a. [Sax. dnorn.] [dearly; de^irly beloved. lionely ; solitary ; nifdancholy. [^Obs.] Shak. DEAR'NESS, n. Scarcity ; high price, or a higher price than the customary one ; as, the dcarne,-is of corn. 2. Fondness; nearness to the heart or affections; great value in estimation ; ^rcciousneas ; lender love ; as, the dejimess of friendship. DS.ARN'LY, adv. Secretly i prlvttfely; ipournfuUy. [Obs.] [See Dernlt.] DEARTH, (derth,) n, [See Drab,] Scarcity; as, a dearth of corn. 2. Want ; need ; famine. Shak. L TCXE, BPLL, IINITE.-AN"GER, VI"CtOUS.-e m K ; 6 m J ; • ». Z ; CH as SH ; TH M In THIS. — - — — ■ 3^ DEB 3. Barrenness ; sterility ; as, a dcwUh of ^ot. IWrJC DE-AR-Tie'i:-LATE, r. t To disjoint. [J\'ot lutd.] DEATH, (deth J «, [Sax. death ; D. dood ; G. tod ; Sw. dbU; Thin. ^diij. See Dik and Dkad.] L That stale of a being, animal or vegetable, but mvrc particularly of an aiiiiual, in which there is to- la! and pt-mianent cessatiun of nil the vital functions, when the »irgan« have nut only ceased to act, but have lost the susceptibility of nuewed action. Thus tlie cessation i^ n'spiration and circulation in an an- imal may niU be death : for during Iiybemaiion, some animals become tulinly torpid, and m>mc animala and vegeLibles may be subjected to a fixed state by frost, but being caj>al)le of revived activity, ibey are not dead. 9. The state of the dead ; as, tbe gates of dMtiL 3. The manner of dying. [Jah xxxrUi TbsuriMhdiB OierfMlIU of tbea Owl «ra d«la in ibo oulM vt U> — dteiteJMlfcaftlwiltl— iM — Ninn.»xffl. 4. The image of mortality rep?«aenled by a skele- ton ; as, a dtmtk^s head. Skak. 5. Murder ; as, a man of dtatk. Bacon, G. Cause of death. We say, he eanght his rieoO. OtbMnufrGad,lhenbAnAlBllMpoi S IQnca Iv. 7. Destroyer or agent ot death ; as, be will be the 4t«ik of his poor flitber. 8. In ^MCry, tbe means or inslniinent of death ; as, an arrow is nlled the fealbered dtatA j a ball, a lead- en dratt. AmA* l«*Ufo OHM wbtged with tn. Drydn. 9. In tUtlmgfj perpetual separation firom Ood, and eternal lorv|f nta ; called the second dtatk. Rtv. ii. 10. SeparalioD or alienation of tbe soul fhmi God ; a being under the dominion of sin, and destitute of grace or divine life ; called spiritual dattk. W* know thai «■- l»T« jwiBrrl fritn d^mlh to Bfc, becAuae ire love the brKJum. — 1 Jofan in. Luke L Cird deAtk, is the separation of a man from civil society, or ftntm the enjoyment of civil rights ; as by banishment, abjuration of tbe realm, entering into a monaster\', ^c Bloekgtmue. DEATH'-BED, (detfa'bed,) n. Tbe bed on whkb a person dies or !?> confined in bis last sickness. DEATH'-B0D-1.\G, «. Portending deal)). S*«*. DEATH' -UXRT-I.NG, a. Darting or inflicting death. Skok. DEATH'-DO-I-NG, a. Inflicting death. DEATir-DOOM-£D,«. Duonird to death. Cwteriign, DEATU'Ei^L, s. Full of alaugbter ; niurderous ; de- structive ThrmtjrmbtkM The dm^ijkl near. Papt. DRATH'njL-XESS, ». Appearance of death. 7T«|rfffr. DEATBXESS, 0. Immonal ; not subject to death, destruction, or extinction ^ as, daitJitcss beings ; deatk- Ifss fame. DEATH'LIKE, a. Resembling death ; gloomy ; stUI ; calm ; quiet ; peacvful ; motionless ; like death in horror or in fitillnc5.-t ; as, dtatXlJte slumbers. 2. Resemblin:^ d^-.-iih ; cadaverous. DEATH'-RAT-TLE. (dclh'rat-tl,) n. A rattling in tbe throat of a dying per^>n. DEATH'-SH AI>-6\V-i:D, a. Surrounded by tbe shades of death. More DEATH'-STR^KE, B. The stroke of death DEATH'S'-DOOR, (deihs'dor,) a. A near approach to death ; the gates of death. Taylor. DEATU*S'->LAN', a. An executioner ; a hangman. Shak. DEATH'-T6-K£X, «. That which indicates appruach- ing death. Skak, DEATH 'WARD.orfr. Toward death. Beanm-andFl. DE.\TH'-W^TCH, a. \ small kind of beeUe, whose ticking, which is really the call of the male for its mate, has been weakly supposed, by superstitious and ienorant people, to pfDcnoiticate death. Qay. DE-AL'RaTE, r. t [L deoMro.l To gild. [LiaU u.ied.'] DRAC'RATE, a, GUded. DE-BAC'CHATE, r. ». To rare and bluster, as a bac- DE-BA€-eHA'TIOX, n. A raving. [chanal. DE-BAC'LE, (de-bakn,) a. [Fr.] .\ breaking or bursting forth. BucMland. A violent rush of waters, having so great force as to have conveyed the fragments of rock.-i, and the re- mains of animals and vegetables, to a di>tance from tbcir native localities. £>/. Eacyc DE-BXR', r. (. [d> and har.] To cut off from en- trance ; to preclude ; to binder from approach, entry, or enjoj-ment ; to shut out or exclude ; as, we are not debarred from any rational enjoyment j religion de- kars us from no r^ {Measure. DE-BARK' r. t [Fr. dehca^uer ; de and bar^utj a boat or vessel.] To land from a ship or boat ; to remove from on board any water-craft and i^ace on land ; to disem- bark ; as, to debark artiller}'. [It is less used, es- pecially in a transitive sense, than Disembark.] DE-BARK', f. t. To leave a ship or boat and pass to the land ; as, the troops debarked at four o'clock. DEB DE-BaRK-A'TION, n. The act of disembarking. DE-llAUK'/JD, (de birkl',) pp. Removed to laud from on iKKird a ship or boat. DE-BARK'IN'G, ppr. Removing from a ship to the land i coing from on board a vessel. DE-UAR'UtD, (de-b;ird',) p;/. [from (/cAor.] Hindered from approach, entrance, or possession. DE-UAR'RING, ppr. Preventing from approach, en- trance, or enjoyment. DE-BAR'RI.\G, n. Hinderance from approach. DE-BASE', V. t. [Je and base] To reduce from a higher to a Inxvcr state in quality or respectability. The drunkard debases liimself and his character. In- temperance and debauchery debase men almost to a level Willi beasts. 3. To reduce or lower in qualit>', purity, or value ; to adulterate ; as, to dtbase gold or sil,ver by alloy. 3. To lower or degrade ; to make mean or despica- ble. Religion should not be debased by frivolous dis- [Hites. Vicious habits debase the mind as well as the character. 4. To sink In purity or elegance ; to vitiate by meanness ; as, to debase style by the yse of vulgar words. DE-BAS'£D, (de-baste',) pp. or a. Reduced in esti- mated value ; lowered in estimation ; reduced in purity, fineness, quality, or value ; adulterated ; de- gradfil ; rendered mean. DE-BASE'.ME.NT, a. The act of debasing; degrada- tion ; reduction of purity, fineness, quality, or value ; adulteration ; a i»tate of being debased ; as, debase- ment of character, of our faculties, of the coin, of style, ic DE-BAS'ER, a. One who debases or lowera in esti- mation or in value : one who degrades or renders mean ; tliat which debases. DE-BAS'ING, ppr. or a. Reducing in estimation or worth ; adulterating ; reducing in purity or elegance ; degrading; rendering mean. 2. a. Lowering ; tending to debase or degrade ; as, dehMJiimr vices. DE-BAS'IN6-LY,ado. So as to debase. DE-BAT' A-BLB, a. [See Debate.] That may be debated ; disputable ; subject to controversy or con- tention ; as, a debatabU question. DE-BATE', n. [Fr.dcbat; Sp.debat£; Port, id,} de and battrr, to be-at.] 1. Contention in words or arguments ; discussion for elucidating tnilh ; strife in argument or reasoning, between persons of different opinions, each endeav- oring to prove his own opinion right, and that of his opfxwer wrong ; dispute ; controversy ; as, tlie de- hiiM in parliament or in congress. 9. Strife ; contention Behold, jt titt for Uiife uiil dtbiUt. — Is. Wiii. 3l The power of being di8putt>d ; as, this question is settled beyond debate ; the story is true beyond de- baU. 4. Debate or debairs : the published report of argti- ments for and against a measure ; as, tlie debates in the convention are printed. DE-BATE', v.U [Ft. debattre ; Sp. drbatir ; Port, de- batrr. See Beat and Abate.] To contend for in words or arguments ; to strive to maintain a cause by reasoning ; to dispute ; to dis- cuss ; to argue ; to contest, as opposing parties; as, tlie question was debated till a late hour. DtbeOe Ihj cauie with thy Doigfabor hiinaelf. — Pror. xxr. DE-BATE', r. i. To debaU on or in ; to deliberate ; to discuss or examine different arguments in the mind. Shak, 2. To dispute. TaUer. 3. To engage in combat. [J^ot in use.'] DE-BAT'ED, pp. or a. Disputed ; argued ; discussed. DE-BATE'FJJL, a. Of thingSy contested ; occasion- ing contention. Spensi-r. 2. Of personsj quarrelsome ; contentious. [LiUle used.]^ DE-BATE'FUL-LY, ado With contention. Sherwood. DE-BATE'MEXT, ft. Controversy ; deliberation. [Lit- Ue it-fv/.] Shak. DE-B.\T'ER, n. One who debates ; a disputant ; a controvertist. DE-BAT'ING, ppr. ora. Disputing; discussing; con- tending by arguments. DE-BaT'1\G-LY, adv. In the manner of a debate. DE-B.XT'ING-SO-CI'E-TY, n. A society for the pur- pose of debate and improvement in extemporaneous speaking. DE-BAUCH', f.f. [Fr. dcbaucker; Ann. dibaudia. This is said by Lunier to be compounded of de and an old French word, signifying a shop, (bauchey) and that its primarj- sense is to draw or entice one from his shop or work ; and in this sense it is still used. Hence, embaucher is to help a journeyman to employ- ment, and to enlist as a soldier. The general sense, then, of debauch, in English, is to lead astray, like seduxe.] 1. To corrupt or vitiate ; as, to dehauck a prince or youth ; to debauch good principles. 2. To corrupt with lewdness ; as, to debauch a woman. DEB 3. To seduce from duty ut allegiance ; as, to de- baitch an army. DEBAUCH', n. [Fr. debauche; Arm. dibauck.] Excess in eating or drinkfng ; intemperance ; dninkenness ; gluttony ; lewdness. DE-BAUCirj^D, fde-baucht',) pp. or a. Corrupted; vitiated in monus or purity of character. DE-BAUCH'ED-LY, ode. In a profligate manner. Cuvleif. DK-nAUrir'F.n-NE.^S,w. intemperance. Bp. Hail. l)I-:it-A(J-Cin'.i:', (deb^-shee',) n. A man given to intemperance or bacchanalian excesses. But, chiefly, n man hiihilually lewd. DE-BAUCll'EK, n. One who debauches or corrupts ottiers ; a seducer to lewdness, or to any dereliction of diitv. DE H.\UCH'ER-Y, n. Excess in the pleasures of the table ; gluttony ; intemperance. But, chiefly, habit- ual lewdness ; excessive unlawful indulgence of lust. 2. Corruption of fidelity ; seduction from duty or allegiance. The rppublic of Piini will endeavor to complete the dcbnucktry of ute tsiny. Burke. DE-BAUCH'MENT, n. The act of debauching or corrupting ; the act of seducing from virtue or duty. DE-BEL'LATE, r. (. [L. debello.] [Taylor. To subdue. [JVot used.] Bacon. DE-BEL-LA'TION, n. The act of conquering or sub- duing. [JVot used.] More. DE BE'^TE ES'SE, [L.] Well being, or condition- al allowance. In fair, to take an order or testimony de bene esse^ is, to take or allow it for the present, but subject to be suppressed or disallowed on a further or tull examination. CnweL DE-BENT'UItE, n. [Fr., from L. rfc6eo, to owe. Class Db.] 1. A writing acknowledging a debt; a writing or certificate signed by a public officer, as evidence of a deM due to some person. This paper, given by nn ofiicer of the custom», entitles a merchant, exporting gmKlrf, to the receipt of a bounty, or a drawback of diiiies. When issued by a treasurer, it entitles the holder to a sum of money from the state. 2. In the ciLiiojnSy a certificate of drawback ; a writing which states that n person is entitled to a certain sum from the povernmenl, on the exportation of specified poods, the duties on which had been paid. DK-HK.NT'liR-Kl), a. Dcbentured goods are lliose for which a debenture has been given, as being entitled to drawback. DEB'ILE, a. [L. dehilisi Fr. dcbile; It. debile; Sp. rf<- bil. See Class Db, No. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 15, 47, 51.] Relaxed ; weak ; feeble ; languid ; faint ; without Btnaigth. Shak. DE-IUL'1-TATE, v. t. [L. dcbilito, from dibilis.] Tu weaken; to impair the strength of; to enfee- t)lc ; to make faint or languid. Intemperance deb'di- tatrs the orgpns of digestion. Excessive indulgence debilitates the svstem. DE-BIL'I-TA-TED, pp. or a. Weakened ; enfeebled j relaxed. DE-HIL'I-TA-TING, ppr. Weakening; enfeebling; inipiiiriiig strength. DE-BlI/I-TA-TlNG,a. Tendingoradapted to weaken. DE-BIL-1-TA'TION, n. The act of weakening; re- hixation. DE-Bl I/I-TY, n. [I>, debiUtas, from debilis.) Relaxation of tbe solids; weakness; teehleness ; languor of body; faintness ; imbecility; as, mor- bid sweats induce debility. f/( may be applied to Vie mind, but this is less common.] DEB'IT, n. [L. debitum^ from debeo^ to owe, Fr. de- rwir, Sp. debcTy It. dovere. (See Duty.) The sense is probably to jwess or bind ; Gr. fitt,).] Debt It is usually written Debt. But it is used in mercantile language ; as, the debit side of an account. DEB'IT, V, L To charge with debt ; as, to debit a pur- chaser the amount of goods sold. We debit tonjrrss with Ib'ta whole sum. Jefferton. 2. To enter an account on the debtor side of a book ; a«, to debit the sum or amount of goods sold. DEB'IT-ED, pp. Charged in debt; made debtor on account. 2. Charged to one's d«;bt, as money or goods. DEB'IT-ING, ppr. Making debtor on account, as a person. 2. Charging to the debt of a person, as goods. DEB'IT-OR, n. A debtor. Shak. DE-III-TU-MIN-I-ZA'TIOX, n. The act of depriving of bitumen. DE-BI-TO'illN-TZE, r. U To deprive of bitumen. LyeU. DE-BI-TO'MIN-IZ-£D, pp. or a. Deprived of bitu- men. DEB-O-NAIR',!!. [Fr.] Civil; gentle; complaisant, elfgnnt. Milton. DEH-O-NaIR'LY, adv. In a meek and gentle manner. DEB-O-N AIR' NESS, n. Gentleness; meekness; kind- ness. DE-BOUCir, (de-boosh',) v. i. [Fr. debouchcr; de and bouehe, mouth.] To. issue or march out of a confined place, or from defiles, as troops. FATE, FAR, FALL, WH.^T.— MeTE, PKEY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK.- 304 DEC DE-BRrS\(di^ree\) lu [Fr.] Z.itera/*y, ruins or frag- oifnt-s. In g«oh^^ masses of rock and other sub- stances (leLiched from the summit and sides of a moupiuiin, and pilled up below. Brands. l*EtJT, (dt-t.) n. [U iltbitHm, contracted ; Fr. data Sp, and IL debUa. See DcBrT.] 1. That which is dae from one person to anotht-r, whether money, goods, or services ; that which one person is bound to pay or perform to another ; as, the debts uf a bankrupt ; the debts of a nobleman. It is a cummoD misfortune or vice to be in dfhL Wh^n you run in d^^ you give to anoiAtr power over ^our lil"erty. Fmnkhn. 2. That which any one is obliged to do or to suffer. Your aoQ, itiy lord, luu paid a soldier's d'MS. Sliak. Hence death is called tiie debt of nature. 3. In laWi an action to recover a debt. This is s customary ellipsis. He brought debt^ instead of an action o( debt. 4. In Scripture, sin; trespass; guilt j crime j that which renders liable to punishment. Kor^ve us our (ie&u. Lord'g Pnyer. DEBT'ED, (det'ted,) pp. Indebted ; obliged to. [J^'ut tufd.\ SJtak. DEBT-EE',(drt-tee',) h. A creditor; one to whom a d.-bt is due. Blackstone. DEUi''LESS, (dcl'Iess,) a. Free from debt. Chancer, DEBT'OR, (det'tor,) n. [L. d£hit*>r.] 1. The person who owes another either money, goods, or services. la Athens ftn iuaolvent rfc6tor becune tlxre \o \m cre>Ulor. 2. One who is under obligation to do something. I am n dehtiT (o the Greeks snd tar(nn.ins. —Rom. i. He IS a diittar to ilo toe wliule taw. — li^l. v. 3. The side of an account in which debts are charffed. [See Debit.] DEB UL-LI^TION, n. A bubbling or seething over. DB-BUT, (da-bu',) n. [Fr.] Beginning ; a first appeamnce before the public, as of an actor or public speaker, &.c. ; the beginning of an enterprise. Brandr. Dt-B'U-TAjVI^, (d.^b-u-l;lnjr',)n. A person who makes his first appeanince before the public. DEC'A eHOKO. I n. [Gr. 6iKu, ten, atid x''P^ny DEG-A-eMORn'OX. S sirine-] 1. A musical instrument of ten . drams, 65 hundredths, avotrdupoifi. DEC-A-6YN'I-A, It. [Gr. ^£«a, ten, and j t;v»j, a fe- male.] In botany^ a class of plants having ten styles. DEC-A-Hf:'I)RAL, a. Having ten sides. DECA-He'DKON, «. [Gr. 6tKa^ ten, and Upa^ a ba>Mr.] In get)metry,:i solid Agure or body having ten sides. SI5:iltk™K; i "• t«'- ^""' ""• """ '""•] A French meanurecf capacity, containing 10 litn*^, or til0.>24 cubic inches, equal to 2 gallons and (AA-{:£ii cubic inches. DE-eAI/O GIST, n. [See Dkcaloguk.] One who explain?! llie decalogue. Orfgory. DEC'A-LOGIJB. (dek'a-log,) n. [Gr. hxn^ ten, and \>i) 04, i*p«^ech.] The ten luimmandments or precepts given by Gud to Moates at Mount Sinai, and originally written on two table* of stone. DE-GAM'ER-ON, n. [Gr. hxa, ten, and /i£o"?, imri,] A Volume wmsiHting of ten bo«jks ; applied p;irtic- utarly to the celebrated collection of tales by Boccac- cio. DE-CAM'E-TER, | n, [Gr. icKo^ ten, and utrpov^ DECJi MF^TER, \ measure.] A French measure of length, consisting often me- tres, and equal to 393 Englii^h inches, and 71 deci- mals. DE-€AMI", V. i. [Fr. decampen Sp. decampar i de and camp.] 1. To remove or depart from a camp; to march off; OS, the army decamped at nix o'clock. Hence, 2. In a Wider sense, to depart ; to take one's self off; as he decamped hastily. DE-CAMP' >IENT, m. Departure from u camp; a marching nff. Having ten stamens. DEC DECA-NAL, a. [See Deak.] Pertaining to a dean- erv. DE-t'AN'DRI-A, n. [Gr. ^ « -, ten, and ait]r>, n male.; In botany, a class of ptiuits having ten aiamens. LinittJius. DE-CAX'DR[-A\, DE-eAN'DROUS, . DEC-AN"(:U-L.\R, a. [Gr.ScKOt ten, and ajiffula^,'] Having ten angle-?. Lee. DE-€'AN'T', r. (. [Jj. dccanto ; de and cantfl, losing; literally, to throw ; Fr. decanter, to pt^ur off; Sp. de- cuutar: It. drcantare. See CA-fT.] To pour off gently, as liquor from its sediment ; or to pour from one vessel into anotlicr ; as, to decant wine. DE-eANT-A'TIOX, ti. The act of pouringoffa clear, supernatant tiuid gently from its lees or sediment, or from one vessel into another. DE-€A.NT'ED, pp. Pourtid off, or from one vessel into another. DE CAN'I''EK, TI. A vessel used to decant liquors, or for rect^iving decanted liquors. A glass vessel or buttle u.st-d t'or holding wine or other liquors, for fill- ing the drinkinp-gla-sses. ii. One who decants liquors. DE'N'-IZ-I.\G, ppr. Depriving of carbon. DEe.\R'ni.V-AL-IZK. w. (. [de and cardinal.] Tore- move from the mnk of a cardinal. JloitelL DEG'A-i^TieH, (dek'a-stik,) n. [Gr. d'.^a, ten, and onxos, a verse.] A poeiti consisting of ten line?*. DEe'A-Sr?LE, n. [Gr. fSt^u, ten, and frriAif, a col- umn.] .\ portico with ten columns in fnmt. Enetjc. DEe-A-SYL-LAIJ'ie, a. Consisiinjj of ten syllables DE-GAY', ('. i. [Fr. duhoir, from L. de and cado, to fall, or decedo ; It. xcadere ; Sp. decaer; Port, descahir.] 1. To pa^s gradually from a sound, prosperous, or perfect Htiite, to a le.^s perfect slate, or toward destruc- tion ; to fail ; to di^ctine ; to be gradually impaired. Our bodies decay in old age ; a tree decays ; buildings decay: furtuncn decay. 2. To become wcaJter ; to fail ; as, our strength rff- eavs, or holies decay. DE-€A V, r. t. To cause to fail ; to impair ; to bring to a worse state. lolirinlty, that draw* tbe wke, doth ever make better tbn deceased, December 14, 1799, in the t;Hth year of his age. DEC DE-CeAS'£D, (de-seest',) pp. or a. Departed IVom life. This is used as a passive participle. He is de- ceased, for he ha--i deci'-Ased ; he was dcceastid, for he had deceased. This use v^ the participle of an in- transitive verb is not int'requent, but the word omit- ted is really has. He lias deceased. It is properly an adjective, like dead. DE-CL:At''ING, ppr. Departing from life ; dying. DE-Ck'DEN'T, n. [L. decedens.] Ajleceased person. • Lutes of Pcnn^ DE-Cl-:IT', (de-seet',) n. [Norm, dcceut, contracted from L. dccrptio. See Deceive.] 1. Literally, a Catching or insnaring ; hence, the niisl'jading of a jierson ; the leading of another per- son to believe what is false, or not to believe what ta true, and thus to insnare him ; fraud ; fallacy ; cheat ; any declaration, artifice, or pnictice, whicli misleads another, or causes him to believe what is false. My tii's BtrdI not spe^ wickcdnees, Dor my tongue uuer deceit. -Job 1 vil. 2. Slratjigem ; artifice ; device intended to mislead. Tlit^y imagine dtceiu all the day tong. — Pi. nxxviu. 3. In Scripture, that which is obtained by guile, fraud, or oppression. Tlwir hoiisrs are full of deceit. — Jcr. t. 7.cph. i. 4. In law, any trick, device, craft, collusion, shift, covin, or underhand practice, used to defraud an- other. CuweL DE-CKIT'FPL, a. Tending to mislead, deceive, or insnare ; as, derxitful words ; deceitful practices. Favor is decalfat. — Prov. xxxl. 2. Full of deceit; trickish; fraudulent; cheating; as, a decrifful man. DI-^CF.lT'Fl^L-LY, oilD. In a deceitful manner; fraudulently ; with deceit ; in a manner or wilh u view to deceive. Tbe •ons of Jucot> answered Shoehem and H.-unor his ^Uu;r deceUfully. — Gen. xxxiv, DE CEIT'FJJL-NESS, «. Tendency to mislead or deceive ; as, the decritfalness of sin, 9. The qtiality of being fraudulent ; as, the dcceit- fiilne.s.f of a man's practices. 3. The disposition to deceive ; as, a man's dcceit- fulnes^ may be habitual. DE-Cr.I r'LESS, a. Free from deceit. JltiU. DE CkIV'A-BLE, n. [See Deceive.] Subjectto de- ceit or imposition ; ciipable of l»eing misled or en- trapped ; exposed to imposture ; tis, young persons are very dceelvable. 2. Subject or ajit to produce error or deception ; de- ceitful. Fair promises ofl'?n prove deceivable. Milton. Uayioard. [ The latter use of the toord ia incorrect, and, I bcUeoe, not now pre.calrnt.] DE-C Kl V' A- B LE-N ESS, n. Liableness to be deceived. 2. Liableness to deceive. With all dectivablentt» of unrighteouineu, —2 Tiu^u. it, DE-CRIV'A-BLY, adv. In a deceivable manner. DECEIVE', Cde-8eve',)tT. U [L. dm>to, to take aside, to insnare; de and capio ; Fr.decevoir; Arm. dccevL See Capable.] 1. To mislead the mind ; to cause to err ; to cause to believe what is false, or disbelieve what is true ; to impose on ; to delude. Take hoed Ihut no man dtctiiM yo\i. — Malt. xxW, Uwe say wo have no tin, wv dcc«M ouraclvoi. — t John 1. 2. To beguile ; to cheat. Tour father hnth Hretioed me, and ehanffeit my wage* ten timca. — Gen. xzzi. 3. To cut off from expectation ; to frustrate or dis- appoint ; as, his hopes were deceived. Dryden, 4. To take from ; to rob. Plant fniit'tntea In large bordeni, and •«* therein fine flowm, bnt thin and sparinglf, leat they d*e«iM the treea. [Tlit iilerai Mruff, but not now ttsed.] Bacon. DE-CEIV'/:D, (de-seevd',) pp. or a. Misled ; led into error; becuiled; cheated; deluded. DECEIVER, n. One who deceives ; one who leads into error ; a cheat ; an impostor. I shall seem to my faliier as a decaotr Gt-u. xxvii. DE-CEIV'ING, jrpr. Misleading; insnaring; beguil- ing; rlienling. DE-CEM'fJKR, n. [L. Decnnber, from decern, ten ; this being the tenth month among the early Romans, who began the year in March.] The last month in the year, in which the sun en- ters the tropic of Capricorn, and makes the winter 8t>lKtice. DE-CE.M-DEN'TATE, a. [L. decern., ten, and denta- ta$, toothed.] Having ten points or teeth. DE-CEM'FID, a. [l^ decern, ten, and/f^o, to dlvMe.] Ten-cleft; divided into ten parts; having ten di- visions, Marttm. DF^CE.M-LOG'II-I.AR,a. [L. decern, ten, nndloculus, a little iKtg or cell.] Having ten cells for seeds. Martyn. DE-CEM'PE-DAIi, a. [L. decem,ten,iini\ pes^ a foot] Ten feet in length. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN"OER, VfCIOUS € ai K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as SHj TH as in THIS. air 305 DEC DE CEM'VIR, II. ; pi. Decsmtiri or Deckmvip*.] [L. ile^eat, t«>n, and rir, a man.] Ont' of ten nia^ i^ftnites, who had absolute aiitht*- itv in ancient Kuinc 0E^CEM'VI-RAL, o. Pertaining lo the Uewmrirs in Rttmc. Eiut^ DE-CEM'\a-RlTE, n. [L. decnniratus. See D«- CSMTIK.] I. The office or lerm of office of Iho decemvirs, or fen mngistiates, in Home, who had absuluie auUiuriiy for iwo years, a. A biMly of ten men in auihoniy. DE'CEN-C V, «. [Fr. drcfnce ; L. dectntia, tVnm detenjf, dfeeo.to be fit or b(H-.uninc ; Sp. tUettu-ia : lU dre*ntii. The !>. fteceo coinciJi-s in elements with the G. tan- jpnt, lo be gKMMiy or lit for ; l>. dfHi;fn, lo ho giKHl or virtuims ; Sax. dugan^ to avail, to be ctivng, to be vurtli ; dMfwtk^ virtue, valur ; daktif, tlotuhty ; ibAfcr, daughter ; \V. tfgitm, to prosper ; to befit ; lo •Mxeed. The Teutunie %nA Webh worri« have, for Cheir radical itcnse, to advance or proceed, to stretch forward. In WeUh, also, tfg signifi^ rU-ar, fair, smooth, beautiful ; Ugu^ to make smtxAh, fnlr, beauti- ful, which would «uem to be allied to deetOf whence rfwiu, deeurv. See Clan Df , Na 16, 9&.] 1. That whitb to flt, miUable, or becoming, in wocds or b&'bavior; pmphety of form in social in- tereoMne, in actiuna, or discourse ; proper formality ; hMOMinc liereMcmy. It has a special reference to behnvior ; ae, daccMcy of conduct ; deeamejf of worship. But it to used, al4u, iit ruference to speech i na, he dwcuused with decMcy. ', that duly t ttiOo*. 3. SiiiiableneaB to character ; propriety. 3. Prt>prtety in spfoch ; modesty ; opposed to rih- alUr) , or ubdcenity. Want ofduviMy b v>Dt of MMM*. Popt. II may be atoo nved for pr«nrtety of qieech, op- posed to nideneaa^or disreapectAU buqpmge ; and for propriety in dreM, opposed to racsedneaa, expomre of nakedness, Pithiness, &C. DE-t'EN'NA'RV, n. [L. dteautia, dergmmmi, from d€crm^ ten, and amiiw, a yeu.\ 1. A |HTio": ever)- leu yean; as, a tfaeemaei period } ' ; ■ -i'-n, P' . AL, I a. [L. ikMsi, ten, and aorm, l). ■ \-RY, i nine.] I rii uiiiiii: tu the number nineteen ; desipiaUng a period or circle of nineteen years. [XMtU lutdA Bolder. D£'CEXT,a. [l». detnu ; Tr. deeetd. See Decs nc v.] 1. Brcomtng ; fit ; suitable, in words, behavior, dn-^, and ceremony ; »a, daccat language ; dscsat conduct or actions ; dectmt omaments or dreaa. a. CoUt-ly ; not gaudy or tglenlalkma. A miM mciit of Cypcm bk«ra, U'er tte droeat •tealden dnwm. MVam. 3. Not immodest A. Tn papular langua^^ moderate, but competent ; not large ; as, a ^eeeni fortune. So a dsumi person is one not highly accuin|>lished nor ofTeusively rude. D^'CEXT-LY, air. In a decent or becoming man- ner; with propriety of behavior or speech. 3. Without immodesty. Pol hocr vfmifrtf, Hww hia tUMl cuv, Ijke uihtig Cdv, dtctnliy to die. Dfydat. DE'CENT-XESS, n. Decency. DE-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TV, n. The quality or state of be- ine cnpnbte or li.ibte to be dtxeived. Olamviile. DE CEri'I-BLE. a. That may be deceived. Brown. DE-CEI"TlON, (de-sep'shun,) a. [U deceptio, from dtcipia. See Decsitr.J 1. The act of deceiving or misleading. DtaMppOcaiioB of the nt&litthed i^n luetl lo 9. The state of being deceived or misled. Incnu- tioDs and Inexperienced youth is peculiarly exposed to deception. 3. Artifice practiced ; cheat \ as, a scheme is all a deception. DE-CEP'TIOUS, (de-sep'shus,) a. Tending to de- ceive ; deceitfuL SAai. DE-CEP'TIVE, «, Tendingtodeceive; havingpower to inisU-ad, or impress false opinions ; as, a aecfptiet comit'?nance or nnpearance. DE-CEl"TIVE-LV, adv. In a manner to deceive. DE-CEP'TIVE NESS, k. The power of deceiving ; the tendency nr aptness to deceive. DE-CEP' TORY, a. Tending lo deceive; containing qualities or means ad.ipted to mislead. BE-CERN', r. L [L. deceme.] To jildee. [.Vot in KstA Dt4:ERN'f;n,pp. Jurtsed^; estimated. DE-CER\a\G, mn-. Judpine; estimating. DB-CERPT', o. [l.. drcerptus.] Cropped, l^ot used.] DEC DE-CERP'TI-BLE.o. That may be plucked or taken off. DE-CERP'TION, n. [I* decerpo, to pluck off; de and caroo.] A pulline or plucking off; a cntpping. Glanrille. DE-0ER-TA'TIO.\, a. [L. deceriatio ; de and ccrto^ lo strive.! Sirire ; contest for mnslcrj*. [LiUle used.] Brovm, DECES'SI()i«' (de-sesh'un,) a. [L. dcctssio ; de and eeJo to p:i.ss.] nr[Mirtiiri\ [UuU used.] DE-CM.\RM', p. u [Fr. dechmnrr. See Charm.! Ton*nioye a spell or enchantment ; to diseiirrnnt. DE-CIIARM'KI>, pp. Di-ionchaiite.i. [Harvey. nE-CHARM'lNG,pnr. Removing a R|»cll. DE-€HR1S'T1AN-TZE, r. L [de and CkrUtinntze.] To turn from Christianity ; to banish Christian oe- lief and principhw from. J. P. Smith. DE-€nRl.<'TIAN-T/-£D, (-krist'yan-Izd,);»;>. Turned from Christianity. DE-CIIRIS'Tl.\N-IZ-IXG,p;»r. Turning (Vom Chris- tianity. DE-Cin'A BLE, a. That may be decided. Jones. DE-CIUE', V. L [L. decido; de and aedo, to strike, to CULJ LitrroUy^ to cut off, and thus to end. Hence, 1. To end ; lo determine, as a controversy, by ver- dict of a jury, or by a jud^nent of court. \Ve say, tl)e court or the jury decided the cause in favor of the plainlitT, or of the defendant. 2. To end or determine, as a dispute or quarrel. 3. To end or delemiine a combat or battle ; as, a body of reserve, brought to the charge, decided tlie contest. 4. To determine ; to fix the event of. The fate of the bill is decided. 5. In gtnendyto end ; to terminate. DE-CTDE", v. L To detennine ; to fr)rm a definite opinion ; lo come to a conclu'sion. We ran not de- cide bow far resistance is lawful or practicable. The court derided lu favor of the defendant. DE-CID'ED, p^. Determined; ended; concluded. DE-€TD'ED, a. That implies decision; ckar; un- equivocal ; that puts an end to doubt. 1 find rniieh cause to reprcidi myirll' that I tutve livott ao long;, knd liav« fivea no dtcvUd and public prouft uT my b-iiig a C)injt!«n. P. Htnry, Vr'irl's Skttchtt. S. Resolute : determined. DE-CID'ED-LV, adv. In a decided or determined manner ; cleariy ; indisputably ; in a manner to pre- DE-CI'DE.NCE, ». [L. decidemt.] [elude doubt. A falling off. [-^ot in use.] Brown. DE-C^D'ER, m. One who determines a cause or con- test. DE-t?TD'ING,i>pr, Determining; ending; concluding. DE-CIl>'l^-OLs, a. [U deciduusj decido ; de and c/u/o, to fall.! Falbng ; having but a temporary exi<^pncc, as in animals, certain kinds of hair, hornn, and teetli, are dfeidmousi not perennial or permanent. In botany^ a deciduous leaf is one which fnlls in autumn ; a decid- uous c^-ilyx is tliat which fall^ alf)tig with the corol and j^tamens ; distinguished from ;>errrta/ifHf. Martyn, DE-CID'U-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of falling once a year. DEC'I-GR A M, \n, \ French weight of one tenth DECI-ORjiMME^ \ of a gramme. D£'CIL, n. An aspect or position of two planets, wtien they are distant from each other a tenth part of the zodiac. [Obsolete.] Encyc. DE-CIL'I-TER, ( n. A French measure of capacity DEC I- Lf- THE, \ equal to one tenth of a litre. DE-CILL'IOX, (de-sil'yun,) n. According to the Eng- lish nurofuTR, a million involved to the tenth power, or a unit with sixty ciphers annexed; according to the Fyench jwtatum, a thousand involved to the elev- enth power, or a unit with thirty-three ciphers an- nexed. DE-CILL'IONTH, a. Pertaining to a decillion. DEC'I-MAL, a. [L. decimus, tenth, from du,em, ten ; Gr. ^£1*1 ,- Goth. flV, ten, Sax. a tit.] 1. Numbfired by ten ; a.«, (/ecima/ progression. Locke. 2. Increasing or diminishing by tens; as, decimal numbers ; decimal fraction?. 3. Tenth ; as, a decimal part. Decimal arithmetic^ is that in which we count tens. DEC'I-MAL, n. A tenth ; a fraction having some power of ten for its denominator. DEC'I-MAL-LY,aJr. Ry tens; by means of decimals. DEC'I-MATE, V. t. [iS decinw, from decern^ ten.] 1. To tithe ; to take the tenth part. 2. To select by lot and punish with death every tenth man ; a practice in orniicii fur punishing mu- tinous or unfaithful troops. 3. To take every tenth. Jifdford. DEC'I-MA-TED, pp. Tithed ; taken by lots. DEC-I-M A-TL\G, ppr. Titlting ; selecting every tenth. DEC-I-MA'TION, 11 A tithing ; a selection of every tenth by lot. 2. The selecting by lot for punishment every tenth man in a company or regiment, ice. DECI-.Ma-TOR. n. One who selects every tenth man for puni.^hment. South. DEC 1)E-CIM'E-TER, in. A Fremh mca.^ure of length DECJ-JtlE-TRE^ \ equal U> the tenth part of a me- ter, or 3 inche« and 93710 decimals. DEU'I.M-O-SEX'TO, ti. [L.] A houk i« in de^mo^ sejrtOy when a sheet is folded into sixteen leaves, Taylor. DE-CrrilER, C-Rl'for,) fl. t. [Fr. dechiffreri de nnd cluffre, u cipher ; It. deeiferare f Sp, daseifrar ; Port. deciffur. tSec (^iphkb.] 1. 'J'o find the alphabet of a cipher; to explain what is written in ciphers, by finding what letter eacli character or mark represents ; as, to decipher a letter written in ci[)hers. 2. To unfold ; to unravel what is intricate ; to ex- plain what is obscure or difficult to be understood; as, to decipher an ambiguous siieech, or an ancient manuscript or inscription. 3. To write out ; to mark down in characters. Locke, [This use is now uncnrnmon, and perhaps improper.] 4. To stamp; to murk; to characterize. [C/itu- sual.] . Shak. DE-CrTMER-A-BLE, a. That may be deciphered, or interpreted. DE-tl'pnER-f:D,pp. Explained ; unraveled ; marked. DE-CT'PIIER-ER, n. One who explains what ig written in cipJu-rs. DECIPHERING, ppr. Explaining; detecting the letters represented by ciphers ; unfolding ; marking. 2. n. The art of explaining or unfolding. DE-CIS'ION, (de-sizh'un,) w. [L. decisio. See De- cide."] 1. Determination, as of a question or doubt; final judgment or opinion, in a case which has been under deliberation or discussion ; as, the decision of tiie Su- premo Court. He h*i considered the circumstauces of the case nnd come to a decision. 2. Determination of a contest or event ; end of a struggle ; as, the decision of a battle by arms. 3. In Scoiiand, a narrative or report of tlie proceed- ings of the Court of Sessions. Johnson. 4. Report of the opinions and determinations of any tribunal. We say, read the decisions of the Court of King's Bench. .S. Act of separation ; division. [JVo( used.] 6. Unwavering firmness. DE-CI'SIVE, a. Having the power or quality of de- tenniuing a question, doubt, or any subject of delib- eration; final; conclusive; putting an end lo con trove rsy ; as, the opinion of the court is decisive of the question. 9. Having the power of determining a contest or event ; as, the victory of the allies was decisive. DE-CI'.SIVE-LY, adv. In a conchisive manner; in a manner to end deliberation, controversy, doubt, or contest. Chesterfield. DE-CI'SIVE-NESg, n. The powerof an argumenlor of evidence to terminate a difference or doubt ; con- clusiveness. 2. Tlie power cf an event to pat an end to a con- tegt, DE-CI'SO-RY, a. Able to decide or determine. Shenoood. DECK, r. U [D. dekken ; G. decken ; Sw. tcickia ; Dan. takker ; Sax. gidecan, and thecan, and theccan ; L. tegOj to cover, whence tectum, a rtwf, Fr. toil. The Gr. has TCyo^, a roof, but the verb has a prefix, crre} w, to cover. Hence, h. tegida, a tile. The Ir. teach, a house, contracted in Welsh to (y, may be of the same family. In Ger. dach is a roof, and thatch may be also of this family. Class Dg, Na 2, 3, 10. The primary sense is, to put on, to throw over, or tg press and make close.] 1. Primardy, to cover ; to overspread j to put on. Hence, 2. To clothe ; to dress the person ; but usually, to clothe with more than ordinary elegance ; to array ; to adorn ; to embellish. The (levr with ipniiglcs decked tlie grouod. Dn/dtn. 3. To furnish with a deck, as a vessel. DECK, n. The covering of a ship, which constitutee a floor, made of limbers and planks. Small vessels have only one deck ; larger ships have two or three decks. Afiitsh deck is a continued floor from stem to stern, on one line. 2. A pack of cards piled regularly on each other. Oreio. DECK'ED, (dekt,) pp. Covered ; adorned ; furnished with a deck. DECK'ER, n. One who decks or adorns ; a coverer ; as, a ta!ilr.'decker. 2. Of a ship, we say, she is a tico-decker or a ihret- deeker ; that is, she lias two decks or three decks. DECK'ING, ppr. Covering; arraying; adorning. DECK'IN'G, n. Ornament; embeliishinenL Homilies. DE-CLAIM', V. i. [L. declamo; de and elamo, to cry out. See Claim and Clamor.] 1. To speak a set oration in public ; to speak rhe- torically ; to make a formal speech or oration ; as, the students declaim twice a week. 2. To harangue ; to speak loudly or earnestly, to a public f'ody or assembly, with a view to convince their minds or move their passions. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MeTE, PREY.— PTNE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.— ^06 DEC DE-GLAIM', r. L To speak in public. 2. To speak in favorof ; to advocate. [JVot in use.] DE-CLaIM'A.VT, ) n. One who declaims ; a speaker DE-CLilMER, \ in public ; one who attempts to convince by an harangue. 2. One who speaki clamorously. DE-CLAIM'IXG, ppr. Speaking rhetorically; ha- ranguing. DE eLAIM'ING, n. The act of speaking in public. 9. An haranaue. Bp. Taylor. DE€-LA-MA'T[O.V, «. [L. declamatio.] I. A speech made in public, in the tone and man- ner of an oration ; a discourse addre?«3ed to the pas- sums ; a set speech ; an harangue. The word is ap- plied especially to the public speaking and speeches of students in colleges, practiced fur e.xercises in omtory. It is applied al-sn to public speaking in the K-giiilature and in the pulpit. Very often it is used fjr a noisy harangue, without solid sene^e or argu- mi-nt ; as, tnere declamation ; empty drelamation. •2. A piece spoken in public, or intended for the public. DEC'LA-MA-TOa, n. A declaimer. [JVot used.] Taylor. DE eLAM'A-TO-RY, o. [L. dedamaturiwi.l 1. Relating to the practice nf declaiming; per- taining to declamation ; treiitfd in the manner of a rhetorician ; as, a declamatorif theme. WoUan. 2. Appealing to the pas>ions ; noisy ; rh'-torical without solid sense or argument; OlS, xi declamtUary way or stvle. DE-CLAR'A-BLE, a. [See Dkci^bb.] That may be dfclarvd or proved. DE-CLAR'AXT, n. One who declares. DEC LA RA'TION, n. [U declarafw.] 1. An affirmation ; an open expression of facts or opinions ; verbal uttejance ; as, he declared bis sen- timents, and I rely on his dedaration. 2. Expression of facL^, opinions, promises, pre- dictions, ate, in writings ; r»;cords or reports of what has been declared at uttered. The Scriptures abound in declaratioaK of mercy to penitent sinners. 3. Publication; manifestation: as, the declaratum of the greatness of Mordecai. Esth. n. A. A public annunciation ; proclamation ; as, the dttdaration of independence, July 4, 1776. 5. In /«», that part of the process or pleadings in which the plaintiff sets forth at large his cause of complaint ; the narration or count. DE-GLAR'A-TIVE. a. Making declaration ; explan- atory ; miking show or manifestation ; as, thi; name of a tiling may be derJaratire of its form or nature. 2. Making pr(x:laination, or publication. [Orrte. DE-€LAR'A-TO-UI-LY, adv. By declaration or exhi- bition. DE-eLAR'A-TO-RY, o. Making declaration, clear manifestation, or exhibititm ; expressive ; as, this clause is dtclaratory of the will of the leyi-slature. The declaratory part of a law, is that which sets forth and deliues what is riglit ami \vjiat is wrong. A declaratory act, is an act or statute which sets forth more clearly and explains the intention of the legislature in a formirr act. DE CLARE', V. U [L. dretaro; de and elaro, to make clear; Ir. gluair, or gteair ; VV. eglur, cli;ar, hriglit ; tfflurawy to make cic-ar or plain, to manifest, to ex- plain ; Fr. dretarer : Sp. decltirar ; It. dichiarare. (See Clbak and Glory.) The sense is to open, to sepa- rate, or to spread.] 1. To clear; to free from obscurity ; to make plain. Boyle. r/« this literal geiue, tJu vord {.« no Umger in use.'] 3. To make known ; to tell explicitly ; to uiani^t ot communicate plainly tu olhiTs by words. 1 will (fMtare whx he luth done for irv aoul. — Ps. Iiri. 3. To make known ; to show to the eye or to the understanding; lo exhibit; to manifest by other means than words. Th^ b-M^Mt* fUetart Om ylwry of God. — P». six. 4. To publish ; lo proclaim. Dertart l>» giorf anumi^ thr h-nthfn.— I Chnm. irl. Ot^laring the a>ti««f*ioi) ol Uic Oi-niila. — Acu xv. 5. To assert; to affirm ; as, he declares the story to be fal.'ic. To declare one^s nrlf; to throw off reserve and avow one's opinion ; to show openly what one tbink<<, or which side he e^iHUises. DE-CLARE', r. L To make a declaration; lo pro- cbiim or avow some opinicm or re-^olution in favor or in opposition ; ^l make known explicitly some de- termination ; with for or airaiivrt; as, the prince dt- elared far the allies ; the allied powers mieclared against France. Ijkc r.irmng co'iiMr iTuilin^, kihI declare /or fute. Drydsn. 2. In laie, to recite the causes fif complaint ngain^ Uw d«-fundant; as, the plaintiff declares in debt or Unspass. 3. To show or manifest the issue or event ; to de- cMe in favor of; a», victury liad nut declared for either tmhy. DB-CLAR'£n,;i}>. ord. Made known; told explicitly ; DEC avowed ; exhibited ; manifested ; published i pro- claimed ; recited. DECLAREDLY, adv. Avowedly ; explicitly. DE-eLAU'KD-NESS, n. State of being declared. DE-CLARE'ME.VT, n. DecKiratiun. DE-€LaR'KR, ». One who nmkes known or pub- lishes ; that which exhibits. DE-CLAR'IXG, ppr. Making known by words or by other means; manifesting; publishing; affinning; reciting the cause of coinplainl. PE-CLAlt'I\G, rt. Declaration; proclamation DE-CLE.N'SIOX, n. [L. dcdinat'io^ from dcclino. See Di:cLi?- ward the earth. 2. Tu lean from a right line; to deviate; in a literal sense. 3. To lean or deviate from rectitude, in a moral sense; to leave Ihe path of truth or justice, or the course prescribed. Yrt trnd to a less perfect slnte ; as, the vigor of youth declines in age ; health declines ; virtue t/e- c/in«^ ; religion declines; national cn^lit and pros- perity decline under a corrupt administration. 7. To sink ; to diminish ; to fall in value ; as, the prices of land and goods decline at the close of a war. DECLINE', V, t. To bend downward; lo bring down. Id inrltuiebol; (Ic^ wilh hmd declined. Thornton. 3. To tnmd to one side ; to move from a fixed point or right line. 3. To shun or avoid ; to refuse ; not to engage in ; to be cautious not to do or Interfere ; not to accept or comply with ; as, he declined the contpst; be de- dined ihe offer; he declined the business or pursuit. DEC 4. To inflect ; to change the termination of a word for forming the oblique cases ; as, Dominus, Domini^ Domino, Dominum, Domine. DE-CLINK', n. Literally, a. leaning from; hence, a falling off; a lendi-ncy to a worse state ; diminution or decay ; deterioration ; as, the decline of life ; the decline of strength ; the decline of virtue and religion ( the decline of revenues ; the decline of agricuJlure, commerce, or manufactures ; the decline of learning. 2. A gradual decay of health ; consumption. DE-CLI.\'£l),p;>. Bent downward or from ; inllecled. DE-CLIN'ING, ppr. or a. Leaning; deviating; fill- ing ; failing ; decaying ; tending to a worse stato ; avoiding; refusing; inrtecting. DEC-LI-NOM'E-TER, n. An instrument for measuring the declination of the magnetic needle. Journ. of Science. DE-CLIN'OUS, a. In botany, declinate ; bent down- ward. DE-CLIV'LTY, n. [L. rf«c/ici(iM, from dcclivis, slop- ing ; de and cliriui. See Cliff.] Declination from a horizontal line ; descent of land; inclination downward; a sli>[>e ; a gradual descent of tlie earth, of a rock or other thing; chiefly used of the earth, and opposed to accUrity, or ascent ; the same s1oi>p, considered as desecnding, being a declivity, and considered as ascending^ an acclivity. DE-CLI'VOUS, ( a. Gradually descending ; not DE-CLIV'I-TOtTS, \ precipitous ; sloping. DE-eoCT',t>. (. [L. decoyiw, decoctitm; de and eoquoy to cook, to boil.] \. To prepare by boiling ; to digest in liot or boil- ing water. Bacon. 2. To digest by the heat of tim stomach ; to pro- pare as food for nourishing the body. Davirs. 3. To boil in water, for extracting iho principles or virtues of a substance. Bacon. 4. To boil up to a consistence ; to invigorate. .SAoJlr. [ This verb w Uttte -used, and, in its lajit sense, is hard- ly proper.] DE-COCT'ED, pn. DE-COeT'I-BLE,a. That may be boiled or digested. Prepared by boiling. DECOCTION, fde-kok'shun,) n. [Vt. decoction ; It. decozionc. See DecocT.] 1. The act of boiling a substance in water, for ex- tracting its virtues. 2. The liquor in which a substance has been boiled ; water lni|)regnated witli the principles of any animal or vegetable substance Itoiled in it; as, a weak or a strong decoction of Peruvian bark. DE-COCT'IVK, a. That may be easily decocted. I)E-COCT'TIRK, n. Asuljstance drawn by decoction. DE-COL'LATE, r. t. [L. decoUo.] To behead. Burke. DE-COL'LA-TEn, pp. Beheaded. DE-COL'LA-TING, ppr. Beheading. DE-COL-LA'TION, n. [L. dccvllatiu, Cwm dccoUo,lo behead ; de and collum, the neck.] The act of beheading; the net of cutting off the neck of an animal, and severing the brad from the body. It is eciwcially used of Ht. John the Bnptist, and of a painting wliieh represents his behrading. DE-COL'OR, (-kul'lur.J v. t. To deprive of color ; to lilwnrh. Ure. DE-COL'OR-ANT, n, A substance which removes color, or bleaches. DE-COL-O-RA'TiON, (-kul-Iur-i'shun,) n. [L. dt- caloratio.] The removal or absence of color. Frrrand. DE COL'OU-ING, ppr. or a. Depriving of color. DE-CfiL'OR-I/.K, r. f. To deprive of color- Dit'CoM-l'LEX, a. [de and compter.] Compounded of coniplr;x idea;*. Gregory. Locke. DECO.M POS'A-HLE, a. [Pee Decompose.] That may be decomposi-d ; cap.ible of being resolved into its constituent dements. Davy. DE-CO.M-l'fiSE', V. t. [Kr. decomposer ; de and com- poser, to compose, from L. conipono, compo/iitiLs.] To separate the constituent parts of a body or sub- stance ; to disunite elemi^ntary particles combined by ulhuity or chemical attnictitui ; to resolve into oriffinnl elements. DB-CO>l-VC)9'K\),.pp. or a. Separated or resolved into the constituent parts. DE eOM-I'fiS'ING, ppr. Seimraiing into constituent parts. DE-COM-P08'ITE, (de-kom-poz'it,) a. [L. de and compo.titus. See Compose.] CoiiiptMinded a second time; compounded with things already composite. Bacon, DE-CO.M-PO-SI"TION, n. Analysis ; Ihe net of sep- arating the C4)nstiiu'-iit parts of a comptmnd body or substance. l)rconi|M)sitrou diff'-rs from mechanical division, as th.i latlfT i-ffe.cts no change in ttie pro|»> erties of the body divided, whereas the parts decom- posed havf prop<'rties very difi't;renl from those of the substance itself. 2. A second composition. [In this sense, not novi used.] Boyle, Dccompo.iitiim of forces ; the same as resolution t\f forcr.i ; which see. DE-C<).M-POtJND',r.t. [^«aud compound.] To com- pound a second ; lo compound or mix with that TONE, BI;LL, UNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CI0U3.— C as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z ; CH as SH; Til as in THIS. DEC wb cli is already compound i to form by a second compotiition. Boi^-. LaeXc AVirfntt. )i. I'o n^uc« to simple ports by mccbanicnl di- vision ; to d«:CPmpo«e. [LUUs usetL or not at all.] DE-COM-roi\\D', o. Compound of lliinpt or words already compounded ; compounded a »rcund time. Boyte. 2. A decompound Uqf, in botany ^ is when tbe pri- muy petiole ia so divided ti»t each part forms a com- pound leaC A decompound Jioiter, is f«.vmfd of com- pound flowers, or containing, witliin a common calyx, smallor calyxes, common to several flowers. HE-roM POUND' A-BLE, a. That may be decom- I'OtrXD'ED, pp- Compounded a second Mipt^'d uf things already compounded. . .; COM I'uL'XU'ING, |»pr. Compuundiug a second tune. l';;t:'0-RA-MKXT, a. Ornament. [-Virf ustd.'] DEC O-HJSTE, ». L [L. dtxoro^ from dectUt decor, cnmeliDCM, gnuw. 8ee DciE^tcT.] 1. To adorn \ to beautify ; to embellish ; u^d of exttrmal ornaments or apinrel ; as, to deeorcie the prrson ; to rfscwracs an edifice ; to deeerOU a lawn whh flowera. a. To adorn with internal cnce or beauty ; to ren- der lovely : as, to dee4jrate tin- mind with virtue. 5. To nditrn or beautify with any thini; agreeable ; to embrllish ; a^, m dnorote a hero with honors, or a lad%' with arcomplibhineiits. DEe'»>-RA-TED, pp. or a. Adorned; beautified; einbelli-priety of speech or behavior; grace arising fV»m suitableue^ss of speech and behavior, to one's own character, and u> the rharaclers present, or to the place antl r»ccasion ; seemliness ; decency; op- posed lo Piden.-s?, licentiousmess, or levity. To speak and iK-have wiih decorum is essential to good breeding. S. In areAi/«cfarp, the miitableoesa of a building, and of its ports and omamenls, to its place and uses. DECOY', r. L [D. kooi, a cabin, berth, bed, fold, cage, decoy ; kooijem^ to lie, (o t*ed.] To lead or hire by artiAce into a snore, with a view to catch ; to draiv into any situation to be taken bv a foe; to entrap hy any means which de- cetVB. 'Hm fowler decoys darks into a neL Troops ■ may be dre»md into an ambush. One ship decoys another within reach of herchoL DB-COV, «. Any thinj intended to lead into a snare ; any lure or alluremont that deceives and misleads into evil, danger, or the power of an enemy. 9. A pLace rL>r catching wild fowls. DE-COY'-Di;CK, n. A duck employed to draw oth- ers into a net or situation to be lakeru DE-€OV'£D, pp. Lured or dmwn into a snare or net ; allured into danger by doct-plion. DE-COY'IXG, ppr. Luring into a snare or net by de- ception ; li^nling into evil or danger. DE-CO Y'-MAX, n. A man employed in decojing and catching fowls. DB-CReASE', v. i. [L. decre.ir^; de and rrfc*«», to grow ; Ft. deeri'Xtre; It. decrcjcert ; Sp. drcrtcer ; Ann. AVritift. See Grow.] Tu become less; to be diminished gridually, in ex- DEC tent, bulk, quantity, or amount, or in strenpll), qual- ity, urexcullcnee ; OS, tUodaystfecreotfe iu length from June to Decewb;:r. Ik mux inereuv, but 1 mual dcercoM. — Juha iiU DE-€REVSE', r. I. To leraen ; to make smaller in dinien.'tion:^, amount, quality, or excellence, Alc. ; to diminish gradually or by email deduetiuns ; as, cx- tm\iisance deereasej the means of charity ; every payment decreases a d<>bt ; inteinp(>mnce deeretues the strength and {Mtwenn of life. DtCRKASE', It. A tiecouiing less; gradual diminu- tion ; decay j as, a decrease of revenue ; a decrease of strcneth. 2. The wane of the moon ; the gradual diminu- tion of the visible face of llie moon frum the full tu the change. DE-CUkA^'ED, pp. Ix?ssened; diminished. DE-CUtlA^'lXG, ppr. or a. Uecoining less; diminish- ing; waning. DE-CKfiAS'I.\G-LY, o^/p. Ry diminit>hing. DB-CREE', n. [L. decretum, from decrmoy to judt^ ; de and ccmo, to judge, lo divide ; Fr. decret; IL and ?p. drtreto.^ 1. Judicial decision^ or determination of a litigated cause ; as, a decree of the Court of Chancery. The dectshm of n court of eipiity is called a decree ; that of a ciHirt of law, a juiigmeaL a. In the eirii Uxw^ u determination or judgment of Uie emperor on a siut between parties. Encyc. 3. An edict or law made by a council for regula- ting any business within their jurisdiction ; as, the decrees of ecclesiastical counrils. Kncyc. 4. In general^ an order, edict, or law, made by a su^terior, as a rule to govern inferiors. Tbrrp »TMit K dwTrt from C*»ar Aup wtu>, that all Uie world kliuuM be Luted. — Luke ii. 5. Established law, or nile. He mftile a deem for Uie nun. — Jott xxTiii. G. In tkeologVt predetermined puriKii^e of God ; the ptirpoxe or determination of an immutable Being, whose plan of operations is, like himself, unchange- able. DE CREE', r. t. To determine judicially ; to resolve by !t«-ntence ; as, the court deerf-ed that the pnii>erty shonld be restored ; or, tiiey decreed a restoration of the property. Si. To determine or renolve legislatively ; to fix or •(^int; to set or constitute by edict or iu purpose. ThoM thah doerm ■ Ihui^, utd h dudl be eatnUtahml. — Jub Lm im mm t» •ofidUHM to know vhat Uud has decreed wn- oeniiiig ua. Atum, DE-CREED', pp. Determined judicially; resolved; appointed ; esLablished in purpose. DE-CREE'IXt;, ppr. Determining; resolving; ap- pointing; ordering. DEC'RIvMEXT, a. [L. dccreraentuin^ from decreseo. See Decrease.] 1. IK-crease ; waste ; tlie stite of becoming gradu- ally less. 2. The quantity lost by gradual diminution or Waste ; oppi>sed to incrcmrnL 3. In heraldry^ the wane of the moon. 4. In cryi!'talit£rrapkij^ a successive diminution of the lamens of molt^uk-s, applied to the faces of the prim- itive form, by which ttie secondar>' forms are sup- posi'd lo l>e jiroduced. Haiiy. DE-CUEP'IT, a. [L. decrrpitus, from de and crtpo^ to break.] Broken down with age ; wasted or worn by the infirmities of old age ; being in tlie last stage of de- cay ; weakened by age. MUton. Pitpe. This word is sometimes erroneously written and pronounctrd DErREPio. DE-CKEP'I-TATE, v. L [L. decrepo^ to break or burst, to crackit! ; dc and erepo.] To rox*;! or calcine in a strong heat, with a contin- ual bursting or crackling of the subsUuice ; as, to de- crrpitate salt. DE-CREP'I-TATE, r. L To crackle, as salts when roast in 2. DE-CRE1"I-TA-TED, pp. Roasted with a crackling noise, DE^CREP^l-T.^-TIXG, ppr. Crackling; roasting with a rmckling noise ; suddenly bursting when e.xi>osed to heat. DE-CREP-I-TA'TIOX, n. The act of roasting with a continual crackling ; or the se;>aration of parts with a crackling noisp, occasioned by heat. DE-CREP'iT-.\E.SS, j n, [See Dccrefit] The hro- DE-CREP'IT-UDE, ( ken, crazy sUite of the body, priKluced hy decay and the infirmities of age. DE-CRES'CEXT, a. H^ decrescens. See Decrease.] Decreasing ; becoming less by gradual diminution ; as, a decrescent moon. DE-CRK'TAL, fl. [See Decree.] Appertaining lo a derri^e ; containing a decree; as, a decretal epistle. DE-CRE'TAL, 71. An authoritative order or decree. 2. A letlc-r of the pojte, deterininiTig some point or DEC question in ecclesiastical law. I'ho decretale form the second p;irt of the cantm law. Encyc, 3. A coHeclion of the pwli'dgi^ of the decretals. DE-CRk'TIVE, o. Having the force of a decree. Rich. Diet. DEC'RU-TO-RI-tY, adv. In a definitive manner. Ooodnmn. DEC'RE-TO-R Y, a. Judicial ; definitive ; esuiblished by a decree. The decretory rigon of a coiulcmulng ■pnt^iicfr. South. 2. Critical; determining; in which there is some definiti\'e event ; as, critical ux decretory days. Broteit. DE-CREW, V. i. To decrease. [JVot in u.^e.] DE CRI'AL, 71. [See Decri-.] A crying down; a clamorous ccnsnre ; ci>ndemnation by censure. DE-CIirv-:!), (de-kride',) pp. Cried down ; discredit- ed ; brought into disrepute. DE-CRT'ER, n. One who decries or clamorously cen- sures. [It would he better to write Dkcbval, Decryed, Dkcrv-er.] DE-CROVV\', r. L [de and crown.] To deprive of a cn>wn. [Little (*.«/'«.] Orrrhurtt. DE-CRUsT-A'TlOX, n. The removal of a crust from. DE-CU9', V. t. [Fr. dccrirr ; de and crier^ to cry.] 1. To cry down ; to censure as faulty, mean, or Worthless ; to clamor against ; to discredit by finding fault ; as, lo decry a poem. 2. To crj' down, as improper or imnecessary ; to mil or clamor against; to bring into disrepute ; as, to decni the measures of administration. iJE-CltY'lXt;, ppr. Cr>ing down. DEC-li^BA'TloN, n. [L. dccur,d,o.] The act of lying down. Evelyn. DE-CUM'P.lCN(,'F.j ( «. [L. decumbent, frum dccuinbn, DE-CUM'llEX-CY, j lo lie down ; de and cumbo, to lie down.] The act of lying down ; tlie posture of lying down. Brotrn. DE-CUM'BEXT, a. In ftota/iy, declined, or bending down ; having the suimens and pistils bending dcnvn to the lowrr side ; as*, a decumbent llower. Martyn. DE-CIJ.M'RK.\'I'-LY, adr. In a decumbent posiure. DE-CU.M'BI-'J'I;RE, «. Tlie time at whicha [K-Tdon Uikes to his bed in a disease. S. In a-ftriiUtiry^ the scheme or aspect of tlie heav- ens, by which the prognuutics of recovery or death are discovered. DEC'U-PLEj(dek'yu-pl,) a. [L. decuplus ; Gr. ScKa- TAfius, from t\tKa, ten.] Tenfold ; containing ton times as many. DEC'IJ-PLE, 71. A number ten limes repeated. DEC'IJ-PLE, V. U To make tenfold. DKC'L'-PLfJl), ppr. Made tenfold. Coleridge. DE-CC'RI-OX, rt. JL. dccurio, from decern, Gr, dCKa, ten.] * An officer in the Roman army, who commanded a der.aria^ or ten soldiers, which was a third part uf the turnia, and a thirtieth of the legion of cavalry. Encyc. Temple. DE-CO'RI-OX-ATE, n. The state or office of a decu- rion, DE-CUR'REXT, a. [L. dccurrcns, from decurro, lo run down ; de and curro, to run.] Extending downward. A decnrreni leaf, is a ses- sile leaf, having its base extending downward along Ihe stem. I.iiulley. DE-CUR'REXT-LY, adv. In a decurrenl manner. DE-CUR'SIOX, 71. [L. dccursioj from decurro; dc and curro, to run.] The act of running down, as a stream. Hale. DE-CUR'SIVE, a. Running down. Decur/incUj pinnate ; in boUtny^ applied to a leaf having the h;aficts decurrent, or running along the DE-CI-RT', r. t. [L. decurto.] [pc^tiole. To shorten hy cutting olf. VXot in use.] DE-CURT-A'TIOX, n. [L. decurto, to shorten ; de and curto.] The act of shortening or cutting short. DEC'U-RY, n. [h. decuria, from drcem, Gr. t'.txa, ten.] A set of ten men undtr an officer called dccuriv. DE-CUS'SATE, v. t. [L. dccusso, to cut or strike across.] In ^reneral, lo intersect ; to crfw^, as lines, rays, or nerves in the body ; usmdly, to intersect at acute an- gles, or in tlie form of an a. Brirwn, Encyc. DE-f^S'SA'I'E, i a. Crossed ; intersected. In bot- DE-CUS'SA-TED, \ any, dec.toisatfd leaves and branches, are such as grow in pairs which alter- nately cross each other at right angh^s, or in a reg- ular manner. Martyn. Lt. In rAetoric, a dectiftaatcd period is one that consists of two rising and two falling clauses, placed in alternate opposition to each other. For example, " If impudence could effect as much in courts of justice, as insolence Bom<:lime8 dot^s in the country, C.-esina would now yield to the impudence of Ebutius, as he then yielded to his insolent assaulu" John Q. .idains, Lect. Fate, far, fall, what BlETE, PRfiV. — riXE, M.VttXXE, blRD.— NCTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 308 DED DEE DEE In a decussate manner. Crossing : iiiterseciing L I>E-eUS'3ATE LY, ot/c. DE-eUS'SA-TIXG, ppr. aciJtt; ani^les. DE-€iJS-tiA'TIO.\, n. The acl of crossing ; tlie cross- ing of two linps, rays, or nerves, which nir-et in a. piiint, nnJ then proceed and divergi^ IJuttoa. •2. A crossing in the form of an X. OK-eUS'SA-TlVE-LY, ado. Crosswise; in thp form of an X. Brvwa. DK-Da'LUAN, a. See Djedalian. DED'A I.OI'S, a. See Ujcdvlous. DK-DRC'O-RATB, v, t. \^ dedecoro.] Todisgntci!. f.Vf iwu/.l DE-DEeO-RA'TION, ff. A discmcinff. [.Y.>t used.] DE-DKe'O-ROfS, a. Dispnc.ful ; nnbecoininc. DEI»EN'-TI"TIO\, {-dt-n-tish'un,} lu [de nnddeiui- tion.] The shedding of teeth. Bmwfi. DEiyf-CATE, p. (. [L. dedico , de and dico, dicare, to vow, promise, devote, dedicate. See Clfiss' De, No. 12, 15, 45. The acw&e is, tu send, to throw ; hence, to set, to appoint.] I. To set ap;tn and consecrate lo a divine Being, or to a sacred purpose ; to devote lo a sacred use, by a solemn a<;t, or by religions c:rrenionies ; as, lo dedi- cate vessels, treasures, a temple, an altar, or a church, to God or to a religious use VesBfli of «l»^r, 1:4 *nl.i, .\nA of braw, wtiicli Kiiij Davkl diil lUdi^Ut to ihe L»nl. — 'i Sum. vtit. 9. To appropriate solemnly to any person or pur- pose ; to give wholly or chielly to. The ministers of the giwpel dedicate themselves, their time, and their Ftudie!!^ to the service of ('ttrist. A midiur dcdiaue^ himsrit lo the profession of arms. 3 To inscribe or address to a p:itn)n ; ns, ti* ^di- eatt a biKik. DE !>'!-€ ATE, a. Consecrated ; devoted ; appropriated. Shak. DED'I-GA-TED, fp. ora. Devoted to a divine Iteing, or to a sacred use ; consecrated ; appropriated ; given whollv to. DED-I €A-TEE', n. One to whom a thing is dedica- I'd. £,/. Rec DED'I CA-TING, ppr. Devoting lo a divine Being, or to a aarred purpose j consecniiuig ; appT'Lipriating ; giving wholly to, DED-ieA'TlON, ft. The act of coiHecmtins to a divine B»Mng,or lo a sacrtd w-ic^ often with religious snleinnitirs ; stdemn appropriation ; us,ilic Uedieatioa of Solium >n*s tem[ilr:. 2. The ad of devoting or giving lo. 3. An address to a pttlron, prefixed to a Nxik, tes- tifying respi^ct, and recommending the work to his prnteciinn and f;iyor. Pope. DED'I-CA-TOR, b. One who dedicates ; onr who in-*crib--8 a book to th'i favor of a p;itro-!. Pope. DED'I-CA-TO RY, a. Composing a dedication j as, nn epistle drJicatorij, DED'IMUS^n. [!>.] A writ lo commission private persons to flo some act in place of a judge, ns to ex- amine a wjlnefts, &e. Btmvirr. DE-DI 'TION, (de- gather a (ruth, opinion, or proi».nttinii, from premises ; to infer some- thing frum what precedes. B^MKtning » nulliio; tnit th>" (ncnlty tit deducing unknown iftitlM from priiiuples Mirmiljr kituwn, Locke. 3. To deduct. [JVut in we."] B. Jonson, 4. To trnnspliiiL rA"(*( i« «.«.] Stideit. DE-DOC'KD, (de-diisie%)/»p. Drawn from ; inferred ; as a oui-'pqnfnce from principled ur prtimisei*. DE-OOCE'MENT, n. The thing drawn from or de- diced; inference; that whirh is coUecli-d from fp-miscs. Dintdrn. -UCC'I-BLE, o. That may be deduced ; infenible ; Collectible by reason from premises ; consequential. Tin* prrr^ni^ uf ■ trionffl" irr tttxltteit^ l'n>m the euinpkx i.tr» at ibtr^ itiiea iiicludiitr it •juc.-, Locke. r>E-DOC"ING, pftr. Drawing from; inferring; col- I ■cling from principles or facts already estahlt.shed or known. [ifvDO'CIV'E, a. Performing the act of deduction. [t.ttHr. used.] DE-ni;€n",t». L {\.. dedueo, dednclum. See Deduce.] To lake from ; to subtnict ; to separate or remove, in numbering, estimating, or calculating. Thus we ■ay, from the sum of two numbers drduct the leaser nrimbi-r ; from the amount of profits deduct the ' li . U'-i of freight. ' >'frr 'ED, pp. Taken from ; •uMmcted. >'^ CT'ISG, ppr. Taking from ; mibtracting. i DE-DUe'TlO\, (de-duk'shun,) n. [h. deduetio.] 1. The ait of deducting. 2. That which is deducted ; sum or amount taken from anolhtr; defalcation; abatement; as, this sum is a deduction frum the yearly rent 3. That whirh is drawn from premises ; fact, opinion, or hypothesis, collected from principles or fads stated, or established data; inference; conse- quence ilrawn ; conclusion ; as, this opinion is a fair dedncfion from ihe principles you have advanced. DE-DCeT'I VE, a. Deducible ; that is or may be de- duced from premises. All knowledge ia rUducdoe. G'anvUle. DE-DCCT'lVE-hY, adv. Uy regular deduction; by w;iy of infi-reuce ; hy consequence. Brown, DEED, TI. [8ax. d(ed : I), dand ; G. tJiat i Dan. daad ; the jwrticiple of Sa.x. don, Guth. tanyan, G. Viun, D. doen^ lo du , probably a contracted word.] 1. That which is done, acted, or etfected ; nn act ; a fiict ; a word of extensive api)lication, including whal&ver is dune, good or bad, great or small. And Jo*-ph »ai(l u> thi-m, Wluit deed u tliU wluch ye hire Jonc ? — lj>'ii. iliv. We i>-&ive theilitt^ r-ward of our deede. — Luke xxt. 2. Exjdoit ; achievement ; illustrious act. WboK deede hmiw noliter poem ahaJt Ailum. Dryden. 3. Power of action ; agency. Willi tt iil nnJ lUed crenteil fi«e. MUton. 4. A writing r^mtainin^ some contract or agree- ment, and tile evidence ol its exectiiion ; particular- ly, an instrument on pap;.'r or parchment, conveying real estate to a purchaser or donee. This instrument must be executed, and the execution attested, in the manner prescribed by law. Indeed ; in fact ; in reality. These words are united, and called an adverb. Biit sometimes they are sej*- arated by eery, in very deed i a more eniphalical ex- pression. EJ. ix, DEED, P. u To convey or tmnsfer by deed ; a popular UM af the word in .America i as, ho deeded all Ills estate to his eldest son. DEKD'-A-CHIEV-ING, a. That accomplishes great deeds. DEED'I.K-S3, a. Inactive; not performing or having performed deeds or exploits. Pope. DEED'-I'OLL, n. A deed notindented, that is, shaved or even, made by one party only. Blackstune. DEt^D'Y, a. Industrious; active. DEt^M, r. t. [Sax. demanf D. doemcn { Sw. dUma ,■ Dan. doinmer; whence (/oo/ii. Kuss.r/umfii/ti,t(i think, reflect, reckon, believe ; duma, a thought or idea, a privy council ; duinnoiy a privy counselor. See Class Dm, No. 5, 36, 39, and Class Sm, No. 5.j 1. To tliink ; lo judge ; to be of opinion ; to con- clude on consideration ; as, he deeiiu it prudent to be silent. For ti'-*-r c?»n 1 deem him \cm tli.\ii jo>I. Dryien. Tbt^ «liipnM'ii rttenud UvU ilKy drew ncair to ».'nie cuu'nuy. — Acu xxvii. 9. To estimate. [OA^.] Spenser. DEE.M, n. Opinion; judgment; surmise. [06*.] DEEM, r I. To jndce : lo think ; to estimate. DKF.yV F.n, pp. Thought; judged; supfMwd. DEEM'INO, p/»r. Thinking; judging; believing. DEEM'HTER, n. [derm and ster. See Steer.] A judge in the Isle of Man and in Jenw^y. John-son. DEEP, a. [Sax. drnp, difpa ; D. diep; G. fir/; Sw. diup , Dan. dyb. It Keetris to be allied to dip and divr, whose radica'l sense is, to thrust or plunge. Uu. \V. dwvyn.] I. Extending or being far below the surface ; de- scending far downward ; profutind ; opposed io shot-, low ; as, deep water ; a deep pit or well. 3. I^w in situation ; being or descending far be- low the adjacent land ; as, a deep valley.. 3. Entering far ; piercing a great way. A tree in a gtHid st)il lakes deep root. A spear struck deep into the flesh. 4. Ear from the outer part ; secreted. A BpiiJer deep nmUi«h<^d In her ili-n. Dn/rf^n. So deep, when npfilled to soldiers drawn np in rank and file, means distaiico from the front; as, drawn up three deep. 5. Nut superficial or obvious; hidden; secret. lie illKOTerrih dtep Ihlrigv otit of diirkueM. — Job siL 6. Remote from comprehension. . O I^onl, Oiy UiougliU are vcrj deep, — Pi, xcii. 7. Bngacioiis ; penetrating; having the iK)wer to enter far into a subject ; as, a man of deep thought ; a deep divine. 8. Artful; contriving; concealing artifice; insid- ious; designing; as, a friend, deep, hollow, treach- erous, 9. Grave in sound ; low ; as, the drrp tones of an organ. ID. Very still ; solemn ; profound ; ns, deep silence. II. Thick ; black; not to bo penetrated by the sight. NfTW deeper ilarknpas brcMxlril tni the ground. IlooJe. 1*3. Still ; sound ; not easily broken or disturbed. TIip l-inlfiMcau-wd a t/«;) •iet-p to till on Adam. — Gen. ii. 13. Depressed; sunk \ov/ , metaphoricaUy ; as, deep poverty. • 14. bark ; interse ; strongly colored ; as, a rfeep brown ; a drep crimson ; a deep blue 15. Cukuown ; unintelligible. A p'ople of deejier apeecti thnn thou Kinst •p^nrvrz. — It. xxraii. 16. Heartfelt; penetrating; adecting; as, & deep sense of guilt. 17. Intricate ; not easily understood or unraveled; as, a deep pK;t (ir inlriguo. This word ollen qualifies a verb, like an adverb. Drink dtfp, or la*ie not tin: Pit-ri.vn »]iring. Pope, DEEP, n. The sea ; tlie abyss of waters ; tlie ocean. [If makctli tlio deep tojxvil like a pot. — Job xli. 2. A lake ; a great collection of water. I.aiiiicli out into tin? deep, Ami let down your ncU. — LuJtC t. 3. 'i'hat which is profound ; not easily fathomed, or incouiprehensible. Thy ]ii.|gniciit* are n great d^p. — Pi. xxxri. 4. The most still or solemn part ; the midst ; as, in rff^/t of night. s/tak. Philips. DEKP'-DUAVV-ING, a. Sinking deep into the water. Shak. DREP'-DRAWN, n. Drawn from a depth. DKEP'i'.'.V, (d?;e'pn,) v. t. To make tieep or deeper; to sink lower ; as, to drrpen the channel of a river or liarbnr ; to deepen a well. a. To make dark or darker ; lo make more thick or ghmmy ; as, to deepen the shades of night ; to deepen gloom. 3. To give a darker hue, or a strong! r color ; as, to defpen a color; tu deepen a red, blue, or crimson color. 4. To make more poignant or absorbing ; as, to deepen griff or sorrow. 5. To make more frightful ; as, to dcrpen the hor- rors of Ihe scene. 6. To make more sad ur gloomy ; as, to deqien the murmurs of the tlottd. 7. To make more grave ; as, lo deepen the tones of an ur'jan. DEEP'AW, r. i. To become more deep ; as, the water derpnts i)t everv cast of the lead. DRRP'/CN-AT), (deep'nd,) pp. Made more deep. DEEP'/'-W-ING, ppr. or a. Sinking lower; making nmre deep; growing deeper. DEEP'KR, a. comp. Mure deep. DEEP'EST, a. auperl. Moi^t deep. DElilP'-LAID, u. Laid deep; formed with cunning and sagarilv. DEEP'LY, fl(/('. At or to a gr-'at depth ; far below tho surface; as, a passii.n drcphj nutted in our nature; precepts deephi engraven on the heart. *2. Profuuudly ; thoruuglily; as, deeply skilled in ethics or anatomy. 3. To or from tho inmost recesses of tho heart j with great sorrow ; most feelingly. H" sjjfliid deeply in hit apirit. — Mark Tiii. He Wilt deep'y Htlc^fd at tlip ni^ht. Anon. 4. To a great degree ; as, he has deeply offended. Thi:y ii.i»c deeply cumtpli'd thcmtrlvct. — lloa. Ix. 5. With a dark hue, or strong colur ; ns, a deeply^ red liquor; deeply colored. 6. (iravely ; us, a rfcr/i/j/- toned instrument. 7. With profuunil skill ; with art or intricacy ; as, a dreplyA\kH\ plot or intrigue. This word ran not easily be defint^l in all its va- rious applications. In general, it gives emphasis or intensity lo ihe word which it qualities. DEEP'-MOU'fn-/:D, a. Having a hoarse, loud, hol- low voice ; ns, a derp-monthed tlog. Shak. DEEP'-MOS-ING,a. Conteniiitalive; thmking closely or prrffuundly. Pope. DEEP'NESS, M, Doplh; remoteness from the surface in a descending lino ; interior disUince from the sur- face ; profundity. And fiirthwiili tlt-r tprnng np, becauM ttiry h.id no deepnett of can!).— M:\lt. xiti. 9. Craft ; insidiousnoss. f Umi-'!ual.'\ DEEP'-READ, (-red,j a. Having fully rend; pro- ffiundlv versrd. VKstronire. DEEP'-ftE-VOI.V'ING, a. Profoundly revolving of mt-ditatiiKT. SktUc. DEEP'-SCXR-R/i:D, (-sklrd.) a. Having deep scars. DEEP'-SiCAT-El), a. Seat.d deeply. DEEP'-SOIJNU-ING, a. Having a low sound. DEEP'-THINK ING, a. Thinking profoundly. DEEP'-THROAT-EI), a. Having a deep throat or voire. JUiUoti. DEEP'-TON-^D, a. Having a very low or grave tone. DEEP'-VAULT-ED, a. Formed like a deep vault or nrch. Mdton. DEEP'-WAI.^T-LD, a. Having a deep wai>t, as a ship wirui the quarter-deck and forecastle arc raised from four to six feet above the level of tht- main dee- ties, AS tbf rtnff, ilir fallow-deer, the nw-bMrk, Uic nine or rviiidecr, &.r. These animals arc wild, and, hunted in iIh" fori*l» or kept in pnrk-^." Tli.if fleshy cailt-d c*ii*«<'ii, is det'iiK'd t xcelleiit food. DEER'-XECK, h. in JMr^emaaship, a iliin, UI formed neck. Furm^Kncfic, DEEK'-^KIN. ■. th« skin uf a dtcr» i»f whicU a very mipple jr-nther is nmde. DEER':?TAt.K-l'.it, ( slawk^r,) «- One who prac- tices d M-r-ulkiiic. BootA. DEER'STALK l-N'G, C-^awk inc,) ». The lying in wait to sVuKii deer, ur pursuing Uieni as uiucli as po»- aible unil-^r rover. DEER'S'I'kALt-ER, «. One who steals doer. DEEK'STEAI^ING, ». The act or crime of stealing D£'ESS, ». [Ft. d^essf,] [deer. A p»ddr«. fATWf i« usf.] Crvft DE-FACE', r. (. [Arm. rfi^pa ; rff and L. faeio i Fr. dtfairt^ to undo or unmake.] 1. To de>Uoy or m »r the fjice or surftee of a thing ; to injure the siiperdcie:* ur beauty ; to dt^tiguiv; as, lo dtfnc* a monument ; to drfatf an edifice. 3. To ii^urc any thing ; to destroy, spoil, or mar ; to erase or obliterate ; as. lo drface letters or wrtUiiK i to if- to the surface or beauty ; rasure ; obliuration ; that which mars beauty, or dis- ficnres. DETaC'ER, k. He or that which defaces j one who injures, uiars, or dl-'figures. DE-FAC'1.\G, pj»r. Injuring the face or surface; mar- rine: dtsticurmg ; erasing. OB-FAC'ING-LV, orfp. In a defacing manner. DE F.-iCTO, [L.J .\ciually ; in fact; in reality existing ; as, a kmg ds /wta, dieliuguished from a king dejurt, or by ricbt, DE-FAIL\VNCE,iu [Fr. SeeFAiu] FaUure; mis- carriage. [O**.] TmfU/r. DE-F.\L'eATE, ». t. [Ft. dtfaJti*eri It. tfcMoor* Sp. dtsfaXtar ; Port. derfuUar ; from L. dffalca ; ifc and /■ir«, from /lie, a sickle.] Lttftrmliff to cut otf; hence, to take away or deduct a part ; UM^d chiefly of money, accouuu, renu, iu- come, ice DE-FA L'GA-TED, /p. Taken away ; deducted, as a part. DE-FAL'CX-TIN'G, j^ Deducting from a money account, rents, 4lc DE-FAL-€A'TIO.\, n. That which is cut off; as, thK lo68 is a d^aUatim frum the revenue. LilemUify a cutting ufl*, and hence, a dimiDuiion, defif it, or withdrawmmt. [/n recfmt lufage.] DE-F.UJi', c. L To dcf^dcate. [JVat ut use.] By.HalL DEF-A-Ma'TIO.\, n. [See DsFiME.] The uttering of slanderous words, with a view to mjure another's reputatioQ i the malicious uttering uf falsehood re- specting another, wliich tends to destroy or impair bis good name, character, or occupation ; slander ; calumny. To constitute def^inialion, in law, the words mu^ be false, and spoken maliciously. De« famatory words, written and published, are called k liheL Blaek-ttorte. DE-FAM'.\-T0-RY, a. Calumnious ; sliinderoiis ; containing defamation ; faL^e and injurious to repu- tation ; as, dtfamat»iTf words j d^foMatory reports or writings. DE-FAME' V. U rPr. rfijfajiur; It. diffiuiMrt; Sp. di*- JUmat- • fmm L. d^ffkmo : d£^ or dU^ and /tuna, fame.] 1. To slander ; falsely and maliciously to utter words respecting another which tend to injure his reputation or occupatitm ; as lo say, a judge is cor- rupt : a man is perjured ; a trader is a knave. 2. To speak evil of; lo'dishnnor by false reports to calumniate ; to libel j to impair reputation by acts or words. Bring dtfamttd, we entreat. — I Ctt. Iv. DE-FAM'ED, pp. Slandered j dishonored or injured by evil fj-ptirts. DE-FAM'ER,a. Aslandercr; a dtftractori a calum- niator. DE-FA .M'lNG,^^. Slandering; injuring the charac- ter by fal.*e reports. DE-FAM'IN'G, a. Defamation; slander. Jeremiah. DE-FAM'I\G-LY, ads. In a defaming manner. DE-FAT' I-GA-BjLE, a. Liable to be wearied. [JVot muck u.sed.] OUuiTuU. DE-FAT'I-G ATE, v. t [U drfaikgo ; dt and fatigo^ to lire. See Fatiocb.] To weary or tire. {Utile used.] Herbert. DE-FAT-I-GA'TION. a. Weariness. {lAJtOt used.] Baecn. DE-FAL'LT', «. [Fr. defaut^ for defavU^ from de/aitlir, to fail ; de Toid fatllir, to faiL See Fail and Fault.] 1. A failing, or Ciilure ; an omission of that which ought to be done ; neglect to do what duty or law DEF requires; a^^, this evil has happened through the pnvcrnor'ti default. A drfiult, or faulty may be a rnuic, a vice, or a mere defect, accoidiiig to iheAa- turti of the duty omittrd. '2. Defect ; want ; failure. 3. In /mr, a failure of n|>|)ennince in court ut a day a.viigned, particularly uf titc defemlatil in a suit witen CiJI^'d lit make answer. It may be apiilied to jumrK, witue!ises, iLC ; but a plaintitrs failing lo apptar by himself or attorney is usually called a uott-appair- OMM. Ta .tuffer a d^aalt, is to permit nn action to be railed without ap|K-aring ur aii^twt-riug ; ajrplied to a defrndant, DE-VaULT', v. i. To fail in performing a contract or agre«*ment. Jokn^ivn. DE-FAL'LT', it. L In loir, to call out a defendant, [according to the common expresdion.] To call a d^fc-nd.int nfficially to npiiear and answer in court, and on his failing to nntiwer, ttt declare him in de- fault, and enter judgment agaiuat htm ; as, let the defcudaut be difaulud. 2. To call out a cause, in which the defendant does not appear, and enter judgment on tlie dtfault ; as, the cause was defauUed, 3. To fail in performance. Milton. DF^FAULT', P. t To offend. [Obs.] DE-FAIJLT'ED, pp. Called out of court, as a de- 2. o. Having defect. [fendant or liis cause, DE-F.\rLT'ER, n. One who makes default; one wh'Vfails to appear in court when called. 2, Ou« who fails lo perform a public duty ; partic- nlarly, one who fails to account for public money intrusted lo his care ; a delinquent. DE-FAULT'ING, ppr. Failing to fulfill a contract; detinquenL a. Failing to perform a duly or legal requirement ; as, a drfimiting creditor. Waiah. 3. Calling out of court, and entering judgment against for non-appearance, ai* a defr-mtnnt. DE-FEAS'AN'CE, (de-fez'ans,) n. [Norm. deff.ia»ce : Fr. drfeMtMtj from de/aire, to undo ; de and /uire, L. 1. LiterttUw, a defeating ; a rendering mill ; the prereniing of the ojvraiion of nn instrument. 2. In /aw, a condition, rflating to a deed, which being (>erfonned, the deed is defeated or rendered void; ora collatprnl deed, made at the same time wHh a feoffment or other conveyance, containing Conditions, on the performance of which the estate then createil may be defeated. A defeasance^ on a bond, or a recocnizance, or a judcment recovered, is a condition which, when perform»^d, defeats iu A defeasanee differs from the coiiirnon condition of a bond, in being a sefKiralc deed, whereas a common condition is inserted in the bond itself. Blaekstone. 3. The writing containing a defeasance. 4. Defeat. [Obs.] Spenser. DB-FfiAS'l-BLE, (de-ftz'e-bl,) o. That may be de- feated, or annulled ; as, a defeasible title ; a defeasible estile. DE-FSAS'I-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being de- feasible. DE-FeAT', n. [Fr. defaiu, from defaire, lo undo ; de and faire.] 1. Overthrow ; loss of battle ; the check, rcut, or destruction of an army by the victory of an enemy 2. Successful resistance ; as, the defeat of an at- tack. 3. Fnistration ; a rendering nulland void ; as, the defeat of a title. 4. Frustration ; prevention of success ; as, the de- feiti of a {ilan or design. DE-FEAT', r. L To overcome or vanquish, as an army ; to check, disperse, or ruin by victory ; to overthrow ; applied to an army, or a divison of troops; to a Jteet^ or to a commander. The English army de- feated the French on the Plains of Abraham. Gen- eral Wolf defeated Montcalm. The French dtftaled the Aufiirians at Marengo. 2. To fruf-trate ; to prevent the success of ; to dis- appoint. We say, oui dearest hopes are often ^ fcated. Then mAjnX thou for me defeat the eounael of Ahilhophel. —2 Sam. i». and xvii, 3. To render null and void ; as, to drfeat a title or an estate. 4. To resist with success ; as, to defeat an attempt or assault. DE-FeAT'ED, pp. or a. Vanquished ; effectually re- sisted ; overthrown; frustrated; disappointed} ren- dered null or inoperative. DE-FeAT'IN'G, ppr. Vanquishing; subduing; op- posing successfully j overthrowing ; frustrating J di*- appoiiitinz : rendering null and void. DE-FeAT'1;RE, (-fct'yur,) n. Change of feature. Shak. 2. Overthrow ; defeat. {Obs.] Beaton. DEF'E-CATE, r. f. [L. defitco ; dc and /^r, dregs.] DEF I 1. To purify; lo refine ; to clear from dregs or impurities ; to clarify ; as, to defecate liquor. 2. To purify from admixture; to clear; to purge of extraneous matter. DEF'F,-€A-TEIJ, pp. Purified ; c'.arificd ; refined. DEF'E-CA-TIiNG, pyr. Purifying; purging of lees or impurities, DEF-E-CA'TIOX, n. The act of separating from lees or dregs; purification froui impurities or foreign matter. DEFECT', n. [L, defet^tiis ; It, difctto ; Pp. drfeUo ; from L. drjicw^ to fail ; de and facio, to make or do.] 1. Want or ali.-ence itf something nece.ssary or useful toward perfection ; ffuilt ; imperfection. We say, there are numerous defects in the plan, or in the work, or in the execution. Enron h.>»e Ijeen corr-ctfil, and (UftcU supplicil. Daviet. 2. Failing ; fault ; iniMake ; imperfection in moral conduct, or in judgmeiiL A dt^p conviction of the defects of our lives tends to make us humble^ Tnist not yotiivlf ; but, your 'l(ferU to know, M which one has attached himself. Our defection from God is priwif of our depravity. The cause of the king was rendered desperate by the defection of the nobles. 2. RevoH ; used of nations or states. DE-FECT'IVE, a, [L. dfifeetirus. See Defect.] 1. Wanting either in substance, quantity, or qual- ity, or in any thing necessary ; imperfect ; us^ a. de- fective limb ; defective timber ; a defective copy or book ; a defective account. Defecticc articulation, in speaking, renders utterance indistinct. 2. Wanting in moral qualities; faulty; blamnble ; not conforming lo rectitude or rule; as, a defective character. 3. In grammar, a defeetine noun is one which wants a whole number or a particular case ; an in- declinable noun. 4. A defective vcrbf is one which wants some of the tenses. DE-FE€T'IVE-LY, adv. In a defective manner; im- perfectly. DE-FECT'iVE-NESS, n. Want j the state of being impt-rfect ; faultiness. DE-FECT-tJ-OS'I-TY, n. Defectiveness; faultiness [J^ot uied.] Montagu. DE-FECT'U-OUS, a. Full of defects. [Little used.] JVorthington. DEF-E-DA'TION, n. Pollution. [J^Tot in use.] Eentley. DE-FENCE', n. Protection against injury j vindica- tion when attacked. 2. The art or science of defending against ene- mies ; skill in fencing. Sec. 3. In ia?p, the defendant's answer or plea. [For remarks on tbe spelling of the word, see Defense.] DE-FENCE'T.ESS, a. Without defense. [See De- FESSEI.E99.] DE-FEND', V. t. [1,. drfendo ; de and oba, fendo: Fr. defendre ; It. difendrre : Sp. defender ; Port, id. i Arm. difenn, or direnn : W. d(fifn ; Norm, fenduy struck ; defender, to oppose, lo pntliibit. The primary sense is, lo strike, thrust, or drive off; to repel.] 1. To drive from ; to thrust back ; hence, to deny ; to repj'l a demand, chargi", or accusation ; lo oppose ; to resist; the effect of which is to maintain one's own claims. 2. To forbid ; to prohibit ; that is, to drive from, or back. Milton calls the forbidden fruit the de- fended fruit. Tlie US' of wine in muv plncei i» deJeniUd by cuftoma or Inw^. Tempi: [7'Ai.9 application is nearly nhsnlete.'] 3. To drive back a foe or danger; to rejiel from any thing that which assails or annoys ; to protect by opposition or resistance ; lo support or maintain ; to prevent from being injured or destroyed. Therr amv,iorf!E'LES.S-.\E.SS, (de-fens 'less-new,) n. The state of being unguarded or unprotected. DE FENS'I-BLE, a. That may be defended ; as, a d«- ffjutible city. 2. That may be vindicated, maintained, or Justi- fied ; as, a defeiLsibU cause. DE-FENS'I VE, a. [Fr. defensif.] \. That serves to defend; proper for defense ; as, d^fensiv* armor, which repels attacks or blows, op- pfised to offensive arms, which arc used in attack. Q. Carried on in resisting attack or aggression ; as, dffeiisire war, in distinctiun from offensive war, which (s aggressive. 3. In a state or porture to defend. Milton. DF--FEi\Ei'IVE, n. Safeguard ; that whicli defends. Wsu* ptvtlailr^, upon ]-2l^ tffai, is almost prociticly llie English word. Cast. Ii53.] 1. To make unclean ; to render foul or dirty ; tn a general sense. 2. To make impure ; Co render turbid ; as, the wa- ter or liquor is defiled. 3. To soil or sully ; to tarniab ; as reputation, &c. He b utiunff the gmOMt pr)>Iai«a of the age, huwever his ebnnictf r niKy he Hsftied by dirty haixlk. SvifU Tb(ry tlioll dtfiieWty briglmw.-w. — Ki. sjiviii. 4. Tu pollute ; to make ceremonially unclean. 5. To cornipt chastity ; to debauch ; to violate; to tarnish the purity of character hy lewdness. bhcclu-m d^ltd Ulnuti. — On. xxxiv. C. To taint, in a moral sense f to comipt ; to vitiate ; to render impure with sin. Dffil* not Tourwlrof with ihf kloU of KcTpt. — Eick. xjl. He tinih difllsd Om? i.uiciuar; uf lh« I»ru. — Num. xix. DE-FTLK', r. i. [Fr, drfiler; de ^xxdfile, a row or line, from \j. fiUim, n thread,] To march off. in a line, or file by file ; to file off. Roseoe. DE-FILE', n. [Fr. defiU, from//,/te, athread, a line.] A narrow passage or way, in which troops may march only in a file, or with a narrow front ; a long, narrow pass, as between hills, &c. DE-FIL'£D, pp. or a. Made dirty or foul ; polluted ; soiled ; corrupted ; violated ; vitiated. DE-FTL'KD, pret. Marched off in a line. DE-FILE'MEXT n. The act of defiling, or state of being defiled ; foulness; dirtiness; uncleanness. DEF 9. Corruption of morals, principles, or character ; impurity ; pollution by sin. The cliLtstc CM) not nike Into such l^tth wi'iroul danirr of <£*• filement. Addison. DE-FIL'ER, n. One who defiles; one who corrupts or violates ; that which pollutes. DE-FTL'ING, ppr. or a. Polluting; making impure. 9. Marching in a file, or with a narrow fronL DE-FIN' A-ItLE, a. [See Define.] Literalhf, that may h(^ limited, or have its limits ascertained ; hence, caiKible of having its extent ascertained with precision ; capable of being , to end, to hmtt, from finis, end; Fr. definir; Sp. definir; IL drfinirc.l 1. To determine or describe the end or limit; as, to define the extent of a kinpdom or country. 2. To determine with prtxision ; to a.scertain ; as, to define the limits of a kingdom. 3. To mark the limit ; to circum^icribe ; to bound. 4. To determine or ascertain the extent of the meaning of a wonl ; to a-^certain the signification of a term ; to explain what a word is understood to ex- press ; as, to define the words virtue, courage, belief, or cJiarity. 5. To describe ; to ascertain or explain the distinc- tive properties or circumstances of a thing; as, to define a hue or an angle. DE-FINE', V, i. To determine ; to decide. [JV*tit iised.] Bacon. DE-FIN'ED, (de-flnd,) pp. Determined ; having the extent ascertained ; having the signification deter- mined. 2. Having the precise limit marked, or having a determinate limit ; as, the shadt^w of a body is well d I fined. DE-FIN'ER, n. He who d'-fines ; ho who ascertains or marks the liinits ; he who determines or explains the signification of a word, or describes the distinc- tive properties of a tiling. DE FTN'ING, ppr, or a. Determining the limits; as- errtaining the extent ; explaining the meaning; de- scribing the properties DEF'IN-ITE, a. [L, d/finitus.] 1. Having certain limits ; bounded with precision ; determinate; as, a definite extent of land; definite dimensions; definite measure. 2. Having certain limits in signification ; determi- nate ; certain ; precise ; as, a dtjinite word, term, or expression. 3. Fixed ; determinate ; exact ; precise ; as, a rfyi- nite time or period. 4. Defininc; limiting; detcnntning the extent; as, a definite word. DEF'INITK, H. Thing defined, Ayliff^. DEF'IX-ITi: LY, adv. In a definite manner. DEF'IN-ITE-N ESS, n. Certainty of extent ; certainty of signification , detnrminateneiis, DEF IN-r'TION, (def-e-nish'un,) a. [L. dtjinitio. See Define.] 1. A brirf ilescription of a thing by its properties; as, a definition of wit, tir of a circle. 2. In loiric, the explication of the essence of a thing by its kind and difference. 3. in IcTieoffraphy, an explanation fif the siKnifica- tion of a word or term, or of what a word is under- 8t(H»d to express. DE-FIN'r-TrVE, a. [L, definitirus.] 1. Limiting tlie extent ; determinate ; positive; ex- press ; as, A definitive term. 2. Limiting; ending ; dct'-rmining; final; opposed to conditiotial, pruiyisionaJ, or intcrlocuttmj ; as, a defiu- itire sentence or decree. . DE-FIN'I-TIVE, n. In grammar, an adjective used to define or limit the extent of the signification of an apellative or common noun. Such are the Greek !■, ij, to: the Latin hie, iUe,ipsc; the, this, ViUd that,\i\ English ; le, la, Ics, in French ; il, la, lo, in Italian. Tinfi, tree is an ap[>ellative or common noun ; the tree, this tree, that tnie, designate a particular tree, determinate or known. Homo signifies man ; hie hom(j,i7/« homo, a particular man, &c. But, in some languages, the definitives have lost their oricinat use, in a great degree ; as in the Greek and French. Thus, " La force de la vertu " must be render'd, In English, the force of virtue, not the forco of tAe virtue. 7'he first la is u definitive ; tlie last has no definitive efffCt. DE FIN'I-TIVE-LY, Adr. Dcterminattly ; positively ; expressly, 2. Finally ; conclusively ; unconditionally; as, the r lints between the parties are drfinitinhj settled. FIN'I-TIVE-NESS, n. Dcterminutencss ; deci- siveni'ss ; conclusiveness. DE-FIX', V. t. [L.dtiun, as a ntt-tallic wire ; a cKemuul term. Bmilr. DE-FLA'UKA-Bl.E, a. Having the quality uf burning with a sudden and sparkling cumbu^itian, as alcohol, oils Aic. Bo^lt. DF.F LA-GR4TE. «. L [U dtJUgrn ; d« Jindfiagrity to burn 1 To burn with a Aidden and sparkling combuadon ; &fl, lo drfa-n-ate oil or spirit. DEF'LA-GKA-TED, pp. Burned ; consumed. DEF'LA GRA-TI.VO, j»pr. Burning; consuming, DEF LA-GHi'TION, n, A sudden and sparkling com- bustion. Tht »trcnsth O* •plrii im prorca bjr d^fiskfraliaii. £ncyc. A rapid combui^tion of a mixture, attended with muchevututioa of lUme and vapor, u of niter mnd duirconL Cjfc This term is ako applied to tlw rapid combustion (rf* mf^al* tnr galvaBiam. DKr" ^ ""t^ TOR, a. A galvanic instrumant for I 1 and [towerAil combustioo, particu- 1 . i3i;(tu uf metallic substances. Hare. Db I L.r.c i ,c. I. [U d^jUtta; <^ and j(m it.-» true course. 3. A deviation of tiie rays of light toward the sur- fiice of an op;iijuc Univ ; iuiUcUon. Hooke. DE-FLEX'CRE, (de-tlek'shur,) a. A bending down ; a turning aside ; deviation. DE-FLO'RATE, a. (L. defi.] To flow down. [J^ut in aw.] Brown. DEF'LL'-OL'S, a. [L. drjlmtis; de andJlM, to flow.] Flowing down ; falling o£ [LiUie used.] DE-FLUX', a. [L. dtjluxui ; dt and J|jw,/iixi«. See Flow.] A flowing down ; a ranning downward ; as, a de- jliuof humors. [See Defluxiox.] Bacon, DE-FLUX'IO\, (de-fluk'shun,) «. [L. de^HziOy from d^usj to flow down j de and Jiuo, to flow. See Flow.] 1. A flowing, running, or fallingof htiraors or fluid matter, from a superior to an inferior part of the budy ; properlv, an inflammation of a part, attended Willi increased secretion. 2. A discharge or flowing ofl^ of humors j as, a de^ jttLrut* from the nose or head in citarrb. DEF'LY,aeuuty ; as, all vices d^orm the character of niiional beings. 5. To dishonor ; to make ungraceful. Dryden. DE-FORM', a. [I>. def.mnis.] Disfigured ; lH.-ing of an unnatural, distorted, or disprupitrtioned form ^ displeasing to the eye. Spenser. Sijhl to rii_fortn whal heart of rock couiii iung Dry-ey.Hl lwhwl.1 / MUtan. DEF-ORM-A'TION,ii. A disfiguring or defacing. BittlT. DE-FORM'XD, pp. or a. Injured in the form ; disfig- ared; distorted j ugly ^ wanting ualund beauty or symmetry. 3. Base ; disgraceful. B. Jonson. DE-FORM'ED-LY, adv. In an ugly manner. DE-FORM'EO-NESS, a. Ugliness i a disagreeable or unnatumi form. DE Form EK, «. One who deforms. DE-FORM'l.\i;, ppr. Marring the natural form or flcure; rendtrring uely or Ui.sple.asing; destroying DE-FORM'I-TV, a. [L. dtformiui^.} [beauty. 1. ,\ny unnatural stale of the shape or form ; want of that uniformity or symmetry which constitutes beau- ty . distortion ; irregularity of shape or features ; di'4 pro portion of limbs j defect, crookedness, &.c. Hence, ugliness ; as, btxlily deformity. 3. Any tiling that destroys beauty, grace, or propri- ety ; irregularity ; absurdity ; gross deviation from order, or the established laxvs of propriety. Tiius we speak of dtforwtity in on edifice, or deformity of char- acter. DE-F0R3'ER, n. [from force.] One that casts out by force. Blount. nu formed^ and not in use.] DE-FOLTL', v.L To defile. DE-FOUL'£D, pp. Defiled ; made dirty. DE-FOUL'L\G, ppr. Rendering vile. DE-FRAUD', V. t. [L. dtfraudo ; de and fraudo, to cheat ;' fraus, fraud ; It. difraudare ; Sp. dcfraudar.] i. To deprive of right, either by obtaining some- thing by deception or artifice, or by taking something wrongfully without the knowledge or consent of the owner; to cheat; to cozen; followed by o/ before the thing uken; as-, to defraud a man o/his right. The agent wlio embezzles public property defrauds the state. The man who by deception obtains aprice for a commodity above its value, defrauds the pur- chaser. We have coirupteJ no man, we have de/rautUd no man. — 2 Cor. *ii. 2. To withhold wnmgfully from another what is due to him. Defraud not the hireling of his wages. 3. To prevent one wrongfully from obtaining what he may justly claim. A nwm of fortune who penniu his ion to conjtim** th« •CMOn of educition in himiing, shooting, or in fr-qufiiiing horw.- rac^a, amrmblies, Stc, ae/rauds ihe commumi; of a l>enc- factor, and b^iuuUu tbrnt a nuisaucc. PaUy. 4. To defeat or frustrate wrongfully. By the dulifi deaened — liy ihc cl-'urns defrauded. Foley. DE-FRAUD-A'TION, n. The act of defrauding. DE-FRAUD'ED, pp. Deprived of properly or right by trick, artifice, or deception ; injured by the witlihold- init of what is due. DE-FRAUD'ER, n. One who defrauds; one who takes'from another his right by deception, or with- holds what is his due ; a cheat ; a cozener ; an em- bezzler ; a peculator. DE-FRAUD'lNG,ppr. Depriving another of his prop- erty or right by deception or artifice ; injuring by withholding wrongfully what is due. DE-FRAUD'ME.NT, n. The act of defrauding. JfUton. DEG DE-FRAY', (de-fra',) v. £. [Fr. defrayer ,- de and /raw, fraiz,fX\H-n»e; Arm. defraei.] 1. Vu pny ; to discharge, as cost or expense ; to bear, as charge, cost, or exjH'nse. It is ftillnwed chielly by erpmse, cfiitr^e^ or ciwt. The acqnisitionj of war Kel(im drfung-ori to perform and discharge ; de and fumfor, id.] Having finished the course of life ^ dcnd ; de- ceased. Shak. DE-FUXeT', n. A dead person ; one deceased. Shak. DE-FUNe'TION, n. De;ith. [J^oi u.-^ed.] Shak. DEF?', r. (. [Fr. defirr ; do, t/^v, from, and jJt, to trust; iLs^dare; i^p.de.--afiar : de.s und far : Port. id. \ Arm. difpali Low h. di^dare, nnd f/i/fft/ufinrc, frnm fdo, to trust. (See F\ith.) The word diffidarr seems originally to have signified, to dissolve the bond of allegiance, as between the lord and his vassal ; op- posed to affiflare. Spelman, ad hoc. Hence it came to be used for the denunciation of enmity and of war. Hence, to challenge. If we understand defer to sig- nify to distrust, then to defy is to call in qui;stion the counige of another, according lo the popular phrase, " You dare not fight me."] 1. To dare ; to provoke to combat or strife, by ap- pealini; to the courage of another ; ttt invite one to conti\>it ; to challenge ; as, Goliath defied the armies of Isniel. i2. To dare ; to brave ; to offer lo ha/.ard a ctmtlict by manifesting a contempt of opposition, attack, or hostile force ; as, to defy the arguments of an oppo- nent ; to dtfy the power of the magistnite. Were we to abulia Ux common liiw, ii would m^ triump'innt ahovr iu own niini, derkllng iind df/ying iu iiii|K)U:ut pn^-iiu'-«. Duponceau. 3. Tochallenge losay or do any thing. DE-FV, n. A challenge. [J^ot used.] Drifden. DE-F?'ER, n. One who defies. [See Defikii'.] DE-FV'ING, ppr. Challenging ; daring to combat. DEG, V. t. [Sax. deagan.] To sprinkle. Grose. DE-GAR'NISH, v. L [Fr. dcgarnir i de and i^arnir, to furnish. [See Garnish.] 1. Tounfurnish; to strip of furniture, ornaments, or apparatus. 2. Todepriveof a garrison, or troops necessary for defense ; as, to de.^arnish a city or fort. JVuskington^s Letter, J^ov. 11, 1783. DE-GAR'NISII-£D, (de-gUr'nisht,) pp. StripjK-d of fur- niture or apparatus ; deprived of troops for defense. DE-GAR'NISH-L\G, ppr. Stripping of furniture, dress, apparatus, or a garristm. DE-GAR'MSH-MENT, n. The act of depriving of furniture, apparatus, or a garrison. DE, pp. or a. Grown worse. DE-GEX'ER-ATE-LV, adv. In a degenerate or base manner. Milton. DE-0E.\'ER-ATE-\ES3, n. A degenerate state; a state in which the natural good qualities of the spe- cies are decayed or lost. DE-- oeitiun ; removal or dismission from office ; as, the degradation of a peer, uf a knight, or of a bishop, in England. 2. The Btate of being reduced from an elevated vt more honorable station, to one that is low in fact or in estimation ; baseness ; degeneracy. D<;plunb!i' ii the degradadon of our iidture. SouA. 3. Diminution or reduction of strength, efficacy, ur value. 4. In painting, a lessening and obscuring of the appearance of "distant objects in a landscape, that they may appear as they would do to an eye placed at a distance. Jo/ihsoh. Encyc. 5. In ^eologi/y diminution \ reduction of altitude or magnitude ; as, the degradation ofrockn. Journ. of Sdmee. DE-GRADE', v. L [Fr. degrader; Sp. and Port, de- gradar : It. de.gradore ; L, de and gradiijf, a step, a degree. See Grade.] 1. To reduce from a hisher to a lower rank nr de- free ; to deprive one uf any otfice or dignity, by which he loses rank in society ; to strip of honors ; as, to degrade a ni>bleman, an archbishop, or a gen- eral officer. 2. To reduce in estimation ; to lessen the value of; to lower i to sink. Vice degrade^tn man in tiie view of others ; often in his uvvn view. Drunkenness db- grade^ a man to the level of a beast. 3. In gtology, to reduce in altitude or magnitude, 88 bills and mountains. AlUK«ij[ti the rvlgc b mil ihew, ih« riilj^ it»^!f h« t"»n d«- gntUd. Journ. q/ SdMnet, DE-GRAD'ED, pp. or a. Reduced in rank ; deprived of an office or dignity; lowered ; sunk ; reduced in estimation or value ; reduced in higltt. DE-GRADE'ME>"I', n. DeprivaUon of rank or office. MtUon, DE-GRA D'IN'G, ppr. Reducing in rank; depriving of honors or offices ; reducing in value, estimation, or altitude. 2. 0. Diiihonoring; disgracing the character; as, degrading obsequiousness. Tl^ InonUnntr to'c oi iDone/ »od of fa/nc are bn*? and dtgr»- ding pouluii*. Wirt. DE-GRAD'ING'LV, adr. In a degrading manner, or in a way to depreciate. DEG-RA-VA'TiON, «. [h.degravo; de and graxne^ heavy.] The act of making heavy. {J^ot in vse."] DEGREE', n. [Fr. degri i Norm, degreti from L. grodiu^ Sp. and It grado, VV. rAai, Syr. j|J radak,tii go. See Grade and Deorade.] 1. A step ; a distinct [mrlion of space of indefinite extent ; a spac* in progression ; as, the army gained the hill \>y degrees ; a balloon rises or descf-nda by tlow degrees ; and figuratively, we advance in knowl- edge by slow degrees. Men arc yet in the ftr^l degree of im|>rovement. It should be their aim to attain to the furthest degree, or the highest degree. There arc degrecn of vice and virtue. 2, A step or portion of progression, in elevation, quality, dignity, or rank ; as, & man of great degree. Spenser. We speak of men of high degree, or of low degree ; of superior or inferior degree. It is supposed there ue different degrees or orders of angels. They ptuduue to Ihemar-lvn « footl dsgret. — 1 Tim. !i1. DEI 3. In genealogy, 'A certain distance orrijuittvc in the line of descent, (U^termir.ing tiic proximity of blood; as, a relation in the third or fourth degree. 4. Measure ; extent. The light is intense to a degree that is intolerable. We sutler an extreme dc- gree of heat or cold. 5. In geometry, a division of a circle, including a three hundred and sixtieth part of its circumfer- ence. Hence, a degree of latitude is the 3G0th part of the earth's surface north or south of the equator, and a degree of longitude, the same part of the surface east or west of any given meridian. 6. In algebra, a term applied to equations, to de- note the highest power of the unknown quantity. Brande. 7. In miisic, an interval of sound, marked by a line on the scale. Rousse-au. Busby. 8. In ariUtmetie, a degree consists of three figures ; thus, 270, 3ti0, compose two degrees. 9. A ilivision, space, or inttr\'al, markeJ on a mathematical or other instrument, as on a thermom- eter or baromt;ter. 10. In eoUeffes and Knivcrsitiesi a mark of distinc- tion conft-rred on students, as a testimony of their proficiency in arts and sciences; giving them a kind of rank, and entitling them to certain privileges. This is usually evidenced by a diploma. Degrees are confencd pro meritis on the alumni of a college ; or they are honorary tokens of respect, conferred on stringers of distinguished reputation. The /rj*( de- gree is that of bachelor of arts ; the second, that of mojiter of arts. Honorary degrees are those of doc- tor of divinity, doctor of laws, Slc. Physicians also receive the degree of doctor of medicine. By degrees ; step by step ; gradually ; by little and little ; by moderate advances. Frequent drinking forms by degrees a confirmed habit of intL-mperance. DE-GUST', f. L [L. degu^-to.] To taste. [JVur used.] DEG-US-TA'TIO.V, n. [L. degusta.] A Listing. Bp. Hall. DE-GUST'ED, pp. Tasted. DE-GUST'ING, ppr. Tasting. DE-HI.S€E', (de-his',)r. i. [Infra.] To gape; \n bot- any, to o|>en, as the capsules of plants. Lindley. DE-HIS'CEN('E, n. [L. ithiscens, dchisco, to gaj* ; de and hiaco, id.] A gaping. In botany, the opi-ning of capsules in plants, and of the cells of anthers for emitting {>ollen, &c. ; the season when capsules open. Martyn. DE-HIS'CE\T, fl. Opening, as the capsuleof a plant. DE-HO-NES'TATE, r. L [L. dehonesto.] [SUxton. To disgrace. DE-HON-EST-A'TION,n. A disgracing; dishonoring. DK-HORS'y (de-hftrz,) [Fr.] Out of; witliout; for- eign ; irrelevant ; chietly used in law language. DE-HORT', V. t. [L. dehortor, to dissuade; de and Aorfor, to advise.] To dissuade ; to advise to the contrary ; to counsel not to do nor to undertake. yVilkins. Ward. DE-HORT-A'TION, n. Dissuasion ; advice or coun- sel against something. DE-HORT'A-TO-RY, a. Dissuading; belonging to dissuasion. DE-HORT' ED, pp. Dissuaded. DEHORT'EK. «. A dissuador; an adviser to the DE HORT'IXG, ppr. Dissuading. [contrary. Dk:'I-CIDE, n. [It. deicidio ; L. Deus, God, and c4Ed^ to slay.] 1. The act of putting to death Jesus Christ, our Savior. Prior. 2. One concerned in putting Christ to di-ath. DE-IF'ie, \ a. [L. deus, a god, and facio. to DEIF'ie-AL,! make.] 1. Divine; pertaining to the gods. 2. Making divine. [TraTW. of Pausaniaa. DFWF-ie-A'TION' n. [Sec Dkikt.] The act of dei- fying i the art of^ exalting to the rank of, or enroll- ing among the heathen deities. DP,'I-FT-^D, (dc'c-flde,) pp. or a. Exalted or ranked among the gods ; regarded or praised as divine. Di>'!-F?!^i?il ("• One that deifies. DE'I-FORM, a. [L. deus, a god, and format form.] Like a god ; of a godlike form. Tlvie »oiiU exliiUl a dei/onn power. 'Jrutm. of Pautanias. DE-I-FORM'I-TY, n. Resemblance of deity DE'I-FY, r. t. [L. dciu, a gtlff, and facio, to make.] 1. To make a gtKl ; to exalt to the rank of a heathen didly ; to enroll among the deities; as, Ju- lius Cffisar was dcifed. 2. To exalt into an object of worship ; to treat as an object of supreme regard ; as, a covetous man deifies his treasures. Prior. 3. To exalt to a deity in estimation ; to reverence or praise as a deity. 1 he pope was formerly extolled and deifrd by his votaries. Dk'I FV-l.NG, ppr. Exalting to the rank of a deity ; treating as divine. DfilGN, (dine,) V. i. [Fr. daigncr ; It. degnare ; Sp. difniarse ; I'ort. id. ; L. dignor, from dignus, worthy.] To think worthy ; to vouchsafe ; to condescend. O, dngn to visit our (oraak'rn ■eaU. Pop*. DEJ DEIGN, (dune,) v. t. To grant or allow j to conda scend to give to. Nor woukl we deign him burinl ol uH men. Shak, DEIGN'KD, (dand,) pp. Granted ; condescended. DfiiGN'ING, (dan'ing,) ppr. Vouchsafing; thinking worthy. £>£'/ Gii^TZ-A, (d5'I-gra'she-a,) [L.] By the grace of GtKi — words used in tlie ceremonial discipline of the title of a sovereign. Brande. DEf-NO-THE'RI-UM, n. [Gr Uivo^, terrible, and dt^piov, a wild beast.] A name given to the fossil remains of gigantic Pachydermata, remarkable for enormous tusks pm- jecliug from the lower jaw. Dana. DE-IN'TE-GRaTE, v. t. To disintegrate. [JVt>( IWfd.l [See DiSIPtTEGBATE,] DE-IP'^-ROUS, a. [L. deiparus.] Bearing or bringing forth a god ; an epithet applied to the Virgin Mary. DEIP-NOS'O-PHIST, (dipe-nos'o-fist,) n. [Gr. SLi-nvov, a feast, and ffw<^(r';s, a sophist.] One of an ancient sect of philosophers, who were famous fur their learned conversation at meals. As ft. Observer. De'ISM, n. [Fr. deisme ,- Sp. deismo; It. id. ,• from L. JDfiw, God.] The doctrine or creed of a deist ; the belief or system of religious opinions of those who acknowl- edge the existence of one God, but dcnj; revelation ; or deism is the belief in natural religion only, or those truths, in diKtrine and practice, which man is to discover by the light of reason, independent and exclusive of any revelation from God. Hence deism implies infidelity, or a disbelief in the divine origin of the Scriptures, The view wlucii the rising' gre&tn'-n of our country pnwnU Ma my eyc«, ta grrx-xiy laniislKil by the getiir.il pn-vitli nc« of deitm, which, wiUi inc, ia but iinothi^r nunie for vic^ and dtJiiTaviiy. P. Henry, Wirt'i Skelcfut. D£'IST, n. [Fr. dcitte; It. deista.] One who believes in the existence of a God, but denies revealed religion ; one who professes no form of religion, but fullows the light of nature and reason, as his only guides in doctrine and practice; a freethinker. ^ DE-IST'IG, ) a. Pertaining to deism or to deists ; DE-ltr^T'lC-AL, i embracing deism; as, ■« deu^tical writer ; or containing deism ; as, a deLtical book. DE-IST'ie-AL-LY, ad. After the manner of deists. jisfi. DE'I-TY, n. [Fr. diiti; It. deitd; Sp. dridad i L deltas, from deus, Gr. Ctof , God ; VV. dmn i Ir. dia f Arm. done ; Fr. diea ; It. dio, iddio ; Sp. dios ; Port. dcos ; Gipsy, dewe, dewel ; Sans. deca. The latter orthogniphy coincides with the Gr. (li-s, s'""4> Jupi- ttT, and L. divus, a god, and dium, the open air, or light. So in W. dj/ir, is day ; Hindoo, ditn ; Gipsy, diiee^, day. Q,u. Chinese Ti. The woril is pr(»bably contracted from dg, and may coincide with dnt/. Sax. die^, the priinar>' sensi; of which is, to open, expand, or to shoot forth, as the morning light. But the pre- cise primary meaning is nt>t certain.] 1. Godhead; divinity; the nature and espence of the Supreme Being ; as, the deity of the Supreme Being Is manifest in liis works. *2. God ; the Supreme Being, or infinite sulf-exist- Ing Spirit. 3. A fabulous god or goddess ; a superior being, supposed, by heathen nations, to exist, and to pre- side over particular departments of nature; iih, Ju- piter, Juno, .dpoUo, Diana, &.c. 4. The supposed divinity or divine qualities of a pagan god. Spenser. Ralegh. DE-JEGT', V. t. [L. dejicio : de mni jacio, to throw.] 1. To cast down ; usually, to cast down the coun- tenance ; to cause to fall with grief; to make to look sad or grieved, or to express discouragement. Bwl g\oomy were hia ryp», dejected wiu hia fuco. Dryden. 2. To depress the spirits ; to sink ; to dispirit ; to discourage; to dishearten. Nut Ihlnk to die dejeru my \ofly mind. Pope. DE-JEGT', a. [L. dejectuf, from dejicio.] Cast dnwn ; low-spirited. Shak. DE-JEGT'ED, pp. or a. Cast down ; depressed ; grieved ; discouraged. DE-JECT'ED-LV, adp. In a dejected manner; sad- ly ; heavily. Bacon. DE-JECT'ED-NESS, v. Tlie state of being cast down ; lowness of spirits. DE-JECT'ING, ppr. Casting down; depressing ; dis- piriting. DE-JEG'TION, n. A casting down; depression of mind ; melancholy ; lowness of spirits, occasioned by grief or misfortune. Milton, 2. Weakness; as, dcjccfion of appetite. [Unusual.] ArbuikHol, 3. The act of voiding the excrements; or the matter ejected. Ray, DE-JECT'ItY, adv. In a downcast mnnn-T. DF^ECT'O-RY, a. Having power or tending to cast down, or to promote evacuations by stool. Fvrrand. DE-JECT'l^RE, n. That which is ejected; excro- ments. Jirbuihnot. TONE. BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUg C as K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as 8H ; TH as in THIS. 40 313 BreakfRst. of late Oilbert, DEL iu til- fashionable world for /mucJL O DK JCRF., [U^ Of righu [See Ds Facto.] DE-LAC-KR-X'TION, «. [L. diiaeer^.] A i:'nrmx tn piecf-s. [JVut ugttL] DE-LAe-RV-MA'TION, «. [L. dtUerymMiot de and lecryatftUf a weeping.] A piBternatuni] ili:Kbarge of wateiT humnra from Uw e)'es ; w.iterisbnass of the eyes. DEL-A^TA'TION. ». [L. -ance ; as, tlie rfe- kcivji of aound. [LiaU lueiL] Bacon. & Acaisalioo ; act of charging witb a crlaie ; a Urm ^ tka ctoti Uam, DE-LATOR, a. [U] An accuser ; an iufurmer. Sandra. DB-UAT', (dp-l2\) e. f. [Pr. dtlai. delay ; Sp. i/tiatar ; Port. u£., to d^ay ; It ddaUt^ delay ; diUaartj to di- late, to spread i (roni 1^ iti/ot^u, d\ffcro. We see that delay is mun spcending, extending. See Dilatx.] L To prolong the time of acting, or proceeding ^ Co put off: to defer. M; Uml lUtatfeA bk conVBg. — MntL xxiv. 9. To retard ; to stop, detain, or hinder for a time ; to restrain motion, or render it slow ; as, the mail is dtUtfed by bad roada. Tbtbiui wtan uiTU nsiM !■«< oA driiyirf idling bcgok lo bau hta nwtrifmL 3. To allay. [-^^ *» **^ nor proper.] ^en»mr. DE-LAV, c. L To linger i to move slow ; m to stop fur a time. ^ Tbcre am eertxin boQadi U llw mildcmtm mai il owa— «r the ■umcmIob o^ldsMt bqrond wUcb ihej can BBidMr ditaw nor iMMn. £mU. DK-LXT\ n. A lingmng ; stay ; stop SL A putting off or deferring ; procrastination ; ait, the rfefey of tnal is not lo be imputed to the plaintiff. 3.- Rindemnce for a time. DE-LAY'/:D, (de-lide%)fp. Deferred; detained ; hin- dcn^d fur a time ; retarded. DE-LAVER. a. One who deflwi : one who lingers. DE-LA Y'lXQ,^^. Paningoffi deferring; procrastK nating; retarding; detaining. DE-LAY'ME\T, n, Hinderance. Omttr. DEL CRKr>ER-E, *. [It.] A guaranty given by fee- tnrs, bindingthctnto warrant the solvencT of the pur- chasers vf goods which they sell on creiiit. This is dune for a premium. A dA cridtre commiasion la one under which an agent, on selling goods, in consideration of an ad- ditiun:il premium, insures to his principal not only the ulttmnle solvency of the debtLT, but the punctual discharge of the debt. Bouvier. D£'LE, r. (. [L. imperative of deln.] Blot out ; eniw. DEL'E-BLE, a. (U delebiiu.] That can be blotted out. More, DB-LEC'TA-BLE, a. [L. dsZecCoMif, from dtUctor, to delist. See Du-ioht.] Delightful ; highly pleasing ; that gives great joy or pleaAire ; as, a ddeetahU gu^en. MilUm, DE-LEeXA-BLE-NESS,!*. Delightfulness. BarreL DE-LEe'TA-BLY, adt. Delightfully, DE-LEe-TA'TION, K. Great pleasure ; delij-liL More. DEL'E-GA-CY, n. \ number of persons delegated. [We now \yse DELXGATiort.] Laud, DEL'E-GATE, v. t. [L. dcUgo ; de and Ugo, to send. See Legate.] L To send awny ; appropriately, to send on an embassy ; to send with power to transact business, as a representative. Ttie president delegated three commissioners to the court of SL Cloud. 2. To intrust ; to commit ; to deliver to another's care and exercise ; as, to delegate authority or power to an envoy, representative, or judge. DEL'E-GA'fE, m. A person ap[K>int4;d and sent by another with powers to transact business as his representative ; a deputy ; a commissioner ; a vicar. In the Ututed States, a person elc-cted or appointed to re|Resent a state or a district, in the congress, or in a convention for forming or altering a constitution. a. In Oreo! Britain, a commissioner appointed by the king, under the great seal, to hear and dt-termine appeals from tbe ^clesiastical court. Hence the Qntrt ef Ddegetes^ is the great court of appeal in all ecclesiastical causes. It is used also fur the court of appeals from that of the Admiralty. Blaekstone. 3. A layman appointed to attend an ecclesiastical counciL DEL 0EL'&<3ATE, A. Deputed ; sent to act for or repre- sent another ; n«, a delegate judge. Taylor. DEL'E-GA-TED, j>p. or a. Deputed; sent with a trust or ctimmission to net for another ; appointed a jndse ; romiiiittedf as authority. DEL'E-GA-TING, ppr. Deputing; senerate or discuss. iu counciU, the bishop* have a deliberative voice, Encyc. 3. Apt or disposed lo consider. Bp. Barlow. DELIB'ER-A-TIVE, 71. A discourse in which a question is discussed, or weighed and examined. A kind of rhetoric employed iu proving a thing and DEL convincing others of its irulh, in order to persuade them to adopt it, Encye. DE-LIB'ER-A-TIVE-LY, ado. By deliberation. Burke. DEL'I-CA-CY, n. [Fr. delicatesse ; Sp. delieadeta ; It. delicateiza{ but more directly from delicate^ which see.] In a general sense^ that which delights or pleases. Hence. I. Fineness of texture ; smoothness ; softness ; tenderness ; as, the delieacy of the skin ; and nearly in the same sense, applicable to food ; as, the delic«cy of flesh, meat, or vegetables. Hence, 3. Diitntinesa ; pleasantness to the taste. 3. Elegant or leiniiiine beauty ; as, deUcaey of form. 4. Nicety ; minute accuracy ; as, the delicacy of coloring in painting, 5. Neatness in dress ; elegance, proceeding from a nice selection and adj*istment of the several parts of dress. Speetatvr. 6. Softness of manners ; civility or politeness, pro- ceeding from a nice observaiji'C of propriety, and a desire to please ; as, delieacy of behavior. 7. Indulgence; gentle treatment; as, delicacy of education. 8. Tenderness ; scrupulousness ; the quality man- ifested in nice attention lo right, and care to ovoid wrong, or offense. Bp. Taijlor. 9. Acute or nice perception of what is pleasing to the sense of tasting. Hence, Jigurattvely, a nice perception of beauty and deformity, or the faculty of such nice perception. Delicacy of tAste Iciiiia lo invig^rutc the tocial alfi;ctiont, nnd inixlcnite ihoie ihivl ore letluh. Kaine$. 10. That wtiich delights the senses, particularly the taste, applied to eatables ; as, the peach is a great deli- cacy. U. Tenderness of constitution; weakness; that quality or state of tlie animal body which renders it ven* impressible to injury ; as, delicacy of constitution or frame. 1*2, Smallnfss ; fineness ; tilenderness ; tenuity ; as, the delicacy of a thread or fiber. 13. Tenderness; nice susceptibility of impression ; as, delicacif of feeling. DEL'I-CATE, a. [Fr. delicati Sp. delicado; It. delica- to : L. dclicattUy connected with delicus, deligtit, de- leeta, to deligiK ; probably a commiiind of de with the root of like. See Delight and Like.] 1. Of a fine texture; fine; soft; smooth; clear, or fair ; as, a delicate skin. 2. Nice ; pleasing to the taste ; of an agreeable fla- vor; as, delicate food ; a delicate dish. 3. Nice in perception of what is agreeable ; dainty ; as, a delicate taste; and^ Jifnirntivcly, nice and dis- criminating in beauty ana deformity. 4. Nice ; accurate ; fine ; soft to the eye ; as, a del- ieate color. 5. Nice in forms ; regulated by minute observance of propriety, or by condescension and attention to the wishes and feelings of others; as, delicate behavior or manners ; a delicate address. 6. Pleasing to the senses ; as, a delicate flavor. 7. Fine; slender; minute; as, a delicate thread. 8. That can not be handled without injury or dan- ger ; that nmst be touclted with care ; as, a delicate point or topic ; a delicate question. 9. Composed of fine threads, or nicely interwoven ; as, delicate texture ; hence, soft and smooth to the touch . as, delicate silk. 10. Tender; effeminate ; not able to endure hard- ship ; very impressible to injury; as, a delicate frame or constitution. 11. Feeble ; not sound or robust ; as, deluuite health. DEL'I-€ATE, ». Anything nice; a nicety. [Obs.] Jer. \\. 34. Dryden. DEL'I-CATE-LY, a* tUli^hUd udth the abundance oT ber glory. — la. IxvL a. a. Full of delight. Shak. DE-LIGH7*'ER, n. One who takes delight. Barrow. DE-LIGHT'FJ;L. (de-llte'ful,) a. Highly pleasing; af- fording great pleasure and sati>-cL DE-LIGHT'F(JL-LY, ode. In a manner to receive great pleasure ; very agreeably ; as, we were delight- fully employed or entertained. 2, In a delightful manner : charmingly ; in a man- ner to afford great pleasure; as, Uie lady sings and plavs delightfully. DE-LlGHT'Fj;i^XE.S.S, n. The quality of being de- ligiitful, or of affording great pleasure ; as, the deligkt- fuiats.i: of a prospect, or of scenery. 2. Great pleasure ; delight. [Ltas praptrJ] DE-LIGUT'IMG, ppr. Giving great pleasure ; rejoic- ing. DE-LIGHT' LESa, a. Affording no pleasure or delight Thomaon. DE-LIGHT'SO>IE, (de-IU'sum,) a. Very pleasing; delighlfiil. Grew. DE-LIGHT'.SOME-LY, adv. Very pleasanUy ; in a delightful nintiner. DE-LrG(rr>O.ME-NES??,n. Delightfulnesa ; pleasant- ness in a high de^ee. IIE-LI.\'E-A-MENT, n. [Infra.] Representation by delineation. Selden. DE-LI\'E-ATE, v. U [deU/uo; de and Uneo, from Un^ to, a line.] 1. To draw the lines vhich exhibit the form of a thing; to mark out witn lines ; tu make a draught; to Hketch or design ; as, to delineate tlie fonn of the earth, or a diagram. S. To paint ; tu represent in a picture ; to draw a likeness of ; aa, to delineate Nestor like Adonis, or Time with Absalom's head. Brown. 3. Figurattvelyy tu describe ; to represent to the mind or understanding : to exhibit a likeness in words ; a.6, to delineate tlie character of Newton, or the virtue of Aristides. DE-LI.\'E-A-TED, pp. Drawn; marked with lines cxhitiitmg the form or figure; sketched; designed; painted , deficril>ed. DI-:-LlN'E-A-TL\G, ppr. Drawing the form; sketch- iMgi p;iintii)g; describing. DE-LL\-E A'TIO.V, n. [L. ddinealio.] 1. First draught of a thing; outlme ; representa- tion of a form or figure by line» ; sketch : design. 2. Representation in words ; description ; as, the delineattoa of a character. DI-:-LI\'E-A-TOR, n. One who delineates. DE-U\'E-A-TO-RY, a. Describing ; drawing the out- lme. Scott'g tltfuay^. DE-LIN'E-A-TT^RE, n. Delineation. [JVot ia lue.] DE-LL\'I-MENT, n. [L. delinimentum.) Mitigation. [JVot wted.] DE^LI.\'UUE\-CY, (de-Iink'wen-«y,) n. [L. delin- quo, tij fail or omit duty ; de and liiuftw, to leave.] Failure or omission of duty ; a lault ; a mixdeed ; and positively, an offense ; a crime. It is particular- ly, but not exclusively, applied to neglect of duty in o(nr< Ts of imhiic trust. DE-LIN'UL'E.NT, (de-link'went,) a. Failing in duty; offi-nding liy npglect of duty. DE^LLN'UUF.N'T, n. One who fails to perform his duly, jtarticularly a public officer who neglects bis duty ; an offender ; one who commits a fault or crime. A dtlimpitnt ou^t l» be tXtnA in the plau m Jurisdiction where Ujt d*&nqt»»mef w%» cuir-miOed. /tyiUf*. DE-LIN'QUENT-LY, ode. So as to fail in duty. DEL'I-aUATE, c. (. or i. [L. deliqueo, to melt.] To melt or be dissolved. [See DKLiquEscc and DELiqUlATE.]^ DEL'I-QUA-TED, pp. Melted ; dissolved. DEH-aUA'TION, n. A melting. [See Delwuis- CESCE and Deliquiation.] DEL-I-UUESCE', (del-e-kwes',) v. u [L. deli^esco, to melt i de and liquesco^ from liqueoy to melt or be- come soft See LiquiD.l To melt gradually and become liquid by attracting and absorbing moisture from tlie air, as certain salts, acids, and alkalies. DEI^I-aUES'CE.\CE, (del-e-kwes'sens,) n. Sponta- neous liquefaction in the air ; a gradual melting or becoming liquid by absorption of water from tlie at- mosphere. Kuurcroy. DEL-I-aUES'CENT, a. Liquefying in the air ; capa- ble of attracting moisture from the atmosphere and becoming liquid ; as, deliquescent salts. Foiireroy. DE-LIU'UI-ATE, (de-lik'we-ate,) v. i. [See Deli- quATE.J To melt and become liquid bv imbibing water from the air. [See Deliwer ; to commit ; to pass from one to another. Ttiini riiAJt daUvtr Phnnioli'a cup Into liLi banrl, — Ud4 to a carrier ; to deliver a letter ; to deliver possession of an estite. 4. To surrender ; to yield ; to give up; to resign ; as, to deliver a fortrews to an enemy. It is often fol- lowed Iiy up ; as, to deliver up the city ; to deliver up stolen goods. Th' exalted miad AH aenM of woe dehvert to iba wind. Pope. 5. To disburden of a child. (), To utter ; to pronotmce ; to speak ; to send forth In words ; as, to deliver a sermon, an address, or an oration. 7. To give forth in action j as, the ship ddivfred a brnndside ; the troops delivered their fire ; to deliver a blow. Aliton. To deliver to the vind ; to cast away ; to reject To deliver overt to trannfer ; t4) give or pass from one to another ; ns, to deliver ovir gooils to another. 2. To surrender or renign ; to put into another's power; to commit to the discretion of; to abandon to. Dttioer me not over to the will of my enenm-a, - - Pi. xxviL To deliver up ; to give up ; to surrender. DE-LIV'ERjO. [L. SAn-.j Free; nimble. [Obs.j Cfuiucer. DE-LIV'ER-A-BLE, a. That may be, or is to be, de- livered. A bill of lading may state thfU the gooda an? delivtrahU to a paiticular peraoo therein named. {^Mtrcandle "«»««■] Ainer. Stmtw. DE-LIV'ER-ANCE, n. [Fr. deUvranee.] 1. Release from captivity, slavery, oppression, or any restraint He bath aent me to heal the broken-hearted, to preach c£«Iui»r> anc4 to the captivea. — Ltikc iv. 2. Rescue from danger or any evil. God sent me to nns your Urea by a great datioeranca. — Gen. xIt. 3. The act of bringing forth children. Bacon. 4. The act of giving or transferring from one to another. 5. The act of speaking or pronouncing ; utterance. (^In the three last senses. Delivery is now used.] b. Acquittal of a prisoner by the verdict of a jury. God send you a good deliverance. DE-L1V'ER-£D, pp. Freed ; released ; transferred or transmitted: passed from one to anotiier; commit- ted ; yielded ; surreudered ; rescued ; uttered ; pro- nounced. DE-LIV'ER-ER, n. One who delivers ; one who re- leases or rescues ; a preserver. The Lord miscd up a delivtrer to Israel, — Judgea iii. 2. One who relates or communicates. Boyle. DE-LIV'ER-ING, ppr. Releasing; setting free; res- cuing ; saving ; surrendering ; giving over ; yielding ; resigning. DE-LIVER NESS, n. Nimhieness ; agility. DE-LIV'ER-Y, n. The act of delivering. 2. Release ; rescue, as from slavery, restraint, op- pression, or danger. 3. Surrender; a giving up. 4. A giving or passing from one to another ; as, the ddivery of goods, or of a deed. 5. Utterance, pronunciatitm, or manner of speak- ing. He has a good ddivjnry. I was charmed with his graceful delivery. 6. Childbirth. Is. xivi. 7. Free motion or use of the Ihnbs. [Obs.] Sidney. WottoTU DELL, n. [Qu. dtde, or VV. rfr//, a cleft or rift ; or is it conlmclea from Sax. deglcl] A hollow place ; a small, narrow valley between two hills. Odbert. DELPH. See Delf, No. 2, DEL'PHI-AN, ( a. [from Ddphi, a town of Fhocis, DEL'PHie, ! in Greece.] Relating to Delphi, and to the celebrated oracle of that place. DEL'PHIN, a. Pertaining to the dauphin of France ; applied particularly to an edition of the Latin classics, preiwred under Ixiuis XIV., in usum Dclphint, lor ttie dauphin's use. Brande. DEL'PHINE, a. [L. dclphinus.] Pertaining to the dolphin, a genus of fishes. DEL-PH1\'1-A, "} n. A vegetable alkaloid discovered DEL-PHI'NA, ( in the Delphinium staphy«agria, DEL'PHIAj f Itstaste is bitter and acrid. When DEL'PHINE, J heated it melts, but on cooling becomes hard and brittle like resin. Ure. Brande. DEL'PlilN-ITE, n. A mineral, called also pintacitc and epidote. Ure. /J/:/. SKOJV-'O, (del siin'yO.) [It] In mu«c, a direc- tion to repeat from the sign. DEL'TA, 71. The Greek letter A. A tract of alluvial land in the form of that letter, or triangular. It is particularly applied to such a tract of land in E^ypt, form»*d by two main branches of the Kile, ami the Mediterranean Sea ; but the word is applied to any tract of land of a similar figure and formation. DEL'TOID, fl. [Gr. ^cAra, the Utter A, and eU»s, form.] 1. Kescmbling the Greek A, (delta;) triangular; an epithet applied to a muscle of the shoulder ; which moves the arm forward, upward, and backward. Coze. 2. In butany, shaped somewhat like a delta or rhomb, having four angles, of which the lateral ones are less distant from the hose than the others ; as, a ddloid leaf. LinntExLt. Martyn. Trowel-shaped, having three angles, of which the U-rminal one is inucli further from the base than the lateral ones. Smith. DE-LOD'A-BLE, a [See Delude.] Thatmay be de- luded or leceived ; liable to be imposed on. Brown. DE-LCDE , r. t [L. dduilo ; de and hidoy to piny, to mock ; Ch. and lleb. yi"?. Class Ls, No. 3, 5, 30, 46.] 1. To deceive; to imjHJse on; to lend from truth or into error; to mislead the mind or judgment ; to beguile. Cheat is generally applied to deception in bargains ; delude, to deception in opinion. An artful man deludes his followers. We are often deluded by false aptwaranc».-S. 2. To frustrate or disappoint DE-LCD'ED, pp. or fl. Deceived ; mi.sled ; led into error. DE-LCD'ER, n. One who deceives; n deceiver; an impostor ; one who holds out falite pretenses. TCNE, BULL, IJNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C as K ; 6 aa J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in TIIIB. DEM DE-LCl> 1\G, r^. l>ecvivinK ; leading astray } mis- Icndiit:: the opinion or jtidement. D£-LCi>'l.NG, K. Tbe act nf deceiving; faUetiood. DEL'UOE, (dpnaje,) n. [Fr. rff/u;r«; Arm, dUmek; Sp. diiitrio; ll. td,{ L. dilMrifA, di/MriHin, from dUmOy diluvta ; dt and luoy laco^ to wash. If dkmgt and di- Imtium are the same wonl, uf whicb there can be little doubt, the fact pmves that /u», /aro, i* con- tracted or changed from UgOy and that the primilire word was Ja/v ; and it is certain that tile radix of fima U Jingo, See Flow.] 1. Any overflowing of water; an inundation; a flood ; a swell uf water over the nnturnl banks of a river or shtve uf the ucvan, spreading over the adja- cent land. But approprtauiffi the ^nal flood or overflowing of the earth by water, in the daya of Noah ; according to the common chronology, Anno Uundi 1656. Otm. vi a. A sweeping or overwhelming calamity. DEL'UOE, V. t. To overflow with water; to Inun- date ; to drown. The waten ddmgtd tbe earth, and dertrm'ed the old worid. a. To overwhelm ; to cover with any flowing or moviRg, spreading tmdy. The nurtliern natiuns del- mgtd the Roomn empire with their anuies. 3. To overwhelm; to cause to sink under the weight of a general or spreading calamity ; as, tbe land » dtlm.gmd with corruption. DEL'U<>-£D, pp. Overflowed ; inundated ; over- whehn.^d. DEL'U^INO, ffr. Overfluwing; inundating; over- wbelmmi:. DE-LO'SION, (de4a'aban,) «. [U ddutU, See Db- LUDCJ 1. The act of delodine deception ; a misleadinc; of the mind. We are fdl liable to the dtiuautnj o£ artifice. 2. Fal% reprcitentation ; illusion ; error ot mistake proceediug frum lol^e views, A^l fondly mounmi Ute dew dc^xnoM gonn. Prior. DE-LC'SIVE, 0. Apt to deceive , tending to mislead tbe »ii»d ; deceptive; beguiling; as, deiujiv^ arta; dttiL-ttrf appearances. DK-LC'':?IVK-LY, adr. In a delusive manner. DE-LC'SIVE-\E:*i5, a. Tbe quality uf being delu- sive ; u-ndency to deceive. DE-LC'SO-RV,'a. Apt to deceive; deceptive. OlnetOc DELVE, (delv,) e. t, [Sax. dtf/kM; D. ddvemt Ruaa. doiUffm : to d^. Qo. Arm. uilla^ to dig or make a bule, W. tisU, a bole, and L. Co/fM, a moie, perhaps tlie drtrer,] 1. To dig ; to open the ground with a spade. Dtlm of cacmnient deptk joat thnuUii(4oar, Di ydtn, S. To faAom ; to aouiHt ; to penetrate. 1 cmn Bol dtlm bim to dw rooL SImk. DELVE, (delv.) h. A place dug ; a pit ; a pitfall ; a ditch ; a den ; a cave. [AU now UMtL] ^pnun*. DeliM ofxoals; a quantity of foaail cools dug. [M'ot ustd, or IttcoL] DELV'/:D, fp. Dug; fathomed. DELV'ER, a. One nbo digs, as with a e>pade. DELVING, TOT. Dipping. DE-M \*;-NET-I-Za'TIO.N', n. The act or process of d r magnetic influence. DE ' -H, p. L To deprive of magnetic In- tl re from a sleep-waking stale. DE.\i .\-'.' ". i^-M, a. The practices of a dema^gue. DEM'A-GOGL'E, (dem'a-gog,) a. [Or. ^inia/tu^ut, from 6rif» 'it tb^ pc'pulace, and •!> bt, to lead.] 1. A k^der uf the people ; an orator who pleases tbe pc^Iaee, and influences them to adhere to him. 2. Any leaiider of the pi.)puLire ; any factious man who has great influence* with liie great body of peo- ple in a cUy or community. D|:M^xfc',(d«nSne,)i'- [Norm. *»»«r. Thi. might be from L^ damxnimmj Fr. domame. In otd laie ho^t it is written dawvae, as if derived from meuan, auusffa, bouse. In JWrxtoa, it is tvritten also de- ■mat/ciu, dimeigMe, as well as drmrine,] L A maaor-bouae and the land adjacent or near, which a lord keeps in bis own bands or immediate occupation, for the use of his family, as distin^'uished from his tenemental land.^, distributed among his tenants, called bock-taiuL, or charter-land^ and folk- tamdj or estates held in villenage, from which sprung cop}'hcM estates. BlatJutone, 2.' Estate in laitds. Shah. DE-MAND', 9. L [Fr. drmander ; Pp. and Purt. dt- mandar; It. domamdart or ditnandare ; Ann. mennat; de and L. wumdoj to command. I'he L. mando sig- nifies to send ; hence, to commit or intrust. To tuJc is to press or wge, Sw. ma^a ; Dan. maner ; to put in mind, to urge, press, dun ; to admonish, I<. vwiuo- It appears that mamdoy swneo, and in«n.«, mind, are all of one family ; as also Ir. nnuana, to teach : W. mynL, to will, to seek or procure, to insist, to obtain oi- have ; Sax. mojiiaa ; G. nuiJUfa. See Class Mn, No. 7- 9.J 1. To ask or call for, as one who has a claim or DEM right to receive what is sought ; to claim or seek as due by rii^hL The creditor demaiuia princiiial and interest yif his debu Here the claim is derived frum law or justice. 2. To ask by authority ; to require ; to seek or claim an aninwer by virtue of a riglit or supposed right in tbe interrogator, derived frum his otlice, sta- tion, power, or authority. Tbe ofitcvf* of tb« cliiidrpn of l»mfl — u-?re bpRtrn. wid de- PM m fad, WlvKfon lure ra not fuJfiUoil your u*lc lit iiiuJniif brick i — Ex. T. 3. To require as necessar)' or nseful ; as, the exe- cution of this work demands grttit industry and care. 4. To ask ; to question ; lu inquire. [LitUe used.} 1*ha aoln kUo damoMitd of bim, uyuig, WUaI ttioil w« du I — Luke tii. 5. To ask or require, as a seller of goods ; as, what price do you deauutd 1 6. To sue fur ; (o seek to obtain by legal process ; as, the plalntifl*, in his action, demojids unreasonable damans. In Freneh, demander generally signifies simply to ask, request, or petition, when the answer or thing asked for is a matter uf grace or courtesy. But in EmgUsky demand is nuw seUUim used in that sense; and rarely indeed can the French drmandrr be ren- dered correctly in Eiielisb by demand^ exceiH in the case of the seller of goods, who demands [asks, re- quires] a certain price for his wares. Tbe common expression, " a king sent to demand another king's daughter in marriage," is improper. DE-.MAND', n. An asking for or claim made by virtue of a right ort«iippiksed right to the thing sought ; an asking with authority ; a ch:illen)rine as duo; as, the demmmd of the crt'ditor was reasunuble ; the note is payable on demand. He (h«t bM confi'lfnep to tnm bii wWm into dimamitw, will be ' bill ft litUe WNjr from Utinkhtf bo ougtit to obuin tbrro. Lodtt. 3. The asking or requiring of a price for goods oflered for sale ; as, I can nut agree Ui his denuutd, 3. That which is or may be claimed as due ; debt ; as, what are your demands un the estate f 4. The calling for in order to purchase ; desire to possess ; aa, the demand for the Bible has been great and extensive ; copies are in great dnnand. 5. A desire or a seeking to obtain. We say, the company uf a gentleman is in great demand; tlie lady is in great demand or request. fi. In /ttw, the asking or seeking for what is due or claimed as due, either expressly by words, or by Implication, as by seizure oi gootls or eiiti^ into lands. DE-MAXD'A-BLE, a. That may be demanded claimed, asked for, or required ; as, payment is der- mandahU at the expiration of the credit. DE-MAND'A.NT, r. One who demands ; the plaintiO' in a real action ; any plaintiff. DE-MANU'EO, ;ip. Catted for ; claimed ; challenged as due ; requested ; required ; interrogated. DE-MAND'ER, n. One who demands; one who re- quires with authority ; one who claims as due ; one who asks ; one who seeks to obtain. DE-MXND'L\G, ppr. Claiming or calling fur as due, or by authority ; requiring: asking; pursuing a claim by legal process ; interrogating. DE-.MAXD'RESS, n. A female demandant. DE-MARC-A'TION, See Uemarkatio.-*. DE-MXRCll', tt. [Fr. demarche.] March ; walk ; gait. [ Obs.] DE-MARK-A'TION, n. [Sp, demarcacion. from demar- ear; de and marcar^ to mark; marca^ a mark ; Port. demarcar. See Mark.] 1. The act of marking, or of ascertaining and set- ting a limiL 2. A limit or botind ascertained and fixed ; line of separation marked or detennined. TTie tpeeiilatJve lin* of dimarkation, wb^re obwjirncf ought lo etui and lesistonce be^ii, u fomt, obacure, and not eiutlj deliaaUe. Burke, DE-ME.\N', r. (. [Fr. demcner ; Norm, demesner^ de- metter^ to lead, to manage, to govern, to stir ; It. Tne- nare ; Sp. raeneor.] 1. To behave ; to carry ; to conduct ; with the re- ciprocal pronoun ; as, it is our duty to demean our- eelres with Immility. 2. To treat. Spenser. DE-MEAX', r. t, [de and mean.] To debase ; to un- dervalue. [JV*o( used.] ShaJc. DE-M kAN', n. Behavior ; carriage ; demeanor. [ Obs.] Spenser. 2. Mien. [Obs.] Spenser. DE-MkAIS''£JD, pp. Behaved well; in a good eeitse. Lessened ; dt;batied ; in a bad sense. DE-MkAN'ING, ppr. Behaving ; also, debasing one's feir. DE-MeAN'OR, n. Behavior; carriage; deportment ns, dt^cent demeanor ; sad demeanor, Milton. DE-MeAN-UUE, tt. Behavior. [J^Tot in use.] DE JSE-DI-E^TA'TE, [L.] A jury de wedietate is one composed of half natives and half foreigners — used in actions in which a foreigner is a party, or half of common Jurors and half of men of tbe eta to which one of the parties belongs. Blackstone. DEM DE'MKN-eY, n. [L. dementia.] Madness. rjVi»( in use.] Skelton. DE-MEjN'T.\TE, a. Mod; infatuated, Hammond. DE-MEN'TATE, o. L [L. demento; de and mens.] Tu make mad. Burton. DE-MEN'TA TED, pp. Rendered mad. DE-MEN-TA'TION, n. The act t.f making frantic. H'httlock. DE-MENT'ED, a. Crazy; infatuated. Quart. Rev. DE-MEPH-1-TI-ZA'TION, n. [See Dkmkphitixe.] The act of purifying from mephitic or foul air. Aled. Repository. DE-MEPH'I-TIZE, ». t [d« and mephitis^ foul air, or ill smell.] To purify from foul, unwholesome air. DE M KPn'l-TrZ-£U, pp. Purified ; freed from fout air. DK-MEPH'! TIZ-ING, ppr. Purifying from foul air. DE-MER'IT, tt. [Fr. demcrite; de and merite, merit, L. nifrifum, from jnereo, to earn or deserve. The Latin demerro is used in a good sense. See Merit.] 1. Thai which deserves punishment, the oppMsite of merit ; an ill-deserving ; ttiat which is blamable or punishable in moral conduct ; vice or crime. Mine ii the merit, the demerit thioe. Dryden. 2. .^nciently^ merit ; desert ; in a good sense. Shak. DE-MER'IT, V. t. To deserve blame or punishment. [/ beliene not in use.] PE-MERS'i':D, (den merst',) a. [L. demersus.] Plungt'd ; situated or growing under water. DE-MER'SION, (de-mer'shun,) ;u [L. demersioj from demergOj to plunge or drown.] 1. A plunging into a fluid ; a drowning. Trans, of Pausanias. 2. The state of being overwhelmed in water or earth. Raij. 3. The putting of a medicine in a dissolving liquor. Dicu DE-MES'MER-IZE, r. U [from Mesmer.] To excite or relieve from mesmeric influence. [See Mcsmee- DE-.m'kSNE', fde-meen'.) See Demain. DB-MeSN'I-AL, (de-me'ni-al,) a. Pertaining to a de- mesne. Maunder. DEM'I, a prefix, [Fr. rfcmi, from the h. dimidium,] signi- fies fia(f. It is used only in composition. [See also Ukmy.] DEM'I-BXTn, ) tt, A bath in which only the lower DKM'!-BAL\, ( half of the body is immersed.. DEM'l-BRI-GADE', n. A halfbrigade. [GtlherU DEM'I-CA'DENCE, ti. In music, an imperfect ca- dence, or one that falls on any oilier ttiau the key- note. Busby. DEM'l-eAN'NO\, n. The obsolete name of a kind of ordnance carrying a ball of from 30 to 3'J [Hitinds in weigtit, DEM'I-eUL'VER-IN, n. Tlie obsolete name of a kind of ordnance carrying a ball of 9 or 10 pounds in weight. Johnson. Encyc DE.\1-I-DE'I-FV, r. t. To deify in part. Cowper. DEM'I-DEV-/L, (dev'l,) n. Half a devil. Shak. DEM'I-DIS'T.ANCE, n. In fortification, the distance between the outward polygons and the flank. DEM'I-DI'TONE, n. In music^ a minor third. Busby. DEM'I-GOD, n. Half a g$d ; one partaking of the di- vine nature ; a fabulous hero, produced by the cohab- itation of a deity with a mortal. Milton. Pope. DEM'l-GOD'UESS, n. A female demi-god, Campbell. DEM'I-GORGE, n. In fortification, that part of the polygon which remains after the Hank is raised, and poes from the curtain to the angle of llie polygon. It IS half of the vacant space or entrance into a bastion. Enajc. DEM'I-GROAT, (grawt,) n. A half-groat. Shenstone. DE.M'I-JOH.V, (dem'i-jon,) n. [Fr. dam^eanne.] A glass vessel or Iwttle with a large body and small neck, inclosed in wicker-work. DE.M'I-LANCE, n. Alight lance; a short spear; a half-pike. Dnjden. DEM'I-LCXE, n. A work constructed beyond the main ditch of a fortress, and in front of the curtain between two bastions ; its object is to defend the cur- tain. P. Cye. DEM'I-MAN, n. Half a man ; a term of reproach. Knowles. DEM'I-NA-TIJR-ED, o. Having half the nature of another animal, Sliak. DEM'I-OF-FI"CIAL, (-of-fish'al,) a. Partly official or authorized. O. Morris. DEM'I-PREM'I-SES, n.pl. Half premises. Hooker. DEM'I-aUA-VER, n. A note, in music, of half the length of the quaver. DEM'I-RE'UE'yO,n. [It.] In 5cu/p(urc, half relief, or the standing out of a figure from the backgrountl by half its thickness. DEM'1-REP, n. A woman of suspicious chastity. [Demi-reputation.] DEM'I-SEM'I-QUA-VER, n. A short note' in music, two of wliich are equal to a semi-quaver. DEM'I-TINT', n. [Demi and tint.] In painting, a gradation of color between positive light and positive sltade. Eimes, DEM'I-'i'O.NE.n, In MMtc, an interval of half a tone ; a semi-tone. FATE, FAR, FALL, WH.,\T. — MeTE, PREY. — PT.VE, MARtNE, BIRO —NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— DEM DEM'I-V!LL, n, A halfvill, consisting of five free- iiu'n tir frmikpledgeti. Spelman. Btackntone. DE>ri-VOLT, II. [d^tni and voU, caulu] One of the seven artificial inolions of a horse, in which he misfs his ftire legs in a particular mnuner. DEM'I-WOLF, n. Haifa wolf; a mongrel dog, be- tween a 5og and a wolf; lycisca. S/utJc DEM'I- IRATE, r i. [L. demi^o.] To rni^nite, which see. DEM-I-GRA'TION, n. Emieration, which see. DE-MTS'A-BLE, a. [t^ee Demise.] That may be leased ; as an estate demisable by cony of court roll. DE-MISE', n. [Fr. deinis^ demise^ from dcmcttre, L. demiOtiydrmissio ; de and mttto^Tx, mrttre. Literally^ a laying down, or sending from ; a removing.] 1. In FM^land, a laying down or removal, applied to the crown or royal authority. The rfcwi.fe uf the crown is a transfer of the crown, royal authority, or kingdom, to a successor. Thus, when Edward IV. was driven from his throne for a few months by the house of Lancaster, tiiis temporary' transfer of his . dignity was called a demise. Thus the natural death of a kinfifor queen came to be denominated a demLfe, as by that event the crown is transferred to a suc- cessor. Blackstime. 3. In later usage^ the death of any distinguished individual ; as, the demise of Mr. PitL. Troticr. 3. A conveyance or transfer of an estate, by lease or will. Demise and redemise; a conveyance where there are mutual leases made from one to another of the same land, or something out of it. Encye. DE-MISE', r. L To transfer or convey ; to lease- a. To bequeath ; to grant by will. Swifl, DE-MI*'£D, pp. Granted or left by will. DE-MIS'IXG, ;>pr. Bequeathing; granting by will. DE-MIS'SION, (de-mish'un,) tu A lowering; degra- dation ; depression. L* Estrange. DE-MI3S'IVE, > a. Humble. \Litae used.] DE-MISS', i Siienslone. DE-MISS'LY, ot/r. In a humble manner. [J^ot tistiL] DE-MIT', t). K [U demitto.l To let fall , to depress ; lo submit. [JVvt used.] DEMM-L'RfiE. It, [Gr. ^nfiiovpyos ; 6nt*toi, a public servant, and e^yov-, work.] In the mythology of Eastern philosophers, ft subordi- nate deity or eon, employed in the creation of the world ; a. subordinate workman. Eneye. DEM-l-URC'ie, 0. Pertaining to a demiurge. Trans, qf Pausanias. DE-MO€'RA-CY, n. [Gr. SripOKpana ; ini^^s, people, Dud Kparco)^ to possess, to govern.] Government by the people ; a form of government, in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of the people collectively, or in which the people exercise the powers of legislation. Such was the government of Athens. DE.M'O-CRAT, a. One who adheres to a gnvemment by the peopip, or favors the extension of Uie right of suffrage to all classes of men. DEM-O CRAT'ie, ( a. Popular ; pertaining to DE.M-O GRAT'IC-AL, \ democracy, or government by the people ; as, a democralicat form of government. DEM-O-CRAT'ie-AL-LY, aJr. In a demr»critical manner. Sidney. DF^Mf»e'RA-TIST, n. The same as Democrat. DE-MOC'RA-TY. n. Democracy. Dfi-.MO-GOR'GO.N, n. [Gr. Saiputv, divinity, and • yopyoi^ dreadful.] IMeraUij, terrible deity ; a mysterious divinity among the ancients, mentioned by Milton. Brande. DE-MOL'ISH, r. t. [Ft. demolir, drmotit.mnt : Kjj. de- mater: It. demttlirt : I<. demalior ; de and moUor. to build. Cla^ Ml, .No. 13, \h.] To throw or pull down ; to raw ; to destroy, as a heap or structure ; to sepaniie any collected mass, or the connected parts of a thing ; to ruin ; as, tu d<- molisK an edifice, nr a mound ; to demolish a wnll or fortification. DE-.MOL'IHH-ED, Cl'-'Wol'isht,) pp. or a. Pulled down ; throMHi down ; razed y destroyed, as a fab- ric or structure. DE-MOL'ISH-ER,n. One who pulls or throws down ; one who destroys or lays waste ; as, a demoUshrr of towns. DE MOL'ISFI-lNG, ppr. Pulling or throwing down ; d.etriiviiig. DE-MOlViaH-MENT, n. Ruin; overthrow. Beaum. DE.M-O-M"TI0N, (dem-o-lish'un.) n. The act of overthrowing, pulling down, or i]estn>ying n pile or structure; ruin ; destruction; as, the deiiwluion of ti house, or of mditary works. DE'MON.n JL. (/(TJHOrt ,■ Gr. rl^i/juc ; Sp. Xi. demonio ; Fr. demon; Ir. dramal, or deamon. The origin and primary sense of thi:3 word I have not been able to ascertain. Q,». Ar. *.4^ t/oAima, daima^ to fall sud- denly, to ni^h, to overwhelm, to obscure, to blacken -, whence ini«fonune, black, blackness, evil, a mon- ster. Or li it a compr>und of dea, dia^ deus, and mottj DE^M6'M-A€, ) DEM-0-.\I'Ae-AL,J'' DE-.MO'.\I-AN, ) DEM a word signifying evil, from the Persian? I place little confidence in these conjectures.] A spirit, or immaterial being, holding a middle place betwf^en men and the celestial deities of the pagans. The ancients believed that there were good and evil demons, which had influence over the minds of men, and that these beings carried on an intercourse between men and gods, conveying the addresses of men to the gods, and divine benefits to men. Hence demons became the objects of worship. It was supposed, also, that human spirits, after their departure from tlie body, became demons, and that the souls of virtuous men, if highly purified, were exalted from demons into gods. In the Scriptures, the Greek iaiiiMf is rendered decil, and sometimes, at least, improperly ; for nothing is more certain than that ditferent beings are intended by M'i{J >\'s and ^atfiu).. The demons of the New Testament were sup)>osed to be spiritual beings which vexed and tor- mented men. And, in general, the word, in modern use, signifies an evil spirit or genius, which influ- ences the conduct or directs the fortunes of mankind. £See Canipl>elPs IHsserl,] Di:'MO\-KS.S, Tt. A female demon. Jlcde. DE-M6'M-A€, ) „ Pertaining to demons or evil spirits. From thv demoniac holds. Milton. 2. Influenced by demons ; produced by demons or evil spirits Demoniac phreaay. MUUin, DE-MO'NI-AC, n. A human being possessed by a demon ; one whose volition and other mental facul- ties are overpowered, restrained, or disturbed, in their regular opi-ration, by an evil spirit, or by a cre- ated spiritual tteing of superior power. Encyc. DEM-O-XI'AC-AL-LY, adp. In a demoniacof man- ner. DE-MO-NI'A-CISM, n. The stats of being demoniac; or the practice of demoniacs. JfUman, DE-MO'M-ACS, It. pi. in church history, a branch of the Anabaptists, whose distinguishing tenet was, that, at the end of the world, the devil will be saved. Encyc. DE-M5'NI-AX-ISM, n. The slate of being possessed by a demon. IVarburton. Dg'MON-ISM, n. I'he belief in demons or false gods. DCMON-IZE, V. t. To convert Into a demon ; to in- fuse the principles or fury uf a demon. DE-.MON-0€'RA-CY, n. [Gr. t^a./^tji', demon, and Kparcui, to hold.] The wjwer or government of demons. DE-MON-OL'A-TRY, n. [Gr. iatfitov, demon, and XuToeitiy worship.] The worship of demons, or of evil spirits. Campbell. DB-MOX-O-LOG'ie, ( a. Pertaining to demonoU DE-MON-O-LOO'ie-AI., ( ogy DE-MON-OL'0-61ST, n. One who writes on demon- ology. DE-M0N-0L'0-6Y, n. [Gr. Jai/iui', demon, and Xuyofy discourse.] A discourse on demons ; a treatise on evil spirits. So King James entitled his book concerning witches. DE-MOivO-MIdT, n. [Gr. oai;iwf , demon, and co/xof, law.] One that lives in subjection to the devil, or to evil spirits. Herbert, DE-MON'O-MY, n. [Supra.] The dominion of de- mons, or evil spirits. lierberL D^'.MON-KY, n. Demoniacal influence. Mtss J. BaiUie. Dk'MOM-PHIP, Tt. The slnle of a demon. Mede. DE-.MO.N'STRA-ULE, a. [See Demosstbate.I That may be demonsiruted ; that may be proved beyond doubt or contradiction ; capable uf being shown by certiiin evidence, or by evidence that admits of no douhl ; as, the principles of geometry are demonstrable. DE-MON'STRA-ULE-NES.s, ». Tiie quality of being demonstrable. DE-MOiN'STR.VBLY, arfo. In a manner to preclude doubt ; lieyntid tile [)ossihility of contradiction. DE-MUN'STKATE or DEM'OiN-STRATE, p. U [L. drmonstro I de and monMra, to hhow ; Fr. dcmontrer; Sp. and Port, drmoittrar ; It. dimostrare. See Muster.] 1. To show or prove to be certain ; to prove beyona the possibility of doubt ; to prove in such a manner as to reduce the contrary position to evident absurd- ity. We demun.ftrate a problem in geometry, or a proposition in ethics, by showing that the contrary is absurd or imgsissibic, S. In anattJiny.Xti exhibit the parts when dissected. DE-MON'^*TRA-TED or DEM'UN-STRA-TED, pp. Proved beyiHid the possibility of doubt; rendered certain to the mind. DE-MON'STRA-TINGor DEM'ON-STRA-TING, ppr. Proving to be certiin ; evincing beyond the possibil- ity of doubt. DEM-ON-STRA'TION, n. Literally, a showing forth or exhibition, commonly in the plural ; as, devtonstra- tions of joy. Mitford. 9. The act of demonstrating, or of exhibiting cer- tain proof. DEM 3. The highest degree of evidence ; certain proof exhibited, or such proof as estuhlishes a fact or prop- osition beyond a possibility oi 'oubt, or as allows the contraiy positio;i to be absurd or impossible. 4. Indubitable evidence of the senses, or of reason ; evidence which satisfies the mind of the certainty of a fact or proi«isili(>n. Thus, we hold that the works of nature exhibit demonstration of the existence of a God. 5. In lo^ic, a series of syllogisms, all whose prem- ises are either definitions, self-evident truths, or prop- ositions already established. Encyc. 6. In anatomy, the exhibition of parts dissected 7. In viilitary affairs, a movement of troops toward a given point, as if to make an attack. Hence, 8. Any movement against or attempt U[hiu ; as. Napoleon made his first demonstratiun on Holhind. .^lison^s Europe. DE-MON'STRA-TIVE,ii. Showingor proving by cer- tain evidence ; having the power of demonstration ; invincibly conclusive ; as, a demonstrative argument, or demonstratice reasoning. 9. Having the power of showing with clearness and certainty ; as, a demonstratioe figure in painting. Dryden. 3. Among the Latin rhetorieiatts, that lays open or explains with clearness, force, and beauty ; as, de- monstrative eloquence. Blair. DE-MON'STRA-TIVE-LY, adv. With certain evi- dence ; with proof which can not be questioned j certainlv; clearly; convincingly. DE-MOi\'STRA-TIVE-NESS, n. Quality of being demcmsimtive. DEM'0\-STR A-TOR, n. One who demonstrates ; one who proves any thing with certainty, or with indu- bitable evidence. 3. In anatomy, one who exhibits the parts when dissected. DE-MO\'STR A-TpRY, fl. Tending to demonstrate ; having a tendency to prove beyond a possibility of doubt. DE-MOR-AL-I-ZA'TION, n. [See Demoralize.] The act of subverting or corrupting morals ; destruc- tion of moral principles. DE-MOR'AL-IZE, v. u [de and moralize or vwral] To corrupt or undermine the morals of; to destroy * or lessen the efiect of moral principles on ; to render corrupt in morals. Tbe effect wouJd Im lo i»mora3ixa mnnldnd. GraOan. on Catholic Petition. The native *lSor of the loul muat wlwlly disHpp^ur, iiiuicr the ■tevly liinuence and (he demoralixinif cxiuiipli; uf prullig^.ito pow^r nod proipcroui crim«. Walsh, LeUeri on Prance, DE-MOR'AL-IZ-KD, pp. Corrupted in morals. DE-MOR'AL-IZ-ING, ppr. Corrupting or destroying morals or moral principles. 2. a. Tending to destroy morals or moral principles. DEM-OS-THEN'IC, a. Pertaining to Demosthenes, the Grecian orator. DE-MOT'ie, a. [Gr. STjporiK'^i, from ^f?/i"5, people.] Popular ; common ; pertaining to the peojtle. Russell. Demotic characters, among the ancient Egyptians, were a conversion of hieroglyphics into a kuid of current hand, for popular use, approaching very nearly to nlphabeiicut writing. Brande. DE-MULCE', (de-muls',) v. t. [L, drmulceo.] To sotilhe ; to soften or pacify. [JVat used.] DE-MUL'CENT, a. [L. demulcens, dcmuUeo ; de and mulcco, to stroke, to ttoften ; allied, perhaps, lo moUis^ mclluw.] Softening ; mollifying ; lenient ; as, oil is dcmul- cenL DE-MUL'CENT, n. Any medicine which lessens the effects of irritation on the solids ; that which softens or mollifies; as gums, roots of marsti-mallows, and other mucilaginous substances. DE-MUR', V. I. [Fr. demeurrr; Sp. demfirar ; Port. demorar i It. dimorare; L. dcmoror : de and moror, to stay or delay, mora, delay } Arm. miret, to hold ; Sax. merran, myrran, to hinder; allied to L. miror, and Eng. to moor, Sp. amarrar.] 1. To stop ; to [Miuso i to hesitate ; to susjKmd pro- ceeding ; to delay deterniinalion or conclusion. On receiving this iiifornialion, the minister dctnurrcd, till he could obtain further instructions. 2. In law,Ui stop at any point in the phmdings, and rest or abide on that point in law for a decision of the cause. Thus the defendant may demur to the pluintifTs declaration, alleging it to be insufiicient in law ; the plaintitT may demur to tJie defendant's plea for n like reason. DE-MUR', V. U To doubt of. {Xot legitimate.) Mtllon. DE-MUR', TU Stop; pause; hesitation as to liie pro- priety oi proceeding ; suspense of proceeding or de- cision. All mjr dtmara but double hit fttUcln. PojM. DE-MCRE', a. [Perhaps from rfemur, that is, set, fixed, stayed, silent.] Sober; grave; modest; downcast; as, a demure countenance ; a demure abasing of the eye. Baron. DE-MORE', V. L To look with a grave countenance. [JVwi used.] Shak. TONE, B[;LL, IGNITE.— AN"GEK. V1"CI0US. — € as K ; O as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as 8H ; TH as in THIS. ' ' 317" DEN DE-MORE'LV, adr. With a frave, solemn counte- nance ; with a filed liwk ; willi a soleiua grayity- bop*! daimel mx thmm^b/ ■( tiv boanl'i rnrl. Bamn. DB-MCRE'NGSS, a. Gravity of countenance ; sober- ne»0 ; a modest look. Sidnetf. DE-MrR'RAGE, «. [See Dimiii.] An allowance made to the owner ofa trading vessel, for delay or detention in port beyond the appointed time of deiBrtutr. This expenao ia paid by the merchant who causes the detention. DE-MUR'RKD, (de-niunl',) (»p. Stopped ; objected ta DB-MU&'RER,a. One who demurs. ft. In tmB, a stop at Mine point in tba pleadings, and a resting of the decision of the cause on thai point ; an issue on mailer of law. A demurrer con- tuses the fact or facts to be true, but denies the suf- ficiency of the facts in |H>int of law lo support the claim or defense. A demurrer may be tendered lo the declaration, to Um plea, to the replication, to the rejmnder, ic BlackttmMt. DE-ML'R'RI.NG, pfr. Buppini ; pausing ; suspending proceedings or decision ; renting or abidmg on a point in law. DB-.MT', a. [Fr. itmi, half.] I. A paiticulai sixe of paper ; a kind of paper of small sis«. a. A half fellow at Magdalen College, Oxford. DEN, N. [Sal. lim, dfnt^ denm^ a valley ; lU Una ,- Fr. tmmttrt; Ir. uiniudMf,] 1. A cave or hollow place in the earth ; usually ap- plied bi a cave, pit, or subterraneous rvcess^ used for concealment, shelter, prot(X-tion, or security ; as, a lion's dt» ; a dM of rubbers or thieves. TtK bSMtt go iaao dm*. — Job xsxvlL tV diifclmi oTUnd UM]* ihenmrittm dM«. —Jmlgm-wL 9. As a termination, in names of places, it denoces the place bi be in a valley or near a wood. DEN, r. t. To dwell as in a den. DE-NX8'eOT-tZE, v. t. [Jt and •artMic.] To de- prive of narcoline ^ as, to demarcotiii opium. Jourm. rf Sdernct. OE-N A'RI-US, n. i pi. DiSAail. [L., from iai, ten.] A Roman cola of the value of about sixteen or sareniern cents ; so called from the letter X upon it. in U»-Uck3, it is nsed fiv an English penny. DE.\'.A-Ry, «. [Uinariai.] t^jnlainiag ten. DEX'A-RY, ». The number ten. Dighn. DE-Ni'TIOX-Alr-IZB, (ni'abun- sr -nash'nn-,) r. L [dt and Mlink) To divest of national cbaracur or rights, by umnsfervnce to the service of another nation. A ship built and registered in the Tniied sum, is ittlttmi/htd by buing eni|il[i>ed in the service of aaotber nation and hearing its flag. Frtiuk Dfcrf*.i. Dec afthe Prince lU ffemt DE-SATION-Al.-K-ED, ff- Deprived of naUunal rights. DE-.N" ATION-AI^TZ-I NG, ppr. Depriving of national rights. DE-.\AT't.Tl-AL-tZfc, r. r. [dt ani Kamrclizr.] To render tinnaliiral . to ..lienal.* fmni nature. DE-.S'AT'I'R-Al^IZ-i;D,)>fi Made unnatural. Ed. Rev. •2. Deprived of natumlizM«ion or acquired citizen- ship in a foreign co^^nl^^'. DE-.\AT'i;K-AL-IZ-IN(i, p/nr. Making unnatural. 2. IX-pri^-iug of acquired citiien>liip in a foreign countrv. DE-N'aV', «. Denial ; refusal. [Obt.] Shak. DE-NJIV, r. I. To deny. [Ois.] Spenser. DEN'DRA-CHATE, «. [Gr. ^I'l'poi', a tree, and ■XiTfi5, agate.] Arborescent agate ; agate containing the figures of shrubs or parts of plants. Eneye. DEX'DRIFOR-M, a. Having the appearance of a tree. Gilbert. DE-VDRCTE, n. [Gr. tr^fncr, a tree, and Mioi, a stone, acuntraction <^ dendntlile.'^ A stone or mineral, on or in which are the figures of shrubs or trees ; an arborescent mineral. Fpurcray. DE.N-DRIT'ie, j «. Containing the figures of DEN-DRIT'ie-.AL, ( shrubs or trees, as stones. Sec DE.N'DROID, o. [Gr. fttt:,ii. , a tree, and £1094, form.] R>-sembling a shrub. DEN'DROIT, ». .A fossil which has some resem- blance in form to the branch of a tree. Diet. nfJlTaL ma. DEN'DRO-LITE, a. [Gr. iivipf. a tree, and Xi9o{, a stone.] A petrifietl or fossil shrub, plant, or part of a plant DicL nf-Kat. Hist. DEN-DROL'O-CT, n. [Gr. i!n'^/)oi',a tree,and Xojos, a discourse.] A discoorse or treatise on trees j the natural his- tory of trees. Diet nENDROM'E-TER, it. [Gr. Icyfooy, 8 tree, and ficrotfit, to measure.] An instrument to measure the hight and diameter of trees. facyc. DEN'E-G.^TE, e. I. [L.. denego.] To deny. [Ait merf.] DEN-E-GX'TION, n. Denial. [JVot in tue.] DE.\"GL'B, (deng'gi,) n. A peculiar sort of filgitive and erratic epidemic rheumatism. D^-. I-ZX'' DEN (Thic liist'asp, when it first rippeiired in the Hritisli West India Ula-ids, was culled the Jamiit fevor, frurn the !ttifT^ie8ttHiidcon!>tmint which it ^ve to thehniba and budy. The Spaiiiurd.s of the utiphLorin^' islaiida luistuiik Ihe term fur their word drn^uf^ denoting Emder)', which iiiighl ntso well express sii^ness, and «nct! the term dengue became, at last, t}io name of the disea-se. TuUy.] D&NI'A-BLE, a. [See Di?ry.] That may be denied or contmdicted. Brawn. D£-NT'AL, n. [See Dent.] An affirmation to the contrary- ; an assertion that a declaration or fact stated la not true ; negation ; contmdiclioii. It is often expressed by no or not^ simiily. 2. Refusal to grant ; the negation uf a request or petition ; the contrary to ffranty ailowancr, or eonces- tiomi 09, bis request or ap^icatiun met with a direct deitiaL 3. A rejection, or refiisini! to arknowledge i a dis- owning ; as, a denUU of God : ur a refusing to rt^ceive or einbrnce ; as, a denial of the faith or the tnith. 4. A deMial of onc^s self^ is a declining of some gratiftcotion ; restraint of one's apfietites or pro- pen sit iea. O&NT'ER, n. One who denies at contradicts ; one who refuses or rejects; a disowner ; one who does nut own, avow, or acknowledge; as, a denier ofa fact, or of tlie faith, ur of Christ. [It would be better written DcrrTBR.] DE-NtER', (de-neer',) n. TFr., from L, denarius ; It. danaio^ da*aro ; &p. rfinfro.j A small denomtnatitm of French money, the tweinii part of a sol ; a smnll copper coin. DEN'I-GRXI'B, V. L [Lh denigro j de and nigro^ from nigitr, Mack.] To blacken ; to make black. Boyle. DEN'-I GKA'TION, n. The act of making black; a blacVing. DEN I-TRA'TION, «. A disengaging of nitric acid TION. n, [See Dekizen.J The act of ng one a denizen, subject, or citizen. This, in ^ldnd,i:4 done by the ktng'a lelten palcnL DE\'I-Z£X, (den'e'zn,) n. [In W'.dina^vr is a citi- xen, from niiuu, dm, a forires.'i or furtified town, a city. But in demtzen^ the last s>ilable seems to be the aame ma in dttun.] 1. In BmgUmd, an alien who is made a subject by tlM* king's iRtten patent, hulding a middle stale be- tween an alien and a natunil born .oubjeru He may take land by purchase or deviM', whirli an alien can not; but he can not take by inheritance. Eneyc. 3. A rtianger admitted to residence in a foreign country. Ye f«W, Natives, or efrmzvn*, oTUmi >burie«. Dryden. 3. A dweller ; as, the denizens of air. Pope, DE\'I-Z£\, F. (. To make a denizen ; to admit to residence with certain rights and privileges ; to in- franchii«e. DEN'r-Z£\-ED,(den'e-znd,);»p. Infranchised. DEX'I-ZK.N-iSHlP, n. State of being a denizen. DEN'MARK SAT'IN, n. A kind of lasting; a stout worsted stuff, woven with a satin twill, used for ladies' shoes. DE-NOM'I\-A-BLE, a. [See DesominateJ That mav be denominated or named. Brown. DB^N'0M'I\-ATE. r. t, [L. denomino ; de and nomtjuty to name. See Name.] To name ; to give a name or epithet to ; as, a race of intelligent beings denominated man. Actions are denominaied virtuous or vicious, according to their character. DE-NOM'L\-A-TED, pp. Named; called. OEi-.NOM'IN-A-ThNG, ppr. Naming. DE-NOM-IN-X'TION, n. The act of naming. 9. A name or appellation ; a vocal sound, customarily uwd to expres* a thin^or a quality, in discourse ; as, all men fall under the rfc«omina/ifm of sinners ; ac- tions fall under the dtnomination of good or bad. 3. A society or collection of individnala,xalled by the same name ; a sect ; as, a denomination of Christians. DE^NOM-IN-A'TrON-AL, a. Pertaining lo a de- nomination, or a number of individuals called by the same name. DE-NOM-IN-A'TION-AL-LY, adv. By denomination or secL DE-NOMTN-A-TIVE, a. That gives a name ; that confers a distinct appellation. DE-NO M'IN-A-TiVE-LY, adv. By denomination. BojUer. DE-NOM'IN-A-TOR, n. lie that gives a name. 2. In arithmetic, that number placed below the line in vulgar fractions, which shows into how many parts the integer is divided. Thus, in ^, 5 is the dmominaior, showinc that the integer is divided into five parts; and the numerator, 3, shows how many ports are taken, that is, three fftks. DE-NOT'A-BLEjO. That may be denoted or marked. Browfu DEN-O-TA'TION, tu [L. denotatlo. See Denote.} The act of denoting. Hammond. DEN DE-NCT'A-TIVE, a. Having power to denote. 1)E-i\6tE', v. U [L. denoto ; de. and nolo, lo note or mark : Fr. denoter; Pp. denotari It. deiwtare.] 1. To mark ; to signify by a visible sign ; to indi- cate ; to express. The character X demtteg multipli- cation. Daifa Jilgebra. S. To show ; to betoken ; to indicate ; as, a quick pulse denotes fever. DE-NOT'ED, up. Marked; signified; indicated. DE-NOTE'ME.N'T, n. Sign ; indication. Shak, DE-NOT'liNG, ;»pr. Marking; expressing; indicating. DE-JVOUE'M/CJVT, (dc-noo'mAng,) n. [Fr., from de^ nouer, to untie ; de and nouer, to tie, h. jwdo.] The unravelling or discovery ofa plot. iVartun. DE-NOUNCE', (de-nouns',) v. t, [Ft. denmcrr i Sp. denuneiar i \\, denumiare i Xt. denuncio i dcand ?iuHCto, to tt''), or declare, from nomenf or its root.] 1. To declare solemnly ; to proclaim in a threaten- ing manner ; to announce or declare, as a threat. I denounce 10 you, thu diiy, that ye sbull lurely pcriali. — DcuU zxx. So we say, to denounce war ; to denounce wrath, a. To threaten by some outward sign" or expres- sion. Ilia look denounced rcTengc. Milton, 3. To inform against ; to accuse ; as, to denounce one for neglect of duty. DE-NOUNC'£D, (de-nounst',) pp. Threatened by open declantion ; as, punishment is denounced against the ungodly. i. Accused ; proclaimed ; as, he was denounced as an enemy. DE-NOUNCE'MENT, n. The declaration ofa men- ace, or of evil ; denunciation. Brown. DE-NOUNC'ER, n. One who denounces, or declares a menace. Her- com»«a the t^\ denouncer of my (ate. Dryden. DE-NOUNC'ING,p/jr. Declaring, as a threat; threat- ening ; accusing. DE J^tyvO. [L.j Anew ; again. DENSE, (dens,) a. [L. den^fus; Fr. dense; Sp. and It. dcnso. Q,u. Gr. 6iiovs, n being casual.] 1. Close; compact; having its constituent parts closely united ; applied to solids or Jiuids ; as, a dense body ; dense air. 2. Thick ; as, a dense cloud or fog. DENSE'LY, adv. In a close, compact manner. Lever. DENHE'NESS, (dens'ness,) n. The same as Density. DENS'I-TY, n. [L. densita.s.] I. Closeness of couj^tiluent parts ; compactness. Density is op|)osed to rarity; and, in philosophy, the densitu of a body indicates the quantity of matter con- tained in it under a given bulk. If a body of equal bulk with another is of double the density, it contains double the quantity of matter. ■2. Thickness; as, the dcni-trj; of fog. DENT, n. [Arm. danta, lo gap or notch. It seems to be from dant^ a tooth ; Fr. d£ttt; L. dens; Gr. ot^yuj ; W. danl ; It. dente ; Sp. dieatCy whence dentar^ enden- tar, to tooth: Port, dente; Pers. vl^Xo dandan; Gipsy and Hindoo, danty danda. Hence Fr. denteterj to dent or indent, to jag or notch.] 1. Literally, a tooth or projecting point. But it ia used to express a gap or notch, or rather a depression or small holU)W in a solid body ; a hollow made by the pressure of a harder body on a softer; indenta- tion. In this sense, it is in customary use in the United Stales. 2. A stroke. Spenser. DENT, V. t. To make a dent or small hollow. [See ISDEWT.] DENT'AL, fl. [L. dentalis.] Pertaining to the teeth; as, dental surgery. In grammar, formed or pronounced by the teeth, with the aid of the tongue ; as, d and t are dental letters. DENT'AL, w. An articulation or letter formed by placing the end of the tongue against the upper teeth, or against the gum thai covers the root of the upper teeth ; as d, t, and th, 2. A genus of shell fish, Denlalium, of several spe- cies. The shell con.si.sld of one tubulous straight valve, open at both ends. Encyc. DENT'AL-ITE, n. A fossil shell of the genus Dcnta- lium. DENT'A-TED, \ '^ f^" ^'«''"' ^^om dens.] Toothed ; having sharp teeth, with concave edges. Lindley. A dentated root, is a fleshy, branched root, having tooth-like prolongations. D. C. Wdld. DENT'ATE-SIN'U-ATE, a, A term denoting a form intermediate between dentate and sinuate. DENT'ED, a. Indented ; impressed wilh little hol- lows. DEN-TEL'LI, (-tfl'le,) n.pl. [It, denteUo. See Dewtiu] Modillions. SpeetaUrr, DENT'I-€LE, (dent'e-kl,) n, [L. denticvlus.] A small tooth flr projecting point. JUe. DEN-TI€'U-LATE, \ a. [L. denticulatus, from deiw, DEN-TIC'U-LA-TED, i a tooth.l Having small teeth ; as, a denticulate leaf, calyx, or seed. Botany. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MeLTE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK. __ _ ^ - DKO DEN-TI€'U-L.ATii-LY, ode. In a denticulate man- ner. DEN-Tie-U-LA'l lON, n. The state of being set with small teeth. Grew. DEiNT'I-FORM, a. [L. densj a tooth, and/iwma, form.] Having the form of a tooth. Kirwatu DENT'I-FRICE, (-fris,).«. [Fr., from L. dens, a tooth, &ndfrieo, to rub.] A powder or other substance to be used in cleaning the teeth. Burnt shells and charcoal pulverized make an excellent dentifrice. DENT'IL, n, [L. dens, a tooth.] In architecture, an ornament in cornices bearing some resemblance to teeth ; used particularly in the Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite order. DENT'ING. See Isdesti^q. DEN-TI-ROS'TRAL, a. [L. dcjw, a tootli, and ros- trum, a beait.] Having a tix>thed bill ; applied to a group of inses- sorial birds, having the bill conspicuously notched, and feeding chiefly on insects, as the shrikes and thnishes. Swainson. DENT'IST, n. One whose occupation is to clean and extract teeth, or repair thejn when diseased. DENT'IST-RY, n. The art or practice of a dentist. DEi\-TI"TIO.V, f-tish'un,) n. [L. dentitio, from dentio, lo breed leetb, from dens.] 1. The breeding or cutung of teeth in infancy. 2. The time of breeding teetli. DENT'TZE, tf. ^ or C [L. dens, a tooth.] To renew the teeth, or have them renewed. Bacvn. DE\T'IZ->:D, pp. Having the teeth renewed. DENT'IZ-ING, ppr. Renewing the teeth. DE-.\CD'aTE, ( F. t, [L. denndoi de and niuf(},tomake DE-NCDE', j bare; nuJu-f, naked.] To strip ; lo divest of all covering ; to make bare or naked. Ray. Sharp. DE-NU-DA'TION, n. The act of stripping off cover- mg ; a making bare. 2. In geology, the laying bare of rocks by the ac- tion of running water, removing earth, &c., from above ; titrata exposed. Buckland. DE-NOD'ED,pp. Stripped; divested of covering; laid bare. DE-iNCD'ING, ppr. Stripping of covering; making DE-x\UN'CIATE, (-shate,) v. u [L. denuMio.] [bare. To denounce ; which see. DE-NUN-CI-A'TION, n. [L. denunciatio, from denun^ cio. See Dejtouhce.] Solemn or format declaration, accompanied with a menace ; or the dt-claration uf intended evil ; procla- mation of a threat ; a public menace ; as, a denunda- tion nf war or of wratti. DE-i\UN'CI-A-TOR, n. He that denounces ; one who publishes or proclaims, especially intended evil ; one who threatens. 2. An accuser; one who informs against another. J9>jliJ-e. DE-Nrj\'CI-.\-TO-RT, a. Containing a public threat ; minatory. Johtuon. DE-NV, ». L [Fr. denier; L. denego; de and ne^o, to deny, Sw.npfta, \V, naeu. Hence, nay, Dan. nej. The tense is, to thrust from.] 1. To contradict; to gainsay; to declare a state- ment or position not to be true. We deny what an- other says, or we deny a proposition. We deny the tnith of an assertion, or the assertion itself. The ■ense of this verb is oAen expressed hy no or nay. S: To refuse to grant ; as, we asked for bread, and the mim denied us. X Not to afford ; to withhold. Wbti Antla not Pnivklence all food ftod wik, Aikke in wtnl be fires, uvl vhxi d^nUt 7 Pope. 4. To disown ; to refuse or neglect to acknowl- edge ; not to confess. He itiAl lUnUOt nvt brton mm AaSl bo dudtd bebn the Wifcte 5. To reject ; to disown ; not to receive or em- brace. Ue h»ih lUrtitd tbe fuih, and b won? ttnn an InlUc). — t Ti.M. V. Dtnyinf un^IinCH and worldly luaU. — Tit. Q. 6. Not to afford or yield. Kineaju To deny one*a self, is lo decline the gratification of appetites or desires ; to refrain from ; to abstain. The tempfrrate man denies hinmelf the free use of spiritu- ous liquors. I denied myself 1\\k pleasure of your com- pany. ** God can not deny himaelf." He can nut act in contradiction to his character and promises, lie can not b*; unfaithful. S Tim. U. DE-WING, ppr. Contradicting; gainsaying; dis- owning ; refusing. DE-OB-»TR(ieT',p. U [L.deand o6*(rtto, to stop ; oh and «tni0, to pile.] To remove obstructions or Impediments to a pas- sage ; to clear from any thing that hmdcrs the pas- sage of fluids in the proper diicta of the body ; as, to deehntruct the pores or tacteals. DE-OB HTRCCT'ED, pp. Cleared of obstructions; op'^ned. DE-OB-HTRUCT'ING, ppr. Removing impedimenta to a passage. D&OB'STRU-ENT, «. Removinf obstructions ; hsv- DEP ing [Kiwer to clear or open the natural ducts of the fluids and secretions of the body , resolving viscidi- ties ; apj-rient. Coze. Enajc. DE-OB'STR(J-ENT,n. Any medicine which removes obstructions and opens the natural passages of the fluids of the body, as the pores and lacteal vessels ; an aperient. Calomel is a powerful deobstruenL DE'O-DAND, Tt. [L. Deo dandus, to be given to God.] 1, In England, a" personal chattel which is the im- mediate occasion of Iho death of a rational creature, and for that reason, given to Qod ; that is, forfeited to the king, to be applied to pious uses, and distributed in alms hy his hi^h almoner. Thus, if a cart runs over a man and kills him, the cart is forfeited a^ a de- odand. Blackstone. Eug. Law. 2. In popular iisage, a fine imposed by way of com- mutation for the thing thus forfeited. England, DE-ON'ER-ATE, v. U [L. deonero ; de and onus.} To unload. [J^ot used.} DE-0N-T0L'0-<5Y n. [Gr. kov and Anyoc.] The science of duty. T. Chalmers. DE-OPTI-LATE, r. (. [L. de and ojrpdo.] To free from obstructions ; to clear a passage. [Z.it- tle used.] DE-OP-PI-LA'TION, n. The removal of obstruc- tions. [Little used.] Brotm, DE-OP'PI-LA-TIVE, a, Deobstruent ; aperient. Harvey. DE-OR-DI-NA'TION, a. [L. de and ordinatio.] Disorder, [/^ot in use.'] Rawtey, DE-OS'eU-LATE, v. U [L. deosculor.] To kiss, [.^ot in use.] DE-OS-eU-LA'TION, n. A kissing. [.Vo( in u^e.] StilUnirfieet. DE-OX' Y-DATE, v. u [de and ojvh»Ti 4if the ecHVcnliuii !>,■ fi>unJ to dr]>au from n-piMicao Iiriuc)|il.'B. MacuMon, 10. To vary ; to deviate from the title or defense in pleading. Blackstone. II. 'i'o part with. [JWt in use.] Shak. Tu depart from Ood, is to forsake his service and live in Hin; tu aitostatize ; to revolt; to desert bis government and laws. DEP Qod departs from men, when he abandons them lo their own sinful inclinations, or ceases to bestow on them his favor. Hosea ix. DE-PART', r. (. To divide or separate; lo part. \J\'ot iiscrf.l Shak. Spenser. DEPART', n. The act of going away ; death. [JVot used.] Shak. 2. Division; separation. [J^otuscd.] Bacon. DE-PART'ED, pp. or a. Gone from ; vanished; dead. DE-PART'ER, n. One who refines metals by sei>ara- lion. J-Vpi used.] DE-PART'ING, ppr. or a. Going from; leaving; de- sisting; forsaking; vanishing; dying. DE-PART'ING, n. A going away; separation. Shak. DE-PART'MENT, n. [Fr. departemeiit ; Sp. depar- timiento.] 1. L*7era%, a separation or division ; hence, n sep- arate part, or portion ; a division of territory ; as, the departments of France. 2. A separate allotment or part oT business; a dis- tinct province, in which a class of duties are allotted to a particular person ; as, the department of state, as- signed lo the secretary of slate ; the treasury* departr ment : the departmeiit of war. 3. A separere station ; as, the admirals had their respective depuranents. Nearly in litis sense, during war, were used, in America, the terms Northern and Southern dqmrtments. A. In France, the largest territorial division, of whif h tlure are SH in the kingdom. DE-PA RT-MENT'AL, a. Pertaining to a department or divi-'ion. DE-PART'URE, (de-pArt'yur,) n. The act of going away ; a moving from or leaving a place ; as, & de- parture fnun L.t>ndon. 9.. Death ; decease ; removal from the present lile. Thr time of my departure u at hand. — 2 Tiin. w. 3. A forsaking; abandonment; as, a departure from evil. 4. A desisting; as, a departure fVom a purpose. .5. Ruin ; destruction. Kiek. xivi. 6. A deviation from the title or defense in pleading. 7. In nafi gation, the distance a ship has gone lo llie cast or west tif llie meridian from wliich he de- parted. Brandt. DEPAS'CENT, a. [L. depascens, depascor ; de and pa.fcor, to feed.] Feeding. DE-PAS'TURE, (de-p'Ast'yur,) r. t. [L. depaseor.] To eat up; to consume. Spenser. DE-PAS'TlTRE.ti. i. To feed ; to graze. If a man laki-a in a horv, or othrr cnttle, to graio and devatture in his grounds, which the law &ilU afistincuL Blaactlone. DE-PAS'TI^R-£D, pp. Eaten up; consumed by gra- zing upon. DE-PAS'TUR-ING, ppr Feeding; grazing; eat- ing U]h DE-PAU'PER-ATE, v. t. [L. depaupero ; de and pau'p'cro, to beggar, from pauper, poor ; Sp. empo- brecer.) To make poor ; lo impoverish ; lo deprive of fer- tility or richness ; as, to depauperate the soil or the blood. Morlimer. .Srbuthnot. DE-PAU'PBR-A-TED,pp. Impoverished ; made poor. DE-PAU'PER-A-TlNG.ppr. Impoverishing ; nuking DE-PEC'TI-BLE, a. [L. depccto, to comb.] [poor. Tough; thick. [J^'at used.] DE-PEC-IJ-LA'TION, ti. [L. depeculatio.] A rob- bing of the commonwealth. (jockerain* DE-PB'N'GT', (de-panle',) v. t. [L. depingo.] To iMiint. [JVotused.] Spenser. DE-PEND', r. i. [L. dependeo j iff and pmdco, lohang ; Sp. depcnder ; It. dipendrre ; Fr. dcpendre ; Arm. d*- panta.] I. To hasg ; lo be sustained by being fastened or attached to something above ; followed by from. Pram iht" frozen beard Lung idclo depend. Dryden, Q. -To be connected with any thing, as tlie cause of its existence or of its operation and effects; to rely on ; to have stich connection witli any thing as a cause, that, without it, the effect would not be pro- duced ; followed by on or upon. We depend on God for existence ; we depend on air for respiration ; vcge- latum depauts on heat and moisture; the infant rfe- pcnds on its parents for support ; the peace of society depends on good laws and a faltJiful administration. 3. To adhere; to hold to; to be retained. [See Depcnoent.] SAaA. 4. 'J'o be in suspense ; lobe undetermined ; as, the cause still depends. Hut tlie verb is seldom used in this sense. We use the participle; as, the suit is still depending in court. [See Pending.] 5. To rely ; to rest with confidence ; to trust ; to confide; to have full confidence or belief. We de- pend on the word or assunince of our friends. We depend on the arrival of the mail at the usaal hour. Depend on it, the knave will d'D'E.\T,a. flanging duwu ; as, a ti^ra^nt leaf. Vtx fun in t}>e uUa wrv dependent. Pmdtam, S. Subject to the power of; at the disposal of; not able to exist or sustahi itself without tJie will or power of. Thus, we are demtndeiu on God and his providence ; an effect may be dfpendaU on some un- known cause. 3. Relying on for support or favor ; unable to sub- sist or to p>-rfonn any thing, withfHit the aid of. Cliildren are dependent on their parents fur food and clotbinjr. 7*he pupil is dependtnt on bis i»e>ceptar tsa instruction. DE-PEND'£\T, n. One who is at the disponl of another ; one who is sustained by anoUMT, or who rdjes oa another fur mppoft or f^vor ; a reuiner ; as, tbe fnnce was followed by a numerooa timin of rfe- DE-PEND'ENT-LY.arfr. In a dependent manner. DE-PflMj'ER, n. One who depends ; a dependent Skak. DE^PEXiyrXG, ppr. Hanging down ; relying. 3. a. Pending ; undecidetl : as a suit or DE-PER'DIT. r.. [U de^erdttus.] " - lost or def4ioyed. PmUf. DEI' V, (-disb'UD,) H. Lon; destruction. DE-Ftii.i.<. >i V i E, r.L [dr and Gr. ^Af^^ia, phlegm, from ^Aiw.'j to bum.] To deprive of superabundant water, as by erapo- ration or distillation, used of fspirtts and acids ; to clear spirit or acids of aqueous matter ; to rectify. [Dephliium is u^ed by Boyle.1 [Coxe. iTnorc DE-PHLEG'M A-TED, pp. or a. Trved from mixtuiv ; concentrated. Burke, DE-PHLEti-MA'TlOX, n. The operation of separa- ting water fnim spirits and acids, by evaporation or repeated distilKition ; called al-\ESS.(de-aem'ed-ness,)«, A stale of beinp freed I'rom water. [.N'of used.'] Sc^lt. DE-PHLO-t;l:*'TI-€ATE, r. L [de and Gr. 0Xo>i(rro5, burnt, iniauimoble, from v^A>>;t^ci;, to bum. See Phlooistok.] To deprive of phlc^iston, or the supposed [»1nciple of inOammability. PriesUty. DB^PHL<>GIS'TI-€A-TED, pp. or a. Deprived of phlogiston. DtpklogisticMted air, is an elastic tluid cap^>le of snppoitiag animal life and tlame much longer tbaa common air. It is now called oryFca, otjfgtm gmsy or vitd air. Oxygen was first called by Pnestlev dtpktmfuiiinted air. DE-PH L6-GIS'TI-€ A-TIXG, ppr. Depriving of phlogiston. DE-PICT', r. t. [h. depingOf depictvm ; d« and pingo, topainLj 1. To paint ; to portray ; to form a likeness in colors ; as, to depict a lion on a shield. Taylor. 2. To describe ; to represent in words ; as, the poet depicts tbe virtuea <^ his hero in glowing lan- gua^. DE-PICT'ED, pp. Painted; represented in colors; described. DE-PI€TIXG, ppr. Painting ; representing in colors, or in words, DE-PIG'TIOX, N. A paintingor depicting. DE-PIG'TCRE, r. L ide and picture.] To paint; to picture ; to represent m colors. [See DEricT.] fVeever. DE-PI€'TICR-CT>, pp. Painted ; represented in colois. DEP'IL-ATE, F. L [L. depUo; de and piiusj hair.l To strip of hair DEP'IUA-TED, pp. Deprived of hair. DEP DEP'IL-A-TING, ppr. Depriving of hair. DEP-IUA'TIO.N, a. The act of pulling off the hair. Drvdftt. DE PIL'A-TO-RY, a. Having the quality or [xiwer to take off liair nnd moke bald. DE-PIL'A-TO-KY, «. Any application which is used to take off tiie hair of au uuimul body ; such as lime and orpiinent. F.ncm. DEP IL-OL'S. u. Without hair. Brown. DE PLANT-A'TIOX, n. [L. deulant^.] The act of taking up plants fruui beds. DE-PLE'TION, «. [U deple4,; de nnd piw, to fill.] The act of emptying; particularly, in t/« medical art, the art of diminishing the quantity of bluod in the vessels by veue-section ; bloodltitiiif;. DE-PLE'TO-RV, a. Calculated to obviate fuUness of habit. DEP-LI-€A'TION, a, [L. de and pUcp, to fold.] An unfiJdiug, untwisting, or unpluiting. Montague, DE-PLOR'.VBLE, a. [See Deplore.] That may be deplored or lamented ; lamentable ; that demands or causes lamentation ; hence, sad ; calamitous \ griev- ous ; miserable ; wretched ; as, the evils of life are d^araUe; the (uigan world is in a deplorable cond'i- TDarLoRATE, in a like sense, is ni>t used.] [tion. 9. In populur use^ low ; Contemptible ; pitiable ; as, deplorable stupidity. DE-PLOR'A-ULE-NESS, n. Tbe sfcate of being de- plonible ; misery ; wreicliednes« ; a niist-rnble stale. DE-PLOR'A-BL\, arfr. In a manner to be deplored ; lamentably ; miserably ; as, manners arc deplorably corrupt. DEP-LO-RA'TION, n. The net of lamenting. In music.n dirge or mournful strain. DE-PLORE'j, r, (. [L. dtploro ; de and ploro^ to howl, to wail; Fr. deplortr; IL deplarare; Sp. deplomr^ OtTor.] To lament ; to bewail ; to moum ; to feel or ex- ^ prc&i deep and poignant grief fur. We deplored tlie ' death of Washington. DE-PLOR'£D, pp. Lamented; bewailed; deeply regretted. DE-PLOR'ED-LY, ado, LAmcnlably [JVot uxed.] Taylor. DE-PLOR'ER, It. One who deplores, or deeply la- mt-nti ; a deep mourner DE PLCR'IXG, ppr. Bewailing; deeply lamenting. DE-PLOR'l\G, II. Act of deploring. DE-PLOR'IXG-LY, adc. Id a deploring manner. DE-PLOY', r. t, [Fr. dcplayer ; de ami phyer, or ;'/*>r, to fold ; L. pltco i Gr. vXcku} ; Arm. pleira .- iS\i. ple- gwr i lu piegcre ; W. plj/gy. Hence, i^p. desptegar^ to tfufpJoy; IL sBitfore. D^Ui^ is only a diflerent orthography of wipncr, Sp. dupUgar^ to di^ay.] To display ; to open ; to extend ; a military term. DE-PLO\'', V. L To open ; to extend. Thus a col- umn is said to deploy when tlie front spreads out on each side, as is commonly done tit making an attack. DE-PLOY'£U, pp. Opened ; displayed ; extended. DE-PLOV'IXG, ppr. 0[K-ning ; extending; displaving. DEP-LU-MA'TlOX, n. [See Dkplume.] The strip- ping or falling otf of plumes or ft-athers. S. A tumor of the eyelids with loss of hair. Coze, D£-PL0.\1E', r. L [C dcplumo ; dc and ptuma^ a feather ; Sp. desplumar; It. sjiiumare.] To strip or pluck off feathers ; to deprive of plu- mage. Havward. DE'PLOM'£D, pp. Stripped of feathers or plumes. DE~PLCM'IXG, ppr. Stripping off plumes or feathers. DE-PO-LAR-I-ZX'TION, n. The act of depriving of polarity, as the rays of light. Francis. DE-POLARIZE, p. u To deprive of polarity. [See PoLARiTT.] Ore. DE-POXE'. V. U [L. dfpoTio.] 1. To lay down as a pledge ; to wage. [Aof in use] Hadibras. 2. To testify under oath. State trials. In Scotland, the word ia used in this sense. Depose is used in Enffland. Rich. Diet. DE-PCX EXT, 0. [Ito dtpcnensj dfpono : de and pono, ■ to lay.j 1. Laying down 2. A deponent verb, in the Latin grammar, is a verb which has a passive termination, with an active signification, and wants one of tbe passive partici- ples ; as, loquor, to speak. DE-PO'XEXT, n. One who deposes, or gives a depo- sition under oath ; one who gives written testimony to be used as evidence in a court of justice. With us in X'ew England, this word is never used, I be- lieve, for a witness who gives oral testimony in court. In England, a deponent is one who gives an- swers under oath to interrogatories exhibited in 2. A deponi^nt verb. [chancery. DE-POP'U-L.aTE, r. t. [L. depojmlor ; de and papa- ior,to ravage or lay waste, from popnlus, people ; Sp. despoblar ; {l. spopvlare ; Fr. drpruplrr.] To dispeople ; to unpeople; to deprive of inhab- itants, whether by death, or by expulsion, it is not svTionyraous with laying waste or destroying, being limited to the loss of inhabiLints ; as, an army or a famine may drpopu/rtt«acounir>*. It rarely expresses on entire loss of inhabitants, but often a great dim- , I)EP inutton of thc-ir numbent. The deluge nearly depop- ■ulatnl the earth. DE-POP'U-LATE r. L To become dispeopled. DE-POP'U-LA-TED, pp. or a. Dispeopled ; deprived of inhabitants. DE-POP'li-LA-TIXG,p;w. Dispeopling; depriving of inhabitants. DE-I'OP-II-LA'TION, 71. The act of dispeopling; destruction or expulsion of inhabitants. DE-POP'i;-LA-TOR, «. One who depopulates; one « bo destroys or expels the inhabitants of a city, town, or countr>' ; a dispeopler. DE-PORT', r. t. [Fr. drporter; Sp. deportar } L. de- porta , de and purto, to carry.] 1. W \iU the re4:iprocal proHoun^to carry; todemean; to behave. 1j«I «n emtxUMulor deport himself iii the moit grafcfut mnnner belure a priitc«. Pope. 2. To transport ; to carry away, or from one coun- trj- to anutlier. He tolil UB, he hftd bceo deporUd to Spain, with a hundred oihen like bhnacir. Waith. DE-POKT', n. Behavior ; carriage ; demeanor ; de- portment ; as, goddess-like deport. [A poetic jDord.] DEP-OR-TA'TIOX, n. A carrying away ; a removal from one country to another, or to a distant place; exile; banishment. In FrancCtA punishment corre- sponding to transportation in England. Jiyliffe. DE-PORT'ED, pp. Carried away ; transported ; ban- ished. DE-P6RT'IXG, ppr. Carrying away ; removing to a diritnnt place or country ; transporting; banishing. DE'POUT'AIEXT, n. [Fr. deporteinent.] Carriage ; manner of acting in relation to the du- ties of life ; behavior ; demeanor ; conduct ; inun- agement. Smfu DE-POS'A-BLE, a. That may be deposed or deprived of office. HowelL DE-POS'AL, n. The act of deposing, or divesting AT otiice. Fox, DE-POSE'* (dc-poze',) v. t. [Fr. deposer ; L. depvno, de- ponUum ; de and ponot to lay or put ; Sp. deponcr; It. deporre,] 1. To lay down; to throw ; to let fall ; [obs., De- posit being now used ;] as, the flood tifpo^rt/ tine par- ticles of earth on tlie bank of the river. In this sense, we now use Deposit. Woodward. 2. To reduce from a throne or other high station ; to dethrone ; to degrade ; to divest of office ; as, to depose a king or a pope. '•S, To put under oath, as an evidence. [Obs.] Skak. 4. To lay aside. Barrow. 5. To takeaway ; to strip ; to divest. \_J^ot in use.] Shak. 6. To examine on oath. [JW( in use] Sliak, DE-POSE', V. i. To bear witness. Sitlneu. DE-POS'/:i), pp. or a. Dethroned ; degraded ; testified. DE-POS'Ett, H. One who deposes or degrades from ofiice, DE-PoS'IXG, ppr. Dethroning; degrading; bearing witness. DE-POS'IXG, n. The act of dethroning. Seldcn. DE-POS'IT, c. ^ [L. depositum, from depono.] \. 'I'o lay down ; to lay ; to throw down. A croc- odile deposits her eggs in the sand. A bird deposits eggs in a nest. An inundation deposits particles of earth on a meadow. 2. To lay up ; to lay in a place for preservation. We deposit the produce of the earth in barns, cellirs, or storehouses. We deposit goods in a warehouse, and booits in a library. 3. To lodge in the hands of a person for safe-keep- ing or other purpose; to commit to tlie care of ; to intrust ; to commit to one as a pledge. We say, the bond is deposited in the hands of an attorney ; money is deposited as a pledge, or security. 4. To lay aside. [Little used.] DE-POS'IT, n. That which is laid or thrown down ; any matter laid or thrown down, or lodged. The depont alreaily fijniicd afTonliiig lo ibe succcedin? portions oi Uie charged fla d a. bLiew. Kirican, 2. Any thing intrusted to the care of another ; a pledge; a pawn ; a thing given as security, or forpres- er\-€ition ; as, these papers are committed to you as a sacred deposit ; he has a deposit of money in his hands. 3. A place where things are deposited ; a deposi- tory. 4. A city or town where goods are lodged for safe- keeping or for reshipinent. [Fr. depGt.] In deposit, in a state of pledge, or for safe-keeping. DE-POS'lT-A-RY, ti. [Fr. dcpositaire ; Low L. dcpos- itarias.] 1. A person with whom any thing Is left or lodged in trust ; one to whom a thing is committed tor safe- keeping, or to be used for the benefit of the owner ; a trustee ; a guardian. The Jews were the deposita- ries of the eacrcd writings. 2. In Uiir, onelo whom goods are bailed, to be kept for the bailor without a recompense. Kent, DE-POS'IT-ED,K'. or a. Laid down ; put away; in- trusted. DE-POS'IT-IXG, /"pr. Laying down; pledging; re- positing. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MfiTE, PRgY. — PtXE, MARIXE, BIRD. — XOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOOK.— DEP DEP-0-»I"TIO^, (dep-o-ziph'un,) n. [L. drpositio.] 1. The act of l;iying or throwing down ; as, soil is formed by the tUposUion of fine particles, during a flood. 9. That which is thrown down ; that which is lodged f n<;, banks are somettniea drposUioTis uf allu- vial matter. 3. The act of giving written testimony under oath. 4. The attested written testimony of a witness ; an affidavit. 5. The act of dethroning a ktng,or the defrrading of a person from an office or station ; a divesting of soverei^ty, or of office and dignity ; a depriving of clerical ordi;rs. Adepo^sition ditr*,*rs from abdication ; an abdication being voluntary, and a deposition com- puljfory. DE-FOS'IT-OR, n. One who makes a deposit. DE-PO»'lT-0-RY, n. A place where any thing is lodged for safe-keeping. A warehouse is a depository for goods ; a clt^rk's office for records. DE-POSIT-UM, »i. A deposit [JVo( En^lish^ nor in use.} DE-POT', (de-po',) w. [Fr.] A place of deposit. Hence, in military affairs, a place where stores and pritvi-sions are kept, and where recruits are trained. 2. A building for the occupation of passengers, &,c., at the termination, or at a way station of a railroad. DEP-RA-VA'TION, n. [L. depravatio. See Dk- 1. The act of making bad or worse ; the act of corrupting. 2. The state of being made bad or worse ; degen- eracy ; a ^tate in which good qualities are lost or im- paired. We speak of the depravation of morals, manners, or government ; of the heart, or mind ; of nature, taste, &c. 3. Censure; defamation. [JVot lurt/.j Shak, DE-PRA VE', r. L [L.depraoo ,- (feand pruciw, crooked, perverse, wicked.] 1. To make bad or worse ; to impair good qualt. ties ; to make had qualities worse ; to vitiate ; to corrupt ; as, to rf^pra^e manners, morals, government, laws ; to deprave the heart, mind, will, understand- ing, t'lste, principles, &.C. 2. To defame ; to vilify. [Jfot now used^J Shak. Spenser. DE-PRXV'KD, pp. Made bad or worse; vitiatud; tainted ; cornipted. 2. a. Corrupt; wicked; destitute of holiness or good principles. DE PKA V'EU-LV, adv. In a corrupt manner. DE-PR;( V'ED-NESS, n. Corruption ; taint ; a vitia- ted Mate. Hammond. DE-PRAVE'MENT, n. Avitiated state. Brown. DK-I*RAV'ER, n. A corrupter; he who vitiates; a vilifier. DE-PRAVTXO, ppr. Making bad; comipting. DE-PRA V'lNfJ, n. A corrupting or traducing. [Obs.] DE-PRA V'LNG-LY, adv. In a depraving manner DE PRAV'I-TV, n. Corruption : a vitiated Mate ; as, the drprarity of manners and morals. Bwrk*. 2. A vitiated state of the heart ; wickedness: cor- ruption of moral principles; destitution of holiness or good principles, DEP'RE-CA-BLE.a. That is to be deprecated. DEP'RE-CaTE, r. e. [L. deprtcor; de and prcctfr, to pray. See Prat and Preach.] 1. To pray against ; to pray or entreat that a pres- ent evil may be removed, or an expected one averted. We should all deprecate the return of war. Tlte jujgiaenta we wuuld deprtcote are Dot rriacn^. Srnanridgt. 5. Murt generaUyy to regret ; to have or to express deep sorrow at a present evil, or at one that may oecur. This word is seldom used to express actual prayer ; but it expresses deep regret that an evil exists or may exist, which implies a strong desire that it may be removed or averted. 3. To rtnplore m^rcy of. [ImproperJ] Prior. DEP'RE-CA-TED, pp. Prayed against ; deeply re- gr.if'd. DEI"RE-€A-TI.\G, »pr. Praying against ; regrcttln|. DEP'RE-CA-TING-LY, adv. By deprecation. Marrifatt. DEP RE-GA'TION, n. A praying against ; a praying lint :\n evil may be removed, or prevented. Jfilton, 3. Entreaty; petitioning; an excusing; a begging pardon for. Jokimon, DEP'RE-CA-TOR, n. One who deprecates. DEP'RF^CA-TO-RY, » a. That serves to deprecate ; DKP'RE-CA-TIVE, ( tending to remove or avert evil by prayer ; as, deprecatnrtj letters. Bacon. 9. Having the form of prayer. DEPRE'CIATE, c. L [Low L. dfTtretio; rfe and pr&- tium, price ; Kr. drpriscr. Kee Price.] 1. To lessen the price of a thing ; to cry down the • price or value. 2. To undervalue ; to represent as of little vahie or merit, rir of k-ss value tlian is commonly supposed ; as, one utithor is apt to drprectate the works of anoth- er, or to depreciate their worth. *^ 3. To lower value. The issue of a superabundance of notes depreciates tbem, or depreeiatts their value. DE PKE'CCATE, v. i. To fall in va'ue ; to become of DEP less worth. A paper currency will depreciate, unless it is convertible into specie. Estates are apt to depre- ciate in the hands of tenants on siiort leases. Conti- nental bills of credit, issued by the congress, during the revolution, depreciated to the one hundredth part of their nominal value. DE-PRk'CIA-TED, pp. or o. Lessened in value or price ; undervalued. DE-PRe'CIA-TING, ppr. Lessening the price or worth ; undervaluing. 2. Falling in value. DE-PRE-CI-A'TIONj (de-pr5-she-a'shun,) n. The act of lessening or crymg down price or value. 2. The falling of value ; reduction of worth ; as, the depreciation of bills of credit. DE-PRk'CIA-TIVE, a. Under\-aluing. DEP'RE-DATE, v. t [L. depriedor; de and prtsdor, to plunder, pneda, prey.] 1. To phindLT ; to rob ; to pillage ; to take the property of an enemy, or of a foreign country, by force ; as, the army depredated the enemy's country. TbAt kind o(<*.-m which depredaUt luid distn-nea intlivt;lii\]s, Mnrthall. 2. To prey upon ; to waste ; to spoil. Bacon, 3. To devour; to destroy by eating ; as, wild ani- mals depredate the com. DEP'RE-OATE, r. i. To lake plunder or prey; to commit waste ; as, the troops depredated ou the coun- try. • DEP'RE-DA-TED,j>p. Spoiled; plundered ; wasted ; pillaged. DEP'RE-DA-TING, ppr. Plunderingj robbing; pil- laging. DEP-RE-DA'TIOX, n. The act of plundering ; a rob- bing ; a pillaging. 2. Waste ; consumption ; a taking away by any net of violence. The sea often makes dejtredations on the land. Intemperance commits depredations on the cun- siitution. DEP'RE-DA-TOR, n. One who plunders or pillages ; a spoiler ; a waster. DEP'RE-DA-TO-RY,*!. Plundering; spoiling; con- sisting in pillaging. Encye. DEP-RE-HE\U'^, p. (. [h. depi^ekendo i de nnA preAen- do, to take or seize.] 1. To catch ; to take unawares or by surprise; to seize, as a person committing an unlawful act. Mure. Hooker. 2. To det(!Ct; to discover ; to obtain the knowledge of. Bacon. DKP-RE-nE\D'ED,pj». Taken by surprise ; caught; seixcd ; discovered. DEP-RE-HEND'ING, ppr. Taking unawares; catch- ing; seizing; discovering. DEP RE-IIEiN'SI-BLE, a. That may he caught or discovered. DEI'-KE-IIE.N'SI-nLE-NESS, ». Capableness of be- ing caught or discovered. DEP-RE-IIEN'SION, n. A catching or seizing; a dis- covery. [DirRBHEND and its derivatives are little utwd.] DE-PEESS', e. (. [ L. deprcssan, drprimu ; de and pres- rue. premo, to pr»^sH.] 1. To press down ; to press to a lower state or po- sition ; as, tu depress Uie end of a tube or tlie muzzle uf a gun. 2. To let fall ; to bring down ; as, to depress the eye. 3. To render dull or languid ; to Mmit or diminish ; as, to depress coumierc^. 4. To sink ; to lression. Deprimens is the epithet given to a muscle which depresses, as that vvtiich depresses the globe of the eye. DE-PKIV'.\-ULE, a. [See Deprive.] That maybe deprived. A chaplain >ha!l be deprivahlt by the fuunder, not by the tuhop. [See Deprive, No. 4] DEP-RI-VA'TION, n. [St^e Deprite.] The act of depriving ; a taking away. 2. A state of being deprived ; loss ; want ; bereave- ment by loss of friends or of goods. 3. In /ate, the act of divesting a bishop or other clergyman of his spiritual promotion or dignity ; the taking away of a preferment ; deposition. This is of two kinds ; a beneficio, and ab officio. I'he former is the deprivation of a minister of his living or prefer- ment ; the latter of his order, and otherwise called deposition or degradation. Encyc. DE PRIVE', r. L [L. dc and priro, to take away ; Sp. privar; li.privare; Vr. prii^rr. See Private.] 1. To take from ; to bereave of something pos- sessed or enjoyed ; followed by ofi as, to deprive a man o/ sight ; to deprive one of strength, o/ reason, or of property. This has a general signitication, appli- cable to a lawful or unlawful taking. God hath deprittd hrr ofwisJum. — Job xxvtx. 2. To hinder from possessing or enjoying; to do- bar. From his five? I ithatl be hid, dtprioed or hia bicissed couiiu?iiivr)C«. Milton. [This use of the word is not leg-Uimate, but common.] 3. To free or release from. Spenser. 4. To divest of an ecclesiastical preferment, dig- nity, or office ; to divest of orders, as a bishop, preb- end, or vicar. DE-PRTV'Kn,p;i. Berefl ; divested; hindered; stripped of office or dignity ; deposed ; degraded. OE PRIVE'MENT, h. The state of losing or being deprived. DE-PRIV'ER, n. He or that which deprives or be reaves. DE-PRIVING, ppr. Bereaving ; taking away what Is possessed; divesting; hindering from enj>>ying ; de- posing. DEPTH, n. [from deep.] Deepness; the distance or measure of a thing trom the surface to the bottom, or lo the extreme part downward or inward. The depth of a river may be ten feet. The depth of the ocean is unfathomable. The depth of a wound may be an inch. In a vertical direction, depth is opposed 2. A deep place. [to hight, 3. The sea ; the ocean. The d^plh clo«^ mo round nlwuU — Jon^h il. 4. The abyss ; a gulf of Infinite profundity. Wh'-n ho icl a coinp.iu on Uic face of Ihe depth. — Pror. yUI. 5. The middle of a season ; as, the depth of winter ; orthemiddle, the darkest or stillest part; as, the deptA of night ; or the inner part, a part remote from the border ; as, the drpth of a wood of forest. 6. Abstrusencss ; obscurity ; that which ts not easily explored ; as, the depth of a science. 7. Unsearchableness ; infinity. O Ih'- depth of thf ridi'-i bolh of the wbdom oiul knowledge o( Goil ! —Horn. xi. 8. The breadth and dqjtji of the love of Christ, are its vast extent. 9. Profoundness; extent of penetration, or <-f the capacity uf penetrating ; as, (/r/»//i of understanding ; depth of skill. 10. The dtpth of a squadron or battalion, is the nura- hi'T of men in a file, which forms the extent from the front to the rear ; as,a(/e/)(A of three men orsix men. 11. Depth of a sail, \hc extent of tiie square sails from the head-rope to the f(>ot-rr)pe, or the length of the nfter-li'tH:h of a stay-sail or boom-sail. Jilar. Diet. DEPTH'LESS, a. Having no depth. Coleridge. DE-PO'CE-LATE, v. t. 'Po deflour; to bereave of virginttv. DE-PLILSE', f. e. To drive away. Coekeram. DE-PCJLH'J^D, (de-pulsl\) pp. Driven away. DE-PCL'SION, n. [L. drpulsioi detind mUo, to drive.] A driving or thnisting away, [Sco Repulbiok.] TONE, BWLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, Vl"CIOUa— e as K; as J ; S ai Z; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 41 321 DEK DB rL'L'SO RY.c Driving ur thrustlngaway ; avert- DEI' t;-RATE, F. t. IFr.depunr; lu Uejntrarei Sp. dtpmr^r : from lU and piu, ^uris.] I'o purifv ; to free iruin impurities, heturogcnooufl mntler, or iVrulence ; a cAtmietU term. DEP'i;-RA-TED, pp. or a. Purified from IicUTogcne- ous maUtT, Of frura impurities. Bwrke. DEl"i;-KA-TING, ppr. Purifying; freeing from im- purilies. DEP- (^-RATION, n. The act of purifying or (Veeing fluids from heterofeneous matter. This is done by decantaUon, when the feculent matter is depositt>d on the hottom of the tcmcI ; or by despumation, ef- fected by boiling or h-rmcnlation, and skimming ; or by fiUralion ; or by fining or clarification. Parr. 2. Thf cit unsing of a wound fri>m iinptire matter. DEP'lJ-R A-TO-KY, a. Cleaning j punfying : or tending to purify*. A depurotsry fererj te a fever that expeld morbid mauer by a mt petsiHnaloB. DE-PCRE', r. L To depurate, [AV* used,] DEP-i;-RI"TIO\, (dep^yu-rish'un,) h. The removal of impurities in the humon of the body ; the clarifi- cation of a liquid. QditerU DEP-U-TA'TION, a. [Fr. id.; IL deputazione; Sp. diputmeiom. See Dkptte.] I. The act of appointing a snbstitute or represent- ative to act for anotlier; the act of appointmg and •ending a deput>- or substitute to transact bnsintfss for another, as his a^ent, either with a special com- miision and authority, or with general powers. This word may be used for the election of representatives to a legislature ; but more generally it is empli>yed to ex^vess the appointment of a special agent or com- miSBioner, by an individual or public body^ to trans- act a particular business. S. A special commission or authority to act as the 80l»(itute of another ; as, this man acts by depulatiom from the shcrifl*. 3. The person deiHite() ; the person or persons au- thorized and sent to transact business for another ; as, the general sent a depuUUien lo the enemy to offer terms « peace. DE-Pt)TE', r. L [Fr. devutcr; iL dmitartt Port, dt- pmtar : Sp. diputar ; L. deputo^ but diflerently apfilied ; d0 and put*. The primajy sense of pmU is to Umist, throw, send ; but it baa rarioiii apfiUcationa. Sec CUis Bd, Xo. 13, 19.] To ap[K>int a.'* a substitute or agent to act for an- other ; to apiKjint and send with a siK'cial commission or authority tu transact business in another** name. Tbe sbcrid" dtpuUt a man to serve a wriL TkoR' b M MMi JwMtrf br ih« Uw to Ihv. — S ana. xt. 1W kUten bk; ApMk ft pdM to •Sniteerlbe HCajDHiL DB-PCT'BD, sif. cr a. Appointed as a substitute i a|>- pointed and sent with special authority to act for another. DE-POT'ING, ppr. Appointing as a substitute ; ap- pointing and sending with a special comnuaslon to tranract business for another. DEP'i;-TTZE, r. (. To appoint a deputy ; to empower to act for another, as a sheri£ [Aot used ut -Ea/., and rrm liUU iu tJu U. S.\ DEP'i:-TV, a. (Fr. depute.] 1. A person appointed or elected to act for another, especially a person sent with a special commission to act in the place of anotbcr j a lieutenant ; a viceroy. A prince sends a deputy to a diet or council, to repre- sent him and his dominions. A sherifi* appoints a dqpa^ to execute the duties of his office The towns ia New England send deputies to the legislature. In tbe laOer sense, a deputy has general powers, and it is more comnuin to use Uie word represemtdUtre. 3. In Uw, one that exercises an office in another's rif^t, and the forfeiture or misdemeanor of such depu^ shall cause the person he represents to lose bis office. Philips. DEP'L:-TY-€OL-bEeT'OR, a. A person appointed to perform the duties of a collector of the customs in place of the collector. D£P'U-TV>MAK'SHAL,ii, One appointed to act in the t4ace of the marshal. DBP'y-TY-P6ST'MAS-TER, a. A person who U appointed to act as postmaster, in subordination to the postmaster-gen eraL DEP'l>TV-SHER'IFF, n. K person deputed or au- thorized to perform the duties of the sheriiS', as his sub- stitute. In like manner, we use d^paty-ctnttmu^ary, deputy-pmrmatter, &-C. DE-aC^N'TJ-TATE, c. U To diminish the quantity of. [Aot in use.] DER, prefixed to names of places, may be from Sax. deor^ a wild birast, or from dur^ water. DE-R.\C'i-iNAT£,o. f. {¥t. deraditer ; de and rocine, a root.] To [duck up by tbe roots; to extirpate. {Little used.\ Shak. DE-RAC'I-\A TED, pp. Plucked np by tbe roots ; extirpated. DE-RAC'I-NA-TING, ppr. Tearing up by the rootsi extirpating. DE-RAC-I-iS'A'TION, n. The act of pulling upby the roots. Maunder. DER drrener, de- i j-rtcr, or de- : DE-KALN', i ^ ** ( rriffner, deraig rainer.] To prove; to justify ; to vindicate, as an assertion ; to clear one's self. [An old late ternty now disu.ted.] DE-RAIGN'MEiNT, ) n. Thencl of detaining; proof : DE-RAIX'MENT, i justification. A like word was fonnerly iidcd in the sense of dis- ordering, derangement, a dit^cliarge from a profes- sion, or departure from a religious order. [Fr. de- nmrer; de and roarer.] DE-RANGE', r. L [Fr. dermffen de and ranker, to set in order, from ru«^, rank ; Arm. direHcga.] 1. To put out of order ; to disturb the regular or- der of; to throw into confusion ; as, to derange the {dans of a commander, or the attains of a nation. I h»d Ion; auppoaMl Uuit ntxhio^ covUd dtranr* or Intemipt the Cuune d puurfactioo. ixtvouwr, 2Van. 2. To emburaas ; to disorder ; as, bis private af- fairs are deranged, 3. To disorder tbe Intellect ; to disturb the regular operations of reason. 4. To remove from place or office, as the personal staflT of a principal military officer. Thus, when a general olhcer resigns or is removed from office, the pergonal stad*, appointed by himself, are said to be deranffrd. W. H. Sumner. D£-RANti'£D, ;ip. or a. Put out ^of order ; disturb- ed j embarrajtsed ; confused; disordered in uiind ; delirious ; distracted. DE-RAX6E'MENT, ». A putting out of order ; dis- turbance uf regularity or regular course ; embarrass- meiiL Wa.^hington. 2. Disorder of the intellect or reason ; delirium ; in- sanitv : as, a deraRgetmut of the mental organs. Paley. DE-RANG'IN<;, p/v. Putting out of order ; disturb- ing regularity or regular course ; embarrassment ; confu^iion. JIamillon, 3. Disordering the rational powers. DE-RAV, r. L ffmm the French.] Tumult; disor- der; merriment. \?ifvt in use,] Douglas. DER'BY-SHIRE-SPAR, n. Fluorspar, or Huorid of calcium, a beautiful mineral, found in Derbyshire, England, ami wrought into vases and other orna- mental work. Brande. D£RE, V. u [Sax. derian.] To hurt, [Obs.] DER'E-LICT, a. [L. derelietus^ derelinquo; de and re- limquo^ to leave, re and lim^uo, id. Class Lg.] lji-t\ ; atiandoned. DER'E-UeT, ft. In /aw, an article of goods, or any commodity, thrown away, relinquished, or aban- doned by the owner. tL A tract of land lel\ dry by the sea, and fit for cultivation or use. DER-E-U€'TION,a. [L. dereUctio.] 1. I'hc art of leaving with an intention not to re- claim ; an utt(;r forsaking ; abandonment 2. The state of beinj.' l«*fl, or aluindoncd. Ifooker. 3. A leaving ae receding from ; as, the dereliction of the sea. Blacksfone. D£-RtDE', r. e. [L. derideo; de and nWfo, lo laugh; It. deridere. In Fr. derider is to unwrinkle ; from rute, a wrinkle. Probably the primary sense of L. rideo is, lo wrinkle, to grin.] To laugh at in contempt; to turn to ridicule or make s{Hirt of; to mock; to treat with scorn by laughter. Till* PhariieM lOso — derided hfm. — Lii)c« xri. Sumc, wbo ftJura Newtun fur hia fluxbns, deride him for hit rcUgiun, Berkeley. DE-RID'ED, pp. Laughed at in contempt ; mocked ; ridiculed. DE-RID'£R, n. One who laughs at another in con- tempt ; a mocker; a scofl!er. Hooker. 3. A droll or buffixm. DE-RID' I. NO, ppr. Laughing at with contempt ; mock- ini; ; ridiculing. DE-RID'ING-LY, adv. By way of derision or mock- DkR'ING, ppr. Hurting; injuring. [J\o£ used,] [ery. DE-RIS'ION, (de-rizb'un,) iu [L. derisio. See Db- BIOE.J J. The act of laughing at in contempt. 2. Contempt manifested by laughter; scorn. I am in deruion dailj. — Jer. nz. 3. An object of derision or contempt; a laughing- stock. 1 VKS A derieion to all ir^ people. — Iaiti. iii. DE-RI'SIVE, a. Containing derision j mocking ; rid- iculing. Derinoe UuoU. Pope. DE-RI'SIVE-LY, ado. With mockerj' or contempt. DE-RI'SIVE-NESS, n. The st-ite of being derisive. DE-Rt'SO-RY, a. Mocking; ridiculing. Shaftesbury. DE-RIV'A-BLE,o. [See Derive.] That may be de- rived ; that may be drawn, or received, as from a source. Income is dcricable from land, money, or stocks. 2. That may be received from ancestors j as, an estate derivable from an ancestor. 3. That may be drawn, as from premises; deduci- We ; as, an argument derivable from facts or preced- ing propositions. DER 4. That may be drawn from a radical word ; as, a word derivable from an Oriental root. DE-RTV'A-HLY, adv. By derivation, DER'I-VATE, n. [L. derivatus.] A word derived (Yom another. ' StuarL DER'1-VATE, V. t. [L, derivo.] 'J'o derive. DER'I-VA-TED, pp. Derived. DER'I-VA-TING,//ur. I>eriving. DER-I-VA'TION, n. [L. derivatio.] 1. The act of deriving, drawing, or receiving from a source ; as, the derivation of an estate from ances- tors, or of profits from capital, or of truth or facts from antiquity. 2. In grammar^ the drawing or tracing of a word from its root or original ; as, derivation is from Uio L. dcrirc, and the latter fioni nuiw, n stream. 3. A drawing from, or turning aside from, a natii- nil course or chauiicl ; as, the derivation of water from its channel by lateml drains. 4. A drawing of humors from one part of the lutdy to another ; as, the derivation of humors from the eye, by a blister on the neck. 5. The thing derived or deduced. Glanville. DE-RIV'A-TIVE, a. Dt^rived ; taken or having pro- ceeded from another or something preceding; sec- ondary ; as, a derivative perfection ; a derivative con- veyance, as a release. Blaekstone. 2. A derivative chord, in music, ia one derived from a fumlaniental chord. DE-RIV'A-TIVE, n. That which is derived ; a word which lakes its origin in another word, or ia formed from it. Thus, depravity is a derivative from the L. depravo, and ackiwtrled^rc^ from knowlcdgCj and this from know, tlie primitive word. 2. In music, a chord not fundamental. DE-RIV'A-TIVE-LY, (Wij. In a derivative manner; by derivation, DE-RIV'A-TiVE-NESS, n. The state of being deriv- ative. DE-ltlVE', V. L [h. derico ; de and n'ru^, a stream ; Fr. dtriver ; Sp. derivar ; It. derivare.] 1. To draw from, as in a regular course or chan- nel ; to receive from a source by a regular convey- ance. TJie lieir derives an estate from his ancestors. We derive from Adam mortal bodies and natures prone to sin. 2. To draw or receive, as from a source or origin. Wc derive ideas from the senses, and instruction from good books, 3. To deduce or draw, as from a root, or primitive word. A hundred words are often derived from a single monosyllabic root, and sometimes a much greater number, 4. To turn from it:^ natural course; to divert ; as, to derive water from the main channel or current into lateral rivulets. 5. To conununicate from one to another by descent. All cxi>>llotil UUpobition \» derived lo your lorUanip (mm your 6. To spread in various directions ; to cause to lluw. • The aCroAins of justice were dcrivtd into eve/y p-trt of the kiiigilom. Daviei. DE-UIVE', V. i. To coino or proceed from. [AVt common.] Power from heaven derivee. Prior. DE-RIV'£D, pp. or a. Drawn, as from a source ; de- duced ; received; regularly conveyed; descended; coiiiniunicated ; transmitted. DE-KIV'ER, n. One who derives, or draws from a source. South. DE-RIV'ING, ppr. Drawing ; receiving ; deducing; communicating; diverting or turning into another DERM, n. [Gr. tJEo/jti, skin.] [channel. The organized tegument, or natural covering of an animal. DERM'AL, a. [Gr. Septra, skin.] Pertaining to skin ; consisting of skin. Fleming. DERM-AT'ie, ( »_,..., DERM'A-TINE I '^' Fertaining to the skin. DER.M'A-TOId'o. [Gr. -, but acts as a fixed point of attachment for the moving powere, as tJie internal skeleu^n docs in other animals. Brande. DERN, a. [Sax. dearn.] Solitary ; sad; cruel. [Obs.] More. DERX'FJJL, a. Sad ; mournful. [Obs.] DER'XI-ER, (der'ni-er or dern-yar',) a. [Fr.] Last , final ; ultimate ; as, the dernier resort. [/ knuio not that it is used in any other phrase.] DERN'LY, of/y. Sadly ; mournfully. [Obs.] More DER'O-GATE, V. U [L. derofro; de and rogo^ to ask FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MeTE, PHfiY PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE. DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK- — DES to propose. In ancient Rome, rogo was used in pro- posing new laws, and derogo, in repealing some sec- tion of a law. Hence the sense U, to tuJ^e from or annul a part. Class Kg.] 1. To repeal, annul, or destroy the force and effect of some part of a law or established rule ; to lessen the extent of a law ; distinguished from abrogate. By «pToraI cotitrRry customs, man)' of ibe ciril and canun law« are contruUcd and derogaud. Hale. S. To lessen the worth of a person or thing ; to disparage. [/» tke foregoing senseSj the word is now seldom used.] DER'O-GATE, v. L To take away ; to detract ; to lessen by taking away a part ; as, say nothing to derogate from the merit or reputation of a brave man. [The word is generally used in tfiis sense,] 2. To act beneath one'sraiik, place, or birth. [Un- usual.] SliaJi. DER'0-GA-TED, pp. Diminished in value ; degraded ; damaged. rShakspeare uses Derogate in this sense.] DER'0-GATE-LY, adv. In a manner to lessen or take from. Shak. DER'O-Ga-TING, ppr. Annulling a part; lessening bv taking from. DER-O-GA'TION, n. The act of annulling or revok- ing a law, or some part of it. More generally, the act of taking away or destroying the value or effect of any thing, or of limiting its extent, or of restrain- ing its operation ; as, an act of parliament is passed in derogation of the king's prerogative ; we can not do any Ihmg in derogation of the moral law. 2. The act of taking something from merit, repu- tation, or honor ; a lessening of value or estimation ; detraction; dii^panigement ; witli from or of; as, I sav not this in derogation of Virgil ; let nothing be said in delegation from his merit. DE-ROG'A-TIVE, a. Derogatory. [The latter u mostly used.} DE-ROG'A-TO-RI-LY, adp. In a detracting manner. DE-ROO'A-TO-RI-NESS, n. The quality of being derogatorj'. DE-ROG'A-TO-RY, a. Detracting or tending to les- sen by Liking something from ; that lessens the ex- tent, elTect, or Value; with to. l^t us enti-rtain no opinions derogatory to the honor of God, or his moral govenimenL Let us say nothing derogatory to the merit of our neighbor. 2. A derogatory clause, in a testament, is a sentence or secret character inserted by the let^tator, of which he reserves the knowledge to himself, with a condi- tion that no will he may make hereafter shall be valid, unless this clause is inserted word for word ; a precaution to guard against later wills extorted by violence, or obtained by suggestion. Enaje. DER'RICiC, n. An instrument or contrivance for rais- ing heavy weights by means of a pulley. It is differ- ently constructed, according to circumstance.^. BraTtde. DER'RIXG, a. Daring, [^rot in use.] Speitscr. DEU'Vlt^E ( *■ [P^f^'O'i*] A Turkish or Persian monk, who professes extreme poverty, and leads an austere life. F.neyc. DES'CANT, n, [Sp. diseanU^ diseantar; dis and L. canto, to sing. (See Ca.it.) The Fr. dechanter has a different sense.] 1. A Bong or tunc composed in parti. 2. A song or tune with various modulations. The wsltf-ful niphtirysle All nlgtit l(Hig bpT arooroiu detcnnt •uiig. Mitton. X A discourse ; discussion ; disputation ; animad- version, comment, or a series of comments. 4. The art of composing music in several parts. Descant is plain, figurative, and double. Plain dbscant, is Ihe groimdwork of musical com- positions, consisting in the orderly di(*posilion of con- cords, answering to simple counteriKilnt. Figurative nt florid descant, is that part of an atr in which some discords arc concernrd. Double deMcant, Is v/hen 'Jib parts are so contrived, that the treble m^y be made the ba^^e, and the base the treble. Bailey. Kna/c. DES-CANT', tf. i. Tg mio a division or varit ly with the voice, on a musical ground in true measure ; to sing. Bailey. Johnson, 2. To diicor.n* ; to eommerit ; lo make a variety of remarks; to animad I'ert freely. A vfrtijwtfl mnn u^io'Adb* fUemsed to And prvpic daicandng on hii KCtioiw. Adt&Mon. DESrANT'ER, n One who descants. DES-CAN'T'I NG, pj»r. Pinging in parts or with vari- ous mfMliiIa'.i(^i.i , (ji'troursing freely ; commenting. DES-CANT'ING, w. Remark; conjecture. Burnrt, DE-SCEi\D', (de-*?nd',) r. i. [L. deacendo; de nrid scando, to climb ; VV. dinrynu, from eynu, to rise, cwn, top ; It. discendere ; Fr. descend rf- ; Sp. defrend^ f Arm. disgenn. The rtjot earn is from extending, •hooting, thrusting, as gin in begin.] I. To move or pass from a higher to a lower place ; lo movt>, come, or go do^vnward ; lo fall ; to sink ; to run or flow down ; applicable to any kind of notion DES or of body. We descend on the feet, on wheels, or by falling. A torrent descends from a mountain. Tlie niits d^icended, and the floods came. — Matt. tu. 2. To go down, or to enter. He shall deMCcnd into battle and p^mh. — 1 Sam, xxtL 3. To come suddenly ; to fall violently. And on the atiitun let tliy wrath descend. Pope. 4. To go in ; to enter. H"-, with hon^sl medltationa fed, Into tim\in\( descended. MUton. 5. To rush ; to invade, as an enemy. The Grecian fleet detcemUnff on the town. Dryden. 6. To proceed from a source or original ; to be de- rived. The beggar may descend from a prince, and a prince from a beggar. 7. To proceed, as from father to son ; to pass from a preceding possessor, in tlie order of lineage, or according to the laws of succession or inheritance. 7'hus, an inheritance descends to the son or next of kin ; a crown descends to the heir. 8. To pass from general to particular considera- tions; as, having explained the general subject, we will descend to particulars. 9. To come down from an elevated or honorable station ; in a figurative sense. Flavius is an honora- ble man ; he can not descend to acts of meanness, 10. In music, to fall in sound; to pass from any note to aliother less acute or shrill, or from sharp to ' flat. Rousseau. DE-SCEND', r. L To walk, move, or pass downward on a declivity; as, to descend a hill; to descend an inclined plain. [But this may be considered as elliptical, on or along being understood.] DE-SCEND'ANT, n. IFr. descendant ; L. descendens.] Any person proceeding from an ancestor in any degree; issue; offspring, in the line of generation, ad infinitum. VVe are all the descendants of Adam and Eve. DE-yCE\D'ED, pp. Moved downward from a hight ; proceeded from a source, as a son from a father. DE-SCEN'D'E\T, a. Descending; falling; sinking. 2. Proceeding from an original or ancestor. Pope. DE-SCEND-I-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of being de- scendible, or capable of being transmitted from an- cestors ; as, tlie descendibility of an estate or of a crown. Btackstone, DE-SCEND'I-BLE, a. That may be descended or passed down ; as, the hill is descendible. 2. That may descend from an ancestor to atf heir ; as. a de.tcendible estate. DE-SCEND'ING, ppr. or a. Moving downward ; pro- ceeding from an ancestor. DE-SCEN'SION. (de-sen'shun,) 71. [L. deseensio.] 1. The act of going downward ; descent; a falling or sinking; declension; degradation. 2. In astronomy, right descension is the arc of the equator which descends, with the sign or star, below the horizon of a right sphere. Barlow. Oblique descension, is Ihe arc of the equator which desr**nds, with the sign or star, below the horizon of an oblique sphere. Barlow. DE-SCEN'.SIO.\-AL, a. Pertaining lo descent. DE-SCE.\'SIVE,*i. Descending; tending downward ; having power to descend. Sherwood. DF^SCEN-SO'RI-UM. n. A chemlc:il furnace. DE-SCE.\ 1", (de-sent',) n. [Fr. descenU ; L. descensus.] 1. The act of descending ; the act of passing from a higher to a lower place, by any form of motion, as by walking, riding, rolling, sliding, sinking, or falline. 2. inclination downward ; obliquity ; slope ; de- clivity ; as, the descent of a hill, or a roof. 3. Progress downward ; as, the descent from higher to lowi^r orders of beings. Locke. 4. Fall from a higher to a lower state or station. MUton. 5. A landing from ships; Invasion of troops from the sea ; as, to make a descent on Cuba. G. A (Missing from an ancestor to an heir ; transmis- sion by 8ucct-8»iiiin or inheritance; as, the descent of an irKtatc or a title IVom the father to the son. De- scent is lineal, when it proceeds directly from the futher to the son, and from the son to the grandson ; eoUatrrnl, when it proceeds from a mnn to hia brother, nephew, or other collateral representative. 7. A proceeding from an original or progenitor. The Jews boast of their descent from Abraham. Hence, 8. Birth; extraction; lineage; os, \x ^c\h\c descent. 9. A generation ; a single degree in the scale of genealogy ; distance from the .'emmcn ancestor. No man is a thousanil detnnu Troi.i Adam. Hooker. 10. Offspring ; Issue ; descendants. Tlii» care of our descent perpleuM most. Milton. 1 1. A rank in the scale of subordination. Mitton. 12. Lowest place. Shak. 13. In music, a passing fVooi a note or sound to one more grave or less acute. DF^CRTB'A BLE, a. That may be described ; capa- ble of description. DES DE-^CRIBE', r. (. [L. describe ; de and scribo, to ^rite ; Sp. describir ; It. descrivere ; Fr. decrire ; Arm discriva. See Scribe,] 1. To delineate or mark the form or figure \ as, to describe a circle by the compasses, 2. To make or exiiibit a figure by motion ; as, a star describes a circle or an ellipsis in the heavens. 3. To show or represent to others in words ; to communicate an idea of a thing, by naming its na- ture, form, or properties. Tlie poet describes the Trojan horse ; the historian describes the battle of Pharsalia j the momlist describes the effects of corrupt manners ; the geographer describes countries and cities. 4. To represent by signs. A deaf and dumb man rniiy describe a distant object; our passions maybe described by external motions. 5. To draw a plan ; to represent by lines and other marks on paper, or other material ; as, to describe the surfiice of the earth by a map or chart. 6. To give a clear and vivid exhibition in language; as, Milton dc.y-cribes with uncommon force and beauty. 7. To define laxly. Oray. DE-SeRIB'i:D, pp. Represented in form by marks or figures; delineated; represented by words or signs. DE-SCRIB'ER, n. One who describes by marks, words, or signs. , DE-SCRIB'ING, ppr. Representing the form or figure of, by lines or marks ; communicating a view of, by words or signs, or by naming the nature and prop- erties. DE-SeRI'KD, pp. [See Descrt.] Espied ; discov- ered ; seen. DE-SCRI ER, II. fSee Descry.] One who espies or discovers ; a discovejcr; a detecter. Crashaw. DE-SeUIP'TION, «. [L. descriptio.] 1. Tlie act of delineating, or representing the figure of any thing by a plan, to be presented to the eye. 2. 'i'he figure or appearance of any thing deline- ated, or represented by visible lines, marks, colors, &c. ; as, the description of a country, or of Solomon's temple. 3. The act of representing a tiling by words or by signs, or the passage conlniningsuch representation ; a representation of names, nature, or properties, that gives to another a view of the thing. Homer abounds with beautiful and sirikin;; descriptions. Hence, 4. A definition. All ddinitious must be less per- fect descriptions of a material thing, than a visible figure or delineation. 5. The qualities expressed in a representation ; as, a man (tf tliis description. Burke. Ucnrt-, 6. The persons having the qualities expressed ; a class of iK'rsons to whom a descriptioivis applicable, or who are in a similar condition. The wcn.'tary procccils lo ex^iiuiHC, whether a difference ought til h^ iM'riiiUu-d to remain be'.wceti th«m ai>d another d*- tcrij/tion oC piiUic cnMhtora. Hamilton, Pf^nuiia uf difli_>runt deecrip&one. Scott. DE-SCRIP'TIVE, a. Containing description; tend- ing to describe; having the quality of representing; as, a descriptive figure ; a descriptive narmtton ; a story descriptive of the age. Descriptive geometry, consists in the anplicalion of geometrical rules to the representation of the figures and various relations of the fitrms of bodies accord- ing to rt-rlatn conventional metluids. Brande. DE-i^eitIl"TlVE-Im the adjective, and this frvim the l* desrrliUt desero^ to ftiTsake.} 1. To fon«ke ; to leave utterly ; Ui abandon ; to quit with a view not to return to; as, to dttvt a friend ; to desert our couutr)* ; to desrrt a cause. 3. To leave, without perniisdion. a military band, or a ship, iu which one b enlistetl^ to I'lmsaKe the •ervice in which one ts en^«ed,in violation ordtity ; aSi Id ds.»€Ti the army ; to detrrt one's colors ; to ote- Mrta »bip. DE-SEJIT'^ ». i. To run nway ; to quit a service with- out pftniussioa ; aa, to dt^rrt from the army. DE-SERT', a. [from deserrt,] A deser\'ing ; that which gives a nghl to reward or demands, or which renders liable Iu paniJ^hment ; merit or demerit; that which entitles to a recoinp^-nse of equitl value, or de- maiidii apuntshrnent njiial to the olfenAe ; gi»od con- ferred, or evil done, which niorila an equivalent re- turn. A wiiie legislature will reward or punish men according to (heir deserts. S. That which is deser\'('d ; reward or punifihment merited. In a future life, overy man will receive h'tadtMTt. DE-SERT'CD, ». or a. Wht^y forsaken ; abandon- ed ; left DE-SERT'ER, a. A person who forsakes his cause, his pa>t, or his party or friend ; particularly^ a siddier or seaman whoqiiitt the w-rvice without pemusttioo, and in violation ot* hi« engagement. DE-«£RTTiJL,d. High in desert; meritorloiu. Beaam. f Ft. T>E-iERT'lSG, ppr, Forsakinir ntterlv ; abandoning. DE-SEK'TION, ». The act of fonniiking or abandon- ing, as a party, a friend, a country, nn army, or mil- itar>' band, or a »hip ; the act of quitting with an in- tention ni>t to return. S. The state of bcins forsaken by God ; spiritual deapoadencr. TVeafoalMef BMol onderrfncrtitM. SottA. DE-CCRT'L£S8, c. Wilboat merk or claim lo fiivor or reward. • Drfdtm. DE-^ERT'LF.'^S^Lr, arf*. Vn^merwt>d\y.Bmmm.^ FU Se^ERT'rIx*^' 5 "• ^ f'^"^^'^ w>>o deserts. MilUm. DE-»ERVE', (Je-ZiTv',) r. U [I* dfjnrrriv : rfe and Jer- ri*, to serve. The Fr. dr.- ; lo exhaust of moisture ; to exhale or re- move inoi"iitire frx>m. DE^ie'CATE or DES'IC-GATE, v. i. To become dry. Bacon, Jiale. DE-Sie'CJ^-TED, pp. Dried. nK-^WCXTlNO^fipr. Dr>-ing; exhausting moisture. DE3-I€.€.\'TIO.N, n. The act of making dr>'; the stale nf being dried. Bticon, DE-Sie'CA-TIVE, «. .\n application which tends lo drv up sfcrftions, DE-islC'CA-TIVE, a. Drying; U-nding to dry ; that has the [M)wer to dr\-. DB-i*ID'ER-ArE, r.L [fVom the L.] To wunt ; to miss. Brouifham. DE-SiU'ER-A-TIVE, a. Denoting desire ; as, desid- emfirf verbs, DF^Stn-ERA'TVM, a.; pU DBstDaa&TA. [L. dend- errtfM*, -WW, from de-iiidrro. to desire.] That which is desirrd ; that which is not pos- sesi-eil, but w iiirh is desirable ; any iH'rfeciion or ini- prtiv.'in'-iit which is wanted. The longitude is a i' ' n naviiration. \ tribunal to settle na- I without war is a great dtsidenUum. DK . a. Idle; hixy. Dli-.-ivi.S , tii.-!« this ground /or a garden, and that fin' a park. The word rfMi,;'« may tiirtude an adapting or planning a thing for a purpose, or mere intention or srhfine ttt the mind, which implies a plan. The father desig^ns his son /t the prtifession of the law, ur j'l'r the iniiiistr\'. It was fonncrly followed by (o, but this U!*e is n(»w uncoinmnn. DE-1?I' part, and the general order of the whole. Rousseau. DF^r^lUN'A-BLE, (de-sln'a-bl or de-zlii'a-bl,) a. Ca- pable of beinj! designed or marked out. 2. Distiiisruishable. Digby. DEr^'IO-NATE, r. t. [L. desi^o, desiffnatum.] I. To mark out or sliow, so as to make known ; to indicate by visible lines, murks, description, orsome- tliing known and determinate ; as, to dcsiirnate the limits of a country ; the limits are designated on the map ; designate the spot wh^re a star appears in the heavens ; deAgnate Uie place where our ancestors first landed. S. To point out ; to distinguish from others by in- dication ; as, to be able to dnsigmOt every individual who was concerned in a riot. 3. To apjKjint ; to selector dijftinguish for a partic- ular purptise ; to assign ; with fur ; as, to desiffnaie an officer for the command of a station ; or with to ; as, this captain was designated to that station. DES'IG-N'aTE, o. Appointed ; marked out. [titae luted.'l DES'IG-NX-TED, pp. Marked out ; indicated ; shown ; pointed out ; appointed, DES'IG-NA-TING, ppr. Marking out; indicating; pointing out ; appointing. DES-IG-Na'TIO.\, n. The act of pointing or marking out by signs or objects ; as, the designation of an es- tate by boundaries. 3. Indication; a showing or pointing; a distin- guishing from others. 3. Appointment; direction; as, a claim to a throne grounded on the designation of a predecessor. 4. Appointment; a selecting and appointing; as- signment; as, the designation of an officer to a par- 5. Import; distinct application, [ticular command. i^*biile nod infinile are primarily nUribtiieU iii tb<:ir fint dengna- lion to things which h:tve paiti. Locke. DES'IG-NA-TIVE, a. Serving to designate or indi- cate. Prilchard. DES'IG-NA-TOR, n, A Roman officer who assigned DES to eacli person hia rank and place in public shows niul ceremonies, DES'IG-XA-TO-RY, a. That which designates. DE-STGN''£.'D,(de-sInd' or de-zind',)pp. or a. Marked out ; delineated ; planned ; intended. DE-STGN'ED-IA*, a*/e. By design; purposely; inten- tionally ; opposed to accidentally^ ignorantlyj or taad- rertenOu. DE-STG.N'ER, (dc-sln'er or de-zln'er,) n. One who designs, marks out, or plans ; one who frames a scheme or project; a contriver. 3. One who plots ; one who lays a scheme ; in an ill sense. DE-SIGN'FUL-NESS, n. Abundance of design. [Abe used.] Barrow. DE-SIGN'ING, (de-sTn'ing or de-zln'ing,)ppr. Form- ing a design; planniiii^; delineating ttie outline^ drawing figures on a plane. 2. a. In tin ill sense, artful ; insidious; intriguing; contriving schemes of mischief; hence, deceitful. Designinif men are always liable to suspicion. DE-t)IGN'lNU, a. 1'lie aft of delineating objects. Berkeley. DE-BTGN'LESd, a. Without design or intention ; in- advertent. DE-SIGiN'LESS-LY, ado. Without design; hiadver- tenily ; ignorantly. DE-SIGN'MENT, n. Design ; sketch; delineation. I>ryden. 9. Design ; purpose ; aim ; intent ; scheme. [ This irurd is note little used.] [ OtanvtUe. Shak. DES'I-NENCE, n. [L. dcsino.] End ; close. Bp. Hall. DES'l-NEN'J', rt. Ending; extreme; lowermost. DE-SIP'I-ENT, a. [L. desipiens^ desipio, to dole j da and sapio, to bo wise.] Trilling ; fotilish ; playful. DE-SIR' A-BLE, a. [See Desire.] Worthy of de- sire ; that is lo be wished for with sincerity or earn- estness. An easy address is a desirable accomplish- ment ; real virtue is still more desirable. 2. Pleasing; agreeable. AH of Uicm d*nrai>ie jo\ing men. — Rzek. xxiit. DE-srR'A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of bmng desir- able. Qoodtnan, DE-»1R'A-BLY, adv. In a desirable manner. DE-SIRE', M. {Vx.desir; M.desio; Hp. deseo; Port. despjo ; Ann. drsir. Qu. \V. dais.] 1. An emotion or excitement ofthe mind, directed to the attainment or possession of an obji'ct from which pleasure, sensual, intellectual, or spiritual, is expected ; a passion excited by the love of au object, or uneasiness at the want of It, and directed to its attainment or possession. Desire is a wish to possess some gratification or source of happiness which is supposed to be obtainable. A loish may exist for some- thing that is or is not obtainable. Desire, when di- rected solely to sensual enjoyment, differs little from appetite. In other languages, desire is expressed by longing or reaching toward, [Gr. opcytOy L. appeto^ and when it is ardent or intense, it approaches to longing ; but the word in English usually expresses less than longing. We endeavored — to ice your face wiUi great defirt. — 1 Thna. ii. Thou satlsfiest the dx$iret of PTCiy living thin?. — P». cxlv. Detirt a llial iiilenml uct, which, by iiiuueucin? Dii: uilt^ inok-a us proceed lo action. El. of CriUciim. 2. A prayer or request to obtain. He will fulfill the desire of them thai lear him. — Pi. cxir. 3. The object of desire ; that which is desired. The detirv of all nalioas iholl come. — Uag. li. 4. Love; affection. Hi* dttir* Is toward me. — Cant. rii. 5. Appetite ; lusL Fulfilling ihe denret of the flesh. — Eph. ii. DE-SIRE', V. t. [Fr. desirer; Arm. desira; It. desiare^ or desirarti .Sp. desear ; Port, desejar; supposed to be contracted from L. dcsidero, from desido^ to sink or settle, to wanU The, latter seems to be the primary sensej I. To wish for the possession and enjoyment of, with a greater or less degree of earnestness ; to covet. It expresses less strength of aiTcctton than longing. N-st;illizes in little silken tuft^, which accompany «pinL-llane in the lava of extinct volcanoes on the banks of the Khine. DES'0-LATE, a. [U desolatus. See tlte verb.l I. Destitute or deprived of inhabitants; desert j uninhabited ; denoting either stripi>ed uf inhabitants or never having been inhabited ; a.-^, a desoLue isle j a desolate wilderness. 1 will m^yf Uie ciiici or Judah d^tolaU, wiihoui lui iobobiuot. — Jer. i». SL Laid waste ; in a ruinous condition : neglected ; destroyed ; as, desoUiU altars ; desolate towers. Kzek. Zeph. 3. Solitary ; without a companion } afllicled. Tamu prTiiain»cl desolate in AhKiIam'a hoiar. — 2 Sam. xiiL Uave iiirrcy on me, (or 1 uii dttoiau. — P*. xxi^. 4. Deserted by God ; deprived of comfort. My heart within me ia dttolale. — P>. cxliii. DES'O-LATE, v. L [L. desolo, desolalus ; de and solo^ to lay waste, Wiu, alone; Sp. dcsotar; Fr. dcsulcrf iL desolare.) ]. To deprive of inhabitant^ ; to make desert. The earth was nearly desolated by the tlood. Si. To lay waste ; to ruin ; to ravaun ; to destroy improve men t** or works of art. An lunndation deso- latfs fleldi. Whole countries) have been dtsolated by armies. DES'O-LA-TED, pp. or a. Deprived of inhabitants ; wa.«ted ; ruined. Dr;s'< >-LATK-LV, oilv. In a desolnte manner. DES'O-LATE-NES.S, n. A stale uf being desolnte. DEd'O-LA-TER, n. One who lays wuJte or dctiolales ; that which desolates. DES'0-La-T[\G, ppr. oro. Depriving of inhabitanta ; wai^tiiis ; ravaging. DEri-O-LA'TION, n. The act of de«)Iattng ; destruc- tion or eipulbion of inhabitants ; destruction \ ruin ; waste. Ctcit lrit)|^ora rliTklM sfximt iurlf it brnu^ hi to dttoiatioH, — KlaiL xii. 3. A place deprived of inhabitants^ or otherwise wasted, ravaged, and ruined. How t> Biliylon become a detofofion ttmon^ the natlonal^Jrr. L 3. A desolate state ; gloominess ; sadness ; destitu- tion. Shuk. Thomson. The abominat'um of desolation ; Roman armies which ravaged and d(>stroycd Jerusalem. JtfiiU, xxiv. DES'0-L.A-TO-RV, o. Causing desolation. DE-tfPAIR', n. [Ft. de^espoir. See the verb.] 1. Hopelessness ; a hupL-less stale ; a destitution of hope or expectation. We «r* prplrxcil, Iwl not in detpnir. — 3 t^r. It. All vdexy i« dstpair of Kifeiy pl.bcnl. iTmftAm. 5. That which causes despair ; that of which there b no hope. The m*^ d*»pair dtvair^erj hr cii^. StuA. 3. Loss of hope in the mercy of God. Sjtrat. DE-PPAIR', ». L [Fr. desesperer ; de^ and esprrer, to hope; It. difperare; Sp. desrsprrar; Arm. disesperi; from L. de.tpfro ; de and spcrn, to hope.] To be without hope ; to give up all hope or expec- tation ; followed by of. Wc dtwvairtrt n^^n ttf life. — 2 (*or. i. Nevr atupakr *f GoJ's- blcaaingv Ikp*. or of bia nnruit hm- Kfbr. Waiu. DE-PPAIR'ER, «. One without hope. Dntden. DRSPAIR'KIJL, a. Hopch-ss. Sidney. DE-SPAIH'lS'G,ppr. oro. Giving upall hope or expec- tation. DE-SPAIR'IXG-LV, ailo. In a despairing manner; In a manner indiratmg iKipelf^fsuf^s? ; as, he speaks d«- spairin^ltf of the sick man's recovery. DE .■'PAnt'ING-NEr'H, n. .State of being despairing. DE.S-PATCII'. See Dispatch. DES DE-SPE€'TION, n. [L. de.-^-pectio.] A loiiking down ; a despising, [Little used.] DES-PE-RA'DO, n. [from de.-^craU.] A desperate fellow ; a furious man ; a niaritnan ; a pi;rson urged by furious passions ; one fearless or repirdless of safety. DES'FE RATE, a. [L. desperatus, from desperoj to de- spai' - 1. PV'ithoul hope. I am desperate of obtaining her. StiaJc, 2. Without regard to dangcror safety ; as, a despe- rate effort. Hence, 3. Abandoned to despair ; furious ; as, he has be- come desperate. 4. Hopeless ; despaired of; lost beyond hope of re- covery ; irretrievable ; irrecoverable ; forlorn. We speak of a de,-rperate case of disease, desperate fortunes, a desperate situation or condition. 5. In a popular sense^ great in the extreme ; as, a de,^rrate sot or fool. Pope. DES'PE-R.^TE-LY, adr. In a despemte manner, as in despair ; hence, furiously ; with rage ; madly ; without regard to danger or safety ; as, the troops fought desperatdij. 2. In a popular sense, greatly ; extremely ; violently. She fell detpcmiely in luve with him. Ad^Mon, DES'PE-RATE-NESS, n. Madness; fury; rash pre- cipitance. DES-PE-RA'TION, «. A despairing; a giving up of hoi>e i as, desperation of success. Hammond, 2. Hopelessness ; despair ; as, the men were in a state of desperation. Hence, 3. Fury ; rage ; disregnnt of safety or danger; as, the men fought with desperation ; they were urged to Hespiration. DESPICABLE, a. [Low I<. despicabiUs, from des~ f'ieio, to lix>k duvvn, to de^ipise; de and specio^ to ook.] That may be or denerves to be despised ; contempt- ible ; mean ; vile ; worthless : applicable equally to per- eona and things ; as, a despicable man ; despicable com- pany ; n drspicable gift. DES'PI-CA-IJLEl-NESS, n. The quality or state of being despicable ; meanness ; vileness ; worthless- ness. DESTieA-BLY, adr. Meanly; vilely; contempti- bly ; as, drspictiblij poor. DES-PI"C1EN-CY, (des-pish'en-se.) «. [h. desjncio.] A looking down ; a despising. [Little used.] Me-de. DE-SPTS'A-BLE, a. Despicable ; contemptible. DK-SPTS'AL, n. Contempt. [Obs.] DE-SPISE', (de-«plzc',) v. L [1 doubt whether this word is formed from the L. despicio. In Sp. and PorL ;)i»ar is to tread down, and to despise. It ap- pears to be of different origin from desjute, and to be formed on the root of the Spimish wojd. We proba- bly Bee its alfinitie? in Sp. pisun, a rammer, and the L. piso. to stamp, whence pistillum, Eng. pe.ttte, pisUm, &.C 1 he primary sense, then, is, to thrust, drive, and hr^nce to cast off* or trend down, to despise.] i. I'o contemn ; to scorn ; to disdain ; to have the lowest <>i)inion of. FiHiU derpite wiadam anil inatnictlon. — Protr. U 2. To ablior. Shak. DESPlS'f:U, pp. or a. Contemned j disdained ; ab- horred. DE SPIiSEn-NESfl, B. The state of being despised. I)E-t!l'I»'KR, n. A contenuier ; a scornor. DE-SPTif'ING, ppr. Contemning; scorning; disdain- Di:-SPIs'I.V;, n. Conumpt. [ing. DE SPIS'IXG-LY, adv. With contempt. DE-SPT'IE', n. [Fr. depit ; Norm, despite ; Arm. desped ; It. dfsprtto, spite, malice. Ci.u. from L. despectus^ de- apieio. See Spite.] 1. Extreme malice; \'iolent hatred* malignity; malice Irritated or enraged ; active malignity ; angry hatred. WiUi all Ihjr d>-evUe ng^iinrt th- ping. DE-SPOND', w. i, [Jj. dcspondeo ; de and spondeo, to promise ; litcralhj, to throw to or forward.] 1. To be cast down ; to be depressed or dejected in mind ; to fail in spirits. I shoulil dcspAir, or ni leaat deepond, SeoO's Lettert. 2. To lose all courage, spirit, or resolution ; to sink by loss of hope. Othcn (lepres their own minds, sod detpond at ihr first dilB- culty. Locke, JVote. — The, distinction between rfp^pair and de- spond is well marked in the foregoing passage from Scott. But although despair implies a lotiU loss of hope, which despond does not, at least in everj- case, yet despondency is followed l)y the abandmmient of effort, or cessation of action, and despair sometimei impels to violent action, even to rage. DE-SPOND', n^ Despondency ; as in the phrase, the Slough of Despond. Bunyaiu DE-SPOND'EN-CY, «. A sinking or dejection of spirits at the Inss of hope ; loss of courage at the failure of hope, or in deep afHIrtion, or at the pros- pect of insurinountjible difficulties. DE-SPOiND'ENT, a. Loaiiiff courage, nt the loss of hope; sinking into dejection; depressed and inac- tive in despair. Bentlcy. Thomson, Dia-SPUM)'ENT-LY, rt(/r. Without hope. Barrow. DE-SPONI)'ER, Ti. One destitute of hope. DE-SPO.NO'ING, ppr. or a. Losing courage to act, in consetpienceof loss of hope, or of deep calamity, or of dittii'ulties deemed insurmountable ; sinking'into dejectiim ; depressed in spirit. DE-SPOND'ING-LV, mlv. In a desponding manner ; with dejection of spirits^ despairingly. DE-SPON'SATE, v. t. tfL. desponso.] To betroth. [JVoe m use..] DES-PON-SA'TION, n. A betrothing. [Aoi in use,] DES'POT, n. [Gr. ^fo-ffoT/jf, a master or lord j It despoto ; Fr. de.spote ; Sp. despoto.] An emperor, king, or prince, invested with abso- hite power, or ruling without any control from men, constitution, or laws. Hence, in a general sense^ a tyrant. Burke. DES-POT'I€, j o. Absolute in power ; inde- DKS-POT'ie-AL, j pendent of control from men, con!>tltuIion, ty laws; arbitrary in the exercise of power ; as, a despotic prince. 2. Unlimited or unrestrained by ronsiilulion,laws, or men ; absolute ; arbitrary ; as, despotic authority or iHiWer. Addison. Swift. 3. Tynvnnical. DES-POT'ie-AL-LY, adv. With unlimited power; arbitrarilv ; in a dt^spotic manner. Bhckstone, DES-POT'IG-AL-NESS, n. Absolute or arbitrary au- thority. DES'POT-ISM, n. [Pjt. despotitmo ; Tt, despotisme.] 1. Abstdute jMiwer ; authority unlimited and un- controlled by men, constitution, or laws, and depend- ing alone on the will of the prince ; as, tlia despotism of a Turkish suluin. 2. An arbitrary government, as that of Turkey and Persia. DES'PU-MATE, 'r. i. [I*, despumo ; de and spuma^ froth or scum.] To foam ; to froth ; to form froth or scum. DES-PU-MA'TION, n. The act of throwing off ex- crementitious matter and forming a froth or scum on the surface of liquor ; clarification ; scumming. Coze. DES-QU A-MA'TION, n. [h. deaqaamo ; dc and squarna, a scale.] A scaling or exfoliation of bone ; the separation of the cuticle in small scales. Coze. DESS, for Desk. [JVof in use.] Chaucer. Spenser, DES-SERT', (de7,-/,ert',) n. [Fr. dessert, from desser- vir, to clear the table ; de and semur^ to serve.] A service of fruits and sweetmeats, at the close of an entertainment ; the last course at the table, after the meat is removed. Dryden. DE.S-TEM'PER, > rp, ?rt^^r,^^ Dl.S-TEM'PER, 1 "■ t^'- ^'^^^P^'l In paintinjT, a sort of painting with opaque colors, ground and diluted with water, glue, eggs, &.c. Elmea* DES'TI-NATE, v. f- [L. dcstino, drstinatua.] To design or appoint. [Seldom used.] [See Dbi- TINE.J DE.S'TI-NATE,a. Appointed ; destined ; determined. Mirrton. DES'TI-NA-TL\G, ppr. Designing ; appointing. DES-TLNA'TION, n. [L. destinatio.] 1, Tlie act of destining or appointing. 2. The purpose for which any thing is hitcnded or TCNE, BUU', tJNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € tmK; as J j 8 as Z ; CH an SH ; TU as In THIS. ' : 325" DES appointed ; end or ultimaM design Every animal b ntted for its tUftiitttiion. 3. The plare to whtrh a thing is appotnttMl, k*, the sh^p Uft fo€ her drsttnatiom ; but it is more usual to 9'\\, for the place of her Jestinati4^n. DES'TIXK, r. t. [l^dfjUne: pruti.ibly ^ and 5fiiH>, or staRO. There seems to have b^en a nx't of Hits orthography, different frotn 1*. *(o, which we find in afatiwate, oistinat pr**tiMO, and in Russ. aangtlj/n is lo aet or place,«Cttii is stature, and we hare xtaiuJkiM, and atone. Sax. ftoa, perhaps from tho sobm root. Tbe words beginning wiDi »(, a« />tabU^ sttadfy Jtofs, jlBMrf, sigDiQr to sft, but the difference of Anal artic- ■latkHi seems to indicate a diffctenco of roots, MtoA, ^mdy «caj?'i ste**] 1. Toset,ordain,wappointto«ute,purpoae,atata, or place. We ilestiiu a son to the ministerial office ; a house /w a place of worship ; a ship Jin- the Lon- df>n tnde, or to LiMwn ; and we an all datiM*d lo a future state of bap|rioaas or misery. 2. To fix unallermUy, as ^, a dirlne decree ; as, the desttard hour of death. 3. To doom ; lo devote ; lo ^>poii(,C analternbly. Prutr. DES iinrd ; appointed by pre- vr . -, fixed unnlterabty. DE.-- ;-•; ni>p(iinting. DES'TI.N IS r. n. A l.cb.v.T in de^Minv. DES'TI-NY, *. [Fr. rfwfin ; Ii. rfr.vf.nu"; Sp. U] 1. ^tate or cundttioo appuinteti or iiredutcnnined ; nltimaie fate ; as, men are solicitous to know their fiiture destiMf, whith ia, howeTer, happily concealed from them. 3. In^*inctble necaaaily ; flue ; a neoesslty or fixed order uf thinss eMafaUshed by a divine decree, w by an indissulubla eoftaectlon of causes and efferia. But vba c&a toni dw Mmun oHmAtfJ Spen»er. Destimies; tbe Ikies, or sa^Kieed powers which prcjiidc orer human life, spin it out, and detarmine it ; called hv the Latins Parem. DES'TI-TUl'E, a. [U dntitataf, dcsCaCwf d« and ttatua, to seL LiUrtUf^ set from or away.] 1. \ot having or poraeesing ; wanting ; as, Jrsti- tml£ of virtue, or at piety ; ^Mrtfuto of food and cloth- ing. It diffiTi from d tfri S d^am it does nol neceasa- rily imply previous poasaastoJl 2. Aeedy; abject; comfurttesa; fiicndleaa. He will rrjsnl the i. — Vnm. xxifi. All tbe wicked will be dutroy. — P*. cxlr. 6. To take away ; to cause to cease ; to pat an end to j as, pain destroys happiness. Tbatbebodr rf rin mjgla ba dlwlroyri. — Rom. vL 7. To kill ; to eat ; to dcToiir ; to consume. Birds deaerwgp insects. Hawks dettroy chickens. 8. u geHerol^Xo put an end to; to annihilate a diing, or the form in which it exists. An army is destroyed by slaughter, cipiure, or dispersion ; a forest, by the ax, or by fire , tuwns, by fire, or inun- dation, &c 9. In cJUmutnT, to resolve a body into its parts or elements. DE-STROV.VBLE, o. That may be destroyed. Plinu scale It dutrt^o^ bj tbe wealhrr. Dtrhant. [Little Msed.] DB-STROY'£D, pp. Demolished ; pulled down ; ruined ; annihilated ; devoured ; swept away, fee DE-STROV'ER, n. One who destroys, or lays warte ; one who kills a man, or an animal, or who ruins a country, cities, tc. DE-STROY'ING, ppr. or a. Demolishing; la>ing waste ; killine ; annihilating ; putting an end lo. DE-STROY'r\G, a. Destruction. Mdton. DE-STRUeT'. for Destrot, is not used. DE-STRUeT-I-BIL'l-TV, n. The quality of being capable of destruction. DET DE-STRfCT'l-BLE, o. [U destruo destructum.) Li;iMe to de«;ntciion ; capable of being destroyed. DE-STRUeT'l-BLE-NESS,a. The state of being dc- stnictible. DE-STRUe'TION, a, [L. destructio. See Destbot.] 1. The act of desimyinc; demolition; a pulling down; subversion; ruin, by whatever means; as, the deMruetion of buiUlin2j», or of towns. Destruc- tion consists in the anniliil-ition of the form of any thing, that form of parts which constitutes it what it is i as, ihe destruetion of pra^s-s or herbage by eating ; of a forest, by cutting down the trees ; or it denotes a tot.ll annihilation ; a^, the destruction of a particu- lar govenimenl ; the dejitruetioa of happiness. 2. Death i murder; slaughter; mafMarre. Thrre wm • dnatUy dMtrudwn thnm^ !ii>ul ttH the cit^. — 1 Sam, V, 3. Ruin. DntrttcAm mot) wlaery ue in their wiiys. — Itom. iti. 4. Eternal death. Eroail b xhe wnjr ih.it IfvlcUi to dettruction. — Mnit. tU. 5. Cause of destruction ; a consuming plague j a destroyer. Tlv- dettruction thiit wiutL'th at noonilnjr. — P%, xcL DE-STRU€'TION'-IST, a. One in favor of destroy- ini;. DE-STRrCT'IVE, a. Causing^ destruction ; having the quality of destroying; ruinous; niii^chievuus ; pernicious; with o/ or to; a.s, a de~toiu one*rt self.] The cessation of tise ; disu.-ie ; discontinuance of practice, custom, or fashion. Habit \a contracted by practice, and lost by desuetmU; words in every lan- gtiage ar»' loj^t by desuetude, DE-SULTHU-RATE, r. u {de and euiphurate, or sul- pkur.) To deprive of stilphtir. Chnnistrij. DE-Sri/rm;-RS-TEO,p;i. Deprived of siilpliur. DE-SIJI/I'MU-RA-TLNG, ppr. Depriving of sulphur, DE-SrirPlia-ftA'TlOX, a. The act or operation of deprivina of sulphur. DES'UL-TO-RI-LY, ade. [See Deiu'ltort.] In a desulLor\' mnnner; witlioul niethofl ; loosely. DE.'?'UL.-ti.)-RI-NESS, «. A desultory manner; un- conneciedn*-.!is ; a passing from ons thing to another wiihout order or method. DES-UUTORI-OL'S, a. DestiUorj'. Barrow. DES'Ul^TO-RY, a. [L. desuUoriuSy from dcsilio; de and salioy lo leap.] 1. I*eaping; p-issing from one thing or subject to another, without order or natural connection ; un- connected ; imniethodical ; as, a desultory conver- sation. 2. Coming suddenly; started at the moment; not proceeding from iiaiural order ur cimnectiun with what precedes ; as, a dandtory thoughL DE-SCME', r. L [L. dcsuiRo.] I'o take leom ; to borrow. [Abf in use.'] JTalt. DE-TACH', r. t. [Fr. detacher; Arm. dUfagai Sp. and Port, destacar: It. Aaccare; de and the root of Eng. tack. See Attach.] 1. To separate or disunite; to disengage; to part from ; as, to detach llie coats of a bulbous root from each other ; to tleiach a man from tlie interest of the minister, or from a (larty. 2. To separatti men from their companies or regi- menLs; to draw from companies or regiments, as a party of men, and send them on a particular service. 3." To select ships from a fleet, and send them on a 5ep.^^lte service. DE-TACH'ED, (de-tacht',) pp. Separated ; parted from ; disunited ; drawn and sent on a scjjarate Ber\'ice. 2. a. Scp^irate; as, f/r(acArt/ parcels or portions. DE-TACII'LNG,p/»r. Si-paratiug; piirling from ; draw- ing and sending on a sejwrate emplovment. DE-TACII'MENT, n. The act of detaching or sep- arating. 2. A body of troops, selected or taken from the main army, and employed on some special service or expedition. 3. A number of ships, taken from a fleet, and sent on a separate 8er\'ice. DE-TAIL', V. L [Ft. dctaiUer^ to cut in pieces ; dt and taiUer, to cut, Sp. taJlar, It. tagliare.j 1. I'o relate, report, or narrate, m particulars; to DET recite tlie jmriiculnra of; to particularize; to relate minutely and distinctly ; as, he detailed alt the facts in due order. 2. To -select, as an officer or soldier from a divis- ion, brigade, regiment, ur battalion. Lav} of Massachusetts. DE-TAIL', n. [Fr.] Literally, a cutting off into parts or portions, and henco the parts or portions them- selves ; UH, the details of a sclienie ; tlie detaih of a work in the fine arts, as distinguished from the whole mass. 2. In military nffdirs^ a selecting of certain individ- uals or bodies of men for a particular service. 3. A minute and particular narration, dwelling on the distinct parts of a subject. DE-TAIL'/;D, pp. or a. Related in particulars , minute- Iv reciteti ; selected. DETAIL'ER, n. One who details. DE-TAIL'ING, ppr. Relating minutely; telling the 2. Selecting soldiers for some service, [[uirticulars. DE-TAIX', V. t, [L. detinro : de and tenea^ to hold; Fr. dftcnir ; Sp, aetencr. See Te.vant.] 1. To keep back or from; to withlwld ; to keep what belongs to another. Detain not the wages of the hireling, Taylor. 2. To keep or restrain from proceeding, either going or coming ; lo slay or stop. VVe were detained by the rain. Lft lu dttain thrc, (ill w« hKve nude rcadv a kiil. — JitJ^t xiii. 3. To hold in custodv Blackstone, DF^TAIN'DER, n. A writ. [See Detikue.] DE-TAI.N'KD, 77p. Withheld; kept back; prevented froTii goiiis ur coining; held; restrained, DE-TAi\'ER, n. One who withholds what belongs to another ; one who detains, stops, or prevents from going. 2. In laie^ a holding or keeping possession of what belongs to another; detention of what is another's, though the original taking mav be lawful. BlarJcstone. DE-TAlN'Ii\G, ppr. Withholding what belongs to another; holding back; restraining from going or coming ; holding in cuettody. DE-TAIN'iME^T, n. The act of detaining ; deten- tion. BUckstonc. DE-TECT', r. L [L. detego, delectus-, de and tego, to Cover, W. toiy Eng. to deck, which see.] Literally, to uncover ; lience, to discover ; to find out ; lo bring to light ; as, to detect the ramifications and inosculations of the fine vessels. But this word is especially applied to the discovery of secret ciinifis and artifices ; we detect a thief, or the crime of steal- ing ; we detect the artifices of the man, or the man himself ; we detect what is concealed, especially what is concealed by design. DE-TECr'ED,p/». or a. Discovered; found out; laid open ; brought to light. DE-TECT'ER, 7(. A discoverer; one who finds out wiiat another attempts to conceal. DE-TECT'INf;, p/jr. Discovering; finding out. DE-TEC'TION, n. The act of detecting ; discovery of a person or thing attempted to be concealed ; as, the detection of a thief or biirglarian : the detection of fraud or forgery ; the detection of artifice, device, or a plot. 2. Discovery of any thing before hidden or un- known. The ■r& nn<1 rivn nn inatru mental (o tbe detection of unber Biid oth^r ruuiifi, by wasiiiits awa^ the earth thxt coi>- ceali^d tli'iin. Woodward. DE^TE.N'E-BRATE, r. (- JL. de and (wicfrrtp.] To remove darkness [JVot in iwc] Brown, DE-TE.\T'^ n. [L. dctentiis ; Fr. detenU.] A stop in a clock, which, by being lined up or let down, locks and unlocks the clock in striking. Enet/c. DE-TEN'TION, n. TSee Detain.] The act of de- taining; a withholding from another his right; a keeping whal belongs to another, and ought to be re- stored, Blackstone. 2. Confinement ; restraint ; as, (frfcnfion in custody. 3. Delay from necessity; a detaining; as, tbe de- tention of the mail by bad roads. DE-TER', V. L [L. deterreo : de and terreo, to frighten.] 1. To discourage and stop by fear; to stop or pre- vent from acting or proceeding, by danger, difficulty, or other consideration, which disheartens or counter- vails the motive for an act. We are often deterred from our duty by trivial difficulties ; the state of the road or a cloudy sky may deter a man from undertak- ing a journey. * A million of iruitntcd hopes will not dtUr ua from n^^w expcri- meiita. J. M. Mason. 2. To prevent by prohibition or danger. Mitford. DE-TERGE', (de-terj'j) v. U [L, detergo ; de and tergo, to wipe or scour.] 'J'o cleanse ; to purge away foul or offending mat- ter from the bodv, or from an ulcer. Wiseman. DE-TEK6'A0, pp'. Cleansed ; purged. DE-TERG'Pi.\T, a. Cleansing; purging. DE-TERG'EXT, n. A medicine that has tbe power of cleansing the vesst-lsor skin from offending matter. DE-TERG'I.V<;, ppr. Cleansing ; carrying off obstruc- tions or foul matter, 2, a. Having the quality of cleansing. FATE, FAR, FALL, WH*T METE, PRg^Y. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK.- DET DE-TE'RI-O-RaTE, r. i. [Fr. dfteriorer ; It. drterio- rare ; l^p. deteriorar, from detcrior, worSi", L. drterior.] To in"ow worse ; to be impaired in quality ; to de- gentO'ait' ; opposed to tneliorate. DE Te'RI-O-KaTE, r. U To make worse ; to reduce in quality j as, to deterioraie a nice of men, or their condition. Haylty. Paley. DE-Te'RI-O-RX-TED, pp. aiade worse j impaired in quality. DE-T£'RI-0-RA-T[XG,ppr, Becoming worse or in- ferior in quality DE-TE-RI-0-Ra'TION, Ti. A growing or making worse ; the state of growing worse. DE-TE-RI-OR'I-TV, n. Worse slate or quality; as, deteriorittj of diet. Ray. DE^TER'MEXT, rr. [See Deter,] The act of deter- ring ; the cause of deterring ; th:it which deters. DE-TERM'IN-A-BLE, a. [See Determine.] [Boyle. 1. That may be decided with certainty. Boyle. 2. That may end or be detennined. DE-TERMTN-ATK, a. [L. determuuitus.] 1. Limited; fixed; definite; as, a determinate quantity of matter. a. Established; settled; positive; aa^&deUrtninate rule or order. Tbe determinate counael ofGod. — Acts ii. 3. Decisive ; conclusive ; as, a determinate resolu- tion or judgment. 4. Resolved on. Shak, 5. Fixed ; resolute. Sidney. DETERM'I.N-ATE, r. (. To limit- [JSTotused.] [See I>ETEBSriSE.] DE-TER.M'LV-ATE LY, adv. With certainty. Tbc pHiidpleB of Rllgiou ore determinault/ true or Wie. TxUotaon. 2. Rcsolutelv ; with fixed resolve. Sidney. DE-TERM'I.\-ATE-NESS, «, The state of being de- terminate, certain, or precise. DE-TERM I\-A'TiON, n. The act of determining or deciding. 2. Decision of a question in the mind ; firm rcso- hition ; settled purpose; as, they iiave acquainted me with llieir determination. 3. Judicial decision , the ending of a controversy. 4. Hirong direction to a given pomt ; as, a determ- inati^m of lilood In the head. 5. Absolute direction to a certain end. Rcmbanr-a Can (■» no meant contist with a c^inaUont determuvr. Hon \4 Ow will U> ll»^ ^'rttrW apj^rvitt g^Ofl. Lodce. 6. An ending ; a putting an end lu ; as, the deter- mination of a will. BlarJcitvne. 7. Jn physical griene/"., the referring of minerals, planU, i-c, to the species to whirlj they belung ; as, I am indebted to a friend fir the UricnninaUou i>f the Creattr part of these shtUs. Lvell. DE-TEKM'L\-A--I'IVE, a. That uncontrollably di- rects to a certain end. TU tUurminative power oT.i J'i«t cnii»-. BramJiait. 2. Limiting; that limits or bounds; nn, a word may be determinatice^ and limit the subject. fVatLt. 3. That is empliiyed in det^-rtnining ; a^, dftermin- oti're tables in the natunil wiLTices, i. e., latil.-s ar- ranged for determinins the specific diameter of min- erals, planu,&.c., and asisigning them their names. Dana* DE-TERM'IX-A-TOR, n. One who determines. DE-TKR.M'L\E, p. L [Ij. drtrrmino; de and trrmino, to bound ; terminus, a boundary or limit ; W. Urvyn, an extremity or limit; trrv, outward, extreme; ter- vynuy Ui fix a bound, to limit, t> detcnninc ; (ctto, a term, extreme [wint ; terrAiaw, to limits Ir. teora, ^ border or limit; fir. r'Ofir, r/j^fjv. See Tebm.] 1. To end ; particularly, to end by the decision or conclusion of a cause, or of a diHibtful or contro- verted point ; applicable to the d.tisii>ns of the mind, or to judicial dLCisions. We sav, I had determined this question in my own mind ; the court has deter- mined the cause. 2. To end and fix ; to settle ultimately ; as, this event drtermined his fatt*. X To fix un ; to settle or establish ; as, to deter- mine the proper season for planting seeds. God — halfa determined the tiirx* bfore nppdiiled, — AeU xrlL 4. To end ; to limit ; to bound ; to confine. Ten- der hill dstermines our view. Knowledge is dOermined by the sight. Bacon. 5. To give a direction to ; to influence the choice ; tbat is, to limit to a particular pur[>ose or direction ; aa, this circumstance detmnined him to the study of law. Also, to give a direction to material Itodies in their course; a.i, impulse mny de.lcnnine a moving body to this or that pomt. 6. To resolve ; that is, to end or settle a point in the mind, as in definition first. I determined iU\* with myn-lf. — 2 Cor. U. P*u] b^d determined in m1 bf KphcMM. — Aeli zs, 7. To destroy. [JVot used,] ShaJu 8. To put an end to; as, to determine a wilt. BUiekstone. 9 To settle or ascertain, as something uncertain. The ehuBCtcr of the ■oul '» datemdned by iha charmciirr of iu tJ*^. J. E'iioardM. DKT DE-TER.M'INE, p. t. To resolve; to concldde: to come to a decision. He shall pay lu the Jwlg«« determine. — Ex. xxi. h is iiuliffcreol bow the Icarnetl sii^ deUrmine eoocenung Urn niauer. Anon. 2. To come to an end ; to ferininate. The danger determined by the death of the conspirators. Iteviv lutions often determinein setting up tyranny at home, or in conquest from abroad. Some estntes may determine on future contingencies. Biackabme. DE-TERM'rN-/:D,n>. Ended ; concluded ; decided ; limited ; fixed ; settled ; resolved ; directed. 2. a. Having a firm or fixed purpose, as a deter- mined man ; or niaiiifesting a firm resolution, as a de- termined countenance. DE-TERM'T.N-Ett-LY, adv. In a determined manner. DE-TERM'L\-ER, n. One who decides or determ- ines. DE-TERM'IN-rNG, ppr. Ending; deciding; fixing; settling; resolving; limiting; directing. DE-TER-RA'TIO.\, n. [U de and terra, earth.] The tincovering of any thing which is buried or covered with earth ; a taking from oul of the earth. Woodward. DE-TER'RED, pp. [See Deteh.] Discouraged or prevented from proceeding or acting, by fear, diffi- culty, or danger. DE-TER'RING, ppr. Discoumging or influencing not to proceed or act, by fear, ditTicuky, danger, or pros- pect of evil. 2. a. Discouraging; frightening. jJsft. DE-TER'9I0N, (-shun,) n. [ L. detersus, detergo. See Deteroe.] The act of cleansing, as a sore. Wiseman. DE-TER'SIVE, a, [It. detersivoi Fr. deterg{f. See Deteroe.] Cleansing ; having power to cleanse from offend- ing matter. DE-TEK'SIVE, n. A medicine which has the power of cleansing ulcers, or carrying off foul matter. DE-TEST', r. (. [L. detesUrri de and testor, to affirm or bear \vitnesH ; It. detestare ; Sp. detestar ; Fr, detester. The primary sense of testor is to set, throw, or thrust. To detest is to thrust away.] To abhor; to abominate; to hate' extremely; ad, to detest crimes or meanness. DE-TEST'A-BLE, a. Extremely hateful ; abomina- ble ; very odious ; deserving abhorrence. DE-TEST'A-BLE-NESS, n. Extrr-me hatefulness. DE-TEST'A-BLY, adv. Very hatefully ; ab..minablv. DET.ES-TA'TION,n. Extreme hatnd ; abhorrence; with (/. The good man enlerUiins uniformly a de(- estation of sin. DE TEMT'ED, pp. or a. Hated extremely ; abhorred. DE-TEST'ER, n. One who abliors. DE-TEHT'IXC;, ;?;»•. Hating extremely; abhorrjng : abominating. DE-THRONE', r. f. [Fr. detrQner; Sp. destronar; It. stronare i de and tAro«^, L. thronus.] 1, To remove or drive from a throne ; to deiKtsc ; to divest of royal authority and dignity, 2, To divest of rule or power, or of supreme power. The Pruteclor wm dethroned. Hume, DE-THRON'£a>, pp. or a. Removed from a throne ; deposed. DE-THRe^NE'ME.\T, n. Removal trom a throne; deposition of a king, emjHTor, or prince. DE-TimnX'ER, n. One \vho dethrones. J)E-TnRO.\'I.\0, ppr. Driving from a throne; de- privine of recal power. DI-j-THRoX'IZE, r. (. To unthrone. Cotgrave. DET'I-NOE,n. [Kr. rfcfmu, detained ;(/''/CTur, to detain.] LileraUij, a (>erson or thing detained. Ill iflHJ, a writ of detinue is ofie that lies against him who wrongfully detains goods or chattels deliv- ered to him, or in his possession. This writ lies for a thing certain and valualite, as for a horse, cow, Bheep, plate, cloth, «cc., to recover ttie thing itself, or damages f,.rthe detainer. BUckstune. DET'O-NATE, v. t. [L. detono ; de and tono, to thun- der.] In chemistry, to cause to explode; to burn or in- flame with a sudden rejKirt. DET'O-NaTE, v. I. To explode ; to burn with a sud- den re[iort. Niter detonates with siijjiliur. DET'O \A-TED, pp. Exploded; burnt with explo- sion. DET'O-NA-TING, ppr. or a. Exploding; inflaming with a sudden report. DET-O-NA'TION, it. An explosion or sudden report made by the inflammation of certain combustible bodies, as fulminating gold. Detonation Is not de- crepitation. DET-O-NI-ZA'TION, n. The act of exploding, as certain combBstible bodies. DET'O-NTZE, v. u ^8ee Detokate.] To cause to explode ; to burn with an explosion ; to calcine with detonation. DEU DET'O-NTZE, v. L To explode ; to bum with a sud- den report. TUii precijiilal^ — detonixet with a coiuidnmble nolM. Poureroy. DET'O-MZ .ED, pp. Exploded, as a combustible body. DET'0-NIZ-ING, ppr. Exploding with a sudden rejiorL DE-TORT', r. t. [L. detortusy of detorqueo; de and tort/ueo, to twist.] To twist ; to wrest ; to pervert ; to turn from the oricinal or plain meaning. Dryden. DE-TORT'ED, ;j/>. Twisted; wrested ; perverted. DE-TORr'L\G,p;>r. Wresting; perverting. DE-TOR'TION, «. A turning or wresting ; per- version. DE-TOUR\ (da-toor',) it. [Fr.] A turning; a ca- cuitous way. DE-TRA€T', tj. (. [L. detractum ; delrecto ; detraho; de and traho, to draw ; Sp. detractor; It. detrarre; Fr. dctractcr. See Draw and Drag.] 1. Literally, to draw from. Hence, to take away from reputation or merit, through envy, malice, or other motive ; hence, to detract from, is to lessen or depreciate reputation or worth ; to derogate from. Never circiilut^ rcporta ihnt detract from, the reputation or honor of your neighbor, without obTism uccessiiy to loBlify the ^^ Anon. 2. To lake away ; to withdraw, in a literal sense. fVotton. Boyle. DE-TRA€T'ING, ppr. or a. Taking away ; dero- gating. DE-TRAGT'ING-LY, o//p. In a detracting manner. DE-TKAC'TIOX, ti. [L. dctrnctio.] The act of taking something Irom the reputation or worth of another, with the view to lessen him in estimation ; censure : a lessening of worth ; the act of depreciating anotlicr, from envy or malice. De- traction may consist in representing merit as less than it really is; or in the imputation of faults, vices, or crimes, which impair reputation ; and if such impu- tation is false, it is slander, or defamation. DE-TKAe'TiOUS,(-shus,) a. OontJiining detraction j lessening reputation. [J^ot in use.] DE-TRAeT'lVE, a. Having the quality or tendency to lessen t!ie worth or estimation. DE-'I'RA€T'OR, n. One who takes away or impairs the reputation of another injuriously ; one who aU tempts to lessen the worth or honor of another. DE TRACT'O-RY, a. Derogatory ; defamatory by denial of desert; with /rOM, Johnson. Boyle. DE-TH AeT'RESS, n. A female detractor; a censo- DE-TKECT', p. f. [L. delrecto.^ [rious woman. T(t refuse. [JVw( in us*-.] Fotkcrby. DET'RI-.MEXT, «. [Ij. dctnmentunu Q,u. deter, worse, or drterOf detrltumj worn off.] Loss; damage; injury j mischief; harm; diminu- tion. We speak of detriment to interest, proiK;rty, religion, morals, reputation, and to land or buildings. It is a word of very general application. DET-RI-MENT'AL, a. Injurious; hurtful; causing loss or damage. A ipirit of »ppcond giving; of the law by Mi^^-d ; the namo giren to the Atth book of tb« Pen- taii-ich. PEC TER-O-PX'THr-A, ( n. fGr. fevrtpoi, second, DEC TER-OP'A-THV, j and ru-) •(.] A sympathetic affection of any part of the body, as headache from an overloaded stomach, DEC-TER-OS'€0-PY, n. [Gr. aire-^s, second, and o«»Tr(j, to see.] The second intention ; the meaning beyond the litenU sens*". DECT-HY-DROG'U-RETj ) m. In ekemigtnf, m DEO TO-HY-I>ROG'l^-RET, j compound of two equi\*^ents of hydrogen with one of some other element DEO-TOX'YD, «. [Gr. ^trrcpof, second, and «zyrf,' strictly, Dcvtirottd.] A compound of two equivalents of oxygon with on** of a base. DE-VAP-O-RA'TION, n. [lU and L. vaponttU,] The change of vapor Into water, as in the genera- lion of rain. D»win, DE-VAST', I^ t. [U ietrntU.) To lay waiite ; to jdnndtT. [JV^t in use.) Samdft* DEV'AS-TATG, e. L [U. drvasUt; de and Mito, to waste; Fr. rfsMxtor; Sp. -.] a' bending downward ; a sloping ; incurvation downward. Darit3, Dk'VI-ATE, r. t. [It. deviare; Sp. desviarae ; L. de- viMs: dtj fram, and via, way.] 1. To tunt aside or wander from the common or right wajr, course, or line, either in a literal or fig- urative sense ; as, to deviate from the common track or path, or from a true course. TVt« ouvr; dniatea, »nd bere wn^«n will. Pope. 2. To stray from the path of duty ; to wander, in a moral sense ; to err ; to sin. DE-VI-a'TIOX, ft. A wandering or turning aside from the right way, course, or line. 3. Variation fnun a common or established rule, or from analogy. 3* A wandering from the path of duty ; want o( conformity to the rules prescribed by God ; error ; sin ; obliquity of conduct. 4. In contmereey the voluntary departure of a ship. DEV without necensily, from the regular and usual course of the sjifcirtc voyage insured. This discharges the umlerwriters fn>ni llieir rfs[n>nsibilily. Park. DE-VICE', H. [Fr. rfcri*, drvisei ll.'dwisa; from L. ditisv.^, dirido.j 1. That which is formed by design, or invented ; scheme; artificial contrivance; stratfigeni ; project; gomrtimeji in a /good srane : more ffearrally in a bad seiise, ms artijice^ art a-vHoi/y employed for bad purjtoMs. In a good sense -. His tfnrio l» nfninM IU7I0U, to desUoj it. — Jcr. U. In a had teiuei He (fbippolnv^ the ilm*n« oTth" cnTtr. — Job t. Ttttj faiu^iMd a mMChicvuiM cimoc. — P^ ixi. 9. .An emblem intended to represent a family, per- son, action, or iinnlity, with a suitable motto ; used in painting, sculpture, and heralilr\-. It consists in a nietaphurical siuiilttuae between ffie things represent- ing and represented, as the figure of a plow repre- senting agriculture. K»i£^il»^-rnutl tuc«l to dixliifuuh Uiemai-Wca bf dMticea on Uieir kbielib. A-liitoi*. X Invention ; genius ; faculty of devising ; n!>, a man of noble device. Sfudc. 4. A «|>eriacle or show. [ Obs.] Beaum. ^ FL DE-VIC'E'F}JL, a. Full of devices; inventive. Spenser. DE-\1CE'FIJL-LY, ado. In a manner curiously con- trived. Donne. DEV'/L, f dev'vl,) a. [Sax. dinfoU D. dnivel ; G. Uufel; Sw. dirfvul i Dan. dtarei ; Ku.'*s. diavot ; Tartar, diof; L. diabolus ; Gr. ita;:i--X 's, said to be from dtivi-iXXto, to calumniate ; Fr.diable; iiiyi, diabla ; Port, diabu ; lu diavolo. The Arnioric is dinul ; W. diawl, which Ow- en 8upp(i!«e!i to be compounded of di, a negative, and aW, light — one without ligiii, (prince of darkness.) The Irish is diabhailj which, according to O'Urien, is conipoited of f/ui, deity, and bkal, air, (so4l t»f the air.) If these Celtic words nre jusily explained, they are not Connected with diaioliu, or the latter is errone- ously deduced.] 1. In Uu ChrL^tiaH throloj^jy an evil spirit or being ; a fallen angel, expelled fnun heaven fur rebellion again.st Gud \ the chief of the apostate angels ; the implacable enemy and lent|>ter of the human race. In the New Tesi.iiuent, the word is frequently and erroneously ust-d fur demon. % A ver>' wicked person, and in ludicroun lan^uagey any great evil. In profane Umffuage, it is an exple- tive expressing wonder, vexation, &.c. 3. An idol, or false god. I^ev. xvii. 2 Chron. xi. 4. .\ machine for cutting up nigs and old cloth for manufacturing pur[M>sea. i A printer*s errand-Niy. [J>ir.] DEV'fL, r. a. To cut updotli or rags in an instnimcnt called a devlL 2. To pepjier excessively. Smart, DEV'/L-IXG, n. A young devil. [JVbt in ugr.] Beaum. DEV'/UISH, (dev'vl-ishO a. Partaking of the quaN itiea of the devil ; diaboliciil ; ver>- evil and mischiev- ous; malicious; as, a dtcUlsh scheme; devilish wick- edness. Sidney. 3. Having communication with the devil ; pertain- ing to the devil. Shak. 3. Excessive ; enormous ; in a vulgar and ludicnma sense : a.**, a denilLsk cht*at. .^tldinon. DEV'/L-ISH-LY, adv. In a manner suiting the devil ; diabolically ; wickedly. South, 2. Greatly ; excessively ; in a vidtrar sense. DEV'/L-KSli-NESS, tu The qualities of the devil. DEV'/L-ISM, a. The state of devUs. [JSTot used.] Bp. Hall. DEV'/L-rZE,B. L To place among devils. [Aot used.] Bp. Hail. DEV'/L-KI\, (dev'vl-kin,)n. A little devil. Clarissa. DEV'/L-SIIIP, 71. The cliaracler of a devil. DEV'/L-TRV, n. Diabolical cunducL [Low.] DK'Vi-OLTS, a. [I*, deviiu i de and cia, way.] 1. Out of the common way or track ; as, a devious course. 2. Wandering; roving; rambling. To Ueaa Oie s-Ucllr devious rooraitig^ wuIIe. T^ofTwon. 3. Erring; going astray from rectitude or the di- vine precept?. Ooe deaioitt itep at fint maj lead into a coune of baUinal vic«. Anon. De'VI-OUS-LY, adv. In a devious^ manner. Beiptolds. De'VI-OU&-NESS, 7u Departure from a regular course ; wandering. DE-VIE'GIX-aTE, (-vur'gin-) v. t, [Low L. devir/rino.] To dellour. Sandys. DE-VIR'GIN-A-TED, pp. Deprived of virginity. DE-VIS'A-BLE, (de-viz'a-bl,) a. See the verb. 1. That may be bequeathed or given by wilL Btackst^ne. 2. That can be invented or contrived. Sadler. DE-VTSE', r. t. [Fr. deet-tpr, to talk or interchange thoughts ; IL divisare, to think, divide, or share ; froin L. dirifus, diviilo.'l 1. To invent ; to contrive ; to form in the mind by DEV new combinations of ideas, new applications of prin- ciples, or new arrangement of parfci ; to excogitate ; to strike out by thou^lit ; to plan ; to scheme ; to prcn jecl ; as, to rfrrt« an engine or machine ; to dri^ise a new mode of writing; x.o devise a plan of defense ; to devise arguments. Ti> lUvise curbua wotVh \n gold and silver. — Ex. xxxt. In II bad sefise: Deviat nut evil n^.ilntl thy neighbor. — Pro». Ul. 2. To give or bequeath by will, as land or other real estate, Blaekstone, DE-VTSE', r. i. To consider; to contrive; to lay a plan ; to furm a scheme. Dtoise how you will ubp him when h* comet. Shak. Formerly followed by off as, let us devise of ease. Spenser, DE-VlSE',n. PrimarihiyJi dividing or division ; hence, the act nf giving or (fi.itribnling real estate by a tes- tator. 1'he term is also sometimes applied, though improperly, to bequest of iwrsonal eslale. Blaekstone. Bouoier. 2. A will or testament. 3. A share of estate bequeathed. PE-VISE', H. Contrivance; scheme invented. [Obs.] Hooker. DE-VIS'£D, pp. Given by will ; bcqueatiicd ; con- trived. DEV-I SEE', n. The person to whom a devise Is ma4le ; (pne to whom real estate is bequeathed. DE-VIS'ER, n. One who contrives or invents ; a con- triver ; an inventor. Orao. DE-VTS'ING, p;»r. Contriving; inventing; forming a scheme or plan. 2. Giving by will ; bequeathing. DE-VTS'()R, n. One who gives by will; one who be- queaths lands or tenements. Blaekstone. DEV'I-TA-BLE, a. Avoidable. [JVT»( in use.] DEV-l-TA'TION, n. An escaping. [JSTot ih*sc.] DE-VIT-RI-FI-€.VTro\, «, The act of depriving glass of its imtisparency, and converting it into a ernv, opaque substance. Ure. Bitrdow. DEV-O-CA'TION, n. [L. devocatio.] A calling away ; seduction. [JVbi in use.] llalhpvelt DE-VOID'.o. [de ixnA void^Fr.vuide^vidr. See Void.] h Void ; empty ; vacant; applied to place. Spenser. 2. Destitute; not possessing; as^ devoid of under- standing. 3. Free from ; as, devoid of fear or shame. Z>K-rO//i', (dcv-wor')n. [Fr, devoir; It. dovere ; from L. debeo, to owe.] Priiiiarilij, service, or duty. Hence, an act of ci- vility or respect; respectful notice due to another; as, we [»aid our ilevoirs to the queen, or to the ladies. DEV-O-LO'TION, n. [L. dev,dutio.] I. The act of rolling down; as, the devolution ot earth into a valley. Woodward. a. Removal from one person to another ; a pa.ssing or falling U[)on a successor. Hale. DE-VOLVE', (de-volv',) v. t. [L. dcvolvo ; de and vol- CO, to roll, Eug. to icallou}.] 1. To rull down ; to pour or flow with windings. Throng aplRiiUid kiugiloins Ite eUoolves hie maze, Thornton, 2. To move from one person to another; to deliver ovtir, or from one possessor to a successor. The kin^ 'Uoolved ihe Cuv and ilisposition o( nlf^kin on thr> duke of UiifU-ml. Temple. Gibbon. DE-VOLVE', (de-volv',) v. i. LiteraUij, to roll down ; hence, to p:w9 from one to another ; to fall by suc- cession from one possessor to his successor. In the absence of the commander-in-chief, the command devolved on the next officer in rank. On the death of the prince, the crown devolved on his eldest son. DE-VOLV'£D, pp. Rolled down ; passed over to an- other. DE-VOLV'I\G, ppr. Rolling down ; falling to a suc- cessor. DE-VOLVE'MEXT, n. The act of devolving. DEV-O-Ra'TION, n. The oct of devouring. DE-V6''rA-RY, H. A votar>-. [J^Tot in use.] Oreffory. DE-VOTE', r. t. [L. devoveo, devotus ; de and roreo, to vow ; Fr. decoiter.] 1. To appropriate by vow ; (0 set apart or dedicate by a solemn act ; to consecrate. No devoted thin» that a man »hnl| deoaU to the Lord, «hRll be S..1.1 ur r^dei^iiied. Kvcry tUvoUd liiing !■ most holy to the !*itrd. — Lev. xxvii. 2. To give up wholly ; to addict ; to direct the at- tention wholly or chiefly ; to attach ; as, to devote one's self to science ; to devote ourselves to our friends, or to their interest or pleasure. 3. To give up; to resign ; as, alit'us were devoted to rapine ; the city was devoted to the flames. 4. T(i doom ; to consign over ; as, to devote one to destruction 5. To ex(;crate ; to doom to evil. Rowe. DE-VOTE', a. Devoted. MUton. DE-VOTE', n. A devotee. Sandi/.t. DE-VOT'ED, pp. Appropriated by vnw ; solerhnly set apart or dedicated ; consecrated ; addicted ; given up ; doomed ; consigned. 2. a. Ardent ; zealous ; strongly attached. FATE, FAR, FALL, WH.^T. — METE, PREY.— PIXE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, BOQK.- DEV DE-VfST'ED NES8, n. The state uf being (Jeyolcd or givt^D ; fiddictedness ; as, drvotedness to rehpion. DEV-O-TEE', H. [Fr. dcvot,] [Orete. Mtlner. One who ia wholly devuted ; partieularly^ one given wholly to religion; one who is siipt^rsiiiioualy eivi'n to rt-'Iieious duties and ceremonies j a bigot. D£-V0TE'.MENT, h. Devotedness; devotion. Menu of Buchanan, 2. Vowed dedication. Mason, DE-VOT'EK, M. One that devotes ; also, a worshiper. DE-V6T'IXG, fpr. Giving or appropriating by vow ; solemnly setting apart or dedicaiiiig; consecrating ; giving whollv ; addicting; dooiiiiiif; ; consigning. DE-V6'TIO-\,'h. The state of being dedicnl.jd, con- secrated, or sokumly set apart for a particular pur- pose. 2. A solemn attention tn the Supreme Being in worship; a yielding of the heart and affections to God, with reverence, faith, and piety, in religious duties, particularly in prayer and meditation j de- voutness. 3. External worship ; acta of religion ; perform- ance of religious duties. As I iftiseil by an.i beheld your deoo&ont. — AcU xvK, 4. Prayer to ihe Supreme Being. A Christian wiU be regular in his murniug and evening dr.cution.i. 5. An act of reverence, respect, or ceremony. SJtak, 6. Ardent love or affection ; attachment mani- fej^ed by constant atumtiou j as, the duke was di3- tinguished bv his dfvotwn to the king, and to the interest of the nation. Clarendon. 7. Eariiestnesa ; ardor ; jeagemeaa. He aeeb Iheir haee wtth rre&tpr deootion tfaui ihny »o rnidor ii him. ^^■ 8. ■Disposal j power of disposing of; stale of il»- pendence. Aruitdci C**!!*" would keep thai tkb corner of tlie wnnlry at hb inajf-aiy'* iteolion. Ctarenda^ DE-VO'TION-AL, a. Pertaining to devotion ; used in devotion ; as, a denotional pNMST, ( tion ; orone superstiiiuus- ly or formally devout- Sprctntor. DE-VT>''riU.\-AL-LY, aJn. In a devout manner. D£-V0'TO, n. [lU] A devotee. [JVut w «.«.] Spenser. DE-VO'TOR, H. One wUo reverences or worships. [ObA.] Beanm. ^- Ft. DE-VOUR', ti. (. [I-, dtvoro; de and varo^ to eat; IL vorare^ divorare ; Sip.deBorart Fr. decorerf Arm. de^ vori; VV. porij to feed ; Gr. /J'loii, pasture ; Ileb. Ch. nya^ to consume. Class Br, No. 6.] 1. To eat up ; t-i i-nt with greediness ; to eat rav- enously, as a l> . . or as a hungry nmn. W^will ny, '- ■■' lifroured him. — iifn. xjixvU. In the fii'ii.i ■"■ Ihe pr**' — O'-o. xlix. 2. To destroy , to cwi^^ume with rapidity and vio- lence. o 'hr- h-^'-ii^ of IIaz.%H, which ■ha.a dnoitr Iwilli^ii.I 1 Fm.. ' 3. 1' Mr him. — Ei. riL [ r^ue with great eagcmeaa. Ho w*:a>eJ u> *wilii»M U) deoour the way. ^>ak. A. To waste ; to consume ; to spend in dissipation and riot. As aown aa Ihu thy wm had rottM, who Imth devoured thy Ilrtnf wiih Iur1u4a. — Lak>- xv. 5. To consume wealth and substance by froudf oppression, or illeg:U exactions. Ye Heeow widi7w»' hfti*M. — Matu xxIM. 6. To destroy spiritually ; to ruin the soul. yoiif iwlrcrurr, \1»: (1p»!1, a» a ro.iriiiff lloii, walkclb afawtit, ireking wbi;tQ ho Btay lieoour. — 1 IVl. V. 7. To siny. The iword aholl devour the youn^ liona, — Noli. ti. 8. To enjoy with avidity. I^ntrin^ lhm^ at the lirht, Dvoour b'.'f o'er arid o'er witli *iiat deit^iU Dryden, DE-VOL'R'/CD, m». Eaten; swallowed with greedi- ness ; coti'^iimed ; destroyed ; wasted ; slain. DE VOI/R'ER, n. One who devours; he or that which caiy, ronjiumes, or destroys ; he that preys on. DE-VOIIR'I.N'tji, PIT. or a Ealing greedily; con- suming: w:i-'«tiitg; destrDv'ing ; annihilating. DE-VOl'R'ING-LY, a/to. in a devouring manner. DEVOUT', a. [It. devoto ; Vi. decvt ; L. decottu. See Detotb.] 1. Yielding a solemn and reverential attcntinn to God m nligious exercises, particularly in prayer. W* mint Ik coniKant and devout i(i thrwonfdp oftiud. Hogara. 2. Pious ; devot'id to religion : religious. Km^on was a ]u«( tmn ati'l Hevoul. — I.uke il. Devout men carried Stephen to hia lAiml. — Aeu ritl. 3. Exprewuig devotion «- piety ; as, with eye* Milton, DEX 4. Expressing a Hviiy interest; sincere; solemn; earnest ; as, you have my devouX wislies for your safety. PE VOUT', n. A devotee. [.Vo( used.] Skeldijn, DE-VOITT'LEPS, a. Destitute of dvVotion. I)E-VOUT'LESS-LV, adv. Without devotion. DE-V0!JT'LESS-NEJ?S, n. Want of devotion. Bp. of Chichesttr. DE-VOUT'LV, adv. Willi solemn attention and rev- erence to God ; with ardent devotion. He waa devoutly engaged in prnyw. Anon. 2. Piously; religiously; with pious tllou gilts ; as, he viewed the cross devoutly. 3. gincerely ; solemnly ; earnestly j as, a consum- mation decuiitlft to be wished. DE-VOL'T'NESS, ji. The quality or state of being devout. Qlanmlte. DE-VOW', V. (. To give up. IJ^ot in ilsc] B. Joii.^on. DEW, (du,) n. [Sax. deam : I), dautc ; G. thaa : Sw. daffff i Dan. dutr^. See Class Dg, No. 24, (JO, G2, 63. It is probably from the same primary root as fAuu? ; G. thau, dew, thaiiea, to tiiaw.] Moisture precipitated fnun the atmosphere on the surfaces of botlies. It is tlius distinguished from fog, which is moisture precipitated within the atmos- phere. Z>. Olmsted. DEW, r. U To wet with dew ; to moisten. I>rvderu DEW'-llENT, a. Bent by the dew. Thomson. DEW'-HER-RY, n. Tlie fruit of a species of brier or bramble; tJie low-vined black berrj', that creeps along the prt)und, of the genus Rnbus. DK\V-BE-SrA.\"GL£D,(dQ-be-spang'gld,)a. Spang- led with (lew-drops. Orav. DEW-BE-tiPRENT', a. Sprinkled with dew. [Obs.] Mthon. DEW-BE-SPRIXK'L£D, (du-be-sprink'ld,) o. Sprink- led with dew. Shfusttme. DE\V'-DRENCH-£D, (du'drensht,) a. Drenched with dew. DEW-DROP, n. A drop of dew, which sparkles at sunrise ; a spangle of dew. Milton. DEW'-I)ROP-Pli\<;,a. Welling as with dew. Tluymicn. DEW'f.l), (dilde,) pp. Moistened with dew. DEW-IM PEARIZ/O), a. [See Pearl.] Covered with dt'W-flro|»s, like jtcarls. Draytun. DEWINESS, «. Slate of being dewy. DEWING, pjrr. Wetting or moistening with dew. DEW-LAP, n. [rfrw and l*ip, to lirk.] The flrsh that hangs from tlie throat of oxen, which ln|.s or licks the dew in grazing. Addiiou. Q. In Hhak.fpeare^ a lip flaccid with age. DEW-LAPT, «. Furnished with a dew-lap. DEW'LESS, a. Having no dew. DEW-PUINT, n. The tempt?rature or point of the thermcrneter, at which dew iM-^gins to form. It va- ries according to the humidity of the aimosjihere. Brands. DEW'-WORM, (dii'wurm,) n. A worm.calli-d other- wise earUi'tBorm, a species of Lumliricus, which lives just under the surface of the ground. DEWY, (da'e,) a. Partaking of dew ; like dew ; as, deity mist. 2. Moist with dew ; as, devfy fields. IJia dewy lack! diaulled A mtroa i a. Mil Ion. DEX'TER, a. \ U divtrr; Gr. U^ioi : Ir A:.w.] Right, as opp4 ; adroitnpss ; activity; ex- pertness ; skill ; that readiness in {frrfurining an artioii, whirh prncceiJn from i;xperien«:e or practice, united with activity or quick motion. We say^ a man liandlcs au instrument, or eludes a thrust, witli deTteritii. 3. Readiness of mind or mental faculties, as in contrivance, or inventing nie.ina to accomplish a purpose ; promptness in devising expedients ; quick- ness and skill in man:igiiig or conducting a scheme of openitions. We say, a ncgutiiuion is conducted with derterity. Gibbon. DEX'TRA!^, «. Right, as opposed to left. Brown, DEX-TUAL'I-TY, «. The slate of being on Ihe right side. DEX'TRIiNE, n. A substance of a gummy appear- ance!, into which the interior molecules uf starch are converted by diastase or acids; usrd in cookery. It is named from its turning the plane uf polarization to Ihf right hand. Ure. DEX-TROR'SAIj, a. [dezttr and vorsu-fj versus^ from ccrfi), to turn.] Rising from right to left, as a spiral line or helix. Henry, DEX'TROIJS, ( a. Rendy and expert in the use of DEX'TER-OUS, I the body and limbs; skillful and active in manual em|>loymeiit ; adroit; as, a dez- troui hnnd ; a dezlroun workman. 2. Ready in the uKe of tin* mental faculties; prompt in contrivance and management; exiH^rt ; quick at Inventing expedients ; as, a deetrmun manager. DeMrou4 thp craving, fawnUiK crewa to quit. Popt. DIA 3. Skillful; artful; done with dexterity; as, rfer- trous management. DEX'TROL'S-LV, i a/lv. With dexterity ; expertly; DEX'TER-OUS-LY, j skillfully ; artfully ; adroitly ; nromptiv. DEX'TROUS-NESS, ) Dexteritv • adroitness DEX'TER-OUS-NESS, "" ^^^"'"ly ' adroitness. DgY, (da,) Ti, A Turkish title of dignity given to the governor of Algiers before the French conquest. DI, a prefix, [a contraction of dis,] denotes /row, sepor ration, or netration, or two. DT'A, [Greek,] a pretix, denotes throu^lu DI'A-BASE, n. Another name of greenstone. DI-AU-A-Te'RI-AL, a. [Gr, iiatJattui,] Border-passing. Mitford, DI-A-Be'TkS, ji. [Gr. ^iat37,Tr]^, from italiaivw^lo pass through ; ita and fhitvut^ to go or pjiss.] An excessive and morbid discharge of saccharine urine. DI-A-HET'ie, a. Pertaining to diabetes. DI-AB'LE-RY, n. [Fr. diablerie.] Devilm-. SIaJijL'I&AI., \ "■ [^ -''•''»''''". 'he devil.] Devili.sh ; pertaining to the devil ; hence, extreme- ly malicious; impious; atrocious; nefarious; out- rageously wicked ; partaking of any quality ascribed to the (levil ; as, a diabolical temper; a diabolical scheme or action. DI-A-BOL'IC-.AL-LY, a a. Having stamens united in DT A-DEI.PII'OUS, j two bodies by their filaments. DI'A-DEM, n. [Gr. ^fl^fjjfu, from dioci^w, to gird ; Ma and ^f rii, to bind ; L. diadema.] 1. ^»cif«t/.v, a headband or fillet worn by kings ns a badge of royalty. It was made of silk, linen, or wool, and tied round ttie templea and forehead, the ends being tied behind and let fall on the neck. It was usually white and plain ; sometimes einbrnidered with gold, or set with pearls and precious stones. 2. In modem u-m^e, tlie mark or badge of royally, worn on the heiid ; a crown ; and, JiffunUiri-lfi, em- pire; supreme power. Oibbon. 3. A distinguished or principal ornament. A diadem ofljcnttty. — U. xxviii. DI'A-DEM- CT), a. Adorned with a diadem ; crowned ; ornaineiiled. Pope, DI'A-DROM, n. [Gr. ^infinnfir^^ a running about ; 6ia- 6popE(<<; ^la and T/(f\fi', to run.] A course or passing; a vibration; the time in wJiich the vibration of a pendulum is performed. [Ofty.] Locke. DI-yFR'E-SrS, ) _ rrr ^,„,.n^,^ 1 DI-ER'E-SIH, i "• [*^^- ^"^'OnTii.] The dissiilving of a diphthong; the mark " , de- noting that tlie vowels are to be pronounced as dis- tinct letters. DI-AG-Nri'SIS, n. [Gr. ^layvotTt^.] The distinctive or discriminating knowledge of any thing, but especially of a disease. DI AG-NOS'Tie, a. [Gr. AiufvoaTim ; StayivtDaKo} ; 6ia and > ivtj}(TK«o, to Know.] Distinguishing; charactefiiitic ; Indicating the na- ture of a disease. DI-AG-NOS'Tie, n. The (dpi or symptom by which a disease is known or distinguished from others. Di- TONE, BULL, IIXITE. — AN"GER, VI"CiaU8. — € as R ; O as J ; « as Z ; CH as SII : TH as in THIS. 48 339 DIA are of two kind!) ; the tdjunct^ or surli as ■fe common tu sevenU di^'a-'^fs, and the paVtoirna- MMiie, which always nttiriid Uiv diaease, uiid tlL-Ltii- fuish it fKmi all others. Khc^ DI-AG-'O-NAL, a. [Gt. iiayuvtoi ; Sta and joii'iu, a comer.] 1. In fffometry^ extondinE from one anicle to an- other of a quadrilateml or muliilultfral figure, and di- viding it into two ^Ktrts. S. Being in an aiigtilnr direction. DI-AG'O-NAL, n. A riijht linr drawn from angle to ancle of a quadrUateniJ i»r iimliil:iteriil ti(;ure, and di- viding it into two parts. It is s*niuumcs called llie diameUr, and sioncLinies the dmmrtntl. B^jrUw DI-AG'cVNAL-LY, adr. In a diniiumtl direriion. DI-At;'0-NOVS, a. In boUMt/^ having four corners. WA-GRA.M, «. [Gr. ^tajoauita; i^ui and > oO w.] In g^mftty, a ti^re, driughi, or scheme, delinea- ted fur the tHirpus« of dexuuustraling the pruperties of any tiKure, as a square, Uiaogle, ciKle, ^c ,1tuieHUv, a musical aeale. DI'.\-GRAPH, a. [Or. fta am) ; oa^t*.] A recently -in Tented instrument used in perspective. DI-A-GRAPlrIC, i a. [Gr. 6ta and >H<»^tUj *«» •'^ DI-A-GRAPH'I€-AL, I ecribe.] Descriptive. DI-.VGRYD'I-ATES, «. pL Strong purgaltves made with diai;rydtumj a preparation uf t»cammony and quince juice. DI'Ai., a. [Ir. tfiotl ; probably from ^y, difs,] An instrument fur measuring time by tbe shadow of the sun. It is a »irfnce, on which lines are drawn in such a manner that the shadow of a wire, or of the upper edge €>f a plane, erected perpendicularly on that surface, may show the true time of the day. The wire, or edge of the plane, which shows the time, is called the ^y<« or ffnomoa ; and this must be parallel to the axis of the earth. The line on which this style or gnomon \» erecietl is calte included between the subgtfU and style is railed the elrraiion or Ai>Al uf the tttfle, DT'ALr-PLATE, n. The plate of a dial, and also of a clock or watch, on which the lines are drawn tosliow Uie hour or time of the day. OilberU DrA-LEen*, n. [Gr. Ji.iAf»ro{.- fta and A<>w, to speak ; It. diaUtto ; Fr. dmiecte : Sp. dialtOa.'] 1. The r>rm or idiom of a language peculiar tn a province, or to a kini!docn or slate, consisting chiefly in diflerencr:) of ortlto^raphy or pronunciation. The Greek laucuag'* U remarkable for four dialects ; the Attic, Ionic, Doric, and Ktilic A dialect is the branch of a |tarent lanfiuage, with such local altera- ttoos ai time, accillen^ and reTolationa may have latrodoeed among 4eMeodants of Ibe same Mock or Ihtfiily, living in aepaiale or remole aituatiooa. But, in nq^rd to a large portion of word)*, many Ian- goagBa, wliicfa are eonaidorad aa distinct, are really dialectt oToaa eommoo langoaga. 3. Langua^ ; speech, or manner of speaking or expression. Soutk, DI-A-LE€T'I€, ) a. Pertaining to a dialect oc di- DI-A-LE€T'ie-AL, \ alecU ; not radical. 2. Pertaining to lo&ic ; logical ; argumental. Boylt. Dt-A-LEeT'ie-AL-LV,ialogiies of Cicero de Oratore, and de Natura Deorum. DI'A-L.OGl.'E, r. i. To discourse together j to confer. [AU uscaL] Siuik, DIA DI'A-LOtUrE-VVRrr'ER, fu A writer of dialogues or feiened conversations. DI-.\L'YSIS, n. [Gr. fltaAi'ffij ,■ t'laAuw, to dissolve ; ^411 and X !'(,>, to dissolve.] 1. A mark in writing or printing, consisting of two points placed over one of two vowels, to dissolve a diphthong, or to show that the two vowels are to be sc|>araled in pronunciation ; as, aitr, mosaic, 2. In medicinry debility ^ also, a solution of conti- nuitv. DI-A-MAG-NET'I€, n. or a. [Gr. ^ta, tliiough or across, and ;i.i) i-ij^, a magnel.J A term applied to a class of substances which, un- der the iniluence of magnetism, take a position, when freely 8iisp«'nded, at ria-ht angles to the inag- rxvWc meritiian, that is, point east and west. DT-A-MAX'TINE, for Adaiiantiwi. {^rot in use.] DI-.\M'E-TER, r. [Gr. dia/itr^yj (' dta and fiirpov, uieaiiure thrvugh.] 1. A right line [visaing thmiigh the center of n cir- cle, or other cur>*ilinear ficure, terminated by the cur\'e, and di\iding llie ligiire symmetrically into two equal parts. 2. A right line passing through the center of a piece of limber, a rock, or other object, from one side to the other ; as, the diameter of a tree, or of a stone. DT-AM'K-TRAL, a. Diametrical, which see. DT-AM'I-;-TRAl^LY, arfr. Diametrically. DI-A-MKT'RI€^AL, a. Describing a diameter. 3. Observing the ilirection of a diameter; direct; as, diametrieal opposition. Dr-A-MET'Rie-AL-LY, ado In a diametrical direc- tion ; directlv \ as, diametrieally opposite DI'.\-MOND, (dl'a-mond or di'mondO n. [Fr. dm- vumt; IL and Sp. diataaxte; G. and D. diamant; L. adamasi Gr. aia/tift o^'i/ia^ru;, whence adamant, from the Celtic; W. eAedcofn^ moving stone; cTinJ, to tiy or move, and Tiiaen, stone ; a name lirtit given to the lode-stone. See Adamant.] 1. A mineral, gem, or precious stone, of the most valuable kind, remarkable for its hardness, as it scratches all other minenils. When pure, the dia- mond is usually clear and transparent, but it Is some- times colored. In its rough state, it is commonly in the form of a roundish t>ebble, or of octahedral crys- tiils. It consists of pure carbon, and when heated to 14" Wedgwood, and exposed to a current of air, it is gradually, but completely, combustible. Diamonds are said to be of the firai uuiler, when very trans- parent ; and of the second or thh-d water, as the transparency decreases. Eneyc. Klnran. Cleaveland. 2. A ver^' small printing letter, tlie smallest used in English printing. 3. A figure, oUierwise called a rhfrnbus. DI'A-MOXD, a. Resembling a dianioiu) ; as, a diti- momd color ; or coasixiting of diamonds ; as, a dia- mtmd chain. DI'A-MOND-ED, i a. Having the figure of an DI'A-MONI>-SHAP-£D, j oblique-angled pamllulo- Kram,vr rhombus. Puller. DI'A-MOXD-UILT-ED, a. Having a hilt wiUi dia- monds. DI'.\-.MOXI>-MIXE, a. A mine in which diamonds are found. Dl-AN'DRl-A, n. [Gr. Sis* St, twice, and ofjjp, a male.] In botany, a class of plants having two stamens. DI-AN'SrOUS; { * Having two stamens. DI'A-PASM, n. [Gr. Stairatrcoi, tt> sprinkle.] A powder or perfume. [Obs.] B Jonson. DI'A-PAS*E*""^' \ '** t*^""- ''"' '^'"'^•'» through all.] 1. In mime, the octave or interval which includes all the tones. 2. Among musical ijistnanemt-makersy a rule or scale, by which they adjust the pipes of ©rgans, the holes of dutes, 8lc, in due proportion for expressing the several tones and semitones. Busby. Diapa-^ondiapente ; a compound consonance in a triple ratio, as 3 to 9, consisting of 9 tones and a semitone, or 19 semitones ; a twelfth. Encyc. Busby. Diapason-diatessaron ; a compound concord, found- ed on the proportion of 8 to 3, consisting of eight tones aiid a semitone. Diapasftn-ditone ; a compound concord, whose terms are as 10 to 4, or 5 to 2. Diapasons emiditont ; a compound concord, whose terms are in the prop)onion of 12 to 5. Encyc DI-A-PEN'TE, n. [Gr. Sia and rrfcrt, five.] 1. In music, an ancient term denoting a fifth ; an inler\-al making the second of the concords, and, with thfi dialessaron, an octave. Encyc. 2. In medicine, a composition of five ingredients. DI'A-PER, n. [Fr. diapre, diapered ; said to be from Ylfres, in the Netherlands. .Anderson.] Figured linen cloth ; a cloth wove in flowers or fig- ures, much used for towels or napkins. Hence, a towel or napkin. DI'A-PER, V. t. To variegate or diversify, as cloth, with figures ; to flower. Spenser. Howel. DI'A-PER, V. i. To draw flowers or figures, as upon cloth. If you diaper on fulds. Peacham. DIA DT'A-PEK-£D, pp. Flowered. PI'A-PHAN-AD, (dl'a-fand,)ff. Transparent. {UttU usedA DI-A-PlIA-N£'I-TY, Ti. [Gr ^ia>pavttai ^ta^aivw,Xo shine through ; (!ia and (^aifu), to shine.] The power of transmitting light ; transparency pelhicidness. Ray. Dl-A-PHAN'ie, o. [Gr. 6ia-pavr,^. See supra.] Having power to transmit light ; trans|Kirent. Ralegh. DI-APH'A-NOUS, a. [See supra.] Having power to transmit rays of light, as glass; pellucid; transpa- rent; clear. DI-A-PIION'ies, n. [Gr. f>ia and oivri, sound.] The doctrine of retracted sound. Brande, DI-A-PHO-R£'aiS, n. [Gr. fnaupnoi% -• 6iaerspirntion ; sudorific ; sweating. Dl-A-PHO-HET'l€, n. A medicine which promotes perspiration ; a sudorific. Coze. Eneyc. DiiiphorHics difl'er from sudorifics; the former only increa.-»e the inseiLsible perspiration, the latter excite the sensible discharge called sweat. Pair. DI'A-PHK.\GM, (dl'a-fram,) n, [Gr. Sta<})pa}tia ; iiia and ihoaaaoi, tu break olF, to defend.] 1. In anatomy, the midriff, a muscle separating the chest or thorax from tlie abdomen or lower belly. Coze. Eneyc. 9. A partition or dividing substance, commonly with an opening through it. Woodwnrd. 3. In astronomy, a circular ring, used, in optical in- struments, to cut off marginal portions of a beam of light. D. Olmsted. DI-A-PimAG-M.\T'I€, a. Pertaining to the dia- phragm. DI-A-PO-RE'SIS, a. [Gr. itaJioprjatu SiaTropetii, to doubt.] In rhetoric, doubt ; hesitation. Bailey. DT-A'RI-AN, a [See Diary.] Pertaining to a diary ; daily. DI'A-RlSTj^ n. One who keeps a diary. DI-.Ml-RllK'A, (dl-ar-re'a,) n. [Gr. 6 tup ^ota i Stap- ^£(-1, to flow through ; ita and (Wm, to flow.] A niurhidly frequent evacuation of the intestines ; a lax. DI-AR-RI!ET'ie, a. Frwlucing diarrhea or lax. DI-AK-THKO'SIS, n. [Gr.] The movable connection of bunes. DI'A-KY, Tt. [Ti. diarium, from dies, a day.] An account of daily events or transactions ; a jour- nal ; a register of driily occurrences or observations; as, a diaiy of the weather. A dinni fcrrr, is a fever of one day. DI-A-SeiliS'-MA. (-skiz'ma,) n. [Gr. i'iaTxtcfta,& piece cut off; dmrrxiZ^o) ; dm and (rx ^"^ *>"•] In mitffic, the difference between the comma and enharmonic diesis, commonly called the lesser cum^ ma. Eneyc. DI'AS-PORE, n. [Gr. iiaanetpc}, to disperse.] A rare mineral, occurring in lamellar masses, and in oblique prisms, with a brilliant cleavage, having a grayish, greenish, or brownish color, and character- ized by decrepitating with violence (as the name im- plies) before the blowpipe. It consists of alumina and water. Dana. DI-AS-TAL'Tie, o, [Gr. ^ias-aXri«05, dilating.] Dilated ; noble ; bold ; an epithet given by the Greeks to certain intervals in music, as the major third, major sixth, and major seventh. Busby. DI'AS-TASE, n. [Gr. 6ta and taTnui.] A peculiar substance generated during the germi- nation of grain for the brewery, tending to accelerate the formation of sugar during the fermentation of worts Ure. DI'AS-TEM, 71. [Gr. Staryjpa.] In music, a simple interval. DI-AS'TO-LE, n, [Gr. 6ias-oXr}, ^iorcXAw; Sta and oteAAw, to set, or send from.] 1. Among physicians, a dilatation of the heart, au- ricles, and arteries ; opposed to systole or contraction. Encyc. 2. In grammar, the extension of a syllable ; or a figure by which a syllable naturally short is made DI'A-PT-tLE, n. [Gr. 6tu and oruX'-s-] [long. An edifice in which three diameters of the columns are allowed for inter col umniations. Harris. DT-A-TES'SA-RON, n. [Gr. 6ia and Tecraana, four.] 1. Among miwician*, a concord or harmonic inter- val, composed of a greater lone, a lesser tone, and one greater semitone. Its proportion is as 4 to 3, and it is called a perfect fourth. Harris. 2. In Biblical literature, a harmony of the four Gospels. DT-A-TIIER'MAL, a. Possessing free permeability to heat. DI-A-THER'MA-NOUS, a. [Gr. 6ta, through, and fitt)/taiv'.<, to beat.] Possessing free permeability to heat. DI-ATU'E.SiS, n. [Gr.] Particular disposition or habit of body, good or bad. Coze. FATE, FAR, F^LI*. WH^T. — MfiTE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. Die DI-AT'OM-OUS, o. [Gr. 6ia, through, and ri/ifw, to cleave.] In minrralogy^ a term applied to cr>'Stala with one distinct, diagunal cleavage. J\fohs. DI-A-TO.\'ie, a. [Gt. tiu, by or through, and to^os, Sound.] In masicy a term applied to the natural scalp, which, proceeding by degrees, includes both tones and seini- tonea. Bmndt. Dl-A-TO\'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a diatonic manner. WA-TRIBE, n. [Gr. ^larpUii}.-] A continued discourse or dieputation. Bailey. DI-AT'RIB-IST, 71. One who prolongs his discourse or discussion. Hammond. DI-A-ZEO'Tie, a. [Gr. Sni^^tvyvvfUy to disjoin.] A diazcutie tone, in ancient Greek music, disjoined two fourths, one on each side of it, and which, being joined to either, made a fifth. This is, in our music, from F to G. Edin. Encyc. Brande. DIB'BLE, 71. [Probably from the root of top, tip, a point, and denoting a little sharp point ; or allied to tfij7, tu thrust in.] A pointed instrument, used in gardening and ag- riculture, to make holes for planting seeds, i,c. DIB'OLC, V. t. To plant with a dibble ; or to make holes for planting seeds, &.C. DIB'nLE, c. t. To dibble or dip ; a term in angling. DiB'BLER, n. One who makes holes In the ground tcj receive seed, DIB'STCNE, X. A little stone which children throw at another stone. Locke. DI-eA'CtOUS,(de-ka'shns,)a. Talkative. Maunder. DI-eAC'I-TY, (de kas'e-te,) n. [L. dicaeilas.] Pertness. (Littie used.] Graves. DI'eAST, n. [Gr. ^ixar'Hi ^^^ta ^tirai^cu, to judge, from diKTiy justice.] In ancient Greece, an officer answering nearly to our jurjman. Miffvrd. DICE, 71 ; pL of Die ; also, a game with dice DICE, V. i. To play with dice. Skak. DICE'-BOX, n. A box from which dice are thrown in g-iming. Addison. DICE'-MaK-ER, n. A maker of dice, DI-CEPH'A-LOUS, a. [Gr. Jij, and wfliaXfj, head.] Hnving two heads on one body. Lindleij. DICER, n. A player at dice. DICII; a corruption for d« it; as, "much good dich thy heart." Shak. DT eilAST'A-SIS, n, [See Dichaitic] Sponlane- OU.S subdivision. Dana. Dl CHAS T'le, a. [Gr. (Jixajf.i, to subdivide sponta- neously.] Capable of subdividing spontaneously. Dana. DI-C!fLAM-YD'E-OUS, a. [Gr. Jij, and x>tt//v(, a garment.] In botanyj having two coverings, a calyx and a corol. Lindley. DI-CHOT'O-MIZE, (dl-kot'o-mize,) r. L [See the next word.] To cut into two parts ; to divide into pairs, DI-€HOT'0-M0US. a. [Gr. (Jixa, doubly, by pairs, and T€ftiK2}f to cut.] In botunift regularly dividing by pairs, from top to bottom ; as, a dicKotomous stf^ra. Martyn. DI-eHOT'O-MOL'S-eOR'YMU-irD, ( dT-kot'o-mus- kor'imd,] a. Composed of corymbs, in which the pedicles divide and subdivide by pairs. Martyn. Dl-CHOT'O-MOfS-LY, adv. In a dichotomous man- ner, DI-€HOT'0-MY, (dl-kot'o-me,) 7i. [Gr. (Jixoro/iia, r divlition into two parts j f)i\n and rf^it.), to cut.] I. Division or distribution of things by pairs. \Lit- tie used.] WaiU. 2- In a.itronomy. that phase of the moon in which it appears biscctea, or shows only half its di»k, as at the quadratures. Encyc-, WCIIRO-ISM, 71. [Gr. (^(S, twice, and xpoa, color.] The property observed in some crystals of present- ing different colors when viewed in two different directions. Dana. DI'dlRO-ITE. Pee Iolite. DI eHRO-MAT'ie,a. [Gr. ^if and x/iu/ia.] Having or prcducing two colors. QilberU DICING, 7». The practice of playing at dice. Rich. Diet. DICING-HOUSE, n. A house where dice is played j a gaming-house. {LitUe iised,] DIC'K'ENS ; a vulgar exclamation in old writers for the ArviX. Skak. DICK'ER, rt. [Probably from Gr. icKa^ ten, W. deg, L. decern.] In old authors, the number or quantity of ten, par- ticularly ten hiden or skins ; but applied to other things, us a dicker of gloves, ^c. [/ believe not used in Amrriea.] DICK"Y,n. Aseat bchinda carriage, for servant'', &,c. a. A sham bosom of a shirt. Orovr, DICL1-\.\TE, a. [Gr, ciij, twofuld, and kXivm^ to incline.j In mineralory, an epithet applied to crystals, in which tivo of^tlie axes are obliquely inclined, as in the oblique rectangular pri;dm. Dana. DI-GOCeOUS, 0. [Gr. in and kokkou L- coccus, a grain.] DID Two-grained ; consisting of two cohering grains or cells, with one seed in each ; as, a dicoccous ca{>- BUle. Martyiu DX-eO-TYL-£'DON, n. [Gr. Jij, twice, and iforvA'idwf, a cavity.] A plam whose seeds divide into two lobes in ger- minating. AlarJyn. DI-eO-TYL-FyDON-OUS, a. Having two lobes. A dicotyledonous plant is one whose seeds have two lobes, and consequently rise with two seminal leaves. DICRO-TOS, 71. [Gr. ^n and kootos.] [MUne. A double or rebounding pulse. Die'TATE, V. L [L. dicto, from dico, to speak ; Sp. dietar; It. dettare; Fr. dieter; It. deachtaim. Class 1. To tell with authority ; to deliver, as an order, command, or direction ; as, what God has dictated, it Is our duly to believe. 2. To order or instruct what is to be said or writ- ten ; as, a general dictates orders to his troops, 3. To suggest; to admonish ; to direct by impulse on the mind. We say, the Spirit of God dictated the messages of the prophets to Israel ; conscience often dictates to men the rules by which they are to govern their conduct. DICTATE, 71. An order delivered : a command. 2. A rule, maxim, or precept, aelivered with au- thority. I en;dil what the Grecian dUtaat taj. Prior. 3. Suggestion ; nile or direction suggested to tlie mind ; as, the dictates of reason or conscience. Dl€'TA-TED,pp. Delivered with authority ; ordered; directed ; suggested. DICTA-TING" ppr. Uttering or delivering with au- thority ; instructing what to say or write ; ordering ; 8ug[;esting to the mind. Dl€-TA'TION, n. The act of dictating; the act or practice of prescribing. It adunii KCuritr agUDst the didaHon at tawv. Paley. Die-TA'TOR, n. [L.1 One who dictates ; one who prescribes rules and maxims for the direction of otjiers. 2. One invested with absolute authority. In an- cient Rome, a magistrate, created in times of exigence and distress, and invested with unlimited power. He remained in othcc six months. Die-TA-TO'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a dictator; ab- solute; unlimited; uncontrollable. 3. Imperious ; doginatical ; overbearing ; as, the officer assumed a dictatorial tone. Die-TA-TO'RI-AL-LY, adv. In an imperious, dog- matical manner. Die-TA'TOIt-SIIIP, Ti. The office of a dictator ; the term of a dictator's office. 2. .Authority; imperionsness ; dogmatism. Drtfden, DICTA-TO RY,a. Overbearing; dogmatical, Mdton. Die-TA'TRIX, n. [L.] A female who dictates or commands. DICTA-TURE, 71. The office of a dictator; dicta- torship. 2. Absolute authority ; the power that dictates. Tvoke. DICTION, (dik'shun,) n. [L. dictio, from dico, to speak. Class Dg.l Expression of ideas by words; style; manner of expre*ision. Dryden. Die'TION-A-RY, 71. [Ft. dietionnaire ; It. diiionario ; Sp. diccionario ; from I^ dictio, a word, or a speaking.] A book containing the words of a language, ar- ranged in alphabetical order, with explanations* of their meanings ; a lexicon. Johnson. DICTUM, 71.; pi. Dicta. [L.] An authoritative saying or assertion. DID, preL of Do, contracted from doeil. I did, thou didst, he did ; we did, you or ye did, they did. The proper slgniHcation is, made, executed, per- formed ; but It is used, also, to express the state of health. Am) MonleciU wnlk'il evrry lUy before the court of llie women'* Itotuc, U> kuuw ln>w >UU)cr(/id. — EiUi. ii. Did is m>ed as the sign of the past tense of verbs, particularly in interrogative and negative sentences; as, did he command vou to go? He did not command mi^ It is also used to express emphasis ; as, I did love him beyond measure. DI-DACTie, ; a. [Gr. rlMa-cruflf, from SidarrKoi. DI-l)ACTie-AL, i to teach.] Adapted to teach ; preceptive ; containing doc- trines, precepts, principles, or rules ; intended to instnict ; at, a didactic poem or essay. DI-DACTie-AL-LY, adv. In a didactic manner ; in a form to teach. DI-DACTYL, n. An animal having two toes. DI-DACTYL-OUS, a. [Gr. oi, 6ii, and &r lost is not ob- vious. Tlie woTii dye, to tinge, is contracted from Dg, and the Anibic root signifies not only to tinge^ but to perish; which circumstance would lead one to infer that they are radically one word, and that the primary sense is, to plunge, fall, or sink. The Saxon deadian is evidently a derivative of Uie participle rfeod. See Dye.] 1. To be deprived of respiratitm, of the circulation of blood, and other bodily funciitms, and rendered incapable of resuscitation, as animals, either by nat- ural decay, by disease, or by vioti^nce ; to cease to live ; to expire ; to decease ; to perish ; and, with respect to man, to depart from this world. This word is followed by vf or by. Men die qfdis- ease; of a fever; vf sickness; of a fall; of grief. They die by the sword ; by famine ; by [lestilence ; fry violence; by sickness; frt/ disease. In some cases, custom has established the use of the one, to the ex- clusion of the other; but, in many cases, either by or of may be used at the pleasure of the writer or speak- er. Tlie use of for, he died for thirst, is not elegant nor common. 9. To be punished with death ; to lose life for a crime, or for the sake of anotiier. I will relievo ray master, if I die for it. 3. To come to an end i to cease ; to be lost ; to per- ish or come to nothing ; as, let the secret die in your own breast. 4. To sink ; to faint. UU heart tU*d within him, and he became m a. atone. — 1 Snm. XXV. 5. To languish with pleasure or tenderness ; fol- lowed by aieay. ToMuiidi of hf-nvi-nly Imrp sho dit» aioay. Pop*. G. To languish will) affection. The young men acknowledged Uwl Uiey disd Tot Rcbeccn. TaHtr. 7. To recede, as sound, and become less distinct ; to become less and less; or to vanish from the sight, or disappear gradually. Sound or color dies away, 8. To lose vegetable life ; lo wither ; to )>crish ; as plants or seeds. Plants die for want of water; some plants die annually. 9. To become vapid or spiritless, as liquors ; mostly used in the participle ; as, the cider or beer is dead. 10. In Uicology, to perish everiastingly ; to suffi;r divine wralli and punifilMiient in the future world. 11. To become iadifrerent to, or to cease lo be un- der the power of; as, to die to sin. 12. To endure great danger and distress. I die dnily. — 1 Cor. xv. To die away; to decrease gradually; to cease to blow ; as, the wind dies away. DIE, 71. ; pi. Dice. [Fr. di ; It, dado f Rp. and Port. id. / Arm. di^i; Ir. diste.] 1, A small cube, marked on Its faces with numbers from one to six, used in gaming, by being thrown from a box. Ufl ventureU hia nil on th^ c.wt of & dU. Q. Any cubic body ; a Hat tablet. Watls. 3. In architecture, the cubical part of the pedestal, betwi!en its base and cornice A. Hazard ; chance. Such U thp :f U of var. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, Vr'CIOUS € as K; aa J ; « as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in TIHS. DIF DTE, n. ; f'^ Dik». A stamp used in coming money, In ftwindrri**-*, itc DI-fi'CIAN and DI E'CIOUS. See Diceciak and DitEcioi's. DI'ER. SeeDTKB. DT-ER'E-SIS, *. See PiiiREstB. DI'E-SI3, «. rt!r. Strati, a division.] In music, tiie division of a lone, Vss than a semi- tone ; or an interval consisting of n less or imperfect semitone, Encye. DT'ES .VO.V, [L. rfiM mm JKrirfint*.] A day on which CTOirts are not held, as the Sabbath, &c. t^oofPs tn^t. DI'ET, n. [L. diitta; Gr. fiai-a^ manner of livinsr, mode of lire prescribed by a physiciim, fiKuI, a room, pcirtor, or bedroom ; Sp. dieta : Fr. dieL' : It. Jirta. Tn the middle ajres, this word was used to denote the provision or flxtd for one day, and for a journey of one dav. Sprlman^ Hence it seems to be fwm */«*, day, or its root ; and hence the word may have come to dienify a meal or supper, and the room occupied for eating.] I. Food or victuals ; as, milk is a wholesome diet; flesh is a nourtshins diet. ?. Food rfjulated by a physician, or by medical m!(^ ; food prescribed for the prevention or cure of disinse, and liinitr'd in kind or quantity. I restrainod myst'lf to a regular duC of rtesh once a day. 3. Allowance of provision. For Wa Ai^t Utfn ww • oonifatuai dirt gtren fahn fagr the Idiif . — Jcr. U. 4. Board, or boarding ; as, to pay & certain sam for dift, washins, and lodging. DI'ET, n. [D. rytu^dag: O. reichxta^; Sw. riksdajf ; Dan. rigsaa^i empire's day, imperial diet. These words prove that diH is from dUs, day. So in Scots lliw, 4w< of ap|u>amnce.l Ann-"-"''- •" •' ,-.»..-, or circles of the empire of G*r, a ronvention c»l' princes, elector- ' iries, and represeiiuitivea of frur ciix -, •>' v.- .... w... t*u the afairs of the em- pire. There are also diets of states and cantons ' Eitcye. DI'ET, V. L To ^■'-' '" '>'^rd ; to ftimtsh providiuns for ; as, the i:: - :ippn^ntic«. 2. To lake [ rcscribt.-d ; as, an invalid should careful! . i'. 3. To feed ; io lurui»ii aliment ; as, to die-t re- vcnfe. Shak. DI'ET, r. u To eat according to rules prescribed. 3. To eat sparingly. Siuik, 3. To eat j to feed ; as, the students diet in com- mons. DI'ET-A-RY, «. Rule of diet ; allowance of food, es- pecially for the poor in alms-bouses and prisons. Brtmde. DrET-A-RY, a. Pertaining to diet or the rules of diet. DT'ET-T>RTXK, «. Medicated lienors ; drink pnrpared with mi-dicinal ingrr>dients. DT'ET-ED, pp. Fed i boarded ; fed by prescribed nilcs. DI'ET-ER, «. One who diets; one who prescribes niles for e.ating ; one who prepares food by rules. DI-E-TET'ieVAL, 1 **• ^Gr. Siairnr.Kv] Pertaining to diet, or to the rules for regulating the kind and quantity of food to be eaten. DI-E-TET'ies, n. That part of medicme which re- lates to diet or food. DI'ET4\E, n. A subordinate or local diet; a cantonal convent ioQ. DI'ET-ING, ppr. Taking food ; prescribing rules for eating ; taking food according to prescril)ea rules. DIEa ET .VO.V DROIT, (de-a'a-mon-drwii,) [Fr.] God and my risht. DIF-FAR-RE-A'T!0\, n. [K dis and farreatio,] The parting of a cake ; a ceremony among the Ro- mans, at the divorce of man and wife. Eucyc, DrF'FER, r. i, [I* difrro, dis and /ere, to bear or move apart : It. dijrrirt : *Fr. diffrrer. See Bkab.] 1. Litfrally-, to be sepnrute. Hence, to be unlike, dissimilar, distinct, or various, in natiire, condition, form, or qualities ; followed by /row. Men differ from brutes ; a statue di^lirsjrom a picture ; wisdom diners frvm folly. One MAT ijE^ereA froni aaofber •(»■ in ^arj. — 1 Cor. xr. 2. To disagree ; not to accord ; to be of a contrary (pinion. We are all free to differ in opinion, and sometimes our sentiments diff^i- less than we at first suppose. 3. To contend ; to be at variance ; ^o strive or de- bate in words ; to dispute ; to quarrel. We';i ni?T*r differ wrJi i croir.led pit. Roare, DIF'FER, r. U To cause to be different or various. A different dialect and pronunciation differs persons of divers countries. lierham, [ This transitive Use qf the verb is not common^ turr to be commetflf'I.] DIF'FER-£D, pp. Made different ; disagreed. DIF'FER-EXCE, n. The state of being unlike or dis- lin£t; distinction ; disagreement ; want of sameness; variation ; dissimilarity. Diffrrence may be total or partial, and exist in the nature and essence of things, m the form, the qualities, or degrees. _There is a d\f- DIF ference in nature Initween animals and plants ; a dif- ference in form between the gLmera and si>ecie8 of animals ; a diffrrence tif quality in i»aper ; and a dif- ference in degrees of heat, or of light. 2. The quality which distinguishes one thing from another. 3. Dispute J debate ; contention ; quarrel ; contro- versy. What wai the d^ffertnet 7 It was k oontrnlion iu puUic. ShaJc. 4. The point in dispute ; ground of controversy. 5. A logical distinction. [Skak G. Evidences or marks of distinction. The m^irks and cSffertncea of »oyortignty. Daviet. 7. Distinction. Thcrr b no ^ff^rtnet bet w e en tha Jew %tiA tho Orock. — Rom. X. 8. In mathfmaticji, the remainder of a sum or quan- tity, after a lesser sum or quantity is subtracted. 9. In //>^i>, an essrnti.il attribute, beloncing to some species, and not found in the genus ; being the idea that defines the sprcies. F.ncyc. 10. In hrrahlrti. a certain figure added to a coat of arms, ser^'ing to ui^'tinRuish one family from another, or to show how distant a younger branch is from the elder or principal branch. DIF'FER-E.VCE, v. L To cause a difference or dis- tinction. A regular administration of justice accord- ing to fixed laws, differences a civilized from a savage state. DIF'FER-E\C-KD, (dif 'fer-enst,) pp. Caused to dif- fer ; sf porated. DIF'FER-E.NC-ING, ppr. Causing a difference ; mak- iiie differt-nl. DIF'FER-E\T, a. Distinct ; separate ; not the same ; as, we belong to different churches or nations. 9. Various or contrary ; of various or contrary na- tures, forms, or qualities; unlike; dissimilar; as, different kinds of fak. DIF-FCS'ED-LY, (dif-fuz'ed-Iy,) adv. In a diffused manner; with wide dispersion. DIF-FrS'ED-NESS, (dif-fiiz'cd-ness,) n. The state of bring widely spread. Sherwood. DIF-FUSE'LV, adv. Widely ; extensively. 2. Copiously ; with many words ; fully. DIF-FCS'ER, n. One who diffuses. DIF-FP-SI-BIL'I-TY, (dif-fa-zpbil'i-ty,) n. The qual- ity of being diffusible, or capable of being spread ; as, the diff'unhility of clay in water. Kirwaiu DIF-Fu^SI-BLE, (dif fu'ze-ble,) a. That may flow or be spread in all directions ; that may be dispersed ; as. difftisible. stimuli. Brown. DIF-FtJ'stl-BLE-NESS, n. Difl^isibility. DlF-FuS'I.\G, ppr. Spreading; extending. DIF-FC'SION, (dif-fu'zhun,) n, A spreading or flow- ing of a liquid substance or fluid, in a lateral as wtrll as a lineal direction ; as, the diffusion of water ; the diffusion of air or light. 2. A spreading or scattering; dispersion; as, a diffusion of dust or of seeds. 3. A spreading; extension; propagation; as, the diffusiim of knowledge, or of good principles. Fate, far, fall, what.— MeTE, PREY. — fine, MARINE, BIRD. — NfiTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.- DIG 4. Cupiou&aesa, exuberance, aa of style. ILittle nstd.] DIF-FO'SIVE, a. Having the qnality of difTusing, or spreading by flowing, as liquid ;iiibstancea or fluids ; or of dispersing, as niinuto particles. Water, air, and ligiit, duat, smoke, and odors, are diffusive suLh stances. 2. Extended ; spread widHy ; extending in all di- rections i extensive ; as, di^^ire charity or benevo- lence. DIF-FO'SIVE-LY, adv Widely ; extensively j every way. DIF-FC'SIVE-NESS, n. The power of diffusing, or state of being diffused ; dispersion. 2. Extension, or extcnsiveness \ as, the diffusive- ness of benevolence. 3. The quality or state of being diffuse, as, an au- thor or his style ; verboscness j copiousness of words or expression. Addison, DIG, P. L pret. Digged or Duo; pp. Digged or Duo. [Sw. dika ; Dan. diger, to dig, to ditch ; Sw. d^tc, a ditch, Dan. dige t D. dyk^ a dykt ; G. deichj Sax. die, id. ; Sax. didan. to ditch ; Elh. X(Vii dachl Class Dg, No. 14. The Irij^h tochlaim, tachlaim, to dig, may be from the same root.] 1. To open and break, or turn up the earth, with a spade or other sharp instrument. Be &r« U) dif Uie gutund. Diydtn. 3. To excavate ; to form an openinK in the earth by digging and removing the loose earth ; as, to dig a welt, a pit, or a mine. 3. To pierce or o|)en with a snout or by other means, a? swine or moles. 4. To pierce with a pointed instrument j to thrust in. Still Pjf the jTiiwiiig liver liigged h'n bp.-uL Dryden. To dig dtrvn, is to undennine and cause to faJt by digging i as, to di^ down a wall. To div oui, or ta dig from, is to obtain by digging ; a-s, to dig coals from a mine ; to dig out fossils. But the preposititm is oflen omitted, and it is said, the men are digging couls, or digging iron ore. In such phrases, some word is undersujod : Tlu-y are digging out ore, or (iiffffi/^g /*"" coals, or digging ore from the earth. To dig vp, is lo obtain something from the earth by opening it, or uncovering the thing witJi a tiipade ur other instrument, or to forcti out from the earth by a bar ; as, to dig up a stnnc. DIG, r. i. To work with a spade or other piercing in- strument ; to do servile work, t fcui not dig ; 1 »io MhnmevI to ifg. — Luke xrL 2 To work in search of; to search. They dig for it more duin for hid tremurCT. — Job ui. To dig in, is to pierce with a spade or other pointed instrument. Son of man, dig now in (lie wall. — T.vtk. »»!. To dig through ; to ojwn a passage through ; lo make nn opening from one "ide id the other. DI-GAM'.MA, n. [Gr. a^np, belly.] ll:ivin^ a double belly j an epithet given to a mus- cle of thr- lower iaw. Bailey, DIG'ER-ENT, a. [h. digereHS.] Digeaiing. [A*rt( tn ».■*«.] Dt'OE-^JT, n. [L. digfMu^, put in order.] I. A coilection or body «f Roman laws, digested or arranged under proper titles by order of the emperor Justinian. A pandect. 3. Any coHertion, compilation, abridgment, or nimmary of laws, disjtoscd under proper heads or litl»»8 ; OB, the Digrsl of Comyn. DI-6E.^T', V. U [L. digfstum, from digrro, to distrib- iite, or to di«s(dve ; rfi, or t/u, and gero, to hear, carry, or Wear ; Fr. digerrr ; It. digerire ; Sp. digerir.l 1. To distribute into suitable climsc!*, or under proper hoad» or titles ; to arrange in convenient or- der , to dispose in due method j as, to digest the Ro- man laws or the common law. 2. To arrange methodically in the mind ; to form with due arrangement of parts ; as, to digest a plan or scheme. 3. To separate or dissolve in the stomach, as food : to reduce to minute parts fit to enter the lacteala and circulate } to concoct ; to convert into chyme. Coze. Koeyc* 4. In ehemistry. to noften and prepare by heat ; to expose to a gentle hent in a boiler or matratts, as a preparation for chemical o[)erations. Ji. To bear with pali'^ncej to brook; to receive without resentment; not to reject; as, say what you will, he will digest it. Shak. 6. To prepare in the mind ; to dispose in a manner that shall improve the understanding and heart; to DIG prepare for nourishing practical duties ; as, to digtst a discourse or sermon. 7. To dispose an ulcer or wound to suppurate. 8. To di.-4solve and prepare fur manure, as plants and other substances. DI-45EST', p. i. To be prepared by heat. 2. To suppurate ; to generate laudable pus \ as an ulcer or wound. 3. To dissolve and be prepared for manure, as sub- stances in composL DI-GEST'ED, pp. or a. Reduced to method ; arranged in due order ; concocted or prepared in the stomach or by a gentle heat ; received without rejection ; borne ; disposed for use. DI-GEST'EI)-LY, fulo. In a well arranged manner. DI-GEST'ER, n. He that digests or disposes in order. 9. One who digests his food. 3. A medicine or article of food that aids diges- tion, or strengthens the digestive power of the stom- ach. 4. A strong vessel, contrived by Papin,in which to buil bony substances with a strong heat, and reduce them to a tluid state ; or, in general, to increase the solvent power of water. DI-GE.sr-I-RIL'I-TY, n. The quality of being di- gestible. DI-GRyT'I-HLE, a. Capable of being digested. Bacon. DI-GEST'ING, ppr. Arranging in due order, or imder proper heads ; dissolving and preparing for circula- tion in the stomach ; softening and preparing by heat; disposing for practice; disposing to generate pus; brn4iki[ig; reducing by heat to a fluid state. Dl-GES'TIO.\, (de-jcst'yun,) n. [L. digestia.] 1. The conversion of food into chyme, or the pro- cess of decomposing aliment in the stomach and re- composing it in a new form, and thus prefiaring it for circulation and nourishment. A good digestion is e!»entinl to health. 2. In chemistry, the operation of exiKxsing bodies to a gentle heat, to prepare them for some action on each other; or tlie slow action of a solvent on any substance. 3. The act of methodizing and reducing to order; the maturing of a design. Trmple. 4. The pror^'ss of maturing an ulcer or wound, and disposing it to generate pus ; or the generation of matter. 5. The process of dissolution and preparation of substances for manure, as in compost. DI-is«olving. DI-6EST'IVE, iu In ?n«/j>me, any preparation or med- icine which increases the tone of the stomach, and aids digestion ; a stomachic ; a corroborant. 2. In surgtrit, an application which ripens an ul- cer or wound, or disi>ose8 it to suppurate. Digestirr salt, the muriate of potash. ni-GE.'*TMJRE, n. Concoction; digestion. [iZore.] DIG'GA-HLE, o. That may be digged. DIG'G/.'D, (digd,)pr?(. and pp. of Dio. DIG'GER, «. One who digs ; one who opens, throws up, and breaks the earth ; one who opens a well, pit, trench, or ditch. DIG'GIXG, ppr. Opening or turning the earth with a spade. DIGH'r,(dite,)o, (. [Sas.tfaAt, disposition, order, com- mand ; dihtan, to set, establish, prepart% instruct, dictate. This seems to be from the same source as the L. dieo, dicto.'] To prepare; to put In order: hence, to dress, or put on ; to array; to adorn. [Ot/solete, or uj*ed only in poetry. MiUotu DIG'IT, n, [L. digttusj a finger, that is, a shoot ; Gr. 6aKTvXof.] 1. The measure of a finger's breadth, or three fourtti4 of an inch. BoyU. 2. Tlie twelfth part of the diameter of the sun or moon ; a term used to express the ipiantity of an eclipse ; as, an eclipse of six digits is one whidi hides one half of the disk. 3. In arithmrtic, any integer under 10; so called from counting on the fingers. Thus, 1, ^ 3, 4, 5 6, 7. 8, 9, are called digits. DIGTI'-AL, o. [L. diiritatis.] Pertaining to the fingers, or to diuits. DlG-I-'i'A'LI-A, iju A supjjosed alkaloid obtained DI-GI-TA'LINE, ] from the foxglove or Digitalis purpurr.a. It has not been obtained in a perfectly pure DIG l-TA'LIfl, n. [I^ (/iffiViM, a finger.] [state. The plant zixWca fozglove ; the name of a genus of plants. DIG'IT-ATE, r. (. To pt)int out as with the finger. DIG'IT-A'J'E, la. In botany, a digitate leaf is one DIG'IT-;\-TED, I which branches into several dis- tinct lealleLs, like fingers ; or when a simple, undi- vided petiole connects several leaflets at the end of it. MartMn. DIG'IT-ATR-LY, adv. In a digitate manner DIG DIG IT-A'TION, tt. [L.] A division into flnger-Iike processes. OUberL DIG'IT-I-GRADE, n. [L. digitus, a finger or toe, and gradior, to walk.] An animal that walks or steps on his toes, as the lion, wolf, &c. BcU, DIG'IT-I-GRADE, a. Walking on the toes, as the cat and dog. DI-GLA'DI-ATE, v. t. [L. digtadior.] To fence ; to quarrel. [Little used.] DI-GLa-DI-A'TION, n. A combat with swords ; a quarrel. B. Joni^on. DI'GLYPH, n. [Gr. ^is, twice, and jXu^ot, to carve.] In archttettare,^ projecting face having two panels or channels sunk in. The triglyph has three. Owilt. DIGNI-FI-CA'TION, ju [See DioNtrT.] The act of dignif\ ing; exaltation; promotion. H'altoiu DIG'NI-FI-£D, rdig'ni-nde.)pp. [See Diosift.] Ex- alted ; honorea ; invested with dignity ; as, the dig- nified clergy. 2. a. Marked with dignity; noble; as, dignified conduct or manner. To ibe great Minnuhment of tbe J<.>wa, Ibe nwinn^ra of]oan% an rjniili.ir, yet dignijicd. Bticktninaier. DIG'NI-F?, V. t. [Sp, dignificar t L. digjius, worthy, and facio, to make.] 1. To invest with honor or dignity ; to exalt in rank ; to promote ; to elevate to a high ortice. 2. To honor ; to make illustriuus ; to distinguish by some excellence, or that which gives celebrity. Your worth will dignify our fcnsi. B. Jonton, DIG'Nl-TA-RY, n. An ecclesiastic who holds a dig- nity, or a benefice which gives him some pre-emi- nence over mere priests and canons, as a bishop, dean, archdeacon, prebendary, A-C. Encye. Swift. DIG'NI-TY, n. [L. dignitas, from dignus, worthy ; Sp. digno ; It. degrto ; Fr. digue; Arm. dign or din. Qu. its relation to Sax. dugan,to be good, lo avail, to be worth, to be profitable. It is probable that g and n are not both radical, but it is uncurtitin which.] 1. True honor ; nobleness or elevation of mind, consisting in a high sense of propriety, truth, and justice, with an abhorrence of mean and sinful ac- tions ; opiKised to meanness. In this sense, we speak of the dignity of mind, and dignity of sentiments, 'i'his dignity is based on moral rectitude; all vice is incompatible with true rff™Ti''y of mind. The man who deliberately injures another, whether male or female, has no true dignity of soul. 2. Elevation ; honorable place or rank of eleva- tion ; degree of excellence, either in estimation, or in the order of nature. Man is superior in dignity to brutes. 3. Elevation of aspect ; grandeur of mien ; as, a man of native dignity. 4. Elevation of deportment ; as, dignity of man- ners or behavior. 5. An elevated oflice, civil or ecclesiastical, giving a high rank in society; advancement ; preferment, or the rank attached to it. We say, a man enjoys his dignity with moderation, or without haughtiness. Among ecclesiastics, dipiity is oflice or preferment joined with power or jurisdiction. Bailey. Johnson. 6. The rank or title of a nobleman. Knryc. 7. In oratory, one of the three parts of elocution, consisting in the right use of tropes and figures. Kncyr. 8. In astrology, an advantage which a planet has on account of its being in some particular place of the zodiac, or in a particular station in respect to other planets. Badnj. 9. A general maxim or principle. [Mot Msed.\ Brown. DIG-NO'TION, n. [L. dignoseo.] Distinguishing mark ; distinction. [JVof in use..'] Briiwm. DIG'0-NOUS, a. [Gr. in and you-ia, an angle ] In botany, having two angles, as a stem Lee. DI'GRAPH, (dl'graf,) n. [Gr. in and ypaipoi, to write.] A union of two vowels, of which one only fs pro- nounced, as in heady breath, Sheridan. Dl-GKESfc^', V. i. [ Ij. digrfsfus, digredior ; di, or dis, and grodior, to sti'p. See Grauk.] J. Literally, to step or go from the way or road ; hence, to depart or wander from the main subject, design, or tenor of a discourse, argument, ur narra- tion ; used^nly of spr.aking or writing. In the piiratiil of itn arpimcnt ihcw It hardly room lo digreat into a pnrltciilnr cTliiittioii, »a oflvn lu a man vftri<-s Die nielli ficatioi) of ooj t«rm. Locke. 9. To go out of the right way or common track ; to deviate ; in a literal sense. [jVtiC nuic in ii^r.] .Shak. DI-GRESS'ING, ppr. Departing from the main sub- ject Dl-GRES'SION, fde-gresh'un,) ». [I., digressio.] 1. The act of digressing; a departure from the main subject under consideration; an excursion of speech or writing. 2. The part or passage of a disci)urse, argument, or TONE, BJJf'L, UNITE. — AN"GEa, VI"CIOUS.— € an K; O as J ; a as Z ; OH as SH ; TH as in THIS. 333 DIL pamtinn, which deviates fVom the main suhjpct, teutir, or (]i.:^igti, but wtuch uiay have some relation to it, or be of u.r«*- sion of the sun i^ iioC equal. [Litile u^fd.) Bri'tcn. DI-GRES'SION-AL, o. IVrtainiiiB to or consisting; in digression ; departing from the nutin purpose or sub- jecl. }f'artoH. jlitams^ LeeL DI-GRESf:'lVE, a. Departiitg frum the main sub- ject } partaltiug of the nature of digression. J. Q. Jidnm*. DI-GRESS'IVE-LY, adc, Py way of digression. l)I-GYN'i-A, It. [Or. r.(, twue, and } vrtr, a female.] Id buanyy an order oi plants having two styles. Dl^YN-O^s/l •• In »<»to«lf. having two styles. DI-He'DRAL, d. [Gr. itiy twice, and kipa. b seat or face.] Havine two sides, as a figure. Dt-H£'DRON\ n. [Etuprx] A ttgitre with two itdei orsmiaces. DI-HfiX-A-Ue^DRAL, s. [di and krxaXeJml] In enftUXUfTttfkn^ having the form of a hexnnedral pnsm with criMdral summits. CUmManA. 0X-T-AM'BU8. a. In pr^odf^ a double iambos ; a foot coasntinc m two iambiwes. DI-JC'DieATE, e. t, fL. dijudka.] To Judee or detenaine by censure. Halet, DI-JC'Dl-€A-TED, jrp. Judged or detenntned by censure. DWC'DI-€A-TIXG, ppr. Judging or determining by censure. DIJO-DI-€A'T10X, m. A judging between ; judicial distinction. DIKE, s. [Sax. die ; Sw. Me : Dnn. di^e ; D. dyk ; G. dekki Ij^dMgi SetiL dikA, difk i h\.,digit4; Sp.d*qu£; from if^nv. (See Dig.) It is nufically tbe same word as diuk^ and this is its prinmry sense ; but by an easv transition, it came to signify also the bank formed by digging and lliruwing up earth. In- trejukmumt is sometimes used both for a ditch and a nunpwL] 1. A ditch ; an excavation made in tbe earth by diSSing, of greater length than breadth, intended as ft reseni'oir of water, a dr«in, or for other purpose. Z>rydm. Pope. 3. A mound of earth, of stones, or of <I-A'TIOX, «. A tearing in pieces. DI-LAP'I-DATE, r. i. [L. ddapidc; di and lapido, to stone, from lapis, a stone. It seems originally to have signified to pull down stone-work, or to eulfer such work to fall to pieces.] To go to ruin ; lo fall by decay. DI-LAP'I-DATE, r. L To pull down ; to waste or de- stroy ; to sufier to go to ruiu. IT Ifae fci^ cp, puioa, or rfear. ftc, £ktpiAugt the bufldings, or cak m m u the linter of the purfmoaj' o( the ehunh. BtaektUme. 2. To waste ; to squander. DI-L.\P'I-DA-TED,;»p.oro. Wasted; ruined; pulled down : suffered to go to ruin. DI-LAP'I-DA-TIXG, ppr. Wasting; piUling down; suift-ring to go to ruin. DI-L.\P-I-DA'"TIOX, n. Ecclesiastical waste ; a vol- untary wasting or suffering to go to decay any build- ing in posBCsaton of an incumbent. Dilapidation is tw^Rtory, or active, when an incumbent pulls down a building ; permistwe, or passive, when he suffers it to decay and neglects to repair it. Dilapidation ex- tends to the waste or destruction of wood, and other property of the church. BlacksUnu. 2. Destruction ; demolition ; decay ; ruin. BrfonL 3. Peciilation. Stepktnt. DI-LAP'I-DA-TOR, a. One who causes dilapidation. DI-LA-TABIL'r-TV,ii. [See Dilate.] The quality DIL of admitting expansion by the elastic force of the body iisflf, or of another elastic substance acting u|H»n it ; opposed to contractibility. DI-LAT'.\-BLE, a. Capable of expansion ; possessing elasticity ; clastic. A bljidder is dilatable by the force of air ; air is dilatable by heat. It is opposed to eoHtmetihle. DIL-A-TA'TION, K. Tbe act of exixinding ; expan- sion ; a spreading or extending in all directions ; the stale of being expanded ; opiKwed to contractwn. Dilatation differs from extension, as the tatter is ap- plied lo lines and surfaces ; the former to bodies that spread, open, or enlarge in all directions. A line or a plain is extended ; a bladder, an artery, a balloon, ta dilated. 2. The expanding of a body into greater bulk by its own elastic power. DI-LATE' r. (. [L. dilatP ; di and lahi,t, wide; Fr. dtlater ; It. dilatare ; Pp. dilatar. See Delay.] 1. To expand ; to distend ; to enlarge or extend in all directions ; opposed to eontrart. The air dilaU^ the lungs ; air is dilated by rarefaction. 2. To enlarge ; to relate at large ; to tell copiously or diffusely ; as, to dilate upon the policy of a meas- ure. In this sense, it is generally used intransitively. Spenst-r and Shak^[ieare have used it in a transitive sense ; as, to dilate a theme. DI-LATE', r. i. To widen ; lo expand; to swell or extend in all directions. UiM bc«n i&iiiits :ui\\ florin tn hit ttrrngth. Aii^imin. 2. To speak largt-ly and copiously ; to dwell on in narration. An advocate may weaken his argument by dUatinff on trivial circumstances. DI-LATE', o. Expinded ; expansive. DI-LAT'ED, pp. or a. Expanded ; distended ; enlarged 8t> as to occupy a greater space. DI-LAT'ER, n. Uiie who enlarges; that which ex- pands. Dl-LAT'IXG, ;>pr. Expanding; enlarging; speaking DI-LA'TION, n. Delay, [largely. DI-LAT'OR, n. That which widens or expands; a muscle that dilates. DIL'.VTO-RI-LY, adp. With delav ; tardily. DIL'A-TO-RI-XESS, n. [from dUa'tory.] The quality of being dilatory or late ; lateness ; slowness in mo- tion ; delay in proceeding; tardiness, DIL'A-TORY, a. [Fr. dtlatvire ; ll. dilatorio ; Low I*, dilatoriuj^ from dtffero^ dHatits. See Delay and Dilate.] 1. Liierall^y drawing out or extending in time : hence, slow ; late ; lardy ; applied to things} as, dila- tdrry Councils or measures. % Given to procrastination ; not proceeding with diligence ; making dflay ; ulow ; late ; applied to per- sons; as, a dilatory messenger. A man is dilatjtry when be delays attendance, or performance of busi- ness, beyond the pro[>er time. 3. In iaWf intended to make delay ; tending to det:iy ; as, a dilaiorp )tlea, which is designed, or which tendf:, to delay, the trial of a cause. Blackstone. DI-LEC'TION, n. [L. diUciio.] A loving. Martin. DI-LEM'MA, B. [Gr. J(>i;//(ia, a syllogism which strikes on each side ; ctt and Xr/iiiia, an assumption, from A iftjivdif to take.] 1. In toffic^ an argument which presents an antag- onist with two or more alternatives, but is equally conclusive against him, whichever alternative he chooses. A young rhetorician said to an old sophist, ** Instruct me in pleading, and I will pay you wlien I gain a cause." The master sued for the reward, and the scholar endeavored to elude the claim by a dilemma. " If I gain my cause, I shall withhold your pay, because the award of the Judge will be against you. If I lose it, I may withhold it, because I shall not yet have gained a cause.** The master replied, "If you gain your cause, you must pay me, because you are to pay me when you gain a cause ; if you lose it, you must pay me, because the judge will award it.*' Johiuton. 2. A difficult or doubtful choice ; a state of things in which evils or obstacles present themselves on ev- er)' side, and it is difficult to detencine what course to pursue. A »tn>ng dilemma in a despenite case I To net wUh intiun;, or quit Uie place. Sunjt, D/Zi-Er-TWJVn:, (dil-et-tan'ta,) n; pi. Dilettanti. [IL] .An admirer or lover of the line arts ; one who delisht^i in promoting science or the tine arts. Burlce, DIL-KT-TAN'T£-ISM, n. The pursuits and fuelinga of a dUctJavte. DIL'I-GEXCE, n. [L. dili^entta^ from diligo, to love earnestly ; di and lego, to choose.] 1. Steady application in business of any kind ; con- stant effort to accomplish what is undertaken ; exer- tion of body or mind, without unnecessary delay or ' slolh ; due attention ; industry ; assiduity. D'di- gence is the philosopher's stone, that turns every thing to gold. BreUiren, nre dilxgene* to nufce your catlinr &n to dm tbe prospect, 3. To render dull the powers of conceplioa. 4. To make less bright ; to obscure. Each posaoa lUmmed his £ice. MUian, 5. To render less bright ^ to tarnish or sully; as, to dim gold. DIM'BLE, n. A bower j a cell or retreat. [JVo( in twftj B Jonson. DIME, n. [Fr. ; contracted from dixieme or dismCf Norm, diemfy tenth.] A silver coin of the United States, of the value of ten cents ; the tenth of a dollar. DI-MEX'SION, (de-nien'shun,J n, TL. dimensio, Trom dimetioTy to measure ; rfi, or di.?, and metivTj to mete ; Gr. (ttToto), See Mete and Measurb.] 1. In geomefTv, the exti^nt of a body, or length, breadth, and tliicknpss or depth. A line has one dimension ur length; a siiperiicies has two dimen- sions, length and breadth ; and a solid has three dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness or depth. The word is geni;rally used in the plural, and de- notes the whole space occupied by a body, or its capacity', size, measure ; as, the dimetisioas of a room, or of a ship; the dimensions of a farm, of a kingdom, &c. 2. Diiaensioa of an equation, in algebra, a term used tn denote the highest power of the unknown quantity contained in an equation ; the same as de- irree. BarhiW. Df-.ME\'SIO\-LES3, a. Without any definite meas- ure Of extent ; boundless. Milton. DI-MEN"SI-TV, n. ExUnl; capacity. HoieeU. DI-MEX'SIVE, o. That marks the boundaries or outlines. Who can draw the aouI'« dinunnvt line* t DavUt. DIM'E-TER,a. [L.] Having two poetical measures. DIM'B-TER., n. A verse of two measures. [TijrwhitL DI-MET'Rie, a. [Gr. (J($, twofold, and ^tr^wv, meas- ure.] In mineralo^, an epithet applied to crystals with the axes of t%vo kinds, the vertical being une-cpial to the lateral, as the square prism and square octahe- dron. Dana. DIAI-I-eX'TIOX, Ji. [U dimtcatio.'] A battle or fight \ contest. DI-MID'I ATE, r. U [L. dimidio.} To divide into two equal parts. DI-MID'I-A-TED. pp. or a. [L. dimidiates; di and rn^'iJM*, middle.} Divided into two equal parts ; halved. Dl-MID'I-A-TING, ppr. Dividing into two equal p;irt»( : halving. DI-MIIM A'TION, n. The act of halving; division into two pqual parts. DI-.MliV'I.SH, ». U [L. diminua; di and miHtio, to les- sen ; minar, less; It. diminttire ; Fr. diminurr ; Sp. dimintiir ; Ir. ffltn, fine ; niton, small ; W. inairiy vuiniD^ small, slender ; Russ. menskfy less ; umen- thayut to diminish ; Ar. cr* nianna, to cut off, to weaken, to diminish. Class .Mn, No. -S.] 1. To lessen ; to make less or smaller, by any means; opposed to iiterra.^e and ausmmii as, to dimiuvih the size of a thing by cnntraciion, or by cut- ting off a part ; to diminith a number by subtraction ; to diminish the revenue by limiting commerce, or re- ducing the f»i stoma ; to dinUnijth strength or safety; to diminith the heat of a room. It is particularly ap- plied to bulk and quantity, as shorten is to length. 2. To lessen ; to impair ; to degrade. I will HirmniMh th^m, that ihey shall no man nilc itrer tba DXiiitit».~-Ktr\t. xxix. 3. In musicj to take from a note by a sharp, flat, or natural. To diminvih froia ■ to take away sonieth.ng. [Obs.] NHU*f iliall you diminish, ftught/rorn It. — '^cuu W. DI-MIN'ISII, p. i. To lessen ; to become or appear less or smaller. The apparent size of an object dimininhet, as We recede frutn it. DI-MIN'ISU-A-ULE, o. Capable of being reduced in ai7.e ut quality. DI-.MI\'ISH-£n3, (demin'isht,) pp. or a. Lessened ; made smaller ; reduced in size ; contracted ; de- graded. DI-MIN'ISH-ER, n. He who, or that which dimin- ishes. DI-MIN'I.SH-ING, ppr. Lessening; contracting; de- grading. DI-MIN'i.'^H-ING-LV, ado. In a manner to lessen reptilation. Locke. DI-MIJf-C/-EJ^DO, or DUf., in mttvie, directs to a de- creasing volume of sound. DI-MINM;-ENT, a. Lessoning. [LiUJe luifd.] SaRderMon. DIMT NOTE, fl. Small. [.Vbt in «.«.] Oorgea. DIM-I-NO'TION. n. {U. diminutioA 1. The art of lessening; a making smaller; op- pOKi'd ttJ aujrmrntjition ; as, the dimiaation of size, of wealth, of p<»w<'r, of safely. DIN 2. The state of becoming nr appearing Ic**; oj>- pnacd to iHcreo.?c ; as, tlie diminiUioa of the apparent diameter of a receding Ixidy. 3. Discredit ; loss of dignity ; degradation. Philips. 4. Deprivation of dignity ; a lessening of estima- tion. .^dJi^iui. 5. In architecture^ the contraction of the upik-r part of a column, by which its diameter Is made less than that of the lower part. 6. In musiCj the imitation of or reply to a subject in notes of half the length or value of tUoso of the subject itself. Busby. DI-MiN'U-TIVE, a. [Fr. diminutif; It dimiituUivo; Sp. diminutieo.] Small; little; narrow; contracted ; as, a diminu- tive race of men or other animals ; a diminutive thought. DI-ML\MJ-TIVE, n. In jrrammary a word formed from another word, usually an appellative or generic term, to express a little thing of the kind ; as, in Latin, lapillus, a little stone, from lapis ; cellula, a little cell, from eelia, a cell ; in French maisonnette, a little house, from maison, a house ; in English, mani- kin, a little man, from man. DI-MIN'U-TIVE-LY, adv. In a diminutive manner; in a manner to lessen ; as, to speak diminutively of another. DI-MLN'IT-TIVE-NESS, n. Smallness ; littleness; want of bulk ; want of dignity. DIM'I.SH, a. [from dim.] Sotnewhal dim, or obscure. DI-MIH'SION, (de-mish'un,) n. Leave to depart. DIM'I.^4-8a-RY, a. [L. dimissorius. See Dismiss.] 1. Sending away ; dismissing to another jurisdic- tion. A letter dimissory, is one given by a bishop dismissing a person who is removing into another diocese, and recommending him for reception there. Hook, 9. Granting leave to depart. Pridcaux. DI-MIT', r. f. [L. dimUt4t.] To permit to go ; to grant to farm ; to let. [JVb( in use.] DIM'I-TY, n. [D. diemiL] A kind of white cotton cloth, ribbed or figured. DIM'LY, adv. [See Dim.] In a dim or obscure man- ner; with iiniwrfect sight. % Not brightly, or clearly ; with a faint light. DIM'MjED, (iinady) pp. Clouded ; obscured ; rendered dull. DIM'.MING, ppr. Clouding; obscuring the sight or ct>nception, DIM'MI.NG, n. Obscurity. Shak. DIM'NErfS, 7U Dullness of sight j as, the rfim/ie^-^ of the eyes, 2. Obscurity of vision; imperfect sight; as, the dimness of a view. 3. Fointuess ; imperfection ; as, the dimness of a color. 4. Want of brightness ; as, the dimness of gold or silver. 5. Want of clear apprehension ; stupidity ; as, the dimitrss of perception. DI-MORPiriSM, ?*. [Gr. (lie, twice, and ;io.n0r/,form.] The property of crj'stallixing in two distinct forms not derivable from' one another. Sulj)hur assumes one form when crystallizing at a high teinp«-ralure, and aniither wholly ditrerent when becoming solid at thf! ordinarv temjKimture. Dana. DI-MORIMI'ULIS, a. [Gr, (^i; and finpArj.] A term applied to a suhsUiJice whose crystals belong to dif- ferent systems, or, if they are ttf the same system, are so difTorent that they can not bu referred to the same primary form. Dana. DI.M'PLK, n. [Un. G. taumeln, to reel, to indent.] A small natural cavity or depression in the cheek or ntlur part of the face. Prior. DIM'PLE, v. i. To form dimples; to sink into de- pressions or little inctiualities. Ami uniUn^ cddica dimpiml un the nuun. Dn/den. DIM'PLED, a. Set with dimples ; as, n dimpled cheek. DIM'PLY, a. Full of dimples, or email depressions; a^, the dimphi (ld. IVarton. DIM'-SIGHT-ED, (-sited,) a. Having dim or obscure virion. AdiiisoTu DIM'-TWINK-LING, a. Twinkling dimly. More. DIN, n. [Sax. %n, notse ; dyna, to sound ; Ice. dyna, to thunder ; L. tinnio, tonus, tono. This word proba- bly belongs to the root of tone and thunder^ and de- notes ti rumbling or rattling noise. Bax. eortl^dync, an (earthquake.] Noise ; a loud sound ; particularly, a rattling, clat- tering, or rumbling sound, long continued; as, the din. of arms, the din of war. DIN, r. t. 'i'o strike with continued or confused sound ; to stun with noise \ to harass with clamor; as, to din the (;ars with cries ; to din with clamor. DIN'AR-CIIY, 77. [(Jr. ^if and .i.o\rr.l A form of government in which the supreme power is vested iti tv/o persons. DINE, V. i. [t^ax. dynan, to tline. The Fr. dinar, is supposed to oe contmcted from \t. desinare, to dine, L. dannoy to cease ; in which case dinntr must have h<^en so named from the intermission of business. The .Saxon and the French, in this case, are probu- DIG bly from ditTerent aourctjs. Tho Or. has dtinivmit, and ^otvaij, to feast.] To eat the chief meal of the day. This meal seems originally to have been taken about the mid- dle of the day, at least in northern climates, as it still is by laboring people. Among p«»ple in the higher walks of life, and in commercial towns, the time of dining is from two to five or six o'clock in the afternoon. DINE, V. u To give a dinner to ; to furnish with the principal meal ; to feed ; as, the landlord dined a huntlred men. DIN'i-^D, (dind,) pp. Having eaten q dinner, or en- tertained with a dinner. D1-NET'I€-AL, a. [Gr. .^iktjtiws.] Whirling round. [JVot used.] Brown. DING, V. t. ; prct. Duno or Disced. [Sax, dencgan, to beat ; Scot, ding, to drive or strike.] To tlirust or dash with violence. [Little ttsed.'\ J^ash. Ma rstu n. DING, V. u To bluster, to bounce. [M tow woriL] Jirbuthnot. DING'-DONG. A term used to express the sound of bells. Sliok. DIN'GI-NESS, 71. [See Dinot.] A dusky or dark hue ; brownriess. DI\'"GLE, (ding'gl) n. A narrow dale or valley be- tween hills. Mdton. DIN"GLE^DAN"GLE, (ding'gl-dang'gL) Hanging Kjosely, or something dangling. WartMti. DL\'GY,a. Soiled; sullied; ofadark color; brown; dusky ; dun. DIN'ING, ppr. or a. Eating the principal meal in the day ; giving a dinner ; pcrtiining to ilinner. DT.N'ING-HALL, n. A hall for a company to dine in DIN'ING-ROOM, 7t. A room for a family or for cont pany to dine in ; a room for entertainments DIN'ING-Ta'BLE, n. A table used for llie purpose of dining. DIN'NKl), pp. Stunned with a loud noise. DIN'NER, n. [Fr. diaer; Ir. dinner. See Dixe.] 1. The meal taken about the middle of the day ; or the principal meal of the day, eaten between noun and evening. 2. An entertainment ; a feast. Behold, I have prepnivd my dinner. — M«U. xxU. DIN'NKR-LESS, a. Having no dinner. FiiUrr. DIN'NER-Ta'ULE, 71. A table at which dinner is taken. DIN'NRR-TTME, n. The usual time of dining. Pope. DI-NO-THe'RI-UM, 71. [Gr. iufui, terrible, and OtioKjf, bt.-ast.] A gigantic, herbivorous, aquatic animal, fifteen or eighteen feet long; now extincL [See Deinothi:- Ril'M.] Biickland. DINT, 71. [Sax. dimt, a blow or striking. It may ba connecteif with din and (/m«-.] 1. A blow ; a stroke. Milton. 2. Force; violence; ptiwer exerted ; as, to win by dint of arms, by dint of war, by dint of argument ox imp*)rtunity. 3. The mark made by a blow ; a cavity or Impres- sion made by a blow or by pressure on a substance ; often pronounced denL His liuiidi hud iiiiule k dint. Drydtn. DINT, V. t. To make a mark or cavity on a substance by a blow or by pressure. [See Indent.] Donne. DINT'El), pp. Isiarked by a blow or by pressure ; as, derp-diiited furrows. Spenser. DINT'INtJ, ppr. Impressing marks or cavities. DT-NU-MElt-A'TION, n. The act of numbering sing- ly. [Little used.] DI'0-Ck-.SAN, a. [See Diocese. The accent on tho first and on the tliiid syllable is nearly equal. The accent ), to dwell ; »tK >i, a house. This word is often spelt dioeesg; but this orliiogmphy is opposed to the derivation, and is nut sanctioned by the best English authority.] The circuit orextent of a bishop*9 jurisdiction ; an ecclesiastical division of a kingdom <»r state, subject to th<^ authotity of a bishop. In Kn-r^and, there are two provinces or circuits ufarchbishujw* jurisdiction, Cantrrliiiry and York. The province of Canterbury contains twenty-one dioceses, and that of York Hire*, besides the Isle of Man. Every diocese is divided into archd<'aconrii;s, uf which there are sixty ; and each archdeaconry, into rural deaneries; and every deanery, into parishes. Bliiekstane. A ilifM^ese was originally a division of the Roman empire for the puriKwe of civil government, a [irfOict- ure ; but the term is now excltisively appropriated to eetlesiasiical jurisdiction. Kncyc. DI-OC-'I'A-llK'DUAL, a. [dit and oetaUe'lnft.) In ery.^talla^rapky, having the form of an tictahedral prism with tetrahedral summits. Chareland, TONE, ByLL, UNITE. — AN"GEa, VI"CIOUS € a» K ; as J ; 8 as Z ; CII as SII ; TH as in THIS. DIP DrO-IK> V, «. The clobe-fi^h ; a pcims «.f pit- ciocnatliic fisheji, with unJivulrd jaws, each with a single and tuntluMuu^ (U'lital i>).iti:>. Bnuuie. Parttnirtim. DI-tE'L'l A, n, [Gr. ihi and oixos.} A cfa»*a of plants having ine stnnien^ on one plant, and Itie pisliU oil the uther. P. Ctfc, DI-Oil'CIAN. / a. In botanv, belonKing to the class DI-CE'CIOl'S, ) Dittcim : having ttw stamens on one jriant, and the pi^til^ on ai>i>tbt-r. Dl-OP't=TDE, n, [Gr. t'i.>U/i»0 A foliated variety of auglltf, of a clear fmyWft- cnvn color. Dtm^ Df-OPTASE, «. A rare ore at copper, consisting of ■Uira and copper, with twelve per cent water. It occurs in rich, emerald-green crvBtals, having the form of 8it-8ided priuns, terminated at each end by ft lhree-«iided prism. Dana. DT-OP'TRI€, I a. [Gr.^*eirr](»i<*j,froio ^(owro^m*, DI-OP'TRir-AL, t to •(<« throng; d)«and vm^at, to see. Sometiotea written Di^ftic and Di^ptdeaL] 1. Aifording a medlnm for tbe ali^it ; assMdnf tbe aightinthevtt-w of distant objects ; as, a r »....ui.»^t^ u ^ pleasure, and Ih- itiusbe made to change its appear- an ' ^aodiiiie to cloudy weather, or the ob»H.^.... -^f >*«»mepvta of tile painting, also, are tran'<; > rua^ tlwaa places inereaaea light IS ai '\ with Burpaasiag eflbct, glv- ins t'^ 'I'- irnrter of oatuns and reality b( ! - of p:iinting. Brande. . rpnee above described. DI-O :. . --., _ - -.: ^ : ■ dK>rama. Definilinn. [Aarsl|r lue^] Dro Rlri'Tie.a: DiatinguJahing; defining. (Aoriif DI-0-RIS'TIC-AL.-LY,Wv. In a disUaguiahing man- ner. jRartUf itMd,'\ DT'O-RrTKL >. A varietj* of trap rock. DT-ORTllO'£^I-'>, a- [tfr.] A surgical operation, by which cri*oked or distorted Imibs are re«turbd to their proper aliape. DT-0:«~P01vI-TA\, a. PerUining to Dio^wlia, a city in Egypt* callvd at»ii Thrhc*. OUddan. DI-O'TA, n. [L. and Gr.] In andrmt temfytmr^ a sort of v-x4e with two handles, used for wine. Etme*. m-(.)X'V T.TTE, 7.. y.T. .\i, TWO ,.fi.j, acid, (in allu- aiu:. ]>.) and Ai^uv, stone.] A It: greenish or yellow- Ish i>>>nate and sulphate of leail. Dana. HIP, c. t. ; pr«t. and pp. Dipped or Dift. [Sax. dip- poM i Goth, dtu^ifon ; D. doopm : G. titpfai : >w. dbpa^ doppai Dan. d^prr : It. tm^re: Russ. toplyu; Gr. ivrru ; allttid, probably, to dire, Hcb. Ch. p^O. Tbe primary sense is to thrust or drive, for the same word, in Syr and Ar., signifies to stamp or impress a mark, Gr. tvxow, whence bfpe; and tittui, to strike, Eng. tap, seema to be uif the same faiuilv. Clas^ Db, So. 2a3 1. To [ilunee or immerse, for a moment or short time, in water or other liquid substance; to put into a duHl and withdraw. The BiM iteO dip lib tagtr In tbe Mood. —Lev. {v. Lrtbmd^UifMtiauiL — HcUL uxiiL Oaa rftp tkc f.wJ, and wm Miiag tke Ijrr*. Pop: S. To take with a ladle, or other vessel, hy immers- ing it in a Huid ; as, to I'ip water from a boiler j often with out ; ma, to dip out water. 3. To engage ; to take concern ; used uUraiuitiedjf, htU tJu fOMttoe partic^U u u*ed. He WW • fiule ^ io the (cfadliaa of lb* eoamooi. Drydm. 4. Tb eafage as a pledge ; lo mortgage. [LUtU lue^]^ Dnfcieit. 5. To moisten ; to weL [f7»iwua/.] Mdton. 6. To baptize by immersion. DIP, c. I To sink ; to inimerge in a liquid. L*Estran^e. 3. To enter ; to pierce. OraaviiU. 3. To engage ; lo take a concent; as, to i^^ into the funds. 4. To enter slishUy ; lo look cursorily, or here and there ; zn, to dtp into a vrJume of hL^tory. Pope. 5. To ch<%ose by chance ; to thrust and take. 6. To incline diownward ; as, the magnetic needle dips, [See Dippixc] DIP, M. Inclmation downward ; a eloping; a direction below a horisootal luie ; depre^ion ; as, the dip of the needle The dip of a stratwm, in £folo^^ is its greatest in- dinatftm to the horizon, or that on a line p«^rpendic- nlar to its direction or course \ called, also, the piUh. DIP'-CHICK, n. A smal. bird that dives. DIP DI-PET'AL,-OUS, a. [Gr. 6ts and mraUv, a leaf or prtnl.) Having two tlower-leavea or petals ; two-petaled. Martnn, DIPH'TIIOXG, Cnmounced ; the sound is not simple, but the two sounds are so blended as to be considered as forming one syllable, as in ^oy, noise, bound, out. [The pronunciation dip'thou^r |g vulgar.] DrPH-THO.\"(;AL, (dif-ihong'gal,) a. Belonging to a diphthong; cunitistiug of two vowel sounds, pro- nounced in one syllable. DIPM-THO.N'GAC-LY, (dif-thong'gal-ly,) ado. In a diphihonent manner. DIPH'VL-LOrs, a, [Gr. <5u and i,i'\hI-REeT'ED, pp. or a. Aimed ; pointed ; guided ; reculated ; governed ; ordered ; instructed. DI-RE€ T'ER. ii. A director, which see. ni-KEeT'I.\G, ppr. Aiming; pointingi guiding; rt-gulniing ; governing; ordering. DI-REC'l'lON, n. [L. directio.] 1. Aim at a certain point ; a pointing toward, in a straight line or course ; as, tlie direction of good works to a good end. Smalrid:re, 2. The line in which a body moves by impulse ; course. Matttr or boiiy can nut alter the direction of its own motion. 3. A straight line or course. A star appeared in the direction of a certain lower. The ship sailed in a south-easterly direction. 4. The act of governing; administration; man- agement; guidance; superintendence; as, the f^iVra- tion of public affairs ; direction of dome^itic concerns ; tlie dirfxtioH of a bank. 5. Regularity ; adjustment. All chance, dtrtcton, which thou caiut not see. Pop«, 6. Order; prescription, either verbal or written; instruction in what manner to proceed. The em- ployer gives directions to his workmen ; the physi- cian, to his patienL 7. The superscription of a letter, including the name, title, and place of abode of the person for whom it is intended. 8. A bodv or board of directors, DI-REer'l tUDE, n. A word put by Phakspeare into the mouth of a ser\'ant, as a blunder fur dis- credit. Malane. DI-REeT'IVE,a. Havingthe power of direction ; as, a directire rule. Hooker, 9. Informing ; instructing ; showing the way, DI-REGT'l^V, adv. In a straight hue or course; rcctilmeally ; not in a winding cunrse. Aim directly to the object. Grivity tends directly to the center of the earth. .Kb a direct line i^ the shortest course ; hence, 2. Immediately; soon; without delay ; as, he will be with »* directly. 3. OpL-nly ; expressly ; without circumlocution or ambiguity ; or without a train of inferences, Ko maji hath tjwn so tinpioiu, u directly lo coiitlcmii pr.\ir<'r. iiooker. niRECT'NBSS, R. Siraightneas; a straight course; ncnrn":*? of way. Bentten. r>I-REG'I''OR, n. One who directs; one who super- intends, governs, or manages; one who prescribes to others, by virtue of authority ; an instructor; a counselor. S. That which dirccM ; a nile ; an ordinance. 3. One appointed to transact the affairs of a com- pany ; a«i, the direclor of a bank, or of the India Company. 4. That which directs or controls by influence. SaS^y frorn rxtrpial ilmj^r U th*^ mtwt pKATrfiil dirtctor of luilioiiil conduct. f^ur(Ui4t, ffat/aJton. 5. In ntrffrry, a grooved prolw, intended to direct the edge of the knif>! or scissors in opening sinuses or n.-'tuls ; a guide fur an inci^ion-kuife. F.HCUC, Coxe. DI-REC-Tfl'RI-AL, a. Pertaining lo director-* or di- r^rtiori ; containing direction or romnuiiid. D[-RECT'OR-SHir, n. The condition or office of ilircctor, DI-RECT'O-RY, a. Containing directions; enjoin- ing; instructing. DI-REeT'O-RV, n. A guide ; n rule to direct; par- ticularlij, a b'K>k containing directions for public worship, or religiou« services. The Hiblc is our best directirry in faith and practic-c. 3. A book containing an alphabetical list of the inhabitants of a city, with their places of abode. 3. 'J'he supreme executive council of France, in 4. A bonrd of directors. [the revolution. DI-RECT'RESS,». A female who directs or manages. DI-RE€T'RIX, n, A female who governs or directs. 2. In fftomctry^ a certain straight line perpendicu- lar to the axis of a conic section. [See also Dia- Tor.»rT.l DTRE'FIJl, a, [Hee Dirb.I Dire ; dreadful ; lerri- bh" ; calamitoui ; as, direful fiend ; a direful misfor- tune, Spmser. Dryden. Ptmr. IHRE'FL'L-LV, adv. Dreadfully; terribly; wofully. DIKE'FfJl^NEH.S, n. Calamitousness. OiKE'-IXX»K-I.VG, a. Looking direfully. DI-KEMP'TION, M. [L. dkrtmptio.\ A )4' paration. Bp. Ifall. 0TRE'\KSS, n. TerribteneBs ; horror; dismalness. DI-RKP'TI(»\,n. rU direptio.] [Shak. Th* art of plundering. OTRCE, (durj,) n. ^Uixxaily aupposed to be a con- traction of L. dirigij a word used in the funeral ser- DIS vice. In Sw. ihtrka, Uan. dprkcTj signifies to wor- ship, honor, reverence.] A song or tune intended to express grief, sorrow, and mourning; as, a funeral dinre, DIR'I-GE.VT, I n. [See Dihect.] In freomctrtf, the DI-RECT'RIX, i liny or plane along which another line or plane is supposed to move in the generation of a surface or solid. Barlow. DIR'I-OE.NT, a. Directing. Baxter. DIRK, (durk,) n. [Scot, dark.] A kind of dagger or pimiard. DIRK, (durk,) a. Dark. [Obs.] Spenser. DIRK, (durk,)!'. «. To darken. [Obs.] Speiiscr. 2. To poniard ; to stah. DIRK'KP, (durkt,) pp. StabbL-d. DIRK'ING, ppr. Stabbing. DIRT, (durt,) H. [Sax. Ilute ; to defile. Swifi. DIRT'I-£D, (durt'id,)pp. Made filthy DIRT'I-LY, (durt'i-ly,) adv. [from dirty.] In a dirty manner; foully; na.tio;'dirumpo,to burst.] A bursting or rending iLsunder. [See Di3BL'i*Tiopf.] DIS; a prefix or inseparahle prejHisition, from the Latin, whence Fr. rfw, Sp. rf«f, and dc^ may in some in- stances be the same word contracted. Dis danoles separation, a parting from ; hence it has the force of a privative and negative, as in dinann, ditublijrc, dis- affree. In some cases, it atill signKiua iieparalion, as in distrihtUeydisconncct. DIS-A-BIL'l-Ty,n. [from //i*aA^^.] W.int of compe- tent natural or bodily power, strength, or ability ; weakness ; impotence ; as, disability arising trom in- firmity or broken limb?. 2. Want of competent intellectual power, or strength of mind ; incapacity ; as, tlie disability of a deranged p^-rson to reason or to make contracts. 3. Want of comix^tcnt means or iiistruuic-nts. [In this sense. Inability is generally used.] 4. Want of legal qualifications; incapacity; as, a disability to inherit an estate, when the ancestor has been attainted. [In this sense, it has a plural.] Blaekstone. Disability differ^from inability, in denoting dtpriva- tim of ability; whereas xnabil'ity denotes destitution of ability, either by deprivation or otherwise. DIS-A'BLE, V. t. [dis and able.] To render unable ; lo deprive of comiictent natural strength or power. A man is disabled to walk, by a broken or paralytic leg, by sickness, Aic. 2. To deprive of mental power, as by destroying or weakening the understanding. 3. To deprive vf adequate means, instnimcnts, or resources. A nation may be dLtablcd to carry on war by want of money. The loss of a ship may disable a man to prosecute commerce, or to pay Itis debts. 4. To destroy the strength ; or to weaken and impair so as U\ nuider incapable of action, service, or rusliftance. A Heet is disabled by a storm, or by a battle, A ship is disabled by the loss of lier masts or sprirs. 5. To destroy or impair and weaken the means which render any thing active, efficacious, or useful ; to destroy or diminish any competent means. 6. To deprive .of legal (lualificalions, or competent power ; to incapacitate ; to render incapable. At) AtUiinilpr of lh« uiccalor comipt* th« blood, tind disablet hit ctiil-n to inherit. I^ng. Late. DI.S-A'nL/TD, pp. or a. Deprived of competent power, corporeal or intellectual ; rendered incapable ; de- prived of means. DIS-A'HLK-MENT, n. Weakness; disability; legal imfiedimeiil. Bacon. DIS-A'Il!-I.\(i, ppr. Rendering unable or incap-tble; depriving of adequate power or capacity, or of legal qualifications. DI»-A'BLLNG, a. That disables or disqualifies ; de- priving of moral power or right ; as, a disabling DIS DIS-A-BCSE', (dis-a-buze',) v. t [Fr. dtsabustr. See Abuse J To Iree from mistalre ; to undeceive ; to dis- engage from fallacy or deception j to set right. It is our duty to disabuse ourselves of false notions and prejudices. If men are now ■uffici'Mitly enlightened to ditabute th^mselres of artifice, hypocrisy, nnd titpentition, Ihi.-y will consider thi> evejit ai ai) era in thoir history. J, Adams. DISA-BCiS'EO, (dis-a-buzd' ) pp. Undeceived. DISA-BOS'ING, (dia^a-baz'ing,) ppr. Undeceiving. DIS-A€-CO.M'.MO-DaTE, v. U [dis and accomiiwdaU.l To put to inconvenience. DIS-ACeOM'MO-DA-TED, pp. Put to inconve- nience. DI;i-A€-eOM'MO-DA-TING, ppr. Putting to incon- venience. DIS-AC-eOM-MO-DA'TION, n. [dis and accommoda- tion.] A state of being unaccommodated ; a slate of being unprepared. Uale. DIS-A€-€ORD', v. i. {dis and accord.] To refuse assent. [J^ot xtsed.] Spenser. DlP-A€-eUS'TOM, r. U [dis and accustom.] To neglect familiar or customary practice ; to destroy the force of habit by disuse. DIS-AC-eUS'TOM-KD, pp. Disused ; having neg- lected practice or familiar use. Tooke. DIS-Aeei'S'TOM-lNG, ppr. Disusing; neglecting familiar or customary practice. DIS-Ae-KXOWI/ED'GE, v. t. [0RN'ING, ppr. Depriving of ornaments. D1S-AD-VANCE', I?. Lori. To check ; to hall. [JVot ill use.] Spe-nscr. DIS-AD-VAN'TAOE, n. [Fr. desavautaffe.] 1. That wJiich prevents success, or renders it dif- ficult; a stale not favorable to successful o|>eratiun. Tho army commenced an attack on the enemy, not- withstanding the disadoantage of its [wsltion. 2. Any unfavorable state ; a state in which some loss or injury may be sustained. Hence, 3. Loss; mjury ; prejudice to interest, fame, credit, profit, or other good ; as, to sell goods to disadcun- tairc. DTS-AD-VAX'TAGE, B. (. To injure an interest; to prejudice. DIS-AD-VAX'TAGE-A-BLE, a. Not advantageous. [JV"y( in «at.J Bacon, DrS-AD-VAN'TA-fi/O) m). Injured in interest. DIS-AD-VAN-TA'GEOUS, a. Unfavorable to suc- cess or prosperity; inconvenient; not adapted to promote interest, reputation, or other good ; as, the sit- uation of an anuy is disatlvantageou^t for attack or de- fense. We are apt to view characters in the most disadvaji^ngeous lights, DI.S-AD-VAX-TA'GEOUS-LY, adr. In a manner not favorable to success, or to interest, profit, or reputa- tion ; with loss or inconvenience. DIS-AD-VAN-TA'GEOi;S-XESS, «. Unfavomblenosa to success; inconvenience ; loss. DIS-AD-VEN'TliRE, n. Misfortune. [J^otwsed.] RalcA. DIS-AD-VEN'TITR-OUS, a. Unprosperous. [JVot used.] .^pPTiwrr. DI.S-AF-FECT', v. t. [dis and t^ffect.] To alienate af- fection ; in mnke less friendly lo ; to make Icstt faith- ful to a [lerson, party, or cause, or less zi^alous to BupiK>rt it ; to make discontented or unfriendly ; as, an attempt was made to disa£ect the army. 2. To disdain, or dislike. " Hall. 3. To throw into disunier. n.immond. DIS-AF*FEeT'EO, pp. or n. Having the nftectitms alienated ; indisixised to favor or support; unfriend- ly; followed by ir//A or to; as, these men o.re disaf- fected with the ^'overnment, or disaffected to the king, or to the administration. DIS-AF-FECT'ED LY, adv. In a disaffected man ner. DIS-AF-FECT'ED-NESS, ti. The quality of being disafffCtrd. DIS-AF-FECT'ING, ppr. Alienating tho affections; making less friendly. Dl.s-AFFEC'TION, v. Alienation of affection, at- tachment, or good will ; want of offuction ; or, more generally, positive enmity, dislike, or unfriendliness; disloyalty. It genenilly signifies more than indiffer- ence ; as, the disaffection of people to Ihi.'ir prince or government ; the disaffection of allies ; disaffection to religion. 2. Disorder; bad conetilutlon; tn a physical sense, [Little vsed.] Wiseman, DIS-AF-FEC'TION-ATE, a. Not well dihposed ; not friendly. - Blount^ TONE, BULL, IINITE.— AN"GER, VfCIOUS. — € as K ; 6 aa J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 43 337 DIS DIS-AF-FIRM', (dis-af-unu',) v. U [dit anil nffirm.} To deny : I» contradict. Daries. 2. To uvertlirow or annut, as a jiidirinl decision, by n coiitrirv jiiiigmenl of a superior tril>nn;iL DI&-AF-F1RM''ANCE, r. Denial ; negation ; dia- proof ; confutation. HtUe. 2. Overthrow or anniilm-^nt, by the dici^ion of a superior tribunai ; as, ili^a^rmaHCf of jinlKinent. DIS.AF-FXRM'£D, fi». Denied; cuninnhcted ; over- ttaromi. DIS-AF-nRM'IN'G, ppr. Denying; cuutradictiof ; annulUnp. , „ DI&-AF-F0R'EST, r. t [JLttkad ngifrvrL] Toreduce from the privileges of a furost lo iha state of comratm grouml ; to strip uf forest taws and their oppreadive privileges. Br chwttf 9 Iktt. III. manj fufnto wefv :'A-BLE-N£SS, tu Unsuitablencas ; cod- DIS-AF-FOR'EST-ED, yp. Stripped of forert privi- leges. DIS-AF-FOR'EST-ING, fpr. Depriving of forest privileges. DIS-.\6'GRE-GXTE, ». f. [dis and ajt^regaU,] To separate an a^tKr^g^te nubu into itJt component parts. DIS-AG'GRE-tiA-TED, j^y. Seiiarattd, as an aggre- gate mx-^s. DI:?-\r.*iinE nS-TIXO.ppr. Sopaniling. as the parts of DI.- V, «. Tlie actor operation of 9^ . : r body into its component parts. DIS^A GREF/, r. (. [J-j and arrer,] To dufi-r; lo be not accordant or coinciiU'nt ; to be nut the Kune ; lo be not exactly similar. 'I'wo idtMs Ji-.-a^Tfr, when they are not the same, or when they are nut exactly alike. 1 he histories of the same fact often rfuo/ree. 3. To differ, as in opinion; a«, the be«t judges sometimes disagTet* Wbo likfdl dcdds wlm dcctan dSmgnt 7 A^pt. 3. To be unsuiuble;. Medielne sonetliiies rfu»- greei vitk the patient ; food often dimfrua milk the stomach or the taste. 4. Tu difit-r; to be in opposition. SlmoAM i^Mt ttepUoMnow aT Saipciu*, btcwM h db> •fvwt with tbetr RUMarfneoocei*«ao|:iiiiuM. Amt^ It b usually followed by with. But we say, I rfitw- gree u> your proposaL The use of from after di-'o^rte ts not common. DIS-A-GREE'.\-BLE,«. Contrary; unsuitable; not coafonnaUe ; not congruous. [LittU lusdL] Ttyb eoDdoa wu ectalion, hope, de!?ire, or purpose ; frustrating. DI3-AP-POL\T'MENT, n. Defeat or failure of expec- tation, hope, wish, desire, or intention ; miscarriage of design or plan. We are apt lo complaia o{ the diMoppointmsnt of our hopes and ■ctKMn^s: but disappcititnunU oAeu prove bleasinn, and Ktve a* iTOia caloxiiiijr or ruia. Anon. DIS-AP-PRK'CIATE, c. t [dis and appreciate.] To undervahie; not to esteem. DIS-AP-FRe' wohW have been, by tlic rulti ofihc caniiiiou Uw, diwappi-opiiaU'l. BUtckalon*. 2. To deprive of appropriated property, as a church. DIS-AP PROV'AL, 71. Disapprobation; dislike. DIS-AP-PItOVE', (-ap-proov',) v. t. [Fr. desapprouvcr ; dis and anprave.] 1. To (lislike ; to condemn in opinion or judgment ; to censure as wrong. We often dhopproi^e the con- duct of others, or public measures, whether we ex- press an opinion or not. It is often followed by cf; as, to disapprove of behavior. But modern usage in- clines to ttmit of. 2. To manifest dislifco or disapprobation ; to reject, as disliked, what is proptised for saiirtion. The sen- tence of the court-martial was disapproved by the commander-in-chief. DISAPPROVED, pp. Disliked; condemned; re- jected. DISAPPROVING, ppr. Disliking ; condemning ; re- j»*cting from dislike. DIS-AP-PROVING-LY, adv. By disapprobation. DIS'ARI), «. [8ax. dj/sii^, foolish.] A pmttler; a boasting talker. [Obs.] DIS-AUM', (diz-irm',) v. t. [Fr. dcsartner ; Pp. and Port, di'.-arinar ; dis and arm.] 1. To deprive of arms ; to take the arms or weap- ons from, usually by force or authority; as, he dis- armed his foes ; the prince gave orders to d'lsann bis subjects. With of before the thing taken nwaj' ; as, to disarm one of his weapons. 2. To deprive of means of attack or defense ; as, lo disarm a venomous serpent. 3. To deprive of force, strength, or means of an- noyance ; to render harmless ; to quell ; as, to disarm rage or passion. 4. To strip; to divest of any thing injurious or threatening; as, piety disarms death of its terrors. DIS-XRM'A ME.NT, n. Act of disanuing. Dl*-AR.M'i.'n, pp. or a. Deprived of arms ; stripped of the means of defense or annoyance; rendered tiartn- IcKs ; subdued. DIS-ARM'ING, jipr. Stripping of arms or wea(x>us ; Bubdtnng ; n-nderint; hnrmless. 2. n. The act of depriving of arms. DIS-AR-R.^XGH', r. t. [dia^nml arranire.] To put out of order ; lo unsettle or disturb the order or due nrraii^remint of parts. iVnrton, [Set- Deranck, which Is more cenemlly used.] DIS-AirRAN(:j'i-;n, pp. Putouto? order; di.^lurbing. DIS-AR-KA\Gi-yMEXT, n. The act of disturbing or- der or nvihod ; iliDordcr. Baiter. Dlr?-AR-RANG'I.\G, ppr. Putting out of order; di:*- turhing thft arrangement of. DIS-AR-RaY', (ar-ra',) r. t. [dis and arr«T/.] To un- dress ; to divest of clothes, Spe/i.-ier. 2. To tlirow into disorder ; lo rout ;. as troops. MUton. DIS-.\R-RAY', n. Disorder ; confusion ; loss or want of array or regular order. Drydeu. 2. UndresH. Spnuier. DIS-AR-RAY'£D, (-ar-rade',) pp. Divested of clothes or array ; disordered. Dl!^.\R-RAY'h\G, p/jr. Divesting of clothes; throw- ing into disorder. DIS-AS-SI-DO'1-TY, n. Want Of assiduity or care. [A'Vf iUfrd.] fVotton. DrS-A.S.SO'CIATE, r, L To disunite; to disconnect things a-isoriated. DIS-AS-.^0'ClA-TED,pp. Disunited. DIS-AH-SO'CIA TING, ppr. Disuniting. DIS-AS'TER, (diz-as'ter,) a. [Fr. desastre; Pp. and Port. id. ; It. disastro ; dis and astre, Gr. uarv,p^ a star; a word of astrological origin.] 1. A blast or stroke of an unfavorable planet. [Obs.] Skuk. 2. Misfortune ; mishap ; calamity ; any unfortunate event, especially a sudden tnisfurtune; as, we met with many disasters on the road. DIS-AS'TER, V. t. To blast by the stroke of an un- lucky planet; also, to injure; to afflict. Sliak. Thomson. DIS-AS'TER-J:D,;.p. Blasted; injured; afflicted. DI8-AS'TROUSj a. Unlucky ; unfortunate ; calami- tous ; occasionmg loss or injury ; a.s, the day wns disastrous : the battle proved disastrous; their fate was disastrous. y\y the pursuit of my disastroug love. Diyden, 9. Gloomy; dismal; threatening disaster. The moon, Id (Urn cclipa?, diMulroai twilight shetlti. MSton. DI8-AS'TR0US-LY, adv. Unfortunately ; in a dismal manner. DIS-AS'TROUS-NESS, n. Unfortunateness ; calam- itousness. DIS-AU'THOR-TZE, v. L [dis and authorize.] To d&- prive of credit or authoritv. [Little juied.] fVutton. DIS-A-VOUCH', V. t. [dis and avouch. See Vow.] To retract profession i to deny ; to disown. [Liule used.] Varies. DIS-A-VOW', r. t [dis and avoK. Sec Vow.] To FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRgV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQOK.- DIS deny ; to disown ; to deny to be true, as a fact or charge respecting one's self ; a-s, he was cliarged with embezzlement, but he disavows the fact. A man may disacoio his namd or signature ; he may disavow a fenowiedge of a fact, or his concern in a tninsaction. Opposed to own or acknowledge. 2. To deny ; to disown ; to reject. 3. To dissent from j not to admit as true or justifi- able ; not to vindicate. The envoy disavowed some parts of the president's proclamation. DIS-A-VOW'AL, n. Denial ; a disowning. A ditavoteai of fear oflen proceeds from fear. Chrisra. 3. Rejection ; a declining to vindicate. DlS-A-\ OWED, pp. Denied; disowned. DIS-A- VOWING, ppr. Denying; disowning; re- jecting as something not to be maintained or vindi- cated. DIS-A-VOWMENT, n. Denial ; a disowning. fVotton, DIS-BAN'D', p. U [dis and band; Ft. d^bnnder.] \. To dismiss from militar>' service ; to break up a band, or body of men enlisted ; as, to disband an army or a regiment ; to disband troops. 2. To scatter ; to disperse. IVoodioard. DIS-BA\D', r, L To retire from military service ; to separate ; to break up ; as, the army, at tlie close of the war, disbands, 2. To separate ; to dissolve connection. Human •octet; may dUbaitd. [Improper.] TVIolron. 3. To be dissolved. [JVot used.] When both rockx and all tbiugv ittull dubarid, HerberL DIS-BAND'ED, pp. or a. Dismissed from military service ; separated. DI3-BA.\D'ING, ppr. Dismissing from military ser- vice; separating; dissolving connectitm. DIS-BXRK', r. L [Ft. dcban/utr, or dis and bark; a word not well formed, and little used. We now use Debark and Disembark. ] To land from a ship ; to put on shore. Pope. DIS-BE-LIeF', n. [dis and belief.] Refusal of credit or faith ; denial of belieC Our U'lief or disbelie/a( a thin^ does not alter the nature of the thing. TiUoUon. DIS-BE-LIeVE', c. t. [dis and beUeve.] Not to be- lieve ; to bold not to be ime or not to exist ; to refuse to credit. Some men disbeliece the inspiration of the Scriptures, and the immortality of the »oul. DIS-BE-LlEV'/:D,;)p. Not believed ; discredited. DI=-BE-LIeV'ER, n. One who refuses belief; one who dtni'-s a thing to be true or real. fVatis. DlJvRE-UEVI.N'G, ppr. Withholding belief; dis- crediting. DIS-BENCH', V L [dis and bench.'] To drive from a bench or seat. Shak. DIS BLA.ME', V. U To clearfrom blame. [JV«f ased.] Chaucer. DIS-BOD'I-£D, (-bod'id,) a. Disembodied, which is the vfurd now used, DIS-BOWEL,e. L [dis and bowel.] To take out the intestines. Spenser. DIS-BOVV'EL-£D, pp. Eviscerated ; deprived of in- testines. DIS-BOW'ET.-ING, ppr. Taking out the intestines. DIS-URA.NCir, v.L [dis and braneh.'\ To cut off or separate, as the branch of a tree. [Little used.] 2. To deprive Of branches. [Little used.] Evelyn. DIS-BUD', r. (. To deprive of buds or shoots. Oardeners. D!S-BUR'D£\, (-hur'dn,) n. f. [dis and burden. See BfRDKN.] To remove a burden from; to unload; to disrhargc. MUton, 2. To throw off B burden; to disencumber; to clear of any thing weighty, troublesome, or cumber- s<»me ; as, to dijiburden one's self of grief or care ; to disburden of superfluous ornaments. DI-S-BljR'l)£N, r. i. To ease the mind; to he re- lieved. MUton. DIS-BUR'DEN-ED. (-bur'dnd,) op. Eased of m bur- den ; unloaded ; disencumbered. DIS-IJI;R'D£N'ING, ppr. LrnUiading; diich«.ging; throwing off a burden ; disencunihrring. DIS-mJRSE',(diH-burs',)p.t. [Ft.deboursiTi i^oniu, and bourse, a purse.] To pay out, as money ; to sp'.'^d ',r l^y o J prima- rUy^ to pay money fr<»m a piibl'C chest of r easury, but npphnihle lo A p-^al'^ pur-c. DIS-BURS'KD, (di»-DU'Tft',);*p. l»a'i c.i- $ .pended. DlS-BURriE'.METiT, (divDuivn»4nt.; r. \Vt. de- bourgrment ] 1. Tt:p act of jr-ying 0"% *•• 'nr*.ev tr. fl a public or private; chest. 2. The money or ir^m >iid >ai . a*-, (^ . annual dis- bursemnnts exceed the »nc.o:iip DIS-BIJRS'ER, n. One whc \y j9 Jo' a disburses money. DI.S-BtlRS'ING, ppr. or a. Pay'ag 'at jr jxpcndine. DI8€, n. [L. discus. See Dim.] Tap /'^ce or visible projection of a celestial body DIS [SeAI/CE iTE,r. (. [U diseaJ,ea'.ut; disnndcal- ceus, a shoe.] To p^iH off the shoes or sandals. DIS-€AI/CB-A-TED, pp. Stripped of shoes. DIS DIS-€AL-CE-A'TION, w. The act of pulling off the shoes or sanduls. Broxon. DIS-€AN'D Y, r. i. [dis and candy.] To melt ; to dis- solve- Shak. DIS-CARD', V. t. [Sp. descartar; Port, id.; dis and eard.]^ 1. To throw out of the hand such cards as are useless. 2. To dismiss from service or employment, or from society ; to cast off; as, to discard spies and inform- ers ; to discard an old servant ; to discard an asso. ciate. 3. To thrust away ; to reject ; as, to discard preju- dices. DIS-€ARD'ED, pp. or a. Thrown out; dismissed from service ; rejected. DIS-CARD'ING, ;y)r. Throwing out; dismissing from employment ; rejecting. DIS-€XR'NATE, a. [dis and L. caro, flesh.] Stripped of flesh. OlanviUe. DIS-CaSE', p. U [dis and co-^e.] To take off a cov- ering from ; to strip ; foundress. Shak. DIS-CEP-Ta'TION, n. Controversy. DIS-CEP-TA'TOR, n. [L.j One who arbitrates or decides. [JVcf used.] DIS-CERN', (diz-zern',) p. L [L. discemo ; dit avi eemo, to separate, or distinguish, Gr. Kptvulha a youn^ man roiil uf uiider^ standing. — Pror. »ii. 5. To discover by the intellect ; to distinguish ; hence, to have knowledge of; to judge. So b mj lanl tlie kins; la fUsixrn good and bnii. — 2 Snm. xiv, A wise maii'i hpiuHUMcemeth tiiite and Judgment, — l-kcli.-s. viii. DIS-CERN', (diz-zern',) r. i. To see or understand the difference; to make distinction; us, to discern between good and evil, truth and falsehood. Q. To have judicial cognizance. [06*.] Bacon. DIS-CERN'£D, (diz-zenid',) J*;;. Distinguislied; seen; discovered. DIS-CERN'ER, (diz-zern'er,) n. One who sees, dis- covers, or disiinguishes; an observer. . 2. One who knows and judges ; one who has the powerof distinguishing. He Ktia a great ot^cnei and dUcemtr of men's nntun^ and hiimon. Clartndon. 3. That wliichdistinguisbea ; or that which causes to understand. The Wott! of Go-J is qukk »nd powcrfd— a diicerntr of lli8 thouglits and Intents of tJic h^'art. — Hc6. iv. DIS-CERN'I-BLE, (diz-zcrn'e-ld,) a. That may be seen distinctly ; disroverable by the eye or the un- derstanding ; di>tin;.'iiish:ible. A star is discernible by the eye ; the id.iitity or difference of ideas is dis- cfrnible by the undt-r.^Iaiiding. DlS-CERN'l-BLK-NESS, n. Visihlrness. DIS-CERN'I-BLY, adv. In a manner to be discerned, seen, or discovered ; visibly. Ifammond, DI8-CERN'ING, (diz zern'ing,) ppr. Distinguishing; •eeing; discovering; knowing; judging. 2. a. Having power to discern ; capable of see- ing, discriminating, knowing, and judging; Khar]»- slghtcd ; penetrating; acute ; aa, a (/i.vcrrnm^ man or mind. DIS-CERN'ING, n. Tlie act of discerning ; discern- ment. Spectfitor. DIS-CERNTNG-LY, adv. With discernment ; acuUdy; with judgment; skillfiillv. Garth. DIS-CERN'.VIENT, n. The act of discerning; also, the pc)wer or faculty of the mind, by which it dis- tinguishes one thing from another, as truth from falsehood, virtue from vice ; acuteness of judgment ; power of perceiving ditFerencca of things or ideas, and their relations tind tendencies. The errors of youth often proceed fVr)m the want of discernment. DIS-CERP', v. U [L. dhcrrpo.] To tear in piec'. 12. To dismiss; to release; to send away from any business or appointment. Discharge your iMwrra to tlii'^ir scTcral counties. Shak, 13. To emit or send out; as, an ulcer discharges pus ; a pipe discharges water. 14. To release ; to liberate from confinement ; as, to discharge a prisoner. 1.5. To put away ; to remove ; to clear fVom ; to destroy. In gena-al, to throw off any load or encum- brance ; to free or clear. DIS-CHARCiE', P. i. To break up. Tlic cloud, if it were oWy or faltv, would not dUchArgt. liacon. D1S-CHAR6E', n. An unloading, as of a ship; as, the discharge of a cargo. 2. A throwing out; vent; emission; applied to a Jlaidy a flowing or issuing out, or a throwing out ; as, the discharge of water from a spring, or from a spoilt ; applied to fire-arms, an explosion ; as, a dis- charge ot cannon. 3. That which is tlirown out ; matter emitted ; as, a thin, serous discharge : a purulent discharge. 4. Dismission from office or service ; or tlie writing which evidences the dismission. The general, the soldier, obtains a diteharge. 5. Release fmm obligation, debt, or penalty ; or the writing which is evidence of it ; an acquittance ; as, the debtor has a duicharge. a. Absolution from a crime or acctisation ; acquit- tance. South. 7. Ransom ; liberation ; price paid for deliverance. MUttnu 8. Performance ; execution ; applied to an office, trust, or dutjf. A gf»od man is faitliful in the discharge of his duties, public and private. 9. Liberation; release from imprisonment or other confinement 10. Exemption ; escape. Thrre u no dischargt in that war. — Eccle*. rllL 1 1. Pnynient, as of a debt. 12. \x\ architecture, to relieve or distribute a weight to he borne. Thus, discharging arches are placed in a wall over a Itnlel, to discharge the lintel of too great a pressure from above. Brandc, DIS-CHAR(5'£D,p/i or a. Unloaded j left off ; shot; thrown out : dismissed from service ; paid ; re- lease and naval tACtics and manieu- vers. It is chiefly used in the latter sense, and es- pecially for one who is well verged in, or teiirhes with exactness, mililAr>- exercises and cvulutinns. 2. A Puritan or Presbyterian ; so called from his rigid adherence to religious discipline- Samdersotu [I brtirre not mew msfd.} DIS'CI-PL1\-A-RY, a. Pertaining to discipline; in- tended for discipline or government ; promoting dis- ciplme ; as, certain canons of Uie church are duci- pUnary. S. Kelanng to a mgular coutw of education ; in- tended Uv instruction. MUuitu The t*il» 6t tfc, pain, ridmr*, lowrt, aomnn, Aangen, aikd tlkil^iitmniu, u« dudptmaiy uid ranadMl. JSiMfcwIiulrr. DIS'CI-PLIXE, a. [U disdjdina, from diseoy to learn.] 1. Education ; m^tniction ; cultivation and im- provement, comprehending instruction in arts, sci- ences, correct seniinients, morals, and manners, and doe subordination to aiiUioriiy. 2. Insiniciion and gnvcrnmcnt, comprehending the communication of knowledge and the regulation of practice ; as, military dudpUHr, which includes instruction in manual exercise, cvoluliuns, and sub- ordination. 3. Rule of government ; method of regulatmg principles and practice j as, the discipUtu prescribed for the church. 4. Subjection to laws, niles, order, precept-'*, or regulations ; as, the troops are under excellent dLened to^icw ; made known ; revealed ; told ; uttered. DIS-CL^S'ER, It. One who discloses or reveals. DIS-GLOS'ING, ppr. Uncovering ; opening to view ; revealing; making known ; telling. DIS-eLOa'lJRE, (dis-klo'zhur,) n. The act of dis- closing; an uncovering and opening to view. Bacon. 2. The act of revealing; utterance of what was secret ; a telling. 3. The act of making known what was concealed. 4. That which ia disclosed or made known. DIS-eL0'SIO.\, (dis-kia'zhun.) n. [h. disdusus, dis- clmdo ; dis and daudo.] An emission ; a throwing ouL [LiMe used.] Jilore. DIS-COAST', r. t. To depart from ; to quit Uie coast. [AVI used.] DIS-eO-IlKR'E.VT, o. Incoherent. [ TTi* /aaer M ^en- eraUp used.] DIS'eOID, ju [L. discus^ and Gr. ctSf^.] Something in form of a discus or disk. DIS'COID, i a. Having the form of a disk. The OIS-COID'.\L, \ term discAtid is particularly applied to those univalve shells which have the air-whorls disposed vertically on the same plane, so as to form a disk, as the pearly nautilus. Discoid, or disccusy flowers are compound flowers, not radiated, but the dorets all tubular, as the tansy, souiltornwood, &.c. Cyc Smith. DiS-eOL'OR, (dis-kul'lur,) p. U [L. discoloro ; dis and coloru, from color.] 1. To alter the natural hue or color of; to stain ; to tinge. \ drop of wine will discolor a glass of wa- ter; silver is discolored by sea-water. 2. To change any color, natural or artificial ; to al- ter a color partially. It difT.jrs from color and dye, in d'u-noting a partial alteration, rather than an entire change, of color. 3. FiffurfUivchj, to alter the complexion ; to change the appearance ; as, to discolor ideas. IVatis. DlS-eOL-OR-A'TION, n. The act of altering the col- or ; a staining. 2. Alteration of color ; stain ; as, spots and discol- orations of tiie skin. 3. Alteration of complexion or ap|)carance. DIS-€0L'0R-/:D, (-kul'lurd,) pp. Altered in color; £tai.ted. 2. a, Varieeated ; being of divers colors, Spenser. DIS-eOL'OR-lNG, ppr. Altering the color or hue; staining ; chinking the complexion. DIS-€0L'OR-I\G, (kul'lur-) n. The act of altering color fur the worse. DI.S-eOM'FIT, Cdis-kum'fit,) r. e. [Fr. deconjire, de- \ DIS confit ; It. acoiifiggere^ sconjiitn ; from dis and the L, coufigo, to fasten, to nail ; eon and /I'o, to lix.] To rout ; to defeat ; to scatter in' fight ; to cause to flee ; to vanquish. JiMhua discomfited Ainiiiek ftnd hit people with tlie etlge of. the •wonl. — Kx, xvU. I!p, fii'itlv, (Iffclirifil iuporior Blrcngtb, Itiieomjited, piinurd. Philip*. DIS-eOM'FIT, n. Rout; dispei-sion ; defeat; over throw DIS eOM'FIT-ED, pp. or a. Routed ; defeated ; over- thrown. DIS-COM'FIT-ING, ppr. Routing ; defeating. DIS-€OM'FIT-URti, (dis-kum'fit-yur,) it. Rout; de- feat in battle ; disjiersion ; overthrow. Ercry in:ui'a jwiinl w:u a?aiiiat hii fctlow, antl there wai a Tcry great tlidcomJUure. — 1 Sam. xiv. 2. Defeat; frustration; disappointment. DIS-eOM'rORT, (dis-kum'fnrt,) n. [(/wand cotn/ort.] Uneasiness; disturbance of peace ; pain; grief; in- quietude. S/uJi. South. DIS-COM'FORT, V. U To disturb peace or happiness ; to make uneasy ; to pain ; to grieve ; to sadden ; to dejfct. Siditry. DIS-eOM'FORT-A-BLE, a. Causing uneasiness ; un- pleasant ; giving pain; making sad. [Little used.] Sidney. 9. Uneasy ; melancholy ; refusing comfort. (jVot used.] Sfiak. [Instead of this word, Uwcomfortable is used.] DIS-eOM'FORT-EU, pp. Made uneasy ; disturbed j ptihied ; grieved. Dil>-C0.M'FURT-1NG, ppr. Disturbing peace and hap- piness ; making uneasy ; grieving. DIS-eOM-ME\D',p.r. [dis and commrnd.] To blame; to censure ; to mention with disapprobation. I Jo iHit ditcommftul the lofty iiyle in irag.xly. Drydan, DIS-€O.M-MEND'A-RLE, a. Blaraable ; censurable ; desL-rving disapprobation. Ayliffe. DlSCOM-ME\D'A-BI>E-NESS, tu Blamablcness ; the quality of being worthy of disapprobation. DIS-eOM-MEND-A'TIOiN, n. Blame; censure; re- pmach. Ayli^e.. DIS-€OM-MEND'ER, n. One who discommends ; a dispraiser. Johnson. DIS-COM-MKND'tXG, ppr. Blaming; censuring. DIS-COM'MU-DATE, v. t. To incommode. [JVot lued.] DlS-eoM-MODE', r. (. [di-< and commode, Fr.] To put to inconvenience; to incommode; to mo- lest ; to trouble. DIS-COM-MOU'ED, pp. Put to inconvenience; mo- lested ; incommoded. DIS-COM-MOD'ING, ;;pr. Putting to inconvenience ; giving trouble to. DlS-eOM-.MO'Dl-OUS, a. Inconvenient ; trouble- some. Spenser. DIS-€OM-M0'DI-OUS-LY,otii>. In a discommodious manner. DIS-eOM-MOD'I-TY, n. Inconvenience; trouble; hurt; disadvantage. Bacon. DiaCOM'MON, V. U [dis and common.] To appro- priate common land ; to separate and inclose com- mon. Cowcl. 2. To deprive of the privileges of a place. IVarton. DIS-€OM'MOX-KD, pp. Appropriated, as land. DIS-eOM'MON-I\G,;;;»r. Appropriating; sejiarating or inclosing common land. DIS-eOM-PLEX'lON, (-kom-plexfyun,) r. L To change the complexion or color. [J\''ot used.] Beaum. DIS-€OM-POSE', (dis-kom-p5ze',) v. t [dis and cuia- pose.]^ 1. Tou things. 2. To disturb pt-ace and quietness; to agitate ; to ruffle ; applied to Uie temper or miiul; expressing li^ss agitation than fret and vez, or expressing vexation with decorum. Swift. 3. To displace ; to discard. L^vt in use.] Bacun. DIS-€O.M-P0s'/:D, pp. or a. Unsettled; disordered; rulfled ; agitated ; disturbed. DIS-COM-POS'LVG, jrpr. Unsettling; putting out of ordi/r; ruffling; agitating; disturbing tranquillity. DIS-eO.\l-PO-Sl"TION, (-i)0-zish'un,) n. Inconsist- ency. [A*rf( iijicd.] DIS eOM-POS'URE, (dis-kom-po'zlmr,) «. Disorder; agitation; disturbance; perturbation; as, discompos- UTC of mind. Clarmdan. DI.S-eOX-CEtlT', r. I. [//is and concert.] To break or int-^rrnpi any order, pl.in, or harmonious scheme ; to dLf<;al ; to frustrate, 'i'he cmpt>ror disconcerted th6 plans of his tneniy. Their schemes were discoa- certed. 9. To unsettle the mind : to discompose : to dis- turb ; to confuse. An unexpectt-o question may ois- conccrt the alilfst advocate in his argument. DIS-eO\-CERT'ED, pp. lin-ken ; internipt.id ; dis- ordered ; defeated ; unseiiled ; discomposed ; con- fused. DISeoN-CERT'I.VG, ppr. Diaordcring ; defeating; discomposing; disturbing. unsettle ; to disorder ; to disturb ; applied to FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MeTE, PR£Y.— PINE, MAR^TXE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.- 34r DJS DIS-eON-CER'*II0N, n. The act of disconcerting. Fedarali^t^ Hamilton. DIS-eON-FORM'l-TY, n. [dis and coaformityA Want of airreein'-nl or Conformity ; inconsislencv- Itakncilt. DIS-€O\-GR0'I-TY, 7L [dis and cariirrutly.] Want of cungruity ; incongruity; disagreement; incon- sistency. Hale. DIS-eON-XEGT', r. t. [dis and connec/.] To sepa- rate ; to disunite ; to dii^solve connection. The commonwcftllii wcnild, in a few pTiemtloiia, cnimble awny, be ducvnnected iulu the dust aniJ powder of indivitlnuliiy. Burke. Tbii restrictioa ditcotmecU bank paper aud ihc precious nt*'(.ils. W(U»k. DIS-€ON-NE€T'EU, pp. or n. Separated ; disunited. This word is not synonymous with uHcoimected, though often confounded with iL Ditconnccted im- plies a previous connection ; unconnected does not necessarily implv any previous union. DrS-t"OX-\E€T'LNG, ppr. Separalins ; disuniting. DIS-€ON-.\Ee'T[Oi\, n. The act of separaiinR, or stale of being disunited ; separation ; want of union. Nothing wai ttier*'fore to be If fl in all tl»e >iilxic\liuate nietiibcT», but wejlEif^sa, dinconnecLon, and cotil'tisi'>ii. hurke, DIS-€0\-SE\T', B. i. [til.? and consent.] To differ; to disagree ; not to consent. Mitiun. DIB €O.N''.SO-LANCE, a. Disconsulateness. D!S-€ON'SO-LATE, a. [dis and L. consolatus. See Console.] 1. Destitute of comfort or consolation ; sorrowful ; Itopeless, or not expacting comfort; !^ad \ dejected ; melancholy ; as, a parent, bereaved of an only cluld^ and diaeoiisolafe, 2. .Vol affording comfort ; cheerless; as, the dis- eon.-'olate darkntss of a winter's night. Rart. DlS-eO.\'SO-LATE-LY,a//i'. In a disconsolate man- ner; without conif.)rt. DIseoN'SO-LATE-XESP, n. The slate of being disconsolate or conifortless. DISeON-SO LA'TIO.N', n. Want of comfort. Jnclcton. DIS-CON'-TENT', n. [dis and content.] Want of Content ; uneasiness or inquietude of mind ; dissat- i.sfiiciion at anv present sfite of things. DlS-CO.V-TEN't', a. Uneasy ; dissalis^fied. Uayicard. DIS-eON-TE.NT', B. I. To make uneasy at the pres- ent stale ; to dissatisfy. DIS-€0.\-TE.\T'ED, pp. or a. Uneasy in mind ; dis- satisfied ; unquiet ; as, discontented citi/.uns make bad ioibjerts. DfS-CON TENT'ED-LY, adv. In a discontented mannt-r or mood. DIS-€f>\-TEN'T'ED-NES3, n. Uneasiness of mind ; inquietudi:' ; dJs.<^atisraction. Addison, DIS €ON-TENT'ri;L, a. Full of discontent. DIS-CO.N\TENT'I.\G, a. Giving uneasiness. DIS-eON-TENT'MENT, n. 'Ilie state of being un- easy in mind ; uneasiness ; inquietude ; discontent. Houker. Bacon. DIS-eON-TIN't^-A-BLE, a. Thai may be discontin- ued. DIS-eOX-TIN'T^-ANCE, n. [.See Diseosriifui:.] Want of continuance ; cessation ; intermission ; in- terruption of continuance; as, a disconiinuaate of conversation or intercciurse. .'itterl/anj. 2. Want of continued connection or colicsiru'i of porta \ want of union ; disruption. Bacon. 3. In Zaw, a breaking off or interruption of posses- sion, as wliere a tenant in tail inakei" a feoffiueni in fee-simple, or for the life of the feoffee, or in tail, which he has not [lower to do; in this case, the entry of the feoffee is lawful during the life of the feoffor ; bul if he retains posstriision after the death of the feoffor, it is an injur>' which is termed a dis- eontinuancr, the legal estate of the heir in tail being didcontinutd, till a recovery can be bad in law. BLickstone. 4. Discontinuance of a suit, is when a plaintiff leaves a chasm in the proceedings in his Cituse, asby not continuing the process regularly from day today ; in which case the defendant is not bound to at- t^'nd. Fornaerly, the demise of the king caused a diMoiLtintiance of all suits; but (his is rerni-died by statute 1 Edw. VI. Blackjitone. DIS^eON-TI\-U-A'TrON% n. Breach or intrrnip- lion of continuity ; disruption of parts ; se[Kiration of parts whicli form a cunnectfd series, JVcwt4m. PIK-CON-TIiN'QE, V. L [dm and continue.] 'l"o leave off; to cause to cease, as a practice or habit ; to stop ; to put an end to ; as, to discontinue the intem- perate use of spirits. Inveterate customs are not dijcnntinued without inconvenience. 1 !<■ doprcdiitl'jna on our cdmniercc were nut U> b* diteonlinufd. T. I'idctri7>g. J. To break off; to interrupt. .1. To cease to take or receive ; as, lo discontinue a daily paper. DI.S-CON-TLN'I^^E, v. i. To cease ; lo leave the pos- session, or lose an established or long-enjoyed righu Th/irif ibalt diaconUnitg from thine heritage. — Jcr. xvU. 3. To lose the cohesion of parta ; lo suffer disrup- tion or separation of substance. [Idttte used.] Bacon. DIS DIS CON'-TIX'U-^D, pp. Left off; interrupted; bn.k.-n off. DIS-€UN-TIN'U-ER, n. One who discontinues a ni!e or practice. DIS-€(.)X-Tli\'lJ-lNG, ppr. Ceasing; intferrupting ; breaking oiT. DIS-CON-TI-NO'I-TY, n. Disunion of parts; want of cohe^^ion. JVeirton. DlS-eo\-TL\'^-OUS, a. Broken off ; interrupted. 9. Si'parated ; wide ; gaping. Milton. DIS-€ON-¥l':X'IEXCE, (-ven'yens,) n. [dis and convenience.] Incongruity ; disagreement. [Little uscfL] BranUialL DIS-eoN-VEN'IEXT, a. Incongruous. Reynolds. DIS'eORD, n. [L. discordia; Fr. discorde; fruin L. discurs ; dis and cor.] 1. Disagreement among persons or things. Be- tween persons, diff^-rence of opinions; variance; opposition ; contention ; strife ; any disagreement which produces angry passions, contests, disputes, litigation, or war. Ducord may exist between fam- ilies, parties, and nJrtions. 2. Disagreement ; want of order ; a clashing. All ducord, hnrmoiijr not understood. Pope. 3. In music, disagreement of sounds ; dissonance ; a uninn of sounds which is inhannonious, grating, and disagrceatile to the car: or an interval whose extrettics do not coalesce. Tlius the second and the seventh, when sounded together, make a discord. The term discord is applied to each of the two sounds whicli fitrm the dissonance, and to the inter- val ; hut more properly to the mixed sound of dis- sonant tones. It is opposed to eoncoid and harmony. DiyeoUD', p. i. To disagree ; to jar ; to clash ; not to suit ; not to be coincident. [JVoI in use.] Bacon. DIS-CORD'AXCE, i r, j;„„j,„.i DIS-eOKD'AX-cV,!"- [1-- discordant.} Disagreement ; opposition ; inconsistency ; as, a discordance of opinions, or of sounds, DISeOKD'ANT, a. [L. discurdatts.] 1. Disagreeing; incongruous; contradictory; be- ing at variance ; as, discordant opinions ; discordant rules or principles. a. t)p|Kjsitc; rontrarious ; not coincident; as, the discordant attractions of comets, or of different plan- els. Cheyne. 3. Dissonant; not in unison; not harmonious; not accordant; harsh; jarring; as, discordant notes or sounds. DlS-€01lD'ANT-LYj adi'. Dissonanlly ; in a dis- cordant manner; mconsistenlly ; in a manner to jar or clash ; in disagreement with another, or with itself. DIS-€URD'FIJIj, a. Quarrelsome ; contentions. Spenser. DIS-COUX'SEL, V. L To dissuade. [A"o( in use.] Spenser. DI.S'GOUXT, n. [Ft. deeonte or decompte; de, or dis, and compte < It. nconto ; Sp. descuento ; Arm. discount or diiiunt. (See Count.) Literally, a counting back or from.] 1. A sum deducted for prompt or advanced pay- ment ; an allowance or deduction from a sum due, or fn»m a credit ; a certain rale per cenu deducted from the credit price of gtH)ds sold, on account of prompt payment; or any deduction from the cus- tomary price, n)f-nt in hand, and the h^tlder of a note or bill of exchange will deduct a certain rat/i |K-r cent, of the amount of the note or bill for advanced pay- ment, which deduction is ailletl a discount. 2. Among bankers, the deduction of a sum for ad- vanced payment; particularly, the deduction of the interest on a sum lent, at the time of lending. The discounts at banking institutitms are usually the amount of legal Interest ;)aid by the borrower, and dt^ducted from the sum borrowed, at the commence- ment of the credit. Hamilton's Report. 3. The sum deducted or refunded ; as, the discount wits five per cent. 4. Thf* act of discounting. .\ note is lodged in the bank for discount. The banks have suspended discounts, DI.S'COUXT or DtS-€OUXT', r. f. [Sp. drseontar; Port, id.; Fr, decomptcr; Arm. discounta, diifojitein ; It. scontare. In British books, Ihc accent is laid on the last syllable. Rut in Jimerica, the accent is usually, or always, on llie first.] 1. To deduct a crrtain sum or r:Ue f>pr cent, from the principal sum. Merchants discount five or six per cent, for prompt or for advanced payment. 3. To lend or advance the amount of, deducting tlic )nt<.TCKt or other rale per cent, from the principal, at the time of the loan or advance. The banks dis- count notes and bills of exclmnge, on good security, Tb^ ftnt rule — to dJaeiunl ptily uncticcptibuuble pap<.T. WaUh. DIS'COUNT, tj. i. To lend or make a practice of lend Ing money, deducting the interest at the lime of the loan, 'J'he banks ducount for sixty or ninety days, sometimes for longer terms. DIS DIseoUXT'A-IILE, a. That may be di.scnmited. Certain forms are necessary to render notes dis~ countable at a bank. A bill may be discountable for more than sixty days. DIS'COUNT-DaY, n. The day of the week on which a bank discounts notes and bills. DIS'COUNT-KO, pp. Deducted from a principal sum ; paid back ; refunded or allowed ; as, the sum of five per cent, was dLicounted. 9. Having the amount lent on discount ot deduc- tion of a sum in advance ; as, the bill was discounted for sixty days. DIS-€OUX'TEl-XAXUE, v. t [dis and countenance.] To abash ; to rutfle or discompose the countenance ; to put lo shame ; to put out of countenance. [JVut used.] How would on? look from hla majestic brow Diaa}unUnnrtC9 her dt^apiaeU I HJilton. 2. To discourage ; to check ; to restrain by fr<»wns, censure, arguments, opposition, or cold treatment. The good citizen will discountenance vice by every lawful means. DIseoUX'TE-NAXCE, n. Cold treatment; unfa- vorable aspect; unfriendly regard; disapprobation; whatever tends to check or discourage. He thought a liltle (fi« countenance on those pnrBont would siippn.'ss Uiat apirit. Ciarendon. DIS-COIJX'TE XAXC-iCD, (nanst,) pp. Abashed ; discoiiriged ; checked; frowned on. DlS-eOUX'TE-XAX-CER, n. One who discourages by Cold treatment, frowns, censure, or expression of disapprobation ; one who checks or depresses by un- friendly regards. DIS-€OUX'TE-XAX-CIXG, ppr. Abashing ; discour- aging ; checking by disapprobation or unfriendly re- gards. DIS'COUXT-ER, n. One who advances money on discounts. Burke. DIS'COUXT-IXG, ppr. Deducting a sum for prompt or advanced payment. 2. Lending on discount. DIS'eOUXT-IXG, n. The act or practice of lending money on discounts. Til'; pnilibible boBiiteu of a banic couiiata in dtMCounting. liainUlon. DISeOUR'AGE, (dis-kur'ajc,) r, (. [dis and courage; Fr. deconragcr ; Ann. digourafri ; It. acurajfgiare. The Italian is from ex and curaggio. See Courage.] 1. To extinguish the courage of; to dishearten; to depress the spirits ; to deject ; to deprive of con- fidence. railvrs, provoktf not your childrcu, leit they be diacouraged. — t:nl hath ^veu tliciii ? Nniii. xxxii. 3. To attempt to repress or prevent ; lo dissuade from ; as, to ditconrage an effort. DIS-COUR'AG /:n, (dlskur'ajd,) ;»p. or a. Disheart- ened ; deprived of courage or confidence ; depressed in spirits; dejected ; checked. DIS-CoUR'AGE-MKXT, (dis kur'aje-ment,) n. The act of dishearteninc, or depriving of courage ; the net of deterring or dissuading from an undertalting ; the act of depressing confidence. 2. Thai which destroys or altates courage ; that which depresses confidence or hope ; that which deters, or tends to deter, from an nnd«rtaking, or from the prosecution of any thing. Evil examples are great di.-^coura^nnfnts to virtue. The revolution was Commenced under every pt>ssible discourage- Vicnt. DIS-COUR',\G-ER, (dia-kur'ajer,) n. One who dis- courages; one tvho disheartens, or depreflSfis the courage ; one wlio impresses diffidence ttr fear of success ; one who dissuades from an undertaking. DIS-COUR'AO-IXG, (dis-kur'aj-ing,) ppr. Disheart- ening; depressing courage, % a. Tending to dishearten, or to depress the cour- age ; as, discouraging prosjwcts. DIS eOUR'AO-lXG-LY, atlo. In a manner lending to discourage. DLS-COURSE', (dis-kors',) n. [Fr. disrours; L. discur- sus, from discurro, to ramble; dis and curro, to run ; It. discorso.] 1. The act of the understanding by which it goes forth into the field of thought; liie net which con- nects propositions, and deduces conclusions from theiru Johnson. Sure he that maile us with tuch Ur^e dUcourMt, Lixtkiiif Ix'lurn and alV-r. jthvc us not Tli;il C^ipiit'ility and j^odliko icujwu To nut ill it* uiiuji^d, Shak, [This sense is note obsolete.] y. Literally, a running over a subject in speech ; hence, a communication of thoughts by words, ei- ther lo individuals, to companies, or to public as- semblies. Discourse 10 an individual, or to a small company, is called conversation, or talk : mutual in- terchange of thouglits ; mutual Intercourse of lan- gimge. It is appOed to the familiar ccunnuinication of thoughts by an individual, or to the mutual com- TONE, BULL, TiNITE. — AN"GER, VI"C!OUB. — e w. K ; m J , S as Z ; CH as SII ; Til as in THia [Ml" DIS munication of two or more, Wc say, [ was pleased witb kis di s t aurge , and lie heard our discourse, Tbs rmnqukbeU pun with tb^ vkion juiiied, Mar VMtted mraet meotrae, Uw buHjuet of Of mliwl. 3 EflUsion of languaf e ; st>f*<^ch. Locke. 4. A written treatise; a formril dissertation ; as, the discourse of Plutarch on garrulity ; of Cicero on old age. 5. A sermon, uttered or ivritten. We «ay, an ex- temporaneous discourse^ or a whiten discourse. DI8-€6URSE', r. i. To talk ; to converse ; but it ex- presses rather more formality than talk. lie dis- e^trs«d witb us an hour on the events of the war. We dtteurstd tojicther on our mntunl concerns. 3. To communicate ihouf>hts or ideas in a formal manoCT'; to treat upon in a Mtlemn, set manner ; as, to ducMETM on the prupi*rties uf the circle ; the preacber Atcmntd on the nature and effect of fotUu 31 To reason ; to pass from premises to conse- miences. Davies, DIS-C;CURSE', r. t. To treat of; to talk over. [A"0t uud.] Let OB £«r»vat our toitum m S^ak. S. To utter or pre forth ; as, to ditcmuvt excellent mu5ic DIS-€OCRS'£D, (dis-kOrst'O yp. Discussed at length ; treated of. DIS-CCURS'ER, a. One who discourses i a speaker ; a ha ranker. 2. The writer of a treatise or dissertation. Stcift DIS-CC(-'KS'1.NG> ppr. Talking ; conversing ; preach- ing ; di-scu-csing j treating at some length, or in a for- mal manner. DIS-C0L'R:^7VG, URT'E-Or9, (-kurl'e-us,) a. [dis and comri- eous.] Uncivil; rude; uiicittnplaisant ; wanting in good manntfs; as, dL^caurteotis knighu DIS-eOL'R'l'X-OUS-LV, ad: In a rude or uncivil manner; with incivility. DIS-€017RT'E-SV, (kurl'e-sy.) ». [dis and coMi-tMy.l Incivility ; rudeness of behavior or language ; iU manaeisi act of disre^Kct. Bp Cftbn io UYuing ; for fciw w nm^m t^Txx ft bulk, uhI tnsh diaeamrmmi. Bnttrl. DI8-€0URT'SmP, I Want of respect. jOfrtf.] VISCOUS, c rfrom L. discus,'] Broad ; flat ; wide ; used of the middle, pUin, and flat part of some flow- en. Quiscy. DlS-€OV'E-NANT, s, (. To dissolve covenant with. D13-€0V'ER, (dis-kuv'er.) t. (. [Ft. dfcourrtr : de, for dts^ or dis, and eomertrj to cover ; Sp. dcscubrir; Von. dueohrir ; IL seaprirt. See Covks.J 1. iUtcrsffy, to uncover ; to remove a covering. Is. a To lay open to view ; to disclose ; to show ; to make visible ; to expose to view sotucihing before un- •een or concealed. Oe, dimv Bade ttw ontttfaw, and (fUcoavr ThBKvenleukMita tliiiwMepriiiee. Stmk. Be rtiBBPBurtl deea tlnnga out a dwfaHH. — Job xii. I^ur SMI diawMT «, bat not lenwve. [In these passages, tlie word should be Uncovxa.} 3. To revMl : to niake known. We will iims a v er ou r wc W CT Io thnn. — I Saim. ziT. Dia to m r aot a arcm to uMtlier. — Piqt. xkt. 4. To espy ; to have the first sight of; as, a man at iRaat-bead ductrpcrea -and. yrktawthmAAammsft^ ^yrv^ wc left it on tbtleft huMl. — Acttxzi. 5. To find o«it ; to obtain the first knowled^ of; to come to the knowledge of something sought or be- ibre unknown. Columbus discovered the variation «f the magnetic needle. We often discover our nistakea, when too late to prevent their evil ef- 6. To detect ; as, we disc^/vered the artifice ; the thief, finding himself disofrered, attempted to escape, Diseoeer differs from iureitt. We discover what before exi?tf^d, though to us unknown; we tncent what did not before exisL DIS-eOV'ER-A-BLE, a. That may be discovered; thai may be brought to light, or exposed to view. 2. That may be seen ; a.s, many mintite animals are discoveraiU only by th»bulp of the microscope. 3. That may be found out, or made known : as, the Scriptures reveal many tilings not discoverabU by the light of reason. 4- Apparent ; visible ; exposed to view Swiiiag diMonenbU in tbe luii« Mifice !• ever cor^ril. Bendttf. DIS-e<5V'ER-jro, (-kuv'erd,) pp. Uncovered ; dis- closed to view ; laid open; revealed; espied or fimt seen ; found out ; detected. DIS-€OV'ER-ER, n. One who discovers ; one who DIS flnl see^ or espies ; one who tiuds out, or first comes to the knowti'djie of sunu-lliing. a. A scout ; an explorer. Shak. DIS-€OV/KR LNG, ppr. Uncovering ; disclosing to view; laying o(>cn ; revealing; making known; es- pying; finding out i detecting. DlS-rOV'ERT-fTRE, ». [Fr. decovvert^ uncovered.] .'\ state of iK-ing released from coverture ; freedom of a woman from the coverture of a husband. DIS-COV'KR-V, n. The action of diriclos^g to view, or brincing tn light : as, by the discvvery of a plot, the public peace is preserved. Q. Disclosure; a making known ; as, a bankrupt is bound to make a full discvrrry of hli^ estate and eflocts. 3. The action of finding something hidden ; as, the Ascovtrtf of lead or silver in the earth. 4. The act of finding out, or coming to the knowl- edge of; as, the discwrry of truth ; llie discovery of magnetism. 5. The act of espying ; firsj sight of; as, the dis- eorery of America by Columbus, or of the continent by Cabot. 6. That which is discovered, found out, or revenli'd ; that which is first brought to light, seen, i>r known. The properties of the magnet were an important dif- corery. UedcinpIiDU from sin was a ducoocry beyond the power of human philosophy. 7. In dramatic pcrtr^, the unraveling of a plot, or the niannerof unfolding lim plot or fable of a comedy or trag.-dv. DIS-eKEl)''IT, n. [Fr. discredit; Sp. diseredito ; It. scrediUi. See ilie Verb.) 1. Want of credit or good reputation ; some degree of disgrace or repnxich ; disesteem ; appUett to prr- sons er things. Frauds in raanufacttures biing ihcm into discredit. It it tbe dut.T otvT&n CUsUn to be eoncmwd br the rrptitntion ur di»crtdil tiu ufe Duty fanog on fak pw fa wion. Rogera. 2. Want of Udief, trust, or confidence; disbelief; as, later accounts have brought the story into dis- credit. DIS-CRED'IT, r. t, [FY decraditer; de^ desy dis, m\^ crtditA 1. To disbelieve ; to give no credit to ; not to credit or believe ; as, the report is discreihtetl. 3. Todepriveof credit or g(x>d reputation ; to make less reputable or honorable ; to bring into disei^lci'iu ; to bring into some degree of disgrace, or into dis- itpnie. He l«M duercrfita hk trmTelt, who rctunu tbe lanie man he wnU. Wntlon. Our rirUMS wtU be often SseraiStsd with the a];>iWAru)C« nT eril, Rogeri. 3. To deprive of credibility. Shak. DIS-CRE[)'IT-A-BLE, n. Tending to hijure credit; injurious to reputation; disgratx'ful ; disreputable. Blair. DISeRED'IT-A-BLY, ado. In a discreditable man- ner. DIS-CRED'IT-En, pp. Disbelieved ; brought into dis- repute ; disgraced. DIS-CRED'IT-ING, ppr. Disbelieving; not trusting to; depriving of credit; disgracing. DiS-CREET', a. [Fr. discret : Sp. ditcrefo ; It. id. ; L. discretas, the participle assigned to di-'cernoy dis and cemo, but probably from the root of rid/Ue, W. rhidyll^ from rkiHiaWy to secrete, as screen is from the root of secemoy or excemo^ Gr. osed to continued or continual pioportion ; as, 3 : 6 : : 12 : 24. Barliitc. 2. Disjunctive ; as, I resign my life, but not my Iionur, is a discrete proposition. Johnson. DIS-CRRTE', V. u To separate ; to discontinue. [JVot iisetl.] Brov>n. DI?!-eRE"TION, (dis-kresh'un,) n. [Fr. discretiim; It. iliscrezioue i Sp. discreeion; from tlie L. discretioy a seiMirating ; discretus, ilisccmo. See Discbeet."] 1. Prudence, or knowl(;dge and prudence ; that discernment which enables a jxjrson la jiulge crit- ically of what is correct unil proper, united with caution ; nice discernment and judgment, directed by circumspection, and primarily regarding one's own conduct. A jfoi"! mill — will piiiiln hi^ iilT:»ini with iSiacretion. — Pi. ciii. M)' •>»), ktxp ■uiinit wioduiii aiiJ ilUcretion. — Pror. iii. 2. LilK-rty or power of acting without other con- trol th:in one's own judgment ; as, the management oralfjiirs was Irll to the discretion of the prince ; he is Irfl to his own di.-tcrctlon. Hence, To surrrnder at rfi.-fcrrtion, is to surrender without stipulation or terms, and commit onu^s self entirely to the jMiwer of the conqueror. 3. Disjunction; separation. [Avt muck used.] Mcde.. DI?!-eRE"TIO.\-A-RY, \ (dis-kresh'un-,) a. Left to DIS-eUK"TIOX-AL, \ discretion ; unrestrained except by disrrftion or judgment; that is to be di- rected or managed by discretion only. Thus, the president of the United States is. In certain cases, invested with discretionary powers, to act according to rrrciunslnncos. DIS-eRK"TION-A-RI-LY, J adv. At discretion ; ac- DIS-CKE"TIO.\-AL-LY, J cording lo discretion. DLS-CRli'TlVE, a. [See Discbeet and Discbete.] Disjunctive; nnting separation or opposition. In lo^ric, a discretive pro(K>siiion expresses'sonie distinc- tion, opposition, or variety, by means of but, thoufrhy yrty Slc, ; as, travelers chiingt' their climate, but not their temper ; Job was patient, though his griG^ was great. 2. In irrammary discretive distinctions are such as imply opiKjsition or dilference ; as, nut a man; but a beast. Johnson. 2. Separate ; distinct. DI3-€Rk''I'IVE-LY, adv. In a discretive manner. DIS-eRIM'I.\-A-.nLE,o. That may be discriminated. DIS-CRIM'IN-ATE, w. e. [L. i/i.^crimino, from discri- inruy ditrerence, distinction ; dis and crimen, differ- ently ajiplied ; coinciding with the sense of Gr. ilUKf'IVKiy «nu (J, Ii. CCTTIrt.] 1. To distinguish; to observe the difference be- tween ; as, we may usually discriminate true from false modesty. 2. To separate ; to select from others ; to make a distinction tietween ; as, in the last judgment, the righteous will be discriminated from the wicked. 3. To mark with notes of difference ; todistingiiish by some note or mark. We discriminate animals by names, as nature has discriminated them by different shapes and habits. DIS-CRIM'IN-ATE, t?. i. To make a difl'erence or distinction; as, in the application of law, and the punishment of crimes, the judge should discriminate between degrees of guilt. 2. To observe or note a difference ; to distinguish ; asj in judging of evidence, we should be careful lo discriminate between probability and slight presump- tion. DIS-€RIM'I\-ATE. a. Distinguished; having the difference marked. Bacon. DIS-CRIMTN-A-TED, OTj. Separated ; distinguished. DIS-CRIM'I\-ATE-LV, adu. Distinctly; with minute distinction ; particularly. Johnson. DIS-euiM'IN-ATE-NESS, 7^ Distinctness; marked difference. Diet. DIS-eRIM'IX-A-TING, ppr. Separating; distinguish- ing; marking with notes of difference. 2. «. Distinguishing; peculiar; characterized by peculiar differences ; as, the discriminating doctrines of the gospel. 3. a. That discriminates; able to make nice dis- tinctions; as, a discriminating mind. Jovm. of Science. DIS-GRIM-IN-A'TION, n. The act of distinguishing ; the act of making or observing a difference , distinc- tion ; as, the discrimination between right and wn)ng. 2. The state of being distinguished. Stillinirjieet. 3. Mark of distinction. K. Charles. DIS-CRIM'IN-A-TIVE, a. That makes the mark of distinction ; that constitutes the mark of difference ; characteristic ; as, llic dLicriminatire features of men. 2. That observes distinction ; as, discriminative providence. ■ More. DIS-rRIM'IX-A-TIVE-LY,odr. With discrimination or distinction. Foster. DIS-€RIM'IN-A-TOR, n. One who discriminates. DISeRl.M'IN-OUS, a. Hazardous. [..Yot uset!.] Harvey. DIS-CROWN', r. (. To deprive of a crown. FATE, FAR, FALL, WII^T MeTE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE. MOVE, WQLF, BQOK.— 342 "^ DIS Drs-GROWN'ED, pp. Deprived of a crown. DIS-GROWN'ING, ppr. Deprivine of a crown. Campbell. DIS-eC'BI-TO-RY, 11. [L. JhcubiUtriu.^ ; dUumbo ; dis and cubo, to lie ilt)\vn or lean,] Leaning; inclining; or filled to a leaning po?lure. Brown, DIS-eULTATp, V. K [Fr. discidper; Sp. discalpar ; dis and L. culpa^ a fatilL] To free from blame or fault ; to exculpate ; to excuse. Neilhw (Ioc« tliia p(7cl of thp indpppinieiiw of twiions rtifculpaU the author of an unjust war. TVang. q/ Vallel. nrS-CUL'PA-TED, ;ip. Cleared from blanie ; excul- pated. DlS-eUL'PA-TING, ppr. Freeing from blame ; ex- cusing. DrS-eUL-PA'TION, n. Exculpation. Dl:^-eLTL'PA-TO-RY, a. Tending to exculpate, Dl:^-eUM'BE.\-CV, m [L. discumbnis. See Discubi- TORV.] The act of leaning at meat, according to the man- niT of the ancients. Brown. DIseU.M'BER, r. I. [dis and cumbtr.] To unbur- den ; to throw off any thing cumbtriome ; to disen- gage from any troub!esl < " [^'- I : It, It, One who discusses ; one who sifts I'l- ' ' .-.- i \G, ppr. Dispersing; resolving; scntier- jiiii: d haling; agitating; examining by argument. HIS f:irsfi'I\G, «. Discussion ; examination. hiS CIJ.S'.SION^ (dt«-ku.-;h'un,) n. In sargery^ reso- hitifkn ; the dispersion of a tumor or any coagulated matter. Core. tVhicman. 2. Debate ; disquisition ; the agitation of a point or suhjtTt with a view to elicit truth ; iJie treating of a siibji-ct by argument, to clear it of difficulties, and 'w[i;irate truth from falsehood. DIseUHS'IVE, a. Having the power to discuss, re- solve, or disperse, tumors or coagulated matter. I)I^^-€'USS'IVE, n. A medicine that discusft^s ; a dis- rutient. OIseO'TIEXT, (dis-kO'shent,) a. [L. dUculiens,] DioruR^ing; dispersing morbid matter. DIS-GC'TIE.N'T, «. A medicine or application which di4pr;ntes a tumor or any coagulated fluid in the bofiy ; lometimes it is equivalent to carminative. Coze. DIS-DAI\^ r, e. [Fr. dedaigner : Pp. desdehar ; It. Mdtffwire; Port. desdenKar; L. dedignor; de, diity and DIS diirnor^ to tliiuk worthy; diffiius^ worthy. 3ce Dig- nity.] To think unworthy; to deem worthless; to con- aider to be unworiliy of notice, care, regard, esteem, or unworthy of one's character; to scorn ; to con- temn. The man of elevated mind disdains a mean action ; he disdains the society of profligate, worth- less men ; lie dLidains to corrupt the innocent, or in- sult the weak . Goliath disdained David. WlioM fnthcn I wuiiM tuve diidaitud to ael wilh the dog* of my fliKlt,— - Job XXX. DiS-DStN', w. Contempt ; scorn ; a passion excited in nttble minds by the hatred or detestation of what is mean and dishonorable, and implying a conscious- ness of superiority of mind, or a supposed superior- ity. In ifrnoble niindsy disdain may spring from un- warrantable pride or haughtiness, and be directed toward objects of worth. It implies hatred, and sometimes anger. How niy soul i» moveil willi JubI distlain I Pope. DIS-DXIN' ED^ pp. Despised; contemned; scorned. DlS-DAh\'F.lJL, a. Full of disdain; as, disdainful BOUl. 2. Expressing disdain ; as, a disdy in whicli the natunil functions of the organs are interrupted or disturbed, eilht*r by defective or preteniatumi artion, wiilioul a disnipture of parts by viiileiice, which is called a wottnd. The first effect o:' disease is uneasines:^ or pain, and the ultimate effect is dualh. A disease may affect the whole body, or a pjirtitular liuih or part of the body. We say, a diseiLieA limb; a disease in Die head or stomach; and such |)artial aff<-ction of the body is callt;d a local or tiypical di.-;ea-ie. The word is also applied to the disorders of other animals, as well as to those of man ; and to any derangement of the vegetative functions of plants. Th^ ali'tf^ uf dineate itioot ncron (titr path tii siich a rivriciv of coiirai-s, UrU llie ntici'»jjli'T»' of huiimn lil'- ia drtritpiiwl' by (hHr iiuiniaT, aiU tbc e«cL*red ; sick. DIS-KAS'ED-NESS, (diz^/.'ed-ness,) n. The state of h.-ing diseased ; a morbid state ; sickness. Burnrt. DIM kASE'FUL, (diz-CzeTul,) a. Abounding with dis- ease ; producing diseases ; as, a diseasefuj. climate. 2. Occ.isioiiing uneasiness. Dla-F:A»K'MK\T, (dixeze'ment,) n. Uneasiness; inrnnveiijcncc. Bacon. DIS-RAS^'I.\(;, ppr. Disordering; infecting. D1.S-EDG'£D, a. [Ji*and«//c.] Blunted ; made dull. Shak. DIS-EM-BARK', r. t. [dis and embark ; Fr. dcscmbar- qtii-r.] To land ; to debark ; to remove from on board a ship Ui the land ; in {Hit on Ktiore ; applied particularly to the landinjf nf troops and viilitary apparatus ; as, the general disembarked the troops at sunrise. DISEMBARK', c. i. To hind ; to debark ; to quit a DIS ship for residence or action on ?hore ; as, the light infiintn- and cavalry ditiew barked , and marched tu iMrel the enemy. Dr.-^-E.M-BARK-A'TIOX, n. Theact of disembarking. D13-EM-BARK'£I), (-em-birkt',) pp. Landed j put on shorf. DI.S-EM-BARK'ING, ppr. Landing; removing from on board a ship to land. DIS-EM-BAK'RASS, v. t. [rfw and embarrass.] To free from embarrassment or perplexity ; to cluar ; to extricate. Ma.fon. DIS-EM-BAR'RASS-KD, Cdis-em-bar'ra8t,)j»p. Freed from embarrassment ; extricated from difiiculty. DIS-EM-B.\R'RASS-ING, ppr. Freeing from embar- rassment or perplexity ; extricating. DIS-EM-BAR'RASS-MENT, n. Tlie act of extricating from perplexity. DFt^-EM-BAY', v. t. To clear from a bay. Sherburne. DIS-EM-BAY'/:D, pp. Cleared from a bay. DIS-EM-BA V'I.NG, ppr. Clearing from a bay. DIS-EM-BEL'LISH, v. U To deprive of embellish- ment. DI§-E.M-BEL'LISH-ED, (-em-benisht,) pp. Deprived of embellishment. DIS-EM-BIT'TER, v. t [dis and embitter.] To free from bitterness ; to clear from acrimony ; to render sweet or pleasant. .Addison, DIS-EM-BIT'TER-ED, pp. Freed from bitterness. DIS-EM-BOD'I-£D, f-em-bod'id,) a. [dis and embod- ied.] Divested of tlie body ; as, disembodied spirits or sou Is. 2. Separated ; discharged from keeping in a body. JVUitia .^ct, Geo. ill. DIS-EM-BOD'Y, p. L To divest of body ; to free from flesh. 2. To discharge t'rom military array. DIS-EM-BOD'Y-iNG, ppr. Divesting of body. DIS-EM-B5GUE',(di3-em-b6g',)f. ^ [tiw and the root of Fr. bouchc, mouth. The French h!is cmAyucAcr and deJ/ouqucr. Sp. boca, mouth, Port, re/., It. bticca. See Voice.] To pour out or discharge at the mouth, as a stream; to vent ; lo discharge into the ocean or a take. Rplling tlnwii, tlic stf"p TifiMivu* ravps, Aud through nine clmntielfl aiset>d>ogue* his wavn. AddisOn. DIS-EM-BCGUE', v. i. To flow oul at the mouth, as a river ; to discharge waters into the ocean or into a lake. Innumerable rivers disembogue into the ocean. 2. To pass out of a gulf or bay. DIS-EM-BOGU'/;n, C-L-ni-bOgd',) pp. Discharged ot the mouth of a river. DlS-EM-BoGUE'MENT, n. Discharge of waters into the ocean or a lake. Jtiose. DIS-E.M-B0'9SOM, v. L To separate from tlie bosiun. Younff, DIS-EM-BO'SOM-ED, pp. Separated from the bosom. DIS-EM-nOW'EL, r. t. [dis and embowrl.] To take out ihe bowels ; to take or draw from the bowels, as tlie web of a spider. DIS-EM-BOVV'EL-£D, pp. or o. Taken or drawn from the bowels. Ditemboieeled web. Phiiipa. DIS-EMBOW'EL-ING, ppr. Taking or drawing from the bowels. DIS-EM-BOW'ER-£D, a. Removed from a bower, or deprived of a lM>wer. Bryant, DIS-E.M-BRAN"GLE, (-em-brang'gl,) v. L To f«36 from litigation. [A'ut used.] DIS-EM-BKOIL', r. u [rfw and embroil.] To disen- tangle ; to free from "periJexily ; to extricate from Ctmfusion. Dn/den. .Addison. DIS-EM-BROII,'/;n,pp. Disentangled; cleared from j»erplexity or confusion. DIS-EM-BROIL'IXG, ppr. Disentangling ; freeing from confusion. DIS-EM-PLOY'KD, a- Thrown out of employment. DIS-EN'-A'BI,E. V. t. [dis and enable.] To deprive of power, natural or moral; to disable; to ileprive of ability or int^ans. A man may be disenabled to walk by lameness ; and by ]«>verty he is disenabled to sup- p«jrt his family. DIS-EN-A'BLED, pp. Deprived of power, ability, or means. DIS-EN-A'BLLVG, ppr. Depriving of power, ability, or means DIS-EN-CHANT', v. U [tlis and enchant] To fVee from enchantment ; to deliver from the power of charms or spell^i. It:\etc lo Ihy worit ; n noble ■trokf or two Kmli n.11 th« chnnna, aud ditendiania tfii> grore. Dryden. DIS-EN-CIIANT'ED, pp. Delivered from enchant ment or the power of charms. DIS-EN-CIIANT'ER, n. He or that which disen ctianls. DIS-EN-CIIANT'IXG, jtjtr. Freeing from enchant meiil or the intluenre of rhanus, DIS-EX-CHANT'MENT, n. Act of disenchanting. DIS-EX-CUM'BER, v. t, [dis and rncumbcr.] To free from encumbrance ; lo deliv<-r fn»m clogs and imped- iments ; to disburden ; as, to dUmcumhr.r troops of their baggage ; to disencumber the soul of its body of clay ; lo di\encumbrr the mind of its c.lres and grief^. 2. To free from any obstruction ; lo free from any Tf)NE, B(;LK UNITE. ~ AN"GER, VI^CIOUS € oa K ; O aa J ; 8 as Z ; CU as SH ; TH as in THIS. _ __ DIS thins heavy or unnecessaiy } ss, a diseneumbrred builtlins. ^itdisoH. DIS-EN-CUM'BBR-ED,i)p. or a. Freed from tncum brance. DIS-EN-€UM'BEBrIN6, ppr. Freeing from encum- braiictf. DIS-EN-€UM'BRANCE, «. Freedom or deliverance from encumbrance, or any thing burJcnsunie or imub- lesome. SpeetattT. Dt3-E\-GACE', r. t. [dis and mgnf.] Tu separate, as a substance from any thinj; with which it U in union ; to free ; to loose ; to liberate ; as, to ^eji- g*gt a metal from extraneoua substancea. t be diwHfMfarf dortaf the prana. Calorie and Hgfat D 9. To separate from that to which one adheres, or is attached ; as, to diseng^gt a mun frvun a party. 3. To disentangle ; to extricate : to clear fmm im- pediraentSj difficulties; or itertilt-xiitus } as, to g*g* one from broils or cuiitruvt- r>ie^. A. To detach ; to withdraw ; to wean ; as, to disa^ gmgt the heart or aflection^ fruni eanbly pursuits. SL Tofteeftom any thmg that roniiuand^ th- mind or employs the attention ; as, to dt.nr*s si>lt' iVmn Imsiness. 6k To release or librraie from a i»ri'riiiT4e or obll- galion; to set free by dissv^lvinc an eiit;.i|;t-nient; as, tbo men who were enlisted are now Ji^-tHga^ed i the lady who Itad promiaed to give her hau J in marriage i» ditrmgmgti. Let it be obaeiTed, that diseugAgrd properly implies prerioas engagement, and ia not to be confounded with iiii«tf«f«^wbicb does not always imply prior engagement. This distinction is sometimes careless- ly overlooked. DIS-E.N-GaG'ED, pp. Separated ; detached ; set free ; released ; disjoined ; dUentanplfd. a, a. Vacant ; being at leisure ; not particularly occupied ; not having the attention confimd to a par- ticular object. [ Tlus ward u Uw us»d &y mutake far UriEXGACED, not emjFmgtd.'] DIS-E.\-GaO'ED-N^S, m. The qaality or state of being disengaged; freedom from connection; dfs- iL Vacuity of attention. [Junction. DIS E\GAti£'M£\ 1,11. Asetting free ; separaUon^ extrication. It b tmj to icndrr Ui ^Mmgagnrntt of calorie tmd 5L The act of scparni ' ing. 3. Lib*Tiiion or rt'l' . .lion. 4. Frffiinrn from an> M-y ; leisure. DI?-' "■ '■' ' '\c,^pf,r. S';>r!ri',r« i loosing; setting f : libemting ; reli a--;ing from obliga- ■lathinfnt. See H\r.Atii;«o. [tion. DIS-t.-.-Au (Wj;, r. L To deprive of tjilo, or cf that whirh ennoble*. Omardian, DIS-E.\-.N6'BL£D, pp. Deprived of tide, or of that which ennobles. DIS-EN-KOLL', r. i. To erase from a roll or list. mS-ES-nCiLW ED, pp. Erased from a roll. [Domne. DIS-EX-ROLL'IXG, ppr. Erasing from a roll or list. DIS-E.V^LAVE'.r. U To free frt.m bondage. SoulA. DIS-E\-TA.\"GUE,(-en-tanfi'i:l,) r. L [rfw and rntan- gle.] To unravel ; to unftil J ; U> untwist ; to loose, separate, or discunnert things which are interwoven, orunited without order; a.<, to Jio.cx^aiijfie network ; to disenttmgU a skein of yarn. 2. To free ; to extricate from perjilexity ; to disen- gage from complicatfd amcems j Ui set free from im- pediments or ditficulties ; as; to diseHtaitgU one*s self from business, from political aflairs, or from the cares and temptations of life. 3. To diseneage ; to separate. DI^EN-TA\"GLED, (-en-tang'gld,) pp. Freed from entanglement ; extricated. DIS-E.\-T.1-\"GLE-ME.\T, a. The ad of disentan- gling. Warton. DIS-EX-TAX"GLIXG, ppr. Freeing from entangle- ment ; extric^ing. DIS-EX-TER'. See Dihstsb. DIS-EX-THRALL'. See Di8i:riires the body. 2. To mar; to impair; toinjurt beauty, symmetry, or excellence. DIS-KIGa;R-£D, (dis-fig'yurd,) pp. ora. Changed to a worse form ; impaired in f«»rm or appearance. DId-FlG'URE-MEXT, n. Change of external form to thu worse ; defaci^ment of beauty. Milton, Suckling. DIS-FIG'UR-ER, (-fig'yur-er,) n. One wlio disfig- ures. DIS-FIG'T3-ING, ppr. Injuring the form or shai>e ; impairing the beauty of form. DIS-FOR'EST. See Dhafforcst. DIS-FRAX'CHISE, (-chiz,) r. L [dis and franehLie.] To deprive of the rights and priyileees of a free citi- zen i to deprive of chartered rights and immunities ; to deprive of any franchise, as of the right of voting in elections, &c. Bladcstone. DIS-FRAX''CHI»-£D, (dis-fran'chizd,) pp. or a. De- prived of the nghls and privileges of a free citizen, or of some particular franchise. DIS-FRAX'CinsE-MEXT, (dis-fran'chiz-ment,) n. The act of disfranchising, or depriving of the privi- leges of a free citizen, or of some [larticular immu- nity. DIS-FRAN'CHIS-IXG, ppr. Depriving of the privi- leges of a free citizen, or of some particular innnu- nity. DIS-FRI'AR, r. L [dis and /rtor.] To deprive of tlie state of a friar. [JVbt used,] Sandtf.t. DIS-FUR'XIisH, r. L [dit and furnish.] To deprive of furniture; to strip of apparatus, habiliments, or equipatie. S/w/r. KiwHe^, DIS-FL'R'XISH-KD, (fr'ni'^ht,) pp. Deprived of furniture; stripped of apparatus. DI;^FUR'\ISH-ira at tbe table. It is sometimes used for a deep, hollow vessel for liquore. .Addison. MUton. 2. The meat or provisions served in a dish. Hence, any particular kind of food. I bATc beie a dith oTdoTe*. Sh^. We say, a digh of veal or venison \ a cold dish ; a warm dish ; a delicious dish, 3. Among mitiers^ a trough in which ore is meaa- ttred, about 2d inches long, 4 deep, and 6 wide. Knryc. DI.su, V. t To put in a dish ; as, the meat is all duhedy and readv for the table. Dr.SH'-€L'OTH, * n. A cloth used for washing and DI.SH'-eLOUT, i wiping dishc.i. Sw{ft. DISH'-WASII-ER, (wosh'er,) n. The name of a bird, the mergus, Johnson. Disfl'-V\'A-TER, n. Water in which dishes are washed. DIS-HA-BIL'I-TXTE, r. L To disqualify. DI:^-MA-BILLE', (dis-a-bil',) 71. [Fr. deshabUU; des and hiibitler, to dress. See Habit.] An undress ; a loose, negligent dress for the morn- ing. But see Deshabii,i.e, the French and more cor- TWX orthography. Dryden uses the word as a participle, " Q.uecns arc not to be too negligently dressed or i^Au^iJ^e.'* In tilts use he is not followed. DIS^IIAB'IT, r, (. To drive from a habitation. [J^ot in usf.] SJiak. niS-aAK-MO'Nl-OUS, a. Incongruous. fSee U.s- H 4 B il O M O C 9.] JlaUl/lBfU. DI.-J-UAR'MO-.N'V, n. [dis and ha-nrumy.] VVant of harmnny ; discord ; ino>ngruily. [Aot tuifd.] DIS-HEART'£\, (dfe-hart'n,) v. t. [Uisa-mX heart.] To discourage ; to deprive of courage ; to depress the spirits ; to deject ; to impress with fear ; as, it is weakness to b^ dtgheartentd by small obstacles. DI.S-IIEART'/:.V /^n, i/!i- hirt'nd,) pp. or a. Discour- aued ; depf ■ ; cast duwn. DISIIEXRT / iiirt'n-ing,);»pr. era. Dis- conmging ; m spiriti. DISirKI), (di>Iii.; pp. VnK m a dish or dishes. DIS-H&IR', (diz-are',) f. t. To debar from inheriting. [A'wt in iw.J Drydrn. Dr>nER'I-«ON, n. [See Duiierit.] Theactofdis- inh< riling, or cutting off from inhentaw'e. Bp. Hall. Dlfi-HER'fT, V. U [Fr. desherUer : drs, dis^ and he- nter; Arm. diserita ; IL disercdare ; Sp. dtshertdar. Sec Heir.] To di«innerit ; to cut off from the possession or cn- jnymcnt of an inheritance. [See Disi.^herit, which is more geni*rally used.] DI.S HER'IT ANCK, n. The state of disheriting, or of bving disinherited. Braum. DIH-HER'IT ED, pp. Cut off from an inheritance or h'-Ti'ditary sucresttion. DIS (lER'IT-I.NG, ppr. Cutting off from an inherit- ance. Spenser. DISHEV'/X, (de-shev'l,) r. /. [Fr. deehmeler : de^ di-t, and cAcreu, hair, checduy hairy, L. capillas. Class GbJ To spread the hair loosely ; to suffer the hair of the head to hang negligently, and to flow without con- fin**ment ; used chiefiy in the passive, pariiriplr. DI-PIIEVAL, V. i. To spread in disorder. Hrrhert. Dl .SIlEVi-L-ZCD, (de-shev'ld,) pp. or a. Hanging loosely and negligently without confinement j flow- ing in disorder; &8, dtshtreied locks. DI-SHEV'JEI^ING, ppr. Spreading IfKJsely. DISH'ING, ppr. [See Dish.] Puttmg in a diah or dishes. 2. a. Concave ; ha^'ing the hollow form of a dish. Mortimrr. Dlf-HON'E^T, (diz-on'est,) a. [dU and honest] Void DIS of honesty ; destitute of probity, integrity, or good faith ; faithless ; fraudulent ; kna\ish , having or exercising a disposition to deceive, chent, and de- fraud ; applied to persons : as, a dishonest man. 2. Proceeding from fraud, or marked by it; fnmd- ulenl; knavish; as, a rfiiAonr-ft transaction. 3. Disgraced ; dishonort;d ; from tlic sense in Latin. Dithonctl witli loppoU arnifi liie youth appcam. Dryden. 4. Disgraceful i ignominious; jrom the Latin sense. Ing^lorioui triumphs and diskontMl tcAra, Pope. 5. Unchaste ; lewd. Shak. DIS-HON'EST-LY, (diz-onVst-ly,) a>lt\ In a dishon- est innnner; without good faith, probity, or integrity ; with fraudulent views ; knavishly. Shale. 2. Lewdly ; unchastelv. Ecclesiasticas. DIS-IION'ES-TY, (diz-on'es-ly,) ti. Want of probity, or integrity in principle ; faithlessness ; a disposition to cheat or defraud, or to deceive and betray ; applied to persons. 2. Violation of trust or of justice ; frauds. trench- er}' ; any deviation from probity or integrity ; applied to acts. 3. Unchastity; incontinence; lewdness. Shak. 4. Deceit ;-^vickedness; shams. 2 Cor. iv. DIS-HOX'OR, (diz-on'or,) n. [dis and honor.] Re- pnwch ; disgnice ; ignominy ; shame ; whatever con- stitutes a stain or blemish on the reputation. It WAi not EDGCl for US to Me Uie )dng'« (Bthonor. — Ezm iv. It may express lesa than iiinominy and infamy. DIS-UO.VOR, r. t. To disgrace; to bring reproach or shame on ; to slain the character of; to lessen repu- tation. The duelist dishonors himself to maintain his honor. The impunity of the crimes of great men dishonors the administration of the taws. 2. To treat with indignity. Dryden. 3. To violate the chastity of ; to debauch. Dryden. 4. To refuse or decline to accept or pay ^ as, to dis- honor a bill of exchange. DI«-IIO\'OR-A-BLE, (diz-on'or-a-bU) a. Shameful ; reproachful ; base ; vile ; bringing shame on ; stain- ing the character, and lessening reputation. Every act of meanness and ever>' vice is dishonorable. 2. Destitute of honor ; as, a dishonorable man. 3. In a state of neglect or disesteem. He that ia dtehonorabU in riches, how much morr in pov-rty I — Ec9i**iojticu: DI«-HON'OR-A-BLY, adv. Reproachfully ; in a dis- honorable manner. DlS-lIO.\'OR-A-RY, (diz-on'or-n-ry,) a. Bringing dis- lionor on ; lending to disgrace ; lessening reputation. Ifolmrs. DIS-IION'OR-ED, pp. Disgraced ; brought into disre- pute. DIS-HOX'OR-ER, n. One wlio dishonors or dis- graces ; one who treats another with indignity. Milton. DIS-IION'OR-IXG, ppr. Disgracing ; bringing into disrepute ; trcatiiig with indignity. DIS-UORN', V. L [dis and hcn-u.] To deprive of horns. S/iak. DI.S-MORX'ED, (-homd,) pp. Stripped of horns, DI.S-H()RN'INO,p;«-. Depriving of horns. DIS-HO'MOR, K, [dia nud humor.] Peevishness; iU hn nior. Spectator. DIS-I.M-PXRK', V. t, [dis. m, and park.] To free from the barriers of a park ; to free from restraints or seclusion. [Little used,] SpecVitor. DIH-IM PROVE^MEXT, n. [dis and improvement] Reduction from a better to a wori«e state ; the con- trary to improvement or mflioration ; as, the disim- prvvemcHt of the earth. [LiUle used.] JVorris. Swift.. DIS-IX-€AR'CER-^TE, r. L [dis and inrareerate.] To liberate from prison ; to set free from confme- mrnl. [JV*«( muck u.%ed.] JIarvey. Dlrt-IXeLlX-A'TlOX, n. [dis and inclination.] Want of inclination ; want of propensity, desire, or affec- tion ; slight dislike ; aversion ; expressing less than hate. DiMppointnient g^re him ft iftWndinotion to the fair t^x. ArbuthnoL DIS-IN-CLTXE', V. L [dis and incline.] To excite dislike or slight aversion ; to make disaffected ; lo alienate from. Ills timidity disinclined him from such an nrduous enterprise. DIS-IN-CLIX'AD, pp. or a. Not inclined ; averse. DIH-IX-€LT\'IXG, ppr. Exciting dislike or slight nverni(in. DIS-IX-CLOBE', r. t [dis and inclose.'] To open an tncloHiirc ; to throw oi>cn what has been inclosed; to dispark. DLS-IN-COR'PO-RATE, v. L To deprive of corporate powers ; to disunite a corporate body, or an estab- lished society. Hume. 2. To detach or separate from a corporation or so- ciety. Bacon. DrS-IN-€OR'PO-RA-TED, pp. Deprived of corporate powers. Dl.S.LN.€OR'PORA-TL\G,ppr. Depriving of corpo- rate powers. DIS-IN-COK-PO-RA'TIOX, n. Deprivation of the rights and privileges of u corporation. fVarton. DIS DIS-IX-FECT', r. t. [dis and infect,] To cleanse from inf'.'ction ; lo purify from contagions matter. DIS-L\-FEeT'ANT, n. An agent fur removing the causes of infection, as clilorine. Cooley. DIS-IX-FECT ED, pp. or a. Cleansed from infL*ciion. DIS-IN-FECT'IXG, ppr. or c Purifying from infec- tion. DIS-IX-FEC'TION, (-in-fek'shun,) n. Purification from inft^cling mnller. Med. Repos. DIS-IN-GE-NO'I-TY, n. [dis :iwlin^enuity.] Mean- ness of artifice; unfairness; disingentiousness ; want of candor. Clarendon. [I'iiis word is little used, or not at all, in the sense her3 explained. See Inoenuitv. Wu now use, in lieu of it, OisiNOENUous.iEss.] DlS-IX-GEX'y-OUS,a. [dis and ingenuous.] Unfair; not open, frank, and candid ; meanly artful ; illib- eral ; applied to personm. 2. Unfair; meanly artful ; unbecoming true honor and dignity ; as, disingenuous conduct ; disingenuous schemes. DiS-IXCEX'ti-OUS-LY, adv. In a disingenuous man- ner ; unfairly ; not openly and caudidly ; with secret management. DIS-L\-6EX'IT-0US-NESS, n. Unfairness; want of candor ; low craft ; as, the dLiingenuousness of a man, or of his mind. 2. Characterized by unfairness, as conduct or prac- tices. DIS-IX-HAB'IT-ED, pp. Deprived of inhabitants. DI.S-IX-HER'I-SOX, H. [dis and inherU.] The act of cutting off from hereditary succession ; the act of disinheriting. Bacon. Clarendon. 2. The state of being disinherited. Taylor, DIS-hV-HER'IT, v. t. [di.i and iuhrrit.] To cut off from hereditary right ; to deprive of an inheritance ; to prevent, as an heir, from coming into possession of any property or right, which, by law or custom, would devolve on him in the course of descent. A father sometimes disinherits his children by will. In England, the crown is descendible lu the eldest son, who can not be di-iinherited by the will of his father. DIS-IX llER'IT-ED, p^. or a. Cut off from an inher- itance. DIS-IX-HER'IT-IXG, ppr. Depriving of an heredi- tary ei-tate or right. DIS-IX-IIOME', V. t. To disinter. DlS-lN'TE-GRA-BLE, a. [dis and integer.] That may be separated into integrant parts ; capable of disintcgnttion. Ar^Ilo-culcitc ia readily diainUgrt^U by expoaur« to ihe .itmo*- phcn:. A"iri«in. DIS-IN'TE-GRATE, v. U [tlis and inUger.] To sep- arate the integrant parts of. Marlitfa are not diainUgraUd by expoaure totbo adnosnhrrr, at U'uat in aix-ycara. Kiruian, DIS-IN'TE-GRA-TED, pp. Separated into integrant parts without chemical action. DIS-IX'TE-GRA-TIXG, ppr. Separating into inte- grant parts. DIS-IX TE-GRA'TIOX, n. The act of separating integrant parts of a substance, as distinguished from decomposition, or the sei>aration of constituent parts. Rineaii. DIS-IN-TER', V. t. [dis and inter.] To take out of a grave, or out of tlie cartJi ; as, to disinter a dead body that is liuried. 2. To take out, as from a grave ; to bring from ob- scurity into view. Tba frfuloMiplipr — niaj be coiicenlMl in « pU'tx>lan, whidi t proper educiitiuti migtit have ditinterred. [t/niMuai.] Adduon. DIS-IN'TER-ES'J', n. [dis and intcre-H.] What is contrary lo the interest or adviintage ; disadvantage ; injury. [Little lued, or not at ad.] OlanciUe. 2. Indifference o profit ; want of regard to private advanlnsr*. .flu nm\ in- tkntlL] To libtTdte from slaveri', botnlage, or servi- tude ; to free or rescue from opprcssiou. Siruti. DT9-I\-TMRALL'*:D, pp. set free fVom homliiRi-. DIS-I.\ THKALL'L\G, ppr. DeUvcriug from slavery or servrtudt?. Dli^lX-THRALL'MEXT, n. Liberation from bon- dacc ; emancipatidh from fllaver>% E. JfotL DIS-!X-tCRE', r.. t. [dis aiid ucara.] To deprive of fariiiliarirv or custom. .Miltan. DIS-IX-QR'ED, pp. Deprived of familiar custom. DIS-IX-VAL-ID'I-Ty, ». Want of validity. DIS-IX-VrrE', p. t To recall an invitatit^u. FinetL DIS-IN-XTT'IXG, ppr. R^tmciing an iuviiation. DIS-IX-VOLVE', (Uis-in-volv',) r. (. [ait and m- r(nii.] To port; todinunile; to separate ; to sunder. DIS-JOIX'KDjppi. Of «. Pisunhod; separated. DI3-J01X'1XG, pfT. Disuniting ; severing. DIS>]OLNT', e. U [dis and joutt.] To separate a joint ; to sepanta puts united by Joints ; as, to ^s- MtaC tbe limbs ; to di^ouiX bones } to dirjoitU a fowl m curing; !L To put out of joint ; to force out of Us socket ; ID dislocate. 3. To separate at junctures ; to break at the part where things are united by cement; as, dL^inUd columns. 4. To break in pieces; to separate united pnrls ; aS} to disjuixi an edifice; the disjointed parts of a ship. h. To break the natucal order and fvlations of a thing ; to make incoherent ; as, a diijoiHicd speech. DI&JOIXT', p. i. To fall in pieces. Skak. DISJOINT', a. Dbijoinied. Ska*. DISJOIXT'ED, pp. 01 a. Separated at the joints ; parted Unib I'lom limb ; carved ; put out of joitit \ not coherent. DISJOIXT'ED-XESS, m. State of being disjointed. DIS-JOIXT'IXG, ppr. Separating joints ; disjoining limb from limb ; breaking at the scains or Junctures \ rrnderinK incoherent. DIS-Jt>I\nLV, a^r. In a divided state. Sokdjit. B09U, du and DISJU-DI-CA'TIOX, II. [L. dijttdiaaio,l Judement; determination. [AV mmo.] DIS-JUNC1\ a. [L. itiffwuCw, ditjanga; jun^o, to join.] Disjoined : separated. DIS-JU.\€'TIOX, n. [U dujmnttia.] The act of dis)oinni| ; disunion; separation; a nartinz ; as, the disjtt»€tM»m oC soul and body. D^JUi'^CT'IVE, a. Separating ; disioining. a. Incapable of union. [ Umutual.j Orae, 3. In frsMwar, a dujm»tiivt conjunction or con- nective is a word which unites sentences or the parts of discooise in construction, but diMjoins the sense, noting an alternative or opposition ; as, I love him, cr I fair bim ; I neither love him, sor fear bim. 4. In lagic, a digju»ttiv§ prvpomUfin^ is (me in which the parts are exposed to each other, by means of dis- junctives ; as, it is aiUur dmf or night. A dtsjuncUvt s^/Qogigm^ is when the major proposi- tion is disjunctive ; as, tk* earth hmom in s eireUy or sa eUipsis: but it does not move in a circle, therefore it moves in an ellipsis. IVatta, DLSJUXeT'IVE, a. A word that disjoins; as w, TUfr% utiUifT. DISJUXeT'n'E-LY, ode. In a disjunctive manner ; separately. DISK, a. [l^distMs. See Dish ai d Dxsa.] 1. The face or visible projeciiot. of a ceiestial body, usually {Medicated of thie sun, moon, or planets ; but the stars have also apparent disk*. D. Olmsted. 2. A quoit ; a piece of stone, iron, or copper, in- clining to an o\it\ fijftire, which the ancients hurled by the help of a leathern thong tied round the per- son's hand, and put through a bole in the middle. Scum ^AiA Uk i&t and tome Um javeUn cbrL Pop*. 3. In hoimnft the whole surface of a leaf; the cen- tral pait of a radiate compound flower. Marttjn. A term applied to certain bodies or projections sit- uated between the base of the stamens and the base of the ovan-, but forming part with neither. Lindley. DIS.KIXD'XE:*S, a. {dis and kindness.] Want of kindness ; unkindneas ; want of n^ection. 2. ni turn ; injury ; detriment. Woodtcard. DIS-LTKE', a. [dit and Ukt.'] Disapprobation ; dis- inclination ; displeasure : aver-'^ioii ; a moderate de- gree of hatred. A man shows his dislike to measures which he disapproves, to a proposal which he is dis- inclined to accept, and to food which he does not relish. All wise and good men manifest their dislike to folly. 2. Discord ; disagreement. [.Vet in ust,"] Fairfax. DIS-LTKE', r. l To disapprove ; to regard with some aversion or displeasure. We dislike proceedings DIS which we deem wnmg ; we dislike persons of evil habits ; we tli,ilike whatever gives us pain. 2. To drsn'lish ; to regard with some disgust; as, to dislike ^rticular kinds of food. DIS-LTK'/^bjfdis-likt', )/';». Disapproved ; disrelished. Ulti.LIKE'FyL, a. Dwliking ; disaffected. [JK'ot KJ«/J Sprnsrr. DI.^-LTK'£\, (dis-llk'n,) r. u To make unlike. SiiaJc DlS-bIK'K\-£D, pp. Made unlike. DiS-LlKE'XESS, n. [dis and likeness.] Unlikeness ; want of resemblance ; dissimilitude. Lucke. DIS-LTK'EH, n. One who disapproves or disrelishes. DIS-LIK'INO, ppr. Disapproving ; disrelisliing. DIS-LIMB', (dis-lim',) v. ^ To tuar the limbs from. Diet. DIS-MMn'in), (-limd',) f»p. Turn limb from limb. DIS- LI MX', (di»^Iim',) r. U To strike out of a picture. f A'of in «.*«. 1 Shak. DIS' LOCATE, a. Dislocated. Montgomery. DIS'LO-CATE, V, L [dis and locate^ U itwuj, place ; Fr. dislo^uer; It. dishcare.] To displace ; to put out of its proper place ; parttc- HiaWy, to put out of joint; U> disjoint; to move a bone from tls socket, cantj-, or place of articulation. DIS'LO-€A-TED, pp. or a. Removed from its proper plac« ; put out of Joint. DIS'LO-CA-TIXG, ppr. Putting out of its proper place, or out of joint. DlSLO-€A'TION, n. The act of moving ft-om its proper place ; partiemlarly^ the act of removing or forcing a bone from its socket ; luxation. Eneyc S. The stale of being displaced. BwrtuL 3. A joint dis;daced. 4. In ge»laffyf the displacement of parts of rocks, or portions oT strata, from the situations which they originally occupied. Cite. D13-L0d6E', (dis-lodj',) r. t [dis and lodge.]' To remove *br drive from a lodge or place of rest; to drive from the place where a thing naturally rests or inhabits. Shells, resting in the sea at a considerable depth, are not dislodged by storms. 3. To drira fhua a place of retirement or retreat ; as, to di^odge a cony or a deer. 3. To drive from any place of rest or habitation, or from any station ; as, to dislodge the enemy from their quarters, from a hill or wall. 4. To remove an armv to other quarters. Shak. DIS-LODGE', r. i. To go from a place of rest. Milton. Dl?'LODG'i.T>, pp. Driven from a lodge or place of rest ; removed from a place of habitation, or from any station. DIS-LODG'IXG, ppr. Driving from a lodge, from a place of rest or retreat, or from any station. DIS'LOY'AL, a. [dis and loyai ; Fr. deloyal ; Sp. des- U'sL] 1 . Not true to aUeciancn ; false to a sovereign ; laithless ; as, a disloyal subject. 2. False ; perfidious ; truacberou§ ; as, a diMoyal knave. Sh/ik. 3. Not true to the marriage bed. SJutk. 4 False in love ; not constant, Johtucyu DIS-LOV'AL-LY, adc. In a disloyal manner; with ^nutation of faith or duty to a sovereign ; faithlessly ; perfidiously. DIS-LOV'.\L-TY, n. Want of fidelity to a sovereign ; violation of allegiance or duty to a prince or sover- eign authoritv. 2. Want of fidelity in love. SItak, DIS'MAL, a. [I am not satisfied with the etymologies of this word which I have seen.] 1. Dark ; gloomy ; as, a dismal shade 2. Sorrowful ; dire ; horrid ; melancholy ; calami- tous ; unfortunate ; as, a dismal accident ; dismal effecLs. Milton. 3. Frightful ; horrible ; as, a dismal scream. DlS'.MAL-LY,adp. Gloomily; horribly; sorrowfully; uncomfortably. DIS'MAI^.VES'S, n. Gloominess; horror. D1S-.\L\X''TLE, B. U [dis and mantle ; Fr. dnnanteler.] 1. To deprive of dress ; to strip ; to divest. South. 2. To loose ; to throw open. Shak. 3. More generally, to deprive or strip of apparatus, or furniture ; to unrig ; as, to dismantle a ship. 4. To deprive or strip of military furniture ; as, to dismantle a fortress. 5. To deprive of outworks or forts ; as, to dismaii- tle a town. 6. To break down ; as, his nose rfi*man(i«L Dryden. DIS-MAN'TL£D, pp. or a. Divested; stripped of furniture; unrigged. DIS-MAN'TLING, ppr. Stripping of dress; depriving of apparatus or furniture. DIS-.MXSK', r. U [dis and mask; Fr. demasquer.] To strip off a mask ; to uncover ; to remove that which conceals. Shak. fVvUan. DIS-MASK'£;D,Cdis-miskt',) pp. Divested of a mask; stripped of covering or disguise ; uncovered. DIS-.MXSK'ING, ;';/r. Stripping of a ma^ik or cover- ing. DIS-MAST'^ r. U [dis and mast ; Ft. demhter.] To dcpnve of a mast or masts ; to break and carry awav the mists from ; as, a storm dismasted the ship. DIS-.MAST'ED, pp. Deprived of a mast or masts. DIS^MAST'I.VG, ppr. Stripping of masts. DIS DlS-.MXaT'MENT, n. The act of dismasting; the stale of being dismasted. Marshall. DIS-.MAY', r. f. (Sp. dMWflf/ar ; Port, dwwiaiar ,■ prob- ably formed by dcs anil the Teutonic magan, to be strong or able. 'I'he sense, then, Js, to deprive of strength. Pp. dtsmayarse, to faint j It. smagarsi^to desijond.] To deprive of that strongth or firmness of mind whicli constitutes coura4;e ; to discourage; to dis- hearten ; to sink or depress the spirits or resolution ; lience, to afTri^jht or terrify. Be BlronfT, nit<1 of rood cour.i^ ; be not airald, neither be thou di»tiuxj/ed. — Jush. i. DIS-MAY', n. [Sp. desmayoj Port, desmaio, a swoon or fainting fit.] Fall or loss uf courage ; a sinking of the spirits; de- pressii>n ; dt-jertion ; a yielding to fear; that loss of j firmness whicli is effected by fear or terror ; fear im- pressed i terror felt. ^ Ami mth In other'* countenance read hii own dismay. MUton. DIS-MAY'/ol), (dis-made',) pp. or a. Disheartened; di'prived of courage. DIS-Ma V'El) NESS, h. A state of being dismayed ; dejt'Clion of courage ; dispiritedness. [.4 useless irord, and not mfcd.] Sidney. DLS-MaY'FJJL, a. Full of dismay. [Obs.] Spenser. DIS-MAVIXG, ppr. Depriving of courage. D1SME, J (deem) n. [Fr.l A tenth part; a tithe. DIME, \ Jiyliffr. DIS-MEM'BER, r. (. [dis and member.] To divide limb from limb ; to sojwirate a member from the body ; to tear or cut in pieces ; to dilacerato ; to mutilate. FywU ol)K«ne dismembered hu rpmiiin*. Pope. S. To separate a part from the main body ; to di- vide ; to sever ; as, to dismember an empire, king- dom, or republic. Poland was dismembered by the noighlxtring powers. DIS-ME.M'BEK-i:!), pp. or a. Divided member from member ; torn or cut in pieces ; divided by the sepOr ration of a part from the main body. DIS-MEM'BEU-IXG, ppr. Separating a limb or limbs from the body ; dividing by taking a part or parts from the body. DLS-.MKM'BEIMNG.n. Mutilation. Blackstone. DIS-MEM'HEH-MENT, n. The act of severing a limb or limbs from the body; the act of tearing or cuLting in pieces; mutilation ; the act of severing a part from the main body ; division ; separation. He poiiilijii out tiie dunger of a dismemhermtnt of the rf-public. }Ual. of Poland, Bncyc. DIS-MET'TL£D, a. Destitute of fire or spirit. [JVot much u.trd.] Lfewcllyn. DIS-MISS', D. t. [L. di^misstis, dimitto ; di, dis, and milto, to send ; Fr. demrttre.] 1. To send away ; properly, to give leave of de- parture ; to permit to depart ; implying authority in a person to retain or keep. The town clerk dismissed the assembly, .^cts six. 2. To discard ; to remove from office, service, or employment. The king rfi^nissM his ministers ; the master rft-wniV'^-s his servant; and the employer his workmen. Officers are dismissed from service, and students from college. 3. To send ; to dispatch. He dirmissed cmbauadon from Pcldii to Tooshoo Loomboo. [Improper.] Ena/e. 4. To send or remove from a docket; to discon- tinue ; as, to dismiss a bill in chancery. DIS MISS', n. Discharge ; dismission. [JVoi used,] Drs-MISS'.\L, n. Dismission. DIS-MISS'ii:D, (dis-mist',) pp. or a. Sent away; per- mitted to depart ; removed from office or employ- ment. DIS-.MISS'ING, ppr. Sending away ; giving leave to depart ; removing from office or service. DIS-MIS'SION, f-mish'un,) n. [L. d§nissio.] 1. The act of^ sending away ; leave to depart ; as, the dismission of the grand jury. 2. Removal from office or employment ; discharge, either Vith honor or disgrace. 3. An act requiring departure. [J'lTot usual.] Shak. 4. Itemoval of a suit in equity. DIS-MISS'lVE, a. Giving dismission. DIS-MORT'GAGE, (dis-mor'gaje,) v. t To redeem from mortgage. Howell. DIS-MORT'GAG-KD, pp. Redeemed from morteago. DIS-MORT'GAG-ING, ppr. Redeeming from mort- gage. DIS-MOUNT', t). 1. [dis and mount; Fr. demonlcr; Sp. desmontar ; It. smontare.] 1. To alight from a horse; to descend or get off, as a rider from a beast ; as, the officer ordered his troops to dismount. 2. To«descend from an elevation. Spenser. DIS-MOUNT', v. t. To throw or remove from a horse ; to unhorse ; as, the soldier dismounted his adversary. " 2. To throw or bring down from any elevation. Sackcille. 3. To throw or remove cannon or other artillery from their carriages ; or to break the carriages (nr wheels, and render guns useless. FATE, FAR, FALL, WiL^T.— M£TE, PRfiY. — PIXE, SIARTtXE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- DIS DIS-MOL'NT'ED, pp. or a. Thrown from a horse, or from an elevation ; unhorsed, or removed from horses by order ; as, dismounted troops. Applied to horses, it t cnilles unfit for service. 2. Thrown or removed from carriages. DIS-MOUiN'T'IN'G, ppr. Throwing from a horse ; unhorsing ; removing from an elevation ; Uirowing or removing from carriages. DIS-NAT'U-RAL-IZE, c. f. To make alien; to de- prive of the privileges of birth. DI3-NAT'U-RAL-IZ-£D, pp. Deprived of the privi- leges of birth. DIS-\A'TrR-£D,a. Deprived or destitute of natural ft'ilmp*; unnatural. Shak. DLS-O-IiE'Dl-E-VCE, n. [dis and obedience.} Neg- lect or n fusot to obey ; violation of a command or prohibition ; tlie omission of that which is com- nianded to be done, or the doing of that which is forbid i breach of duty prescribed by autluirity. By ooe man'« dUoijtdietite m^iny were rande sinners. — Rom. ▼. 2. Non-compliance. Thi« ditobedienct of the moon. Blackmore. DIS-0-Be'DI-ENT» fl. Neglecting or refusing to obey ; omitting to do what is commanded, or doing what is prohibited; refractory; not observant of duty or rules prescribed by authority; as, children disobedient to parents ; citizens disobedient to the laws. I waa DOl diaobcdient lo the heavenly Tision. — Acu xxri. 2. Not yielding to exciting force or power. Aledicin'* udtcI iiiin««e«aTily coiiUiLmW to •hoiten lif*, by sooner reailenn£ peculiar psrU of tbe ■yatem diaoiKditnt to stinmli. DIS-f>-BR'DI-EN*T-LY, adv. In a disobedient manner. 0IS-O-BEV', (dis-o-ba',) v. U [dis and obty.\ To neg- lect or refu.se lo obey ; to omit or refuse to do what is commanded, or to do what is forbid ; to transgreim or violate an order or injunction. Refractory chil- dren disvbey Iheir parents ; men disobey their Maker and the laws ; and we all disobey the precepts uf the gospL'l. [Tke icord is applicable boOi to the command and to thf person commantlingA DIS-O-Bfi V'iH), (bade,) pp. Not obeyed ; neglected ; transgressed. DI3-0-BBY'IXG, ;»pr. Omitting or refusing to obey ; vtolatittg ; tmndgressiiig, as auUiority or law. DI8-OB-Ll-GA'TIUN, n. [dis and obligation.] The act of disobliging ; an offense ; cause of disgust. Clarendon. DI3-OB'LI-GA-TO-RY, a. Releasing obligation. K. Charles. DIS-O-BLICE', r, t, {dis and oWiVe.] To do an act which contravenes the will or desires of another; to oGr-MiX by an act of unkindness or incivility ; to in- jure in a slight degree ; a term by which offense is teti' derig arpresesiL My pUn hM ^«*n offena* to aome gentlemen, whom It woul'l not be vvTj imic to ditobiixe. Atiditon. S> To release from obligation, [JW used.] Bp. Hall DI.=*-0 ni>T6'KD, pp. Offended ; sligbtlv injured. OI.^-O-III.K'JE'MENT, n. The art vt disoblieing. DI.^-O BMO'ER, n. One who disobllgiss. [Mdton, DI:*-0-BI.Wl\f;, ppr. Offending; contravening the wishes of: tnjurinc slightly. 5. a. Nut obliging ; not dispa^ed to gratify the wi.theit of another ; not disposed to please ; unkind ; offensive ; unpl<^>asing ; unaccommodating ; as, a dh>obli;*iH{r coachman. D[S-0-BLlG'lNG-LV, adv. In a disobliging manner ; off'-n^ively. DIS-O-BLI0'I\G-NESS, n. Offensiveneas , disposi- tinn to dinplcnse, or want of readim-ss to please. DIS-0-PI.\'10\, (-f»-pin'yun,) n. Difference of opin- ion. [A bad VDord, and not *tsed,] Bp. Reynolils. DIS-ORB'/CD, a. [dis hnd orb.] Thrown out of the prr^K^r orbit ; as, a star disorbtd. Shak, DiS-OR'DLU, ■. [dts and order; Fr. desordret Sp. desnrrlen : It. duoraine.] 1. Want of order or regular dispoi>itlon ; irregu- larity ; immethiKlical di.Htributlon ; confusion ; a vER, V. I. To break order; lo derange; to diMliirb any regular disposition or arrangement of things ; to put out of method ; to throw into confU DIS sion ; to confuse ; applicable to every thing susceptible of order. 2. To disturb or interrupt the natural functions of the animal economy ; tu pro W a hviniMe Chriitian !■ no ditparag^msnt to a prince, or a tioUciiian. Anon. DIS-PAR'AG-ER, «. One who disparages or dishon- ors ; one who vilifies or disgraces. DIS-PAR'.^G-ING, ppr. or a. Marrying one to another of inferior condition ; depreciating in tbe estimation of others ; vilifying: dishonoring. DIS-PAR'AG-ING-LY,aJp. In a manner to disparage or dishoncr. DIS'PAR-ATE, a. [L. disparatay things unlike ; dis- par ; dis and par^ equal.] Unequal; unlike; dissimilar. Robinson. DIS'PAR-ATES, n. pi. Things so unequal or unlike that they can not bo compared with each other. Johnson. DIS-P.\R'I-TY, n. [Fr. disparitd ; Sp. disparidad ; It. disparitd ; from L. rft-spor, unequal ; dis and par, equal.] 1. Irregularity ; difference in degree, in age, rank, condition, or excellence ; as, a disparity of years or of age ; disparity of condition or circum- stances ; followed by of or in. We say, disparity in or p/ years. 2. Dissimilitude ; unlikcness. DIS-PXRK', V. t. [dis and park.] To throw open a park ; to lay open. Shak. 2. To set at large ; to release from inclosure or confint^ment. IValler. DIS-PXRK'£D, (dis-p^rkt',) pp. Dislnclosed ; set at large. DIS-PARK'ING, n. Act of throwing open a park. DIS-PART', V. U [dis and part ; Fr. drpartir ; L. dis- partior, (See Part.) Vis and part both imply aep. aration.] To part asunder ; to divide ; to separate ; to sever ; to burst ; tu rend ; to rive or split ; as, dLiparted air ; disparted towers ; disparted chaos. [Jjn degant poetic itord.] Mdton. DIS-PART', V. L To separate ; to open ; lo cleave, DIS-PART', Ti. In gunneti Ihe difference between the thickness of the metal , pp. or a. Divided ; separated ; parted ; rent asiundcr. DIS-PA RT'ING, ppr. Severing; dividing; bursting; cleaving. DIS-PAS'SION, (-pash'un,) n. [dis and passion.] Freedom from passion ; an undisturbed state of the mind ; apathy. Temple. DIS PAS'SION-ATK, a. Free from passion; calm; composed ; impartial ; moderate ; tempt dictated by passion ; not proceeding from temper or bias ; impartial ; applied to things; as, dis- passionate proceedings. DIS-PAS'SION-ATE LY, adv. Without passion; calmly ; coolly. DIS-PAS'SION-£D, (dis-pash'und,) a. Free from passion. DIS-PATCH', V. t. [Fr. depieher; 8p. despachar; Port. id. ; It. disjtacciare : Arm. dibeeh, disbachai.. In IL ttpaceiare signifies lo sell, put off, s|>eed, dinpalch : spaceio, sale, vent, dispatch, expedition. This word belongs to Class Bg, and the primary sense is to send, throw, thrust, drive, and this is the sense of TONE, BpUi, T^'ITE.— AN"GEK, Vr'CIOUS.— € aa K ; as J; 8 aa Z j CH as 8H ; TH as In TinS. . ' 347" DIS pmtt. It, pcHsrOf ftacttts. Hence our vulsnr phmses, to peek ((C luid to budge. The same woril occurs in im- pM£AJ 1. To send, or send away ; particularly npplied to tbe sendinic of mcmenfcers, agents, and letters on special business, and ol\en implying ttafte. Tlie king di^ttcMed an envoy to the court of ]\Ia(lrid. He disj^iuiud a messenger to his envoy in France. He dis/yaUked orders or Idlers to the commands of the forces in Spain. The president rf/»p«i<*«rf * special enTOT to the court of St. Jitmes in 1794. St. To send out of the world ; to put to death.. Tbe eomtMmv ■hnll (tone thrm with ttoat*, vul £*fmUk Utrm with ihrir «woni«. — Ei«k- xxiiL 3- To perform ; to execut-' speedily ; to finish ; as, the business wa^ dispatched in due time. Df^^PATCH', r. i. I'o conclude an affair wUh an- other; to transact and Qnish. [^"ot luneused.] Tory tMT« AajaUdUd with Ponsper- •Sftol. DIS-PATCH', ». Speedy perfhrmance ; execution or transaction of bnsinees with due dilicence. Bacotu fi. l^pe^; baste; expedniun ; due diligence; as, the buiuneas waa done with dispaitXi go, but make dispatd^ i Ctmduct; management. [JVbf iwwL] Skak. 4. A letter Mnt, or to be sent, with expedition, by a messenger express ; or a Ictterou some alTair of state, or of public concern ; or a packet of letters, sent by aMne public ofBci-r, on public business. It is often used in the plural. A ves.-sel or a messenger has ar- rived with dispatches fur the .American minister. A dupfttcA was immediately sent to the admiral. The aecretarv wa« preparinp his dispatches. mS-PATCir£D, (dis-paiclu',) yp. S?nt with haste, or by a courier express ; sent out of the world ; put to death ; |>erformed ; finished. DIS-PATCH'ER, «. One that dispatches; one that 2. One that sends on a special errand. [kills. DI3-P.\TCU'Fi;L, a. Bent on haste; indicating bavta; intent on speedy execution of busin«-s»i; as, disjMtd^fiil loi^ks. ' MiUon. DIS-PATCH'I.NG, pjrr. Sending away in Itaste ; put- tine tu death ; executing ; tinisbing. DIS'PA-THV, n, [Gr. 6ii imd xa6i.s.] IVant of passion. DIS-PA U'PER, r. £. [dis and pmtper.] To deprive of the claim of a pauper to public support^ or of the ca- pacity of suin^ in jWma pauperis i lo reduce back uom tbe oase of a puiper. A warn k diapvtpgrwd, wben h« hn hadi fidlen to Wm or DTS-PAU'PEU-EO, prtt, and jfp. Brought from the state of a paufter. DIS-PAU'PCR-ING, ppr. Bringing from the condi- tion of a pauper. D-S-PEL', r. L [I* digpeUo; dis and peUo^ to drive : Gr.HaXyut, See Appeai., Peai., Pl-i^se, and OawuJ To scatter by driving or force ; to disperse ; to dis- sipate ; to banish ; as, to dispel vapors ; to diipei dark- ness or gloom i to dtspel fears ; to dispel cores or sorrows ; to dispd doubts. DIS^PEL'LED, pp. Driven away ; scattered ; dissi- pnled. Dfe-I [S-PEL'LING, j^w. Driving away j dispersing; scatterinK. DIS-PE\D', V. L [L. dispendo; dis and pendo, to weigh. J To spend ; to lay out ; to consume. Speitser. [See Expend, which is genenilly used.] DTS-PEND'ER, n. One that distributes. D1S-PE.\S'A-BLE, a. That may be dispensed with. Mere. DIP PENS'A-BLE-N'E33, a. The capability of being di-[>''n5ed with. Hammtnid, DIS-PE.N'S'A-RY, n. A house, place, or shop, in which medicines are dispensed to the poor, and med- ical advice given, gratis. DIS-PEX-SaTIO.V, ». [L. dtspensatio. See Dis- pe:*se.] I. Distribution ; the act of dealing out to different persons or places ; as, the dispenstuion of water indif- ferently lo all parts of the earth. ffoodvord. D. The dealing of God to his creatures; the dis- tribution of good and evil, natural or moral, in tbe divine government. NoJkt u« Gtni'i meUioda or iotmtioDS ortio!;« of the ingredients, and tlie methods of preparing them. DIS-PENSE', (dis-pens',) r. (. [Fr. dL-iprntser ; Sp, rfuf- pensar ; It. dispettsarc ; from L. difpntso ; tlis and , JM1U0, from pendo^ lo weigh, primarily lo move ; ivnJ perhaps the original idea of expending, was to weigh off, or to distribute by weighu] 1. To deal or divide out in parts or portions ; to distribute. The steward di'tprnses provisjons to every man, according to his directions. The soriity dts- prnses medicines to the pni ; to give leave not to do or ob- serve what is required or commanded. The court will dispense viL'i your attendance, or icith your com- pliance. 3. To permit the want of a thing which is useful or convenient ; or, in the vulgar phrase, to do with- ouL I con dispense vith your services. I can dis- pense with my cloak. In this application, the phrase has an allusion to the requisitions of law or neces- sity ; the thing dispensed with being supposed, in some degree, necessary or required. 1 could not pr. Scattering ; dissipating. DIS-PER'SION, (-shun,) n. The act of scattering. 2. The state of being scattered, or separated into DIS remote parts ; as, Ibe Jews, in their dispersion, reta'a their rites and ceremonies. 3. By iraif of eminmce^ the scattering or separation of the human family, at the building of Ilaltel. 4. In optics, the separation of light into its differ- ent colored rays. This arises from their dilTerent refrangibilities. 5. In medicine and surgery^ the removing of in- flammation from a part, and restoring it to its natu- ral state. DIS-PER:?'IVE, a. Tending to scatter or dissipate. Orcen, DIS-PIR'IT, r. U [dis and spirit.] To doi)ress the spirits ; to deprive of counige ; to discourage ; to dishearten ; to deject ; to cjist down. We may be dispirited by ntllictions, by obstacles to success, by poverty, and by fear. When fear is the cause, dis- pirit is nearly efpiivalenl to intimithite or terrify. 2. To exhaust the spirits or vigor of the body. [J^ot vsual.\ Collier. DIS-PIR'IT-ED, pp. or a. Discouraged; depressed in spirits ; dejected ; intimidated. DIS PIR'IT-E1)-LY, ado. Dejectedly. DIS-PIR IT-ED-NESS, n. Want of courage ; depres- sion of spirits. DIS-PIR'IT-IXG, ppr. or a. Discouraging; disheart- ening ; dejecting ; intimidating. DIS PIT'E-OUS, a. Having no pity; cruel; furious. JJViif tised.] Spenser. DIS-PLACE', V. t. [dis and pUce; Fr. deplacer; Arm. dibla^za.] 1. To put out of the usual or proper place ; to re- move from its place ; as, the hooks in the library are all displaced. 2. To remove from any state, condition, office, or dignity ; as, to displace an officer of liie revenue. 3. To disorder. Vou hiive displaced Ow inirtli. ShaJc. DIS-PLAC'KD, (-plist',) pp. Removed from the proper place ; deranged ; disordered ; removed from an of- fice or slate. DIS-PLACE'MEXT, n. [Fr. deplacement.] The act of displacing; the act of removing from the usual or proper place, or from a state, condition, or office. Tlie ditplactmenX of the ceiit*;rB of Ui" cinles. Atiat. Reaearcfifs, t. l*tt. Vaaec^Mnry dUplacemenl offuiida. Hamilton's Rep. li. DIS-PLa'CEN-CY, n. [L. difpliccntia, from displiceo^ to displease ; dis and placco, to please.] Incivility ; that which displeases or disobliges. Decay of Piety. DIS-PLAC'ING, ppr. Putting out of tlie usual or proper place ; removing from an otlice, state, or con- dition. DIS-PLANT', V. t. [dis and planL] To pluck up, or to remove a plant. 2. To drive away, or remove from the usual place of residence ; as, to disptant the people of a country. Bacon. 3. To strip of inhabitants ; as, to displant a coun- try. Spenser. DIS-PLANT-A'TION, n. The removal of a plant. 2. The removal of inhabitants or resident people. Ralegh. DIS-PLANT'ED, pp. Removed from the place where it grew, as a plant, 2. Removed from the place of residence ; applied to persons. 3. Deprived of inhabitants ; applied to a country. DIS-PLANT'ING,;»pr. Removing, as a plant. DIS-PLANT'ING, n. Removal from a fixed place. DIS-PLAT', V. £. [dis and plat.] To untwist ; to un- curl. HakewiU. DIS-PLAY', V. U [Fr. deployer^ and dqiloy is the same word. It is a different orthography of deplier, to un- fold ; Arm. displega; Sp. desplegar; It. spiegare ; dis and Fr. ptier, Sp. ptegar. It. piegare, to fold ; L. plico, W. plygu, Gr. ttAskw ; and aTrAooj, aTAow, to unfold, may be from the same root.] 1. Literally, to unfold : hence, to open; to spread wide ; to expand. The northern wind his wings did brond display. Spenser. 2. To spread before the view ; lo show ; to exhibit to the eyes, or to the mind ; to make manifest. The works of nature display the power and wisdom of the Supreme Being. Christian charity displaijs the effects of true piety. A dress, simple and elegant, displays female taste and beauty to advontage. 3. To carve ; to dissect and open. He ci.rveB, displays, and ciiU up t« a wonder. Spectator, 4. To set to view ostentatiously, Skak. 5. To discover. [J^otinuse.] Spenser. 6. To open ; to unlock. [J^ot used.] B. Junson. DIS-PLAY', ij. i. To talk without restraint ; to mftke a great show of words. Shak. DIS-PLAY', n. An opening or unfolding; an eihibi- tion of any thing to the view. 2. ii'how ; exhibition ; as, they make a great dis- play of troops ; a great display of macnificence. DIS-PLAY'ED, fdis-plade',) pp. Unfolded ; opened ; spread ; expanded ; exhibited to view ; manifested. FATE, FAR, FALL, A\nL\T. — M£TE, PR^Y. — PINE, aL\ilL\E, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE. WQLF, BQQK. DIS DIS-PLaY'EII, n. He or ihtil which displays. DIS-PLSV'ING, ppr. Cufoliiing i spriiiiding ; exhib- itini: ; manifesting. DIS-PLEAS'A.NCE, fdis-pvcz'ans,) h. [Fr. deplaisance.] Ani;er ; discoiitenl. [JVwt used.] Spenser. Dl::*-PLEAS'ANT, (dis-p!ez'anl,) a [See Displease,] Unpleasing : otfensive; unpleasant. [The latter iBortt is generally used.^ DIS-PLeASE', fdis-pleeze',) p. t. [dis and please.] 1. To olfend ; to make angrjt sometimes in a Btiglit degree. It usually expresses le:*3 ihan trt. DIS-PLCD'ING,ppr. Discharging or bursting with a loud report. DUS-PLO'»K)N, C-zh""0 «• '^^*' actofdisploding; a suddf-n bursting wUh a loud report ; an explosion. DIi*-PI'6*?^IVE, a. N'oting displosion. DIH-PLOME', V. t. [dis and plume.] To strip or de- prive of plumes or feathers ; to strip of badprs of honor. Barke. DIS.PIXtM'KD, pp. Stripped of plum'in. DlS-PLCM'I.VG,ppr. Depriving of plumes. Dl-.SPON'DEE, n. In Greek and Latin poetry, a double «[xmd''*vcr.nsi3ting of four long sylliibles, Eneye, DISPORT', n. [dis and :fport.] Play ; sport ; pas- time ; diversion; amui*cment; mfrrimenl. Mdtun. Jfaijvard. DIS-PORT', P. u To play ; to wanton ; lo move light- ly and without restraint ; to move in gaycty ; as, lambs disporting on the mead. W here liglit disporU tn pret- nilngtin J i\jK%* Peipe. DIJ'-PORT', r. L To divert or amuse ; as, he disports himself. SA«*- DIS PORT', r. U To remove from a port. Chalmers. DIr> PORT'ED, pp. Played ; moved lightly and with- out rfstr;iint. DTS-P6RT'I\G,m)r. Playin"; wantoning. DIt* PORT'MENT, n. Art or disporting ; play. More. mS-P'iS'A-BLE, (-p6z'a-hl,) a. [rtee DraposE.] Sub- \f''\ to disposal ; not provinusly engaged i>r employed ; fr"e tij bf iHed or employed as occasion may r'-quirc. Th« whole disposable force consisted in u regiment of lislit infantry and a troop of cavalry. Ti(S-PO.'?'AL, (dis-p6/,'nl,) n. [See Dhpobe.1 The act (if d)?)posintr; a setting or arranging. This object WiM effected by the disposal of the troops tn two lines. a. Regulation, order, or arranstement of things, in the nioril government of God ; dispensation. T»x not 'i'lrintf ditpovil. M!ton. 3, Power of ordering, arranging, or distributing; government; management ; as, an agent is ap[>oi«t- DIS ed, and every tiling is left to his disposal. The effects in my hands are entirely at my di^osal. 4. Power or right of bestowing. Certain offices are at the disjfosal of the president. The father has the disposal of his daughter in marriage. 5. The passing into a new statu or into new hands. DIS-PoSE', (dis-jwz',) V. t, [Fr. disposer; dis and poser, to place ; Ann. disposi; L.. dispositus, di-fpotw.] 1. To set ; to place or distribute ; lo arrange ; itseA tcith reference to order. The ships were disposed in tlie furm of a crescent. The general disposed his troops in three lines. The trees are disposed in the form of a quincunx. 2. To regulate ; to adjust ; lo set in right order. Job xxxiv. and xxxvii. The kiiightly fonrw of combnt lo dilute. Dryden. 3. To apply to a p;»rlicular purjjose ; to give; to place ; to bestow ; as, you have disposeil much in works of public piety. In "* ' * '' '^'' more generally used. , this sense, to dispose of is A. To set, place, ortum, to a particular end or con- sequence. Eoiliirc nnd conqiipr; Jove will ■oon diipoi* To future good our pwal ami prewiit woc«. Oryden. 5. To adapt ; to form for any purpose. Then must thou lhe« ditpost another wftjr. Ilubbard't Tnie. 6. To set the mind in a particular frame; to in- cline. Avarice disposes men to fraud and oppression. Suapicioiu ditpos» Vinffj lo tyranny, hnstiamU to Jcaloiisv, niid wi»* men lo invsofiiiiini nixl iijcl.iitdioly. Boron. He was dtJtpoaed to pu» into Achaia. — Acu xviU. I Cat. x. 27. To dispose of; to part with ; to sell ; lo alienate ; as, the man has disposed of his house, and removed. 2. To part with to another; to put into another's hand or power ; to bestow ; as, the father has disposed qf his daughter to a man of great worth. 3. To give away or transfer by authority. A niraJ Judge disposed of hrauty'i priie. Wailer. 4. To direct the course of a thing. Prov. xvi. 5. To place in any condition ; as, how will you dis- pose of you r son f 6. To direct whal to do, or what course to pursue ; as, they know nfll how to ditpose of themselves. 7. To use or employ ; as, they know not how to dispose o/ their time. 8. To put away ; the stream supplies more water Uian can be disposed of. DIS-POSE', V. i. To bargain ; to make terms. [Obs.] Shak. DIS-POSE', iu Disposal ; power of disi»osing ; man- agemcnl. [06*.] Shak, 2. Dispensation ; act of government. [Obs.] Milton. 3. Dispwntion ; cast of behavior. [Obs.] Shak. 4. Disposition ; cast of mind ; inclination. [ Obs.] Shak. DIS-POS'iCD, pp. .Set in order ; arranged ; placed ; ad Justed ; applied ; bestowed ; inclined, DI8-P0S'EK, a. One who disjKtses ; a distributor ; i bt^stower ; as, a disposer of gifts. 2. A directtpr; a regtilator. The Puprcme Being is the rightful ditposer of all evenU and of all crea- tures. 3. That which disposes. Prior. DIS-POS'ING, ppr. Setting in order ; arranging ; dis- tributing; bestowing; regulating; adjusting; gov- erning. DIS-POS'IXG, n. The act of arranging; regulation ; direction. Prov. xvi. 33, DIS-PO-SI"TIO\, (po-zish'un,) n. [h. di^ositio.] 1. The act ol disposing, or state of being dis- posed. 2. Manner in which things, or the parts of a com pifx body, are placed or arranged ; order ; method ; distribution; arrangement. We siM-ak of the rfi.>*po- sitiitn of the infantry and cavalry of an army ; the di'tposition of the trees in an orchard ; the disposition of the several parts of an edifice, of the parts of a discourse, or of the figures in painting. 3. Natural fitness or tendency. The refranpibility of the rays of light is their disposition to be refracted. So we sfiy, a di'^osition in plant*) to grow in a direc lion upward ; a dLrposition in bodies to putrefaction. A. Trm\H:T or natural constitution of the mind ; as, an amiable or an irritable disposition, 5. Inclination ; propensity ; the ^*lnpe^ or frame of mind, as directed lo particular objects. We speak of the (/wpo^ifum of a jwrson to undertake a particular work ; the di-POS'I-TIVE, a. That implies disposal. [JVot used.] JJyliffe. DIS-POS'I-TIVE LY, ailv. In a dispositive manner ; distributivetv. [JVot used,] Brmcn. DIS-POS'I-TOR, n, A disposer; In astrology, the planet which is lord of the sign where another planet is. [JVot used.] DIS DIS-POS-SESS', V. t. [dis and possess.] To put out of possession by any means ; to deprive of the actual occupancy of a thing, particularly of land or real es- tate ; to disseize. Ye ahuJ] diajtosteat the inhabitoiita of Lha land, and dwell tliercin, — Num. xxxiii. Usually followed by ofy before the thing taken away ; as, to dispossess a king of his crown. DIS-POS-SESS' JED, (-pos-sest',) pp. Deprived of pos- session or occupancy. DIS-POS-SESS'ING, ppr. Depriving of possession ; di-sseizinq. DIS-POS-SES'SrON, (-pos-scah'un,) n. The art of putting out of possessitm. Hail. DIS-POS'URE, (dis-po'zhur,) n. [See Dispose.] Dis- posal; the iiower of disposing; management; direc- tion. Sandys. [ The use of this word is superseded by that of Dispo- sal.) 2. State ; posture ; disposition. [JVol used.] Wottim. DIS PRAISE', (dis-praz',)». [di» and praise.] Blame; censure. Be cautious not to speak in dispraise of a a. Reproach ; dishimor. [competitor. Tlic gctifml hns Been Moori with M bsulfuM*; no dUpraist lo li.rtrj.n'«. DryiUn. DTS-PRAISE', V. t. To blame; to censure ; to men- tion with disapprobation, or some degree of reproach. I dispraised him before the wicked. Shai. DIS-PRSISi'/:n, pp. Blamed ; censured. DIS-PRAljs'ER, H. One who blames or dispraises. DIS-PRAIS'IXG, ppr. Blaming ; censuring. DIS-PRaIS'ING-LY, ado. By way of dispraise ; with blame or some degree of reproach. DIS-PREAD', (dis-pred',) v. U [dis and spread. See Sprkad.] To spread in different ways ; to extend or flow in different directions. Spenser. Pope. DIS-PREAU', V. i. To expand or be extended. Thomson. DIS PREAD'ER,?!. A publisher ; a divulger. Milton. DIS-PRIS'OX, C-priz'«,)D.L To let loose from pri^^oii ; to set at lil>ertv. Bidiccr. DIS PKIV'I LEGE, r. t. To deprive of a privilege. DIS-PRIZE', V. t. To undervalue. Cotton. DIS-PRO-FESS', V. i. To renounce the profession of. DIS-PROF'IT, It. [dit and projit.] Loss ; detriment ; damage. [Little used.] DIS-PROOF*, 71. [dis and proof.] Confutation ; ref- utation ; a proving to be faJse or erroneous ; as, to off.-r evidence in disproof of a fuct, argument, prin- ciple, or allegation. DIS-PROP'ER-TV, r. (. To deprive of property ; to di?il>ossess. [J^nt tuted,] Shak. DIS-PRO-POR'TION, n. [d!s and proportion.] 1. Want of proportion of one thing to another, or between tile parts of a thing ; want of symmetry. We at)eak of the dUproportion of a mun's arms to his b«xly ; of the disproportion of Ihe length of an edifice to its highl. 2. Want of proper quantity, according to rules pre- scribed ; as, the disproportion of the ingredients in n compound. 3. Want of suitableness or adequacy; disparity; inequality; unsuitibleness ; as, the disproportion of strength or means to an object DIS-PRO-POR'TIOX, V. t. To make unsuitable in form, size, length, or quantit^v ; to violate symmetry in; tomismalcli ; to ji'in unfitly. To ttmpf mv \rgn of ah HticqniJ «iM), Tu dis]tro]iortion iiif in every part. Shak. DIS-PRO-POR'TION-A-BLE, a. Disproportional ; not in proportion ; unsuitable in form, size, or quantity, to something else ; inadequate. JVu(/*. — The sense in which this word is used Is gcniralty anomalous. In its true sense, f/wi maybe made disproportional, it is rarely or never used. The regular word, which ought to be used, is Dispropor- tional, as used by Locke. DIS-PRO-POR'TION-A-IILE-NESS, n. Want of pro- pfirtion or ftymmetry; unsuilableness to something DIS-PRO POR'TIOX-A-RLY, odr. With want of nroiiortiou or sv'nmctry; unsuitably to something J,]^,:, TinoLropor- tionate dcirri'e ; un.-*iirialily ; inmlt-qtiat^'. DIS-l»RO-P^K'TlUN-ATE-XESS, h. Unsuiiableocss ill ■ ' , t rvaluf; inadequacy. DI> lOS-ED^pft.cT a, Nol proportioned i t' , n ; disprotMtrttonati*. Dlj^-i ui. rtvi Ai'E, c. (. To di'siroy appropriation ; to wiiddraw from an appn>pri«ie use. Jtudermn. [Sw DisArrRormATE» which is more regulariy formed, and more guiiLT.ilIv ust'd.J niS-PKOV'A BLE, C-pmov^a-bl,) a. Capable of b»- ing disproved or refulcd. B»fU, DIS-PROVE . (-prooveO p. t [dia and prwc] To prove to be AUm* m erroneous ; mconfute ; as, to di»- prmv€ an asseituin, a stotemsnt, an argumonl, a pri>po«, jff. Pnived to be false or ermneoos ; reftitrd. DIS-PROV'F.R, n. One that dtsprovesor mnfutes. DIS-PKOV'LNO, fpr. Proving to be false or errune- onft ; r^mfiiting ; reftitinc. DI8-PCN0E',e. u [dM and apun^t.) To expunse ; to«mse; al-(x>nge. [lU fanMd, anH lUtlc usrd. ] tVolfvn. SSak, DfS-PU.N'ISII-A-IlLE, o. [.Us and punishable.] With- out p>-n:il re:^traint ; not pnni^ihaUle. Sici/L DIS-PTRSK', for DtsKriuB. [.W i» use,] Shak. DIS-PL"R-VEY',( vaOP-t. TouMpmvide. [JVntiniw*.] DIS-PUR-VBV AXCE, a. Want of provisions [AU in u.*f,] SpemsiT. DI3'Pl'-TA-BI.E, a. rSee PurrTE.] That may be di^lHited ; liable to be called in qucstJim, contro- verted, or contested : controvertible ; of douMfitl certainty. We speak of Ui^utahU opinions, otate- mcntif. propositions, argiintents, points, caaes, quea- ' tn>n!i, ike. DIS-PIT-TAC'I-T^, a. Proneness to dispute. DIS'PU-TANT, ». One who disputes; onewhoarguea in oppcMiti4>n to anutlier ; a controvertbil ; a nKWoner in opposition. DIS'Pr-TA\T,«. Diiiputins; enfraeed in conlroverBy. DIS^pr-TA'TlOX, n. [-L. di[Mi«ite eiden ; controversy in words ; v»Tbal contt-iit, respect- ing the tnith of some fact, opmton, pn->puaitiun, or arfnnienL C. An exercise in colleges, in wbich parties reason In o[iposition to each otSer, on some que&tion pro- posed. DIS-PL'-TJTIOUS. (-ta'shus,) a. Inclined to dis- pute ; apt lo caviJ or eoutroreit ; a^ a diapuiMtiomd pei*o» or temper. Tbe CkriMkiB doctjine «f s fntanr M^wm bs HC WM—wt Jlimi of Ik^ wv irtifhw hi tto vito umI pMnfcipbtw af ^Mt DTS-Pr-TXTIOUS-NESS, lu Inclinalioo lo di»Tmte. DIS-PC"TA-TIVE,o. Disposed to dispute; inclined to cavil or to reason in oppo6:tion ^ as, a di*putatice temper. tVattg. DIS-PPTE', V. I. [L. dUpato : dis and pvto. The pri- mary sense of puts is to throw, cai*, strike, or drive, as we see by imputOy lo impute, to throw on, to eharee, to ascribe. .fni;»t(M, to prune. Is to strike off, lo Ihmw otf fn>m ail sides ; eomputOj to compute^ is to throw ti^>f;ether, to can. Di-tpiUe, titen, is radically very similar lo debatt and t/i-*citK.*, both ik which are Ixum bsating, driving, agitation.] 1. To C'inicnd in argument; to reason or argue In opposition } to debate ; to allerc^tlc- ; and to dL*puU vi^entlff is to wrangle. Paul tU^puled with the Jews ta tbe synaicogue. The disciples of Christ disputed among toemiBelvea who should be the greatest. Men alien dispmte about trifles. 3. To strive or contend in opposition to a competi- tor ; as, we dispmUd for the prize. DIS-POTE', r. L. To attempt to disprove by arg?t in words, or by argu- ments J an attempt to prove and maintain one's own opinions or claims, by arguments or statements, in DIS Opposition to the opinions, arguments, or rlaims of another ; controversy in words. They hail a iti.-08cd by words or areunienM ; litigated. DIS-PCTE'LESS, a. Admitting no dispute; incon- imveiliblf* DIS-PCT'ER, n. One who disputes, or who is given to disputes ; a controvertist, Wtcn ti Ibe diapwirr «r thb voild f — 1 Cor. i. DTS POT'IXG, pTtr. Contending by words or argu- ments ; controverting. DIS-PCT'I.NG, w. The. act of contending by words or arguments ; controversy ; altercation Do all tiling;* wiUiout niurmuringi or ditpudngf. — Phil. H. DIS-aUAL-I-FI-C.^'TIO-V, n. [3ee Di!<*ialift.] The art of disqualifying ; or that which disfjualifies ; that which renders iintit, unsuitable, or inadeijiiate ; as, sickness is a ditqualijieaiion fur labor or study. a. The net of depriving of lecul iHtwer or rapaci- ty; that which renders incapable; that which inca- pacitates in law; disability. Conviction of a crime IS a dir-qualififation for oHlce. 3. W ant of qualificatiun. It is used in this sense, thouch improperly. In strictness, dLiqual^fication implies a previous qualitication ; but careless writers use it for llie want of qualitication, where no previ- ous qualification is supposed. Thus, I must still retain Uie consciousness of those dtsouaiificatioiUj which you have been pleased to overlook. Sir John Shore. AsinU Res 4, 175. DIS-CiUAL'l-FT-ED, (kwore-flde,) pp. or a. Deprived of qnalifif;ttions; rendered unfit. DIS-UUAL'1-FT, e. U \dis and qualif^f.] To make unfit ; to deprive of natural power, or the qualities or properties necessary for any purpose ; with /(*r. Inaisjiosititm rfi^f/iM/i/rf the body /cr labor, and the mind ftr study. Piety does not dist^ualify a person fi/r any lawful employment. 2. To deprive of legal capacity, power, or right ; to disalile. A conviction of jierjiiry di^tfualifirs a man for n witness. A direct interest in a suit di^- aualijie^ n person to he a juror in the cause. DlS-UlTAL'l-FT-INU, ppr. or o. Rendering unfit; disiibling. DlS-aUAX'TI-TY, e. t To diminish. [JVTjI in lue.] Shak. DIS-aUT'ET, a. [du and quiet.] Unquiet ; restless ; uneasy. [Stldom itsed,] * Skak. DIS-Q,L'I'ET, n. Want of quiet ; uneasiness ; rest- les-^ness ; want of tranquillity in btnly or mind ; dis- turbance ; anxiety. Strljl. TiilaUon, DI.S-QLTET, r. L To disturb ; to deprive of peace, rest, or tranquillity ; to make uneasy or restless ; to baruss tbe body ; to fret or vex the mind. That hr mar dismdet the iiih.ibitaiita of Bahylon. — Jer. L \Vh7 hfKl Uiuu aigquultd n^i — 1 Sam. xxriii. O in; soul, wlijr &n thou divfuwtaf within me f — Pa. xltl. DIS-QUT'ET-ED, pp. or a. Made uneasy or restless ; disturbed ; harassed. DI.S-aLI'ET-ER, w. One who disquiets ; he or that which makes uneasy. DI8-aL'T'ET-FyL, a. Producing inquietude. Barrarc. DIS-CiUI ET-lS'G, pjnr. Disturbing j making uneasy ; depriving of rest or peace. 2. a. Tending to disturb the mind ; as, disquieting apprehensions. DIS-Uri'ET-IVE, a. Tending to disquiet. DISriCI'ET-LY, adv. Without quiet or rest; In an unc-asy state ; uneasilv ; anxiously; as, he rested disqnifthi that night. \^UmLgual.] Wiseman. DrS-aUfET-MENT, n. Art of disquieting. DI.-^UlJl'ET-NESS, 71. Uneasiness ; restlessness ; disturbance of [leace in body oT mind. Hooker. DIS-UUI'ET-OUS, a. Causing uneasiness. [JTot us^d.] J\fdtoiu DIS-at'T'E-TUDE, n. Want of peace or tranquillity ; unea.=iness; disturbance ; agitation ; anxiety. It is, I believe, most frequently used of the mind. Re- ligion is our best security from the dugmetudes that iinhitter life. DIS-aUI-SI"TIOX, (dis-kwe zish'un,) n. [L. dis- quisitio : dixquiro ; dis and qu^£ro, to seek.] A funnal or systematic inqiiirj' into any subject, by arguments, or discussion of the facts and circum- stances that may elucidate truth ; as, a disquisition on government or morals ; a disquisition concerning the antediluvian earth. Woodward. [It is usually applied ta a written treatise] DI»-aUI-SI"TION-A-IlV, a. Pertaining to disquisi- tion. DIS-RAXK', r. U To degrade from rank. {.Xol used.] Q. To throw out of rank or into confusion. Decker. DIS-RE-GARD', TL {dis and rr.gard.] Neglect ; omis- sion of notice ; slight ; implying inaifTerence or some degree of contempt ; as, to pass one with disrefrard* DIS DIS-RE-GXRD', u. t. To omit to take nolice of ; to neglect lo obs!;rve ; lo sliRht us unworthy ai regard or notice. We are never to digreg-ard the wants of the poor, nor the admonitions of conscience. Stiidiuiia of good, man disregard^ fame. Bladrmora, D1S-RF.-G.\RD'ED, pp. Neglected; slighted; unno- DI.^ RF, GX RIVER, n. One who neglects. [ticed. DIS-RE-GARD'FIJL, a. Neglectful ; negligent ; heed- less. DIS-RE-GARD'FgL-LY, adv. NegligenUy ; heed- lessly. DIS-Rfc^GXRD'ING, ppr. Neglecting, overlooking; omitting to nolice. DIS-REL'ISH, n. [dis mtl relish.] Distaste; dislike of tliP palate ; some degree of disgust. Men gener- ally have u disrelish for tobacco, till tbe taste is recon- ciled to it by custom. -2. Had taste ; nausequsness. Milton. 'X Distaste or dislike, in a figurative sense; dislike of the nund, or of the faculty by which bi;auty and excellence are perceived. DIS-REL'ISII, v.t. To dislike the taste of; as, lo disrelish a particular kind of food. 2. To make nauseous or disgusting ; to infect with a bad taste. jyiHton. [In this sense, I believe., the word is little used.] il. To dislike; to feel some disgust at; as, to (ft»- rrlish vulgar jests. D1S-REL'1SII-£D, (rel'isht,) pp. Not relished ; dis- liked ; made nauseous. DIS-REL'ISH-IXG, ppr. Disliking the taste of; ex- pericncinc disgust at ; rendering nauseous. DIS-RE-.MEM'BER, r. (. To forget. [Unavthorized.] DIS-RE-PAIR', n. [rfwand repair.] A state of being not in repair or good condition, and wanting repara- tion. Chalmers. DIS-KEP'T^-TA-BLE, d. [dis and reputable.] Not reputable ; not in esteem ; not hunurubic ; low ; menn ; as, disreputahle company. 2. Dishonorable ; disgracing the reputation ; tend- ing to impair the good name, and bring into dis- esteem. It isdiareputuble to a.ssociatc familiarly with the mean, the lewd, and the profane. DIS-REP'U-TA-BLY, ado. In a disreputable manner. DIS-REl'-l^-TA'TION, n. [dis and rep«tation.] Loss or want of reputation or good name ; disrepute ; discsteem ; dishonor ; disgrace ; discredit. Ill suc- cess often brings an enterprising man, as well us his project, into disreputation. DIS-RE-POTE', «. [dis and repute.] Loss or want of reputation ; disesteein ; discredit ; dishonor. Tlie alchemist and his l)ooks have sunk into disrepute. DIH-RErOTE', D. t. To bring into disreputation. DIS RK PCT'ED, pp. Brought into disreputation. DIS-RE-PPT'ING, ppr. Ilringing into diarepntation. Dli^-RE-SPECT', 71. [dis and respect.] Want of rejii)ect or reverence ; disesteem. Disrenprct often leads a man to treat anotlier will) neglect or a degree of contempt. 9. .Ss an act, incivility ; irreverence ; rudeness. DIS-RK-SPECT' r. L To show disrespect to. DIS RE-SPECT'ED, pp. Treated with disrespect DIS-RE-SPECT'FpL, a. Wanting in resjiect; as, a disresptictful IhoupJit or opinion. 9. Manifesting disesteem or want of respect j un- civil ; as, dismspertfid beliavior. DIS-RE IHPECT'FUL-LY, adv. In a disrespectful manner: irreverently; uncivilly. DIS-RE-PPEGT'ING, ppr. Showing disrespect to. DIS-ROBE', V. L [dis and rvbe.] To dtvest of a robe ; to divest of garments ; to undress, 2. To strip of covering ; to divest of any surround- ing appendage. Autumn disrobes tbe fields of ver- dure. Thfw two peen were disrobed of th^ir glory. WoUon. DIS-R6B'£D, pp. Divested of clothing; stripped of coverihg. DIS-ROB'ER, TU One that Btri|w of robes or clothing. DIS-K6fi'l.N'G, ppr. Divesting of garments ; strip- ping of any kind of covering. DIS-ROOT', V. t. [dis and rooL] To tear up the roots, or by the roots. 2. To tear from a foundation ; to loosen or under- mine. A pWe of groond disrooted from tls tituation by iublemn»^ui iniindaiions. GohUmith, DIS-ROOT'ED, pp. Tom up by the roots; under- mined. DIS-ROOT'ING, ppr. Tearing up by the roots; un- dermining. DIS-RUPT'^,a. [L.rfwT-«p(M«; dis and rumpo,to burst.] Rent from; torn asunder; severed by rending or breaking. DIS-RUPT'ED, a. Rent asunder. Dr. Thompson, DIS-RHP'TION, 7t, [L. dU-ruptiOy from dUrampo.] 1. The act of rending asunder; the act of burst- ing and separating. 2. Breach; rent; dilareraticm ; as, the disruption of neks in an earthquake ; the disruption of a Btratiim of earth ; dvn-nption of the fiesh. DIS-SAT-IS-FA€'TION, n. [dis and satisfaction.] The state of being dissatisfied ; discontent ; uneasi- FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T.— MeTE, PRBV. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE. DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. _ DIS nes9 procectlhig from the want of gmtification, or from disappoiiiifd wishes and expectations. The unbiiioua man i» auLj'ct U> ime.isiuii^a ami tiitaalit/funiQn, AdiiUun. DIS-SAT-IS-FAC'TO-KI-NESS, n. Inability to sat- isfy or give content ; a failing to give content. DIS-8AT-IS-FAe'TO-Uy, a. Unable to give content. Rather, giWng discontent; displeasing. To hare rrduced Um differrnt qualificnjiuns to ihe difTcwnt Sutes U> our uiiilbrni ml?, would prutT.bly bnve bc^n as di«tad»- factury to Kxue ot the l:>Ut<;a, as diiikulc lur the c.uiiv<'uiiuD. HauulUifi. A/i^'oni. DIS-SAT'IS-FT-KB, (-«at'is-fide,) pp. Made discon- tented ; displeased. 2. a. Discontented ; not satisfied ; not pleased ; oflended. Locke. DIS-SAT'f3-FT,r.(. To render discontented ; to dis- {^ease ; to excite uneasiness by frustrating wishes or expectaiiuns. D1.S-SAT-[:?'FV-ING, ppr. Exciting uneasiness or discontent, DIS-SeAT', u. t. To remove from a seal. Shak. DIS-SECT', p, (. [L. dissecoy disnectuji i dis and seco^ to cut ; Fr. disseqiur,'\ 1. To cut in pieces \ to divide an animal body, with a cutting instrument, by separating the joints J as, to dissect a fowl. Hence, appropriatehj, 2. To cut in pieces, as an anunal or vegetable, for the puriKtse of examining the structure and use of itrt several parts ; to anatomize. Also, to open any part of a body to observe its morbid appearances, or to ascertain the cause of death or tiie seat of a disease. 3. To divide into its constituent parts, for the pur- pose of examination ; as, direct your mind ; dinsect 8 paragraph. Roscommon. Pope. DIJvSEeT'KD, pp. or a. Cut in pieces; separate*! by parting the joints ; divided into its constituent parts j opened and examined. DIS-SECT'LVG, ppr. Cutting in pieces ; dividing the parts ; separating constituent parts fur minute exam- ination. 2. a. Used in dissection ; as, a dissecting knife. DIS-SEC'TION, (-sek'shun,) ». [L disseUio.] 1. The act of cutting in pieces an animal or vege- table, for the purpose of examining the structure and uses cpf its parts ; anatomy. DUtection w« helJ mcril'-ge till the time of Pmncia I. Encye. 2. The act of separating into constituent parts, for Ihe piirp<)se of criticd examination. DIS-SECT'OR, n. One who dissects; an anatomist. Dld-SF:1ZE', (dis-seeze',) v. U [di^ and seize; Fr. de.^'j'aifir. ] In iajc, to dispossess wrongfully; to deprive of actual seizin or possession ; followed by of; as, to didseize a tenant of bis freehold. Dia-PEIZ'£D, (dis-seezd',) pp. Put out of posses- sion wrongfully or by force j deprived of actual poroses !< ion. DIS r=r:I-ZEK', (dis-ece-zee',) n. A person put out of I(.>-s.-ssii.[| of an estate unlawfully. DIS SftlZ'lN, n. The act of disseizing ; nn unlawful dispossessing of a [person of his lands, tenements, or incorporeal hereditaments ; a deprivation of actual seizin. BlachtUme. DIS-.'^F.IZ'l.VG, ppr. Depriving of actual seizin or pos-iis-ii.n ; putting out of poBsession. DlS-SKlZ'oll, n. One who puts another out of po»- atasion wrongfully ; he that dispossesses another. Blackstone. DIS SEM'BLANCE, n. [dijt and jiemblance.] Want of re?. di^inmulo ! dii and gimuli. ; Fr. from sintilts, like ; . diiiimuler ; It, di^aimiUare i Kp. disimular ; Arm. diczu,muia.\ 1. To hiile under a false appearance; to conceal ; to disguise; to pret«-nd thiU not to be which really is ; as, I will not dUsembU the trutli ; I can not dia- gemb/e my real sentinxcnts. [77115 is the proper sense of ihii word.'l S. To pretend that to be which is not ; to make a false appearance of. This ia the sense of simulau. Yuuf Kin I.ocnto Doth lore mT d\uf ht«r, and »he IotcUi him. Or tuih dusrmbld derply ibTir atlcctioiia. Shai, DI.''-SE.M'BLE, V. i. To be hypocritical ; to assume a falite appearance ; to conceal the real fact, motives, intention, or sentiments, under some pretense. Vi- h.'xTr rtrikn, tvin! dUttmitled fil«o.— JmiJi. »U. lit IhJl baVth, dittembisUi wUh hia l.p«. — Frov. xxvi. DIS-SEM'BLED, pp. Concealed under a false appear- ance; disguised. DIH-.*^EM'BLER, ». One who dissembles; a hypo- crite ; one who runreals his opinions or dispositions under a false appeantnce. DIH-.SEM'KLING, ppr. or a. Hiding under a false apppamnce : acting the hypocrite. Diy-HKM'UEING-LV,a//»." With dissimulation; hypo- critically ; fal'tely. KnoUes. DIS-£JEM'I.V-ATK, r.C \l^ d^ssemtno ; Juand semine, to sow, from semen, soca.j DJS 1. Litrrallij, to sow ; to scatter seed ; but seldom or never used in its literal sense. But, hence, 2. To scalier fur growth and propagation, like seed ; to spread. Tlius, principles, opinions, and errors are dissetninatedf wlien they are spread and propagated. To diAsciuinate Irutli, or the gospel, is biglily laudable. 3. To spread ; to diffuse. A uniform hcut diesemi/iaUd through the body of thi? cnrth. Waodioard. 4. To spread ; to disperse. The Jcwa arc dUgeminaUd tiirough all the trading pnrts of the world. Addiaon. [Tlie second is the most proper application of the word, as it should always include the idea of growth or inking root. The fourth is hardly vindicable.] DIS-eE.M'IN-A-TED, pp. Scattered, as seed ; prop- agated ; spread. 2. In minrrahsry, occurring in portions less than a hazel-nut; being scattered. DIS-SE.\l'IX-A-TL\G, pp. Scattering and propaga- ting ; spr^^mding. DIS-SEM-lN-A'TIO.V,«. Tlie act of scattering and propagating, like seed; the act of spreading for gruwTJi and permanence. We trust the world is to be reformed by Ihe dig^seminatioit of evangelical doctrines. DIS-.SEM'1.\-A-T0R, n. One who disseminates; one who spreads and propagates. DIS-SE.\'SION, (shun,) k. f L. di^seiisio ; dis and seiv- lu), to think ; Fr. dL<^ension.] Disagree toe nt in opinion, usually a disagreement which is violent, producing warm debates or angry words ; contention in words : strife ; discord ; quar- rel ; breach of friendship and union. IVbafa, diattn^iona, upiroara arc thv Jov. Hhyden. Paul and BiiruaLua b^d no amail dLtiention wiUi tht-m. — Act« XT. We see di&t^nsions in church and stale, in towns, parishes, and families ; and the word is sometimes ap- plied to differences which produce war ; as, the dis- scttjsions between the houses of York and Lancaster in England. DI3-SEN'S[OUS, (dis.pen'shiis,)a. Disposed to dis- cord ; quarrelsome ; contentious ; factious. [Littie used,] Shak. Jiscimm. DIS-SENT', r. i. [L. dissensio ; dis and sentioj to think.] 1. To disagree In opinion ; to differ; to think in a different or contrary manner; with/row. There are many opinions in which men dissent from us, as they dLisent. from each other. 2. To differ from an estjiblished church, in regard to doctrines, rile>-, or govcrrinienf. 3. To ditier; to be of a contrary nature. [Less propn:] Hooker. DISSENT', n. Difference of opinion ; disagreement. 2. Declanilitin of disagreement in opini(m j as, they entered tiieir dissent on the journals of the house. 3. Separation from an established church, espe- cially that of England. 4. Ccnimrieiy of nature ; opposite quality. [Rare.'] DlS-.SE\T-A'NE-OUS, a. Disagreeable ; contrary. D1S'8E.\TA-NY, a. Dissentaneous; inconsistent. [J^ot u.'^etL] Milton. DIH-SENT-X'TION, «. Act of dissenting. DI.S-:?E\T'EIt, n. One who dis>fints; one who dit fers in opinion, or one who d:.xlares his disagree ment. 2. One who separates from the service and wor- shipof any esiahlmhfd ehtirch. The word is in Eng- land partictilarly applied to those who separate from, or w hn dii nut uiyle with, the Church of England. DIS-i*E.\'T[E.\T, fl. Disagreeing; declaring dissent, DIS-SE.N'TIENT, (dis sen'shent,) n. One who dis- agrivs and declares his dis^mt. D1S-SENT'L\G, ppr, or o. Disagreeing in opinion ; separating fn)m the communion of an csUiblished church. It is used as an adjective ; as, a dissenting minister or cnngrenaticm. DI8-SE\'T10U?i, (dis-sen'shus,) a. Disposed to dis- agreement or discord. DIS-fc?EP'l-MENT, n. [h. dhsrpimevtiim ; disscpio^Xo separate ; dis and sepio, to inclose or guard.] In botany, a term applied to the partitions that are formed in ovnri(*s, by the united sides of cohering carpels, and which separate the inside Into cells. LindUy. DI3-SERT', r. i. [L. dissero, dUerto.] To discourse or dispute. [Little m use.'] DIS'SER-TATE^ v. i. To deal in disrcrtation ; to write dissertations. J. Foster. DIS-SERT-A'TIO.V, n. [l^ dissertutio, from disserto, to discourse, from dis^era, id. ; dis and scro, to sow, that i'', to throw. Disscro is to tlirow out, to cast abroad.] 1. A discourse, or rather a formal discourse^ In- tended to illuftrato a subject. 2. A wTitt*-n e*^ay, treatise, or disquisition ; as, Plnlarch*s dusrrtniton on the poets; Newton's dis- nertatimts on the prophecies. DW.SERT-A-TOR, n. One who writes a dissertation ; one who debates. Boyle. DIS DIS-SERVE', (dia-serv',) v. L [dis and srrre.] To in- jure ; to hurt ; to harm ; to do injury or mischief to. Fie Ifwk the firai opportutiiiy to dUs&n>e him. dartndon. - I'lW much leal ufieii ditttroet a gooti cau^c. Anon. DIS-SERV'£D, (dis-ser\'d',) pp. Injured. DIS-SERV'ICE, H. Injury; harm; mischief; as, vi- olent remedies often do a disservice, DIS-t5ERV'ICE-A-BLE, a. Injurious : hurtful. DIS-SERV'ICE-A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of be- ing injurious; tendency to harm. J\'«7-ris. DIS-SERV'ICE-A-BLY, ado. So as to be injurious. DIS-SER.V'ING,p;;r. Injuring. DIS-SET'TLF, v. L To unsettle. [JSTot used.] More. DIS-SEV'ER, p. £. [dis and sever. In this word, dis^ as in di.-,-part, can have no effect, unless to augment the *giutication, as dis and sever both denote sepa- ration.] To dispart ; to part in two , to divide asunder ; to separate ; to disunite, either by violence or not. When with force, it is equivalent to rend and burst. It may denote either to cut or to tear asunder. lu heheiiding, the head is dissevered from the body ; the lightning may dissever a branch from the stem of a tree. Jealousy dissevers the bonds of friendship. The reformation dissevered the catholic church; it disseverrd l*rotestants from Roman Catholics. DIS-SEV ER-ANCK, n. The act of dissevering ; sep- aration. DIS-SEV-ER-A'TION, n. Act of dissevering. DIS-SEV'ER-£D, pp. or a. Disparted; dit-joined ; sepamted. DIS-SEV'ER-ING, ppr. Dividing asunder; separat- ing ; tearing or cutting asunder. DIS-SEV'ER-ING, n. 'J'he act of separating; sep- DIS'SI-DENCE, w. [Infm.] Discord. [aration. DIS'SI-DENT, o. [L. di., to disagree ; dis and nedeo, lo sitJ Not agreeing. DIS'8I-DENT, n. A dissenter; one who separates from the established religion; a word applied to the members of the Lutheran, Calvinistic, and Greek churches in Poland. Kneyc. DIsi-SIL'1-ENCE, n. [L. dissilio ; dis and saiio^ to leap.] The net of leaping or starting asunder, DIS-SIL'I-ENT, a. Starting asunder; bursting and opening with an elastic furce, as the dry pod or cap- sule of a plant ; as, a dissiUent pericarp. Martyn. DIS-SI-LI"TION, (dis-ae-lish'un,) h. The act of bursting open ; the acl of starting or springing dif- ferent wavs. Boyle. DIS-SIM'I-LAR, a. [dis and similar.] Unlike, eJtlicr in nature, properties, or external form; nut similar; not having the resemblance of ; heterogeneous. Newton denominates dL>similar the rays of light of ditferent refrangibiliiy. The tempers of men are as difsiintlur as their features. DIS-SIM 1-LAR'l-TY, n. Unlikencss ; want of re- semblance; dissimilitude; as, the dissimilarity of liumiin faces and furms. I)l.s*.siAI'I-LE, (dis-sim'i-Iy,) n. Comparison or illus- tration by contraries. [J.Uile used.] DIS-SI-.M IL'I-TUDE, n. [h. dtssimilitudo.] Unlikeness ; want of resemblance ; as, a dissimili- tfide of form or character. DI.S-SIM-U-LA'T.iON, ». [L. dissimulatia ; dis and simtilaiw, from shnuU), to make like, si mil is, like.] The act of ((i.-isenibling ; a hiding under a false appearance; a feigning; false pretension; hypoc- risy. Dissimulation may be simply concealment of the opinions, sentiments, or purptwe; but it includes, also, the assuming of a false or counterfeit appear- ance, which conceals tha real opinions or purpose. Dis.^imulalion, among statesmen, is sometimes re- garded as a necessary vice, or as no vice at all. Let }uve be without dUtimutation. — Rom. xii. DTS-PIM'tTLE r. t. To dissemble. lATot in use.] DIS^S|-PA-BLE, a. [t^t'e Dissipate.] Lialde to be dissipali'd ; tliat may lie scattered or dispersed. Tlie h'.'at of thuftc pUnts ii very ditiipnhle. Bacon. DIS'SI-PATE, r. L [L. d'lssipatus, dissipo i dis and an obsolete verb, sipn, to throw. We perhaps see its derivatives in siiifion, proaapia, and srpt ; and sepic, to incloBC, may be primarily to repel, and thus to guardj 1. To scatter ; to disperse ; to drive asunder. Wind dissipates fog ; the heal of the sun dissipates vapor; mirth dissipates care and anxiety; tlie cares of life tend to dissipate serious rcflections; Scattcr, disperse, and dissipate, are in many cases synonymous; but dissipate is used appropriately to denote the dispersion ~^f things that vanish, or are not afterward collected ; as, to di-tsipate fop, vapor, or clouds. We say, an army is scattered or dispersed^ but not dissipated. Trees are scattered or di-ipcrsed over a field, hut not dissipated. 2. To expend ; lo squander; to scatter property in wasteful extravagance ; to waste ; to consume ; as, a man has dissipated his fortune in the pursuit of 3. To scatter the attention. pleasure. DIS'8I-PATE, V. i. To scatter; to disperse, to sep- arate into parts and disap^x'ar; to waste away ; to vimish. A fug or cloud gradually dissipates^ before TONE, BULL. IIMTE.— AN"OEE, Vr'CIOUfi.—e as K ; fl as J ; « as Z; CH as SH ; TH as in THW. 351 DIS the nys or heat of the ami. The heat of a body dissifftites ; the fluids dissipate. DIS'^l-PA TED, pp. Scattered; dis^persed > wasted; coiisuaietl ; s^iuaiidored. 2. a. LiM^e ; irregular ; given to extmvagance in the expenditure of property ; devoted tu pleasure and vice ; aA, a dissipated man ; a dKi,sipatrd lite. DIS'SI-FA-TI\G,ppr. Scattering; disftersing; wast- in|! ; consuming squiuiduring ; vanishing. DIS-SI-PA'TION, n. The act of scattering ; disper- siim I the state of being dispersed ; aa, the dtsgiptUun of vapor or heat. 2. In ph^sicsy the insk'nsible loss or waste of the minute parts of a body, which fly off", by which means the body i" diuunished or ctmsumed. 3. Scattered attrnttun ; or that which diverts and calls off the mind trom any subject. Siaift 4. A dissolute, irrepnlar course ».f life ; a wander- ing from object to object in pursuit of pleasure ; a course of life usually attended with carelfss and ex- orbiLint expenditures of money, and indulgence in Tkes, which iiopoir or ruin both health and fortune. Wbftt I b H pn^MwJ, tbra, to nctvim the «i»iMtUirifl ftom bia SMJpatieM and extnnnace, tnr filliur hta pocket* wiUi taooej t P. /Trfiry, liTrt* Stttdat. DIS-S!6-CIA-BtL'I-TY, i». Want of sociability. DIS^O'CIA BLE, C-s5'sha-bl0 a. [See DutociATt.] Not well associated, united, or assorted. They ewae in nra umI two, Uiouglt mucbn] In (be mcwt cficao- -■-'* SpKialo*; No, 4. 2. Incongruous ; not reconcilable with, ffarburton. DlS-S0'CIAL,(-s6'ihal,)«. [Owandjoewi.] Unfriendly to ttocit'tv ; contricted ; selfish ; as, a dissodat passion. DIS^O'ClATK, r. t [L. dissoeiattut, dissoeia ; dis and MKio, to unite, 5oeiiw, a companion.] To separate : to disunite ; to part ; as, to disMdaU the particles of a concrete? subsLince. Boyle, DIS-S^TIA-TEO, ;»;». Se panted ; disunited. DI5-S0'CIA-TI.\G, p;)r. Separating; disuniting. D1S-SO-CI-A'TIO.\, n. The aa of disuuitiug ; a state of aeparation ; diiiunion. b wX ndd (o the &9§aeiitdtm, lUctncUon, mnil toaladoo of then coBJedente rrpnl-tio. Iturkt. DIS^O-LU-BII/T-TY, n. Capacity of being dissolved by beat or moisture, and converted i»lu a tlutd. DIS'SO-LU-BLE, o. [L. Kiis.^nlabHis. See Dissolve.] 1. Capable of being dissolved ; that may be melt- ed ; having il:s [nrta separalile by heat or moisture; convenible into a fluid. lybodvard, i That mav he disunited. DI3'S0 LL'TE, a. [L. dissx^uius^ from d'tjuolro,) 1. Lnosie in behavior and momis ; given to vice and dissipation ; wanton : h-wd ; luxurious ; de- bauched ; not under the restraints of law ; as, a dis- McluU man ; distohOn company. 2. Vicious ; wanton ; devcrted to pleasure and dis- sipation : as, a dUnoIute life. DIS'SO-LUTE-LY, adc. I^xjwly ; wantonly ; in dis- Bipalton ordebaucher>' ; without restraint; as, to live disjiolMtelw, DIS'SO-LCTE-XESS. n. LooseneM of manners and morals ; vicious indulgence-s in pleasure, as in intem- perance and debauchery ; dissipation ; as, dissolute- ness of life or manners. DIS-SO-LP'TIOX, b. [L. dissoliiOoy from dissolvo.] In a ^fnrral 5CH^A the separation of the parts of a body which, in the natural slnicture, are united ; or the reduction of concrete bodies into their smallest pons, without regard to solidity or fluidity. Thus we speak of the diss.tlution of salts in water, of met- als in nitro-muriatic acid, and of ice or butter by heat; in which cases, the dissolution is effected by a menstruum or particular agenL We speak, also, of the dissolution of flesh or animal bodies, when the parts separate by putrefaction. Dissolution then i^, 1. The act of liquefying or changing from a solid to a fluid state by beat ; a melting ; a thawing ; as, the disMlmtioii of snow and ice, which converts them into water. 2. The reduction of a body into its smallest parts, or into very minute parts, by a dissolvent ormenstru- Qm, as of a metal by nitro-muriatic acid, or of salts in water. 3. Tbe separation of the parts of a body by putre- faction, or the analysi» of the natural structure of mixed bodies, as of animal or vegetable substances ; decomposition. 4. The Mibstance formed by dissolving a body in a menstruum. [This is now called a solution.] Bncon. 5. Death ; the separation of the soul a^d body. Milton. 6. Destmction ; the separation of the parts which compose a connected system, or body ; as, the disso- Imtien of the world, or of niUure ; the dtssolation of govern menL 7. The breaking up of an assembly, or the putting an end to its existence. DuMoltition is the «rril death of pajlbnyrau BlaetwUme. 8. Looseness of manners; dissipation. Taylor. South. [In thia Utter sense the word is obsolete, Disio- LCTE.Tss being substituted.] DIS ^ a P. DiintolutiOH of the blood; in medicine^ i\\x\\. slate of the bltHHl, in which it does not readily conguliile, on its cooling out of the body, as in mali^iant fevers. Cwr. Dl¥-»Or.V'.VBLE,(di7.-7,olv'a-bl,) t — 3 Pcu ill. 3. To loose ; to disunite. Down M\ th^ duke, his Joints diatoiMd. Pair/hx. 4. To loose tlie ties or bonds of any thing ; to de- stroy any connected s>'stem ; as, lo dissolve a govern- ment ; to dissolve a corporation. 5. To loose ; to break ; as, to dissolve a league ; to dissolve the bonds of friendship. .6. To break up; to cause to separate; to put an end to ; as, to dissolve the parltament ; to dissohe an assembly. 7. To clear; to solve; lo remove; to dissipate, or to explain ; as, to dissoloe doubts. \Vb usually say, to wive doubts and difliculties. 8. To break ; to destroy ; as, to dissolve a charm, spell, or enchantment. Jirdton. 9. To loosen or relax; lo make languid ; as, dis- tolred in pleasure. 10. To waste away ; to consume ; to cause to van- ish or perish Thoa tS»ai>iv*tt taj ■ubMajaev. -^Jab zxz, 11. To annul ; to rescind; as, to dtj*o/c« an injunc- tion. Joknson'.'i Rep. DISSOLVE', (diz-zolv',) v. L To be melted ; to be converted from a solid to a fluid state ; as, sugar dis- solves in water. S. To sink away ; to lose strength and firmness. Skak. 3. To melt away in pleasure ; to become soft or languid. 4. To fall asunder ; to crumble ; to be broken. A government may dissolve by its own weight or ex- lent. 5. To waste away ; to perish ; to be decomposed. Flesh dissolves by putrefaction. 6. To come to an end by a separation of parts. DIS-S0LV'/;D, yp, or a. Melted; liquefied ; disunit- ed ; parted ; loosed ; relaxed ; wasted away ; ended. Dissolved bloody is that which does not readily co- agulate. DIS-SOLV'EXT, a. Having power to melt or dis- solve ; as, the dissolvent juices of the stomach. Ray. DISSOLVENT, n. Any thing which has the pf)wer or quality of melting, or converting a solid substance into a fluid, or of separating the parts of a fixed body so that they mix with a Iiqui4 ; as, water is a dis- solvent of salu and earths. It is otherwise called a mejistraum. 2. In medicine, a remedy supposed capable of dis- solving concretions in the body, such as calculi, tu- bercles, &c. Parr. DIS-SOLV'ER, 71. That which dissolves, or has the power of dissolving. Ileal is the most powerful dis- solcer of substances. DIS-SOLV'LS'G, ppr. MelUng; making or becoming liqiiid. DIS'SO-NANCE, n. [Ft. di.^sonaiice^ from L. disso- ■nansy dissono^ to be discordant ; dis and sonoy to sound.] 1. Discord ; a mixture or union of harsh, unhar- monious sounds, which are grating or unpleasing lo the ear ; as, the dissonance of notes, sounds, or 2. Disagreement. [numbers. DIS'SO-XANT, a. Discordant; harsh; jarring; un- harmoniofis ; unpleasant to the ear; as, dissonant notes or intervals. 2. Disagreeing; incongnions ; usually with yrom; as, he advanced propositions very dissonant from tnith. DIS-SUADE', r. t. [L. dissvadeo ; dis and svadeoy to ad- vise or incite to any thing.] 1. To advise or exhort against ; to attempt to draw or divert from a measure, hy reason or offering mo- - lives to; as, the nunisier dissuaded the prince from adopting the measure ; he dissuaded him from his purpose. DIS 2. To represent as unfit, imprn[)or, or dangerous. War ili^T^for*, o]ifn or coticcnled, alike My »i)icc diatitaJes. Milton. This phraseology is probably elliptical, and mereiy poetical ; from being understtKHl. DIS-SUAD'ED, pp. Advised against; counseled or induced by advice nut lo do something ; diverted from a purpose, DIS-SUAD'ER, n. He that dissuades ; a dehorter. DKS-SUAD'ING, p;)r. Exhorting against; attempting, by advice, to divert from a purpose. DIS-SUA'SION, (di3-swa'zhun,)n. Advice or exhorta- tion in opposition to something ; the act of aiten)pt- ing, by reason or motives offered, to divert from a purpose or measure ; dehortation. Boyle. DIS-fc^UA'SIVE, a. Tending to dissuade, or divert from a measure or purpose ; dehortatory. DIS-SUA'SIVE, n. Reason, argtiment, or counsel, employed to deter one from a measure or purpose; that wiiich is used or which tends to divert the mind from any purpose or pursuit The consequences of intemperance are powerful dissuasives from indulging in that vice. DIS-SUA'SIVE-LY, adv. In a dissuasive manner. DIS-SUN'DER, V. t. [dis and sunder.] To separate ; to rend. Chapman. DIS-SUN'DER-ED, pp. Separated ; rent. DIS-SUN'DER-ING, ppr. Separating; rending. DIS SVVEET'/:X, c-sweet'n,) u. t. To deprive of sweetness. [Wot used.] Bp. Ric/uird^on. DIS-SYL-LAB'ie, a. Consisting of two sylhihles on- ly ; as, a dissrtllabic foot in poetry. DIS-SVL'^LA-fiLE or DIS'SYL-LA-BLE, n. [Gr. diiTo-uXAaSof ; dif, two or twice, and auXAa/J^f, a syllable.] A word consisting of two syllables only ; as, paper, iphitenesSy virtue, DIS'TAFF, n. [The English books refer this word to the Saxon digtaf; but I have not found the word in the Saxon Dictionary.] 1. The staff of a spinning-wheel, to which a bunch of flax or tow is tied, and from which the thread is drawn. She lfiyi*th her hnii.lH*to the spindle, and her hands Iiold the diaUif. — Prciv. xixi, 2. Figuratively, a woman, or the female sex. His crown usurpwl, a distaff oa the throne. Dryden. DIS'TAFF-THIS'TLE, ( Ihis'l,) n. The popular name of certain species of Atractylis and Cartha- mus, DIS-TAIN', V. t. [dis and stain. This seems to be from tlie Frencli dctdndre, from the L. tingo ; but see Stain.] 1. To stain ; to tinge with any different color from the natural or proper one ; to discolor. We speak of a sword distaincd with blood ; a garment distaincd with gore. It has precisely the signification of stain, but is used chiefly or appropriately in poetry and ihe higher kinds of prose. 2. To blot ; to sully ; to defile ; to tarnish. She diitained Iier lionoraWe blood. Spentar. I'll*; wunliitiess of praise ditlains his worth. Shak. DIS-TAIN'-ED, (dis-tand',) pp. Stained ; tinged ; dis- colored ; blotted ; sullied. DIS-TAIN'ING, ppr. Staining ; discoloring ; blotting ; tarnishing. DIS'TANCE, n. [Fr. distance; Sp. distanda; It. dis- tanza ,■ L. disUmtia, from disto, to stand apart ; dis and sto, to stand.] 1. An interval or space between two objects ; the length of the shortest line which intervenes between two things that are separate ; as, a great or small distance. Distance may be a line, an 'inch, a mile, or any indefinite length ; as, the distaiice between the sun and Saturn. 2. Preceded by a(, remoteness of place. He wails at distance till he h'jara from Cato. Addiaon. 3. Preceded by thy, his, your, her, their, a suitable space, or such remoteness as is common or becom- ing; as, let him keep his distance; keep your distance. [See No. 8.] 4. A apace marked on the course where horses run. This horee ran tlie whole field out ofdiatance. L'Estmnge. 5. Spare of time ; any indefinite length of time, past or future, intervening between two periods or events ; as, the distance of an hour, of a year, of an 6. Ideal space or separation. [age. dualities that ivflMt our senses are, fn the things themseWes, so united and blended, that there is uo dittanct Ik'tweeu them. Lock*. 7. Contrariety ; opposition. Banqno was your fnemy ; So is he mine, and in such bloody distance. Stiai. 8. The remoteness which respect requires ; hence, respect. I hopt> your modesty Will Jmow whnl distance lo I'he crown is due. Dryden. 'Tis by respect and diaiance that auUiority Is upheld. AUerhury. [See No. 3.] 9. Reserve ; coldness ; alienation of heart. On the pan of Henven, Now alienated, distance and disULste, Milton, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MeTE, PRgY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.— 352 ^ ~~ DIS 10. Remoteness in succrf^sion or n^l.iiion ; as, the distance between a iJescenilant anil his ancestor. 11. In mitsic, tiie interval between two notes ; as, the disiaace of a fourth or seventh. DIS'TANCE, r. t. To place remote ; to tlirow off from the view. Dryden. 9. To leave behind in a race j to win the race by a great superiority. 3. To leave at a great dist.ince behind. He <&sianctd ihe most ■iollfu] of his co^-mporaiie«. Milner. DIS'T.\NC-£:D, (dis tanst,) pp. Left far behind j cast out of the race. DIS'TANC-ING, ppr. Leovine far behind. DIS'TANT, a, [L. distant, standing apart,] 1. Separate ; having an intervening space of any indefinite extent. One point may be less tJian a line or a hair*9 Itroadth d'lstnnt from another. Saturn is supposed to be nearly nine Imndred million miles dis- tant from the sun. 2. Remote in place ; as, a distant object appears un- der a smiUl angle. 3. Remote in time, p.ist or future \ as, a distant age or period of the world. 4. Remote in the line of succession or descent, in- definitely ; as, a distant descendant; a distant ances- tor ; flintartt posterity. 5. Remote in natural connection or consan^iinily ; as, a distent relation ; dista:U kindred ; a distant col- lali^ral line. 6. Rt-mole in nniure ; not allied ; not apreeini! with or in conformity to; as, practice very distant from principles or profession. 7. Remote in view ; flight ; faint ; not ver>* likely to be realized ; as, we have a diD-taat liope or prospect of seeing birtier times. 8. Remote in connection; slight; faint ; indirect; not easily seen or understood ; as, a distant hint or allusion to a person or subject. 9o, also, we say, a distant idea ; a distant thought ; a distant resem- blance. 9. Reserved; shy; implying haughtiness, coldness of affi'ctiun, indifference, or disrespect; as, the man- ners of a piTson are diHant. DIS'TANT-LV, ado. Remotely ; at a distance ; with reserve. DIS-TaSTE', n. [dvt and tastr.] Aversion of the taste; dislike of food or drink; disrelish; disgu^tt, or a slight degree of iL Distaste for n particular kind of fofid may be constitutional, or the effect of a dis- 2. Dislike; uneasiness. [cased stomach. PnMCwrity ia not » itSniit mwiv fi-.tr* and dittaaUt, nnd tulvcnlir m nuC withutii comfort an>t bopM. ' Bacon, 3. Dislike; displeasure; alienation of affection. MiltuH, Popr. DFS-TASTE', V. t. To disrelish ; to dislike ; to loathe ; u, to distaste drugs or poisons. 2. To offend ; to disgust. Uc (hoDrtit it no policy to diittuU Ibe Enflkh or Iriu, In- ■ou^iii to pl-roK ilvnn. Davku. 3. To vex ; to dispteasfl ; to sour. Popt, \Thf tiro latter significations are rare.^ !>' I>, pp* Disrelished; disliked; offended; Ir i'!,'L, a. Nauseous; iinplensant or dis- gu-^tiitg f" the taste. 2. Offensive; displeulng; as, a ditfto>(r/v/ truth. thyden. 3- Malevolent ; a*, dirtastffut lookn, SA*xJt. DIS-TASTKTI.I^-LY, adv. In a displeasing or offcn- ■ive maniirr. DIS-TASTE'I''!;L-NE3S, n. Disagreeableness ; di§- likp. fVhithrh. DIS-TA.ST'1NG, ppr. DitreUsliing ; disliking ; offend- ine ; diiipleasing. DIS-TAST'lVE, n. That which gives disrelish or aversion. W hillock. DI.S-TE.M'PER, ■. {dis and temprr.] litn-allij, an un- due or uniialumi tcmiier, or di5pru])ortionatc mixturt: of parts. lU'tice, 2. Disease; malady; Indisposition; any morbid state of an animal iMKly, or of any part of it ; a state in which the animal economy is demnged, or im|>er- fectly carried on. [See Disease.] It i» used of the ■lighter diseases, hut not exclusively. In general, it iratiire, applied to climMt ; the Uteral sense of Uic murdy but not noa used. CountiSe* tU'lnr Ihr Uupic of a diMUmptr uiimb:it)itAbLr. RaUgh. A. Bad ronMtituiion of the mind; undue predomi- nance of n pnssion or appetite. Skak. 5. Want of due balance of parts or opposite quali- ties and jirinciples; as, the temper and distemper of an empire consist of contraries. [Abe now used.] Bacon. a. HI humor of mind ; depravity of inclination. [JVot tMflrf.] ^"J Charles. 7. Political disorder; tumult. fValler. 8. UneasineSK ; ill humor, or bad temper Ttvr- It a iicknrw. Which puta tome of ua In dulemptr. ShnJt. 9. In paintinf, the mixing of colors with some- DIS thing besides oil and .water. When colors are mixed with size, whiles of egf;s, or other unctuous or glu- tinous matter, and not with oil, it is said tu be done in distemper. DISTEMPER, r. £. To disease ; to disorder ; to de- range the functions of the body or mind. Slmk. 2. To disturb ; to ruffle. Drtjden, 3. To deprive of temper or moderation. Drijden. A. I'o make disafft^cltd, ill-humored, or malignant. Sfuik. [ This verb is seldom used, except in the participles.] DTS-TEM'PER-ANCE, n. Distemiwrature. DIS-TEM'PER-ATE, a. Immoderate, i Little used.] Ralegh. DIS-TEMTER-A-TT;nE, n. Bad temperature; in- tempernteness ; excess of heat or cold, or of other qualities; a noxious state; as, Wie distemperature of the air or climate. 2. Violent tumultuousness ; outrageou3ne<: a. Having two rows, or disposed in DlS'Tieil, \ two rows. Lee. A distichous spike has all the Aowera pr^lntlng two ways, Martyn. DIS DIS-TIEI/, r. i. [L. distillo ; dis and xtiUo, to drop ; stUla, a dnip ; Fr. distiller: It. distillare; Sp. destilar , Gr. trrd.Xrc .] 1. To drop ; to fall in drops. S>jft sii'iwirs tUtdUed, and anus gtrvr wami lit rain. P.jw 2. To flow gently, or in a small stream. The Kuphntlcs diMtUiatii out of the mounbuiis uf Armenln. Halegh. 3. To use a still ; to practice distillation. Shak. DISTILL', V. L To let fall in drops ; to throw down in drops. The clwids distdi water on the earth. The (lew which on thi* t<*nder gnn The eveiiiiijf had dittiileU. Drayton, 9. To extract by heat ; to separate spirit or essen- tial oils from liquor by liea* or evaporation, and^n- vert that vajior into a liquid by condensation in a re- frigeratory ; to separate the volatile parts of a sub- stance by heat ; to rectify ; as, to distill brandy from wine, or spirit from molasses. 3. To extract spirit from, by evaponition and con- densation ; as, to disidi «ider or molasscti ; to diUill wine. 4. To extract the pure part of a fluid ; as, to distill water. 5. To dissolve or melt. {Unusual.] Swonh Vy ^'' lightning's ftulitle Torce dudUtd. Addison. DIS-TILL'A-BLE, a. That may be distilled ; fit for distillation. Sherwood, DIS-TILL-.A'TION, n. The act of falling in drops, or the act of pouring or tlirowiug down in drops. 2. The vaporization and subsequent condensation of a liquid by means of an alembic, or still and re- frigerator}-, or of a retort and receiver : the opcratitm of extracting spirit fnun a substance by evaporation and condensation ; rectificatiem. 3. The auljstance extracted by distilling. Shak. 4. That which falls in drops. Joknson. Dry distillation, is a term applied to the distillation of ."iubstances per se, or without the addition of wa- ter. Destructive di.-'tdlalion, is the distillation of sub- stances at very high temperatures, so that the ultimate elements ore separated or evolved in new combina- tions. DIS-TILL'A-TO-RY, a. RuKmging to distillation; used for di-stllling ; as, distdlatory vessels. Hooper. DIS-TILL'tn, pp. or a. Lit fall or thrown dowA in dro[»3 ; subjected to the process of distillation; ex- tracted by evaporation. DIS-TILL'ER, n. One who distills; one whose occu- pation is to extract spirit by evaporation and conden- sation. DIS-TILL'ER-V, n. The building and works where "flistilling is carried on. Drs-TILL'L\G, j)}ir. Dropping; letting fall in drops ; extracting by distillation. DIS-TILL'LNG, n. The act or practice of extracting spirit by di.-iiillatlbn. DIS-T1LL'.ME.\T, n. That which distills or drops. Shak. DIS-TINCT', fl. [L. distinctas, (torn distinguo. See DiSTlNOUISH-] 1. Literally, having the difference marked ; separa- ted by a visible sign, or by a note or mark ; as, a place distinct by iiiiine. Mdton. 2. Different ; separate ; not the same In number or kind ; as, he holds two distinct otliucs ; lie is known by distinct titles. 3. Separate in place; not conjunct j as, tlic two regiments marched togetlicr, but had distinct encain|>- ments. 4. So separated as not to be confounded with any oUier thing ; clear ; not confused. 'I'o reason correct- ly we mimt have dittitict ideas. W'v have a distinct or indistihct view of a pros'pect. 5. Spotted ; varieg:ited. Tfitin'BUKni* fell Ilia nrrowi frtun the foufluUl-vlsajp-'d fotir, Oi'tituil Willi ryj«. l^flHon. DIS-TIi\CT', 0, t. To distinguisli. [J\^( in use.] Chaucer. DIS-TINC'TIO.V, n. [L. distinctio.] 1. The art of se[>nrating or distinguishing. 2. A note or mark of difference. [Seldom usal.] 3. Difference made ; a Ke(iaration or disagreeuicnt in kind or qualities, by which one thing is known from another. Wo observe a distinction between matter and spirit ; a distinction between the animal anrl vegetable kingdoms ; a diMinaion between giwd and evil, right and wrong ; between sound reasoning and sophistry* 4. Dillbreiice regarded j separation ; preference ; aa In the [ihrase without diitinction, which denotes, pro- miscuously, all together, alike. MoiiiSi woin'^n, Mre*, wUhoul di'tincticn, fill. DryiUn. •S. Separation ; division ; us, tho i/i^finch'on of trage- dy into acts, Z>ryden, r/rt this grmsfi, Divmow would he prrfrrabir.] ft. Notation of difference; discrimination ; as, a dittinction between real and apjiarent good. Ill cl.twiiijf thf^ qiiftlitips of actiuiw, it is ucCctsnrjr to tnnKt nccu- r.vtp dininct¥»nm. Anon. 7. Eminence ; superiority ; elevation of rank In so- TCXE, BULL, UNITE — AN"GER. VI"CI0U8 € as K ; 6 aa J ; « aa Z ; Cll as SH ; Til as in THIS. 45 ar^a r- DIS DIS (iety, or elevation of cbamcler ; honnnble e^tiinn- 1 lion. Men who hold a hieli rink by birth or otfiee, and nicn who arc < m.iK nt (<-r Iht^ir talents, pervices. or wortli.are c^ .-■(imctiom, as being rais^ii above oUiers i titutions, or hy reputa- Uoo. So we s I , rir. d. That whicli couiVm euuncnce or superiority, of- flce» rank, or public favur. 9. Discernment ; jiidginent. Jokttsoiu DIS-TINCT'IVE, a. That marks distinction or differ- ence ; as, distiifctire names or mfes. 2. Having the power lo disUnguish and discern. DlS-TINGT'IVE-LY, «••>. \Vi(h distinction ; plainly. DIS-TINeX'IVE-NIiSiJ, «. 6UU? of hcing disUnct- ire. DIS-TINfTT'LY, adv. Separately ; with distinctnesa ; DOC conAiBedly ; without the blending of one part or thing with nrnuher; as, a pitifxisition Jhttnrtlg un- derstood ; a figure dtstiiteUg defined. Hence, 2. Clcariy ; plainly ; as to view an object distinctly. 0IS-TIK€T'NESS, a- The quality or state of bt:ing diKUKt ; a separation or diflervnce thai prevents ctm- fUskm of parts or tfaingt ; as, the disunclnus of two ideas, or ta diium objecu. ft. Nice dbcrunination ; whence, clearness; pre- cieioa ; as, he stated hts argument with great di*- DIS-TrX"GUISn,(di=i-iing'gwish,)c. (. [Udistiagw: dis and MttHfo^ or stim^a^ n not radical. This seems to be Gr. (TT);-.<, ff-cffit.for the second future is cttij w, and the derivatives prove the prihiary elements to be ttffUB in cTt; (ff, urtj/ia, Trib. No. 31.] 1. To ascertain and indicate diiTerenee by same ex- ternal mark. The farmer distiMe»iskMs his sheep by HM irt ^iwg their ears. The manuiaclUFer duitingMisket pieces of cloth by some mark or impre-s^itin. 2. To separalc one thinit from another by some mark or quality ; t.' know or aMrertain difference. First, by siphi ; :v«, t.. tJieir ilaturrs. Stc rn d'f^ by feeling. A blind man diffingitiAe:t nn eg( flrom an orange, but rarely distingvukes colors. TkMfy, by smell ; as. it is ean' to diUtupusk the smell of a peach tram that of au apple. JWrtUy, by taste ; as, to diaLmfuLh a plum fnm a pear. F\ftkl9, by hearing ; as, to dijtinffuuk tbe sound of a drum 'from that of a riolin. « SuiAiy, by the uoderstandhig ; a?, to dLt out of natural or regular shape ; as, to distori tlie ueckjthe limbs, or the body ; to distort the features. 2. To force or put out of the true posture or direc- tion. Wnak ukI iB&Uctt, bhtjt luid nr^ne-, distort tlis umlrraUndin^. TilioUon. 3. To wrest from the tme meaning; to pervert; as, to distort passages of Scripture, or tlieir meaning. DIS-TORT', a. Distorted. Spenser. DIS TORT' irID, pp. or a. Twisted out of natural or regular shape ; wrested ; perverted. DiS-TORT'L\G, ppr. Twirtuig out of shape; wrest- ing ; jKTverting. DIS-TOR'TIO\, «. [L. distortio.] 1. The act of distorting or wresting ; a twisting out of reguliu* shape ; a twisting or wrtUiing motion ; as, the distvrtions of the fac« or body. 2. The state of being twisted out of shape ; devia- tion from natural shape or {to^itiun ; crookedness ; grimace. 3. A i)erversion of the tnte meaning of words. DIS-TRACT', r. U \\*. distr actus ^ distriUio ; dis and traho, lo draw. (See Draw and Drag.) The old par- ticiple, distmttgkif is obsolete.] 1. Litertttlvy to draw apart ; to pull in different di- rections, and separate. Hence, lo divide ; to 8C[mi- rale ; aad hence, to throw into confusion. Some- times in a literal sense. Contradictory or misuken urdera may distract an army. 2. To turnor draw from any object ; to divert from anv ptoint, toward another point, or toward various utlicr objects ; as, lo ^trocl Uie eye or the attention. K he out nU ATokl Uie «jt of the o'marrer, be hopirt U> ditrmct hly% miMfkidxy ot Uw ob)ecu South. X To draw toward different objects ; to fill with didcrent considerations ; to perplex } to confound ; to harass ; as, to distract the mind with cares j you dutrtttt me with your^amor. While I •ufler thy tcirw*, I am eUtraet^. — P». bcxxvui. 4. To disorder the reason ; to derange the regular operations of intellect; to render raving or furious; Hh^t freciuenlly us*'d in the participle dintracted. DISTRACT', a. Mad. [.V«i m use.] DIS-TRA€T'ED, pp. Drawn ajwrl ; drawn in differ- ent directions; diverted from its object ; perplexed; harassed ; confounded. 2. «. Deranged ; disordered in InteRect ; raving ; fu- rious ; mad ; frantic Locke. DIS-TRAeT'ED-LY,a«iP. Madly; ftmously ; wildly. Skak. DIS-TRACTT'ED-XESS, «. A state of being mad ; madness. Bp- //I'i. D1S-TR.\CT'ER, 1. One who distracts. Jifi^e. DIS-TRACTT'ING. ppr. or a. Drawing apart ; separat- ing; diverting fr4tm an object; perplexing j harassing ; disordering Ihe intellect. DISTRACTION, w. [L. distractio.] 1. The acl of distracting ; a drawing apart ; sepa- ration. 2. Confusion from multiplicity of objects crowding on the mind and calling the attention different ways ; perturbation of mind ; perplexity ; as, the family was m a stite of distraction. [See 1 Cor. vii.J 3. Confusion of affairs; tumult; disorder; as, po- litical distractions. Srver w.u known a night of luch JittraOion, Dryden. 4. Madness ; a state of disordered reason ; frantic- ness ; furiousness. [ tVe usually apply this icord to a stale of derangement which prodaces raving and violence in the patient.] 5. Folly irf the extreme, or amounting to insanity. Oh iiv KippoKlion trf the tntth of the birth, death, and re«'in*c- lioQ ol'J»iJ* Christ, irwligioii ia nothing betto- than diifroc- tion. Biukminater. DIS-TRACT'IVE, a. Causing perplexity ; as, rfw(rac(- ive cares. Dryden. DIS-TKAI\', V. i. [L. distringo : dis and stringo. See Strait. Blackstone writes rfi*-(rcm.] 1. To seize fur debt ; to take a personal chattel from the posses:aion of a wrong-doer into the posses- uion of the injiired party, to .satisfy a demand, or compel the performance of a duty ; as, to distrain goods for rent, or for an amercemenL 3. To rend; lo tear. [Obs.\ Spenser. DIS-TRaIN', r t. To make seizure of goods. On whom 1 cin not dlttrain for d'-lA. Camdtn. Far npgl'^tiiig- to do muil w tJie lurd'i court, or other pcrutnal •erricc, Ihe lord niaj dwtrtun of coiiiinoo ri^t. Biacktione. [In this phrase, however, some word seems to he understood ; as, lo distrain goods.] DIS-TRAI\'A-BLE, a. That is liable to be taken for distress. ' Blackstone. DIS DIS-TRAIiN"/:D, pp. Sciicd for debt, or lo compLl the ptTforrnance of duty. DlS-TRAIiN'ING, ppr. Seizing for debt, or for neglect of suit and service. DIS-TRaIN'OR, n. He who seizes goods for debt or service. Blackstone, DIS-TRAUGIIT', (dis-trawf.) {Ohs.\ See Distract DIS-TREAM', v. u {dis and stream^ To spread or flow over. Yi^t o'er tlint virtuoua bluah diatrtam* a trar. Shenttor^M. DIS-TRESS', n. [Vr. detresse; Norm, id.'; from the Celtic, W. trais, violence, treisiaw, to strain or force. See Stress.] 1. The act of distraining; the taking of any per- sonal cliattcl from a wrong-doer, lo answer a demand, or procure satisfaction for a wrong conunitted. Bliickstone. S. The thing taken by distraining; that which is seized to procure satisfaction. A dislreti of h^ntftliolil Fooda slwll be lmpoan>led under cover. If liic leskor due* uul bad Bkiirictc-ul di$tretM on the un-i:MiG» &C. DlacktUini. 3. Extreme pain ; anguish of body or mind ; as, to suffer great distress from the gout, or from the \oaa of 4. Affliction ; calamity ; miserj'. [near friends. On eanh dittrf of nalioiu.— Luke xx4. 5. A state of danger ; as, a ship in distreshy from leaking, loss of spars, or want of provisions or wa- ter, &.C. DIS-TRESS', V. U To pain ; lo afflict with pain or anguish ; applied t» the body or the mind. Literally, to press or strain. 2. To afflict greatly ; to harass j to oppress with ca- lamity ; to make miserable. Di»trt$t not the Moabiw*. — Deut. li. Wc are uxiubled on every side, but noi dislrttitd. — 3 Cor. (r. 3. To compel by pain or suffering. Then? ar* men who can neither be dittrttted nor won into a ucnfice of duly. FederaliMt, Bamtlton. DIS-TRESS'£D, (dis-trest',) pp. or a. Suffering great pain or torture ; severely afflicted ; harassed ; op- pressed with calamity or misfortune. DIS-TRE9S'£D-XESS, n. A slate of being greatly pained. ScotL DIS-TRESS'FIJL, a. Inflicting or bringing distress; as, a distressfiil stroke. Shak. 3. Indicating distress ; proceeding from pain or anguish ; as, distressful cries. Pope. 3. Calamitous ; as, a distressful event. Watts. 4. Atleiyled with poverty ; as, distres^ul bread. Shak. DIS-TRESS'FIJL-LY, adv. In a painful manner. DIS-TRr.SS'I.NG, ppr. Giving severe pain ; oppress- ing with ntniction. 2. a. Very afflicting; affecting with severe pain ; as, a distressing sickness. DIS-TRESS'ING-LV, ado. With extreme pain. DIS-TRIB'U-TA-BLE, a. [See Distribute.] That may be distributed; that may be assigned in portions. Rainsay. DIS-TRIB^l^TE, t>. L [L. distrihuo ; dis and tribuo, to give or divide.] 1. To divide among two or more ; to deal ; to give or bestow in parts or portions. Moses distributed lands to the tribes of Israel. Christ distributed the loaves to his discipl«s. 2. To dispense ; lo administer ; as, lo distribute justice. 3. To divide or separate, as into classes, orders, kinds, or species. 4. To give in charity. Dutribiiiing lo tlie Dccewitiea of the taints. — Rom. rK. 5. In printrng, to separate types, and place them in their prop»!r cells in the cases. DIS-TRIB'U-TED, pp. Divided among a number; dealt out ; assigned in portions ; separated ; bestowed. DIS-TRIB'l^-TER, n. One who divides ordeals out in mrts ; one who bestows in portions ; a dispenser. DIS-TR1B'U-TI\G, ppr. Dividing among a number ; dealing oul ; dispensing. DIS-TRI-BO'TIO.V, «. [L. distHbutio.] 1. The act of dividing among a number i a dealing in parts or portions ; as, the distribution of an estate among heirs or children. 2. The acl of giving in charity; a bestowing in parts. Bacon. Atterbury. 3. Dispensation ; administration to numbers ; a rendering lo individuals; as, the distribution of justice. 4. The act of separating into distinct parts or classes ; as, the distribution of plants into genera and species. 5. In architecture^ the dividing and disposing of the several parts of the building, according to some plan, or to the rules of the art. 6. In rhetoric, a division and enumeration of the several qualities of a subject. 7. In general, the division and disposition of the parts of any tiling. 8. In prin/iM^, the taking a form apart; the sepa- rating of the types, and placing each letter in its proper cell in the cases. FATE, FAK, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— nr-i DIS DldTRI«'LI-TIVE,a. Thai d istribiites ; that divides and assigns in portions ; tbat deiils to each his [Koper ■iiare ; as, distrtbutice justice, 2. That assigns the various species of a general term. 3. That separates or divides ; as, a distributive ad- ject ive. DIS-TRIB'U-TIVE, n. In ^ammar, a word that divides or distributes, as each and evfnj^ wh\cU rep- resent the individuals of a collective number as separate. DIS-TRIB'q-TIVE-LY, ado. By distribution ; singly ; not collectively. Hanker. JVdtt.'i. DIS-TRIB'lJ-TIVE-NESS, n. Desire of distributing. ^Little used.] Fell 4 DfS'TRIGT, n. [L. distnetusy from distringo^ to press bard, to bind ; It. distretio. See Disthai;*.] 1. Propwiy, a limited extent of country j a circuit within which power, right, or authority, may be ex- ercised, and to which it is restrained ; a word ap- plicable to any portion of land or country, or tu any part of a city or town, which is defined by law or a^eement. A governor, a prefect, or a judge, may have bis district Some of the states are divided into districts for the choice of senators, representatives, or electors. Cities and towns arc divided into districts for various purposes, as for schools, &c. The United States are divided into distruLs for the collectioa of the revenue. 2. A region ; a territory within given lines ; a-*, the distri£to( the earth which lies between the tnipics, or that which is north of a polar circl?. 3. A region ; a country ; a portion of territorj- with- out very definite limits j as, the districts of Russia covered by forest. UIS'TRieTj V. L To divide into districts orlimit'-d p«jrtion8 ol territory. Legislatures district states for the choice of senators. In A*«o EnrrlaRd^ towns are districted for the purpose of establishing and manag- ing schools. DlS'TRI€rr-e5URT, n, A court which has cogni- zance of certain causes within a district defined by law. The district-court-* of tiie United States are courts of subordinate jurisdiction. DIS'TRIGT-JUDfiE, ». The judge of a district -court. Unitr.d States. DIS'TRIGT-SeHOOL, n. A school within a certain difltrtrt of a town. AVtc En^laud, ^-c, DIS' ritreT-ED, pp. Divided into districts or definite portt.iri'4. Dld'TKier t\G,ppr. Dividing into limited or def- inite portions. DI3-TRI€'TION, n. Sudden display. [U.tvmial.] Collier. DIS-TRTJV*' OJiS^ n. In /«w, a writ commanding the sheriff to distrain a person for debt, or for his appear- ance at a certain day. DIS-TRUST', r. f. [dis and trust. The Danes have mittrifster; the Swedes, misstnista. See MtsrRfflT.] 1. To doubt or suspect the truth, fidelity, firmness, or sincerity of; not to confide in or rely on. VVe distrust a man, when we ques^tion his veracity, &c. ; we may o^n distrust our own firmness. % To doubt ; to suspect not to be real, true, sin- cere, or ftrm. We dtstmst a man's courage, friend- ship, verwiity, declarations, intentions, or promises, when we question their reality or sincerity ; we can not distrust the declarations of God ; we often have reason to distrust our own resolutions. DI.S-TRU3T', ji. Doubt or suspicion of reality or sin- cerity ; want of confidence, faith, or reliance Syft- ophants st}ou)d be heard with distrust ; distrust mars the {Measures of friendship and social intercuurae. 2. Discredit; loss of confidence. Mdtan. DIS-TRUST'ED, pp. Doubted ; suspected. DIS-TRUST'RR, iu A [terson who distrusts. DI3-TRUST'FI;L, o. Ant to dintnist ; suspicious. BoyU. 2. Not confident; ditfident; as, distrustful of our- selves. 3. Diffident ■ modest. Pope. DI3-TRUST'FyL-LY, adv. In a distnislful manner; with doubt or suspicion. MUtou. Dia-TRL'ST'FUL-NES.s, «, The state of being dis- tnislful ; xvant of confidence. DIS-TRUST'ING, ppr. Doubting the reality or sin- c»Tit\'(if; susprctinjj; not rclyin? on (»r confiilingin. DIS-T'U(J.ST'Ii\(;-LY,iw/r. Suspiciously; with district. DI.S-TRUST'LESS, a. Free from distrust or suspi- cion. Shrjistonr. DI3-T0NE', P. L To put out of tunc. [A"»/ used.] Wotton. DI8-TURB', r. U [Sp. disturbar; lU dviturbarr. ; L. disturbo ! ^u and tur fro, to trouble, disorder, discom- pose ; (iirfra, a crowd, a tumult ; Or. rvpfin or avi-fin, a tumult ; ^orv^"(, id. The primary sense seems to be, to stir, or to turn or whirl round. The word trouble is probably from the L. turbo, by transposition. If ir are the primary elements, as I suppose, the Wfprd roin'-idfs in origin with tour and turn. If t is a prefix, the word bflnngs to CI;i-S3 Rb, coinciding with the Swedish rubba, to ri^move, to Iroiiblff. See Class Rb, No. 3, 4, 3^t, and Class Dr, No. 3, *25, 27.] I. To stir; to ro^ive ; to discompose; to excite from a stale of rest or tranquillity. VVe Ray, the man 1.4 atleep, do not disturb lUm ; let the vessel stand, DIS do not move the liquor, you will disturb the sediment ; ditturb not the public peace. 2. To move or agitate ; to disquiet ; to excite un- easiness or a slight degree of anger in the mind ; to move the passions ; to ruffle. The mind may be disturbed by an ofiense given by misfortune, surprise, contention, discord, jealousy, envy, &c. 3. To move from any regular course or operation ; to interrupt regular order ; to make irregtilar. It has been supjiosed tiiat the approach of a comet may dis- turb the intttions of the planets in their orbits ; an unexpected cause may disturb a chemical operation, or the operation of medicine. 4. To interruj)t ; to hinder ; to incommode. Care disturbs study ; let no person disturb my franchise. 5. To tuni off from any direction ; wilh from. [Unusual.] Ami disturb Hii Inmost counsels /ram tlieir destiiird aim. MUtan. DIS-TURB', n. Confusion ; disorder. [JVot used.] Miltoa. DIS-TURB'ANCE, n. A stirring or excitement; any disquiet or interruption of peace; as, to enter the church without making disturbance. 2. Interruption of a settled state of things ; disor- der ; tumult. We have read much, at times, of dis- turbances in S[Kiin, England, and Ireland. 3. Emotion of the mind ; agitation ; excitement of passion ; perturbation. The merchant received the news of his losses without apparent disturbance. 4. Disorder of thoughts ; confusion. Tbry '!Aii Bunrry A vuicijr of compUc&teU ideat, without fiti^e or ditiarbanc*. Wait*. 5. In law, the hindering or disquieting of a person in Uie lawful and peaceable enjoyment of his right ; the interruption of a right ; as, the dLturbance of a franchise, of coinmou, of ways, of tenure, of patronage. Blackstonc DIS-TURB'ED, pp. or a. Stirred; moved; excited; discomposed ; disquieted ; agitated ; uneasy. In geology^ thrown out by violence from some original place or position ; as, disturbed strata. LyelL DIS TURB'ER, n. One who disturbs or disquieU ; a violater of peace ; one who causes tumults or disorders. 2. He or that which excites passion or agitation ; he or that which causes perturbation. Shah. 3. In fair, one that internipts or incommodes an- other in the [»eaceable enjoyment of his right. DIS-TURB'ING, ppr. or a. Moving; exciting; ren- dering uneasy ; making a tumult; interrupting peace ; incomniitding the quiet enjoyment of. D!ft-TUKi\', V. L [dis and turn.] To turn aside, [ JVflf in iLff.] DanieL Dl-^UL'PHU-RET, n. [Gr. ^if, twice, and sulphuret.] In ehemistnj, a sulphuret containing two equiva- lents of sulphur to one of the base. Silliman. DIS-IJ'NI-FOKM, (dis-yn'ne-form,) a. Not uniform. [JtTut in u.ie.] Coventry. DIS-^N'ION, (dis-yfln'yun,) n. [(iw and union,] Sep- aration ; disjunction ; or a state of not being united. It sain. DIM-T'S'fJD, (dis-yiizd',) pp. or a. No longer used ; obsolete, as words, 4lc. Priftm 111 armi iHau9td. Ihydtn. 2. Disaccustomed. DliS-l^S'IN'G, (dis-y&'zing,) ppr. Ceasing to use ; dis- accustoming. DlS-VAL-li-X'TION, K, [See Dmtiloe.] Dises- term ; di'^reputntion. DIS-VAL'VIE, (dis^val'yu,) v. t. [dis and value.] To undervalue ; to disesteem. Shak. DIS-Vj* l/lJE, n. Disf-stccm ; disregard. B. Jonson. DIS-VEI/or. V. t. To develop. [AV( used.] DIS-VOIJCH', r. (. [dis and vouch.] To discredit; to runtradict. HhaJi. DIS-W,\RN', p. t. [dis and usam.] To dasiiade from by previous warning. DIU DIS-WIT'TED, o. Deprived of wits or understand- ing. Drayton. DI&-WONT', r-wunt,) v. u [dis and iDonL] To wean ; to deprive 01 wonted usage. Bp. Halt, DIS-WOR'SHIP, (-wur-ship,) n. [dis and vorship.] Cause of disgrace. BarreL DIT, n. A ditty. [JVot used,] Spenser. DIT, V. t. [Sax. dvtian.] To close up. [Act used.] JlTore. DI-TA'TION, 71. \h.ditatus.l The act of making rich. [JVo( used.] Bp. Hall. DITCH, n. [Sax. die, a ditch ; D, dyky a dike ; G. rfpicA, a dike : deicher^ a ditcher ; D. dige^ a dUch, a dike ; Sw. dike ; Ft. digue ; Elh. ii(\\\ dachi^ to dig. Class Dg, Jfo. 14. The primary sense is a digging or place dug. Afler the practice of embanking commenced, the word was used for the bank made by digging, the dike.] 1. A trench in the earth made by digging, particu- larly a trench for draining wet land, or for making a fence to guard inclosures, or for preventing an enemy from approaching a town or fortress. In the latter sense, it is called also a fosse or vtoat, and is dug round the rampart or wall between the scarp and counterscarp. Encyc. 2. Any long, hollow receptacle of water. DITCH, V. i. To dig or make a ditch or ditches. DITCH r. (. To dig a ditch or ditches in ; to drain by a ditch ; as, to ditrJt moist land. 2. To surroimd with a ditch. Barret DITCH~DE LIV'ER-LD, a. Brought forth in a ditch. DITCH'ER, n. One who digs ditches. [Shak. DITCH'ING, ppr. Digging ditches ; also, draining by a ditch or ditches ; as, ditching a swamp. Dr-TET-HA-HS'DRAL, a. [dis and Utrakedral] In crystallogrnphy, having the form of a tetrahedral prism with dihedral summits, Cleavelund. Di'7'HE-ISM, fi. I'be doctrine of those who maintain the existence of two gods. Rich. Diet. DI THE-IST'IC, \ a. Pertaining to ditheism. DI-THE-lST'ie-AL, j Rich. DicL DITH'V-RAMB, » n. [Gr. fn^voap^oiy a title of DITH-Y-RAM'BUS, i Bacchus, the signification of wliich is not settled. See Heaer. Lex. and Bochart De Pht undersiand.] 1. Rtrluting 10 a day ; perfaiiiing to the daytime ^ a3fdiKmal heat ; dimriud hours. S. Dait>- ; happening ever}' day ; performed in a day \ as, a ^ktiui/ ta:$k. 3. Puformed in 24 hours ; as, the dhtrmal rerolu- tioa of the earth. 4. In wudicine^ an epithet of diseases whose exac- eitalions are in the daytime ; as, a tiiumat fever. Parr, DT-URN'AL, M. A day-book ; a journal. [See Joua- if&i., which is mostly used.] DT-URN'AUtST, M. A jouruaJist, [.Vot in use.] DT-URX' ALLY, mdc. PaOy ; every day. [HalL DI-U-TCRiN'AL, a. Lasting j being of long continu- ance. MUbtn* DI-r-TL'R\'l-TY, «. ru diutumitmsy from tfratanws, of Ion? continuance, fmm dim. diesJ\ Length of trrne ; long diiratHUi. Bromn. DI-VA-GA'TION, «. [U rf.M/w.j A going astray, [/k'ot ujtd.} DI-VAN', «. [.Kx, Pcia. ' ^^^i rfiiwui. The Arabic DIV r a. Receding from each other, ▼erb • li la rendered, to be low, mean, rUe, contemptible, (qu. domity) and also, to write on a white table. IK-nce, dica* is a rt:gtFter or table of nauioe or accounts, and hence it came to eignify a court or council assembled, as we u^^e board and ex- ciu^uer.] 1. Among the T^rks and QtJur Orientals^ a council of Btaie ; the great council of the Turkic empire. 3. Au audience chamber ; a saloon fur receiving company, and especially a raised sejit agaiii.-(t the walU, Aimislied with cushions. Hence, iu Emro^ the term dwam has been af^ied to a si^ftu 3. Fi^itrmtiaeijf, any council assembled for delib- eration. MiUom. DI-VAR'I-CATE, V. C TL. dtMriemtrnt, di9aru»i diy <£u, and iMu-te«, to stradtile.] To open ; to fork ^ to part into two brancbea. IVoodwttrd. DI- VA&'I-eiTE, e. L To divide into two branches. Orem. DT-VAR'I-€XTE, a. In bdamp, turning off from any thing irregularly, and almost at a right aagle. LindUy. Turning off so as tn fttrm an obtuse angle above, and an aruie angle below. />. C niUd. DT-VARI C.XTED, pp. Parted into two branclica. |)I-V AR I CA-TI.N'G.ppr. Porting iutoiwubmuches. DI-VAR 1 rA'TIOX, a. A parting i a forking j a separation into two branches. 9. A cruQiziing ur inter»aclion of fibers at diflfanurt angtes. Oas, DTVE, ». i. [Sni. dtjfoMy /re-dnfio*; Gr. i^irrrw .- It. Lufitre; cmticiding with A>, Heb. Cb. ?2a The same word in Syr. atid Ar. signifies in stamp, strike, print, impress. Class Db, No. 28. The sense, then, Is, to ihnut or drive.] 1. To descend or plunge into water, as an animal, head first ; to thrust the body into water or other liquor, or, if already in water, to plun«:e deeper. In the pearl fi5her>', m;^u are eu)|Uoyed to dive for slu-IU. 2. To go d'^ep into any subject ; as, to ^oe into the nature of things, into arts or science. Dryden. 3. To [dunge into any business or condition, so as to be thoroughly engaged iu it. SAak, 4. To sink ; to penetrate. /Xm, tfaougtiu,ikwa ioio my MoL Skak. NVR,v.L To explara by diving. [ILtre.] The Coiti bnn4T £ttd th^ gttifof fame. DoAam. DI-\ EL'LEXT, a. [L. dierfZww, direUo ; dU and veOo^ to pull.] Drawing asnnder ; separaling. D!-VE1/LI-€.5TE, r. t. To pull in pieces. DIVER, ». One who dives ; one who plunges bead first into water ; one who sinks by effort ; as, a diver in the pearl fisbeT>-. 9. One who goes deep Into a subject, or enters deep into study. 3. The common name of certain swimming birds, M the toon, closely allied to the grebus ; so called from their di%-ing. Jardine. P. Ct/c DI'VERB, a. A proverb. [JVot in use,] Burton. DI-VERB-ER-A'TIOX, a. [U daserhero, to beat through.] A iiounding through. DI-VERCE', (de-veij',) r. i. [L. dicergo ; di, di^^ and vcrjo, to iiicli»e.] To tend from one point and recede from each oth- er ; to shof>i, extend, or proceed friMn a point in dif- ferent directions, or not in p.1^U!l^ lines. Rays of light proceed from the sun and continually diccrge. It is opposed to converge. m-VER6E'.>lEVr, a. Act of diverging. DI VERC'EXCE, n. A receding from each other ; a going farther apart ; as, the dicergenee of lines, or the angle of dioer^ence. Oregorv. DI-VERC'EN'T, a. Departing or receding from each oth<.-r, as lines which proceed from the same point ; optMtsed to eonvrrgenL DI-VEKG'I.\G, WW-, or, as they proceed. DI-VKRGhNG-LY, adv. In a diverging manner. DI'VERS, a. [Ft. divers; I*, dietrsus^ fh>m diverto; dif rfi.«, and rrrto, to turn.] 1. DilTerent ; various. Thou slnlt not tow th v RcliU wllh dSoer* leeili. — r>*ut. xxU. Not Irt ihjr catile griuler with diMrw Intuit. — Lev. xix. [This Is now generally written Ditcrsb-] 3. Several ; t>undr>' ; more than one, but not a great number. We have divn-a exoinules of this kind. [This wwd is not obsolete even in common dis- course, and is much used in law proceediiii;^.] DI'VER«-eOL'OR-£D. (kul'lurd,) a. Having vari- ous colors. Skak, DI'VERSE, a. [U rfircr.«w,] 1. Dilferent ; ditTering. Four grr-At tcaMa Mme up from Uie •ea. Sotrt* odq from anodirr. — Dan. rH. 3. Difierent from itself; various; multiform. Ellijqucnoe b a dntrtt thing. B. Jon*on. 3. In different directions. And with tenJnU ciT«p dtwra«. Philip*. DI-VERSE', (de-vers',) r. i. To turn aside. [JsTot used,] apeaser. DI'VEIISE-T.Y, fl/^r. [from diverse.] In different ways; differently; variously; as, a passage of Scripture diverseiv interpreted or understood. 2. In different directions ; to different points. Oh Itfr't Ta*t ocean divrrM/y we u]l. Pope. DI-VERS-!-FI-€S'TJO\, n. [9eo Divkssift.] The act of changing fonus or qualities, or of making variitis. Botjle. a. Variation ; variegation. 3. Variety of forms. Ilale. 4. Change ; itlteration. DI-VERS'l-Ft-KD, (de-ver'se-flde,) pp. Made vari- ous in form or qiinhtiM ; variegjited ; altered. 2. tt. Dbstinguished by various fonns, or by a variety of objects ; as, dioersified scent;r>' ; a dicersi- fed landscape. DI-VERS'I-PORM, o. [L. divennts and ffrma.] Of a different lorm ; of \-arious forms. Diet, DI-VERS'l-PV,r. t. [Vx. difoertifier i ti\k diversi/icar t h. ditergiu and ,/Wmi.] L To make different or various In form or quali- ties ; lo give variety to ; to variegate ; as, to diversify the colors of a rotic ; to diversify a landscape with moantaini*, plains, trets, and lake^ 5. To give diversity to ; to distinguish by different things ; as, a councd divers^fed by different chanu>- tetw. 3. In oratarv, to vary a sttbject, by enlarging on what has been briefly stated, by brief recapitulation, by adding new idca^, by truiL-ipoe^ing words or peri- ods, &.r. DI-VERS'I F5-ING, j^pr. Making various in form or qualities ; giving variety to ; variegating. DI-VERS!L'0-UUE\T, a. (L. dicergus and etoyucr.] Sfieaking in different ways. DI-VER'SION, Ji. [Fr. ; froiu L. diverto, to divert.] •1. The act of turning aside from any course, as Ihe dicer.iion of a stream from its U!*iiat channel; the diversion of a purfxisf to another object ; the di- version of the iiiind I>om businnss, or .study. 2. That wliich diverts; that which turns or draws the mind from care, business, or study, and thus re- laxes and amuses ; spori , play ; pastime ; whatever unbends the mind ; as, the diversions of youth. Works of wit and humor furnish au agreeable di- version to the fltudious. 3. In icar, the act of drawing the attention and force of an enemy from the point where the princi pal attack is to be made, as by an attack or alarm on one wing of an army, when the other wing or center is intended for llie principal attack. The en- emy, if deceived, is thus induced to withdraw a part of his force from the part where his foe intends to make the main impression. DI-VERS'I-TY, n. [1*. diversitasi Fr. diversiti; from Lt. dtveraasy divei-toA 1. Difference; dissimilitude; unlikeness. There may be diversity without contrariety. There is a great diversity in human constitutions. 2. Variety ; as, a diversity of ceremonies in churches. 3. Distinct being, as opposed to identity. Locke. 4. Variegation. Bliuhmg iu bnjht divtrrititt of day. Pop». DIVERT', r. t. [L. diorrto; di, rfw, and vertOj to turn ; Fr. divertir: Sp. id. ; It. dinertire.] 1. To turn off from any course, direction, or in- tended 8p[riication ; to turn aside ; as, to divert a river from its usual channel ; to divert commerce from its usual course ; to divert appropriated money to other objects ; to divert a man from his purpose. 2. To turn the mind from business or study ; 1 DIV hence, to please ; to amuse ; lo entertain ; to exhil- arate. Children are dir^rterf with Bports; men are diverted with works of wit and humor; low minds are diverted with buffoonery in stage-ptaying. 3. To draw the forces of an eueniy to a difft-rent point. Davits. 4. To subvert. IXot in une.] Shak. DI-VERT'ED, pp. Turned aside ; turned or drawn from any course, or from the usual or intended direc- tion ; pleased ; amuseil ; entertained. DI-VERT'ER, n. He or that which diverts, turns off, or pleases. DI-VERT.'I-CLE, (de-vert'e-kl,) n. [U dioerUruIum.] A turning ; a by-way. ^J^ot used.] Hale. DI-VKRT'ING, ppr. 'lurnmg off from any course; pleasing ; entertaining. 2. a. Pleasing; amusing; entertaining; as, a tit- vrrtinfT scene or sport. DI-VEKT'ING-IjV, adv. In an amusing or entertain- ing manner. DI-VEH1^ISE r. t. [Fr. diveriir, divertitsantA To divert ; tn please. [JVo( used.] Dryden. DI-VERT'ISE-MENT, n. Diversion. [Litae i^prf.] 2. .A. short ballet or other entertainment between the acts of longer pieces, {pro. de-verl'iz-mung.) Hiiiart. DI-VERT'lVE, a. Tending to divert ; amusing. Rogers, DI-VEST', r. L [Fr. devitir; de and rfi(fV, to clothe, I*, restio. It is the same word as devest^ but the latter is appropriately used as a technical terra in law.i 1. To strip of clothes, arms, or equipage ; opposed to invest. 2. To deprive; as, to divest one of his rights or privileges ; to divest one of title or property. 3. To deprive or strip of any thing that covers, .surrounds, or attends ; as, to divert one of his glory -, to diveji. — Num. zxuli. 4. To open ; to cleave. Thou didsl diotde the khu — Ni:h. ix. 5. To disunite in opinion or interest ; to make dis- cordant. Luke xii. ill one liotiac divided, Oireff a^inat two, — 6. To distribute ; to sepamte and bestow in parts or shares. And he dioiiUd lo lli'-in liis living-. — Luke xv. 7. To make dividends; to .Tpportion tlie interert or profits of stock among proprietors ; as, the bank divides six per cent. 8. To separate into two parts, for ascertaining opinions for and against a measure; ns^tu divide z legi.slative house in voting. DI-VIDE', r. i. To part ; to open ; to cleave. 2. To break friendship ; as, brothers divide. Shak. 3. To vole b}- the division of a legislative house into two parts. Tlie eiaperun wt, rotnJ, und diBitUd with ihrir tq'iala. OibboH, DI-VTD'ED, p;>. or a. Parted; disunited; distributed. DI-VIU'ED-LV, adv. Separately. KnaUhbulL DIV'I-DEND, n. A part or sliare ; particular! jj, the share of the interest or profit of stock in trade or other employment, which belongs to each proprietor according to his proportion of the stock or capital. 2. In arithmetic^ the number to be divided into equ:il parts. DI-VTU'ER, 71. He or that wliich divides ; that which separates into parts. 2. A distributor; one wlio deals out to each his share. Who miide mn a judge or divitlgr oTcr you i — LuVe xii. 3. He or that Which disunites. Swift. Dl-VTD'ERS, n. pK A kind of compasses. DI-VTD'ING, ppr. Parimg ; separating; distributing; disuniting; apportioning to each his share. FATE, FAR, PALL, WHAT. — MKTE, PREY. — PT\E, MAEIXE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. 356 "^^ DIV DIV 2. a. That indicated separation or difference ; as, a iiriilin^ line. Dl-VID'ING, ». Separation. DI-VTU'Ii\G-LY, arfr. By division. DI-VIEVU-AL, a. [L. diFtdutts, from dimdo.] Divided, shared, or participated in common with others. [Little tu^fd.] Mtlton. Dl-VID'n-AL-LY, adv. By dividing. DIV-IX-X'TJpN, w. [L. diHnatio, from divino, to foretvll, from dirinvs. See Divine.] 1. The act of divining; n foretellinc future events, or discovi-ring iliinys secret or obscure, by the aid of fujierior byinjis, or by other tlian human means. The ancient heathen ()hilo.'>ophers divided divina- tion into two kinds, natural and artiHciai. J^'atttral divination was supiwsed to be effected by a kind of ini»piration or divine afflatus ; artijicial divination was effected by certain riles, experiments, or obser- vations, as by sacriticea, cake^, tiour, wine, observa- tion of entrails', flight of birds, luts, verses, omens, position of the stars, 8lc. Encye. 2. Conjectural presage; prediction. Sh-ik. DIV'IX-A-TOR, n. One who pretends to divination. DI VIN'A-TO-RY, a. Professing divination. DI-VI\E', a. [L. dirinus, from rficiw, a god, coin- ciding in origin with detu, Oeif.] 1. Pertaining to the true God ; as, the divine na- ture ; divine perfections. jj. Pertaining to a heathen deity, or to false gods. 3. Partaking of the nature of God, Djyden. Ilairhumnn, hxlidivine. 4. Proceeding from God ; as, dirine judgments. 5. Gudlike j heavenly , excellent in the highest degree ; extraordinary ; apparently above what is human. In this applicati.m, the word admits of comparison ; as, a Uioiue uivention i a dici}ie genius ; the dioiiuat mind. Daeie^, A dioiM •enienw w io the llp> oT the king. — Pro». xifi- 6. Presageful ; foreboding ; prescient. [JVot used.] Milton. 7. Appropriated to God, or celebrating his praise; ft«, d'cinc service ; divine songs ; dioine worship. DI-VT.\E', n. A minister of tlie gospel; a priest ; a clergyman. Sic\fl, The flnt divinetof Nrir KngUnd wrre »iirpaj»M bf none in «-xu*n«»e cTUiUUoa, penoi^d.! wnciity, and rti!ieri»c# iu the pn»u>rJ othae. J. Moo'ibridg4. 2. A man skilled in divinity ; a theologian ; as, a great dirmf, DI-V7NK', r. ^ [L. divino.] 1. To foreknow ; lo foretell ; to presage. Dai'rt '.huu dicine hii downfall f Skak. 2. To deify. J-Vot in use.] Spctuer. DI-VTXE', c. i. To use or practice divination. 2. To utter presages or prognostications. Tlie pmphi'U thercuf (flwn« for moiwy. — Mit«h iil. 3. To have presages or forebodings. Svjg^e*! tmi trMlh lo ni.r divining IhwiiyUU. Shak. 4. To guess or conjecture. Could you diaim wbal loreri bear. QmtmtU. DI-VI.\E'LY, (u/p. In a divine or godlike manner; in a manner resmiblmg Deity. 2, By the ag'-iiry or intluence of God ; as, a propbel divinely inwpircd ; divinely taught. 3. Kxcelltntly ; iu the supreme degree ; as, ditinety fair ; fitvinfiy brave. DI-VIXE'NESS, n. Divinity ; participation of the divine nature ; as, the dicineaejis of the iScripturcs. [Litde uufd.] 2. Excellence in the supreme degree. Shak, ni-VTN'ER., n. One who professes divination; one who preUrnda to predict events, or to reveal occult things, by the aid of superior beings, or of supernat- ural means. ThMC n*iioM hewkenwi to divin^re. — DeoL xrtl. 9. One who giiCFses; a conjecliirer. Locke. DI-VXV'ER ESH, a. A female diviner; a woman pro- passing divmation. Dnjden. DTV'ING, p/jj-. ora, TSee Drri:.] Plunging or sinking into watiT or other liquid ; applied to antmaLi only. Q. Going deep i'tto a subject. DIVING-BELIi, n. A hollow vessel in form of a truncated cone or p>ramid, with the smaller base cl(r*i', and the larger one open, in which a person may descend into deep water, and remain till the in- rlft!»ed air c^-awes to be respirable. DIV'ING-STCMO, n. A ^ipecirs of ja«i»er. DI-VTN'!NG-ROl), n. A rod, commonly of hazel, with forked branches, used by those who pretend to discover ivater or metals under ground. DI-VI.N'TTY, ». [L. rfifimf/M ; Fr. rfirinttrf ; It. divi- lUlAi Hp. dieinidntl; from divtnjUydivu-i.] 1. The state of being divine ; Deity ; Godhead ; the nature or essence of God. Chri-itians ascribe di- vinity to one Supreme Being only. a. God ; the Deity ; the Supreme Being. T* til- Dioinity that %un witUin ui. Additon. I 3. A felse god ; a pretended deity of pagans. I BcmUj dieimtu; ami droves of goiit. Prior. 4. A celestial being, inferior to the Supreme God, but superior to man. Many nations believe in these interior divinities. 5. Something sujKrnatural. They aay llicre is divinity \n odd numlyri. Shak. 6. The science of di%ine things; the science which unfolds the character of God, his laws, and moral povernrnent, the duties of man, and the way of sal- vation ; theology ; as, the study oidicinity; a system of divinity. DI-VIS-I-BIL'I-TY, n. [Fr. divisibility; from U divi- siifilis. See Divide.] The quality of being divisible ; the property of bod- ies by which their parts, ur coinitonent particles, are capable of separation. Locke-. DI-VI»'I-BLE, a. [L, diriaibilisy from dirido. See Di- vide.] Capable of division ; that may be separated or dis- united ; separable. Matter is divisible indefinitely. DI-VI8'I-BLE-NESS, tu Divisibility ; capacity of be- ing separated. DI-VI"«ION, (de-vizh'un,) n. [L. rfiiisio, from divido^ divisL See Divide. 1 1. The act of dividing or separating into parts any 2. The state of being divided. [entire body. 3. That which divides or separates ; that which keeps apart ; "partition. 4. The part separated from the rest by a partition or line, real or imapinarj- ; as, the dicutions of a tield. 5. A separate body of men ; as, communities and divisions of men. Jiddison. 6. A part or distinct portion ; as, the divisions of a discourse. , . 7. A pari of an army or militia ; a body consisting of a certain number of brigades, usually two, and commanded by a major-gtut-ral. But the term is often applied to other bodies or portions of an army, as to a brigade, a squadron, or i^aloon. 8. A [tan of a fleet, or a select number of ships un- der a commander, and dislinguiahed by a particular flag or pendant. 9. Disuuiim ; discord; variance; difference. Thffre w%» K dieuion Bmong the p«>plo. — JoUn vU. 10. Space between the notes of music, or the di- viding of the Uuies, Johnson. Baiky. 11. Distinction. I «ii1 put a diwion brtweeo my people and Ihy people.— Kx. viii. 12. The separation of voters in a legislative house. 13. In ari£Amctic,ihe dividing of a nuinbgr or quati- lily into any parts assigned ; or the mle by which is found how many times one number or quantity is contained in another. DI-Vl"SION-AL, \ a.. Pertaining to division ; noting DI-Vr'SIOX-A-HY, i or luakiug division ; as, a di- visional line. DI-VI"SIO.\-ER, (de-vizh'un-cr,) n. One who di- vides. [J^ut used,] Slivlilon. DI-VI'SIVE, o. Forming division or distribution. Jile-de. 2. Creating division or discord. Burnrj, DI-VI'SOR, 7t. In arithmetic, tho number by which tlie d vidend is divided. DI-V^RCE', n. [Fr. divorce ; Sp. dirorrio ; U. divoriio ; L. tlivortium, from divoHu, a .liffen;nt ortliography of IG, ppr. Disclosing; publishing; reveal- ing. Dl-VUL'SION, (-shun,) n. [L. divulsio^ from diveHor ; di, (fis, and vello, to pull.] The act of pulling or plucking away; a rending asunder. And dire dtvulMion* ahook Uie ctian^n^ world. J. Barlow. DI-VUL'SIVE, a. That pulls asunder; that rends. Kirtoan, DIZ'£N, (diz'n,) v. t. To dress gayly ; to deck. Smft, [This word is not esteemed elegant, and is nearly obsolete. Its compound, Bsoizcrf, is used in bur- lesque.] DIZZ, V. U [See Dizzy.] To astonish ; to puzzle ; to make dizzy. [JVoI ttsed.] Gayton. DIZ'ZAUD, m. [See Dizrv.] A blockhead. [JVcf used.] DIZ'Zl-KD, (diz'zid,) pp. Whirled round ; made dizzy. DIZ'ZI-NESS, n. [See Dixzv.] Giddiness ; a whirl- ing in the head ; vertigo. DIZ'ZY, a. [Sax. dysi or dysig, foolish ; dysignesse^ folly ; dysian^ lo be foolish j gedisigan, to err ; G. du- sd, diz?jness ; dusclig, dir.zy ; D. deutig, stupid ; dy~ zig, misty, hazy ; Dan. taassc, a foolish person ; qu. dbser, lo make sleepy.] 1. Giddy ; having a sensation of whirling in the bead, with instability, or proneness to fall ; vertigi- nous. 2. Causing giddiness ; as, a dizzy hight. 3. Giddy ; thoughtless ; heedless ; as, thft dtsiy multitude. Jlliltan. DIZ'ZV, V. u To whirl round; lo make giddy; lo confuse. Shak. DIZ'ZY-ING, ppr. or a. Whirling round j confusing ; making dizzy. DJER'RID, n. A bhinl, Turkish javelin. Maunder. DO, n. In modem solfeggio, the name of tho first of the musical syllables. DO, r. (. or attxtluiry ; prel. Did; pp. Do5E, (dun.) This verb, when iransitive, is formed in the indica- tive, present tense ; thus, I do, thou doest, he does or dotJt ; when auxiliary, the second person is, tliou dosL [Sax. don; D. docn; G. thun ; Goth, tauyau ; Russ. dryu or dayu. This is probably a rontractcd word, for in Saxon dokle signifies made or did, as if the prel. of this verb. If the elements are dv, it coincides in elements with Sax. rfu^uw, to bs able, and with (eo- ffOH, to taw, as leather.] 1. To perform ; lo execute ; lo carr>' into effect ; to exert labor or power for bringing any thing to the state desired, or to completion ; or to bring any thing lo pass. We say, this man dots his work well ; he does more in one day tlian some men will do in two days. In rfx dnyi thou •hull do »11 thy work. — Ex. xx. I will te»ch ymi what ye »hilf do. — Ex. it. 1 ibo Loni (W »ll thrie ihings.— li. xW. 2. To practice ; to perform ; as, to do got)d or evil. 3. To perform for the ben<;Iit or injury of another; with for or to ; /or, when the thing is beneficial ; (o, in either case. Till I know whal G«d will do for me. — I Sam. xxii. Do to him neither pood nor evil. But to is more generally omitted. Do him neither good nor harm. 4. To execute ; lo discharge ; lo convey ; us, Wo a message lo the king. 5. To perforin ; to practice ; to observe. We lie mid do not tltfl truth. — 1 John L 6. To exert. Do ihy dilig^nc^ to corn* Bhonly to mf . — 9 Tim. iv. 7. To transact ; as, to do bufiness with another. 8. To finish ; to execute or transact and bring to a conclusion. The sense of completi«tn is often implied in this verb; as, we will (/o the business, and adjourn ; v/e ditl the business, and dintd. 9. To perform in an exigency j to have recourse to, as a consequential or la.st efltjrl ; to take a step or measure ; as, in this crisis we know not what to do. What will yo do In the d«y of viritutlon ? — u. x. 10. To make or cause. Nothing but death eiui do n»ew respire. [Obt.] Sjwutr. TONE, B(J1>1^ IINITE. — AN"GBR, VI"CIOi;8 — € as K } d as J ; « a« Z ; CH as 811 ; TH as in THIS. DOC 11. To put. [0*«.] Who ■iMuM* the duke lodejuhf S\iJc. la. To answer the purpose, I'll euke the ^ongt of Durfrv do. To k*te ta doi to have concern wiUi. WkU ham I to do with 70U i — 3 Saih. xri. WbM ham / to do ■«/ more with i.luU ? — H«. xIt. 7W d* witA ; Co di!*po9e of ; to mnke use of; to em- ploy. Commerce is dull ; we know not what to do witX our ?hi])ii. hlle nieu know nut what to do with Iheir time or with iheniselves. Aliw, to gain ; to etTeci by influence. A y*t with « »d birow will lio icUA a Icilow vbo nertr hml the ftclw in bn riMxtiilTi. ^Aofr. I aui db noUun; iriU this otatiiuiie Mlow. Alton, Alao, to bare concern with ; lo bare businesi ; to d«al. [See No. I'i] n M «iMy ; to remove ; to destroy ; as, to tfo sMqr imMTfectkiof ; to do ainiy prejudices. DO, V. L To act or behave, in any manner, well or ill ; 10 eoAduct one^ self. Tbsjr few BvC the VottL Ofiihtr do ^ioej «fter the law Ami MfBtBtadBMM. — fl tungt xrii. 2. To fare ; to be in a state with regard to sickness or health. We asked turn how he did. How do you da, or how do you ? How Ami iAqu 7 SKak. 3. Tosucceed; to accomplish a purpose. Wesball 4» without him. Will this plnn do ? Addison. .\lso, to fit ; to be adapted ; to answer the design ; with /or; as, this piece of limber will do for the comer post ; this teuon will do for the mortise ; the road is repaired, and will dofyr the present. To have fa do iritA ; to have concern or business with ; to deal with. Jlaee little to do with jealous Bien. Also, to have carnal commerce with. i>ct is used for a verb to *ave the repetition of it. I shall prubaltly come, but if I <^ not, you must not «-ait i that is, if 1 «riM. ExpfeifmdffirlH!Ue»klrf»)ot«. Poj>a. [The latter use of d» is newty obsolete.] Do is sometimes nsed by way of opfwsition ; as, I did love bim, but be has lost my aflTecliona. DO AT. See Dote. DOC-I-BIL'I-TV, ; a. Teachableness ; docnity ; DO'CI-BLE-XES.'?, \ readiness to k-am. rraUon, DO'CI-BLE, (do'se-bl er dos'sc-bl,) a. [See Docilb.] Teachable ; docile ; tmctable ; easily L-iught or man- aged. MlUon. DO'CILE, (dS'sil or dos'sil.) a. [T*. docHist from doa»y to teach. Doceo and teach are the same word. See Tk»ch.] Teachable ; easily instructed j ready to learn ; tractable ; easily managed. Some children are far more docde than others. Dogs are more docile than many other animals. DOuCIL'l-TV, 71. Teachableness j readiness to learn ; aptneii^ lo be taught. The docility of elcphaiils is remarkable. DOC'I-MA-CY, n. [Gr. Jo«i(inTio. See the next word.] The art or practise of assaying ores or metals j metallurgy. Med, Repos. DOC-I-MAS'Tie, a. [Gr. foKt^aart^(Oi^ from (Jari- ftaC(i>, to tr>', essay, examine, from ooKiitoi^ proved, ftwm ^oxcu, to prove. Ch. pn. Class Dg, No. 9.] Properiy^ essaying, proving by experiments, or re- lating to the assaying of ores or metals. The doci- masttc art is otherwise called meudUrgy. It is ihe art of assaying metals, or the art of Sf|)arating them from foreign matters, and determining the nature and quantity of metallic substances contained in any ore or mineral. Lazoisirr. DOCK, II. [Sax. doecr: L. daueus ; Gr, iavKosi fr»m Ar. Syr. Class Dg, No. 9.] The popular name of certain large-leafed species of Rumex. DOCK, r. (. [W. todaVj and tteciav, to clip, lo cut offj whence doektt and ticket. Class Dg, So. 19, To cut off, as the end of a thing ; to curtail ; to cat short ; to clip ; as, to dock the tail of a horse. 2. To cut off a part ; to shorten ; to deduct from ; as, to dock an accounw 3. To cut off, desirt^', or defeat ; to bar j as, to dock on entail. 4. To bring, draw, or place a ship in a dock. DOCK, Tt, The tail of a bea?l cut short or clipped j the stump of a tail ; the solid port of the tail. 2. A case of leather to cover a horse's dock. Eneye. DOCK, n. A broad, deep trench on the side of a harbor, 1 on: .DOC or bank of a river, in which ships sre built or re- paired. A dry dttek has tliMKi-gutes to admit the tide, and to prevent the influx, as occasion may require. %V(t docks have no fltxid-gates, but ships may be re- paired in them during the recess of the tide. IVtt docks are also constmcicd with gates to keep the water in at ebb tide, so Uiat vessels may lie constantly afloat in them. Mar. DicL Cue. Xx\ America^ the spaces between whan'es are called docks. 2. The place where a criminal stands in court. DOCK'-MAS-TER, n. One who has the superintend- ence of docks. DOCK'-YXRD,n. A yard or magazine neur a harbor, for containing nil kindi of naval stores and timber. DOCK'i;!), (dockt,) pp. Clipped; cut off, as the end of a thing. DOCK'ET, ■. [W. twciatp. to cut off, to clip, to dock ; hence docket is a piece.] 1. A small piece of paper or parchment, contain- ing Ihe heads of a writing. Also, a subscription at the foot of leliers patent, by the clerk of the dockets. Bailey. 2. .\ bill tied lo goods, containing some direction, as the name of the uwner,or the place to which they are to be senL [See Ticket.] ^ Bailey. 3. An i'ilphal>etical list of cases in a court, or a cat- alogue of the names of the jwirties who have stiils de^K-ndrng in a court. In some of the States, this is the principal or only use of the word. To strike a docket, in Etti^laiid, is saiil of a creditor who gives a bond lo the lord chancellor, engaging to prove his debtor to be a bankrupt, whereupon a commission of bankruptcy is out against ttie debtor. Smart. DOCK'ET, r. L To make an abstract or summary of the heads uf a writing or writings; to abstnict and enter in a book ; as, judgments regularly docketed, Blackstone. 2. To enter in a docket ; to mark Uie contents of papers on the back of litem. 3. To mark wilh a d.>cket. Chestn-Jirld, DOCK'ET-ED,i»p. Abstracted and entered in a book. [See nocKET.j Dl>CK'(NG, jrpr. Clipping; cutting off the end; pl:icing in a dock. DOCK'lNti, n. The act of drawing, as a ship, into a dock. Mar, Diet. DO€'T0R, n, [L., from doceo^ to teach.J 1. A teacher. Tbfre tfocxl tip one tn the eenndl, a Phuiaee, oajwd Gunallel, ■ diKKrr d the Iftw. — AcU f. 2. One who has passed all the degrees of a faculty, and is empowered to practice and teach it; as, a dofXoT in divinity, in physic, in law ; or, according lo modem usage, a person who has received the highest degree in a faculty. The degree of (/ecior is conferred by universities and colleges, as an honorarj- mark of literary distinction. It is also conferred on phy- sicians as a professional degree. 3. A learned man ; a man skilled in a profession; a man of erudition. Drydeiu Digby. 4. A physician ; one wh<^e occupation is to cure diseases. 5. The title doctor is given to certain fathers of the church whose opinions are received as authori- ties, and in the Greek church, it is given to a partic- ular officer who interprets the Scriptures. Encve. Doctors* Commons i the college of civilians in Lon- don. It is here that wills are proved, and adminis- tration is uiken out, under the direction of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury. DOCTOR, r. u To apply medicines for the cure of d iseiises. [.4 popular use of this word, but not eteg'anL] DOCTOR, V. I. To practice physic. [JVot elegant.] DOCTOR-AL, o. Relating to the degree of a doctor. Johnson. DO€'T0R-AI#-LV, adv. In the manner of a doctor. HaliewUL DOCTOR-ATE, n. The degree of a doctor. Ejicyc. DO€'TOR-ATE, e. U To make a doctor by con- ferrinir a degree. Warton. DO€'T0R-£D, pj». Administered to by a physician; cured. DO€'TOR-ING, jqir. Applying medicines ; curing. DOCTOR-LV, a. Like a learned man. Bp. Hall. DOCTOR-SHIP, n. The degree or rank of a doctor. [DocTORiTE is now generally used.] [Clarendon. DOe^'TRESS, ( , A female physician. DOCTRESS, i ^ DOCTOR-ESS, j "• DOCTRIN-AIRE' n. A cant term, in the politics of France, denoting one who is desirous of giving to the king more power than is admitted by the ultra- liberals, and less than is demanded by the ultra- rova lists. DOC'TRIX-AL, a. [See Doctritte.] Pertaining lo doctrine ; containing a doctrine or something taught : as, a doctrinal observation ; a doetri-nal proposition. 2. Pertaining to the act or means of teachbig. The word of God «prveih »u olhenriae thi-ui iu the nftlupr of a doctrinal itutrunicnL Hooker. DO€'TRIN-AL, n. Something that is a part of doc- trine. Soutii. DOD DOCTRIN-AL-LY, adv In the form of doctrine or instruction ; by way of teaching or positive direction. Rarj. DOCTRINE, n. [L. doctritia, from A»cfo,to teach.] 1. In a general sense, whatever is taught. Hence, a principle or iKisition in any science ; whatever is laid down as true by an instructor or master. The doctrines of the gospel are the principles or truths taught by Christ and his ni>osttes. The doctrines of Plato are the print'iples which ho taught Hence a doctrine may be true or false ; it may be a mere tenet or opinion. 2. The act of teaching. 3. Learning ; knowledge. Whom attiUI he make lo undcnUnd doctrine! — 1«. zxriil. 4. The truths of the gospel in general. That lh"y nmy Hf\om the doctrine of Gai our Saylor Id all tiling^. — Til. ii. 5. Instruction and confirmation in the truths of Ihe gospi.-l- 2 Tim. iii. DOClj-MENT, 71. [L. docufnentumy from doceo, to teach.] 1. Precept ; instruction ; direction. Bacon. Watts. 9. Dogmaticul precept ; authoritative dogma. 3. More generally, in present ttsagc, written instruc- tion, evidence, or proof; any official or authoritative paper containing in.-tniclions or proof, for infonnation and the establishment of farts. Thus, the president laid before congress the report of the secretary, ac- companied with all the documenti. DOCUMENT^ V. t. To furnish with documents ; to furnish with instructions and proofs, or with papers necessary to establish facts. A ship should be docu- mented according to the directions of law. 2, To teach ; lo instruct ; to direct Dryden. DOe-U-MENT'AL, a. Pertaining to inslniction or to documents ; consisting in or derived from docu- ments ; as, documental testimony. Court Martial on Ocn. Wilfiinsoiu DOC-U-MENT'A-RV, a. Pertaining to written evi- dence; consisting in documents. DOCQ-MENT-ED, pp. Furnished with papers and documents necessary to establish facts. DOD'DER, n. [G. dotterA A plant of the genus Cusruta, one species cf which is called hell-weed. It is almost destitute of leaves, parasitical, creeping, and fixing itself lo some other plant, as lo hops, fiax, and particularly to the nettle. It decays at the root, and is nourished by the plant that supports it, by means of little vesicles or papilloe, which attach themselves to the stalk. JJill. Encyc. DOl)'UEH--KD, fli. Overgrown with dodder; covered with supercrescent plants. Johnson. Dryden. DO-DECA-GON, n. [Gr. 6o}hKa, twelve, and j-wfta, an angle.] A regular figure or polygon consisting of twelve equal sides and angles. Encyc. DO-DEC-A-OYN'I-A, n. [Gr. 6(,i6tKa, twelve, and ywr), a female.] In botany, the name of an order of plants having twelve styles. Linmsus. DO-DEC-A GYN'I-AN, I a. In &t>(any, having twelve DO-DE-CAG'YN-OUS, S styles. DO-DEC-A-HU'DRAL, a, [Infrsu] Pertaining to a dodecahedron ; consisting of twelve equal sides, DO-DECA-Hk'DRON, n. [Gr. Jwdc/fa, twelve, and iSfja, a base.] A regular solid contained under twelve equal and regular pentagons, or having twelve equal bases. Chambers. D0-DE-€AN'DRI-A, Ti. [Gr. SoiSeKO, twelve, and avrip, a male.] In botany, the name of a class of plants having twelve stamens ; but this class includes all plants that have any number of stamens, from twelve to nineteen inclusive. LinntBus. DO-DE-CAN'ORI-AN, \ a. Pertaining to the plants, DO-DE-CAN'DROUS, \ or class of plants, that have twelve stamens, or from twelve to nineteen. Lee. DO-DE€-A-TE-MO'RI-ON, «. [Gr., composed of ^w- C£icaTos, twelfth, and ftnpiov^ part.] A twelfth part. [Little used.] Creech, DO-DEC-A-TEM'O-RY, n. A denomination some- times given to each of the twelve signs of the zodiac. Burton, DODCE, (doj,) V. i. [From some root signifying to shoot, dart, or start, and not improbably from the same root as dos^ as d is not radical.] 1. To start suddenly aside ; to shift place by a sud- . den start. MUtoju 2. To play tricks ; to be evasive ; to use tergiversa- tion ; to play fast and loose; to raise expectations and disappoint them ; to quibble. Hale.. Jldiiison, DODGE, V. t. To evade by a sudden shift of place ; lo escape by starling aside ; as, lo dodge a blow aimed ; to dodge a cannon ball. [This is a common word, very expressive and useful, but not admissible in solemn discourse or elegant compo- sition.'] FATE, FXR, FALL, WHAT.— MeTE, PRBY.— PINE, MARKNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— DOG DODO'£0, pp. Evaded by a sudden shift of place. DOrWj'ER, n. One who dodges or evades. ItODC'ING, ppr. Starting aside ; evading. DOD'KIX, n, [doit^ D. duiu and kin.\ A little doit ; a small coin. DOD'MAN, 71. A fish that casta its shell like tlie lob- ster and crab; also called Ao(/mfln./;i./. Bai:un. D5'DO, n. The Didus, a genus of large birds, gener- ally supposed to be extinct. They are said to have inhabited Madnfiiascar and some other parts of the East, but their verj' existence has been doubted. P. Cyc. Partington. DOE, (do,) n. [Sax. da ; Dan. daa.] A she-tleer ; the female of the fallow-deer. The male is called a buck, DOE, Cd(*o,) Tu A feat {.Xot used.] Uudibras. DOE'SKIX, n. Tht' skin uf a doe. 2. A compact twilled doth, for pantaloons. DO'ER, 71, [from do.] One who does ; one who per- forms or executes ; an actor ; nn agent. 2. One who perfurms what is required j one who ob8cr\'e3, keeps, or obeys, in pniclice. The daera of ihc law »hull be ]ii«iifi«J. — Rom. □. DOES, (duz.) The third person of the verb do, indic- ative mode, present tense ; contractt-d from doeth. DOFF, r. t. [Qm. do^ff. Rather D. doffen, to push, to thrust. Class Db, No. 17, 18.] 1. To put off, as dress. Anii nude iu dof our eajjr robea of pcaee. Shak. 2. To strip or divest ; as, he daffa himself. Crashay). 3. To put or thrust away ; to get rid of. To dof U.eir djre di*tr^Mif«. Shak. 4. To put off J to shift off; with a view to delay. E*ei7 day thou dof'il me wiih (omf deric^. Shak, tThia word t«, / believe, mtireiy obsolrte in disconrsf^ 'OJft in the United States, but is retained in poetrit.] DOFF' ED, (dol\,) pp. Put off; stripped ; thrust away. DOF'FER, H. A revolving cylind<;r, in a ranling ma- chine, which doffs^ or strips off, tlic cotton from the cards. Ure. DOG, n. [Fr. do^ue, a bulldog or mastiff; se dvtruer^ to butt ; Arm. dog or dog-ues ; D. dog ; probably, the runner or starter.] 1. A speciesof quadrupeds, belonging to the genus Canis, of many varieties, as the mastiff, thR liound, the spaniel, the shepherti's dog, the terrier, the har- rier, the bloodhound, &c. 2. It is used for maU, when applied tosevenil other aninLlU; as, a rfo«'-/ox ; Ttdog-oltsr ; dog-ape. Drydcn, It is prefixed to other words, denoting what is mean, degenerate, or wortldcss 3 ^Aydog-rost, Johnson. 3. An andiron, so named from the figure of a dog 5 head on the top. [Russ. tagan.] 4. A term of reproach or contempt, z^vcn to a man. 5. A constellation called Siriua or Canicula. [See DoODAT.] 6. An iron hook or bar with a sharp fang, which can be driven into a stick of timber to draw it in water by a roiK*. Mnr, Diet. 7. An iron used by sawyers tu fasten a log of tim- ber in a saw-pit. 6. A gay young man \ a buck. [Aiit in ti.G'FIiV, n. A voracious, biting fly. ChapiTuin. DOG'GKI), fdogd,) pp. Pursued closely; urged fre- quently anu iuiiKirtiinately. DOG'GED, a. Sullen ; sour; morose ; surty ; severe. Shak, Uudibras. DOG'GED-liY, adv. Sullenly ; gloomily ; sourly ; mo- rosfly ; severely ; with obstinate resolution. DOG'GEO-rv'ESS, n. Siillenness; moroseness. DOG'GER, n. A Dutch fishing-vessel, used in the German Ocean, particularly in the herring fi.shery. It is cquip|)ed with two masts, a main-mast and a niizzen-nuist, somewliat resembling a ketch. Kttcyc. DOG'GER-EL, a. An epithet given to a kind of loose, irregular measure in burlesque poetry, like tliat of Hudibras ; as, doggerel verse or rhyme. Dryilen. .Addison, DOG'GER-EL, n. A loose, irregular kind of poetry ; used in burlest/ue. Dryden. Swift. DOG'GER-MAN, n. A sailor belonging to a dogger. DOG'GERS, n. In English alum-works, a sort of stone, found in the mines with the true aluin-ruck, contain- ing some alum. Eticyc. DOG'GING, p^*r, [from dog.] Hunting; pursuing in- cessantly or importunately. DOG'GISH, a. Like a dog; churlish ; growling; snap- pish ; brutal. DOG'GISH NESS, n. The quality of being doggish. DOG'-GRXSS, n. Couch-grass. Loudon. DOG'-HEART-ED, a. Cruel; pitiless; malicious. Shak. DOG'-HOLE, n. A place fit only for dogs ; a vile, mean habitation. Ih-yden. Pope. DOG'-HOUSE, n. A kennel for dogs. OictAut^. DOG'-KEN'-NEL, n. A kennel or hut for dogs. DOG'-LAT'I.N, n. Barbarous Latin. [Dryden. DOG'-L£ACH, a. A dog-doctor. Beaum. S,- Ft. DOG'-TiOUSE, n. An insect that is found on dogs. DOG'LY, a. Like a dog. [Aot in use.] DOG'MA, n. [Gr. cicj>7iu, from i.Kuo, to think; L. dogina.'\ A settled opinion ; a principle, maxim, or tenet ; a doctrinal notion, particularly in matters of faith and philosophy -, as, the dogmoj of the church ; the dog- mas of iMato. Complinietit my dogma, and I will compliinrnt yourt. J, M. Maion, DOG'-MAD, a. Mad as a dog. DOG-MAT'ie, \ a. Pertaining to a dogma, or to DOG-MAT'ie-AL, \ settled opinion. 2. Positive; magisterial; asserting or disposed to assert with authority or with overbearing and arro- gance ; applied to persons i as, a dogmatic schoolman or philost)pher. Boyle. 3. Positive ; asserted with authority ; authuriUitive ; as, a tUiirmuitcal opinion. 4. Arrogant : overbearing in asserting and main- taining opiniOl- iLl !■ MttM. palhetir. DCU [U rfpW. pun, grief, j I 1. ~ ; doleftll : «vaial ; iinprrssiiiKsorrovr or gru f , as, a lialorotu object j u lUttorous mpion. Uooker. Milton. S. PainfUl ; firing patn. TbFtT di>pfttch b qtdek, and Vm dotcfrotiM thaa the [aw at the bev. Afef«. 3. £x[weMinK pain or ^ef ; a9,do2oroiLf •igbs. DOL'0R-OUS~L\%adD. Sorrowfully j iu a manner lo express pain. DOL'PHIX, n, [L. detphim, or rfW^Awnw." Gr. f^Htf; It. 4ci(r; Fr. dauphin; Sn. ^«m ,- It. ifi^a«; Arm. do^fbi, tf0O(N ; W. do{fV<*> irom -, stnpid fellow ; a blockhead ; a thick- skulL Sidnef. SmfL DOLT, V. i. To waste time foolishly j to behave fool- ishly. DOLT'ISH, a. Dull in intellect ; stupid ; blockish ; aa, a deitisk clown. Sulney. DOLT'ISH-LV, adv. In a doltish manner. DOLT'ISH-NESS, n. Stupidity. DOM, ii;*ed as a tenninniiun, denotes Jurisdiction, or property and jurutiiiction ; ^riman/y, tWm, judg- ment i as in kingdtm. mridem. Hence it is used to denote state, coaditioa, or quality, aa in wMmi, DOM'A-BLE, «. 7*hat m.iv be tamed. DO-MAI.N', a. [Fr. domatne ; Arm. damany. This would seem to oe fmm L. damininM. Clu. Is it the word aa Dbmai:!, which is from the Old rrcnch nel The hitter can aol be regnUrly deduced from dtmuninwu dswdn^. Tbe Norman French baa d*m94ntTy to ruip, to demt^n ; and tbe pbraae, ^ de son demainer/' in hu demaln, wcmld seem to bo from a dilTerent source. Mainor^ in Norman, is ten- ancy or occupation, from aiani, the hand. Domain seemn.] An abode or mansion ; a place of permanent resi- dence, either of un iudiviilual or family ; a residence, aaimo manendi. Story. Jlopkinson. DOM'1-CILE, / r. (. To establish a fixed resi- DOM-I-CIL'I-ATE, | dence,ora residence that con- slituteit habilancy. KenL DOM'I-CIL-KD, ipp. Having gained a perma- DOM-I-CIL'I-A-TED, i nent residence or inhabit- ancy. DO.M-I-CIL'I-A-RY, a. Pertaining to an abode, or the residence of a person or family. A donuciliary visit, is a visit to a private dwelling, particularly for the purpitse of searching it, under authority. DOM-I-CIL-I-A'TIO.V, n. Pennanenl residence ; in- b.-ihitnncv. DOM'I-ClL-IXG, \ppr' Gaining or taking a DO.M-I-CIL'I-A-TING, \ pennanenl residence. DOM'I F?, V. C [L. domuSf a house, and facio^ to make.] 1. In astroUgy, to divide the heavens into twelve houses, in order to erect a theme or horoscope, by means of six great circles, called circles qf position, [Obs.] Encyc. 2. To tame. [«V»>f in use, and improper.] DOM'IN-ANT, a. [L. liiMniaanx, from d*>minor^ lo rule ; dominus^ lord, mac^ter ; cither from domus^ a house, ot from domo, (^a/m'», to overcome, to tamty to aubdue, W. dovL Uoth root^ unite in the sense, to Brt, to press, to fix. See Class Dm, No. 1, 3.] 1. Ruling; prevailtna; goveniing ; predominant as, the dominant party or faction. Rtid. Tooke. 2. In miLnr, the dominant or sensible chord ia that which is practiced on the dominant of the tone, and which introduces a perfect cadence. Every perfect mnjor chonl becomes a dominant chord, as soon as the seventh minor is added to it. Roasacau. Encyc DO.M'I.\-A.\T, n. In wiujir, of the three notes essen- tial to the Uine, the dominant is that which is a fifth fmm the tonic. ib. DUM'IN-ATE, V, L [L, dominatus^ dovunor. See DoMI?«*?«T.] 'Vo rule \ to govern ; to {vevail ; to predominate over. We r»vTT where meet with SUvontan oatioiis eithf^ domin&nt or donutvutd. Tooke, Ru»». DOM'IN-ATE, r. i. To predominate, [LiUie used.'\ DOM'IN-A-TED,pp. Ruled; governed. DOM'I\-A-TING, ;jpr. Ruling; prevailing; predom- inating. DOM-LN-A'TION, a. [L. dominatio.] 1. The exercise of power in ruling; dominion; government. Sliak. 2. .\rbitrary authority ; tyranny. 3. One highly exalted in power j or the fourth onler of angelic beings. Thronn, dotmnatioits, princedoma, vinuea, powen. Milton. DOM'IN-A-TIVE, a. Governing ; also, imperious. Sandys. DOM'I.V-A-TOR, n. A ruler or ruling power ; the pre- siding or predominant power. Jiipiiffr iind NLua »r« dominalort for lhi» nortJi-wert wirt of the worlil. OtmtUn, 2. An absolute governor. DOM'I-.NE, a. A schoolmaster ; a pedagogue. [Scot- tisk.] 2. A title *riven, by the Dutch, to a clerg>'man. DO.M-IN-EEB.', r. i. ' [L. dominor; Ft. domincr ; Sp. dominar ; It. dominarf. See Dominant.] 1. To rule over witli insolence or arbitrary sway. To domineer urcr >uit)?cu or scrrauta ia eviilence of & low mind. 2. To bluster ; to hector ; to swell with conscious superiority or haughtiness. Go tn ihn fisoAL, revpl and (Jormnter. Shak. D0M-IN-EER'/:D, pp. Ruled over with insolence. DOM-I\-EER'I\G, ppr. Ruling over with insolence; blustering ; manif.;sting haughty superiority. 2. o Overbearing. DO-MI.N*'I€-AL, a. [Low L. dominicalist from dominr ictts, from dominus^ lord.] 1. That notes the I^ord's day, nr Sabbath. The Domittual letter, is the letter which, in almanacs, DON denotes the Sabbath, or dies Domini^ the Lord's day. The first sKven letters of the alphabet are used for this pnr[>ose. 2. Nitting the prayer of our l*ord. HowclU nO-MIN'ie AL, «. [Supra.] The Lord's day. DO-MIN^IC-AN, ft, or n. [from Dominic, the founder,] Tlie Dominicatuij or Domintcnn fViflr.*, are an order of nionks, called, in England, Black fViarSf and JaC' ohirm in France. DOM'I-NI-C'IUE, n. [L. dominiu and cado.] One wlio kills his m^i-Hter. DOM'I-NKE, n. A i>edagogue. [.ScoMwft.] 2. A title sometimes given to clergymen. DO-MIN'ION, (do-min'yun,) n. [h. dominium. See Dominant.) 1. Sovereign or supreme authority; the power of governing and controlling. Th. cxir. DOM'I-NO, n. .\ long, loose cloak, of black silk, with a hood removable at pleasure, used as a geneml dis- guise at masquerades, 2. A kind of play. DON ; a title in Spain, formerly given to noblemen and gentlemen only, but now common to all classes. It Is commonly supposed to be contracted from dominus, dom; and the Portuguese t^wHo, the mastt-r or owner of any Iliing, gives some countenance to the opinion. It coincides nearly with the Heb. pT, and p"iN, a judge, niler, or lord. It was formerly used in Eng- laiui, and written by Chancer Dan. [See Spclman.] J}iina, or rfiicfla, the ft^minine of don, ia the title of u lady in Spain and Portugal. 2, A sportive appellation for one who feels self-ira- pnrtant from the possession of wealth or dignity. DO.N, r. t. [To do on ; opposed to doff.] To put on ; to invest with. [Little. u.«pm a gift ur a donation is made. 2. The person to whom lands or tenements are given or granted ; as, a donee in fee-simple, or fee- „ *3!i: Blackstotu. DO-MF'ER-OUS, a. Bearing gifts. DOX'JON, (dun'jun,) n. [See Du:tgeon.] The central building, or keep, of an ancient casile, to which the garrison could retreat in case of neces- sity. DOXK'EY, n. An ass, or mule, for the saddle. DOX'NA ; the English orthography of doiia, the title of a lady in Spain jind Portugal. DOX'N/TD, (doud,) pp. Put on ; invested with. DOX'.MSM, n, A cant term, in the English universi. ties, for self-importance, or distance and loftiness of carnage. Buber. DC'NOR, R. [from L. dono, to give.} I. One who gives or bestows; one who confers any thing gratuitously ; a benefactor. a. One who grants an estate ; as, a conditional fee may revert to the rf^nor, if iUl- donee has no heirs of his body. DOX'SHIP, n. [See Don.] The quality or rank of a gentleman or knight. Hudibrtu. DOX'ZEL, n. [It.] A young attendant ; a page. Butler. DOOB or DOUB'GRXSS, n. A perennial, creeping gras;^, the Cynodon dactijlon, highly prized, in Hin- dostan, as SkkI for cattle, and acclimated in the Foiitheni part of the United Slates. DOO'DLE, (doo'dl,) it. [Uu. dvte; Fr. radoUr; Port. doudfi^ mad, foolish.] A tridcr ; a simple fellow. DOOLE. See Dole. DOOSI, ». L [Sax. rfwn, judement; demon, to deem gedeman, to judge ; D. doemrn, to doom^ to condemn an. dimmer: Sw. diima. Doom is from the root of dcenty which seems to coincide also with L. e-stimo, to esteem, and perhaps with the root of condemn. See DSCM.J 1. To judge. [Unusual.] Thou diJit Dot doom taUrkllj, M'dbm. 2. To condemn to any punishment ; to consign by a decree or sentence ; as, the criminal is doomed to chains. DOT The verb pin, W^ taro, in Ch. and Syr., signifies to tear or cut open, to open, or break open ; in Syr. also to pray, to supplicate, to burst, to crack ; in Ar, to rush headlong, to drive, to crowd, to fill. In Dutch, door is tAroujrA, G. durch. In Tartar. Viurne is a door. Class Dr, No. 42, The Hebrew *ij:c, a gate, seems to be the same word dialecticativ varied, and the verb coincides in sense with the Arabic, supra, to rush. The primary sense of the verb is, to pass, to drive, to rush. Hence, a door is a passage, or break.] 1. An opening or passage into a house, or other building, or into any room, apartment, or closet, by which persons enter. Such a passage is seldom or never called a gate, 2. The frame of boards, or any piece of board or plank that shuts the opening of a house, or closes the entrance into an apartment or any inclosure, and usually turning on hinges. 3. In familiar lang-uage, n houae ] often in the plu- ral, doors, aiy house is the^first door from the cor- ner. VVe have also the phrases, within doors, in the house, withcut doors, out of the house, abroad. 4. Entrance ; as, the door of life. Ihnjden. 5. Avenue ; passage ; means of approach or access. An unforgiving temjier shuts the door against recon- ciliation, or tlie door of reconciliation. 1 am th# door ; by me if any niatj eiiler in, lit shall be VkvcA. — Ji>hii X. A door wa» openelvM the Jtist, KnJ dtxima Ihe guilty aouli. Dryden, 4. To command authoritatively. IUtb I a tongiie to d'jom iiiy broth r'l d-Ath f Skak. 5. To destine ; to fix irrevocably the fate or direc- tion of; as, we are doomed to sufler for our sins and errors. <}. To condemn, or to punish by a penalty. DOO.U, n. [Sax. dom ; D. dona : Dan. and Sw, dom.] 1. Jtidgmt-nt; Judicial sentence. T.1 Satan, ftr»t in no, his doom appJiM. Milton. Hence, the Jinal doom, is the last judgment. 2. Condemnation ; senttmce; decree; determina- tion atTecting th«) fate or future state of another; usually a dtrlerminatiun to iutlict tvil, sometimes otherwise. BeToke that doom of roerey. ShaJt. 3. The state to which one in doomed or destined. To suffer miser>* is the doom of sinners. To toil for 0ubsi:>tence is the doom of most men. 4. Ruin ; destruction. From the •ame (b«, at iiut, boih fr ll lh endless happiness or mi»- ery- S/tak. Vryden. 2. The day of sentence or condcmnatitm. SJiak. DOOMS'DAY-BOOK, / n. A bock compiled by order D0ME»'DAY-B double pages of vellum, written in a large, flit character. Enct/c. 8ax.] dora, dur, dure; G. (A*(r; U.deur: Sw. dUr; Dan. d»r i Or. fiu^uy W. dor; li.doras; O^ *DfjOR, Arm. dor ; Basque, dorrea ; Buss, dver ; Persic, dor; Sans, dura; Armenian turu; Ch. 7^n or Kyin'; Syr. Pi.iZ, ; Ar. Jf^Jj tar'aJum. It is also in the Sla- Tonic laogttafes, Polish, Bohemian, Carinthlan, &c. To lie at the door, in a fiiruratire sense, is lo be im- puthble or chargeable to one. If the thing is wrong, the fault ties at my door. A"cx( door to ; near to ; bordering on. A riut unpunished, is biii nert door to a tumult. VEatianga. Out of door or doors; quite gone ; no more to be found. [Aw/ nou> usetL] Vrydeiu In doors: within the house ; at home. DOOR'CaSE, 71. The frame which incloses a door. DOOR'LVt;, n. A doorcase. [JSTot used.] M'dtun. DOOR'-KEEP-ER, n. A porter ; one who guards the entrance of a house or apartm»nt. DOOR'-NAIL, n. The nail on which the knocker for- merly Btruck. D^OR'-Pf^ST, n. The post of a door D^OR'-SILL, n. The sill of a door. DoOR'-HTEAD, n. Entrance or place of a door. n^OR'-STONE, 71. Step stone. [ IVarbarton. DC)(>ir-WAY, n. The passage of a door. DOU'tJET, (dok'et,) n. A warrant ; a paper granting license. [See Docket.] Bacon. DOR, I n. [Qu. Ir. dord, humming, buzzing, also DORR, j rough.] The name of the black-beetle, or the hedge-chafer, a species of Scarabatus. We usually say, the dor- beetle. DO-RA'DO, n. [Pp. dorado, gilt, from dorar, to gild.] 1. A southeni constellation, containing si\ stars, called also Xiphias; not visible in our latitude. Eacyc. 2. A large fish, resembling the dolphin. ^^„„„. ^^t. of JVlif. Hist. DO-REE', n. The French popular name of the fish Zeus FabtT, of Linmcu^. The popular name in Eng- lish is Jokn-Dorie, wefl known to be a corruption of Jaune-dor^e, i. e., golden-yellow. DO'RI-AN, 0. Pertaining to Doris, in Greece. [See Donjc] DOR'ie, a. [from DoriSy in Greece.] In ^^n^m/, per- taining to Doris, or the Dorians, in Greece" wlio dwelt near Parnassus. In architecture, noting the second order of columns, between the Tuscan and Ionic. 'I'he Doric ord<.;r is distinguished for simplicity and strength. It is used in the gates of cities and citadels, on the outside of churches, Slc. The Doric dialect of the Greek language was the dialect of the Dorians, and little diff'erent fr.>m that of Lacedeinon. Encue. The Doric mode, in music, was the first of the au- thentic modes of the ancients. Its character is to bo severe, tempered with gravity and joy. Encvc. DOR'I-CISM, ; . , i. , r.^.- . Do'RISM i "' ^ phrase of the Done dialect DOR'MA.^-CY, n. [Infra.] Uuiescence. Horsley. DOR'MAiVT, a. [Fr., from dormir, L. dormio, to sleep.] 1. Sleeping ; hence, at re^t ; not in action ; as, dor- mam passions. 2. Kiting in a sleeping posture; as, the lion (/or/nfl/U, in heraldry. 3. Neglected ; not used ; as, a dormant title ; dor- Jiuini privileges. 4. Concealed; not divulged; private. [Untuntal.] Bacon. 5. Leaning; inclining; not perpendicular; as, a dortnant window, suppr.si.d to be so called from a beam of that name. This is now written Dormer or Dorm A R. Dormant partner ; in eommerce and manvfactorieji, a partner who takes no shnre in the active business of a c^>nnpHiiy or partnership, but is entitled to a share of the profits, and subject to a share in losses. He is called also slcepinir partner. DOR'MANT, n. A beam ; a sleeper. DOR'MER, n. A beam ; a sleeper. DOK'MKR, 1 n. A window pierced DOK'MER-WIN-D5\V, ( through a sloping roof, and placed in a small gable which rises on the side of the roof; also written Dormar. Oloss. of .architect* D0R'M1-TIVE,7,, [U-donnio, to sleep.] A medicine to promote sleep ; an opiate. ./9rbuthnoL DOR'MI-TO-RY, n. [L.rformitoriu»i, from dormio, to sleep.] 1. A place, building, or room, to sleep in. 2. A gallery in convents divided into several cells, where the religious sleep. Encyc. 3. A burial-place, ^yliji. DOR'MOUSE, n.; pi. Dobmici. [L. dormio, to sleep, and mouse.] The popular name of the several species of Myox- us, a genus of Mammalia of the order Rodentia. DORN, n, [G. dorn, a thorn.] A fish; perliaps the thorn back, one of the Ray family- Careic. DOR'Nie, n. A species of linen cloth. DOR'XOCK, Ti. A species of figured linen, made in Dornock, in Scotland. Ure, DO'RON, n. [Gr. (iaitjoc, a gift ; itaptw, Russ. dariyu, to give.] ' * 1. A gift ; a present. [^Tot in use.] 2. A measure of three inches, ^sh. DORP, n. [G. dorf; D. dorp ; Sw. and Dan. torp: W. trev. See Tribe.] A small village. DORR. See Don. DORR, r. u To deafen with noise. [JVot in use.l DOR'RER, n. A drone. [JVo( in use.) DOR'SAL, a. [from L. dorsum, the back.] Perniining to the back ; as, the dorsal fin of a fish ; dorsal awn, in botany. DORSE, n. A canopv. Sutton DOR'SEL, See Dosser. DOR-SI-BRANCH'I-ATE, a. Having the branchie equally distributed along the body, as an order of aji- nelidans. DOR-SIF'ER-OUS. DOtt-SIP'AR-OU; 2. [L. dorsum, the back, and , , feroy or pario, to bear.] In botany, bearing or producing set^ds on the back of their leaves ; an epithet given to ferns'or plants of the capillary kind, without stalks. Eiicyc DOR'SUM, 71. [L.] The ridge of a hill. fVulton. DOR'TURE, n. [Contraction of dormiture.] A donni- tory. [JVot in use.] Bacon. DOSE, n. [Fr. dose; It. dosa; Gr. S)o,i, that which is given, from SlS(^^flt, to give ; W. dodi, to give.] 1. The quantity of medicine given or prescribed to be taken at one time. Quinct/. 2. Any thing given to be swallowed; any tiling nauseous that one is obliged to take. South. 3. A quantity ; a portion. Oramullc. 4. As much as a man can swallow. Johnson. DCSE, V. (. [Fr. doser.] 1- To proptirtion a medicine properly to the patient or (fisease ; to form into suitJible doses. Dnham. 2. To give in doses ; to give medicine or physic. 3. To give any thing nauseous. DCS' CD, (dftst,) pp. Given in doses; formed into suit- able doses; physicked. DOS'ING, ppr. Forming into doses ; physicking. DOS'SER, 71. [Fr. dos, the back ; dossier, a bundle.] A pannier, or basket, to be carried on the shoulders of men. Encyt. DUS'SIL, 71. In surgery, a pledget or portion ot lint made into a cylindnc form, or the sha|ie of a date. DOS'J', (dust ;) the second person of Do, used in the solemn style ; thou dost. DOT, »t. [X know not the origin and affinities of this word. It would be naturally deduced from a verb signifying to set, or to prick, like punr.tum, point. It coincides in elements with tatoo,iir\A\\'.dodt, to give, that is, to thrust, or cause to pass.] A small point or spot, made with a pen or other iminted instrument; a speck, used in marking a writing or other thing. DOT, n. /, To mark with dots. 2. To mark or diversify with small detiched ob- jects ; as, a landMcajK; doUcd with cottages, or clumps DOTj r. I. 'I'o make dots or spots. [of trees. DO'l AGE, n. [from dtne.,] Feebleness or imbecility of understanding or mind, particularly in old age; childishiiessof old age ; as, a venerable man, now in his diitagr. 2. A doting; excessive fondness. Dryden. 3. Deliriousiiess. [See the verb to Dote.J DO'TAL, a. [Fr. from L. dotalis, from dos, dower.] Pertaining to dower, or a woman's marriage por- tion ; constituting dower, or comprised in it ; as, a dotal town Oarih. DO'TANT, 71. A dotard. Hhak. DO'TARUj 71. [dote and ard^ kind.] A man whose intellect is impaired by age ; one in his second child- hood. The aickly dotard wniitji a wife. Prior. S. A doting fellow ; one foolishly fond. Dfl'TARO-LY, a. Like a dotard ; weak. More. DO-TA'TIOX, 71. [h.dotatio, from dos, dower, dato. to endow.] 1. 'J'he act of endowing, or bestowing a marriago portion on a woman. TONE, BULL, tjXITE— AN"GER, Vr'CIOUS— C a. Kj 6 u J ; « as Z ; CH iw SHj TH a. in THia 46 S6I DOU ^ Endowment ; e^-tblistmient of funds for sup- port ; as, of a boopital or elec-iuosynar}' cor{H^raiion. Blitckstvne^ DOTE, r. i. [D. dutUnj to dote, to doz« : W. dotiato^ to put oui,tocaui>e to mistake, to err, to dote ; dotian, to be cunniaed ; Fr. niif«.Vr, to rave, to talk idly of extravagantly. The French word is rendered in Armoric, nraUrfo/, which seems to be our rouiWe.] 1. To be delirious ; tu have the intellect impaired bjr ac^) ^ ^°^ t^ °i>°*l wanders or wavers ; to be ■iU> or insane. TitM bu xaade ym dott, «n<) ninW tell Of Bxnia bu^Ma in yotxr lonely ccU. Dn/atti. S. To b« ezcecslvely in love ; usually with oh or ttpmi i to dtU OH, is lo lore to excess or extnvagance. \VhaX dutf we dM* oo, wlmi "Ik nu w« b*c I Ay>«- ' A AMTiiuH. — Caek. xxiu. 3. To decay ; to wither ; to impair. DCT'ED.M, Regarded with excessive fondueao. DOT'ER, N. One wbo dotes; a man wboee under- Manding is eafbeUed by mffi ; % dolard. Bmrtou, % One wbo is excessively fond, or weakly m love. DOTES, n. pi. Gifts or endowments. Bern Jonton. DOTH, (duth.) The third person irregular of do, used in the aeiemn style. DOT'ING, ppr. or a. Regarding with exceaaive fond- nasA. DOT'lXG-LY, adv. By excessive fondness. Diyden. DOT'TARD, a. A tree kept low by cutting. Baetnu Wyr'TEBtpp. or a. Marked wiih dots orsmall spots ; diTeisified with 9inall, detached ohjects. 8. In kUaihfj sprinkled with hullow dots or points. Martyn. DOTTTIR-EL, > a. The popular name of Charadrius DOT'TREL, ) Morinellus of LinnKUS, a fowl of hie Older GiaOs. Sta Dottrtl is the popular name of IViBga iDMrpne of Liancus ; likewise of his order ChaUa. Most of the species of Charadrius are called nnlnly PUmtn, tie said lobe a silly bird, which tmiUUestheartkA of the fowler, and Is easily taken by stratagem. Benoe the frequent allasioQs to this bird in the old wntera . Toom, DOTTING, ppr. Harking with dots or spoto ; diveisi- fring with small, detached objects DO'U-A-MeR', (doo*-noer',) a. [Fr.] An officer of thf Frmf-h rit^oms. ^r*y. DC r.K,(doo'i,) «. [from Z>«<«if, a town An English tranitlation of the Scrip- t . .• d by the Roman Catholic church. DOt- It L,t'. (,ouDi,)a. fPr. dltfuMf; Ann.d«HM,- Sp. 4Mti Port, dahr^; IL deMJ«; W. i^yUyrf D.daftM; a dsy^; Dan. dsMtlCr 8w. daAM; U rf^w, dm- fiaj GuirrXvft oonpounded of 4me, Cwo, plica, to fold, fUxms, a fold. 8ee Two.] 1. Two of a eort tocedier ; one corresponding to ttie ocher j being In pans ; as, dcmbU chickens in the ■ameegg; dmmbU haves connected by one petiole. 3. Twice as much ; contaiiiiug the ^ame quantity or length repeated. TdM J>m M « owoejr to roar )»fKl.-.-G^n. zG8. iM • dmiAJ« poitioB of d>7 vpiril be oa me. — 9 Kings B. With U> ; as, the amount is douhU to what I ex- pected. 3. Having one added to another ; as, a doubU chin. 4. Twofold i also, of two kinds. Darknea ftod tnnpeM mate a douhU nigbU Diyden. 5. Two in number J as, doitMe sight or sound. [See Na IJ Dories. 6L meeitftil ; acting two parts, one openly, the oCfaeria aecreC And vitli a do^JiU heart t5o ihc-y speak. — Ps. xil. DOUB'LE, (dubl,) adr. Twice. I w«« dott&bf tbrir age 9x{ft. DOUB'LE, h) composition, denotes two ways, or twice tlw number or quaniitv. DOUB'LE-BA\K-£D, (dub'I-bankt,) a. In smman- wkip, hating two opposite oars managed by rowers on the same bench, or having two men to the same oar. Mar.Dut. DOU'BLE-BAE'REL-£D, a. Having two barrels, as a ^in. DOUBLE-RASE, n. The lowest toned instrument of music, in form of a violin. DOUB'LE^BIT'ING, a. Biting or cutting on either side ; as, a doubU-bititig ax. Jhyden. I>OL'B'LE-BUT'TO.\-£D, (dub'I-but'nd,) a. Having two n^^tws of biittona. Oay. DOUB'LE-CHARGE, r. L To charge or intrust witli a double portion. Siiak, DOCB'LE-CHABG'irD, pp. Charged or intrusted with a double portion. D0UB'LE-CHAR6'I^'G,ppr. Charging or intrusting with a duuMe portion. DOUB'LE-De-\L'ER,ii, One who acts two different parts in the same business, or at the same time ; a deceitful, tricki:sh person ; one who says one thing and thinks or intends pother ; one guiltv of du- plicity VEstrangt. DOL'B'LE-DeAL'IXG, n. Artifice j duplicity ; de- DOU teitfiil prafiice ; the profession of »me thinff and the pnirtice of another. Shak. lirocme. DOl'B'Lt^nVF,, r. t. To dye twice over. Drydau DOUHLE-EIKI-KD, a. Having two ed^es. nOUIi'LK~K.Y-TFJ>rDRF,, (doob'l-iln-tin'dr,) n. iFr.l Dmihle meaning of a Word or expression. I'lt'LE-EY-KD, (dub'l-Ide,) o. Having a deceit Jul ci'tinli-nance, Speitsrr DOUB'l.F^E.N'TRY, n. A mode of book-keeping in which two entries nre made of ever)- tmnsaction in ditli-rent forms and in dilferent books, in order that tiie cme may check the other. DOUB'LE-FACE, h. Duplicity; the acting of dif- feroru parts in the saTne concern. DOUIt'LE-FAC -KD, (dub'l-faate,) a. Deceitful : hyi>- ocriticat; showinp two faces. Milton. DOIiB'LB-FORM-f:n,o. Of a mixed form. MitUtJt. DOni LE-FCtKTI-FI-KD, (dub'1-for'le-flde,) a. Twice fortified ; doubly strengthened. D0UB'L^,-FOU.\T-ED, a. Having two sourceii. MUtoiu DOrBXE-FItO.N'T'ED, (dubM-ftunt'ed,) o. Having a doiihlf front. DOUB'LE-GlLD.p. U To gild with double coloring. Shak. DOtJB'LF^-GILD'ED, pp. Gilt with double coloring. DOUB'LE-HANU'ED, a. Having two hand^ ; de- ceitful. QlanviUe. DOUB'LE-HEAD'ED, o. Having two heads. S. Having the dowers growing one to another. MurtimcT. DOITB'I.E-JIEXRT'En, (dub'l-hlrt'ed,) a. Having a fal^> heart ; deceitful ; treacherous. DOUB'LE-LOCK, ». (. To shoot Uie bolt twice ; to fasten with double security. Tatlrr. D0L'lI'LE-LOCK'£D,(dub'Mokt,)p;). Twice locked. DOUB'LE-LOCK'l.NG, ppr. Fastening with double security. DOUB'LE-M.\X-NED, a. Furnished with twice the complement of men, or with two men instead of on*'. DOI'H'LE-MkAX'ING, 0. Having two meanings, DOni'LE-MIND-ED, a. Having different minds at different times j unj^ettled ; wavering ; unstable j un- d'lfTuiined. DOLU'LE-MOUTH -ED, a. Having two mouths. Milton, DOUB'IX-NlTlIR-fiD, a. Having a twofold nature. Young. DOUB'LE-OC-T.WE, ». In mtmc, an interval com- posed of two octaves or dfleen notes in diatonic proeression ; a fifteenth. Kncyc. DOUB'LE-rLliA, n. In law, a plea in which the de- fendant alleges two different matters in bar of the actitm. Cowtl. DOLU'LE-QU^IR-REL, n. A complaint of the clerk to the archbi^iop against an inferior ordinary, fur delav of justice. Cowel. DOL'H'LE-SHADE, e. U To double the natural dark- ne,-< of a place Milton, DOI.'K'LE-:SHAn'ED, pp. Made doubly dark. DOl'B'UE-SHAD'ING, ppr. Doubling the natural darkness of a place. DOUB'LE-SHTN'ING, a. Shining with double luster. Sidney. DOUB'LE-STAR, n. A star which usually appears single, but in the telescope is resolved into two stars. D. Olmsted. DOUB'LE-THREAD'ED, (duh'l-thred'ed,) a, Con- sisiiii;; of two threads twisted togcthf^r. DOUB'LE-TO\GU-£D,fdub'I-tungd,)a. Making con- trary declarations on the same subject at different times ; deceitful. Thr deaconi must be gniT«, not doiibU-tongutd. — 1 Tim. iii. DOUB'LE, (dub'l,) v. t [Fr. doubler ; Arm. doubla; Sp. doblar; Port- dobrar ; It. dajrpiare : D. dubbclen; G.dopprln; Dan. doblerer ; Sw. dablera; Ir. ditblaig- kim; \\'. dyblygu; L. duplico ; Gr. SnrXoto.] 1. To fold ; as, to double the leaf of a book ; to double dviwn a corner. Prior. 3. To increase or extend by adding an equal sum, value, quantity, or len^h ; as, to double a sum of money ; lo doubU the amount ; to double the quantity or size of a thing ; lo double the lengthy to double dishonor. 3. To contain twice the sum, quantity, or leng:th, or twice as much j as, the enemy doubles our army m numbers. 4. To repeat ; to add ; as, to double blow on blow. Dryden 5. To add one to another in the same order. Tliuu ahall double t)te aluli curtAJu in U;e tore front of Uw tAtjcni;icle. — Ei. xxvi, 6. In navigation^ to double a cape or point, is to sail round it, so that the cape or pomt shall be between the ship and her former situation. Mar. Diet, 7. In mUitanj affairs^ to unite two ranks or files in one. To double and twist, is to add one tliread to another and twist them together. To double upon, in tactics, is to inclose between two fires, DOL'B'LE, V. i. To increase to twice the sum, num- DOU her, value, quantity, or length ; lo increase or irrow to twice as niueh. A sum of money dnvbfes by cuu- pound interest in a tittle more than eleven years. The inhabitants of the United States doable in about Iweu- ty-five years. 2. To enlarge a wager lo twice tlie sum laid. I ait retutrol (o dotMe till I win. Drydtn. 3. To turn back or wind in running. Dovhling aiitl cuniiiig lik« a iiiiiil/'d bnrc. Dryden, 4. To play tricks ; to use sleights. Johnson. 5. Among ;»arfiM,io set uplhesame word or words, unintentionally, a second lime. DOUB'LE, T*. Twice as much; twice the number, sura, value, quantity, or length. If the tliicl Im fuutiil, lul liiin pay dovi^e. — Ex. xxii. 2. A turn in running lo escape pursuers, Blackmorc, 3. A trick ; a shift ; an artifice to deceive. Mdtlisoiu DOUB'Li'.'D, (doub'ld,) />p. Fcilded ; increased by adding an equal quantity, sum, or value ; repeat' d ; turned or [wssed round. DOUB'LE-.\ESS,n. The state of being doubled. 9. Duplicity. [Shak. DOUB'LER, n. He that doubles. 2. An instrument for augmenting a very smnll quantity of electricity, so as to render it manifest by sparks or the ebciroiaeter. Cye. DOUB'LETj (dub'let,) n. [It. duiblead; Fr. doublet.] 1. The mner garment of a man ; a waistcoat or vest. 2. Two ; n pair. Greio. 3, A word or [)hrase unintentionally doubled, or set up the second time, by printers. 4, Among lapidaries, a coimterfeit stone composed of two pieces of crystal, with a color between them, BO that they have the satne appearance as if the whole substance of the cr>stal were colored. Kncyc. DOUB'LETS, n. A game on dice within tables, 2. The same number on both dice. Eneyc. 3. A double meaning. Mason. DOUB'LING, ppr. Making twice the sum, number, or quantity ; repeating ; passing round ; turning to es- cape. DOUB'EIXG, 7u The act of making double; also, a fold ; a plnil ; also, an artifice ; a sliift. D0UB-LOO\', (dub-loou',) h. [Fr.doublon; Sp. dublon ; It. dob blone.] A Spanish and Portuguese coin, being double the value of the pistole. Encyc. DOUB'LV, (dub'ly,) adv. In twice the quantity ; to twice the degree i as, doubly wise or good ; to be doaWy sensible of an obligation. Dryden. DOUBT, (dout,) V. i. [Fr. doutcr; L. dubito; It. du- bitare; Sp. dudar; Arm. dviieti. According lo Ains- worth, this is composed of duo and bito, to go. It is evidently from the root of dubius, and of too ,■ but the manner of fimnation is not clear. So D. ttoyjfclcn, to doubt, G, zweifcin^ Sw. tvifla^ D. tviaUr^ are from two.] 1, To waver or ffuctuate in opinion ; to hesitate ; to be in suspense ; to be in uncertainty respecting the truth or fact j to be undetermined. ETen i)) matfra tliviiie, conconiing wrnie ttiin^, we may IfiwfuJ- ly doubt anil auspeiul our jtitigm'-iil. liooker. So we say, I doubt whether it is proper ; I doubt whether I shall go ; sometimes with of, as we doubt qfsi fact. 2. To fear ; to be apprehensive ; to suspect. I doubt there*! doep reB^tilmptil iu hii mSntl. Olieay. .DOUBT, (doul,) w.«. To question or hold questiona- ble ; to withhold assent from ; to hesitate to believe ; as, I have heard the story, but I doubt the truth of it. 2. To fear j to suspect. If ihcT turn not back perverse ; But llmt 1 (toutl. Miltor 3. To distnisl; to withhold confidence from; as, to doubt our ability to execute an oifice. To iidmire superior Miiae, and (£ou6l their own. Pope. 4. To fill with fear. [Obs.] Beaum. DOUBT, (dout,) n. A fluctuation of mind respecting truth or propriety, arising from defect of knowledge or evidence; uncertainly of mind ; suspense; unset- tled state of opinion ; as, to have doubts respecting the theory of the tides. Jo*?pli !■ without doubt rent In piccea. — Gen. xxxvil. 2. Unceitainly of condition. Thy life ah:iJl hang in doubl before thOUT, V. U [Cl^.rfffo^^] To put out; to extinguish. Shak. DOUT'ER, n. An extinguisher for candles. DOU'ZEAVE, (doo'2eeve,)n. [Fr. douie, twelve.] In mtt.nc, a scale of twelve degrees. ^. M. Fisker. DOVE, (diiV,) n. [Sax. duua : Goth, duboi D. duif; G. tauba i Dan. due; Sw. dufva; Ice. dufa: Gypoy, tovadei; Hindoo, tubbeter ; ScoL dow ; probably trom cooing, Ileb. 33t, to murmur, or Ar. In cr»o, as a dove.J hatt^at DOW I. The popular name of several species of Colum- ba, of Linnsua, a genus of birds of his order Passe- res, most of which are called pigeotis. The dif- ferent species, which are popularly called doves, are distinguished by some additional term prefixed. A word of endearment, or an emblem of innocence. — Cant. ii. 14. DOVE'-eOT, (duv'-kot,) n. A smEilI building or box, raised to a considerable hight above the ground, in which domestic pigeons breed. DOVE'-HOUSE, n. A house or shelter for doves. DOVE'LET, n. A young or small dove. Booth. DOVE'LTKE, fl. Resembling a dove. JUilton. Do'VER'S POWDER, n. A compound of ipecacu- anha, opium, and sulpliate of potash; an excellent sedative and sudorific. DOVE'S'-FQO'l', n. A plant, the popular name of a species of 'Geranium. DOVE'.SIIIP, w. The qualities of a dove. Hall. DOVE'TAIL, n. In carpentry, the manner of fasten- ing boards and timbers together by letting one piece into another in the form of a dove's tail spread, or Wfdge reversed, so that it can not be drawn out. This is the strongest of all the fastenings or jointings. DOVE'TAlIi, r. t. To unite by a tenon in form of a pigeon's tail spread, let into a board or timber. D0VE'TAIL-£D, (duv'tald,) pp. or a. United by a tenun in the form of a dove's tail. DOVE'TAILr-IXG,Kw. Uniting bv n dovetail. DOVE'TaIL-ING, n. The act of joining by dove- tiils ; the junction thus made. DOVISH, a. Like a dove ; innocent. [JVot in use.] DOW'A-BLE. (dou'a-bl,) a. [See Dower.] That may be endowed ; entitled to dower. Blackstone. DOW'A-GER, n. [Fr. douairiere, from dvuairc, dower.] A widow with a jointure ; a title particularly given to the widows of princes and persons of rank. The widow of a king is called tpuen dotcagcr. DOVV'CETS, «. pi. The testicles of a hart or stag. B. Jonson. DOWDY, n. [Scot, dawdic, perhaps from daw, a slug- gard, or its root. Jamieson.] An awkward, ill-dressed, inelegant woman. Shak. Dryder^. DOWDY, a. Awkward; ill-dressed ; vulgar-looking. DOWDY-ISH, a. Like a dowdy. [ Qay. DOWEL, V. t. To fasU'U two boards together by pins inserted in the ed^s ; as, a cooper dowels pieces for the head of a cask. [Q.u. its alliance to double.] DOWEL- /'-D, pp. Fastened by pins in the edges. DOWEI.-ING, ppr. Fa.stening together by dowel- pins. DOWEI^PIN, n. A pin inserted in the edges of boards to fasten them together. DOWER, n. [W. daicd, a gift; darcni, to endow; Fr. douaire, from douer, to endow. Supposed to be from I*. doH, dotis, dotatio ; Gr. ^djs, a gift, from JeSoj^i, to give, VV. dudi, L. do. It is written in the Latin of the middle ages, dodarium, tlotarmm^ douarium. Spelman. In Ir. diobhadth is dower.] L That portion of tlie landtt or tenements of a man which ins widow enjoys during her life, after the death of her husband. BtackMtone. r7'Aif it the ujrual present signification of the word.] 2. 'i'he proiM-rty which a woman brings to her hus- band in marriage. Dryden. 3. The gift of a husband for a wife. AU me [lerer w niu*b dowry tnd gift. — Oeo. xxxin 4. Endowment; gift. How ^irat, how pkatlful, bow Hch a doieerl Daviet. DOWER-KD, (dow'erd,) a. Furnished with dower, or a [Ktniori. Shak. DOWER LESS, a. Destitute of dower; having no portifm or fortune. Shak, DOWER-Y, I A difl'erent spelling of Doweb, but less DOWRY, J used, and they may well be neg- lected. DOWLAS, n. A kind of coarse linen cloth. Shak. DOWLE, n. A feather. [JSTot in use.] Shak. DOWN, n. [Sw. dun ,■ D. dons ; Dan. duun ; Ice. id. In Sw. dyna is a feather-bed, or cushi(m ; Dan. dipic, Ann. dum, down. Uu. Class Dn, No. 25. But the primitive orthography and signification are uncertain.] 1. The fine, soft fenlliers of fowin, particnlnrly of the duck kind. The eider duck yields the best kmd. Also, fine hair ; ns, the doien of the chin. 2. The pubescence of plants, a fine hairy sub- stance. 3. The pappus or little crown of certain seeds of plants; a fine feathery or hniry substance by which seeds nro conveyed to a distance by the wind ; as, in dandelion and thistle. 4. Any thing thnt soothes or mollifies Thou boaoni ■ofui'^M, doien or nil my cam. Southern. DOWN, n. [Sax. dun ; D. dain, a sandy hill ; G. dHne ; Fr. dune, pi. dunos ; ,\rm. dunenn, or tunenn. In French, dunrtte in the highest part of llic poop of a ship, and an tliid appi^iirs to be a diniitmtive of dune, it proves that the primary sense is a hill or elevation.] 1. A bank or elevation of sand thrown up by the Bca. Encyc. DOW 3. A term applied in England to a tract of poor naked, hilly land, used only for pasturing sheep. Brande, 3. The Downs ; a well-known road for shipping in the English Channel, near Deal. DOWN, prep. [Sax. dun, adun. In W. dwvyn is deep, Corn, down. Arm. doun, Ir. domhain ; and in Welsh, dan is under, beneath. In Russ. tonu. is to sink.] L Along a descent ; from a higher to a lower place ; as, to run c/otcn a.hill ; to fall down a precipice ; to go down the stairs. 2. Toward the mouth of a river, or toward the place where water ia discharged into the ocean or a lake. We sail or swim down a stream ; we sail down the Sound from New York to New London. Hence, figuratively, we pass down the current of life or of time. Doien the sound; in the direction of the ebb-tide toward the sea. Down the country; toward the sea, or toward the part where rivers discharge their waters into the ocean. DOWN, adv. In a dewrending direction ; tending from a higher to a lower place ; as, he is going down. 2. On the ground, or at the bottom; as, be is doion ; hold him down. 3. Below the-horizon ; as, the sun is dmen. 4. In the direction from a higher to a lower condi- tion ; as, his reputation is going down. 5. Into disrepute or disgrace. A man may some- times preach down error ; he may write down himself or his character, or nin down his rival ; but he can neither preach nor write doicn folly, vice, or fashion. 6. Into subjection ; into a due consistence ; as, to boil down, in decoctions and culinary processes. 7. At length ; extpnded or prostrate, on the ground or on any flat surface ; as, to lie down ; be is lying down. Up and down} hero and there ; in a rambling course. It is sometimes used without a verb, as down, down ; in which cases, the sense is known by the construction. Down with a building, is a conunand to pull it down, to demolish it. Doiim with him, signifies, throw or take him down. Down, down, may signify, come down, or go down, or take down, lower. It is often used by seamen, doom with the fore- sail, &.C. Locke uses It for go down, or be received ; as, any kind of food will down; but the use is not elegant, nor legitimate. Sidney uses it as a verb, " To down proud hearts," to subdue or conquer them ; but the use is not legitimate. DO\VN, a. Downcast; plain j dejected. DO WN' -BEA R, (bare,) v. U To bear down ; to depress. DOVVN'-REAR-ING, ppr. Bearing down. DOWN'-BEAR-ING, n. Act of bearing down. DOWN'-BED, n, A bed of down. DOWN'CAST, a. Cast downward ; directed to the ground ; a.", a downcast eye or look, indicating bash- fulness, modesty, or dejection of mind. DOWN'CAST, n. Sadness; melancholy look. [Obs.] Bcaum, DOWN'€AST-ING, a. Casting down ; dejecting. DOWN'£D, a. Covered or stufli'd with down. I'oHrt"-. DOWN'FALL, n. A falling, or body of things falling ; as, the downfall of a flood. Dryden. 2. Ruin J dcAruction; a sudden fall, or ruin by vio- lence, in distinction from slow decay or declension ; as, the downfall of the Roman empire, occasioned by tlic conquctits of the northern nations ; the downfall of a city. 3. The sudden fall, depression, or ruin, of reputa- tion or estate. We speak of the downfall of pride or glor>', and of distinguished characters. DOWN'F^LL-£N, (-fawl'n,) a. Fallen ; ruined. Carcw. DOWN'GW-ED, ( jlvd,) a. Hanging down like the loose cincture of fetters. Stevens. DOWN'-IIAUL, n. In scamen*s language, a rope passing along a stay, through the cringles of the stay- sail or jib, and mnde fast to the upper corner of the sail, to haul it down. Mar. Diet. DOW.\'HEART-EI), a. Dejected in spirit.''. DOVVN'HILL, n. Declivity; descent; slope. And thott^h 'Um doteithUl all. Dryden, DOWN'HILL, a. Declivous; descending; sloping. A doienhiU grecnaward. Congrevg. DOWN'I-NESS, n. The state of being downv. DOWN'LQQK-£0, ( Iwkt,) «• Having a downcast countenance ; dejected ; gloomy ; sullen ; as, jeal- ousy downlookcd. Dryden, DOWN'L?-ING, n. The time of retiring to rest; time of repose. C'tvendish. DOW\'L?-ING, a. About to lie down or be in travail of child-birth. Johnson. DOWN'RIGHT, (-nte») adv. Right down; straight down; perpendicularly. A giiinl elofl downright. ttudHtmt. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CI0U8 C as K ; aa J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. 363" DOZ S. In plain leniis ; without ceremony or circunUo- CUUOD. We aball chkle dotiTvight. Shak. 3. CoinpK'lelv ; without slopping short ; a», she fell i/jirnrtj^A/ iiito a fit. .'JrhmtknuL DOWX'RIGUT, a. Directly to the pcint ; plain ; oi»en ; utlcss ; undisguised ; as, dowitriorht madness ; dovn- riglU nonsense ; downrigkl wisdom ; diftoiu-tght false- hood ; domtright RtJieisiu. 2. Plain ; artless ; unceremonious ; blunt j as, he spoke in his dotcnright way. DO\V.\'RIGUT-LY, adv. Plainly; in plain terms; bluntly. Barrtrto, DOU'X'^RTGHT-N'ESS, m. The stale or quality of being downright, or direci and plain. DO \VN'-S IT-TING, m. The act of sitting down ; re- pose ; a resting. Thou knawval mj dovf^tOnif and tay up-riua;. — P*. exxxix. DOWX'TROD, (a. Trodden down; tmmplcd DOWN'TROO-DEN, I down. Skak, DOWX'WARD^ aJv, [Sax. dunrireard. See Wmo.] 1. From a higher place to a lower ; in a descend- ing course, wta^er directly toward ilie center of the earth, or not ; as, to tend d^wnirard ; to move or roll JovKvcrrf; to look downward t to tnkti voul dmpnmtrd. a. In a course or direction from a head, sprinic, origin, or source. Water flows downward toward the , sea ; we saiU-d d^wnirard on the stream. 3. In a course of lineal descent from an ancestor, considiTetl aa a ht-ad ; as, to trace successive genera- tions downward from Adum or Abraham. 4. In Uje course of falJin" or descending from ele- vation or disttuctioo. DOU'N'WARD, 0. Moving or extending from a higher to a lower place, as on a slope or declivity, or in the open air; tending toward the earth or its center ; as, a downward course ; he took his way with downward fane. Dryttem. 2. DecUvous; bending; as, the dow nw ard heaven. 3. Descending from a head, origin, or source. 4. Tending to a lower condition or stale ; de- pressed ; dejecU'd ; as, downward tliougllts. SuUej/. DOWN'WEED, n. Cottonweed, a downy plant. Barrft. DOWX'Y, a. [See Dow:t.] Covered with down or nap ; as, a down^ feather ; dowmff wings. i Coven»d with pubescence or aoA hairs, as a plant. 3. Made oT down or aotl feathers } as, a downif pillow. 4. BoA i calm ; soothing ; as, downf sleep. 5. Ri^^mblmg down. DOW'REiJS, a. A woman entitled to dower. Brnri/r. DOWRY, n, [See DtiwiiE. This word diffi-rs not Icvm Dowriu It i$3r ; giv- ing praise to God. HaweiL DOX-OL.'0-CIZE, e. i. To give glory to God, as in doxoiog)-. DOX-OL'O-CTZ-IXG, ppr. Giving giory to God. DOX-OL'O-GY, «. [Gr. Ao\.i\oyia. ; teja, praise, glory, and Afj. w, to speak.] In Christian worship, a h>'Tnn in praise of the Almighty; a particular f«>rm of givinp glory to God. DOX'Y, ■. [Uu. Sw. d4xka, a baby, d^JI, or pfaythiiig.] A loo?e wench ; a protiitiite. Shak. DCZE, P. i. [Dan. tfiiscr, to stifle, suppress, or qni^t ; to make heavy, sleepy, or drowsy ; dusser^ to lull to sleep. The Saxon has diF«w, t/ircf, dull, st-ipid, fool- ish, D. dW'Oas. The Saxon dysig is rendered foolish or dizzy. See Dote, and Class Ds, No. 1, 3.] 1. To dumber ; to sleep lightly. If be b&ppeBed u dex< a iklle, tbe joQj ubUer viJipd bim. L' E»tra.Rg€. 2. To live in a state of drowsiness ; to be dull or half asleep ; as, to dozt over a work. Dnjden. Pope. DCZE, V. u To pass or spend In drowsiness; as, to doze away one's time. 2. To make dull ; to stupefy. prjden usts the participle Dozed. " Dozed with his fumes." DCZ'/:D, (dezd,)^. Slept lightly. DOZ'-KN, (duz'n,) a. [Fr- douzaine ; .\nn. douczenn ; from Fr. douze, twelve ; Norm. Fr. dudzim^, a dozen ; Sp. doM, twelve ; docena, a dozen ; Port, duzia^ dozen ; IL dozzina^ id. ; D. doz-ipt ; G. duznuL, or dutzend ; Sw. dussin; Dan. dusiiu Q,a. two and ten, G. zeAn. Tbe composition of tbe word is not obvious.] Twelve in number, applied to things of the same kind, but rarely or never to that number in the ab- stract. We say, a dozen men ; a dozen pair of gloves. DRA It is a word much used in common discourse and in light compositions; rarely in the grave or elevated style. VO'/JES, n. The number twelve of things of a like kind ; as, a dozen of eggs ; twelve dozen of gloves ; a dozen of wine. DOZ'ER, H. One that dozes or slumbers. DCZ'I-NESS, n. [from Dotv.] Drowsiness ; heavi- ness ; inclination to sleep. Locke.. d6Z'1\G, ppr. Slumbering. DCZ'ING, n. A slumbering; sluggishness. Chcsterjield. DOZ'Y, a. [See Doie.^ Drowsy; heavy; inclined to sleep J sleepy ; sluggish ; as, a dozy head. Dnjden. DRAB, H. [Sax*, drabbt^ lees, dregs ; D. drabbe, dregs. This seems to be the Dan. araabcy a drop.] 1. .\ stnimiH't ; a pn>stitule. Shak. Pope. 2. A low, sluttish woman. [This seems to be the sense in wkicA it is generaUy used in J^Tew Kitghrtd.] 1 A kind of wtM>den box, used in salt\v(trks for holding the salt when taken out of the boiling-pans. Its bottom is shelving or inclining, tliat the water may drain oft. Eneyc. DRAR, n. [Fr. drap^ cloth ; It. drappo ; Sp. trapo, and without the prefix (, ropK DRAB'BLING, n, A method of angling for barbels, with a rod and long line passed ttirongh a piece of leriH. Encyc. DRAB'LER, n. \n aeamen^s language, a small addi- tion;U satl, sometimes laced to the bottom of a bon- net on a square sail, in sloopt^ and schooners. It is tlie same to a bonnet, as a bonnet is to a course. Eiteyc Mar. Diet. DRACHM, (dram,) n. Sec Dram, arid Drachma.. DRACH'.MA, (drak'ma,! n. [L., from Gr. i;>a\tirit Fr. dragme ; It. dramma, by contraction, Eng. dram.] 1. A silver coin among the Greeks, having a dif- ferent value in drffferenl slates, and at different peri- ods. The average value of the Attic drachma was 9^ i., or about 18 cents. Smithes DicL 2. A weiglit among the Greeks of about 2 dw. 7 grains Troy. Bramle. DRa'CIX, n. A supposed alkaloid obtained from dra::on*s blood, or the inspissated juice of the plant Calamus Draco, and, as is supposed, of several other plants. DRA'CO, n. [L. See Dfagos.] In nstr onomyj a. con- stellatiiiii of the northern hemisphere. 2. A luminous exlialation from marshy grounds. Encyc. 3. A genus of animals of two species. [See DRAOff:*.] DRA-CO'MX, n- A name applied to a red resinous substance obtained from dragon's blood, or the in- spissated juice of tbe plant Calamus Draco. DRA-eOX'Tie, o. [L. draco.] In astronomy, belonging to that space of time in which tlie moon performs one entire revolution. [ Obs.] Badey. DRA-eUXe'TI-LUS, Tt. [from L. draco, dragon.;] 1. In botany, a plant,'a species of Arum, with a long stalk, spotted like a serpent's belly. 2. A fish of tbe Linnaian genus Callionymus, or dragon et. 3. Tbe Filaria Aledinensis c5 Linn^us, or Guinea- worm, supposed to be a worm which penetrates the skin, and insinuates itself between tbe muscles of tfie human species. DRAD, a. Terrible. {Obs.] [See Dread.] This was also tbe old prct. of Dread. DRXFF, 7L [D. draf, droef, dregs, grains. Shakspeare wrote draugh, and the French have drague, grains. The latter coincides in elements with drajo, drag.] Refuse ; lees ; dregs ; the wash given to swine, or grains to cows ; waste matter Jililtan. Dryden. DRAFF'ISH, a. Worthless. DRAFF'Y, a. Dreggy; waste; worthless. DRAFT, Tt, [Corrupted from draught, from drag, draw, but authorized by respectable use.] 1. A drawing; as, this horse is good for draft. In this sense, draught is, perhaps, most common. 2. A drawing of men from a military band ; a se- lecting or detaching of soldiers from an army, or DRA any piirt of it, or from a military post. Sometimes a drawi.ig of men from other companies or societies. These importniit pos^'-s, in consequence of /teavy drafts, weie left weakly defended. Several of tlw Sliitf» hud lupplicd Iho deficiency by dmJU to •eree for the year. Marthall. 3. An orrler from one man to another directing the piyment of money ; a bill of exchange. I Ihouyht it nmsl pnidcnt to defer the draJU till advice wa« recj'ivcd of tJie progress of the loau. Haimlton. 4. A drawing of lines for a plan; a figure described on paper; delineation; sketcn ; plan delineated. [See Dkalt.ht.] 5. Depth of water necessary to float a ship. [See DnAUOHT.j 6. A writing composed. DRAFT, r. t. To draw the outline ; to delineate. 2. To compose and write ; as, to draft a memorial or a lease. 3. To draw men from a military band or post; to select ; to detach. 4. To draw men from any company, collection, or society. Thii Cohon-Ctipli-El wai nom? royiO MminRTT in Uppr Egypt, froni wlwuce lUey dra/ud nuvicea lo Buprly tli"ir a>ll.gi,-ii and Irinples. HolieeU'g Diet. DRXFT'-HORSE, n. A horse employed in drawing, particularly in drawing heavy loads, or in plowing. DRAFT'-OX, n. An ox employed in drawing. DRAFT'ED, ;/p.or a. Drawn ; delineated; detached. DRAFT'ING, ppr. Drawing ; delineating ; detaching. DRAFTS,T(.p/. A game played on a checkered board ; hence, it is often called checkers in America. DRAG, V. U [Sax. dragan; W. dragiaw : D. draagen ; Sw. draga ; Dan. drager; G. tragen ; also Dan. trek- kcr ; V.'trckkcn; ^ax. drcogan ; L. traho ; Fr. traire i Malayan, tarck ; It. treggia, a sled or drag ; Sp. tra- go, a draught ; trngar, to swallow ; Eng. lo driiik. (See Drink and Drench.) The Russ. has dcrgayu, and torirayu, to draw, as tnick is written torguiju. See Class Rg, No. 97, 37, 56.] 1. To pull ; to haul ; to draw along tbe gro""'' by main force ; applied particularly to drawing heavy things, with labor, along tbe ground or other surface ; as, to drag stone or timber ; to drag a net in fishing. John XX i. 8. 2. To break land by drawing a drag or harrow over it; to harrow; a common iw« qf tliis word m AVu) England. .3. To draw along slowly or heavily ; to dmw any thing burdensome ; as, to drag a lingering life. Dryden. 4. To draw along in contempt, as unworthy to be carried. ilc dragt me at his chnriot-wheela. StilUns/lett. To drag one in chains. Milton. 5. To imll or haul about roughly and forcibly. Dnjden. In seamen^s language, to dragan anchor is to draw or trail it alons ilie bottom wiien loosened, or when the anchor will not hold the ship. DRAGjC. i~ To hang so low as to trail on the ground. 9. To fish with a drag ; as, they have been drag- ging for fish all day, with little success. 3. To be draxvn along ; as, the anchor drags. 4. To be moved slowly ; to proceed heavily ; as, this business drags. 5. To hang or grate on the floor, as a door. DRAG, n. Something to be drawn along the ground, as a net or a book. 9. A particular kind of harrow. 3. A car ; a low carL 4. In sea langtiage,& machine consisting of a sharp, square frame of iron, encircled with a net, used to drag on the bottom for various purposes, as to re- cover articles that have been lost, to collect shells, le. Gray. DRAG'GLE, v. i. 'I'o be drawn on the ground ; to become wet or dirty by being drawn on the mud or wet grasa DRAG'GLE-TaIL, n. A slut Skmrood. DRAG'GLKD, pp. Drawn on the ground; wet or dirtied by being drawn on the ground or mire. DRAG'GLING, ppr. Drawing on the ground ; mak- ing dirty by drawing on tbe ground or wet grass. DRAG'MAN, n. A tiaherman tliat uses a dragnet. Hale. DRAG'NET, n. A net to be drawn on the bottom of a river or pond for taking fish. Dryden. iVatts. DRAG'0-MAN, > 7t. [It. dragomanno ; Fr. truche- DROG'0-MAN, i man; Sp. trujaman; Ch. IDilin, FaTE, FAR, FALL, WIL^T. — MeTE, PREY.— TINE, M.\R1NE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK. 364 DRA DRA Ar. ^*^y' (iom DJnn, Ch. Ar. Syr. Eth. to in- terpreu] An interpreter ; a term in general use in the Le- vant and other parts of the Eiist. DRAG'ON, n. [L. draco; Gr. ^■oaKotv ; Tt. dtafrone ; Fr. dragon ; D. draak ; G-. drache ; Ir. draic or draiff ; W. draig; Sw. drake; Dan. dra^e. The origin of this word is not obvious. In Ir. drag is fire ; in W. dragon is a leader, chief, or sovereign, from draginic, to draw. In Scotch, the word signifies a paper kite, as al:?o in Danish ; probably from the notion of dy- ing or shooting along, like a fieo' meteor. In Welsh, draig is rendered by Owen a procreator or generating principle, a fiery serpent, a dragon, and the Supreme ; and the plural, dreigiauy silent lightnings, dreigiatc, to lighten silently. Hence, I infer that the word origi- niiUy signified a shooting meteor in the atmosphere, a fiery meteor, and hence a fiery or flying serpent, from a root which signified to shoot or draw out.] i. A kind of winged serpent, much celebrated in the romances of the middle ages. Johnson. 2. A fiery, shooting meteor, or imaginary serpent. Swift, «wifi, jre dragoni of the niffiit ! that .Uwmiiff May bear tbe rarco's ey«. •S'i^' 3. A fierce, violent person, male or female; as, this man or woman is a dragon. 4. A constellation of Uie northern hemisphere. [See Draco.] Id Scripture, dragon seems sometimes to signify a large marine fish or serpent. Is. xxvii., where the leviathan is also mentioned ; also Ps. Ixxiv. Someiinies it seems to signify a venomous bud serptnt. Ps. xci. The dragon shalt thou trample under foot. It is often used for the devil, who is called the old serpent. Rev. ix. 2. DRAG'ON, n. The popular name of a genus of sau- rian reptiles, found only in the East Indies. DR AG'O-NET, n. A little dragon. Spenser. 2. The popular name of the species of a genus of fishes c;illcd bv Linnsus Cnliionymus. DRAG'ON-FISH,n. The dragonet ; a popular name of fitches of the genus CalUomrmti-". DRAG'0.\-FL?, n. The popular name of a genus of insf-rts railed Ubellula by Linnteus. DRAG'OX-ISH, a. Dragonlike. Shak. DRJIO'0.Y-NADE' ^ n. The name of certain severe pcr^tteutioDS of French Proffestants by an armed force, under Louis XIV. DRAG'ON-LtKE, o. Like a dragon ; fiery ; furious. ! Sfink. DHAG'OXS, rt. The popular name of certain plants which are species of the Linnxan genus Dracon- tiiino. . DR.^O'ON'»-BI>0OD, (blud,) n. [Sax. draefin-blod.] The vague popular name of the inspissated juice of various' plants, as Calamus Draco, Dracn-na Draco, Pterocarpus Draco, &c. Obtained from such various w»urce«, it baa various properties, and is of diverse composition. It is of a red color, and is used for tinging spirit and turpentine varnishes, for tooth (irirtiire!* and powders, for staining marble, &,c. DRAG'O.V'S-IIEAD, (hed,) n. A proposed popular name of certam plants of the genus Dracoccphalum, of which term it is a translation. Dragon'tt Heoil and Tail, in astronomy, are the nodes of the planets, or the two p(jin(s in wliich the orltits i.f the planets inU-rsect the ecliptic. Fnryc. DRAG'O.V-.SIIKI,L, n. Said to be the |)opular name <»f a species of Patella or Limpet. DRAG'ON 'S-WA-TER, n. Said to be a popular name of a plant belonging to the genus Calla. DRAG'ON'S-WORT, n. Said to be a popular name of :i plant belonging to the genus ArtemiHia. DRAG'ON'-TREE, n. Said to be the popular name of some plant belonging; to the order of Piiltns. DRA-GOO.N', B. [Ft. dragon; Sp. id.: VoTtr dragam, ft dragon and dragoon ; ft. dragane ; G. dragonrr ; D. dragonder ; Dan. dragon ; Sw. id. ; I* draconariiu^ an en sign -bearer, from draca, dragon ; an apiKllation iven to horsemen, perhaps for their rapidity or rceness.] A soldier or musketeer who serves on horseback or on foot, as occasion may require. Their arms are a sword, a musket, and a bayonet. Enajc. DRA GOON', r. U To persecute by abandoning a place to the rage of soldiers. John-wn. 2. To enslave or reduce to subjection by soldiers. 3. To harass; to persecute; to compel to submit by violent measures ; to force. [7*Ac usual sense.] Tte coXoni'^ may hr Influenced to any thuip, bul they can be dragoontd to nothing. PHet. DRAG-OON-ADE', n The abandoning of a place to the mee «.f sfddiers. Bvrnrt. j}i> \ iiiu iS' F:n, pp. Abandoned to the violence of .'■^ecuied ; harassed. [ r.ll, n. An old term for a dragoon. I-../. . , -.. ING, npr. Abandoning to the rage of Mildteni', persecuting; harassing; vexing. DRAIL, «. (. To trait. [J^oHhum.] Mtrre* In av- fiei DRAIL, ci. To draggle. [J^otinuse.] South. DRAIN, V. t, [Sax. drehnigean, to drain, to strain. This may be a derivative from the root of draw. Q,u. Svix.drygan, to dry.] 1. To filter i to cause to pass through some porous substance. Salt uatf r, drained through twenty ve»eU of earth, hath become frc»h. Daeon. 9. To empty or clear of liquor, by causing the liquor to drop or run oirslowly ; as, to draiJt a vessel or its contents. 3. To make dry ; to exhaust of water or other li- quor, by causing it to flowolfin channels, or through porous substances ; as, to drain land ; to drain a swamp or marsh. 4. To empty; to exhaust; to draw ofl^" gradually ; as, a foreign war drains a country of specie. DRAIN, V. i. To flow off gradually ; as, let the water of low ground drain off. 2. To be emptied of liquor by flowing or dropping ; as, let the vessel stand and drain ; let the cloth hang and drain. DRAIN, n. A channel through which water or other liquid flows off; particularly, a trench or ditcli to convey water from wet land ; a water-course ; a sewer ; a sink. DRA1N'.\-BLE, a. Capable of being drained. DRAL\'.\dE, n. A draining ; a gradual flowing off of any liquid. 2. The mode in which the waters of a country pass off by its streams and rivers. DKAIN'ED, pp. or a. Emptied of water or other li- quor by a gradual discharge, flowing, or dropping; exhausted ; drawn off. DRAIN'ER, n. A utensil on which articles are irfaced to drain. DRAIN'ING, ppr. Emptying of water or other liquor by filtration, or flowing in small channels. DRAKE, n. [G. enterick ; Dan. andrik ; Sw. andrak. It is compounded of ente, and. Sax. rncd, L. anas, duck, and a word which I do not understand.] 1. The male of the duck kind. 2. [L. draco, dragnn.] A small piece of nrtillery. 3. The drake-fly. [Clarendon, DRAM, n. L^'ontracted from drachma, which see.] 1. Among druggists and physicians, a weight of the eighth part v^^ an ounce, or sixty grains. oirdiipoLi weight, the sixteenth part of an ounce. 2. A small quantity ; as, no dram of judgment. Ihijden. 3. As much spirituous liquor as is drank at once ; as, a dram of brandy. Drains arc the slow poison of life. S«?'A 4. Spirit; distilled liquor. Pope. DRA.M, B. L To drink drams ; to Indulge in the use of ardent spirit. [Jl low word, expressing a loa> prac- tice.] DRAM'-DRINK-ER, n. One who habitually drinks spirits. DRX'MA or DRA'.MA, n. [Gr. ^papa^ from <)pa6j, to make.] A poem or com|>ositIon representing a picture of human life, and acc«uumodaled to action. The prin- cipal s|»ecies of the drama are tragedy and comedy ; inferior species are tragicomedy, opera, &.c. Encyc. DRA-M AT'IC, i a. Pertaining to the drama ; rep- DRA-M.\T'ie-AL, i resented by action; Iheatri- ral ; not narrative. Bentlry. DRA-MAT'IC-AL-LY,ffrfp. By representation ; in the miinner of the dnima. Dryden. DRAM'.t- TIS PER-SO'J^^^ [Ij.] Actors repre- senting the characters In a play. DRA.M'A-TIST, n. The author of a dramatic compo- sition ; a writer of plays. BnrnrL DRAM'A-TI'/.E, r. L To compose In the form of the drama ; or to give t« a composition the form of a play. At Hip*. In 1404, WM MXr6 a pmphoilc play, Ihut U, a dmma- iz^ <;xtTiicl from the hiirtory of U»e 0I.| iiirt N.-w TiiU- m-nli. 7\>okt'§ Jtuaaia. DRAM'A-11Z-£D, pp. Composca In the form of a play. DRAM'A-TIZ-INO, ppr. Composing in the form of a play. DRAM'A-TaR GY, n. [Gr. ^nafia and tpynu.] The art of dramatic poetry and representa- tion. [Oermamj.] DRANK, prc(. and pp. of Dni-tK. DRANK, n. A term for wild oats. Encyc. DRAP, (dr'i,) n. [Fr.] Cloth ; aa^ drap-dHii^ (-di-ta',) a rloih for summer wear. DRAPE, V. t. [Fr. draper.] To make cloth ; also, to banter, [ Ob.^.] DRAP'£D, (drapt,) a. Adorned with draper)'. Sfdgtriek. DRA'PER, Ti, [Fr, drapier ; draper, to make cloth; from drnp, clotli,] One who sells clotlis ; a dealing in cloths ; as, a linrn-draper or mootm-draper. DRA'PER-Y, n. [Fr. draperie ; It. drapperia ; from drapy drappo ; Sp. rapage, from rojta, clotfl.] 1. Clothwork ; the trade of making cloth. Bacon. a. Cloth ; stuffs of wool. JirbuthnoU DRA 3, Hangings, curtains^ tapestr; , &c. 4. In sculpture and painting, the representation of the clothing or dress of luiman fvgti es, &,c. Encyc. DRA'PET, n. Cloth ; coverlet. [Jvot in use.] DRAS'TIC, a. [Gr. SpaurtKOi, from /paw, to makej Powerful; acting with strength or violence; effi- cacious ; as, a drastic cathartic. DRXUGH. See Draff. DRAUGHT, (drafl,) n. [from drair, drag.] 1. The act of drawing; as, a horse or ox fit Ibr dmught. 2. The quality of being drawn ; as, a cart or plow of easy draugkL 3. The drawing of liquor into the mouth and throat ; the act of drinking. 4. The quantity of liquor drank at once. 5. The act of delineating, or that which is deline- ated ; a representation by lines, as the figure of a house, a machine, a fort, &.c., described on i>aper. [Qu. Ir. dreacJi, W. drtjc] Encuc. 6. Representation by picture ; figure painted, or drawn by the pencil. Ih-yden. 7. The act of drawing a net ; a sweeping for fish. 8. That which is taken by sweeping witli a net ; as, a draught of fishes. Luke v. 9. The drawing or bending of a bow ; the act of shooting with a bow and arrow. Camdm. 10. The act of drawing men from a military band, army, or post ; also, the forces drawn ; a detach- nienL [See Draft, which is mure generally used.] 11. A sink or drain. MatL \v. 12. An order for the payment of money ; a bill of exchange. [See Draft.] 13. The depth of water necessary to float a ship, or the depth a ship sinks in water, esiKJciully when laden ; as, a ship of twelve feet draught. 14. In England, a small allowance on wcighable goods, made by the king to the importer, or by the seller to the buyer, to insure full weight. Encyc 15. A sudden attack or drawing on an enemy, [auery.] Spenser. 111. A writing composed. 17. Draughts; a sinapism ; a mild vesicatory. DRAUGHT, D. L To draw out; to call forth. [See Draft.] .Addison. DRXUGllT'-BOARD, n. A board on which draughts are played. DRXUGIIT'-HQQKS, «./)/. Large hooks of iron fixed on the cheeks of a carnum carriage, two on each side, one near the trunnion hole, and the other at the train ; used in drawing the gun backward and for- ward by means of draught rojies. Encijc. DRXUGUT'-HORSE, n. A horse used in drawing a plow, cart, or other carriage, as distinguished from a saddle-horse. DRAUGHT'-HOUSE, (drUft-) n. A house for the re- ception of filth or waste matter. DRAUGHTS, n. pi. A game played on a checkered board, railed checkers in America. Stnart, 2. A sinapism -, a mild vesicatory. DRAUGHTS'MAN, n. A man who draws writings or designs, or one who is skilled in such drawings. 2. One who drinks drams ; a tippler. Tatler. DRAVE, the old participle of Dbivk. We now use Drove. DItA\V,r. (. ,■ pret. Drew ; ]r»;j. Draww. [Sax. rfra^on ,* I-'.' traho. It is only a dialectical spelling of drag^ which see.] 1. 'J'o pull along; to haul ; to cause to move for- ward by force applied in advance of the thing moved, or at the fore-end, as by a rope or chain. It differs from drag only in this, that rfrujf is more generally applied to things moved along the ground by sliding, or moved with greater toil or difficulty, and draw is applied to all bodies moved by fierce in advance, whatever may be the degree of force. Draw is the more general or generic term, and drag more specific, \Ve say, the horses draw a coach or wagon, but they drag ii througu niirc; yet (irow is properly used in both rases. 2. To pull out, as to draw a sword or dagger from its sheath ; to iinsheath. Hence, to draw the sword, is to wage war. 3. To bring by compulsion ; to cause to come. Do not rich m'-n opi>rCM yoii, luiil droM you before Uic Juilgment- •Pal f — Janii* li. 4. To pull Up or out ; to raise from any depth ; as, to draw water from a well. 5. To siuk ; as, to draw the breasts. 6. To attract ; to cause to move or tend toward itself, as a magnet or other attracting body is said to draw it. 7. To altrart ; to cause to turn toward itj^elf; to engage ; as. a beauty or a popular speaker drawn the eyes of an assembly, or dmws iheir attention. 8. To inhale ; to take air into the lungs ; as, there I first drew air ; I draw the sultry air. Milton. Addison. 9. To pull or take from a spit, as a piece of meat. Dry den. 10. To take from a cask or vat; to cause or to suf- fer a liquid to run out ; as, to draw wine or cider. 11. To take a liquid from the body ; to let out ; aa, to draw blood or water. TONE, BULL, TINITB.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— C a» K ; Q an i \ 8 aa Z ; CH as 811 ; T H as in THI8 DRA 19. To take fmm (ui oven ; rs, to driiv bread. 13. To cause to slidf , as a curiam, eiiltt- r in closing or unrlostng ; to open or u^clo^'t' and discover^ or to closi' nod conceoL To draw Vie euriatn^ is nsed in Iwth Sf nses. Drydm, Sifinty. 14. To eitnct j as, to dmw spirit from gnun or juice. 15. To prndace ; to brine, aa an np^nt or efficient cause ; unially fallowed by a modifying word ; as, piety drmpa iawn blessings ; crimei^ dntw down ven- gvuitre* ; TtceiinunrMt us many temporal evils ; ww dratcs aftv it a train of calamities. 16k To move gradually or slowly ; to extend. IIm? dnm UksmHtm mnrc wnwrir- J M W f *- 17. To lengthen ; to extend in leogth. Hov kmr hn face b ifruwn / Shak. tv wnTK onAr%, ntm dram ibefr eonpuboM bto mfaiatepuiiDi^ lus«f twImpaKuim. Atttm. 19. To Utter in a lingering manner ; as, to draw a groan. Dryden. 19. To ran or extend, by marking or fonnifip ; as, to drmm a lin« on i>aper, or a line uf circumvolution. Hence, 20. To repreaenl by lines drawn on a plain sur- fiue ; to form a picture or image ; as, to draw the figure of o man ; to draw the face. Hence, 21. To de^rihe ; to represent by words ; as, the orator drrw an admirable picture of human misi-ry. ^ To re p resent in fancy ; to hnage in tltc mind- Shak. 23. To derive ; to have or receive fn^m some •ource, cause, or donor; as, to rfraw the rudirnenta of «(-i>-?)re fn>m a civilized ualion ; to draw consola- li . .-, ... '■- --It-- prombses. ■ ; a-s, to droit arguments from facta, CI im circumstantial evidence. ii.1. 1 u .iittfe j to entice \ to lead by persuasion or moral mHucnca ; to excite to motion. Oram ttm ; vr will ran kArr tbff. — l.'-«ni. 1. JILm abnll vmt, ayiemkinf prrmae Utiii^ to dram KW«f Oatifka m&er than. — Acu xx. 96. To lead, as a motive ; lo induce to move. My porpoKa do A«v Be nodi ■boat. Adk 97. To induce ; lo perraade ; to attract toward ; ni a verp gemeral sens^, 96. To win ^ to gain ; a -mttafkar from gmmimg. Shaft. 99. To receive or take, as (Vom a fVtnd : as, to draw money from a bank or from stock in trade. 30. To bear ; to produce ; as, a bond or note drams interest from its d^e. 31. To extort i to force out i as, his eloquence dims teaia fhun the audience ; to draw sighs or 39. TowTMl; to distort; as, to Jroic the Scriptures lo oue*s lan<^. tVkiiJift 33. To compone ; to write in due form to form in writing ; as, to draw a bill of exrhange ; to draw a deed or wilL 34. To take out of a box or wheel, as tickets in a lt>ttery. ^Ve say, to draw a lottery, or to draw a number in the lottery. 35. To receive or gain by drawing ; as, to draw a Size. We say also, a number drawa a prize or a nnk^hen it is drawn at the same time. 3n. To extend; to stretch; as, to draic wire; lo draw a piece of metal by be;Uing, &c. 37. To sink into Hie water ; or to require a certain depth of water for floating ; as, a ship draws fifteen leet of water. 3!^ To bend ; as, to dra%c the bow. h. IxvL 39. To eviscertte j to pull out the bowels ; as, to dram poultry. ^»f • 40. To withdraw-. [AM Mnf.] SkaX. Ta drmm iadt ; to receive back, as duties on goods -Ibr exportation. Tm dram im ; to collect 3 to ^pfAy to any purpose by violence. Q. To contract ; to pull to a smaller compass ; to pull back ; as, to draw in the reins. Oay. 3. To entice, allure, or inveigle ; as, to draw in others to support a measure. 7^ drmm ifi to draw from or away ; also, to with- draw ; to abstract ; as, to draw off the mind from Tain amusements. 3. To draw or take from ; to cause to flow from ; as, to liram sf wine or rider from a vessel. 3. To extract by di.nillation. Addison. To draw on ; to alhire ; to entice : to persuade or cause lo follow. The reluctant may be drawn on by kindness or caresses. 2. To occasion ; to invite ; to bring on ; to cause. Coder color of war, vhich rtthcr his n^^i^noe drew on, or hia pnction pnicured. be ieriin] & lubuJj. Haymard. To draic ovtr ; to raise or cause to come over, as in a still. 9. To persuade or induce to revolt from an oppo- sing party, and to join one's own party. Some men may be drawn over by interest, others by fear. DRA 7*11 draw out; lo lengthen ; to stretch by force ; to extend. 2. To beat or hammer out ; to extend or spread by beatiiic, as a metat. 3. I'o lengtlien in time ; to protract ; to cause to continue. Thjr unUodnoi •hall hk dMdi dram out To lincvriii j ttifiifnuwe. ^ Shak. Wilt iJiou draw out Hdna aagtr to all gvneraUona I — Pb. Ixxxiv. 4. To cause to issue forth j to draw off; as liquor from a cask. 5. To extract, as the spirit of a substance. 6. To bring forth ; to pump out, by quej*tioning or address ; to cause to be declared, or brought to light ; aa, to draw out facts from a witness. 7. To induce by motive ; to call forth. Thk wu an artilioe lo draw out Trom us nn accusAtton. Anon. 8. To detach ; to separate from the main body ; as, to draw out a Ale or party of men. 9. To range in battle ; to army in n line. To draw together; to collect or be collected. To draw up: to raise ; to lift ; to elevate. a. To form in order of battle ; lo array. Dryden. 3. To compose in due form, as a writing ; to form in writing ; as, to draw up a deed ; lo drato up a paper. Swift. In this use, it is often more elegant to omit the mMifying word. [See No. 33.] DRA\N'j p. 1, To pull ; lo exert strength in drawing. Vi'e say, a horse or an ox draws well. S. To act as a weight. 3. To shrink ; to contract into a smaller compass. Baron. 4. To move ; to advance. The day draws toward evening. 5. To be filled or inflated with wind, so as to press on and advance a ship in her course ; as, the sails 6. To unsheathe a sword. His love drew to de- fend him. In thi.-^ phmse, sword is understood. 7. To use or practice the art of delineating figures ; as, he drctes with exactness. 8. To cftllect the matter of an ulcer or aliscess ; to cause to suppurate ; lo excite to inflammation, matu- ration, and discharge ; as, an epispa.stic draies well. To draw bafk; to retire; to move back; to with- draw. 9- To nnounce the faith ; lo a|>ostatize. //eft. x. To draw near or ni^h ; lo api>roac.h ; to come near. 7^ dram off\ to retire ; lo retreat ; as, the company drtm tff by degrees. 7V draw on ; to advance ; to appn>ach ; as, the day drams on. Ih-viden. Sl To gain on ; to approach in pursuit ; as, the ship drew OH the chase. 3. To demand payment by an order or bill, called a draft. He drew on bis factor for the amount of the shipment. You may dmte on m« for die expenses of your Journey. Jay. To draw up ; to form in regular order ; as, the troops drew up in front of the palace ; the fleet drew up in a semicircle. Draw, in most of its uses, retains some shade of its original sense, to pull, to move forward by the appli- cation of force in advance, or to extend in length. And Johnson justly observes, that it expresses an ac- tion gradual or continuous, and leisurely. We pour liquor quick, but we draw it in a continued stream. We force compliance by threats, but we draw it by gradual prevalence. We write a letter with haste, but we draw a bill with slow caution and regard to a precise fonn. We draw a bar of metal by continued DRAW, It. The act of drawing. [beating. "2. The Irtl or chance drawn. 3, That part of a bridge which is drawn up. DRAW^\-BLE, a. That may be drawn. More. DRAWBACK, 71. Money or an amount paid back. UsuaUy, a certain amount of duties or customs, paid or bonded by an importer, paid back or remitted to him on the exportation of the goods; or a certain amount of excise paid back or allowed on the expor- tation of home manufactures. 2. In a popular sense, any loss of advantage, or de- duction fmrn profit. DRAVV'-BRIDGE, n. Abridge which may be raised up, let down, or drawn aside, lo admit or hinder commu- nication, as before the gate of a town or castle, or in a bridge over a navigable river. In the latter, the draw- bridge usually ctmsists of two movable platforms, which may be raised to let a vessel pass through. DRAW'-NET, n. A net for catching the larger sorts of birds, made of packthread, with wide mtrshcs. DRAW'-WELL, n. A deep well, from which water is drawn by a long cord or pole. Grew. DRAWEE, 71, The person on whom an order or bill orexchange is drawn; the payer of a bill of ex- change. DRAW'ER, n. One who draws or pulls ; one who takes water from a welt ; one who draws liquor from a cask. DRE I a. That which draws or attracts, or has the power of attraction. Sic^ft. 3. He who draws a bill of exchange, or an order for the payment of money. 4. A -sliding box in a cose or table, which Is drawn at pleasure. 5. Drawers, in the plural ; a dose under garment, worn on Ihe lijwer limbs. DRAWING, ppr. Pulling; hauling; attracting; de- lineating. DRAWING, n. The act of ptilling, hauling, or at- tracting. 2. The representation of the appearance or fig- ures of objects on a plain surface, by means of lines and shades, aa with a pencil, crayon, pen, compasses, &.C. ; delineation. 3. The distribution of prizes and blanks in a lot- tery. DRA"WI.\G-MXS-TER, n. One who teaches the art vt drawing. DRAW'Ii\(;-ROOM, Ti. A room appropriated for the reception of company ; a room in whicti distinguished personages hold levees, or private persons receive parties. It is written by Coxe wiOidraieing-room, a room to which company withdraws from the dining- room. 2. The formal reception of evening company at a court, or by p<,'rsons in high station. 3. "I'hc company assembled in a drawing-room. DRAWL, V. t. [D. draalrn, lo linger.] *ro utter words in a slow, lengthened tone. DRAWL, r. i. To speak with slow utterance. DRAWL, n, A lengthened utterance of the voice. DRAWL'ING, ppr. Uttering words slowly. DKAWL'ING-LY, adv. By slow or lengthened utter- ance. DRAWN, pp. or a. fSec Draw.] Pulled ; hauled ; al- lured ; attracted; dt-lincated; extended; cxlracted ; derived; deduced; written. S. Equal, where each party takes his own stake ; as, a drawn game. 3. Having equal advantage, and neither party a victory ; as, a drawn battle. 4. With a sword drawn. Sliak. 5. Moved aside, as a curtain ; unclosed, or closed. 6. Eviscerated ; as, a drawn fox. Shale. 7. In a diffused or melted state ; as, drawn butter. 8. Induced, as by a motive ; as, men are drawn to- gether by similar views, or by motives of interest. Dawn and quartered; drawn on a sled, and cut into ipiarlurs. DRAWN-HAT'TLE, n. A battle from which the par- lies withdraw without the defi:at or victory of either. DRAWN-BIJT'TER, n. Melted butter. DRAWPLAI'E, n. A steel plate having a gradation o^ conical holes, through which wires are drawn lo be reduced and elongated. DRAY, n. [Sax. drmire, L. trahea, from draw, trako.'] \. A low cart or carriage on wheels, drawn by a horse. Addison. 2. A sled. Encyc, DRXY'-CART, n. A dray. DRaY'-HORSE, 71, A horse used for drawing a dray. Tatler. DRXY'MAX, n. A man who attends a drav. South. DRAY'-PLOW, ) n. A particular kind of plow. DIIAY'-PLOUGII, i Mortiriwr. DRAZ'EL, (draz'l,) n. A dirty woman ; a slut. [ Ti'iis is a vuljrar word ; in JVcw Kngland pronounced droz'l, and I betlece always applied to a female.] DREAD, (dred,) «. [Sax. dra;d. Uu. from the root of the L. tcj-reo, or that of Sw, riUld, fearful, rddas^ to dread, Dan. rmd, fearful, Sp. arredrar, to terrify, or Ir cratham, to tremble. If (i is a prefix, see Class Rd, No. 14, 19, 22, 95, CO, 73. The primary sense is, probably, to trtimblc, or to shrink.] 1. Great fear, or apprehension of evil or danger. It expresses more than fear, and less than terror or frigiit. It is an uneasiness or alarm excited by ex- pticted pain, loss, or other evil. We speak of Ihe/yread of evil ; the dread of suffering ; the dread of the di- vine displeasure. It differs from terror, al^o, in being less sudden or more continued. 2. Awe ; fear united with respect. 3. Terror. Siiail not hia dread tail on you ? — Job xiii. 4. The cause of fear; the person or the thing dreaded. L*t him be your dread. — la. viii. DREAD, a. Exciting great fear or apprehension. Skak. 2. Terrible ; frightful, Shak. 3. Awful ; venerable in tho highest degree ; aa, drrad sovereign ; dread majesty ; dread tribunal. DREAD, (dred,) r. L To fear in a great degree ; as, to dre/id the approach of a storm. DREAD, V. L To be in great fear. Drtad not, neilher l>s afrnii] of Ihem. — Deut. i. DREAD' A-HLE, a. Thai is lo be dreaded. [06^.] DREAD'-noLT-ED, a. Having bolts to be dreaded ; as, dread-bolted thunder, Shak, DREAD'ED, (dred'ed,) pp. Feared. DREAD'KR, a. One that fears, or lives in fear. Swift FATE, FAR, FALL, WI^^T.— MeTE, PRfiY. — PL\E, MARtNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE. MOVE, WQLF, BQpK. — DRE DREAD'FIJL, a. Impressing great fear; terrible ; for- midablL' ; as, a dreadful storm, or dreadful itighu The great and dreadful dnj of the Lord. — Mai. it. 2. Awful; venerable. How dread/ul b ttus place I — Gen. xlviii. DRE.\D'FyL-LY, adv. Terribly; in a manner to be dreaded. Dryden. DREAD'FJJI^NESS, n. Terribleness j the quality of being dreadful ; frighlfulnesa. DREAD'LESS, ('dred'less,) a. Fearless; bold ; not in- timidated ; undaunted ; free from fear or terror ; in- trepid. Milloit. DREAD'LESS-NESS, n. Fearlessness ; undaiinted- ness : freedom from fear or terror; boldness. Sidnnj. DREAD'\ALG»T, (dred'nawt,) n. A thick doth, with a long pile, used for warm clothing, or to keep _2. A garment made of such cloth. [off rain. DReAM, n. [D. droom ; G. traum ; S\v. driim ; Dan. driSm. In Russ. dremhju is to sleep. But I take the primary sense to be, to rove, and the word to be al- lied to Gr. i^wftrji a running, which seems to l>e from %he root of roam, ramble. If not, il may signify to form images, ana be allied to frame.] 1. The thought, or series of thouphTs, of a person in sleep. We apply dreamy in the singular, to a se- ries of thoughts which occupy the mind of a sleeping person, in which he imagines be has a view of real things or transactions. A dream is a series of thoughts not under the command of reason, and hence wild and irregular. Stcieart. 2. In Scnpture, dreams were sometimes impressions on the minds of steeping persons, made by divine agency. God came to Abimelecb in a dream. Jo- seph was warned by God in a dream. Oen. xx. Miti. ii. 3. A ^'ain fancy ; a wild conceit ; an unfounded ffHpicion. DReA.M, r. i. ,■ prrt. Dreamed or Dreamt. [D. droom- en; G. trdamen ; Pw. diUmma: Dan. driiinmtr.] 1. To have ideas or images in the mind, in the state of sleep; with of befnre a noun ; as, to dream of a battle ; to dream of an absent friend. 3. To think ; to imagine ; as, he little dreamed of hifl approaching fate. 3. To think it',y. They dream ou in a. aoane of reading, wllhout dig>^ln?. Locke. DREAM, V. r. To see in a dream. To dream, away ; to waste in idle thoughts ; na, to dream away one's time. And dreamt the fiii'ire fi^lil. Dryden, It is followed by a noun of the like signification ; 85. to dream a dream. DREAMER, n. One who dream**. 2. A fanciful man ; a visionary ; one who forms or entertains vain schemes ; as, a political dreamer. 3. A man lost in wild imagination ; a mope ; a slugcird. DReAM'KIjL, a. Full of dreams. Johnson. DKeA-M'I.\(J, wpr. Having ihouehts or ideas in sleep. Dlti:AM'l\G-LY, adv. Sluggishly ; negligently. DUk AM'Li:??, o. Free fn.m dreams. Camden. DUE.^M'1.E.*^S-LY, adv. In a dreamless manner. DREAMPT, (dreml,) M. From Dre*m. DRCAM'V, a. Full of dreams. DRkAR, n. Dread ; dismalness. [06*.] Spenser. DRKAR, o. [Sax. dreorirfy drear>'.] Disioai ; gloomy with solittide. A drear uiil f in twc] Spenser. DRP-AR'l-LY, flrfp. Gloomitv; dismally. Spen^rr. DRF:AR'I-MENT,n. Dismainess j terror. [OAy.J DREAR'I-NE.S.'^, n. Dismalneas ; gloomy uulitmlc. DReAR'V, a. [Sax. dreoriV.] 1. Diff, Titvyia. That which is drained or thrown off, or that which subsides. See Class Rg, No. 8, 28,58. 1. The sediment of liquors ; lees ; grounds; fecu- lence ; any foreign matter of liquors that subsides to tlie bottom of a vessel. 2. Waste or worthless matter ; dross ; sweepings ; refuse. Hence, the most vile and despicable part of men ; as, the dretrs of society. Drejr^ in the singular, is found in Spenser, but is not now used. DRgLV. See Draitt. DREXCH, p. U [Sax. drencean, to drench, to soak, to inebriate, and dmican, to drink, to give drink ; drenc, drench, and drink ; D. drenken ; G. trd/tkcn, to water, to soak; Sw. drdnckia, to plunge, to soak; Scot. dronk ; W.troci. Drench^ drink, droim, and probably dra^, are from the same root. See Drink and Drag.] 1. To wet thorouiihly ; to soak; to fill or cover with water or otherliquid ; as, garments drenched in rain or in the sea ; the flood has drenched the earth ; swords drenched in blood. 2. To saturate with drink. Shak. 3. To purge violently. Mortimer. DRENCH, It. A draught ; a swill ; hence, a large por- tion of liquid medicine administered to an aninial by pouring or forcing down the throat. DRENCH'£D,(drencht,)/t;>.ora. Soaked; thoroughly \\f\ ; purged witli a dose. DRE.NCH'ER, n. One who wets or steeps; one who gives a drench to a beast. DRENCH'ING, ppr. or a. Wetting thoroughly ; soak- ing ; purging. DRE.VT, pp. Drenched. [JVot in use.'] Spenser. DRESS, V. Ui prei and pp. Dressed, or Drest. [Fr. dre^sser^lo make straight, to set up, to erect ; Arm. dreeza^dregzeim It. riiiarR, to erect, to make straight ; dirizzare, to direct, to address ; Sp. eiiderezar. Port, en- dcre^ar^ to direct ; Norm, adrescer, to redress. The pri- mary sense is, to make straight, to strain or stretch to Ktraighlness. The It. rizzare is supposed to be forjned fromr/Uo, straight, upright, h. erectus^ rectus, from trigOy re go.] 1. To make straight or a straight line; to adjust to a right line. W'e have the primary !»ense in the mili- tJtry phrase, drejss your ranks. Hence the sense, to put in order. 2. To adjust ; to put in good order ; as, to dress the beds of a garden. Someliincs, to till or cultivate. Qen. ii. Deul. xxviii. 3. To put in giKtd order, as u wounded limb; to cleanse a wound, and to apply medicaments. The Burgetm dresses the limb or the wound. 4. Tu prepare, in a jfeneral sense ; to put in the con- dition dcsirt^d ; to make suitable or fit ; as, to dress meat ; to dress lenthfr or clolh ; to dress a lamp ; but we. In the latter case, generally use trim. To dress hemp or flax, is to break and clean It. 5. To rurry, nib, and comb; as, to are for service, as used by I>r\'d:-n ; but this is unusuaL 6. To put the body in order, or in a suitable condi- tion ; to put on cloUies ; as, be dressed himself for breakfast. 7. To put on rich garments ; to adorn : to dock ; to embellish ; as, the lady dressed herself for a ball. To dress up, is to clothe pompously, or elegantly ; as, to dre^s up with tinsel. To dress a shipj is to ornament her with colors, as on days of rejoicing. The sense of dras depends on its application. To dress the body, to dress meal, and to dres.t leather, are very different senses, but all uniting in the sense of nrcpiiring or fining for use. DRK.SS, V. i. To arrange in a line ; as, look to the right, and dress. 2. To pay particular regard to dress or raiment. Bra mston. DRESS, n. That which is used as the covering or or- nami-nt of the body ; clothes ; garments ; habit ; as, the dress of a latly is modest and becoming ; a gaudy dress is cvideneo of a fal.se taste. 2. A suit of clotties; as, the lady has' purchased an elegant dress. 3. A lady'rt gown, * A. Splendid clutheB ; habit of ceremony ; as, a full dress. 5. Skill in adjtirting dress, or the practice of wear- ing elegant clothing ; as, men of dress. Pope. DRESS'A'D, (drest,) pp. Adjusted; made straight; put in order ; prepared ; trimmed ; tilled ; clothed ; adorned ; attired. DRI DKESS'ER, n. One who dresses; one who is em- ployed in putting on clothes and adorning another; one who is employed in prejoring, trimming, or ad- justing any thing. 2. [Fr. dressoir.] A table or bench on wliich meat and other things are dressed or prepared for use. DRESS'ING, ppr. Adjusting to a line ; putting in or- der ; preparing ; clothing ; embellishing ; cultiva- ting. DRESS'ING, n. Raiment ; attiro. B. Jonson. 2. That which ia used as an application to a wound or sore. 3. That which is used In preparing land for a crop; manure spread over land. When it remains on the surface, it i^ called a top-dressing. 4. In popular language^ correction ; a flogging or beating. 5. In cookery, the stuffing of fowls, pigs, &c. 6. A term applied to gum, starch, and other arti- cles, in stiffening or preparing silk, linen, and other fabrics. Brande. 7. In architecture, dressings are mouldings round doors, windows, &,c, Brande. DRESS'ING-GOWN, «. A light gown used by a per- son while dressing. DRESS'ING- ROO.M, n. An apartment appropriated foi dressing the [)ersnn. DRESSING-TA-BI.E, », A toilet, a table provided with conveniences for a person adjusting adrcss^ DRESS'-MAK'ER, n. A maker of gowns, or similar garments ; a mantua-maker. DRESS'Y, a. Showy In dress ; wearing rich or showy dresses. DREST, pp. of DREsa. ^ ^ DREOL, (drulo,) r.i. [Qu. drivel, or Ar. jK raula,io slaver.] To emit saliva ; to suffer saliva to issue and flow down from the mouth. See Droou DRIII, r. t. [(in, from dribble, but the word is not ele- gant, nor much used.] To crop or cut oft"; to defalcate. Drydrn. DRIB, 7). A drop. [JVot used.] . SwifU DRIB'BLE, (drib'bi,) r.i. [A diminutive from drip, and pmiM-rly dripiile.] ' "' " '"' ■ tlrt To fall in tlrops or small drops, or in a quick successionof drops ; as. water dribbles from tiie eaves. 2. To slaver, as a child or an idiot. 3. To fall weakly and slowly; as, the dribbling d:irt of love. Skalc, DRIU'BliE, c. t. To throw down in drops. SioifL DRIB'llLKT, n. [W. rhib.] A small piece or part ; a small sum ; odd money in a sum ; as, tlie money was paid in dribbletf. DRni'HLlNG,///tr. ora. Falling in drops or small drops. DRIB'BLING, ti. A falling in drops. DRl'KD, (dride,) pp. or a. fr jm Drt. Freed from moisture or sap. [Better written Drted.] DRI'ER, n. [from dry.] That which has the quality of drying ; that whicii may expel or absorb moisture: a dcsiccative. The sun and a north-westerly wind are great driers of the earth, [Better written Dryeb.) DRIFT. H. [Dan. drift.; from drive.^ 1. That which is driven by wind or water, as drift seems to be primarily a participle. Hence, 2. A heap of any matter driven together ; as, a drift of snow, called also a snov-drift ; a drift of sand. 3. A driving ; a force impelling or urging forward; impulse; overbearing power or influence; as, the dr^'t of a passion. 4. Course of any thing; tendency; aim; main force ; as, the drift of reasoning or argument ; the drift of a discourse. 5. Any thing driven by force ; as, a drift of dust ; n log or a raft driven by a stream of water, without guidance. t>ryden. 6. A shower ; a nttmber of things driven at once; as, a drift of bullets. Skuk. 7. In mining, a passage cut between shuff and shaft; a piissage within the earth. Eiicye. Foureroy. 8. In navigation, tlio angle which U\o line of a ship's motion makes with the nearest meridian, when she drives with hi'T side lo the wind and waves, and is not governed by tlie helm. Also, tlie distance wtiicli the ship dri\ctj ou that line. Encye, 9. The drift, of a current, is it* anyle and velocity Mar. Vict. 10. In ^ro/oifi/, a term applied to earth and rocks, which have been drifted by water, and deposited over a country while subnuTFjed- 11. In architecture, i\\G liorlzonlal force which an arch exerts, tending to overset the pier. DRIFT, V. i. To accumulate in heaps by the force of wind; to be driven intoUeajw; as, snow or sand drifts. 2. To float or be driven along by a current of wa- ter ; as, the ship driflid astern ; n rati drifted ashore. DRIFT, V. U I'o drive into heaps; as, a current of wind drifts .snow or sand. DRIFT'ED, pp. Driven along ; driven into heaps. TONE, BI/LL, IJNITE.— AN"OER, VI"CIOUS. — € as K ; 6 as J ; S as Z; CH as SII ; TH aa In THIS. DRl DRI DRIFT'1N<5, m. Tbi- art of drifting ; a drift. DRIFT'I.NG, ypr. Driving by force j driving into DRIfT'-SXIL. m. In wavifoticn, a sail used under water, Teena oat right ahead by ctheetn. Encyc. DRIFT'-VViY, R. A common way fur driving calUe in Coieet. DRi'PT'-VVIND, II. A driving wind ; a wind Uiat drives thiiies into heap*. Beaum, and FL DRIFT'-\VtX>D, a. Wood drifted or floated by water. DRILL, V. t. [Sax. tktrtian ; G. and D. drUitK ; Dan. drUUr ; Sw.drdla: to turn, xvind, or twist ; \V. r*4^, a row or drill ; rkiUiate, U> drill, to trench ; truliax^ to drill, as a hole ; tntel^ a whirl ; troei/*, to turn or whirt The latter is evidently connected with rolL Class RJ, No. A.] , . = I. To pierce with a drill ; to perforate by turning a sharp-pointed instrument of a particular form ; to b(ve and make a hole by turning an instrumeiiL We say, to dnil a bote through a piece of metal, or to dnU a eannoo. 3. To draw oo j to entice ; to amuse and put oft. ymoa u Sra uid tStj. [Not 4Hgwt.\ AdtL»an. Z. To draw on from step to step. [JM 9l$gamL] Souih. 4. To draw throagh ; to drain ; as, waters drilUd Uuuugb a sandy strnlum. T^omscn. & In • mHa^ry sr*sf^ to teach and train raw sol- diers to their duty by frequent exercise ; a common mmd a^ym yr tal s mJ* of tiu icord. Hence, to teach by repeated exer^se or repetition of acts. 6. In kuwhandrft to sow grain in rows, drills, or DRILL, V. i. To sow in drills. [channels. 2. To flow gently. 3. To muster for eierclse. Beaitm. amd FL DRILL, n. A pointed instrument, used for boring liotea, particularly in metals and other bard sub- 3. An ape or baboon. Locke, 5. The act of training soldiers to their duty. 4. A small scream i now called a Rili. ScnduM, {DnU is fonned on the root of rtU, ii. rdUy a chan- & In JbasAcadry, a row of grain, sowed hy a driU- DRU*L'-BOW, (-b5,) a. A small bow, whose string is used for the purpose of rapidly turning a drilL Bmndt, DRILL'-BOX, n. A box conttining seed for sowing. DRlLL'tO, (drild,) p^. Bored or perforated with a drill ; exercised ; sown in rows. DRILL'-HAR'ROW, n. A barrow ased for smooth- inz ground between rows or drills. DRILL'-HU»'BAXD-RY, a. The practice of sowing land, by a machine, in rows. DRILL'ING, pfr. Boring with a drill ; training to military dut>- ; sowing in drills. DRILL'ING, a. A coarse linen or eoOoo cluth, used for trowfk-rs, &c. DRILL'-PLOW, ) n. A plow for sowing grain in DRILL'-PLOL'GH, \ drttls. DRINK, r. i. ; prtt. and ff. DR*!tK. Old prtu and pp. DaoTTK ; ff. Dau5Kx;i. [Sax. drimcaTv, drU4i», dnj- eisa .' Goth. AvFyoa, to give drink ; D. drinken ; G. trntea ,- Sw. nia ,- Dan. driUer, to drink ; Sp. tm- gm-t Port. W., to swallow; tra^o, a draught. The latter, and probably drint, is from drawinp^ or the lat- ter may be more nearly allied to W. troeki, or tro^i, to plunge, bathe, immerse. Drink and drench are radically the same word, and probably drown. We obsen-e that j« is not radical.] 1. To swallow liquor, for quenching thirst or other purpose J as, to drink of the brook. Te ih»U iDdf«d driiJt of aij cup. — SLitt. xx. S. To take sfHritnous liquors to excess ; to be intem- perate in the uje of spirituous liquors ; to be a habit- ual drunkard. Pope. 3. To feast ; to be entertained with liquors. Shak, TV drimk to,* to salute in drinking; to invite to drink by drinking first ; as, 1 drink to your grace. Shak. a. To wish well to, in the act of taking the cup. DRINK, r. L To swalluw, as liquids ; to receive, as a fluid, into the stomach ; as, to drink water or wine. 2. To suck in ; to abdurb ; to imbibe. Ai HJ let tbe puipla violeti dritdc Uw MieuD. Drydxn. 3. To take in by any inlet ; to hear; to see ; as, to Aimk words, or tbe voice. Sh^k, Popt. I dH^ ddicMKa potaon front dij eye. Pept* 4. To take in air ; to inhale. 7b drvii dovin^ is to act on by drinking; to reduce or subdue ; as, to drink dincit unkindness. SKak. To drink offi to drink the whole at a draught ; as, to drink off a cup of cordiaL To drink in ,- to absorb ; to take or receive into any Inlet. To drink up : to drink the whale. To drink ktalth^ or te Uu health ; a customary civil- ity, in which a person, at liiking a glass or cup, ex- presses his respect or kind wishes for another. DRINK, n. Liquor to be swallowed ; any fluid to be taken into the siumach, fur quenching thirst, or for medicinal purposes, as water, wine, beer, cider, de- coctions, &.C, DRINK' A-KLE, a. That may be drank ; fit or suita- ble fur drink ; potable. DKI.NK'.\-BLE, a. A liquor that may be drank. SteeU. DRIXK'A-BLE-NESS, «. Stale of being drinkable. DRINK'KR, n. One who drinks, particularly one wlio pmciices drinking spirituous liquors to excess ; a drunkard -, a tippler. DRINK'ING, p;»r. Swallowing liquor; sucking in; ab^orbine. DRINK'ING, a. Connected with the use of ardent spirits ; as, drinking usages ; making an excessive use of s|Hrituou3 liquors. DRINK'ING, n. The act of swallowing liquors, or of absorbing. 2. The practice of drinking to excess. Wo say, a man is given to drinking, DRINK'ING-HOR.V, a. A horn cup, such as our rude ancestors used. DRINK'ING-IIOUSE, n. A house frequented by tip- plert^ ; an ale-house. DHINK'LESH, a. Destitute of drink. Chaucer, DRINK'-.MON-EY,(-nmn-ny,) n. Money given to buy liquor for drink. DRIP, V. i. [Sax. drvpan, driopan, droptan, to drip, to driH) j D. druipen ; G. trie/en ; Sw. dryoa : Dan. dnjp- per. This seems to be of the same family as drop. Hence, drtblUy drippU, drivcL The Ar. has the pre- cise word tiji thartifa^ to drop or distill. Qu. i\i;i'^ Heb. and Ar., to drop. The Persic has ^,S^^^ tirnbidan, to exude. See Class Rb, No. 11, 35.] 1. To fall in drops ; as, water drips from eaves, fi. To have any liquid falling from it in drops ; as. a wet garment drips. DRIP, c. L To let fall in drops. Sai/l. Tbe thatch dripa hn. k shower of nln. So we say, roasting flesh drips fat. DRIP, a. A falling in drops, or that which falls in drofH. In building, avoid the drip of your neighbor's house. St. The edge of a roof; the eaves; a large, fiat member of the cornice. Bailey. Chatnbers. DRIP'PKl), (dript,) pp. I^t fail in drops. DRIP'PING, ppr. Falling, or letting fall, in drops. DRIP'PI.NG, B, The fat which falls from nu;at in roasting; that which falls in drops. DRIP'PING-PAN, n. A pan for receiving the fat which drips from meat in roasting. DRIP'PLE, 0. Weak or rare. [Ay( in use,} DRIP'-STONE, n. A projecting tablet, or molding, over the head of diwr-ways, or windows, &,c., to throw ofl* rain. DRIVE, V. U; pret. Drove, (fonnerty Dhave;) pp. Drite!V. [Sax. drifan ; Goth, dreiban ; D, dryeen ; G. treibcn ; Sw. dr\fva i Dan. driver ; also Sax. driifan, to vex ; adriftutt to drive. From the German we have thrive. See Ar. ijyls tarqfuj to drive. Class Rb, No. 29, and Heb. Syr. Ar. am, id. No. 4.] 1. To impt^l or urge forward by force ; to force ; to move by physical force. We drive a nail into wood with a hammer ; the wind or a current drivM a ship on the ocean. 2. To compel or urge forward by other means than absolute physical force, or by means that compel the will ; as, to drive cattle to market ; a smoke driccs company from the ronm ; a man may be driven, by the necessities of the limes, to abandon his country. Driot thy busiaow ; lei nol thy biwuiew drive uhce. Franklin. 3. To chase ; to hunL To dritie U>e deer with bouod and bom. Chtvy Chase. 4. To impel a team of horses or oxen to move for- ward, and to direct their course ; hence, to guide or regulate the course of the carriage driven by them. We say, to drive a team, or to drive a carriage drawn by a team. 5. To uike on a drive or in a carriage ; as, to drive a person to his door. 6. To impel to greater speed. 7- To clear any place by forcing away what is in it. To driv* the eoontrr, force the awains nway. Drydxn. 8. To force ; to compel ; in a general sense. 9. To hurry on inconsiderately ; often with on. In this sense, it is more generally intransitive. 10. To distress ;^to straiten ; as, desperate men far dricen. Spenser. 11. To impel by the influence of passion. Anger and lust often drive men into gross crimes. 12. To urge ; to press ; as, to drive an argument. 13. To impel by moral influence ; to com[>*'l ; as, the reasoning of his opponent drove him to acknowl- edge his error. ORG 14. To curry on ; to prosecute j to keep in motion ; as, to drive a trade ; to drive business. 15. To drive feathers or down, is to place them in a machine which, by a current of air, drives off the liglilest to one end, and collects them by tliem selves* HU Ulrica Jriotn bed of duwn. Shak, To drive away ; to force to remove to a distance ; lo expel ; to Jispel ; lo scatter. To drivf of; lo compel lo remove from a place ; to expel ; lo drive lo a distance. To drive out; to expel. DRIVE, c. t. To be forced along ; to bo impelled ; to be moved by any physical force or agent ; as, a ship drioes before the wind. 2. To rush and press with violence ; as, a storm driers against the house. Ficree Bi^rCrt. drooe agi»ioit hi. flying mili. Vryd^n. 3. To pass in a carriage ; as, he drove to London. This phrase is elliptical. lie drove his horses or car- riage to Liondon. 4. To aim at or tend to ■, to urge toward a point ; lo make nn elfort to reach or obuiin ; as, we know the end the author is driving at. 5. To aim a blow ; to strike at with force. Kuiir ruffycg in budcniin let drive at me. Shak. Drive^ in all its senses, implies forcible or violent acti^in. It is opposed lo lead. To drive a body, is to move it by applying a force behind ; to lead^ is to cause to move by applying the force before, or ft^r- ward of tbe body. DRIVE, n. An excursion in a carriage, for exercise or pleasure. In England, it is distinsuish.jd from a ride, which is taken on horseback. DRIV'KL, (driv'l,) v. i. [from the root of drip.] 1. To slaver ; lo let spittle drop or flow from the mouth, like a child, idiot, or dotard. Sidney. Grew. 2. To be weak or foolish ; to dote ; as, a driveling hero ; driveling love. SluiJi. Drydca. DRIV'£L,n. Slaver; saliva flowing from the moutli. Dnjdeii. a. A driveler ; a fool ; an idiot. [.Vul used.] Sidney. DRIV'H.-ER, (driv'l^:r,)n. A slaverer ; a sfabberi^r ; an idiot ; a lool. Sw^ft. DRlV'AL-lNG,p/r. or a. Slavering; foolish. DKIV'EL-I.NG, (driv'Mng,) n. A course of weak, contemptibte action or conduct. DRIVEN, (driv'n,) pp. [from drive.] Urged for- ward by force; impelled to move; constrained by necessity. DRIVER, n. One who drives; the person or thmg that urges or compels any thing else to move. 2. The person who drives beasts. 3. The person «iio drives a carriage; one who conducts a team. 4. A large sad occasionally set on the mi/.zcn-yard or gafl", tile foot being extended over the stern by a boi.in. ■"'<"■• Viet. 5. In machinery, that which communicates motion to something else, as a wheel ; used, also, in compo- sition, as in scrcio-driver. 6. A substance interposed between the dnvmg instrument and the thing driven. A cooper drives hoops by striking upon the driver. DRIVING, ppr. Urging forward by force ; impelling; taking a drive. DRIVING, a. Having great force of impulse; as, a driving wind or storm. DRIVING, ji. The act of impelling. 2. Tendency. DRIZ'ZLE, ti. i. [G. riesdn. The sense is probably to sprinkle, or to scatter. Qu. L. ros, dow, and Fr. arroser. See Heb. Ch. ODl, Ar. ^j„j rassa. Class Rs, No. lli, 28.] , , To rain in small drops ; to fall, as water from the clouds, in very fine particles. We say, it driizles ; drizziing drops ; driiiiing rain ; driiding tears. ** Addison. DRIZ'ZLE, V. U To shed in small drops or particles. Tlie air dol!i driixle dew. Shiik. Winter's drijjiicd allow. SluiJc. DRIZ'ZLED, (driz'ld,) pp. Shed or thrown down in small drops or particles. DRIZ'ZLI.VG, ppr. or u. Falling m fine drops or par- ticles ; shedding in small drops or particles. DRIZ'ZLl.NG, n. The falling of tain or snow in small drops. . DRIZ'ZLY, a. Shedding small ram, or small p.articles of snow. Tbe winter'* drizzly reign. uryden. DROCK, n. Part of a plow. [Ucat.] DROG'MAN and DROG'O-MA.N. Sec DnAOOMAN. DROIL, V. i. [D. druilen, to mope.] To work sluggishly or slowly ; to plod. [JVot mucA used.] , , '^P'"^':- DROI L, n. A mope ; a drone ; a sluggard ; a drudge. [Little used.] ... DROIT, ». [Fr.] Right; the law ; title; fee; privi- lege. Also, in finance, duty ; custom. 2. a. Straight ; right. , FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T METE, PREY. -PINE, MARINE, BIRD.-NOTF,, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. Sfii DRO DRGLI*, a. [Vr. OroU ; G. drvili^i D. vl. ; 8w. trolly ft sntyr; fro/Za, to use magic arts, to enclmiit. Uu. iu alliance to toU^ troUJ] Odd ; merry j facetious ; comical ; as, a droll fellow. DRc)LL, n. One whose occupation or practice is to raise inirtli by odd tricks; a jester; a burtoun. Prior. 3. A farce) sometliiDg exhibittid to rai^tc mirth or Fport. Swift, DROLL, V. L To jest ; to play the bufibon. South. DK6LL, V. t To cheat. L^Estrantre, DKOLI/KR, Ti. A jester; a buffoon. QlanoUle. URCLL'ER-Y, n. Sportive tricks ; buffoonery ; com- ical stories ; gestures, manners, or tales, adapted to raise mirth. 2. A puppet-show, Slmk, DR^LL'ING, B. Low wit ; buffoonery. DKOLL'IXG-LY, adv. In a jesting manner. DRoLL'l.SH, a. Somewhat droll. DllOM'E-DA-RV, (drum'c-der-ry,) n. [Ft. dromadaire ; t^lK dromedario; Port, and It. id.: Ir. droinan; Gr. (^.jo/itis; from swiftness, running, Gr. dijofi-j, ed^tifiof, iocfto). This explanation suppo^s the word to be of Greek origin.] 1. A species of camel, called, also, the Arabian camel, with one bunch or protuberance on the back, in distinction from the Bactrian camel, which has 3. Any quick traveling camel. [two bunches. DRONE, n. [Sax. drane, drten ; G. drohne, whence druhnenj to tmkle, to shake, to tingle. See Ar. Nos. 4 and 7, Class Rn.] L The male of the honey-bee. It is Bmaller than the qaecn-bee, but larger than the workinp-bee. The drones ma!\b no honry, but, aflt-r living a few weeks, Ihey are killed or driven from the hive. ilncyc. lience, S. An idler; a sluggard; one who earns nothing ty indiitjtry. . .Addiioa. 3. A humming or low sound, or the instrument of humming. Milton. 4. The largest tube of the bagpipe, which emits a rontinned deep note. DRO.N'E, r. I. To live in idleness ; as, a droning king. Drydeii. 2. To give a low, heavj', dull sound ; as, the cym- bal's dronins sound. Dryden. DR6NE'-FLV, it. A two-winged insect, resembling the drone-bee. DRONING, ypr. Living in idleness; giving a dull sound. DRO.VMNG, Ti. Dull, driveling utterance. Swift. DRO.\'I.SH,a. Idle; sluggish; lazy; indolent; inac- tive ; slow. Ruioc. DHO\'ISH-LY, adc. In a dronish manner. bRON'lSII-iNE:?S, n. Suite of being dronish. DROOL, V. L To drivel or drop saliva. The word which, according to ilolioway, is provincial in Eng- land, ia a familiar nursery word in ^Vmerica; as, llie chUd druoLt. DUOOP, p. t. [Sax. drepan : Ice. driupa. Tills word is probably from the root of the L. torpeo^ the letters being transposed ; or from the root of drop, D. drui- pen, to drip, drop, or droop. Indeed, all may be of one family.t 1. To smk or hang down ; to lean downward, as a boily that ia weak or languishing. Plants droop fur want of moisture ; the bugian body droops in old Bge or infirmity. 3. To languiith from grief or other cause. Sandys. 3. To fail or ittnk ; to decline ; as, ibe courage or the spirits droop. 4. To faint ; to grow weak ; to be dispirited ; as, the soMi- rs droop from fatigue. DROUP'^l), (droopt,) pp. Cinpuished ; grown weak. DR001"l.\(i, ppr. ift a. Sinking;; hanging or leaning downward; declining; langui^^hing ; failing. DROOP'ING I,V, adc. In a languishing manner. DROP, n. [H.'ix. drojia, a drop ; drupian, to drop ; G, trvgfen; D. drupi Sw. droppt; Dan. Uraabs. Ueb. I?*^, Ar. i^jiCj raafii, and O j3 dharafa. to drop. Class Rb, No. II. Heb. 11^, id.] 1. A small portion of any fluid in a spherical form, which falls at once from any body, or a globule of any fluid which is pendent, as if about to fall ; a •mall portion of water falling in rain ; as, n drop of " water; a drop of blood ; a drop of laudanum. U. A diamond hanging from the ear ; an ear-ring ; something hanging in the form of a drop. X A very Hmall quantity of liquor ; as, be had not drank a drop. 4. The irart of a gallows which sustains the crim- inal before he ia executed, and which is suddenly dronp<^d. DROP, r. /. [Sax. drtrpinn ; D. druipen ; C. trd^yfen or trojffni ; Hw. ibypa; Dan. dnjpjter i Riiks. krapavu.\ I. To pour or kt fall in small portions or globules, as a fluid ; to distil. Tbe h^ATeiu ahAlJ drop down dew. — DpuI. xxilii. 9. To lirt fall, aj< any substance ; as, to drop the an- chnr ; to drop a stone. 3. To let go ; to dismiss ; to lay aside j to quit ; to ^ PRO leave ; to {K'niiit to subside ; as, to drop an affair ; to drop a controversy ; t«» drop a pursuit. 4. To utter flifiliily, briclly, or casually j as, to drop a word in favor of a friend. 5. To insert indirectly, incidentally, or by way of digression ; as, to drop a word of instruction in a letter. 6. To lay aside ; to dismiss from possession ; as, to drop these frail bodies. 7. To leave ; as, to drop a letter at the post-office. 8. To set down and leave ; as, the coach dropped a passenger at the inn. 9. To quit ; to suffer to cease; as, to drop an ac- quaintance. 10. To let go ; to dismiss from association ; as, to drop a companion. 11. To sutler to end or come to nothing; as, to drop a fashion. 1*3. To bedrop ; to speckle ; to variegate, as if by sprinkling witlt drops ; as, a coat dropped with gold. Milton. 13. To lower : as, to drop the muzzle of a gun. DROP, r. i. To distill ; to fall in small portions, glob- ules, or drops, as a liquid. Water drops from the clouds or from the eaves. 3. To let drops fall ; to discharge itself in drops. Tl»c heiif «iia dropptd at tlie pi«»i-nce of Goil. — Pb. Ixviil. 3. To fall ; to descend suddenly or abruptly. 4. To fall spontaneously ; as, ripe fruit drops from a tree, 5. To die, or to die suddenly. We see one friend after another dropping round us. They drop into the grave. 6. To come to an end ; to cease ; to be neglected and come to nothing ; as, the affair dropped. 7. To come unexpectedly ; with t» or t»to; as, my old friend dropped in, a moment. 8. To full short of a mark [JVut usaaX."] Often It dropa or OTcntiooU. CoUter. 9. To full lower ; as, the point of the spear dropped 10. To be deep in extent. [a little. Iter main tojjiuil dropt ievGiiU^n yarjs. Mar, Diet. To drop astern, in sramen^s tampiaffe, is to pass or move toward the stern ; to move buck ; or to slacken the velocity of a vessel, to let another pass beyond her. To drop dotrn, in seamen's langitaffe, is to sail, row, or move down a river, or toward the sea. DROPS, n. pi. In mediciur, n liquid remedy, the dose of which is regulated by a certain number of drops. Enryc, DROP'-SCENE, n. In a lArafcr, a curtain susijended by pulleys, which descends ur drops in front of the stag!.'. DKOP'-SE-RkNE', n. [ffiitta ftcrma.'j A disease of the eye; amaurosis, or blindness Irom a diseased retina. Milton. Coze. DROP'-STONE, n. Spar in the shape of drops. IVoodward. DROP'-WORT, f-wurt,) n. The name of a plant, the Spinfa Jilipenduia. 1'he hemlock drt^p-wort, and the water drop-wort, ore species of CEnanthe. DROP'LET, n. A little drop. Shak. DUOP'PA'D, (dront,) pp. U-t fall ; distilled ; laid aside ; dismissed ; let go ; suffered to subside ; sprin- kled or variegated. DROP'PIN<;,;'pr. oro. Falling in globules ; distilling; falling; laying aside; (li^tmisKing ; quitting; suffer- ing to rest or subside; variegating with oroamcnta like drops. A dropping fire, in military affairs^ is a constant, irregular discharge of small arms. DROP'Pl NG, n. The aa of dropping ; a distilling ; a 2. Ttiat which drops. [falling. DROP'PING-LV, adv. In drops. DROP'Si-CAL, a. [See Dsopby.] Diseased with dropsy ; hydropical ; inclined to the dropsy ; applied to persona. 2. Partaking of the nature of the dropsy ; applied to diitrasf DROP'Sl-Z-JD, (drop'sfd,) a. Diseased with dropsy. Sh>ik. DROP'SY, TI. rr^ hydrops; Or. vi^poiil/, from v6>op, water, and lotp, the fare. Pormerly written kydrop- igy: whence, by contraction, drofisy.'j In mtulicine, an unnatural collection of water, in any part of the Uwly, proceeding from a greater effu- sion of serum hy the eximlent arteries, than the alv- Borbentw take up. it occurs most frequently in per- sons of lax habits, or in bodies debilitated by disease. The dropsy takes different names, according to the part affected ; as, ojicitc.t, or dro|)sy of the abdomen ; hydrorephalnji, or wabT in the head ; anasarca, or a watery HWelting over the whole bi>dy, &lc. Encyc. DROS'KY, n. In Russia, a lorf, four-wheeled vehi- cle, without a top, consisting of a kind of long, nar- row bench, on which the pussengi-rs ride as on a saddle, with their feet reaching nearly to the ground. Encyc. of Dom, Econ. DRO-SOM'B-TEil, lb [Gr, Spoauit d«w, and piTpov^ measure.! DRO An instnimeiit for measuring the quantity of dew on the surface of a body in the open air. DROSS, n. [Sax. droa ; D. droes; G. drusCy stranf^es, glanders ; D. drocssem, G. drusen, dregs ; perhaps from rejecting or throwing off.] 1. The recrement or despumation of metals j the scum or extraneous matter of metals, thrown off in the process of melting. 2. Rust ; crust of metals ; an incrustation formed on metals by oxydation. Addison. 3. Waste matter ; n-fuse ; any worthless matter separated from the better part ; impure matter. The world'i jflory U bul drott miclt-'an. Spenter. DROSS'I-NESS, n. Foulness ; rust ; impurity ; a slate of being drossy. Boyle, DROSS'LESS, a. Free from dross. Stccerm. DROSS'Y, a. Like dross; pertaining to dross. a. Full of dross ; abounding with scorious or rec- rementjtious matter ; as, droj.ty gold 3. Worthless ; foul ; impure. Donne DROTCIl'EL, T». An idle wench ; a sluggard. [A^ in use.] DROUGHT, (drout.) n. [Contracted from Sax. dru- gothe, D. droojrte, from drigan or drygan, to dry. (See Dry.) The spelling drought is after the Belgic dia- lect ; but the regular word, droutk, or drovcih, as WTit- ten in the tune of Bacon, is still considerably used.] 1. Dryness ; want of rain or of water ; particu- larly, dr\ness of the weatlu'r, which affects the earth, and prevents the growth of plants; aridness ; aridity. Temple. Bacon. 2. Dryness of tlie throat and mouth ; thirst ; want of drink. MilUm. DROUGIIT'I NESS, ». A state of dryness of the we^tiier ; want of rain. DROUGHT'Y, a. Dry, as the weather; arid ; wanl- 2. Thirsty; dry; wanting drink. [ingrain. DROUM'Y, a Trtiubled ; muddy. Same as Scottish Druuly. [06^-.] Bacon. Chaucer lias Drotv. DROUTH, n. Dry weather. 2. Thirst. [This was the original word, and is still used in Scotland, and, to a considerable extent, in America.] DROUTH'I-NESS.n, Dryness; thirst, DROUTH'Y, a. Dry; thirsty; us, " When drouOiy neebors neebora meet." Burns. DROVE, prc(. of Drive. DROVE, n. [Sax. draf^ from drive.'] \. A collection of cattle driven ; a number of ani- mals, as oxen, sheep, or swine, driven in a body. We speak of a herd of cattle, and a flock of sheep, when a number is collected ; but properly, a drove is a herd or flock driven. It is applicable to any specioa of brutes. Hence, 2. Any collection of irmtional animals, moving or driving forward ; as, a fiimy drove, Milton. 3. A crowd of i>eople in motion. Wlicre droMM, as &t n city g-Ale, tii;»v- p-OM. Dryden, 4. A road ft»r driving cattle. [English.] DROVER, H. One who drives cattle or sheep to mar- ket. Usually, a man who makes it his business to purchase fat cattle, and drive them to market. 2. A boat drivrn by the tide. Spenser. DROWN, V. t, [Dan. drugner; Sw. drdnckia; Sax. adrcnean. to drown, to drvndi ; from tlie root of drench and drink.] 1. Literally, to overwhelm in water ; and appropri- ately, to extinguish life by imiiter.-GE, (dntj,) p. i. [Sc*«. dra^ , to draffs to tug, to pull with force ; whence druggarty drudging ; Ice. 4r—guT^ a drmwer or carrier ; it. dmfraire^ a drudge or sbv«. This Beems to be a dialectical form of drtLff drwtOtj To work nard ; to labor In mean offices ; to labor with toil and fatigue. In nMmfnmit dxl drvdgw and labor. Bu^hma, DRUDtiE, a. One who work4 hani, or labors with toil and fatigue ; one who labors hard in servile em- ployment,'! ; a slave. Mitten. DRUDti'EU, M. A drudge. 3. A drudi;ing-box. [See DaBDoi.io-Box.1 DRUDG'ER-Y' a. Hard labor^ toilsome work; Igno- ble toil ; hard work in servile occupations. PA.n'*L«r vaj 3 ptMeofbCM— watoutdrHrffvry or Mnw. DK ' -. Laboring hard \ toiling. DK X. i?ee DREo«i%o-Bof. DKL.-^ .^V, ede. With labor and faUgaa; 1»- bonously. DRUG, a. [Pr. dntgiu ; Ann. Av^iurszMt ; fip. Put. and IL drogn. In l>utch, dro^ftnf ia a drmf and a dr)'ing place, so that drug is a dry substance, and from the root of drif. Junius sappo^^es it to Iwve signified, adgtnaUy, ^lices or aromatic plants. See the Terb lo Dar.J L. The genetml name of subscances aaed in medi- cine, told by iJi.^ Hniwcri^-t, uid compounded by UKWiecanes an : ' any substance, vegeca- bie, a nim al, or r . n used in the composi- tion or prepantt. . _ ernes. It Is also applied to dyeing materials. 2. Any couimndity that lies on hand, or is not salable : an articU of slow sale, or in no demand in the market. 3. A morlal dntff^ or a dtadht drug^ Is poison. 4. A drudge. [Scot, rfm^.f Shak, DRUG, V. i. To prescribe or aiimiai.'. DRCG'STER- n. A dniegist. [A'.rf usaL] Boyle. DRO'lD, tt. [Ir. dr^oiy formerly rfrui, a magician, a Druid ; pi. draoiUu ; Sax. (iry, a magician ; W. derwyi^ {dencytk,) which Owen supposes to be a compound of dor ^ rffrtt, an oak, and greyz, knowledge, ptesence. The Welsh derivation accords with that of Pliny, who supposes the Druids were so called because they frequented or innmcled in the forest, or sacrificed under an oak. But some uncertainly rests on this subject.] A priest or minister of religion, among the ancient Celtic nations in Gaul, Britain, and Germany. The draids possessed some knowledse of geometrv, nat- ural philosophy, tc, superintended llic fairs' of re- DRU tit:ion and morality, and performed the uHice of jiidces. OtBCn. K/icyc. DKCIU f:SS, b. a female Druid. UKIT-H)'IC*AL ( *** ^^""^^'"'"g to the Druids. DRCHKIt^H, a! Pertaining to or like Druids. DRC'ID I?M, n. The sysicin of rtliRion, philosophy, and instniciion taujjhi by tlie Druids, or their doc- trines, rites, and ceremonles. tVhitaker. ChrisL Obitrrrrr. DRL'M, n. [D. trom, trommrl ; G. trommvl ; Hw. trum- m*: Dan. trvmmt ; Ir. dnima ; probably from its sound, and the root of rumble^ Gr. fiiHfiiOy L- fremo. See Class Rm, No. 10, II.] 1. A martial instniment of music, in form of a hollow cylinder, and covered at the ends with vellum, whicli is stretched or slackuned at pleasure. 2. In maehinerv^ a short cylinder revolving on an axim, genemlly liu- the inirpose of turning several smrUI wheels, by mean^j of strnjis passing round its periphery. Cyc 3. The drwm nftlu ear, the tympanum, or barrel of the ear : the hollow part of the ear, behind the mem- brane of the tympanum. The latter is a tense mem- brane, which closes the external passage of the ear, and receives tho vibrations of the air. Hooper. 4. A quantity jxicked in tho form of a drum j as, a dram of fig:^ 5. Hheet-iron in the shape of a drum, to receive heat from a stove-pipe. 6. In archiUcture^ Uie upright part of a cupola either above or below a dome. DRUM, r. i. To beat a drum with sticks ; to beat or play a tune on a drum. SL To beat with the fingers, as with drumsticks ; to beat with a rapid succession of strokes ; as, to ^MiM on the table. 3. To beat, as the heart. Drydm. To drum vp ; lUfraUp^ to gather or collect by going round witJi a drum ; or y^guratively^ by influ- ence and exertion ; a.'i, to drttm up fur recruits, &c. DRUM, e. f. To expel with beat of drum. IMUdary phrasf.] DRUM'BLE, e. i. To drone ; to be sluggish. [JVuC in MM.] Shak. DRUM'-FISH, «. A fish found on the coast of North DRU.M'LV, fl. [ W. trom, heavy.] [America. Turbid ; muddy. UVot in use.] DRUM'-MA-JOU, n. The chief or first drummer of a regiment. DRUM'-MAK-ER, n. One who makes dnims. DRUM'MER, H. One whose ortice iti lo beat the dnim, in militfin* exerci«s and marching ; one who drums. DRUM'MING, ;>jir. Beating a drum; expelling with beat of dnini. DRUM'MOXD-LIGHT, (lite,) n. [from Lieut. 7>riiB^ m^md.] A very intense light, produced by turning two streams of gas, one oxygt-n, and the other hy- drogen, in a state of ignition, upon a bull of lime. DRUM'STICK, n. The stick witti which a dnim is beaten, or shaped for the purpose of beating a dnim. DRUNK, a. [from drtt-iketi. See Drink.} Intoxica- ted ; inebriated ; overwhelmed or overjwwered by spirituous liquor ; stupefied or indamed by the action of spirit on the stomach and brain. It is brutish to be druni. Be not drunk with winff, wherein U excm. Si. Paul. S. Drenched oi saturated with moisture or liquor. I trill mnie mjr nmnrs drunk with bloud. — Dout. xxiii. JVbCe. — Drunk was formerly used as the participle of drink : o-s, he had drunk wine. But in modem usage, drank lins taken its place ; and drunk is now used rhiefly as an adjective. DRUNK'ARD, n. One given to ebriety, or an exces- sive use of strong liquor; a person who habitually or frequently is drunk. A druttkard aiuJ a giuUon shidl coroe to poreily. — Prov. xxiO. DRUNK'EN, (drunk'n,) a. [Participle of Drimk, but now used chiefly as an adjective, and oflen contract- ed to Dru? walk honesUy, aa In ibe da; ; not lu itolin^ and drunk- €nna*. Si. Paul. 2. Habitual ebriety or intoxication. Watts. 3. Disordur of the faculties, resembling intoxica- tion by liquors ; inflammation ; frenzy ; rage. Passion is the drunkennest of tlie mitid. Spelter. DRY DRU-PA'CEOUH, a. Producing drupes; as, drupa- ceous trees. S. Pertaining to drupes; or conaisting of dni|>*'»; ns, drupaceous fruit. .^siat. Rej^earches. DRCPE, n. [L. drupx^ Gr. (!pvffC7rf??, olives ready lo fall ; Gr. f^/^vj, a tree, and jrirrrw, to fall.] In botifny^ a pulpy pericarp or fruit, without valves, containing a nut or stone with a kernel ; aiithc plum, cherry, apricot, peach, almond, olive, 4tc. Martijn. DRCSE, M. [G. druse, a Rlund, glanders.] AinouK tnmers, a cavity in a rock, having its inte- rior surface studded with crystals, or filled wilb water. DRO'SY, I a. Covered with a large number of mi- DROS'ED, I nule cr>stal3. DKV, (I. [Sax. dri, dn>, or rfrj/^; D.droog; G.trockea. See the verb.] 1. Destitute of moisture; free from water or wet- ness ; arid ; not moist ; as, dry land ; dnf clothes. 2. Not rainy ; free from rain or mii>t ; as, dry weather ; a dry March or April. 3. Not juicy ; free from juice, sap, or aqueous mat- ter ; not green ; as, dry wood ; dry stubble ; dry hay ; dry leaves. 4. Without tears ; as, dry eyes ; dry mourning. l>rydea. 5. Not giving milk ; aSj the cow is dry. 6. Thirsty ; craving dniik. 7. Barren ; jejune ; plain ; unembcIUshed ; desti- tute of iiathos, or of that wtiich amuses and inter- ests ; as, ft dry style ; a dry subject ; a dry discussion. 8. Severe ; sarcastic; wiping; as, a dry remark or repartee ; a dry rub. Ooodman. 9. Severe ; wiping ; as, a dry blow ; a dry basting. [See the verb, which signifies, properly, to wipe, rub, scour.] Bacon. 10. In painting and sndpture, a term applied to a sharp, frigid preciseneas of execution, or the want of a delicate contour in form, und of easy traii-sition in col.iring. Jocelyn. Dry goods; in eommeree, cloths, stuffs, silks, laces, rililtons, &c., in distinction from groceries. Dry wines, are those in which ihe saccharine mat- ter and the ferment are so exactly balanced, that tliey have mutually ilecoinposi-d each other, and no sweet- ness is perceptible. They are opposi^d to the sweet wines, in which the saccharine matter is in excess. The dry wines ore considered as the niosi p^'rfect class, and such are the best Burgundy and Port. Eiuiyc. Dam. Econ. DRV, ». L [.Sax. dri^an^ adrinaVy or dry. droogea ; H. tmcJcnen^ to drj', to wipe ; Gr. t^I'jc-i; L. tergo, trrgea ; Fr. torcher ; Hw. torcka. The German has also rftirr, Sw. ton-, Dan ISr; but these seem to be connected with L. torreoy Russ. obUrayu or otrrayu. Chiss Dr. VVIielh- er drigan and dry are derivatives of that root, or be- long to Class Rg, the root of rai«, is not certain. See Dry. Class Kg. The primary sense is to wipe, rub, scour.] 1. To free from water, or from moii'ture of any kind, and by any means ; originally by wiping ; as, to rfT^the eyes ; to exsiccate. 2. To deprive of moisture by evaporation or ex- halation ; as, the sun dries a cloth; wind dries the earth. 3. To deprive of moisture by exposure to the sun or open air. We dry cloth in ihe sun. 4. To deprive of natural juice, sap, or greenness, as, to dry hay or plants. 5. To scorch or parch with thirst ; with vp. Their honorable men nre famished, and t}ieir miillitude dried up yfilii LhirsU — I&a. v. C. To deprive of water by draining; to drain; to exhaust; as, to dry a meadow. To dry vp : to deprive wholly of water. DRY, p. i. To grow dry ; to lose moisture ; to become free from moisture or juice. The road drie^ fast in a clear, windy day ; hay will dry sulficiently in two days. 2. To evaporate wholly ; lo he exhaled ; simietimes with up ; as, the stream dries or dries up. DUT'AD, Tt. [L. drtjades, pi., from Gr. ooviy a tree.] In mythology, a deity or nymph of llie woods;' a nymph j^upposed to preside over woods. DR?'-B5N-£D, a. Having dry bones, or without fli:-erhnps to L. toga^ and to tego^ to cover, or (no, to weave.] A species of coarse cloth or light canraSj used for small sails, sacking of beds, &c DUCK. n. [from the verb lo duck.] A water fowl, so called fntm its plunging. There are many spe- cies or varieties of the duck, some wild, others tame. 2. An inclination of the head, resembling the mo- tion of a duck in water. MUton. 3. 7*0 make ducks and drakes; to throw a flat stone, tile, &.C., obliquely, so as lo make it rebound repeat- edly from the surface of water, ntising a succession of jets ; hence, to play at ducks and drakes, with prop- erty, is to squander it foolishly and unprofltably. Lame duck. See Lame. [Smart, DUCK, n. [Dan. dukke, a baby or puppet] A word of endearment or fondness. Skak. DUCK, V. t. [G. dueken, and tauchtn ; D. duiken, prct. dook, to stoop, dive, plunge. Q,u. Sax. theackan, to wash, and its alliance to tingo and dye. Class Dg.] 1. To dip or plunge in water and suddenly with- draw ; as, to duck a seaman. It differs from dive, which signifies to plunge one's self, without imme- diately emerging. 2. To plunge the head in water and immediately withdraw it ; as, duck the boy. 3. To bow, stoop, or nod. DUCK, r. i. To plunge into water and immediately withdraw; to dip; to plunge the head in water or other liquid. la Tiber dutking thrice br bnak of day. Dryden. Si. To drop the head suddenly ; to bow ; to cringe. Dudt with French nodi. ShaJc. DUCK'-BILL. n. An animal of New Holland, the Ornithorj-ncnus, which see. DUCK'-B1LL-/:D, a. Having a bill" like a duck, an epithet of the animal called Orn)thor)'nchus. DUCK'/;I), (dukt,) pp. Plunged ; dipiwd in water. DUCK'ER, M. Aplimger; a diver; a cringer. DUCK'ING. 7)pr. Plunging; thrusting suddenly into water anu withdrawing; dipping. DUCK'lNtJ, It. 'J* he act of plunging or putting in wa- ter and withdrawing. Ducking is a punishment of offooderif in France ; and among English seamen, it is a penalty to which sailors are subject on passing, for tlie first ijmejthe et m use.] South. DUD'DER, r. f. To deafen with noise ; to render the head confused. ■ Jennings. DUDG'EOX, (dud'j W,) iu [G. degen.] A small dagger. Hudibras. DUDC'EO-V, (dud'jun,) n. fW. dygcn.] Anger j resentment j malice ; iirwill ; discord. V Estrange. Hudibras. DUDS, n. [Scot dud, a rag ; duds, clothes, or old worn clothes; 1), (orf, a rag, qu. tout; It tozzi, scraps. Orose.] Old clothes ; tattered garments. [A vulgar word.] DOE, (dii,) a. [Fr. dft, pp. oi devoir, L. debco, Sp. dcber ; It docere. tin. Gr. hi>i, to bind. Class Db. It has no connection with owe.] 1. Owed; that ought to be paid or done lo another. That is due from mc lo another, which contract, jus- tice, or propriety, requires me to pay, and which he may justly claim as his right Reverence is due to the Creator ; civility is due from one man to another. Money is due at the expiration of the credit given, or at the period promised. 2. Pro[M>r ; fit; appropriate; suitable; becoming; required by the circumstances; as, the event was celebrated with due sobnnnities. Men seldom have a due sense of their depravity. 3. Seasonable ; as, he will come in due time. 4. Exact; proper; as, the musicians keep daa time. 5. Owing to ; occasioned by. [Litde used.] Boyle. 6. That ought lo have arriveil, or to be present, before the time specified; as,two mails^re nowrfue. DCE, adv. Directly ; exactly ; as, a due east coprse. DOE, n. That which is owed ; that which one con- tracts to pay, do, or [wrform to another; that which law or justice requires to be paid or d me. The money that I contract to pay to another, is his due; the service which I covenant to perform to another, is his due ; n-verence to the Creator, is his due. 3. That which otiice, rank, station, social relations, or established rules of right or decorum, require to be given, [taid, or done. Respect and obedience to parents and magistrates arc tlieir due. 3. Thai which law or custtmi requires; as, toll, tribute, fees of office, or other legal perquisites. 4. Right ; just title. [Addison, Tlic Jp-y of ihia infr-rnal pit by du* - I herp. MUton. DOR, V. t. To pay as due. [J^ot used.] Skak. DuE'FiJL, a. Fit ; becoming. [LiUleused.] DO'EL, n. [ T*. duellum ; Fr. duel ; It duello ; Port, id, ; Sp. duclo. In Armoric, the word is dufetl, or dwelt, and Gregolre supposes the word to be compounded of dou, two, and bell, bcllum, war, combat So in Dutch, tineegevegt, two-fight; in G. iweikampf, id.] 1. Single combat ; a premeditated combat between two persons, for the purpose of deci-ER, 71. A combatant in single fight DC'EI.rlNG, pi>r. Fighting in single combat a. Pertaining to, or employed in dueling. DO'EL-ING, n. The act or practice of fighting in single combat. DO'EL-IST, n. One who fights in single combat Thp diielitl valiir* liia hnnar ainre the lifn of hia nntu^oniiit, hii owu Life, diul the hftlipincaa of hia tamtly. Anon. 2. One who maintains the propriety of dueling. DU-EL'LO, rt. Duel ; or rule of dueling. [JVot used.] DOF'''NES.S, (du'ness,) n. [See Duk.] Fitness; pro- prietv ; duo quality. DU-EN'.N A, n. [Sp. dueHa, fern, of i/ucHo ,• Fr. duegne; the same as dona, the feminine of don. Qu. W. dyn^ Ir. duine, man, a person. See Dorr,] An old wtmian who ii kept to guard a younger ; a governess. Arbuthnot TONE, BIJLL, UNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUa.-C as K ; as J ; S as Z ; CH as 6H ; TH as in TIIIP. 37r DUL Dtl VT' i DU-£T'Vo i "" ^^^ 'm<««i from dmc, two.] A piece of mu^ic com|>u8ti(I fur two performers, whether vocal or in:striinH'nlaL DUF'FCL,ii. [D.] A kiiid of coarse woolen cloth, having a thick nap or frie7.c. DUG, n. [li'f. dcgi^ia. This word corresponds with Uw root of L. dixritujiy Eng. I4>e, Norm, dojf, a tioger, si^Hnifying a shoot ur [wtnt.j Tttt? pap or nipple of a cow or other beast ; now applied outy to coyn or other beadt^, unless in con- tempt. Vtmu Hftdar A^ -^ f-.-^\e^ and, in coinpositiunf tngf Vr-, " 1' army-lender; a gener- "Mr«,|*rito*; -. II. krrtu^: Sw. kertig i ^axoo, lio^uit, ti-uN, U> dr.iw, to tug; Gr. rajo;; Thespian, Ugu*. Class l>p. No. 5. M.] ] In Orftrtt Britain^ one of the highest order of nobility ; a title of honor tir nobility rust below the phnct^ ; &■*, Ihf duke of Bedford, or of CornwiUl. 2. In sotite ct*uutrit3 on the Ci"itinrnt, a sovereign prince, without the title of king; asj the duke of HoMrin, of riavoy, of Paniut, &c. 3, A chief; a prince; ;is, the duke^ of Edom. DCKE'DOM, a. The stianoiy or putie>ession9 of a duke ; the territory- of a Juke. Sh^ik, a. The title or quality of a duke. Ibid. DrL'BRAl.V£D, a. [rf«J/ and frram.] Stupid; dolt- ish ; of dull intellects. See Uull-Braixed.J SJutk, DUL'CET, fl. [L. duieis, swert.] L Sweet to the taste j luscious. She ienpan dttktt cmunA. MiHon. o ^„-....f t., ihM .-ir ; melodkms; hamtonitMis ; as, ..' . mphuniei. Milton. Dl i 1. [St* Dllcift.] The act bi' ^ — , .ular{y,the combining of min- eral acid^ with alcohol, by whkk their cwslic or comiaive qualities are dimintKbed. IXn/CI-FI-£0,(durse-fiae,)pfk Sweetened. DuU\/ud spirit ; a tenn applied to a compound of alc4ihol with mineral acids; as, duiti^ spirits of n-lcr. Dl ! ■ 'T'3,a. [U WhIcu and Jla«.j ilv. Dl' I 1 . . [Pr. dukifier^ from U itdcu^ swecC, and /*w»t ^ make.] To sweeten ; lo free from aciditjr, saltnesa, or ac- rimoay. fVisemam^ DUI/Cl-r?-IXG, ;»yr. Sweetening; purifying from arid It V. DUL'Ci-MER, a. [IL dakiauaOf from doteey 8Wc«U Skinner.] An instrument of music having nbont 50 brass wire^, which are played upon wiiti little sticks. Damui iii. 5. Johnson. DULCI-.NESS, a. [L. dulcis.] Softness ; easines.-^ uf teiu[»cr- [Abt used.] Bacon. DlTL'CI-TUnE, «, [L. dulcituJo.] gwettness. DUL'eO-R.XTE, V. L [L. duku^ sweet ; Low L. dtdat, to sxveeien.] 1. To sweeten. Baton. Sl To make less acrimonious. Johnson. JViscman, DUL-€0-RA'TIO.\ «. The act of sweetening. DO'Ll-A, a. [Gr. A>">£i.7, ser^'ice,] [Baetm. Ax\ inferior kind of worship or adorttton. [JVuC «K EMgiUk tcord.] Stiliin>^JUet. OVIA^ m. [W. doly dwt ; Sox. dol^ a wandering; al^o dulL foolish, stupid ; D. d^y mad ; G. tali^ and toipHj a dolt ; Sax. dwoOan, to wander, to rave. Uu. Dan. dvmler^ to loiter ; Sw. dodliasj id., or dvaia, a trance.] 1. Stupid ; doltish ; bWkish ; slow of understand- ing ; as, a lad of dull gr-ni;is. a. Heavy; slia';ish ; without life or spirit; as, a mrfeit leaves a man very daU. 3. Slow of motion ; sluggish ; as, a dall stream. 4. Plow of hearing or seeing ; as, duU of bearing ; duU of Seeing. 5. Slow to letirn cm* comprehend ; unready ; awk- ward ; as, a dull scholar. 6. Sleepy ; drowsy. 7. Sad ; melancholy. 8. Gross ; clog^- ; insensible ; as, the dnU earth. 9. Not plctsing or delightful ; not exhilarating; cheerless; as, to make dictionaries is dull work. Johnson. 10. Not bright or ciear ; clouded ; tarnished ; as, the mirror is dulL Ih Not bright; not briskly burning; aa, a dull fire. 13. Dim ; obscure ; not vivid ; as, a duU light, 13. Blunt; obtuse; having a thick edge; a«_ a dmit knife or ax. DUM 14. Clouily ; overcast ; not clear ; nut CQllvening ; as, dull Weather. 15. With aeamenf bc^g without wind ; as, a ship has a dull time. Itt. Svt lively or animated ; oh, a dull eye. DULL, V. L To make dull; to dtui>cfy ; as, to dull the senses. Sbak, a. To blunt ; as, to dull n sword or an ax. 3. To make sad or n)cI;incholy. 4. To helK'late ; to make Inscu'^ible or slow to per- ceive; as, to iJuU the ears ; to dull the wtts. Spenser. Aseham. 5. To damp; to render lifeless ; as, to dull the attention. Hooker. 6. To make heax*}' or slow of motion ; as, to dull industry. Bacon. 7. To sully ; to tirniAh or cloud ; as, the breath dulls a mirror. DULL, V. r. To become dull or blunt; to become stupid. DULL'-BR.AIN -/D, a. Stupid ; of dull intellect. DULL'-BRO\V'/:U. a. Having a gloomy look. Qtiarle^. DLT.L'-DIS-PC«'£D, a. Inclined to dullness or sad- ness, if. JoHgon. DULL'-EV-JfTD, (Ide,) a. Having a downcast look. DULL'-HEAD, (hed,) m. A person of dull understand- ing ; a doll ; a bhkckhead. DULL'-SiGUT-ED, a. Having imperfect sight; pur- blind. DULL'-WIT-TED, a. Having a duU intellect; heavy. DULl/ARD, a. Doltish; stupid. NI-FOrND'ER, \ [A low word.] Spectutar. SmfU DUM'.MEU-ER, a. One who feigns dumbness. [JVot in use.] \ DO'MfiSE' ( "* ^^ dumosus. from dumus^ a bush.] Ahounding with hushes and briers. j DUM'MV, n. One who is dumb. [^>tlgar.\ ', DU^IF, lu [from the root of dumb ; D. dom ; G. dumm.] DUN 1. A dull, gloomy stale of the mind; sadness; mel- ancholy ; sorrow ; heaviness of heart. Ill doleful dutnpt. Clay. 9. Absence of mind ; revery. Locke. 3. A melancholy tune or air. Sfuik. [This is not an elegant word, and in America, I believe, is always used in the plural ; as, the woman is in the dumps.] DU.MP'ISH, a. Dull; stupid; sad; melancholy; de pressed in spirits ; as, he lives a dumpish life. Dl'MP'ISIl-LY, adv. In a moping manner. DUMP'ISH-NESS, n. A stale of being dull, heavy, and moping. DU.MP'LING, n. [from dump.] A kind of pudding or mass of paste, in cookery ; usually, a cover of paste inclosing an apple and boiled, called apple-dumpUng. Dl'MPS, ju pi. Melancholy ; gloom. DUMP'V, a. Short and thick. Smart. DUN, a. [Sax. dunnf W. rfton; Ir. do«n; qu. (tin, (mc)iy. See Class Dn, No. 3, 24, 28, 35.] 1. Of a dark color; of a color partaking of a brov^ and black ; of a dull-brown color; swarthy. 2. Dark ; gloomy. Ill the dan air BiiUime. MUlon. DUN, V. t To cure, as fish, in a manner to give them a dun color. [See Ditnnino.] DUN, r, U [Sax. dynan, to clamor, to din. (See Din.) Q.U. Gr. ^ovrcn.] 1. Xiferai/y, to clamor for payment of a debt. Hence, to urge for payment ; to demand a debt in a pressing manner ; to urge for payment with importunity. But, in common usage, dun is otlen used in a milder sense, and signifies lo call for, or ask for payment. 2. To urge importunately, in ageneral scn^e ; but not art etrgant word, DUN, »i. An importunate creditor who urges for pay- ment. Philips. Arbufhnot, 2. An urgent request or demand of payment In writing ; as, he sent his debtor a dun. 3 An eminence or mound. [See Down and Toww.] DUN'-IURD, (-burd,)n. A North American species of duck, called the ruddy duck. Peabody^s Mass. Rep. DUNCE, (duns,) n. [G. dun*. Qu. Pera. JsJi , a stu- pid man.] A pt^rstm of weak intellects ; a dullard ; a dolt ; a thickskull. I uCTf r knew thia town without duncet of figurf . Svi\fl. ['* Dunce is said by Johnson to be a word of un- known etymology. Stanihurst explains it. The terra Dansy from Scotas^ 'so famous for his sublill quiddi- ties,' lie says, ' is so trivial and-common in all schools, that whoso surpassclh others either in cavilling sophis- trie, or subtill philosophic, is fiDrthwith nicknamed a Duns.* This, he tells us in the margin, is the reason 'why schoolmen arc called Dun.scs.' (Description of Ireland, p. 2.) The Word easily passed intti a term of scorn, just as a blockhead is called Solurnon, a bully Jiectiir, and as Moses is Ihe vulgar name of contempt for a Jew." Dr. SoutJtey^s Oviniana^ vol. i. p. 5. E. H. B.] I have little confidence in this explanation. JV. W, DU.\'CER-Y, n. Dullness ; stupidity. Smith. DUN'Cl-F?, V. U To make stupid in intellect. [JVo( used.] IVarburton. DUN'CISH, a. Like a dunce ; sottish. DUN'DER, n. [Sp. redundar^ to overflow ; L- redundo.] Lees ; dregs ; a word used in Jamaica. The uae oidunder in tlie miikine of mm suiKwrn the purpose of ycoM Ui the fenneiibUiuii of fluur. Edaard^'t Wttl Indiea, DUN'DER-PaTE, n. A dunce ; a dull head. DONE, n, A term applied to low hills of movable sand, on the coast of England, France, and other countries. LycU. DUN'-FISH, n. Codfish cured in a particular manner. £366 Dunking.] NG, n. [Sax. rfwn^, or dinci^, or diutg; G. dung; diinfrer: Dan. dynd; S%v. dynga.] The excrement of animals. Bacon. DUNG, r. t. To manure with dung. Dryden, DUNG, r. t. To void excrement. DUNG'ED, (dungd,)p;>. Manured with dung. DUN'OEON, (dun'jun,) n. [Fr. liongenv, or donjon, a tower or platform in the midst of a castle, a turret or closet on the top of a house. In one Armoric dialect it is domjou, and Gregoire suggests that it is com- pounded of rfom, lord or chief, and jok, Jupiter, Jove, an elevated or chief tower consecrated to Jupiter; but qu. In Scottish it is written doungeon, and de- notes the keep or strongest tower of a fortress, or an inner tower surrounded by a ditch. Jamie-son, It was used for confining prisoners, and hence its applica- tion to prisons of eminent strength. The dungeon was in the bottom of a castle, under ground, and without light. Henryy BrU.] L A close prison ; or a deep, dork place of confine- ment. Anil in a dungeon <\r^, Spennr, Thi-j brouglii Jos'ph hiiilly out of the dungeon. — Gen. xli. 2. A subterraneous place of close confinement Jeremiah. FATE, FAR, FALL, WH.^T. — METE, PRBY-— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- •S7i>' DUP DL'N'GEOX, t>. L Tu confine in a dungeon. HalL DL'N'GEON-/^, (dun'jund,) pp. Confined in a dun- geon. DUNG'FORK, ti. A fork used to throw dung from a stiibte or into a cart, or to spread it over laud. DUNG'HILL, n. A heap of dung. a. A mean or vile abode. Dnjdetu 3. Any mean situation or condition. He liftcth the hrg-jar from the dunghUt. — I Sara. il. 4. A term of reproach for a mau meanly bom. [J^ot Msed.'l Shak, DUNG'HILL, a. Sprung from the dunghill j mean; low ; base ; vile. Shak. DUNG'Y, a. Full of dung ; filthy ; vile. Shak. DUXG'YARD, ju A yard or iuclusure where dung is collected. Mortimer. DUXK'ER3, n. pi. The name of a Christian sect. They practice abstinence and mortification, and it is said they deny the eternity of future punishnienL DUN'LLX, n. A bird, a species of sandpiper. Pennant. DUN'NAGE, n. Fagots, boughs, or loose materials of any kind, laid on the bottom of a ship to raise heavy coods above the bottom. Mar. DicL WS'SKDy (dund,) pp. [from dim.] Imiwrtuned to pay a debt ; urged. DLN \ER, n. [from rfi/».] One employed in nolicit- inp llie payment of debts. Spectator. ■ DUN'NING, ppr, [from dun.] Urging for payment of a debt, or for the grant of some favor, or for the obtaining any request ; importuning. DU.VNING, n. [from dun, a color.] The operation of curing codfish, in such a manner as to give il a peculiar color and quality. Fish for dunning are caught early in spring, and often in February. At the Isles of Shoals, off Portsmouth, in New Hamp- shire, the cod are t;iken in deep water, split, and slack-salted ; then laid in a pile for two or iliree months, in a dark store, covered, for the greatest [»art of the time, with salt hay or e«'l-grasji, and pressed with some weight. In April or -May, ihi-y are opetied, and piled again as close as (x^Ki^iblc in the same dark Btorc, till July or August, when they are fit for use. J. Haven. DTTN'XIsn, a. Inclined to a dun color; somewhat dun. Ray. DU.N'NY, a. Deaf; dull of apprehension. ILoetd.] DO'O, n. [L. two.] lOrose. A song in two parts. DU-O DEC A IlK'DItAL, J See Dodecahedral, Do- DL^U DEC-A IliC'DRON, i decahedron. DU-O-DEC'I-MAL, a. Proceeding in computation by twelves. DU-0-DEC'I->IAL«, n. In arithmetic, a kind of mul- tiplication in which llie denominations proceed by twelves. DU-O-DEC'IM-FID, o. [L. duodecim, twelve, and^En- do, to cleave.] Divided into twelve parts. DU-0-DEC'I-.MO, a. [L. duoitecim, twelve.] Having or consisting of twelve leaves to a sheet ; as, a book of dtufdeeimo form or size. DUO-DEC'I-MO, n. A book in which a sheet is fold- ed into twelve leaves. PL'-O-DEe'U-PLE, 0. [L. duo, two, and deeuptug^ tenfold.] Cuniniitling of twelves. Arbuthnnt. DU-0-DE'.NUM, Tt. [!>.] The fir^t of the small in- tei-tinea; the twelve-inch intestine. DU-O-LIT'ER-AL, o. [L. diw, two, and litera^ a let- Consisting of two lettere only ; biliteral. Stuart. DUP, V. I. [to do up.] To open ; us, to dap the door. rjVirt in use.} DCPE, Ji. [tt.dufg. Sec the verb.] A person who is deceived ; or one easily led astray by his credulity \ as, the daj>e of a party. DCPEj p. U [Fr. duper ; Sw. tubba. Uu. Sp. and Port. eatafar.] To deceive ; to trick ; to mislead by imposing on one's credulity ; as, to be duped by flattery. nrF"A BLE, ((lap'n-i)l,) a. Thntom he duped. "f !"/;!>, rdupl,) pp. Deceived; tricked. i.R V, n. The art oT prartire of duping. -■. .' '.S(i,ppr. Tricking; cheating. liC PI ON, n, A double cocoon, formed by two or mfire silk-wf>rms. Encyc. DC'PLE, a. fl.. duptuf.] Double. Duple ratio is that in which the antece- dent term is ooulde the consequent ; as of S to 1, 8 to 1, Set. Sub-duple ratio is tlie reverse, or as 1 tu 2, ■t m f<, &.C.. DC PM-€ATE, fl. [I*, duplicatuf. from dupUeo, to donhl>r, from duplei, double, twofold ; duo, two, and p/ico, to fold. Hec DouBLB.] Double ; twofold. Duplicate proportion^ or ratio, is the proportion or ratio of Mpiares. Thus, in geometrical proportion, the finl term to the third is said to bo in a duplicate ratio of the first to the w-cond, oi oa its square in to the square of the second. Thus in 2, 4, 8, IG, the ratio of 3 to 8 is a duplicate of that of 3 to 4, or an tbe square of 3 ia to the square of 4. DUS DO'PLI-CATE, n. Another corresponding to the first ; or a seconit tiling of Ihe same kind. 2. A copy ; a transcript. Thus, a second letter or bill of excliange, exactly like the first, is called a da- plicate. DO'PLI-eATE, V. U [L. ditpUco.] To double ; to fold. Df>' PLI-e A-TED, pp. Mniie double. DCPLieA-TING, ppr. Making double ; folding. DU-PLI-CA'TION, 71. The act of doubling; the mul- tiplication of a number by 2. 2. A folding; a doubling; also, a fold ; as, the du- gtication of a membrane. 'l*Lr-€A-'rURE, n. A doubling ; a fold. In anat- amy. the fold of a membrane or vessel. Kncyc. DU-PUC'I-TY, n. [Fr, duTtliciti ; Sp. duplicidad ; It. duplicitd ; from L. duplex, (louble.] 1. Doubleness ; the number two, JVatts. 2. Doubleness of lieart or speech ; the act or prac- tice of exhibiting a different or contrary conduct, or uttering ditferent or contrary sentiments, at different times, in relation to the same thing; or the act of dissembling one's real opinions for the purpose of con- cealing them and misleading persons in the conver- sation and intercourse of life ; double-dealing ; dis- simulation ; deceiL 3. In law, duplicittf is the pleading of two or more distinct matters or single pleas. BlackntoHC. DUP'PER, II. The same as Dibber, which see. DU-RA-DIIVI-TY, «. [See Duhable.] The powerof lasting orcontinuing m any given state without per- ishing ; as, the durability of cedar or oak timber ; the durability of animal and vegetable life is very lim- ited. DO'RA-BLE, a. [L. durabilix, from rfwro, to last, du- T-u.*, hard ; W. dur, stee! ; duraw^ to harden.] Having the quality of lasting, or continuing long in beins, without |H-rishing or wearing out ; as, duror ble timbtrr ; durable clotil ; durable happiness. DO'RA-IJbE NESS, n. Power of lasting ; durability ; as, the dttrableness of honest f;une. DO'RA-IILY, adv. In a lasting manner; with long continuance. DV'RA MA'TER, [L.] The outer membrane of the brain. Coie. DU-RA'MEN, B. [L.] The central layers or lieart- wood, of a tree. Brande. DO'RA.NCE, n. [from Fr. rfwr, rfurcr, L. duro.] 1. Imprisonment ; restraint of the person ; custody of the jailer. Shak. 2. Continuance; duration. [SceExDURANcB.] Onjdcn. DU-RANT', TU A glazed woolen stuff; called by some ercr/u.s(tnjr. DU-RJiJ^' TE, TL.] During ; as, duran'te vi'ta^ during life; duratt'te oe'ne plac'ito, during pleasure. DU-RA'TIO.V, a. Continuance in time ; length or ex- tension of existence indefinitely; an, the duration of life ; the duration of a partnershifi ; the duration of any given period of time ; everlasting duration. This holding on or continuance of time is divided by us, arbitrarily, into certain portions, as minutes, hours, and days ; or it is measured by a succession of events, as by the diurnal and annual revolutions of the earth, or any other succession ; and the interval between two events is called a part of duration. Thid inter- val may bo of any indefinite length, a minute or a century. 2. Power of continuance. Rogers. DUK'itAR, n. An audimce-room, in India. DORE, r. i. [L. duro i Fr. durer ; Sp. durar ; It. durare. Bee Durable.] To last ; to hold on in time ot being ; to contlnoe ) to endure. ij'hiji word ig obsolfief ErrouRE beinff substituted.] DPRE'FUI*, a. I.a.sttng. [Oft.-*.] Spenser. DORE'UESS, a. Not lasting; fading. Ralegh, DU-RESa', n, [Norm, dure^fse^ durcUe, from rfur, hard, grievous; l^duritir,t, durus. See Durarlb.] 1. Lit/rally, hardsliip; hence, constraint. Techni- eu'h/ duress, in law, is of two kinds ; dure^f qf itn- prw^meiit, which is imprisonment, or reslmint of pt^r«onal liberty ; nnddurcjis by men aceji or threats, {fter minas,] when a i>erson is threatened with loss of life or limb. Fear of batt.T>- is no duress. Duress, then, is impri^nriinent or threats intended to compel a per- son to do a Itgal art, as to execute a deed ; or to commit an nffeiisc ; in which cases the act is voida- ble or excusable. Black»tone. 9. Inipri)*nnin'-nt ; restraint of liberty. ^ DOR'ING, pjrr. of DuHE. Continuing ; laslmg ; hold- ing on ; as, during life, that is, lift; continuing i during our earthly pilgrimage; during the sjiace of a year; during this or that. These pnrai«'« are the ca.-«e ab- sctlute, or independent clauses; durante vita, duran- te hoc. DO'Rl-TY, n. [Fr. durrti, from dur, L. duru!; duro.] I. Hardness; firmness. 9. Hardness f)f mind ; harshness. [^Litile used.] Dt'ROUH, fl. Hard. [J^vt used.] Smith, DUR'RA, Tt, A kind of millet, cultivated in N. Africa. I>I;R.ST, pret. of Dare. (D. dorH.] DOSE, n. [L. Dusius.] A demon or evil spirit. '* Quosdam diemoncs quos i/il»iu« Galli nuncupant." PUT (.augusL De Civ. Dei, 15, 23.) What the duse is the matter? The du.se is in you. [yulirar.] More com- monly spelt Del'ce, or Deuse, though Dose is ety- mologically most correct. DUSK, a. [D. duistrr; G. ditster: Russ. tusk, tarnish j tusknu, to tarnish, to become dull or obscure. Q,u. Gr. Saav^.] 1. Tendmg to darkness, or moderately dark. 9. Tending to a dark or black color; moderately biflck. Milton. DUSK, 71. A tending to darkness ; incipient or iiu|)er- fect obscurity; a middle degree between light and darkness ; twilight ; as. the dufik of the evening. 2. Tendency to a black color ; darkness of color. Whose dutk let ofl" (he 'wliiltims of the tWn\. Dryikii. DUSK, V. i. To make dusky. [LiUU ttsed.j DUSK, r. i. To begin to lose light or whiteness; to grow dark. [Little used.] DirSK'I-LY, adi\ With partial darkness; with a ten- dency to blackness or darkness. S/irrteood. DUSK'I-NESS, n. Incipient or pnrtiiti darkness; a slight or moderate degree of darkness or blackness. DUSKMSH, a. Moderately dusky ; jKirtially obscure j slightly dark or black ; as, duakisk smoke. Spenser. Diiskith liiicliire. Wollon. DUSK'ISH-LY, adc. Cloudily ; darkly. Bacon. DUSK'lSil-NESa n. Duskiness; approach to dark- ness. More, DUSK' Y, a. Partially dark or obscure ; not luminous ; as, a dusky valley. I>rydcn. A dutky torch. ATuit. 2. Tending to blackness in color; partially black ; dark-colored j not bright ; as, a dusky brown. Bacon. Thitky clouiU. Dryden, 3. Gloomy ; sad. 'DiIr dutky scQn« of horror, lUn&€y. 4. Intellectually clouded ; as, a dusky sprite. Pope. DUST, w. [Sax. dust, dyst; Scot, dusty Teut. doesiy duyst., dust, fine fiour.] i. Fine, drj- particles of eartli, or other matter, so attenuated that it may be raised and wafted by the wind ; [xiwder ; as, cloiids of dust and seas of blood. 2. Fine, dry particles of earth ; fine earth. Tito n^nojck wnriiieUi Iter ''gp in the dust. — Jolt xxxlx. 3. Earth ; unorganized earthy matter. Diitt tlioii Eirt, (ui(l tu dtut alinlt thou rrtuni. — G«n, ill, 4. The grave. For now thivtl I derp in tlie duil. — Job tII. 5. A low condition. God raiwUi tlir piwr onl of Uie dutt. — I S»m. ii. DUST, r. (, To free fmm dust; to brush, wipe, or sweep away dust ; as, to dust a table or a noor. 2. To pprinkle with dust. 3. To It vigate. Sprat. DUST' HRUSH, ti. A brush for cleanmg rooms and DUST'EP, ;>;). Freed from dust. [furniture. DUST'ER, n. A utensil tu clear from dust; also, a sieve, DUST'I-NESH, TI. The state of being dusty. DUST'ING, ppr. Brushing; freeing from dust. 2. n. The act of removing dust. DUBT'-MAN, n. One whose employment is to carry away dirt and filth. Oay. DUS'l'-PAN, n. A utensil to convey dust brushed from tlie fioor, &c. DUST'Y. a. Filled, covered, or sprinkled with dust ; cloudect with dust. Dryden. 2. iiiku dust; of the color of dust; as, a du^y whitti : a dujfty red. DUTCH, Ti. The people of Holland ; also, their lan- guage. DUTCH, 0. Pertaining to Holland, or to its inhab- itants. DUTCI!'Gf)LD, n. In commerce, copper, brass, and bronze leaf, used largely in Holland to orniiment toys. McCaUuch. D0'TE-OU3, a. [from duty,] Performing that which is due, or that which law, justice, or propriety re- quires ; obedient ; resiwctful to those who have nat- ural or K-gnl authority to require service or duly ; as, a duteous child or suhject. 2. obedient ; obsequious ; in a good or bad sense, Diileout to Oio vio'B of thy tn'mtren. Sliak, 3. Enjoined by duty, or by the relation of one to another; n^, duteous HviA, [lAttie used.] Shak, DC'TE-OUS-LY, adv. In n duteous manner, D0'TE-(>i;S-NES8, n. Uiiality of being obedient or rnspeclful. DO'TI-A-RLE, a. [See Dutt.] Subject to the impo sition of duty or customs ; as, dutiable gor)ds. Supreme Court, U. S. DO'TI-JTD, (dQ'tid,)a, Subjected to duties or custoiift. jljiie.t. DO'TI-FIJL, a. Performing the duties or obligations required by law, justice, ttr propriety ; obedient : sub- missive to natural or legal superiors ; respi-ctful ; as, a dutiful son or daughter ; a dat\fal ward or servant ; a dutiful subject. 2. ii^xpressive of respect or a sense of duty ; n- TONE, BJJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOU8 € as K ; 6 as J ; 8 an Z ; Oil as SH ; TH as in THia. DWE spcctful ; reverebtial ; rrqutml by duty ; u, dutifiU rcrcrence ; dutiful anentiuns. DO'TI-FJJL-LY, adv. In a dutiful manner; with a re^rd to duty ; (^dicntly j submissively ; reverent- ly ; lespectfirilv. StrifL OO'TI-FJJL-NES^, n. Obedience; submission to just authority ; habiciui pcrfonnonce of duty ; as, duttful- ■£» to parents. Dtydm, a. ReverCDCe ; respect. TiyUr. DCTV, «. tfrora due, Fr. rfO.] Tlint which a peiyon owes to aaother ; that which a pnnon is bound, by uiy natunU, moral, or IcfTti oblig-.xUon^ to pay, do, or peiibnn. Obedience to princes, niapistmieR, and the laws, is the duty of evrr>- citin-n and subject ; obe- dience, respect, and kmdnfs.-4 lo pan-nt»,arc duties of children ; fidelity to fricii !- i-; a ••■n'v : r 'viT.nce, obe- dience, and pmycr to'. It' duties; the tovemm«'nt and r : iliildrpn we mtst of parents wli ^Icctwith- oat fuilt. S. Porbearuice of that which i* forbidden by moral- ity, law, jn-'t ice, or propriety. It isourt/sfyto refrain fttjn» U-v '][>erance, prufancness, and in- 3. Oh i!<^ioa. [justice. 4. Alt tT respect. Tttcj UAb dtd dut^ to tbeir \miidence of some continuance. We use abide for the resting of u night or nn hour; but we never say, he dtoelt in a plac* a day or a night. Dtoetl may signify a residi^nco for life or for a much shorter period, but not for a day. Tn Scripture, it de- notes a residence of seven day«, during the (oast of tabernacles. Ye •twUI dw0tl In booths w^m My: — \^r. xxiil. T^ Word was made &nh, and dietit mtioii^ lu. — John t. 9: To be in any stnte or condition ; to continue. To dwU in (louUfiil Joy. Shak. 3. To continue ; to be fixed in attention ; to hang upon with fondness. The uttrntire qitoeu Dvttk on his wcpnts. -SWA. Tbrj ititnd nl a diatnitce, liwel/irtf on hit boln nneU on a note in music. DieeUy as a verb tmnsitive. Is not u^ed. *' We who dwell this wild," in Milton, is not a legitimate phrase. DWKLL'ED, (dwi'Id,) pp. Inhabited. DWELL'ER, n. An inhabitant; a resident of some continuance in a place. Dnjden. DWELL'ING, ppr. Inhabiting ; residing; Bojouming; continuing witli fixed attention. DWELLING, It. Habitation; place of residence; abode. Basir thai] be a dwtUinf fer drai^ns. — Jer. xlix. 51. Continuance ; residence ; state of life. Thy dii^Uinf ahall be with the beuU of the firld. — Dan. Ir. DWELL'LVG-HOUSE, n. The house in which one Hves, DWELL'ING-rLXCE, n. The place of residence. DWELT, pp. of Dwell. Resided; sojourned ; con- tinued. DWIX'DLE, V. t. [9nx. dwiiuaiy to pine, to vanish; 8w. frtna ; G. sckunndtH. I suppose founded on the root of tpane, or rain, raswA.] 1. To diminish ; to become less; to shrink; to waste or consume away. The binly dieindlra by pin- ing or consumption ; an estate dttituUea by waste, by want of mdu^r>' or economy ; an object dtri»dle,i in size as it recedes from view ; an army dwindUa by death or desertion. Our drooping Aaj% an dmb id t ai down to nanght. Thornton. 2. To degcnerale ; lo sink ; to fall away. Retigtmia lodctiea nwj diaindte into fzictioui cliibi. SMjt D\^^^^'DLE, v. U To make less; to bring low. Tftom.ion. 2. To break ; to disperse. CUtrrndon. DWIN'DLEO, pp. or a. Shrunk ; diminished in size. DWIN'DLIN'G, ppr. Falling away; becoming less; pilting; consuming; niotdering away. DyE, v. L [Sax. deaffan; L. (ii^o, for tiffo ; Gr. ny- ) tit ; Fr. tebutrey whence ttni, faint, attaint ; Sp. tmir ; Port, tingir ; IL tignere ; At. ^\Jo taicha^ to dye and to die. Class Dg, No. 40. The primary sense is, to throw down, to dip, to phmge.] To stain ; to color ; to give a new and permanent color to ; applied particularly to cloth or iJie mnlerials of cloth, as wool,cotton. silk, and linen ; also, to hats, leather, &c. It usually expresses more or a deeper color than tinge. DTE, n. A coloring liquor: color; stain; tinge. DT'ED, (dide,) pp. Stained ; colored. D?E'-HOUSE,»r ried on. ,M, A building in which dyeing is car- DTE'ING, ppr. Staining; giving a new and perma- nent color. DYE'ING, n. The art or practice of giving new and permanent colors ; the art of coloring cloth, Iials, &c. DV'ER, n. One whose occupation is to dye cloth and the like. DT'ER'»-WEED, n, A plant from which is otru med a yellow dye. The name is given to tlie tieseda tuteoloy and to the GcTtista tinctoria. Loudon. Dewetj. DY'ING, ppr. [from die.'] Losing life ; perishing; expiring; fading away ; languishing. 9. a. Mort.il ; destined to death ; na, dying bodies. 3. Given, uttered, or manifetited just before death ; as, dying words ; a dt/ing request ; dying love. 4. Supporting a dying person ; as, a dying bod. 5. Pertaining to death ; as, a dying hour. DY'ING-LV, oJd. In a dying manner. DYS D?KE. See Diaa. DV-NAM'E-TER, n. [Gr. ivvamSy strength, and fiiToiu>, lo measure. An instrument for determining the magnifying power of telescopes. Ramsden. nYN-A-MET'Rie-AL, a. Pertaining to a dynameter. DY NAM'IG ) DV-NA.M'ie-AL, i "• [Gr. Ji..a^,5, power.] Pertaining to strength or jxiwer, or to dynamics. DY-NAM'ietS, n. ^Gr. - petite.] A bad or depraved appetite ; a want of appetite. Coze. DYS-PEP'SY, ) n. [Gr. Svorapia ; SvSj bad, and DYS-PEP'SI-A, \ wcnrco, to concoct.] Bad digestion ; indigestion, or difficulty of diges- tion. Encyc. Coze. DYS-PEP'TIC, a. Afflicted with bad digestion j as, a dy.tpeptie person. 9. Pertaining to or consisting in dyspepsy ; as, a dyspeptic complaint, DYS-PEP'Tie, n. A person afflicted with bad di- gestion. DIS'PHA-GY, (dis'fa-je,) n. [Gr. Jus and 0ayw.] Difflcultv 01 digestion. DYS'PHO-NY, n. [Gr. duo-^wi/ta ; dvi, bad, hard, and tpwi'Tii voice.] A ditTiculty of speaking, occasioned by an ill dispo- sition of the organs of speech. DiU. DYS-PHf>'RI-A, n. [Gr. iv^ and K- — 374 EAG Ethe second vowel and the fifth letter of the Eng- . lish alphabet, seems to be the ancient Phenician and Hebrew g inverted, correspondinf nearly with the Chaldaic and later llehrow n. Its long and nal- uial sound in Enflish coincides with the sound of i in the Italian and French languages, and is formed by a narrower opening of tlie glottis than that of a. It has a long sound, as in herr, mere, me: a short sound, as in vict, meni and the sound ol a open or long, in Vicre, pm, vein. As a final letter, it ia gen- erally quiescent ;but it serves to lengthen the sound of the preceding vowel, or at least to indicate that the preceding voivel is to have ils Ions sound, as in mant, cane, plume, which, without the final r, would be pronounced man, can, plum. After c and y, the final e serves to indicate that e is to be pronounced as a, and g as j. Tliiis, without the final e in mace, [nia'se,] this word \vould be pronounced moc, [mak,J and raire frij] would be pronounced ra;'. In a numer- ous class of words, — indeed in almost everj- word, except a few from the Greek, — the final e is silent, serving no purpose whatever, unless to show from what language we have received the words; and in many cases, it docs not answer this purpose. In words ending in trr, as active : in He, as futile ; in tju as in aanfuinc, eiamine ; in ite, as in dejinite ; t B, for the most part, silent. In some of these words, the use of c is borrowed from the French ; in moat or all cases, it is not authorized by the Litin originals : it is worse than useless, as it Kads to a wrong pronunciation ; and the retaining of it in such words is beyond measure absurd. When two of this vowel occur together, the sound is the same as that of the siiiale e long, as in deem, esUent, need: and it occurs often with a and i, as in mean, hear, sitire, deccice, in which cases, when one vowel only has a sound, the combination I call a diirraph, [double wriUen.] In these combinations, the sound is usually that of e long, but sometimes the short sound of e, as in lldd, a metal, rtad, prt-l. of rlad, and sometimes the sound of a long, as in re^^n./rij'-n, pronounced rane, fane. Irregularities of this kind are not reducible to rules. . j ■. As a numeral, E stands for250. In the calendar, it is the fifth of ihe dmuinical letters. As an abbrevi- ation, it stands for Ea..(, as in charts; F^ N. F.., cast- north-east ; E. S. E., east-Bouth^jast ; E. by »., east by south. , , . . EACH, (Jell,) a. [Scot. e!k. This word is either a contraclion of the Sax. a,lc, etc, n. elk, or the jr. ceaeh, or eacll, Ilasque ^ueia, Fr. ellaipje, with the lues of the first art" uhiliuii. With the t cltic coiTC- sp..nds Uie Russ. »",,/,-,, each. 1 am iiiclmed to be- lieve both Uie Engli'sli and .Scottish words to bo coD- Iractinns of the Celtic eeach.] . , , Every one of anv number separately considered or treated. The emperor distributed to eati soldier la his army a liberal donative. To all of tlfm be g^re tnch ni*n change f^ rminwml. — C«rii. Aod'ui jninc™ of lii»-l. Wof l»"'l« >n™. ««* «"• "" *" til.. Iv.iHw of hi» UOif-n. — Sum. i. Stmcoii au'l I.«vi look •oM ninn lii* •wopi. — Orn. xxxlr. To each corresprmds itllieT. Let each esteem otAer belter than himself. It is our duly to assist each other: that is, it is our duty to assist, ra«A to assist the other. rrti 1 P.ACH'WHERE, iwle. Everywhere. [Ol.«.] KM) ED, in rnrne^, •» a Saxon word, signifying happy, fortunate ; as in KdioarJ, liappy preserver i ■f-j'*"', hanpy power; B/iri'. 2. A grild ciiin of Ihe United States, of the value of ten dollars, or about forty-three shilling.s sterling. 3. A constellation in the northern hemisphere, hav- ing its right wing cimtiguous to the equinoctial. Ft contains Altair, a star of the first magnitude. F.neye. EA'OLE-EV-KI>, (5'gl-Ide,) a. Sharpsighled as an eagle ; having an acute sight. Dryden. 2. Discerning; having acute intellectual vision. EA'aLE-FLTGHT-EO, Ce'gl-flU-ed,)a. Flying like an eagle ; mounting high. EA'GLE-SIGHT'ED, (u'gl-slt-ed,) a. Having acute sight. Sha/z. EA'GLE-PPEED, n. Swiftness like that of an eagle. KA'GLKi^H n. A f.Muale or hen eagle. [Pope. EA'Gl.I'^STONE,«. Elites, a variety of nrgillaceous oxyd of irnn, cK-ciirring in masses varying from the size of a walnut to that of a man's head. Their form is itpherical, ovnl, or nearly reniform, or sometimes like a paralUloptppd with rounded edges and angles. They have a rough surface, and are essentially com- posed of colircnlric liiyers. The*- nodules often embrace at the center a kernel or nucleus, sometimes movable, and always dillering fron» the exterior in color, density, nnd fracture. To these hollow nodules the nncbnts gave the name of fajrle-stones, from an opinion that the eagle ininsported them to her nest to facilitate the laying of her eggs. Cleaveland. PA'GLET, n, A young eagle, or a diminutive eagle. fcA'GLti-WING-KU, a. Having the winga of an ea- gle ; swift as an eagle. Mtlton. F:A'GM':-\VOOI>i «• A fragrant wood, used by the ' Asiatics for burning as incense. Brande. EA'GKK, n. A tide swelling above another tide, as in the Severn. Vrytien. F,AI/DEIt-MAN. See Aldkbmah. SAME, «. [Sax. earn.] Uncle. [Oh.<.] Spenser. kAN, r. t. or 1. To yean. [See Yeas.] EAN'IJXG, n. A latnb just brought forth. [JV«( USfd. ] EAR, n. [Sax. ear, tare : D. oor ; Sw. bra ; Dan. iSre ; (J. oAr, or ifhr; h. auria, whence auricula, Fr. orcittey Sp. vrfi'iy Port. OTclha, It. orecchiu. Tiie sonso is probably a slimit or limb. It may be connected with hear, as the L. naditi is With the Gr. «"5, (.jtxj.I 1. The organ of hearing; the organ by which Bound is perceived ; and, in general, both the oxtor- iial and internal part is uudercttMid by the term. 'I'he external ear is a cartilaginous funnel, attached, by ligament-i and muscles, to the tein[M>ral bone. Kncye. 2. 'I'he sfiiso of hearing, or rather the power of distinguishing sounds and judging of harmony; the power of nice perception (tf theditferencos of sound, or of consoJiaiices anrl dissonances. She has a dcli- ailo far for music, or a gimd ear* 3. Inthe pturalj the head or jwrson. ll k l«Ml^ to fn*t otrr an ftffront from ooe K«iin'lM, '.htn U* dmw n h'-.td nlwul uw;'» eart. L'Ji»lrange. 5. A favorable hearing ; attention ; heed ; regard. Give no ear to fiatterj-. He could not gain the prince'* I cried to God — »nd he gare tar to nw. — P». IxxTii. 6. Disposition to like or dislike what is heard ; opinion; judgment; taste. -according to Ihe style and tar of Detthnm. 7. Any part of a thing resembling an ear; a pro- jecting "part from Ihe side of any thing ; as, the ears of a vessel used as handles. 8. The 8i)ike of corn ; that part of certain plants which contains the flowers and seeds ; as, an ear of wheat or maize. To be by the ears^ To fait together by the ears, To go together by t/te etirs. To "set by the ears ; to make strife ; to cause to quarrel. j9r ear for miuie i an ear that relishes music, or that readily distinguishes lont-s or intervals. EAR, r. i. To shoot as an ear ; to form ears, as com. EAR, V. e. [L. aro.} Topjlow or till. [Obs.] " ' "0 D( ) to fight or scuffle ; to ' ( quarrel. kAR'A-BLE, a. Used to be tilled. [Obs.] Barret. KAR'AeHE,(-a .: : , ^ - .. - kAR'AL, a. Receiving by tlje ear, kAR'ACHE, (-ake,) n. [See Ache.] Pain in the ear. LT. [- 4. The top, or highest part. TUf cavnll^*atc of being before any ihiiip, or at ; - • as* *"'« ««Wiju>4U of rising in ihe niormiij ;s ;i nsiiip at Uie dawn of Uie morning;, or iKforc the usual lime of rising. So we svieuk of tlie earline.^s of spring, or tlie mrtimesa of plant*, to exi»ess a state aomewhul in advance of tbe usual tiiDfl of spring, or growtta of plants. EAR'LY, (crny,) «. (from l^ax. «r, «r, before in inne, Eng. ere, which indicates the root of tbe word tti signify, to advance, to paas along, or shoot up. It is ptvbably connecfcd with the D. Mr, G. ehrt, Sw. dfaw, Dan. «r«, honiu-, denoting the highest point.] 1. In adi*ance of ^miething cl, (ernd,) pp. Merited by labor or perform- •lucv -. gained. EAtiN i::!T, (em'esl,) a, [Sax. remcst or ^wmesJ, ixwca. gfom^ desirous, studious, diligent, asaidiioiisi, whence gtorHtaOy ffrnan, to desire, lo yrara ; Dan. gitne, willingly, freely, gladly, cheerfully ; gieming, a deed, act, exploit ^ Ger. ernst ; D. ernat ; W. em, euiMSt-mooey. The radical sense is, to strive tu ad- Tmnce, to reach forward, to urge, to strain.] 1. .\rdent in tbe pursuit o( an object ; eager to obtain ; having a longing desire ; warmly engaged or incited. Ttej u« Qfvrr mote temtat id dirtutb m, ihw wben thv«t'y eviili?a>l fi>r Utc tuih ouce dcIivuTud to tbe Kxinu. — JuJe 3. 5. With fixed attention ; with eagerness. A certain maiJ looked tarrMttiy upon litui. — l.ukc xxU. E.\RN"EST-MOX-EV, (mun-ny,) n. Money paid as a V>I<^|:** or securitv. EAR.N'EST-NESS, (cm'est-nefw,) n. Ardor nr zeal in the pursuit of any thing; eagerness; animated de- sire ; as, to seek or ask with camestiiess ; to engage in a work with earnestness. 9. Anxious care; solicitude; iutensencss of de- sire Dryden. 3. Fixed desire or attention ; seriousness ; as, tjie charge was maintained with a show of gmvity and Atmc-stnsss. EARN'FUI., (ern'ful,) a. Full of anxiety. [J^ut used.'] EARN'I.NG, (ern'ing,) pjrr. Meriting by services; gnining by labor or pertormance. EAR.N'l.NG, (ern'ine.) «. ; ;>/. Eajimkhs. That which is earned ; tliat wliicli is gained or merited by labor, ser\'ice3, or perfonnancea ; wages ; reward. The folly of young men is to 8|»end their earnings in dis- Bi[»ution or extravagance. It is wise for the poor lo invest tlieir earnings in a produclive fund. EAR61L, (ersh,) h. [See Ear, to plow.] 'A plowed field. [A"!** lit use.] May. EARTH, (erlh,) «. [p&X. rard, eorfA, yr(A; D. aarde; O. erde; Sw. wrd, jord; Dan. iord ; Scot, erd, yerd, fertk} Turk. j«r<^: Tartaric, ytrdci. It coincides with the Hob. fiK. Tbe Ar. \j^j\ ararfA, (torn which the Arabic and Hebrew words corresponding to the Teutonic above, are derived, signifies lo eat, gnaw, or corrode as a worm, or the teredo. It is obvious, then, that the primar)' sense of rartA is fine particks, like mold. The verb may be from f^i, to break or bniise. The Ch. and Syr. KJJ"vn, earth, may be con tracted from the same word. Sec Corrode.] 1. fai-tA, in its primary sense, signifies Uio particles which compose the ma.«s of the globe, but more partic- ularly, the particles which furui the fine mold on tht surface of the globe ; or it dcnuti-s any indefinite mans or portion of that matter. We throw up earth with a spade or plow ; we fill a pit or ditch with earth ; we form a raraparl with earth. 1'his substance being considered, by ancient philosophers, as simple, was called an element; and, in (Ktpuliu language, we still hear of the four elfnu-nL'i, jfr*-, air, earth, and water. 2. In chemistry, the term earth was, till lately, em- ployed to denote a supposed simjile elementary body or substance, defined to be ta.-^lLles.'s, inodorous, un- inflammable, and infusible. Itut it has also been applied to substances which have a very sensible al- kaline taste, as lime. The primitive earths have been reckoned ten in number; of which five are considered earths proper, namely, alumina, ^lucina, f'iria, zirconia, and tkorina ; four possess decided al- aline properties, namely, baryta, strontia, lime or ealcia, and magaeAa : and one, silica^ is regarded as an acid, and olien called eilicic acid. Recent experi- ments prove tliat alt of them, except silica, are com- pounds of oxygen with metallic bases. Davy. Silliinan. Phillips. Ure. 3. The terraqueous globe whicli we inhabit. The earth is nearly spherical, but a little flatted at the poles, and hence its figure is called an oblate a-phfroid. It is one of the primary- planets, revolving mund the sun in an orbit which is between those of Venus and Mars. It is nearly eight thousand miles in diameter, and twenty-five thousand mili^s in circumference. lis mean distance from the sun is about ninety-five millions of miles, and its annual revelation consti- tutes the year of 3lJ5 days, 5 hours, and nearly 49 minutes. 4. Tbe world, as opposed to other scenes of exist- ence Shak. 5. The inhabitants of the globe. Tbe whole earth wr» of one language. — Gi-n. xl. 6. Dry land, opposed to the s^a. God cailed ilie dry Inud earth. — Gen, I. 7. Country ; region ; a distinct part of the globe. I^ryden. In this sense, land or soil is more generally used. In Scripture, earth is used for a part of the world. r.zra i. 2. 8. The ground ; the surface of the earth. He fell to tbe earth. The ark wasliitt-d above liie earth. In (be accond month — waa ibe earth ilried. — Gen. viiL 9. In Scripture, things on the earth ore carnal, sen- sual, tem[x>rarv' things; opiMJsed lo heavenly, spirit- ual, or divine things 10. FtvuraUvely, a low condition. Rev. xii. 11. [from ear, t^ax. erian, L. arc, to plow.l The act of turning up the ground in tillage [A<>( iised.] Tusser EAS EARTH, (ertli,) v. L To hide, or cause to hide, in the earth. Tli« fox Is tarthed. Dryden. 2. To cover with earth or mold. Evelyn. EARTH, V. i. To retire under ground ; lo burrow. Here foxes earthed. EARTH'-BAG, n. A bag filled with earth, used for de- fense in war. EARTH'-BANK, n, A bank or mound of earth. EARTH'-ItOAUU, (erth'hord,) n. The board of a plow that turns over the earth ; the mold-board. EAU'J'H'llOR.X, a. Ihirn of the earth; terrigenous; springing originally from the earth ; as, the fabled 2. Earthly ; terrestrial. [earth-bora giants. All tarth-born earu* are wrong. GoUlsmilh. EARTH'-BOUND, a. Fastened by the pressure of the earth. Shak. EARTll'-BRED, fl. Low; abject; groveling. EARTH'-CRE-AT'ED, a. Formed of earth. Young. EARTH'>;D, (erthd.);?;*. Hid in the earth. EARTH'/;.\, (erth'n,) a. Made of earth ; made of clay ; as, an rarthni vessel ; earthen ware. EARTH'E.X-WARE, n, ' Ware made of earth j crock- ery. It is less hard than stone-ware. EAftTH'-FED, a. I^w ; abject. B. Jonson. EARTH'-FLAX, 71. Amianth; a fibroua, flexile, elas- tic mineral substance, consisting of short interwoven, or long panilb-1 filaments. Eneye. EARTH'I-NESS, «. The quality of being earthy, or of containing earth; grossness. Johnson. EAUTH'ING, (erth'ing,) ppr. Hiding in the earth. EAKTIl'Ll-NESS, n. [from eartlUy.] The quality of being earthly ; grossness. 2. Worldlinesa; strong attachment to worldly things. E.\RTirLING, 71. An inhabitant of the earth; a mortal ; a frail creature. Drummond. EARXH'LY',a. PerUiiningtotheearth,or tothis world. Out earthly houae of lliia tttbcrnaclc. — 2 Cor. v. 2. Not heavenly ; vile ; mean. ThU earlhty loul Of ileaih oUii.ll lii«. AK/fon. 3. Belonging lo OUT present state; as, cartWy ob- jects ; earthly residence. 4. Belonging to the earth or world ; carnal; vile; as opposed to sjnritual or heavenly. Who«« plory U in Uieir ahiuue, who mlntl eart/tly Himgt, -^ Phil. iii. 5. Coi-porcal ; not mental. Spaiser. G. Any thing on earth. Whiit eartidy \»w^\i can be Ihe reault i Pope. EARTHa^Y-MIND'ED, o. Having a mind devoted to earthly things. EARTH'LY-MIXD'ED-NESS, n. Crossness; sen- suality ; extreme dcvotedness lo earthly objects. Gregory. EARTH'~NUT, n. The popular name of a spherical knob, the size of a cherry, which is bhick wUhniit and while within, and is a part of the root of the Carum Bulboeaslanum. VcCand. 2. The seed-vessel and seed of the Arachis hy- pogffia, a leguminous plant, called also pea-nut. It lies upon, or is buried in the earth, where it ripens. EARTH'aUAKE, n. A shaking, trembling, or con- cussion of the earth ; somt-times a filight tremor ; at other times a violent shaking or convulsion ; at oth- er times a rocking or heaving of the earth. Earth- quakes are usually preceded by a rattling sound in the air, or by a subterraneous rumbling noise. Hence the name earthdin, formerly given lo an earthquake. EARTH'-SHAK-INO, a. Shakiiiglhe earth; having [mwcr to shake the earth. Milton. EARTH-WAN'DER-IiNG, a. Roving over the earth. EARTH'-WORK, (erth'wurk,) n. In engineering, a term applied to cuttings, embankments, &c. E.VRTH'-WORM, (crth'wunn,) n. The dew worm, a species of lumbricus; a worm that lives under ground. Eneye. 9. A mean, sordid wretch. EARTH'Y, a. Consisting of earth ; as, earthy matter, 2. Resembling earth ; as, an MrtAy taste or smell. 3. Partaking of earth; terrene. Mdton. 4. Inhabiting the earth; terrestrial; as, earthy spirits. Dryden. 5. Relating to earth ; as, an earthy sign. Drydm. 6. Gross ; nut refined ; as, an earthy conceit. Shak. 7. Earthy fracture^ in mineralogy, is when the fracture of a mineral is rough, with minute eleva- tions and depressions. Cleaveland. E.\£E, (oinewha.t the gnetoiM servitude of thy hiher. S Cbron. x. 5. To quiet ; to allay ; to destroy ; as, to ease pnin. To ease qf, or ease away, in seamen's language, is to slacken a rope gradually. To rosea skip, is to put tlw helm hard a-lee, or reg- ulate the sail, to prevent her pitching, wJien clost*- _ hauleil. T'otten. KAS'£D, (5zd,);i7». ' Freed from pain ; alleviated. KASE'FJ^'L, a. Uuiet ; peaceful ; fit for rest. S/uJc. £A?E'Fijl^LY, adv. With ease or quiet. Skenoood. EASE'FJJL-XESS, n. State of being easeful. £A£'EL, n. The frame on which painters place their canvas. Elasel-pieceSy among painters^ are the smaller pieces, either portraits or landscapes, which are paintud on the easel, as distinguished from those which are drawn on walls, ceihngs, Acc. Encye. Cludmers. KASE'LESS, a. Wanting ease. kASE'MENT, u. Convenience ; accoramodatioo ; that which gives ease, relief, or assistance. il« hA» th« adraoiagv of a free loUpog, utd aume oth*^ eo**- 9. In law, any privilege or convenience which one man has of another, either by prescription or charter, without profit J as a way through his land, ice, Encye. Cowel. EAS'I-LY, adv. [from easy.] Without difficulty or great labor ; without great exertion, or sacrifice of la- bor or expense; as, this task may be easily per- formed ; that event might have been easily foreseen. 9. Without pQtn, anxiety, or disturbance ; in tran- quillity ; as, to pass life well and easUy. Temple. 3. Readily ; without tiie pain of reluctance. Not •oon proTokml, she eatily taxgiyf. Prior. 4. Smoothly; quietly; gently; without tumult or discord. 5. Without violent shaking or Jolting; a:», a car- riage moves easily. £A8'I-NESS, n. Freedom from difficulty ; ease. Eaainisi and diHicull^ w reUtive tfrmi. TUloimm. S. Flexibility ; readiness to comfrfy ; prompt eom- pliance; a yielding or disposiUon to yield without opposition or reluctance. Give to him, tJnA btr •faftll but kngh M fwu EAT EBO raa^imt*. SovA. Bo wo say, a man's eaginess of temper Is remarka- ble. 3. Freedom from stifHiess, constraint, effort, or formality ; applied to m&Aners^ or to the stt/le of toriting. Ruscommon, 4. Rest ; tranquillity ; ease ; freedom from p;»in. Aoy. 5. Freedom from shaking or jolting, as of a mov- ing vehicle. 6. Hodness ; as, the easiness of a sent. EA8'INO, \Kz'm%.)ppr. Relieving; mitigating. EAST, (est,) n. [Si*X. cast: D. oost, oosien ; (J. ost; Sw. osf^osUn ; l)nn. a*(, im^n ; Vr. ejit. If the radi- cal sense coincides with that of the I^ orient, this Word may belong to the rt»ot of hoisr, hoisu] 1. The point in the heavens where the sun Is seen to rise at the equinox, or when it is in the eqiiinoc- tinl, or the corresponaing point on the earth ; one of the four cardinal |Msi hand. Pounon hri^r kingi iMuixuk. ficxti and gold. Afillon. ft.\ST, a. Toward the rising sun ; or toward the point where the sun riueM, wh<-n In the equinoctial j as, the tost gate ; the east btjrder ; the east side ; the east HI is a • - - • * wind I wind that blows from the east KAS'TER, n. [Sax. caster; G. osterai supposed to be from thstre, the goddess of love, or Venus of the north, in honor of whom a festival was celebrated by our pagan ancestors, in April ; whence this month was cailed Eostennunath. Easier is supposed, by Beda and others, to be the Astarte of the Sidonians. See Beda, Cluver, and the authorities cited by Clu- vei-, and by Jamieson, under Paysyad. But query.] A festival of the Chri.stian church, observed in commemoration of wir Savior's resurrection, and oc- curring on Sunday, the third day attcr Good Friday. It answers to ilie pasclia or pasaover of thH Hebrews, and most nations still give it this name, pasc/m, ptuJk, paq\te. EAS'TER-LING, n. A native of soma country east- ward of another. Spenser. 2. A species of waterfowl. Johnson. EAS'TER-LY, a. Coming from the eastward ; as, an easterly wind. 2. Situated toward the east; as, the easterly Q\d,Q of a lake or country. 3. Toward the east ; as, to move in an easterly direction. 4- EcKjking toward the east ; as, an easterly ex- posure. fi.'VS'TER-LY, attv. On the east ; in the direction of east. eAS'TERN, a. rSax. easteryi.] 1. Oriental ; being or dwelling in the east ; as, eastern kings ; eastern countries ; eastern nations. 2. Situated toward the east ; - • - • .- - _ and oil of^ arnber. EAVES, (ev/.,) n. pi. [Sax, efe^e. gfK Kod. \ 4, To enjoy. If yo bo willing «r^d obedient, yr, «lu»l. tat tite gvod of the land. 5. To consume ; to oppress. Who Mil up my people as ihey aat l«ewl. — IH. xir. Brande. , , In English, the Word has a plural ending, but not in Saxon.'] The edge or tower border of the roof of a building, which overhangs the walls, and casta off the water that falls on tlie rouf. £AVES'l>ROi*, r. i. [eaves and drop.] To stand under the eaves or near the windows of a house, to listen and loam what is said within doors. Milton. 2, Uvnci:, JiiTurtitivehj, to watch for opportunities of hearing llie private conversation of others. EAVES'DROl'-PER, n. One who stands nndrr the eaves, or near the window or door of a house, to listen and hear what is said within dfKirs, whether from curiosity, or for the purpose of tattling and mak- ing mischief. ahak. 9. Hence, fgurativebjy one who watches for an op- portunity of hearing the private conversation of others. EAVi;»'nilOP PING, n. The act of watching for an opiKirtunity to hear the private conversation of others. EHK, n. [Sax. ebbe. ebba; G. and D. cbbe ; Dan. id.: 8w. ebb.) 1. The reflux of the tide : the return of tide-water toward the sea ; opposed to^oorf, or flowing. 2. Decline ; decay ; a falling from a better to a worse state ; u.s, the ebb of life ; the ebb of prosi«Tity. EUU, V. i. [Sax, rbban ; D. ebben ; W. eb, to go from.] 1. To flow back ; to return, as the water of a tide toward the ocean ; opposed to Jlujo, The tide ebbs and flows twice in twenty-four hours. 2, To decay ; to decline ; to return or fall hack from a better to a worse state. S.'iak. Halifax, EBR'liNG, /*/*r. Flowing back ; declining; decaying. ERB'ING, n. The reflux of the tide. EHU'TIDE, 71. The rellux of tide-water ; the rctirlnn tide, E'HI-O-NITE, V. A term applied to those Jewish Christians, in the first ages of the church, who com- bined Judaism with Christianity, rejected much of the New 'J'estament, and were accounted heretics by the Christian fathers, J. Munlock. ER'O.N, a. [See Eiionv.] Consisting of ebony ; like cbtuiy ; black. En'ONiZE, r, r. [Pee Eno:*r.] To make black or tawny ; to tinge with the color of ebony ; as, to ebon- izf the fairest complexion. Walsh. EB'ON-IZ-i;D, jyj. Tinged with the color of ebony. EIl'ON-Y, «. [L. ehemis; Gr. iiiipt,i or i(hUi i Fr. ebene : It. and Hp. ebano ; D. ebhenhout ; G. ebenhoh.] 1. The pr»piilar name of various sijecios of difler- ent genera of plants. 2. A species of hard, heavy qnd durable wood, fVom Madagascar and Ceylon Which admits of a fine polish or gloss. The most usual color Is black, red, or green. The best is a jet black, free from veins and rind, very heavy, astringent, and of an acrid, pungent trixte. On burning coats, it yields an agreeable perAime, and, when green, it readily TONE, BPLL, qyiTE.-AN"QER. VI"ClQUa.-€ a. K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; ClI as SHx '£11 as in THIS, 49 377 takes fire fnmi its abundance of fat. Ii is wrought into inv*, and iisej for mosaic and inlaid work, /^ryc EB'0\-V- i Kl-V".. 't. The popular name of a plant, the -An' '. which giwws in Crvle. E-BRAi' [f prjv. and bractea.] In *i: ; .^ bnictea. .Martin*. E-BRI'E-TV, a. IL. ebrutas, fnm ebrius, inl^xuaied. It appeon by tuo Spuiiiih emkria^ar, and the It im^naeargi^ (hat e^us is conUscted by the loss of a patatal -, and hence it bt obvious that thin wotd is from the Gr. fiptxi>y, to moisten, to drench. 80 drunk is from the root of dreiuA,] Drunkenness ; iuloxicatiou by spirituous liquors. iinnen, E-BRIL'LADG, n. [Fr.] A check given to a horse, by a sudden jerk of one rein, when he refuses to E-BRl-OS'I rV, n. [L. ehriosUas.] [turn. HabiiiKil dmnkenneas. Brvm. E-BLL'LIKX-CV, (t-bul'yen-ay,) a. [See Eorixi- TioTt,) A Utiling over. Cu^tswiA. E-RL'L'L1H.\T, a. Boihnft over, as a liquor. >Viii^' EB-UL-U"T10N, (ebul-lish'un,) a. [L. ahuUitto^ from ifcaffii, hmliio^ Eng. to fr«i/, which aee.] 1. Tlw operation of boilmg ; the afiutScMi of a liqoor by beat, which thnnvs it up in bubbles ; or, moro pr^terlv, the agitation produced in a lluid by t&e eaeape or a portloa of it, converted into an atiri- Ibnn state tnr bwL Ebullition is produced by the beat aC ftra directly applied, or by the boat or caloric evolved by aoy substance in mixture. Thus, in slak- ing Ume, tbe calodc set at Ubcrty by the absorption of water, producee ebullition. St. £fferveacenc4t, which is occasioned by fermenta- tion, or by any other process which causes the ex- trication of an aerifurm fluid, as in the mixture of an acid with a carbonated alkali* £-BL'B'\E-A.\, a. [L. c^anwiw, from e^ar, ivory.] Made of ivncy. B^AU'DATE, a. [« priv. and L. eaada, a taiL] In hotamf, wUbout a tail or spur. BC^BA-SIS, a. [Gr.] In rhetoric^ a figure in which the orator treats of things according to their events and consequences. ■e-BAT'ie, a. [Gr. cc, out, and /?jnc.i, to go.] In siawiii . denotmg a mere result or consequence, as dis^nguished from ttUc, which denotes intention or piirpQee. Thus the phrase Ua r.Vr^.iudri, if ren- dered "MlAatit wa^ fulfilled,*' is ecb.itic; if ren- dered *' ta order that it m;gtit Ik:," &.c., i» iHic. y. ;*'. oiMs. BG'BOm stated methods, usual practice or established forms or laws ; irregular ; anomalous ; departing front the usual course j as, cccfntric con- duct ; eccnttru virtue ; an eccentric genius. EC-CE\'TRIC, a. A circle not having tJie same cen- ter as another. Bacon. 2. That which is irregular or anomnloiin. tiammond. Ee-CE.\'TRie, ( II. A whetl or disc, E€-CE.V'TRie-\VHEEL, j having its axis placed out of the center, and used fur obtaining a recipro- cating or alternate motion fnvn a circular one, or etc* Tfr-io. E€-CEN'TRIC-AI>-LY, adv. With eccentricity j in an eccentric manner. EC-CEN-TRIC'I-TY', n. Deviation from a center. 2. The state of having a center different from that of another circle. Johmon, 3. In astr^nmnv, the distance of the center of a planK's orbit from the center of the !'. Eedeji'uistical Stales; the territory subject to the pope of Rome as its temponil ruler. [Ecclcsial was used by Milton, but is obsolete.] Ee-CLE-»t-AS'TIC, M. A' person in orders, or conse- crated to the service of the church and the fninistry of reliijion. Ee-eLE-»I-AS'TI€^.\L-LY, adt. In an ecclesiasti- cal manner. EC CLf^Sl-AS'TI-eUS,n. A book of the Apocrypha. Ee-€LE SI-O-LOG'ICJ-AL, o. Belonging to ccclcsi- olOHV. , EC €XE-SI-0L'0-6IST, n. One versed in ecclesl- ologv. EC -t'LE-Sl-OL'O-CY, n. [Gr. c««XT?'r(o and >.oyoi.] The science of church building and decoration. E€-CO-PROT'IC. a. [Gr. cjc, tj, out or from, and Koirooi, ^tercus.] Having ihcqualily of promoting alvine discliarges ; laxative ; looj»ening ; gently catlmrtic. Coie. Encyc. Ee-ec>-PROT'ie, n. a medicine which purges gen- tly, or which tends to promote evacuations by stool ; a mild cathartic. Coze, Kncve. ECII'E-LON, (esh'e-lon,) n. [Fr. ; fVom $chcUe, a ladder, a Jicale.] In miiitary tactics, the position of an army in the form of steps, or with one division more advanced limn another. IVellington. E CIIID'NA, «. A genus of ant-eaters, found in New Holland. They are monotrematous edentate mam- mals, nearly allied to the duck-billed animal, or or- nithorvnekus. lell'l'N-X-TED, i "• tl- «*"". » hedgehog.] Set With prickles ; prickly, like a hedgehog ; hav- ing sharp points j bristled ; as, an eekiMOed pericarp. Martyn, Eehinated pyrites, in mineralogy. Woodtrard, E-€H1N'I-DAS', n, A radiate animal, a species of the family of the Echini. [See EcHiiiut, No. 3.] Buektand. E€II'IN-TTE, (ek'in-Tte,) n. [See Echiwus.] A fos- sil found in chalk pits, called crntronia ; a petrified shell set with prickles or points ; a calcareous petri- faction of the echinus or sea-hedgehog. Enojc Ure, ECH-IN'0-DER.M, n. [Gr. iX'^-^s. hedgehog, and i'o^a, skin.]^ A radiate animal, having an opaque, leathery, or crustDceous skin, with tubercles, or even spines, as tile suw-rish, or sea-urchin. Kirby. Eeni'.NL'S. n, ; pi EcHini. [L., from Gr. txivo^.} 1. A liedgehog. 0. A term applied to animals of the sub-kingdom Radiata, having nearly the form of a sphere much flattened on the lower side ; they consist externally of a firm shell or crust which is set on every side with movable epines. There are many species, some of which are eatable. The shells without the spines are ofXen called sea-e^gs. Dana. 3. With botanists, a 'prickly head or top of a plant ; an echinated pericarp. 4. In architecture, a member or ornament near the bottom of Ionic, Corinthian, or Composite capitals, so named from its roughness, resembling, in some uicai^ure, ttie spiny coat of a hedgehog ; the ovolo or quarter-round. Johnson. Encyc. ECll'O, (ek'o,) n, [L. echo; Gr. fjxuj, from nxoi, sound, r7\c'.), to sound.] 1. A sound reflected or reverberated from a solid body; sfiund returned; repercussion of sound ; as, an eeko from a distant hill. ITti: Bouod must Kem an echo to the k»k. Pop*. 3. li\ fabulous histoiy,a. nymph, the daughter of the Air and TcUus, who pined into a sound, for love of Narcissus. Lempriere. Johnson. 3. In architecture, a vault or arch for producing an echo. Brandt. ECll'O, r.i. To resound; to reflect sound. The hall i^oed with acclamations. 2. To be sounded back ; as, echoing noise. Blackmore. ECH'O, r. (. To reverberate or send back sound ; to return what has been uttered. Thow pemli are eckofd by tbt Trojan lliron», Dryd&n. ECn'O-fH), (ek'ode,) pp. Reverberated, as sound. ECH'O-ING, pjfr. or a. Sending back sound ; as, echoine hills. EClI'0-LE.SS (ek'o less,) a. Without echo. E-CIIOM'E-T^, 71. [Gr. tj^oj, sound, and pcrpov, measure.] » Among musicians, a scale or rule, with several lines thereon, ser\'ing to measure the duration of sounds, and to find their intervals and ratios. Brandt. E-€HOM'E-TRY, n. The art or act of measuring the duration of sounds. 2. The art of constnicting vaults to produce echoes. ECO E-CLAIR'CISE, (-5!Z,) tj. L [Fr. eclaircir, from etair, clear. See Clear.] To make clear; to explain ; to clear up what is not understood or misunnerstood. E-eLA[R'Cl!«-KI),(-sizd,)/'p. Explained; made clear. E-CLAIR'CISSE-.ME.\T, (ek-klir'sis-mang,) n. [Fr.] Explanation ; the clearing up of any thing not before understood. Clarendon. EC-LAMP'SY, n. [Gr. (*^a/ji//(5, a shining ; SKXapira}, to shine.] A flashing of light, a symptom of epilepsy. Hence, epilepsy itself. Med. Rtpos. E-CLAT', fe-klU',) n. [Fr. The word signifies a bursting forth, a crack, and brightnesa, splendor; cclater, to split, to crar.k, to break furth, to shine.] 1. Primarily, a burst of applause ; acclaioatlon. Hence, applause ; approbation ; renown. 2. Splendor; show; pomp. Pope. EC-LEC'TIC, a. [Gr. CKXiKTixoi i c^ and Xijtj, to choase.] Selecting ; choasing ; an epithet given to certain philosopliers of antiquity, who did not attach them- selves to any particular sect, but selected from the opinions and principles of each what they thought solid and good. Hence we say, an eclectic philosopher ; the eclectic sect. Encye. EC-LEC'TIC, n. A philosopher who selected from* the various systems such opinions and principles as he judged to be sound and rational. Enjicld. 2. A Christian who adhere'd to the doctrines of the Eclectics. Also, one of a sect of physicians. EC-LEC'TIC-AL-LV, adv. Ily way of choosing or selecting in the manner of the eclectical philosophers. Enfield. ECLECTICISM, n. The act or practice of select- ing from ditferrnt systems. 2. The doctrine of the Eclectics. EC-LEG.M', (ek-tem',) n, [Gr. ck and Acixw.] A medicine made I^y the incorporation of oils with sirups. ^uiney. E-CLIP-SA'RE-ON, n. An instrument for explaining the phenomena orecli|»es. E-CLIPSE', (e-klips',) n. [L. eclipsis ; Gr. EK^eii^K, defect, from iKXcirrai, to fail, £( and Afurw, to leave.] 1. Literally, a defect or failure ; hence, in astrono- my, an interception or obscuration of the light of the sun, moon, or other luminous body. An eclipse of the sun is caused by the intervention of the moon, which totally or partially hides the sun's disc ; an eclipse of the moon is occasioned by the shadow of the earth, which liills on it, and obscures it in whole or in part, but does not entirely conceal it. '■2. Darkness ; obscuration. We say, bis glory has suffered an eclipse. All thr po«tfriiy of our first paKoU mCTercd a perpetual ediptt of BiilriluaJ lift. Jiaiigh. E-CLIPSE', (e-klips',) r. (. To hide a luminous body in whole or in part, and intercept its rays ; as, to eclipse the sun or a star. 2. To obscure ; to darken, by intercepting the rays of light which render luminous ; as, to eclipse the moon. 3. To cloud ; to darken ; to obscure ; as, to eclipse the glory of a hero. Hence, 4. To disgrace. Milton. 5. To extinguish. Born to ecliptt \hj life. Shak. E-CLIPSE', (e-klips',) o. t. To suflfcr an eclipse. Mdian. E-CLIPS'ED, (e-klipst',) pp. Concealed ; darkened ; obscured ; disgraced. E-CLIPS'ING, p;>r. Concealing; obscuriogj darken- ing ; clouding. E-CLIP'TIC, n. [Gr. iKXti-nriKoq, from tKXtinui, to fail or be defective ; L. edipticus, linea ecliptica, the ecliptic line, or line in which eclipses are suffered.] 1. A great circle of the sphere, supposed to be drawn through the middle of the zodiac, making an angle with Uie equinoctial of about 23' 28', which is the sun's greatest declination. The ecliptic is the apparent path of the sun ; but as, in reality, it is the earth which moves, the ecliptic is the path or way among the flxed stais which the earth, in its otbit, api>ears to describe to an eye placed in the sun. Barlov). 2. In geo^aphy, a great circle on the terrestrial globe, answering to and falling within the plane of the celestial ecliptic. Barluw. E-CLIP'TIC, fl. Pertaining to or described by the ecliptic. Blackmore. 2. Sufl^ering an eclipse. Herbn-t, ECLOGUE, (ek'log,) n. [Gr. cxXoyri, choice ; CKXtyaj, to select.] Literally, a select piece. In poetry, a pastoral com- position, in which shepherds are introduced convers- ing with each other ; as, the eclogues of Virgil ; or it is a little elegant composition, in a simple, natural style and manner. An eclogue diflers from an idyl in being appropriated to pieces in wnich shepherds are introduced. Encyc. E-CO-NOM'IC, )a. [See EcosoMr.] Pertaining E-CO-NOM'IC-AL, \ to the regulation of household concerns ; as, the ecmomic art. Daoies. FATE, FAR, FALL, WH.^T.— METE, PR^Y.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.- ECT 2. Managing domestic or public pecuniary conceruB with fmgaliiy ; as, an economical housekeeper ; an economical minister or administration. 3. Frugal ; regulated by fnigality ; not wasteful or extravagant ; as, an economic^ use of money. E-eO-NOAI'I€-Ali-LV, ado. With economy ; with frugality. E-eO-NOMTCS, 7». The science of household affairs. E-eo.\'0-MIST, n. One who manages domestic or oUier concerns with frugality ; one who expends money, time, or labor, judiciously, and without waste. 2. One who is conversant with political economy ; the writer of a treatise on political economy. E-€ON'0-MIZE, V. u To manage pecuniary concerns with frugality ; to make a prudent use of money, or of the means of saving or acquiring property. It is our duty to economize in the use of public money, as wt;li as of our own. E-eo\'0-MIZE, r. t. To use with prudence ; to ex- pend with frugality ; as, to economize one's income. To iwinage and tconomize the uk of cireiilaling mctUum. WaUh. E-eON'0-MIZ-ED, pp. Used with frugality. E-€OVO-.MIZ-IN'G, jrpr. or a. Using with frugality. E-C0\'0-.MV, n. [L. (tconomiai Gr. otKovoma ; okcoj, house, and vonoi, law, rule.] 1. Priwuin7i(, the management, regulation, and gov- ernment of afamily, or the concerns of a household. Taylor. 2. The management of pecuniary concerns, or the expenditure of money. Hence, 3. A frugal and judicious use of money ; that man- Rsement which expends money to advantage, and incurs no waste ; frugrility in the necessary i-xpendi- ture of money. It difiers from panimonti, which im- plies an improper saving of expense. Economy in- cludes also a prudent management of all the means by which property is saved or accumulated ; a judi- cious application of time, of labor, and of the instru- ments of labor. 4. The disposition or arrangement of any work ; aa the economy uf a poem. Dnjden. B. Jonson, 5. A system of rules, regtilations, riles, and cere- monies J as, the Jewish economy. Tbe Jews «lri?aJy hiul n Siiblnlh, which, as citiwni an.! •ubJecW nf that «conofT^, Ibe; wera obLig«end- Et>STAT'ie-.^L, \ ing the senses ; entrancing. lo peosiTe tnno, >uid angiiUh, ku(I tcitatie fit. Millon. 2. Rapturous ; transporting ; ravwhing ; delightful beyond measure ; as, ecstatic bliw or joy. 3. Tending to external object*. [A*oe used.] JtToTris, EG STAT'ie-AL-I^Y,*!!*!?. Rapturously ; ravtshingly. E€'TA t^iS, n. [Gr., from wrcifcrL] In rhetoric^ the lengthening of a syllable from short til long. EC-TIIUP'SW, w. rCr.] A figure of prosody, by which a final m, with the preceding vowel, in culou, when the next word begins with a voweL .-PIS, n. [Gr.] An explicit declaration. i-N'E'SIS, n. [Q''*] An animated or paa passion- EDG Ee'TY-PAL, o. [Infra.] Taken from the original. E€'TTPE, n. [Gr CKrviros.] [EUis. 1. A copy. Locke. 2. In areJiitecturCy an object in relievo, or embossed. Stcijl. EC-lT-MEN'ie, ) fl. [Gr. otKovfttvtKo^jfrom oiKot>- Ee-lI-.MEN'ie-AL, i fi£vri, the habitable world.] General ; universal ; as, an ecumenical council. Ee'lJ-RIE, n. [Fr.] A stable ; a covered place for horses. E-DA'CIOUS, a. [h. edat, from edo^ to eat.] Eating ; given lo eating ; greedy ; voracious. E-DA'CIOU.S-LY, ode. Greedily. E-DAC'l-TY, n. [L. edacitas, from frfar, edo^ to eat.] Greediness ; voracity ; ravenousness ; rapacity. Bacon, ED'DA, Ti. A book containing a system of Runic or Scandinavian mj-thology, with some account of the theology- and philosophy of the northern nations of Europe. The first jwirt contains the mythology of the people, and the second specimens of the poetry of the Scalds. It was com[K>sed by Snorro Sturleson, judge of Iceland from 1-21.'» to 1223. MalleL ED'DKR, n. fUu. Sax. edrr, a hedge.] In hitsbandry, such flexible wood as is worked into the lop of hedge stakes, to bind Ihem together. Mason. ED'DER, v,U To hind or make tight by edder ; to fai'ten the tops of hedge-stakes, by interweaving ed- der. England. ED'DER-KD, pp. Bound or made tight by edder. ED'DER-ING, ppr. Binding or fiusttning by edder. ED'D[8H, i n. The latter pasture, or grass that comes KAD'ISH, i after mowing or reaping; called, also, Eaorass, Earsh, Etch. JCncyc. yVut used J I believe J in .America. \ FD'DOES, i 71. A name given lo a variety of the ED'DERS, \ Arum esculentum, an esculent root. Mease. Encye. ED'DY, n. [I find this word in no other language. It is usually considered as a compound of :dax. ed, back- ward, and ea, water.] 1. A current of water running back, or in a direc- tion contrary lo the main stream. Thus, a iwint of land, extending into a river, chocks the water near the shore, and turns it back, or gives it a circular course. The word is applied, also, to the air or wind moving in a circular direction. 2. A whirlpool ; a current of water or air in a cir- cular direction. Ami sinihi)^ tfiduB illm^led on thr main. Dryden. Wheel ttirciii^i Uic aLr, in circling tdduf p\ny. Adaiton, ED'DY, V. L To move circttlarly, or as an eddy. Thomson uses it actively, to cause to move in an eddy. ED'DY, a. Whirling ; moving circularlv. Dryden. ED'DY-LN'G, jrj^r. or a. Moving circularly, as an eddy, ED'DY-WA'TER, n. Among seamen^ the water which, by some interruption in its course, runs contrary to the direction of the tide or current. 7'otten. ED'DY-\VIND, n. The wind relumed or beat back from a sail, a mountain, or any thing Uiat hinders its passage. Encyc ED'E^LTTE, n. A variety of Ihe mineral natroltte. Dana. E-DEM'A-TOUS, I a. [Gr. oi^nfOy a tumor; ot(5tw, E-DEM'A-TOSE, ( to swell.] Swelling with a serous humor; dropsical. An edemalouji tumor is white, soft, and insensible. Qiiincy. fi'DEN, (C'den,) n. [Heli. Ch. p;;, pleasure, delight.] The country and gnrden in which Adam and Eve were placed by God himself; Paradise. E'DEN-TZ-/:i), a. Admitted Into Paradise. Davits. E-DEN-TA'TA, n. pi. In natural history, an order of animals thai are destitute of front teeth, as the arma- dillo and ant-eater. BeU. E^DEN'TA-TED | *** [L. ef^miodw, « and d*TW.] Destitute or deprived of teeth ; applied especially to the order Edentata. E-DEN'TATE, n. An animal having no fore teeth, as the armadillo and the .sloth. F:-DEN-TA'TI0\. n, A depriving of teeth. EDGK, (ej,) n. [J^ax. r.c^ ; Dun. eg ; Hw. egg ; G. eeftc, egfj L. aries, aciu ; Fr. aigu^ whence aiguille, a nee- dle ; Gr. axri ; W. (W/'f, aypg, edge.] 1. In a general setise^ tiie extreme border or point of any thing ; as, the edge of the table ; the edge of a book ; the edge of cloth. It coincides nearly with bordcTt brink, margin. It Is particularly applied to the sharp border, the thin, cutting extremity of an in- strument ; as, the edge of an ax, razor, knife, or scythe ; also, tu the |toliil of an instrument ; as, tbe edge of a sword. 2. Figuralirrly, that which cuts (tr penetrates ; that which wounds or injuries ; as, the edge of slander. Shak. 3. A narrow part rising from a broader. Some hirrow tbclr ground i 4. Sharpncsi of mind or appetite; keenness; in- EDI tenseness of desire ; fitness for action or operation as, the edge of appetite or hunger. 8i]enc« and loIItLide K't an edg4 on the ^oiui. Drydtn. 5. Keenness ; sharpness ; acrimony. Atale the edge of traitors. Shak. To set the t^eth on edge ; to cause a tingling or gra- ting sensation in the teelh. Bacon. EDGE, fej,) V. U [\V. hogi ; Sax. eggian ; Dan. egger ] 1. lo sharpen. To tdgt her champiDii'i iword, Dryden, 2. To furnish with an edge. A iword tdged with flint. Dryden. 3. To border ; to fringe. A Ions' descending tnin, With nibici edged. Dryden. 4. Tu border ; to furnish with an ornamental bor- der ; as, lo edge a flower-bed with box. 5. To sharpen ; to exasperate ; to embitter. Bj Buch rea*oning«, the limple were blinded, and the maliciouB tdged. Hay ward. 6. To incite ; to provoke ; lo urge on ; to instigate ; that is, to push on as with a sharp point ; to goad. Ardor or passion will edge a man forward, when ar- guments fail. [This, by a strange mistake, has been sometimes written egg, from the Sax. eggian, Dan. egger, to in- cite ; the writers not knowing that this verb is from the noun ecg, eg, an edge. The verb ought certain- ly to follow tlie noun, and the popular use is correct.] 7. To move sideways ; lo move by little and little ; as, edge your chair along. EDGE, (ej,) V. i. To move sideways ; to move gradu- ally. Edge along this way. 2. To sail close to the wind. Dryden, To edge away, in sailing, is to increase the distance gradually from the sliore, vessel, or other object. To edge in toitlt a coast or vessel, is to advance gradually, but not directly, toward iL Totten. EDG'ED, (ejdj ^p. Furnished with an edge or border. 2. Incited ; instigated. 3. a. Sharp ; keen. EDGE'LESS, a. Not sharp; blunt; obtuse; unfit to cut or penetrate ; as, an e-I-FI"CIAL, (ed-e-ftsh'alj a. Pertaining to edi- Ace9, or to structure. ED'l-FT-FD, (ed'e-ftde,) pp. Inrtructed ; improved in Uterar>*, moral, or religious knowledge. EIVI-FI-ER^iu One that improves another by instruct- mc him. ED'I-PY, r. (. [U •doCc* ; Fr. «aifi£r ; Sp. td^fiear ,- It ediJicAre ,■ frcwn U mdes, a house, and facia, to make.] I, To build, in a lUtnl sense, [.Vat now i««l.] Spenser. 9. To instruct and improve the mind in knowledge EBnerally, and particularly in moral and religioua nowledfe, in faith and holineai. JEtff/V on* uothM-. — 1 TiKM. V. 3. To teach, or persuade. [JVX iweri.] Baeen. ED'l-F^-lSG, ppr. Buildinie up in Christian knowl- edge ; in!»trurt)n« : improving the mind. 9. a. Adanit-d to instruct. KIVI-FV-I.N'G-Ly, adv. In an edifying manner. BIVI-F? -LNG-.NESS, n. The quality of being edify- £'OILE, n. [U ^diU*, ftom mdes^ a building.] A Ronwa ■■jtoluli', wboae chief busmeaa was to ■uparinlend balUiBfi of aH kinds, more aspeciaUy MbUc ediOoes, tamptoa, bfidM, aqueducts, A«. llw edilea bad atao the care of the highways, pub- lic ptoees, weights and maaaucaa, &o. fNcyc S'D|LB-8HIP, a. The offioa nt adila in ancient Rn i as, the second ediHan of a work. 3. Any publication of a book before published ; abo, one Impre^skm, or the whole number of copies published at once ; a«, the tenth gdUion, E-bl"*riON-i:R, a. The old word for Editor- ED'I-TOR, «. [L. from erftf, to publish.] [Oreffonf. 1. A publisher ; parHailarlji, a person-wno super- intends an impression of a nook ; the p<»son who revises, corrects, and prepares a book for publica- tion, as Erasmus, Scali;;er, ice % One who superintends the publication of a newspaper. ED-I-TO'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to an editra-, as edito- riml labors ; written bv an editor, as editttruU remarks. ED'l-TOR-SniP, n. ^he business of an editor; the care and superintendence of a publication. WaUh. ED'I-TRKSS, n. A ft-male editor. E-DIT'li-ATE, c. L [Low U mditnor, from cde^, a temple or bouse.] To defend or goven the house or temple. [A'oC fa maa.] Oreggrj/. ED'U-CA-BLE, a. Thai may be educated. EiyL'-eATE, (ed'yu-fcite,) p. L [Ueduco^ edmcart; e and diuo, to lead ; It. educare ; Sp. edu£ar.'\ To bring up, as a child ; to instruct j to inform and enlishten the understanding } to instil into the mind priuciples of art*, science, morals, religion, ami bfhavior. To educate children well is one of the most important duties of parents and guardians. ED'^-Ga-TED, pp. or s. Brought up; instructed; furnished with knowledge or principles; trained ; disciplined. EI>'T-Ca-T"^'G, ppr. Instnicling ; enlightening the under* »ntjmi, and formine ilie manners. ED-»;-€a'TIO.\, II, [L. ed,ti^io.] The bringing up, as of a child ; instruction ; forma- tion of manners. Education comprehends all that series of iasiniction and disciplijie which is intended to enlicbten the undersiandine, correct the temper, and form the manners and hnbils of youth, and fit thr;m for usefulness in their future stations. Tft give children a good education in manners, arts, and science, is important ; to give them a religious educa- tion is indispensable ; and an immense responsibility rests on parents and guardians wbu neglect these duties. ED-U-C^TIOX-AL, o. Pertaining to education ; de- rived from education ; as, eduectiunai habits. Smith, EFF ED'I^-€.\-T0R, n. One who educates. Beddoes. E-DPCE', p. t. [1*. educo, tduri ; e and duen. to lead.] To brmg or draw out ; to extract ; to produce from a state of occultation. The etemftl iin edufing goo-i from ill. Pope. E-DOC'ED, (e-dOste',) pp. Drawn forth; eitracted; pnxluced. E-DCC'I.\G, m»r. Drawin" forth ; producing. E'UL'€rr, n. [U ft^Mftum. rroin eiiueo.] Extracted matter ; thai which is educed ; that which is brought to lij^tit by sejiaration, analysis, or decomposition. Wo muat conaiUcx ihe •dwcti of iu «ul jata by Beijmanj ftc E-DU€'TrON, n. The act of drawing out or bringing into view. E-DU€T'OR, a. That which brings forth, eliciu, or extracts. Stiinulua must ti^ c-tU«d nn wductor of viul etlw. Darvin, E-DUL'CO RATE, p. t. [Low h. edulco, from duUis^ sweet ; Fr. e^luleirrer.] Litrrally, to sweeten. In old cAemwfrt/, to render fiuli-^'tinces more mild, by freeins thorn fn>m acids and salLH, or other soluble impurities, by washing. In modem cAfflai.« TTE, a. [from Gov. U. W. Edicards.] A mmeral identical with nuntazitA. Dana. EEK. See Eke. , EEL, n. [^udes. The lieud is smooth ; there ara ten rays in llie membrane of the gills; the ^ea ara covered with a coinnion skin ; the body is cylindrical and slimy. Eels, in some eespects, resemble reptiles, [urticularly, in llieir fuannor of moving by a serpentine winding of the bod)* ; and they often creep upon laud, and wander about at night m search of « any tha itiithor is K man. Anon. 3. Puriwse ; general intent. TIi'.-y apoke to her lo that ^eet. — 2Chron, xzxiv, 4. Consequence intended ; utility ; profit j advan- tage. ChrUl U become of no ^ect to 70D, — GiU, t. 5. Force ; validity. The obligation Ifl void and of 6. Completion ; perfection. [no fffecL Not ao wor^iilj to be brought to borokal ^ect by fortune or necr^tjr. Sidney. 7. Reality ; not mere appearance ; fact. No other in ^ect than what it leem^. Dtnham. 8. In the plural^ effects are goods ; movables ; per- sonal estate. The people escaped from tlie town with their effects. 9. In painting^ truthful imitation, liightcned and rendered more impressive, chicfiy by the artifices of light, shade, niid color. Jocclyn, lience, to do any thing for effeety is to do it for the furpose of hightcning or exaggerating. -FECT', r. t, [from the noun.] To produce, as a cause or agent ; to cause to be. The revolution in France effected a great change of property. 2. To bring to pass ; to achieve ; to accomplish ; as, to effect an oljject or purpose. EF-FECT'ED, pp. Done; performed; accomplished. EF-FECT'I-BLE, a. That may be done or achieved ; pmcticablo ; feasible. Broom, EF-FE€T'ING, ppr. Producing ; performing j ac- compli sli ing. EF-FEC'l'lOiV, n. Creation or production. 2. The geometrical construction of a proposition ; a problem or praxis drawn from some general propo- sition. EF-FECT*! VE, a. Having the power to cause or pro- duce ; efiicacious. They me not ^ecUoe of any th\iig. Bacon, 2. Operative ; active ; Itaving the quality of pro- ducing effects. Time is not ^ective, nor ue bodies dritro)^ by K. Brotffn. 3. Efficient ; causing to be ; as, an effective cause. Taylor. 4. Having the power of active operation ; able ; fit for service ; as, effective men in an anny ; an qf- fectioe force. EF-FECT'IVE-I^Y, adv. With cfllcct; powerfully; with real operation. Tliis effectioely resists the devil. Tbj/lor. [In this sense, ErrECTUAH-y is generally used.] EF-FECT'I VE-NEtiS, n. The quality of being effects ive. EF-FE€T'LESS, a. Without effect ; without advan- tage ; useless. Shak. EF-FECT'OH, n. One who effects; one who produces or causes ; a maker or creator. Derham, EF-FECTS', n. pi. Goods ; movables ; personal es- tate. EF-FECT'TI-AL, a. Producing an effect, or the effect desired or intended ; or having adequate power or force to produce the effect. The means employed were. eff^taoL Aetoniing' to the fift of the grace of God giren me by ths ^eclual woridng of his power. — Eph. iii. 2. Veracious : expressive of facts. fJVoi used.'] Shak 3. Effectual assassin, in Mitford, is unusual and not well authorized. EF-FECT'LJ-AL-LY, arfc. With effect; efficaciously; in a manner to produce the intended effect ; thor- ouglily. The weeds on land for grain nmst be ef- fectually subdued. The city is effectually guarded. EF-FECT'II-ATB, v. t. [Fr. effectuer. See Effect.] To bring 10 pass ; to achieve ; to accoinptish ; to fulfil ; as, to effectuate a purpose or desire. Sidney. EF-FE€T-lT-A'TIO\, ?i. Act of effecting. Dwigkt, EF-FECT'lJ-A-TED, pp. Accomplished. EF-FECT'IJ-A-TING, ppr. Achieving ; performing to effect. ' EF-FEM'I-\A-CY, n. [from effeminate.] The soft- ness, delicacy, and weakness in men, which are characteristic of tlie female sex, but which, in males, are deemed a reproach ; unmanly delicacy ; woman- ish softness or weakness. Milton. 2, Voluptuousness ; indulgence in unmanly pleas- ures ; lasciviousness. Taylor. EF-FEM'I-NATE, a. [L. effmminatus, from effaminor^ to grow or make wom;mish, from fmnina^ a woman See Woman.] 1. Having the qualities of the female sex ; soft or delicate to an urunanly degree ; tender; womanish ; voluptuous. The king-, bv his *oIiiptiio«B life and mewi maixiajo, became ejenunate, and less scusiUe of honor. Bacon. 2. Womanish; weak; resembling the practice or FATE, FAR, F.^LL, WHAT.— MeTE, PREY. — PLVE, MARtNE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.— I EFF qtiiilitif!* of the sex ; &a, an effemimtte peace ; an ef- femiaate V\(e. 3. Womanlike; tender; in a sense not reproach- ful. SSuik. EF FE.MT-XaTE, r. (. To make womanish ; to un- man ; to wpakpn ; iw, to ej/'rminate children. Locke. EF-FEM'I-\aTK, r. i. To grow womanish or weak j to uu.-lt into weakness. In \ slothful peace eoung« n-il! ^eminaU. Pope. EF-FEM'I-NA-TED, OT. Made or become womanish. EF-FE.\ri-.\ATE-LY, adv. In a woinanisli manner; WPiikly ; softly. 2. By means of a woman ; as, fffeminatelif van- quished. Milton. EF-FE.M'I-XATE-\ESS, n. Unmanlike softness. EF-FEMT-NA-TING, ppr. Making womanish- EF-FEM-^^'A'TIO^^ 71. The suite of one grown womanish ; the stale of being weak or unmanly. [LiUh used.'] Bacon. EF-FE\'DI, fi. In Turkish, a moster: a word anb- joinrd to the names of persons, in token of respect, corresponding to masttr^ monsieur; applied particu- larly lu lt.'arned men and ecclesiastics. It also occurs as paft of the titles of particular ofTicers ; as, (tte Reia Ejfntdi, wlio is principal secreian- of state. P. Cyc. EF-FER-VESCE', (ef fer-ves',) v. L [U efferve^co^ fit)m ferceo, to be hot, to nige. Pee Fervent-] To be in natural commotion, like liipmr when (ten- tly boiling ; to bubble and liiss, nj« fcrnipiiting liquors, or any diiid, wIilii some part escapes in a gaseous form ; to work, as new wine. EF-FER-VES'CE.NCE, (i*f-ft;r-ves'sens,) n. A kind of natural ebullitiun ; that commotion of a fluid, which takes place when some psirt of the mass tties off in a gaseous form, producing innumerable snmll bubbles ; as, the effcrecscence or working of ne-w wine, cider, or beer ; the t^rrcescencc of a carbo- nate witli nitric acid. EF-FKK-VES'CEXT, a. Gently boiling or bubbling, by means t.f the disengagement of gas. Encvc EP-FER-VES'CI-BLE, a. Thai has tlie quality of ef- fervescing; capable of producing effervescence. A iniftll quantity of e^rrvacibU mailer. Kiruan. EF-FER-VES'CrXG, ppr. or a. Boiling ; bubbling by means of an elastic fluid extricated in the diiiisolutiuh of bodies. EP-FETE', a. [L. ejirtas^ effetua; ex and /leftw, em- bryo./ 1. Barren ; not capable of producing young, as an animal, or fruit, as the earth. An animal becomes effete by lording the power of conception. The earth may \ye rendered effcu by drouth, or by exhaustion of fertflity. Hay. Bentlnj. 2. \Vorn out with age ; as, effete sensualilv. South. EF-Fr-€A'CIOUS, (ef-fe-ka'shus,) a. [L. rfficax^ from tj^ieio. See Effect.] Effectual ; productive of effects ; prom Uie ejteietiey (A fciiv eontinrrnt or uiiatiUjle ng^nu Woodioara. 2. Power of producing the eflfcct intended ; active, comjietent power. EF-FI"CIE.\T, (ef fish'ent,) a. Causing effects ; pro- ducing ; that caii:ies any thing to be what it is. 'i'he effirirnt cause is that which prixluces ; lU^fiaal cause is that for which it i« prwluced. EF-FI"CIENT, (ef-ftsh'cni,) w. The agent or cause which produces or causes to exisL 2. III! that makes. EF-Pr'CIENT-LY, adu. VVitli eff.ict ; effectively. EF-FIKRCE', V. U To make fierce or furious. [JVl»( used.] Spetiser, EF-FIC'I-ATE, V. t. [L. (;/Pi'io, fffis'"""-) * To image ; to form a like figure. [Little iwerf.] EF-FIG'I-A-TED, jrp. Furnifid in resi;niblancc. EF-FIO'I-A-TIXG, ypr. Iniagirig. EF-FltS-I-A'TIO.N, n. The act of furming in resem- blance. EF'FI-6Y, Ti. [L. rffiffir.*^ from rffm^o^ to fnslnon ; ez and /a^-o, to form or devise ; Sp. It. and Fr. effis*^. See Fkio!».] I. The image or likeness of a perwn ; resemblance ; EFF representation ; any substance fashioned into the sliniM? of a [lerson. 2. Portrait; likeness ; figure, in sculpture or paint- ing. 3. On eninit, the print or impression representing the head of the prince who struck the coin. To bw^t or haniT in effi^-, is to burn or hang an im- age or picture of the person intended to be executed, disiiracfd, or decraded. In France, when a criminal can not be appreheiided, his picture is hung on a gal- lows or gibbet, at the Inittom of which is written his sentence of condemnation. Encyc, EF-FLA6'I-TaTE, r. L [L. rgagito.] To demand earnestly. [J^ot ua«^j EF-FLATE', c (. [L. efflo.] To fill with breath or air. [Little tw«/.] EF-FLO-KESCE', (ef-flo-res',) v.L [L. efflorcMo, from fiorejfcoy Jlorcoj to blossom, fios, a flower. See Flow- er.] 1. In ehcmlttry^ to form a mealy powder on the surface; to become pulverulent or dusty on the sur- face. Substances effloresce by losing their water of crystallization. ThoK salts wtxite crriinli tfflorfce, belong: ta tlie dun wliieli la itKMi •uiuUc, anil cry*LiUiK» by coulijig. ^ur»roy. 2. To form saline vegetition on the surface ; or rather to shoot out minute spicular crystals ; as, the effforfscence of salts on plaster. EF-FLO-RKS'CEXCE, n. In botany, the time of flow- ering ; the season when a plant shows its fir^it blos- s«)ms. Jilartyn. 2. Among ■physicians^ a redness of the skin : erup- tions ; as, in rash, measles, small-pnx, scarlatina, &:c. 3. In chemistnj, tlie formation of a mealy ixiwder on the surface of bodies ; also, the fimnation of mi- lUite spicular crystals, called sometimes j!o?rrr5, or saline vegetation. Such an efflorescence is often seen on walls formed with plaster. Fuurcroif. Ure. EF-FLO-RES'CENT, o. Shooting into whi'ie threads or spicule } funning a white dust on the surface. Fvarcroy. EF'FI.U-EXCE, n. \l.. rffluerui^ effuof ez and Jluo, to (low. See Flow. I A (lowing out; that which flows or issues from any body or substance. Bright ejluence uf bright e»ence Ipctrate. Milton. EF'FLU-ENT, a. Flowing out. EF-FLCi'VI-UM, n.; pi. Efflutia. [L., from effitio, to t!ow ouL See Flow.] The minute and often invisible particles .which exhale from mosr, if not all, terrestrial bodies, such as tlic odor or smell of [ilants, and the noxious exha- lations from diseast'd bodies or putrefying animal or vegetable substances. EF'FLUX, 71. [I.. e_^,uriLf, from efflvo, to flow out.] 1. The act of flowing out, or issuing in a stream ; (ts, an rjfluz of matter from nn ulcer. Ilarmj. 2. Effusion ; flow ; as, the first effluz of men's piety. Hammond. 3. That which flows out ; emanation. I jffht — ^ux (tivine. TTx EF-FLUX', D. I. To run or flow away. [A*«f u,W.] lioyle. EF-FLUX'ION, (ef-fluk'ahun,) n, [L. ^uzum, from e or form. Hay. [We now use Formation.] EF'FORT, n. [Fr. effort; It. ffin-io ; from /ort, strong, l>. /iirtLi. See Force. 1 A straining; an exertion oi strength ; endeavor; elrenuouH exiirtitm to accomplish an object ; applica- ble to phyMeal or intrllretual pmcer. 'J'lic army, by great r#>rfji, scaled thf walls. Distinction in science is gained by continued effurt* of the mind. EF'FORT I.KSS, rt. Making no etfort. EF-FOS'SION, (ef-fosh'un,) m. [L. effosmuj from ^- fvdioy to dig nut.) 'I'he art of digging out of the earth ; as, the effos- Hion of coins. JirbutJtnot., El'-FKA\'CHl»E, (-chi7.,) r. i. To invest with fnin- chisf's or privileges. De Tocqucville. EF-FRAY', (-fri',) p. (. [Fr. effrayer.] '/'o f^^^llt^^. ' Ai't in \ise.] Sprnter. EF-FRAY'A-BLE; a. Frightful; dreadful. [J^ot m iw.] Harvey. EF-FRE-NA'TION, n. [L. efframatio, ftoni fntnum, a rein.] EGO Unbridled rashness or license ; unruliness [JVot in M.'jcJ EFFRONT'ER-Y, (ef-frunt'er-y,) n. [Fr. tffronterief from frotit,] Impudence; assurance; shameless boldness; sauciness; boldness transgressing the bounds of modesty and decorum. Effrontery is a sure mark of ill-hreeding. EF-FULCE', (ef-fuIj'O v. i. [L. effulgeo; ex and ful- gro, to shine. 'i o send forth a flood of light ; to shine with splendor. EF-FUL'6ENCE, n, A flood of light; great luster or brightness ; splendor; as, the rffulfrence of divine glory. It is a word of superlative signification, and applied, with peculiar propriety, to llie sun and to the Supreme Being. EF-FI:L'0;ENT, a. shining; bright; splendid; dif- fusing a flood of light ; as, the effulgent sun. EF-FUL'GENT-LY,arfc. In a bright or splendid man- ner. EF-FUL'GIXG, ppr. Sending out a flood of light. Savage. EF-FU-MA-BIL'I-TY, w. The quality of flying off in fumes or vapor. Boyle. EF-FCME', r. (. To breathe out. [Obs.l Spenser. EF-FUMV, V. U [U effuttdo.\ To pour out. [Obs.] EF-FOSE', (ef-fQze',) v. t. [L. ^ffusus^ from ^undo; ez and /undo, to pour.l To pour out as a fluid ; to spill ; to shed. With giiehing blood <^n«d. MilUm. EF-FOSE', a. Dissipated ; profuse. \J^ot in use.] Richardson Q. In natural history, spreading loosely. EF-FrS'fJf>, (ef-fu/.d',) pp. Poured out ; shed. EFFOS'ING, (ef-fuz'ing,) ppr. Pouring out; shed- ding. EF-FO'SION, fef-fQ'zhun,) n. The act of pouring out, as a liquid. 3. Tlie act of pouring out ; a shedding or spilling; waste ; as, the effusion of blood. 3. The iKiuriiig out of words. Hooker. 4. The act of pouring out or bestowing divine in- fluence ; as, the fusions of the Holy Spirit ; effor- Bions of grace. 5. That wliich is poured out. Wash me with that precious ^unou, And I ihall lie whitf r (him siiaw. King CharUt. 6. Eiberal donation. [JVot used,] Hammond. EF-FC'SIVE,a. Pouring out; that pours forth largely. Tlie ^uxJM souUi. Thornton. EF-FO'SIVE-LY, adv. In an effusive manner. EFT, n. [Sax. (/eta.] 7'he popular name of the Laccrta Seps of Linnn- us, a Saurian reptile. EFT', ado. [Sax.] Soon after; again ; soon ; quickly. [ Obs.] Spenser. EFT-SOONS', ado. [Sax. ^, after, and sona, sones, smm.] Soon afterward ; in a short time. [Obs.] Spenser. E. G. [czempli gratia.] For the sake of an example ; for instance. E-f;AD', ezclam. Qu. Ch. "iJK, a lucky star, good for- tune, as we say, niy stars! i^:'GKK, ; n. An impetuous flood ; an irregular tide. EA'GRE, ( Brown. EG'E-RAN, n. [from /:^er, in Bohemia.] A subspe- cies of pyramidical garnet, of a reddish brown color. It occurs massive, sometimes crystallized. Vre. E-GERM'I-NATE. [JVol usaL] See Germimatk. E OEST', v. t. [L, egestum^ from egero.] To cast or throw out ; to void, as excrement. E'GEST'ED, pp. Castor thrown out. [Bacon. E-GE.ST'ING, pitr. Casting or tlirowing out. E-GES'TION, (e-jes'chun,) n. [L. egejtio.] * The act of voiding digested matter at the natural vent. Hale. EGG, n. [Sax. asg ; G. and D. ei ; Sw. 'dgg ,■ Dan. eg. Uu. L. ocum, by a change of ^ into t? ; \\.wy; Arm, oy; It. ugh ; Russ. ukra, eggs, and the fat or calf of the leg.] A boily formed in the females of birds and certain other animals, containing an embryo or fetus of the same species, or the substance from which a like animal is produced. The eggs of fowls, when laid, are covered with a shell, anil within is the white or albumen, which incloses the yelk or yellow sul)- stance. The eggs of fish and some other animals are united by a viscous substance, and catted spawn. Most insects are oviparous. F.gz, to incite, is a mere blunder. [See Edoe.] EGG'BIRD, (-burd,) n. A fowl, a species of tern. Cook's Voyages. EGG'-€UP, n. A cup used for eating eggs at table. EfJG'ER, n. One who excites. Shenoood. EGG'LNG, rt. Incitement. Clcatcland. ' E(;<;'-XOG, n. A drink used in America, consisting of the yelks of eggs beaten up with sugar and the whites of eggs whipped, with the addition of wino or spirits. In Scotland milk is added, and it is then called auld man^g milk. EG<;'-ri^ANT, 7t. A i>lanC allied to the tomato, and TCNB, BVM>, !:N1TE.— AN"C£R, VI"CIOUS.— C as K ; 6 as J ; 8 a« Z ; CH as SII ; TH as in THIS. OSI EH btMirinp a smooth frtiit, 9ha|)e(] like an e^^. used in cuokory. It h the Solnnmn li^culeutuiii of Lmnapus. EGG'F.R, M. One who excites. EGG INT.. m. In iteint-nL EGG'-tfllEUL» «. The shell or outside coTering of E-Gl-bOP'ie-AU a. Affected with egilous. [an egg. £'Gl-LOP8, n, [Gr. aij lAftH^.l Gitat's eye ; an abscess in tjie inner canthus of the eye ; fistula larho'inulis. O***. S'GIS, n. A shield ; defensive annor. [See ^ait.J E-GLAXD'i;-LOCS, a, [e neg. and gianduimu,] Destittiie of glands, ECTLAN-TINE, C-«ne «•-«»»») «• [Fr. •fiMtiw ,■ D. tftioMtxer.'] A species of rose ; the swe«< brier ; « plant bev- ing an otiorifenms flower. Miliun applies liiis term improperly to the boney- Biickle. Brmtds, E-GLO.M'ER-ATE, r. L [See Glomekatb.] To un- wind, as m thn*ad from a ball. fi'GO-lffM, ». [Uf*o.] 1. Tbe opiiuon of one who thinks every thin;; un- certain except hts own e\i«u-ncc. Baiter, 5. A pitMioaale love of srlf, leadine a man tu con sMer every Ihiny as connecte^d wiili hi$ own person, and to |m;fer himself to everj* thing in the world. Tlus word Beems to l>e more couiprehen^iive than MdCsftlMM. Jtfffrstm. R'GO-l8T. n. [from I^ e«>, I.] A name given to certain followers of Des Cartes, who held the opin- ion that they were uncertain of eveiy thing except their own cxistrnce, and the operations and ideas of their own minds. Retd, E-CO'I-TY, «. Personality. [J^ot outhorizedA Swift fi'GO-TISM, ■. [Fr. egoigme f Sp. egviMme ; from L. PhatttrHf, the practice of too frequently u^ing ll)e word /. Hence, a speaking or writing nuieh of one's self; self-praise ; self-commt^ndation ; tiie act or pnctice of magnifying onc'^ self, or m.-iktng one*s sell of imponance. Speetetar, A OefkambkB *fvtum afcterMUT. ihti^ wi DtuHmg. Tbis word has srimelimes been used in a still stronger sense, to denote a passionate lo\*e of self, like the word ^wssi, wbkh see. fi'GO-TIST, K. One who repeats the word / very often in eoovefsalion or writing; one who speaks much of himself, er magnifies bis own achievements ; tme who makes himself the hero of ever)- tale. I^S:?!!?'!?;^.,!'- Add,cu:du.ep,.«m. 9. Containing ecDtism. £'GO-TTZE, r. i. To talk or write much ot one^ self; to moke preteuBKNW to self-importance. &GRE'GI0US, (e-grC'jtu,) a. [L. effresiu*^ supposed to be from «, or cr, g^i*t frooii or out of, or beyond, the herd, select, choice.} 1. Eminent ; remarkable ; extraordinary ; diAin- Kisbed ; as, sgrs^tsiis exptofts ; an tgrtfiams prince, t. In this sense, it is seldom applied to persons. 6. In a hmd scmw, great ; extraordinary ; remarka- ble ; enormous ; as, an rgregums mistake ; fprtgiotu contempt. In this sense, it is often applied to per- sons ; as, an egrtfioms rascal ; an tgregious mur- derer. E-GRK'6I0U6-LY,«rfF. Greatly; enormouftly ; shame- fully ; usually IN a bad sense ; as, he is egregiomMy mistaken ; they were egre^inusiy cheated. E-GRk'GIOUS-NKSS, m. The stute of being great or extraordinary. fi'GKES:*, n. fL. egreaaiWy from egrtdiar i e and gra- ^r, to step, bw. rcM, Usok. rtj^ier,] The act of going or isauing out, or the power of departing from any mckved or eenfined place. £JG 'So^k!!"- lG.nndS^y.eidrr.] Gam of bvnBQg wbmukt, BuTvd over Jm, pnthiUt sU frttt. MVton.A B-GRES'SIOX, (e-gresb'un,>". [L. egrtssio.] The act of going out fruiu any incisure or place aC confinenirnt. Pops. E-GRESS'OR, 9. One who goes out. K'GHET, «. [Fr. aigrrtle.] 1. The lesser white hemn, a bird of tlie genus Ardea; an elegant fowl, with a white body, and a crest on the bead. Encfc. 2. Id ^oteMv, the flying, feathery*, or hairy crown of seeds, as the down of the thistle. E-GRETTE', K. A tuft of feathtrrs, diamonds, ii,c. ; an ornament of ribbons. [See AioaciTK.] E'GRI-OT, n. [Ft. aiVr«, sour.] A kind of sour chcrT>% Bae^n. E-GYP'TIAN, le-jip'sfaan,) o, [from Eg^fpt^ Gr. Ai} v-r $ : supposed to be so called from the name C*pto5, a principal town, from gupta^ guarded, forti- fied. Asiau Res. iiL 3f>4, 335. So Jiegr, Maior, Heb. '*^nc, whence Mixraimi signifies a fortress, from ">5, to bind or inclose.] Pertaining to Eg>-pt, in Africa. I E-CYP'TI A\, n. A native cf Egypt ; also, a gipFV. ; E-6YPT'0-€Ar-eA'^IAN, n. An ancient Egyptian, ■o called because considered of the Caucasian fam- ily. Oliddon. SB, ezdom. Denoting inquiry or slight surprise. A s|Krcies of sea duck, proF.R-I)0\VN, n. Down or soft feathers of the eidor-duck. * ET-l)OLf-RA'NI-ON, «, [Gr. ndoj, form, and ovpavtov, heaven. J A representation of the heavens. ETGII, (a,) rictar». An ejtpression of sudden delight. £IG11T, (ate,)«. [.Sax. ahta^ ttthta,ot ehta ; G. acXtf O. agti Sw. oUa; Dan. otte i G«>th. aktcut; L. octv j Gr. oKTuit It. otto; Sp. oeho ; Port, oito; Fr. huit; Arm. rik or rii : Ir. i^Mt ; \V. utjth or ityth ; Corn. cotA ,- Gipsy, oeJtto ; Hindoo, autc] Twice four; expressing tlie number twice four. Four and four make rigH. BIGHT'EEX. (a'leen,) o. Eight and ten iiniied. £IGHT-EE\'MO, ti. A compound of the Knpllsh rigktern and tlie last sjltable of the Iw OD the g»muter^ ttbowt. Cotoptr, 9. Any flexure w angle ; the obtuse angle of a wall, building, or road. Kutyc 3. A term applied to the upright sides which rtank any p:inelcd work, as in windows below the shut- ters, tc. sicift. To be at the elboir, Is to be very near ; to be by the side ; to be at hand. EL'BOW, r. t. To push with the elbow. Drtiden. 2. To push or drive to a distance ; to encroach on. Bell etbo\a otn hia nrig libi.>n. DryU-n, EL'BOW, T. u To jut into an angle ; to project; to EL'BOW-CH^R, n. A chair with anus to support the elbows ; an arm-chair. Oay. EL'BOW-ROOM, n. Room to extend the elbows on each side ; hence, in its usual acceptation, freedom from ronfinement ; room for motion or action. Shak. EI/BOW-AU, (el'b3de,)pp. Pushed with the elbows. EL'B5W-I\G, ppr. Pushing with the elbows ; driv- ing to a distance, ELD, B. fHax. eW, or e named from hoUownta.^,] The iMtpular name of a genus of plants called by naturalists Sambacus. ELD'ER-LY, a. Somewhat old ; advanced beyond middle age ; bordering on old age ; as, elderly people. ELD'ER-SUIP, n. Seniority ; the state of beii)g older. JJn/den, 9. The office of an elder. kliot. 3. Presbytery ; order of elders. Hooker, ELD'ES T, a. [Sax. ealacst, superlative of eld, old.] Oldest ; mast advanced in age ; that was born be- fore others ; as, the eMtst son or daughter. It seems to be always applied to persons, or at least to animals, and not to things. If ever applied to things, it nmst signify, that was first formed or produced, that has existed the longest time. Uut applied to things, we use oldejit, ELD'ING, n. [Sax. (Elan, to bum.] Fuel. [LocaL] Qrose^ EL DO-RA'DO, n. [Sp., the golden region.] A fab- ulous regicm in the interior of South America, sup- posed to surpass all others in the richness of iu pro- ductions, especially gold, gems, &c. EL'DRITCII, a. Hideous; ghastly; wild; demoni- acal; as, an «/(/r^£cA shriek ; an «/cror elect; jtovernor or mayor elect. But in the Scriptun.'s, and '"theology, this word is generally used as a noun. E-LEGT', n. One chosen or set apart ; applied to Christi as the means ; the elect. ELE usually with a plural siguificalion, Bchdrl mj »!mnl, whom t uphold ; itij «i«a, In whom mr «otil«lchgliteih. — 1.. xlii. ' • ' ' / 2. Chosen or deaignated by God to salvation ; pre- detlinated to glory aa the end, and to «anf electricitw B-LEG-TH" ' ' ^' ''""Ti Or. tiXcrrpov, amber.] \ the de€tricjhtik, nnany infls. It was called tUe- .. toramArr, because It was 1 lias sulv^inncf' thnl it was firrt ob- I'Tiveniciit tinlcininnnrit" it the electric [ we know ven. litilc of it*i n.uurp, l»e- ft it has a greater resemblance to an elastic fluid of illllWi rarity than lo any thinptlse with which we •ra MQiiamted. :^me biKlies pi-nnit tht- electric fluid to pan freely Ihn^ush them, ami are hence called c— JncNij; tittipn hardly permit it to pass through tb(en ftt all, niidies of animals. GUiM, resinous snb^tancu^, (as amber, varnii^h, and •caliiif-wax,) air, s3k, wih»I, cotton, liair, and feath- tn, ue turn tomduOmrs, 1'he phenomena of uleciricity ai« sacb as attnctkui and repulsion, heat and h^ht, riiocla of the animal systfm, and mechanical vio- lonm, Olmsttii. S Tbe science which unfolds tba phenomena and laws of the electric duid- OlmsUd. B-LEC'TRl-FI-A-BLE, o. [from dfrirify.] Capable of receiving electricity, or of being charged with it ; that mav become electric, Fonrcron. E-LEC-TklFI e.\'TION, a. The act of electrifying, or state of b<-iug charged with electricity. Jtjtcyr. art. BtlL E-I-Ee'TttI-Fr£D,/p.or«. Charged with electricity. £-LEeTS[-F?, r. U To comnanieale dedricity to ; lo cterge wiUi electricity. Rmt^u Qraaa« S. To cnuse eiectrieity to pam throu^ ; to affect \>) ' .to givtt as electrk abode to. suddenly ; lo pve % sodden ahock ; :i-«sefnbly was clacfaS/Ee^ %-\ . p. i. To bocurae electric. £-! ING, ffT. or d. Charging with elec- t; ig with eli^ctjicity i giving a sudden B-LKC'TRI.VE, (-trin.) a. [U «i«l:•' •^1' !>•• n^ency of eleclricity and galvanism in < ' Mcal changes. E-I . n. [Gr. ijAtxrfKiv, (few electricity,) it;.„ . ,. .. .'..iy.] A oanm apjilied to what is called the poU of the TolLaic ci.rle. The ele^trotUj are the surfaces of air, water, metal, &.c., which serve lo convey an electric current into and from tbe liquid to be decomposed. Faraday. Turner. E-LEC'TRO-DY-XAM'ICS, m. The phenomena of electricity in motion. Bra»dc P. Cye. £-LEC-TROi.'Y-SlS, m. [Gr. nXiKTpav and Auu, to dissolve.] The act of decomposing a compound substance by the action of t leciricity or galvanism. Faraday. K-LEC'l EO-LYTE, a. [Gr. »iA4«:T^oy and Aipu, lo diasolve.] A compound which may be directly decomposed hf sn eiectric ciirrenL Faraday. E-U.C-TRO-LYT le, a. Pertaining to electrolysis. Faradati. S-LEC'TRO-LYZE, r. U [Gr. fiXcKrpo^ and Auuj', lo ducsolve.] To decompose a compound substance by the direct action frf electricity or eal>'anij»m. Faraday. E-LEt'TRO-MAG-NET'ie, a. Designating what pertains lo maeneUdm, as connected with electrici- ty, or affected by it, Klectro-inaifnetic phenomena. Henry. E-LECTRO-MAG-XET'ie-TEL'RGRAPU, n. An instrument or apparatus, which, by meanei of iron wires, conducting the electric fluid, conveys intelli- gence lo any given distance witli tbe velocity of light- ning. S. F. B. Morse, E-LEG'TRO-MAG'XET-ISM, n. That science which treats of the agency of electricity and galvanism in comniunicatin? magnetic properties. E-LE€'TRO-MET'AI^LUR-<5Y, n. The art of depos- ELE itine metals, held in solution, as silver, gold, fcc.,on prepared surfaces, through the agency of voltaic elec- tricity or galvanism. It thus answers the piir;»oses of platiitiT, and also of giving exact impressions of coin-*, medals, fee. (Jre. E-LKe-TKU.\l'E-TER, n. [L. ftrttrttM, Gr. ti^txTpov^ amber, and ^^ rocw, lo measure.] .\n instrument for nu-asuring the quanttty or in- tensity of electricity. The term is also npplioil to in- etnimenls which indicate Uie presence of electricity, or rle^tra-icapes. P. Cyc. Braiiile, E-LEC-TRO-MET'Rie-AL, a. Pertaining to an elec- trometer ; made by an electrometer ; as, an eltctro- metrieal experimeni. E-LEC'TRO-MO'TIOX, n. The motion of electricity or galvanism, or the lAfwing of it from one metal to another, by the niinictioii or influence of one metal plate m contact with another. Volta, E-I-KG'TRO-MO'TI VE, a. Producing eK-ctro-molion ; a-*, rlfetTO-mattre ptiwer. Hi-urv. E-LEC-TRO-M^'TOR, w, [L. electrurit and motor.'] A mover of the eirctric fluid , a piece of apparatus for genemting a currtint of eleclricity. Ohiuted. E-LEC'TRO.N, n, [Gr. 7fA£^r,.o.-,l Amber ; also, a mixture of goIiPwith a firth part of silver. Cnzr. E-LEC'TRO-XEG'A-TIVE, o. A term denoting the natural state of a body, or a particle of mntitT, wiiich makes it tend lotlie positive poletif a voltaic balterj'. Olmsted, Hmnj. E-LE€-TROPH'0-RUS, n. [L. dcctrum and Gr. ./,o- p£ti, to bear.] .\n insiniment for exciting electricity in small quantities. It consists of a flat, smooth cake of n-sin, acted npon by a circular plate of brass with a glass handK>. Brandr. E-LJ:C-TRO-PO'LAR, a. A term n|tplied to conduct- ors, which are positive at one end, or oil one surface, and negative at the other. E LKC'TRO-POS'I-TIVE, a. A term denoting the natural state of a body, or a particle of mutter, which makes it tend to the negative pole of a voltaic tmt- terv. OlinsUd. K-LEC'TRO-SGOPE, a, fGr. tt^tKranv and cr*orr...] An instniment for rendering electrical excitation appaD.-nt bv its elT'cts. Brandt. E-LE€'TRO-TEL-E-<^;RAPHTe,a, Prrtaining lo the electru-magnetic telegrapl), or by means of it. E-LE€ TT{0-TYPE. See Ei.ectro-Mit»i-lubot. E-LEC'TRU.M. a. [L., from Gr. .,A'*r,*a^.] A term apfilied, by the ancients, to various sub- stances, especially lo amber, and an alloy of gold with one fifth port of silver. Jirande. P. Cyc. E-LEC'TU-A-RY, a. [Low L. ei«ctarium^ dtctuariMm. ; Gr. r»', from Aeixoi, to licl:. yos' «NU.] In pkmrmaoff a form of medicine composed of pow- ders, or other ingredienu, incorponib-d with some conserve, honey, or sirup, and made into due consist- ence, lo be taken in doses, like bulusis. QuiNry. Kncwc. KL-EE-.MOS'Y-NA-RY, a. [Gr. tXc^^ucyt^r, alms, from t\cc'->y lo pity, fAcof, compassion ; VV. elus, charitable ; eiiisen^ alm*«, l>enevolpnce (See Alms.) It would be well to omit one e in this word. 1. Given in charity; given or appropriated to sup- port the poor ; as, deemosijmiry rents or taxes. Evcyc. Q. Relating to charitable donations ; intendrd for the dtsiribution of alms, or for the use and manage- ment of donations, wlKfther for the subsistence of the poor, or fur the support and promotion of learning; as, an eUemosynary corporation. A hospital founded by charily is an demw.-tynary institution for the sup- port of the poor, sick, and impotent ; a college found- ed by donations is an elccmnsytiary institution fir the prninoiion of learning. The corporation intrusted with tlie care of such institutions is eieemosynary. EL-EE-MOS'Y-NA-RY, ». One who subsists on char- ity. Suutk. EL'E-GAVCE, ) n. [\^. eUfrantia; Fr. elegance; It. EL'E-GAX-CY, i ete^anza: probably from I*, eltgo, lo choose, tiiou';h irregularly formed.] In its primary sense, this word signifies that which is choice or select, as distinguislied from what is common. 1. "The beauty of propriety, not of greatness," says Johnson. Applied to manners or behavior^ eJe^ance is that fine polish, politeness, or grace, which is acquired by a genteel education, and an association with well-bred company. Applied to lang^ag^e, elegance respects tbe manner of speaking or of writing. Elegance of speaking-^ is the propriety of diction and utlenince, and the grace- fulness of action or gesture ; comprehending correct, appropriate, and rich expresi-ions, delivered in an agreeable manner. Ele-j-ance of composition, consists in correct, appropriate, and rich expressions, or well- chosen words, arranged in a happy manner. Ele- gance implies neatness, purity, and correct, perspic- uous arrangement, and is calculated to please a deli- cute taste, mlher than to excite admiration or strong feeling. Elegance is applied also to form. Elegance^ in architecture^ consists in the due symmetry and dis- ELE, tribulion of the parts of an edifice, or in reenlnr pro- portions and arrangement. And, in a similar sense, the word is applied to the person or human body. It is applied also lo penmanship, denoting that form of letters which is most agreeable to tlie eye. In short, in a looser xenge, it is applied lo many works of art or nature remarkable for their beauty ; as, elegance of dress, or furniture. 2. That which pleases by its nicety, symmetr\', purity, or beauty. In this sense It has a plural ; as, lite nicer ele^anciejf of art. Spectator. EL'E-G.WT, a. [L. elegans.] 1. Polished ; polite ; refined ; gracefbl ; pleasing to good taste ; as, elegant manners. 2. Polished ; neat ; pure ; rich in expressions ; cor- rect in arrangement ; as, an elegant style or comi>o- 8itio.n. ;i. Uttering or delivering elegant langimge with propriety and groce ; as, an elegant spf^aker. •1. Symmetrical ; regular; weii-fomied in its pnrts, proportions, and distribution j as, an elegant struct- ure. 5. Nice ; sensible to benutv ; discriminating beauty from defonnity or imperfection ; as, an elegant taste. [This is a loose application of the word j elegant bemg used for tlelicate.] 6. Ilcautiful in fonn and colors : pleasing ; as, an elegant tlower. 7. Rich } costly and ornamental ; as, elegant furni- ture or equipage EL'E.GAXT-LY, adv. In a manner to please ; with elegance ; with beauty ; with pleasing propriety ; as, a composition elegantly v^Tilien. 2. VVith due symmetry ; with well-formed and du- ly proportioned parts; as, a house elegantly built. 3. Richly ; with rich or handsome materials well disposed ; as, a room elegantly furnished ; a woman elegantly dressed. E-Lf:'OI-AC or EL-E-Cl'AC, a, [Low L. elegiaeus. See Elegy.] 1. Belonging to elegy ; plaintive, expressing sor- row or lamentation ; as, an elegiac lay ; elegiac strains. Gay. 2. Used in elegies. Pentameter verse is elegiac. E-Lk'GI-AC, 71, Elegiac verse. tVarton. EL'E-GIST, 11. A writer of elegies. Goldsmith E-LE'GITy n. [L. eligo^ elegi, to choose.] 1. A writ of execution, by which a defendant's grmds are apprized and delivered lo the plaintiif, and, if not sufiicient to satisfy the debt, one moiety of his lands are delivered, to be held till tiic debt is paid by tlie rents and profits 2. The title to estate by elegit. Blackstone, EL'E-GY, n. fL. elegia; Gr. iXtyttovy cXcyo^^ sup- posed to be from At^f.', lo speak or utter. Q.u. the root of the L. lugeo. The verbs may have a common origin, for to 8i»eak and to cry out in wailing are only modifications of the same act, to throw out the voice with more or less vehemence.] 1. A mournful or plaintive poem, or a funeral song; a poem or a sung expressive of sorrow and lamenLa- tion. Shall. Dryden. 2. A short jK>em without points or affected elegan- cies. Johnson. EL'E-.MEXT, n. [L. elemcntum; Fr. clement; It. and Sp. elemento : Arm. elfenn; VV. elcen or elvyz. This word Owen refers to elu or el, a moving principle, that wliich has in itself the power of motion ; and eJ is also a spirit or angel, which seems to be the Sax. alf an elf. Vossius assigns elementum to eleo, for oleo, to grow. Sec Elf.] 1. The first or constituent principle or minutest part of any thing; as, the elements of earth, water, suit, or wood ; the elements of the world ; the elements of animal or vegetable bodies. So letters are called tlie elcmenLs of language. 2. An ingredient; a constituent part of any com- position. 3. A letter, or elementary sound. {^Uscd diiejly in the plural.] 4. In achemirMl »cTwe,that which can not be divided by chemical analysis, and therefore considered as a simple substance ; as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, &c. An clement is strictly the last result of chemical an- alysis ; that which can not be decomposed by any means now employed. An atom is the last result of mechanical division ; that which can not be any fur- ther divided without decomposition ; hence there may be both elementary and compound atoms. 5. In the plural, the first rules or principles of an art or science; rudiments ; as, the elements of geom- etrj' ; the elements of music ; tbe elements of painting; the elements of a theory. 6. In popular language, fire, air, earth, and water, are called the four elcmejits, as formerly it was 8U[>- posed thatthese are sim[)le bodies, of which the world is composed. Later discoveries prove air, earth, and Water, lb be compound bodies, and fire to be only the extrication of light and heat during cumbustiun. 7. Element, in tJie singular, is sometimes used for the air. Shak, 8. The substance which forms the natural or most suitable habitation of an animal. Water is tbe proper element of flshes : air, of man. Hence, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PR£Y.— PIXE, MAR-fXE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQOK.- .ELE ELF 9. Iho proper slate or sphore of any thing; the stale ot thinjis suited to one':* lumper or habits. Fac- tion is the element of a demapuirtie. 10. The matter or substances which compose the world. Tlw tltmenU tboU me!*, wiih fetreol beat. — 2 Pet. 11. The outline or sketch; as, the elements of a plan. 12. Moving cause or principle ; that which excites action. PaiMWHS, the tlemtnU of life. Papt. JCUmenu, in the plural: the bread and wine used in the eucharist. EL'E-ME.\T, t. (. To compound of elements or first principles. Biyyle, 2. To constitute ; to make as a first principle. Donne. r TTiis iDord it rarely nr never used,] EI*-E-MENT'.\L, a. Pertaining to element?. 2. Produced by some of the four supposed ele- ments ; as, elftnental war. Dnjden. ;t. Produced by elements ; as, elemental strife Pope. 4. Arising from fir^t prmciples. Brown. EL-E-ME\T-AL'I-TY, n. Composition of principles or ingredients. IVkitlock. EL-E-MEN'i''AL-LY, ode. According to elements ; literally ; as the words, " Take, eat ; tiiia U my body ; elemaitaUy understuod. .MiUoiu EL-K-MEXT-AR'I-TY, 1 n. The state of being el- EL.E-ME\T'A-lt;-t\ESS, \ enieiitarv ; the sinii>Iici- ty of nature ; uncompound<-d state. " Brown, EL-K-.ME\T'A-RV, a. Priinarj' ; simple ; uncom- pounded ; uncombined ; having only one principle or constituent part ; as, an rUmratanj 'substance. El- tmenUiry particles are those into which a body is re- solved by decom[K»sition. 'i. Initial ; nidimenlal ; containing, teaching, ordia- CMssing first principles, niltis, or rudiments; as, an eU-meutarif treatise or disijiiirfition. Heid. Black.stoHe.. 2. Treating of elements ; collecting, digesting, or explaining principles; a-*, an elementary writer. EL'E-MENT-EI), pp. Compounded of elements or first principles. EL'E-MI, 71. A resin cnmmnnly supixwed to be pro- duced bolh hy Arayris Plumieri'and Bid-taniudcndron Zeylanicum, the fonner a plant of the Antilles, the laiiiT of Cf J Ion. It is obtained from incisions in the bark, and is used in ointments. It is sufl'ercd to Lard'-n in the sun. E-LE\€H' (e-lenfc',) j n. [L. eUnchua; Gr. i\tyxoi, E-LE^CU'U3, \ from EA£j\a», to argue, to refnte.] A vicious nr fallacious argument, which is apt to deceive under tha appearance of truth ; a sopliii«in. T Mdlon. E-LEXCH'IG-AL, a. Pertaining to an elench. E-I.ENeH'ie-AL-LY, adv. By means of an elench. \Js:>i in use.] Broton, E-L£\€H'rZE, r. i. To dispute. [JSV in uve.] J), Jon.ton. E-liE.\eil'Tie-.\L, a. Serving to confute. fVUkiwi, EL'E-PUAXT, ■. [Sax. rip, yip : Gr. cAt .'.oy ; L. eU- phti^, elepkantus; probnbly iroin the lleb. (jSk, a lead- er or chief, the chief or great animal,] 1. The popular name uf a genus of parhydemia- tou<( mamm^ilia, conipry are ouiuug the largest quadrupeds a! present exisimg. *2. Ivory ; the tusk of the elephant. l>ryden. EL'E-PHA.NT-IJEE'TLE, n. Tlie popiibir name of the .■'carabiciis Elepltasof Turtou's Linnaius, a beetle inb-ilnling Guinea. EL'i:-PHA.\T'a-F99T, «. The proposed popular name of the several s^iccies of Elfphanlopus, of which it is a tnu^lalion. These are moutly tropical plants. Er.'E-PHANT-P.^'PER, n. Drawing- pa per, of the largest size, being twenty-eight inches by twenty- three. EUE-PIIA\-Tr'A-SrS, B. [L. and Gr., from tAr-Mf , elephant.] A dis( »"'' '<"■>», to allure, V.lokken, G. lockrn, Sw. locka, Dan. lokker. Class Lg.l 1. lo draw out; to bring to light ; to deduce by reason or argument ; as, to elieit truth by discussion. a. I'o strike out ; as, to elUit sparks of fire by collision ^.'-, '■*'"',''"• "• ""'"C'l' iii'o act ; brought from possi- billty Into real existence. [lAUU used.] Miiison. b.Lrt-n-A'l'ION, II. The act of eliciting; the act „ of •''•"r'"? "'"• Bramhall. iJ; ■ ;!4. ' '"''■ "'■""P'" <" drawn out ; struck out. E-Lll^ n-I.NG,;.pr. Drawing out ; hruiging to light ; striking out ' '' ' E-LI1)E', r. (. [L. elidn ; e and tei/o.] 1. To break or dash in pieces ; to crush. Wot 'J i, ~ Hooker. 2.^To cut off a syllable. Brit. Crit. EI^I-O.I-niL'l-TV, 11. [Oom rhva/r.] Worthiness or Illness to be chosen ; the slate or quality of a thing which tenders it preferable to another, or desirable. 2 Capability of being chosen to on office. T,T ,F A, r^» « United Statai. LI.'I-GI-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. rJiVo, to choose or >e- lect ; e and lego.] 1. Fit to he chosen used 1 III (Ici^p llkUTM worthy of choice; preferable, ccrtdnijr i« mon» cligiljlc tluiii miaiipn.'. Ctantta. a Suitable ; proper ; desirable ; as, the house staliils in an eligible situation, 3. /regally i|iialiiied to be chosen ; as, n man ii or is not ehgrldf to an otiice. EL'l-tlil-KLE-.NKSS, n. Filness to be chosen in pr-f- vi'i'l-"' '" "',""'"'■■ i suitableness ; desirableness. EL IGI-JtLV, a^tr. In a manner to be worthy of choice ; suitably. ^".'i''*'u,'*"^,y, '^' "• '■ t'* ''•'"''"' '■ «' "■■ ". ""i '""«■> ttlreshhold.] • 1. To thrust out of doors. Lovelace. 2. To expel ; to thrust out ; to discharge, or throw off; to set at liberty. 3. In a/(rf4ra, lo cause a quantity to disappear from an equation. TliU (Ire.iii. sccnMbi; n3U. E-LIMTNA-TED, charged. E-L1.M'I-NJ5-TL\Q throwing off. E-LLM-I-N.^'TION,n. The net of expelling or throw- ing oil ; the act of discharging, or secreting by the liicli nutirro lliida it iiccfMnry to tlimi. Med. Repot. pp. E.\pclled ; thn wn off; dis- , TV- Expilling , discharging ; pores. In algebra, the causing a qiianlity to disappear from an eipiation. E-L1N"G(J1I), jo-ling'guid,) a. [L. riiii^i..] '1 ongile-tied ; not having the |Kiwer of speech. EL-I-UuA''i'ION, n. [L. eliifoo, to melt ; e and liquo,] 111 ekemistrij, the operation by Hliicli a more fusi- ble substance is separated from one that is less so by means of a ilegree of heat suflicient to melt the one and not the other, as un alloy of copprtr and lead. E-LI"SION, (e-lizh'un ) >i. [L. elisiv, from elid^llo strike off ; e and Lido.] ' 1. In grnmwor, the cutting off or suppression of a vowel at the end of a worti, for the sake of sound or measure, when the next word begins with a vowel • as.th' embattled plain ; th' empyreal siihere. 2. Division ; separation. [Mil used.] Bacon. TONE, BULL. IjmTE— AN'-GER. Vl"CIOU8— C a. K ; a, J ; • tui Z ; CH a. 8H ; TH a. in THIB VJ as5 ELM <'SOR, H. [Xoriu. ciUtTy to cbuose j Fr. eUre^ tUsant.] In iow, a aheri(r*9 substitute for rrturning a jury. When the slicrilT is not an inditTfn'nt person, as when he is a party to a suit, or rt>Iated by liood or affinity to either of tfic nnrtirs, tii<> venire is issued to Ihe conme«Sj or if an < to the coroners, the r«ur« shall be .: ao clerks of Uie court, or Id two pcrsii. iiiiy, named by the r • >rn ; and lh«.-j^, who are called eiiaors ill return the jury. Bluck^t^nr, E-/ t j) »• [fr.] A choice or select body. & UX ATE, i:L [L. tiizv.] To extract by boilinfc. E-LIX'A-TED, pp. Extracted by boiling. EL-IXA'TIO.V, «. [I^ fiiz>i.i, from c/iito, to boil, to moisten or niaccnito, fnun Ut»^ lU.] I. The act of boiling or stewing ; also, concoction ia the stonuu:h ; digestion. Bnnem. H, 111 jitiii winy, the extraction of the virtues of in- fredtenli by boiling or dewing ; al^, lixiviation. Bailey Enct/e, E-LIX'IR, m. [Ft. Sp. and Port. elUir ; It. elisire ; fran L. tlixmsy eUxioj /txo, /ir, or, as others allege, it is from the Arabic al-ecnr. cliemiytr}-. 1. lo meSeimt, a tincture with more than one base. Ia mo4*m yfcarwirry, elixirs are called cjmpottnd U»e- Csrc*. The mere addition of what is called un adju- •MM, or of a carrigttu, u> a single base, does not make an «Cixir. fi, A liqiur for tiaiumuiing ntctala into gold. Daitue. 3. Quinteasenoe ; refined spirit. SomiM, 4. Any cordial ; that substance which invigorates JUiltvn, E-LIZ-A-BETU'AN, a. Pertaining to Qneen Eliza- beth or her time^ and to a style of architecture then prevalent ELK, s. [^Sax. eUk ; Sw. elfr: L. aUej ale«*; Dan. eis- dfr. This animal is described by Cesar and Paiua- aias.] A quadruped, the CfTVMS Alecs of Licnxu!<, a ni- niinant maium:il, colled wwost in North America, from the Indian name musm. EUC'-Xt'T, a. A plant, the Hamillonia oleUera, coUod also oU-KuU MuMleaker,'f. ELL, M. [Sai. f/«< ; S w. aim ,• D. cU, c^ ; G. eUe ; Fr. «uMe ; Arm. goalok ; L. iti«a ; Ur. utXtvn ; AV. cftn, an •tbow, and f^, the knee. Q,u.] A measure, of different lenzilis in different coun- tries, tised chicily fur ineAduhng clotlu I'be elts chU-nv used in Orctt I'ntain are the Rngli«h and I < 49 inches. The Flemish r three qiuutera of a yard. 1 i;~^b as five to three. In Sc'.'tUiiJ, uu lH \i iliin>-«even and two tenths English inches. In France, it is fiAy-fuur inches. EL-LAC le ACID, It. A weak, insipid acid, obtained from gaU-outs, in which it co^iists with Kallic acid. P. Cyc EL'LDftiE'^ a. [;Sax. «b)Lf«.] Cbecrlen ; sadr EL'LLN'ti-^ESd,fi. Lonenaeaa; dullness; cheoriesa- ness. Henry Vlii. EL-LIPSE', (eMipe',) «. In cenie seetwns^ a figure fir-rmed by the intersection of a i^anc and cone, when the plane posses obliquely through the opposite sides of the cone. Barlow. Brande. EL-LIP'3IS^ n. ! pL ELLirsis. [Gr. cWctil/ti, an omis- sion or defect, from cAAcirbi, to leave or pass by, Att- Tu, to lectre,] 1- In grammar, dt^fect ; omission ; a figure of syn- tax, by which one or more words are omitted, which the hearer or reader may supply ; as, Ihe heroic vir- tues I admire, fur, the heroic virtues lehich I admire. 2. One of the C'>nic sections. [See Ellipse.] EL-IJP'SU-ORAPH, B. [ellipse and Gr. yoa'pto.] An in$t nraent lo describe an ellipse by continued motion ; d led also tramnuL Ov/iiL £L-LIP'SOIi . n. [«UipM and Gr. tiSo^, form.] In geamttrw a «>Iid or figure formed by th^revolu- tion of an elli]'«e about its axis j an elliptic conoid ; a spheroid. FUtin. Knewc EL-UP-SOID'Al , a. Pertaining to an ellipsoid ^ hav- ing the form of an ellipsoid. EL-LIP'Tie, ) a. Pert-lining to an ellipse; having SI^UP'TIC-AL, \ the form of an ellipse. Tbe pluMia nore in d Sp 6 e a I octiu, haTin* Uie suu in oa« uvaa ia eqnu dme*. Cf^ne. 2. Defective ; having a part omitted ; as, an ^ip- tic4il pfara'^e. EL-LlP'Tie-.\L-LY, ado. According lo the figure called an eVipse. 2. Defectivelyj with a part omitted ; as, elliptieaUy expressed. EL-LIP-TIC'I-TY, n. Deviation from the form of a sphere ; applied to Ou figvrt of the earUu Thus, the eUiptieity of the earth is n-^-ni that being the part of the equatorial diameter by which it exceeds the po- lar. Brandt. OlmsUd. ELM, «. [Sax. rfw, or vlm-treov, ; D, oim ; G. ulme ; Sw. aim or oJm-trd, elm-tree ; Dan. aim ; L. ulmus ; Sp. obttOf and atamo ; Com. elau ; Russ. UenuL, Una, or ELO Uina. Qu. \V. Uteyc^ a platform, a frame, an elm, from cxtcnding.1 A tree. The popular name of all the Rpecies uf the genus Ulmus, though many of lliom have other i>op- ular names. The trraiy m.-)-<.-^ \v,'ii,.., p...,„ niailc with tl* n«tlvc» In 1682 Wka nrp Lisr« *'"* which gr^w ori tli* ipot HOW ci.^ iJ, ikborv 1'liil.ukljihiiv. U wai pnMtnt'-'. i >ll), Rt which time lU Hem tnr-cu- urwl *4 ic^t 1.1 lu.Li.T... i. ,.oe. Mwrnorrtnf Ifft. Soc. Ptnn. ELM'EX, o. Of or beloncing to elms. Jennings. ELM'V, a. .\biHUiding with elms. ^yarton. EL-0-€A'TION. n, [L. eloco.] 1. A removal from the usual place of residence. Bp. HaH 5. Departure fkvm the usual method ; an ecstasy. Futherby. EI.-0-eO'TION, M. [L. docutio, from tloqaor; c and Iofuor,tos|)eak, Gr. Af/icfw, Xdifttj.] 1. Pronuiirintion ; the utterance or delivery of words, [inrticulorly in public discourses and arjju- rocnts. We say of ci^cu^wn, it is good or bud ; clear, flneat, or melodious. Bio ati a m , *-fakh Aiick-nUy ciaSnin^ *tf\c kik) lite who)? art of riMonc, uuw ktptifie* niutitGr of itcuvcf?. E. Porttr. 2. In rheu^rie, elociUian. cuufiisis tif elegance, compo- sition, and dignity ; and Dryden uses the word as nearly synonymous with eloquence, the act of express- iug thoughts with elegance or beauty. U. Speech ; Ihe power of speaking. WtiuM lutu — gare elocudon u Uw tiinte. Milton. 4. In ancient treatises on oratory y the wording of a discourse ; the choice and order of words ; composi- lion J the act uf framing a writing or discourse. Cicero. Quinctilian. EL-O-CC'TION-A-RY, a. Pertaining to elocution, or containing it. EL-O-CC'TION-IST, n. One who is versed in elocu- tion, or who treats of the subject. EL-O-eO'TIVE, a. Having the power of eloquent speaking. E-LOOP^ (S-lCzh',) *. [Fr.] A funeral oration ; a panee>'nc on tlie dead. Atierbury. EL'0-6iST, n. An eulogist. rVol used] EL'O-^Y, I It. [Fr. elogt; L. elogium ; Gr. Aovoj. E-L^'GI-UM. i See Euloot.] The pmise bestowed on a person or thing; pane- gy ric [But we generaU^ use EuLoor.] Wutlon. Hotder. E-LOIN', V, L [Fr. eloigner, to remove far off:] 1. To separate and remove to a distance. Spenser. Donne. 9. To convey to a distance, aud withhold from sighL The rtmtf mkj return iImi tb« gooib or beuu iin> vfotrwf. Iitacktiijn4, In Imt haeka^ this word, with its derivatives, is more genenilly written with gi as, etoigne, itc. E- LO I N ' A T E, r. f. To remove. JJowelL E-L01N'A-TED,;jp. Removed. ¥^l,OlS'£D,pp. Removed to a distance ; carried far off. E-LOIN'JNG, ppr. Removing to a distance from an- other, or to a place unknown. E-LOIN'MENT, n. Removal to a distance ; distance. E-LONG', r. U [Low L. eiongo.] To put far off; to retard. [06;;.] Shevstone. E-LON''GATE, r. t. [Low L. tlongo, from longus. See Long.] 1. 1*0 lengthen ; to extend. ' 2. To remove further off*. Brown. E-LO.\"G.4TE, e. t. To depart from; to recede; to move to a greater distance ; particularly, to recede apparently from the sun, as a planet in its orbit. I^LON"GA-TED,/»p. or a. Lengthened ; removed lo a distance. E-LON"GA-TING, ppr. Lengthening ; extending. 2. Receding to a greater distance, [KUticularly as a planK from the sun in its orbit. E-LO\"GA-TlON, n. The act of stretching or length- ening ; a.", the tlongatioa of a fiber. .^rbuUmoL 2, I'he i I Pirtkerton. G. Id astronomy, the distance of a planet from the Bim, as it api>ears to the eye of a spectator on the earth ; apparent departure of a planet from the sun in its orbit ; as, the elongation of Venus or Mercury. 7. In svrfrery, an imperfect luxation, occasioned by the stretching or lengthening of the ligaments; or the extension of a part beyond its natural dimensions. Eiieye. Coze. E-LOPE', c. i. [D. hopen : we^looprn ; G. laufen, ent- taufen : Sw. lopa : Dan. lUbcr ; Sax. hleapan ; Eng. to leap. In all the dialects, except the English, ieap sig- nifies lo run. Uu. Heb. tj'rn. Class Lb, No. 30.1 1, To run away; to depart from one's proper place or station privately, or without permission ; to quit, without permission or right, the station in which one ELU / ^^ is placed by law or duty. Particularly, and appnwri- ateivy to nin nwuy or depart from a husband, and live with an adiilti-rer, us a married woman ; or to quit n father's house, privately or without permission, aud marry or live with a gullant, as an unmarried wo- man. 9. To run away ; lo escape privately ; to depart, without permis>iiim, as a sen from a father's house, or an apprentice from his master's service. E-Lf)P'KD, pp. Run away privately. ELOPE'.MKNT, «. Private or unlicensed departure from the place ur station to which one is asi^igncd by duty or law ; as, the eloperment of a wife from lier husband, or of a daughter from her father's house, usuolly with n lover or galluuL It is sonietimes ap- plied to the departure of a son or an apprentice, in like manner. E-LGP'ING, ppr. Running away; departing private- _ Iv, or without permission, from a husUaud, father, or K'LOPS, n. [Ur. cAAoi//.] [master. A fish, iiihuhiting the seas of America and the West Indies, ilie Elops Saurus of Turton's Lin- meus. EL^O-UUE.NCE, n. [L. eloqaeniia, from elaquor, loquor^ to speak ; Gr. ^r/Tco), Aua-ci^, to crack, to sound, to si)eak. The primary sense is, probably, to hurst with a sound, for the Gr. libs Aairis, a fissure, from the same root y whence AfijriC<^, to open or split ; whence I^ laceroy to tear ; and hence, perhaps, Eng. a leak. Q,u. the root oi clack. See Class Lg, No. 51, 57.] 1. The expression of strone emotion, in a manner adapted to excite correspondent emotions in otiicrs. The word, in its most extensive sicnificatioii, com- prehends every mode ill which deep feeling may ho expressed, either hy words, tones, looks, or geHlun-s. Ek»quence, therefore, requires, in its most perfect form, a vigorous understanding, a gluwing imagina- tion, appropriate and rich language, with tluency, animation, and suitable action. Hence, eloquence is adapted to please, affect, and pcr.'iuade. Deniosihe- nes in Gre«Ke, Cicero in Rome, Lord Chatham and Iturke in Great Itritain, and Fisher Ames in the United Slates, were distinguished for their eloquence in declamation aud debate. 2. The power of expressing strong emotions with fluency and force. 3. Forcible language, which gives utterance to deep emotion Slie utlereih pif rcliij eloquence. Shak. A. It in sometimes applied to written language. EL'O-QCJEiMT, a. Having tJie power of expressing strong emotions in a vivid and appropriate niuniier; as, an eloquent orator or pn>acher. 2. AdajHed to exi»ress strong emotion with fluency and power ; as, an eloquent address ; eloquent hi.'ftory ; an eloquent ap^al to a jurv. EL'O-UUENT-LY, adc. VVith eloquence; (n an elo- quent manner; in a manner lo please, aff'xt, and EL'RICH. See Eldbitch. [persuade. ELSE, (els,) a. or pr. [Sax. elles; Dan. ellrntj from eller, or ; L. alias, alias. See Alien ] Other ; one or sonmiiung beside. Who else is coming? What else shall 1 give? Do you expect any thing el.se ? [This word, if considered to be an adjective or pronoun, never precedes its uouu, but always fol- lows il.l ELSE, (els,) adv. Otherwiae ; in the other case ; if the fact were different. Thou desircst not sacrifice, else would I give it ; that is, if thou didsl desire sac- rifice, I would give it. Ps. li. 1(1. Repent, or rise I will come to thee quickly ; that is, repent, or if thou shoiildist not repent, if the cose or fact should be different, I will come lo thee quickly. Rev. ii. v. 2. Beside; except that mentioned; as, nowhere el^e. ELSE'WIIfiRE, dip. In any other place; as, these trees are not to be found elsewhere. 2. In some other place; in other places indefi- nitely. Il i.s reported in lown and eUeichere. E-LO'CI-DaTE, v. L [Low L. eltici/h, from rlueeo, lucco, to shine, or from lucUlus, clear, brigtit. See LlOHT.] To make clear or manifest ; to explain ; lo remove obscurity from, and render intetligibie ; to illustrale. An example will elucitiate the subject. An argument may elucidate an obscure question. A fact relatttd by one historian may elucidate an obscure pas.sage in another's writings. E-LO'Cl-l>.A-TED,;i;». Explained; made plain, clear, or inlellifiTble. E-LO'CI-I)A-TI\G, ppr. Explaining; making clear or iutelli'gible. E-LU-CI-DA'TION, ti. The act of explaining or throwing light on any obscure subject ; explanation ; exposition ; illu.'^tration ; as, cue example may serve for an elucidation of the subject E-LC'CI-DA-TIVE, a. Making clear. E-LC'Cl-DA-TOR, n. One who explains ; an expos- E-LO'CI-DA-TO-RY, a. Tending lo elucidate [itor. EL-U€-TA''l'lON, II. [h eluctatus.] The act of bursting forth ; escape. E-LU-eU-BRA'tlON. See LrcuBRiTiow FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T.— METE, PR£Y. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLF, BQOK.- EMA E-LODE', V. U [L. eludo: e and ludo^ to play; Sp. eludir: IL eUdtre ; Fr. rludcr. The Latin verb forms lusi, lusum ; and tliid may be the Heb. Cb. and M. pS, to deride. Class Ls, Na 5.] 1. To escape ; to evade ; to avoid by artifice, Btrat- a^m, wiles, deceit, or deiteriiy ; as, to elutU an en- emy ; to elude the sight ; lo eii'tdc an officer ; to elude detection ; lo dude vigilance ; to elude the force (rfan argument ; to dude a blow or stroke. 2. To mock by an unexpected escape : as, to elude pursuit. Me gvntle Delia beekont from the plain, Tbeii, hkl in shades, eludet her Mger swain. Popt. 3. To escape being seen ; lo remain unseen or un- discovered ; as, to Wurfg discover>'. The cause of magnetism has hitherto eluded the researches of philosophers. E-1>CD'ED, pp. Escaped; avoided; evaded. E-LrOT-BLE, a. That may be eluded or escaped. E-LCD'l.\G, ppr. Escaping; avoiding; evading. E'LUL, n. The twelfth month of the civil Jewish year, and the sixth of the ecclesiastical. It corre- sponds nearly to our August. E-LL'.M'BA-TED, o. [L. tumbus.] Weakened in the ioins. E-LC'SION, n, [L. elujtio. See Elude.] An escape by artillce or deception ; evasion. Brown. E-LC'SIVE, a. Practicing elusion ; using arts to es- cape. EJuHv of th« brklal Any. ibn givn rood bo{>j« 10 all, ahJ jJI wiUj hopes Ueccivn. P(^, E-LO'SIVE-LV, odtK By practicing elusion. E-L0'SO-RI-NE3S n. The state of being tlusory. E-LC'SO-RY, a. Tending to elude ; tending to de- ceive; evasive; fraudulent; fallacious; deceitful. Broum. E-LCTE', V, L [L. eluOf elutum ,* qu. e and tavo. See Elutriate.] To wash off; to cleanse. Arbutiuiot, E-LPT'ED, pp. Washed ; clean<atinn of slaves. E-MAN'CLPA-TOR, n. One who emancipates or lib- eratt's from bondage or n^siraint. E-MAN'CI-PI.sr, n, A name given in New Holland to convicts who have been set free. E-MANE', c. t. [U emano.] To issue or flow from. Enfield. But tills is not an elegant word. [See Emanate.] E-MAR'filN'.ATE,tj. e. To lake away the margin. F^MaR'OIV-ATE, ( a. [Fr. marge; U mareo^ E-MAR'GIN-A-TED, i whence emarfrino.] 1. In botanyy mitrhed in a peculiar manner at the api-x ; applied to the leafy petal, ur gti)w L. emnseuloy from e and ma.seulu.t, a male. See Male.] 1. To castrate ; lo deprive a male of certain parts which characterize the sex ; lo geld : lo deprive of virility. 2. 'i'o deprive of masculine streng'.h or vigor ; lo weaken ; to render effeminate ; to vitiate by un- manly soOncM. WofTwn ematciilalB a nuniftreh'a rdfo. Drydtn. 1 o tmeuculAU Uie apiriu. ColUtr. E-MAS'CU-LATE, a. Unmanned; deprived of vigor. Hammond. E-MAS'CU-LA-TED, pp. or a. Castrated ; weakened. E-MAS'CU-LA-TING, ppr. Castrating; gelding; depriving of vigor. E-MAS-eU-LA'TION, n. The act of depriving a male of the parts which characterize the sex ; cas- tration. 2. The act of depriving of vigor or strength; ef- feminacy ; unmantv weakness. EM-BALE', r. U [Fr. embaUer; Sp. embalar; It im- ballare; em, imy for en or in, and balla, halle, bale.] 1. To make up into a bundle, bale, or package ; to pack. 2. To bind ; to inclose ; as, to embale In golden buskins. Spenser EM-BAL'/a>, pp. Made into a bale. p].M-BAL'ING, ppr. Making into a bale. EM-BALL', V. u To encircle or embrace, f Ofrs.] Spenser* EM-BALL'ING, n. An embrace. Shak, EM-BALM', (ein-biim',) v, t. [Ft. embaumer, from baumCy b.ilm, Uoinbaham; It. wibalsamare; Sp. ent- balsamar.'\ 1. To oi>en a dead body, lake out the intestines, and fill their place with odoriferoiL't and desiccativo spices and drugs, to prevent its putrefaction. Joaerti oominandeii his •ciranU, the phv«ician«, to tmbalm fall (aihcr ; ami ilv f h^siciam tmhaltnt^ Israel, — Gcii. I. 2. To fill with sweet scent. MUum. 3. To preserve, with care and affection, IJom loss or decay. The memory of my beloved lUughter i> tmliaimed in my heart. N. W. Virtue alotK", with luting g^^t Embaimt the l)eauti«s ot Uio face. J. TVumiuU. EM-BALM'£D, pp. or a. Filled with aromatic plants for preser\-ation ; filled with sweet scent; preserved from loss or destruction. EM-BXLM'ER, n. One who embalms bodies for preservation, EM-BALM'ING, ppr. Filling a dead body with spices for preservation ; filling with sweet scent ; preserv- ing with care from loss, decay, or destruction. EM-BXLM'ING, n. The act or art of filling a dead body with spices for preservation. EM-BALM'MENT, », Act of embalming. EM-BANK', V. L I'o enclose with a bank ; to defend by banks, mounds, or dikes. EM-BA\K'/:D, pp. Inclosed or defended by a bank. EM-BANK'ING, ppr. Inclosing or surrounding with a bank. EM-BANK'MENT, n. The act of eurrounding or de- fending with a bank. 2. A mound or bank raised for various purposes, as for prott'cting against inundations, for the passage of a railroad, Sec. EM-BAR', r. t. [en and bar.] To shut, close, or fasten with a bar ; lo make fast. 2. To inclose so as to hinder egress or escape. Whore faul embarred in mighty brazen wall, Spenaer. 3. I'o stop } to shut fVom entering ; lo hinder ; lo block up. He embarr«d all fiirther trade. Bacon, EM-BAR-CA'TION, n. Embarkation, which see. E.M-BXR'GO, n. [Sp. etnbarao ; Port. Fr. id. This is a modern word, from the Spanish and Portuguese. In Portuguese, embara^dry which Ihe Spanish write emharazary is to embarra.tSy entangle, slop, hirider ; I'orl. emhara^n, impediment, embarrassment, stop, hindcrnnce. The palatal being changed into z and 8, We have cmharrtta.t from this word ; but embargo retains the palatal letter.] In commerce, a restraint on ships, or prohibition of sailing, either out of port, or into port, or both: which prohibition is byjiublic authority, for a limited time. Most generally it is n proliibition of ships lo leave n port. EM-BAR'GO, p. (. [Sp. and Port, embargar.] 1. To hinder or prrvent ships from sailing out of port, or into jxirl, or both, by some law or edict of sovereign authority, for a limited lime. Onr ships were for a time embari^oed by a law of congress. 2. To slop ; lo hinder from being prosecuted by the departure or entrance of shijw. The commerce of th(! United Stales has been embargoed. EM-BAR'GA/'.D. pp. Slopped; hindered from sail- ing; hindered by public authority, as ships or com- merce. E.M-nXR'GO-ING, ppr. Restraining from sailing by public atithority ; hindering. EM-BARK', r, f. [Sp. emharcar ; Port, id.; It. imbar- ears ; Fr. embaraucr ; eti and bareo. a boat, a barge, a bark.l 1. I'o put or cause to enter on board a ship or other vessel or boat. The general embarked fits troops and tfi-'ir baggage. 2. To engaiir a jwrsnn in any affair. Tiiis pro- jector »fT«ft(irA:c(/ his friends In the design or expedition. EM-BARK', V. i. To go on board of a ship, boal, or vessel ; as, the troops embarked for Lisbon. 2. To engage in any business; lo undertake in; TONE, BgLL, I GNITE. - AN"G EB, Vl"CIOUS.-e as K ; 6 a« J ; 8 as Z ; CU aa 8H i i'H as In THIS. 337 EMB EMB EMB to lake a share in. 'I'ht^ voung man rinbarktd riulily in sptTtilation, nnd was ruined, B.M-BARK-A'TIO.N, ». The actuf ptmius on iKMrd of a ship or oiher vessel, or the act of (i ; cf nfused j confoiindid. EM-B.\R'R.\:;S-I\G, frpr. Perpli-xing; eutanglmg; cunfiisins: confounding; abasijin;;. EM-BAR'RASS-LNG, a. Friplexing; adapted to per- plex. "^ EM-BAR'RAJ:.«-MEXT, a. Perplexity; intricacv ; 2. Confusion of mind. [entanglement. 3. Peri'lfXily arwing from insolvency, or from lemporar>- inability to discharge debts. 4. Confusion ; abashment. EM-BAR'KfD, (em-b;Lrd',) jip. Shut : dosed: fast- ened. EM-B\R'RI.VG, pmr. Fastening, as with a bar. E.^I-B.^SE', r. L [ni and htst.] To lower in value ; to vitiate ; to deprave ; to impair. I tan i» IgwUs tad — Uul o>7 nJm n, fm JislrmeuL 2. To deirmde ; to vili/V. ^»cajer. [TkL* leerrf is teU»m aseiLl E>l4a.u which Cesar calls mrnttutw. a client or re- tamer among the Ganls. Cluver, .Int. Grr. I, 8, '^"y '*''' opinion, and mentions that, in the laws of Burgundy, mmh^sda was e lay m surrounding matter ; as, to cmiBl a thing in clay fir in sand. E.M-BED'DEI), pp. or o. Laid as in a bed ; deposited or inclosed in surrounding matter ; as, ore anbrdiUd m sand. E.M-BED'DI.VG.K"-. Laying, depositing, or forming, as in a bed. E.M-IIED'.ME.N'T, a. Act of embedding ; stale of being embedded. E.M-UEl.'I.lSII, B. t [Fr. emJdlir, from beUc, L. W- 1b.«, pretty.l 1. To nJom ; to beautify ; to decorate ; to make beautiful or elegant by ornaments; appUtd to prrsmu orthimgn. We anbeUL^k the person with rich apparel, a garden witli shrubs and tloivers, and stile with mcuphon. a. To make graceful or elegant; as to embdluk manners. E.M-BEL'LISH-iCI), (em-beriisht,)™. or a. Adorned ; deconued ; beautitied, E.M-BEL'LISH-ER, ■- E.M-BEL'LISH-IXG, One who embellishes. . rpr. Adorning; decorating; adilmg grace, ornament, or elegance, to a person or thing. EM-l!EL'r.l.=;rM.\G-LV', ode. So as to embellish. E.V-BE1.'LISH-.MENT, n. The act of adorning. 2. Omiuuent; decoration; any thing that adds beauty or elegance ; that which renders any thing pleasing to the eye, or agreeable to the taste, in dress, furniture, manners, or in the line arts. Rich dresses are embeltishments of the person ; virtue is an rmbel. tMiurnt of the mind, and liberal arts the cmbdUsh- nenls of society. E.M'BER, in ember-daij.t, einber-meeJa, is the Saxon emb-rett, or ymb-ripie, a circle, circuit, or revolution, from ymt, afffii, around, and rcn, or ryne, course, from the root of run. Eiaber-dayi ate the Wednes- day, Friday, and Saturday, after Ciuadragesima Sunday, after Whitsunday, after Ilolyrood-Jay in Septeinlier, and after St. Lucia's day in December. Kinber-days are days returning al certain seasons ; cmftcriceefci, the weeks in which these days fall ; and fonuerly, our ancestors used the words Embcr-faat and Eiubcr-tide, or season. _,.,„„„ „„„^'J^ Encijc. LL. Mfrcd, sect. 39. EM'BER-GOOSE, n. A webfrxited bird of the genus CiiUimbiu, also called the ^c. Adorned with shining ornaments, or Willi figures armorial. EM-BL.aZ'ING, jtpr. Einhcllishing with glittering or- naments, or with figures armorial. E.M.BL.t'ZON,(em-bla'zn,)i.. (. [Fr. J/ajonncr. See EU1I1.\7E j 1. To adorn with figures of heraldry or ensjons a™.\u, to cast ni, to insert.] 1. /"i-opCT-;!), inlay ; inhid or mosaic work; some- thing inserted in the boily of another. 2. A picture representing one thing to the eye, and another to the understanding; a painted enigma, or a figure representing some obvious history, insiriict- ing us in some moral truth. Such is the image of Scaivola holding his hand in the fire, with these words, "Aaere el patifortiler Romauum est," to do and to suffer with fortitude is Roman. Eneye. 3. A ijainting or representation, intended to 'hold forth some moral or political instruction ; an allusive picture ; a typical designation. A balance is an em- blem of justice ; a crown is the emblem of royalty ; a scepter, of potver or sc.vereignty. 4. That which represents another thing in its pre- dominant qualities. A white robe in Scripture is an emblem of purity or righteousness ; baptism, of puri- fication. E.V1'BLE.M, v. u To represent by similar qualities. Fellh/lm, EM-BLEM-AT'ie, la. Pertaining to or comprising E.M-BLEM-AT'ie-AL, S an emblem. ' 2. Representing by some allusion or customary connection ; as, a crown is embletnatic of royalty, a crown being worn by kings. 3. Representing by similar qualities; as, whiteness is emblematic of purity. 4. Using emblems ; as, emblematic worship. EM-BLE.M-AT'ie AL-LY, ad„. By way or means of emblems ; in the manner of emblems ; by way of al- lusive representation. Sw\fL E.M-BLE.M'A-TIST, n. A writer or inventor of em blcms. Brotrn EM-BLE.M'A-TIZE, r. t. To represent by an emblem. Walpole. FATE, F.\R, FALL, WH^T.— METE, PREY PLVE, MARINE, BIRD. — N6TE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, B9pK EMB EM-BLEM'A-TIZ-£D, pp. Represented by an em- blem. EM-BLEM'A-TIZ-ING, ppr. Representing by an em- blem. EM'BLE-MEXT, 71, Used mostly in the plural. [Norm. emblcar, emblements ; cmblccr, to sow ; Fr. entblarer ; Norm, bletr, to sow with com, fnmi bti, blrd^ corn.] The produce or fniiis of land sown or planted. This word is used for the produce of land sown or planted by a tenant for life or years, whose estate is determined suddenly after the land 13 sown or planted, and before harvest. In this case, the tL*nant's execu- tors shall have the emblements. EmbJtmnits compre- hend not only corn, but the produce of any annual plant. But the pri>duce of grass and perennial plants belongs to the lord, or proprietor of the land. BladcMone EM'BLEM-IZE, r. £. To represent by an emblem. EM'BLE>I-IZ-£D,pp. Repre>:N-ING, ppr. Giving courage or boldness. EM'BO-LISM, a, [Gr. cp^oXiOfiis, from EpiJaWuif to throw in, to insert] 1. Intercalation; the InsTlion of days, months, or Vf'ars, in an account of time, to pmduce regularity. The Greeks made use of the lunar year of 35^1 days, and to adjust it to the solar year of 3ti5, they added a lunar mtputh every second or third year, which additional nii^nth they called entbolimiEus. 9. Interr^ilalfd time. [Barlow. EM-BO-LIS'MAL, a. Pertaining to Intercalaiion ; in- tercalated ; inserted. Tba fjrAoIUmai months are '■ithrr nntiml or civil, Eitcyc. EM-BO-LIS Mie, o. Intercalated ; inserted. Twelve lunations Ibna & commoa yrar, Mid IhtrWn, the tmboliMtnie jr^&r, Orotisr'M OUna. E?rBO-Ln9, II. [Gr. ifi^oXoff from tpffaWi-^, to thrurt in.] Somethmg inserted or acting in anclbcr ; that which ihnisla or drives, as a piston. jirbuthnoL ffrbert. E^f'BOJV-POrJV^, [Fr.] C^ng-bong-pwg'.) Plumpness of bi»dy or person. EM-BOR'DEfe, r. U [Old Fr. embordrr.] To adorn with a border. EM-BOR'DER-KD, pp. Adorned with a border. EM-BOR'DER-hNG, ppr. Adornmg with a Iwrder EM-BOSS', r. r, [en, in, and bo.1.1.] In the fine orf*, to form bosses or protut»eranros ; to fashion in n.lif'vo or raised work ; to cut or fonn with prominent fig- ures. 2. To form with boates; lo cover with protuber- ance*. Miiton. 3. To drive hard in hunting, till a deer fosim^, or a dozN knees swell. Shak. Hanmer. EM-BOHS', V. L [Ft. emboHery for emboiifUry from Mtr, houte, a box.] To inclo«e, as io a box ; to include ; to cover. [Aot used.] Spetiser. EM-B<)SS', r. t. [ft. imhoxcarey from hoitai^ a wcKid,] To inclose in a wood 3 lo conceal in a ttiicket. [Xot used.] Milton, E-M-BOHS'KO, (em-hf»it',) pp. or a. Formed or covered with bosses w raised figures. EM-BOJ?d'L\G,p;jr. Forming with figurra in relievo. Baron. EM-BOSS'I\G, n. Tt\t fbrmation of omamrntal fig- ures in reW«'f ; the figures thus formed. Ifrbrrt EM-DOdS'MENT, n. A prominence, like a bot^s; a jut. 3. Reli(;f; ngtires in relievo; raised work. ^ddiifon, EM-ROT'TI.E, p. (. [-»i»,in,and bottle.] To put in a bottle: to bottle; to include or con fi ok iti a bottle. EM-BOT'TL£D, pp. Put in or included m bottles. £M-BOTn'LING,fi^. Putting in a bottle. {pyUtps. EMB E^f-BOU-CHURE\ (anp-boo-shur',) n. [Fr.] A mouth or aperture, as of a river, cannon, &.c. -2. The mouth-hole of a wind instrument of music. EM-BoVV, r. ^ To form like a bowj to arch; to vault. Spenser. EM-mJW'EL, V. t, [en, in, and hoierl] To take out the entrails of an anmial body ; to eviscerate. Shak. 2. To take out the internal parts. Fowiili nnd imtkenila tliat lite tmbotoehtd enrth Diajliv". Phiiipt. 3. To sink or inclose in another substance. Spenser. EM-nOWEL-£D, po. or a. Deprived of intestines ; eviscerati'd ; burieu. EM-HOW'EL-ER, n. One that takes out the bowels. E.M-BO\V'EL-I.\G,ppr. Depriving of entrails; evis- cerating; bur>in2. EM-BOWEI^MENT, n. The act of taking out the bowels ; evisceration. Lamb. EM-BOWER, v.L [from boacr.] To lodge or rest in a bower. Spenser. EM BOWER, V. t. To cover with a bower; to shel- ter with trtes. Thomsoji. EM-BOW'EP.-£D, pp. or a. Covered with a bower; sheltered. EM-COWfiU-ING, ppr. Covering with a bower or trees. EM-BOX'^D, (em-boxt',) a. Inclosed, as in a box. EM-BRaCE', c. (. [Fr. embrasser, from en and bras, the arm; Pp. abrazar, from brazo, the arm; It. ab- bracxiare, imbraceiare, from braccio, the arm ; Ir. urn- brac^im, from frrac, the arm. See Brace.] 1. To take, clasp, or inclose in the arms ; to press lo the bosom, in token of afi"ection. P&ul called to him the (JUciplcs aiid wmbmetd [hem. — Acta xx. 9. To seize eagerly ; to lay hold on ; to receive or take with willingness that which is offered ; as, to embrace the Christian religion : to embrace llie oppor- tunity of doing a favor. 3. To comprehend ; to include or take in ; as, natural philosophy embracer many sciences. John.^on. 4. To comprise ; to inclose ; to encompass ; to contain ; to encircle. t>>v at hta fm a spadoiu pli^n 1* plnor. (em-bnirtt',) pp. IncIoM^d in the arms ; clasp(>d to the bi>fioiii ; seized ; laid hold on ; re- ceived ; Comprehended ; included ; contained ; ac- cepted. 3. Influenced corruptly ; biased ; as a juror. Bltictijtone. EM-BRXCE'MENT, n. A clasp in the arms ; a hug; embrace. Sulaey. 2. Hostile hug; grapple. [LiUleused.] Sidney. 3. Comprehension ; slate of being contained ; in- cloj'ure, [/Jttle u.^ed.] Bacon. 4. (-'oiijugal endeannrnl; sexual commerce. Shak. 5. Willing acceptance. [IJtUe lu-ied.] EM-BKACE'OR, n. One who attempts to influence a jurj corruptly. iioweU EM-ItRAC'EK, n. The ptTwm who embraces. EM-BRAC'ER-V, B. In /aw, an aitenipl to influence a jury c^rniptly to one side, by proitiises, pcrwua- sions, entreaties, mfney, entertainments, or tlie like. BlachMone. EM-BRAC'I.\G, ppr. Clasping in the arms ; prrssing lo the btrsom ; seizing and holding; roniprehend- ing ; including; receiving; accepting; having con- jugal intrrcoiinte. 2. Attempting to influence a jury corruptly. Black. ■'I one. EM-BRXID', V. (. To npbraid. UXot in use.] FJynU EM-BRA'IRURE, (-zhQr,) n. [Fr., from enthrasn-, to widen. Lanier. If Ltinier is right, this coincides with the !Sp. aftrasar, Port, abraiar, to bum, Sp. to 8. Perplexed ; entangled ; intermixed and C4»nfused ; involved in trouble. EM-BROII/ING, ppr. Perplexing; entangling; in- volving in trouble. EM-BROIL'MENT, n. A state of contention, per- plexity, or confusion ; disturbance. EM-BRO\7.E'. See Bbo:*ze. E.M-BROTH'EL, r. L [See Brothel.] To inclose in u brothel. Donne. EM'BRV-O, in. [Gr. ciifipfoi^ { L. embnion; from E.M'BRV-ON, i Gr. ev and 0oxh,,, to shoot, bud, g.T- minate. The Greek word is contracted probably from fJnu^tn, for it gives fipvati ; and if so, it coin- cides in elements with Eng. brood and brrai.] 1. In physioloirif, the first rudiments of an animal in the W(mili, before the several members are dis- tinclW formed ; after which it is called a /etv.t. 2. The rudiment-f of a plant. [Encye. 3. The l>eginntng or first slate of any thing not fit f(l« werit I had fh^n in tntiryo. Su!i/t. EM'BRY-O, } a. Pertaining to or noting any thing EM'BRY-ON, \ in its first rudiments or unfiuished state ; as, an embryan bud. Danein. EM-BRY-OL'O-GY, n, [iit.tp(3p\)ov^ a fetus, and Ao- JfC.l 'I'he doctrine of the development of the fetus of animals. EM'BRY-ON-ATE, a. In the state of an embryo. EM-BRY-ON'ie, a. Pertaining lo an embryo, or in the state of one. Culeridge. EM-BRY-OT'O-MY, n. [embryo and Gr. ro/i;/, a cut- ting, from Tf.fii/i.i, to rut.] A cutting or forcible separation of the fetus from the womb. Coze. EM-BCS'Y, (em-biz'ze,)^. t. Toemploy. [JfTotuged.] KME, ». An unrle. [!^ee Eam.] E-ME.ND', V. t. To make better or more perfect; to amend. [JVoi lurd.] E-MEND'A-BLE, fl. [h. eTnmdabUisy from emendo,to correct ; e and mrnda, a spot or blemish.] Capable of being amended or corrscted. [See AMErtDAnLK.] EM-EN-DA'TION, n. [L. emendatio.] 1. The act of altering for the better, or correcting what is erroneous or faulty ; correction ; applied par- ticularly t/t the eiirrtction nf errors in ttvitinpii. VVhrn we 8p(;ak of life and manners, we use Auemd, Amesdmknt, the French orthography. 2. An alleraliim for the better ; correction of an error or fault. The last edition of itie book contains many emendations. TCNE. BJJLL, VNITE. — AN"OER, VI"CIOUa — € ai K ; as J j » as Z j CH as SH ; TH u in THIS. EME EMI EMO Eil'CN-DA-TOR,!!, A corrector of em>rs or fhiilts in wrUinirs J one who correct!* ur iinprovt>«. CunlributiDg to emendation H'artaH. Corrected : made better : ira- E-MEND'A-TO-RV, or ciirrvctioo. EM END ED, pp. E-ME.\'UI-€;RTE, r. t [I^MUiuitM.] To befr E-.ME\'DI-CA-TEn, m». Rcgged. E-MEN'DI-eiTl.NG, ppr. Begginfr EM'E-RAU), «. [Sp. fsff^rmlJa ; Piut, irf, ; iL smerml- d»; Fr. €mfmude; Arm. emtraudenH ; G. t). and Dan. mmaragii: l^ smdtra^ujt ; Ur. ^a^a; 3>'i and a^aiiaj- imsi Ch. "irxoti Syr. j»^v pCl »wr«^ ; Ar. ^ wO J wmtorodon. It i> probable that the European words arv from the Oriental, itaougti much altered. Th« verb 13( ajyniftjti to sing, to roll, lu amputate, ^c ; but the meaninf of nurmU is iiU obvious.] I. A prerioud rtune o( a {tbco color, and idt-nticol, eicepc in colivr, with hrrjfL [See BertuJ Dana. 3. A printing type, In sixe between niinioa and nonpareil. E-MERtiE', (e-men\) v. i. [L. emerge; «, ex, and wr/*. to plongr.] L To ' f o rtM out of a fiuid or other covering or sur- roODding substuica j as, to ema-gt Oon Ibe wiuer or ftuB tlw oeean. ThMk— MMrriiif ft«Didv4)Mp. Orydm. We my^ft planet tmrrgn from the nin's light ; a " ng from chaos. It is npposad to immrrgt^ — - ■ t i»rorf. .1 from. AVvtoa. 2. To I S. Tomi': qibere ct th- 1 '1 £; eclipwd ; to leave the .crt. The sun is said to Lien to obscure its light ; rr-j'ff, wlien they appear : -t. >r di pres5ion or obscuri- ty ; to riie iiitu view ; a.-^, tu emerge from poverty or ob«rurit\- ; to rmrrgt fn>m the gloom of despondency. E-MKIU';'E\fEj i m. The art of rising out of a fluid E-WERG'E.V-CY, i or other covering, or surround- ing matter. a. The act of rising or starting into view ; the act of iaaoinK ftom or quitting. Thswhite CBtar«r ftll (rfrkCtM R|^ it ito Snt mm-ftma — h •oaipiMiwledarnriouios(>Hm. ffwwtam. 3l Tbal wbkb comes mddenly^; k sudden occa- riun ; an nnezpecled event. MBit sreor DuUci bii« b«r« fc^md out I7 «uum] «wMyr» i »fy. 4. Exigence ; any erent or orcaslnnal combination of circumstances which calls for immediate action or remedy ; pressing neeewtty. lu caw rf tm ergw m et f, [w (n an ttmtrgrtteff,} be wenM nni*i* the vbut* wviliit (V him nii{n«. AdktiMM. E-MERC'ENT, & Rl>ting out of a fluid, or any thing that covers or surrounds. % Issuing or proceeding from. SmM. 3. Rising out of a depressed state, or from obscu- rity. 4. Coming suddenly ; s*iddcn ; casual ; unex- pected ; hence, calling for immediate action or remedy; urgent; p.-essing; as, an emrrsrfnt occa- sion. Clarendon. E-MERG'EVr-LY, adr. Bv emerging. £-M£R'IT-ED, a. [I. «mif«^.] Allowed to have done sufficient public service. Ecdyn. E-MER'T'TUS^n,: pLr.isrKnu [U] One who has been honorably diseh.-\rsed from public senice. EM'E-RODS, «., Willi .a plural termination. (Cor- rupted from kamarrkcids. Gr. atjcri'^ic^f;, from •Ifinp^b), to labor under a iowing of Mood j ai'/ia, blood, and U<^y to flow.] Hemorrhads ; livid, painlul, and bleeding tuber- cles about the anus. Tke \jaiA w^l Kciletfan; — with the antrvU. — Xi^xd. zxrO. K.MER'SIOX, ■. [from L. rmrrgo. See Emesce.I 1. The art of rising out of a fluid, or other covering or suTTouDding substance ; opposed to vumtrgioiu fi. In ttst r cnomif^ the re^pitearance of a heavenly body after an eclipse ; as, the emersion of the moon from the shadow of the earth ; also, the time of rcilp- pearance. Barltne. 3. The reappearance of a star which has been hid by llie effulgence of the sun*s li^L Barlow. 4. Extrication. Black. EM'ER-Y, «. [Fr. emeril ; emrri ; Sp. tsmerU; D. muril ; G. schmergel; Gr. and L. smiriaJ] A massive variety nf corundum ; its structure finely granular ; it* color varying fmm a deep gray to a Uui^h or Mark is: h gmy, sometimes brownish. This is almost indispensable in polishing metals and hard stones. The Inpirlaries cut ordinary gems on their wheels, by spriiikliiig them with the moistened pow- der of emery ; but it wiU nut cut the diamond. HiU. CUaveland. EM E-SIS, a. [Gr. infra.] A vomiting; discharges from the stomach by the mouth. E-MET'I€, a. [It. and Sp. emetico ; Fr. anttiquet from Gr. fuew, tovitinit.^ Inducing to vumit ; exciting the stonmch to dis- ch:»rct- Us contL-nts ly the esophnciia ami mouth. E-MET'ie, w. .^medicine that pmvokes vomiting. E-MET'I€>'AL-LY, o*/c. In such a manner na to ei- cite vomiting. Boyle. EM'E-TIN, n. [See Emetic] A white or yellowish powdtr, supposed to be nn alkaloid, which is ob- tained from various euulic rool-i. S'MEU I B. A very larire bird nf New nollnnd, often E'MEW, i called the Aew Holland Cnssowarv, from its n-semblance U) the cassowarv, hut diinTing from the latter in not having the helinel. It difi\ ra frtmi the ostrich in having its feel ihrtx-tood. Its Cailurs are of a dull, smAy brown color, and its wings, total- ly u.«eless fur flight, serve to bolauco the body in run- ninc- Partington, EMEUTE'f (a-miit',) [Fr.] A seditious commotion or mob. EM-I-C.^'TIO\, n. [L. emieatio^ emico^ from t and miVo, to s[^»arkle, tliat is, to dart.^ A sparkliujt ; a flying off in small particles, as from heated iron or fernieuiing liquors. E-MI€'TIO.\, n. [L. mingo, miclum.] The discharging of urine; urine; what is voided by the urinary- pa:»sages. Harvey. EM'I-GRA.\T, a. [See Emigratg.] Removing, or having removed, from one place or country to another distant place, with a view to reside. EM'i-GR.AN'T, n. One who removes his habitation, or quits one tounir>' or region to settle in anotlu-r. E.MM-GKATE, r. i. [L. emig-ro ; e and migroy to jiu- Me.] To quit one countn*, state, or region, and settle in another ; to remove from one country or state to an- other, for the purpose of residence. Gcnnaus, Swiss, Irish, and Scotch, emigrate in great nuiiil»ers to America. Inhabitants of New England emigrate to the Westeni States. EM'1-GRA-TED, pp. Removal from one country to auotJier. with a view to a settlement. E.\I'I-GRA-TIXG, ppr. Removing from one country or state to another for residence. EM-I-GRA'TION, n. Removal of inhabitaiiU from one countr>- or state to another, for the purpose of residence, as from Europe to America, or in America, from the Atlantic StaU>s to the Western. Tlie remoNTiI of persons from house to house in the same town, stAte, or kingdom, is not called emigra- tioH, but simply rsMoeat E.M'I-XENCE, I n. [L. eminrnlin, fVom eminrns, rmi- EM'I-.NEX-CY, i Mv, to suind or show itself above ; • and ai'Ror, to threaten, thai is, lo stand or push fur- ward. See ClojBS Mn, No. 9, 11.] 1. Elevation ; hight, in a literal sense ; but usually, a rising ground; a liill of moderate elevation above the adjacent ground. The temple of honor oiiffat to be Kaled 00 ma emin€nc€. Burke. fi. Summit ; highest part. Ray. 3. A part rising or projecting beyond the rest, or above the surface. \Ve speak of eminences on any plain or smooth surface. 4. An elevated situation among men ; a place or station above men in general, either in rank, office, or celebrity. Merit may place a man on an eminence, and make htm conspicuous. Emijience is always ex- posed to envy. 5. Exaltation; high rank; distinction; celebrity; fame ; preferment ; conspicuous ness. Office, rank, and great talents, give eminence to men in society, WhfTC mrn can not arrire at tTTKntntx, religion mnr make cwmpenMUoii, by leacfaing conteiiU 'nUotton. 6. Supreme degree. MiUon. 7. Notice ; distinction. Skak. 8. A title of honor given to cardinals and otliers. EM'I-NEN'T, a, [I,, cmi/icfw, from emrneo.\ 1. High ; lofty ; as, an eniinent place. Ezck. xvi. 2. Exalted in rank high in office ; dignified ; dis- tinguished. Princes hold eniinntt stations in society, as do ministt-rs, judges, and legislators. 3. High in public estimntion ; conspicuous; distin- guished above others; remarkable; as, an eminent historian or poet ; .in eminent scholar. Burke was an eminent orator ; Watts and Cowper were eminent for their pietv. EM'l-NENT DO-MALV. Therightof eTnmcNfdomam, is a right which a government possesses of taking the property of its subjects for necessary public uses, at a fair valuation. Bouvier. E-M'I-NE\T-LV*,arfc. In a high degree ; in a degree to attract observation ; in a degree to be conspicuous and distinguished from others^ as, to be eminently learned or usefuL S t E'MTR, \ , E-MEER', J ^ [At. *jyc) «new, a commander, from wol anara, to command, Heb. idk, to speak, Ch. Syr. Sam. id.] A title of dignity amongthe Turks and Mohamme- dans, denoting a prince ; a title at first given to the caliphs, but when thev assumed the title of aw/ton, that of emir reiuaineff to their children. At length it was attributed to all who were judged to descend from Mohannued, by bis daughter Futimah. Encyc. E.M'IS-SA-KY, n. [L. fmis^ariiw, from emeito; e and mtttOy to send ; Fr. emissaire ; Sp. etnisario ; It. emis- sario.] 1. .\ person sent on a mission ; a missionary em- ployed to preach and propagate the gospel. It' OH* of UipfoiirUosprU l* ifrnuine, wc hurc in Hint on^,«ninf n-ABoi) to brlir-vi? tlwl we noaacin Ihs nccounu which tJin original emuaaiiee of (he nili^on delivn-d. , „, . Paley, Enid. Cknat. I TAw sense ta now nnttsuah] 2. A person sent nn a private message or business \ a secret agent, employed to sound or asccrinin the opinions of others, and to spread repttrts or propagate opinions favorable to his emp!over,or designed to de- feat the measures or schemes of liis opiwsers or fnrjs ; n spy ; but nn emissary m;\y difler from a sjnj. A gpy in war is one who enters an enemy's camp or territo- ries to learn the condition of the enemy ; nn emissary may be a secret agent em|iloyed not only to detect the schemes of nn opposing party, but to influence their councils. A spy in war must be concealed, or he suffers death ; nn emissary may in some cases be known as the agent of an adversary, without incur- ring similar hazarS. . Bar.o7i. Strifi^ 3. That which sends out or emits. [JVut usei/.j JlrbuUmnt. Emissary vessels ; in anatomy^ the same as ercretory. EM'IS-SA-RY, a. Exploring; spying. B. Jonsun. E-MIS'SION, (e-mish'un,) iu [L. emissioj from emitto. to send out.] 1. The aei of sending or throwing out; as, the emi.fsion of light from the sun or other luminous body ; the emission of odors from plants ; the cmis- tioH of heal from a fire. 2. The ;ict of sending abroad, or into circulation, notes of a State or of a private corptiration ; as, the emission of State notes, or bills of credit, or treasury notes. 3. That which is sent out or issued at one time ; on impression, or a number of notes issued by one net of government. We say, notes or bills of various emit.fions were in circulation. EM-IS-SI"TIOUS, (eni-is-sish'us,) a. [L. emissitiiLs.] Looking, or narrowly examining; prying. Bp. ITalL E-Ml r',^ r. L [L. emitlo ; e and mitto, to send,] 1. 'J'o send forth ; to throw or give out ; as, fire emit.'i heat and smoke ; boiling water em/is steam ; Iho sun and moon emit light ; animal bodies emit pcr- spirfible matter; putrescent substances ««*( offensive or noxious exhalations. 2. To let fly ; to discharge j to dart or shoot ; as, to emit an arrt)W. [ UniLsual.] Prior. 3. To issue forth, as an order or decree. [Uiiusrial.] Ayliffe. 4. To issue, as notes or bills of credit; to print, and send into circulation. The United States have emitted treasury notes. No SfHte ahull «m( bill* of crmlit. Con»t. Uruted StaltM. E-MIT'TED, pp. Sent forth. E-MIT'TING, ppr. Sending out; giving out. EM-MEN'A-GOGUE, «. [Gr. c/i/i7?»'os, menstruous, or £r, in, and fi';*-, month, and aj^w, to lead.] A m*-wll'utt«d by four cciituriei of Roman dominalion, 0»e Bclffic cjlmiira had fargolleu Iheir pristine valor, PijJcerlon, Geog. [This is a new word, though well formed and ap- plied ; but what connection is there between soften- in-j and fifrgcttlng 1 Lost is here the. proper word for foririittrn.] E-MOL'LI-A-TED, pp. Softened ; rendered effemi- nate. E-MOL'LI-A-TING, ppr. Softening; rendering effem- inate. E-MOr/LI-ENT, n. Softening making supple; acting as an emollient, which see. Bariey ii eTTiollient. Arbuthnot. E-MOL'LI-ENT, n. A warm, external application, of an olr-aginousj amylaceous, or mucihiginous nature, whirh allays irritation, and alleviates inflammatory soFcn^ss, swelling, and pain, and, in the latter c^sse, Contributes either to a resolution or to suppuration, FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T. — MeTE, PRfiY.-PINE, MARINT:, BIRD.- NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVOI-F, BOQK.. 300 EMP according lo the stage at which the application is nwde. TuUy. EM-0-LI"TrOiV, (em-o-Iish'un,))i. The act of soft- enine or relaxing. Bacon. B-MOt'tJ-MENT, n. [L. emolumentum. from ejtwlo, molo, tu grind. OrigituUiij, toll t^kt-n fur grinding. See Mill.] 1. The profit arising from office or employment ; thai which is received as a compensation fur services, or which is annexed to the possession uf office, as salary, fi*ea, and perqui^iitea. 2. Prt>tit ; advantage; gain in general; that which promotes the public or private good. E-MOL-U-MEXT'AL, a. Producing profit j nseful ; profiiabie ; advantageous. Ei-elmu E-.MOXOST', for Amox*;, in Spenser, is a mistake. E-MO'TION, n. [Fr., froni L, emutia ; emoveoj to move from ; It. emozione.] 1. Liierallij, a moving of the mind or soul ; hence, any agitation of mind or excitement of sensibility. 2. In a philosophical sense^ an internal motion or agitation of the mind, which passes away without desire ; when desire follow^a, the motion or agitation is called a possum. Kames^s El, of Criticism. 3. Pa.t.tion is the sensible rfect, the fedinir to wliich the mind is subjected^ when an object of importance suddenly and imperiouitly demands its attention. The stale of absolute passiveness, in consequence of any sudden percudsion of mind, is of short dura- tion. The Firong Impression, or vivid sensation, immediately produces a reaction correspondent to iu nature, either to appropriate and enjoy, or avoid and repel, the exciting cauiie. This reaction is verj' property di.^tinguished by the term emoiivn. Emotii>n.-t, therefi>re, according to the genuine aig- nillcation of the word, are principally and primarily applicable tn the sensible changes and vi^jilil:; clTfcts which particular pa^^-iuus produce on the frfunt-, in consequence of this reaction, or particular airitation of mind. Co^an on the Pa^^ii/Hs. E-M^'TIOT-AL, (L Pertaining to emotion. E-MO'TIVE, a. Attended or characterized by emo- tion. Mackintosh. EVI-P.^IR', r. (. To impair. [Obs.] [See Impair.] E.VI-PaLE', r. £. {Pott, empular : Sp. ij. ; It. impalare: Fr. rmpaltr : tti> ttid empale, Wiih « fair torUer wruiipht ut'uiiiJrjr (iowen. Sjunser. 3. To inclose ; to shut in. Ifnjwiii-trt^le, tmpaJed wiih eireling tin. Milton. 4. To thrust a stake «p the fnndament, and thus put to death ; to put to death by fiving on a slake ; a punishment formerly practiced in Home, and still iis*>d in Turkey. ,1,I,Sison. Eneyc. E.^l-PXl,'ED,pp. or o. Fenced or fortified with siakett ; inclo»4'd ; shut in ; fixfd on ii s^tak«r. EM-PilLE'MKN'T, n. A fencing, fortifying, or inclo»- ing witli stak(-!f ; a putting to death by thrusting a i»take into (he body. 5. In &(jtfjJtv, the Ciiyx of a plant, which surrounds the other [xirts of fructificaltnn. 3. In heraldry, a conjunction of coats of arms, pale- wise. IVarton. EM-P,^I/ING, pi>r. Fortifying wiih paica or stakes; inrlii'ting : putting to death un a (^take. BM-PA.\'NfEI*, n, [Fr. pauneua, ; Eug. pane, a square. Sec Vhrtt and Pa^!«el.] A lijI-PAS'SION, (pash'un,) ». (. To mflve with pas- sion ; to afi'^ct mr<»nglv. [."^e lMPA»sion.j JUiltoii. E.M-PAS'?^IO\-ATE, a'. Sinmgly affeaed. Speiuer. EM PKA'ti'. 8ee Impkach. EM-Pl":')'PLF., (em p«'pl,) v. U To form int.* a people or [omuHinily; [Liftle tueiL Spcuaer. EM'PF.Il KSr^. Sue i:Mfni!»s. EM PER'l.^n /;D, (ptr'isht.) a. [See PxauH.] De- caVPtl. f-Vui in use.} Speaker. EM'PER OR, n. [Fr. eiXpermir ; Sp. emperaUor ; IL iinperadtrrt i l*. im p er ator, (rom impero, to Command, VV . pf-ri, to command, to cause.] J^trrfilltf, the commander of an army. Tn modem times, the aovereijjn or supreme mona^^h of an em- pire ; a title of dignity suptrrior to lliat uf king ; as, the emperor of Germany or of RuK<n his audience ; or a distinctive utter- ance of words, specially significant, with a degree and kind of stress suited to convey their meaning in the best manner. Encyc. E. Purter. The proTiiicc of emphasU U «o mucli mors important Ih.in ■cctriit, that the cusmmnry •eal of llie latter im chniiged, when the clniiiia of emphasis Rtiiiinr it. E. Porter. 3. In a wuler scnsc.n. peculiar impressiveness of ex- pression or wt'ight of thought ; as, to dwell on a sub- ject witll great emphasis. EM'PHA-SIZE, V. t. To utter or pronounce with a particular or more forcible stress of voice ; as, to em- phasize a word, for the purpose of rendering the sense more distinct or impressive than other words in the sentence. EM'PH A-Sr/-KD, jyp. or a. Uttered with force. EM'PIIA-SIZ-ING,ppr. Uttering with emphasis. EM-Plf AT'ie, I a. Forcible ; strong; impressive ; EM-PHAT'ie-AL, i as, an emphatic voice, lone, or prtmunciation ; emphatical reasoning. 2. Requiring emphasis ; as, an emphatical word. 3. Uttered with emphasis. We remonstrated in emphatical terms. 4. iSirikiiiti to the; eye ; af, emphitic colors. Bmtle. EM-PIIAT'IC-AL LY, «i-/r. With emphasis j strong- ly ; forcibly ; in a striking manner. 2. According to appeamnce. [J^ot used.] Brown, EM-PHY-SS'MA, n. [Gr. cpipvaipu, from ep-pvaato^ to inflate.] In medicine, elastic and sonorous distention of the body or its members, from air accumulated in natural cavities. Good. E.M-PHY-SEM'A-TOUS, a. Pertaining to emphy- sema; swelled, bloated, but yielding easily to pres- sure. EM-PHY-TEO'TIC, a. [Gr. f/i, tv, and 0ur£i' penetrate. [JV'ot used.] Spenser. EM-PIGIIT', (cni-pite',) a. [from pight, to lix.] Fixed; fasten. -d ; pl.iced. [OJrf.J Spenger. ElM'PIRE, n. [Fr., from L. impcnum; Sp. and It. tm- prrio. See EMPLftjR.] 1. Supreme power in governing; supreme domin- ion ; sovereignty ; imprrrial power. No nation can riglitfuUy claim the empire of the ocean. 2. The terrilttrj", region, or countries, under tlic ju- risdiction and dominion of an emperor. An artpire is usually a territory of great«'r extent than a king- dom, w-iiich may be, and often is, a territory of small extent. Thus we say, the Russian empire ; the Aus- trian empire ; the sovereigns of which are dennniina- ted emperor.^. The British dominions are called an empire i and, since the union of Ireland, the parlia- ment is denominated tlie imperial parliament, but the sovereign is called kinff. Ity custom, in Europe, the empire means the German empire; and in juridical acts it is cnllod the hidy Raman empire. Ili-nce we say, the diet uf Vu emp'rre', the circles of the anpire ; tec. But the German empire no lungt^r exists j the stales of Germany now form a confederacy. 3. Supreme control; governing influence; rule; sway ; as, the empire of reason, or of truth. 4. Any region, land or water, over which dominion is exttmded ; as, the empire of the sea. Siiak. E.M'PIR-ie or EM-PIR'ie, a. [Gr. cprrttotKa^ ; sy and irci/'df'i, to attempt ; 1^ empiricus ,* Fr. empiriqu* ; Sp. and It. empinco. See Peril and Piratk.] Literally, one who makes esperiments. Hence Us appropriate signification is, a physician who enters un pniclieu without a regular profe:r uttuthcr. Riunbter, EM-I'IR'ie-AI*-LY, adv. Ry experiment; according to exiK'rience ; without science; in the manner of quncks. Brown, E.M-PIR'I-CffiM, n. Dependence of a physician on hid ^jNTienw! in practice, without llie aid of a regu- lar medical education. 9, The pniciicc of medicine without a medical ed- ticijtion. Ilenre, quackery ; the pretensions of an ignorant man to medical skill. Shwl'lf-r to "Wtrwr llfi-, c-iik^r hy ihff nnkoiJ Jiniri», nt hv tl» mnr uiul »al'(;r incrf HI coMiiiries, Such are Luiidun, Amsterdam, Ri ' ■■ New York will be an emporium, , the common sensory in the brain. EM .1. See Jmpoteki»h. [dtze. EM-i''^'>» t.u, r. c, [from e«, or in, and ;»rif^r.] 1. To give le^ t>r moral power or authority to ; to autboriz«f either by law, cotninis^ion. tftter of oilor- Dey, nittural right, or by verbal lic.u-^. The 8uprt:me Court is empjtPfTfil to try and decide all cases, civil or criminal. The attorney i-* e>i*!'<'te'frcj to sig.^ an acquittance, and d)»<-har<:e the dv)>tt^>r. i To give physical power or force ; to enable. [/■ this sfKse, nU /rc^u.-ntl^ used, and perhaps not used at dii.j EM-Pi;>\V'ER-i:D, pp. AuUiorired ; having legal or moral rishu EMPOWERING, ^pr. Authorizing ; giving power. EM'PRESS, Ik [Contracted from empertvs. See Em- raaoR.] 1. Tno conaott or spouse of an emperor. 9. A fi--nKilc who gowma an empire ; a female In- Tested with imperial power or sovereignty. KU-PRTSK', a. [N<>rm. ; em, en, and prisfy from prtn- drt, to take ; tlie «ame as ErttEarRiss.] An unUert iking ; an entorpriw. Spenser. Popt, [.Wit rarti^ vr merer used^ except in pvetry.l EMP'Tl'ED, pp. Poured out ; exliau^tcd of lU con- tents. EMP'TI-ER, a. One that empties or exhausts. EMP'TI-N !>::', n. [fn.)m empty.] A stale of being empty ; a state of containing nothing except air; de«- litutioo ; absL-ncc of matter j as, the emptiness of a Teasel. 2. Void space J vacuity; vacuum. Drydn. 3. Want of «olidity or substance ; aa, the emptimets of light and shade. Drydsn. A. Unsattstactorinv'ss ; inability to satisfy doaire; as, the emptiitess of earthly thinc^. &. Vacuity of head ; want of intellect or knowl- •dre. Popt, EMP'TION, a. PL. emptio, from ema, to buy.l The act of Duying ; a purchasing. J Avc aiw^ «*«>^ Arbvlknot, EMPTY, a. [Sax. ^mtig or ^imtij from mmtian^ to be MIe, (o be vacant, to evacuate, tfxCd, ease, leisure, quiet.] 1. Containing nothing, or nothing but air ; as. an u^i^chest ; M^»^ space j au Myty pane is a •ertoua oviL SL EvBCmrted ; not fitted ; as, empty shacklea. Spenser, 3. Cnftmiisbed : as, an twuty room. 4. Void ; deVold. In cfrJIty, ihoc ■■— a< w empty. SImk. 5. Void ; destitute of solid matter ; as, fmpty air. 6. DeAitute of force or eAoi ; as, «si^ words. 7. UnsabocanUal j unsatisfactory ; not aMe to fill Che mind or the desires. Tlw |ieasuros of life are o^p^ and unsatisfying. 6. Not supplied ; having notliing to cany. Tker beau Ua, »nd ■bbC hba am/ rw/ ty . — M^Ht sS. 9. Hungiy. M/ Uooo DOW ii ifcrp a«Ml p — d n y empOf. SKak. 10. Unfurnished with intellect or knowledge ; va- cant of head ; tgnumni ; as, an empty coxcomb. 11. Unfruitful ; producing nothing. Imri k an "n;)t|r vm-. — tIo«^ x. ScTCa n>^ can Uaated wiUi Uk cut wind. — Ueo. xIL 13. Wanting substance j wanting soliditj ; as, tmpty dreams. 13. Destitute; waste; desolate. NtoBTvli is anp^. Nah. &. 14. Without effecC Tbe«voffd irfSud leturwdBOtcmiMy. — 3 Stun. 1. 15. Without a cargo; in ballast; as, the ship re- tsmed aapCyi EMPTY, e. t To ezbaost ; to make void or desti- tute; to deprive of the content* ; as, to empty a Teasel ; to empty a well or a cimtem. S. To pour out the contents ; as, rivers empty them- wAvta into the ocean. Tte doadi ■■■f^r ibnMelrca od the enrth. — Eccle*. zL 3. To waste ; to make desolate. Jer. U. EMP'TY, r. i. To pour out or diftcharite its contents. The Connecticut emptU* into the Sound. 2. To become empty. BMP'TY-HE.U)'ED, (bed-) a. Unving few ideas. EMP'TY-HEAET'ED, u. Destitute of feeling and attachment. skaJc EMP'TY-ING, ppr. Pouring out the contents ; mak- ine void. EMP'TV-IXG, a. The act of making empty. Shak, UmptyingMy pi. ; the lees of beer, cider, Ac. ; yeast. .America, EM-PL'R'PLE, r. u [from purpU,] To tinge or dye of a iKirple color ; lo discolor with purple The deep empurpled ma. PhiUp: EM-PUR'PL£D, pp. or a. Stained with a purple color. EMU EM-PUR'PLIXG, ppr. I'iiiging or dyeing of a purple color. EM-POSE', n. [Gr. £>|jr.»i«ra.l A phantom or specter. [Mft used.] Bp. Taulor. EM-PUZ'ZLF.. See Pliilk. EM-PV-P.'.MA, n. [Gr.] A collection of purulent aiat- ler in the cavity of the pleura. E.M-PYR'E-AL, a. [Fr. empyrie; Sp. It. empirroi L. rmpyrteus : fnim Gr. cprrvpofi (v and iti'p, fire.] 1. Formed of ptirc fire or light; refined beyond aerial sub-itance ; pertaining to the biglieiit and purest region of heaven, Gu, moat viU) PUto to Cie empyrttU spbcm. Popt. % Pure ; vital ; dephlogiaticated ; an epithet given tn oxvirrn gas. EM-PY-Ri>,'A.\, a. Euipyreal. .^kenside. EM PV-UE'A.N, n. [See EMrrnKAul The highest heaven, whert) the pure element of fire has been supposed to subdirit. Tt»c empfrmui rang With balleliiJ^W. MUton, EMPV-REP'MA,«. [Gr.,frora i*- and ttvo, fire.] In chemistry, burnt smell; the odor of animal or vegetable substances when slightly burnt in close ves!«eK Ure. EM-PY-REU-MAT're, ( a. A term denotingthe EM-PY-REU-MAT'ie AL, ( taste or smell of slight- ly burnt animal or vegetable substanc^x. EM-PYR'IC-.'\L,a. Containing the combustible prin- ciple of coal. Kirtcan, EM-PV-RO'SIS, H. [Gr, ru)ri-no(.., to bum.] A genenil fire : a contlagration. [Little usri}.] EM'RODS. See Emehods. [/hUe, £'Mr, ». This name pn)perly beloncs to the New Holland cassowary, wliich is allied to the ostrich and cx^sowar>', but has been erroneously applied by the Brazilians to the rhea, or South American ostriclu rSee Em KIT.] Cuvier. EM'U-LATE, (em'yu-late,) r. (. [L. lemulor ; Sp. emutar ; It. rmulare. Uu. Gr. «i^iiX>i, strife, contest.] 1. To stri%*e to equal or excel in qualities or ac- tions ; to imitate, with a view to equal or excel ; to Tie with ; to rival. Learn early to emulate tlie good and the grenL Emulate the virtues and shun the vices of distinguished men. 3. To be equal to. Thjr eyr woidd rwiillnli tht dbunmnl. SJiak. 3. To imitate ; to resemble. [ Unusual] Coondilaa e m u t ati n g the mMiua of l&ugtSrr. ArbuOinoL EM'U-L.\TE, EM"^ T T Tt*! EM or excel; imitating; reitembling. EM-i;-LA'TIO.\, n. The act of attempting to equal or excel in qualities or actions ; rivalry; desire of superiority, attended with effort to attain it ; gener- ally in a ifood sense ; or an attempt to equal or excel others In that which is praiseworthy, without the desire of depressing others. Rom. xi. In a bad sense ^ a striving to equal or do more than other:i to obtain carnal favors or honors. OaL v. 2. .I'Ti-LA-TEI>, pp. Rivaled ; imitnted. tf'l|-LA.TING, ppr. Rivaling ; attempting to equal ENA E-MUL'SIVE, a. Softening; niilk-Iike. 2. Producing or yielding u milk-like substance ; as, emulsive acids. ^'uwrcrcy. E-MUNC'TU-RY, n. [L. emutietorium, from emunetuSf emunjTo, to wipe, to cleanse.! lu anat4)my, any part of tl>c body which serves to carry olT excrementitious matter; an excretory duct. Encye. Coze. The kidneys and skin are cal'.ed ilie common rmunrtorifs. Cyc EM-US CA'TIOX, u. [L. emuseor.] A freeing from moss, [JSTot much itscrf.] Evelyn. EN ; a prefix to many English words, chiefly borrowed from the French. It coincides with the Latin in, Gr. (!', and some English words are written indifl^T- ently with en or in. For tlie ease of pronunciation, it is changed to cm, particularly before a labial, as in employ, empower. En was formerly a plural termination of nouns and of verbs, as in housen, escapen. It is retained in oten and children. It is also still used as the termi- nation of some verbs, as in .keark-cn, from the Saxon infinitive. E.\-A'BLE, V. L fNorm. enhabler. See Able.] 1. To make able ; to supply with power, pnysical or moral ; to furnish with suiiicient power or ability. By strengtl] a man is enabled to work. Learning and industry enable men to investigate the laws of na- ture. Fortitude enables us to bear pain without mur- muring. 2. To supply with means. Wealth enables men lo be charitable, or to live in luxury. 3. To furnish with legal ability or competency ; to authorin^e. The law enables us to dispose of our prop- erty by- will. 4. To furnish with competent knowledge or skill, and, in general, with adequate means. EN-A'IJL>JD, pp. Supplied with sufficient power, phys- ical, moral, or legal. EN-A'ULE-MENT, n. The act of enabling ; ability Jincon. EN-A'BLING, ppr. Giving power to ; supplying with sufficient power, ability, or means ; authorizing. EN-ACT', V. t. [en and act.] To make, as a law ; to pass, as a bill, mto a law ; to perf£ u^ed.] EN-ACT'IJRE, n. Purpose. [J^ot in use.] Shak. E-NAL'LA-GE, (e-nat'la-jy,) n. [Gr. cuaWaym change; ffaAAarrw, lo change ; ci; and fi>>arrto.] In syntax, a change of words, or a substitution of one gender, number, case, person, tense, mode, or voice, of the same word, for another. .Andrews and Stoddard. Encyc. EN-AM'BJJSH, V. L [en and ambush.] To hide in ambush. 2. To ambush. Chapman. EN-AM'BJJSH-£D,(-am'busht,);jp. Concealed in am- bush, or with hostile intention ; ambushed. E\-AM'BySH-ING,ppr. Concealing in ambush. EN-.\M'EL, n. [en and Fr. email, Sp. e^malte. It. smaU ta, G. schmelz, from the root of melL] }. In 7;ii7iera/o^, a substance imperfectly vitrified, or matter ir^which the granular appearance is de- stroyed, and having a. vitreous gloss. In the arts, a substance of the nature of glass, dif- fering from it by a greater degree of fusibility or opacity. Ed. Encyc. Enamels have for their basis a pure, crystal glass or frit, ground with a fine oxyd of lead and tin. These, baked together, are the matter of enamels, and the color is varied by adding other substances. Oxyd of gold gives a red color ; thai of copper a green ; man- ganese a violet ; cobalt a blue ; and iron a fine black. Encyc. J^iehoLion. 2. That which is enameled ; a smooth, glossy sur- face, of various colors, resembling enamel. 3. In anatomy^ the smooth, hard substance which covers the crown or visible part of a totith. Cyc. EN-AM'EL, V. t To lay enamel on a metal, aa on gold, silver, copper, &,c. 2. To paint in enamel. Encyc, 3. To form a glossy surface like enamel. 'I FiTE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PKBY- — "KE, MARINE, EIKD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WpLP, BQOK. — ENC EN'-AM'EL, r. i. To practice the art of rniimelinE. EN-AM'EL-AR, a. Consisting of enamel ; resembling enamel ; smo««li ; glossv. E-N-AM'EL-J:I), pp. or o. Ovprhiid with enamel ; adorned with any thing resembling enamel -, as, an enamflM card. EN-A.M'EI*-ER, n. One who enamels ; one whose oc- cupation is to lay on enamels, or inlay colors. EX-AM'EL.-I\G, pjn: Laying on eanineJ. EX-AM'EL-ING, n. The act or art of laying on en- amels. EN-AM'OR, r. (. [from the Fr. amour^ L. amovj love.] To intlame with love ; to charm ; to captivate ; with of before the person or thing ; as, to be enamored of a lady ; to be enamored of books or science. [But it is noio fuUowed by with.} E\-.\.M.O-RA'D0, n. One deeply in love. Herbert. E\-A.M'OR-ED, pp. or a. Intlamed with love; charmed \ dt-Iighied. E\-A,Vi'OR-IXG, jrpr. Inflaming with love ; chann- mz : captivating. E.\-.\N-TI-OP' A THY, n. [Or. tvairiof , opiwsite, and naiioi^ passion.] 1. An opposite passion or affection Everest. 2. The same as Ai.i.opatht ; a term used by the ditcipleji and foUoveers of Hahnemann EN-ARM' £D, a. In Aeraldr^, having arms, that If, horns, hoofs, &.c., of a diiferent color from that of the bodv. i:\-AR-R A'TIOX, n. [L. narrb, itarro, to relate.] Recital ; relation ; account ; exposition. [/AttU tLsed. ] r.N AR-TIIRO'SIS, n. [Or. ivapOpuati ; (v and ap- '.'.*«»', a joint.] In anatomy^ a ball and socket joint ; that species of articulation which consists in the insertion of the rotind end of a bone in the cup-like cavity of an- othfr, forming a joint movable in every direction. E-.\A-TA'TION, «. {L..enttto.} [Quincy. \ swimming out ; esca|>e by swimming. E-NATE'j a. [L. enatus.] Growing otit. Smith, E-NAUN'TER, aorar)' habitation. EN CAMf'l.N'G, ppr. Pitching tenU or forming but* fr a t ■jiii)i>rarv bwlglng or n^ot. E' :ST, n. The act of pitching tenU or . as an army or traveling company, for t is^inii or rest. ■2. The [jlace wliL-re an army or company is en- camped ; a ramp ; a regular order of tents or huts for the accfimmodation of an army or lriK>p. EX CANK'ER, r. ^ To cormde ; to canker. Shetton, EN CAXK'KR-KD, pp. Corrodes. EN eANK'ER-I.NG, ppr. Corroding. i:\" CAHE'. See I.tCAse. :.\ CAS'H'.MENT, H. The payment in cafh of a not*, draft, &,c. [^mong hngliMh bajikerg.'] EN-€AL'rf'TlC, a. [Gr. iw and KavcriKOi^ caustic, from icicii, to bum.] Pertaining to the art of painting in heated or burnt wax. y.ncauMic painting; among the anetcntsy a kind of painting in which, by heating or bHming in wax, the ' -I . -■ were rendered ptmnnnent in all their original .'l^r. It was difftjrti-tit from enameling. P. Cye. i; \ '■ .\\:A'Tl€,n, The method of painting in heated (.r riiirnt wax ; encaustic paintini;. P. Cye. F.N CAVE', r. (. [from cave.'l To liide In a cave or rrceM. Shak. rs f:\\"F\i,pp. Hid in a cave. . N'-CAV'I.NG. ppr. Hidini^ in a cave. / .,V CF.LVrf-:\ ('ing-sant',) n. [Fr., from enceindr* ; en and eeindre, L. cingo, to gird.] In fortification, inclosure ; the wall or rampart which stirrounds a place, sometimes comprised of bastions and rurtain^). It is sometimes only fianked by round or square towers, which is called a Roman icalL Kncrfc EJ^-CF.IXTF^y Cang-«5nl',) a. In /aw, pregnant j witli child. BlucksUnu, EN-CE'NI-A, n. pL [Gr. ivyKatvtu.l ENC Festivals anciently kept on the days on which cities were built or churches consecrated ; and, in later times, ceremonies renewed at certain periods, as at Oxford, at the celebration of founders and ben- efactors. Hook. EX-CE-PHAI/ie, a. fielnnging to the head or brain. EN-CEPH'A-LOX, n. [Gr. ii- and v£.;..iA^.l Tiie cerebrum, and sometimes the whole contents of the cranium. EX-CHAFK',r. t, [wand efnife; Fr. cJiav^.] To chafe or fret ; to provoke ; to enrage j to irri- tate. [See Cmafe.1 Shak. EX-CHaF'£D, (en-cliift',) pp Chafed ; irritated ; en- raged. EN-CHaF'ING, ppr. Chafing; fretting; enraging. EN-CIHIX', v.t. [Fr. encha'i tier. See Chain.] 1. To fasten Willi a chain; to bind or hold in chains ; to hold in bondage. 3. To hold fast ; to restrain ; to confine ; as, to en^ chain the attention. 3. To link together : to connect. Howell. EN-CHAlX'i;il, pp. Fastened with a chain ; held in bontlaee ; hehl fast ; restrained ; confined. EN-CHAIN'LNG, ppr. Making fast with a chain; bind- ing; holding in chains ; confining. EN-CHA1X'MEXT,B. The act of enchaining, or state of being enchained. Rich, Diet. EX-CHAXT', V. t. [Fr. enchanten en a«d chanter, to sing ; h, incaato ; m and cunto^ to sing. See Chaxt and Cant.] 1. To practice sorcery or witchcra(t on any thing ; to give efficacy to any thing by songs of sorcerj-, or fascination. Ai««I now alioiit Ih* caldron »ng, l.ik'; rlv<^ and fttini-s in & rin?, EnehanAng oil ihat 7011 piit in. SkaJc. 2. To subdue by charms or spells. Sidney. 3. To delight in tiie highest degree ; to charm ; to ravish with pleasure ; as, the description erichanLi nte ; we were enchanted with the music. EX-CHANT'En, pp. or a. Aflected by sorcerj' ; fas- cinated ; subdued by charms ; delighted beyond meas- ure. 2. Inhabited or possessed by elves, witches, or other imaginary mischievous .spirits ; as, an enchanted cas- tle. EX-CHANT'ER, n. One who enchants ; a sorcerer or magician ; one who has spirits or demons at his Command ; one who practices enchantment, or pre- tends to perform surprising things by the agency of demons. 2. One who charms or delights. Enchaiiter^j nightuhaile ; the popular name of the Circipa Lutetinna, an herb found in damp, shady places, in northern parts of the world. EN-CHA XT'IXG, ppr. Aflbcting with sorcery, charms, or spells. 9. Delighting highly ; ravishing with dtdight ; charming. 3. a. Charming; delighting; ravishing; as, on enchanting voice ; an enchanting face. Simpttciiy In nvtiinrn ]ia* nii tnchandng elTccL Ktunxt, EN-CHAXT'IXG-LY, adv. With the power of en- chantment ; in a manner to delight or charm ; a», the lady sinpi euehantingly. EN-CHAXT'MEXT, n. The act of producing certain wonderful eflVcts by the invocation or aid of demons, or the agency of certain supposed spirits ; the use of magic arts, spells, or charms ; incantation. The nugki^n* of J^gypi dkl ao witti llicir 4nchai*bnenU. — V.X. vii. • Q. Irrenistible influence ; overpowering influence of delighu The wnrmih of Uncj — which botJa the beut of a frfttfe-r under the ■Uutiffrvt tnchanOnant, Popt. EN-CnXNT'REPS, n. A sorceresa; a woman who pn,-tenda to etP-ct wonderful things by the aid of de- mons ; one who pretends lo practice magic. Tatler, S. A woman whose beauty or excellences give irresistible infiucncc. from Uiis tnclMnlT»B» &11 Utr-K IIU are eonte. Drydtn. EN-CHARGE', P. (. To give In charge or trust. fAr«e inujiF.] Bp. Hall. EN-CHXRG'Kn,pp. Intmsled with i given in charge to. EX-f'HAKG'INO, ppr. Intrusting with; giving in chnrce to. EN-CHASE', V. t [Fr. enehoA.^er; Hp. engastnr^ or encaxar, from coxa, a box, a chest ; Port, enca.-'toar, eneaiar; U, incantimarc ; Fr. cAowyix, a frame ; Eng. a eojM 1. To infix or inclose in another body, so as to be held fast, but not concealed. Johnson. 2. Teehnicallyy to adorn by embossed work ; to en- rich or iKautify any work in metal, by some design or figure in low relief, as a watch cose. Enajc. 3. To adorn by being fixed on it. fo (Iriiib In ti/wli which gUtUiing gtrtn» enchoMt, Zhyden. 4. To mark by incision. Fairfax. 5. I'o delineate. Spenser. EN-CHAS'EO, (en-chast',)pp. Inclosed as ina frame, or in another body ; adorned with embossed work. ENC EN-CHaS'ING, ppr. Inclosing in another body ; adorninj with embossed work. EN-CHA.S'LNG, tu The same with Chasisa, a species of einbos.-;in»;. EX-CIIEAS'ON, M. [Old Fr.] Cause; occasion. \phfi.\ Spenser. EX-CHtRID'I-ON, M. [Gr. ciand \«io, the hand.] A manual ; a book to be carried in the hand. [JVoi used."] EN-CFirs'EL, V. I. To cut with a chisel. Ei\-CniS'EL-/:J>,p/). Cut with a chisel. EN-CHIS'EL-ING, ppr. Cutting with a chisel. EN €HO'RI-AL, a. [Gr. o«fj/j(«i',n country.] Popu- lar or common; appliea particularly to the most abridged mode of writing tormed from the Egyptian hieroglyphics, and used by the peoph) ; called, also, de.mntic. EN-CTN'I)ER-ED, a. Burnt to cinders. Cockeram. EN-CTR'ei,E, (en-sur'kl,) v. t. [from circle.] To in close or surround with a circle or ring, or with any thing in a circular form. Luminous rings encircle Saturn. 2. To go round and return to the point from which motion commenced ; as, the army encircled the city. 3. To come around in a circle or crowd ; as, to e/i- circte a pt^rson about. 4. To embrace ; as, to encircle one :n the arms. EN-CIR'CLKD,(en-sMr'kId,) pp. Surrounded with a circle; rnc()nip;issed ; environed; embraced. EN-CIR'CLET, n. A circle ; a ring. Sidney. EN-CIR'CLING, ppr. or a. Surrounded with a circle or ring: encomjiassing ; embracing. EN-CLAHP', r. L To clasp ; to embrace. EN-CLIT'IC, Jo. [Gr. (>«X(TiKo(, inchned 1 cy- EX-CUT'I€-AL, i .Xu'w, lo incline.] 1. Leaning; inclining, or inclined. \n grammar , an enclitic jiarticle or word, is one wiiich is so closely united to another as to seem to be a part of it; as, gur, n^, and re, in rirum^ur, ncnne, altu/n^e. 2. Throwing back the accent upon the foregoing syllable. Harris. EN-eLri''IC, n. A word which is joined to Iho end of another, as que in ciruingue, which may vary the accent. 9. A particle or word that llirovvs the accent or em- phasis buck upon the former s> liable. Harris. EN-CLIT'IC-AL-LY, ade. In an enclitic manner ; by throwing the accent back. tValkcr. EN-CLOSE'. See Inclose. EN-CLOUD'ED, a. [from cloud.] Covered with clouds. " Spenser. EN-COACH', r. /. To carry in a coach. Davies. EX-CoACII'Kl), (en kocht',) pp. Conveyed in a EN-COACH'ING, ppr. Carried in a coach. [coach. EN-eOF'FlN, r. (. To put in a coftin, EN-COF'FIN iJl), pp. Inclosed in a cofiln. Spenser, EXeO.M'UER. See Exci'mrer. EX-eOM'BER-MENT, «. Molestation. [JV.»( vsed,] SpcHser, EN-CO'MI-AST, 7t. [Gr. syKtontarn^.] One wlio praises aui'tlier ; u panegyrist ; one who utters or writes commendations. EX-CO-MI-AST'IC, n. A panegyric. E.\ CO-MI-AST'IC, I a. Uesiowing praise ; prais- EN-CO-MI-AST'IC AL, i ing ; commending; lau- datory ; as, an rneomiantic address or discourste. EX-CO-MI-AriT'IC-AL-LV, «Jtf. In an encomiastic manner. EX CO'MI OX, n. Panegyric. Fothcrhy, EX-C6'MI-U.M, n.; pL Encomiums. [L., from Gr. t>Kt.>^('.|-.] Praise; panegj-ric ; commendation. Men are quite as willing to rec<^ive as to bestow encomiutns. EN-COM'PASS, {en-kum'p;is,) w. U [from compass.] To encircle ; to surround; as, a ring encompasses the finger. 2. To environ ; to inclose ; to surround ; to shut in. A besieging army eucouitossed the city of Jerusa- lem. 3. To go or sail round ; as, Drake encompassed the elobe. EX-COM'PASS-ED, (cn-kum'past,) pp. Encircled ; snrrounditd ; inclosed ; shut in. EN-COM'PASS-lNG,p/jr. Encircling; snrronnting; confining. EX-eOM'PASS-MENT, n, A surrounding. 2. Agoing round; circunilocutiun in speaking. Shtik. EN-CORE' ; a French word, pronounced nearly Ung- kHre, and signifying, ajiain, once more ; used by the auditors and siiKTtators of plays and other sports, when they call for a re,(»ctition of a particular part. EX-CORE', r. L To call for a rt'iRrtition of a particu- lar part of an enl'-rtainment. EN-COR'^n, (Ung-kSrd',) pp. Called upon to rci^at a performiuice, as a song. &c. EX-COK'ING, ;';»r. Called iiiMin for a repetition. EN-COUXT'ER, n. [^r. encontre, m and cortre, L. contra, against, or ra'her rencontre! Sp. «ncuc;itro : Port, mcviitro ; It. incontro.] - 1. A meeting, particularly a sudden or occidPhtol meeting of two or more persons. To »biin t)ie eneounUr at ihs v ulgar eiDwd. Pop*. TONE, BULL» IINITE.— AN"GER, Vl"CiOUH.— e asK; OasJ; SasZ; CHas SHi TH as in THIS. 5u 303 ENC 9. A meeting in contest ; a sinple combat, on a stidden meeting of pnrtics i sometimes, Ic^s pruperltft « duel. 3l a flfbt ; a conilict ; a skirmish ; a battle ; but mar* gtmtrauf^ a fight between a small ntiniber of men, or an accidenL-il meeting nnd Q^Uting of tle- Uthinents, ratlier than a ect battle or general en- g:a element, 4. Eager and warm conversation, either in love or anger. Skak, 5. A sudden or unexpected address or accosting. Shak, 6. Occasion ; casual incidcnL [UnusmoL] Pope. EXeOUXT'ER, V, u ISp. and Port, cHcontrari lU vuonintre : Ft. reHeontrtr.] 1. To meet face to face j pMrtieuIai^y, to meet suU- deiily or unexpectedly, [lliis sense is now uncommon, but still in u meet and opp(»se ; to resist ; to attack ami attempt to confute ; as, to etutiujUer the arguments of opponents, jtd* xvit Id. 5. To meet &» an obstacle. Which e%*er way the Infldel turns, he encAntntm clear evidence uf tlie di- vine origin of the Scriptures. 6. To opjKiec ; to oppugn. Hale 7. To meet in mutual kindness. [LUlU used.) Sfuik, EN-eOUNT'ER, p. t. To meet face to fac« ; to meet unexpectedly. [Little u^rd.] S. To ru/h together in combat: to fight; to con- flict. Three armies eMcountrred at Waterloo. \Vhen applied to one party, it is sometimes fol- lowed by leitA : as, tJie Chri:itian army encouuUrtd u*if.i the Sarirensi. 3, T. >L-;ition or debate. EN-eor ;/.. Met face to facej met in oppoo;i, , ; opposed. E\-€OL :> 1 i.u i-a. n. One who enoninters ; an opponent ; an aiitajioni^l. .^ttTburtf, EJi.eOL'.\T'ER-l.\(i, ppr. Meeting; meeting in op- position or in battle; opi>o«ing; resisting. ESeOUR'AOE, (< ii-kur't^o,) c. L [Fr. enc^uru^rr; and euurii^e^ fmm ontr, tbe heart ; It. utco- ■appare.) To give c o give ooarage to ; to give or increaaa conftdeace of succeaa ; to inspire with conrage, spirit, or strength of mind ; to embolden ; to animate; to in- cit«: ; to In^pinU C-: rhsTTT? 3 Tshnu tad fmm mr ag* Um. — Dtut. Q. EN • ■'-kiir'rajd,) pp. or a. Emb« xf- luuled ; incited. E> • ■ '", r. The act of giving cour- agi.\ or co!i.; ;■ :. : -■;>if<-*; incitenient to action or to practice ; ; We ought never to neg- lect the eiicoyr.i-- ;,(,,' , r youth in penercms deeds. Ilie praise of g-nwl tncn serves as au encotiraiftisunt to virtue and herjism. 2. That which ser\'es to incite, support, promote, or ad^'ance, as favor, countenance, rewanls, profit- A youne man attempted the practice of law, but found little r^efntraatmeHt. The tine arts And litilii tiuour- a^rment anion!* a rude people. EN'-€^L'R'A-4iER, n. One who encourages, incites, or stimulates to action ; one who supplies incite- Mkents, either liy couiutelt reward, kx means of exe- cotiioB. ne pDfX b ■ am^Kt of polite leomtng anil %, ^rrat menrtmgtr of ftiU. Addiaon. EN-eration, by a burden or di^icutties ; loaded with debts. EX-GL'M'BER-IXG, ppr. Loading; clogging; ren- dering motion or operation dillicult ; loading with debu. BX-GUM'BRAXCE, n. A load ; any thing that im- pedes action, or renders it ditficull and laborious ; clog : impedimenL H. Useless addition or load. Strip from ihe brTinchiiig Aip« Oi*-ir pinv looJ, The \vigfi mc^tmbmnce oTiium^ wooX Tliomson. 3. XraA or burden on an estate ; a legal claim on an estate, for tlie discharge of which the estate is liable. EX-GUM'BRANC-ER, n. One who has an encum- brance or a Irgal claim on an e-^tate. Kent. EX-CVG'LIG-AL, a. [Gr. f> m aXkcos ; cv and kvkXo^, a circle.] Circular; sent to many persons or places; in- tended for many, or for a whole order of men ; as, the mnrrlical l"tler of the pope. StiUingjleeL EN-CV-GLO-PiC'DI-A, i h. [Gr. f^,in, Id the uprigltt, for ihi.' ettd at tluU iiiAi) u pt^':uM^ — Pa. xxxvii. 6. The point beyond which no progression can bo made. Tliey n?f"I to an.f fro, and rtagj^r like a dniitkcn mim, und are Rt tlwit wit'» end. — Pii, evii. 7. Final determination ; conclusion of debate or deliberation. My guilt be on my li<"aJ, ttiid tliere'a aa end t SJiaJc, 8. Close of life ; death ; decease. Uiiblitined tliruugli li>, laincuictl in thy end. Pop*. 9. Cessation ; period ; close of a particular state of things ; as, the end of the world. 10. Limit; termination. TtiTe ia no end of the store. — Nahum Q, JI. Destruction. Jimos viii Thcfitrf of al! Ileali i* OHne. — Gcu. vi. 12. Cauae of death ; a destroyer. AiiJ nwnrd Either of yoii to be tlie other's end. ShnJt. 13. Consequence ; Issue ; result ; conclusive event ; conclusion. The end of th«e Ihui^ k dpnih. — Rom. *i. 14. A fragment or broken piece. Old oiM endt. Sliak. 15. The ultimate point or thing at which one aims or directs his views ; the object intended to be reached or accomplished by any action or eclieme ; purpose intended ; scope ; aim ; drift ; as, private ends; public ends. Two Lhiiiga I Bhal! propound to you aa eitda. Sacklfiig. The end uf ttic cotiiuuuidiiientt is dijjrily, — I Tim. i. A right to tiie end, implies a right to the means necessary for attaining it. Law. IG: Ah end, for on end ; upriglit ; erect ; as, his hair stands an end. 17. The ends of the earth, in Scripture, are tlie re- motest parts of the earth, or the inhabitants of those parts. END, V. t. To finish ; to close ; to conclude ; to ter- minate ; as, to end a controversy ; to end a war. On tlie w^veiiU) day God ended hU work. — Gen. ii. 2. To destroy ; to put to death. Kin^ Harry, thy sword h:ith ended him. Shak. END, r. i. To come to the ultimate point ; to be fin- ished ; as, a voyage ends by the rc'turn of a ship. 2. To terminate ; to close ; to conclude. I'he dis- course ends with impressive words. 3. To cease ; to come to a close ; as, winter ends \n March, anil summer in September ; a good life ends in peace. E.\D'-ALL, 71. Final close. [J^'ot used.] Shak. EX-DA'.\I'AGE, v. L [from damage.] To bring loss or damage to; to harm; to injure; to misciiief; tu prejudice. The trial hnth endamaged then no way. Milton. So thou wilt endamage tlie ruvuntic of the kln^. — Eira iv. EN-DAM'A-GED, pp. Harmed; injured. EX-DAM' AGE-iMENT, n. Damage; loss; injury. Shali. EX-DAM'A-GTXG, ppr. Harming; injuring. EN-DaN'GER, v. t. [froirl danger.] To put in haz- ard ; to bring into danger or peril ; to expose to luss or injury. VVe dread any thing tliat endangers our life, our peace, or our happiness. 2. To inctir ttie hazard of. [Unusnal.] Ba^on. EN-DAN'GEU-i=;D, pp. Exposed to loss or injury. EX-DaN'GER-ING, ppr. Putting in hazard; ex- posing to loss or injury. EN-DAN'GER-ING, H. Injury; damage. Milton. EX-DAX'GER-MEXT, n. Hazard ; danger. Spenser. EX-DeAR', v. t. [from drar.l To make dear; to make more beloved. The (listress of a friend en- dears him to us, by exciting ottr sympathy. 2._To raise the price. 0^ot in use.] EX-DiiAR'£D, pp. or a. Rendered dctar, beloved, or more beloved. EX-DkAR'ED-XES.S, n. State of being endeared. EX-DkAR'IXG, ppr. or a. Making dear or more be- loved. E.\-DeAR'>IEXT, n. The cause of love ; that which excites or increases affection, particularly that which excites tenderness of affection. Her first endearments twining' round the loul. Thornton. 9. The state of being beloved ; tender affection. So uth. EX-DEAV'OR, (en-dev'ur,) n. [Norm, devoycr, en- deavor; endevera, he ougllt ; cndeyvent, they ought. It seems to be from Fr. {eiulevoir) devoir, to owe or be indebted, and hence it primarily signifies duty, from the sense of binding, pressure, urgency. Hence, our pject. Dryden, L&bor 13 a coDiiuued endeavor, or a tiicoesaion of rndtfavora. Anon, EX-DEAV'OR, (en-dev'ur,) p. i. To exert physical strength or intellectual power, for the accomplish- ment of an object ; to try ; to es?ay ; to attempt. In a race, each man endeavors to outstrip his antaeonist. A poet may eadeaeor to rival Homer, but without success. !t is followed by aflcr before a noun ; as, Jhe Christian endeavors after more strict conformity to the example of Christ. 2. r. t. To attempt to gain ; to try to etTect. It b our duty to endeaoor the recovery of these beneficial siibjecta. ChaU\a>n, EN-DEAV'OR-£D, jtp. E-ssaved ; attempted. E.\-DEAV'OR-ER, n. One who makes an effort or attempt. EN-DEA V'OR-ING, ppr. Making an effort or efforts ; striving; ess.iving ; attempting. E-N DECA-GOX, n, TGr. cr, ^£"• f^*''"" '"^''/""S, «»*, and j7?/iof, EN-D£'MI-AL, ' ) P^l'*'^-} Peculiar to a pt-ople or nation. An fnrfemic disease, is one to which the inhabitants of a jmrticutar ooun- trj' are peculiarly subj("ct, and which, for that reason, may be supposed t*j proceed from local cniist-s, as bad air or water. The epithet is also ui>plied to a dis- ease which prevail in a particular season, cliiefly or whollv in a particular place. EN-DEM'IG, n. A disease of an endemic nature. EN-l>EM'ie-AL-LY, oilc. In an endemic manner. EN-ItEN''IZE,(-iz,)r.t. [from rfrni:rn,or its root.1 To make free ; to naturalize ; to admit to Uie privileges of A denizen. [Little tt^ed.] Cataden. E\-DE.\'I-Z£N, (-den'e-zn,) p. U [from dcniiea,] To naturalize. B. Jonson, END' BR, n. One who ends or finishes. E.VniCT'MENT, i ^'^ '.""'ct, Indictment. EXD'I.VG, ppr. [from end.] Terminating; closing; cuncluding. EXO'LNG, n. Termination; conclusion. 2. In grammar, the terminating syllable or letter EX-rtn'E' See Indite. [of a word, EX'DIVE, n, [Fr. endive; IL endivia ; tSp. endibia; L. intyhum ; Ar. uJiXaJ^ hindabotu] A plant, a ^>ecies of the gentia Cichorium or anc- cory : used as a wlad. E.\DXESS,a. [Sec End.] Without end ; having no end or conclusion; applied to length, and to dura- tion ; 8)4, an endU$a line ; endless progrcxsitin ; endless duration ; endlr^s bliss. 2. In a less utriet *f7i.ie, perpetually recurring ; seemingly without end ; incessant ; continual ; as, tndless praise ; endless clamor. The endlrss serete consistK of a ocrew combined with a wheel and axte, so that the thread)* of the •rrew work into the teeth fixed on the periphery of the wheel. Brandt. END'I*ESS-LY, adc. Without end or temiination; as, to extend a line eadlesslti. 2. InccBfiantly; perpetually; continually. E.VO'IXi^S-.NKSS, R. Extension without end or a. Perpetuity ; endless duration. [limit. END'LONG, adv. In a line ; with the end forward. [r.ifUe tt>ird.] Dryden, E.NU'Mfir'T, a. Furthest; remotest. E.N'DO-CARP, n. [Gi. cy6vi' and KafiirOe'TRINE, V. K To leach j to indoctrinate. [See the latter word.] ' Donne, E.N'DO 0K\, n. An endogenous plant. EN-IMJ6'E .VOL'3, fl. [Gr. r.v6'.v and ycifO'-i.] An epithet given to that class of plants whose stems inrrt;ase by intt:^rnal growth, without distinc- tion of pith, wood, and hark. Such are the date, palm, siigar-c^ine, Slc. DeCand. EN-DOPH'YL.-LOUH, a. [Gr. tvdovj within, and ^uX- A'<*-, leaf.] Involved in a leaf or sheath. E.\-nO-PI,E0'RA, ». [Gr. iv^ov and nytvpn.] In botany, a membrane for the se^'d of a plant, the inn'Tmo-i when there are three. E\'f)0-RHI-ZyE, n. pL [Gr. ty^ot- and /.(;«.] In botany, plants whose radicle elongates down- ward ader rupturing the integument of llie base. END EN'DO-RHI-ZOUS, ) a. Pertaining to the endo- EN'DO RHI-ZAL, t rhizaj. Lindley. EX-DORSE' } a J T EX-I)ORSE'MENT i Indowe, Indobsehekt. EX'DOS-MOSE, iu [Gr. €v6ov and uapof, impul- sion.] The transmission of gaseous matter or vapors through membranes or porous substances inward. Brande. EN-DOSS', V. t, [Fr. endosser.] To engrave or carve. Spenser EX'DOS-TOME, n, [Gr. cv^'tv and arofia.'] The passage through the inner integument of a seed, iuiinedialely below the part called the fora- mau EX-DOW, r. L [Norm, endourr ; Fr. douer. Qu. from L. (/(J.V, doto, or a different Celtic root, for in Ir. diobhoAlh is dower. The sense is to set or put on.] 1. To furnish with a portion of goods or estate. called dourer; to settle a dower on, as on a marriea woman or widow. A wife is ty law eiidlled lo be endowed of oil landt and tene- mi'iiU. of which her hii4wiid waa sclztrd iu ft-e-siinple or liie-tAii duriikg tlie coTeriure. Biadcetone. 2. To settle on, as a permanent provision ; to fur- nish with a permanent fund of property ; as, to en- doto a church ; to endow a college with a fund to sup- port a professor. 3. To enrich or furnish with any gift, quality, or faculty ; to indue ; man is endowed by his Maker with reason. EX-DOW'ED, (en-doud',) pp. Furnished with a por- tion of estate ; having dower settled on; supplied with a pennanent fund ; indued. EN-DOW'ER, V. L To endow ; to enrich with a por- tion. lVat.erhouse. EX-DOW'ER, n. One who enriches with a portion. EX-DOW'ING, ppr. Settling a dower on ; furnishing with a permanent fund ; induing. ENDOWMENT, n. The act of settling dower on a woman, or of settling a fund or permanent provision for the support of a parson, or vicar, or of a profes- sor, &c. 2. That which is bestowed or settled on ; property, fund, or revenue, i)ennanently appropriated to any object; as, the endowments of a church, of a hospital, or of a college. 3. That which is given or bestowed on the person or mind by the Creator; gift of nature; any quality or faculty bestowed by the Creator. Natural activity of limbs is an endotcment of the body ; natural vigor of intellect is an endowment of the mind. Chatham and Burke, in Great Britain, and Jay, Ellsworth, and Hamilton, in America, possessed uncommon endow- ments of mind. EX-DRLTDGiy, (en-druj',) v. L To make a drudge or slave. [JVotusetL] JiaiL EX-DOE', u. U [Fr. enduire ; L. induo.] To indue, which see. EX-nCE'MKXT. See Indubment. EN-OCR' A-HLE, a. That can be borne or suffered. EN-DCR'A-BLY, atlv. In an enduring manner. EN-DOR'ANCE, n. [See Endi^'re.] Continuance; a state of lasting or duration ; lastingness. Spenser. 2. A bearing or suffering ; a continuing under pain or distress witiiout resistance, or witliout sinking or yielding to the pressure; sufferance; patience. ThiHr ronirude waa mmt admirable In their prewnce and tndurance uf all evila, of puiii and uf lienth. Temple. 3. Delay ; a waiting for. [JVvt wfd.] Shak. EX-DCRE', V. i. [Vr.mdurer; en and rfwrer, to last, from dur, ]j. durus, duro : 8p. endurar. The primary sensi- of dams, hard, is, srt, fixed. See Di;kabi.e.j 1. I'o last ; to continue in the same state without perishing ; to remain ; lo abide. Th^ t.ord ihall endure forrrer, — Pa. ix. IU ahHll hold It {liia huiwe] Taat, but it ihall do! endure. — J'lb viii. 2. To bear ; to brook ; to suffer witliout resistance, or without yielding. How cnn I endure u> wee (ho «tQ thai ahall come to my poo- p|f f — Kallyr »(iL Can thy heart endure, or ihy handa bo mirmg t — Eiek. xxil. EN-DCRE', r. L To bear; to sustain; lo supiK)rt without breaking or yielding lo force or pressure. Metals endure a certain du^oe uf heal without melting. Both wkr» ul t*u auch ariii« eruiure. Dryden. 2. To bear with patience ; to bear without opposi- tion or sinking under the pressure. Thrr-rture I endure all thinii for \hr elect'* aake. - 3 Tim. li. If ye endure chaaiuuing, God doaJrth with you aa with aDoa. — Ilnb. xii. 3. To undergo; to sustain. I wUi lo die, yet dare not death emlure. Dryden, 4. To continue in. [.Vot usrd,] Brown. EX-Dril'KI), pp. Ilorni;; HUffcred ; sustained. EX-DOR'KR, n. <»uf whrj hears, suffers, or sustains. 2. He or that which continues long. | EN-DOR'ING, n. Act of enduring ; a sustaining. EN-DOR'ING, ppr. I>asting ; continuing without per- I ENF ishing; bearing; sustaining; supporting with pa- tience, or witliout opposition or yielding. 2. a. Lasting long; p(.>rmanenL END' WISE, adv. On the end ; erectly; in an upright position. 2. With the end forward. EN'E-€ATE, v. L [L. eneco.] To kill. [JVut in k.«.1 Saroey. E-Xe'ID, n. [L. .«:«ew.J A heroic poem, written by Virgil, in which JEnetu is the hero. E-Ne'-MA, n. [Gr.] An injection, usually liquid, but ^ sometimes gaseous, thrown into the rectum, as a medicine, or to impart nourishment. EN'E-.MY, n. [Fr. ennemi; Sp, enemigo ; lU nemieo } Ir. nahma ; from L. inimicus ; in, neg. and amicusy friend.] 1. A foe ; an adversary. A private enemy, is one who Itates another, and wishes him injury, or at- tempts to do hiiii injury*, to gratify his own malice or ill-will. A public enemy or foe, is one who be- longs to a nation or party at war with another. 1 Bny to you, liove your enetniet, — Molt. v. EnemuM, in wur ; in p-ace, friLTula. Ueciaradun of Independence. 2. One who hatrt or dislikes ; as, an atemy to truth or falsehood. 3. In theology, and by way of eminence, the enemy is the devil ; the arch fiend. 4. In viilitary affairs y xhe opposing anny or naval force, in war, is called the enemy. EN-ER-6ET'ie, j a. [Gr. tvipyririKO^y from tvtp' EX-ER-GET'IG-AL, t j-zjj, cvcpyzu; ev and tpyov^ work. See Enerot.] 1. Oi>erating with force, vigor, and effect ; forcible ; powerful ; efficacious. We saj', the public safety required energetic measures. The vicious inclina- tions of men can be restrained only by energetic laws. [Eneroic is not used.] 2. Moving ; working ; active ; operative. We must conceive of God as a Being eternally energetic. EX-ER GET'ie-AL-LY, ad». With force and vigor ; with enerey and effect. EX-ER' f 'mcnl,) n. The act of giv- iiii: '■: estate. i T;i^ iiisiruiu- III or deed by which one is invest- ed Willi the fee of an estate. KN-FET'TEK, r. L To fttUT; to bind in fettera. SkaJu EN-FETTER-ED, jipw Bound with felten*. EX-FET'TEE-iNG, »r. Binding with fetters. EN-FE'VER. c. U To excite fever in. Sevard, £N-F1CRCE% c. t. To make fierce. [J\'ot in use.] SfteitstT, KN-PI-USDE', K. [Fr., a row, from ex and JU^ a thread, L.>iiim, S[i. JuUk] A line or struiglit passage ; or the situation of a place which may be V*ni or scoured with shot all Uie length uf a line, or tu the dircciitjn of a line. Johnson. Bailey. EN-PI-L.\DE', r. u [from the noun j Sp. eyifilar.] To pierce, scour, or mke wiih shot, in the direc- tion of a line, or through the wtiule length of a line. In condiKtlaC arafOMlkM at a d«g«t car« ilMMUd bo ubm Uut lu \ poNtjim to mjltaffi iw worin U Fort l«le. Wa^ngUnu EN-Fl-LAD'ED, pp. or «. Pierced or laked In a line. EN-FI-LAl>-ING,pfir. Forcing or sweeping in aline. EX-FIKE', c. L To inti-uue; to set on are. [AVt iis*d. ] Spatstr. EN-FORCE', r. (. [Fr. enfortir ; at and farce.] 1. To gnns strength to ; to strengthen } to Invigo- imie. _rSw ddl 5.] S. To make or gain by force ; to force ; as, to m- farte a passage. 3. To put in act by riolence ; to drive B ioaM n^/brc«rf rroin the oU Aaqrmn alinfs. Shot. 4. To instigate ; to urge on ; to aninutte. Skak. 5. To urge with energy ; to give force to ; to im- press on the mind ; as, to cVvrcs remarks or argu- ments. 6. To compel ; to constrain ; to force. Davie*. 7. To put in execution \ to cause to lake effect ; as, to nt/Snxc the laws. 6. To press with a charge ShaJu 9. To prove ; to evince. \LiUle nstdj] Baoiur, EN-FORCE', r. i. To attemj* by force. [JVot mmJ.] EN-FORCE', n. Force ; strength ; power. [.Vof ued.] MilUm. EN-FORCE' ABLE, a. That may be enforced. EN-FORC'KD, pp. Strengthened; gained by force; driven ; compelled ; urged ; carried into effV;ct. ENFORCEDLY, «dr. Uy violence ; not by choice. Shak. EN-FORCE'MEXT, n. The act of enforcing; com- pulsion ; force applied. Balegk. 2. That which give:* force, enerp>', or effect ; sanc- tion. Tbe penalties! of law are enforeements. Locke, 3. Motive of conviction; urgent evidence. Ilamaumd. 4. Pressing exigence ; that which urges or con- strains. Skak. 5. In a general reuse, any thing which compels or constrains ; any thing which urges either the body or tbe mind. 6. A putting in execution ; as, the en/urcement of law. EN-FORCER, m. One who compels, constrains, nr urges ; one who effects by violence ; d nature engaife-s every one to its possessor. To vrrrjr dutj ha couKI mimls tngagt. M'at'er. 6. To unite and bind by contract or promise. Na- tions engage themselves to each other by treaty. The young often engage themselves to their sorrow. 7. To attract and fix ; as, to enga-sc the attention. 8. To occii|i> ; to employ assiduously. We were engaged in conversation. 'I'he uatiuu is engaged in war. 9. To attack in contest ; to encounter. The army engaged the enemy at ten o'clock. The captain en- gaaed the ship at |»oint blank distance. EN-GAOE', r. I. To encounter ; to begin to fight ; to attack in conflict. The annies engaged at Marengo in a general tmltle. 2. To embark in any business ; to take a concern In ; to undertake. He cautious not to engage in con- troversy without indispensable necessity, 3. To promise or pledge one's word ; to bind one's self; as, a friend has engaged to supply the necessary funds. EN nAtlTD. pp. or n. Pledged ; promised ; enlisted ; r ) ' K hed ; attracted aiid fixed ; euibarkcd ; t -yed ; zealous. '.iimns; in architecture^ C(dumn8 sunk parUj into ilie wall to which they are attached ; they always stand out at icast one holi* of their thickness. Brande-. EN-GAG'ED-LY, ado. With earnestness ; with attach- ment. EN-G.^G'ED-NESS, a. The state of being seriously and earnestly occupied ; zi-al ; animation. FVtnCs Masillon. Panoplist, EN-GJSGE'MEXT, n. The aa uf pawuing, pledging, or making liable for debt. 2. Obligation by agreement or contracL Men are often more ready to make engagL-ments than to fulfill them. 3. Adherence to a party or cause ; partialitv. S\cifL 4. Occupation ; employment of the attention. Pi»7, by too long or conKant tTtgageniejtt, become like au ciaployiiicni vT prulcuiuik. Hogera. 5. Employment in fighting ; the conflict of armies or fleets ; battle ; a general action ; apprnpriateltj, the conflict of w*hole annies or fleets, but applied to ac- tions between small squadrons or single ships, rarely to a fight between detarhnients of Innd forces. 6. Obligation ; motive ; that wluch engages. Hammond. EN-Ga6'ER, n. One that entecB into an engagement or agreement. EN-GAG'1XG, pjtr. Pawning; making liable for debt ; enlisting ; bringing into a party or cause ; promising ; binding ; winning and attaching ; encountering; em- barking. 2. a. Winning ; attractive ; tending to draw the attention or tbe affections ; pleasing ; as, engaging manners or address. Kngatring and disengaging machinery, is that in which one part is alternately united to or separated from another part, as occasion may require. J'Cichalson, EX-GaG'ING-LY, adv. In a manner to win the af- fections. EX-GAL'L.A.NT, v. u To make a gallant of. [JVot used.] B. Jonson. EN-GaOL', (en-jale'j) v. L To imprison. [JVot used.] Sftak. EN-GXR'BOfL, v. U To disorder. [JCot in use.] EX-GAR'L.\ND, p. t. To encircle with a garland. Sidney. EN-GAR'RI-SON, r. t To furnish with a garrison ; to defend or protect by a garrison. Bp. Hall. EN-G.\S'TR1-MUTH, n. [Gr. £»., yaarna. and uti- A venlrilnquisL Ufot in use,] EN-^EN'DER, v. t. [Fr. engendrer ; Arm. enguehenta ; Sp. engendrar ; from the I*, gener, generot g^nOj gig- no. See GzrfERATE.] ENG 1. To bf'get between the different sexes; Inform in i-nihryo. 2. To produce ; to cause to exist ; to cause to bring forth. Sleteors are engendered in the ntmospbeie ; worms are sometimes engendered in the stomach ; in- tempernnce engenders fatal maladies; angry words enffender strife. EN-6EX'DEtt, tJ. 1. To be caused or produced, Tiilck cliinls .iiT tprcnd, and ilurma tngertder ihrre. DryiUn. F.N-<^E\'1)F.R-KI>, 7»p, Begotten; caused; produced. EX t*;KN'nER-KR, n. He or that which engenders. EN-OEX'I)KR-IXG, ppr, begetting; causing to be; prod lie in g. EN-', V. t. To gild ; to brighten. S/iak. EX'GlXE, (en'jin,) n. [Ft. engtn,- Sp. ingento i P{;rt. engcnho; Arm. ingin; from L. tngenium; so called from contrivance.] 1. In mechanics, a compound machine, or artificial instrunuMit, coin[>osed of dilfereiit parts, and inu-nd- ed to priKluce some effect by the help of the mechan- ical powers ; as a pump, a windlass, a capstan, a fire- engine, a steam-engine. 2. A military machine, as a battering-ram, &.c. 3. Any instruuienl; thai by which any effect is produced. An arrow, a sword, a niu^kct, is an en- gine of death. 4. A machine for throwing water to extinguish fire, a fire-engine. 5. Means ; any thing used to effect a purpose. 6. An agent for another ; usuaHy iit an Hi sense. EN^I-NEER', n. [Fr. ingenieur.] 1. In the mtliuiry art, a person sKJlted in mnthemat- icfi and meehanics, wbo forms plans of works for of- fense or defense, and marks out the ground fi)r forti- fications. Engineers are also employed in delineating plans, and superintending the construction, of ottier public works, as aqueducts and canals. Ttic latter are called civil engineers, 2. One who manages engines, or artillery. Philips, EN-GI-NEEK'IXG, n. The business of an engineer. EN'GTNE-MAN, n. A man who manages the engine, as in steamers and steam-cars. EX'GINE RY, (en'jin-ry,) n. The act of managing engines, or artillery. JiliUtm. 2. Engines in gineral ; instruments of war. J)/(^?i. 3. I^fachination. Skenstone. EN-GIRD', (en gurd',) v. t. [See Gihd.] To sur- round ; to encircle ; to encompass. Shak. FN f'TRT' ' ! ^' Surrounded ; encompassed. EX-GIUD'iNG, ppr. Encircling; surrounding. EN'Gl-S€OPE, rt. [Gr. £j J us, near, and o«ojr£ai, to see.] A kind of microscope ; tbe compound microscope. . Pritchard. EN-GLAD', V. L To make glad ; to cause to rejoice. Skdlon. EN-GLAIM'/^D a. Furred ; clammy. [JVut used.] EX"GLAND. See English, EN"GLE, (eng'gl,) n. A gull ; a put ; a bubble. E.\"GLISir, (ing'glish,) a. [Rax. Englisc, from En- glesj .^nglesf a tribe of Germans who settled in Brit- ain, and gave it the name of England, The name seems to I«j derived from e««-, tag, a meadow or plain, a level country; Sax. ing; Ice. einge; Dan. eiig; Goth, winga i all which seem to be the same word as the Sax. wung, wong, a plain, and to coincide with the G. enge^ D. eng^ W. ivg, strait, narrow, It. ango, from the sense of pressing, depression^ l.iyinp, which gives the sense of level. The English are the de- scendants of the Inrro'voitcs of Tacitus, De Mor. Germ. 2; Uiis name being composed of ing^ a plain, and G. wohncn^ D. leoonen, to dwell. The Ingajvones were inhabitants of the level counlrj-.] Belonging to England, or to its inhabitants. EN"GL1SH, 71. The people of England. 2. The language of England or of the Englii'h na- tion, and of their descendants in India, America, and other countries. EN"GLISH, V. t. To translate into the English lan- guage. Bacon. EN"GLISII-£D, (ing'glisht,) pp, Rendertrd into En- glish. EX"GLISH-RY, n. The state or privilege of heingan Englishman. [JCot used.\ Cutoel. EN-GLOOM', r. t To make gloomy. EN-GLUT', V. t, [Fr. engloutir; L. glutio.] 1. To swallow. Shak, 2. To fill ; to glut. Spenser. Akcham, [This word is little used. See Glut.] EN-GLUT'TED, pp. Glutted ; filled. EN-GLUT'TIXG, n;jr. Glutting. EN-GORE', V. t To pierce ; to gore. [See Gore.] Spenser. EN-GORGE', (en-gprj',) v. U [Fr. engorgcr, from gorge, the throat.] 'H) swallow; to devour; to gorge; proprrly, to swallow with greediness, or in large quantities. Sprnser, EN-GORGE', (en-go!J',) u. t. To devour ; to feed with eagerness or voracity. Milton. EN-GORG'KD, pp. Swallowed with greediness, or in large draughts. Fate, FXR, FALL, WHAT.— Mf.TE, PRgV. — PTXE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— 3i'6 ENG E.\-G0R6E'MENT, (en-gorj'tiient,) n. The act of swallowtiic freedily ; a devouring with voracity. EX-GURO'IN'G, ppr' Swallowing with voracity. E.V-GUXi-T', p. r. To ingraft, which see. E-N-GRAIL', r, L 'Ft. engrtlcr, Iroin gr^/e, greste^ hail.] In heraldry, to variegate ; to spot, an with h:iil ; to indent or make ragged at the edgeij, as if broken with hail; to indent in curve lines. Johnsoru Chapman, Knajc E\-GR;^IL'f:ri, pp. Variegated ; stKjtted. EN-GRAIL'MENT, n. The ring of dots round the edge of a medal. Brandt, EX-GRAIN", V. u rfroraoToin.] To dye in grain, or in the raw material ; to ova deep. EX-GRa[N'£D, (en-grind',) pp. Dyed in Uie grain; as, rn^ained carpets. EX-GRaIN'ING, ppr. Dyeing in the grain. EN-GRAP'PLE, r. (. [from ffrapple.] To gmpiile ; to seize and hold ; to close in and hoiii fast, [rice Geap- PLE, which is generally used.] EN-GRXtJP', V. ^ [from ^a-^p.] To seize with a clasping hnld ; to hold fast by mclo.-iin^ or emlirac- ing ; to gripe. [See GaA^r, which is generally used.] EX-GRaVE', r. L: prti. Exoraved; pp. Emgraved or E.'*CBATErr. [Fr. ^racer; Sjp. fp-aJiar; It. graffiare i VV. cravu ; G. gruben ,■ D. graaveii ; Gr. j pa'put. tiee Grate.] LiteraUify to scratch or scrape. Hence, 1. To cut, as metals, stones, or other hard sub- stances, Willi a chisel or graver ; to cut figures, letters, or devices, on sUjne or metal j to mark by incisions. Thou aL\It 9ngrat>e Ihe two •tones witli the narncB of Ute chil- dren of Urael. — ^. xxviD. 9. To picture or represent by incisions. 3. To imprint; to impress deeply ; to infix. Let the laws of God, and Uie principles of morality, be engraced on the mind in early years. 4. To bury ; to deposit in Uie grave ; to inter ; to inhume. [A'ct now used.'] Spmser. EX-GRAV'/:D, ) pp. or a. Cut or marked, as with a EX-GRA V'i.'X, ( cliisel or graver ; imprinted ; deeply impressed. EN-GRaVE'MEXT, b. Engraved work; act of en- gravinc. EN-GKAV'ER, w. One who engraves; n cutter of let- ters, figures, trjseof being Rubseriuenlly printed on pri|>er. HeberU 2. A print ; an impression from an engraved plate. E.N'-GRlKViy, (en-greev',) v.U To gncve ; to pain. r<-... *;"if-TB.] Spenser, -', v.t. [frttm gross, or Fr. grosgir, engros- vn- i Pp. fntn-oaar. See Grois.] :. ; . .;:urt/y, to make thick or gross ; to thicken. [Aoi Fitur used.} Speiuer, 2. To make larger ; to increase in bulk. [JVot ttited.] fVottun. 3. To neize in the grow ; to take the whole ; as, worldly cares engross the attention nf must men, but neither buMint ni-ccssnrily imply Ihe purchase of the whole of any commodity, but such quantities as to raise the price, by diminishing llie supplies In open market, and Uking advant-ige of an increat^ed demand. 5. To copy in a larcre hand ; to write a fair, correct copy in large, or distinct, Ugihle chamciers, for pres- ervation or duration, as records of public acts, on pa- per or i»arrhiMenL 6. To take or asstime in undue quantities or de- grees ; as, lo engross power. EN-GROHS'i-JD, ^en-grflst',) pp. or a. Mad^ thick ; ta- ken in the whole ; purchjised in large quantities, for sale ; written in large, fair characters. EX-GUOf'ri'ER, B. He or that which tnkes the whole; a j>er»>on who purchases the whole, or such quantities or ariirliis in a market as to raise the price. "2. One who copies a writing in large, fair charac- ters. EX-GROSS'IXG, ppr. Taking the whole; buying coniiiiMdities in such quantities as to raise the price in markeL 2. Writing correct copies in large, fair characters. EN-GRC.SS'1XG, n. The copying of a writing in fair and legible characters. 2. The buying up of large quantities of a commod- ity in order to raise the price. Brands. ENJ EX-GKOSS'MENT, n. The act of engrossing ; the act of taking the whole. •2, The appropriation of things in the gross, or in exorbitant quantities ; exorbitant acquisition. Sicijt. EX-GUARD', r. U [See Guard.] To guard ; to de- fend. Sfuik. EX-GULF', r. t To absorb or swallow up in a gulf. EN-GULF'/J3, (-pulfl',) /jp. Absorbed or swallowed up in a whirlpool, or in a deep abyss or gulf. EX-GL'LF'IXG, ;>/;r. Swallowing up in a whirlpool or abyss. EX-GULF'MEXT, n. An absorption in a gulf, or deep cavern or vortt-x. EX-HAXCE', (en-hlns',) r. U [Xorm. enhauncer, from hauttctTy to raise. Q.u. Norm, cnhauce^ haul, hautzy high.] 1. To raise ; to lift ; applied to material things by Spenser, but this application is entirely obsolete. 2. To raise ; lo advance ; to highicn ; applied to price or value. War enhances the price of provisions ; it enhances rents, and the value of lands. 'i. To raise ; applied to qualities, qnantitn, pleasures, enjoyments, ice Pleasure is enJianccd by the ditficulty of obtaining it. 4. To increase. ; to aggravate. The guilt of a crime may be enhanced by circumstances, EX-IU.VCE', (en-hilns',) v. L To hq raised; to swell ; to prow larger. A debt enhances rapidly by compound interest. EX-llAXC'i:D, (en-hinst'j) pp. or a. Raised ; ad- vanced ; hi^htened ; increased. EN-HAXCE'.MEXT, n. Rise; increase; augmenta- tion ; as, the enhancement of value, price, enjoyment, pleasure, beauty. 2. Increase ; aggravation ; as, the enhancement of evil, grief, puuislunent, guilt, or crime, EX-HXXC'EU, n. One who enhances; he or that which raises price, &c, EX-IIAXC'IXG, ;;pn Raising; increasing; augment- ing ; aggravating. EX-HAR'BOR, c. i. To dwell in or inhabit. Brotcne. EX-IIARD'£N, r. t. To harden ; to encourage. Howell, EX-irXR-MOX'ie, a, [from harmonie, harmony.] In mtLsic, an epithet applied to such j>ieccs of composi- tion ax proceed on very siiiall inti-rvals, or smaller intervals than the diatonic and chromatic. Encyc. E-NIG'MA, n. [L. tenigniai Gr. attt^fia, from ati-KToofiai, lo hint.] A dark saying, in which some known thing is con- cealed under obscure language ; an obscure ques- tion ; a riddle. A question, saying, or painting, con- taining a hidden meaning, which is proposed lo be guessed. Johnson. Encyc. E-XlG-MAT'ie, \a. Relating to or containing a E-XIG-MAT'I€-AL, i riddle; obscure; darkly ex- pressed ; ambiguous. 9. ObHCur*'ly conceived or aj>preliended. E-XIG-MAT'IC-AL-LY, ado. In an obscure manner; in a fU'iise difierent frimi that wJiich the words in common acceptation imply. E-XIG'MA-TIST, rt. A maker or dealer in enigmas and riddles. Jlddison. E-XIG'MA-TIZE, r. i. To utter or fonn enigmas ; to deal in riddles. E-XIG-.MA-TOG'RA-PHY, \ n. [Gr. aivi^pn, and E-XIG-M.\-T0L'0-6Y, j y^wpui^ot Aojoj.] The art of making riddles; or the art of solving them. EX-JAIL', c. (. To put into jail. Smart, EX-JOIX', V. t. [ Fr. enjvindre ; en and joindre, to join : ]l. ingiugnere i h. in jungo ; in and jun go. (HeeJoirt.) We observe that the primary sense of jwm is to set, extend, or lay to, to throw to or on ; otherwise, the senst^ of order or command could not spring from it. To etijiiin, is to set, ur lay to, or on.] 1. To order or direct with urgency; lo admonish, or instruct with authority ; to rotnmand. Says John- son,'* This word is more authoritative than dir«(, and less inip<:riuus ilian command." It has the force of pressing admonition with aerience of. We enjity the dainties of a feast, the conversation of friends, and our own meditations. I could m/oy the p.-xngi of deiith, Aiwl •mile in ngrn\y. Additon. ENL 2. To possess with satisfaction ; to take pleasure ot delight in the possession of. Tbou stmll be^l •oiiB, but thou ahtUt not tr^oy them. — Dfut. xxviii. 3. To have, possess, and use with satisfaction ; to have, hold, or occupy, as a good or profitable thing, or as something desirable. We enjoy a free constitu- tion and inestimable privileges. The IaihI nhail eryoy her Salibatiii. — Ley. xxtI. To enjoy one\f se^, is lo feel pleasure or satisfaction inone^sown mind, or to relish tlic pleasures in which one partakes ; lo be happy. EN-JOY', ». u To live in happiness. [Unusual.'] Mdton. EXJOY'A-BLE, o. Capable of being enjoyed. Pope. EX JOY'£D, pp. Perceived witii pleasnre or satisfac- tion ; possessed or used with pleasure , occupied with content. EX-JOY' ER, n. One who enjoys. EX-JOY'ING, ppr. Feeling witli pleasure; possessing with satisfaction. EX-JO Y'M EXT, n. Pleasure; satisfaction; agreeable sensations ; fruition. 2. Ptissession with satisfaction ; occupancy of any tiling good or desirable ; as, the enjoyment of an es- tate ; the enjoyment of civil and religions privileges. EN-KIX'DLE, r. (. [from kmdleA 'i'o kindle ; to set on fire ; to intlanie ; as, to enkindle sparks into a flame. In this lit);rat sense, kindle is generally used. 2. To excite; to rouse into action; to inflame; aa, to enkindle IUg passiuns into a flame; to enkindle zeal ; to enkindle war or discord, or the Haines of war. EN-KIX'DLKD, pp. Set on fire ; inflamed , roused into action ; excited. EX-KIX'DLIXG_, ppr. Setting on fire; inflaming; rousing ; exciting. EN-LACE'. See Inlack. EX-LARD', V, U To cover with lard or grease; to baste. Shak, EX-LA RD'En,pp Basting with lard. EN-LARI»'1XG, ppr. Greasing. EN-LA KG E', (en-lirj') v. t. [from large.] To make greater in quantity or dimensions ; to extend in lim its, breadth, or size ; lo expand in bulk. Every man desires to enlarge his possessions ; the prince, his dominions ; and the landholder, his farm. The body is enlarged hy nutrition, and a gotpd man rejoices to enlarge the sphere of bis benevolence. Gud fthall enlarge J^phel. —Gen. Ix, 2. To dilate ; to expand, as with joy or love. ye Corimhiiin*, our month ii open lo joa, our h'-nrt is en- targed, St. Paul. 3. To expand ; to make more comprehensive. Science enlarges the mind. 4. To increase in appearance; to magnify to the eye, as by a glass. 5. To set at liberty ; to release from confinement or pressure. Sluik. 6. 'J*o extend in a discourse ; to diffuse in elo- quence. They eiilarged thniwclvejoii thii luhjeel. Clarettdon. In tliis application, the word is generally intransl live. 7. To augment ; to increase ; lo make large or larger, in a general sense ; a word of general ai»pUca- tion. To enlarge the. heart, may signify to open and ex- pand in goiHi will ; to make free, liberal, and charita- ble. ENLARGE', (en-liirj',) v. i. To prow Jnrge or larger; to extend ; to dilate ; to expand. A plant enlarges by growth ; an estate enlarges hy gotxl management; a Volume of air enlarges by rarefaction. 2. To be ■ ■. ily. EN"-L.A.*v. ..%^., H. EulargemrnL EN-UGIIX', (,en4lte',) v. L To illuminate ; to en- lighten. /*«»?<• :<.... !'«, ,.-..Y^s. EnLioHT is rarelv used.] EN ! ' n-lit'nO r. (. [from tight ; bax. «- Uh' 1 ;;bt ; to shed light on ; to supply with light i to illumiuate i as, the sun emtigMUMs the earth. Ib*liChudn£««M.Vib»MrfUM woftd. — E^ zerft, Sl To quicken in the faculty of riaion ; to enable to Mfl more clearly. JvoMtima** ej9* — w*n e^gliUntd. ~ I Shun idr. X To ^va liftht to ; to give clearer rtewa ; to illu- minate ; to in^nict ; to enable to see or comprehend truth : as, to enligkUM the mind or understanding. 4. To illumiuate with divine knowledge, ur a knowledge (^ the truth. TIkm «ho w«n OMB «iaiflkma^ — Bf b i\. EX-LIOHT'EN-CTl, (en-Kt'nd,) j»;». or «. Rendered light ; illuminated ; instructed : informed ; (Urubbed with clear vit-w*. E\-LT':irr'EN-ER,(cn-m'n-crO a. One who illumi- natf* : h-* or (hit which coniinunicatcs light to the r\ . \V3 to the mind. Milton. EVl ^'^J, (en-Iit'n-ing,)p;»r. or a. Illumi- nu: - ii'hi to; inslniciing. EN-l-i'«ii i r -N 'lE.VT, ■. .Act of enlightening; stale of brine enlightened or infttrurted. E>'-LI.\K', c. L [ftora Unk.] To chain to; to con- nect SJtak. EX-LIST', r. L [See List.] To enroll ; to register ; to enlc*T a name on a list. 5. To engage in public srvice, b}* rnlcring the name in a regirtcr ; a?, an officer ealistji men. X fn a teutrr senje, lo unite firmly to a cause ; to employ in advancing some interest ; as, lo enlist per- siiu^ of all clones in the cause of tnith. EX-LIST', c. L To cneagi: in pnhlic service, b)' sub- arribing articles, or enrullnig one's name. 2. In < ri'ier .t^Hse^ to enter heartily into a cause, as one tif vrted to its interr.*. E\-LI-'*T'IXI5, m>r. Enrolling for service. EX-LI:?T'ME.VT, n. The act of enlisting. 2. The writing by which a soldier is iKMiBd. EX-LTVE', r. £. To animate. LVot umd,) EX-LTvav, fcn-Ilv'n,) c. l [from l\fe, in*,] LiUr- aUy, to givr liiV. Hence, L To give action or motion to ; to make Tigonua or active ; to excite ; aany ; they eulirm the dull and gloomy. 3. To make cheerful, gav, or jovous. EX-LIV'i;X-/:n, (en-liVml,) pp. >lade more active ; esclt.^d ; animated ; made cheerful or gay. EX-LTV'EN-ER, n. He or that which enlivens or animat.'!* ; h? «>r that %vhich invignrati-s. EX-LtV'/;\-IX»3, ppr. or a. Giving life, spirit, or antinatiun ; inspiriting; invigorating ; making viva- ci«m>«, sprightly, or cheerful. EX-LO'ML\E,r. t. To ifluinine; to enlighten. [Sec the latter word^J EX-MA R'DLE, e. L To make hard as marble; to harden. Spenser, EN-MARRLrn. pp. Hard-ned. HatL EX-MARBLlX^i, ppr. -Making hard like marble. £LY .VAS!yE', (in^-ioisi,') [Fr.] In the mass or whiJe body. EX-ME?H', 0.L ffrorassesA.) Tonet; toentangle; lo entrap. Siu^ EX'MI-TV, It. ^Fr. iniMitie ; ia and amiiU^ friendship, amity. See E>emt.] 1. The quality of being an enemy ; t|je opposit* of friendship ; ill-will ; hatrt d ; unfriendly dispositions ; malev«}lence. It expresses more than orer^ien, and less than su/iirc, and differs frum displeasure^ in de- noting a fixed or rooted hatred, whereas dupteasitre is more transient. I w31 put ffmnite bf H rpr n thor and Ur womeui. — Oen. ffl. Tbeeuaal auad ■ taoH^ a£«ioaC OotL — Runuviu. 2. A state of oppoaition. The frieacbWp cf Om vorid m rrmmtf vitb God. — Jainn W. EX-MOS5'£D, (en^no?t',) a. Covered with moss. EX-XE-A-€OX-T.\-He'DRAL, a. [Gr. i^t-cvriKoyTa and Ufit.] Having ninety faces. Cleavdand. EX'XE-A-GOX, a. [Gr. cyyca, nine, and }^a>f(a, an angle.] In geometry, a polygon or plane figure, with nine ■ides or nine angles. EN-XE-.\X'DRl-,\, It [Gr. cwiay nine, and anip, a inale.1 In Mani/j a class of plants having nine stamens. Liniupus. END S-XE A rET'AL-OUS, a. [Gr. nine stamena. cvviaj nine, and EX \K AX'DRI-AX, EX EX KtTa\nvy a leaf. Having nine petals or flower-leaves. EX VF \T'lf ) ex-ne'at'u'ai., i * ["''• "■■'"'• """^5 Rnnentical days^ are every ninth day of a disease. EHneatieal years^ are every ninth year uf a man's life. Joknson, EX-XEW, r. t. To make new. [JS'ot in use.] SkeUoiu KX-NCBLE, V. f. [Yx.tnnahhr. See Noslk.] 1. To make noble ; to raise to nubility ; as, to ea- liable a commoner. 2. To dignify ; to exalt ; to aggrandize ; to elevate in degrve, quaiilies, or excellence. W hat cin tnnohlt lou, or tiavea, or coikimli i Pope, 3. To make famous or illustrious. Bacon. EX-XO'UL£L>, pp. Raised lo the rank of nubility ; dignified ; exulted in raiik, excellence, or value. EX-NO'BLE-MEXT, a. The act of advancing lo no- bility. Bacon. 3. Exaltation; elevation in degree or exc^'llence. EX-NO'BLIXG, ppr. or o. Advancing to tlic rank of a nobleman ; exalting; dignifying. EJ^-JCUVy (Sng-we',) n. [Fr. weariness ; FL nota, whence notary, annoiare^ to tire, tu vex, Fr. enHuxjer. CIxss Xg.] DiiUiieiw of spirit, languor, or uneasiness, connect- ed with a feeling of distu^l. EX-0-n.\'TIOX, n. [L. enodatio^ from cnvdoy to clear from knots ; e and noduj!^ a knot.] 1. The act or operation of clearing of knots, or of untying. *2. t^olutton of a difRculty. [Little iwcrf.] E-XODE', a. [L. enotlis: e and nodus, knot.] In hotany^ uestitute of kni»ts or juints ; knutlcss. E XODE', r. L [L. tnodo, e and nodtis^ a knot.] To clear of knots ; lo make clear. E-XCiD'ED, pp. Cleared of knoU. E-X61)'[XG, ppr. Making clear of knots. E^XOSrO-TXRCH, a. The commander of an enom- oty. Miiford. E-XOM'O-TY, M. [Gr. cvwpoTia; iv and opwpty lo swear.] In Ijuedemon^ anciently, a body of soldiers, sup- posed to be thirty-two; but the precise number is uncertain. Mttford. E-XORM', a. [AW used.] See Enormous. E-XOU'MI-TV, n. [L. enonnitas.'] See E-cobhous. I. Literaily^ the transgression uf a rule, or devia- tion from riKhl. Hence, any wrong, irregular, vi- cious, or sinful act, either in government or murals. Wc riuJ) cpBAk of Uie tnarwtSet iiit. Newton. • 3. Great l>eyond the common measure ; excessive ; as, enormous crime or guilt. 4. Exceeding, in bulk or hight, the common measure ; as, an enormotLs form ; a man of enormous size. 5h Irregular ; confused ; disordered ; unusual. SkaJc. E-NOR'M0US~LY, ode. Excessively; beyond meas- ure ; as, an opinion enormously absurd. E-XOR'M0L*S-XESS, n. The sLite of being enor- mous or excessive ; greatness beyond measure. E-NOUGH', (e-nuf,) a. [Sax. genog^ geitoh ; Goth. ganah; G. genugj gnug ; \^. genotg ; Sw. nog; Dan. nok; ?ax. genogan ; to multiply ; G. genYtgen^ to sat- isfy ; I), gmoegen, to satLsfy, please, content. The Sv^cdes and Danes drop the prefix, as tlie Danes do in nocgfT, to gnaw. This word may be the lieb. Ch. ^yr. Sam. and Elh. nia, to rest, to be quiet, or satistied. Class Xg, Xo. 14.] That satisfies desire, or gives content ; t!iat may answer the purpose ; that is adequate to the wants. sty Kivt, We )\»Lrt Btraw anii prorpnder e*»ori »A. — (Icn. xxir. How nun/ hiied KrranU of my &(bcr bare tireail tnough aod to ap»f^ ! — Luke Xt. jV'bte. — This word, in vulgar language, is some- times placed before its noun, like must other adjec- tives. But in elegant discourse or composition, it always follows the noun to which it refers ; as, bre-id enoughs money enough, E-XOUGH', (e-nuf,) n. A sufficiency ; a quantity of a thing which satisfies desire, or is adequate to the wanraT We have enough of this sort of cloth. Arid Ewiu aaid, I have enough, my-brothw. — Gf-n. zxxiii. Ura^ ui.1, h ia enough ; Jux.pb ia yet alive. Oca. xlr. 2. That which is equal to the powers or abilities. He had enough to do to take care of himself. ENR E-XOUGH', ^e-nuf) adv. Sufficiently ; in a quantity or degree ttiiit satisfies, or is equal to the desires ijr wants. The lami, behold, it ia targe tnoufh for them. — Oen. zxxiv. Ye have dwelt lung enough in lliii mount. — Dout. 1. 9. Fully; quite; denoting a slight augmentation of the positive degree. He is ready enongh to em- brace the ulfer. It is pleasant enough lo consider the different notions of different men respecting the same thing. 3. Sometimes it denotes diminution, delicately ex- pressing rather less than is desired ; such a quantity or degree as cumtiiands acquiescence, ralJier than full satisfaction ; as, the sung or the performance is well enough. 4. An exclamation denoting sufficiency. Enough^ enough! I'll hear no mure. E-X^OOXCE, (e-nouns',) r. e. [Fr. enoneer; L. enun- do : e and nuncio, to declare.] To utter ; to pronounce ; to declare. [Little used.'] Horacley. E-XOITXC'KD, pp. Uttered ; pronounced. E-XOUNCE'MEXT, n. Act or enouncing. E-XOLTXC'ING, pyrr. Uttering; pronouncing. E-XOW, the old pluml of enough^ is nearly uhsolote. E.S' PAS'S AjYT, (ing-pia'siing,) [Fr.] In passing; by the way. EX-PIkRCE'. See Empiebci:. EX-UUICK'£X, V. U To quicken; to make alive. \J^ot tt.ted.] EX-UUTRE' ; more properly IrrttuiRs, which see, and its derivatives. EN-RA(;E', v. U To implant [JVoe med.] Spenser. EX-RAOE', V. t. [Fr. enragcr. See Raoe.] To excite rage in ; to exasperate ; to provoke to fury or madnctrs ; to make furious. EX-K.Aii'/;D, (en-rajd',) pp. or a. Made furious ; exas- pt-rated ; provoked to madness. E.N-R AC 'IXG, ppr. Exasperating ; provoking to mad- ness. EX-RAXGE', *. t To put in order; to rove over. [JSTol in u.ie.] Spenser. EX-RAXK', V. t. To place in ranks or order. Sftak, EX-RAXK'/^D, pp. Placed in a rank ur in nmks. EX-RAXK'IXG, ppr. Placing in a rank. EX-RAPT', pp. or a. Carried or borne away with overpowering emotion ; in an ecstasy. [Partic] S/iak. hich. OicU EX-RAP'TTJRE, r. U [from rapture] 'i'o transport with pli-!isurc ; to delight beyond measure. EX-RAP'TIIR-£D, (en-mpt'yurd,) pp. ur a. Trans- jKirted with |ile:isiire; highly deliglit'd. EX-RAP'TL;R-IXti, pftr. or a. Transporting with pleasure; highly delighting. EX-RAVISH, V. t. ffniin ravi-ih.] Te throw into ecstiisv ; Ui transport with delijjht ; to enrapture. EX-RA V'ISH-A'I), (en-rav'islit,);;p Transported with delight or pleasure ; enraptured. EX-RAVlSIMXG,ppr. oro. Throwing into ecstasy; highlv pp. Made rich or wealthy ; fertilized ; supplied with that which is desirable, uso- ftil, or ornamental. EX-RICH'ER, n. One that enriches. EX-RICH'IXG, ppr. Making opulent ; fertilizing ; supplying with what is splendid, useful, or orna- mental. EX-RICH'MEXT, n. Augmentation of wealth ; am- plification ; improvement ; the addition of fertility or ornament. EX-RIDGE', (en-rij',) v. U To form into ridges. Shak. EX-RING', V. t. To encircle ; to bind. Shak. EX-RIP'Jb'xV, E. t To ripen ; to bring to perfection. Donne. EN-RTVE', v. L To rive ; to cleave. Spenser. FATE, FAR, FALL. WH^T. — MeTE, PRB^ - PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLP, BQQK- — _ ENS EN-ROBE', r. /. [from robe.} To cloilie wirh rich atlin' ; to attire ; to invc?L Shak. "Ey-ROU'KD, pp. Attired; invested. EN-KoB'L\G, p//r. Investing ; attiring. EN'-ROCK'.ME\T, u. A mass of large stones tljrown in at random to form the bases of pier:!:, breakwa- ters, ice. BuduiHHti, Ei\-ROLL', V. L [Fr. mroler^ from rOle^ ruUe, a roll or register.] 1. To write in a roll or register ; lo insert a name or enter in a list or catalogue ; as, men are enrolled for service. 2. To record ; to insert in records ; to leave in writing. Milton. Shak. 3. To wrap j to involve. [JVut now used.] Spenser, EN-RCLL'£D, pp. Inserted in a roll or register ; re- corded. E.\-R6LL'ER, n. Ue that enrolls or registers. EN-RoLL'IXG, ppr. Inserting in a register ; re- cording. EN-RoLL'ME\T, n, A register ; a r?a>rd ; a writing in wliich any thing is recorded. "■2. *J'he act of enrolling. EN-ROOT', r. t. [fiom root.] To fix by the root ; to hx fast ; to implant deep. Shak. E.N'-ROOT'ED, pp. Fixed by the root j planted or fixed deep. EN-ROOT'IXG, ppr. Fixing by the root; planting deep EN-ROUND', p. L To environ; to surround; lo in- cUtse. [Jfot used.] Shak. EX POUTEf^ (ing-root',) [Fr.] Upon the road ; in progress. ENS, n. [L. ens^ part, present of c**f, to be.] Entity ; being ; existence. Among the old ckem- «t9, the pnce.] To cover, or bbelter, as wtUi a sconce or fort ; to protect ; to secure. I will mMoncr.Dx befalnJ the utbi. SkaJt. EN-S€ONC'£D, (en-skonst',) pp. Covered, or shel- tered, as hy a sconce or fort ; protected ; secured. EN-:?eO.N'C'ING, ppr. Covering, or sheltering} ma by a furt. ENSEAL', r. t. [from seal.] To seal ^ to Ax a tea! on ; tu impress EN-^K.AL'KD, pp. Impressed with a seal. I;n ~ KAIi'lNG, p;jr. Sealing; affixing a seal to. 1 - K AL'ING, n. The act of affixing a seal to. L.\ -kAM', r. (. [from seanu] To tn-w up; to in- clase by a seam or juncture of ueedle-work. Camde*. E\-SEAM'£D, Cen-s5md',) pp. Sewed up. EN-SgAM'KD, o. Greasy. [Xot in use,] Sliuk EN-SkAM'INO, ppr. 8ewing up. EN HRAR'.r.L [from a^of 1 To sear ; to cauterize ; t ! r i^Iop by burning to hardness. Shak. ].'■ ■< !!', (en-»crch',) v. i. To search for; to ■ i. [Mit u^cd.] y.lyoL 1,:n .--i.Aii AD, (fcn-»eerd',) pp. Stared to hardness. EN-i^KAR'ING, ppr. Searing to hardness. iiL-V-S/wT/'BLf, (ing-sini'bl,) n. [br.] The whole; all the parts taken together. In the Jine arLi, this term denotes the masses and details considered with relation to each other. BravJe. EN-SHIELD', r.f. [from shield.] To shield ; to cover ; to prntecL .Shak^peare uses cnakidd for eiuthielded. EN-HHIELD'EI), pp. Protected. EN-HMIkLI)'1NG, ppr. Cov^^ring with a shield. E.\-HIIRL\E', V. U [from vhnne.] To )ncloio3it fur safe keeping in a cabmet. Mtlton. EN-HilRIN'£D, j^. Inclosed or preserved in a shrine or chest. 3. Inclosed ; placed as in a shrine. WtoUofn ttuhrimd m bnutj. Ptrdoni. ENT KN-SIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. ensis^ sword, and fvro, to bear.] Bearing or carrying a sword. EX'SI-FOli.M, a. [I^ cnsifonnia ; c?ww, sword, and forma, form.] Ilavini* till' shape of a sword ; as, the enaifortR or xiphoid cartilage ; an ensifonn leaf. Q^uincy, "^lartyn. EN'SIGN, (en'slne,) n. [Fr. enscigm; L. insi uii entign ou & Kill. — Is. xxx. 3. A badge ; a mark of distinction, rank, or office ; as, etutiiTHS of power or virtue. fVallcr. Dryden. 4. The officer who carries the flag or colors, being the lowest commissioned officer in a company of infantry. 5. A large banner hoisted on a staff, and carried commonly over the pot)p or stern of a ship ; used to distinguish ships of ditFerent nations, or to charac- teriiie different squadrons of the same navv. Mar. Diet. EN'STGN-BEAR'ER, n. He thai carries the flag ; an ensign. EN'SIGN-CV, n. The rank, office, or commission, of an ensign. EN-SKI£1)', (en-sklde',) a. Placed in heaven ; m-ide immortal. [JVy( in use.] Sltak. EN-i?LA VE', c. U [from slave.] To reduce to slavery or bondage ; to deprive fif liberty, and subject to the will of a master Barbarous nations ennlare their prisoners iff war. but civilized men barbarously and wickedly purchase men lo enslave them. 2. To reduce lo servitude or subjection. ^len oflen sulTer their passions and apiwtites to enslave them ; they are ettslaved to lust, tu anger, to intemperance, to avarice. EN-SLAV'£D, pp. or a. Reduced to slavery or sub- jection. E\-SLAV'ED-NESS, n. State of being enslaved. EN-SLAVE' .MENT, n. The stale of being enslaved ; slavery ; bondage : servitude. South. EN-8LA V'ER, n. He who reduces another to bund- age. Swift. EN-SLAVING, ppr. Reducingt, (cnslampt',) pp. Impressed deeply. EN-ST.\MP'ING, ppr. Impressing deeply. EN-fc'TVLE', r, U To etyle j to namej to call. [Lit- tle u.vft/.J Drayton, EN-t>CE', c. t [Fr. eiuuicre; Nonu. ensuen Sp, jft- guir; It. srguire ; L. sequor^ to follow. See Seek.] To follow ; to pursue. Seek pp>te«, sit J enaut it. — 1 PeU iiU [III thU sense, it is ohsolcle.] EN-hCE', V. i. To follow as a consequence of prem- ises ; as, from these facts, or this evidence, the argu- ment will nt^-ue, 2. To fultuw in a train of events or course of time; to succeed ; lo come rifter. Ue spoke, and silence ensued. We say, the ensuiitg age or years ; the en- suing events. EN-SO'IXG, itpr. or a. Following as a consetjuence. 2. Next lullowing ; succecdijig; as, the ensuing year. EN-SORE', (cn^hQre',) and its derivatives. See I:t- EN-SVVEEP', p. L To sweep over ; to pass over rap- idly. Thomson. EN-WWKKPTNG, ppr. Sweeping over. fee entailed, EN-SWEPT', pp. Swept over. EN-TAII'LA-TIJRE, y w. [Sp. entablamcnto ; Fr. en~ EN-T.\'IIL1':^.MKX'J", i tablemrnf, Sp. enUiblar, to cover with boards, from L. tabula^ a board or table.] In architecture, that |tart of the order of a column whiili is over the cnpilal, including tlie architrave, friew, and cornice. Oieilt, EN-TACK'LE, (en-tak'I,) c. t To supply with tackle. [Xot used.] ^ Skrllon. EN-TAIL', «. [Fr. mtaiUer, to cut,'from taillerf lU tngUorr. id. Frudum tulUatutn^ abrideed, curtailed, limited.] 1. An estile or fee entailed, or limited in descent to a particular heir or heirs. Estates-tail are general^ as when lands and tenements are given lo one and the heirs of his body begotten ; or special, as when lands and tenements are given to one and the heirs of his body by a j)articular wife. Blaekstone. 2. Rule of descent stilled fur an estate. 3. Delicately -carved ornamental work. [06j*.] Spejiser EN-TATL', V. t To settle the descent of lands and tenements, by gift lo a man and lo certain heirs specified, so that neither the donee nor any subse- quent i>os.«essor can alienate or bequeath it ; as, to entail a manor to A R and to his eldest son, or tu his heirs of his body begotten, or to his heirs by a partic- ular wife. 2. To fix unalienably on a person or thing, or on a person and his descendants. By the apostesy, mis- ery is supi>used lo be entailed on mankind ; the in- temperate often entail infirmities, diseases, and ruin, on their children. 3. [From the French verb.] To cut; to carve for ornament. [ Obs.] Spenser. EN-TAIL'£D, pp. or a. Settled on a man and certaip heirs specified. 2. Settled on a person and his descendants. EN-TAIL'ING, p^r. Settling the descent of an estate ; giving, as lands and tenements, and prescribing the mo<)e of descent ; settling unalienably on a person or tiling. EN-TAIL'MENT, n. The net of giving, as an estate, and directing the mode of descent, or of llniiting the descent to a particular heir or heirs. 2. I'he act of settling unalienably on a man and his heirs. EN-TaME'.v. t [from tame.] To tame ; to subdue. EX-TAM'£D, pp. Tamed ; subdued. [Oouicr. EN-TAM'ING, ppr. Taming. EN-TAN"GLE, (en-lang'gl,) r. (. [from tangle.] To twist or interweave in such a manner as not lo be easily separated ; to make confused or disordered ; as, thread, yarn, or ropes, may be entangled; lo en- tangle the hair. 2. To involve in any thing complicated, and from which it is difficult to extricate one's self; as, lo en- tangle the feel in a net, or in briers. 3. Tu lose in numerous or complicated involutions, as in a labyrinth. 4. To involve in difficulties; to perplex; to em- barrass ; as, lo entangle a nation in alliances. 5. To puzzle J to bewilder j as, to entangle the un- derstanding. Locke. C. To insnare by captious questitms ; to catch; to perplex; to involve in contradictions. The PhHTUcca tooli couiuel how they might entangle tiim tu hla tallt.— MiUL xxii. 7. To perplex or distract, as with cares. No mui tlml wiim3th antangleih hinuclf with the allttira of tbia life.— 2 Tim. U. 8. To multiply intricacies and difficulties. EN-TAN''GL£D, (en-lang'gld,) pp. or a. Twisted together; interwoven in a confused manner; intri- cate ; perplexed ; involved ; embarmssed ; insnared. EN-TAN"GLE-ME.\T, n. State of being entangled ; invulution ; a confused or disordered stale ; intricacy ; perplexity. Locke. EN-TAN"GLER, n. One \\\\o entangles. EN-TAN"GLING, p]fr. Involving; interweaving or interlocking in confusion ; perplexing; insnaring. EN'TASIS, )i. [Gr.] The almost im[Hrceptible swelling of the sliafl of a column. Brande, EN-TASS'.MENT, n. [Fr.] A heap; accumulation. EN-'J'A9'TI€, a. Relating lo all diseases characterized bv tunic spasms. EN'-TEN'DER, c. t. To treat with tenderness or kind- ness. Young, EN'TER, V. U [Fr. wtTrcr, from entrt^ between, L. iniCTy iH(ra, whence in (ro, lo enter; It. cntrare; Sp. mtrar. The L. inter seems to be in, with the termi- nation tcr, as in subter^ from sub.] 1. To move or pass into a place, in any manner whatever; lo come or go in ; lo walk or ride in ; to flow in ; to pierce or i>enelrate. A jimii enters a house ; an army enti-rs a city or a camp ; a river ca- ter* the sea ; a sword eiders the body ; the air enters a room at every crevice. 2. To odvance into, in the progress of life ; as, a yoiilli has entered his lenlh year. 3. To begin in a business, employment, or service; to enlist or engage in ; as, tlio soldier entered tlie ser- vice at eighteen years of age. 4. To become a member of; as, to enter college ; to enter a society. 5. To admit or Introduce ; aa, the youth was en- tered a member of college. 6. To set down in writing ; lo set an account In a book or register ; as, the clerk tnuved the account or charge in the juurual ; he entered debt and credit at the time. 7. To set down, as a name ; to enroll ; as, to eat*r a name in the enliBiinent. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"CEB. VI"C10U8.— € M K ; as J ; g aa Z; ClI an SH ; TH as la THIS. ENT & To tiMlge a manifest of goods at the custom- house, and gain Hdinitiance or {>erniis>iiin to land ; as, to eiUer goods. We say, also, to enter a ship at Uie cuiitom -bouse. 9. To cause to enter ; to insert, as one piece of car- pentry into another. OiriiL EX'TEK, r. i. To go or come.in ; to pass into > as, to nuer into a country-. 2. To" flow in ; as, water rnters into a ship. 3. To pierce ; to penetrate ; as, a ball or an arrow mU»rs intu the body. 4. To penetrate mentally ; as, to enter into tJie prin- ciples of action. 5. To engage in ; as, to enter itKo business or ser- vice ; to enter into visionary projects. 6. To be initiatt'd in ^ as, lo ens^r into a taste of pleasure or niagniiicence. ^dditon, 7. To be an ingredient ; to form a conMitueul part. Lead enters into tlie ooniftusition of pewter. EN'TKR-DKAI^ n, ftlutual dcoluigs. [Aot im use.] Spenser. EX'TER-ED, pp. OT a. Moved in ; come in ; pierce ■■:. navel.l ^ !)ernm wltose contents are intestine. EN WCE, a. [Fj.etUrt^ belwern, and f^' . ■ -. ■ --J Parley , luuLual talk or conversation ; conference. Hayviard, EX-TER-PLgAlV. See l5TKa»LBAD. EX'TER-PRlSi;, a. [Fr., from emtrrprendre^ to under- take i entrt^ in ur between, and prendre, tu take, prist, a taking.] That which is undertaken or attempted to be per- formed ; an attempt; a project aiteinpted ; particu- larly, a bold, arduous, or hazardous undertaking, either physical or moral. The attack on Stony Point was a t>old, but successAil, enterprist. The UtempU to evangeliiui the lieathtui are nuble eiOrr- frises. Tbrvbaadi c&n not perfcrm tbeir mie^HM. — Jobv. ENTER-PRTSE, e. t. To undertake ; tu begin and at- tempt to perform. Tbe Umoa« muat be enltrpnatd. ihte m|^t. Dnfitn. EN'TER-PRrS-£D, (cn'ler-prizd,) pp. Undertaken ; atlt-mpted ; es^aved. EX'TER-i'RIS-ER, n. An adventurer; one who un- dertakes any projected scheme, especially a bold or hazardous one ; a person whocnj^ges in important Of dangerous designs. Hayicard. ELN'Tl^R-PRI* ING, ppr. Undertaking, especially a bold design. £. a. Bold or forward to undertake : resolute, ac- tive, or prompt to attempt great or untried schemes. ~ men oAen succeed beyond all human probabilitv. EX'TER EX'TER-PRTS-tXG-Ly, adc. In a bold, resolute, and active manner. EX-TER-T5L\', r. U [Fr. entreUair; entre, in or be- tween, and temir, to bold, L- teneo.] 1. To receive into the tiouse, ajid treat with hospi- tality, either ai tite table only, or with lodging also. Be mH foTf^ul to •ntmcun tiran^^re ; fer ifaereby aomB have cnkrUiMed angvU utmwanx. — - Urb. xiii. 9. To treat with conversation ; to amuse or in^itruct by discourse ; properly, to engage the attention and retain tbe company of one by agreeable conversa- tion, discourse, or argument. The advocate enter- tained his audience an hour witb sound argumont and brilliant displays of eloquence. 3. To keep in one's service ; to maintain ; as, he tmUrtaiMed ten domestics. You, fcr, 1 tnlerUtin for oi>e o( my hundred. Shak. {This original and Freiuk sense is obsolete, or little iued.\ 4. To keep, hold, or maintain in the raind with fa- vor ; to reserve in the raind ; to harbor ; to cherish. Let us entertain the most exalted views nf the divine character. It is our duty to eatertain charitable sen- timents toward our fellow-men. ENT 5. To receive or admit with a view to consider and decide ; as, to entertain a pro|»osal. T. Chalmers. 6. To maintain ; tu support ; as, to entertain a hos- pital. [Obs,] 7. To please; to amuse ; to divert. David enter- t^ned himself with the mcttitution of Gud^s law. Idle men enlcrlain themselves with trifles. 8. To treat ; to supply with provisions and liquors, or with pntvisions and lodging, for reward. The innkeept^r entertains a great deal of comi»any. EX-TER-T.^IX', a. Enlertninmcut. [jVuE in use.'\ Spenser. EN-TER-TAIX'£D, pp. Received with Iwspitality, ns a guest ; amused ; pleased and engaged ; Kept in the mind ; retained. EX-TER-TALN'ER, n. He who entertains; he who receives company with hospitality, or for reward, a. He who ret;iins others in his service. 3. He tliat amuses, pleases, or diverts. EX-TER-TAIN'L\G, ppr. Receiving with hospitality ; receiving and treating with provisions and accommo- dations for reward ; keeping or cherishing with favor ; engaging the attention ; amusing. £ a. Pleasing ; amusing ; diverting ; as, on enter- tainin-r discourse ; an entertaining friend. EX-TER-TAIX'IXG-LV, ado. In an amusing man- ner. Warti'it. EX-TER-TAIX'ING-XESS, n. The quality of enter- taining. EX-TER-TAIX'MEXT, n. The receiving and accom- modating of guests, either with or without reward. The hospitable man delights in the entertaitiment of his friends. 2. Provisions of the table ; hence, also, a feast ; a superb dinner or supper. 3. The amusernenij pleasure, or instruction, de- rived from conversation, discourse, argument, ora- tor)-, music, dramatic perfomianccs, &c. ; the pleas- ure which the mind receives from any thing interest- ing, and which holds ur arrests the attention. We often have rich eiUertainment in the conversation of a learned friend. 4. Reception ; admission. TUlotson. 5. The state of being in {tay or service. [JVut used.] Skak. 6. Payment of those retained in service. [Ofts.] Davies. 7. That which entertains ; that which serves for amusement ; the lower comedy ; farce. Oay. EX-TER-TIS'Si:-£D, (lish'uJe,) o. [Fr. entre and tissu.] Interwoven ; ha%-ing various colors iutermtxed. EX'THE-AL, a. [Gr. ti and Oe-.i.] [Shak. Divinely inspired. EX-THE-AS'Tie. a. [Gr. ev and Btoi, God.] Having the energy of God. E.V-THE-AS'Tie-AI^LY, adv. According to deific energy. Trans, qf Pausanias. EXTHE-AT, a. [Gr. evGcng.] Enthusiastic [JiTot tn nse-l EX-THRALL' r. (. To enslave. [See Ihthrali-] EX-THRILL', r. f. To pierce. [Sec Thrill.] EX-THROXE', r. /, [I^rom throne.} To place on a throne ; to exalt to the seat of royalty. Beneath a Ku]|){ure!iws of En'"'and. 2. To superscribe or prefix as a title. Ilcnee, as titles are evidencea of cluiin or property, to give a clnim to ; to give a right to demand or receive. The lubur of the servant entitles hini to his wages. Mil- ton is entitleA to fame. Our liest services do not euti- t!e us to heaven. 3. To assign or appropriate by giving a title. 4. To qualify ; to give a claiui liy thu posst^ssion of suitable qualifications ; as, an oiticer'a talents entitle him to command. 5. To dignify by a title or honorable appellation. In llii*! scnsf, title is often used. C. Toai^ribe. [06*.] Burnet, EX-Tt'TL£U, pp. Dignified or dislinguishcd by a title ; having a claim ; as, every good uian ia entitled to respect. EX-'ITTLI-Vfi, p/FT. Dignifying or distinguishing by a title ; giving a title ; giving a rl.iim. I KX'TI-TV, It. [Low L. entity; Fr. entUc ; Sp. enti- tladi It. miiW ; from ens^ &>s«, lo be.] 1. Being ; easence ; cjcistencc. Fortune U no real entiiy. BenCey, 2. A real being, or species of being. i:V-TOlL', c. /. [E5oe Toil.] To take with toils; to in.«Qare; to entangle. furon. :.N-TO-.M.\-TOG'RA-PnV, n. [Gr. gr-./ia, an In- sect, and ypapr], a writing.] A discourse or treatise on the structure and habits r.f inserts. [Suprrsedcd by Entumologv.] _\-'i'O.MB', (en toom',) r. U [from toiab.\ To de- jHHtit in a tomb, as a dead body. Huoker. 9. To bury in a grave ; to iriter. * E\-T0MD'/;D, ;j^. ora. Deposited in a tomb; buried i intm'mfcnt,) n. Burial. Barrow, N'-TOMTC, a. Relating to inserts. X'TO-MOID, a, [Gr. L^Tjpi and ciJoj.] Like an iuMfCt. N-Tu.M'O-LrrE, «. [Gr. e^ro/ia, insect, and Aifloj, ■'tone.] A !»• trified insect, E'h Enrpe. ,\-T< )-MO-UOGie-AL, a. Pertaining to the science of iUMfttS. V-TO-MOL'O-GIST, M. One versed in the science '.t insects. > Tr)MoL'0-6Y, n. [Gr. cyrofUL, insect, from .'ind r /j''w, to rut, and >oj95, discourse.] ■ ^rtrt of Zfwiogy which trt^ais of insect^i ; Ibe >>T natural hi>i TO .MOJJ-TOX'A-TA, B. pL [Gr. ct'TOftui and Tr.^ia.] Ill :> 7-'/w, a family of Moltiisca, nearly corre- ii the (.'r-nut) Huccinuni of Linnaeus. iL\-CA.\, n, A crijstaceiin belonging (ind diviriion. Th*'y are mostly small 1 my are parasitic. |{A-€OU£3, a. Belonging to the ento- KNT ENU -i ' I.N u;, c. [Gr- fv and rii'os-] Relating lu pMairistic dirt'Jifji*,articiple, entranced^ is com- mon. 2. To put in an ecstasy ; to raWsh the soul with dcliyht or wonder. Ami I ao nirUIvH] wiih h*r b^.-ircnty note, 1 Wood en'rancei, ami li.ui n>* ruoiii fiir UiuHght. Dryrt.en, E.N'-TRXXC'ED, pp. or a. Put in a trance; having the soul withdrawn, and the Iw.dy Ufl in a state of ins^-nsihility ; enraptured; ravished. EX-TiUXCE'AIEXT, n. A state of trance or ecstasy. llicK IJieU EX-TRXXC'IXG, pjir. Carrying away the soul; en- rapturing; ravishing. EX-TRAF', c. u [Fr. atiaaperi It. attrajjpare. See To catch, ns in a trap ; to insnare ; Hsen ; Mipphration. Th«!p.«iT u»^h entrmliui Imt ibo rich aiuwertUi roughlr.— Pruv, xviii, rr..> iiig with iii'icli enlrfoiy. — U Cor. via. ^.-V-'/'/i-K/;', (iing-trl',) n. [Fr.] iiteroUj, a coming in, or entry. 2. Freedom of access ; as, the entr6e of a bouse. 3. A course of dishes. EJ^^-TRF^-JTETS' ^ ("ing-tr-ma',) n. [Fr. entre and mcts, or L. intrumissum. It. tramcsso.] A term applied to Kinall plates, or dainty dishea, set between the principal dishes at table. Mortimer. Fr. Diet. E^TTRE ^roUSy QAii^'tr-noo,) [Fr.j Between our- selves. E^'-TREr-POVy Qlng-tr-po',) n. [Fr. eiitre and p3/, for pasty positum.] A warehouse or map»ziiiei,for the deposit of goods. This term is applied, in ^w/ire and some otJter conn- triesy to a building or place where g*iods from abroad may be depasiti-d, and from whi-nce tluy may he withdrawn for exportation to another country with- out paying a duty. Brande. EX-TRICK', r.(. [from fo-itt.] To trick ; to deceive ; to entanele. [Ob.i.] Chaucer. EX'TRO-eilTTE, n. [Gr. TpoX"i, a wheel.] A term applied to separate joints of the stem of an encrinite. [See K.ncbinitk.] When first named, their nature was not understood. Dana. EX'TRY, n. [Fr. entree, See Enter.] 1. The passage by wliicli persons enter a house or otlier building. 2. The act of entering; entrance; ingress; as, the entry of a person into a house or city ; the entnf of a river into the sea or a lake ; the entry of air inlo the bliKjd ; the entry of a spi^ar into the llesh. 3. The act of entering and taking possession of lands or other estate. 4. The act of committing to writing, gr of record- ing in a bo((k. Make an entry of every sale, of every debt and credit. 5. The exhibition or depositing of a ship*s papers at the custom-house, to procure license to land goods; or the giving an account of a ship's cargo to the ofii- cer of the customs, and obtaining his permission to land the goful:--. EX TCXK', r. t. [from tune.] To tune. Chaucer. EX-TCN'^:i), pp. Tuned ; chanted. FV-TCX'IXG, pi>r. 'Atning ; chanting. EX-TWTXl-y, r. f. [from tieine.] I'o twine ; to twist E.N-TWTX'KD, /-p. Twisted. frnund. EX-TWTXE'MEXT, n. A twisting r(»und ; uni:m. E\-TWTX'IXG, jtpr. Twi.»Jting round. [/iackei. E.\-TW*IST', c. (. [from twist.] To twist or wreath aninnd. EN-TW(ST'ED, pp. Twisted together. EX-TWIST'ING, ppr. Twisting together. E-XC'Itl-LATE, r. t. [h. e and nubila, mist, clouds.] To clear from mist, clouds, or obscurity. [Aot in vf-] ijicu E-XO'ni-LOUS, a. Clear from fog, mi.'?t, or clouds. E-XC'CLE-ATE, tJ. U [L. enucleo; e and uucUusy a kernel.] Proiterttjl to take out the kernel. Hence, L To clear fmm knots or lumps ; to clear from in- tricacj- ; to disenUingle. Tuoke. 2. To open, as a nucleus; henc«, to explain; to clear from obsrurity ; to make tnanifest. Ouorl. E-XC'CLE-A-TED,;;/). Cleared from knots; disclosed; explained. E-XO'eLE-A-TIXG, /TT. Clearing from knotj; ex- ptnining. E-XU-CLE-A'TFOX, n. The act of clearing from knots ; a disentangling. Neither «ir, iior wmrr, nor fool, tffxn rtiivctly to funtrilnit? any Uiiiig to Ut« enue'eaUoH of titu tiiacoft^', \tiiepiim J\lopica.] 2. Evplanation ; ftill exposition. E-.\C''iMER-ATE, r. L [L. enumcro ; e anil numeroy numerusy numW-r.] To count or tell, number by number ; to reckon or mention a number of things, each separately ; ns, to enumerate the stars in a cnnstellaliun ; to aiumcrau particular acts of kindness; we can not enumerate our dailv merrir.-». E-NO'MEll-A-TED, pp. Counted or told, number by nujnber; reckoned or mcnlioned by distinct particu- lars. E-XO'MER-A-TIXG, ppr. Counting or reckoning any number, bv the particulars which conipuse it. E-XU-MER-"A'TI0\, n. [L. entrmrnitio.] 1. The act of counting or telling a number, by naming each particular. 2. An account of a nuinticr of things, in which mention is made of every pnrticiihir article. 3. In rhetoric, a part of a pemnilion, in which the orator rerapitulales the princip;il jioints or heads of the di;^course or argument. E-XO'MER-A-TIVE, a. Counting; reckoning tip. Ba. Taylor. E-XUN'CIATE, P. U [L. cnuncio; e and nuncio, to tell.] To utter ; to declare ; to proclaim ; to relate. Bp. Hnrhm Uttered E-XUX'CIA-TED, pp. nounc'^-d; proclaimed. E-XUX'CIA-TIXG, ppr, nouncing. Uttering declared ; pro* declaring ; pro- TONE, B|;i.L, T;xiTE.-AN"GEn, VI"CrOUS.-€ ns K ; G aa J ; 8 as Z j CU as SH ; Til as in THIS. ENV E-NUNaM-A'TIOX, n. Th« act of uttering or pro- nouncini;-, expressiun. i Maimer of mti-ring articiilnte nounda. In n pub- lic ilL-iroursc, it is uii|Mtnatit iliat tlie enuHaatufn should tK- clear and tli.->tinct. 3. Derlanitiun ; open proclamation ; public ntlpsta- tion. Taylor. A. IntelUfPnce ; Informntion. fiide, E-NUN'CIA-TIVE, a. JVrUuniiig to enunciation; declarative. ^y/^ifK E-NUN'CIA-TIVE-LY, adc. Declaratively. E-NUN'CIA-TO-RY, a. Containing utterance or sound. WiUom** Heb, Oram. EN-VAS'SAL, T. t [tmmvataal] To reduce to va». calage. 9. To make over to another a* a slave. Mart. E\-VAS'SA I^ATl), pp. Enslaved. EN-VASSALr-IXG, ppr. Reducing to riaverr. EX-VEL'OP, c, L [Ft. nvtLrpvrr; It, inrHuppart^ mrriiuppare, to wnp ; vth^p*, a bundle, intricacy.] L To cover by wrapjuitg or folding; to inwrap ; to inve-st with a covering. Animal bodies atv usually smttloptd with skin \ the nifrclmnt encetops goods with canvas ; a letter Is enrfiopfti with paper. 2l To surround entirely ; to covur on all sides ; to bide. A ship was envdoped in fog ; tlie troops were mrH«2*^ in duaz. 3. TO line ; to cover on the Inside. Bbkoa (ml— taMloparf withgsU. S^mmmt. ENHTEL-CPE, > (TT» Prench pronunciation, Ung-vtl- EN-VEL'OP, \ Gpt', id still common. Watk.rsays it ought to be pntnounccd like the verb, and hence E:fVEiA>r wtHilU be the prcferaUo orthogmphy.) n. [Ft.] A wrapper; an including cover ; an investing integumMit ; as, the timltpe of a letter, or of the heart. 2. In/9rti/Ecaeia]i,a mound of oartb, imbed to eorer some weak part of the works. Prands. 3. In boioMf^ a floral cucwiDM is one of the parts of t'rurtiiicaiiiin sunoundiBg tne stamens and pistils. The eiivt-Ui(x3 are formed itf oneor more whorls of abnormully developed leaves. tindUif, 4. In astrt>nomy, the ea e stsp s ci a comet (some- limes called the cMu) is a dense, nebulous coveringi which frequently renders tlie edge of the mudetu or body indii^iinct. OlmMed. EX-VEL'OP->:i), (en-vel'opt,) pp. Inwrappcd ; cov- ered on all sides ; surrounded un all sides ; inclitsed. EN-VCL'OP>ING,ppr. Inwrappinc; folding around ; covering or tuirrouoding un all oides, as a case or in- tegument. lUN-VLL'OP-MENT. a. A wrapping; au iuclostug or Covering on all sides. EX-VE.\'OM, r. t. [from Tenom,]^ To poison; to taint or impregnate with venom, or any substance noxious to life ; luvsr app/isrf, in tku «*■««, ts peraans, hU U wumt. drimk, or wimpoiu ; as, an tow or sfaan ; an rarauHiisrf potion. 5. To taint with bitterness ur malice ; as, the sa- e— SBied tongue of slander. 3. To make odioos. O, what a world h itiii, wfcta wksi b eocMly Emanomu him thai facwa k 1 Bhmk. 4. I'o enrage ; to exasperate. Dryden. EX-\*E\'OM-/:D, pp. or a. Tainted or impregnated with venom or poison ; imhittered ; exa^iperateid. EN'-VE.\'OM-I.\G, ppr. Tainting with venom ; pois- oning; imbittering ; enraging. EX-VER'MEIL, c. L [h't. rermciL] To dve red. MUton. EN'Vl-A-BUE, a. [See Estt.] That may excite envy ; capable of awakening ardent desire of pos- session. The situatioii of men in utlice is not always swmMs. EN'VI-A-BLY, adv. In an enviable manner. EN'VI-ZD, pp. or a. [See Emtt, the verb.] Sub- jected to envy. EN'VI-ER, It. One who envies another; one who de- sires what another po«esscs, and h.'ilcs him because bis condition i:) better than his own, or wishes liis downfall. EN'VI-OUS, o. rrr.nvieux. See Ext t.] 1. Feeling or harborine envj- ; repining or fcelin* uneasiness, at a view of the excellence, prosperiiy_ or happmess of another ; pained by tlte desire of pos- aessiog some superior grx>d which another possesses, and usually disponed to deprive him of that good, to lessen it, or to depreciate it, in c^'mmun estimation. Sometimes followed by against, but generally and properly by at, before ilie person envied. Neither be ifaoo tnniotu at tbe wickrd. — Prar. xxiv. It is followed by of before the thing. Be not envi- tut of the blesiiings or prtwperiiy of others. 9k Tinctured with envy ; a^, an otriViLN disposition. 3. Excited or directed by envy ; as, an envious at- tack. EN'VI-OL'3-LY, adv. With envy; with malignity excited by the excellence or prudperity of another. tiow cimouciy the latlks look ^ MM -jcy surpciK tut u my book t Sui/L EN'VI-OUS-NESa envious. The quality or state of being ENW EN-VI'RON, r. (. [Fr. environnrr, from environ, there- about ; fJi and nren, from rtrcr, to turn, Sp. Mror, Eng. to veer. Class Br.] 1. To surround ; to encompass ; to encircle ; as, a plain rnrirunrd with mountains. 2. To Involve ; to envelop ; as, to environ with darkness, or with ditBculties. 3. To besiege ; ns, a city environed with troops 4. To inclose ; to invest. That nlil'KT, that man ofiioD, Wtioiti riUi of humir alt tnnron. Cltaveland. EN-VT'RON-KD, pp. Surrounded ; encompassed ; besieged; involved; invested. EX-VI'RON-IXlI, ppr. Surrounding ; encircling ; besiepinc ; inclooiiig ; involving ; investing. The appropriation of diil'crent parts of the globe to some IKirticiitar speeiea of stone rnriruning it. EN-VI'KON-ME.NT, n. Act of surrounding ; state of beiuB envin^ned. E.V-VI'RON* or E\'VI-RON», w. pi. The parts or places which surround another place, or lie in it^ neighborhtxKl, on different sides; as, the ntririfH^ of a city i>r town. ChesUrJteld. EX'VOY. B. [Fr. envovi, an envoy, from mcnyer, to send. The correspoudinff Italian word is inviato, an envoy, that ia, sent; and tlic verb inviare, to send. The Spanish is enviado ; and the verb enviar, to send. Port. uL Hence, rntoy is from tiie root of L. via, Eng. way, contracted from viag^ vag; or trag ; It. viaggiartt to travel ; Sp. viagej way, voyage. Class Bg-j 1. A person deputed by a prince or government, to negotiate a treaty, or transact other business, with a foreign prince or government. VVe usually apply the woni to a public minister sent on a special occasion, or for one particular purpose ; hence, an envoy \s dis- tinguished from an embassador or permanent resident at a foreign court, and is of inferior rank. But en- voys are ordimay and eitraordiuary, and the word may sometimes be applied to resident ministers. iL A common messenger. [Mot in use.} Blackmore, 3. Formerlyy a postscript sent with compositions, to introduce or enforce tliem. [Fr. cnroi.] Warton. EN'VOV-SHIP, «. Theotfice ofan envoy. Coventry. EX'VY. e. (. [Fr. mritr ; Ann. aria ; from L. inrideo ; in and video^ to see against, that is, to kK>k with en- mity.] 1. To feel uneasiness, mortification, or discontent, at the sight of superi<»r Excellence, reputation, or happiness enjoyed by another ; to repine at another's prosperity ; to fret or grieve one's self at the real or sni^ioaed superiority of another, and to hate him on tliat account. £nay not Ihoo tb* omirrMnr. — Pro*, lii. Wlwevcr MwiM UMMner, udifeatca Uui tupcriorltj, linmbltr. 3. To grudge ; to withhold maliciously. Dryden. Ta €mcm aif used by auUtora formerly, is now obso- lete. Who wcMikl «iuy at the pravperity of the wicked ? Taylor, EN'VY, n. Pain, uneasiness, mortifiration,or discon- tent excited by the sight of another's superiority or success, accompanied with some degree of hatred or malignity, and uflen or usually witit a desire or an etfort to depreciate the person, and with pleasure in seeing him depressed. Envy springs from pride, am- bition, or love, mortified that another has obtained what one has a strong desire to ])osHess. £nvy ami adminttion are the Scylls and Ch.MjbdaoT nuihors. Popt, All bun»n Tinue, to tu Utr«t brmih, finds «fi0y ncTcr conqiifreil, but hj death. Papt. Emulation differs from envr/, in not being accompa- nied with haired, and a desire to depress a more for- tunate person. Eney, to which the i^nobUr miiid'i a alave, la emuiaiUm in the Icani-^tl or bntre. Pop€. It ia followed by of or to. They did this in envy of Cesar, or in enty to his genius. The former seems to be preferable. 2. Rivalry; competition. [Lttfic iwcrf.] Dryden. 3. Malice ; malignity. You turn the good we offer into enny. ShnJt. 4. Public odium; ill repute ; invidiousness. To duchu-ge tbe Idn^ at tlie «nvy of tliat ofiinion. Bacon. EN'VY-ING, ppT. Feeling uneasinesH at the superior condition and happiness of anotlier. EN'V'Y-I\G, n. Mortification experienced at the sup- posed prosi)erity and happiness of another. 2. Ill-will at others on account of some supposed siii>eriorilv. Oal. v. 21. E.\-\\'AL'LoW-^:D, (-wol'lode,) a. [from tvallow.'] Berne wallowed or wallowing. Spenser. E\-VVHEEI/, r. /. [from WieW.l To encircle. SAoA. EN-U'ID'i;.\, F. L [from iriJe.J To make wider. {J^ot E\-\VOMB', fen-woom' )b. L [from loymft.] To make pregnant. [JVwt ujied.] Spmser. 2. To bury ; to hide as in a gulf, pit, or cavern. Dunne. E.X-WOMB'ED, (-woomd',);)p. Impregnated ; buried in a deep gulf or cavern. EPH E.\-^^'KA^', (en-nn)',) t). U To envelop. [See In- WRAP,] EN-\VR.\P'MENT, Tt. A covering; a wrapping or wrapper. E\-\VRr:ATir/:D. SeelwwBiATHE. B'0-Cr;NE, a. [Gr. «<-Js, aurora, and Kaivuq, recent.] In gfohgy, u term applied to the earlier tertiary de- posits, in wliidi are a tew organic remains of exist- ing species of animals. Hence the term «t>cr7ie,whitli denotes the dawn of the existing slate of things. Dana. LyelL Mantdl E-0'1jI-AN, J a. Pertaining toifloUa or^olis, in Asia E-OL'ie, \ Minor, inlml)itcd by Greeks. The F.obc dialect of the Greek langimgc was the dialect u«ed liy the inhabitants of that countrj-. EoUan /i/rr, or Aar;i, is a simple stringed instrument that sounds by the impulse of air, so called from JEtdus, the deity of the winds. E-O'LIAN AT-tACII'MENT, n. A contrivance at- tached to a piano-forte, by which a stream of air can be thrtnvn upon trie chorda, which greatly increases the volume of sound. E-OL'l-PII>E, iu [^w/fw, the deity of the winds, and pHa, a ball.] A hollow ball of metal, with a pipe or slender neck having a very small oritire, used in hydraulic experi- ments. The ball, being filled with water, is heated, till the vapor issues from the orifice with great vi- olence and noise, exhibiting ttie elastic power of steam. hrande. E'ON, 7t, [Gr. flioji', age, duration.] In the FlaUmie philusirpkyy a virtue, attribute, or per- fection, existing from eternity. The Plalonists rep- resented the Deity as an assemblage of eons. The Gnostics considered eoruii ascertain sub::wers or divine natures emanating from the Snjireme Deity, and performing various parts in the opemticms of the universe. Encye. Enfield. EP, EP'I, [Gr; £:?(,] in composition, usually signifies on. E'PAGT, n. [Gr. f jra«rTpf,Bdscitition3, from cwayw, to adduce or brin;; ; itti and ay lo, to drive.] In chronology^ a term denoting the moon's age at the end of tlie year, or the nunibor of days by which tlie last new moon nas preceded the beginning of the vear. Brande. EP-AN-A-DIP-LO'SIS, n. [Gr.] Repetition ; a figure in rhetoric when a sentence ends witli the same word with which it Itegins. EP-AN-A-LKP'rilS, n. [Gr.] Resumption; a fii^ure of rhetoric l)y which the earne word is repeated in resuming tiie subject, as after a long pareiilhi'his,&.c. Buchanan. EP-AN'0-DOS, n. [Gr.] Return or inversion ; a rhe- torical figure, when a sentence or member is inverted or repealed backward ; as, "Woe to tliem who call good evil and evil yood.*' EP-AN-OK-THO'SIri, n. [Gr.] Correction; a figure of rhetoric in which a s]>caker recalls what he has said, for the sake of making it stronger. EP'ARCH, «. [Gr. c-napxoii £fft and a {i\Ti ^ Aomm' i.t. E'PHA, (p'fi,) »t- [Heb. nCN, or HD'^K, properly, a baking.] A Hebrew measure, equal, according to Jof^ephus, to the Attic mcdimnus^ or about one and a half (more exactly, one and four ninths} biisheh; Engliah. Robi}i3on''s Gesenius. E-PIIE.M'E-RA, (e-fem'e-ra,) n. [L., from Gr. t^ij/it- /3i>(, daily ; nrt and fj/icpu, a day.] 1. A fever of one day's continuance only. 2. The day-fly, or Alay-fly, a genus of insects, strictly, e liy that lives one day only ; but the word FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — M£TE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQ^K.- EPl 13 applied also to insects thnt are very short-lived, whether they live several days or an hour only. Tht-re are several species, E-PIIF.M'E^-RAL, i a. Diurnal ; beginning and end- E-PHEM'E-RIC, > ine in a day j continuing or ex- E-PHEM'E-ROUS, ) isiing one day only. 2. Short-lived ; existing or continuing for a short time only. [Eph£Meral m generally used, Ephemerous is not analomfjdly formed.] E-PHEM'E-RIS, n.,- pi, Ephemerides. [Gr. e-p>ific- piS.] ■ 1. A journal or account of daily transactions j a diary. 2. In astronomy^ an account of the daily state or positions of the planets or heavenly orbs j a table, or collection of tables, exhibiting tlie places of the planets ever)* day at noon. From these tables are calculated eclipses, conjunctions, and other aspects of the plan- ets. Brande. E-PUEM'E-RIST, «. One who studies the daily mo- tions and positions of the planets j an astrologer. Howell. E-PHEM'E-RON, n. The being of a day. E-PHEM'E-RON-WORM, n. [See Ephemera.] A worm that lives one day only. Dcrham. E-PHk'SI.IN, (e-f^'zhan,) a. Pertaining to Ephesui*, in Asia Minor. As a ntmn, a native of Ephesua. Hence, one of dissolute life. Shak. EPH-I-AL'TES, n. [Gr.] The nightmare. EPH'OD, (ef 'odO n. [Heb. tibn, from nsK, to bind.] In Jewish antiquitpy a part of the sacerdotal habil^ being a kind of girdle, which was brought from be- hind the neck over the two shoulders, and hanging down before, was put across the stomach, then car- ried round the waist, and used as a girdle to ttie tu- nic. There were two sorts ; one of plain linen, the other embroidered for the high priest. On the part in front were two precious stones, on which were engraven the names of the twelve tribes of Urael. Before the breast was a square piece or brea., to inspecL] In ancieat Sparta^ a magistrate chosen by the peo- ple. The ephors were five, and they were intended as a check on the regal power, or, according to some writers, on the senate. Encye. Mitford. EFII'OR-AL-TY, (ef'or-al-te,) n. The office, or terra of office, of an ephor. Maford. EP'ie, a. [L. epiciLs^ Gr. emitH^ from eirof, a song, or £jr«.', ciiT'j, to speak.] Narrative; containing narration ; rehearsing. An epic poem, otherwise call»jd heroic^ is a poem which narrates a story, real or fictitious, or both, represent- ing, in an elevated style, some signal action or scries of actions and events, usually the achievements of •ume distinguished hero, and intended to form the morals, and affect the mind with the love of virtue. The matter of the poem includes the action of the fa- ble, the incidenlji, episodes, characters, morals, and machinery. The /t/rm includes the manner of nar- ration, the diacwirses introduced, descriptions, senti- ments, sU'Ic, versification, figures, and other orna- ments. The end is to improve the morals, and inspire a love of virtue, braver}', and illuHtrious actions. EP'IG, n. An epic poem. [See Epic.] [Eacyc, EP'I-€ARP, Tu [Gr. £«■( and itrt/iiro^.] In botany, the outer coating of the pericarp.] EP'I-CKDK, n. [Gr. iin>cr,6ioi.] [Lindley. A funeral song or discourse. KP-I-Ci-:'l>I-.\L, (1. Epicedian ; elegiac EI" 1 <'K'I)IAN, tt. Elegiac; mournful. EP-I-€fyi>I-UM, n. An elegy. j EP'I-Cf.NE, a. or n. [Gr. tJUKoitfon £ti and KotfOfy common.] Common to both sexes ; a term applied to such , nouns as have but one form of gender, either the masculine or feminine, to indicate animals of both sexes ; as, QtvSt ^o«i ff^ '^^ u' ^i>^ cow. EP-I-CF>ftAS'Tie, a. [from the Greek.] Lenient; ax^uaging. EP-ie Tk'TIAN, (ep-ih-t«'shan,) a. Pertaining to Epirteius, a Stoic philosopher in the time of thr Ro- man em[K!ror Dotnilian. Jlrhuthnot. EP'I-€URE, n. [L. epicuru3, a voluptuary, from Epi- cunu.] Properly, a follower of Epicurus ; a man devoted to sensual enjoyments ; hence, one who indulges in the luxuries of the table. [The word is now used only or cfiicfiy in the latter 1. Pertaining to Epicurus, an ancient Greek phi- losopher ; as, the fptcKrean philosophy or tenets. Held. Q; Luxiirtous ; given to luxury ; contributing to the luxuht-s of the table. EP-I CO'Rl^^AN, i H. A follower of Epicnnis. EP-I €i; RK'AN, \ Encyc. Shaftesbury. 9. One givfn to the luxnries of the table. EP I €0'Ri;-AN-I«M, B. Attachment to the doctrines of Epicurus. Harria. EPI EP'I eU-RlSM, w. Luxury; sensual enjoyments; indulgences in gross pleasure ; voluptuousness. Shak, 9. The doctrines of Epicurus. iVarton. Bailey. EP'I-€U-RIZE, p. t. To feed or indulge like an epi- cure ; to riot ; to feast. Fuller. 2. To profess the doctrines of Epicurus. CudvsorUi. EP'I-Cy-€LE, n, [Gr, ini and *tt.«A..s, a circle.] In the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, a little circle, whose center moves round in the circumference of a greater circle ; or a small circle, whose center, being fixed in the deferent of a planet, is carried along with the deferent; and yet, by its own peculiar motion, carries the body of the planet fastened to it round its proper center. Ed. Encyc. EP-l-CV'eLOID,T». [Gr. e^riKixXoeiSiis ; nrij jcyxXof, and £i(^'j«:, form.] In gwmetry, a curve generated by any point in the plane of a movable circle, which rolls on the inside or outside of the circumference of a fixed circle. Ed. Encvc EP-I-CV-€LOID'AL, a. Pertaining to the epicycloid, or having its properties. Encyc Epl'l-DEM'ie-AI,, \ -^ i^'- '"• ""* ^"""f- P'^'P'^-J 1, Common to many«people. An epidemic disease is one which, inde^tendent of local cause, seizes a great number of people at the same time, or in the same season. Thus we s|)eak of epidemic fever ; epidemic catarrh. It is used in disUnctiou from en- demic 2. Generally prevailing ; affecting great nimibera ; as, qudemie rage ; an epidemic eviL EP-I-l>E.M'ie, n. A disease generally prevalent, but not dependent upon any local morbific cause, and not confined to any season, climate, region, or country. The influenza of October and November, 1789, that of .March and April, 1790, that of the winter 1834-5, and that of 1825-6, were very severe epidemics. Tally. EP-I-DE.M'I€-AL-LY, ad. In an epidemical manner. EP'I-I)EM-Y, tu A prevailing, common, or general disease, not dependent on local causes. DungVison, EP-I-DICUM'ie, / a. Pertaining to or like the epi- EP-I-DER.M'I-DAL, i dcnnis^ covering the skin or bark. The tpidermas texture. i^rwan. EP-I-DERM'IS, n. [Gr. eniScppn ; em and dcp/ia, skin.] The cuticle or scarf-skin of the body ; a thin mem- brane covering either the skin of animals, or the bark of plants. Encyc. Martyn. EP-M)ieT'I€, a. [Gr. e-TihixriKn^.] Thnt explains, exhibits, or lays open ; applied by the Greeks to a kind of oratory, called by the Latins demonstrative. Brougham, EP'I-DOTE.M. [from Gr. £tnSti(.}pi; so named from the enlargement of the base of the primary, in some of the secondary forms.] A mineral of a green or gray color, vitreous luster, and partial trancpanncy. The primary form of the crystals is a right rhomboidal prism. It consists of silica, aluimna, lime, and oxyd of iron, or manganese, /nisite is a variety of epidot^, DoTia, EP-I-l)OT'I€, a. Pertaining to epidote, or containing it. Jfitchcock. EP-I-GAS'TRIC, a. [Gr. en and ynmo, belly.] Pertaining to the upper and anterior jiart of the ab- domen ; as, tlie epigastric region ; the epigastric arte- ries and veins. Qainey lv.\MJ'v».\ *=«?"■<■«'• EP'I-GENE, a. [Gr. fjn, upcm, and ytvonat, to begin to be.] In geology, formed or originating on the surface of the earth ; opposed to hypogene ; as, epigene rocks. Dana, The word WTis formerly used in crystallography^ to denote forms of crystals not natural to the substances in which they are found. EP-I-Gk'OUS, o. [Gr. tir(,upon, and yrjj earth.] In hotany, growing close upon the earth. Lindley. EP-I-GLoT'TIC, a. Belonging to the epiglottis. EP-LGLOT'TIS, n. [Gr. ctti; Awrrij ,' cm and jpAwrra, the totigtie.J In anatomyj one oTlhe cartilages of the larynx, whose use is to protect the glottis, when food or drink is passing into the stomach, to prevent it from entering the larynx and obstructing the breath. Quinaj. EP'I-GRAM, n. [Gr. £n-(j/ia^^j, inscription ; cjt* and ^/Mtfif/'i, a writing.] A short po(-m treating only of one thing, and enrt ; c/rt and yoinlxi}^ to write.] 1. Among antiquartesy nn inscription on a building pointing out the time of its erection, the builders, its uses, Slc. Encyc. 2. In literature, a citation from some author, or a sentence framed for the purpose, placed at the com- mencement of a work, or at its separate divisions ; a motto. Brande. E-PIG'Y-NOUS, a, [Gr. sn-i and yvvr,.'] In botany, a term used when the stamens are united both with the surface of the calyx and of the ovary. [Obs.] Lindley. EP'I-LEP-SY, n. [Gr. £7riAr/i^(a,from C7r(>a/./?ttf{J,to seiz.e.] The falling sickness, so called because the patient falls suddenly to the ground ; a disease characterized by general muscular agitation, occasioned by clonic spasms, without sensation or consciousness, and commonly recurring at intervals. Oood, EP-I-LEP'l'ie, a. Pertaining to the falling sickness j affected with epilepsy ; consisting of epilej>sy. EP-I-LEP'Tie, M. One affected with epilepsy. E-PIL'O-GISM, n. [Gr. imXovippus.] Computation ; enumeration. Gregory. EP-I-LO-GIS'TIC, o. Pertaining to epilogue; of the nature of an epilogue. EP'I-LOGUE, (ep'i-log,) n. [L. epilogus, from Gr. cjTiXojoy, condusion ; tirtAtyw, toconclude ; £ir( and Acvw, to speak.] 1. In oratory, a conclusion; the closing part of a discourse. In which the principal matters are recapitu- lated. Encyc. 2. In the drama, a speech or short poem addressed to the spectators by one of the actors, after the con- clusion of the play. EP'i-LO-GrZE i "• *• '^^ pronounce an epilogue. EP'I-LO-GUIZE, tJ. L To add to, in the manner of an epilogue. EP-I-NI"CION, (ep-e-nish'un,) n. [Gr. cnivtKiov ; ctti and fiKiii.^, to conquer.] A song of triumph. [JVot in use.] Warton, EP-LNYCTIS, n, [Gr-cm and vuf, wxrog, night.] An angry pufilule, api>earing in the night. EP-I-PE-DOM'E-TRY, n. [Gr. ctti, jrovf, and perpov.] The mensuration of figures standing on the same base. [JVot used.] Knovles. E-PIPH'ANY, (c-pifa-ne,) n. [Gr. nntpaveia, ap- pearance ; £rt iiKvoi, to apjjcar ; (iri and '/kiiko.j A church fesitlval celebrated on the sixth day of January, the twelfth day after (Jliristmas, in com- niemnnition of the appoiirnnce of our Savior to the mngians or philosophers of the East, who came to adore him with presents; or, as others maintain, to commemorate the appearance of the star to the magiaris, or the manifestation of Christ to the Gen- tile's, Jerome and Chrysostom lake the epiphany to be the day of our Savior's baptism, when a voice from heaven declared, " This is my beloved Son, in whom 1 am well pleased." The Greek fathers use the word for the appearance of Christ in the world, the sense in which Paul uses the word. 3 Tim. \. 10. Encyc EP-I-PMO-NE'MA, n. [Gr. ciri^wi'iifa, exclamation ; sn-j and 4>ix>^^ll.^.] In oratory, an exclamatory sentence or striking re- flection ; as, adinimble clemency ! How inconstant is the favor of princes I Rich. Diet. E-PIPH'O-RA, (e-pif 'o-ri,) n. [Gr. tin and (/.tpw, to bear.l^ 1. The watery eye; a disease in which the tears, frvtm increased secretion, or some disease of the lachrjmal passage, accumulate in front of the eye and trickle over the cheek. Cyc Parr. 2. In rhetoric, the emphatic repetition of a word or phrase, at the end of several sentences or stanzas. EP-I-PHYL-LO-SPKRM'OUS, a; [Gr. ctt*, (pyWov^ a leaf, and (rircrt/m, seed.] In botany, bearing their seeds on the back of the leaves, as ferns. Harris. E-PIPII'YL-LOUS, (e-pif'il-lus,) a. [Gr. tin and oso of articulation, formed from a distinct center of ossification, and in the young subject connected with the larger bones by an intervening cartilage, which in the adult is obliterated. Parr. E-PIPH'Y-TAL, a. [Gr. £7ri and 0urflc, a plant.] Pertaining to an epiphyte. EP'I-PIITTE, n, [Gr. cm and ^urfti-.] A plant which grows on other plants, but does not penetrate their substance, nor absorb their juices. EP-I-PHYT'ie,a. Having the nnlurc of an epiphyte. TONE, BWLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOU8 C as K ; as J ; « as Z ; CH as SH ; TH ea In THIS, 403 EPI EP-I rLKX'IS, a. [Or.] In rArti'Wc.anfjure by wlikh a p-^rstin sfek^ to cun\'iDC« and move by a kind of (Eenllc upbtniding. BacJutHOiu E-PIP'LO-0E,-i. [Gr.rrtirXojcJT, impllcalion ; e-i and xX K \ toTuld.] A fiaurc of r>i"*-ri'-. *••■ " ''* t^ n..,.r^.-,fi.,n, or striking cimnn i t'» another; a*, " '"t c,.'-f '""•'■' 'i'->;i , , ..... . .. -.-.:. aucd V. MiCi-d Uiein.-* , Jt^kHMn. E> see. See Itistiop.] I. LUmmg, ■■■■■ ■ -.ichf or corcfUl inspec- tion. Jame^t. Il'.ui c, 3. Giovt^rnmt-nt of tiie rhurch by biffhons or prel- ate* ; IImI f r:ii -.-f . . . I ■ ;.i>!:f il C'V.'fliiii' nT, in or prclatc-s ; :•.-. d.cium ^ fiu^-Ci'j-ui au- tiionir. 2. 6-PY, a. Survey ; impcrintcndence ; search. Miiton. EP'I-SODE, «. [from the Cr.] Tn p»^ry, a wpamte Incident, story, or action, introduced for the purpose of giving a gn'atrr variety to the events relnti-d in the poem ; an incidcnlAl namtive, or dtgrrssiun, separable from the main subject, but naDintlly arising fVom it. Jokn^fu Ene^- EP-I-80D'!C, ( s. Pertnlning to an episode i EP-I-SOiyiC-.^L, t contained in an episode or di- gression. Dryden. EP-I-SOIVie-AI^LY, «iK By way of episode. SeotL EP-I-SP.\:^'TI€, & [Gr. txia:TAertKa, from critfTau, to draw.] In mrdteinr, drawing; nur.- lars lo the skin : e-Tciting action in tht- - tj. EP-I-i^PAS'Tie. n. A topiciil : . . ,ip d to the extrrnal pirl v( the body, fur ihc jiuriJ»»i3 of produ- cins intlainmaiion and vesication. Ktuyt^ Coxt. EP'I-SPERM, n, [Gr. c-rt and rs and correspondence ; familiar ; as, : . le. J. t •>:t:t:n:L-d in letters ; carried on by letters; as, an qfi^olarv correspondence. EP-IS-TOL'ie, i a. Pertaining lo letters or epis- EP IS-TOL'ie-AL, 1 Ues. S. Dcsignaiing the method of representing ideas by lettijrs and wonU. H'arburton, E-PiS'TO-LIZE, t. i. To write epiaUes or letters. E-PI-S'TO-LTZ-ER. ». A writer of ep^Ues. Ifinoen. E-PiS-TO-LO-GHAPH'ie, a. Pertaining to the writ- ing of IcUer*. E-PIS-TO-LOG'UA-PHY, n. [Gr. imeToXrj, a letter, and yoajk' •, to write.] Tiie art or practice of writing letter*. .Kneye. E-PIS'TRO PHE, «. [Gr. t^toTooipni "' wd trrt^Jtpnj a reium.i EI'I A liffuro in rhetoric^ in which several sucrcssive Bciitenoes end witli tiiu saau word or nttirmation. Bailri/. J!f*A. EP'I-STYLE, m. [Gr. tTt and ftri..\of, a column.] In aaeieiu arekaerturfy a term U:«cd by the <>reek8 for what is now called the architrave^ a massive pirce of stone or wood laid immediately on the akacus of the capital uf a colunm or pillar. OwUt. EP'I-TAPII, (ep'e-iaf,) tu [Gr. cti and rui/ioi, a st'p- ulcher.] 1. An Inscription on a monum»nt, in honor or memory of the dead. Tbe tpiupka of ttio pTv«mi dnjr xn cntnmmj wlih riilsom« conipiiitif >iu rxfYvt lartiU'A, Entyc. Cou you llt Tont'^iU to ihr hoiinr of a Hccontal cuLtiii, a •f<)"ii>lid (tuiraai, A lOM'drtiif tnonumeiit — h muy tv x lytii; a A eulogy, in prose or verse, cnrnpost^ without any inlcnt to beengraven on a nionumt-nt, as that on Alexander; "SulHcit huic tumulus, cul nun Hutfice- ret nrhi.^" Kneyc. EP-I-TA'Pni-AX, I a. Pertaining to on epitaph. KP-I-TAPMIC, i JMilton. E-PIT'A-^IS, H. [Gr.) In the ancimt drama^ that n-irt which embraces ilie main nctiun of a play, and leads on lo the caiastroplie ; opposed tu pri>tasi.<. [:See PaoTAiis.] Jittchmuxn. The term has also boon sometimes applied lo that part of an oration which appeals to the (Ktssions. EP-I-TUA-La'MI-U.M, { n, [lit. errt^aXa^tov i rmnnd EP-I-THAL'A-MV, S ij iau^.j, a bt-d chamber.] A nuptial song or poem, in praise of the bride and bridegniom, and praying for their prosperity. EP'I-TUE.M, n. [Gr. ciriSii^a,- tiri and Tt^rjpi^ lo pi ice.] In pharmacy^ A kind of fomentation or poultice, to be ap}4ied externally to strengUien the pari. Eneyc. Any external application, or topical medicine. The term h.-LS been restricted to liquids in which cioilis are dipped, lo be applied to a )>art. Parr. Tamtr. EP'I-TnET-a. [Gr. fTiSfiToc, a name added, from siri and r'di"i, to place.] An adjective npres^iiuK some rtial quality of the thing lo which it is ap|>tird, or an attributive ex- pre.>ising f^tine quality ascribed to it ; as, a verdant fawn ; a brilltant appearance ; a junl man ; an acca- mtf description. It is sometimes used for title, name, phrase, or ex- pTPS:4ion ; but imprt>perly. EP'I-TilEf , c. t. To entitle; to describe by epithets. Wottun. EP-I-THET'I€, tt. Pertaining to .an epithet or epi- thets ; containing or consisting of epithets. 3. Abounding with epithets. A :*tyte or composi- tion may be too epithetU. l?:!:'n'iu:.MfT'lt'AL,i «- [Cr. <«S.^,r,.«.] Inclined to lust ; itertaining to tbe animal passion. ^ Brown. E-PIT'O-ME, n. [Gr. cs-trtri/r, from cirt and rcpvtjjj to cul, ro;*':, a cuttine, a section.] An abridgment ; a brief summary or abstract of any book or writing ; a co>n[»end:uiu containing the substance or principal matters of a book. Epitomt* in helpful lo the rec.aory. Walton. E-Pn"0-.MIt?T, B. An epitomizer. E-PIT'O-MiZE. r. U To shorten or abridge, as a writing or discourse ; to abstract, in a summar)', the principal matters of a book ; to contract into a nar- rower compass. Xiphilin epitomized Dion's Koman History. 9. To diminish; to curtail. [Lens prirper.] E-PIT'O-MIZ-KD, pp. or a. Abrid-ied ; Bli:.Ttened ; contracted into a emailcr compass, as a book or writing. E-PIT'O-MIZ-ER, n. One who abridges ; a writer of an epitome. E-PIT'O-MTZ-ING, ppr. Abridging ; shortening ; making a suntmary. EP'I-TRITE, -n. [Gr. i-tTHtroi ; firi and rpiruj, third.] In prosody^ a foot consisting of three long sylla- bles and one short one; as, satut^ntes, c&ncUatI, Incaniare. E-PIT'RO-PE, ti, [Gr. eirirpsrrfj, from CTirpcTfj, to permif.] In rhelortCj concession ; a figure by which one thing is granted, with a view to obtain an advan- tage ; as, I admit all this may be inic, but what is this lo the purpo;;e? I concede the fact, but it over- thruws your own argum'-'nt. Encyc EP-I-ZECX'IS, n. [Gr.l A figure in rhetoric in which a word i^ repeated with vehcfnence ; as, you, you, Antony, pushed Cesar upon tb^ civil war. lF:l:5B;-l-:';..";,.h«™'?'^"'-] Terms appliea to a class of animali^, usually ver- miform, which live parasiticatly on other animals ; opjwsed to the entozoa. Dana, EP-I-ZO-OT'ie, a. [Gr. ctti and ^t.jjr, animal.] EQU 1. Pertnining to the animnls called epiioaiut. 2. In iffolojf^ii, an epithet formerly given to such mountains as c€H, I re. [L. epochal Gr. inox^^ retention, dc- EP'O ClIA, \ liiv, stop, from tn-exw, to inhibit; em, and t\t>\ to hold.] 1. In chronology, a fixed point of time, from which succeeding years nre numbered : a point from wliicli coniputatiun of years becins. The exod.is of the Israelites from Egypt, and the Biibylonish captivity, nre reniiukalile epochs in their hist4>ry. 2. Any fixed time or period ; the period when any thing bt'dins or is remarkably previUimt; as, the epoch of f:U:*ehood ; tlio epock of woe. Domic Prior. 'I'hf t'lflTritli ceimiry wm iho unluippy epoch of niiliwry estab. lUtiiiieuU ill liiiie orpeucc. Aiadi40n. EP'ODE, n. [Gr. fjrtjjrj ; fjrt and (oSn-, ode.J In h/rie poetry, l\w third or last part ot the ode; that which follows (he stmphe and antistrophe ; the ancient ode being divided into strophe, anti:*trophe, and elKHte. 1'he word is now used as tbe nnme of any little verse or verses, that follow one or more great ones. Thus a pentameter after a hexameter is an e)K>de. E'fcyr.. EP-OD'ie, a, Pertnining to, or resembling, an epode. EP-O-PEiy, n, [Gr. iiroj, a song, and jt^uw, to make.] An epic poem. Jlfnre pruperly, the history, action, or fible^ which makes the subject of an epic poem. EP'O.S, n. [Gi. CTTOi.] [EMyc An epic poem, or its fable or sulyect. EP'SOM-.SALT i the sulpli.ate of magnesia, an anti- pliIOEistic cathartic, producing watery discharges. £-/'ifO(7-r/:7'7'£',(ri-proo-vet',)n. [FrJ In irunncry, a nmchine for proving the strength of gunpowder. EP'l^-LA-UY, a, [L. epularis, from epulum, a feast,] IVrtainintt to a feast or banquet. Bailey. EP-lJ-F*A'TiUN, n. [L. epulalio, from epulovj to feast.] A feasting or feast. Brown. EP'U-LO.SE, a. [L. epulum.] Feiijiting to excess. EP-U-LOS'i-TY, n. A feasting to excess. EP-i-j-LOT'ie, a. [Gr. inovXotTtKU, from etouAow, to heal, to cicatrize ; em and uoXt], a cicatrix, unXtj, to be sound, ovX'-i, wliule.] Healing; cicatrizing. EP-U-IiOT'I€, n. A medicament or application which tends to dry, cicatrize, and heal wounds or ulcers, to repress fungous tlesh, and dispose the parts to recover soundness. Coze. Q,uincy. EP-U-Ra'TIO\, ». A purifying. E-QUA BIL'I-TY, n, [See E^jUAni-E.] Equality In motion ; continued equality, at all times, in velocity or movement ; uniformity ; as, the cijiiabUity of the motion of a heavenly body, or of the blood in the arteries and veins. 2. Continued equality ; evenness or uniformity ; as, the equability of the temperature of Uie air ; the etfiiability of the mind. E'UlJA-llLE, a. [L. ^quabilis, from aqiius^ equal, even, ffquo, to equal. In level.] 1. Efptal and uniform at all times, as motion. An equable motion continues the same in degree of ve- locity, neillier accelerated nor retarded. 2. Even; smooth; having a uniform surface or form ; as, an equable gl^lie or plain. Bentley. fe'aUA*IILE-NESS, n. State of being equable. £'C1UA-HLY, adv. With an equal or uniform m^ tion ; with continued uniformity; evenly; as, bod- ies moving equably in concentric circles. Liicyne. £'QUAL, a, [L. ^fitalis, from aquuf, equal, even, itifuoy to equal, perhap.^ Gr. cu.os, similar; Fr. egali Sji. it ; elii and the crystal can nut e'juai iL — Job zxviii. f:'aU.\L-£D, pp. Made equal. K'Q,L".-VL-INvi, jfpr. Making equal. •E-UU^L'I-TY, (e-kwul'e-tc,) k, [L, itqualitas.] 1. An agreement of things in diinensit>ns, quan- tity, or qiiiUity ; likcnt^ss ; similarity in regard to two thmg? ci>mpared. We speak of t!ie equality of f.vo or more tracts of land, uf two budies iu length, breadth, or thickness, of virtues or vices. 9. The same degree of dignity or claims ; as, the fqualitif of men in the scale uf b-,*ing; the equality of uubles of the same rank ; an eqaalutj of rights. 3. Evenness; unifurmity j sjuneness in st:ttc or continued course ; as, an equality of temper or con- stituti'in. 4. Evenness ; plainness ; uniformity ; as, an cqual- itv of -iurfnre. B-liL'AI^l-ZA'TIOX, V. The net of equalizing, or Htnte of b^-ing equalized. fi'UU.VL IZE, r. L To make equal ; as, to equalize account-s ; to equalize burdens or taxes. ; .'(.iU.VL-IZ-£n, pp. Made equal; r.'iduccd to equal- K'UUALr-IX-INtS, ppr. Making equal. fity. £'Ul.\\L^LV, ado. In the siiine degree with anolfiur ; alike ; as, to be eqitatltj taxed ; to be equally virtuous or vicious ; to be eijually imiiatient, hungry, tliirsty, swift, or slow ; to be equally furnisJied. 2. In equal shares or projiortinn^ The estate is to be equittty divided among the heir^. 3. Impartially; with uqual justice. Shak. {Bjaaily should not ba followed by ojj, but by _ wiik. ] l,'tlUAL-\ES?, M. Equality; a stata of being etjual. Hhak. 2. Evenness; uniforniily; as, the tqualnc^* of a surface. E-tl(;Ai\"Ga-LAR, (e-kwoiig'gu-Iar,) a. [L. .rjuw and att^rUus.\ Consisting of equal angles. [See E^i'ia^oulab, which is Ktiiernlly ut'cd.J E-tiLJA-XI.sri-Ty, M. [L. lequauimitas, aquas and aii4mu.i, an equal mind.] Kvinuessof mind, that r^ilm tz-mper or firmness 'T tiii.'iil uliich is not e:u(ily elattd or depressed. Hits prosperity withtiut exc»ssive joy, and ili;iut violent !ig:t:iiion of the passions or : spirits. The great man bjara misfor- I::ti ■ . n /III rqaanimdy. E-flL'.\N''I-.M(.»L'3, tf. Of an even, composed frame (if inin.l ; i.f a steady Icmjier; not easily eUled or In the Ptolemaic sysii-tn. of a.*tnmomy^ circle, used for n-gulating and adjuai- lottons of the pl)ini;U. Branite. ■ . n. [L. ic^ua^tt?, from irquoy to make ', a making eqiinl, or an equal division. lira, a prupusition asserting the equality iMties, and I'Xpressed by the sign = bc- \ ]()T \iv. expresjiion of tho same quantity in : ir terms ; as,3j.= 3(lrf., or x^i-f-m — - ; case, X is equal to b added tu m, witJi r Hii,ii. .1 :• .:, and the (juantities on the right hand of the sisn of equation are said to be the ViUue of x on the left hand. Enryc. Juhmun. 3. In astronomy, etpiatlon of time, is the interval by which apparent time ditfers from ni.an time. Oiinxt^. L CtlJA'TOR, B. [L., from «;ho, to mnke equal.] in astrorwmy and ffeou'rnphy, a gri*at circle of the •phcre, equally distant from the two jKdes of the world, or having the same pse motion is on an axis parallel to the axis of tlie earth, and hence corresponding to the diurnal motion of the heavens fr^mi east to west, so that when a celestial object is once within the fitdd of view of the telescope, it continues, while above the horizon, constantly in tiie field. Olmsted. E-UUA-TO'RI-AL-LY, ado. So as to have the motion of an equatorial. P. Cyc. E'tiHE-KV, t ju [Fr. ecuyer, for escuyer ; It. scudi- E-QL^ER'RV, i ere; Irfiw L. scutariu.^, from scutuniy a shield. See Esqitibe.] 1. An officer of nobles or princes, who has tlie care and management of their horses. In England, the equerrie.-! are five in number. They ride in the lead- ing conch, on all great (wcasions, and have a table provided for them by themselves. BtiJuntan. 2. A large suihle or lodge for horses. E-UUES'TRI-AN, a, [L. eque^tery cqnestris^ from eqtiesy a horseman, from r^wu.*, a horse.] 1. Pertaining to horses or horsemanship ; performed with horses ; as, equestrian, feats. 2. IJeing on horseback ; as, an equestrian lady. 3. Skilled in horsemanship. [Spe-ctator. 4. Representing a person on horseback ; as, an eque-ftrian statue. 5. Celebnled by horse-mces ; as, equestrian games, sports, or anms*-uiL-nLs. U. Belonging to knights. Among the Romans, the equestrian order, was the order of knights, equites ; also their troopers or horsemen in the field. In civil life, the knights stotnl contradistinguished fnun the seiiittin'-i i in Uie JicLl, from the infantry. Eneyc. E-UL'i-A.\"GU-LAil, a. [L, leqauji, t^qual, and angu- lus, an a:igle.J In geometry, consi.-^ting of or having equal angles ; an epithet given to figures wh-we angles are all equal, such as a square, an equilateral triatigte, &.c. E-UUI-nAL'A\CE, n. [L. a: and necessary.] Necessary or needful in the same degree. Hudibr'as. E-aUI-NOe^TIAL, a. [L. aquus, equal, and nox^ lighuj 1. Perl rtaining to the equinoxes ; designating an equallengihof day and night; as, the e^uiHocfjo/ line. 2. Pertaining to the regions or climate of llie equi- noctial line or equator ; in or near tliat line ; as, equi- noctial heat ; an equinoctial sun ; equinoctial wind. 3. Pertaining to the time when the sun enters the equinoctial puinLs ; as, an equinoctiid gals or ttorm, which happens at or near the equinox, iu any part of the world. Equinoctial Jlowers ; flowers that open at a regular, staled hour. Mar'tyn. E'fuinoctial pointjt, are the two points wherein the celestial equator and ecliptic intersect each other ; the one, being in tlie first point of Aries, is called the vernal point or equinox ; the other, in tiie first point of Libra, the autumnal point or equinox. Barlow. Equinurtial dial, is that whose plane lies parallel to the equinoctial. Barlow. Equinoctial time, is reckoned from a fixed instant comuKui to alt the world. E-llU'l-.N'ue'TIAI., Ti. [For EquisocTiALLi:-, including nnns, artiUer)-, uten- Bda, innvisioaa, anJ wliatevt-r U titcts^nry for a mil- itary expedition. Camp equipage itKliutis tciiu, and every ihiag necessary fur accumuiiHlatioii in camp. Fidd *fuifa£9 cottJiiatB of anus, artillery-, waguns, bunbrtla, &c. 3. The furniture of an armM ship, or the necea- aary preparations fur a voyage ^ including cordage, ■pars, proviaiuns, &c 4 Attendance, reiinue, aa peraona, bones, car- liagea, 4cc. ; as, the cfn^f e of a prince. £ Carnage of stole ; vehicle ; as, celestial tfuif^rt. & AccouU-ruienta j bobitimcnta ; ornamental lur- niture. Prwr. EU'L*I-PA-6£D, (ek'we-p^dO a. Purnbhed with eq>iipaee : attended with a splendid retinue. Spnutr. E-UL 1 FEN DC\-CV, n. [U ^uns, equal, and pen- dn^ tu hang.} The act of banging in equip«iise ; a being not Inclined or determined either way. South, E-QrnP'ME\T, n. The act uf oquipping, or fitting r Mion. - used in equipping ; furniture ; )i . apparatus j nc-ccjiiikarics fur an ex^K-uuitin t>r tiu a voyage; aa, ibo tquipmtida of a abip or an army. 3. In ctril m/tuwria/, the necessary adjuncts of a nitroad, aa cars, locomoUres, dtc, arc colled the E'ttUTPOlSB, m. [L. m^mms^ equal, and Fr. poids^ or rather W. ptri/Sy weight. See Poise.] Equality of weight or force; hence, equilibrium ; a state in which Uie two ends or sides of a thing are balanced. Hold the scale* -in equipoLf*; the mind m.-iy be in a state of s f y a i sa, wben molivea are of equal weieht. Rai'I-POL'LEXCE, )a. [L. m/nuM and fotlentia, £-QUI POLLEX-L V, \ power, ^«Uw, to be able.] 1. Equality of power or font, a. In iif^ic, an «iuivalence between two or more ' propositions; that i!», when two propo-)itii*n3 xiRiiify the same thine, though ditTcrt^ntly eKprp«>!t>-d. »rye. B.QUI-POL'LE\T, a. [^^upra.] Having equal power or force; equivalent. In U^Uj liaving equivalent aignificatiun. AieeM. K-aCl-POL'LEXT-LY, mdv. With equal power. B-UUI PON'DP.R-AXCE, a. [L. mqmu, equal, ud fundus, weight.] Equality of weifht ; equipoise. B^UI-POSDEK-.VAT, a. [Supra.] Being of the •ame weight. LocJce, B-UUI-PON'DER-ATE, e. u [L. c^aibr, equal, and ^M^ers, to weigh.] To be equal in weight ; to weigh aa much as anoCber thine mikimM. E41i;i-PO\'DI-OL'S, a. Having equal weight on bolti ^ides. OlamvUls, E-QUIP'P£D, (ekwip*',) pp. Furnished with habili- ments, Ann^y and whau-ver is neoessary for a military expediti4>n, or for a vovagc or cruise. E-aL'lP'PLVG, ^pr. Furnishing with habiliments or wrarlike apparatus ; supplying with things necessary ibr a VOTMe. E-QU(-Ro'T.AL, 0. Having wheels of the same size or diameter. Emcyc Dam. Ec*n. Ea-CI-£E'TL*M, a.; pL EqutiKTA. [L. equusj a borse, and ssto, a bristle.} la httmrnfj a genua of plants, the species of which uc called isrs* tail. The i^onts are lea(1es5, with faoUaw sterna, containing much sUicions matter. The gqmisetmm kfemale, known as the Dutch rush, or aeattriMg rttA, is much used for semiring and polish- ing wood and metals. Partington. Etuyc JJau E^L'IS'O-NA.N'CK, a. An eqiial sounding; a name by which the Gret-ka distinpnishud the cunsfmanccs of ttie octave and double octave. Bush^. Ea'L'l-TA-BLE, (ek'we-U-bl,) a. [Fr. equHabU, from L. m^itasy from Cficvj, equal.] 1. Equal in regard to the rights of p«>r3ons ; dis- tributing equal Justice ; givine each his due ; assign- ing lu one or more what law or ju*>tice demands ; ju~t; imp.-trt)al. The judge doeit justice by an equir- tabie decision ; the court will make an equUabU dis- tribution of the estate. -2. Having the disposition to do justice, or doing Justice ; impq^ial ; as, an equitabU judge. 3. Held or exercised in equity, or with chancery powers \ as, the equttahU jurisdiction of a court. KaO. EaTl-TA-BLE-NESS, a. The qualih* of being just and impanial ; as, the equUablenas of'^a judge. 2. Equity ; the stale of doing justice, or distribu- ting to each according to his le^ or just claims i as, the fquitaiUeiuji of a decision, or distribution of prop- erty. Ea'UI-TA-BLY, (ck'we-ta-bly,) adv. In an equitable manner: justly; impartially The laws should be mutahlv adminiFtf'red. E-Q.UI-T.A.\-CEN'TIAL, a. In ^cwartry, a term ap- plied to a curve whose tangent is i;qual to a constant line. Ilutton. I EQU Eli.'UI-TA.\T, a. [Ij. equitatt^, equito, to ride, from eqae^t, a lior^in;in, or cquus, a horso.] In bottntv, a i<^rtu dt;notini: such a situation of un- exfvindcd leaves in a It^al-hud, that itioy overlap each other entirely, and in a iKiruIlel manner, without any invdiution. Ea-Ul-TA'TION, a. A riding on horseback. Barrow. EU'UI-TY, (ek'we-te.) a. [U tr^Mif.i,*, from tetpiusj equal, even, level ; Fr. fquiie: It. ctfmtd.] 1. Justice ; right. In pnicticu, equity is tlie impar- tial dislribuliun of justice, or the doing that to anoth- er which the laws of God and man, and of reason, give him a ri^lit to claim. It is the treating of a per- son according to justice and reason. Th^ XjotyX »h™ll )iiil|re th- proiitc with er}uihf. — Ps. xc»iii. With rigbicvxiutnji aball be Ju>lgv Uie pi>or, unit rtj'rovt with mftiitf. — Is. \\. 2. Justice ; impartiality ; a just regard to right or claim ; as, we must in ^Htty allow tiiis clainu 3. In lav, an equitable claim. 1 ooiMider Uw wife^ •spdO/ to be too wrU aeltlvd to be »hnln>n. Ktnt. A, In ^ritprurfrtifc, the correction or qualification of law, when too severe or defective ; or the exten- sion of the words of the law to cases not expressed, yet coming within the reason of the law. Honce a court of equity or chancery, is a court which corrects tlic opcmtiun of the literal text of the law, and sup- plies its defects by reastinable construction, and by rules of proceeding and deciding which are not adniis- aible in a court of law. Equity, then, is the law of reason, exercised by the chancellor or judge, giving remedy in cases to which the courts of law are not com|>etent. Bladcxtone. 5. £fMtry of redemption ; in law, the advantage, allowed to a mortgagor, of a reasonable time to re- deem lands mortgaged, when the estate is of greater value than tlie sum fur which it was mortgagt^d. Bltukttone. E-QUIV'A-LE.VCE, a. fU flyaiw, equal, and vaUnSy from ralro, to be worth.] L t>iuality of value ; equal value or xvorth. Take the goods, and give an cquicalenct in cttrn. 2. Equal power or force. B-UUIV'A-LEN'CE, r. L To be equal to. Brown. [This verb has not gained currency.] E-aL'IV'A-LEN'C-/;D,pp. Equaled in weight, &c. E-aUIV'A-LEXC-ING, ppr. Equaling in value, weight, &c E-aUIV'A-LENTT, a. F^ual in value or worth. In barter, the goods given are supposed to t>e equivalent to the gt>ods received. Equivalent in value or worthy la tautological. % Equal in force, power, or effect. A steam- engine may have force or power equivalent to that of thirty hun^es. 3. Equal in moRri force, cogency, or effect on the mind. Circumi^LintiaJ evidence may be almost equiv- alent to full proof. 4. Of the same import or meaning. Friendship and amity are equiv^eut terms. For now to KTT« mxtA to miniaKr, ■errilo uid miiilBtrrinl are iFriTu ttjuivaletit. Houih. Equivalent propositions, in logic^ are called also equipollent, 5. Eqital in excellence or moral worth. Milton, E-aUIV'A-LENT, n. That which is equal in value, weight, dignity, or force, with something else. The debtor can not pay his creditor in money, but he will pay him an equiralent ; damages in money can not be an equivalent for the loss of a limb. 2. In chemistry^ equivalent is the proportion express- ing the weight, or quantity by weight, of any sub- stance which combines with another substance to form a definite compound. It is otleu called diemical equiralent, or combining proportion. . 3. [n geolotry^ a term applied to strata of different reirion:^, which were cotemporaneous in origin. Dana. E-UL'I\''A-LE.\T-LV, adc. In an equal manner. £'Ut'I- VALVE, a. Having the valves equal in size _ and form, a term applied to certain bivalve sbells. E^UUI-VALVE, B. A bivalve, in which the valves are of equal size and form. E-UiriVO-eA-CY, ». Equivocalness. [JVuf used.] Brown. E-Q,UIV'0-eAL, a. [Low L. wrpiiroais ; a^quus, equal, and ror, a word ; Fr. equivoque; It. equivo- eale. See Vocal.] 1. Being of doubtful signification ; that may be understood in different senses ; capable of a double interpretation ; ambiguous ; a:^, equivocal words, terms, or senses. Men may be misled in their opin- ions by the use of equivocal terms. 2. I>oubtfuI ; ambiguous ; susceptible of different constructions ; not decided. The character of the man is somewhat equivocaL His conduct is equio- ocaL 3. Uncertain ; proceeding from some unknown cause, or not from the usual cause. Equivocal gen- eration is the production of animals without the in- tercourse of the sexes, and of plants without seed. This doctrine is now exploded. E-aUIV'0-eAL, H. A word or term of doubtful meaning, or capable of different meanings. Dennis. I ERA E-til'I V'O-CAL-LY, adv. Ambiguously ; in a doubt- ful sense ; in trriiis susceptible of different senses. He answered the question equivocally. 2. By uncertain birth j by equivocal generation. Bentley. E-CIUIV'OCAL-NESS, n. Ambiguity ; double mean- ing. - J^orris. E-aUlVO-GATE, V. i. [IL equwocare ; Fr, tquivo- qut'r. t=<'e EtjuivocAL.] To use words of a uoubtful signification ; lo ex- press one's opinions in imiis which admit of differ- ent senses ; to use aiubiguous expressions with a view to mislead. To equivocate is the dishonorable work of duplicity. 'J'he upright man will not equiv- orate in his intercourse with his fellow-men. E-ftUIV'0-€A-TING, ppr. or a. Using ambiguous words or pliroMes. E-CiUIV-0-€A'TION, n. Ambiguity of speech; the use of words or expressions that are susceptible of a double signification, with a view to mislead. Hypo- crittsj are often guilty of ejjuivocation, and by this means lose the confideiiec of their fellow-meii. Eifuiv- ocation is incompatible willi the Christian character ami profesdiun. E-UUIV'O-eA-TOR, n. One who equivocates; one who uses lanpuaiie which is anibignuus, und may be interpreted in different ways ; one who uses mental reserv:ition. F^Ci U 1 V'0-€ A-TO-R Y, a. Savoring of equivocation. fi'aUI-VOaUE, ( "• t^'- ^^"'^ogue.] 1. An ambiguous term ; a word susceptible of dif- 2. Equiv(.Kation. [ferent significations^ E-dUIV'O-ROUS, a. [L.eyuK.9, horse, and u&ro.toeaU] Feeding or subsisting on horse flesh. Eqtdxioroitt Tdrtare. Quart. Bev. ER. the termination of many English words, is the TiMilonic form of the I^ilin or; the one contracted from wcr^ the other from vir, a man. It denotes un agent, originally of the masculine gender, but now applied to men or things indifferently ; as in hater, fanner^ heater^ grater. At the end of names of places, er signifies a man of the place ; Londoner ie the same as London mint. There is a passage in HerJdotns, Melpomene, 110, In which the word wer, vir, a man, is mentioned as used by the Scythians; a fact proving the atlinity of the Bcythian and the Teiitomc nation. Tuj ^e A/Mi^oi-as KaKtnvai «i i,'(fn!'a( Otopnara, Avvnarai 6s to uvvufta TiivTO Kart 'l''j\Xu<]a y\(iitja'ii' nv6pOKTOuoi. Oioo yan KaXtovnt rov av&iKiy to 6t nara^KTciv iv. *' The Scythians call the Amazons Oiorpata., a word which may be rendered in Greek men-killers; for oiur is the name they give lo man ; pata signifies to kill." Pata, in the Burman language, signilies to kill; but it is probable ttiat this is really the English beat; W. bnrkiy to kill. £'RA, n. [L. ara; Fr. ere; Sp. era. The origin of the term is not obvious.] 1. In rkronology, a fixed point of time, from which jiny nunilK'r of years is begun to be counted ; as, the Christian era. It differs from epoch in this : era is a point of lime fixed by some nation or denomination of men ; epoch is a point fixed by historians and chronologists. The Christian era began at the epoch of the birth of Clirist. . Encyc. 2. A succession of years proceeding from a fixed p')int, or compniliended between two fixed points, rile era of the Seleucides ended with the reign of Anliochus. RoUin, E-RA'OI-ATE, V. L [L. e and rarffo, to beam.] To shfwt as rays of light ; to beam. E-RA-D[-A'TlOi\, n. Emission of rays or beams of liplit ; emission of light or splendor. Kiii'I-€A-BLE, a. That may be eradicated. E-HAU'I CATE, v. L . [L. eradico, from rflrfij, root.] 1. To pull up the roots, or by the routs. Hence, to destroy any thing that grows ; to extirpate ; to de- stroy the root?, so that the plant will net be repro- duced ; as, to eradicate weeds. 2. To destroy thoroughly ; to extirpate ; as, to erad- icate errors, or false principles, or vice, or disease. E-KAn'L€A-TED, /»/j. Plucked up by the roots; ex- tirpated ; destroyed. E-RAD'I-eA-TlNG, fpr. Pulling up the roots of any thing ; extirjKiting. E-RAU-I-CA'TION, n. The act nf plucking up by the roots; extirpation ; excision ; total destruction 2. The state of being plucked up by the roots. E-RAD'I-CA-TIVE, a. 'I'hat extirpates j that cures or destroys thoroughly. E-RAIJ'I-€A-TIVE, n. A medicine that effects a rad- ical cure. Whitlock, E-RAS'A-BLE, a. That may or can be erased. E-RASE', r. ^ [lu eradoy erasi ; e and nu/o, to scrape, Fr. rorfw, Sp. raer, It. rtucAuire, Arm. rata. See Ar. ■ wOj! cratsa^ to corrode, Ch. Ti;, to scrape, Heb. 10*in, a graving tool, Syr. and Ar. J5 >=*• tAarata, lo scrape. Class Rd, No. 35, 38, and 58.] FATE, FAR, F^LL, WH^T. — MeTE, PREY. — FINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK. 40fa ERE 1. To rub or scrape out, as letters or characters written, engraved, or painted ; to efface ; as, to erase a word or a name. S. To obliterate ; to expunge ; to blot out ; as with pen and ink. 3. To efface ; to destroy ; as ideas in the mind or memor>". 4. To destroy to the foundation. [See Raze.] E-RAS'i^D, (e-ri-ste',) pp. Rubbed or scratched out; obliterated ; effaced. 2. In heraldry, a term applied to any thing furcibly torn off, leaving the edges jagged and uneven. E-RaSE'MEiNT, n. The act of erasing; a rubbing out; expunction ; obliteration ; destruction. E-K.^S'ER, n. One who erases. 2. A sharp instrument used to erase writings, &,c. E-RAS'ING, ppr. Rubbing or scraping out ; obliter- ating ; deittroying. E-Ua'SIOX, (e-rii'zhun,) «. The act of erasing; a rubbing out; obliteratiun. Blacky Chein. E-RAK'TIAN, n. One of a party in the English Church, who professed to follow the principles of Thomas Erastut^, a learned German pliy:>icinn, and maintiiined that the church ia '* a mere creature of the state,'* dependent upon it fur its existence, and for all its powers. J. Murdoch. E-RAS'TIAi\-iSM, n. The principles of Uie Eras- tians. Lfsiu. E-RA'SURE, (e-ra'zhur,) n. The act of erasing; a scratching out; ob]iu>ration. '2. The place where a word or letter has been era-sed or obliterated. EE'BI-UM, n. A metal recently discovered in ores of yttrium. Ure, £RE, (ar,) adv. [Sax. him. Sir, coiue duwa trt mj child dw. — Jwhu iv. In these passages, ere is really a preposition, fol- lowed by a sentence, instead of a single word, as E&E, (»T,)'prep. Before. [below. Our fruitful Nile Flowed »re the wonU.'d scilkir. Drydtn. BRE'LONG, (ar-,) adv. Ure and loKg.] Before a long time had elapsed. [ Obs.^ or liUle used.'] Ma mounted the horae, and rollowioif (he ttag, erelong slew LiiD. Sptftaer. 2. Before a long time shall elapse; before long. belong you will repent of your folly. Tbr worltl er»lo«g a world of tears must vr?ep. Rrdton, £RE'XO \V, adv. [ere and twu;.] Before this time. Dryden. ERE'Wnir.E, )adv. [ere and ichilc.] Some time IrE'VVHILES, 1 ago; before a little* while. [Obs.] 1 oin as fur uow as 1 v»m erw'chilt. Shak. ER'E-ltUS, 71. TL. erebtLs; Gr. ipi(i<>i; Orientn^ 3^J?, blackness.] evening, the decline of the sun, whence darkness, In mythui'gy^ darkness; hence, the region of the dead ; a deep and gloomy place ; hell. Skak. Milt/m. E-RECT', a. [!« ereetus, from eri^o, to set upriglit ; e md rfffOy to stn-tch or make straight, ri^Af, rectus; It. ereao. See Right.] 1. Upright, or tn a perpendicular posture; as, he 2. Directed upward. [stood erect. Anit ■iifi[:[i3til hnnils to brsren ertet. PKUipa. 3. Upright and firm ; bold ; unshaken. I^t no vnin rei in an upright or per- pendicular direction, or nearly such ; as, to erea a pole or flagstaff. To erect a prrpendieular, Is to set or form one line on anothiT at right angles, 3. To raise, as a building ; to set up ; to build ; as, to erect a house or temple ; to erect ti fort. 3. To set upijr establish anew ; to found ; to form ; an, to erect a kingdom or commonwealth ; to erect a new system or theory. 4. I'o elevate ; to exalt. I am hi from pnM^miinf to infiilliibUIty ; that would b« to erect Tnywelt into ut apcMtle. Locke. 5. To raise; to excite; to animate; to encourage. Why should not bops ' As m«)ch erect our thoughu, as (ear de]'«( ibem } Denfuun. 6. To raise a consequence from premises. [LUtU used,] Maiebmache erecld this projffositioa. Lodce. 7. To extend ; to distend. ERM E-RECT', V. i. To rise upright. Bacon, E-RE€T'A-BLE, a. That can be erected ; as, an erccUible feather. Montagu. E-REGT'ED, pp. Set in a straight and perpendicular direction; set upright; raised; built; established; elevated ; animated ; extended and distended. E-RECT'ER, n. One that erects; one tliat raises or builds. ERECTILE, a. That which may be erected. E-RECT'ING, ppr. Raising and setting upright; building ; founding ; establishing ; elevating ; in- citing; extending and distending. E-RECTION, n. The act of raisiing and setting per- pendicular to the plane of tiie horizon ; a setting uprighL 2. The act of raising or building, as an edifice or fortification ; as, the erection of a wall, OT of a house. 3. 'f'he stale of being raised, built, or elevated. 4. Establishment; settlement; formation; as, the erection of a commonwealth, or of a new system ; the erection of a bishopric or an earldom. 5. Elevation ; exaltation of sentiments. Her peerless higlu my inind to high ertcUon tlniws up. Sidney. 6. Act of rousing ; excitement ; as, the erection of tlie spirits. Bacon. 7. Any thing erected ; a building of any kind. Qloas. of Arch. 8. Distention and extension. E-RE€T'IVE, a. Setting upright; raising. E-REGT'LY, adv. In an erect posture. Brown, E-KEe'i''\KSS, n. Uprightness of posture or form. E-RE€T'OR, n. A muscle that erects ; one that raises. ER'E-MIT-AOE, n. See Hermitage. ER'E-Mri'E, n. ['L.ercmita; GT.£jir)fitrriSt from epjjpost a desert.] 1. One who lives in a wilderness, or in retirement, secluded from intercourse with men. It is generally written Hermit ; which see. Halcffh. Milton. 2. A mineral identical with monazite. Dana. ER-E-MIT'ie-.\L, a. Living in solitude, or in seclu- sion from the world. ER'E-MIT-IS.M, n. State of a hennit ; a living in se- clusion from social life. Mardock. E-REP-Ta'TION, n. [from L. erepto.] A creeping E-REP'TION, w. [L. erepUo.] [forth. A taking or snatching away by force. ER'E-THISM. n. [Gr. cf>€eia^l^,s.] A morbid degree of energy and perfection in the performance of any function. ER-E-THIS'Tie, a. Relating to an erethism. ER'GAT, tj. i. [L. ergo.] To infer ; to draw conclusions. [JVot used.] HewyL ER'GO.oJo. [L.] Therefore. ER'GOT, n. [Tr., a spur.] In farrin-y, a stub, like a piece of soft horn, about the bigness of a chestnut, situated behind and below the pastrrn joint, and coinmimly hid under the tult of the fetlock. 2. A panisitic fungus growing within the glumes of various gnisses, as wheat, rye, herd's-grass, Atc. It is the .S|>orino>dfa Clavusof the botanists. ER'GO-TISM, n. [L. ergo.] A logical inference ; a conclusion. Broton. ER'GOT.|SM,n. [Uovw ergot.] The morbid effects of ergot, or Spt-rmmdia cfavus. ER'I-ACH, n. [Irish.] A pecuniary fine. Spenser. E-RID'A-.VU.S, iu [L., the River Fo.] A winding southern cunstctlation, containing tlie bright star Ai*hemar. /'. Cyc. ER'I-OI-BLE, o. That maybe erected, [informed^ and not used.] Shawns jCuiSl. fi'RIiN, M. Ireland. E-RIN"GO. See Erysco. ER'IN-ITE, a. A native arseniate of copper, of an emerald tjreen color. lire. E-RIN'.\VH, rt, [Gr.] A fury, or goddess of discord ; and hence, among the poets, discord in general. Shak. E-RI-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. cf>t»f and ftrrnov.] An optical instrument for measuring the diameters of minute particltss and fibers. E-RIST'IC, i a. [Gr. enis, contention ; £/>(r»*oc, E-RIST'ie-AL, i contentious.] Pertaining to disputes; controvential. [JVc£ tn u.«.l ERKE,n. fGr. atpjof.] Idle ; slothful. [JVol in use.] Chaucer. ER'MK I,LN. See Kbmipc. ER'iMINE, [n. [Ft. kermiae; It. armclUno ; Sp. ar~ EK'MLV, I mino; Port, arminho ; Arm. erminicq; D. hermrlyn; G. Dan. and Sw. hemtelin.] 1. An animal of the genus Mustela, or Futorius,an <*ihabrlant of northern cliuisites, in Europe and America. It nearly resembles llie weasel in shape, food, and manners. In winter, the fur is of a snow^ white; in suiiim'r, the upper part of the body is generally of a yellowish-brown color, and the under iKirt of a Hulphur-yellow. It is tlx^n called a stoat. I'hs tip of the tail is of tin; mnst intense black, throughout the year. The far is much valued. Partini^^ton. 2. The fur of the ermine, which, when used for ornamental purposes, has the black in s:uall spots scattered through the white. ERR 3. Fignratively, the dignity of judges and magis- trates, whose state robes, lined witli ermine, wer6 emblematical of purity. Cluitham. ER'MIN--ED, a. Clothed with ermine ; adtirned with the fur of the ermine ; as, ennined pride ; ennincd pomp. Pope. ERN.Ti. [Dan. Sw. a-m.] The sea-eagle or osprey, so called in Scotland ; al- so applied to other eagles, particularly the common golden eagle. ERNE, or AIRNE, a Saxon word, signifying a place or receptacle, forms the termination of some English words, as well as Latin ; as, in bam., lantern, tavern^ taberna. E-RODE', tJ. t. [L. erodo ; e and rodo, to gnaw, Sp. ^ .-■£ roer^ It, rodere. Ar. ij^jl eratsa, to gnaw. Claas Rd.No. 35.] To eat in or away ; to corrode ; as, canker erodes the fiesh. The blood, being loo sharp or ihio, erodes the Tcssels. WiMmaa. E-ROD'ED,pp. Eaten; gnawed; corroded. 2. a. In na/uro/ Ai.«(or?/, having llie edge irregularly jageed, as if gnawed or eaten. Brande. Loudon. E-RCD'ING, ppr. Eating into; eating away; cor- ER'O-GA'I'E, V. t. [L. erogo.] [roding. To lay out ; to give ; to bestow upon. [JVut used.] Klyot. ER-O-GA'TION, n. The act of conferring. [J^ot used.] E-RCSE', a. [L. erosus.] [Klyot. In botany, an erose leaf has small sinuses in tlie margin, as if gnnwed. Martyn. E-RO'SION, (e-r6'zhun,) n. [L. erosio.] 1. 'I'he act or openition or eating away, 2. The state of being eaten away ; corrosion ; canker. E-R0'6IVE, a. Having the property of eating away, or corroding; corrosive. Humble. tlZT'lc-AL, \ -^ [«^- '°"^' 'o™-] Pertaining to love ; treating of love. Encyc. E-ROT'I€, n. An amorous composition or poem. Kncye. ER-O-TO-MA'M-A, i n. [Gr. eutjc, love, and pavta, EJtO-TOM'A-NY, j raaniaj Melancholy, which is the effect of love. ER-PE-TOL'O-tSlST, n. [Gr. c/jTrfruj, reptile, and Aoj'oj, discourse.] One who writes on the subject of reptiles, or is versed in the natural history of reptiles. [See Heb- PETOLOOiST.l Cfu Observer, ER-PE-TOL'O-GY, n. [Supra.] That part of natural history which treats of reptiles. [See Herpetologt.] Diet, ofJ^uL HisU ERR, V, i, [L. erro ; Fr. errer ; Sp. errar ; It, errare ; G. irrcn ; Sw. irra ; Dan. irrer.] 1. To wander from the right way ; to deviate from tlie true course or purpose. Bill erre not ikaluro from this jrnclous end, Kroin burning suns when livid dcatlis ilcnccmlF Pope. 2. To miss the right way, in morals or religion ; to deviate from the path or line of duty; to stray by design or mistake. Wo hare erred and strayed like lost slieep. Com, Prai/er. 3. To mistake ; to commit error ; to do wrong from ignorance or inuttention. Men err in judgment from ignorance, from want of attention to facts, or from previous bias of mind. 4. To wander ; to ramble. A •itinti LifHtfuki's, w'-lt innnnt, wUh fury flies, And erre about ih'-ir temples, ears, and cyta, Drydtn. ER'RA-BLE, a. Liable to mistake ; fallible. [LitOe used.] Elt'RA-BLE-NESS, n. Liableness to mistake or error. Wb may Infer from the emtbltneee of our natures th« »PMona- Ui-mss of coinp.-va*ion to tlic scducoU. Decny q/ Piety. ER'RAND, n. [Sax. (trend, a message, mandate, le- gation, business, narration ; areitdian, to tell, or re- late ; Sw. drende i Dan. terinde.] 1. A verba] message ; a mandate or order ; some* thing to be told or done ; a communication to be made to some person at a distance. The servant was sent on an errand ; he told his errand ; he has done the errand. These are the most common modes of using this word. I have a secrvt errand to thee, O kin^, — Judges flk 2. Any special business to bo transacted by a mes- senger. ER'RANT, a. [Fr. errant; L. errans, from erro, to err.] 1. Wandering; roving; rambling; applied partic- ularly to knights, who, in the middle ages, wandered about to seek aclventures, and display their heroism and generosity, cali"d knigfUs erranU 2. Devialing from a certain course. Shak. 3. Dr;viating from the regular course, and henco wild, extravagant, notorious j as, an errant fixil, [now spelt Arrant.] B. Jonson. 4. Itinerant. [Obs."] ER'RANT. for Arrant, on old orthography. [See Arrant,] TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER. VT'CIOUS, — € as K ; 6 as J ; » as Z; CU as SH ; TII as in TUJS. . '^ '• 407" ERU ER'K.\NT>KV,». A wandering J arovinsornimblijg about. AiU^son. a. The employment of n knTshl errant. ER-ttA TA, It. p/. See Ebbatim. ER-RAT'It'", \a. [I*. rmi/tciM, from erro, to wan- EU-RAT'ie-AL, i iler.] I. W'andenug ; liaving no certain course ; roving abttut wiihttnt a fix«Ml dt^^linnliun. Popt. 9. Mov—- ■ - * •^■' (1 or stalionary ; applied to tJu plantti, 1. t'rom the ^td stars. 3. Irr' : ! . ffarvnr. 4. In i... ■■ 1. „. .« ;■ ..u applied to ir^"-" "'*■ ■' "*?tp- tials on itif t-anli's tuirface ; as, irrc' - 1, &c. KrrjfiV,* are iiiasskfs of stone li J. £mi£u /lA^-Mirmfna, are the pbenoCDt a.. i.i.ite to tnnsportfd materials on the cartb'« iturlnct*. ER-RAT'lt:, n. A nigiic Cockentm. ER-RA r If AL I.V. *i'/r. Without rule, order, or BK KR rtv. ftrwwfi. [JVW used,] [Sec Err.} An error or uu»Lik«; ia willing or |>riui:iif:. A list of the rrrata at a book b uraally primed at the beginnins or end, with refimmeea lo the pages and hues in which they occnr. EiUt'£D wntt of Eaib fi&'ftHIN^(«r'rtiw,} a. [Gr. tf^jur^v} tv and ^r, Uu) Boae.] Aflfectiog tiM aoae, or to be snuffed into the noae : occadioning dbcharges (h>m the nose. ER'RHIXB, (er^rtne.) n. A medicine to be ftnuffbd up the noee, to pruniole discharges of uiucuft. O'W. Kneve. ^ r a. Wanderinf from the truth or Uie takinc; irregular ~, a. [L*. trr^nruSf from errOf to err.] WanJenugi roving; antcOled. Thejroua eke; ER : 1. S. Deviating J devious ; itregtilar ; wandering &um tbe ri|^t couree. [7^ firtgm m g i^ifUcatmns ^ tkA word art ieu 3. Mistaking ; miiif>d ; deviatin*, by mii^ake, from the tnith. Ontroy noc the errosMtu with the ma- Ucious. 4. Wrone; false; mistaken; noC conformable to truth ; erring from truth or Justice ; as, an err«meoiu opinion or judgment. ER-RO \E-OUS-LV, ado. By mUlake ; not rightly; fiiUely. ER-RO*NE-OlTS-XESS, ■. The rtate of being crro- aetHia, wrong, or fal^ ; deviation from riplit ; iiicun- fonuily to truth ; as, the erronroiuitCM of a judgment or pn^pu^itton. ER'RUR, n. [L. error, from erro, lo wander.] 1. In m ffrnerai Me/me^ a wandering or deviation from the truth. 2. A mi-:take in judgment, by which men assent to or believe what is not true. Error may be ru/tiii- tery or imtoluntar^ : roluMtary^ when nteii n'xlcct or pen<_rt tti > :':i>i«!^r means to inform tl*e mind ; tmvot- y :v means iif jiid^ng cornclly arc not in An error committed tlirou^h ca^l^■ les :- is a blunder. 3. A mistake made in writing or other perf^>rm- ance. It is no easj- task to com-ct the errors of tlie press ; authors aometimes charge their own errors to the printer. 4. A wandering ; excursion ; irregular course. Drlvra bf Uk wiikIs and errors i>f the wb Drpd»it. [T^is sense is wtitnui/, and hardly Ugitim^Oe.] 5. E>eviation from law, justice, or riglit; oversight; Bustake in conduct. Sbj net; it wu ui rrrw. — Eccles. T. & Is ScriphirB and tiuoiofy^ sin ; iniquity ; trans- giessiao. Wieeaa aadf r mod Ui crrar»9 eleuMe ilioa mefioiBWcnt bntti. — P>. XXI. 7. In law, a mistake in pleading or in judcfment. A icrii of rrror, is a writ f.)iindr_-d on an iillt^gcd error in judgment, whirh carries tlic suit to another tribu- nal for redress. Il.-nce th^' f iilawinp vi-rb : — BR'ROR, •. L To determine a judgment of court lo be errjn-.-ous. [,\'ct lec'l authcnieJ.] ^R'ROR-IST, ft. One who errs, or who encourages and prbpasates ern)r. ERSE, n. The lan^uace of the dewrendants of the (irM-U or Celt*, in the I!-''" ■■• i - - 1' ?^cot!and. ER.--!! .T EARSIl,-tt. ^^: i. l^iisi", u ,;-. [Sat. tere,:r, : trr. See Erb.] 1. Fir.l; al fir^^* ■ - ■ ■ :..,.:.'. 2. Once ; for ». 3. Before ^ t;! : hitherto. I T-t^^' yr^^d U ' . . ...^t in poetry.] ' [iLE, a*ii% 1 iii Uien or now; forrasrly. i-'ENCE, R. [I^ er^^beice^Uy erubescOf from ■ I'L- r-d.i ESC A becoming red; redness of the skin or surface of anv thin;;; a bhishing. ER-l'-liES'CE.\T, a. Red, or reddish ; blnshinc E-RL'CT', > r. (. [L. erueto, rnctar^ cuincidmg in E-Rre'TATE, \ elements with Ch. pi-\, Hob. p-\\ to spit. Qu. yrrAr.] To belch ; to eject from the stomach, os wind [Little «,-vJ.y HowUL E-RL'e'TA-TED,p;». Belrhcd ; ejected. E-RrC'TA-TL\«,p;>r. Belching. ER-UC-TA'TIO.N*, n, [L. rr«rf«fw.] I. The act of bclchmg wind from the stomach ; a belch, a. ,\ violent bursting forth or ejection of wind or otiier matter from the eartli. Woodtoard, ER'U-I)ri'I*L o. [L. rrudttu^, from rrudio, to instruct. Uu. e nniTrudis, rude. Rather rii. t^jr. Sam. n*n redah, to teach. Class Ud, No. S.] Inslnieted ; taught ; learned. CheMfrfieJd. ERT-DTTE LV, adv. With erudition or leaniing. EU lMH"TIOX, (er-n-dish'«n,) ji. Learnini: ; kmnvl- eili:- cniiied by sttitly, or frtim iKxikf* ami in-»lniction ; paiiiiMtlarly, learning in littniiure, as distinct from the sciencvs, as in his'tury, antiquity, and languages. The Scaligers were men of doep ermlUiou, Tb« most uWul rrtiidi&on for repulilicaiu U UiU which ptposn the Cftuac* of (li«upb. J. AJams. E-RC'tSlX-OUS, a. [J., (trvginosus, from anrago, nist.] Partaking of the substance or nature of copper or the rtist of copi^'r; resembling rust, E-Rl'PT', r. i. To bunit forth. [.\Vf used.] E-Rl'I*T'El>, pp. or a. Forcibly llirown up by erup- tion ; as, erupted igm-ous rockj. E-III'P'TIO.N, B. [L. eruptio^ from rrumpo^ erupt: « ami ruvpo, for rupo : Pp. nimper f Fr. rompre. Kee Class Rb, So. -id, '27, 39.] 1. The act of bre;iking or bursting forth from in- closure or cuntitiL-meni ; a violent emission of any thing, particularly uf flames and lava from a vidcano. Tlie eruptuftts of Hecla, in 178;t, were extraordinary fur the quantity of lava discliarged. S. A stidden or violent rushing forth uf roun or troops for invasion; sudden excursion. lafieatcd at >ueh trupdon bulJ. AlUton, X A burst of voice ; violent exclamation. [Little used.] &.utJt. 4. In medietd science, a breaking out of btimor^i, a copious excretion of humors on tiie skin, in pustules ; also, an elTlur^scence or redness on llie skin, as in •caHatina ; exanthemata; petechiie ; vibiccs; as in small-pox, mea.'le^, and fevers. E-RUP'TIVE, a. Bursting forth. Tine »ii.lain, nuil termi- uating in cuticular scalf^s or vcsii;Iej!. J. J\I. Oood. EK-Y-THE MAT'ie, a. Denoting a morbid redness of skin ; relating to er>'thfma. ES-CA-L.XDE', n, [Fr. (rf. ; Sp. escalada; It scalata; from b'p. esadot IL scala., L. scala^ a ladder, Fr. echcllt. Sec Scale.] In the military art, a furious attack made by troops on a fortified place, in which ladders are used lo puss a ditch or mount a ram]>Hrt. Siu emrn, noC by eacaUtde, but by cuimltig or tT"«i;hprv. BiiclcmtTitUr, ES-€A-L-\DE', V. t. To Fcale ; to mount and pft?9 or enter by means of ladders ; as, to escaUuie a wall. Ltfe of WtUinirton. ES-€A-LSD'ED, pp. Scalr. Freeingfrom and avoiding danger or evil ; being passed unobserved or unhurt ; shiin- ning ; evading ; securing safety ; quitting the custody of Hie law without warrant. ES-CAP'ING, 71. Avoidance of danger. Exra ix. ES-€AK'GA-T0IRE, (-twor,)n.' [Fr,,from cacur^of, a snail.] A nursery ofsnails. Jiddison. ES-GAUP', n. In ftrtifi ration, any thing hich and pre- cipitous; sometimes the side of the ditch next the rampart. Brande. ES-EARi", r. f. [Fr. escarper, to cut to a slope; It. acarya, a slope. See Cauve.] To slojK! tiuddeniy ; to fiirm a sudden slope ; a mil- itaru Urm. Carlcton, ES-eX RP'£D, (es-kirpt',) pp. Cut or formed to a sud- den slnpe. ES-€A KP'ING, ppr. Forming to a sudden slope. ES-€AliP'MKiNT, n. A steep descent or declivity ; a precipiuius side uf any hill or rock. P. Cijc ES-CHA-LOT', (e^h-a-lot',) w. [Fr. edialote.] A species of small onion or garlic, the AlUum asca- lonicuui. Encyc ES'CHMl, (oa'kir,) n. [Gr. cixaoa.] In surrrcry, the crust or scab occasioned by bums or caustic apjtlication.i. Encyc ES'eHA-llA, n. A species of coral, resembling a net or woven cloth. ES-CHA-ROT'ie, a. Caustic; having the power of searius or destroying the flesh. C(ne. Encyc. ES-€HA-ROT'l€, n. A caustic application; a medi- cine which sears or destroys flesh. Coze* ES-eHA-TOL'O-CY, n. [Gr. i(j\qto^ and >^oyoi.] The doctrine uf the la^^t or flnal things, as deatli, judfzmeiit, &.C. E.S-ClIjtAT', 71. [Fr. echcoir, cchoir, choir: Norm, es- chier, eschirr, eschever, to fall, to happsm to, tn escheat. 'J'he Fr. «c/unrseems to be the Sn. caer, which is con- tracted fri.im the L. cado, coz/prf.] 1. Any land or tenements which casually fall or revert to the loril within his manor, tbrou^li failure of heirs. It is the determination of the tenure, or dirisuluiinn of !lTe miitiial bond between the kml and tenant, from the extinction of tl:e l)lood of the ten- ant, by djath or natural means, or by civil means, as forfeiture or corruption of bk»od. Blackstone. 2. In tke L'mtcd State.-f, the falling or passing of lands and tenements to the State, through failure of heirs or forfeiture, or in cases where no owner is found. Stat. ofJila.-'s. a/id Cunn. 3. The place or circuit within wiilch the king or lord is entitled to escheats. Enirlaud. 4. A writ to recover escheats from the person in pofiscr^nion. Bhekstprtp. Coieel. Encyc. 5. The lands which fall to the lord rr state hy eschwU. 6. In Scf^u lajp, the forfeiture inc ured by a man's beinj; d.-nounccd a rebel. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MeTE, PREY. — PINE, MARIXE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WTQLF, BOOX. 40S ■ " ESC ES-CH£AT', r. i. In F.n^land, to rrvcrt, as land, !o til'' lortt of a Dinnur, hy iiit^aus of tlic extinctiou of the bl(X>d of the teit.tilt. '2. In America^ to fall er comc, as laud, to the state, through failure of heirs or owners, or by forfeiture for treason. In the feudal sense, no escheat can exist in the L'nited States; but the word is used in stat- utes confiscating the estates of those who abandoned their country during the revoUition, and in statutes giving to the state tlio lands fur which no owner can be found. ESCHEAT', r. t. To forfeit. [JVot usfd.] Bp. HaU. KS-CH£.AT'A-BLE, a. Liable to escheat. ES-CHeAT'AGK, h. The right of succeeding to an esc heat. Shencvod, ES-CHEAT'ED,pp. Ha\ing fallen to the lord through want of heirs, or to the state for waul of an owner, or by Jbrfeiture. ES-t'HEAT'ING,p;w, Reverting to the lord through failure of heirs, or to the state for want of an owner, or by Jbrfeiture. ES-CHeAT'OU, n. An officer who observes the es- cheats of the king in the county whereof he is es- chealor, and certihes them into ilie treasury. Camden, ESCIIKW, V. L [Norm. escArveri Old Fr. e^cheoir ; G. scheufit; It. scliicare ; Fr. e^uiver: Dan. skyer; to shun. The G. scJteu, Dan. sky. It. scM/o, is tlie Eng. ihy. In Sw. the corresponding words are skyg^ and skHg^ia, which leads to the opinion that Uie radical 1. tiers are Kg or Skg ; and if so, these words c«irre- syHind with the G. acheuchen, to fr^liten, to drive away, which we retain in the word skoo^ used to scare away fowls.] To Aee from ; to shun ; to avoid. He w1k> obcja, deKmctioa ihoU tsdita. Sandy. EP^CHEW'KD, (es-chude',) pp. Shunned ; avoided. l',S-CHEVV'ING, ppr. Shunning ; avoiding. KSeOCH'EON, n. [Fr.J The shield of the family, fVarton, ES'CORT, H. [Fr. tseorU ; It. scoria, a guard or guide, Korgere, to discern, lea^, coiidurt. Sp. and Port, es- colta, r changed into I. The Italian has ivorlo, seen, perceived, prudent, and as a noun, abridgment ; ana foyrUtrPy to abridge, shorten, conduct, escort. The seiiso of short, nfun-ten, is connected with L, curttut, and the sense of prudent occurs in L. curdaius. But whether there is a connection between these words, let tlie reader judge.] 1. .\ guard ; a body of armed men which attends an officer, or baggage, provisions, or muuititgts, conveyed by land from pt.-icu to place, to protect them from an enemy, or, in general, for security. [Tills word is rarely, and never properly, used for *aval protection or protectors ; tlie latter we call a conBoy. I have found it applied to naval protection, but it is unusual.] . 2. In a moTt genrral sense., protection or nafepuard on a journey or excursion ; as, to travel under the cs- crrt of a friend. ES-C'ORT', B. (. To attend and gimrd on a journey or excursion by land ; to attend and guard any thing r.jnv.^ycj by land. General Washington arrived at Ilur^ton, McorUd by a detachment of dragoons. The gii.ird^ CMtrrted Lord Wetlingtun to L^mdon. 1> t-uK'i'EU, ;»p. AtU'uded and guarded on a joiir- II 'v or exciirsiun by land. \y- <'fiKT'I.\G, ppr. Attending and guarding on a !rrify or excursion by land. i ■ '"T'. Bee Scot. - '■)'!'', c. f. To pay the reckoning for; to mii>- ! - I -"ilJ-ADE'. SeeS t'KI-TOIR', (rs-kre-twor',) n. [Pp. r«rri/prio ; It. acrittorio ; Fr. rcrituirf, from eerirc, ccrit, to write, from the mm of 1*, grribo, Enc. to .scrape.] A b(iX with instruments and convt-nienres for wri- ting, soinftimes a desk or chert of ^Irawers, with an apartment for the instruments of writing. It is often nronminred nerutmr, ES-CRI-TO'UI-AL, a. Pertaining to nn esrrllofr. E.S'€UO\V, n. [I't. ecrou, Norm, escrover, escroioe^m Kcrull.] In laip, a deed of lan'ls or tenements delivered to 8 third person, to hold till worn* condition isp<-rf(irmed by the grantee, and wliieh is not to take eif'^el till the condition is p<'rformed. It is then to be delivered to the grantee. JtlackstttHe, RH'€IJ-AGK, Ti. [from Fr. ecu, for eseu, L. scututRj a shi'ld.] In feudal lata, serrice of the shield, called also geutnfff : a speciest of tenure by knrglit service, by which a tenant was brtund to f.illowhis lord to war; afterward exchanged for a pecuniary satisfaction. blackiitone. E?<-CU-LA'PI-AN, «. [from ^sculapiun, the physi- cian.] Medical : pr-rtainlng to the healing art. Younff. ES'€U-LENT, a. [L. eseuUntu.n, from esea, f M»d.] Eatable ; that i>> or may Ik; tised by man for food ; a«, e»rulent plants ; tsealtnt fish. EH'CU'LRNT, ». Something that is eatable; that which is or may be safely eaten by man. ESP E-S-CO^RI-AL,*. The palace or residence of the king of Spain, about 22 miles north-west of Madrid. This is the largest and most superb structure in the king- dom, and one of the most spbndid in Europe. It is built in a dry, barren spot, and the name itself is said to signify a place full of rocks. Encyc. The Escunal was built by Philip II., in the shape of a gridiron, in lionor of St. Laurence, It takes its name from a village near Madrid. It contains the king's [Kiluce, St. Laurence's church, the monastery of Jereiuimitew, and the free schools, also the place of sepulture for the royal family of Spain. Port. Diet ES-€UTCH'EON, (es-kuch'un,) n. [Fr. ecussoa, for escujtson, from L. scutum^ a shield, II. scado, Sp. escudo, Arm. seocda.] 1. The shield on which a coat of arms is represent- ed ; the shield of a family; the picture, of ensigns armorial. Knajc. Johnson. 2. That part of a vessel's stern on which her name is written. R. II. Dana, Jr. ES-eUTCH'EON-i^D, (es-kuch'und,) a. Having a coat of arms or ensign. Young. ES-LOIN', V. L [Fr. eloi^er.] To remove. \JVot in use. ;OPII-A-( I cutting.] ise.\ E-SOPII-A-GOT'O-MY, n. [Gr. otcoi{>ayos and ropn- In surgery, the operation of making an incision into the esophagus, for the purpose of removing any foreign substance that obstructs the passage. Joum. of Science, E-SOPII'A-GU9, n. [Gr. ntffo-pay'>i.] The gullet ; the canal through which food and drink pass to the stomach. E-SO'PI-A.N, a. [from .a^i*;*.] Pertaining to^Esop; composed by him or in his manner. IVarUin. ES-O-TER'ie, 0. [Gr. £<7a)Tcpm, interior, from £, pp. Protected by nn espalier. ES-PAL'IEK-L\G, ppr. Protecting by an e:^palior. Ef^-PAR't'ET, ri. A kind of sainfoin. Mortiiarr. ES-PAR'TO, It. A kind of ru.^h in Spnln, of which corjaie, shoes, basket", &c., arc made. McCallodi. ES-PI-y'^CTAL, (es-pesh'al,) a. [Vt. .tpecial ; L. spccia- lis.frum speeio, to see, sprcirg, kind.] Principal ; chief; particular ; ad, hi an especial man- ner or degree. ES-PE"CI.AL-LY, a//r. Principally; chiefly; particu- larly ; in nn uncommon degree ; in reference to one person or thing in particular. F-'^-PE"(;iAI^NESS, n. The state of being especial. ES'PIvRANCE, n. [Fr.,from L. irperoj to hoix:.] Uniw. [JVot Enjfluh.] Stak. ES-PI'AL, n. [See Bpt.J A spy ; the act of cispving. ElyuU ES-PI'EI), (es-plde',) Pp. Seen ; discovered. ESPI'EU, a. One who csiiies, or watches like a B])y. llarmar. ES'PLNEL, fl. A kind of niby. [See Spinki-] ES'PI-ON-AGE.Ces'iw-on-ajetfresV'-on-azh,)!!. [Fr., fW>m e^nofiner, to spy, espwn, a Ppy-] The practice or employmimt of spies ; the practice of watching the words and conduct of others, and . attempting to make diMCoveri'w^as spies or secret em- issaries ; the practice of watching others without be- ing sus[>ectcd, and giving iiitclligence of discoverieii' made. ES-PLA-NADE', n. [Kr. lU ; Pp. esphviada; It. spia- nata; from L. planu.i, plain.] 1. In furtifieation, tile glacis <)f the coutiter^carp, or the sloping of the para[kl of the covered way toward the country ; or the void space between the glacis of a citadel and the i\tHi houses of the town. lirande. Campbell. 2. In trardenirtff, a grn^s-plat. ES-POIJB'AL, (es-ixiux'al,) a. [See Espouse.] Used in or relating to the act of espousing or betrothing. BacoJi. ES POL'S'AL, n. The act of esjiousine or bctnrfhitig. 2. Adoption ; protection. l^d. Orford. ES P(Jirs'AL», TI. pi. The act of contracting or affi- ancing a man and woman tu eacli other; a contract or mutual promise of marriage. 1 rctnr-mlv-r ihc^, the UndoGa of tlij yuuth^ the love of lliiuo •tpoutaU. — Jcr. U. E3-POU8E', (es-ponx',) v. (. [Fr. epouMrr ; IL »pe»are ; ESS Port. dc9pnsar ; Sji. desposar, to marry, detppsar^e, to he betrothtd. If this word is the same radically us the L. spondeo, uponsux, the letter n in the latter must be casual, or the modern languages have lost the letter. The former is most probable ; in which caso, .tpondeo was primarily .spodco, spasua.^ 1. To betroth. Wheu ax hi> nicitb^r M.try wiia etpouted lo Jos^pli, — Matt. 1. 2. To betnith ; to promise or engage in marriage by contract in writing, or by some pli^lgo ; as, the king expoused his daughter to a foreign prince. Usually and properly followed by to, rather than with. 3. To marr}' ; to wed. Shak. MUloiu 4. To unite intimately or indissolubly. I have etj'oiiM'i Toti to itnn htuluml, iKu I nuiy prcsont you lu a cli^utu vu'j;;iii Ui Climt. — U Uur. xi. 5. To embrace; to take to one's self, with a view to maintain ; as, to espouse tlie quarrtil of another \ to espoujie a cause. Dryden. ES-POUS'i;D, pp. or a. Betrothed ; affianced ; prom- ised in marriage by contract; married ; united iuii- matelv ; embniced. ES-POLrSE'ME.NT, n. Act of espousing. ES-POCS'ER, n. One who espouses; one who de- fends the cause of another. ES-POUS'I\G, ppr, Uetrothing; promising in mar- riage by covenant \ marrying; uniting indiss'tlubly ; talking part in. ES-PRIT' DE CORPSy (es-prC'do-kSr',) [Fr.] The spirit of the body or society ; the coininon spirit or disposition formed by men in association. ES-PY', r, (. [Fr. cpiVr, e,tpier: Sp. esjuar; It. spiare; D. bc-fjiiedcn, Irom spirdCylK spy; G. ^/loAcn, to spy; fiw.speia: Di\n, .vpeidcr ; VV. ^.'••jtiair, and yspeitAiaiOy from y^aiUi. paith. (See Spy.) T|^o radic:il letters seem lu be I'd ; if not, the word is a contraction from the root of L. spccio,] I. To see at a dist:ince ; to have the first sight of a thing remote. Seamen espy land, as Uicy ap- proach it. 9. I'o see or discover something intended to be hid, or ill a degrt.'e conceahd, and not very visible; as, to rspy a man in u crowd, or a thief iu a wood. 3. To discover unexpectedly. 4. To insi>ect narrowly ; to examine luid make dis- coveries. Mows B^Tit ino to ff«/>yout the Kuil, and I bruuglil him word &giiiii.— Ju»ki. xi*. ES-PY', V. L To look narrowly; to look about; to watch. StHiid hy l)ic wBjr anil *ip\/. — Jcr. xlviil. [ This word is often, prommnced Spy ; which see.] ES-P?', n. A spy ; a scout. ES-PY'ING, ppr. Discovering ; seeing first. ES'UULMAUX, (es'kc-iniT,) n. A nation of Indians inhabiting llio norlh-westtrn parts of North America. Kncye. W;«. ES-aUTRE', n, [Fr. ecnytrt It. aeudirre ; Sp.eseud{roi Port, fjicudeiro ; from L. scatiun, a shield, from Gr. cr«vru(,a hide, of which shields were anciently made, or from tlie root of that word, Sax. aceadan. Sue Shade.] Properly, a shield-bearer or nrmor-bearer, *cuf'/ff,* an attendant on a knight. Ilenee, in modern times, a title of dignity next in degree below a knight. In Englami, this title is eiven to the younger sons of noblemen, to officers or the king's courts mid of thn household, to counselors at law, justices of the peace while in commission, sheriffs, and tnher gentlemen. In Vie United Sfafr.t, the title ts given to public olfi- cers of all degrees, from governors down to justices and ottorneys. Indi't d, the title, in nddit-ssing let- ters, is best()wed on any tx-rson at pleasure, and con- tains no dcHnite description. It is merely an cxpre»r sioii of respect. ESQUIRE', r. (. To attend ; lo wait on. ES-aUTR'/;i), pp. Attendeil ; waited on. ES UlJIIl'ING, piJT. Attending, as nn estpiire. £S-Qf//SSE', (fs-krs' ) n. [Fr.J The first sKotch of a jiirture or modol of n statue, ES-SAY', V. t. [Fr. fssayrr; Norm, esspyrr; A,rm. ccc- zara; D. zorken, to 8ee"k ; bfzuckr.n, vcriucken, to es- say ; G. nuchrri, to seek ; vrrsurhm, to essay ; Dan. forsHgrr; tiw. fi)r.-itSkiti ; i^it. ni-iaynr ; Port, c/isaiar ; It. saggiarf, o-fsafffriftre. The primary word is .-ici-k, the saine as L. sft/uor. (See Seek.) 'I'Jie radical sense is, to press, drive, urge, strain, strive. Cli. pCK. Chiss eg, No. -Itl.] 1. To try ; to attempt; to endeavor; to exert one*a power or faculties, or to make an effirt to peilorm any thing. \^'hilu I tlu* unexKniplcd txak «$m^. Dlofkmort. 9. To make experiment of. 3. To try the value and pur;ty of nietnls. In this application, the word is nt)W more generalty written AsfAT ; wiiich see. ES'SaY, n. A trial; attempt; endeavor; an effort made, or exertion of body or mind, for the iw^rfurm- ance of any thing. We say, to make an tsaay. Fruitlru our bopv, thou|fi pknu our «««aya. IfmiA. TONE, BJJLL, IJNITE.— AN"CER, VI"C!0US.— € as K; as J ; • as Z ; CH as SII ; TH as Id THia 5ti i^ KSS 3 la L Mmtiir *, n rniii|WMiiion intenflt-il in prove or tOttiiralo a panirtil.ir c^utlj4'ct ; Uitually shorter and ioM meUiodical aiid tiniihed tlmn a tty^tcm ^ as, nii «»Mi|P on Uie life ami wriiiiigs uf Uoiiu-r ; uu tssay an fossils ; an rjucajr ca cuiuuifrcc. 3. A trial or expexinient ; .is, this is the first esaatf. 4. Trial or eX[H-riinent to prove tiie quuiilitia of a metal. [In this soiis<', see Assat.J 5. First ta^te of anv thing. Drydem* BB-fiAY'£D, (es-sade',) pp. Attempted ; tried. BS-8AY'KKf «. One who wTiies essays. ^.Idiscn. ES-SAV'I.NG, ppr. Tr>-ing; making an edort } at- tempting. ES-SaY'1ST, m. A writer of an easy, or of eanya. ES'SEXCE, m. [I* essentia ; Fr. fssmet ; IL mmmu ; 6a, D»m(i» ; from L. mm, to be i S w. v4mmd« ; Golh. iriwmrff, from wwait. Sax. immui, to be, whence mu. The aeiue of tbe verb », to set, to fix, lo be perma- iieiiLl_ 1. That wbicli eoostitatee the paiticular nature of a being or mbslaacc, or of a genus, and wbkh dis- tinguishes it horn all others. Mr. Locke makes a dlstincUon between namznal essence and real c^rance. Tbe Mimtiiai essence, for example, of gold, is Umt complex Idea expressed by ^U ; tlie real es8t>nre is the conatiuition of its infusible parts, on which its pn^MUties depend, which is unknown lo us. Tks mmmet of God beus no niatioo (o pUcr. S. D. Or^n. 5. Formal existence ; that which makes any Uiing to be wbal it is ; or rather, the peculiar uatttre of a thing ; tbe reiy substance ; as, ihe essence of Chris- 3. Existence \ the quality of buing. [tiaaity. 1 cdqU hsw raifneil my toj cmom*. AliMy. 4. A being ; aa existent person ; as, heavenly a»- sescsf . MiUom. & Species of being. Bsmm. 6. Constituent 8ub:>iance ; as, the pare ssmms of a spirit. Jfiftm. [Locke's reo/ essence, su;n^] «. Theprcdominantqualiliesorvirtuesof any plant or drag, extracted, refined, or reelifif^ from groMer matter ; or, more strictly, a volatile or essential oil; as, llie tssfmcM of mint. 8. Perfume ; odor \ scent \ or the volatile matter constituting perAimc. Hat kC (te unpnmMd c*Mncct exhale. P«f*. £3'S£NCB, r. (. To perfkime ; to scent. ES'HKXL'-i;D, (es'senst,) pp. Perfumed ; as, usenctd E.«-^kXE?'. w. ^ [Gr. E«ffnM(-] Amongfck* Jrsjj, a sect remnrkable for tbeir strictness and abt>tiut.-uce. ES-SCN'TI.AL, a. [L. rtsssNsh.* ] t. Neceasary to the constitution or existence of a thing. Pieqr and good works are easniiMl to tlie ChrwCian character. Pigdre and extension are sssen- JM< properties of bodies. & Important in tbe highest degree. 3. Pure ; highly lectified. > R$M€alial oUs^ are such as are obtained from f^ants chiefly by distillation with watt- r. They dissolve in alcohol, are inflammable, and much used in perfu- mery. Braitde. F^ential ckaraelrr; in natural kiitory^ that single quality or ivoperty which ser^'t-a to distinguish one genus, species, &c, from another. E^^EN'TIAL, (es-aen'shal,) a. Existence; being. [Little used.] Milton. 3. First or constituent iffinciples ; as, the ea^entiaU of religion. 3. "Hie chief point ; that which is most important. ES-SE.\-TI-AL'I-TV, i n. The quality of being cs- ES-SK.N'^TI.AL-NES:^, | sential ; fir^t or constituent principles. Stei/t ES-SE-\'TIAI^LV, ade. By the constitution of na- turt: ; in essence ; as, minerals and plants are u»en- tialiif ditrerent. 1L In an important degree ; in effecL Tbe two statements d'.ifer, but not tssentiaUy. £S-S£.\'TIaT£, r. t. To become of the same essence. S. Jonsoit, E3-SEX'TISTE, r. U To form or constitute the es- sence or being of. Boyle. ES-SE.\'TlA -TED, pp. Formed into the sameessence. ES-SE\'TlA-TIN'G, ppr. Forming into or becoming of the same essence. E3-SOIX', «. [Xorm. cron, excu«e ; Law L. ezonut^ mnmiM ; Old Fr. exonicr, es-ionier, to excuM;. Spclman deduces the wurd-from ex and sein^, care. But qu. This word is sometimes spelt Esjoigx.] 1. An excuse ; the alleging of an excuse for him who is summoned to appear in court and answer, and who neglects to appear at the day. In Rn^land^ the three first days of a term are called essoin-daysy as three days are allowed fur the appearance of suit- ors. Blackstone. CvteeL Spelman. 2. Excuse; exemption. Spenser. 3. He that is excused for non-appearance in court at the day appointed. Jofauon. EST KS-8t»lN', f. I. To uMow an excuse for non-np|>ear- nnrc in r^nirt ; to excuse for alisenre Coird. ES-^( »l\'Ki{, n. All ntturnoy who bulhcicutly excuses (he absence of another. Ei^'SONITE, M. Cinn.'imon-Stone , which see, £S-TAB'L1SH, V. C [Fr. nablir i Sp. BsOtblecrr; Port. ; IL stabUire ,* L, stabUioi Ueb. 3X> or 3X9, Ch. and Syr. id. ; Ar. * - ^'^ ' taaaba^ to set, fix, estab- lish. Class Sb, No. 37, and see No. 35. See also Ar. i_AjA waCa&a, Cb. 3n\ to settle, to place, to dwell. Class Db, No. 53, 54.] 1. To set and lix firjhly or imalternbly } to settle permanently. I wfl) ^^^lfltil^ my covonukt with bim Ibr ut ereriMtin^ eor»- nmal, — iico. xvii. 9. To found pernianently ; to erect and fix or sot- tie ; as, to estabtish a cidony or an empire. 3. To enacl or decree by authority and for per- manence ; to ordain ; to appoint ; as, to establish laws, rejiculations, institutions, rules, ordinances, &,c. 4. To settle or fix iJermauenily ; as, to r^tablish one*s st^If in buiiinosa ; tbe enemy established them- selves in tbe citadel. 5. To make firm ; to confirm ; to ratify what has been previously set or made. X>o wK tbra makf void Ihe Liw throiig^h f.dth } "By no meaai ; jea, we mIbMmA ihe Uw, — Rum. iii. 6. To settle or fix what is wavering, doubtful, or weak ; to confirm. So wrrv the churchn ttlah^hed In the futh. — Acts xrl. To the ?ntl be m«v tataiAuK jrour heorta unblamable In hoUnen. '— 1 ThcM. ill. 7. To confirm ; to fulfill ; to make good. EimUM \hf vonl to thy aervaoL — Pt. cxU. S. To set up in the place of another, and confirm. Who go abDUt to tttabHah their own riglitrutianna. — Rom. x. ES-TAB'LISH-ED, pp, or a. Set ; fixed firmly ; found- ed ; onlained : enacted ; ratified ; confirmed : set np and supported by the state \ as, an established re- ligion. ES-TAB'LISH-ER, a. He who establishes, ordains, or confirms. ES-TAB'L!SII-I\G, ppr. Fixing ; settling pemin- nenllyj founding; ratifying j confirming j ordain- ES-TAB'LISH-MENT, n. ^Fr. etahVu>,emmt.] 1. The act of establishing, founding, ratifying, or ordaining. 9. Settlement ; fixed state. Spenser. 3. Confirmation ; ratification of what has been set- lied or madi-. Bacon. 4. Settled regulation ; form ; ordinance j system of laws ; Constitution of govenunent. Biinr Id ihai MloUaAflwnJ b; which all men abould b« coiiulned bi duty. Spender. 5. Fixed or stated allowance for subsistence \ in- come; salary Uia excdieucy — mighl ^ndoallr kaaCD yo^ tidbliMhmerU. Swi/L 6. That which is fixed or established ; as a perma- nent mililarj- force, a fixed garristtn, a local govern- ment, an acency, a factory, ice. The king has estab- Uskments lo support in the four quarters of the globe. Great Britain. 7. A place of residence or of transacting business. 8. That form of religious worship which is t^stab- lished and supfKirted by the state. 9. Settlement or final rest. W« Ki up our hopci and etSabUakment here. Wakt ES-TA-CADEf^ n. [Fr. Sp. estacada, from the root of stake.} A dike constructed of piles in the sea, a river, or a morass, to check the approach of an enemy. itri-FEVTE; I "• [Sp. "«./«<. ,■ Fr. ul^cte.] A courier ; an express of any kind. ES-TATE', n. [ Fr. etat, for estat; D. staati G. stoat ; Arm. stad; lU stato ; Sp. tstado ; L. status^ from 5to, to stand. The roots s(*, std, and stgy have nearly the same signification, to set, to fix. It is probable that the L. sto is contracted from atady as it forms steti. See Ar. iXa:?* Class Sd, No. 46, and Class Dd, No. 2a, 23, 94.] 1. In a general sense^ fixedness ; a fixed condition ; now gentrally written and pronounced State. Slie C3At us ht'oillung frjin otir lii^h eataie. Dryitn, 2. Condition or circumstances of any person or thin^, tvliether high or low. Luke i. 3. Rank ; quality. Who Kallt not Ireonl of the gr«?ainew of your attate 7 Sidrmf. 4. In law, the interest, or quantity of interest, a man has in lands, tenements, or other eflTects. £5- (rt/ra are real or personal. Real estate consi:*t3 in EST lands or freeholds, whicli descend to heirs ; jirrstin.d cstnte rouRi.-'ts in chattels or movubles, which gu lo executors and administraturs. There are al^ estates fur life, for years, at will, &.c. 5. Fortune ; ijossossiuns ; property in yenoral. He is a man of a great estate. He left his enlate unencum- bered. C. The general business or intercsiof government ; hence, a polilicai body ; a commonweallh ; a repub- lic. But in this sense, we now uae State. 7. A branch of the body politic. In Great Britain^ the estates of the realm are the king, lords, and com- mons ; or rather tlie lords and commons. Kutalea i in the plural, dominions ; possessions of a prince. 2. Orders or classes of men in society or govem- meut. Herod made a supper for his chief estates. Mark vi. ES-TATE', V. t To settle as a fortune. [Litde used.] 2._To establish. [Little used.] [Shak. ES-TaT'EU, ;;p. or a. Pipssesain^i an estate. SwifU ES-TEEM', V. t. [Fr. estimer; It. cstimare; Sp. and PurL (wtonar; Arm. istimouty Litimrinf h. (Csiimo ; Gr. eioTi^aoiiai ; cisand ri/zau, to honor or esteem. See Class Dm, No. 28.] 1. To set a value on, whether high or low; to estimate ; lo value. Then hr forsook Uod, who nutle him, and ll^litly eatamtd lite roclt of tiin JLilviition. — Dent, xxxii. Thi7 llial ileajjiae me ali Jl bo lightly taUamad. — 1 Sam. 'i. 2. To prize ; to set a high value on ; lo regard with reverence, respect, or friendship. When our minds are not biased, we always eniecm the industrious, tbe generous, the brave, the virtuous, aud the learned. Will he ealeem tliy ricliet? — Job xxxvi. 3. To hold in opinion ; to repute ; to think. One man esteemeljt otic day atiove ouotber ; another tateemath every djy alike. — Rom. xiv, ^ 4. To compare in value ; to estimate by proportion. [Little used.] JJavies. ES-TEKM', V. L To consider as to value. Spenser. ES-TEE.M', n. Estimation ; opinion or judgment of merit or demerit. This man is of no worth in my esteem. 2. iliffh value or estimation ; great rcfjard ; favora- ble opinion, founded on supposed worth. Buth ihocr pocla lived iu much atttem wiih ^oud antl holy mfa ill unlcrx. Dryden, E?-TEEM'A-BLR, a. Worthy of esteem ; e.stimable. ES-TEEM'A'l), ;)/». or a. Valued; estimated; hiyhly vahied or prized on account of worth ; thought; held in opinion. ES-TEE.M'ER, n. One who esteems ; one who sold a high value on any thing. A proud tiletnier of Im own parta. Lodea. ES-TEEM'L\G, ppr. Valuing; estimating; valuing hichlv ; prizing; thinking; deeming. ES-TH'E'i'ie, a. Pertaining lo the science of taste. ES-THET'ie3,n. [Gr. a(aO,}TiKoi.] The science which treats of the beautiful, or of the theorj- of taste. [See ^EsTHiiTics.] ES-TIF'KR-OUS, a. [L. .-lon in pri.-Km, and for his family during his imprisonment; alimony for a woman divorced, out of her husband's estate. Com- mon of est-oversy is the liberty of taking the necessar>' wood fur the use or furniture of a house or farm fmm another's estate. In Saxon, it is expressed by bote^ whicl' signified more, or supply^ as, house-bote, plmo- boti'y ttrr-botn^cart-botCi &c. Blackstoue. E.S-TRADE' n, [Fr.] An even or level apace; a level and slightly raised place in a room. Smart. ES-TRAM'A CON, ( son,) n. [Fr.] A sort of two- edged sword formerly used. Ej^TRANCE', B (. [Fr. etranffer. See STRAjrr.E.] 1. To keep at a distance ; to withdraw ; to cease lo frequent and be familiar with. limd we tttranged ounelvea from them In thlon IiKlifl<*mit. tJooker. I thiM tttrange my penon from her bed. DryUn. 2. To alienate ; to divert from ill original use or possessor ; to apply lo a purpose foreign from its original or customary one. Thej h-ire ettmnged ihit plMC and buml incense In it to other ft»U. — Jcr. xix. 3. To alienate, as the afTections ; to turn from kindness to indifference or malevolence. I do not kaovr, to this hour, whiU it is that has ettrangtd htrn froo) me. Popt. 4. To withdraw ; to withhold. E.S-TRAN<5'K0,pn. Withdrawn ; withheld ; alienated. ~' ">.NF'* "" " ■ . tranged. _ _ _ Prynne. Et*-TRANG'ED-NE9S, The state of being es- ES-TRA\CE'MENT, n. Alienation; a keeping at a distance ; removal ; voluntary abstraction ; aa, an tMtrangfment of affection. An utrangement oTdealrea from bettsr things, SouA, ES-TRAN'O'IXG, ppr. Alienating; withdrawing i keeping at or removing to a distance. ES-TRA-PaDE', n. [Fr. strappado.] The action of a horse, who, to get rid of his rider, rises before and at the same time Icrcks furiously with his hind legs. Farrier*» Did. ES-TRAY', r. i. To stray. [.SeeSTRAT.] ES-TRAY', n. [Norm. eMraytr^ probably allied to Mtratrgle and perhaps from the root of W. trag, bey end. J A tame beast, as a horse, ox, or sheep, which li found wandering or without an owner ; a beast sup- ETK posed to have strayed from tlie power or inclosure of its owner. It is usually written Stray. Blackstone. ES-TRkAT', n, [Norm, estraite or estreiie, from 1*. eztractum, ertraho^ to draw out.] In laiB, a true copy or duplicate of an original writing, especially of amercements or penalties set down in the rolls of court to be levied by the bailiff, or oilier officer, on every offender. Coicel. Encyc. ES-TRkAT', r. 1. To extract; to copy. Blackstone. ES-TKf:AT'ED, pp. Extracted ; copied. ES-TKi.:AT'I\(:;, ppr. Extracting ; copying. ES-TKSPE'MENT, n. [Norm, estreper, e6tripper, to waste ; Eng. to strip.] In law^ spoil ; waste ; a stripping of land by a ten- ant, to the prejudice of the owner. Blackstone. Cowet. ES''l'IlII>(iF i "' "^'^^^ ostrich ; which see. [06s.] 2. In commerce, the fine down of the ostrich, lying immedialely beneath the feathers. McCulloch, ES'TU-A.NCE, n. [L. (tstus.] Heat, [^ot in use] Brovm, ES'TU-A-RV, 71, [L. (Estuarium, from irstuo,io boil or foam, wstus, heat, fury, storm.] 1. An arm of the sea; a frith; a narrow passage, or the mouth of a river or lake, where the tide meets the current, or llows and ebbs. 2. A vapor bath. ES'TU-A-RY, a. Belonging to or formed in an estua- rv ; as, estuary strata. LyelL ES^TU-ATE, D. i. [L. irstuo, to boil.] To boil ; to swell and rage ; to be agitated. ES-TU-A'TION,n, A boiling ; agitation; commotion of a fluid. Brawn. Jv'orris. EST-URE', n. [L. trstuo.] Violence ; commotion. [J^ot used,] Chapman, E-SO'RI-ENT, a. [L. esurieiis, esurio.] Inclined to cat ; hungr>'. Diet. ES'lJ-RINE, (ezh'yu-rin,) a. Eating ; corroding. [Little use^] fflsrman. E-TAT^ MA'JOR, (a-ta'ma'zhor.) Officers and sub- officers, as distinguished from their troops; also, the superior officers. Diet, de Pj3c^ ET C^TE-Rji, [L.] and the contraction Etc., or &.C., denote the retit, or others of the kind ; and so on ; and SI) forth. ETCH or EU'DISH, n. Ground from which a crop has been taken. Mortimer. ETCH, V. t. [G. etien^ D. etsen^ to eat. See Eat.] 1. To produce figures or designs on copper or other metallic plates, by means of lines or strokes first drawn, and then eaten or corroded by aquafortis. The plate is first covered with a proper varnish or ground, which is capable of resisting the acid, and the ground is then scored or scratched by a needle or similar instrument, in the places where the lines com- posing the figure or design are intended to be ; the pinte is then covered with nitric acid, which corrodes or eats the metal in the lines thus laid bare. Hebert, 3. To sketch ; to delineate. [JVbt in use.] Locke. ETCH, p. i. To practice etching. ETCH'£D, (etcht,) pp. or a. Marked and corroded by nitric ucid. ETCH'ING, ppr. Marking or producing a design on a metallic plate with aqual*>rtis. ETCH'INti, n. The act ur art of etching ; a mode of engraving. a. The impression taken from an etched plate. ETCH'ING-NEE'DLE, ». An instniment of steel with a fine point, used in etching for tnicing out- lines, Alc, on the plate. Brande. ET-E-OS'TIO, n. [Gr. trtoi, tnie, and artxoj, a verse.] A chronogram in at ical comiK>sition. B, Jonson. E-TERN', a. Eternal ; perpetual ; endless. [JYot used. ] Shak. E-TER'NAL, a. [Fr. eternel ; L. aitemusy composed of trvum and tumus, xvittmus. Varro. The origin of the last con^kment iwrt of the word is not ob^ vious. It occurs in diatumus^ and seems to de- note continuance.] 1. Wittiout beginning or end of existence. Th? eternal Uod it thy rt^»gn. — Dott, ixxiii, 2. Without beginning of existence. To know wh'•l)lt^r then Is onj real being, whose dtmiion has t*--^!! eterfiol. Locke. 3. Without end of existence or duration ; ever- lasting; endless ; immorUtl. That ih>-y may niao obtain the aaJralion which Is In Clirtit Jesus, with eternal sf\uTy.-~'i 'i'iin. ii. Wh.it (hull I ilo, lliit 1 niuy lutve eternal life } — Matt. xix. Sufl-'rin^ thfl wn^uiicc ofetemai firu. — Judo 7. 4. Pcrpctttal ; ceaseless; continued without inter- mission. And firrs $t0rnai io thj temple sliine. Drt/den. 5. Unchangeable; existing at all times without change ; as, rU-mal truth. E-TER'NAL, n. An ap|)ellation of God. Hooker. JUilton. E-TER'NAMRT, n. One who holds the past ex- istence of the worid to be inlinite. Burnet. E-TER'NAI*-I/.E, r. u To make eternal ; to give [We now use ETBRnizK.] [endless duration to. E-TER'NAL,-IX-KD,7i7», Made eternal. ETII E-TER'NAUIZ-ING, ppr. Rendering eternal. E-TER'NAL-LY, adv. Without beginning or end cil duration, or without end only. 2. Unchangeably ; invariably ; at all times. Th:it which is morally good must be eternally and unfhanrap Uy so. South. 3. Perpetually ; witljput intermission ; at all times When western gales elMmally retido, Addieon. E-TER'NI-FI-£D, pp. Made famous ; immortalized, E-TKR'NI-FY, r. t. To make famous, or to immor- talize. fJVyf in use.] E-TER'NI-FT-ING, ppr. Makiijg famous; immor- E-TER'NI-TY, n, [L. a:ternitas.] [talizing. 1. Duration or continuance without beginning or end. By t. Made endless ; immortali^.ed. E-TER'M'/-ING, ppr. Giving endless duration to; immortalizing. E-Te'SIAN, (e-tS'zhan,) a. [L. etctius { Gr. erricrtos, from £TOi^ a year. Qu. Eth. v/vUa , owed, or aiocdj a circuit or circle, and the verb, to go rtuind.] Stated ; blowing at slated times of the year ; pe- riodical. Etesian winds are yearly or anniversary winds, answering to the monsoons of the Eawt In- dies. The word is applied, in Greek and Roman writers, to the periotlical winds in the Mediterranean, from whatever quarter they blow. Encyc, E'THAL, n. [from the first syllables of c/Arr and alcohol.] A peculiar oily substance, obtained from sperma- ceti. Prout. KTHE, a. Easy. TObs.] Chaucer. E'THEL, a. Noble. [06a] E'THER, 71. [h.a-tAeri Gr. atOrip, aiOro, to burn, to shine; Eng. weather: Sax, wader, lliG air; D. weder; G- wetter; Sw. vdder.] 1. A thin, subtile matter, much finer and rarer tUan air, which, some philosophers supiwse, begins from the limits of the atmosphere, and occupies the heav- enly space. JVewton, There fii;Uis of light and llqiild elJter flow. Dryden. 3. In chemistrTf, a very light, volatile, and inflam- mable fluid, produced by the distillation of alcohol, or rectified spirit of wine, with an acid, especially with sulphuric acid. It is lighter than alcohol, of a strong, sweet smell, susceptible of ^reai e\|>ansion, and of a pungent taste. It is so volatile, that when shaken it is dissipated in an instant. Encyc, Fonreroy. E-THK'RE-AL, a. Formed of ether; conlnining or filled with ether ; as, ethereal space ; ethereal n-gions, Q. Heavenly ; celestial ; as, ethereal messenger. \ Consisting of ether or spirit. Vast chain of Iflnff, which from God began, Natiirr^ elhermii, human, augcl, man. Pope. E-THE-RE-AL'I-TY, n. The state or condition of being etnercal. E-THk'RE-AL-IZE, r. t. To convert into ether, or into a very subtile fluid. Oood. 2. FijTurntivrln, tti render ethereal or spiritual. E-TllE'RE-AL-IZ-f:l), pp. or a. Converted into ether or a very subtile fluid ; as, an ethcrealiied and incor- poreal t-uiistrato. • Qood, 9. Made ethereal or spiritual. E-THi5'UE-AL-LY, adv. In a celestial or heavenly nmnner. E-THE'RE-OUS, a. Formed of ether; heavenly. MittoTU fi'THER-I-FORM, a. [ether and /otto.] Having the fctrni of cthur. Prout. e'THER-INE, 71. Carbureted hydrogen, so called from being supposed to exist in ether. P. Cyc £'THER-IZE, V. L To convert into ether. Med. Rrpos. K'THER-TZ-KD, pp. Converted Into ether. E'THEIt-IZ-L\G, ppr. Converting into ether, ETH'ie, ia. [L. ethie.usi Gr. nUiKOi, fmm ;?0o(, ETH'IC-AL, i manners.] Relating to niannt-rs ot- morals , treating of moral- ity ; delivering pri:cepta of morality \ as, elhic di»- courses or epistles. TONE, BULL, IJxMTE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0U8.— € as K ; as J ; B as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. *~ 41 r ETY • £l'U'ie-AL-L\% 4^0. According to the doctrines of El'H'ies, «. The doctrines of nrnmlity or «>ociaI nmiiiMn; Itw science of i»<>nil philus4<|ihy, wbicb Iftaclw mea their duty, uid ibo reasons of tu Ptilry. Efcye, S. A frfsCem of moml priuriplea ; a svitrm of nilea Ibr re|afatio( the acUuiis and niaunt:rs of uicu in Mciety. E-THI^M-AN, i "■ A native of Ethiopia. £*THl'OPS .\tAR'Tr,iL : black oiydof inm; iron to the form of a very tim' [wwdi-r. £*TH10PS MLVKR-II.; a c^unbination of mercury and sulphur, of a black Ci4or ; black sulphuret of m'^rrury. TltMuoa. AldM«#fi. ETH'MOID, fa. [Gr. ^dai^f, a «iev«, onA ftdof. ETH-MOID'AL, ( form.] ReM-mbhng a sieve, Ftkmout km* ; ft bone at tbe top oC Um root of the ETH'WnCII, a. [Gr. (9^^ and apxt.] Tbe gDvemor ot a province or jiet^ple. RTir.Nie, I a. [U rdtHteus ; Gr. (driro;, from BTH'Nie-AU i *(7..*(, nation, fttun the root of G. kmdf^ b^h, woods, whence krcOun. See HxATHKn.] Heath': n ; pa^an ; pt-riuining to the Gentiles or nations nttt rutiv(;rt:'d to Chriatiaoity ; o{^wfied to Jrteuh and CAnstiaH, ETH'XIC, «. A heathen j a pagan. £TU'>il CISM, a. Heathenism j pnganlsm ; idolatry. B. Jomson. KTH-NnG'RA-PHER, I a. One who cullivalea elh- ETH-.NOI/O^IST, i nography; one who tn-atJ of ihe diiTt r-ai natural rac^^-s and families of men. ETH-NO GRAPH'ie, > a. [S*>e Uie noun.J Per- ETH-NO GKAPIl le-AL, j taming to ethm.graphy. ETH-XCx; RA PHY, > a. [Gr. j«s.l The iiciencc wbirn treats i/ the diflbrent natural races and families of men, or a trealise on that tKi- ence. ETH-O-LOC'IC-AL, a. [See Etholoot.] Treating of ^hirs or inomlilv. E-TUOL'O-OIST, N.' One who writes on the subject of manni^rs and morality. E-THOL'O^jV, k. [Gr. td-ii^ or j?d, ;rp. or a. Blanched ; whitened by excIuJ:!.!.' ihf sun's rays. E'TI-O-La -TI.NG, ppr. Blanching ; whitening by excluding tbf ^un's ravs. E-TI-O-hA'TlO.N, n. The operation of being blanch- ed, as plants, by excluding the liiiht of ihe s'tn. fhurcrvy. iMrwin. In ffanimimgj the rendering plants while, crisp, and tender, by excluding the action of light from them. Cyc E-TI-O-LOG'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to etiologj-. E-TI'OL'O-GY, a. [Gr. aina, cauw, and Xoymy dis- course.] In lUirfHMC, that branch of medical science which treats of the causes of disease. Quiney. ET-I-QUETTE', (et-e-kel',) n. [Ft. ettquette^ a ticket ; \y. tocfiiy a little piece or slip, froai tocuiw, to cut off, Eng. to ttoek. OriffinaUif^ a little piece of pa[>er, or a mark or title, a£xed to a bag or bundle, expressing its conients,] ■ Primmrdy^ an account of ceremonies. Hence, in freeent uMtjf^e, fonni of cen^immy or decorum ; tbe forms which are observed toward particular persons, or in particular places, especially in courts, levees, and on pub'ic occasions. From tbe original sense of Ihe word, it may be inferred that it was forraeriy the custom to deliver cards containing orders for regu- latios ct-rtmoiiie^^ on ptililic occasions. ET-Nit'AN, «. [from .^no.] Pertaining to Etna, a volcanic mountain in Sicjiv. ET'TKV n. A giaJiL [Obs.] Beaum. ET'TLE, r. U To earn. [Ao* in ««.] Boucher. ET-t'I', (ct-we',) 1 ET-WKE', > n. [Fr. rtiri, a case.] ET-\VEE'-€.^SE, ) A ca.««f fnr pi>ts. Eneyc ET-Y-MOL'O-OY, n. [Gr. frv/ioj, true, and X«, 05., discounif.] I. That part of j>hilnlngj- which explains the origin and derivation of words, with a view to ascertain their radical or primary signification. In f^mmar, t'tyniologj- comjtrthends the various indectiims and inm j;rt'/iof, true.] An original rot>t or primitive word. EC'€HA-K1ST, (yu'ka-tist,) «. [Gr.£"X'»f"S't«, a giv- ing of thanks ; £)>, well, and \'Voi^. favor.] 1. The sacrament of tlie Lord's 8up{>or ; the solemn act or cremony of cominetnuraiing the death of our Redeemer, in the use of bread and wine, as emblems of his tiesh and blood, accompanied with appropriate prayers and liynins. 2. The act of giving thanks. EreHA-KIST'ie, i a. Containing expressions of EU-€IIA-UIST'1C-AT., i thanks. Brown. Pertaining to the Lord*s supper. EO'CHLORE, a, [Gr. £i', well, and x\o}poi, green.] In mineralo^, having a distinct green ciilur. Moos. EU-€HLO'Rie, (yu-klo'rik,) a. Of a distinct green color. Euehtoric ffos f the same as EucHLoains. Dary. ECeilLO-RIXE, n. [See Chlorine.] In chemistry^ proioxvd of chlorine. Dacy. Ure. EU-CII»iL'0-GY, (yu-kcrf'o-je,) «. [Gr. ivxoXoytov: «c\fi, i»myer or vow, and A a) '•(, discourse.] A fiirmulnry of prayers ; the Greek ritual, in which are pmscribed the order of ceremonies, sacra- ments, and ordinances. Kncyc. EOeilKO-ITE, a. JGr. ct-xfioci, beautiful color.] A mineral of a light, emerald-green color, trans- parent and brittle. EO'€HY-MY, (yu'ke-me,) a. [Gr. ev^Vfttn.] A good stole of the blood and other fluids of the body. EU-€HY-SID'ER-ITE, a. A mineral, considered as a variety of augite. PhUtips. EO'CLAHE, n. [Gr. £v and «Aiib), to break ; easily broken.] A brittle gem of the ber>-l family, consisting of silica, alumina, and glucina. It occurs in light, green, tranoparent crj-stalii, affording a brilliant diag- onal cleavage. It comes from the topaz localities in Brazil. Dana. EC'eRA-SY, a. [Gr. f», well, and xpaois, tempcra- menL] In Medicine^ suc-h a due or well-proportioned mix- ture of qualities in bodies, as to constitute health or soundness. Quincy. Kncyc. EOC'TlC-.-VL, 0. Containing acts of thanksgiving. Mede. EC'DI-AI^TTE, a. [Gr rr, c^ily, and (JtaAutu, to dissolve.] A rose-red or brownb^h-red mineral, occurring in neariy o[»aque co'stala. It consists of the earth zir- conia', uiiit'-d with silica, lime, and soda. It fuses ea'?ily before the blowpipe. Dana. EU-DI-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. cu^tof, serene, fu and (J(os, Jove, air, and titTp"Vy measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the purity of the almoaphere, or rather the quantity of oxygun con- tained in any given bulk of clastic fluid. Encyc. Ure. EU-DI-O-MET'Rie, ) a. Pertaining to a eudi- EU-l)I-0-MET'RI&AL, j ometer ; peiformed or as- certained by a eudiometer j as, eudiometruuU exper- iments or results. EU-DI-OM'E TRY, n. The art or practice of aacei^ taining the purity of the air by the eudiometer. P. Cyc EC'GE, n. .applause. [JSTot used,] Hammoad, EC'GEN-Y, n. [Gr. cuand jti/.j.] Nobleness of birth, ECGII, (yu,) n. A tree. [Pee Yew.] EU-HAR-.MON'ie, a. [Gr. rv, well, and harmonic] Producing harmony or concordant sounds ; as, the euhnrmonic or;;an. Liston, EO'KAI-BITE, 71. [Gr. crirat/)'.?, opportune.] Cupreous selcniuret of silver, a mineral of a shin- ing lead-gray color, and granular structure. Cleavrlan/L EtJ-LOG'ie, ; a. [See Eclogt.] Contiiining EU-LOG'TC-AL, | praise; commendatory. EU-LOG'I€J-AL-LY, adv. In a manner to convey praise. EO'LO-GIST, (yu'lo-Jist,) n. [See EuLoor.] One who praises and commends another ; one who writes or speaks in commendation of another, on account of bis excellent qualities, exi^olts, or per- formances. EU-LO GIST'IG, a. Commendatory ; full of praise. EUR EU-LO^rST'lC-AL-LY, w/e. With coumiendation. EULd'Gl-UM, tt. A eulogy. EC'LOGIZK, (>a'lo-jTy.o,) v. t. [Pee Eui.ogt.] To praise; to sp<*ak or write in rnmniendation of an- other ; to extol in spi-och or writing. EC'LO^IZ->^n, pp. Praised ; commended. EO'LO-GIZ-ING, ppr. Commending ; writing or !»p*'aking in praise of, EC'LO-GY, n. [Gr. tuXoyia; cv and Aojos-] Praise; encomium; panegyric; a siw^ecli or writ- ing in commendation of a person, on account of his valuable qualities or services. EO'iN'O-MY, n. [Gr. tvvitfiia ; cv and i-w/iof, law.] Equal law, or a well-adjusted constitution of gov- ernment. JHyorcL EC'NUeil, (yQ'nuk,) n. [Gr. cvcuvxof ; evu/, a bed, and £\(i), to keep.] A male of the human speries cawtrated. ECNUeil-ATE, r. U To make a eunuch ; to castrate. EO'\rcH-A-TKD, pp. Made n eunuch. ECT'NUeil-A-TlNG, ppr. Making a eunuch. EP'NI^CII-ISM, n. The state of being a eunuch. EU-OT'O-MOUS, a. [Gr. fu, well, and t£;ivw, to cleave.] In Hioierafo/Ty, easily cleavable. Skcpard. EC'PA-TIIV, (yii'pa-lhe,) n. [Gr. eviraOeia.] Ridht iV-eliiiff. Harris. EU-PA-'J'OU'l-NA, n. A supposed alk;iloid olitained from Eupatorium Cunnabinum, or hemp agrimony. It is a white powder having a peculiar sharp, bitter taste, insoluble in water, but sohible in ether and al- cohol. It combines with sulphuric acid, and the Bolt cr\'8talli7,es in silky needles. EC'PA-TO-RY, n. [L. eupatorium ; Gr. cviraropiov.] The plant hemp acrimony. EU-PEPSY, (yu-pt-n'sc,) n. [Gr. cvjtc%^ia ; cv and ircipiiy concoction.] Good concoction in the stomach ; good digestion. EU-PEP'TIt;, o. Having 5;oJ forbion.] Jn the materia medica, an inspissated sap, exuding from an African plant. It has a shnrp^ biting taste, and is vehemently acrimonious, indaming and ulcer- ating the fauces. Encyc. EP'pnf)-TTl)E, n. A name given, by the French, to the nc-'regato of diallage and saussurite. Clcaveland. EO'PHKA-SY, ^yu'fra-se,) n. [Gr. tvnao- ple, as distinguished from tlie Kiliiopians, black-faced people, or tawny inhabitants of Asia and Africa.] The great quarter of the earth that lies between the Atlantic Ocean and Asia, and between the Med- iterranean Sea and the North Sea. EL'-RO-Pe'AX, a. Pertaining to Europe. ElMtO-PE'AN B. A native of Europe. EC'Ur.S, n. [L.] The east wind. EO'RYTH-MY, (yu'rith-my,) n. [Gr. ev and ^vO^toi, rytJimuSy number or proportion.] In aixhiWcture.y paintings and sculpture, ease, majes- ty, and elegance of the parts of a body, arising from just jjroportions in the coinpositttm. Kneyc. EU-SIC'BI-AN, n. A term applied to the followers of Ehinehiiis, of Nicomedia, who was a friend and pro- tfctor of Arius. EU-STA'CHI-AIV, a. The ettstarhian tube, is a slender pipe affording a passagB fur the air from a cavity in the car lo tlie back part of the muulli, and the exter- nal air. Paley. EC'STYLE, n. [Gr. ev and r^'X-Jf, a column.] In architeHure, a term denoting a building in which the columns are placed at the most convenient dis- tances frctm each other, the interrohininiations being just two diameters and a quarter of the culumn. Omilt, EO'TAX-V, »i. [Gr. cvra^ia.] I'>t:ibl)shed order. [JVbe useiLI Jfatrrhouse. EU-TER'PE, (yu-ter'pr-,) n. In miftJioli>ffj/y the m\xse who presides over wind-instnirnents, EIJTER'PE-AN, a. Relating to Euterpe; a term of- ten given to music clubs. EO'THA-NA-SY or EU-TIIAN'A-SY, n. [Gt. ev9a~ ifarta : £v and dafarof, death.] An ea-'«y death. ^rbntknot. EtJ-TVeii'I-AN, n. A term applied ^^ the followere of Eutifekuuy who held that the divine and human natures of (*hrist, after their union, became so blend- ed togfjlher, as to constitute but T>ne nature. They were aUo called MonopHYSiTE*. ./. Murdock. EU-TYCH'I-A\-ISM, (yu-tilt'c-an-izm,) n. The doc- trine of Eutychius. ECX'I.VE, n. The sea on the east of Europe; the E-Va'CaTE, r. t. [L. ruco.] [Black Sea. To empty. [JVbt in aae.] Jlarvcij. K VAC'I;ANT, o. [L. cracuans.} Ktiiptying; freeing from. K-VAClj-A.\T, n. A medicine which procures evac- uations, or promotes tlie natural secretions and ex- cretions. E-VAC'U-ATE, r. c JI*. eracuo; e and vacuus, from vaco, to empty. See Vacast.] 1. To make empty ; to free from any thing con- tained ; as, to evacuau the church Hooker. 2. To tlirow out ; tn eject ; to void ; lo discharge ; as, to eeacuate dark-colored matter from the bowels. Hence, 3. To empty ; to free from contents, or to diminish the quantity contain''d ; as, \n etacaaU the bowels; to enncuate the vessels by bleeding. 4. To quit ; to withdraw from a place. The Brit- ish army evaauUed the city of New York, Nov. 25, 1783, 5. To make void ; to nullify ; as, to epoeuate a marriage, or any contract. rin tliia seni*e, Vacatk is now genemlly iised.J E-VAG'tJ-A-TED, pp. or a. Emptied ; cleared ; freed from the contents ; quitted, as by an army or garri wm ; ejected : discharged ; vacated. E-VAC'Cl-A-TlNG, ppr. Emptying; making void or vacant; withdrawing frcni. E-VAC-U A'TION, n. The act of emptying or clear- ing of the contents ; the act of withdrawing from, as an army or garrison. 2. Discharges by stool or other natiirnl means; a diminution of the fluids of an animal body by cathar- tics, veneRrriion, or oth^r means. Quiftcy. 3. Abrdition; nulliliration. E-VAC'U-A-TIVE, a. That erarnates. E-V.\C'U-4-T0tt, ?!. One that makes void. HammaniL RVADE', p. f. [L. evado; e and rarfo, to go; Sp. eoadir : Fr. rradrr.] 1. To avoid by dexterity. The man evaded the Mow aimed at bis head. 2. To avoid or escape by artifice or irtratagem ; to #Ilp away ; to elude. The thief eradrd his pursuers. 3. To elude by subterfuge, sophistry, address, or Ingenuity. The advocate evades an argument or the force of an argument. EVA 4. To escape as imperceptible, or not to be reached or seized. South, E-VaDE', p. i. To escape; to slip away; formerly and properly with Jrom ; as, to evaUe from perils. But/rftm is now seldom used. 2. To attempt to escape ; to practice artifice or sophistry, for the purpose of eluding. : not u> eonda oiid take refu|;e in any TbP miniitpri of Gixl i ■uch wa;a. E-VSD'ED,p7). Avoided; eluded. E-VAD'ING, ppr. Escaping ; avoiding ; eluding ; slipping: away from daugtr, pursuit, or attack. EV-A-G A'TION, n. [L. evagatio^ coagor i eand vagor^ to wander.] The act of wandering; excursion; a roving or rambling. Ray. E-VAG-IN-A'TION, «. [« and vagina,] The act of unsheathing. E'VAL, a. [Jj. ffvum.} Relating to time or duration. {J^ot in iwc] E-VAL-T^-A'TION, ». [Fr.] Valuation; apprizcment. \VsFle.-fs.'] EV-A-NEs'CE\CE, n. [L. evancsccns, from evanr.tco; t and vane^coj to vanish, from vanu^. vain, empty. See Vain.] 1. A vanishing ; a gradual departure from siglit or possession, either by removal to a distance or by dissipation, as vapor. 3. The state of being liable to vanish and escape possession. EV-A-NES'CENT, a. Vanishing; subject to vanish- ing; fleeting; piissing away; liable to dissipation, like vapor, or to become imperceptible. The pleas- ures and joys of life are evanescent. EV-AN-ES'CENT-LY, adc. In a vanishing manner. E-VA\'GEL, n. [L. CfanffFUam,'{ The go3|jel. LM't in use.] Ckaucrr. EV-AN-ge'LI-AN, o. Rendering thanks for favors. Mitford, E-VAN-GEL'ie, I a. [Imw L. erangcUca.Sj from E-VAN-OEL'ie-AL, j evangelium^ the gospel; Gr. ivuyyeXtKOiy from cayfcXi'-vi £11, well, good, and a>'>tAAw, to announce, Ir. a^a^/* or doc- trines, prrcepts, actions, life, and death, of our bless^'d .Savior, Jesus Christ ; as, the four evangelists, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. 2. A preacher or publit>her of the gospel of Jesus Christ, licensed to preach, but not having charge of a particular church. E-VAN'GKI^I3T-A RY n. A selection of passages from tlie Gospels, as a lesson in divine service. Oreffory. E-VAN-GEI^I-ZA'TION.n. The act of evangelizing. E-VAN'GKI^IZE, o. U [Low L. evamrflizo.] To instruct in the gospel : to preach the gospel to, and convert to a t>elief of the gos[>cl ; as, to evangel- ite heathen nations ; to eoangeliie the world, Milntr. Buchanan. E-VAN'GKL IZE, v, l To preach the gospel, E-VAN'GEL-IZ-KD, p;». or o. Instructed in tho gas- pel ; converted lo a U:tief of the gosiM-l, or to Chris- tianity. E-VAN'GEL.rZ-ING,;7n-. Instructing in the doctrines and precepts of the gosiH.! ; converting to Chris- tianity. E-VAN'GEL-Y, n. Good tidings; tho gospel. [JVot in wte.] Spejucr. E-VAN'TD, a. [U eraniditJ>. See Vaix.] Faint ; weak ; evanei^cent ; liable to vanish or di»- appear ; as, an evanid color or smell. Bacon. Knryc. E-VAN'ISH, n. i. [L. etane^co. See Vain.] To vanish ; to disappear ; to escape from sight or perception. [VArtisn is more gencmlly used.] E-VAN'ISII-MENT, ». A vanishing; disappearance. Burton. E-VAP'O RA-BLE, a. [See Evapobatb.] That may be converted into vnpur, and pass off in funn-s ; that may be dissifjated by evaponition. (frnp. E-V.\P'0'RATE,r. i. [L. evaparo ; c and raj'or*?, from ra;»«r, which see,] I. To pasa off in vapor, as a fluid ; to escape and be dissipated, either in visible vapur, nr in particles too minute to be visible. Fluids, when heated, oHen EVE evaporate in visible steam ; but water, on the surface of the earth, generally evaporates in an imj>erceptible manner. 2. To escape or pass off without effect ; to be dis- sipated ; to be wasted. Arguments evaporate in words ; the spirit of a writer oflen evaporates m translating. E-VAP'O-RATE, v. t To convert or resolve a fluid into vajwr, wliich is specifically lighter than the air; to dissipate in fumes, steam, or minute particles. Heat etmporates water at every point of tt;mperature, from 32" to 212^, the boiling point of Fahrenheit; a north-west wind, in New England, evaporates water, and dries the earth, more rapidly than the heat atone of a summer's day. 2. To give vent to ; to pour out in words or sound. fVotton. EJ-VAP^O-RATE, o. Dispersed in vapors. E-VAP'0-UA-TED, pp. or a. Converted into vapor or steam, and dissipated; dissipated in insensible par- ticles, as a fluid. El-VAP'O-RA-TING, ppr. Resolving into vapor; dis- sipating, as a fluid. E-VAP-O-RA'TION, tu The conversion of a flnid into vapor specifically lighter than the atmospheric air. Evaporation is increased by heat, and is followed by cold. It is now generally considered as a solution in the atmosphere. 2. The act of flying off in fumes; vent; discharge. 3. In pharmacy, tlie operation of drawing ofl* a porti»m of a fluid m steam, thut ihi; remainder may be of a greater cimsistence, or more concentrated. E-VAP'O-RA-TIVE, a. PeiLiiuing to or producing evaporation, E-VAP-O-ROM'E-TER, n. [L, evaporo^ and Gr. per- pov, measure.] An instrunii-nt for ascertaining the qunn'.ity of a fluid evai>orated in a given time ; an atmometer, Junrn. of Science. E^VA'SION, (e-vu'/.hun,) tl [L. cvasto, from evado, evasi. See Evade.] The act of eluding or avoiding, or of escaping, particularly from the pressure of an argument, from an accusation or charge, from an interrogatory and the like; excuse; subterfuge; equivocation; artifice to elude ; shift. Evasion of a direct answer weakens the testimony of a witness. Tlum by eoasiotii thy crime uiicoTcr-^t more. AfUton, E-VA'SIVE, a. Using evasion or artifice to avoid ; •elusive; shuttling; equivocating. He — »n«wfrewn ; Dan. a/Hcti ,■ Ice. afftait, Uu. Ch, N^sD, from nilD, fanah, to turn, to decline. The evening is the decline of tlie day, or full of the sun.] 1. The decline of the sun : the latter part or close of the day, and beginning oi the night. Eve is used chiefly in poetry. In prose, we generally use evening. Winter, oft, nt «vt reavimpB t!iP Ijrei-se. Thomtion, They, like no in.-vny Alexanilen, H'lTC in these p.iru Irom iiioni till tven busht. Shak, 2. Eve is us mediLatc In Uis field at the 'eo«n-<. -~ Gen. ixir. [This word is nearly obsolete ; tide being a useless addition to even.] TONE, BI/LL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; 6 as J ; 8 an Z ; CH as 811 ; TH as in THIS. 413 KVE KVE EVE £'V£N. (S'vn,) m. [Sax. llioiit a remainder ; oppoaed to tdd. 4, 6, B, 10, wesvMDomberiL . Let UiB tell n* wfasttwr Um Doniber of ihe sun b mm or odd. T^ytor. £'VI:N, (?'vn,) P. L To make even w level ; to level ; to lay smooth. Tkb wiU «wa Rll famprnMn. SMtyn. TiM vnplsXenMMrMrfwiatfaeMl. itaJegk, 9. To place in an equal state, as to obUgation, or in a statf in which nothing is due on cither side ; to haUnre arcount*:. Shak, R'V*:N, p. I. To be equal to. [^Vot wed,] Carrw. ft'VEN, (e'vn,) atlr. Noting n level or equality, or, emphatically, a like mnnnLT or degree. As it has been done to you, ecen su shall it be done to others. Tboi^ art a »i>ldier crrm to Cato*s wishes; that is, your qualities, as a soldier, are equal to his wishes. 5. Noting ^tiality or sameness of time ; hence, emph;itirally, the verj' time. I knew the GuXm ceea when I wnJie to you. 3. Noting, emphaiically. Identity of person. Aod MmM I, cpm I. do bciur h to>d at i 0«a.rt. 4. Likewise ; in like manlier. Hecv mil ttteii nf« and m 5. So much as. We are not seea eensible of the change. 6. Noting the application of something to that which is less probalfly included in the phrase ; or bringing scNBething wkbUi a description which is uneiprcted. The eoaunoo people are addicted to this vice, and srcs the great are not tne from iL He • Bade several discoveries which are new even to the learned. Here also we see the sense of equality, or bringhig to a level. So in these [riira^es, 1 shall erm h-t it pass, I shall cpra du more, we observe tJie sense of bnng- ine the mind or will to a level with wliat is to be R-VeNE', p. i. [l^ eeenio.] [done. To haptien. [A"o( in itsc] HetfWt, Pt'VKS'flO, (6'vnd,) pp. .Made even or level. fi'VKN-EIl, (c'vn-er,) a. One that makes even. E'VfTN-H A N IJ, n. Equality. Bacon, E'V£N-H.\.VD-ED, a. Impartial ; equitable ; just. Shak. E'VKN-KEEL. A ship is properiy said to be on erea-keH when she draws the same water abaft and forward. The lenn is sometimes us^'d, though inac- curau-ly, to denote that she is not inclined to either sidf , b«it*is uprighL Brandt. £'VA;N-I.\G, (6'vn-ins,) a. [See Ete, Etex.] The tatt'T part and close of the day, and the beginning of darkness or night ; properly, the decline or fall of the day, or of the sua. The ^ftmng ond ike mnrBin; ven the fint d*^. — Gro. L The precise time when erenimr befiin^, or when it entls, IS not ascertained by us.'iee. The word often tndudea a part at least of the aAemoon, and indeed the whole afternoon ; as in the phrase, " The mom- tag and aemmg service of the Sabbath." In strict- ness, reoiia^ commences at the setting of the sun, and continues during twilight ; and nt>Af commences with total darkness. But, in customary language, the awaia^ extends to bedtime, whatever that time nuy be. llence we say, to spend an eceming with a frit-nd : an eveminff visiL '2. The decline or latter part of life. We say, the eeeninv of life, or of one's days. 3. The decline of any thing ; as, the evemng of glory. £'Vf:\-lNG, (e'vn-ing,) a. Being at the close of day ; aA, the rrrxino- Kichfice. E'V£\-ING-HV>LV, ) Cc'vn-ing) a. A hymnorsong e'V/:N-rNG-SONG, \ u% be sung at evening. E'V/:N-I.\G-STXR, (e'vn-ing-) a. Hesperus or Ves- ppr ; Venus, wht- n visible in the evening. E'V£.\-MI.\D'ED, a. Having equanimity. » the rigtiiraua aod to the wicked. — E^ fi'VKN-LY, (tt'vn-le,) adv. With nn even, It'vel, or smtKith surface ; witliout nmKbness, eluvatiuus, and depressions ; as, thtnss ecenly spread. 3. Equally -, uniformly ; iu an equipoise ; as, tren/y balanced. 3. In a level position ; horizontally. The BUT^ue of the ma u eotnly iltitant from thtu cnlrn of the •&nh. IJrettuood. ■ 4. Impartially ; without bias from favor or enmity. Bacon. fi' VEN-.\ESS, (e'vn-.*«e»s,) a. The state of being even, level, or smooth ; equality of surface. 2. Uniformity ; regularity ; as, evrnnes.i of motion. 3. Freedttm from inclintition to either side ; equal distance fnmi eitJier extrt^me. Hale. i. Horizontal jwsiiion ; levelness of surface j as, the erenncs^ of a Iluid :it rest. 5. Impartiality between parties; equal respect. 6. Calmness; equality of temper; freedom from perturfmtion ; a state of mind not subject to elevation or depression ; equanimity. jiUerbunf. E-VENT', a. [L. mentusj evento ; e and rraic, to come ; Pr. seeaenuat; It and Sp. eventof Ar. /.Li faina. Class Bn, No. 91.] 1. That which comes, arrives, or happens j that which fhlls out ; any incident, good or bad. Then u oat tv»nt ck«. ix. 2. The consequence of any thing ; the issue ; con- clusion ; end ; that in which an action, operation, or serie-s of operations tenninates. The event of the campaign was to bring about a negutiatiou for peac*. E- VE.NT' r. i. To break fnrth. [J^ot iLted.] E-VENT'ER-ATE, p. l [Kr. eventreri from the L. e and r«iiKp, the belly.] To open the bowels ; to rip open 3 to disemboweL Brown, E-VENT'ER-A-TED, pp. Having the boweU opened. E-VENT'ER-A-TING, ppr. Oi»ening the bowels. E-VENT'FJJL, a. [from cvmt.] Full of events or incidents; producing numerous or great changes, either in public or private affairs ; o-t, an evcntftd period of nistor>- ; an eventful period of life. E-VEN'TI-LATE, p. u To winnow ; to fan ; to dis- cuss, rtv-e V'bstiuate.] E-VEN-TI-LA'TION, n, A fanning ; discussion. fi-VENT'lJ-AL, a. [from ecent.'\ Coming or happen- ing as a cimsequence or result of any tiling ; conse- quential. 2. Final ; terminating ; ultimate. Burkt, Svtntnat prmrioo for the payrocnt of the puUlc arciiritifs. HamUlon, E-VENT-T7-AL'I-TY, a. Among phrenotoi him wtun^. Pop*. This ought to be, ne^cr so long, as the phrase is al- ways used in the Anglo-Saxon, and in our version of the Scriptures, that is, so long as never^ so long as neper before, to any length of time indefinitely. Ask me nerfTSomuch dowry. Charmers, charming n^rcr so wisely. These are the genuine English phrases. Let therh charm so wisely as never before. 6. A word of enforcement or emphasis ; thus, as soon as ever he had done it ; els tike him as ever he can look. '' they came to the [Or is a misprint. It should be ere, that is, btfore. See Ere.] 7. In poetry, and .■sometimes in prose, ever is con- tracted into c'ffr, Eoer, in composition, signifies always or contin- ually, without intermission, or to eternity. EV-ER-A€T'IVE, a. Active at all times. EV-ER-IIUB'BLING.a. [ever and bubbtimr.] Con- tinualtv boiling or bubbling. Cra^ihaw. EV-ER-llURX'ING, o. [ever and burning.] Burning continually, or without intermission ; never extinct; as, an ocer-buming lamp ; ever-burning sulphur. Milt4>n. EV-ER-CHANG'IXG, a. Very changoable. EV-ER-I)E-eAY'ING, a. Always decaying. EV-ER-DOU'ING, a. [ever and during.] Enduring forever ; continuing without end j as, ever-during glory. Ralegh. EV-ER-D?'ING, a. Always dying. EV-ER-EX PAND'ING, a. Always expanding. EV-ER-GLADB, ju A tract of land covered with water and grass, EVER-GREEN, a. [ever Hnd green.] Always green; verdant throughout the year. The pine is un ever- grren tree. EV-ER-GUEEN, n. A plant that retnins its verdure through alt the seasons ; as, a garden furnished with evcrirrcens. EV-ER-G ROWING, a. Always growing. EV-ER-IIAST'ING, a. Always hasting. EV-ER-HON'OR-/:D,(-on'urdOa. [ever and honored.] Always honored j ever held in esteem ; as, an ever- honored name. Pnpe. EV-ER*LAST'ING, a. [ever and lasting.] Lasting or enduring forever ; eternal ; existing or continuing without end ; immortal. Thr fvcrUuHng God, or Jehofah. — Qcn. xxi. Etmrlasling f\rv ; etteriaeting punbhrnciit. — Matt, xviii. xxv. 2. Perpetual ; continuing indefinitely, or during the present state of things. 1 will prf. iliotf, and thy a^d after thee, the land of Canaan, for an toerloMting pOMesifon. — Gen. xvii. The tverituliug lulu or inounlaliia. GcjKtU. TIabakkuk. 3. In popular usasrr., endless; continual; uninter- milted i as, the family is disturbed with everiaxting dispute!). EV-ER-LAPT'ING, n. Eternity; eternal duration, past and future. from eoerlasting to everlasting thou art God. — Ps. xc 2. A popular name of certain plants^ from the per- manence of the color and form of their dry flowers, as the American cudweed, of the genus Onaphalium. Loudon. Farm. Encyc. EV-ER-LAST'ING-LY,flrfu. Eternally } perpetually ; continuallv- Swifu EV-ER-LXST'ING-NES.S, n. Eternity; endless du- ration ; indefinite duration. {Little used.] Donne. EV-ER-LAST'ING-PP.A, n. A plant of the vetch kind, a species of Lathyrus. EV-ER-LIV'ING, a. [ever and living.] Living with- out end ; eternal ; immortal ; having eternal exist- ence ; as, the ever-living God. 2. Continual ; incessant ; unintermitted. EV-ER-MEM'0-RA-BLE, a. Worthy to be always remembered. EV-ER-MORE', adv. lever and more.] Always ; eternally. Religion prrfTa the pleasures which flow from the pr^-a^nce of Cio.1 (or tvermore. TiUoUnn. 2. Always ; at all times ; as, evermore guided by truth. EV-ER-0'P£N, (-6'pn,) a. [ever and open.] Always open ; never closed. Taylor. EV-ER^PLlC AS'IXG, a. [ever and pleasing.] Always pleasing; ever giving delight. The eoer-p!caeing Pimiela. Sidney. EV-ER-RE-CUR'RING, a. Always recurring. EV-ER -RKST'LEi^S, a. Always restless. EV-ER-RE-VeR'/:D, a. Always revered. E-VER^E', re-vers',) v. L [L. ei^er^us.] To overtlirow or subvert. [J^ot jwcrf.l Qlanville. E-VER'SrON, 71. [L. eversio.] An overthrowing ; destruction. Taylor. Eversion of the eyelids ; ectropium, a disease in which the eyelids are turned outward, so as to expose the red internal tunic. Ouod. EV-ER-SMTL'ING, a. Always smiling. E-VERT', 7\ L [L. evertn ; e and verto, to turn.] To overturn ; to overthrow ; to destroy. [Little nsrd.]^ Ayliffc. E-VERT'ED, pp. Overturned. E-VERT'ING, ppr. Overthrowing. EV-ER-VER'DANT, a. Always green. Verplanck. EV-ER-WaK'I.NG, a. [rrrr and waking,] Always EV-ER-WAHT'ING, a. Always wasting. [awake. EV-ER-WATCH'FI;L,a. [ever and icatchful.] Al- ways watching or vigilant ; as, ever-watchful eyes. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MeTE, PRE V. — PINE, MARtNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, B^QK. — EVl EV^'ER-Y, (t. [Old Ene. ererirh. CAffMcr. It h formed from ever, Tho Scal9 write eterich and ecerilk; the latter ia |]>e Sax. irfre and a-lc^ each. The former may be Mr, cata, addition, «r the com- inon terminatittn ich^ ig, like.J Each individual of a whole collection or a0jrrejfate number. The word includes the whole number, but *acb separately staled or con^idcn-d. Every man at hi« bert stai-; is alioy-ihcr »anity. — Pa, xxxix. fcV'ER-Y-DAY, a. [every and day.] Used or being every day ; common ; usual ; as, enery-day wit ; an erery-day suit of clothes. F.V'ER-Y-WHfiRE, adv. [See Where, which signi- fies place.] In every place; in all places. EV-ER-YOU\G', a, [ever and youn^.] Always young or fresh ; not subject to old age or decay j undecaying. Joy» ner-younf , ani>uz«(l witii paio or lear. Pope. EVES'DROP. Pee Eavesdbop, the usual spelling. kVES'DROP-PER, tt. One who stands under tlie eaves, or at a window, or door, to listen privately to what is said in the house. [See Eavksdropper.] _vp>:/Tf_r:iTP « j. [jvVf « iwc] See Invksti- EVI EXA E-VES'TI-GaTE, E-VT'HRATE. [JVot in ilic] See Vibbatib. E-VICT', r. £. [li. evince f evictuHii e and vincoy to conquer.] 1. To dispossess by a judicial process, or course of legal proceedings ; to recover lauds or ti^ncments by law, 1/eiiber jwuty be evieted tw iWeU of ibe (rther"* lille. Biacktlane, 2. To take away by sentence of law. King Charles. 3. To evince ; to prove. [JVvt used.] Ckeynt, E-VICT'ED, p^ Dispossessed by sentence of law ; applied to persons. Recovered by legal process \ ap- plied to thingn. E-VieT'IX(V, ppr. Di-«possessing by course of law. E-Vie'TIOX, n. Di-^prtssession by judicial sentence ; Uie recovery of lands or tinemi;nls from another's possession, by due course of law. 2. Proof ; conclusive evidence. UEstrangt, EV'I-DENCE, n. [Fr., from L. evidetUia^ from mideoy to see. Class Bd.] L That which elucidates and enables the mind to see truth; proof arising from our own perceptions by tlie senses, or from the testimony of others, or from inductions of reason. Our senses* furnish rvt- deace of the existence of matter, of solidity, of color, of heat and cold, of a difference in the qualities of bodies, of figure, tec. The declarations of a witness furai:ih evidence of facts to a court and jury ; and reasoning, or the deductions of the mind from facts or arguments, furnish evidence, of truUi or falsehood. a. Any instrument or writiuit which contains proof. I d^-tivei^ tltn endence at Uk purvtuue to B^tmch. — in, xxxu. 1 aubMchbctl Um toidettce ittul ceoleti ju — Jcr. xjuui. 3. A witness ; one who testifies to a fact. This sense is improper and inelegant, though conunon,and found even in Johnson's writinca. EV'I-I>ENCE, V. L To elucidate ; to prove ; lo make cU-ar to ilic mind ; to show m such a manner tliat the mind rjin apprch'-nd the truth, or in a manner to convince it. The te-^tiinony of two wiintsses is usually sufficient to evuUnce the gnilt of an olfender. The works of creation clearly evidence the exi^itence of an infinite first cause. Milton. EV'I-DE.\C-£D, (ev'e-denst,) pp. Made clear to the mind ; proved. EV'I-DE.\C-I\G, ppr. Proving clearly ; manifesting. EV'I-DE.NT, a. Plain ; open to be seen ; clear to the mi^ntal eye ; apparent ; manifest. Tliu figures and colors of bod ieit are evident to the senses ; tlit^ir quali- ties may be made evident The guilt of an oflender can not always be made evident, EV-I-DEN'TI/VL, a. AObrding evidence; clearly proving. ScoU. EV'I-DE\T-LY, a/ir. Oearly; obviously; plamly ; in a manner to be seen and understood ; in a man- ner to convince the mind ; ccrtiiinly ; manifiSily. The evil of sin may be evidently proved by its inis- ■-hievous efl!?jcts, i: VIO-I-LA'TION, 7t. [L. eviffitatio.] A waking or watching. [Litiie used.] " " hiirel; D. [Sa-T. e/d, yfet, or i euvdi E'V/L, fS'vI,) G. ♦**« ; Arm. fall, froalL Q,u, \V. g^ieaet, vile ; In feaL The Irish word is connected with feallaim, to fad, which may be allied to fall. Perhaps this is from a different root Uu. ileb. C'h and Syr. "jij;, to be unjust or injurious, to defraud, Ar. ^Lc to de- cline, and jLc to fall on or invade suddenly. I. Having bad qoalit'es of a natural kind ; mis- chievous ; navmg nunkfkles which tend to injury, or to produce mi«chi(T. Some ««£ beut h*V(!, or snow ; « and vineo, to conquer.] 1. To show in a clrar manner; to prove beyond any reasomihle doubt ; to manifest ; to makeevidenL Nothing evinces the depravity of man more fully than his uinvilliiigness to b<-lievc himself depraved. 2. To conquer. [A"o( in use.] &V1NC'>;1), (e-vinst',) i*p. Made evident; proved. E-V1NCE'MK\T, n. Act of evincing. E-VIN'CI-BLE, a. Cujiuble of proof; demonstrable. JIaie. E-VIN'CI-nLV, adv. In a manner to demonstrate, or force conviction. E-VLV'CIVK, a. Tending to prove; having the power t*j d'-monstrate, £'V1-RaTE or EV'I RATE, v. t. [L. vir, eviratn.9.] To emasculate. LV«f i« uTf.j Bp. Jfall. EV-1-KA'T10_\ n. Castration. Cuckrrtm. E- VIS'CER-ATE, v. L [L. eviecero ; e and viscera, the bowels.] To embowel or disembowel ; to take out the en- tnils ; to search the bowrlH. Johnson. Griffith, E VI.S'CER-A-TED, pp. Deprived of the bowels. E-Vl.S'CER-X-TING, ppr Disemboweling, EV'I-'J'A-BLE, a. [L. erituhiH.^. .See E^itatk.] That may be shunned ; avoidable, [titth usM.] Ilooker. EV'I-TaTE, r. t, [L. evito ; e and vito^ from the root of void, tride.] To shun ; to avoid ; to escape. [Little v-^^ed.] Shak. EV-I-TA'TION, n. An avoiding ; a shunning. [Lit- tle used.] Bacon, E-VTTE', u. t. IL. dL.ito.1 To shun. rjVot used.] Drayton. EV-I-TER'NAL, a. [from L.] Of duration "indefi nitelv long. EV-I-TER'XI-TY, n. Duration indefinitely long EV'O-CATE, 17. (. See Evoke. Neptune ia a deity who evocalee thingi Into proBTe««cin. Paue. IVana. EV-0-€A'TION, n. A calling or bringing from con- cealment ; a calling forth. Brown. 2. A calling from one tribunal to another. 3. Among the Romans, a calling on the gods of a besieged city to forsake it and come ovtr li> the be- siegers ; a religious ceremony of besieging armies. Encyc. EV'O-CA-TOR, n. [L.] One wbo calls forth. JV. A. Rev. E-VOKE', u. U [L. evoco ; e and voco. to call.] 1. To call forth. 2. To call from one tribunal to another ; to remove. The cause wu evoked lo Rome. Jlunie. Called forth. E-V6K'ED, (e-v6kt',) pp. E-VoK'I.NG, ppr. Calling lonii. EV-O-LAT'ie. a. Apt to fly away. EV-O-LA'TION, n. [L. ei-olo ; t and volo, to fly.] The act of flying away. Bp. Hall. EV'O-LUTE, n. In ireometry, a curve from which an- other curve, called the involute or evolvent, is described by the end of a thread gradually wound upon the former, or unwound trotu it. IluUon, P. Cue EV-O-LO'TIONj n. [L. evolutic] 1. The act of unfolding or unrolling. Bttyle. 2. A series of things unrolled or unfolded ; as-, the evolution of ages. Moore, 3. In jTfometry, the unfi)lding or opening of a curve, and making it describe an evolvent or involute. lluUon. 4. In arithmetic and algebra, evolution is the extrac- tion of roots ; the reverse of In^'olutign. Barloic. 5. In inUitary tactics, the doubling of ranks or files, wheeling, counlfrmurcliing, or othtr motion by which the disjwsition of troops is changed, in order to attack or defend with more advantage, or to occupy a difier- ent iM)st. Encyc. EV-O-LO'TION-A-RY, a. Pertaining to evolution. E-VOLVE', (e-volv',) v. t. [L. evoloo ; c and volvu^ to roll, Eng. to tcallow.] 1. To unfold J to open and expand. The nnirnai bouI tuoner ei>olvea itaeir to iu Tuli orb and extent thmi the hunimi ftuiil. Hole, 9. To throw out ; lo emit. Prior. E-VOLVE', r. i. To open itself; to disclose itself. Prior. E-VOL V'ED, pp. Unfolded ; opened ; expanded ; emit- ted. E-VOLV'E\T, «. In geometry, a term sometimes used lo denote the involute or curve resulting from ihe ev- olution of Jinother curve culled the evolute. Mutton E-VOLV'l.\G, ppr. Unfolding ; expanding ; emitting. E-VOLV E'M ENT, n. The act of evolving ; the sute of being evolved. EV-0-MI"TION, (-mish'un,) n. A vomiting. Swift, E-VUL'GATE, v. L To piitihsh. E-VUL'GA-TED, pp. Puhli.-hed. E-VUL'GA-TING, ftpr. Making public. EV-UL GA'TION, n. A divulging. [J^ot in use.] E-VUL'SION, n. [L. evuLsw, from evello ; e and velUfy to pluck.] I'he act of plucking or pulling out by force. Brown. EWE, (yu,) V. [Sax. eoica, eowe; D. ooi; It. ai^ or oi ; 8p. obeja. It seems to be the L. oris.] A female sheep ; the female of the oviiTC race of animals. EW'ER, (yare,) n. [Sax. huer, or hwer.] A kind of pitcher with a wide spout, used to bring water for washing the hands. Shak. Pope. EVV'RY, (yu'ry,) h. [from etcrrt] In En^rluiui, an of- fice in tiio king's household, where they take care of the linen for the king's tabic, lay the cloth, and serve up water in ewers alter dinner. Diet. EX; a Latin preposition or prefix, Gr. e^ or ex, signi- fying out of, out, proceedinjr from. Hence, in compo- sition, il signilles sometimes out vf, as in erhale, ex- clude ; sometimes off, from, or out, as inL.f7.'(cineto,to cut off or out ; sometimes beyond, as in ezeese, ex- ceed, eicrl. In some words it is merely empliatical ; in othrrw, it has little ciriTt on the signification. Ex, pn-fixed to names of otHce, denotes that a person has hiJd that office, but has resigned it, or been lelX out, or dismissed ; as, ex-miniatcr. E.\-A-CEK'I1ATK, v. U [L. eiacerho,\o irritate; «c and acerbo, from acerbus, severe, bitter, harsh, sour, G. hf-rbe. See Habvest.] 1. To irritate; to exasperate; to inflame angry TONE, BULL, IINITE.-'aN"GER, VI"CIOUS.-e a* K ; O aa J ; 8 aa Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THia 41.^ ITS EX A kiti^j to imbiucr} to tncreaao malignant qtiali- S. To increase the violeocc of a dbeaae. EX-A-CERB.\-TED, m. Exasperated. EX-A-CER'UA TING, pyr. Eiasperalin(r. EX-AC-ER-BA'TION, «. The act of exasperating; tlie irritatioQ of angry or malignimi passions or quali- lien; Incxeaseof malignity. fi. Anumg pAynciafu, a periodical increaM ot vlo- leoce in a disease;. This term la leArfcted to the perlodioal tncreaw of Rtnittenl and continuous feven, wbere there ia do abpotete ceaiatiuD of Ute ferer. Cye. 3L Incfoftsed aeverity : aa, TloleDt t M rnomh ai ioM* of iraialimeBL [ I7MiJ«ai.j PaUji, -AC-ER-BBS>CRNCE, a. [L. «Me«r*eice.1 iDcreojie t>f trriiatiun or vfoleoee, pankulaily the Uicreaae i>f a ft-vor or disease. Danoin. EX-ACER-VA'TIOX, a. [U «c«r«f;] The ma of heaping up. DiA. EX-ACT', (egx-akt'J a. [I*, txmehia^ tnm **ig«, to drira ; ex and e^, Gr. a> w. to dhre, arge, or proea.] I. Cloaely correct or f^ular ; nice ; accurate ; con- ftmied to rale ; aa, a maa nmt in bis dealings. AS lUm, oad «> rute, v«f« faroaftii kbovC Foft. S. Precise ; not didferent in the least. This is the exact sum tir amount, or the asoct time. We hare an timet model for imitation X Methodical; careful; not necligent; correct; p h s u rr tn g atria owthod, ruh\ ur order. Ttiis man is very e^met in keeping hia ac4:uunts. 4 Punctual. Ever)' man sbould be erad in pay- ing his debu when due ; he should be eroct in attcnd- aace on appointments. 5. Strict. We sliould be ezatt in the performance of duties. The«sM gkdk EX- ACT', (egx-akt'J ct. L [U aift mmttmm ; So. ening to pay or yield unJ'jr color of authority ; requiring au- thoritntivcly ; demniiditi^ witlioiit pity or Justice ; extorting; compv:lItng by ncct-ssiiy. EX-.\e'TIO.\, (tcz-.ik'shiin,) «. The act of demand- ing with authi'rity, .ind compelling to pay or yield ; autbontaiive dt-maiiil ; a levying or drawing from by force ; a drivin;; tu compliance ; as, the ezuctiait of tribute or of obedience. 3. Extortion ; a wresting from one unjustly ; the taking advantage of one^s necessities, to compel him to pay illegal or exorbitant tribute, fee«, or re^'ards. Tkte mw\j jDur MMdiMM ftoM my people. — Eaek. xlr. 3. That which is exacted ; tribute ; fees, rewards, or contributions demanded or lt:vied with severity or injuMice. Kings may be enriched by ezoctioiu, but their power is weakened by the con^Krqucut disajflec- tion of their subjects. EX-Aera-TL'DE, a. Exactneaa. [LittU. ustd.] £X-A€T*l,Y, adc. Precisely accordiog to nile or measure ; ntcelv ; accurately. A tcuuo should be csac.V, a. \\ hctiing or shariKiitny. EX-AO'GER-ATE, v. t. [U tsaggero f ex and aggero^ to heap, from ai^ger^ a heap.] 1. lo heap on; to acctmiiilatc. /a tJUs tit«ra2 soiue, tl u ssUmi usai ; perhaps never. % To higlitt-ii ; tl) enlarge beyond the truth ; to amplify ; to represent as greater than strict truth will warrunl. A friend eia'* titrates n man's virtue-s ; an enemy rjaigfcrtUes his vices or faults. 3. In poiHfiM^, to liiglititn in c^iloring or design. EX-AG'CEU-A-TEDjpp. or a. Enlarged bu-yund the truth. EX-AO'OER-A-TING, ppr. Enlarging or amplifying beyond ih(^ tnith. EX-AC;-erboIical representa- tion, wbeUtier of good or evil. 3. In pahuingt a mctho«I of giving a representation of things too strong Cm tlie life. EX-A6'(jER-A-TO-UV, a. Containing exaggeration. EX-AG'I-TATE, r. L [L. exagUo.] To shake ; to agitate ; to reproach. [Little itsrd, or objiolHe.] ^rbutkitot. EX-AG'I-TA-TED, pp. Agitated. EX-AG-l-TA'TIOX, n. Agitation. EX-ALT', (eg7.-awU',) c. L [Ft.exalt^; Pp. eraltar; iL esattart i Low L. tialto ; tz and aUusy high.] 1. To raise high ; to elevate, i To elevate in power, wealth, rank, or dignity ; as, to eratt one to a throne, to the chief magi^tmcy, to a bishopric 3, To ele\'atu with joy or confidence ; as, to be exalted with success or victor\'. [We now use Elate.] 4- To raise with pride ; to make undue pretensions to power, rank, or eistimation ; to elevate too high, or above others, lie that tsaiUA hlmaelf iIimU be ibued. — Luke xiv. Malt, xxiii. 5. To elevate in estimation and praise ; to magni- fy i to praise ; to extoL Be a nqr blber^ God. and I will ecoa him. — Ex. xt. 6. To raise, as the voice ; to raise in opposition. S J^J^< XK 7. To elevate in diction or sentiment j to make sublime ; as, exalud simins. 8. In pkjfsicsf to elevate; to purify; to subtilize; to refine ; as, to exait the juices or the quulitius of bodies. EX-ALT-X'TTOX, a. The act of raising high. a. Elevation to power, office, rank, dignity, or ex- cellence. 3. Elevated state ; state of greatness or dignity. I woixU-rpd Ml my digbl, uui cbon^ To thia tugti exalUUion. AHllon. 4. In pharmacy^ the refinement or subtilizntion of bodies, or their qualities and virtues, or the increase of their streii^h. 5. In astrolugy, the dignity of a planet, in which its powers are increased. Johnson. EX-ALT'ED, pp. or«. Raised to a lofty hight ; ele- vated ; honored with ofhce or rank ; extolled ; mag- nified ; refined; dignifitnl ; sublime. Tune nrvtT tul> to tviuf ercry exalted repuLUiQa tD & atrict aerutlay. Amee. EX-ALT'ED-NESS, n. The state of being elevated, a. Conceited dignity or greatness. EX-ALT'ER, n. One who exalc* or raises to dignity. EX-ALT'IXG, ppr. Elevating; raising to an eminent station; praising; extolling; maguifyin}; ; refining. EX-a'MEN, (egz-a'men,) n, [L. examcn, the tongue, needle, or beam of a balance. It signifies, also, a swarm of bees. Sp. enxambre^ a swarm of bees, a crowd ; Port, enxamt; It. sciamo ; Ft. essaivi. From its use in a balance, it came to .signify examination.] Examination; disquisition; inquiry. [Little tt^cd.] Brown. EX-AM'IN-A-ULE, o. [See Examine.] That may be examined ; proper for judicial examination or in- quiry. S. Courty United States. EX-A.M'IX-AN'T, n. One who is to be examined. [JVot Ugitimate.] Pridcaux. EX-AM'IN-ATE, n. The person examined. Bacon. EX-AM-IN-A'TION, n. [L. cxaminatiu. See Ex*-- Mar*.] 1. The act of examining; a careful search or in- quiry, with a view to discover truth or the real state of i\i\j\gn\ careful and accurate inspection of a thing and its part^ \ as, an examination of a house or a ship. 3. Mental inquiry ; disquisition ; careful considera- tion of the circumstances or fucts which relate to a subject or question ; a view of qualities and rela- tions, and an estimate of their nature and impor- tance. 3. Trial by o rule or law. 4. In judicial proceedings, a careful inquiry into EXA fnct» by tetitimony ; an attempt to ai4cert:iin truth by inquiries and iuttrrogiitorios ; as, ibc exammiUiiin C( a witness, or itie merits of a cause. 5. In seminaries of leurnine, an inquiry into the ncqui.sitions of the students, by questioning ihcm in literature and the sciences, and by hearing their re- cilitls. C. In chrmLitry and other seimees, a searching ft>r the nature and qualities of substances, by exprri- mcnts ; ttie practice or application of the ducinio^tic iirt. EX-AM'IN-A-TOR, n An examiner. [JVot used.] Brown. EX-AM'INE, (egx-am'in,) t>. U [L. cromiao, from cxa- men,] 1. J'o inspect cnref^illy, with a view to discover truth cir the real state of a thing ; as, lo examine asliip to know whether she is seaworthy, or a house to know whether repairs are wantfd. 2. To search or inquire into facts and circum- stances by interrogating ; as, to examine a witness. 3. To bwk into tlie state of a subject ; lo view in all its aspects ; to weigh arguments and compare facts, with a view to form a correct opinion or judgment. Let us examine this proposition ; let us examine this subject in all its relations and biiarings ; let us exam- ine into the st-ite of this question. 4. To inquire into the improvements orqualifications of students, by interrogatories, proposing pmblem;*, or by hearing their recitals ; as, tu examine the classes in college ; to examine the caiididat«;s fur a degree, or for a license to preach or to practice in a profession. 5. To try or assay by experiments i as, to examine 6. To try by a rule or law. [minerals. Examine yourH*lve« whether ye be in the laith. — 2 Cor. xiii. 7. In (reneral, to search ; to scrutinize ; to ex- plore, with a view to discover truth ; as, to examine ourselves; to exdfRt'ne the extent uf human knowl- edge. EX-A.M'IN .ED, (egz-am'ind,) pp. Inquired into ; searched J inspected; interrogated; tried by experi- ment. EX-AM'IN-ER, n. One who examines, tries, or in- spects ; one who interrogates a witness or an of- fender. 2. In chancery, in Great Britain^ the examiners are two officers of that court, who examine, on oath, the witnesses for the parties. Encyc. EX-AM'IN-ING, ppr. or a. Inspecting carefully; searching or inquiring into ; interrogating ; trj'ing or assaying by oxperiment. EX-AM'lN-ING, a. Having power to examine; ap- piiinted to examine ; as, on ctamining comniiiiee. EX'AM-PLA-RY, (eks-)a. [Uom example.] Serving for example or patit-rn ; proposed for imitation. Hooker. [It is now written Exemplabj-.] EX-A.M'PLE, (egz-ani'pl,) n. [L. exemplum; Fr. «- empte ; It. escmpio ; Sp. excmplo. Q,u. from ex and the root of s^hniiis^ Gr. 6/iuAos.l 1. A pattern ; a copy ; a model ; that which is pro- posed to be imitated. This word, when applied to matt^riat things, is now generally written Sample; as, a sample of cluth ; but example is sumetimes used. Ralegh. 2. A pattern, in morals or manners; a copy, or model ; that which is pruposed or is proper to be imi- tated. I ba*« given yon an example, thnt you sliould do &• I tnre done to you. — Jolm xiii. ExamplM !■ our prrsccpiur befon: we can leaxon. Koliotk. 3. Precedent ; a former Instance. Bonaparte fur- nished nmny examples of successful bravery. 4. Precedent or former instiince, in a bad sense, intended for caution. liOtt ftiiy roan h\l afu-r th'! »ame exampfe of unhelipf, — Iteb. ir. Suiiom and Goinormh — are ■■'I fonli fur an exampU, auttbrin^ ihc Tcngi-anci; of cleru.xl fire. — Jude 7. 5. A person fit to be proposed for a pattern ; one whose conduct is worthy of imitation. Be thou ail examplt of the bclie»ei». — I Tiro. It. 6. Precedent whieli disposes lo imitation. Exam- ple has more elfect tlian precept. 7. Instance serving for illustration of a rule or pre- cept; or a particular case or proposition ilhistraling a general rule, positiftn, or truth. The principles of trigonnmctry, and the rules of grammar, arc illus- trated by example.-!. 8. In /o^i'c, or rhetoric, the conclusion of one sin- gular point from another; an induction of what may happen from what has happ«^ned. If civil war has produced calamities of a particular kind in one in- stance, it is inferred that it Will produce like conse- quences in oUier cases. This is an example. Bailey. Encye. EX-AM'PLE, tJ. U To exemplify; to set an example. [Al^f n^fiL] Shak. EX-AM'PLE-NESS, a. Having no example. [J^oL iLsed,] B. Jottsoiu EX-AAI'PLEtt, »i. A pattern; now Sampl.c or Sau- PLCR. EX-AN"GUI-OUS, a. Having no blood. [JVotused.] [See ExsAifOGious.] EX-AN"GU-LOUS, a. Having no corners. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MftTE, PREY. — PIXE, MARLVE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK — 416 EXC EX-AX'[-MATE, (e(rz-an'e male,) ii. [L. exanimatusy exanimo : ex and atttma^ life.] Lifties? ; spiritless ; (li:iheartened ; depressed in spirits. Tfiomson. BX-ANT-MATE, v. t. To dishearten ; to discourage. EX-A\'I-.MA-TED,p;». Dislieartened. [Coles. EX-A\'I-MA-TL\G, jtpr. Discoamging. EX-AN-[-Ma'TIOX, «. Deprivation of life orof spir- itJ. [Little uged.] EX j9JVr-M0. [L] LiteraUij, from tiie mind; sin- cerelv ; heartily. EX-A!^'I-MOUS', a. [L. exanimis ; rx snd antma, life.] Lifeless; dead. [Little used.] EX-AN-THe'MA, n. ip/. Exanthem'ata. [Gr., from £j(ii'3-iw, to blossom ; f-l and a»'^AHj-iciias. eriipliun ; a breaking out; pus- tules, petechia, or vibices ; any efflorpscenc* on tlie skin, as in measles, smnll-p4>x, scarlatina, &c. This term is now limited, by systematic nosolo- gi^t£, to such eruptions as are accomj^ianied with fe~ ver. Oood. EX-AX-TnE-MAT'ir, > a, Enipiive : efflorescent : EX-AN THEM'A-TOCS, ( noting morbid redness of the skin. The measles is an exanthfmatous disease. [Tooke uses Examhematic.] EX-A.NT'LATE, r. t. [h. ezanth.] To draw out ; to exhaust, [Aw( ttsefl.] Boyle. EX-ANT-LA'TION, h. The act of drawing out ; ex- haustion. [JVot used.] Brown, EX-A-RA'TIOX, V. [L. txaro ; ex and aro.\ The act of writing. [JVot used.] Diet, EX'ARCH, (eksUrkJ «. [Gr., from 'ip\of, a chief.] 1. A title borne by the viceroy:* of thr Byzantine em- perors in the provinces of Italy and Africa ; a^, the exarch of Ravenna. 2. .K title assumed for a lime by the bishops of Constantinople, Antioch, Ephe^us, and Cassarea^ as superiors over the surrounding metropolitans. 3. More reeentluj a title given to inspectors of the clerg>' in certain districts, commissioned by the East- ern patriarchs. J. Murdock. EX-XReJI'ATE, «. The office, dignity, or adminis- tration of an exarch. Taylor. EX-XR-Tie ^-LA'TION,»i. [exnnd aHieulation.'^ Lux- ation ; the dislocation of a joint. Qmircw. EX-AS'PER-ATE, (egz-) r. t [L. ezajrpero, to irritate, ex and aspero, from aypery rough, h:irsli.] 1. To anger; to irritate to a high degree ; to pro- voke to rage; to enrage ; to excite anger, or to in- flame it to an extreme degree. We say, to exasperate 8 person, or to ex^uperati: the passion of anger or re- sentment. S. To aggravate ; to tmbitter ; as, to exasperate en- mity. 3. To augment violence ; to increase malignity ; to fixacerbate ; as, to ezasperaU pain or a part inflamed. Bacon. EX-AS'PER-ATE, a. Provoked ; imbittored ; in- flamed. Shale EX-A.S'PER-A-TED, pp. or a. IFighly angered or irri- tated ; provoked ; enraged ; imbittered ; increased in violence. EX-AS'PER-A-TER, n. One who exasperates or in- flames anger, enmity, or violence. EX-.\i5'PER-A-TI.\G, ppr. or a. Exciting keen re- sentment ; inflaming anger; irritatingj increasing violence. EX-AS-PER-A'TION, n. Irritation ; the act of ex- citing violent anger ; provocation. 2. Extreme degree of anger ; violent passion. 3. Increase of violence or malignity ; exacerbation. EX-AUtJ'TOR ATE, i r. t. [L. ezaactoro ; ex and EX-AU'THOR-ATE, \ aitcton), to hire or bind, from auctur^ autlior.l To diKiuLsn from ser\'ice ; to deprive of a benefice. Jiyliffe. EX-AUe-TOR-A'TION, J n, DiftmiKKion frum ser- EX-AU-TIIOR-A'TION, i vice; deprivation; deg- radation ; the removal of a person from an office ur dignity in the church. -^yliffi, EX-AU'TUOR-IZE, r. (. To deprive of authority, Sei^en. EX-AU'THOR TZ-ED, pp. r>eprived of authority. EX-At*'THOR-IZ-IN'G, ppr. Depriving of authority. EX-i;AL'CE-A-TED, a. fU exeaicev, to pull off the shoes ; et, and calcnu^ a »thoe.] Deprived of shoes ; un^^hod ; barefooted. EX-€A.N'-DE9'CE\CE, n. [L. excande^eentia^ ezcan- desco i ex and candesco^ caudeo^ to glow or be hot, from caneo, to be white, to shine.] 1. A growing hot; or a white ticnt ; glowing heat. 2. Heat of pasi>iou j viob^nt anger; or a growing EX Ja.V-DES'CEXT, a. White with heat, EX-CA.N'-'lA'TlO.V, B. [I^ excantv, but with an op- posite signification.] Disencbantraent by a countercharm. [LiUte lutd.] . BaiUy. EX-CAR'NATE, 9. I. [L. ez and caro^ flesh.] To deprive or clear of flesh. Ortw. EX-€AR'SA-TED, pp. Deprived of flesh. EX-€AR'.\A-TI.\G, ppr. Depriving of flesh. EX-€AR'M FI-€ATE, v. u To cut off flesh. EX-eXH'.VI-FI-eA-TING, ppr. Cutting oR" flesh. EXC EX-CAR-M FI-CA'TIOX, n. [L. excarn\fico^ to cut in pieces, from euro, flesh.] The act of cutting off flesh, or of depriving of flesh. Johnson. EX CA-THE' DILa, [L.] Literally, fnim tlie chair, as of authority or in;»•. Going beyond; surpassing; ex- celling ; outdoing. 2. a. Great in extent, quantity, or duration ; very extensive. Cttin w^re tuiU an ticnding (jACe of time befbra th^ flnod. {ThtM tens* it unu^uo^.] liaitgk, 3. adv. In a very great degree; unusually ; as, ex- ceeding rich. Th' Grtio^i*- w^rf arCMding powprfiil by wr^. Ralagh, 1 un Uiy ■hield, and tby tirtttUng frval reward. — Ccn. xr. EX-CEEDMNG. n. Excess • superfluity. Smollrtt. EX-CEED'L\G-IiY, adv. To a very great degree ; in a degree beyond what is usual ; greatly ; very much. laaac ircRiUeU txea^dingly. — G«a. xsvU. EX-CEED'IN'G-NESS, n. Greiitness in quantity, ex- tent, or dumtion. [JVot used,] EX-CEL', (ek-sel',) r, t. [U exctUo^ the root of which, cetJo, is not in use.. In Ar. ^U> kaila^ sig- niflea to lift, raise, excel ; also, to speak, to strike, to beat. So we use beat in the sense of surpass. See Class Gl, No. 31 and 49.] 1. To go bi^yond ; to exceed ; to surpass in good qualities or laudable deeds ; to outdo. KrrtUinf (Hh-m, tVie w^w grTAl ; Thou gtfOKr «tli. mtiat lh-w> txc*L Prior. Mtny (l«ught ra hvn tlooo vinuoudtl/, but iLou *xc§iU»l Uania all. — Pniv, xxx\. 2. To exceed or go beyond in bad qualities or deeds ; as, to excel envy it-'elf in mischief. Spenser. 3. To exceed ; to surpass. EX CEL', p. i. To have good qualities, or to perform meritorious actions, in an unusual degree; to be em- inent, illu;4triou4, or distinguished. BIpm Ihf L.or\I, je hia ang^ln, Uml frctl in ■(i*iiglh. — Pa. oiiL We say, to excel in mathematics ; to excel in paint- ing ; to excel in lieroic achieve uicntc. EX-CEL'L£D, (ek-seld',) pp. Surpassed} outdone; exceeded in good qualities or laudable achievements. EX'CEL-LE.N'CE, ( rp ^ r » . i EX'CEL-I.E\.CV. i "• l*^'" *^'" '* excelte»t,a.] 1. The 8t«e of possessing good qualities in an un- EXC usual or eminent degree; the state of excelling in any thing. 2. Any vnlualde qualify; any thing highly lauda- ble, meritorious, or virtuous, in persons, or valuable and esteenifd, in things. Purity of lu-art, u|)right- ness of triind, sincerity, virtue, piety, are excellencies of character ; symmetry of parts, strength, and beauty are excellmcies of body ; an accurate knowl- edge of an art is an erceltenr.e in the artisan ; sound- ness and durability are f«c//fMci>jf in timber; f.rtil- ity, in land ; elegance, in writing. In short, what- ever contributes to exalt man, or to render him esteemed and happy, or to bK-t^s society, is in him an excellence, 3. Dignity ; high rank in the seal? of beings. An- gels are beings of more eirellencc than men; nun are beings of nmre excellence than brutes. 4. A title of honor fornnrly given to kings and emperors, now given to emhassadors, governor^*, and other persons, below the rank of king^, but elt^vated above the conminn classes of men. EX'CP:L-LKNT, (ek'selltnt,) a. Beins of great vir- tue or worth ; eminent or (Uslinguisihed for what is amiable, valuable, or laiulable ; as, an excellent mao or citizen ; an excrllent judge or magistrate 2. Being of great value or use, applied to things; remarkable for goml prh. Or errrpt may be considered as the imperative mode. Kixcpt thou, or ye, this fact, ye siiall all likewise perish. Hence, except is equivalent to wtihout^ umci's,, and denotes EX CEPT'ED-p/j. See Ex. ept. [i\clusion. EX-CEPT'ING, ppr. Taking or leaving out ; ex- cluding. 2. This word is also used in the sen^e of rxeeH, as above explained. The prisoners wer»^ ;ill eondeiuued, excepting three. This is an anomalous use of the word, unless, in some rases, it may be r''ferri.d to a pronoun. Krceptrd would be belter ; three excejiied ; three being cxei'pled. EX-CKP'TI'JN, (ek-sej>'shun,) if. The art of exceyH- init, or excluduig from a numbt-r designated, or from a description ; exclusion. All the representatives voted for the bill, wiih the exception of five ; att the land is in tdlage, with ur> excfptioa of two ju'res. 2. Exclusion from what is comprehended in n gen- eral rule or propusiiion. 3. That which is excepted, excluded, nr separiited, fVum others in u general description; tlie puTson or thing sptTitied as di^tinct or not included. Almost every gi^neral rule has its eicrptions. 4. An obJ!rcti(iii ; that which is or may be ofl'c;red in opposition to n rule, pni[>osition, s(;itemt.-nt, or altegatUm ; witli to: sometimes with against. lie made some exceptions to the argument. 5. Objection, with dislike; offense; slight anger or resentment ; with at, tn, or against^ and couiinuuly used with take; as, to take ex^^eptwn at a severe re- mark ; to take rscrption to what was said. Rodorl^, Umh IhuL ukm against rn« tin tTCtptian. Shak. But it is more generally followed by at. (i. In law, the dental of what is alleged and con- sidered as valid by the oilier jwrty, either in point of law or in pleading ; or an allegntion again>t tiie suf- ficiency of an answer. In law, it is a stop or slay to an action, and il is cither dUatory or peremptory. Blackstone, TONE, BliLL, 1;NITE. — AN"GEK, VI"CIOUS. — C u K; 6 m J ; 8 as Z ; CH M SH; TH a» in THIS. _ __ . ^ .^ _ EXC 7. A aavitif; clause in n writing. Bill ^ut^twns. in /cMt tsctptioraUa tn tlM EX-CEP'TION-AL, c Funuing or making nn excep- tion. /.iK/i. EX-CEP'TION-ER, n. One who oLjects. MUtcu. EX-CEPTIOUS, (ek-«ep'shu*,) a, I'eevish ; disputed or MpL to cavil, or take cjiccplions. [LUUe usf*L] duioA. JStine* EX-CEP'TI0U3-XESS, II. Dispoftiiion to cavil. Barroie. EX-CEPraVE, a. lucluding au eiccpiiun ; as, an ac^rtivt preposition. IfWCf. 3. Making or being an exception. JUilton, EX-CEi*T'lXSS, o. Ouiilliug .ill exception. LVot in MM.} SJuiii, EX-CEPT'OR, a. One who objects or makes excvp- tions. BuTHtL EX-CER'E-BROSE, a. Ilaiing no brains. EX-CERN', e. t. [L. etcmut : tx and cerno^ Gr. icptt'ai, toaeptfate.] To Mparats aod emH through the pores, or thmugh ■mall passage* of the body ; to stmin out ; to ex- crete ; as, fluids are tieerned in pi-rspiration. Bacon. EX-CER.\'£1), (eksernd,) pp. St p:»ratej ; excreted ; emitted ihruueh the c apillap" vessels of the body. EX-CERN'I.\G, ppr. Kinitting tluough the soioU pa»- •ages; excreting. EX-CERP', r. (. \\^tse*Tfo.\ To pick out. \LittU hm^J EX-CERPT', r. t, [L.cz«erM; » and e«rDo, to take.] To select. [.ViK a^l "^ darmmrd. Passages extracted. r.X-CF.RP'T,»,n.pl. [L. EX-CEKP'TIU.N, a. f L. 'ercwjrti*:j 1. A picking out; a gleaning; adection. [LUth , That 2. That which is selrcted or gleaned. [liUU mm*.] BmUgk, EX-CERP'TOR, a. A picker ; a culler. Barnard. EX-CKRPT^S', a./L ExtracU fnmi authorv. {ji had EX-CESS', (ek-ffcs'O a- [t* treesrtu, tntm «w«de. 8ee EscKKD.] L Liieralif^ that which tzetads any measure or limit, ut w hicb cxeetds something else, or a gning be- yond a just line or |K)int. Hence, supertluity ; th.-it Which is beyond necen^nity or w^ani^ ; as, au ace^ of provistuoj \ eicfss uf ligliL 3. That n hich is be}'t4>d the common measure, proportioii, or due quantit>- ; as, the cue*i of a limb ; the txctu of bile in the system. 3. Supers bundaiiGe of any thing. JWiPtoa. 4. Any traBagreasion of due lututji. AtUrhmrf. 5. la wt0 r* U^ any indulgence of appetite, passion, orezertkm, beyoad the rules uf Gud's word, or be- yond any rule of proprirt>' ; intenipemnce in grutiA- calions ^ as, tier** ih eating or linnkine^ ezer^ss of j(i)- ; ezcMJi of grief J eiceju o/i love, or uf anger ; er- tt^ of tabor. 6. In arilhmutic nnd gvometni^ that by which one number or quantity exceeds another; that which remains when the leaser number ur quantity is taken from the grt-aler. EX-C'ESi?'IVE, a. Be)-ond any given degree, meas- ure, or limit, or beyond the comnicn measure or pro- portion i as, the ezctiJiive bulk of a uiun ; excessive latKir: erc««juee wa^es. 3. Beyond the established laws of morality and religion, or beyond the bounds of justice, ^tness, pmpriety, expedience, or utility ; as, etcesMce indul- fence of any kind. Exctniwt bail •h*lJ oo: be nqnind. Bill nf RiiKu. 3. Extravagant ; unreasonable. His expenditures of money were ezeessire. 4. Vehement : violent ; as, rzcts^e passion. EX-t-'ESS'l VE-LY, Oirfc. In an extreme degree; be- yond measure; exceedingly; as, cxct**%tAg impa- tient: sac eM tcg/v grieved. & VehMnentl'y ; violently ; as, the wind blew er- EX-CESS'IVE-XESS, a. The state or quality of being excessive ; excess. EX-CHA.\'CEL-LOR. m. One who has been chan- cellor, but has left tbe ofTice. EXCHANGE', (ek»-chinj ,) r. r. [Fr. echangtrf Arm. ecanch ; from cAamger, ctinch, to change.] 1. In cMBaurrc, to eive une thin? or commodity for another; to alienate or tran^ftfr the property of a thing, and receive, in compen.^ntit.n tor it, Mimetbing of supposed equal value; to biirttr; and, in vulvar language, to swap; to truck. It differs from seii only in tbe kind of compensation. To sell is to alienate for vwnry : to ezeJuutge is to alienate qne commodity for another ; as, to eztJuin^e hones ; to txchange oxen for corn. 2. To lay aside, quit, or resign, one thing, state, or condition, and lake another in the place of it ; as, to cichangt a crown fur a cow 1 ; to exchange a throne EXC for a cell or a hermitage ; to exchange a life of ease fur a life of toil 3. To give and receive reciprocally; to give and receive in compensation the smne thing. BtciiAntt f-Jr^vencM vtiih in«, noUa H«jalel, Sfutk. A. To give and receive the like thing; a^j, to «- tkange thoughts ; tu exchange work ; to exdmnge tIow« ; to fjchan^e prisonrrs. It hvis vitk bffL»re the person receiving the thing given, anJ for U fore the equivalent. Will you cz- cAan^rt horses with md AVill you exchange your hor>r for mine? EX-CHAA'6E', n. In cpwwercf, the act of giving one tiling or comniodilj- for another; bitrter ; traffic hy permutation, in which Ihe tiling received is supposed to be equir^Uent to the thing given. Joa^ph K^tve ifarm brraJ in tx^Mnft for horvM. — Ocn. zlv^. Q, Tbe act of giving up or resigning one thing or state for another, witttout contract. 3. The act of giving and receiving reciprocjitly ; M, an ercAoA^e of thoughts ; an rxcAoMjrr of civilities. 4. Tbe contract liy which one commodity is (raus- ferred to another for an etiuivalent comniomiy. 5. The thing given in return for something re- ceived ; or the thing received in return i\>i what is given. There's mj txc/Mngt. Shak. In ordinaty business^ this is called Change. 6. The form of exchanging one debt or credit for another; or the receiving or paying of money in one place, fur an equal sum in another, by order, draft, or bill of exchange. A in London is creditor to II in New York, and C in London owes D in New York a like sum. A in iKindon draws a bill of ex- change on U in .\cw York ; C in London purchases tbe bill, by which A receives hiiS debt due from U in New York. C transmits the bill to D in New York, w lio receives the amount from B. BUh ifj' exchange y drawn on persona in a foreign counlrv.are called jWci^w bills of exchange ; the like bilU, ((rawn on persons in different [KirUi or cities of tlie tatnti counfr> , are c-Uled inland hdU of exchange. A bill of exchange i* a mercantile contract, in which four persons are primarily concerned. 7. In aMrutUiis iamguaft^ a bill drawn for money b called excka*g9y iluSeaa of u bill uf exchange, 8. The ccartfc «/ txtJuutge, is the current price be- tween two )ilaces, which is above or below pur, or at par. Exchange is at par, when a bill in New York, fur the p:iynieitt of one hundred pounds sterling in lA>ndi>n, can be purchas(^d fiir one hundred [munds. if it can 1«' purchased for less, exchange is under par. If Ihe ptirclio^tr is obliged to give more, exchange is abore par, 9. Ill lav, a mutual grant of equal interests, the one in considenitiun uf the other. Estates exchanged niust be equal in quantity, as fee-simple fur fee-sim- ple. Blackstone. 10. The ^ace where the merchants, brokers, and bankers of a city meet to lnins;ict business, at cer- tain hours ; often C4>ntracted into Cha?ige. EX-CHAN<5E-A-BIL'I-TV, a. The quality or slate of being exchangeable. Though ibe law oujrhl not to be eontnv»ned by nn eipiriB arucle ^iniuuig ii>e tschangeabiiiU/ uTiucb prboni. Wathington. EX-CHSNdE'A-BLE, a. That maybe exchanged; capable of t>cing exchanged ; tit or proper to be ex- changed. Tbe officrn capiiiTPd with BurgoTna were axdiangeabl^ wiihin th.? ix)wer*oi'G*-n. llnure, /tJargfiall, Boole tqlli exchangeablt for gold and ul'or. Hamaay. EX-CHANci'ED,(ek9-chanjd',)pp. Given or received for something eli>e ; bartered. EX-CIIaNC'ER, n. One who exchanges; one who practices exchange. MaU. xxv. EX-CHAXG'I.\ti, ;»pr. Giving and receiving one com- modity for nn(»ther ; giving and receiving mutually ; laying aside or relinquishing one thing or state for another. EX-CHEa'L'ER,(efcs-chek'er,)n. [Fr. eekiquier, check- er-work, a chess-board. See Chess and Checker.] In England, an ancient court of record, intended princip:illy to collect and superintend the king's debt^ and duties or revenues, and so called from gcacchari'.m, or from the same root, denoting a check- ered cloth, which covers the t;ible. It coni^ists of two divisions; the receipt of the exchequer, (now Iriinsfirred to the Bank of England,) wiiich manages ilie royat revenue ; and the judicial part, which is divided into a court of law and ti court of equity. The court of equity is held in the exchequer cham- bt-r, before the lord treasurer, the chancellor of Ihe exchequer, tbe cliief baron, and three inferior barons. The common law court is held before the barons, with- out the treasurer or chancellor. BlacJi^tone. Exchequer bilLs ; in England, bills for money, or promissory bills, issued from the exchequer ; a ttpe- cies of paper currency t-miiied under the authority of the govfrnmcnt, and bearing inttrest. £X-CHEU'UElt, p. U I'o in^titllte a process against a person in the Court of Exchequer. P'SS^- EXC EX-CIIEU'UER-A'D, pp. Prtceeded against in chan- cery. EX-CHECl'URR-ING,p/)r. Instituting process against EX-CIl"l-EiNT, n. On^" who excepts. [in chancery. EX-CIS'A-BLE, a. Liable or subject to excise; as^ cotTee is an excisable commodity. EX-CISE', ;i. [L. excwu/a, cut off, from txcidoi D. aecya ; G. acrifp.] An inland duly or impost, laid on articles produced and consumed in a country, and also on licenses to deal in certain conimodilici. Formerly, in England, the excise cnibniced some imported articles, as wine, &c. ; but lliese are now iranyfernMl to t!ie cui^toms. Many articles arc excised at the inanufoctories, as spirit at the disttller>', printed .sil.ks and linens at the printer's, tc. Encye. EX-ClSE'-r. L To lay cr impose a duly on articles prcKluced and consumed in a country, or off licenses ; to levy an excise on. EX niS'£D, ;»;». Charged with the duty of excise. EX-CISIC'.M.\.\, R. An oliicer who inspects commodi- ties and rates the excise duty on them. Johnsun. EX-t'lS'ING, p/tr. Imposing the duty of excise. EX-CIS'ION, (ek-sizh'un,) h. [L. exci^io.] 1. In surgery, a cutting out or cutting off any part of the body ; exiiriKitioii ; amputation. S. The cutting off of a [lerson, or nation, as a judg- ment ; extirpation ; destnirtion. 3. A cutting offfrom the church ; excommunication. The rAbbiin nrckoii tlir« kiiidi ut excision. Enryc. EX-CT-TA-BIL'I-TY, n. [from excite] The quality of being ca[)ableof excitement. 2. In medicine. (1.) A healthful vital suscepti- bility to the intluencc of natural, medicinal, and mechanical agents, and the [M)wer of responding in a normal manner, by actions merely, in contra- distinction Kom sensations. (2.) This term is also used with such an extension of its signitication, as to comprehend Ihe power of responding to intluences, both by actions and sensations. In tJiis acceptation it is exactly equivalent to irritability in the first of its medical scnsfs, which see. Tally. EX CTT'.A-BLE, fl. Having the quality of being (sus- ceptible of excileinenl, which see. 2. Capable of being excited, or roused into action. EX-CTT'ANT, w. In mrdichie-, an agent, which, by its inrluence upon the living solid, produces a new condition and action in such solid. I'his is the widest acceptition, wider indeed than that of medicine. 2. An agent, which produces a quickly diffused and transient increase of vital energy and strength of action in the heart and arteries. This is its most limited acceptation ; and in this sense it is exactly equivalent to stimulate. Ity different authors, this word is used in very various grades of extension and limitation between these two. 7'ully. EX-Crr'ATE, r. (. To excite. [Ji'ot in v.te.] Baevn. EX-CI-Ta'T10\, n. 'i'he act of exciting or pulling in motion ; the act of rousing or awaktning. Bacon. fVatts. 2. In medicine, the act of producing excitement ; the excitement produced. EX-CIT'A-TIVE, o. Having power to excite, w hich see. Barroie. EX-CIT'A-TO-RY, a. Tending to excite ; containing excitement. JHUler. EX-CITE', (ek-slte',) v. t [L. cxcito ; ex and eito, to cite, to call or provoke. J 1. To rouse ; to call into action ; to animate ; to stir up; to cause to act that which is dormant, stupid, or inactive ; as, to excitethe spirits or courage. 2. To raise ; to create ; to put in motion ; as, to excite a mutiny or insurrection. 3. To rouse ; to inflame ; as, to excite the passions. 4. In medicine. (1.) To producea new condititm or action in the living solid. This is the most extensive signification of this term. (9.) To produce a quick- ly diffused nnd transient increase of vital energy and strength of action in the heart and arteries. 7'his is the most limited acceptation of this ti-rm ; and in this sense, it is equivalent to stiimdatt. (3.) To produce a vitiated and abnomia.l state of the actions, or sensations, or of both in conjunction, either upon an unhealthy state of the vital suscepti- bilities, or by an excessive or otherwise improper use or application of some agent. In this acceptation, it is equivalent to irritate. Tully. EX-CIT'EU,p/». or a. Roused ; awakened ; animated ; put in motion : stimulated ; inflamed. EX-CITE'MENT, ». The act of exciting. 2. The state of being roused into action, or of hav- ing increased action. 3. Agitation ; a state of being roused into action ; as, an excitement of the people. 4. That which excites or rouses; that which moves, stirs, or mduces action ;. a motive. Shak. 5. In medicine. (I.) Any new condition or action I produced by the influence of any natural, medirinal, i or mechanical agent, in the living solid. This is the most extensive signification. {"2.) A pw^lernatu- ral increase of vital energy and strength of action in the neart and arteries. This is the most limited FiTE, F.\R, FALL, WHAT. — MeTE, PRBY. — PINE, M.-VRLNE, BIRD —NOTE, DOVE, M0VE,W9LF, ByoK.— EXC sense. In this acci'ptatipn, it is equivrUent to ;>-ttmu- hitioH in one of iis senses. (3.) A vitiated and ab- normal state of the actions or sensations, or both in Conjunction, produced by n:itural, niedicinal, or me- chanical agents, eitlier upon a healthy state of the vital susceptibilities, or by an exces.sive, or otherwise improper use or application of natural, medicinal, or ni"chanical agents. In this sense, it is equivalent to imtutufn. TitUtj. EX-CIT'ER, a. He or tiiat which eicites ; he thai puts in motion, or the cause which awakens and 2. In medicine^ a stimulant. [moves. EX-CIT'ING, ppr. or a, Cailnig or rousing into action ; prcxlucing excitement. Exciting cau.*pj, in vieJicine, are those which im- mediately produce disease, or those wliich excite the action of predi?ponent causes. Purr. EX-CTTn\G, Ti, Excitation. HerberL EX-(.TT'IN'G-LV, adr. So as to excite. EX-CITTVE, n. That which excites. EX-CTT'IVE, a. Tending to excite. EXCLAIM', lu Outcry; clamor. SiaJt, EX-eLAIM', V. i. [I., fzdamo ; tz and danw^ to cry out. See Claim, Clamor.] 1. To utter the voice with vehemence ; to cry out ; to make a loud outcry in words ; as, to exclaim a^in«t oppression; to exclaim witii wonder or as- tonishment ; to exctahn with joy. 2. To declare with loud vociferation. Th-U ihut yoa do txtlaim you'll go widi faim." ShaJc. EX-€LAIM'ER, n. One who cries out with vehe- mence ; one who speaks with heal, passion, or much noise ; as, an erelainter against tyranny. Jftterbury. EX -CLAIM'! \G, ppr. Crying out ; vociferating ; spcakini! with heal or passion. EX-eLA-MA'TION,n. Outcry, noisy talk; clamor; us, exc.'amations aj^inst abuses in government. 2. Vehement vociferation. Thij» w31 1 drowM your tsdainoAont, ShaJc. 3. Eniphatical utterance ; a vehement extension or el'-vation of voice j ecphonesia ; as, O dismal night ! 4. A note by which emphatical utterance or outcry ts marked ; tl'ius ! 5. In fframmar, a word expressing outcry; an in- trrjection ; a word expressing some passion, as won- der, fear, or prief. EXeLAM'A-TIVE, a. Containing exclamation. EX-CLAM'A-TO-RY, a. Using exclaiualion ; as, an txcluinatorti speaker. 2. Conuiining or expressing exclamation ; as, an frrlaiiuiturif phrase. EX-CLCI)E', F. L [h. exdado ; ezand ctaudajto shut; Or. xXtt^oijj^ xXitta.] Pri'periy, lo Ihrust out or eject ; but used as synony- mous with preclude. 1. To thrust out; to eject ; as, to exetaJe young animals from tlie womb or from eggs. 2. To binder from entering or admission ; to sHtiI out; as, one body eielut/ry nriothrr frt>m occupying the same space. The church ought to extlude im- moral men from the communion. 3. To debar i to hinder fntm p:irt)ripalion or en- joyment. European nations, m lime of j>eace, exclude our merchants from the Cf^tmmercc of their colonies. In sfTiiie of the States, no man who [wys taxes is excluded from Ute privilege of voting for represent- atives. 4. To acfejrt ; nut lo comprehend or include in a privilege, grant, proixfsition, argument, description, order, fp4-cies, genus, &c., >ti a general sense. EX-CLOD'EO, pp. or a. Thrust uut; shut out; hin- dered or pmhibited from entrance or ailmissioii ; de- barred ; not included or cumprelien>led. EX-CLOD'L\G, ppr. Ejectuig; hindering from en- tering ; debarring ; not compn-hendinij- EX-CLC'SIO.N, (eks-klij'zliun,) n. The art of ex- cluding, or of thrusting out ; ejection ; a«, the ex- elitgion of a fetus. i. Tho act of denying entrance or admission ; m ■butting out. 3. The act of debarring from jKirticipation in a privilege, benefit, use, or enjoyment. Burnet, 4. Rejection ; non-reception or admission, in a gen- eral sense. JiiUutoiu 5. Exception. Bacon. 6. Ejection ; that which is emitted or thrown out. EX-€LC'«IO\.I.sr, feks-klu'zhun-ist,) n. One who Would preclude another from some privilege. Fox, E.\ CLO'tilVE, a. Having the power of preventing entrance ; as, ezcliuiive bars. Jililti/n. 2. Debarring from participation ; possessed and en- joyed lo the exclusion of others ; as, an exclusive priv- ilege. 3. Not taking Into the account ; not including or comprehending ; as, the general had five thousand Iroops, rre/uRr« of artillery and cavalry. He sent me all the numbers from 76 to 04 exclu.nre; Utal is, all ihe numbers between 78 and 94, but Iht-se numbers, the Arot and la.sl, are excepted, or not included. EX-CLO'fitVE, n. One of a colerie who exclude others. EXC EX-CLC'SIVE-LY, mlv. Without admission of others to participation ; with the exclusion of all others; asj lo enjoy a privilege exclunivcly. 2. Without comprehension in an account ornum- ber ; not inclusively. EX-CLC'SIVE-\ESS, n. State of being exclusive. EX-CLu'SIV-ISM, lu Act or practice of excluding. EX-CLu'SO-RV, a. Exclusive; excluding; able to exelude. [Little used.] H'tUnh, EX-COCT', u. (. [L. excactus.] 'J'o boil. [A'ot tn use.] Bacon. EX-€O0'I-T.\TE, (eks-koj'e-tate,) p. t, [L. excojrito; ex and coffiso, to think.] To invent; to strike out by thinking; to contrive. Mure. Hale. EX-eOG'I-TA-TED, pp. Contrived ; struck out in ihouaht. EX-CuO'I-TA-TING, ppr. Contriving. EX-COG-I-Ta'TIO\, n. Invention ; contrivance ; the act of devising in tl)e thoughts. EX-COAI'Mlti-SA-RV', n. [ez and commissarv.] A commissary dismissed from olhce ; one formorly a couimissarv. EX-COM-MbXE', r. (. To exclude. [Obs.] Oayton. EX-eOM-MO'NI-CA-BLE, fl. [See Excommumcatk.] Liable or deserving lo be excommunicated. Hooker. EX-CO.M-MO'M-CATE, r. t [L. ex and communico.] To expel from communion ; lo eject from the com- munion of the church by an ecclesiastical sentence, and deprive of spiritual advantiges ; as, to excommu- nicate notorious ofTenders. EX-CO-M-MCM-CATE, n. One who is excommuni- cated. Carcw. EX eOM-MO'Xr CA-TED, pp. or a. Expelled or sep- antted from communion with a church, and a partici- patiim of its ordinances, rights, and privilrg^s. EXCOM-M0'Ni-€A-TI\G,p/fr. Exi^lling from the communion of a church, and depriving of spiritual advantaj^es. by an ecclesiastical sentence or decree. EX-COM-MU-M-CA'TIO.V, n. The act of ejecting from a church ; expulsion from Uie communion of a church, and deprivation of its rights, privileges, and advantages; an ecclesiastical penalty or punishment intlicted on otlenders. Excomnuinication is an eccle- siastical interdict, of two kinds, the leitser and the greater; the /M.*fr excommunication is a separation or suspension of the offender from partaking of the eiirharist; ihc greater \^ an absolute separation and exclusion of the offender from the church and all its rights and advantages. Encye, BX COJV-CKS' SO^ [L.] From that which is con- ceded. EX-C6'RI-ATE, V. f. [Low L. excono ; ex and coriunij skill, hide.] To day ; lo strip or wear off the skin ; lo abrade ; lo gall ; to break and remove the cuticle in any man- ner, as by rubbing, beating, or by the action of acrid substances. EX-CO'RLA-TED, pp. Flayed; galled; stripped of skin or the cuticle ; ahmded. EX CO'Rl-A-TING,f-y»r. Flaying; galling; stripping of the cuticle. EX-CO RI-A'TION, n. The act of flaying, or the op- eration of wearing olT the skin or cuticle ; a galling ; abrasion ; the slate of being galled or stripiKid of skin. 2. Plunder ; the act of strijiping of possessions. rJV..( lued.] Hovell. EX-COR-TrCA'TrOX, n. [L. ex and cortex, bark.] The aci of stripping ofT bark. Coze. EX'CRE-A-ltLE, a. That may be discharged by spil- ling. [fAUU uMd,\ EX'CRE-ATE, v. L [I* eicreoy exMreoy to hawk and spit.] I'o hawk and spit; to discharge from the throat by Iiawking and spitting. EX'CRE-A-TED, pp. Discharged from the throat by hawking and spitting. EX'eRE-A-T!.\(i, pirr. Discharging from the throat by hawking and spitting. EX-CRE-A'TION, m. A spitting out. EX'CRE-MENT, n. [L. excrementum, from eietmo, excretus; ex and crrnn, to separate, Gr. Kf)ipf->.] Mailer excreted and ejected ; that which is dis- charged from the animal body aflcr digestion ; alvine discharges. EX-CRt^MEXT'AL, a. Excreted or ejected by the natural passucs of the body. EX CRE-MEN-ri'TlAL, (eks kre men-tlsh'al,) a. Pertaminir u> or consi-«ting in excrement Fourcroy. EX-CllE-ME\-Ti"T10UH, (eks-krc-men-lish'us,) a. rerUiiiung to excrement ; containing excrement ; con- sisting in niatt'T evacuated or proper to be evacuated from the animal bwly. Bucuju Harney. EX-CltES'CEN('E, n. [L. excTt$een»^ from excresco; ez and creaco^ to grow.] I. In surffcry, a preternatural protuberance grow- ing on any pari of the body, as a wart or a tubercle ; asuperduous part. Encye. 'i. Any prct<-rnalural enlargement of a pl.iiit, like a wart or tumor ; or something growing out from a plant. Brutlcy. 3. A preternatural produrti.in. TiUUr. EX-CRE^'ctHiNT, o. Growing out of something else, EXC in a preternatural manner; superfluous; aa a wart or tumor. Exptitigv the whole or lop ihe fxcretcent parts. Pope. EX-CRETE', V. t, [L. excretus, infra.] To separate and throw otT; lo discharge ; as, to frf.] EX-CRO'CUTE, r. C [U exerucio ; ex and crucio, to torment, from crux, a cross.] To torture ; to torment ; lo inflict most severe pain on ; as, to excruciate the heart or the body. Chapman. EX-CRO'CIA-TED, pp. Tortured ; racked ; tormented. EX-CRO'CIA-TING, ppr. Torturing ; tormenting ; putting to most severe pain. 3. a. Extremely painful ; distressing; as, excrucia- tiHtr fears. E.X-€RLJ-CI-A'TION, n. Torture ; extreme pain ; vex- ation. Feltfiam. EX-CU-BA'TION, n. Tho act of watching all night. VL'-UleusedA Diet. EX-eUL'PA BLE, a. That may be exculpated EX-CCL'PATE, r. t. [IL scolpart ; L. ex and culpo, to blame, culpa, fault.] To clear by words from a charge or imputation of fault or guilt ; to excuse. How naturally are we in- clined to exculpate ourselves, and throw the blame on others ! Eve endeavored to exculpate herself for eat- ing the forbidden fruit, and throw the blame on Ihe serpen! ; Adam attempted to exculpate himself, and throw the blame on Eve, EX-CUL'PA-TEI), pp. Cleared by words from the im- putation of fault or gtiilt. EX-CUL'PA-TING, ppr. Clearing by words from the charge of fault or crime. EX-eUI.rPA'TION, H. The act of vindicating from a charge of fault or crime ; excuse. EX-CLL'PA TORY, a. Able lo clear from the charge of fault or guilt ; excusing ; containing excuse. Johnson, EX-CUR'RE.VT, a. In botany, a term used in describ- ing the ramificatifm of a body whose axis remains always in the center, the other parts being regularljr disposed round it. Lindiey. EX-CCR'SI0\, (eks-kur'shun,) ti. [L. excursion tx- curso, frniii nirsiKi, from eurro, to run.] 1. A rambling ; a deviating from a stated or settled path. Sh- in lovf numlxTf ■hort txcurtinnt Irica. Pop*. 2. Progression beyond fixed limits ; as, the rzcitr- aionjt of llie seasons into the extremes of heat and cold. Jirbuthnot. 3. Digression ; a wandering from a subject or main design. Jitt4irbar\i. 4. An exiieditinn or jfMirney into a distant pari; any rambling from a point or place, and return to the same point or place. EX-CUR'SIVE, a. Rambling; wandering; devi- ating ; as, an exxursive fancy or imagination. EX-CUR'siVE-LY, adv. In a wandering manner. _ Botnr.eJL EX-CUR'SIVE-NESa, h. The act of wandering or jiaKsing usual limits. EX-CUR' SUS, n. [L.] LiteraUij, digression, A dis- sertation containing a more full exiMisition of aomo iriiportanl p'lint or topic apix.-nded lo a woik. EX-COS'A-ULE, (eks-kilz'a bl,) a. [."^ee EtcOsE.] That may be excuseil ; parduimble ; as, the man is excusable. 2. Admitting of excuse or justification ; aa, an «r- eujtable action. E.X-CCS'A-RLE XESS, tu The state of being ex- cusable ; pardunableiioss ; the quality of admitting of exrus!!. Boyle. EX-CC'S'A-BLY, ado. Pardonably. EX-CtJ-SA'TlO\, n. Excuse ; apology. [Little used.] Bacon. EX-CU-SA'TOR, n. One who makes, or is authorized lo make, an excuse or carry an n\HAocy. Hume. EX-CCS'A-TO-RY, o. Making excuse; ccmtaining excuse or apology ; apologeticol ; as, an excusatory plea. TC.N'K, BIJUm unite. — AN"GER, VC'CIOUS.— C as K ; G as J ; » as Z; CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. EXE KX-CCSE', ((*k$-)tuxe',) r. L [L. excuse i ex and mu- *tfr, to bialU'^ See Caisb.] 1. To pardon ; to freti frum the imputation of fault or blamt.' ; to acquit of gutlu We tzcu^e a person, in our owu minds, when we Acquit him of guill or blaniu ; or we excuse htin by a declaration of that acquittal. 2. To pardon, aa a fault ; to forgive entirely, or lo admit lo be little censurable, and to overlook. We excuse a f:uiU which a^Imits of ap^I-'gy or extenu- ation ; and we excuse irregular conduct, when eitra- brduiary circumstances appear to justify iu 3; To free irom an obligalion or duty. I pTdv thee iMve n« •J w wjii. — l^ke sit. 4. To remit ; not 10 exact ; as, to txeiut a for- feitur«>. Jit*****. &. To pardon , to admit an apology for. ^ EreitM •om- csiirll; •traiits. Pc>pt. 6. To throw off an Unputatiun by apology. Think joa ihu we «fntM ouradvn to yog i — i Coi. EtL 7. To justify ; to vindicate. Their tfauofbu accuaof or cbe ovuMnf one luioUtcr. — Rom. IL EX-CPSE', n. A plea offV-red in extenuation of a fault or irregular deiKtrtmem ; ap«»logy. Every n)an has an »tcus« to uri'er for his ntgk-ct of duly; the debtor makes rxcastj for delay of [laynienL '2. Tile ail tif esrusinf; ur a|Nilo|!izing. 3. That which excuses ; thai which extt-nunt^ or jnstiiies a fault His inabdity to comply with Uie re- quest, must be his ereusr, EX-eCS'ED, (eks-ku/d,) pp. AcquiUed of guilt or foult : forgiven i over)(x>ked. EX-COSE'LESS, a. Having no excuse ; that for which no excuse or apology can be offered. EX-CCS'EK, a. One who offers excusc^s or pleads for another, a. One who excuses or foreives nnuther. EX-eCS'ING, ppr. Acquitting of guilt or fault; for- giring : overlooking. EX-€USS', r. u [L. ricufL*u.-*.] To shake off^ also, to tteixe and detain by law. EX-eL'B'3l6?r. (ekft-kush'un,) a. A seizing by law. Ea-DI-RECtT'OR, a. One who bu been, but u no longer, a director. Xjrf^r; [U] LUmUt,^ k-t him depjirt; leave of absence given to a student iu the English universi- ties. If*>ok. EX'E-CRA-BLE, a. [L. rzeerahah. See ETtCH*TK.] lle^iemng to be curbed ; ver>' hateful ; detestable j aboiiiinablf ; as, an erecmhU wretch. EX i: ril \ i:i,V, a- into effect : a?, to execute law or ju!»tice 4. To carry into effect tlie law, or the judsmevit or sentence on a person ; to inflict capital punishment on : to put to death ; as, to execute a traitor. 5. To kill. Sh'jk. 6. To complete, as a lepil inj*tnimfnt; to jKfrfonu wi)a,i is required to give validity to a writing, as by stgninff and sealing ; as, to fj-ecute a deed or I -Bse. EX E-eCTE, V. L To pen'orm the propter office; to prrfiiire an f-ffecu EX'E-eC-'lED, pp. Done ; performt-d ; accomplished ; carrif-d into effect ; put to death. EX'E-CC-TER, n. One who performs or carries into effi*ct. [^ee Executor.] EX'E-CC-TING, ppr. Doing; performing; finishing; accompli«hine ; inflicting; carr\'ing into effect. EX-E^eO'TIOX, », Performance ; the act of com- pleting or accomplishing. The ext^'UenO' of the Biib)rct cutUnbupid modi to tbc happfnCM of ihe ueruOon. ihyaen. EXE 2. In UttPy tlie carr>iug into effect a sentence or judgment of court ; the la^it act of the law in com- pieiing the process by which justice is to be done, by which the possession of laud or debt, dani;ipt.s or cosU, is obtained, or by which judicial punishment id inflicted. 3. The inftmmenl, warrant, or offirial order, by which an officer is empowered to carry a judement into effoct. An et'cutioa issues from the clerk of a court, and is l.vied by a sheriff, his deputy, or a con- stable, on li)'? estate, rimmIs, or body of the debtor. 4. The act of si^ining and srnling a legal instru- ment, or giving it the forms required to render it a Vdlid act ; a», the execution of a deed. 5. The last act of the law in the punishment of criminals; capital punishment; death indicted ac- cording to the forms of law. ti. Effect ; something done or accomplished. Ev- ery shot did exceulion. 7. Dtrstruciion ; slaughter. Sfiak. It is used after *io^ to du executioa ; never after wuike. 8. In tJie jinff art.", the mode of i>erforming a work of art, and tlie dexterity with which it is accom- plished, lirande. BX-E-€Cr'TIOX-ER, «. One who executes ; one who carries into etl'ect a judgment of death ; one who in- flicts a capital punishment in pursuance of a legal warrant, h is chirfiu used in thin sense. 2. He that kills; he that murders. S!tak. 3. The instrument by which any thing is per- form«Hl. Crojihaui. EX-Ee'C-TlVE, (egz-ek'u-tiv,) a. Having tho quality of executing or performini; ; as, executive pawer or authority ; aii executive officer. Hence, in govern- m',;nt, executive is used in distinction from legislative and juUiciaL The body that deliberates antf enacts laws, is levuflatioe ; the body that jud^^s, or applies the laws to p:irticular cases, is judictiU; the body or person who carries the laws into effect, or superin- tends the enforcement of them, is executive. h ii of Cie nanir* of w»r to incruue Uw axacudr* nl tlis erpen»e of tlte Irpkclkiire auihuricy. n\Urpi>rl of Ibe executive. J. Quinci/. EX-EC'lJ-TI VE-LY, ad. In the way of executing, or perfonning. EX-EC l^-TOR, n. Tlie person ap|>ointed by a testa- tor to execute his will, or to see it carried iuto ef- fect. Executor tn his eim wronff^ is one, who, without RUthority, intermeddles with the goo, a recess of a building. Among tlie ttHctent9,a small rootn for conversation. Oloss. of Arck. EX-E-6e'SrS, n. fGr. fffjyTjfftc, from ilnytofiai, to explain, from i^ and iiyi •/•ai, to lead.] 1. Exposition ; explanation ; the science of inter- pretation ; particularly^ tnlerpietation of the Holy Scriptures. EX'i^ETE, (eks'e-jete,) n. One skilled in exe- gesis. EX-E-dET'IC-AL, a. Pertaining to exegesis; ex- planatory ; tending to unfold or illustrate ; exposi- tor\-. Walker. EX-E-GET'ie-AL-I.Y, adv. By way of explanation. EX-EM'PLAK, (egz-em'plar,) n. [L. See Exam- ple.] 1. A model, original, or pattern, to be copied or im- itated. 2. The idea or imape of a thing, formed in the mind of an artist, by which he conducts his work ; the ideal model which lie attempts to imitate. F.netjc EX'EM-PLA-RI-LY, adr. In a manner to deserve imi- tation ; in a worthy or excellent manner. Sli£- la eiempla.Tibj loyai. Hotoetl. 9. In a manner that may warn others, by way of terror ; in such a manner that others may be cau- tioned to avoid an evil ; or in a manner intended to warn others. Soio"? he punished exrmpUirilif iu tbia worM. Hakemll. EXE EX'EM PL V-RI..\?;H9, fi. Thestjteorquality of be- ing u pattern for imitation. EX-EM-PLAR'I-TY, n. A pattern worthy of imita- titm. EX'EM-PLA-RY, (eg/Zem-pler-ry, a. [from exemplar.'] Serving for a pattern or model for imitation ; worthy of imitation. The Chrifiiian should be exemplary iu his life, as well as correct in hie doctrines. 2. S?uch as may serve fora warnine to others ; such as may dt ter from crimes or vices ; as, exemplary j us- tice ; cxer/ip/fzrv punishment. 3. Such as may attract n^UA'TUR, It. [L.] A written recognition of a person in the character of consul or commercial agent, issued by the governinent, and authorizing him to exercise his powers in the country. EX-E'UUI-AL, a. [L. exequialis.] Perlainins to funerals. Pope. EX'E-CiU^lES, (eks''e-quiz,1 n. pi. [L. exequim, from exequor, th.'lt is, txsrquor, to follow.] FiiniirKl rites ; the ceremonies of burial ; funeral procesf^inn. Drydcn. EX-ER'CENT, a. [L. eyercens. See ExEBcrsE.] Using; practicing: fullowing; as, a calling or pro- fession. [Utile ti/ied.] JJiiliJfi: EX'ER-Cr$-A-BLE, a. That may be exercised, used, employed, or exijried. Z. Hiei/t. F.X'ER-'CISE, (eks'er-size,) n. ■ [L. exercitium, from excrcoi ex and the rotd of Gr. ffj>oi, Eng. icprk; Fr. exercice; Sp. exereieio ; It. esercizio.] In a general sense, any kind of work, labor, or exertion of body. Hence, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — Mf-TE, Pr.EY.— PfXE, MARINE, BIRD.-NOTE, D6VE, MOVE, WOI.F, BOOK.- _ EXE 1. Use; practice; the eTertijns and inovemcnls customary in the perfurmance of business ; ns, the exercise of an art, trade, otpupation, or prof^'ssion. 2. Pnictice ; performance ; as, the exercise of re- ligion. 3. Use; employment: exertion: as ^ the exfreise of the eyes, or of the senses, or of any jHiwer of body or tnind. 4. Kxertion of the hoiJy, as cundurive to health ; action ; motion, by labor, walking, riding, or other exertion. The w»e for cure on erercUt dej«nd. />rytlen. 5. Exertion of the body for aninsomtnt, or for in- ■tructiun ; tne habitual use of the limbs for acquiring an art, dexterity, or grace, aa in fencjn-;, daiicuig, ridnie; or the exertion of the muscles for invigora- ting ihe^wdy. 6. Exertion of the body and mind, or faculties for improvement, as in oratory, m painting, or statuary. 7. Use or practice to acquire skill; preparatory practice. Military exrreisct consist in using arms, in motions, martlics, and evtiliitions. Naval ezercij/e consists in the use or management of artillery, and in the evolutions of fleeid. 8. Exertion of the mind ; application of the mental powers. 9. Task i that which is appointed for one to per- form. JU'Uon, 10. Art of divine worship. Shak. U. A Itsson or example tor practice. EX'ER CTSE, r.,(. [U rcrreeu; Ft. exerccr ; it. eser- eert; Sp. txrrcer. Seethe noUn.] 1. Ina ^rncralsense^Votnove ; to exert ; to cause to act, in any manner ; as, to eitrcue the body or the hands ; iociercise the mind, the powers of the mind, the reason or judgment. 2. To use ; to exert ; as, to exercise auiliority or power. a. To use for improvement and skill ; as, to extr- else arms. • 4. To exert one's powers or strengtti ; to practice habitually ; as, lo exereut one's self in speaking or 111 u sic. 5. To practice ; lo perform the duties of; as, to ex- ercise an olfice. 6. To train to use ; to discipline ; to cause lo per- form certain acts, as preparatory to •ervice ; as, to exercise troops. 7. To task ; to keep employed ; to use etforts. Hemn rto I exereite mw-lf. to hire »!w.iy> » eonici^nce Toid or lined ; accusUimed ; made skillful by use; em- ployed ; practiced ; pained ; afflicted ; rendered un- F,X'ER-UT»-ER, «. One who exercises. [easy. KX'ER-Cla-ING, p}^. Exerting; using; employing; training ; prarti«ing. EX-ER C[-TA'TIO.\, n. {\*. eifreitalio^ from tztrew. tiee ExEHCisE.] Exercise ; practice ; use. Brown. Felton. EX-ERGUE', (egz-crg',) n, [Gr. tf and toyov^ work.] In numigmatie$^ the place on a medal or coin around and without the type or figure, which has generally the date or other particular inscripti«m. EXERT', (eg»-ert',) v. f. [ I>. errro, for eT.^ero i ex. and *«-o, to throw, lo thrust, for this is the radical sense of irero.] 1. LiteraUff to tbnut forth ; to emit ; to push out. £>ryden. Btte* tbp gcRW I-A-TING, ppr. Separating and coming off in scales. EX-FO-LI-A'TIOX, n. The scaling off of a ttone ; the pmcess of separating, as pieces of unsound bone frotri the sound part ; desquamation. Coxe, EX-F6'LI-A-TIVE, a. Having the power of causing exfoliation or the desquamation of a bone. EX-FO'LI-A-TIVE, n. That which has the power or quality of procuring exfoliation. Wiseman. EX-HAL' ABLE, a. [See Exhale.] That may be exhitled or evaporateo. Boyle. EX-HA'LANT, a. Having the quality of exhaling or evaporaiinj. EX-HA LA'TION, n. [L. exlialatio. See Exhale.] 1. The act or process of exhaling, or sending forth fluids in the form of steam or vaiwr ; evaporation. 2. That which is exhaled ; that which is emitted, or which rises in the form of vapor ; fume or steam ; effluvia. Kxhiiintuins are visible or invisible. Tlie eartli is often dried by evjiporation, without visible Fthalations. The smell of fragrant plants is caused by invisible ezhalatitnis. EX-HALE', (egz-hiile',) v. t, [L. ezhalo ; ez and halo^ lo breathe, u« send fiirth vapor; Ir. gal^ gail, vapor ; ffaiiim, to evaponitc.] 1, To Hend out ; to emit ; as vapor, or minute par- ticles of a fluid or otiier substance. The rose exhales a fragrant odor. The earth. exAa^M vapor. Mar.-shes exhale noxious effluvia. 2. To draw out ; lo c^use to be emitted in vapor or minute particles ; lo evaporate. The sun cxhides the moisture of tlie earth. EX-HAL' *:D, pp. Sent out; emitted, as vafwr; evaporated. EX-HA LE'MENT,n. Matter exhaled ; vapor. Brown. EX-HA'LENCE, n. The act of e.\hjiling ; matter ex- hnled. EX-HaL'ING, ppr. Sending or drawing out in vapor or effluvia. EX-HAL'ING, a. Serving to exhale, pronroting exha- lation ; as, exhaling vessels ; an eikaling surface. EXHAUST', (egz-hawst',) v. t. [L. exhaurio, ezhaus- tum ; ex and hauria^ to draw, Gr. auvut.] 1. To draw oul or drain off the whole of any thing ; to draw oul, till nothing of the matter drawn is lelt We exhaust the water in a well, by drawing or pumping; the water of a marsh is exfiausted by draining ; the moisture of the earth is exhausted by evaporation. 2. To empty by drawing out the contents. Vene- section may exhaust the veins and arteries. 3. To draw out or to use and expend the whole ; lo connume. The treasures of the ufince were ex- hausted: his means or his resources were p/Au«,fecd. 'i'he ."trenglh or fertility of land may be exhausted. 4. To use or expand the whole by exertion ; as, to ezftniist the 8tren(!>h or spirits ; to eiluiust one's pa- tience. Ilence, Uus phrase is equivalent to tirey irtar'/t f'Jfi^ue. EX-HAUST', a. Drained ; exhausted. {Little used.] Burton. EX-HAUST'ED, pp. or a. Drawn oul ; drained off; emptied by drawing, draining, or evap«iration; whol- ly used or expended ; consumed. EX-HAUST'ER, n. lie or tliat which exhausts or draws out. EX-Hj^I ST'inLE, a. That may bo exhausted or draiiu'd off. EX-HAUt^T'IXG, ppr. Drawing oul; draining off; emptying ; using or expending the whole ; consum- iug- . , ^ 9. a. Tending to exhaust ; as, MAa«.-if»nn- labor. EX-HAUS'TIO.\, (e^z-hawst'yun,) n. The act of drnuing out or draining off; the act of emptying cumpU'iely of the contents. 2. Tlie slata of being exhausted or emptied ; the slate of beinir dr-prived of sirengih or spirils. 3. In niathemat'c*, a nn'th(>d of proving the equal- ity of two magnitudes by a reductw ad absurduiHy or showing that if one is supposed cither crt'aler or Ie«i8 thun the other, there will arise a contradiction. Barlow. EX-I!ATTpT'IVE, a. Thai exhausts. EX-HA UHT'LEBS, a. Not to be exhausted ; not to be wholly drawn off or emptied ; inexhaustible ; as, an Frhnu-ille^s fund or store. EX-HAU.S T^ENT, lu Exhaustion ; drain. EXIl EX-HAUST'URE, «. Exhaustion. EX'HE-DRA or EX-Hk DRA. See Exedra. Cheat EX-HER'E-DATE, v. U [Infra.] To disinherit EX-HER-E-DA'TION, n. [L. ezhairedatioy exliared^} ex and kipres, an heir. In tJte civil lata, a disinheriting ; a father's exclud- ing a child from inheriting any part of his estate. Encyc. EX-HIB'IT, (egz-hib'it,) v. U [L. exMbeo; ex and habeo^o have or hold, as we say, to hold out or forOi.'\ 1. To offer or present to view ; lo present for in- spection ; to show ; as, to exhibit paintings or other specimens of art ; to exhibit papers or documents in court. 2. To show ; to display ; to manifest publicly ; as, lo exhibit a noble example of bravery or generosity. 3. To present ; to offer publicly or officially ; as, to exhibit a charge of high treason. 4. To administer, as medicines. EX^-HTB'IT, n. Any paper produced or presented to a court or to auditors, referees, or arbitrators, as a voucher, or in proof of facts ; a voucher or document produced, 2. In chancery^ a deed or writing produced in court, sworn to by a witness, and a certificate of the oiilh indorsed on it by the examiner or com- missioner. Kneve. EX-HIB'IT-ED, pp. Offered to view; presented for inspectioti ; shown ; displayed. EX-HIB'IT-ER, n. One who exhibits ; one who pre- sents a petition or charge. Shak. EX-HIU'IT-ING, p^. Offering lo view ; presenting; showing; displavini;. EX-HI-Hl"T10N,'{eks he-bish'un,) n. [L. exhibitio.'] 1. The act of exhibiting for inspection; a showing or presenting to view ; display. 2. The offering, producing, or showing of titles, authorities, or pn[)ers of any kind, before a tribunal, in proof of facts, 3. Public show ; representation of feats or actions in public; di^^piay of oratory in public; any public show, 4. Allowance of meat and drink ; pension ; bene- faction settled fnr the maintenance of scholars in the En(;ti^b universities, not depending on the founda- tiun. Hwijl. Bacon. Eiicyc 5. Ilence, gift or recompense, as lo servants. Shak* (». In vicdicme, tlie act of administering a remedy. EX-HI-Ur'TION-EU, n. In English untversities, one who has a pension or allowance, granted for the en- couragement of learning, EX-HIB'IT-IVE, (egz) o. Serving for exhibition; representative. * J^orri^. EX-UIU'IT-IVE-LY, adv. By representation. H'aterland. EX-HIB'IT-0-RY, a. Exhibiting; showing; display- ing. EX-HIL'A-RANT, a. Exciting jov, mirth, or pleasure. EX-HIL'A-RANT, h. That which exhdarates. EX-HIL'A-UATE, (egz-hil'a-rate,) r. (. [L. exhilara; ei and hilaro^ lo make merry, At/«ri*, tnerry, jovial, Gr. (Adois.] To make cheerftil or merry ; to enliven ; lo make glad or joyous ; lo gladden ; to cheer. Good news exhilarates the mind, as good wine exhilarates the an- imal spirits. EX-HIL'A-KATE, r. i. To become cheerful or joyous. fill con. EX-HIL'A RA TED, pp. Enlivened ; animated ; cheered ; gladdened ; made joyous or jovial. EX-HIL'A RATING, ppr. or a. Enlivening ; giving life and vigor to the spirits ; cheering ; gladdening. EX-HIIi'A-RA-TING-LY, udv. In an exhilarating mnrmer. EX-HIL-A-RA'TION, v. The act of enlivening the spirits ; the act of making glad or chtierful. 2. The state of being enlivened or cheerful. Ex- hihiration usually expresses leiM than jcyor 7flirtA, but it mav be used to ex[»ress both. EX-H0"RT', (egz-horl',) v. U [L. exhortor ; ex and hor- tor, to encourage, tn embolden, to ciieer, lo advise ; It. cfortare : Fr. rrhorter: Sp. exhortar. The primary sense seems to be, to excite, or to give strength, spir- it, or courage.] 1. To incite by words or advice ; to animate or urge by arguments to a good deed or to any laudable conduct or cotirse of action. 1 exhort you to be of gooil ciirri, — AeU txtU. Youiiz m'-ii Ftlio exhort to be •obeMDimlni. Exhort wrriuiU lo be oLieiiifiit w ihcir inotcr*. — Tiu ii. 5. To advise ; to warn ; to catitinn. 3. To incite or stimulate to exertion. Ooldsmith EX-HORT', V. i. To deliver exhortation ; to use wordi or arguments to incite to good deeds. And Willi inniiy olhT wont* did he tp»iify witil exhort. — AcU U. EX HORT-A'TION, (eks-) n. The act or practice of exhorting ; the act of inciting to laudabb- deeds ; in- citeni'-nl to that which is good or commendablo. 2. The form of words intended to Incite and en- 3. Advice ; counsel. [courage. EX-MORT'A-TIVE, (egz-)a. Coulaining exhortation, EX-HORT'A-TO RY, a. Tending to exhort , nerving for exhortation. TONE, BCLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS € a« K ; Cl as J ; 8 a« Z ; CH as SH ; TU as in THIS. EXI EX-IiORT'ED, pp, Iiicitt'd by words to (root! ilefiis ; ftniiiiiitfit lo a lauiiable cotirse of cmiduct ; mlvlsed. EX-MOKT'ER, n. One who exhorts or encourapfa. EX-llOKT'l.NG, ppr. Inciting to giHid (It>«il8 by words or :ueumeiit'« ; encouncin? ; comisifliiig. EX-I I C MA-TED. a. I)i«interretl. £X-llU-MA'TIOi\, N. [Fr., Iruin fihumn-^ tn dig out c^ Um ground ; Si>. ezAu/.-uu- ; L. ez and Ammiiu, fn^und.J 1. Th« dicing up of a (lead body interred ; the dbiinierring ot a corpcte. tl The digging up of nnv thing buried. Qvldtmitk, EX-HCME', v.U [L. « and kmmm*.^ To dig out of tlie earth wbat haa been buried : lo dttinter. MtmtaU. E\-HCM'£I>, (exbQmd',) ^. DistnCwmL EX-HCM'I.N'O, pjw. Disinterring. EX-ie'CATE, EX-IC-CA'TIO.N. See Exsiccatb. BX'I dENCE, ^ K. [L. ixigau, fmin txig»t to exact ; IbXM^^EN-CV, s n and 4jv, tu drive.] 1. D<.-mand i urgency ; urgent need or want. We ■peak of the txigtmc* of the case ; the eiigtmee of tlie timea, or of buBineas. 3. Preaainf neceaaity; distress; aoy caaa which ilwaarts immediate action, supply, or ramedy. A JKJWiap adapts bis measures to bia ezigemets. In ^tekpvwnt eofvaey, no time is to be lost. HPl-OBNTf ■•> Presaing business ; occasion that calls for immediate help. [.Vot iu«d.] -{^ee Exi- eaxcE-] Hooker. Si, In latBy a writ which lies where the dt ft-ndant is Dot to be fuund, or, alter a rt-tuni of Hon P.' for residence, Iliroiieh fear, di»- Gst, or resentmeut, or !\h' any cause distinct from : is a]' or from a particular jurisdiction, by author- i^-, with a prohibition of return ; to drive away, ex- pel, or transport fr>m one's country. 2. To drive from one's country by misfortune, ne- cessity, or distress. To eziU ome*t v^f^ is to quit one's country with a view not to return. EX'TLE, (eka'Ile,) a. [L. tzili3.\ .■^lender; thin; fine. Bac«it. EX'TI--i:D, (eks'ild,) pp. or a. Banished ; expelled from one's countr>- by authority. KX'TIJ^-MEXT, lu BanUhinenr. EX'IL-ING, ppr. Banishing i eipellini; from one's countr)' by law, edict, or sentence ; voluntarily de- parting from one*o countrv, and residing in another. EX-I-LI"TION, (eka-e-hsh'uD,} «. [U eri/w, for w> mloOy to leap ouL] .\ sudden springing or leaping out. \I^Ule used.^ Browiu EX-IL'I-TY, (egz-il'e-ty,) «. JL. exOittu.] ^^lendemess ; fineness ; thinness. EX-IM'I-OL'S, a. f L. eximius.] E\ct-llent. [Lit'le ustd.] Bmcon. KX-I\'.\-.\rrE, c. L [L. MWMio.1 To make empty ; to weaken. [.Vo( usedJ] Praraon. KC-IN-A-XI"TION, II. [L. exinanitin^ from erinoJiio, to empty or evacuate ; ex and inanio, to empty, tnanu, empty, void.] .\n emptying or evacuation ; hence, privation ; loss ; destitution. [LiO/e imsc^] EX-IST', (egz-ist',) V. i. [I* existo: rz and futo, or mure directly from Gr. ir^, irri/n, to set, place, or fix, or rati), L. »to, to stand, Pp. Port, e^tar. It. sUtre, G. suhen, D. ttaan, Russ. stoyu. The primary sense EXO is to set, tix, or be fixed, whence the sense of peniia- neijce, continuance.] 1. To l>e ; to have an essence or real being ; appli- cable to mutter or body, and to s^iiritaal tubslniicr.'i. A Supreme Heiiig and first cause of all laher beings must have erisud from eternity, for no being can have created himself. a. To live ; to have life or nnimntioo. Men can not exist in water, nor fishes on laml. 3. To remain ; to endure ; to continue in being. How Ions sliall national enmities ezistl EX-I.*^T'E.\CE, «. The state of hping or having es- sence ; as, the nt^tencaof body and of soul in union ; the separate czistenct of the soul j immortal tzuunec ; tempoRi) fxhtrncr, a. Life : nnim:ition. 3l Contiiuieil being; duration: roininuntion. We speak of the exisUnce of trouble^t, or culainittes, or uf happiness. During the rzi^trnce of national calami- ties, our pious ancestors always had recourse to pmyer for divine aid. EX-I^T'ENT, a. Being; having being, essence, or existence. The fiTM mnti mlnil mn fuim^ on objrcta which ha*? nn mil brinf , u il~ tbey w«ra Uulj txitUnt. />rydXr.KT(Ta, tongue.] The popular name of a genus of fishes found in the American seas, whose lower jaw is trilobed, and the middle lube protruded performs the otfice of a longue. EX-O-LeTE', a. [L. exoletus.'] Worn ; faded ; obsolete. \^LiUle used,] EX-O LO'TION, n. Laxalimi of the nerves. [Aot in useA Brown, EX-OLVE', r. U To loose. [Aof in use.] EX-O.M'PHA-LOS, n. [Gr. i^ and oft-paXoi.] A navel ru[»ture. EX'ON, n. In Ensliy lo bind by oath, from 6pxo{, an oath.] 1. To ndjdre by some holy name; but chiefly, to exp^-l evil spirits by conjurations, prajers, and cere- monies. To esorcise a person, is to expel from him the evil spirit supposed to possess him. To ezorcise a demon ur evil spirit, is to cast him out or drive him from a person by prayers or other cf remonies. Eneye. 2. To purify from unclean spirits by adjurations and ceremonies ; to deliver from the influence of ma- lignant spirits or demons ; as, to ezorcise a bed or a house. EX'OR-CTS-/^D, pp. Expelled from a person or place by conjuration^^ and prayera; freed from demons in like manner. EX'OR-CIS-ER, n. One who pretends to cast out evil spirits by adjurations :ind conjuration. EX'OR-Crs-ING, ;»;jr. Expelling evil spirits by prayers and ceremonies. EX'OR-CISM, n. [L. exorcismus ; Gr. tJoptciffAiof.] 'J'lie expulsion of evil spirits from persons or places by certain udjunitions and ceremonies. Eiorcispi was common among the Jews, and still makes a part of the superstitions of some churches. Eneyc. EX'OR-CIST, n. One who pretends to expel evil spir- its by ronjitration, prayers, and ceremonies, .^ctaxix. EX-OR'DI-AL, (egz-) a. [Infra.1 Pertaining to the exordium of a discourse ; introcluctory. Brown, EX-OR'DI-UM, n. ; pi. ExoRDifMs. [L., from ezordi- or: ex and ordior, to begin. See Ohder.] Iti oratory, the beginning ; the introductory part of a discourse, which prepares the audience for the main subject ; the preface or proeniial part of a composition, 'i'he ezordium maybe fnrnial and deliberate, or abrupt and vehement, according to tlte nature of the subject and occasion. EX-0-RHrz.E, n. pi [Gr. f,^ and ^sa.] In botany, plants whose radicle elongates down- ward, directly from the base of the embryo. Lindley. EX-O-RIII'ZOUS, a. Pertaining to the exorrhizaj. BX-Oil-NA'TION, n. [Lt. czomatioy from exorno; ez and crno, to adorn.] Ornament; decoration j embellishment. Hcde, Hooker, EX-ORT'IVE, a. [L. ezortimis ; ez and ortus, a rising.] Rising ; relating to the east. EX'Oi^MoSE, n. [Gr. i^ and toafini, impulsion.] The passage of gases, vapors, or liquids, through porous media from within. Brands, EX-OS'SA-TED, a. [Infra.] Deprived of bones. EX-OS'SE-OUS, a. [L. ex and ossa, bones.] Without bones ; destitute of bones ; as, txosseous animals. Brotcn. EX'OS-TOME, n. [Gr. c^w and pro^a.] Tiie small aperture or foramen of the ovule of a plant. Beck. EX-OS-TO'SIS, It, [Gr. cj and ogtcov, a bone.] Any protuberance of a bone which is not natural ; an excrescence, or morbid enlargement of a bone. Coze. Also, in botany, a disease in which knots are formed upon or in the wood. EX-O-TER'ie-AL "• ^'^'- tf""''."<'fi exterior.] External ; public ; opposed to esoteric or secret. The FATE, FAR, FALL, 1VH*T. — METE, PEBV.— PISE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BppK.- 423 EXP tzotfric doctrines of tlie ancieui pliilusoplu-rs were tliose whicli were opt;nIy piol'L-:i.sfd anJ luujiht. The t^oteric were secret, or taught only to a few chosen disciples. Knfield. Encyc, EX'O-TER-Y, It. What ia obvious or common. Search. EX-OT're, (egz-ot'ik,) a, [Gr. ifa)r(«>f, from c^w, without.] Foreign ; introduced from a foreign country ; not native; extraneous ^ as, an exotic plant; an Aa>Uc tenn or word. EX-OT'(e, It. A plant, sltrub, or tree, not native j a plant introduced t'rom a foreipn country. Jiddtson. '2. A word of foreign origin introduced into a lan- E'i:iae. F.X-OT'I-CISM, n. Tlic state of being exotic. EX-PAND', V. t. [L. txp'tmlo ; ex and panda, to open, or spread ; IL spaudere, to pour out ; coinciding witli Eng. span, D. span, spanntn^ Sw. spdjiRa^ Dan. spoth espanM of crystal lake*. Pop*. CX PAN.S-iniL'I-TY, n. [from expanabU.] The rr :ii itv ..r b-^ing expanded; capacity of extension :' ■ ■ r bulk ; as, the expanstbdiUi of nir. i:\ i'\ .- 1 IILK, o. f Fr., from expaHdA Capable of being ei[>.inded or spn?ad ; capable of being extend- ed, dilated, or diffused. B.kIw*» are uot trpfintHjlt hi proportion to their wtiglit. Oreie, nX PA.NS'I-BLE .NESS, n. Expansibility. r,X PANS'l-BLV, aUc, In an expan^ble manner. EX PA.VS'ILE. o. Capable of expanding, or of being diht'd. EX-PAX'SIOV, (eks-pon'shun,) n. TL. ezpansio.] 1. The act >•( exp.-inding or spreading out. 2. The slate i«f being esjiaiided ; the enlargement of surface or buU ; diiar;ilion. We apply expansion to surfaee, as Ihe expanawtt of a sheet or of a lake, and to bulk, xi the fxpatuum of fluid.^ or metals by beat ; but Uul to n line or length without breadth. X Extent; ftjiace to wiiich any thing is enlarged ; also, pun- sjiiicc or distance between remote bodies. 4. ErilargL-uicnt ; as, the expajuion of the huart or affections. b. In commtTce^ an incrca«e of isjiues of bank nott-s. EX-PA\'^IOX-CL'RB, n. A contrivance to counter- act expansion and coiilr.iclion by lieat, as in chro- nometers. EX-PA-\S'IVE, fl. [Fr.] Having the power to ex- pand, to i|>rcajri, or to ddate ; as, the exptin^oee l\>rce of Jieal or fire. (h-tgory. a. Having the cap(.f ity of being expanded ; us, the expatutet quality of air; the expuuaivt atmusphere. ThoiHJtOttt a Widely extended ; as, erpan-^ivr benevtilmce. EX-PA.\S'1VE->£SS, n. The quality of being ex- pan-«ive. EX PAR'TE, [L.] On one part; as, rx parte evi- dence, that which is brijught forward by oue Bid« only ; an ex parte council, one which assembles at the requejft of only one of the parties in dispiii*-. EX-PA'TIATE, (eks pa'ahale,) v. i. [U cxputtor : ex and spatun-, tn wander, to enlarge in discourse, ^pa- IiHM, spare, probably allttd to patco, to cpi-n. Class Dd.J 1. To move at large ; to rove withtiut prescribed UmitA; to wander in »pac«i without restraint M- >■■ ■ . ■■,'i'»* copi- ous in arsupii'Mi >.r 'nsri.sMon. On imfnirt-ini topics, the omtor think4 him-v^lf nl liberty t, EX-PA'TIA-TO-UY, a. Expatiating. EX-PA'TRl-ATE or EX-PAT'RI-ATE, r. (. [Fr. ex- patrier; li. spatriare i fnun L. ex and /itifna, country.] In a grveral sensc^ to banish. To expatriate one^s sc^f, is to quit one's country, re- nouncing citizensliip and allegiance in that country, to take residence and become u citizen in another country. The right to expulriau one's self, is denied in feudal countries, and much controverted in the United Slates. EX-PA'TRI-A-TED or EX-PAT'KI-A-TED, pp. Uan- ishod; removed from one's native countr>-, with re- nunci-ition of citizenship and allegiance. EX-Pa'TRI-A-TING or EX-PAT'RI-A-TING, ppr. Banishing; abandoning one's country, vvitli renun- ciation of allegiance, EX-PA-TRI-A'TIO\orEX-PAT-Rr-A'TION,n. Ban- ishment. More generally, the forsaking one's own countrv-, with arenunciaiion of allegiance, and with the view of becoming a permanent resident and citi- zen in another cuunirv. EX-PE€T', V. t. [h, expeeto; ex and specto, to look, that is, to rencli forward, or to hx the eyes.] 1. To wait for. The ffusnU, By me ciicampcd on yu[id>?r hill, txpect Tii'ir motion. Milton. [This sense, though often used by Gibbon, seems to be obsolescent.] 2. To liMik for ; to have a previous apprehension of something future, whether good or evil ; to enter- tain nt least n slight belief that an event will hap|»eii. We expect a visit that 1ms been promised ; we expect money will be paid at the time it is due, tJiough we are often disapjiointed. Expect, in its legitimate sense, always reft-rs to a future event. [The common phmse, / expect it was, in as vulgar as it is improper.] 3. To ruiiuire or demand ; as, payment will be ex- peeled when the note falls due. fVhatcley. EXPECT', r. I. To wait ; to stay. S,ind^s. EX-PECT'A-BLE, a. To be expected ; that may be expected. EX PECT'ANCE, ) n. Theact orst.ile of expecting; EX-PECT'AN-CY, i expectation. Miltoiu AAuA. 9. Something expecU'd. Skak. 3- Hope ; a looking fur with ploasuro. ShaJc. EX-PE€T'AN-CY, n. In laic, a state of waiting or suspension. An estate in expcctatiey, is one which is to take effect or conunence aAer the determination of anotherVstate. Estates of this kind iwe remainders and rcKersions. A remainder, or estate in remain- der, is one which Is limited to take effect and be enjoyed after another estate is determined. 'I'hus, wlien a grant of land is made to A for twenty years, and, after the determinatitui of tliat term, to B and his heirs forever, A is tenant for years, remainder to B in fee. In this case, the estate of B is in erpec- tuncij, that is, waiting for the determination of the estate for years. A rrterreion is the residue of an e^tjite left in the grantor, to commence in jmssession aRer the determination of a {Ktrticutar estate granted out by him. As, when A leases an estate to B for twenty years, after the determination of that period, the estate rrrrria to the lessor ; but, during the term, the estate of the lessor is in expeeUtncij, BlacLitune. EX PECT'A.NT, a. Waiting; l.>oking for. Swifi. 9. ExpectttHt estate, one which is sns|H>nded till the detcrtninatioti of a jtarticular estate. Ulackitvne. EX-PECT'ANT, n. One who expects ; ono who waits in ex|>ectation ; one hehl in dependence by his belief or hniie of receiving t^oine good. 1'liose who have the gill of offices are usually surrounded by ex- pectants. EX-PECT-A'TION, n. [I., expeetatio.] 1. The act of expecting or looking forward to a future event with at least some rcas'-n to believe the event will happen. Expectation differs from hope. Hope originates in desire, and may exist with little or no ground of belief that the desired event will arrive. EtpetttUion is founded on some reasons which render the event probable, /lope is directed to some go(rtl ; expectation is directed to good or evil. Tli^ • im>- wrttbrK-M of iriiiiil which iiiditl^i ftbvurtl txpfxiationa, prmliica p'dil.itic^ in (ILaappiiintmcnt. Jroing. 9. The state of expecting, either wIU» hope or fear. 3. Prospect of good to come. My »on\, wtiU ihuu only on Gut, (ar my erptctation is from hiH..-P<. Ixii. 4. The object of expectation ; the expected .Mes- linh. ' .-yjdton. 5. A stile or qurilitirN in a perwon which excite ex[»wtatutns in others of i»ome fuiiire excellence; as, a youth of eipfrlation. Si'tneij. Otiray. We now more generally *ay, a youth of promise. (5. In charters, the Value nf any pri>si)ect of prize or property depending upon the happening of some un- rerlain »v<-nt. A kuui of money, to be (mid when an event happens, has a determinate value before thai event happens. If the chances of receiving or not receiving a hundred dollars, when an event ar- EXP rives, ore eiiual, then, before the arrival of the event the expectation is worth half the money. Barlow. Eiicye. Expectation of life : in annuities, a term applied to the mean i>r average duration of the life of individ- uals, after any specified age. P. Cyc. EX-PE€T'A-TiVE, H. That which is expected. lA^ot used.] EX-PECT'ER, n. One who expects ; one who waits for something, or for another |>er3on. Swift. Sftak. EX-PE€T'I.\G, ppr. Waiting or looking for the ar- rival of. EX-PEC T'lXG-LV, adn. In a state of expectation. EX-PEt;'TO-RANT, a. [See Expectorate.] Hav- ing the qualilv of promoting discharges from the lungs. EX-PEe'TO-RAN'l', H. A medicme which promotes discharges from the lungs. EXPECTORATE, v. t. [L. expectoro i Sp. erpecto- rar ; Fr. expectorer ; from L. cz and pcctits, the breasL] To eject from the trachea or lungs; to discharge phlegm or other matter, by coughing, hawking, a id spitting. Coze, EX-PEC'TO-RA-TED, pp. or a. Discharged from the lungs. EX-PEe'TO-RA-TING, ppr. Throwing from the lungs by hawking and spitting. EX-PEC-TO-RA'TIO.V, n. The art of discharging phlegm or mucus frtun the lungs, by coughing, hawk- ing, and spitting ; also, the matter thus disclmrged. Encyc. EX-PE€'TO-RA-TI VE, a. Having the quality <.>r pro- moting expectoration. EX PK'DK ilER'CU-LEM, [L.] From the remain- ing foot of Hercules' statue, learn the size of his en- tire person ; from a partial extiibition, learn tlie full extent of man's powers or characteristic excellences. EX-Pk'IH-ATE, v. U To exp/ditc. UVot in use.] EX-Pi-:'DI-KNCE, ) n. [See Speed, Expedient, and E.\-Pk'DI-EN-CV, i Expedite.] 1. Fitness or suilabU-riess to elfert some good end or the purpose intended ; propriety under the jiarticu- lar circum.stanres of the case. 'I tu* practicability of a measure is often obvious, when the expedience of it is questionable. 2. Exi>ediiion; adventure. [JVoi note uj^ed.] SkaJc. 3. Expedition ; haste ; dispatch. f-VwI now used,] Shak. EX-PE'DI-ENT, (eks-pe'-dc-eut,) a. [L. expediens; eipetlio, to hasten ; Eng. speed i Gr. fnTivd'n,] 1. Literally, hastening; urging forward. Hence, tending to promote the object proposed ; fit or suita- ble for the purpose ; proper under the circumstances. Many things may be lawful, which are not expcdienL 2. Useful ; profitahle. 3._Q,uick ; expeditious. [.Vue u/^ed.'] Shak. EX-Pk'DI-ENT, h. 'J'hat which serves to promote or advance; any means which may be employed to ac- complish an end. Let every erpedient he employed to effect an important object, nor let exertions cease till all expedients fail of producing the effect. 2. Shift ; means devised or employed in an cxi- gcny. lyri/drn. EX-PE'DI-ENT-LY, adv. Fitly ; suitably ; conven- iently. 2, Hastily ; quickly. [Obs.] Shak, EX-PED'I-TATE, v.t. [t. ex and pes, foot.] In theffn-r.-it laws of Enffland, to cut out the ballsor claws nf a dog's fore feet, for tlie preservation of the king's game. EX PED I-TA'TIO.V, n. The act of cutting out tlie balls or claws of a dog's fore feeU Encyc. EX'PE-DITE, v. L [L. exjicdio ; Sp. expedir; Fr. ex- "' t peMer; It siiedire ; Ar. iXi) afido, to hasten, or 4XJ- vafada, to send, to move hastily, to be suitable ; Eng. speed. F^pedio iflcumpoun, pp. Facilitated ; freed from impodl- ment. EX'PF--1)TTE-LY, «/e. Readily; hastily; speedily; promptly. Orew. EX'PE-I)tT-I\G, p/w. Fariliuiling; bastening. TCXE, mjLI*, UMTB. — AN"GER, VI"CI0U8.— € as K; 6 as J ; 9 us Z ; CH aa SH ; TH as in THIS. EXP -ii'un,) H. [L. expeditio,'] -A i ilispatcti. 1 be mou ES-l'EI)I"TIov 1. Haslc . -; U cvnvcyfd \\ I SL The march oi :iii iiriny, or the royageof « fleet, lo a distant plare, for hostile purpusea ; as, the «zp»- tfiCmi of iho French to Kgyptj the w yrf i ti gn of Xerxes into Greece. X Any enterprise, undt'rtaking, or attempt h^ a BUiul't*r of per^Hins ; or the collective body which undertake)!. We say, our guvemment aaot an eip*- dit^vit to the Pacific ; the rnxftUitian has arrivedr £X-PEDr'TI(J.\-A-RY, c Coiuialiag In aa expedi- tion. EX-PE-DI 'Tiers, (ek?-pfr^ish'u«0«' Quick; hasty; speedy ; as, an erpfiiiuous march. 2. Sjiiiblf ; aciivf; swirt ; acting with celerity; as, an nveditu^us messenger or runner. EX-PE-DI'TIOIS-LV, oJp. Speedily; hastily; with celerttv or dispotdu EX-PHD'I Tl VK, «. Perfonninc nitb spe«d. Bmeom, EX-PEL', r. c [L. eiprlia: n and foUtf, to drive, Gr. ^aAAu; It. tsptUare; W.fspeiiax-; and fn>iii the L. paiticiple, Pr. exjniXstT. C'jaics Bl.] 1. To drive or force out froin any inclosed place ; M, lo comJ wind from the stoinach, or air from a bel- lows. [Tiu woni u mpplUmhU t» mttif fitres^ fk^aicol or •wray % To drive out ; to force to leave ; as, to expH the bibabitaau of a county ; to exptl wild beasta from a forest. 3. To eject ; to throw out. J>rfim, A. To banii^h ; to exile. Pop*, 5. To reject ; to refuse. [IMU used.] And vouU] Tou dm poor felkMrahip trjitl 7 Bub. T\il«, fi. To exclude ; to keep out or off. Shak. 7. la eUitge /ormmnml, to cutiiniand to leave ; to dissolve the coonectton uf a studeot ; to iut4:nlict him ttoni further conuectiun. EX-PCI^'LA-BLE, a. That may be expelled or driven ouL Add axpOiaiir br hmL, Xtnaon. EX-PEL'LED, (eks-peld',) fp. or a. Driven out or away ; forced to leave ; InjiiHhed : exiled ; excluded. EX-PEL/LER, H. lie or that which drives out or away. EX-PEL'UNG, ffr. Driving out; forcing away; compelling to quit or depart; banishing: excluding. EX-PEN'D', r. f. ['L.espenuoi M and ^««£», to Weigh ; Bp^ erfnuUr: Fr. ii/pr.t.trT^ ^m L. disprmJo ; IL ^tn4rrt : properly, to ueigh off; hence, to lay out] I. Tu lay out ; to diT^bun^i ; to ^[>end ; to deliver or dh*tribttte, either in payment or in Jonations. We ' money for food, drink, and clothing. We a- \ a little in chanty, and a great deal in idle 3. To lajr oat ; to use ; Co employ ; to consume ; ai, to cipsaid tiaie and labor, t hope the time, labor, and raoaey txftmdid oa this book wBI not be wholly nttsemployed. a To use and eonranae ; as, to npend hay In feed- ing caUle. A. To consume; to dissipate; to waste ; as, the loyment and con^iuniption, as of time or labor. Great rnterpri:>es are accoinplished only by a great trpnse cf money? time, and lal>or. 2. Jlonpy expendrd ; cwx : charge ; that wbJch ia disbursed in payment or in charity. A prudent man Uir.ils his erjtnLges by his income The rrpntars of war are rarely or never rc-imbursed by the acquisi- tjiin either of good? or territory. 3. That whicli is itsed. employed, laid out, or con- sumed ; as, the rrpense of time or labor. EX-PEXSETI;L, a. CosUy ; expensive. {Little iwed] Wvtton, EX-PEXSE'FVL-LY, adr. Ina costly manner ; with great eTpensf*. Wcertr. EX-PENSE'LESS, «. Without cost or expense. MUltm. EX-PEXS'IVE, a. Costly; requiring much expense; as, an erpensive dress or equipage ; an erpmsive family. Vices are usually more expensive than vir- tues. 9. Given to expen«e ; free in the use of money ; extravagant ; lavigh ; applied to persons. Of men, some are frugal and industrious; others, idle and ej^CHgive, Temple. EXP 3. Liberal ; generous in the di^t^ibnlio^ uf \v%i\y- erty. 1'hb reqoiiTa an utiv*?, crpciuHw, iiiilv&vtjvable p>o>ln(««. Spratt. EX-PEMS'IVE-LY, adr. With great expense; at great Ciist or charge, Sic^ft. EX-PE\':?'IVE-XE3S, ». Costliness; the quality of inrnrring or requiring great expenditures of inmiey. The ezpen-tirffirsi? of war Is not its grentrst evil. 5. Addictedness to expense ; extravagance ; applied ta pfrs*>ns. EX-PE'RI-ENCE, a. [L. rrprrientia, from erperiury to try; ex and ant. pcrior; Gr. rrfipit.), to attempt, whence ptrate : G. er/ahren, from fithren, to move, to go, to drive, to ferry; I). emMren,froui raaren, logo, to move, to sail ; t*w. fitrfam^ fara ; Dun. fotfarer^ farm Sax. /uraa ; Goth, fitrtin; Kng. to fare. TI>e I* perieutum^ Eng. perils are from the same root. We see the n>ot of these words i«, to go,to/(irf,to drive, urge, or presw, to strain or stretch forward. See Class Br, .No. 3, Ar. No. 4, 10. 23.] 1. Trial, or a series of •riJil'* or experiments! ; ac- tive effort or attempt to do or to prove something, or repeated efforts. A man attenii»ts to raise wlieai on moist or clayey ground ; his attempt fails of auccesa ; experience proves that wheat will not flourish on such a soil. He repeats the trial, and his experience proves the same facu A single trial is usually denominated an experiment ; experience may be a series of trials, or the result of such trials. 2. Observation of a fart, or of the same facts or events happtning under like circunjsiances. 3. Trial from suffering or enjojment ; suffering itself; the use of the senses ; as, the experience wo have of pain or sickness. VVe know the effect of light, of pinell, or of taste, by experience. We learn the instability of human affairs by observation or by experience. We learn the value of integrity by expe- rience. Hence, 4. Knowledge derived from trials, use, practice, or fmm a series of obser\-ationa. EX-P£'RI-ENCE, r. U To try by use, by suffering, or by ergoymenl. Thus we all experienee i>ain, sorrow, and pleasure ; we eijtfrience good and evil ; we often txperience a change of siiitimenls and views. 5. To know by practice or trial; to gain knowl- edge or f kill by practice, or by a series of observa- tion.o. EX-F£'RI-EN-CED, (eks-pC'ro-enst,) pp. Tried ; useil ; practiced. 2. a. Taught by practice or by repeated observa- tions ; skilful or wise by means of trials, use, or ob- servation ; as, an experienced aitist ; an experienced . physician. EX-P£'RI-E\-CEB, n. One who makes trials or experiment-^. EX-P£'R1-E.\-CIXG, ppr. Slaking trial ; auflering or entwine. EX-PER'I-MENT, n. [14. experimenUm, from exprriorj as in Experience^ whicll see.| A triai; an act or uiM-ration designed to discover some unknown truth, principle, or effect, or to es- tablish it when discovered. It differs from observa- fi&n, which is merely the attentive consideration of things, as they exist in nature. Er;)m7/ien£* in chem- istry disclose the qualities of natural bodies. A series of experiments proves the uniformity of the laws of matter. It is not always safe to trust to a single ez- pcriment. It is not expedient to try many experiments in legislation. A poUltc.il exprrirsiient cnn not be nuJe in a liborBtory, nor dctcrnuoed io a. fe«' bout*. J. Adamt, EX-PER'I-MEN"r, r. i. To make trial ; to make an experiment ; lo operate on a body in such a manner as to discover some unknown fact, or to establish it when known. Philosopliers experiment on natural bodies for the discovery of their qualities and combi- nations. 2. To try ; to search by trial. 3. To experience. [JV'ot iwe*/.] Locke. EX-PER'I-MENT, r. (. To try ; to know by trial. [Liltle used.] Herbert, EX-PER-I-MENT'AL, a. Pertaining to experiment. 2. Known by experiment or trial ; derived from ex- periment. ExperimentJil knowledge is the most valuable, be- cause it is most certain, and most safely to be trusted, 3. Built on experiments ; founded on trial and ob- servations, or on a series of results, the effects of operations ; as, experimental philosophy. 4. Taught by experience; having personal expe- rience. • Admit to the holy cominimion such only ss profr«« and appear \b be rpg^neriieti, and csperimettial Chrutians. H. Jiumphreyt, 5. Known by experience ; derived from experience ; as, experimrntul religion. EX-PER-I-MENT'AL-IST, n. One who makes ex- periments. Burgess. EX-PEK-I-MENT'Al^LY, adc. By experiment; by trial ; by operation and observation of results. 2. By experience ; by suffering or enjoyment. We EXP are all experimentally acquiiintud with pain and plenpurc. EX-Pl::U-l-MEVT'A-TIVE, a. Experimental. EX-PER'I-.MENT-ED, pp. Tried ; searched out by trial. EX-PER'I-MENT-ER, n. One who makes experi- ments ; one skilled in experiments. EX-PKR'I-.ME.N'I'-LNG, ppr. Making experiments or trials. E3C-PI:R'I-MENT-KST, «. One who makes experi- ments. [This is more analogical than Expi:rime:vt- ALIST.l Good. EXPF.k-IMFJ^'^TUM CRtPCIS. [L.1 Experiment of the cross ; a test of the severest and most search- ing nature ; a decisive experiment. EX-I'EKT', a. [L. rxpertusy from experior, to try. See KxPKitiENCE.] 1. /'r«/»ffr/i/, exj)erii'nced ; taught by use, practice, or experience ; hence, skillful ; well instructed ; hav- ingfamiltar knowledge of; nF,an expert philosopher. U. Dextrous; adroit; ready; prompt; having a facility of operntitin or performance from practice; as, an expert opi^rator In surgery. It is usually fol- lowed by in ; as, rx/irrt in surgery ; expert in perform- ance on a musical iiislrunient. Pope uses expert of arms, but impntprrly. EX-PERT', v. L To experience. Spenser. EX PERT', 7.. An exiwrt person. Ed. Rev, EX-PERT' LY,.a(/e. In a skillful or dexffous manner j adroitly ; with readiness and accuracy. EX-PERT'NESS, n. Skill derived from practice ; readiness; dexterity; adroitness; as, expertness in musical performance ; expertness in war or in sea- manship ; expertness in reasoning. EX-PET'I-BLE, a. [ L. cxpetibilu<.] That may be wished for; desirable. [JVot used.] EX'P(-A BLE, a. [U expiabilis. See Expiate.] That may be expiated ; that mnv be atoned for and done away ; as, an expiable offense ; expiable giiilt. EX'PI-aTE, r. (. [li. expio; ez and pio, to worship, to alone ; piiw, pious, mild. The primary sense is probably to appease^ to pacify, to allay resentment, which is the usual sense of atone in most languages which I have examined. Pio is probably contracted from 7u>*(, and from the root ofpaco, the radical sense of which is to lay, set, or fix ; the primary sense of peace, poj-. Hence the sense of mild in pius. But this opinion is offered only as probable.] 1. To atone for ; to make satisfaction for; to ex- tinguish the guilt of a crime by subsequent acts of piety or worship, by whicli the obligation lo punish the crime is c^mceled. To expiate guilt or a crime, is to [lerform some act which is supposed to purify tlie person guilty ; or some act which is accepted by the offended party as satisfaction for the injury; that is, some act by which his wrath is appeased, and hia forgiveness procured. 2. To make reparation for ; as, to expiate an Injury. Clarendon. 3. To avert the threats of prodigies. Johnson. EX'PI-A-TEf>, pp. Atoned for; done away by satis- faction offered and accepted, EX'P1-A-T1i\G, ppr. Making atonement or satisfac- tion for; destroying or removing guilt, and canceling the obligation to punish. EX-PI-A'TION, n. [L. expiatio.] 1. The act of atoning for a crime ; the act of mak- ing satisfaction for an offense, by which the guilt is donft away, and the obligation of the offended per- son to punish the crime is canceled ; atonement; satisfaction. Among pagans and Jewn^ expiation was made chiefly by sacrifices, or washings, and purifi- cation. Among ChristianSf expiation for the sins of men is usually considered as made only by the obedi- ence and stifferings of Christ. 2. The means by which atonement for crimes is made ; atonement ; as sacrifices ^ud purification among heathens, and the obedience and death of Christ among Christians. 3. Among ancient heathens, an act by which the threats of prodigies were averted. liatpeard. EX'PIA-TO-RY, a. Having the power to make atonement or expiation ; as, an expiatory sacrifice. EX-PI-LA 'TION, 71. [L. expdatio, from expiloj to strip; crand pilo, to peel.] A stripping ; the act of committing waste on land, to the injury of an heir; waste. [Little nseil.] Fnller. EX-PTR'A-BIllable not necessary to the sense, but inserted to fill a va- cancy, or for orniuncnL The Greek language abounds with rTpletivfM, EXTLE-TO-RV, a. Serving to fill. EX'PLI-€A-BLE, a. [L, cxplicabilia. See Expli- CATlJ 1. Explainable ; that may be unfolded to tlie mind ; that may be made intelligible. Many ditliculties in old authors are not ezpltcahle. 5. Th:a may be arcounted for. The conduct and measureif of the admittistraiion are not explicable by the uxual rules of judging. EX'PLI CATE, P. U fli. fxpUeo, to unfold ; m and plito,Ko fold; Er. expliqueri Bp. expUoar i It. gpi^ gare.] 1. To unfold; toexpand ; toopen. " They erp/icai* the leaves." Blackmore. [In tAu aefue the loord it not comnum, and hardly ad- miasibU. ] % To unfold the meaning or son^e ; to explain ; to clear of difliculties or obscurity ; to interpret. Tbt Imc «en« of hb but mxyr ImxMjtX vaOcitniXy tspJictMd. Dryd*n. EXP EX'PLI-CA-TKl), pp. Unfolded ; oxplaiiud. EX'l'LI-€A-TlNG,/»;*r. Unfolding; explaining; in- terpreting. EX-PL[-€A'TIOX, n. The act of opening or unfold- ing. 2. The net of explaining ; explanation; exposi- tion ; interpretation ; as, the explication of thi; para- bles of our Savior. 3. The sense given by an expositor or interpreter. Johnson. EX'PLI-CA-TrVE, ; a. Serving to unfold or ex- EX'PLI-GA-TO-RV, i plain ; lending to lay open to the understanding. tfatL-i. EX'PLI-€A-TOR, n. One who unfolds or explains; an expounder. EX-PLIC'IT, fefcs-plis'it,) a. [L. explicitus, part, of explicoy to unfold.] Literally, unfolded. Hence, plain in language ; open to the understanding; clear; nut obscure or am- biguous ; express, not merely implied. An explicit proposition or declaration is that in which the words, nitlieircoinmunacceptiiiion, express the true meaning of the person who uttt^rs them, and in which there is no ambiguity or disguise. 2. Plain; open; clear; unreserved; having no disguised meaning or reservation ; applied to perjons. Hi: was explicit in his terms. EX'PLJC-IT, C*itis'ple-sit.) [L.] A word formerly used at the conclusion of books, VkSjinls is now used. EXPLICITLY, adv. Plainly ; expressly ; without duplicity ; without disguise or reservation of niean- • ing ; not by inference or implication. He erpliciily avows his intention. EX-PLIC'1T-XESS,R. Plainness of language or ex- pression; clearness; direct expression of ideas or mlention, without reserve or ambiguity. EX-PLCDE', V. i. [L. erplodo; ex and plaudo, to ut- ter a burst of sound ; from the root of loud.'] Froperhjj to burst forth, as souml ; to utter a report with sudden violence. Hence, to burst and expand with force and a violent report, as an ehistic fluid. We say, gunpowder exphdes on the application of fire ; a volcano exploden; a meteor exphdes. EX-PLODE', V. t. To decry or reject with noise; to express disapprobation of, with noise or marks of contempt ; as, to explode a play on the stage. Hence, 2. To reject with any marks of disapprobation or disdain ; to treat with contempt, and drive from no- tice ; to drive into disrepute ; or, m gcneraly to con- demn ; to reject; to cry down. Astrology is now exploded. 3. To drive out with violence and noise. [Little vsed.] Tbe kinilled powder arplodad the bxll. Blackrnor: EX-PLOD'ED, pp. or a. Burst with violence ; driven away by hisses or noise ; rejected with disapproba- tion or contempt ; condemned ; cried down. EX-PLOD'ER, B. One who explodes; a hisser; one who rejerL-t. EX-PL6I*'ING, ppr. Bursting and expanding with force and a violent reiwrt; rejecting with nmrks of disapprobation or contempt : rejecting; comlemning. EXPLOIT', n. [Fr. exploit: Norm, exploit, e^loit^ dispatch; expleiter, to be dispatched, exercist?d, or employed ; ploiij disiKttch ; Arm. espied, txplcdi^ ex- plet.] 1. A deed or art ; more e-tpeeiaUyy a heroic act ; a deed of renown ; a great or noble nchie\'eiiient ; bs, tlie exploits of Alexander, of Cesar, of Washington. [ExrLoiTURc, in a like sense, is ntit in use.] 2. In a ludierotw setue, a great act of wickedness. EX-PLOIT', r. (. To achieve. (A«( in use,] Camden. EX-PLO'RATE, r. U To explore. [Ao( used.] [See EXPLOBK.] EX-PLO-RX'TION, «. [See Explore.] The act of exploring ; clo«e search ; strict or careful examina- tion. Boyle. EX'PLO-RA-TOR, n. One who explores; one who Fcarches or examines closely. EX-PLOR'A-TO-RY, II. Serving to explore ; search- ing; examining. EX PLoRE', r. u [L. rrphro ; ezand ploro, to cry out, to wail, to bawl. The compound appears to con- vey a very difierrnt sense from the simple verb pluro ; but the primary sense is, to stretch, strain, drive ; ap- plied to the voiee, it is to strain or preBs out sounds or words ; applied to the eyet^ it is to stretch or reach, as in prying curiosity.] I. To search for making discovery ; to view with care; to examine clost-ly by the eye. Moses sent spies to explore the land of Canaan. Q. To search by any nx-ans ; to try ; as, to explore the deep by a plMtnmet or lead. 3. 'J'o search or pry into; to scrutinize; to inquire with care; to examine closely with a view to dis- cover truth ; as, to explore the depths of science. EX-PLCR'£D, ;>;).ora. Searched ; viewed ; examined closelv. EX-PLoRE'ME.NT,n Search ; trial. [Utile u»ed.] Broiea. EX-PLOR'ER, n. One who explores. EX-Pl^C>R'lSQ,ppr.ot a. Searching; viewing; ex- amining with care. EXP EX-PL6'ftIOX, (cks -plo'zhiin,) h. [from explode.] A burstinp with noise ; a bursting or sudden expansion of any elastic fluid, with force and a loud report; as, the explosion of powder. 2. The discharge of a piece of ordnance with a loud report. 3. The sudden burft of sound in a volcano, &c. EX-PLO'SIVE, a. Driving or bursting oiii with vio- lence and noise ; causing explosion ; as, the explosive force of gunpowder. Wooduiard. EX-PLO'SIV'E LY, adv. In an explosive manner. EX-PO-Li-A'TION, n. [L. expoliativ.] A sjKiiling; a wasting. [?ee Spoliation.] EX-POL'ISH. fur Polish ; a useless tcord. EX-Po'.\E\T, n. [L. ezponens: expono^ to expose or set forth ; ex and pono, to place.] 1. In alii-rbra, the exponent or index of a power is the number or letter which, placed above a ((iianiity at the right hand, denotes how often that qunnlitj' is re(>eated as a factor, to produce the power. Thus o2 denotes the second power of a.- a-i denotes the fourth power of a : a' denotes the rth [xiwer of o, or a repeated as a factor i times. A fractional exponent or index is used to denote the root of a quantity. Thus a\ denotes the third or cube root of a. Day^s Al-rfbra. Barlctt. 2. Exponent of a ratio : a term or phrase sometimes used to denote the quotient arising when the antece- dent is divided by the consequent. Thus six is the exponent of the ratio of thirty to jire. But some math- ematicians, as Kepler, Halley, &.c., consider loga- rithms as the exponents of ratios. Barlow. Brande. 3. Figuratively^ one that stands as an index or representative ; as the leader of a party is the expo- nent of its principles. EX-PO-XEX'TIAL, a. Pertaining to exponents. Expournliat quantity ; in algebra, a quantity whose exponent is unknown or variiibl-'. Jlutton. Exponential eifualion ; an equation which contains an exponential quantity. Jlutton. Exponmiial curre ; a curve whose nature is defined by means of an exponential equation. Jlutton. EX-l'GPE', M, A pope deposed, or dismissed from office. JtlcGavin. EX-PORT', V. t. [L. ejporto ; er and porto, to carry. Porto sOL'iiis allied to fcro, and Eng. bear. Class Br.] To carry out ; but appropriately, and perhaps ex- clusivehj, to convey or transp<,irt, in trathtr, produce, and goods O'om one country to another, or from one state or jurisdiction to another, either by water or land. We expoH wares and merchandise from the United States to Europe. The Northern States ex- port manufactures to South Carolina and lieorfiia. , Goods are expoj-tcd froju Persia to Syria ami Egjpt on camels. EX'P5RT, n. A commodity nclunlly conveyed from one country or state to another in tradic, or a com- modity wliich4kmy be exjiorted ; used diiefiy in the plural, exports. We apply the word to goods or prod- uce actually carried abroad, or to such as are usu- ally exported in commerce. EX-POK T'A-HLE, a. Tiiut may be export.^d. EX-POR-TA'T10.\. n. 'I'hc act of exporting ; the act of conveying goods and productions from one coun- try or state to another in the course of commerce. A countr>' is benefited or enriched by the expurtatton of its surplus productions. 2. 1'he act of carrying out. EX-PORT'Kl), pp. or a. Curried out of a country or state in tralBc. EX-PORT'ER, n. The person who exports ; the per- son who ships goods, wares, and merchandise of any kind to a foreign country, or who sends tii<;m to market in a distant country or state ; opposed to im- porter. EX-PfiUT'lNG, ppr. Conveying to a foreign counir>', or to another slate, as goods, produce, or manufac- tures. EX'P0RT-TR;(DE, n. The tmde which consists in the exportation of commodities. EX-POS'AL, n. Exposure. [jV"* in nse.] Sw^fl. EX-POSE', (cks-p6ze',) p. U [Fr. exposer; L. erposi- (wm, from eipano ; ex and pono, to place j It. esporrc, for czpoHcre. The radical sense of /»o«o is to set or place, or rather to throw or thrust down. To expose Is to set or throw open, or to thrust forth.] 1. To lay open ; to set to public view ; to disclose ; to uncover or draw Oom conc*-'aIment ; as. to expose thf) secret artifices of a court; to expose a plan or dev sign. 9. To make bare ; to uncover ; to remove froip any thing that which guards or prolcpts ; as, to expose tUe9. KX-P^S'lNti, ppr. Lying or laying open; making bare ; putting in dauicer ; diMbwing; placing in any situation without prolrcUon ; ofHrhng to inspection or lo sale. EX-PO-ar'TIOX, (eks-po-xish'un,) H. A laying open; a aeaing to public view. 9: A situation in which a thinz i^ exposed or laid flfen, or in which it has an unobi^tructfd view, or in which a free passage to it is open : as, a bouse has an easterly apmaitwuy an exposilwH to the south, or to A aoiKhem prospect. The tiposition gives a free ac- eaaa to the air or to the sun's rays, ArkmtknU. 3. Explanation ; interpiMation ; a laying open the a ans e or meaning of an author, or of any passage in R writing. DrytUn. 4» A work containing explanations or iuterprcta- tfOQS. EX-POS'I-TIVE, «. Explanator}- ; laying open. P«rMa. EX-PO»'I-TOR, K. [L.] One who expounds or ex- (dains ; an interpreter. Sotttk, 9. A book which expounds and explains. £X-PO«'I-TO-Ky, «. Serving to eipUin ; tending to Ulu«tmte. JokMsom. MX POST FACTO, [L.] In Urn, done after an- other thing. An estate granted may be made good hy matter u pssC Jmti», which was not good at firsL An a pwt Jmeu tow. In erimiiuil c««w, consists in declaring an act penal or criininnl, which was inno- cent wh^ done; or in raisins the grade of an of- fense, making it greater than it was when com- mitted, or increasing the puaishme^ after ilie com- mission of the oif<;n^; tg- in aiiering theo'nlrs c^ evidence, so as to allow dideren or li-ss evidence to convict the offender, than was rt-quired when the offV-nse was commiued. Srrg-eanU An «3r foatf^cto law, is one that renders an act \Mn~ labable in a manner in which ii wan not punts^hable at the time it was committed. CwjicA, Rrports. This deHMition is distinguish'^r] for its comprehen- •ive brevity aad precii-ion. KmCs Commentaries. In a free govrmmcnt, no person can bu subjected lo punishment bv an ez pv.tt /aeti> law. EX POS'TL'-LATE, r. i. [L. erpostato ; ex and pos- tnio, to require, probably from the root of posco.] To rea&on earnestly with a person, on some impro- priety of his conduct, represeutini; the wrong be has none or intends, and urging him to desist, or to make redress ; followed by teiL'u Tb- CTn p rro i 'i ^mbasulor erpotuiUed witli (be kin^, thit be faM tmkm tbe league vKh tiic cmpTwr. //oymtfif. EX-POSnT7-X^T£, v. U To discuss: to examine. [JWrf «ei] EX-POS'TL--LX-TING, ppr. Reasoning or urging aretiments aifainst any improper conduce EX-PO*-TU-LA'T[0\, n. Reasoning with a person In opposition to his conduct ; the net of pressing on a person reasoti<( or arpiments ag'-iinst the iinpropri* •ty of his conduct, and in some cases demandmg re- diess or urging refonn.-uion. S. In rketoricj am address containing expostulation. Encyc, EX-POS*TC-LA-TOR, k. One who expostulates. EX-POS'TU-LA-TO-RV.o. Containing expostulaUon; as, an npcOmlatarf address or debate. EX-PG'SQRE, (eks-p5'zhur,) «. [from expose.] The act of exposing or laying open. 2. The state of being laid open to view, to danger, Of- to any inconvenience ; as, exposure to observa- tion ; expoiur* lo cold, or to the air ; exposure to cen- sure. 3. The situation of a place in regard to points of i compass, or to a free access of air or tight. We say, I a building, or a garden, or a wnll, has a northern or a southern exposure. We speak of its exposure or I exposition to a free current of air, or to the access of I light. EXP EX-POUND', p. L [U. expono ; ex and pono, to scLj 1. To explain ; to lay optn tbe meaning ; to clear of obscurity ; to interpret i as, to expoanii a text of Scripture ; to expound a law. 2. To lay oi>cn ; to examine; as, to expound the pocket. r.Voe ujetL] Iladibras. EX-POUXD'ED, Fp. Explained i laid open; inter- preted. EX-POUND'ER, n. An explainer j one who inter- prt'ls or explains the mcaninp. EX-POCNU'ING, ppr. Explaining ; laying open ; making clrnr lo Iho understanding ; interpreting. EX-PR F.'FEeT, m. A prefect out of office ; one who has been a pr**ftfct, and in so no longer. EX-PKES'1-DENT, n. One who has been a presi- dent, but is no longer in tli^ othce. EX- PRESS', r. L [Sp. expresar; Port, erpressar; L. expressuiUy exprimo ; ce txprtSM. Afitton. 4. Intended or sent for a particular purpose, or on n particular errand ; as, to send a messenger express. EX-PRESS', II, A messenger or vehicle sent on a particular errand or occasion ; tisirolty, a courier sent lo communicate infonnation of an important event, or to deliver imfKirtant dis|intches. It is a[>- plied, also, to boats or vessels sent to convey jm[>or- tant information. Clarendon. Dryden, 2. .\ message sent. King Charles. 3. A decl:iration in plain terms. [JV'cl in use,] 4. A regular conveyance for packages, &c. EX-PRESS'i;U, (eks-presi,) pp. or a. Squeezed or forced out, as juice or liquor; utttred in words ; set down in writing or Utters; declared; represented; shown. EX-PRESS'I-BLE, o. That may be expressed ; tliat may be uttered, declared, shown, or represented. % That may be squeezed out. EX-PRESS'i\G, ppr. Forcing out by pressure ; utter- inc; declaring; showing; representing. EX-PRES'S10.\,(eks-presh'un,)n. Tlie act of express- ing ; tlie act of forcing out by pressure, as juices and oils from plants. 2. The act of uttering, declaring, or representing; utterance ; declaration : representation ; as, an ex- pression of the public will. 3. A phrase, or mode of speech ; as, an old expres- sion ; an odd expression. 4. Id rhetoriCj elocution ; diction ; the peculiar manner of utterance suited to tbe subject and sen- timent. No ad^THiate d>*«cripdon can br giren of tbt name lev wid ev*r- varying ehodM i>( exprtstion which reni p-ithos g'lvet to the take. Porter's Anaij/tis. 5. In painting and sadpturey a natural and lively representation of the subject ; as, the expression of the eye, of the countenance, or of a particular action or passion. 6. In music, the tone, grace, or modulation, of voice or sound suited to any particular subject ; that man- ner which gives life and reality to ideas and senti- ments. 7. Tktatrieal expression, is a distinct, sonorous, and pb-asing pronunciation, accompanied witli action suited to the subject. 6. In altrebra, t]ie representation of any quantity by its appropriate characters or siyiis. EX-PRES'SIO.\-LES^, a. Destitute of expression. EX-PRESS'lVE, a. Serving to express; serving to utter or represent ; followed by of. He sent a letter couched in terms expressive of his gratitude. Each *»rr«e k sirell* txprettivt of ber woe«. Ticktl. EXQ U. Uf^prvsenting with force; empliutical. These Words are very expressive. 3. Showihf:; representing; nn, an expressii^e sif^. EX-PRE!:::>S'IVE-LY, oi/y. In an expressive manner; clearly; fully; with a clear representation. EX-PRESS'lVE-NESS, n. The quidity of being ex- pressive ; the power of expression or representation by words. 2. The jwwcr or force of represenution ; the qual- ity of presenting a subject strongly to tiie senses or to the mind ; as, the expressive ntjis of the eye, or of the features, or of sounds. EX-PRKS-SP FO^ feks-pres-sS'vo,) [It.] With ex- prpssion. EX -PRESS'LY, adv. In direct terms ; plainly. KX-PRESS'XESS, n. The state of being express. EX-PRESS'liRE, n. Expression ; utterance ; repre- sentation ; mark ; impression. [Liule used.] Shak. EX'l'RO-BItATE, v. t. [Ij. ezprobro ; ex and probrum^ deformity, a shameful act.} To iiphraid ; to censure as reproachful ; to blame ; to rondeinn. Broion. EX-PRO-BR.A'TION, n. The act of charging or cen- suring reproachfully; reproachful accusation; the act of upbraiding. No n'.>«l aiicli boooU, or txprobra^ona fiUM Of cowardice, Pkilipt. EX-PRO' BR A-TIVE, a. Upbraiding ; expressing re- proach. Sir .4. Shrrley, EX PRO-FES'SO, [h.] Professedly ; by professU.n. EX-PRO'PRI-ATE, r. t. [L. ex and proprius, own.] To disengage from appropriation ; to hold no longer as one's own ; to give up a claim to exclusive prop ertv. Boyle. EX-fRO-PRI-X'TION, n. The act of discarding ap- propriation, or declining to hold as one's own ; the surrender of a claim to exclusive property. Walsli, EX-PCGN', {(■ks-piine',) r. L [L. expug-no; jx and puefOf to figlit.] To contjuer ; to take by assault. Johnson, EX-PUG'NA-BLE, a. That may be forced. EX--PUGNA'TION, n. Conquest; the act of taking by as5)iiult. Sandys. EX-PCGN'ER, (eks-pQn'er,) n. One* who subdues. ShtT^eood. EX-PUI*SE', (eks-puls',) v. t. [Fr. expuher, from L. expiilsus, erpello ; ex and pello, to drive.] To drive out ; lo expel. [Rare.] Shak. Beean. EX-PL'LS'ER, n. An exjirlUr. Cotitrarr. EX-PUL'SION, n. The act ofdriving out or expel- lljig; a driving; away by violence ; as, the eqtuUion (jf the thirty tyrants from Athens, or of Adam from panidise. 2. The state of bciiig driven out or away. EX-PUL'SIV'E, a. Having the jwwer of driving out or away ; st-rving to expel. Wiseman. EX-PL^VC'TION, n. [See Expusoe.] The act of expunging; the act of blotting out or erasing. JlUton, EX-PUiNGE', (eks-punj',) r. t. [L. rxpungo j tx and pungfi, to thrust, to prick.] 1, To blot out, as with a f>en ; to nib out; to efface, as words ; to obliterate. We expunge single words or whole lines or sentences. 9. To efface ; to strike out ; to wipp out or destroy ; to annihilate ; as, to expunge an otfense. Samhjs. Erpunge the wtitjlf, or li>p Ihe cxcre»«nt pirta. Pope. EX-PUNG'i-'D, pp. Blotted out ; obliterated ; de- stroyed. EX-PL'NG'ING, ppr. or a. Blotting out; erasing; ef- facing i destmying. EX-PUi\6'ING, n. The act of blotting out or de- stroying. EX-Pl'R'GATE or EX'PUR-GATE, v. L [L, expnrffo ; ez and purgo, to cleanse.] To purge ; to cleanse ; to purify from any thing noxious, offensive, or erroneous. Faber. EX-PUR'GA-TED or EX'PUR-GA-TED, pp. or a. Purged ; cleansed ; purified. EX-PL'R'GA-TING or EX'PUR-GA-TING, ppr. Purg- ing; cleansing; purifying. EX-PUK-GA'TIOX, n. The act of purging or cleans- ing; evacuation. IViseman. 2. A cleansing; purification from any thing nox- ious, offen.-- sensibly felt ; as, a painful and exquisite impression on the nerves, Ckeyne. EX'UL'I-SITE, (eks'kwe-zit,) n. One dressed with extreme care ; a fop. Smart. EX'atJI-SrTE-LY, odv. Nicely; accurately; with great perfection i a^ a work tiquisitely finislied \ ex- quisitely written. 2, With keen sensation or with nice perception. We feel pain more exquisUely when nothing diverts our attention from it. Wt iee more ejKuuiteh/ wiUi one eye shut. Bacon. EX'QUI-SrTE-NESS, n. Nicety; exactness; accura- cy i compli-teness ; perfection ; ss, the exqutsiteness of workmanship. 2. Keenness ; sharpness ; extremity ; as, the tzqid- titfne.fs of pain or grief. EX-Ut'IS'I-JiVE, a. Curious; eager to discover. f A*o( in M«J EX-QCIS'I-TIVE-LY, (u/r. Curiously ; minutely. [.Vol in usf.] Sidney. EX-REP-RE-SE\T'.\-TIVE, it. One who has been formerly a representative, but is no longer one. EX-9AN^'GL'l-OLJ£, a. [ll exsangiua ; ez and san^is, blood, j Destitute of blood, or rather of red blood, as an animal. Eneyc [ExiA!«GVl.fous and Exsa^guiiveol'S are also stttae- times ugetl.] EX-SCIND', (eks-«ind',) v. t [L, extdndo.] To cut olf. EX-SCIMJ'ED, pp. Cut off. EX-HCIM)'ING, ppr. Cutting off. EX-SCKTHE', p. L [L. a^ertbo.) 't'>- f-i'V ; to tratiMiribe. fAot in use.] B. Jonson, r\ .^( (tl IT', n. A copy ; a tninscripL [AW used.} IW'^i-*: KI>-'I'A-RY, ». One who has been secretary, Idit Li nn j4iiiKer in othce. EIX-i«Ee' IION, n. [L. tjseetio.} A cutting off, or a cutting out. Dancin. £X-c>E\' A-TOK, R. One who has been a senator, but is no lunger one. EXSBRT', (a. [h, exsero ; ez imd sera. Bee Ex- EX-SERT'ED, i eht.] Standing out; projecting beyond something else; as, stamens expert. Katon. A sniaU portkxi ofUie butt edge ot Hat alwil exierUd. Barnet. EX-8EET^ILE, a. That may be thrust out or protru- ded. Ftemtn/r, EX-t^ie'CA.NT, a. [See Exstccate.] Drying ; evap- omTicz moi>efi.'\ K •. I ) TA'TION, n. A stirring up; a rousing. HatttftBelL f ■■. \ ■■■■ ::'. n. [I^ extans.] ' 'ii'A iT'i exi«teoce. [^ot wied.] Brown. EX 'TAN CV, It. {\j. f/.'rf/xw^, rzta»5, standing outiOom tzMo ! er and *tn, to slHnd.] 1. The state of rising atnive others. 2. Farts rising above the rest ; opposed to drpres- fiffn. [lAttt4 u»*d,] Boyle. EXT EX'TANT, a. [L. exstans, eztans, supra.] 1. Standing out or above any surface ; protruded. That part of Uie tt>eih which is trlant nbove the gtims. Jtay. A botiy p-irtlj imniened in a. fluid aiitl piirUy extant. Bentity. 2. In being; now subsisting ; not suppressed, de- stroyed, or lost, A part only of the history of Livy, and of the writings of Cicero, is now extant, Socra- tes wrote much, but none of bis writings are extant. The extant works of orators and philosophers. Mitfordt EX'TA-SY, EX-TAT'I€. Pee Ecstabt, Ecstatic. EX-TEiM'-PO-K.^L, o. [L. extemporalis ; erand tempvs, time.] 1. Made or uttered at the moment, without pre- meditation ; as. Tin ertemporal discourse. Wottoiu 2. Speaking witliout premeditation. B. Jonsoiu [Instetui of this rcord. Extemporaneous aitd Extem- porary are nov used.] EX-TEM'P0-1L\L-LY, ado. Without premeditation. Shak. EX-TEM-PO-RA'NE-AX, a. [A-«( used.] See Ettem- poram:ous. EX-TEM PO-RA'NE-OUS, c [L. extemporaneus ; ex and tempiis^ time.] Compost, performed, or uttered, at the time the subject occurs, witliout previous study ; unpremedi- tated ; as, un extemporaneous address ; an e-xtempora- neous production ; an extemporaneous prescription. EX-'J'EM-PO-RA'NE-OL'S-LY,arfr. Without previous stud v. EX-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being unpremeditated. EX-TEM'PO-RA-RI-LY,arfp. Without previous study. EX-TEMTO-RA-RY, o. [L. ct and tanporariuSf from tempus., timt:.] Composed, performed, or uttered, without previous study or preparation. [See Extemporaneous.] EX-7'FJ^rPO-RK, adr. [L. ex, and abl. of tempus, time.] 1. Without previous study or meditation ; without preparation ; suddenly ; as, to write or speak extem- pore. 2. It la used as an adjective^ improperly, at least without necessity, fur Extemporaneous ; as, an ex- tertipore dissertation. Jiddison. EX-TEM'PO-Rl-NESS, n. The state of being unpre- meditalrd ; the state of being composed, performed, or ultf'rtd, without previous study. Johnson. EX-TEM'rO-RIZE, r. t. To speak extempore; to speak without previous study or preparation. To ex- temporiie well requires a ready mind, well fliniished with knowledge. 2. To discourse without notes or written composi- tion. EX-TEiM'PO-RTZ-ER, n. One who speaks without previous study, or without written composition. EX-TEM'PO-RIZ-ING, ppr. or a. Speaking without previous study or pre)>arution by writing. Ttie txlsmporixing faculty ia never more out of iu rlrirr'-nt than Ui tbr puljuu South. EX-TEND', r, u [L, exUndo } ez and friu/o, from Gr. retyio^ L. teneet ; Fr. etendre; It. stenderei Sp. exten- der; Ann. astmma: W. estyXj from tynu, to pull, or tjrn, a pull, a stretch.] 1. To stretch in any direction ; to carrj' for^vard, or continue in length, as a line ; to spread in breadth ; to expand or dilate in size. The word is particularly applied to length and breadth. We extend lines in surveying ; we extend roads, limits, bounds; we exr teiui nieUil plal4;s by hammering. ^. 'J'o stretch ; to reach forth ; as, to extend the arm or hand. 3. To spreml ; to expand ; to enlarge ; to widen ; Bs, to extend tlio ca^jt'icities or iutelleetual powers ; to extend the sphere uf usefulness ; to extend commerce. 4. To continue ; to prolong ; as, to extend the time of payment ; to extend the seaS4>n uf trial. 5. 'I'o communicate ; to bestow on ; to use or exer- cise toward. He huh >Mmd«f merey lo me bebra the king. — Eira tU. 6. To Impart ; to yield or give. 1 will extend j^-'ivcc to hrr like a rivrr, — U. IxTl. 7. In /ute, to value lands taken by a writ of extent In satisfaction of a debt; or to levy on lands, as an execution. The espcutlfm wna Ariiv-rrd to Uia ■hcrifT, who exUmleH the aajno uu crrtiuti n^al eatulf. MM^l^. Rep. EX-TEND', r. i. To stretch ; to reach ; to be contin- ued in leriKth or brendih. The State of Massachu- m-tls extends west tit the border of the Slate of New York. Connecticut River externh from Canada to the Bound. Mow far will yotir argument or proposition extend ? l.H our charitie.-* eiftml to the heathen. EX-TEND'EI), pp. or «. Stretched ; spread ; expand- ed ; enlarged ; bestowed on ; cAmmunicated ; valued under a writ of extent, or extendi facias; levied. EX-l'END'ER, H. lie or that which extends or Btrelches. i EX-TEND'I RLE, a. Capnbte of b«'lnc extended ; Ihnt may be strcti^hed, extended, enlarged, wid- ened, or expandt-d. 2. That may t»e taken by a writ of extent and val- ued. EXT EX-TEND'ING, ppr. Stretching; reaching; contin- uing in length ; spreading; enlarging; valuing. EX-TEND'LESS-NESS, n. Unlimited cjtteusfou. jyVot used.] Hale. EX-TENS-I-DIL'I-TY, n. [from extensible.] The ca- pacity of being extended, or of suffuring extension ; as, the extensil/ility of a fiber ; or of a plate of met- al. Oreio. EX-TENS'I-RLE, a. [from L. extensus.] That may be extended ; capable of being stretched in lengtli or breadth ; susceptible of enlargement. Ifolder. EX-TENS'T-BLE-NESS, n. Extensibility, which see. EX-TKNS'ILE, a. Capable of being extended. EX-TEN'SrON, n. [L. ej^.ensio.] 1. The act of extending ; a etretching. 2. 'I'he state of being extended ; enlargement in breadtii, or continuation of length. 3. In phdnsophv, that property of a body by which it occupies a portion of space. 4. In mrreantih lan£rutt^^e, an ertenswn is a written engagement on the part of a creditor, allowing a debt- or further time to pay a debt, EX-TEN'SION-AL, a. Having great extent [AW use-L] More. EX-TENS'IVE, a. Wide ; large ; having great en- largement or extent ; as, an extn^sive farm ; an exten- sire field ; an extensire lake ; an extensive sphere of ope-ralions; extatsive benevolence. 2. That mav be extended. [.Xotnsed.] Boyle, EX-TENS'IVE-LY, ailc. Widely ; largely ; to a great extent ; as, a storv is extensively circulated. EX-TENS'IVB-NESS, n. Wideness; largeness; ex- tent ; as, the extrnsiveness of the ocean. 2. Extent; diffusiveness; as^ ihc extensiveness of ii man's charities or benevolence. 3. Cajmcity of being extended. [Utile used.] Bay. EX-TE\S'OR, n. [L.] In anufomt/, a muscle which serves to extend or straighten any part of the body, as an arm or a finger ; opposed to fiexor. Coxe. Cye, EX-TENT', a. Extended. Spenser. EX-TENT', n. [L. extentus. It Is frequently accent- ed on the first syllable.] 1. Space or degree to which a tiling is extended ; hence, coin|>ass ; bulk ; siRe ; as, a great extent of cour)try, or of body. 2. Length ; as, an extent of line. 3. Communication ; distribution. The txteut of eqti»I Jiiailcc. Sfiak. 4. In lajr, a writ of execution, or extatdi^fuciasy which is directed to the sheriff againnt the body, lands, and goods, or the lands only, of a debtor ; also, the act of the sheriff or officer upon the writ itself. P. Cyc. EX-TEN'U-ATE, r. (. [L. txtenuo ; ex and frniu), to make thin ; Sp. extenuar ; It. stenuare. See Thin.] 1. To make thin, lean, or slender. Sickness ezien^ uates the body. Encyc 2. To lessen ; to diminish, as a crime or guilL But fortuite Uirce tstenuatet the criina. Drydtn, 3. To lessen in representation ; to palliate ; opposed to aggravate, 4. To lessen or diminish In honor. [^Little used.] Mdton, 5. To make thin or rare ; opposed to condense, [Ut- tie used.] Bacon, EX-TEN'r-ATE, n. Thin ; slender. [J\^( used.] EX-TEN'Ij-A-TEl», pp. Made thin, lean, or slender; made smaller; U-ssened ; diminished ; palliated ; made rare. EX-TEN'y-A-TINO, ppr. or a. Making thin or slen- der ; lessening ; diminishing ; (Hilliating ; making rare, EX-TEN-IT-A'TION, iu The act of making thin ; the process of growing thin or lean ; the losing of flesh. 2. The act of represenlinp any thing as less wrong, faulty, or criminal, than it is in fact ; palliation ; op- posed to aggraration ; as, the extenuation of faults, mjuricH, or crimes. 3. Mitigation; allcvinllon ; as, the extenuation of ptinishment. [JVut common.] Mtcrbury, EX-TEN'II-A-T tcn>«r; \\.. tsteriort.] 1. External ; outwanl ; applied to the outside or outer Biirl'ace of a body, and opimsed to interior. We speak of the exterior and interior surfaces of a concavo-convex lens. 2. External ; on the outside, with reference to a person ; extrinsir. We speak of an object exterior to a man, as opiH)sed to tliat which Is within, or in his mind. 3. Foreign ; njlating to foreign nations ; as, the ex- terior relations uf a state or kingdom. EX-Te'KI-OR, n. The outward surface ; that which is external. 2. Outward or visible deportment ; appearance. EX-TE-RI-OR'I-TY, n. Suriace ; superficies. E.K-Te'RI-ORLY, ado. Outwardly ; externally. [An ill-forwed word.] Sfiak. £X-T£'Rl-ORS, n. pi The outward parts of a thing. Shak, TONE, BVt^ UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0U8 C u K ; 6 as J ; « &i Z ; CH as SIl ; TH as in TiUB. 427 EXT 2. Ouiwanl or external depnriment, i.r forms and ceremonies; v):itible acta; as-Uie crlfrwrji of religion. EX-TERM'lX-iTfi, r. U [U ettermmo ; ex and ter- vuMus, limit.] UuraUg^ to drive from within the limits or borders. Hence, 1. To destroy utterly ; to drive away ; to extirpate ; as, to exterminate a colony, a tribe, or a nation ; to txterminate inti.ibitants, or a race of men. 2. Tu eradicate ; to root out ; to extirpate ; as, to txtermtHate error, heresy, iulidelity, or atlieism j to etiermmate vice. 3. 'I'o root out, as plants ; to extirpate ; as, to ex^ terminate weeds. 4. In ai^tbni, to taXe away ; to cause to disappear ; as, to eitcrminett surds or unknown quantities from :iu equation. EX-TKHM'LN'-.VTED, fp. or a. Utterly driven away or d.-stniyed ; eradicated ; extirpated \ taken away. EX-TERM'I\-A-Tr.VG, ppr. or a. Driving away or tuL-tity destroyinj; ; eradicating j extirpating j taking sway. EX-TERM-I.y-A'TIO\, n. The act of exterminating; li>t^ expulsion or dt^'ap- penr, as of unknown quantities.from an equation. EX-TERM'IX-A-TOIl. «. He or that which exterm- inates. EX-TERM^X-.V TORY, a. Serving or tending to exierniinate. Burke, EX-TERM'IXE, v. L To exterminate. [A'ot used.] EX-TERX', a. [U. eitn-nvs.] [Skak. I. External ; outward ; visible. Shak, 3. Without itself; not inherent ; not intrinsic. ILit- tU Hsfji.^ Digby. EX-TERX', n. A pupil in a seminary who lives witliout its wall^. EX-TER\'AL.a. [L.ftrfn-j«iw; \U esterno ; ^t^ erterno,] 1. Outward ; exterior; as, the CJ(fr«a/ surface of a body ; opposed to itaemaL 2. Outward; not intrinsic ; not heinf within; as, txtenuU objects ; eztrrnal causes or e0ects. 3. Exterior ; visible j apparent ; as, eztertud de- portment. 4. Foreign; relating to or connected with foceiim nations ; i^, exttriuU trade or commerce ; the exttrnai relations of a slate or kingdom. K^ernal taxes^ are duties or imposts laid on goods imported into a country. FederaJi^t, EX TER-XAL'l-TY,ii. "External perception, jf, Smif*. EX-TERN' A I^LY, adv. Outwardly; on the outside. 2. In appparancc ; visibly. EX-TERX'ALS, m, ^L The otilward parts; exterior fonn. Adun WM BO >m glotloai la Ub crttraob : ht bnul • S-autiTul body, u well M ux immortal Bwut. Soujt. 2. Outward rites and ceremonies ; visible forms ; as, the externals of religion. EX-TER-Ra'.\E-OL'S, o. [L. exterraneu,i ; ex and term, a land.] Foreign ; belonging to or coming from abroad. EX-TER'S!0X, ^eks-ter'shun,) n. [L. exter.^io^ from extergeo : ex anti tergeo^ to wipe.] The act of wiping or rubbing out. EX-TILL', r. i. [ 1^ en illo ; ex and slUlo, to drop.] To drop or dJ-*till from. EX-TIL LA'TIO.V, «. The act of distilling from, or falling from in drop-*. EX-TILL'£D, Ceks-lUd',1 pp. DistiUed. EX-TI.M'i;-L.ATE. rJVfl( iunse.] See Stimulate. EX-TIM-U-La'TIO\. See STrMULATioN. EX-TlXet', a. [L. exfiMttL'. See ExTirrcuisH,] 1. Extinguished ; put out ; quenched ; as, fire, light, or a lamp, is ertinet. 2. Being at an end; having no survivor; as, a family or race is eztinct. a. Being at an end ; having ceased. The enmity between the families is extinct. Mj d»Ti »re extincL — Job iviL 4. Being at an end, by abolition or disuse ; having no force ; as, the law is ertinet. EX-TI.\eT', e. L To put out ; to destrov. [Improper.] EX-TL\e'TIOX, n. [h. extmctxo. See Extinguish.] 1. The act of putting out or destroying light or fire, by quenching, suifucation, or otherwise. 2. The state of t>eing extinguished, quenched, or suffocated ; as, the extinction of fire or of a candle. 3. Destttiction ; excision ; as, the extinction of na- tions. 4. Destruction ; suppression ; a putting an end to ; a«, the extinction of life, or of a family ; the extinction offends, jealousies, or enmiiy;ihe eztinctioiioia claim. EX-TIX"GL'ISH, (eks-ting'gwish, v. L [L. extinguo ; ex and gtingo^ sUnguo, or the latter mav be a con- traction ; Gr. (rTi;w, for mtyn^Xo prick, that is, to Ihnist ; or more directly from' tingo^ to dip, to stain ; b;ith probably allied to'tango^ for tago, to touch. Fr. eteindre; lU egtinguerci So. exUnfruir. See Class Oe, No. 19, 31, 40 ] f = I. To put out; to quench: to suffocate; to de- stroy ; as, to extingjtish lire or flame. EXT 2. To ih^stroy ; to pill an end to; as, to ffztinguitth love or hatred in the brea-st ; lo extinguish dcsiire or hope , to eitiHguish a claim or title. 3. To obscure by superior splendor, Shuk, 4. To put an end to, by union or consolidation. [See ExTt?fGUISHMC7(T.] EX-TIN"GCISII-A-BLE,a. That may be quenched, destroved, or suppressed. EX-Ti?^"GUISH-£n, (eks ting'gwisht,) pp. or a. Put out; quenched; stined ; suppressed; destroved. EX-TI.\"GUI3H-ER, n. He or Uiat which extin- guishes. 9. A hollow conical utensil to bo put on a candle or lamp to extinguish it. EX-TIN"GUISH-I-NG,;.;'r. Putting out ; quenching; suppressing; destroying. EX-TIX"G0ISII-ME.\T, n. The act of putting out or quenching; extinction ; nuppressiou ; destruction; as, the extinguishmrnt of fire or flame; of discord, enmity, or jealousy ; or of love or alTection. 3. Abotititm ; nullification. Di»ine hwi of Chr»tia» clrtich politj mny not bo alU^rnil by t^HfuisKohettL Hooker. 3. Extinction ; a putting an end to, or a coming to an end ; termination ; as, the extinguishment of a race or tribe. 4. The putting an end to a right or estate, by con- solidation or union. ir my iFitiuit Tor life mnlcc* a leue to A for UIp, rrinalndpr to B and tii* tvir«, hthI I releue to A ; thia r>-l>*iwe opfniies m KD eittnguUhmtnt of mj ri^t to tlw revrniion. BUicJcilone, EX-TIRP', V. t. To extirpate, [JVot luted.] Spenser. EX-TIRP'A-BLE, a. That may De eradicated. Evelyn, EX-TIR'PSTE, (eks-tur'pate,) v U [U extirpo ; ex and stirps, root; It. estirpare.] 1. To pull or pluck up by the roots ; to root out ; to eradicate ; to destn»y totally ; as, to extirpate weeds or noxious plants from a field. *2. To eradicate; to root out; to destroy wholly ; as, to extirpate error or heresy ; to extirpate a sect, 3. In surgery^ to cut out ; to cut off; to eat out ; to remove completely ; as, to extirpate a wen. EX-TIR'PA-TED, jrp. or a. Plucked up by the roots ; rooted out ; eradicated ; totally destroyed. EX-TIR'PA-TING, ppr. Pulling up or out by the roots ; emdicaiing; toliillv dertnning. EX-TIR-Pa TI().\,'n. The act of rooting ont ; eradi- cation ; excision ; total destniction ; ns, the extirpa- tion of weeds from land ; the extirpatian of evil prin- ciples from the heart; the ntu^pation of a race of men : the extirpation of heresy. EX'TIR-PA-TOR, n. One who roots out ; a de- stroyer. EX-TI-SPI"CI0L'S, f-spish'us,) a. Augiirial ; rela- ting to the inspection of entrails in order to prognos- tication. Brown, EX-TOL', r. t [L. extotlo : ex and tMlo, to raise ; Ch. S''^, or lleb. and Ch. S»3. Class Dl, No. 3, 18, 28.] To raise in words or eulogy ; to praise ; to exalt in commendation ; to magnify. We extol virtues, noble exploits, and heroism. Men are too much disposed to extol the rich and despise the poor. Extol htm tbul riJelh upon the tieaTcna i/y hk Dame Jnh. — Pa. Ixriii. EX-TOL'LED, feks-told',) pp. Exalted in commen- dation ; pnisea ; magnified. EX-TOL'LER, n. One who praises or magnifies ; a praiser or magnifier. EX-TOL'LLVG, p;/r. Praising; exalting by prai^ or commendation ; magnifying. * EX-TORS'IVE, a. [See Extoht.] Serving to ex- tort ; tending to draw from by compulsion. EX-TORS'IVE-LV, adv. In an extorsive manner; by extorsion. EX-TORT', r. L [L, extortus, from extorqueo, to wrest from ; ex and torqiieo^ to twist ; Fr. eitorquer.'] 1. To draw from by force or compulsion ; to wrest or wring from by physical force, by menace, duress, violence, authority, or by any illegal means. Con- querora eztort contributions from the vanquished ; tyrannical [irinccs citffrt money from their subjects; oificers often eztort illegal fees ; confessions of guilt are extorted by the rack. A promise extorted by du- ress is not binding. 2. To gain by violence or oppression. Spenser. EX-TORT', v. L To practice extortion. Spenser. Davies. EX-TORT'ED,p;). or a. Drawn from by compulsion ; wrested from. EX-TORT'ER, n. One who extorts, or practices ex- tortion. Camden. EX-TORT'ING, ppr. Wresting from by force or un- due exercise of powr-r. EX-TOR'TION, n. The act of extorting; the act or practice of wresting'any thingfrom a person by force, duress, menaces, authority, or by any undue exer- cise of power ; illegal exaction ; illegal compulsion to pay money, or to do some other act. Extortion is an oA'ense punishable at common law. 2. Force or illegal compulsion by which any thing is taken from a person. -Kir^ Charles. EX-TOR'TIOX-A-UY, a. Pertaining to, or implying extortion. EXT EX-TOR'TION-ATE, i a. Oppressive ; containing EX-TOU'TION-OUS, j extortion. EX-TOR''l'IOiS'-ER, ti. One who practices extortion. Ertortion^a iholl not inherit the kingdom of God. — I Cor. »i. EX-TOR'TIOUS, o. Oppressive ; violent ; unjust. EX'TRA ; a Latin preposition, denoting beyond or excess. It is sometimes used as an adjective ; as, extra vjork^ extra pay, work or pay beyond what is usual or agreed on. Sometimes it stands by itself as a noun, through the omission of tlie word con- nected with it ; as, to dispatch an extra, i. e., an extra stage-coach. EX-TRACT', r. t. [L. extractus, from extraho ; ex and trafio, to draw. (See Draw and Drag.) Sp. exiraer j It. estnxrre; Fr. estraire.] 1. To draw out ; as, to extract a tooth. 2. To draw out, as the juices or essence of a sub- stance, by distillation, solution, or other means ; as, to extract spirit from llie juice of the cane ; to extract salts from iishes. 3. To take out ; to take from. Wiinmn i« her n Ertracted, of man MiUon. 4. To lake out or select a part ; to take a passage or passages from a book or writing, I have extracted froiti the paniplilet a few notorioui fiiUchoodi. Sur^/'t. 5. In nrithmrtie and algebra, to extract the root of a number or quantity, is to find its root. C. In a general ij:en^e, to draw from by any means or operation. EX'TRACT, n. That which ia extracted or drawn from something. 2. In literature, a passage taken from a hook or writing. Camden. 3. In pharmaaj, any thing drawn from a substance, as essences, tinctures, &.c. ; or a solution of the purer parts of a mixed body inspissated, by distillation or evaporation, nearly to the consistence of honey. Encyc. Quincv. Any substance obtained by digesting vegetahle substances in water or alcohol, and evaporating them to a solid consistence. Brande. 4. An inspissated, expressed, or exuded juice. .5. In chemistry, a peculiar principle, once erroneous- ly supposed to form tlie basis of all vegetable ex- tracts ; called also the extractive principle, (I. Extraction ; descent. [J^ot now used.] South. EX -TRACT' ED, pp. or a. Drawn or taken out. EX-TRACT'ING, ppr. Drawing or taking out, EX/PRAC'ITON, ». [L. cxtractio.] 1. TIic act of drawing out ; aa, the extraction of a tooth ; the extraction of a bone or an arrow from the body ; the extraction of a fetus or child in midwifery. 2. Descent; lineage; birth; derivation of persons from a stock or family. Hence, the stock or family from wliich one has descended. We say, a man is of a noble ertraction. 3. In phartaacy, the operation of drawing essences, tinctures, &.C., from a substance. Encyc 4. In ariOuuctic and algehra, the extraction of roots is the operation of finding the root of a given num- ber or quantity ; also, the method or rule by which the operation is performed : evahition. EX-TRACT'IVE, a. That is or may be extracted. Kirwan, EX-TRACT'IVE, n. The same as Extract. Parr. EX-TRACT'OR, n. In midwifery, a forceps or instru ment fur extracting children. EX-TRA-DIC'TION-A-RY, a. [L. extra and dictio.] Consisting not in words, but in realities. [wVof ■used,] Brown, EX-TRA-DI"TION, (eks-tra-dish'un,) n. [Fr., from the L. ex and IradUio, trado, to deliver.] Delivery from one nation to another- It is particu- larly applied to the delivery, by one nation or state to another, of fugitives from justice, in pursuance of a treaty. It may be applied, also, to other cases, in pursuance of law or constitution. EX-TRA'DOS, n. The exterior curve of an arch. EX-TRA-DO'TAL, a. Not belonfring to dower. EX-TRA-FO-LI-A'CEOUS, (-shus,) a [L. extra, be- yond, and folium, a leaf.] In botany, away from the leaves, or inserted in a difiertnt place from them ; as, extrafoliaceoius prickles. Loudon, EX-TRA-Ge'NE-OUS, fl. [L. extra and genus, kind.] Bell)n^,mg to another kind. EX-TRA-JU-DI"C1AL, f-ju-dish'al,) a. [extra, with- out, and judicial.] Out of the proper court, or the ordinary coiirse of legal procedure. Encyc. EX-TRA JLr-Dl"CIAL-Ly, adv. In a manner out of the ordinary course of legal proceedings. Ayliffe. EX-TRA-LIM'IT-A-RY, a. [extra and limit.] Being beyond the limit or bounds ; as, extralimitarti land. Mitford. EX'TRA-MIS'SION, (mish'un,) a. [L. extra and initio, to send.] A sending out ; emission. Brown. EX-TRA-MUi\'DA\E, a. [L. extra and mundus, the world.] Beyond the limit of the material world. OlanviUe. ^■ATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PR£V.— riXE, MARXXE, DIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF. BQQK.- — . " — — - EXT EX-TR;('NE-0UP, a. [L. eztraneus.] Foreign ; not bdongiiip lo a iliiii?; existing with- out ; not intrinsic ; as, lo separate gold from ertraHe- ous matter. RelAtiun it nol eontaiiwd in th* real txisttnoe of things, but i* eilrantous and lupcTUiduci^c!. Ltockt, Extraneous fossda ; organic remains ; eiuvire of organized beings, imbedded in tlie strata of the earlb. Cyc. EX-TUJl'NE-OUS-LY, ode. In an extraneous man- ner. EX-TRA-OF-FF'CrAL, (-of-fish'al,) a. Not within the liiiiita of official dntx*. EX-TRAOR'DI-NA-RIES, (cfts-tror'de-na-riz,) n. pU Things which exceed the usual order, kind, or mi'thod. [Rarthj used in the siusrular.A^ EX-TRAOR^DI-NA-RI-LY, (eks-tror'de-na-ri-ly,) ode, [See ExTRA.ORDI?TART.] In a manner out of tlie ordinary or usual method ; beyond the common course, limits, or order ; in an uncommon degree ; remarkably i particularly ; emi- nently. EX-TRAOR'DI-NA-RI-XESS, (cks-tror'-) n. Un- commnnness ; remarkableness. EX-TRAOR'DI-NA-RY, (eks-trnr'de-na-ryO a. [L. ertraordittarius ; ejlra and ordinaritDt^ usual, from orrfo, order.] 1. Beyond or out of the common order or method ; nol in the usual, customary, or retrular course; not ordinary. Eztraorduiary eviia require txtraordinary remedies. 2. Exceeding the common decree or measure ; hence, remarkal)le ; uncoiuinon ; rare ; wonderl\i] ; tts, tlie eitraordtnary Uilents of Phakspeare ; the ei- traordinary powers of Newlon ; an edifice of extraor- dinary grandeur. 3. Special ; particular ; sent for a special purpose, or on a particular occasion ; as, an ejtraariUnary courier or messenger ; an embassador extraordinary; a gazelle extraordinary. EX-TRA-PA-RO'eHI-AL, a. [extra and paroehiaL] Not within the limits of any parish. iilarJcstone. EX-TRA-PfIYS'I€-AL, a. Metaphysical. iMicrence. EX-TRA-PRO-FES'SIO.\-AL., (-fus'h'un-al,) a. [ex- tra and professional.] Foreign to a profession ; not within the ordinary limits of professional duty or business. Motinti woj an Kclestutk, uid cht»e atuik-s wtn ertro'pro/tt' tionat. it*d. Rtpo*. EX-TRA-PRO-VIN'CtAL, Cpro-vin'shal,) a. [extra and promnciaL] Nol within the same province ; not witiiin ihe jurisdiction of the same archbishop. ^i/lij-e. EX.TRA-REG'T;-LAR, a. [extra and reguLir.] Not romprehended within a rule or rules, Tatjhn: EX-TRA-TER-RI-TO'RI-AF., a. Being beyond or without the hmits of a territory' or particular jurisdic- tion. Huntfr. tV/ifotonU Hep. EX -TRA-TROP'IC-AL, a, [extra and tropical.] Be- yond the tropics ; without Uie tropics, north or Bouth. IVkineeU. EX-TRAITGHT' ; old pp. of Extb*ct. [Ob^.] EX-TRAV'A-GANCR, / ». [U extra and ragawn EX-TRAV'A-GAiN-CY, J va-ror^ to wander. Bee Vaooe.] 1. iAteraltyyti wandering beyond a limit; an ex- cursion or sally from the usual way, course, or limit. Jfammond. 2. In itritiniT or dineoume, ft going beyond the limits of flrici truth or probability ; as, extravagance of ex- pression or description. 3. Excess of atfeclion, pnssion, or npp'-lite ; m, ez~ travagance of love, anger, hatred, or hnnj;er. 4. Excess in expendiliin-s of property; the ex pending of money withoiit ntcettstty, or beyond what Is reasonable or proper ; dwsipalion. Tlv infwn- of three tluliM wra not euougii W riwlr h-r «j% trai-agantt, Arhuthrict. 5. In general, any excess or wandoring from pre- scribed limiUi irregtilarity ; wildn^^ss; as. the ez- fravaganee of imagination ; eztracagance of claims or d'Mnands. EX-TRAV'A-GANT, a. TMeraUyj wandering beyond I limits. ^'^i*- 2. Exrcssive ; exceeding due bounds ; unreasona- ble. The wishes, demands, desires, and passions of men are often extravagant, 3. Irregular ; wild ; not within ordinar>' limits of tnith or probability, or f»ther usual bounds ; as, ez- traragant flights of fancy. Thff* l« •oniethinj ooblj wild and eilmvagnnl in jrvat r-tiiitan. .t'Muori. 4. Exceeding necessity or propriety ; wasteful ; prodigal; as, extravagant expenses; an extravagant moi^iot\. HaiiihUr. EX-TRAV'A-OANT, ». One who is confined to no general rule. I,' F^trange, EXT EX-TRAV'A-GAXT-LY, ah. In an extravagant manner; wildly; not within the limits of truth or probability. Men often write and talk eztravn irantly. 2. Unreasonably; excessively. It is prudjnl not to praise or censure citravagantly. 3. In a manner to use property without necessity or propriety, or lo no good purpose ; expensively, or profusely to an unjustifiable degree ; as, to live, eat, drink, or dress extraragantly. EX-TRAV'A-GANT-NESS,n. Excess; extravagance. [LiVle ifwi.] EX-TRAV'A-GANTS, n. pi In church history^ cer- tain decretal epistles, or constitutions of the popes, which were pulilishcd after the Clementines, and nol at first arranged and digested with tlie ottier papal constitutions. They were aitenvard inserted in the body of the canon law. Encyc. EX-TRAV-A-GAN'ZA. n. [It.] A musical composi- tion, designed to produce effect by its wild irregular- ity, SmaT-L EX-TRAV'A-GXTE, r. t. To wander beyond the limits. IJi-'ot u-ted.] WarburUm. EX-TRAV-A-GA'TION, n. Excess; a wandering be- yond limits, SnwUett. EX-TRAV'A-SATE, r. U To let out of the proper vessels, as blood. EX-TRAV'A-SA-TED, pp. or a. [L. eiira and vasa, vessels.] Forced or let out of its proper vessels ; as, extravor sated blood. Arbuthnot. EX-TRAV'A-SA-TING, ppr. Escaping from the proper vessels. EX-TRAV-.VSA'TION, n. The act of forcing or let- ting out of its proper vessels or ducts, as a fluid ; the state of being forced or let out of its containing ves- sels ; efi'usion ; as, an extravasation of blood after a rupture of the vessels. EX-TRA-VAS'€U-LAR, a. Being out of the proper vessels. Latnrence. EX-TRAV'E-XATE, a. [L. extra and vena, vein.l IjCt out of the veins. [JVwt in use.] Olantdle, EX-TRA-VER'SIOX, n. [L. extra and rer*u», a turn- ing.] Tlie act of throwing out ; the state of being turned or thrown out. [LitUe used.] Boyle. EX-TRkAT', n. Extraction. [Obs.] Spenser. EX-TRf:ME', a. [L. eztremim, last.] 1. Outermost; utmost; furthest; nt the utmost point, edge, or border ; as, the extreme verge or point of a thing. 2. Greatest; most violent; utmost; as, extreme pain, grief, or stitTering ; eitreme \oy or pleasure. 3. I^ast ; beyond which there is none; as, an ci- treme remedy. 4. Utmost ; worst or best that can exist or be sup- posed ; as, an extreme case. ft. Most pressing; as, extreme necessity. Extreme unction^ among the Roman Catholics, is the anointing of a sick person with oil, when affected with some mortal dis<'ase, and usmilly just before death. It is applied to the eyes, ears, nostrils, mouth, hands, fi-et, and reins of penitenLs, and is aiipposed lo represent the grace of (iod poured into the soul. Eneye. Extreme and mean proportion^ in getrmetry, is when a line is so divided, that the whole line is to the gn.-ater segment as that segment is to the less ; or when a line is so divided, that thr^ rectangle under the whole line aiut the lesser segment is etpial to the Mpuin^ of the greater segment. Euclid. EX-TRkME', n. The utmost point or verge of a thing ; ttiat part which terminates a body ; extremitv- 2. Utniosl |H)inl ; fiirtlies^t degree ; as, the extremes of heat and cold ; the extremes of virtue and vice. Avuid ezlremes. Extremes naturally beget each other. TbT^ U n nainrvl pn>jr"»«ion from Uio txtrejne of nnnrchjr to ill? extrtint of tyraiin/. Washington. 3. In logic, the eitremesy or extreme terms of a syl- logism, are the predicate and subject of the conclu- sion. Thus, " .Man is an animal ; Peter is a man, therefore Peter is an animal;*' the word animal is the greater extreme, Peter the less extreme, and man the midtlle term. Encyc, 4. In wwtAemofi&T, the extremes are the first and last trrms of a ■ proportion ; as, when three magni- ludf»arfproi>ortional,the rectangle contained by the extremes in equal to the square of the mean. Euclid. EX-TRf.ME'LESH, a. Having no extremes or uxtreni- itifs ; infinite. EX-TRRME'LY, adv. In the utmost degree : to the utmost point. It is extremely hoi or cold ; it is ex- tremcly painful. 2. In familiar language, very much; greatly EX-TREM'I-TY, n. [U extrrmitas,] 1. The uiinftst jKiint or side ; the verge ; the point or bonier that terminates a thing ; as, the extremities of a country. 2. A term applied to the utmo-tt parts. The ertrem- ities of the l>ody, in painting and sculpture, are the head, hands, and feet ; but, in anatomy, the term is applied to the limbs only. Brande^ 3. The utmost |K>inI; the highest or furthest de- gree ; as, the eitremtty ot pain of suffering; the EXU extremity of cruelty. Even charity and forbcaranc« may be carried to rztremiiy. -4. Extreme or utmost distresi, Btrnits, or difficul- ties ; as, a city besieged and reduced to extremity. 5. 'Ihe utHHist rigor or violence, 'i'be Greeks have endured oppression in its utmost extremity, 6. The most aggravated stale. Tiio world is riiniiiiig after farce, tlie txtnrnUy of btd poetrr. Dryden. EX'TRI-€.\-BLE, a. [Infra.] That can be extrica- ted. EX'TUI-GaTE, v. t. [L. extrieo. The primary verb trico is not in tlie Latin. We probably see its affini- ties in the Greek (ioi^, Tnix^v, hair, or a bush of hair, from interweaving, entangling. I suspect that rp£i?and three are contracted from this root; three for threg, folded, or a plexus. The same word occurs in intricate and intrigue : Ft. tricher, lo cheat ; tricoter^ to weave : Eiig. tries ; It. trcccia^ a lock of hair. Class Rg, No. 25.] 1. Property, to disentangle ; hence, to free from difficulties or perplexities ; to disembarrass; as, to ex- tricate one from complicated business, from trouble- some alliances, or other connections; to extricate one's self from debt. 2. To send out ; lo cause to be emitted or evolved EX'TRieA-TED, pp. Disi-ntangted ; freed from dif- ficulties and perplexities; diseuibarrassed ; evolved. EX'TRI eA-TING, ppr. Disentangling; disembar- rassing; evolving, EX-TRl-CA'TION, n. The act of disentangling ; a freeing from perplexities ; disentaniileraent. 2. The act of sending out or evolving; as, the ex~ triratifn of heat or moisture from a substance. EX-TRIN'sIe-AI,, i^ [I'- entrin^ccus.] External ; outward ; not contained in or belonging to a boily. >lere matter can not move without the impulse of an extrinsie agent. It is opposed to in- trinsic. EX-TRlN'Sie-AL-LY, adv. From without; exter- nally. EX-TROR'SAT,, a. [L. crtrorsum.) In botany, turned from the axis to which it apper- tains, as anthers whose line of dehiscence is toward the petals. EX-TK!:eT', r. f, [L. extrvo, extrurtus.'] To build ; to construct. [JVbf in m.^'^.J EX-TRUG'TION, n. A building. [.Vo( user!.'] EX-TR(J€T'IVE, a. Forming into a structure. Fulke, EX-TRU€T'OR, Ti. A builder; a fabricator ; a con- triver. \J^ot used.] EX-TRODE', I'. (. [L. extnido : ex and trudo, to thrust.] 1, To thrust out ; to urge, force, or press out ; to expel ; as, to extrude a fetus, 2. To drive away ; to drive off. Woodward. EX-TRCD'EO, pp. "Thrust out ; driven out or away ; exfHrllfd. EX-'IROD'ING, ppr. Thnisting out ; expelling. EX-TK0'SION,(eks-tru'Khun,) n. The act of thrust- ing or throwing out ; a driving out ; expulsion. EX-TCBKR-ANOE, iit. [L. extuberans, extubero } EX-TO'BKR-AN-CY, i ex and tuber, a putf.] 1. In luedicine, a swelling or rising of the fiesh ; a protuberant parL Eneyc, 2. A k nub or swelling part of a body. Muxon. EX-TO'HKR-ANT, a. Swelled ; standing out. EX-TO'HKR-ATE, v. i. [1^ extubero.] To swell. [A''ot in use.] EX-TU-MES'CENCE, n. [L. extumescens, extumesco; ex and tumesco, tumeo, lo swell.] A swelling or rising, [f.itileused.'] EX-U'BER-ANCE, (egz-yu'lierans,) \n, fL exu- EX lI'ltER AN-CY,(tgz-\Q'ber-nn sy,) \ berans, exw bero ; ex and ubrro, to /"alien ; uber, a pap or breast, that is, a swelling or mass.] 1. An abundance ; an overflowing quantity ; rich- ness ; as, an exuberance of fertility or fancy. 2. Superfluous abundance; luxuriance. 3. (Jvergrowth; superfluous shoots, as of trees. EX-IJ'BER-ANT, (egz-yu'ber-ant,) a. Abundant; plenteous; rich; as, exuberant fertility; exuberant goodness. 2. Over-abundant ; snpfrfluous ; luxuriant. 3. Pouring forth abundance; producing in plenty; as, eruhrrant spring. Thomson. EX-U'BER-ANT-EY, adv. Abundantly; very copi- ously ; in great plenty ; to a su|>ertluous degree. The earth has pn)dueed exuhrrantly. EX-IJ'BER-ATE, v. i, [L. etubero.] To ahE', r. t. [Supra.] To discharge the nioisturo or juices of a living body through the pores ; also, lo discharge the liquid matter of a plant by incisions. Our (■jp'ttM exitfiM liirp^nline in ihe g;re&tnt nbrnnJanco. Dtnght. (E«u'i>ATE is not now uned,] JUK', r. t. To flow from a living body through the pores, or by a natural discharge, as juice. TONE, BTJM., nxiTE. — AN"OER, VI"CIOUS € as K ; as J ; « as Z ; Cll as SII ; TH as In THIS. EX-^D'EO, ;>;». Emined. as Juice. EX-UD'1.\G, ppr. Discharging, as juice. EX-LfL'CER-ATE, r. L [L.exuteen>i ex and utceroy to ulcerate, ulcus, an itlerr.] 1. To cause or produce an ulcer or ulcers. Encye. 2. To afflict ; to corrode ; to fret or anger. Mttion. EX-UL'CER-A TE:, v. i. To become an ulcer or ulcer- ous *'«^ EX-LTL'CER-A-TED, pp. Affected with ulcers ; hav- ing become ulrerousi. EX-IJL'CEU-A-riNG,ppr. Producing ulcera on ; Iret- tina: becoming ulcerous. EX-UL-CER-A'tiOiV, n. The act of causing ulcers on a b^Mjy, or Hie process of becoming ulcemus ; Uie begimiing en>siiui which wears away the subsuiice, and forms an ulcer. /jtcyc Qutney, 2. A freitirig; exacerbation ; corrosion. Hooker. EX-UL'CEK-A-TO-RY, a. Having a tendency to form ulcere. EX-L'LT', (cg2-uU',) r. i. [L. ezulLt; a and salte, «- lio, to leap ; It. r^ultart.] Prifperiif, to leap for joy ; hence, to rejoice in tn- ~ nmpli ; to rejoice exceedingly at success or vicloi>' ; to be glad above measure ; to triumph. It is natural to man to ezult at the success of his schemes, aud lo erult over a fallen adversary. EX-UUT'ANCB, / n. EmlUlion. [.Vo( «*erf.] E-\-L'LT'AX-CV, i Hammond. EX-ULT'ANT, a. Rejoicing triumphantly. JVore. EX-ULT-A'TIOX, n. The act of exulting ; lively joy at success or victory, or at any advantage gained ; great gladness ; rapturous delight ; triumph. EruU- aiion usually s|rrings from the gratification of our de- sire of some good ; particularly, of distinction or su- periority, or of that which confers distinction. It often springs from the gratification of pride or am- bition. But exuitatioM may be a hvely joy springing liroin laudnbl<^ causes. EX-CLT'LNG, ppr, or a. Rejoicing greatly or in tri- umph. EX-ULT'I.VG-LY, ode. In a triumphant manner. EX-U.V'DATE, V. i. To overflow. [,Yot usaL] EX-UN-DA'TIOX, n. [U enuwiatw, from eaatday to overflow ; «x and undt^ lo rise in waves, mmdoj a wave.] An overflowins abundance. [Little used,] Majf. EX-IIX"GL'-LA TE, r. (. [L. ex and umfuU.] To pare off superfluous pnrt-s or nails, EX-U\''GL'-LA-TE1), pp. Deprived of naiU or su- perfluous parts. EX rx 'GU-La-TIXG, ««-. Paring off, as nails, Ac. EX 1;TER-A-HLE, ( ya'pcr-a-W,) a. That may be uverc«jme or surpassed. EX-UTER-AXCE, a. Overb-ilance. EX-C'PER-ANT, o. Overcoming. EX-L'PER-.XTE, r.L ToexceJ ; tosurmounL [Obs.] EX- C PER A- TED, pp. Conquered ; eiccUed. EX U'PER-A TIXG,w"-. Excelling. EX-l-PER-A'TlON, a. The act of eicellinK, KX-CR'GE.\T, a. [For Exit-aGssT.] Arising. [A"rt usfd.\ EX-L'S'Cr-TATE, c. L [I* eimMHo.) To rouse. EX-CSTIOX, (eks-usl'yun.) «. [U ezustm*.] The act or operation of burning up. EX -IC'VI-A-BLE, o. Capable of being cast or thrown in the fonn of exuviae. EX-l^'VI-.E, «. pL [U] Cast skins, shells, or cover- ings, of animals ; any parts of animals which are shed or cast uiT, as ihe skins of serpents and cater- pillars, the shells of lobsters, &c. Encyc. !L In fwoUn, the fossil shells and other remains which yniwMtt* ha^'e left in the strata of the earth. EX FO'TOfJl^] In consequence of a vow ; applied to votive off-rings, as of a picture for a ciiapel, &.c j common in Ruman Catholic countries. EV, in otd writerty [Sax. ig,] signides an isle. ET'AS, (I'as,) a. [Fr. »m«; silly.] A young hawk just taken from the nest, not able to prey for itself. Hanmar. Shak. ET'AS, a. Unfledged. [AV used.} Spauor, Flhe sixth letter of the English alphabet, is a labial y articulation, formed by pl;icine the upper teeth on the under lip, and accompanied with an emission of breath. F in F^nglish has one uniform sound, as in falAer^aJlrr. Its kmdrt-d letter is r, which is chiefly disiinjiuished from / by being more vocal, or accom- panied with more sound, as may be perceived by pronouncing DM tbo mominr'* r the rining of ships. 13. The bud of a plant ; a shoot. fncye. 14. A small shade of color. \LittUm$ed.] Red, wiih Kaeytof Uue, nutkea a ;iurpl«. BoyU. 15. The power of perception. The «yM of ^oar audenUuuiotf being enllgbtraed. — Eph. L 16. Oversight ; inspection. The ayt of the maati^r wUl d<> mora work than both hit hands. The eyes of a ship, zk l^e parts which lie near the hawse-holes, particularly in llic lower apartmeiils. Mar. Vict. To set the eyes on. Is to see ; to have a sight of. To Jind favor in the eye^, is to be gruciously received and treated. EYE, n. A brood ; as, an eye of pheasants. EYE, V. L To fix the eye on ; to ItKtk on ; to view ; lo obsen'e ; particulariy, t« observe or watch narrowly, or witli fixod attention. Eye oalure't widka, about foil/ aa it flica. Pope, EYE, r. t. To appear ; to have an appearance. Shak. EVE'-AT-TRACT'ING, a. Attracting the eyes. EYE'BALL, n. The ball, globe, or apple of the eye. EYE'-IVkA.M, n. A glance of the eye. S/iak. EYE'-BoLT, 71. In sAi;w, a bar of iron, or bolt, with an eye at one end, formed to be driven into the deck or sides, for the purpose of hooking tackles or fasten- ing ropes to it. TvUen. EYE'BRIGUT, n. The popular name of a species of Euphrasia, it was formerly much used as a remedy for diseases of the eye. EYE'-BRIGHT-EN-IXG, n. A clearing of the sight Milton. EYE'BROW, «. The brow or hairy arch above the eye. EY'£D, (IdeO PP' Viewed i observed ; watched. F. gaittmA. Tt corresponds in power to the Greek ^>pAi, and its proper name is tf. As a Latin niuneral, it signifies 40, and with a dash over the top,^, forty thousand. In the civil law^ two of these letters together, Jf, sig- nify the pandects. In English criminal laie, this letter is branded on felons, when admitted to the benefit of clergy j by Stat. 4 II. VII. c. 13. In medical prescriptions, F. stands for Jiat, let it be made ; F. S. \,Jiat secundum artem^. FAB 2. a. Having eyes ; used in composition ; as, a d\\\l-eved man ; ox-eyed Juno. EYE'-DROP, n. A tear. Siak. EYE'-FLAP, n. A blinder on a horse's bridle. EYE'-GLA.\CE, h. A glance of the eye; a rapid look. Spenser. EYE'-GLASS, n. A glass to assist the sight ; specta- cles. Shak. In telescopes, the same as Evepiece, which see. EYE'-GLUT-TING, n. A feasting of the eyes, Sftenser. EYE'LASH, n. The line of hairthat edges the eyelid. Johnson. EYE'LESS, (I'less,) o.' Wanthig eyes; destitute of tiight. Milton. Jiddifion. EYK'LET, )n. [Fr. aillet, a little eye, from EYE'LET-MOLE, ( ail, eye.] A small hole or perforntion, to receive a lace or small ro|»e or cord. We usually say, eyeUtrholc EYE'LI-AD, n. [Fr. a-illade.\ A glance of the eye. Shak. EYE'LII), n. TJie cover of the eye ; tliat porliun of inoviible skin with which nn animal covers the eye- ball, or uncovers it, at pleasure. EYE'-OF-FEND'L\G, a. That hurts the eyes. Shak. EYE'-PIkCE, n. In a telr.trope, the lens, or combi- nation of lenses, with which the image is viewed, by which it is inagiiiried. D. Ohnsud. EYE'-PLkAS-L\i;, a. Pleasing the eye. Davits. EY'ER, (I'er,) «. One who eyes another. Oayton. EYE'-SALVE, (I'siv,) n. Ointment for the eye. Hcveiation. EYE'-SER-VANT, n. A servant who attends to his duty only when watched, or under the eye of his master or eni[>Ioyer. EYE'-SER-VICE, n. Service performed only tinder ins[>ection or the eye of an employer. n-pl(?aaen ; but ia aiiigleana of Not with tye-tervict, ni hrart, I'lrariiij liwO. - EYE'-SIIOT, n. Sight ; view ; glance of the eye. I>ryden. EYE'SIGIIT, n. The sight of the eye j view; obser^ vation. Ps. xviii. JkMfjihtis BfU tfaia down from hla own VftngkL WiUcine. 2. The sense of seeing. His eyesight fails. EYE'SoRE, K. Something offensive to the eye or sight. Monifcai w«i an ryttore to Llaninn. Z,'Eatrange. EYE'-SPLICE, TT. In seamen\i lanj^ia^e, a sort of eye or circle funned by Bplicing the end of a rope ir.to it- self. Totten. EYE'-SPOT-TED, a. Marked with spots like eyes. Spenser. EYE'-STrtXE, Tt, A small, calcareous stone, used for taking substances from between the lid and ball of the eve. EYE'-STRING, n. The tendon by which the eye is moved. Shak. EYE'-TOOTH, n. A tooth under Ihe eye; a pointed tooth in the upper jaw next to tiie grindera, called also a canine tooth; a fang. Ray. EYE'-WA-TER, it. A niedicated water for the eyes- EYE'-WINK, n. A wink or motion of the eyelid ; a hint or token. Shak. EYE'-WIT-NESS, n. One who sees a thing done} one who hits ocular view of any thing. We wetv eye-mtrutte» of hla nmjcaty. — 2 Pet, 1. EY'ING, ppr. Viewing; watching; observing. EY'OT, (i'ot,) n. A little isle. Blackstone. BYRE, (are,) ju [Old Fr., from I^ Uer,] 1. Literally, a journey or circuit. In England, the justices in eyre were itinerant judges, who rode the circuit to hold courts in the difl'erent counties. 3. A court of itinerant justices. Blackstone. fiY'RY, (Ji're,) n. The plac*j where birds of prey con- struct their nests and hatch. It is written also Eraia. [See Aerie.] The cftglft Mid (he aloric On cliSa and cedv topa ibeir eyritt buHd. MiUon, F stands also for fellote ; F. R. S. Fellow of the ROyal Society. F, or fd, in music, is the fourth note rising in this order in the gamut, do, [or u/,] re, mi, fa. It denotes, also, one of the Greek keys in music, destined for the base. FA-BA'CEOUS,^fa-bi^hu8,) o. [Low I., fabaceus, from faba, a bean.] Having the nature of a bean ; like a bean. [LittJe used.] FA'Bl-A\, a. Delaying; dilatory; avoiding battle, In imitation of Quintus Fabius i^Iaiimus, a Roman FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, VVQLF, BQQK.- FAB general who conducted niilitar)' operations agriinst Hannibal, by declining to ri:>k a battles in the open field, but harassing ibe enemy by marches, couutcr* murche:;, and auibuscades. FA'BLt:, n. [l^ faittda ; Fr. fable; iL/avola; Ir. fabhiil ; Sp. fabula^ from the Latin^ but the native Spanish word is habla^ speech. Qxk. VV, heha, tu speak ; Gr. sttoj. The radical sense is that which is spuken or told.j 1. A feigned story or tale, intended to in^trnct or amuse ; a fictitious narration intended to enforce some useful truth or precept. JoLbam's fdbie of ttie Creea ia lUe oldest ezUot, ajid as b^nutiful as aiiy mode since. Adduon. 3. Fiction } in a general sense ; as, the story is all a. fable. 'S. An idle story j vicious or vulpar fictions. But refuse profane and old witm' /ablet. — 1 Tim. Iv, 4. The plot, or connected series of events, in an epic or dramatic poem. The monvl U the first buaiftna of th« poet ; this beinj fbrnwHl, he eoiiihves aucti & devigii or /obit a* lo-ty be inusi fuiutite to the iiionl. I^rydan. 5. Falsehood ; a softer term for a lie. Addtaon, FX'BLE, r. i. To feign ; to write fiction. Vaio DOW the tales v\ach/ai>ling poets t*ll. Prior. 3. To tell falsehoods ; as, hefabUs not. SAak. F.t'BLE, r. L To feign j to invent; to devise and speak of, as true or real. The beU thou fahletu MUlon. FA'BL£D,jro. Feigned ; invented, as stories. 2. a. Told or celebrated in fables. Hail./oi^d grotto. TUktl. FA'BLER, n. A writer of fables or fictions ; a dealer in feigned stories. Johnson, F.\'BLING, n. The act of making fables. Story. Fa'BLIXG, ppr.OT a. Feigning j devising, as stories ; writing or uttering fal^e stotien F.\B'RIt;, tt. {l^fabrUa^ a frame, from fabcr^ a work- man ; Fr. fabritfue.] 1. Tlie structure of any thing; the manner in which the pans of a thing are united by art and la- bor; workmanship; texture. This is cloth of a beau- tiful A*''""* a. The frame or structure of a building ; construc- tion. More generally, ttie building itself; nu edifice ; a bouse ; ,i temple ; a church, a bridge, &,c. The word is usually applied to a large building. 3. Any system composed of connected parts ; as, the fabric of the universe. 4. Cloth manufactured. Silks snd other fine/abrica of the Eiut. Htnry, FAB'Rie, V. u To frame; to build; to construct. [LitUe usttLJ, Philips. FAU'Rie-ATE, r. (. [L./a6rw, to frame, from /airr, BUpra.1 1. 1o frame; to build; to construct ; to form a whole by connecting its parts; as, to fabricate a bridgt* or a ship. 2. To form by art and labor ; to manufacture ; as, to fa^rtcate woolens. 3. To invent and form ; to forge ; to devise false- ly i aHj to fabricate a lie or story. Our books were not /abricaud wuh ut MeaaimodjitiiM to pte- Vkiliii^ usages. PaJe)f. 4. To coin ; as, to fabriaUe money. [Untuuai.] Ifenrij, HijfU FAB'RIC^A-TED, pp. Framed ; constnicled ; built ; mrmiifacttired ; invented; devised falsely; forged. F-\B'KIC-A-TIXG,p;»r. Framing ; constructing; man- ufacturing ; devising falsely ; forging. FAB-R!C-A'TIO.\, «, The act of framing or con- structing; construction; as, the fabrication of a bridge or of a church. '2. 1'he act of manufacturing. 3. The act of devising fuUcIv ; forgery. 4. That which i^i fibricated*; a falsehood. The sturv is doubtless a fabrication. FAB'krC-A-TOR, n. One that constnicts or makes. FAB'RILE, (fab'ril,) o. TL. faimlU.] Pertaining to handcraiVs. [J^Tot uj*ed.'\ FAB'U-LI.ST, n. [from fable,} The inventor or Tcri- ler of fables Oarrick. FAH't^-LIZE, V. L To Invent, compose, or relate fa- bles. Faber. FAB'U-LIZ-KD,pp. Related in fable. FABM'-LIZ-IN'G ppr. Composing or relating In fable, FAB-(;-LOS'I-TY, B. FobtilouKnesa i fullness of fa- bler. [IMtlf used.] Abbot. PAU'U-LOUH, a. Feigned, as a story ; devised; fic- lilinm ; a*", a fabulous story j a fabulous descriplion. 3. Related in fable ; descnbed or celebrated in fa- bles ; invented ; nut real ; as<, a fabulous iiero j the /o^u/ou^ exploit)* of Hercules. 3. The fabulous ago of Greece and Rome, was the early age of thcise (x>untries, the accounts of which are mos*ily/'(*«/OTw, or in which the/a^u/ou.'' achieve- menu of their heroes were performed ; called, also, the heroic age. PAfl'lJ-UJCS-LV, ade. In fable or action ; In a fabu- lous manner. Brown, FAC FAB'l;-LOUS-XE;3S, ti, 'J'he quality of being fubu- lotts or leigiied. FAB'UR-DEN, n. [Fr. faux bourdon.] In mujic,sim- ple countertK)int. FA-CADE', (fa-sado',) ti, [Fr.] Front; front view or elevation of an edifice. H'arton. FACE, n. [Fr.face; iLfaccia; Sp./ai oi Aai ; Arm. facz i L./ueJM, from faciv, to make.] 1. In a general sense, the surface of a thing, or the aide which presents itself to the view of a spectator; as, the face of the earth ; tlie face of the waters^ 2. A surface of a thing ; a term applied to the bounding planes or plane surfaces of a solid. Thus, a cube or die has six faces,' an ocialiedron lias eight faces. 3. The surface of the fore part of an animal's head, particularly of the human head ; the visage. In the sweat or thr /act ihatl thou eat bread. — Cien.iii, Juacph bowed hiiiiauU' with hn /ac« to the etuth. .—Gen. tlriiL 4. Countenance ; cast of features ; look; air of the face. We set thf hfXl/act on it we could. Dryden. 5. The front of a thing ; the fore part ; the flat stir- face that presents itself first to view ; as, the/oce of houBe. Kirk. xli. C. Visible state ; appearance. This would produce a new/oev of ihiags iu Europe. AdtUson. 7. Appearance ; Idbk. Nor he«»'-n, nor sea, their tormerfiict retAJaed. Wnllrr. His dulopiM hiu the/a<* of protubiiii;. Baker. 8. State of confrontation. The witnesses were presented fare to face. 9. Confidence ; boldness ; impudence ; a bold front. He has thf /ace to ch^irge others with faJse atations. T^ltotton. 10. Presence ; sight ; as in the phrases, b^ore the face, in the face, to the fact^from the fate 11. The i>erson. 1 hud ito( thou^t to are ihj/act, — Geo. xWlil. 19. In Scripture,face is used for anger or favor. Hide usfnmi the/w» of him Ihsl sitieth on the throne. — Re».Ti. Mjlce nvj /act tu •him* on thy lervAnt. — F>. zsxi. How loug wilt tliou hide thy /tu« froiu me ^ — Ps. xiii. Hence, to seek the face, that is, to pray to, to seek the favor of. To set the face against., is to oppose. To accrjit one*s face, is to show him favor or grant his request. So^ to entreat the face, is to ask favor; but these phrases are nearly obsolete. 13. A distorted form of the face; as in the phrase, to make faces^ or to make wry faces. Face to face ; when both parties are present ; as, to have accusers face to face. Acts xxv. a. iNokedly; without the inteq>osition of any other body. Now we see through * glass, darkly ; but Lhea /act to /act. — I Cur. xiii. FACE, e. t To meet in front ; to oppose with firm- ness ; to resist, or to meet fur the purpose of i^tupping or opposing ; as, to face an enemy in the field uf battle. Vti/act This tempest, and deaerre tlte nune of king. Dryrttn, 2. To stand opposite to ; to stand with the face or front toward. The colleges in New iluveu face the public square. 3. 'I'o a>ver with additional superficies ; to cover in front; as, a fortification /of^d with marble; to face a garment with silk. To face dutan : to op(>i>se boldly, or impudently. PACE, V. i. To carry a false appt^arance ; to play the byptjcrite. To lie, to /act, to forfe, Itubberd't Tatt. 2. To turn the face ; as, to face to Uie right or left. FACE'-CLOTII, R. [face and cloUu] A cloth laid over the face of a Curjtse. Brande. FAC'£I>, (finte.) pp. Covered in front 2. a. In composition^ denoting the kind of face; as, futl-faced, Ba'dvy. FACE'-GCARD.B. A kind of mask to defend the face and eyes from accidents, as in various chemical and mechanical processes. JleberU FACE'LES.S, a. Without a face. FACE'-PAINT-ER, n. A t»ii»ter of portraits; one who dmwH the likeness of the face. FACE'-^I'AINT-fNG, 71. The act or art of painting portraits. I>ryden. FACET, n. [Fr. faeette, from face ; 8p. faceta.] A little face ; a small mtrface ; as, the facets of a FA-CftTE', o. [Lt.facrtus.] [diamond. Gay ; cheerful. [JVwf in M.»r.] Burton. PAC'ET-EI), a. Having facets; formed into facets. PA-CBTK'LV, adv. Sportively ; with good humor. [JVHf H.ird.j Burton. FA-CETE'*VES3, n, Wil; pleasant representation. [JVot u.*fa.] Hales. FACE' TI-J^j (U-9i'Bh»^,) ti, pi. [h.] Witty or hu- morous writings or sayings ; witticisms. FA-Cfi'TIOUS, {fa-8«'shus,) a. [Fr. facetieux ; Sp. facecioso f It faceto; L«. facetus ; or facetiaj pi. Uu. Ar. x<^^l to be merry.] FAC 1. Merry ; s|>ortivc ; jocular ; sprightly with wit and pond humiir ; as, a/ucf£iotw companion. 2. Witty ; full of pleasantry ; plajful ; exciting laughter ; as, h facetious story ; h facetious reply. FA-CE'TIOUS-LV, adv. Merrily ; gayly ; wittily { with pleasantry. FA-C£' 1T0US-NES3, ti. Sportive humor ; pleasant- ry ; the quality of exciting laugliler or good humor. FA^^IAL, fta'shal,) a. [L. fades, face.] Periainmg to tlie face; as, the /ucui/ artery, vein, or nerve. Facial angle, in anatomy, Is the angle contained by a line drawn horixontally from the ntiddle of tlie ex- ternal entrance of the ear to the edge of the nostrils, and another from this latter point to the superciliary ridge of the frontal bone, serving .to luea^^iire the elevation of the forehead. Ed. Encye. FA'CIAL-LY, adv. In a facial manner. FA'CIENT, (-shent,) n. A doer; one who does any thing, g(x>d or bad. FACILE, (fas'U,) d. [Fr. faeiie ; Sp.faeU; h.facilis^ from facto, to make.] 1. Properly^ easy to be done or performed ; ea;? ; not difiicuU; performable or attainable with little labor. Order — will render the vroTi: /ttdlt luid delightful. EoeJyn. 2. Easy to be surmounted or removed ; ea^^ily con- querable. The /too/* gates of hell loo sll^htl^ hRrred. MUcon. 3. Easy of access or converse; mild; courteous; not haughty, austere, or distant I inenn she should be courteous, /iuilt, sweet. B. Jonton. 4. Pliant; flexible; easily persuaded to good or bad ; yielding ; ductile to a fault Since Adam, and his/od^ consort Eve, Lost Paratlisf, deceived by me. Milbm, FACILE-I.Y, adv. Easily. [LittU use4.] IferberU FACILE-NESS, n. I-:asines9 to be persuaded. FA-CIL'1-TaTE, r. t. [Ft. fueiltter, from facilH4, L. faeilitasj from facilis, easy.] To make easy or less difficult ; to fircc from difli- culty or impediment, or to diminish it ; to le^'sen the labor of. Machinery facUitaUs ntaiiiial labor and oi>- erations. Pioneers may facilitate the inarch of an army. F.'V-CIL'I-TX-TED, pp. Made easy or easier. FA-C1L'I-TA-Tlj\(i, ppr. Rendering easy or easier. FA-CIL-I-TA'TION, k. The act of making ea^y. FA-CIIj'I-TIES, n. pi. The means by which the performance of any thing is rendered ea.-*y ; conve- nient opportunities or advantages. FA-ClL'l-TV,7i. [Ft.facUite ; L.faeilitas,Uomfaeilisj easy.l 1. Easiness to be performed ; freedom from diffi- culty ; ease. He performed the work or operation with great /aciVifi/. Thuuph facility and hope of suc«eis might invlle some other ciioice. Baeon. 2. Ease of |)erformance ; readiness proceeding from skill («r use ; dexterity. Practice gives a wonderful facility in executing works of art. 3. Pliancy; ductility; easiness to he persuaded; readiness of compliance, usually in a bad sense, im- plying a disposition to yield to solicitations to cvJI. It Is a ffi^ftl ^rror to take /arility for gi>o*l nature : tendrrness, wiUiout di*i:n.-liun, is no tx-ttt-r than a more panl(in>\tile blly. L' l£tlrnnge. 4. Easiness of access ; complaisance ; condescen- sion ; affability. He oflVrs himKlf to the rislu ofa friend with/odUfy. Soitth. FA'Cl.NG, pffT. [from face.] Fronting; having the face toward ; opixwite. 2. Covering the fore part. 3. Turning the face. FA'CING, «. A covering In front for ornament or de- fense; as, the facing of a fortification or of a gar- ment. FA'CING-I^Y, adv. In a fronting position. FA-CIN'0-R()U.S, /I. [L.ficittus.] Atrociously wicked. [Little iLird.] SHak. FA-CLN'O-ROUS-NESd, n. Exlremo or atrocious wickedness. FAC-SIM'l-l.R, n. [L. facio, to make, and simiiisy like. See Himile.] An exact copy or likencfs, as of handwriting. FACT, n. [I*, factum, from facio, to make or do ; Fr. fait; \Ufattoi Sp. hrcho.] 1. Any thing done, or Ihat comes to pass ; an act ; a deed ; an eftert produced or achieved ; an event Witnesses are introtHiiMS 1 omlenitana % aombrr of ^tbnu, whrUm amoondur to » majohiy or nuuoriij' of th* whol«, wlio luv aitiiMl 41M kOua^mI L7 iomf coaunoo impula^ %J pMiiun, or ot intervM, »d«ne w ihe nghu of oUwr ciiise"*, or lo ihe pvciBKanit and unnvtnLtc iiiterrsu ofth^ comnxtitKr. *^ ^^ * ftd«r«:M(, AtefiMm. ft. Tumult ; discord ; dissension. ClartmUm, 3. In aiuiriU history^ ao appellation iriven lo the difl^nt troops vr coin[ianti-a of combatants in the Kames of the circus. BrmmU. FA€'TION-A-RY, n. A party man ; one of a fintlon. [UttUmMd.] Skat, FAerriON-EB, a. one of a faction. [-Vut jn iwe.) FACmOX-IST, M. One who promotes faction. MouniMgu, FACTIOUg, (fak'shns.) a. [Fr./mctitux ; L./aeUsMu] 1. GiTea lo fiuliott ; addicted to form parties ana nise disstnsioDS, In oppiisition to eovemmenl ; tubnlMiK ; pnae lo clamor agnin^t public measures er men. No Male is flree fh>m fartitfiu riiizena. 9. Pertaining tu faction ; prt»ct?edirig from faction ; as, ./WcitfHS tumults ; factiovus qunm*!'*. Dr^drn, FA€'TIOUS-Ly. ode. lu a f:iciious manner : by means of faction \ in a turbulent or di:Mjrderly manner. FACTIOUS-yESS, «. Inclination to form parties in in to the government, or to the public in- disposition to rlaiuor and raise opposilioo \ claaionHisness fur a partv. FAe-TI"TIOUS, (fak-tish'us,) a. [U factiti^^ from Made by art, in distinction from what is produced by nature'; artificial ; as, factitiams cinnabar \ /acti- Oous stones : factitious v.it FA€^Tr'TIOL*S-LV, arfr, fn an artificial manner. FAC^IVB, *. Making ; having power to make. [J^at msed.] Bacon. FAe'TOR,«. [U/orftfr; Fr.fttetmri lu/aiUrrt; from 1. In esmmnre^ an ap*nt emjJored by merchants^ residing in other pJaces, to buy and sell, and to ne- go^ale bills of exchnngi-, or to transact other busi- neos on tlk-ir account. S. An a^trnt ; a substitute. Fmetar, tn ScoC&nirf, is sjiKmymoas with ttnrard in EMgtiMiuL Bntmlf. 3. In aritkmutk and at^t^r^ a term appli<-d to the moltiplier and multiplicand, from the multi]»ltcatiun of which proceeds the product, FAG'TOR-AtiE, it. The allowance given to a factor by his employer, as a compensation lor hi^ services ; eaUed atoo a csmsuxswk. This ts sometimes a certain mm or me by the caxk or package ; more geuarally tl is a certain rale per cenL of the value of U»e goods Xarcha*ed or sc4d. €^TO'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a factory ; consisl- iog in a ^tun*. BMeJkAmtau FACTOR-SUiP, n. A factory, or the business of a (actor. SkfTWood, FAC'TO-RY, n. A house or place where factors re- side, to transact business fvr their employers. The Enelish merchants have factories in the East Indies, Turkey, Portugal, Hamburg, &c. S. The body i^ &ctors in any {dace i as, a chaplain to a British factory. Outkrif* 3. Contracted from mamnfaeUny, a building, or col- lection of buildings, appropriated' to the manufacture of goods ; the place where workmen are employed in febricating goods, wares, or uten^iU. FA€J-TOnrUM, n. [U, do ever)- Uiing.] A person emuJoyed to do all kinds of work. B. Jonson. FAG'TtiRE, a. [Fr.] The art or manner of making. Bacon. FACyUL-TY, a. [Fr. fa£ulU\ h.faeMltas, from fadOy to make.] 1. That power of the mind or intellect which ena- bles it to receive, revive, or modify perceptions ; as, the faculty of seeing, of hearine, of imaeining, of maMmbering, &e. ; or, in general, the faailties may bs eafted the powers or capacities of the mind. Fae~ mlbt » properly a power belonging to a living or ani- mal body. 2. The power of doinc any thing: ability. There is nofMculttr or power in creatures, which can rightly perform iu Unctions, without the perpetual aid of the Supreme Bcin^. Hooker. 3. The power of perfuiming any action, natural, ▼ital, or animal. Tke Ttel Jbc«% ii that br vfancfa lif- b prrwcrred. Qvirtcr/. 4. Facility of performance ; the peculiar skill de- rived from practice, or practice aided by nature ; habitual skill or ability ; dexterity ; adroitness ; knack. One man has a remarkable fandty of telling a story; another, of inventing excuses for miscon- duct ; a third, of reasoning ; a fourth, of preaching. 5. Personal quality ; disposition or habit, good or ill. 6. Power ; authority. [SfcoJk. Thit I>iBieia H«lh bmrm hii facttlJitw ao raeek. Shak. [Hardly legitimated] FAP 7. Mechanical pitwer; as, tho/ucu^fj/ of the wedge. L\^t used, nor If^itiwiile.] flVkins. 8. Natural virtue ; elhcacy ; as, the faculty of sim- ples. Milton, TA'tft used, nor leff'itimttte.] 9. Privilege ; a right or power granted to n person by favor or indulgence, to do what by law he may n-it do ; as, the /ucuJfy of niarr^'ing without the bans being lir^t published, or uf ordaining a deacon under ago. The archbishop of Canlerburj' has a court of fatties, for granting such privileges or dispensations. Kiinje. 10. The indl\iduals constituting a scientific pro- fession, or a branch of one, taken collectively ; par- ticularlVi the medical profession. Smart. H. In eollfgeSjUie masters and professors of the several sciences. Johnson. One of the members or departments of a univer- sity. In most universities, there are fmir faeultie.t i of arts, including humanity and philosuphy ; of tlie- oiosy : of medicine ; and (»f law. Enct/e. In jimrrica, the faevlty of a college or nniversity consists of the president, professors, and tutors. The/aca% of adcocatrs, in Scotland^ is a respecta- ble body rf lawyers, who plead in all causes before the courts of session, justiciary, and exchequer. Their president is styled dean of the faeulti/. Kneye. FAC'UND, a. [L./fl, and becomes leas frten or yellow ; those colors are deemed the best which are least apt tofi:de. !i. To wither, as a f^nt ; tt» decay. T« ■h&U be M u) oik. «beM leaf>torf. 1. 3. To lose strength gradually ; to vanish. When tbe meniar; b vtak, iiieaj la the n>inU quickly fruit. Lockt. A. To kwe luster ; to grow dim, Th* atan ih*Il /adt away AddUon, 5. To decay ; to perish gradually \Tc i»ll lio/ndt OS a lenf. — 1«. Ixir. An inbeniAfice thmi/aiUJi nut ttWAjr. — I Pet. L 6. To decay ; to decline ; to become poor and mis- aiable. Tin Tkh man AaSl fhde dvar In hU waya. — Janm i. 7. To lose strength, health, or vigor; to decline; to grow weaker. South. 8. To disappear graduallv ; to vanish. FADE. t?. U To cause to wither; to wear away ; to deprive of freshness or vigor. No wrint^r coulJ hblaurrb/orfe. Dry den. Thi* i« ■ mAn, uld, wnukled, faded, witlvTtxl. iPuiJc, FAD'ED, pp. or a. Become less vivid, as color; with- ered ; decayed ; vanished. FADE'LESS, a. Unfading. Coleridge. FAD(5E, (faj.) r. i, [Sax. fiEgen, gefegrn^ lo unite, to fit together; G. f^ngen; D. voegen; Aw. foga : Dan. fuge^ a seam or joint ; W. fag, a meeting in a point. It coincides with L. panffo, pegi^ ;"7">*, Gr. ff/i> w, j:r}iVVfj}yh.figo. See p3n, Class Eg, No. 33. See, also, No. 34, 35. Of this word fay is a contraction. 1 1. To suit; to fit; to come close, as the parts of things united. Hence, to have one part consistent with another. Shak. 2. To agree ; to live in amity. [Ludicrous.] Hudibras 3. To succeed ; to hit. VE.-,trange. [This word is note vulgar, aiid improper 171 elcgaiU trrithtg.] FAD'ING, ppr. [See Fade.] Losing color; becom- ing less vivid ; decaying; declining; withering. 2. a. Subject to decays liable to lose freshness and vigor; liable to perish; not durable; transient; as, & fading flower. ^ FAD'iNG, n. Decay ; loss or color, freshness, or vigor. Sherwood. FaO'ING-T-V, adv. In a fading manner. FAD'ING-NESS, TU Decay; liableness lo decay. Maunlagiu F.XD'Y, a. Wearing away ; losing color or strength. SJicnstoiu, F-E'CAL, a. See Fbcal. FJE'Cr.», n. pi. [L.J Excrement; also, FPttlings ; scdiirient after infusion or di.-stillation. Q^uincy. FA'EK-Y, a, or n. Fairy, which see. F.\F'FEL, r. i. To stammer. [JVot in ■use.'] Barret. FAI _ FAG, p. t To beat ; to compel to drudge. [Colloquial.] Smart. FAO, n. A laborious dnidge ; a drudge for another. Ill the English schools, this term is applied to a boy who does menial services for anotlier boy of a liiiilior form or class. [Colloquial.] Grose. Edgeworth, FAG, r. i. rScoL/a.ft. Qu. Heb. Ch. Syr. aiB, to fail, to languish. See Class Bg, No. 44, 60, IG.] To drudge ; to labor to weariness ; to become wear}'. Jtich, Diet, The Italiana began to fiiff. Mackaruie. [Colloquial.] FAG, n. A knot or coarse part in cloth. [JVot in vse.] FAG'-EXD', 71. Ifag and end. See Fac., r. i. supra.] 1. The end ol^a web of cloth, generally of coarser materials. Johnson. 2. The refuse or meaner part of any thing. Collier. 3. Among seamen, the unlwinted end of a rope ; hence, to be faggeil, or fagged out, is to become un- twisted and loose. TuUen. We observe thai the use of this word amouK sea- men leads U> the true sense of the verb, as well as the noun. The sense is, to open by receding, or to yield and become lax, and hence weak. FAG'GI.NG, n. l^aborious drudgery ; the acting as a drudge fur another at an English scliool. FAG'OT, n- [W.fugod; Gr. (puKeXXn^; connected with W. fag, thai which unites or meets; fagiadj a gathering round a point ; Scot, faik, to fold, lo grasp ; /t^Vc, in seamen's language, a coil; allied to Sax. fiegan, gcfciran, to unite. (See Fadoe.) The sense is, a bundle or collection, like pack.] 1. A bundle of slicks, twigs, or small branches of trees, used tor fuel, or for raising baiteries, filling ditches, and other purposes in fortification. The French use fascine, from the L. fascis, a bundle j a term now adopted in English. 2. A bundle of pieces of iron for re-raaiuifaclure. 3. A person hired to appear at musters in a com- pany not full, and hide the deficiency. Encije. FAG'OT, r. t To tie together ; to bind in a bundle ; lo collect promiscuously. Th-ydeiu FAG'OT-El), pp. Bound together; lied in bundles. FAG'OT-I\G, ppr. Binding together. FAH'LERZ, It. Gray copper, or gray copper ore, called by Jameson tetrahedral copper pyritis. It con- thins copper, antimony, arsenic, and sulphur. This mineral is easily broken, and its fracture usually un- even, but sometimes a little conchoidal. It is lowid amorphous and in regular crystals. FXH'LUN-ITE, n. [from Fa'hlun, in Sweden.] A mineral occurring in opaque, brownish-green, six-sided prisms, transversely foliated. It has nearly the composition of ioUle, except the addition of 13 per cent, of water, and is supposed to proceed from ttie alteration of iolite. The chlorophyllite is a similar mineral, containing about 4 per cenl. of water. Dana, FAT-EJ^'CE', (fi-yins',) n. [from Facnza, the original place of manufacture.] In the fine arts, imitation porcelain ; a kind of fine potier>-, embellished with pitintcd designs. Brande, Encyc. .4m. FAIL, r. i. [FT.faiUir; W. facia, or pallu and aballu ; Scot, failye; ll. faUire; &it.falir,faUar ; Port, falhar i L. fullo i Ir. feallam; Gr. 0r,A£C), ipriXoio, whence oiiaXXcoi D.feUeii,faalen;G.fehlen; Sw./e/a; Dan. fbjter : Arm. fallaat, fellel, wht-nce fallont, wicked- ness, 'Eng. felony. It seems to be allied to fall, fal- low, pale, and many other words. See Class Bl, No. 6,7,8, 13, 18,21,28.1 1. To become deficient ; to be insufficient ; to cease to be abundant for supply; or to be entirely wanting. We say, in a dry season, the springs and streams fail, or are failing, before they arc entirely exhausted. We say, also, the springs failed, wht-n Ih'^y entirely ceased to flow. Crops /ui/ wliolly or partially. 2. To decay; lo decline ; to sink; to be dimin- ished. We say of a sick person, his strength fails daily. 3. To decline; to decay; to sink; to become weaker ; as, the patient fails every hour. 4. To be extinct ; to cease ; lo bo entirely want- ing ; to be no longer produced. Help, Lord, for the eod\y inan ce-iwih ; for tbe faithful /oii from among the chilcfreii of meu.— Pi. xii. 5. To be entirely exhausted ; to be wanting ; to cease from supply. Money /aiUd in tlie land of Egypt. — Geo. xlvii. 6. To cease ; to perish ; to be lost, I>«t thr rcinembranK of hi« gritt tXtoMld JhU, AddUon. 7. To die. TUey iball M/ait tojelher. —la. *ixi. 8. To decay ; to decline ; as, the sight fails in old age. 9. To become deficient or wanting > as, the heart or the courage fails. 10. To miss; notlo produce the e^ect. The ex- periment was made with care, but failrd, ox failed to produce the elfer.t, or failed of the effect. 11. To be deficient in duty; to omit or neglect. The debtor faded to fulfill his promise. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MeTE, PaBY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, M OVE, WOLF, BQQK. - 43:2 ~ ~^ ^ — FAI 32. To miss ; to niiscnrry ; to be frustrated or dis- appointud. I'he ent-iny attacked the furt, but faded iu his design, or faiUd of success. 13. To l^ neglected ; to f;iil short ; not to be exe- CDted. The promises of a man of probity seldom I fail. The soul or tlie spirit fails^ when a person' is discouraged. The eyes /«j7, when the desires and expectations arc lung delayed, and the person is dis- appointed. 14. To become insolvent op bankrupt. When mer- %hant3 and traders fail^ they are said to become bank- rupL When other nien/ut^, they are said to become in^vent FAIL, ti. L To desert ; to disappoint ; to cease or to n:fglect or omit to afibrd aid, supply, or strength. It is said, fortune never /ai/* the brave. Our friends sometimes fail us, when we most need them. The aged attempt to walk, when their Wnihs fail them. In bold enterprises, courage should never fail the hero. 2. To omit ; not to perform. The invviiUve God, who Dcver/ai:« his part. Drydtn, 3. To be wanting to. Thfre ihall uerer /ail tiiee a. man on llie throne. — 1 Kingi &. [In the transitive use of this verb, there is really an ellipsis of from or to, or otiitr word. In strictness, the verb is not transitive^ and the passive participle is, I believe, never used.j FAIL, n. Omission ; non-performance. Ue win wiiJ]out/ati driT« out from before you the Caiuuuutei. — Jo*ti. iti. 3. Miscarriage; failure; deficience; want; death. {In this sense Utile usedA FAlL'.\.N'CE,7i, Fault; failure. [OK] FaIL'£D, preU and pp. of P'ail. Become deficient; ceased. FaIL'ING, jrpr. or a. Becoming deficient or insuffi- cient; becoming weaker; decaying; declining; omitting; not executing or [lerforniing ; miscarrying; neglecting ; wanting ; becoming bankrupt or insul- venl. FAIL'ING, b. The act of failing ; deficiency ; imper- fection ; la[)se ; fault. Failiiig.i^ in a viorai sense, are minor fault.-«, proceeding rather from weakness of in- tellect, or from carelessness, than from bad motives. But the word is oHen abusively applied to vices of the grosser kind. 2. The act of failing or becoming insolvent. FAlL'INft-LY, adv. By failing. FaIL'URE, (fad'yur,) ;u A failing ; deficience ; ces- sation of supply, or total defect; as, Ihe fadure of springs or streams ; failure of rain ; failure of crops. !2. Omission ; non-performance ; as, the failure of a promise ; a man's fadure in the execution of a trust. 3. Decay, or defect from decay ; as, the faUure of memory or of sight. 4. A breaking, or becoming insolvent. At the close of a war, the prices of commodities fall, and inuu- mt'rable ftidurts succeed. 5. A failing ; a slight fault. [Little used.'^ FaLV, a- [Sax. fig'tn^ fiegan, glad ; fagntan^ Goth. fairinoHf to rejoice; &w. fdgen. Class Bg, No. 3, 43, 77. 1 Gtad; pleased; rejoiced. But the appropriate lenae of the word is glad, or pleased to do something under some kind of necessity ; that is, glad to evade evil or secure good. I'hus, says I^icke, ** The learned Ca»- taliu was fain to make trenches at Basil, to ke«p him- self from starving.** This appropriation of the word, which is modern, led Hr. Johnson into a mistake in defining the word. The proper signification is glad, joyful. FAIN, adv. Gladly ; with Joy or pleasure. Uk woulHybin fW out of hi* hiin'*i I*- ffnum ; and to vaiuj L. vojuu, whence to rani**, Ar. .->J A"'! lo vanisb, to fkil, Eng. to irane, Sax./OTiiir, musty. Class Bn, No. 25.] 1. Weak ; languid ; inclined to swoon ; as, to be r'^iiil- n 'I fnint by excessive evacuations. '. W :ik; feeble; languid; exhausted ; as, /oinf V. .:ii 111, ::■)•■, hunger, or ihirsL J. Weak, as color ; not bright or vivid ; not strong ; as, a faitU color ; a fainl red or blue ; a faial light. 4. Feehle ; weak, aa sound ; not loud ; as, a faint MHind ; a faint voice. 5. Imp«Tlcct ; feeble; not striking; as, a /mn£ re- •emblance or imasc. 6. Cowardly ; timorous. A faint heart never wins a fair lady. FAX 7. Feeble ; nut vigorous ; not active ; as, a faint resistance; a /aarate, this word may belong to the root of Sw. fdja^ Dan. fejer, D. veegen, G. fegen^ to sweep, scour, furbish.] 1. Clear ; free from sjMjts ; free from a dark hue ; white; OS, a ^ir skin ; a /air complexion. Hence, 2. Beautiful ;. handsome ; properlyy having a hand- some face. Thou Mt a/Ur womui to look upon. — Gen. zlL Hence, _ 3. Pleasing to the eye; handsome of beautiful in general. Ttiua wu he fair In hit ^reKiticu, lii the lenfrth of bis hraocbet. — Riek. xxxi, 4. Clear ; pure ; free ft-om feculence or extraneous matter ; as, fair water. 5. Clear; not cloudy or overcast ; as, jWr weather; a fair sky. ti. Favorable ; prost>rrons ; blowing in a direction toward the place of dcHtination ; as, a fair wind at sea. 7. Open ; direct, as a way or passage. You are in a /dir way to promotion. Hence, likdy to succeed. He stands as fair to succeed as any man. 8. Ojien to attack or atcess ; unobstructed ; as, a fair mark ; a fair butt ; fair in sight ; in fair sight ; a fair view. 9. Open ; frank; honesty hence, ecpial ; just; equitable. My friend is a fur man : his offer is /uir; his propositions are fair ond honorable. FAl 10. Not eficcted by insidious or unlawful methods ; not foul. Hr died k fair and natural death. Temyla 11. Frank ; candid ; not sophistical or insidious as, a fair disputauL 12. Honest ; honorable ; mild ; opposed to insidi- ous and compulsory ; as, to accomplish a thing by fair means. 13. Fraikk ; civil ; pleasing; not harsh. When fair wortis and good couniel will not preY.-xil on ui, we muki be I'righted imo our duty. L'Etirange. 14. Equitable ; just ; merited. Ui« doom i« fhir, That diist 1 am, ami shall to diist return. MUton. 15. Liberal; not narrow; as, a/aiV livelihood. Carew, 16. Plain; legible; as, the letter is written in a ^iV hand, 17. Free from stain or blemish ; unspotted ; un- tarnished ; as, a fair character or fame. 18. In meraintilc use, middling ; medium ;- as, a fair demand ; of a fair quality. Fair, adv. Openly; frankly; civilly; complaisantly. One of tin: conip;tny spoke him/air, L'Etlrange. 2. Candidly; honestly; equitably. He promised 3. Happily ; successfully. , [/a**" Now /air befall thee. Skak. 4. On good terms ; as, to keep fair with the world ; to stand /uir with one's companions. To bid fair, is to be likely, or to have a fair proa- Fair and sijiiare ; just dealing; honesty. [peel. FAIR, n. Eiliptically, a fair woman; a handsome fe- 7'he fair ; the female sex. [male. 2. Faiinens y applied t4> tilings or persons. [J^otrnvse.'] FAIR, n. [Fr. foire ; W. fair; Arm. foar,foer, feur, or for ; L. fifruin, or feritf. The It. fera, and Sp. feria, a fair, are tlie L./(ti>, a holiday, a day exempt from labor; G.feier, whence /(^lera, to rest from la- bor. U fair is from furum, it may coincide in ori- gin with Gr. TiopEvoi, ifiTr-jpcvo^tat, to trade, whence c^TTiipiov, emporium, the primary sense of which is to pass. In Norman French we find fair and feire. \t fair is from fcritp, it is so called from being held in places where the wakes or frasts at the dedication of churches were held, or from the feasts them- selves. It is a fact that Sundays were formerly mar- ket days.] A stated market in a particular town or city ; a stated meeting of buyers and sellers for trade. A fair is annual or more frequent. 'Ihe privilege of holding fairs is granted by the king or suprenie power. Among the most celebrated fairs in Eurttpe are those of Franc-fort and Leipsic in Germany ; of Novi in the Milanese ; of Riga and Archangel in Russia; of Lyons and St. Germain in Fnmce. In Great Britain many towns enjoy this privilege. Kncyc. In the United States, there are no fairs similar to those in England ; at Ica»t I know of none. The ladies sometimes hold fairs for the sale of their work for charitable purposi;s. These are called, in Eng- land, Fancy-Faihs. FAIR'-HAIR-f.-D, a. Having fair hair. FAIR'-HAND, a. Having a fair ap[>earance. Shah. FA1R'H9Q», n. Fairness ; beauty. Fox. FAlR'I^G, ?i. A present given at"a fair. Gay. FAIR'LY, adv. lleautifully ; handsomely. ILittle used.Y 9. C<»mmodiousIy ; conveniently; as,atown/fliWy situated for foreign trade. 3. Frankly; liouer^tly ; justly; equitably; without disguise, fraud, or prttvaricaiitui. The question was fairly stated and argued. Let us deal fairly with all men. 4. OjH-nly ; ingenuously ; plainly. Let us deal fairly with ourselves, or our own hearts, b. Candidly. I Interpret /oir/y your d<*»ign. Dnjden. 6. Without perversion or violence ; as, an infer- ence may be fairly deduced from the premises. 7. Without blots ; in plain' letters ; plainly ; legi- bly ; as, an instrument or record fatrly written. 8. Completely ; without deticicnce. His antag- onist fought till he was fairly defeated. 9. Softly; gently. MUton. FAIR'NESS, n. Clearness; freedom from spots or blemishes ; whiteness ; as, the fairness of skin or complexion. 2. Clearness ; purity ; ns, the fairness of water. 3. Freedom from stain or blemish ; as,the/atm«w of character or reputation. 4. Reauiy ; elegance ; as, the fairness of form. 5. Frankness ; candor ; hence, honesty ; ingenu- ousness ; as, fairness in trade. 6. Openness; candor; freedom from disguise, in- sidiousnesH, or prevarication ; as, the fairness of an argument. 7. Equality of terms ; equity; as, the faimei,s of a contract. 8. Distinctness; freedom from blots or obscurity ; as, the fairness of hand-writing ; the fairness of a copy. TONE, BULL, liNITE — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS C as K ; 6 as J ; 8 as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as to THIS. k 5J> 433 FAl FAIR -SEEM'ING, «. App^Bring fair. llfmans. FJIR'-SPOK'XN, (-spSk'n,) a. Using fair speech; bland j civil ; courteous ; plausible. Aria», K>Ur-«/>ofe«n nun. Hocktr. FAIR'Y, «. [& /*• ; Ft. /e«, whence ^er, to eochant, fUrit^ a /«r» land; It. ^ifc The oricin of this word it noC obvious, and the radical letters are un- certain. The conjectures of Basier, Jiimieaon, and others, throw no saii^faciorv light on the subject.] X. A /ay; an imaginary being or spirit, suppoMd to asmune a human funu, d«nc4! in meadows, steal infants, and play a variety of pranks. [See Ei* and Dkhok.} ^-w^ Pm- SL An enchantress. »«*- FAiry rf Us wamti an imaginary being iQHMMed to InhAbit mines, wandering about in the drifts and chambers, always employed in cutting ore, turning Ibe windlass, ftx., yet eActing nothing. The Oer- maaa believe In two species j one fierce and malevo- lent, t|M other fentle. [See Cobalt.I Emtm, FAIR'V,'*. Belonging to Ikiries ; as, /ivy ^9Xk^ Skak. 3. Given by fairies \ as, /ury money or favors. IhydxK, Lock*. Airy rimg or ctrcb ; a phenomenon observed in Adds, vulgarly svpposfd to be caused by fairies in their dances. This circle is of twu kinds ; one abcmt seven yards in diameter, containing a round, bare path, a foot broad, with green grass in the middle ; Ihe other of different size, encompas^d with gnus greener than that in the ntiddle. Kncwc FJuR'V-LAND, a. The imaginary land or abode of bines. FilR'V-LIKE, 0. Imitating the manner of fhiries. SSak. FJIR'Y-STOXE, M. A slonc found in gravel pits. The fossil ecbtntte, abundant in chalk pits, Cfc FilTH, n. [W. fvii Arm. friz: L. Juits; It. fitU; Port, and Sp./c; Fr. Ai; Gr.»*r*«f L.>&,to trust; Gr. T£i6(^, to iier?uade,to draw toward any thing, to conciliate ; suVoftai. to believe, to obey. In the Greek Leiicim o? Ilederic, it U said, the primitive signification of Die verb is to bind and draw or toad, asx£i^a signifies a rope or cable, as does rctff^o. But this remark is a little incurrecL The sense of Ihe verb, from which tliat of rope and binding is de- rived, Is to strain, to draw, and thus to bind or make fast. A rope (tr cable is that ti hich makes fast. Uu. Ueb. Ch. SjT. Sam. nC3. Class Bd, No. 16.] 1. Belief; the assent of the mind to the truth of what is dechired by another, resting on his authority and veracity, without other e\ iiiencc ; the judgment that what anullier states or testifies is the truth. I have strong faiik, or no /litA, in the testimony of a witness, or in what a historian nanatea. 3. The assent of the mind to the truth of a propo- sition advanced by another; belief, on probable evi- dence of any kind. 3. In tkeeto^^ the assent of the nitnd or under- standing U) tlie truth of what God has revealed. Sim- ; pie bdief sf the Scriptures, of the being and perfec> tions of God, and of the existence, cttaracter, and doctrines of Christ, founded on Die testimony of the sacred writers, is called hiH^cal or spfculattre faitk ,• a faith little distinsuished from the belief of the ex- istence and achievements of Alexandi'r or of C-esar. 4. F-ran^elical, justifyiuff, or /facing faiih^ is the as- sent of the mind lu llie tnith of divine revelation, on the authority of God's testimony, accompanied with a cordial assent of the will or approbation of the heart; an entire confidence or trust in Gttd's character and declarations, and in the character and doctrines of Christ, with an unreserved sur- render of the will to his guidance, and dependence on his merits for salvation. In otlter wurds, Uiat firm beUef of God's testimony and of the truth of the gospel, which influences the will, and leads to an entire reliance on Christ for salvation. Briar iMMiAad hjfidA.^Kam. t. WISnk JW* it » knpoBiMe to ptuK Cod. — H'Ht. xL Par«cWftIkbr./Wh, uidDattv^MFtit.— SCor. r. Wlih tke haan mui brSrvrUt to rigftuowaeas. — Rom. x. Tte /riA of Ae goipH ■ Unt cnocwa of the nund, which b oJbd tiwt or omMmep, fx xtdmA Urmvri the tnonl chkr- acitT «f Oodr aad (mitKateriy of tbe Savior. DmgkL fttilli M sa i ffrr^'T**TT * nrr tfl ifl fotilM ft K* in tfae lestiiiionj at Ood. J- HatMi. PiMt h a Snn, corral belief In tbe Tnadt^ of God, iii ivll the dedaiadaaa of hia wtird: or a Tall and nffecbofnu cooA- dea«e id tbe eet%aiMj at tbow lUnn wtucb God bna d«- efaured, and becaiae be to* decland Ubtrsi. L. Wood: 5. Tbe object of belief; a doctrine or system of dodrines believed ; a system of revealed truths re- ceived by ChristianB. Tbc7 heard ool^, dM be who pe»r«uted <■ in timet put, oov preacbetb tbe jWlh wbicb once be dcatmjcd. — Lnl. i. 6. The prcnnises of God, or his truth and faitfaful- Sball ibeir UDbeOef make the JbiA of God witbout effect .' — BoouBL 7. An (^n profession of gospel truth. Yonufiitii k spoken of throughout the whole world. — Rom. i. 8. A persuasion or belief of the lawfulness of things Indifferent Haat tfaoQ yiriA 7 Have it to thy»-lf brfcrr God. — Rom. xir. FAK 9. Faithfulness ; fidelity ; a strict adherence to du- t)' and fulfillment of promises. H«r fuUng, whflo bcr/oiiA to me nnalna, I would oouoeal. Milton. ChiMreaio whom b no^A. — Deut. xxxil, v 10. Word or honor pledged ; prt>mifie given ; fidel- ity. He violated his plighted faith. For yiiti (done 1 broke tar faith witu iii)un>l P^Iiunoii. fhyden. 11. Sincerity ; honesty ; \'eracity ; faithfulness. We ought. In good /uitA, to fulfill all our engage- ments. H. Credibility or truth. [VnusuaL] The.Anxk of the foie^ing namtire. Mt^ford. FAITH, rzclam. A colloquial expression, meaning on my faith ; in truth ; verily. FAlTil'-BRfiACH, a. Breach of fidelity ; disloyalty ; perfidy. Shak. FAITH^i.T>, (fatht,) a. Honest; sincere. [J^ot used.] Shak. FAITH'FJJL, a. Firm in adherence to the truth and to the duties of religion. Be thou fait)^ul to death, and I wiU gire thee a crown of life. — Rer. b. 2. Firmly adhering to duty ; of true fidelity ; loy- al ; true to allegiance ; as, a faithful subject. 3. Constant m the ;»erfonnanre of duties or ser- vices ; exact in attending to commands; a^^ & faith- ftd ser^'ant. 4. Obser^'anl of compact, treaties, contracts, vows, or other engapemcnt'* ; true to one's word. A gov- ernment should \i*i faithful to its treaties ; individuals, to their word. 5. True ; exact ; in conformity to the letter and spirit ; as, a faithful eicculion of a will. 6. True to the marriage covenant ; a.s, a faithful wife or husband. 7. Conformable to truth ; as, afaitJ^ful narrative or -epreaentation. 8. Coi LL: Constant } not fickle ; as, a ftut^ul lover or fHend. 9. True ; worthy of belief. 2 Tim. ii. rJirrn'F|jL-LY, ode. in a faithful manner; with good faith. 2. With strict adherence to allegiance and duty ; applifA to subjects. U. Wuh strict observance of prouiises, vows, cov- enants, or duties; without fiiiltire of performance; honestly ; exactly. The treaty or contract wzsfuitU- fuUy executed. 4. Sincerely ; with strong assurances, lie faitJif ally promised. 6. Honestly: tnily ; without defect, fraud, trick, or ambigait>'. The battle was faithfully described or represented. They auppoae the imlure of ihinp to be faUh/uUy iJfnifird by their ruin-.^. South. 6. Confidently ; steadilv. Shak. FAmrF!;L-NESS,n. Fidelity; loyalty; firm adhe- rence to allegiance and dutj' ; as, \lie faithfulness of a subject. 2. Tnith ; veracity ; as, tbe faithfulness of God. 3. Strict adherence to injunctions, and to the du- ties of a station ; as, the faithfulness of servmits or ministers. 4. Strict performance of promises, vows, or cove- nants ; constancy in alfection ; as, the faithfulness of a husband or wife. FAITII'IXSS, a. Without belief in the revealed truths of religion ; unbelieving. fruthltu* ^neralJon. — Matt. X»il. Q. Not believing ; not giving credit to. 3. Nut adhering to allegiance or duty ; disloyal ; perfidious ; treacherous ; as, a faithless subject, 4. Not true to a master or employer ; neglectful i as, a faithlfus ser\'ant. 5. Not tnie to the marriage covenant ; false ; as, a faitJdcss husband or wife. fi. Not observant of promises 7. Deceptive. Yonder /aithleit pUantom. Ooldtmith. FAITH'LESSPIjY, adc. In a faithless manner. FAITH'LESS-NESS, n Unbelief as to revealed re- ligion 2. Perfidy ; treachery ; disloyalty, as in subjects. 3. Violation of promises or covenants ; inconstan- cy, as of husband or wife. FAi'TOUR, (fa'toor,) n. [Norm., from L. /octor.l An evil-doer; a scoundrel ; a mean fellow. [06s.] Spender. FAKE, «. [Scot, faiky to fold, a fold, a layer or stra- tum ; perhaps Sw. riAa, vickla^ to fold or involve. The sense of fold may be to lay, to fall, or to set or throw together, and this word may belong to Sai. faean^fe^an^ to unite, to suit, to fadge, that is, to set or lay tocether.] One of the circles or windines of a cable or haw- ser, as it lies in a coil ; a single turn or coil.* Mar. Diet. FA'KIR, (fa'ker,) } n, [This word signifies, in FA-CiUlR', (fi-keer',) ( Arabic, a poor man ; in Ethiopic, an interpreter.] FAL A Mohammedan monk or hermit in Indin : tlm same as drrrisr- in Turkey and Persia. The fakirs subject themselves to severe austerities and mortifi- cations. Some of them condemn them-selves to a sfamding posture all their lives, supported only by a stick or rope under their armpits. Some mangle their bodies with scourccs or knives. Othera wander about in companies, telling fortunes; and these are said to be arrant villains. Encyc FAL-CADE', H. fU/a/r, a sickle or scythe.] A horse is said to make a faleade^ when he throws himself on his haunches two or three times, as in very quick curvets; that is, afalcade is a bending ver\' low. JfarrLi. FAE'CaTE, ) a. [h. faleatus, from falz. a sickle, FAL'CA-TED, S scythe, or rcaping-houk.j Hooked; bent tike a sickle or scythe; an epithet applied to the new moon. Bailey. FAL-CA'TION, n. Crookedness; a bending in the form of a sickle. Brown. FAL'CHION, (fawl'chun,) n. [Fr. /aucAon, from L. ^olr, a reapiuK-hiHjk.] A short, crooked sword ; a cimiter. Dryden. F.\L'CI-FORJM, a. [L. falx^ a reaping-hook, and form.] In the shape of a sickle ; resembling a reaping- hook. FAL'CO.V, (fawk'n or fal'kon,) n. [Fr. faucon; It faleone ; L. Jaieo^ a hawk ; W. g^eal^^ a cre.sled one, a lieron, a hawk, that wliich rises or lowers. The falcon is probably so named from its curving beak or talons.] 1. A hawk ; but appropriately ^ a hawk trained to sport, as in falconry, which see. It is said that this name is, by siKirtsiuen, given to the female alone; for the male is smaller, weaker, and less courageous, and is therefore called tercel, or tersel. Encyc. This term, in ornithology^ is applied to a division of the genus Fnlco, with a short, hooked beak, and very long win'ing shot of two pounds and a li;ilf. Harris. FAL'CON-GEN'TIL, n. A falcon when full feath- ered and completely bred. Booth. FAI/eON-ER, (fawk'n-er or f:U'kon-er,) n. [Fr. fau- Cijnnirr.] A person who breeds and trains hawks for taking wild fowls ; one who follows tbe sport of fowling with hawks. Johnson. FAL'€0-\ET, n. [Fr. faleonette.] A small cannon or piece of ordnance, whose diam- eter nt the !)ore is fiiur inches and a cpmrter, and carrying shot of one pound and a quarter. Harris. FAL'eON-RY, (fawk'n-ry or fal'kon-ry,) n. [Fr. fauconnerie, from L./(i/co, a hawk.] 1. Tbe art of training hawks to the exercise of hawking. 2. The practice of taking wild fowls by means of hawks. FALD'AGE, (fnwld'aj,) n. [W. fold, a fold; Goth. faldan ; Sax. fealdan, to fold ; Law L. fut/Ia/rium.] In England^ a privilege which anciently several lords reserved to themselves of setting up folds for sheep, in any fields within their manors, the better to manure them. Harris. FALD'FEE, n. A fee or composition paid anciently by tenants for the privilege of faldage. Diet. FALD'ING, n. A kind of coarse cloth. [Oft.?.] Chaucer. FALn'IS-DO-RV, n. [Sax. fald and sttnr. .^sh.] The throne or seat of a bishop. [JVot in use.] FALD'STOOL, n. [/aW, or fold, and stool.] A fold- ing-stool, or portable seat, made to fold up in the manner of a camp-stool. Formerly, a faldstool was placed in the choir fur a bishop, when he officiated in any but his own cathedral church. Oloss. of .Architect. FA-LER'NI-A.\, a. Pertaining to Falernus, in Italy. As a noun, the wine made in that territory. FALL,c. i. ,■ preU Fell ; pp. FiLi-E.f. [Sax./caWan ; G. fallen ; D. valttn ; Sw falla ; Dan. falder ; allied prob- ably to L. /u//o, to fail, to deceive, Gr. ai^nXXu); Sp. hallary to find, to fall on ; Fr. affalcr, to lower. See Class Bl, No. 18, 28, 43, 49, 53. Fall coincides ex- actly with the Shemitic 7D3, Ileb. Ch. Syr. and Sam. to fall. Fail agrees hetter with the Meb. S^j, and S^n ; but these words may have had one primitive niot, the sense of which was to move, to recede, to pas.><. As these words are unquestionably the same in the Shemitic and Japhetic languages, they afi'ord decisive evidence that the 3, or first letter of the Shemitic words, is a prefix. The Chaldee sense of ^33 is to defile, to make foul. (See Foul.) The same verb in Ar. VaJ vabala, signifies to shoot, to drive, or throw an arrow, Gr. /?aXX(,i.] 1. To drop from a higher place ; to descend by the power of gravity nlone. Rain falls from the clouds ; a man falls from his horse; ripe fniita fall from trees ; an ox falls into a pit. I beheld Satan a> lighlnin j faH from beaven. — Luke x. FATE, FAR, FALL. WH^T. — MftTE, PRfiY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BQQK. - 4'M FAL 2. To drop from an erect posture. I /til at hia feet to worahip him. — Ket. xix. 3. To disembogue ; to pass at the outlet ; to flow out of its channel into a pund, lake, or sea, as a river. The Rhone falis into the Mediterranean Sea. The Danube falU into the Euxine. The Mississippi falls into the Gulf of jMexico. 4. To depart from the faith, or from rectitude ; to apostatize. Adam j^Z/ by eating the forbidden fruit. Labor to mm into that mt, lest any mau fall after xia tame exunpJc of unbelief. — lielj. ir. 5. To die, particularly by violence. Ye >ha]l chaae your enenii^, tmd they thail fail before you t^ tlie iwonJ. — \yv. xxtL A tbou»iiii ihaJl /ail ai thy lidc. — P<, xci. 6. To come to an end suddenly j to vanish ; to perish. The grcatiicsa of theae lii*h lord» suddenly fell and TaniahH , Dndta, 7. To be degraded ; to sink into disrepute or dis- fmice ; to be plungetl into misery ; as, to/aW from an elevated station, or from a prosperous state. 6. To decline in power, wealth, or glory ; to sink into weakness; to be given up, overthrown, or mined. Tiiis is the renowned Tyre ; but oh, how faUai! Heareo and mrth aill wimew, If R'jme miut/o^, that we are iimMX'iil. Addison, 9. To pass into a worse state than the former ; to come ; as, to fall into ditficukics ; to fall under cen- sure or imputation ; to fall into ern>r or absurdity ; to /o/i into a snare. In tiiese and similar phrases, the sense of suddenness, accident, or ignorance is often implied, but not always. 10. To sink ; to be lowered. The mercury in a thermometer rises and far, superficial, and solid. Cyc. FAL-LA'CIOU.S, a. [Fr. fallucicuz; h. fallaj, from fallo, to deceive. See Fail.] 1. Deceptive ; deceiving ; deceitful ; wearing a false appearance; misleading ; producing error or mistake ; sophistical ; applied to things only ; as, a fallacious orgumenl or proposition ; a fallacious ap- pearance. 2. Deceitful; false; not well founded; producing disappointment ; mocking expectation ; as, a falla- cious hops. FAL-LA'CIOTJS-LY, adv. In a fallacious manner; deceitfully; sophistically ; with purpose or In a man- ner to deceive. We huve seen bow /nlUiaously the author has staled the cntiae. Afldison, FAL-LA'CIOUS-NEPS, n. Tendency to deceive or mislead ; inconclusiveness ; as, the faUaciommcss oi an orgumenl, or of appearances. FAL'LA-CY, n. [l..faltacia.] 1. Deceptive or false appearance ; deceitfniness ; that which misleads the eye or the mind. Detect the fallacy of the argument. 3. Deception ; mistake. This api>carance may be all a fallacy. I'll entertain the feTored/o/Zory. Shak. 3. In logie, an argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matlLT iit issue, while in reality it is not Brande. FAL'LAX, n. [L.] Cavillation. J9bp. Cranmer. FALL' EN, (fawl'u,) yp. or a. Dropped ; descended ; degraded; decreased; mined. TtNE, nUIX, IGNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € Q« K ; as J ; « as Z j CH as SH ; TH as in THIS. FAL FAU'UEX-CY, n. MistiKe. [06*.] FALLXR, «. One Uiat fnlU FXL-U-HIL'I-TY, n. "• - ' •'^. SeepALLinLE.] 1. Linbloneas U> di ility of bt-ing I'lil- lible ; micfrt;iinty ; ;i mg erroneous, or of leading U> niii^take , ..-, i..c >i«i«^*/ily of an argu- , ment, ul* reasoning, or of testimony. 2. Li-ihicnt- « to err^ or to be deceived in one*8 own Judfcrtient ^ as, the/aliibUUff of men. FALLIBLE, a. [It. faUibOe ; Sp. falibU; from L. jUio, to docrive.t 1. Liable Ui fail or mistake ; that may err or be de- •eived in judgmenL All men ore faUihU, 9. Liable to error; that may deceive. Our Judg- mentSt our faculties, oui opinions, are falUbU; our b«>pe« ve/aUMe, FAL'L[-BLY, ode. In a foUibla manner. FALLING, ppr. or «. I>escendinf[ ; droppinft ; dis- enibfiguing ; apostatizing j declining ; decreasing ; sinking : ctMuing. Fi^LL'tNG, i a. An indenting or bollow } op- F^LL'ING IN, ) posed lo rijMjf or promimtrnM, Faiti*fmMun apoatasy. [jtddison. FaJli»g ffff departure from the line or course ; decleniuon. F^LL'LSG-SICK'XESS, n, Tbe epflepoy ; a disease n wbtcli tlie patienK suddenly loMS bis senses and foliar FA LL'TNG-STAB, k. The nme u Shooti so-Stak, which sec. FALL'ING-8T5XE, n. A rtone falling from the al- niou>bere ; a meteorite ; an atimlite. Cyc FAL-LO'PI-AN,a. [from Falli>piuj,] A term np[>lied to two duels, arising from the womb, usually called tvbts. PAL'LOW, a. [S:tx,falnrf,faIu,oTffaIo:T).viuil; G. fmlh,/klUi Fr./B«re, (or f alee : L. futrus; qu. A«/rit«, IbryWvss. This word may be from the root vi-faiL Atie; BO called l>om tbe fatling citlor of autumnal Mnves, or from failure, withering. Hence, also, the venae of unoccupied, applied to land, which in 9pan- 1. Pale red, or pale yellow ; as, KjkBvtt deer. % Uasowed ; not tilled \ left to rest after a year or nore of UUa^ ; as,/>iUuie ground ; ^JUUno field. Bn»k up your ,/Wiim frmmd. — Jer. tv. 3l Left unsowed after plowing. The word la ap- ptied to the land after piowiag. 4. Ifnplowed; uncultivalcHl. 7bofc«. Skalu &, UMocevpied ; neglected. [JVoC ta mjt ] La Uk cau« lk>iio««. HmOnu. FAL'LGW, a. Land that has lain a year or more un- tilled or unseeded. It is alio called /oUoit, when plowed without being sowed. Tte riMrtec flf>UoM b a bemtii to lud. Morttmtr. & Tbo plowing or tilling of land, witboat sowing H, for ■ s eason. Summer /o/itfie, properly conducted, iMfl ever been found a sure method of destroying fMOam^HaA b nadned ttadac utd Thr^UlM* ci*e* k ft teuer likfa lfc*a eia be gtrea A /rten fitlUw, in fk^^sad. Is tbat where land is rradered mellow and clean from weeds, by means of some irrpen crop, as turnips, potatoes, Jfcc piic FAL'LOW, r. L To fade ; to become yellow. [Oft*.] FAL'LCVV, r. L To plow, harrow, and break land without seeding it, for the purpose of destroying wreds and inst-cts, and rendering it nit--Httw. It is found for the intere^ of the farmer to faiioie cold, stron*, riavey land. FAL'IX^W-CROP, a. Tbe crop taken from fallowed gn>u n d. Sinciair. FAL LOU'-DEER,ii. [Sai./ion, witliout being sown. YAL'LCVV-FINCH, a. A small bird, tbe (Buanthe or wheat-ear. FAL'LOW-IXG, ppr. Plowing and harrowing land without sowing iL PAL'LOW-IXG, a- Tbe operation of plowing and h^.rrowing land without sowing it. Fallowing ia found to contribute to the destruction of snailis and other vermin. &nciair. F.AL'LOW-IST, a. One who favors tbe practice of faJluwing land. Oa ihls sutij'^ a oamXxowraj hu anaen bgtycgo two wreta, the JmiioiMMtM aaAi^ »n!a-Jhliom»U. [XlnuMuaL] Sinciiar. FAL'LOW-NBSS, a. A fallow state ; barrenness ; eTemp'ion from bearing fruit. Donne. FAL3'.^RY,ji. [SeeFiUE.] A falsifier of evidence. f.Vaf in lurc] Sheldon. FAL^E, a. [L. falsus^ ixovafaUo, to deceive ; ?p.falso ; It- id. ; Fr. /okx, fausse i Sax. ftUse ; D. valscA ; G. faltck ; Sw. and Dan. falak ,- W. fals ; Ir. falsa. See Fau, and Faiu] I. Xot true ; not conformable to fact ; exprecsing what is contrary to that which exists, is done, said, or tbuught. A false report communicates what is FAL not liijixo or »aid ; a foist accuitation imputes to a per!«on what ho has not done or said ; a faUe wit- j\es» teHtities what is not true ; a false opinion is not according lo truth or faru The word is applicable to any subject, physical or moral. 2. Xot well founded ; as, a false claim. 3. Not mie ; nut according to tlie lawful standard j as, tifalse weight or mea^^uro. 4. Sub^ituted for another ; succedaneous ; suppos- ititious ; ns, tL false bottom. 5. Counterfeit ; forged i not genuine ; as, false coin : a false bill or note. 6. Aot solid or sound ; deceiving expectations ; as, ^ftdst foundation. • FStiai Knd alippciy frountt. i>yderson in custody. FALi^E, orfc. Not truly; not honestly ; falsely. Shak. FALSE, V. L To violate by failure of veracity ; to cteceive. [ 0A«.] Spenser. a To defeat ; to balk ; to evade. [ Obs.] Spenser. FALSE'-FAC-£D, (-fiLste,) a. Hypocritical. FALSE'-IIEXRT. ia. Hollow; treacherous; de- FJvLSE'-HEART'ED, t ceitful; perfidious. Bacon. [ Tkeformrr is not iLsed,'\ FALSE'-HEAUT'EI>-NESS,a. Perfldiousne>«;treach- er\'. Stilliitg/Leet, FaLSZ'WQQD, a. [Jblse and hood.] 1. ContrarieW or inconformity to fact or truth ; flSj the falsehood of a rejMrt. 3. Want of truth or veracity; a lie; an untrue assertion. 3. Wiifit of honesty; treachery; deceltfulness ; perfidy. Mtlton. But falsehood is pn^perly applied to things only. [See Falsktvkss.] 4. Counterfeit; false appearance ; imposture. MilUm. FALSE'-KEEL, a. The timlier used below the innin keel, to serve both as a defense and an aid in holding a better wind. BramU. FAI^SE'LY, arfr. In a mnnner contmry to iriiih and fact ; not truly ; as, to speak or svmsn'faUtiy ; to tes- tify falseh. 2. Treacherously ; perfidiously. SvcftrioniF — ihu llKfu will not deal /iiJMiy with me. — Gen. xxL 3. Erroneously ; bv mistake. SmaUrid, Class Bg. tSce Ko, 48, b"2, and Facui«d.] 1. Public report or rumor The fatnt thereof waa henni in Pharnoli'a bouae, saying, Jo- •rph'i brethfco are cwme. — Gen. xW. 2. Favorable report ; report of good or great ac- tions; reiKirt that exalts the character ; celebrity; re- nown ; as, llie fame of Howard or of Washington j the fame of Solomon. And tlie /tunc of Jesua wcut throughout all Syria. — Matt. it. FAME, r. (. To make famous. B. Jon.ton. 2. To report. Buck. FAM'KD, a. Much talked of; renowned ; celebrated, distingiiislied and exalted by favorable reports. Aris- tides was famed for learnint* and wisdom, and Cicero for eloquence. lie it famed for mUdnea, pence, nn<1 prayer. Shak. FAME'-GIV-ING, a. Bestowing fame. PAME'LESS, a. Without renown. Be^um. FaME'LESS-LY, adv. In a fametess manner. FA-MIL'IAR, (fa-mil'yar,) a. [L. familiaris; Fr. fa- milier ; Sp. familiar; from Ij. familia^ family, which see.] 1. Pertaining to a family ; domestic. Pope. 2. Accustomed by frequent converse ; well ac- quainted with ; intimate ; close ; as, a familiar friend or companion. 3. Afiable ; not formal or distant ; easy in conver- sation. Be Oiou /a j?u/£ar, but by no means vulgar. Stink. 4. Well acquainted with ; knowing by frequent use. Be familiar with the Scriptures. 5. Well known ; learnt or well understood by fre- quent use. Let the Scriptures he familiar to us. 6. Unceremonious ; free ; unconstrained ; exr my h.\l(Jn|^. — Jcr. xx, 9. A demon or evil spirit supposed to attend at a call. But in general we say, a familiar spirit. Shak. 3. In tJie Court of Inquisition, a person who assists in apprehending and imprisoning the accused. Kncyc. FATE, FAR, FALL, WO^T.— MkTE, PREV.— PINE, MARtNE. BIRD.— NOTE. DOVE. MOVE, WQLF, BQQK.— - _ FAM FA-.MIIx-IAR'I-TY, ( fa-mil -yar'e-te,) «. Intimate and frequent cunverse, ur association in company. The gentl.'men lived in Temarka.h\e familiarity. Hence, SL Easiness of conversation j afiability ; freedom from ceremony. 3. intimacy; intimate acquaintance ; unconstrained intercourse. FA-MIL'IAR-rZE,». L To make familiar or intimate; to habituate ; to accustom j to make well known by praclire or converse; as^ lo familiarize one's self to scenes of distress. 2. To make easy by practice or customary use, or by intercourse. 3. To bring down from a state of distant superior- ity. T\k ^niui smiled on me wich t. looV of c^mpKssion luid sffabU* ity tlint /amiliarixtd him to mj ima.gina.uon. Addison, FA-MIL'IAR-IZ-£D, pp. Accustomed ; habituated ; made familiar ; made easy by practice, custom, or use. FA-MIL'IAR-TZ-ING, pjrr. Accustoming ; making fa- miliar-, rendering easy by practice, custom, or use. FA->IiL'[AR-LY, adv. In a familiar manner; uncer- emoniously; without constraint ; without formality. 2, Commonly; frequently; with the ease and un- concern that arise from long custom or acquaintance. FA-M'f-Li».M, n. The tenets of the Faniilists. FAM'I-LIST, n. [from family.'] One btlonging to the Family of Love, a short-lived sect in the reign of Uueen Elizabeth, much resembling the Quietists in the Ro- man Catholic church. Murtiock. FAM-1-L.IST'ie, a. Pertaining to familista. Baxter. FA-JUfLLE', (fi-nieel',) n. [Fr. m famille.] In a family state ; domestically, SwiJL [This word t* never used wiUutut en before itA F.AM'I-LV, n. [L. and Sp. /umiZwi; Fr. /omiUe; It, famiglia. This word is said to have originally signi- fied servants, from the Celtic famul ; but qu.] 1. The collective body of i)en*ons who live in one house, and under one head or manager ; a household, including parents, children, and servants, and, as tbe case may be, lodgers or boarders. 2. Those who descend from one common progeni- tor ; a tribe or race ; kindred ; lineage. Thus the Is- raelites were a branch of Ihe family of Abraham ; and the descendants of Reuljen, of Manasseh, &c., were called thf;\Tfnnilie^. The whole human race are the fauiUy of Adam, the human family. 3. Course of descent ; genealogy ; line of ances- tors. Go and complftia th^ /amib/ U young. Pnp«. 4. Honorable descent ; noble or respectable stock. He is a man of family. 5. A coIU-clion or union of nations or states. Tb© *iMr« of Europe were, bj ihe preT&iling mnxima of Its polkj, cloapljr united in one famUtf. £. Bverttl. 6. In popular language^ an order, class, or genus of animals, or of other natural productions, having somt-thing in common, by which they are distin- guished from others ; as, qtiadnipeds constitute a family of animalii ; and we speak of the family or faiailiea of plants. FAM'IXE, n, [Fx. famine, from /aim; 1,. fames; IL fame ; Sp. fame or Aamftre ; Port, j'wm*.] 1. .Scarcity of food ; dearth ; a general want of pro- visions sufficient for the inhabitants of a ct>untr>' or besieged place, ^flmi-te* are less frequent than for- merly. A due attention to agriculture tends to pre- vent famine, and commerce secures a country from its destructive effects. Thrn inu t famine In ih* \nnA. — Gimire, nff'imarr ; Sp. hambrear.] 1. To starve ; to kill or destroy with hunger. Shak. S. To exhaust the strength of, by hunger or thirst ; to distress with hungir. Thr pi»ini of/nmifA«d TanUlui b-li fwl. Drydtn. 3. To kill h^ deprivation or denial of any thing necessary for life. MUUm. FAM'Il^H, V. i. To die of hunger. More generating 2. To suffer extreme hunger or thirst ; to be ex- faaufited in strrnglh, or to come near to perish for want of food or drink. Ywi M.r^ «1I r"*>l»M r»tt»« to dir Uixn tofamUh. SHai. 3. To be distressed with want ; to come near to perish by destitution. TIm Lorl w ill not >i)I[«r the rl|rhtcoiot. FA-NAT'ie-AI^T,Y, adr. With wild enthusiasm. FA-.\AT'ie-AI^NEHS, n. Fanaticism. FA-\AT'I-CISM, n. Excesj-ive enthusiasm; wild and extravagmt notions of religion ; religions frenzy. FA \AT'I-Cr/E, r. L To make fanatic. {Rogers. FA-NAT'I-f'IZ-ATD, pp. Rendered fanatic. FA-NAT'I-CIZ-I.\G, ppr. Rendering fanatic. FAN'CI-W), (fan'sid,) op. or a. [See F*NrT.] Tm- nuin«>d ; conceived ; liked. Stephms, FA.V'CI-ER, n. One who fancies. This word often occurs in composition, as bird-fancier, dog-fancier^ rone-fancirr, fcc, denoting one who has a taste for the things 8|H-cined. and who keeps them for sale. FAN'CI;FUL, fl. [Mee Faitcv.] Guided by the im- agination, mlhi;r than by reitson and exjwrience ; subject to the influence of fancy ; whimsical ; ap- plied to persons. A fanciful man forms visionary projects. 2. Dictitrd by the imagination : full of wild im- ages ; chimericiil \ whimsical ; ideal ; visionary ; applied to things i as, n fanciful scheme; a fanctfal tneory, FAN'CI-FJJL-I.Y, ttrfo. In a fanciful manner ; wild- ly ; whimsically. 2. According to fancy. FAN'CI-FUI^NESS, n. The quality of being fanci- ful, or innuenc«d by the imagination, rather than by reason and ex|icrienco; the habit of following fancy ; applied to pi-rsotts, 3. The quality of being dictated by imagination ; 9ppUe4 to Uungs. FAN'CV, K. [Contracted from fantasy. L. phanta.Ha, Gr. (^•icraTiK, from •pavrai^o), to cause lo a[»pear, to S4;em, to imagine, from ^'iii'iea, and from gtids their/an«#. Pop*. FAN'FARE, n. [Fr.] A flourish of trumpeU, as in coming into the lists, tc FAN'FA-RON, n. [Fr. fanfaron; Sp. fanfarroni Port, fiuifarram.] A bully ; a hector ; a swaggerer ; an empty boast- er ; a vain pretender. Drydrn. FAN-FAR-ON-ADE', n. A swaggering; vain boast- ing ; ostentation ; a bluster. SwifL FANG, v. t. [i^rix. fengan, to catch, seize, or take, to begin; D. vangrn; G. fangcnf Dan. fanger; Sw. fanga. See Fl.tOER.] To catch ; to seize ; to lay hold ; to gripe ; to clutch. [Ohs.] Shak. FANG, n. [Sax. fang ; I>. r^ang ; G. fang, a sei/ing.l 1. The tusk t)f a bojir or other animal by which the prey is seized and held ; a [Minted tooth. Bacon. 2. A claw or talon. 3. Any shoot or other thing by which hold is taken. Th*" protuberant/nng* of the Vuca. Evelyn. FANG'KD, a. Furnished with fangs, tusks, or some- thing long and jKjinted ; as, a fanged adder. Skak. Clinrioii/rtn^*'/ with acythea. Philips. FAN"GLE, (fang'gl,) n. [from .='hx. fengan.,io begin.] A new attempt ; a trifling ucheme. [JVot used.] FAN"GL/rn, a. Properly, hp.^,\\n ; new made; hence, gaudy; showy; vainly decorated. [Seldom used, except with neio.l [See New-Fanoled.] Shak. FANG'Iict. FAN'XEK, «. One who fans. Jeremiak. S. A contrivance for producing a current of air, aa in a window, tc BucktMui^ FAN'NI.NG, pfrr. Blowing ; veniilnlinc FAN'M.\G-.M A-rin.NE', > n. A machine fur eJean- FAN'MXG-MILL, ) ing seeds from chaff*, husks, dirt, &.C. SroHd** FAN-TA'SI-A, (fHn-ia'ie-a,) n. [Tu, fancy.] A fanciful air in music, not rt^tricled to tbe aerem Iaw9 of Composition. FAS'TA-»lEl\a. [(txmfimtKnf.tkncy.) Filled with fanri««orima^mitions; whimsical. [AolaM>6] Skak, F.AN'TASM. «. [Gr. ^avraufiOy from ^invw, to appear. Usu.illy written pH*?tT*5ii.] That which appears to the tmaelnation ; a phan- tom ; ^amelhing not real. PAXTAS'Tie, I a. [Fr. /antastiqiu : It. /anta*- FAN-TAS'Tie-.\L, j tUo; fr«tm Gr. ^uvraaia, vis- ion, fancy, from ^airt.-, to appear.] 1. Fanciful ; produced or extstini! only in imnpina- lion ; imaginary ; not real ; chmierical. Soutk. 2. Having the nature of a phantom; apparent only. SMak. X I'nsteady ; irrepilar. Pritrr. 4. Whimsical ; capricious ; fanciful ; indulging the vasrarifs of imaemalion ; ad, fantastic minds ; a 5. Whimsical ; odd. [faiOaaie mistress. FAN-TAS'Tie, n. A whimsical person. Jachum. FAN-TAS'Tie-AI^LY, oJc. By the power of imagi- nation. 9. In a fantastic manner; capridoQaly; unsteadily. Her •crptrr to /onlM^f fly baa«e. Aot. 3. \A*himsically ; in compliance witli fiincy. Ornt. FAN-TAS'Tie-AU\ESS,H. Compliance with foncy ; humorousness ; whtmsicalnead; nareaaonaht e ness ; caprice. MuMom. FA.N-TAS'Tie-XESS, n. The same as FastaitIc- AL<(E9ft. FANTA-SY, a. Now written Fakct, whkh »e«. Is oat tbb wmeOilnf more Una /Mduy 7 Shak. FJiX-TOC'CPJ^it (fan-to-cbe'ne,) [lU] • Dramatic rrpresentations in which pu[ipets are sulwlituted in the 9r€>ne for human perfonnera. * Sramde. FAN'TOM, R. IFr. /aftf^'Mf, probably contracted from L.BAairfanM, fromllie Greek. Bee Fa5ct.] Something Uiat appears to the imagination ; also, a ftpectar ; a fboaC ; an apparition, -^t is generally written PHA!rroM, which see. FAX'TOM-€OR\, m. Uink or light cotu. Ortwe. F.AP. a. Fuddled. [J^'U U tue.1 SAak. FA-aUIR'. See FAaia. FAR, a. [Sax. fMtr^ fiar^ cr fyr ; D. rcr, rerrt: G. ferny and in composition, ver; Sw. jtrrrox ; Dan. JUt%; L^pvrro; Gr. woppu; connected with rooo(, a way, a passing, iTOf>€vto, noacvofiat^ to pass or go, 8ai. faroiL, Goth. faroMy G. fakren^ D. raorvK, Dan. ftrcTj Sw. Jbro, Eng. to fart. Sec Fa be.] 1. Distant, in any direction ; separated by a wide space from the place where one is, or from any given place remote. Tt^jMiliL We Aiv«onie fnim xfartomt^rr. — Josh. ix. Tbe kit^KMR at he^tta ta aa a maa tiavt^itn^ iuto »far country. Tba naliamjtar aad nau eoDKod In Aotce. Dtylen, % FigmrmtiMlft nrnota (Vom purpose ; contnir>- to de- idgn or wishes ; aa^arbe it from roe to ju^ify cruelty. 3. Remote in affection or obedience ; at enmity with ; alienated ; i« a spiritual sense, "Htef Owl mfar frotaihee •toll perah. — Pt. IxxuL 4. More or most distant of the two ; as, the far side of a horse. But the drivers of teams in New England generally use off; as, tlie ojf side, or off h'>rw or oi. FAR, orfr. To a great extent or distance of space ; as, the far extended ocean ; we are separated far from each otha Oal/ 7« itnU pot go nrfjia- avaj. — Ex. rm, Q. FigmrmtivHify distantly in lime from any point ; remotely. He pushed bis researches ver>' far into antiquT^. 3. In ntferrvratorief, to what distance or extent. Boiv far will such reasoning lead us? 4. In great part ; as, the day vsfar spent. 5l f n a great pnvoition ; by many degrees ; very mtch. Whs tan %bA a vfrtoooa vomao f for brr price is far above n*fca.— ftwr. xzxi. fW I an in a «nit betwixt two, havfof a Irsire to depan, and tobewithChriu, wtuchb/iirbeucr.- PhiL L 6. To a certain point, degree, or distance. This argument i^ sound and logical, as far o^ It goes. Anosition to tubular or koUoto ; as, a farctaU leaf, stem, or pericarp. Martyn. FARD, r. (. [Fr.J To paint. [J^otiued.] Shen^tone. FAR'DEL, n. [IL fardcllo ; Fr. fardeau; Sp. fardel, fardo; Arm. JardeU; probably from the root of L. fero, to bear, or of farctu, to stuff.] A bundle or little pack. Shak. FAR'DEL, r_ t. To make up in bundles. Fuller. FAR FAR'DING-HAG, n. The first stomach of a cuw, or other niniinaiit animal, wliere green food lies until it is chewed over again. G^ird. FARE, c. L [Sax. faran, Golh. /aran, to go ; D. vaarm ; G. JaJiren ; Sw. fara; Dan, farrr. This Word may be connected in origin with tlie Heb. Cli. Syr. Som. i3i?, Ar. j-*X abara^ to go, to pass ; or with jS ) afaray to pass, or pass over, which seems to be radically tlie same word as ^ju nafara, to flee. This coincides with the Eth- U/<^^ wafar, to go, to pass, Gr. iroptuw, Ir. bara. Class Br, No. 23, 37, 41.] 1. To go ; to pass ; to move forward ; to travel. So na hit f art*, and to the border coinea Oii'Ava. Afiiton. [In tkis literal sense the word is not in common u.-'t.] 3. To be in any state, gm>d or bad ; to be attended with any circumstances or train of events, fortunate or unfortunate. Sa/ar-M the atag amon; the ennred hounda. Dettttam. So fared the liitight U.-twctin two ioea. Iludtbra*. He fared very well ; he fared very ill. Go further and fare worse. The sense is taken from eoing, iiaving a certjiin course ; hence, being subjected to a certain train of incidents. The rich man fared sumptuously every day. He enjoyed all the pleasure which wealth and luxury could afford. Luke xvi. 3. To feed ; to be entertained. We fared well ; we had a good table, and courteous treatment. 4. To proceed in a train of consequences, good or bad. So/oru it when with Lnilh blscbood contenda. MUion, 5. To happen well or ill ; with if impersonally. We shall see how it will fare with him. FARE, n. The price of passage or going; the sum paid or due for conveyin;; a persun by land or wa- ter ; as, the fart for crossing a river, called, also, fer- riage i the /ar« for conveyance in a coach; ftage- fare. 'i'lie price of conveyance over the ocean is now usually called the passage., or passage-money. Fare is never used for the price of conveying goods; this is called freight or transportation. 2. F(x>d ; provisions of Ihe table. We lived on coarse fare ; or, we had delicious fare. 3. 'J'he person conveyed in a vehicle. [JV«( in use in the United State.-<.] Drummond. FARE-WELL' ; a cumpound of fare., in tlie ini|ierative, and leell. Go well ; originally applied to a person de- p;trting, but by custom now applied both to those who depart and those who remain. It expresses a kind wish, a wish of liappiness to tiiose who leave, or those who are left. The verb and adverb are often separated by the pronoun ; fare you well ; I wish yoti a happy depart- ure ; may you be well in your absence. It is sometimes an expression of separation only. Farewell the year ; farewell, ye sweet groves ; that is, 1 take my leave of you. FARE-WELL', n. A wish of hnppin*^ss or welfare at parting; the jiarting compliment ; adieu. 2. Leave; act of departure. And l4kr"« lier/oret»e/( of ihe glorious sun, Stiak. B(.-fon; 1 tukc my /areioell of Uie «uLijecl. Addlton. FA-RI'XA, n. [L. farina, meal.] 1. In botany, tile pollen, fine dust, or powder, con- tained in the anthers of plants, and which is sup- posed to fall on the stigma, and fructify the plant. 2. The flour of any species of corn, or starchy root, such as the potato, &.c. l/re. 3. In chemistry, starch or fecula, one of the proxi- mate principles of vegetables. FAR-I-N.\'CEOUS, a. [from L. farina, meal.] 1. Consisting or made of meal or flour ; as, a fari- naceous diet, which consists of the meal or flour of the various species of corn or grain. 2. Yielding farina or flour ; as. /aWnaceotw seeds. 3. Like meal; nic;ily ; pertaining to meal; as, a farinacrotis taste or emell. FAR'I-NOSE, a. In natural hi^try, mealy ; covered with a sort of white, scurfy substance, as the leaves of some poplars. Lindley. Humble, FAR'LIES, n. pi. Unusual, unexpected things. [A'of in use.] Cumberland dialed. FARM, n. [Sax. /arma, /farm, or feorm, food, pro- visions, board, a meal, a dinner or supper, hospitali- ty, substance, goods, use, fruiL Hence, feormimi, to supply provisions, to entertain ; also, to purge, or pu- rify, to expiate, to avail, to profit- Arm. fcrm, or feurm ; in ancient laws, frma ; Fr. fenne, a farm, or letting to farm, whence affermer, to hire or lease. The sense of feorm seems to be corn or provisions, in which formerly rents were paid. The radical sense of feorm, provisions, is probably produce, issues, from one of the verbs in Br ; produce and purification both implying separation, a throwing off* or out.] ]. A tract of land leased on rent reserved; ground let to a tenant on condition of his paying a certain FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY.— PINE. MARINE. BIRD NOTE. DOVE, MOVE. WQLF, BQQK.- 433 ' ~" ' " " FAR sum annually, or othem'ise, for the use of ii. A farm is usually such a portion of land as is cultivated by one man, and includes the buildings and fences. Rents were formerly paid in provisions, or the produce of land ; but now they are genenilly paid in monoy. This is. the aigjiification of /(inn in Oreat Britain^ where most of the land is leased to cultivators. 2. In the United States^ a portion or tract of land, consisting usually of grass land, meadow, pasture, tillage, and woodland, cultivated by one man, and usually owned by him in fee. A tike tract of land under lease is called a farm ; but most cultivators are proprietors of the land, and called farmers. A tract of new land, covered with forest, if in- tended to be cultivated by one man as owner, is also called a farm. A man goes into the new States, or into the unsettled country, to buy a farm, that is, land for a farm. 3. The state of land leased on rent reserved ; a lease. It is ^TTMit wilirulncu in landlorda ta make any longr/rtnn* to their tenaaU. Sjitnter. FXRM, r. (. To lease, as land, on rent reserved ; to let to a tenant on condition of paying rent. We are enforced lojarm our roy^ realm. ShaJt. [In this sense^ I believej the vtord is not used in America.] 2. To take at a certain rent or rate, [^ot used in America.] 3. To lease or let, as taxes impost, or othpr duties, at acertain sum or rale per cenU It is customary, in many countries, for the prince or government to farm the revtruues, the tajces or rents, tlie imposts and excise, to individuals, who are to collect and pay them tu the government at a certain per centage or rate yk-r cent. 4. To take or hire for a certain rate per cenL 5. To cultivate land. To farm let, or let to /arm, is to lease on rent, FXRM'-HOLJ^E, n. A house attached to a farm, and fur the residence of a farmer. FARM'-OF-FICE, n. Farm-ojices &Te the out build- ings pertaining to a farm. FXRM'-YXRD, n. The yard or inclosure attached ton barn ; or the inclosure surrounded by ihe farm build- ings. FXRM'ABLE, a. That may be farmed. Sherwood, FXRM'£D, pp. Leased on rent; let out at a certain rate or price. FXRM'EK, n. In Oreat Britain, a tenant ; a lesFce ; one who hires and cultivates a farm ^ a cultivator of leased ground. The word is also now applied to one who cultivates his own land. Smart. 2. One who takes taxes, customs, excise, or other duties, to collect for a certain rate per cent. ; as, a farmer of the revenues. 3. One who cultivates a farm ; a husbandman ; whether a tenant or the proprietor. United State:/. 4. In mining, the lord of the field, or one who farms tli!^ lot and Cope of the king. Kneyc. FXKM'ER-45E.\'ER AL, «. One to whom the right of levying certain taxes, in a particular district, was farmed out, under the former French monnrctiy, for a given sum paid down. Encyc. Am. FARM'ER-Y, «. The buildings and yards neressary for the biitineM of a fann. F.ngiand. FXRM'ING,;r;rr. or a. Letting or leasing laud on rent reserved, or duties and imposts at a certain rate per 2. Taking on leaae. [cent. 3. Cultivating land \ carrying on the business of agriculture. FXRM'ING,)!. The businem of cultivating land. FXR'MOST, a. [/ar and mosU] Mocil distint or re- mote. Dryden. FXR'NESS, Ik [from far.] Distance ; remoteness. FXR'O, n, A species of game at cards, in which n person plays againi^t the bank^ ke^it by tlie proprietor of the table. Originally written Phabao:i. Hoyle. FXR'O-UANK, ». A bank or establishnnmt against which persons play at the game of faro. Ifoyle. FAR-RAG'IN-OUS, a. [L. farrago^ a raixturu, from far. meal.] ronned of varioui materials ; mixed ; as, a far- raffinous mountain. Kinoan. FAR RA'GO,n. [L., from far, meal.] A mass composed of various materials confusedly mixed ; a medley. FAR'RAN'O, / n. Manner; custom ; humor. IF^eaL] FX'RA.ND, t Ch-oae. FAR-RE-X'T10?I. See ConFABR£*Tio!», PAR'RI-ER, n. [Fr. frrrant ; It. ferraio ; Pp. ha-ra- dor; L. ferrariuji, from frrram, iron. Fr. ferrer ; It. ferrare, to bind with Iron ; " ferrare un cavnllo," to shoo a h(»rse. Ferrum is probably from hardness ; \V. /(fr, dense, solid ; fer-u, to harden or congeal : feris, steel. A farrier is literally a worker in iron.] 1. A shoer of horses ; a smith who ohoos horses. 3. One wba professes to cure the diseases of FAR'RI-ER, V. L To practice as a farrier. [horses. FAR'RIER-Y, B. The art of preventing, curing, or mitigating the diseases of horses and cattle. Farm. Eneyc [Tbif \» now called the vtterinary art.J FAS FAR'RoW, n. [Sax- fearh, fork; D. varkens G. ferkel.] A litter of pigs. Sfiak. FAR'RoW, r. C or t. To bring fortli pigs. [Used of S'rine onlv.] Tusser. FAR'ROVV, a. [D.vaarej "een vanre koe," a dry cow ; Scol. erry cow. Qa. the root of bare, barren.] Not producing young in a particular season or year ; applied to eoics only. If a cow has had a calf, but fails in a subsequent year, she is said to be far- row, or to go farrow. Such a cow may give milk throucli the year. Forby. J^ew England. FAR'THER, a. comp. [Sax. farther, from forth, from the root o{ faran, to go j D. verder. Farther is cor- rupt orthography. The genuine word is F'urther.] 1. More remote ; more distant than something else. Let me adil ^ farther truth. Dryden. 2. Longer; tending to a greater distance. Brfure out farther way tlie fates allow. Dryden, FXR'THER, adv. At or to a greater distance ; more re- motely ; beyond. Let us rest with what we have, without Iwiking/jrtAcr. 2. Moreover ; by way of progression in a subjecL Farther, let us consider the probable event. FAR'THER, V. U To uromote; to advance; to help forwaril. [Little Msed.] FXRTIIEK-AXC'E, n. A helping forward; promo- tion. [Aof used.] FAR'TIlER-MORE.oiD Besides; moreover. [UoU used.] [Instead of the last three words, we now use FURTHKR, Fl'BTHERANCE, FuRTllERHURE, whtcll •ee.l FXR'THEST, a. suprrL [Sa,x. feorrest ; D. versL See Furthest.] MoKt distant or remote ; as, thc/arrAM( degree. FXR'THEST, adv. At or to the greatest dit^tance. [St'f Furthest.] FAR'f IIIXG, H. [i^nx. fcarthung, from fcorth, fourth, tromfeower, four.] 1. The /jitrtA of a penny ; a small copper coin of Great Britain, being the fourth of a penny in value. In America, we have no coin of tlii.s kind. We, however, use the word to denote the fourth part of a penny in value ; but the penny is of different value from tho English penny, and diOerent in difff^rent states. It is becoming obsolete with tlte old denom- inations of money. 2. Farthings, in the plural ; copper coin. Qay. 3, Very small price or value. It is not worth a farthing; that is, it is of very little worth, or worth 4, A division of land. [J^ot noio imcd.] [nothing. Thirty aert irinkc a /ntlAinj-Iiiiul ; nine /arlAing^* a Cornish Hcre ; ami luur Curuiiih acta a kiiight'i Cce. Carew. FAR'TIIIN"GXLE, n. [This is a compound word, but it is not eawy to analyze it. The French has vertugadm ; the tfp. vfrdagadu ; Port, vcrdugada ; wliirh do not well correspond with the English word. The Italian has guardinfante, infant-guard ; and it has been said that the hiHip jietticout was first worn by pregnant women.] A hi)op petticoat ; or circles of hoops, formed of wtinlebone, us;mI to extend the petticoat. FAR'THLNGS-WORTll, (wurth,) n. As much as is sold for a farlliing ArbaUtnot. FAS'Ces, (fas'sc-/.,) ii. pi. [Ufaseis, W. fasg, a bun- dle ; /fWfw, ft band. See Class Bz, No. 24, 35, 60.] In Roman antniuity, an ax tied up with a bundle of rods, and borne belore the Roman magistrates as a badge of their authority. Dryden. F.\S'C'I-A, (faah'e-4,) n. ; pL Fa»cij!. [L., a band or sash.] 1. A band, sash, or fillet. In architecture, any flat member with a small projecture. as the band of an architrave. Al.-«>, in britk builLicicula.i, t'mm fa ■rt.-', a bundle.] In botany, an aggregate of iHstiuiaic (lowers, whose footstalks or (>edunclea spring irregularly from the top of tho main stem, not from one point, but from several. D. C. Wdld. FAt*-Cie'II-LAR, a. {l^fasdcaUtrli.] United in a bundle; as, a fascicular root, a root of the tuberous kind, with tho knobs collected in bundles, as in I'lnonia. Martyn. FAS-Cie'U-LAR-LV, adv. In the form of bundles. Kirwan. FAS-Cie'U-LATE, ) o. [from "L. fasciculus , supra.] FASCIe'I^LA-TED,S Gi-owing in bundles or FA8'CI-CL£D, > bunches from the same point, as the leavei of the Larix or larch. Martyn. FAS FAS-Cie'U-Ln'E, n. [Supra.] A variety of fibroua hornblende, of a fascicular structure. Hitchcock. FAS-Cie'U-LUS,n. [L.] A little bundle; a fascicle; a division of a book ; a no.segay. FAS'CI-NATE, v. t. [h.faseino; Gr. 0atTKatv(^.] 1. To bewitch ; to enchant ; to operate on by some powerful or irresistible influence ; to influence the pa.isions or affections in an incontrollable manner. None of the afl'.-ctioni haTo been not«d lo fueinate and bf witch, but love and eiivy. Bacon, 2. To charm ; to captivate ; to excite and allure irresistibly or powerfully. The young are fascinated by love ; female beauty fascinates the unguarded youth ; gaming is a. fascinating vice. FAS'CI-NA-TEi), pp. or a. Bewitched; enchanted; charmed. .FAS'CI-NA-TING, p;??-. or a. Bewitching; enchant- ing; charming; captivating. FAS-CI-NA'TION, n. The act of bewitching or en- chanting; enchantment; witchcraft; a powerful or irresistible influence on the affections or passions ; unseen, inexplicable influence. The ancients speak of two kinds of fascination ; one by Uie look or eye, the other by words. The Tiirits huag old mgt on their Wir«t hor»e«, (o leeure th«o B^ u nat /(wcinadon. Watlsr, FAS-CtNE', ji. [Fr., from l^faseis, a bundle.] In fortification, a fagot, a bundle of rods or small sticks of wood, bound ni both ends and in the mid- dle ; used in raising batteries, in filling ditches, in strengthening ramparts, and making parapets. Some- times, being (lipped in melted pitch or tar, they are used to set fire to the enemy's lodgments or otiier works. Encyc. FAS'CIN-OUS, a. Caused or acting by witchcraft. Harvey. FASH, r. L [Old Tufascher.] To vex ; to lease. Walter Scott, FASH'ION, (fashion,) n. [Fr./nfl. — Kxod. xaxii. Shall the chty i^iy to him that fathionem it, What maicett thou t 2. To fit ; to adapt ; to accommodate ; with to. Lawi oii^ht to be fatMon^d lo the mannera and condiiiona of the p'ople. Hjj^nter. 3. To make according to the rule prescribed by custom. Fhahioned plain aelli for more than Ita wel^t. Lacka. 4. To for^e or counterfeit. [.Vbt %urding to the prevail- ing form or mode ; as, ti fashionable Atc*9. 2. Established by custom or use ; current ; prevail- ing at a particidar time ; as, tho fashionable philoso- phy ; fashionable opinions. 3. Observant of the fashion or customary mode ; dressing or behaving according to the prevailing fashion ; as, a fashionable man. Hence, 4. Genteel ; well bred ; as, fashionable company or socictv. FASH'ION-A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being fashionable ; modish elegance ; such apftearance as is according to the prevailing custom. Locke. FASH'ION-A-BLY, adv. In a manner according lo fashiiui, custom, or prevailing practice ; with modish elegance : as, to dress fashionably. FASH'ION-£D, pp. Made ; formed ; shaped ; fitted j adapted. TCNE, BULL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CIOUS.— € aji K ; as J ; as Z ; CH as RH ; TM a« in THIS. FAS PA9H'ION'-ER, m. Que who forms or {fives shnpe to. FA^U lON-IXG, ppr* Furming; giving shape to; iuing ; adnptmg. FASH'ION-I^T, R. An obsequious follower of the moilr-i aiui fiishiona. _ Diet. PAsi s. «, HiiTing no fnshion. FA> s GER, (ftifh'un-niung'ger.) «. One wi: . Tasbion ; a fop. FAi^ll ION-MO.\"G£R-1A'G, «. Behaving like a fiuhion-monger. Shak. FItsiaom-piecet ; in ships, the hindmost timbers which tenuinate the breadth, and furm the shape of the stem. '^ar. DicL FAS'S.VTTE, ■. A mineral, a variety of pyroxene, fuiiad in the valley of Fassa, in tlie TymX. FXST,a. [Sax. /iHC,/wt; Q^Jhst ; D. out; 8w. and Dan. /ml; from pressing, binding. Q» p<**^ ..."iat r losfaiijto bind, to make close or fast, to shut, to stop ; It. fiUadky or fa*, a stop. See Claw Bz, No. 34, 35, 41.60.66,86.] 1. UUrcUft set, stopped, fixed, or pressed close. Hence, close j tight ; as, make fttt the door ; take JksthoU. 9l Firm ; immovable. Who, by Ui atrrncth, moethjkat tl«s moODtalBt. — F». U*. Sl Close ; strong. Bn bb gff ukd OTHkwB — InrUnf Id wooik M»d Jktl plmcM. Spmter. 4. Firmly 0xed ; closely adhering: as, to stick yoKt In mire ; to make fast a n^ie. 5. Close, as sleep : deep : sound as, a fiut deep. Skat. 6. Firm in adherence ; as, a fast firlend. Fkat mmd Isms ; variable ; inconstant ; as, to plqr fkMMMdtott, FAST, «^. Firmly; immovably. W« vID tfad thee /ui, ukS ileUwn dm Into OmIt fauid. — Ikst hf, otfut heudt; dose or near ta f^«t Ay Ik* tJuvne atmqpAom tuat imUm. Foft. FAST, «. rW. yist, fast, quick ; ftaUf to haalen ; h. /tetss. Uf is not written for A, as in Aoate, (see Class Ba. No. 44, 45, 46,} the sense is, to press, dnve, nrie, and it may be fVon the same moc as the pre- ceding word, with a diflcreut application.] Bwul ; moving rapidly ; quick in motion ; as, a fast borse. FAST, Site. Swiftly ; rapidly ; with quick steps or prop es rion ; as, to run fast ; to move fast through the water, as a ship ; the work goes on fasL FAST, V. L [Sax./««(aa,Golh./uc«i,tufaM. to keep, to observe, to bold ; C^SuCes ; U. mjC, firm j vastem, to (list i Sw. fustjt ; ftx*m the same root as /tut, firm. The sense is, lo bold or stiMk] 1. To absiun from food beyond the usual lime ; to omit to take the usual meaU fur a time i as, to flut a day or a week. JL To abstain from food voluntarily, for the morti- fication of the body or appetite, or as a token of grief, aonow, and afflictiitn. Tbsa Mmjiut and weep tat ihe ehil'1. — 3 Sftm. zU. Wbea *« /kat, be oot, u the bTpocritM, of k nd cooalMmaee. — Mail. Ti. 3. To abstain firom food prtttially, or from particu- lar kinds of food ^ as, the Roman Catholics fast in Lent. FAST, M. .Abstinence from food ; properly, a total abstinence, hut it is used al^o for an abstinence from particular kinds of food for a certain time. Happ7 wrm our forc&tbns, who bndn ibrii fatu with hrito. Tiu/ior. SL Voluntary ab^nenee from food, as a religious mCMrtification or humiliation ; either toUl or partial abstinence from customar> food, with a view to mor- tify the appetites, or to expr&ss grief and allliction on account of some calamity, or to deprecate an ex- pected eviL 3. The time of fiisting, whether a day, week, or longer time. An annual fast is kept in New Eng- land, usually one day in the spring. TteTM WM DOW ftlfe&d/ paau — ACU xxrii. FAST, a. That which fastens or holds ; the rope which fallens a vessel to a wharf, Alc FAST'-DAY, a. The day on which fasting is ob- s«frved. FAST'ilN, (fis'n,) v. L [Sax. fastnian : Sw. fastna; D. ocjtea; Dan. f^sUr: Ir. fostufodJi, fostughim.j 1. To fix firmly ; to make fast or close ; as, to fasten a chain to the feet, or to foiteu the feet with fetters. 2. To lock, bolt, or bar \ to secure ; as, to fasten a door or window. 3. To hold together ; lo cement or lo link ; to unite closely in any manner and by any means, as by cement, hooks, pins, noiU, cords, itc 4. To alfix or conjoin. Tbe vorda Whig and Tory twTC t««n vnmrA to ibe •wrfc* aT» courag*. S^ak. 6. To lay on with strengtii. CoukI be Jhtte^ ■ lilow, or nuk« t thnm, whra not I'lfifml to approMh ? Dryden. FAST'£N. e. C To fastm en, is to fix one's self j to seize ana bold on ; to clinch. The leech wttl hanUjr/aMrn on « fiidu JStoim. FAS'TEN-ED, (flU'nd,) pp. Made firm or fiwt; fixed (irmly ; impressed. FXS''r^:\-KR. n. One that makes fast or firm. KAS'T/;\.I\G, ppr. Making fast. FAS'T£.\-ING, n. Any thing tliat binds nnd makes fvtPl ; or that which is intended fur that purpose, FAST'ER, n. One who absuiins from food. FAt'T'EK, a. More rapid \ swiUer. 2. a//r. More rapidly. FX.« T'EST, a. Mtwt swift or rapid. FAST'EST,d»fr. Most swiftlv. FAST'-HAND-ED,fl. Clusc-lianded ; covetous ; close- fisted : avaricious. Bacon. F/iS'Tl, [L.J The Roman calendar, which gave the days for festivals, courts, &c., correi^ponding to a modern almanac. 2. The fajli annaUSf were records, or registers, of important events. SmiUt*.f Dut. FAS-TID-l-OSa-T Y, s. Fastidiousness. [Jv'ot used.] Swift. F AS-TID^I-OUS, a. [L. fastidiosus, from fastidio^ to disdain, from fastus, haughtiness. See lieb. t^2. Class Bz, No. 2, 3, 10, 30.] 1. Disdainful j squeamish ; delicate to a fault : over nice ; difficult to please ; as, n fastidious mina or taste. 2. Squeami'ih ; rrjectinp whot is common or not Ter>' nice ; suited with difiiculty ; as, a fastidious appi'tile. FA.'^-TID'rOtTS-LY, adv. Disdainfully; squeamish- ly ; conteniptuoUfEly. They look fa^tidioiLily and npeak disdainfully. FAS-TID'I OL'S-NE.SS, h. Disdainfulness ; con- temptuousness ; squeamish ncss of mind, taste, or ap(M'tite. F.\S-TIG'I-ATE, I a. [L./iw(i^/M.«, pointed, fh)m F.\S-TIG'I-A-TED, \ fiutigio^ to point, fastigium^ a top or peak.] 1. In bctoMjfj ufastiffiatf Stem is one whose branches are of an equal hicht. P<-duncIes amfajti^Ue when tbey elevate the frut-tificaliuns in a bundi, so an to be equally ht);h, or when tht-y Airm an even surface at the top. Martyru 2. Roofed ; narrowed to the top. F.\S-TI6'I-UM, n. [L.] The summit, apex, or ridge of a house or pediment. Umes. FAST'ING, ppr. Abstaining from food. FA3T'ING, n. The act of abstaining from food. FAST'IXG-DAV, n. A day of fasting ; a fast-day; a day of religious mortificutiitn and humiliation. FXST'LY, adc. Finnly ; surely. FAST'XESS, n. [Sax. f^stfnes^e ; from/a-;(.l 1. The state of being fast and firm ; firm aaherence. 2. Strength ; security. The place* o( fculntti ktp laid open. Davit: 3. A stronghold ; a fortress, or fort ; a place for- tified ; a castJe. The enemy retired to their fast- nesses. 4. Closeness ; conciseness of style. [J^ot used.] .^scham. FAST'-RE-C£D'ING, a. Receding rapidly. fVordswarth. FAST'-SINK'ING, a. Rapidly sinking. PAS'TU-OUS, o. lL,fastuosus^ from fastus, haughti- ness.} Proud : haughty ; disdainfuL Barrow, FAT,o. [Sa\.fd:t/fett; G.fcU; D.veti Sw.fet; Dan. feed; Basque, bctea.] 1. Fleshy; plump; corpulent; abounding with an oily r,oucrt;te substance, as an animal body ; the cun- tmr^- to lean ; as, a/u£ man ; a fat ox. 2. Coarse ; gross. Nay, added fat poUmiona of our own. DryUn. 3- Dull ; heavy ; stupid ; unteachable. Ma^k^ tix heart of ihin people /al. — U. vi. 4. Rich ; wealthy ; affluent. Tbne are terrible alamu to pereona grown /at aad wealltiT. South, 5. Rich ; producing a large income ; as, a /or benefice. 6. Rich ; fertile ; as, & fat soil ; or rich ; nourish- ing ; as, fat paeture. 7. Abounding in spiritual grace and comfort. They (lb? righieoiia) aball be /al and flourishing, — Pi. xcii. 8. Among printers, a page having many blank spaces or lines is called fat. FAT, n. An oily, concrete substance, deposited in the cells of the adipose or cellutar membrane, under the skin, and in various other parts of animal bodies. In most part? of the body, fal lies immediately under tht- skin. Fat is of various de^Tees of consistence, as in tallow, lard, and oil. It has been recently as- FAT certoined to consist of two subittances, stearin nnd cftiin, the former of which is solid, the latter liquid, at common temperatures, and on the difterenl pro- portions of which its degree of conRigtence dt-pcnds. Ennic. Braiide. 9. FigvratireJifj thfi best or richest productions ; as, to live on the fat of the land. Abrl brought rf llie /al of hii floCk. — Gen. W, FAT. r. e. To make fat ; to fatten ; to make plump anu ficahy with abundant food ; as, to fat fowln or sheep. Locke. Shak. FAT, r. I. To grow fat, plump, and fleshy. FAT, i n. [Sax. fa-t, fat, fet ; D. rat ; G. fuss ; Sw. VAT, \ fat : Dan. fad. It seems to be connected with D. vattm, G. fasseiiy Sw. fatta, Dan. fatter, lo hold. Uu. Gi. TTifioj.] A large tub, cistern, or vessel, used for various pur- poses, ott by brewers to run their wort in, by tanners for lioldmg their bark and hides, &c. It is ulso a wooden vessel containing a quarter or ei^jht bushels of grain, and a pan for contuiiiiug water in salt- works, a vessel for wine, &.C. The jUf* «hall oTerfiow witti wine nnd oil. — Joel U. FAT, 71. A measure of capacity, dilTering in dlflTerent commodities. He.bert. Fa'TAL, a. [L. fataVis. See Fate.] I. Proceedrng from fate or destiny ; necessary ; in- evitable. These Uiinga Kn/atal and neceu&ry. U^UoUon, 9. Appointed by fate or destiny. It Wfca/ftia/ to the king to fight for hU money. Bacon, [In the foregoing senses the loord is note UUh used.] 3. Causing death or destruction ; deadly; mortal; as, a fatal wound ; a fatal disease. 4. Destructive ; calamitous ; as, a fatal day ; a fa- tal event. FA'TAI^1SM,M. The doctrine that all thinps are sub- ject to fate, or that they lake place by inevitalile ne- cessity. Rii-ik. FA'TAi*-IST, n. One who maintains that all things happen by iner'itable necesjijiy. tVattn FA-TAL'I-TY, n. [Fr. fiUalitS, from fate.] 1. A fixed, unnlltTible course of things, independ- ent uf God or any controlling can.se; an invincible necessity existing in things themselves ; a doctrine of the Stoics. South, 2. Decree of fate. ATh^ Charles. 3. Tendency to danger, or to some great or hazard- ous event. Brown. ■1. Mortality. JIM/. Rrpog, FA'TA1.-LY, adv. By a decree of fate or destiny ; by inevitable necessity or determination. Bmtley. 2. Mortally ; di-structivelv ; in death or ruin. This encounter ended fatally. 'TUe prince was fatally de- FA'TAL-NESS, n. Invincible necessity. [ceived. FA'TJi M0R-OA'J>J-Ji, n. [It.l A remarkable phe- nomenon, at Reggio, on the Hlraits of Messina, in lUily, in which, by an exlraonlinary atmospheric re- fractijn, multiplied images of the objects on the sur- rounding coasts appear in the air over the surface of th= sea. Brandt. F.^r'-BRAIN-M), a. Dull of apprehension. Shak. FATE, n. [L. fatum, from for, fori, to speak, whence fatits. ] 1. Primarily, a decree or word pronounced by God, or a fixed sentence by which the order of things is prescribed. Hence, inevitable necessity ; destiny depending on a superior cause, and uncontrollable. According to the Stoics, every event is determined by fate. Npc<*Mlty or chnnM Appronfh not me ; and wliiu 1 will w/au, Milton. 9. Event predetermined ; lot ; destiny. It is our fate to meet with disappointments. It Is the fate of mortals. Tell me what /ale* nttrnd the duke of Suffolk. Shak. 3. Final event ; death ; destruction. Yet iiill he choae (be loiigint wny to /au. Drydsru The whizung arrow tnxgt. And bpaii thy /ate, Anlinoua, on ila wingi. Popt. 4. Cause of death. Dryden calls an arrow a feath- ered fate. Divine fate; the order or determination of God ; providence. Kncyc FA r'ED, a. Decreed by fate ; doomed ; destined. He was faUd to rule over a factious people. 2. Modeled or regulated by fate. Her awkward loTe imleed wm o, Lnch- eais, and Alroix.3. Lcmpriere. FA f HER, H. rSiix. fxder^ffdcr ; G. vatert D. vuittr ; Ice. Sw. and Dan. }tuler ; Gr. irarijq ; L. pater; Sp. padre,- U. padre i Port, paj, or pay; Fr. f^rf, by coil- u ^^ traction ; Pers. jAj padar; Russ. ftafia; Sans, and Bali, pita f Zend, fedre; Syr. (•Aq Jafara. This word sienifies the beeeller, from the verb, Sw. Jbdn, Dan. fiiUrr, to beget, to /efd; Goth. foUyttn ; Sax, /«- dan; D. coeiUn, to feed ; whence /wrf(iVr, G. funer, f^'tzern. The primary- sense is obvi.)ijs. See Class lid, No. 51, 55. The Golh. qW«, Ir. aithir^ or athair, Basque aita, may be from the satue root by loss of ijie first letler.l 1. iJe who begets a child ; in L. genilor^ or genera^ tor, Thr/diher of a fool hslh no Joy. — Ptot. xt'u. A WLic aoii jnakeOi a gLul/oxAer. — Prov. x, 2. The first ancestor; the progenitor of a race or family. Adam was the father of the human race. Abraham was the fatkfr of the Israelites. 3. The appellation of an old man, and a term of respecL The kinp of Israel wiufl to Eli•lu^ My JtiAtr, ihaM 1 aroile Ujfrmf — 2 King! ri. The servants of Xaanian call him father. 2 Kings v. Elderly men are called /a(A(vs ; as, the /ai/i#r,v of a town or city. In Vie cA«rrA, men venerable for age, learning, and piety, ar,; called fathers^ or rtceretuL fathers. 4. The grandfather, or more remote ancestor. Neb- iichadaezzar is called the father of Belshazxar, though lie was his grandfathtr. Dan. v. h. One who feeds and support.*), or exercises pater- nal care over another. Gud is called Ihs FtUher of the fatherless. Ps. Ixviii. 6. He who creates, invents, makes, or compose*, any thing ; the autlior, former, or contriver ; a found- er, director, or instructor. God, a^ creator, ia the Fa- tVr of all men. ^itAH viii. JalsU wvia the futkrr of such aa dwell in tents ; and Jubal of musicians. Oen, iv. God is the Futker of spirits and of lights. Ho- mer is considered as the /uiAerof epic poetry. Wash- ington, as a defender and an atfectionate and wise counselt*r, is called the /oM/r of his country. And see I Chron. ii. 51 ; iv. H ; ix. 33. Salnn is called the father of jii's ; he introduced sin, and instigates men to sin. John viii. Abraham is railed ihtf,ither of believers ; he was an early believer, and a pattern of faith and obedience. Rom. iv. 7. A father-in-law. So lleli is called tlie father of Joseph. iMke iii. 8. The appellation of the first person in the adora- ble Trinity. Gu y<*, ih'TPfoTf, "incl t^fwih all nntlotM, twptitinc Ui-m In ttic n*rn* of iJn- Fmhtr, uiJ oi iIk »-in, luni ol the Uotf SpWl. — Mail xxvtii, "^ 9. The title given to dignitaries of the church, su- periors of convents, and to confdssors in the Komun Catholic church 10. Fathers, in the plural ; ancestors. I>aTi(I iff pi with hi* /al\ert. — 1 Kinjri &. 11. The appellation of the ecclesiastical writers of the first centuries, as Pi.lycarp, Jeruint;, 6i.c. 12. The title of tlie senators in ancient Rome : as, conscript faVirrj. jidapUce faiJicr ; he who adof>ts the children of an- other, and acknowli-dges them as his own. Jv'atural father ; the £|f her of illegitimate children. PuUUire father; one u lio is only reputed to be the ftither; the supposed father. rX'THEE-I.N'-LAW', n. The father of one's husband or wife ; atid a man who marries a woman who has children by a firmer husband is called the /uf/Mr-iii^ lowT, or step-father of those children. FATHER, o. t. To adopt ; to take the child of anoth- er as one's own. Shalu 2. To adopt any thing as one's own j to profess to be the author. M-n of Hi[ Ottta /ath»rad wU-n he wriu S>o{fl, 3. To ascribe or charge to one as his ofTsprinK or production \ with on. Mf oiuTW wu mndii ti»« of hy wrrfral penona, oim of wlwiii wa* plvMiod to /other on n«i a iww att of {jroductluna. Sm/L PA'THER-:KD, pp. Adopted ; taken as one's own; ascribed to one as the author. 2. Having had a father of particular qualities. I am no •(rongT Own my a^x. Bring •o/oiAerarf aud mi hunUmUed. [Unuaual.] Sfiak, PATHER-HppD, n. The state of b^ing a father, or Uie character or authority of a father. We might hav; Imd ma entire noiiuo of tbb fathtrhaed, or tuhnt'y auUwritjf. Locka, FATHER ING, ppr. Adopting; taking or acknowl- FAU ; ascribing to the father or uu- [See Fatherly.] The qual- ; parental kindness, care, and ten- edging as one's own thor. Fa'T11I:R-LAM), h. The native land of one's fathers or ancestors. England is the ftther-iand of llie peo- ple of New Enshmd, and Persia the father-land of the Teutonic imtioiid. FA'THKR-LASfl-Eit, n. A salt-water fish, Cottus babalis, alhed to the river bull-liead. The head is large, and its spines funnidable. It is found on the rocky coasts of Britain, and near Newfoundlind and Greenland. In the latter country it is a great article **^ ^'•«''- Pcntiasit. JnrdineU J\rat. Lib. FA'i(I£R-LESP, a. Destitute of a living falJier ; as. a fiUh-rU-ss child. ' 2. Without a known author. FA'T HER-LESS--\ESS, n. The state of bcin« with- out a father. FA'TilER-LI-\ESS, ities of a father derness. FAJIIER-LY, a. [father and ^iAr.] Like a father in affection and care; tender; paternal; protecting; careful; as, /aMeWy care or nfteciion. 2. Pertaining to a father. FA'THER-LY, adn. In the manner of a father. Tlum Adam, fatherly lUBpleased, [.Vol ;7ro;^r.l MiHon. FA'THER-SHIP, n. The stale of being a father. FATH'OM, n. \Sw%. ftethem ; Ir. fead : G. ^fyrlen ; D. vadetn. Uu. Dan, faen, Tlie German word signifies a thread, a fathom, and probably thread or line is the real signification.] 1. A meiLsure of length, containing six feet, the space to which a man may extend his arms ; used chicily at sea for measuring tables, cordage, and the depth of the sea in sounding by a line and lead. 2. Reach ; penetration ; di-pi'h of Ihouglil or con- trivance. shaJi. FATH'OM,r. u To encompass with the arms extend- ed or encircling. 2. To reach ; to master; to comprehend. Iy.>(»vc to fathom «uch liigli poinU ua Uieae. IhytUn. 3. To reach in depth ; to sound ; to try the depth. Our deptlu vbn/alhoma. Pope. 4. To penetrate ; to find the bottom or extent. I can not fathom liis design. FATH'O.M-A-BLE, a. Capable of being fathomed. Rich. Di FATII OM .ED, pp. Encompassed with the ar reached ; comprehended. FATirOM-ER, a. One who fathoms. FAT H'OM-ING, /jpr. Encomttassing with the arms: reaching; comprehending; sounding; i»eneiratiug. FATH'OM-LESS, a. That. of which lio bottom can be found ; bottomless. 2. That can not be embraced or encompassed with tlie artns. s;uik. 3. Not to be penetrated or comprehended. FA-TID'ie-.AL, a. [L. fatidieus; futum and dico.) Having power to foretell future events ; pmphet- 'C- HoieelU FA-TIF'ER-Oirs, a. [L. fatifer ; fatum and fero.] De.adty; mortal; destructive. DicU FAT'I-GA-BLE, a. [See Fatigue.] That may be wt^aried ; easily tired. FAT'I-GATE, o. t. [U/afi>o.] To weary ; to tire. [Little used.] FAT'I-GATE, a. Weaned; tired. [Little used.] FAT-I-GA'TION. n. Weariness. JT. Mouuia-fii FA-TXGUE', (fa-teeg',) n. [Fr. id.; Atin. fatidj ; It. fatica i tfp. fattga . from Ufutiifo. It seems to be ai- led to L. fatisco ; if so, the sense is, a yielding or re- laxing.] 1. We lassitude or extiaustion cariness with bodily labor or menUil exertion ; of sirrugth. We suflcr fa- ''i^M«^of ihe mind as well as of the body. 2. The cause of weariness ; labor ; toil ; as, the/o- tigues of war. 3. The labors of military men, distinct from the use of arms ; as, a party of meu on fatiTue. FA-TIG L-E',(fa-tecg\) r. U [h.fatigo; It. fatteare; Sp. fiittgar.] 1. To tire ; to weary with labor or any bodily or mental exertion ; to harass with toil ; to exhaust the strength by severe or lung-continued exertion. 2. To weary by importunity ; to harass. F.A-TIGU'ED, (fa-ieegd',) p;i. or a. Wearied; tired: harassed. FA-TIGU'ING, Cfatcpg'ing,)pnr. Tiring; wearying : • harassing. 2. a. Inducing weariness or lassitude ; as, fa- tiding services or labors PA:*riL'0-QUIST, n. [L./afumand/c5Uor.] A fortune-teller. •'■A-TIS'CEN'CE, n. [I*, fattaeo, to open, to gape.] A gaping or opening ; a state of being chinky. _._, ,,.„ .„ Diet Kirtcav. FAT'-KID-NEY-J^, fl. [fal and kidney.] Fat; gross; a word used in contempt. Shak. FAT'LLNG, «. [from /a(.] A lamb, kid, or other young animal, fattened for slaughtt-r ; a fat animal; applied to quadrupeds whose fiesh is tued for food. ^^^^ David lacriftcM oicn and fatlingt.~% Sum. yi. VAT'LY, adv. Grossly; greasily. FAT'NER, Jt. Thai which fattens; that wliich gives fatness or richness and fertility. J3rbat/tnot. FAT'NESS, H. [from fat.] The quality of being fat. plump, or full ft'd ; corpulency ; fullness of flesh. Their eyei slaiid oui Vf'uh/atnea: — Pb. laxiij, 2. Unctuous or greasy matter. Bacon, 3. Unctui>usness;sliniine3s; applied to earth ; ht:ncv richness; fertility; fruitfulness. * God give (he* of (1^ dew ofheaTcn, and ibe/atnegg of the earth, ttiiU plcniy of corn and wiue.^tiva, ixrii. 4. That which gives fertility Thy ptiUij drop fatngga. — Pp, Ixt. The clouda drop/afn«a>. Pkitipg. 5. The privileges and pleasures of religion ; abun- dant blessings. lyl your «ouI delight iuelf In fatnegg. — U. Ir. FAT'TED, pp, or a. Made fat. FAT'TEN, (fut'n,) r. u To make fat; to feed for slaughter ; to make fleshy or plump with fat. 2. To make fertile anil fruitful; to enrich ; as, to fatten land ; to fatten fields with blood. Dryden 3. To feed grossly ; to fill. Di^jden. FAT'TKN, (fat'n,) v. i. To grow fat or corpulent ;'to grow plump, tJiick, or fleshy ; to be pampered. And villains /oKfn with the lirave man'. Ubor. OtiMv. 1 i^ni aud woivt'b slwll in the ocean brwd, 1 he whole and dolphin /an*,, on ihe nwad. QlanvUlt t A 1 ' I £.\-tK, n. See FiTdEit. rfle«hv FAT'TiC.\-I.\G, Cfat'n-iiiR,) ppr. Making fat growl ine fat ; making or growing rich and fruitful. FAT'TI-NESS, „. [from fatty.] The state of being FAT '1 ING, ppr. Making fat. E'^-n'Si?"' "^.Somewhat fat. Shmtood. t A I TY , a. Having the qualities of fat : greasy ; as a fatty substance. ArbiitJinol. FA-TO'^r-TY, „. [Fr. fatuiU : L. fatuitcf Weakness or imbecility of mind ; feebleness of in- tellect ; foolishness. JlrbatknoL FAT'U-OUS, a. {h. fatuus. Class Bd, No. 2, G, 03.1 1. Feeble in mind ; weak ; silly ; stupid ; foolish. rt , QlanvUle, 2. Imp tent; without force or fire; illusorj- ; allud- ing to the ijrnis fatiius. Thtnce faltxoua fire, and met«or» tjike their birth. DenlMm. FAT'.-WIT-TED, a. [fat and mil,] Heavy ; dull j stupid. Skak FAU'BOURO, (fS'boorg,) n. A suburb in French cit- ies; the name is also given to districts now within the city, but which were fonnerly suburbs without it, when the walls were less extensive. FAU'CES, n. p(. [L.] The posterior part of the mouth, terminated by the pharynx and larijnx. Branile. FAIJ'CET, n. \Fi. fausatt, probably contracted from faUeL\ A pipe to be inserted in a cask for drawing liquor, and stopped with a peg or spigot. These are called lap and faucet, FAU'CHION. See Falchiov. FAU'FEl., n. [Paid to be Sanscrit.] The fruit of a s|)ecics of the palm-tree. FAUGH, (faw.) Exclamation of contempt or abhor- rence. FAULT, n. [Fr. fautr, for faulte ; Sp. falta ; Port. id. : It. faltu! from f,iH See Fiiu] 1. Praperhj, an erring or missing ; n failing ; hence, on error or mistake ; a blunder ; a defect ; a blemish ; whatever impairs excellence ; appUtd to things. 2. In morals or deportment^ any error or defect ; an llniierfection ; any deviation from propriety ; a slight otiense ; a neglect of duty or propriety, resulting from Inattention or want of prudence, rather than from design to injure or offend, but liable to censure or ob- jection. I ilo n-iTwmbcr my /aulti tlii. dny Gen. xli. If* man be tivcrL.iifn in it /auU, ye, who nre iriritual, realan .licit a one in the .pint of moelinesi. — Gal. ri. Fault implies wrong, and often some degre« of criminality. 3. Defect ; want ; absence. Default.] I ConW tell to thee, m to OHC it pi tociLiI my fri'H.i. 4. Pu7.zle ; difllculty. Among sport.'rmen, when dogs lose the scent, they are said to be at fault. Jlence the phrase, the inquirer Is at fault, 5. In mining, a disturbance of the strata which in- terrupts the miner's operations, and puts him at fault to discover where the vein of ore, or bed of coal, has been thrown by the convulsions of nature. Ure. To find fault ; to express blame ; to complain. Thou wilt My then, Why doth be yci. fitui fauit 7 — Rom. ix. To find fault ifith ; to blame; to censure; as, to find fault v}iUt tiu Uvus, or With a neighbor's con- duct. r^ULT, ».i. To foil ; to be wrong. [Jfotused.] Spenser. [JVot noa used,] [See lAC* me, for fault of a better, ShaJc. TONE, BjJLh, IjMTE— AN"GEB, VI"CIOUS.-e a. K ; C a. J ; • a. Z ; CH M 8H ; TH an to THIS. SG 411 FAV P^ULT, r. L To cbarire with a fault ; to accuse. Put trat 1 wBl noi^ti/t ihee, OW Song. FAVLT'ED, pp. Charged with a fault ; accused. FAt'LT'ER, R. An offjndjr ; one who commits a ^ault. FairfitT. FAl'LT'-FTND'ER, n. One who censures or objects. FArLT'Fi;i.,o- Full of f;iults or sins. Sfuik. F^L'LT'i-LY, arfr. [frtun /a«/!j.] Dt-fWtively ; cr- nmeoHsIv ; imiHrft-c-ilv ; impropt'rtv; wrongly. FAULT' I-'.NES:?, «. Jxww fauUy.] ' The elate of be- ing fatilly, defective, or errnneou* ; defecL §. Badness; vitiousne^'di evil dispoeition j u, the /tmUiness of a persiin. 3. DoIiniitit>ncv ; rtctuM oflfcase* HeolUr* FM FA I 111 It ; not dcfi>clive or iiii i ; free from incorrect- ne-*s . perf'Ti ; a', a. /ju-'f-V,*.* poem or picture S. Free from vice or iBiperwction j as, a Jkmldmg van. FAULT'LESSXT, W«. Withoat being guilty of a FAULTaJSSS-NBSS, k. Freedom &om ftiult8 or de- fectn FAULT'Y, «. CSontaininc (hulu, Memisbe*, or d»- tects i drllMtive ; imparfcct ; ns^ a fauUf cornpos- tion or book ; a fnUti/ plan or design ; a famkjf pic- ture. fi. Guilty of a (hult, or of Hiulta ; hence, blamoble ; Worthy of censure. The Un; doOi *pMk tbia iMaf m cm wIid k Jkid^. —8 Sun. sir. 3. WroniT : erroneous ; at, n fanttv poiity, Hdokir. 4. Defective ; iuiptrrfect ; bad ; as, a faulty hel- net. Ba^n. FAUX,K. [L.faumus.] Aniung the Romamsy B kind of demigod, or rural deify, called also tflram, and differing little from 8at>'r. I'be fauns are represented a^ half gait and half man. Eneyc, FJ^U'XA, H. [from tlie L. faumi, or ntral deitie* among the Romans.] The various animab belong- ing to a rounir)- constitute its fauma. LyrU, F^UN'IST, m. One who attends lo rural diM|uisi- tion« ; a nnturalisC White. FAU'^FN, *. A large eet Oka^ax. fCiUSSE'-BRArEy(aB'bni,)$i, [Fr.] A small mound of earth thrown up abnat a nmnart. FAU-TEUlL't (fo-ieul',) a. [Fr.J Ab arm chair ; an msTchair. F^U'TOR, M. [U See Fatoe.] A favorer; a pat- no: one wbo givea countenance or support. [Liei/c ■jed.] B. ' P^UrTRESS, a. A ftmale favorer ; a pationeaa. WAUX PI\ (fft'pa',) [Fr.] A false step ; a mistake, or vrrtMig meaMre. FA-VIL'LOUS, «L [U fimtU, ashea.] I. Consisting c^ or pertaining lo ashes. £roira. SL Resembling ash^ Pi'VOR, a. [I* Jaoor ; Fr. faveur : Arm. /«iwr i Sp. fioDort It. Jmort ; from L. fat^to ; U, f abhor ; favor; ^iMrscai, to favor.] 1. Kiad regard; kindness; countenance; prc^i- tkios aspect ; friendly disjiojition. i wm.rj, umI hN lorWj tniod, Gvra Um dw fev and fnqr ot mankind. WaUtr. Th* UofV/lnDr k u do* DO the ^naa. — Pfor. x!z. G«d nv* MKfta >War and viadma in tb« agbi of Pbua^h. — Inarfi. 4. Ihoor ii d«oellfal, aod beautr b rah). --Ftot. xxxl. S. Sopport ; defense; vindication; or disposition to aid, befKend, support, promote, or jui^ify. To be ta faxfor 0/ a measure, is to have a diiiposition or in- clination to support it or carry it into effecL To be ix fitvor 0/ n party, is to be disposed or inclined to mppon it, to justify its proceedings, and to promote Rs interest?. 3. A kind act or office ; kindness done or grrtnted ; benevolence shown by word or deed ; any act of grace or good will, as distihguijlied from act:« of justice or remuneration. To pardon the guilty is a /iicor; to puiiiab them is an act of justice. 4 Lenity ; mildness or mitigation of punishmenL I oodd not dbeom the Inkj and/oaorofthkaeDteuc^-. Stei/L 5. Leave ; good will ; a yielding or concession to aacHber; pardon. Bat, wHfa jam finer, 1 viU tieat it bets. Drydtn. ft. 1%eolijeetof kind regard; the person or thing fiifimd. All tbna Ilia vmdroai vorica, but duefir man, BiadiiddO^and/iiMr. ATtlion. 7. A gift or present; something bestowed as an eridence of good will ; a token of love ; a knot of ribbons ; some'thing worn as a token of affection. A mmrriafe^or, is a bunch or knot of white ribbons or white dowers w^rn at weddings. Bacon. SpeelaUr, Skdk, 8. A feature ; countenance, f Abi tuad.] Skak^ 9. Advantage ; convenience afforded for success. The enemy appn -ached under facor of the nighU 10. Fartialiiy ; bias. A challenge to the favor, in FAV Jaip, is the challenge of a jiirw on arronm of some suppofied jKirtialityj by reast»n of favor, or malice, interest, or connection. FA' VOR, r. t. To regard with kindness ; to supiwrt ; to aid, or have the disposition to aid, or to wish suc- cess to ; to be propitious to ; to countenance ; to be- friend ; to encoum^je. To faror the cause of a party, may be merely to \vi$h success to it, or it may signify to give it aid by counsel, or by active exertitins. Sometimes men professedly favor one party, and se- cretly /hvm- nootber. T1i» kmb,/b»or th?« noL — 1 Sam. xx\x, 'Shot ibalt attae, and IwTe mm; on Zion ; for Ibe time to Jtioor tier, jrcA, tbe art time, k coiiie. — Pa. eiL O happ/ joaih 1 aDd/aaor«lortlMakt«a. Poju. 3. To aflbrd advantages for success ; to facilitate. A weak place in the fort fa€ore4 the entrance of tlie enemy ; the darkness of the night favored his ap- proach. A fair wind farors a voyage. * 3. To resemble in features. The child favors bis iUUier. 4. To ease ; to spare. A man in walking favors a lame Irg. FA'VOR-A-BLE, o. [L. favorahais ; Ft. favorable i Bp. id, ; It. favtrrabUtj or facorevole.] 1. Kind ; propitious ; fViendly ; affectionate. li-nd JhpombtM ear to our miu''«t. J^tak, Uari, tbou tuai bcca /avorabit lo thjr land. — Pi. Ixxxt, 2. Palliative ; tender ; averse to censure. None cau hare the /avorabU thoui^M That to (Skj a Ijrmii'a will they laught. Drydtn. 3. Conducive to ; contributing to ; tending to pro- mote. A salubrious climate and plenty of food are farorable to population. 4. Convenient; advantageous ; affording means to facilitate, or affording facilities. The low price of la- bor and provisions is farm-able to the success of man- ufactures. The army was drawn up on favorable ground. The ship look a station favorable fur at- tack. Tbe place waa/hvono&bforinakl&fteTica of men. ClartmtUm. 5. Renutiful ; well-fovored. [Ob$.] Spejuer. FA'VOU.A.«LE-i\ESS, a. Kindness; kind dispo- liition or regard. 2. Convenience ; suitableness ; that slate which affords advantages for success; conducivenesd ; as, the favorablrne^a of a season ftir crops ; the favora- blemeae of the times for the cultivation of the sci- ences, FA'VOR-A-BLY, arfe. Kindly; with friendly dispo- sitions; with regard or affection ; with an inclina- Mnn lo favor ; as, to jiulge or tliink foporably of a measure ; to think favorably of those we love. FA'VOR-£D, pp. Countenanced: supported; aided; supplied with advantages ; eased; spared. 2. a. Regarded with kindness; as, a favortd fhead. 3. With foell or ill prefixed, featured. Well-faoered is well-looking, having a good coun- tenance or appearance ; (leshy ; plump; handsome. ni-favorod is ill-looking, having an ugly appear- ance ; lean. See Gm, xxxix. xli. &.c. Weil -favoredly ; with a good appearance. [Little used.] lU-favortdlv : with a bad appearance. [IMlte iwed.] FA'V0R-*:D-NESS, w. Appearance. DeiU. FA'VOR-ER, n. One who favors; one who reg-arda with kindness or friendship; a well-wisher ; one who assists or promotes success or prosperity. Hooker, Shak. FA'VOR-ESS, a. A female who favors or gives coun- tenance. FA' VOR-ING, ppr. or a. Regarding with friendly dis- positions ; countenancing; wishing well to; con- tributing to success; facilitating. FA'VOR-InG-LY, ode. By favoring. FA'VOR-ITE,C-it,)n. [Ft. favori, favorite; It. favorito.] A person or thing regarded with peculiar favor, preference, and affection ; one greatly beloved. Sc\ect favorites from among the discreel and virtu- ous ; princes are often misled, and sometimes ru- ined, by /acpriita ; Gavesion and the Spensers, the favorites of Edward II., fell a sacrifice to pubiic in- dignation. Fa'VOR-ITE, a. Regarded with particular kindness, affection, esteem, or preference ; as, a. favorite walk ; R favorite author ; u.favorite child. FA'VOR-IT-ISM, n. The act or practice of favoring, or giving a preference to one over another. 2, The disposition to favor, aid, and promote, the interest of a favorite, or of one person or family, or of one class of men, to the neglect of oljienr having equal claims, ll hu been Buyg^tcd that the proc-cda of the rom^n billa — were calculated merctj' to indulge a gpirit oC /avarititm Co the Sank of Ihc United Stales. Hamiiton. Which conaderatioQ tmijosc* such a necetsitj on the cruwn, na hath, iu a great meoauie, subdued the influence ofjavoril' um. Palty. 3. Exercise of power by favorites. Burke. FA'VOR-LF-SS, a. Unfavored ; not regarded with favor ; having no patronage or countenance. 2. Not favoring ; unpropitious. Spenser. FEA FA-V^SE', a, Iloney-combed ; like the section of a honey-comb. Lindley. FAV'O-f^ITE, n. [L./api«, a honey-comb.] A name given to certain fossil corals, having a minute prismatic structure. Damu FAWN, 71. [Fr. faon^ fawn. Q.U. W. /ynu, to pro- duce.] A young deer ; a buck or doe of the first year. Bacon. Pope. FAWN. iJ, I. [Fr./aanner.] To bring forth a fawn. FAWN, c. t. [^tix.fagenian. Bee Faii*.] 1. To court favor, or show attachment to, by frisk- ing about one ; us, a dog fawns on his master. 2. To soothe ; to flutter meanly ; to blandish ; to court servilely ; lo cringe and bow to gain favor ; as, a fawning favorite or minion. My lore, forbear to Jhian upon their Erowsi. £7uiJt. It is followed by on or upon. FAWN. n. A servile cringe or bow ; mean flattery. FXWN'ER, n. One who fawns; one who cringes and 'flatters meanly. FAWN'ING, p;»r. or o. Courting servilely ; flattering hy cringing and meanness ; bringing forth a fawn. FAWN'ING, n. Grtjss flatterj'. Shak, FA^VN'!NG-LY, adv. In a cringing, servile way; with mean flatterj-. FAX'£D, (faxt,) a. [Sax. feax, hair.] Hairy. [JVot in use.] Camden. FAY. n. [Fr./ecJ A fairy ; an ell. Milton. Pope. FAY, n. Faith ; as, by my fay. Shak. FAY, r. (. [Sax, foigan; Sw. fogaj D. voegen. See Fados.] To fit ; to suit ; to unite closely with. [This is a contraction of the Teutonic word, and the same as Fadgs, which see. It is not an elegant word.] FAZ-ZO-LEV^ (fat-ao-let',) n. [It.] A handkerchief. Percival. FEA'BER-RY, n. A goofteberry. FEAGUE, (feeg,) r. U [G.fegrn,'] To beat or whip. [JVo( in use.] Buckingham, FE'AL, a. Faithful. [Infra.] Fe'AL-TY, n. [Fr. feal, trusty, contracted from L. fdelis; iUfedelta; Fr. Jideliti; Sp./c, faith, contracted from/(/etf ,■ hence, Jiel, faithful ; feldad, fitlcliiy.] Fidelity lo a lord ; faithful adherence of a tenant or va^isal to the miperior of whom he holds his lands ; loyalty. Under the feudal system of tenures, every vassal or tenant was bound to be true and faithful to his lord, and to defend him against all his enemies. This obligution was called his fidelity, or fealty, and an oatli of fealty was required to be taken by ail ten- ants to their landlords. The tenont was called a liege man; the land, a liege fee; and the superior, liege lord, [See Liege.] FeAR, n. [teee the verb.] A painful emotion or passicm excited by an expectation of evil, or the ap- prehension of impending danger. Fear expresses less apprehension than dread, and dread less ttinn terror and frighL The force of this passion, begin- ning with the most moderate degree, may he thus expressed — fear, dready terror, frii^ht. Fear is ac- companied with a desire to avoid or ward off the expected evil. Fear is an uneasiness of mind, upon the thought of future evil likely to befall us, JVatxs. Fear is (he passion of our nature which exdiei lu to proride for our tecumy, on the approach of evil. Rogtri. 9. Anxiety ; solicitude. The principal fear wa» for the holy temple. Maceahett. 3. The cause of fear. Thy aiigcl becomes a /aor. Shak. 4. The oDject of fear. • Except the God of Aliraham, and the /tar of loaic, had been wiLh me. — Gen. xxxi. 5. Something set or hung up to terrify wild ani- mals, by its color or noise. Is. xxiv. Jer. ilviii. 6. In Script are, fear is used to express ajilial or a slavish passion. In good men, the fear of God is a holy awe or reverence of God and his laws, which springs from a just view and real love of the divine character, leading the subjects of it to hate and shun every thing that can offend such a holy being, and inclining them to aim at perfect obedience. I'his is Jilial f^ar. I will p(it my /ear in theiihearta. — Jer. xxxil, Slaoish fear is the effect or consequence of guilt ; it is ttie painful apprehension of merited punishmenL Rom. viii. The lore rf God caateth out /ear. — 1 John It. 7. The worship of God. I will ti^ach yfju the /ear of the Lord. — P«. xxxir. 8. The law and word of God. The year of the I^rd is clean, enduring forercr. — Pa. xlz. 9. Reverence; respect; due regard. Render W all their dues ; /ear lo whom /ear. — Bom. xiii, FeAR, r. t. [Sax. fxran, aftrran, to impress fear, to terrify ; D. vuaren, to put in fear, to disorder, to de- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PRgY.— PTXE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE. DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, JiQQK. FEA range ; L. vereor. In Sax. and I>utchj Ihe verb coin- cides in elements with fare^ to go or depart, and the sense seems to be, to scare or drive away. Q,\l. Syr. and ^Vr. Ju nafara^ to fl^ or be fearful. See Class Br, No. 46, 33.] I To feel a painfnl apprehension of some impend- ing evil; to be afraid of; to consider or expect with emotions of alarm or solicitude. VVe fear the ap- proach of an enemy or of a storm ; we have reason to fear the punishment of our sins, I will/mr BO eril, for thau urt with mc. — Fi. zzill. 2. To reverence ; to have a reverential awe ; to venerate. Th« do, and lire, for ! /ear God. — Q»u in boItncsB, fearful in praUes i That thou m^jf-st ir-ar this glorious and fearful name, jL'hoTah, tiiy God. — Dent. xx»ilL FEAR'FUi,-LV, adv. Timorously ; in fear. In iijch a nighl Did Thisbe ftarfulli/ o'ertrip the dew. Shak. Q. Terribly ; dreadfully ; in a manner to impress terror. Th^ra ia a diff, whosr high and bending head \jOoV» ftarfuliy on the confined deep. Shak. 3. In a manner to impress admiration and aston- ishment. 1 taaftarfaVy and wonderfiJljr miuJr. — Ps. cxxxfs. F£AR'F(;Ij-\ES8, n. Ttnior<>uf>nes9 ; timidity. 2. titale of being afraid ; awe ; dread. A third tiling that mak^s a government despised, iafaarjitintu at, mad noaa oooiphaacca with, twkt popular ootatifjn. South, 3. Terror ; alarm ; apprehension of eviL F\ar/ulne*» haUt surpraed the hrpocritea. — Is. xxxBJ. FEAR'LE.*^S,a. FreefVnm fear; as, /earless of death ; fearltxa of Consequences. 3. Bold ; courageous ; intrepid ; undaunted ; as, a fearless hero j %fearUti foe. FeAU'LESS-LY, adv. Without fear; in a bold or courageous manner ; intrepidly. Itmve men fear- lesjflg expose themselves to the must formidable danger?. FeAR'LES9-\ES.«, ji. Freedom from fear ; courage ; boldness ; intrepidity. He gfl»e instances ot'an invinctblr* courage and fearletntft in clAn«r part filled with pith. On each side of the shaft are the vanes, broad on one side, and nar- row on the other, consisting of thin lamina. The fbftthers which c^ver the body are called the plumage; the featliprs of the wings are adapted to digliL 9. Kind ; nature ; species ; from the proverbial phrase, " Birds of a /eoMer," thai is, of the same Bpecies. [ Unusual ] 1 nm not of thni feaOitr to shake off M> Irieiid, wltoa lie moat iioliIb iiie. Shak. 3. An ornament ; an empty title. 4. On a horse, a sort of natural frizz.ling of the hair, which, in some places, riBCs almve the lying hair, and there makes a hgure resembling the tip of an ear of wheat. Far. DicL ji feather in the cap, is an honor, or mark of dis- tinction. To be in high feather ; to ap|)ear in high spirits and health, like birds when their plumage is full, after molting. To show the vhite feather ; to give indications of cowardice ; a nliniHe borrowed from the cockpit, where a white feather in the tail of a cock Is con- sidered a token that he is not of Uie true game- breed. Grose. FEATH'ER, v. t. To dress in feathers ; to fit with feathers, or to cover wUh feotlier-t. 2. Figuratively, to cover with foliage In a feathery manner. Sir fV. Scott. FEB 3. To tread, as a cock. Dryden, 4. To enrich ; to adorn ; to exalt. The km^ cared not to plume hU nobility and people, (o ftathar himiclf. Bacon. To feather one^s nest; to collect wealth, particularly from emoluments derived from agencies for others ; a proverb taken from birds which collect feathers for their nests. FEATirER-BF.D, K. A bed filled with feaUiera , a soft bed- FE.\TH'ER-BCiARD-ING, n. A covering of boards in which the edge of one board overlaps another, like the feathers o(' a bird. Loudon. FEAT li'EK-URIV-ER, n. One who beats and other- wise prepares feathers to make them light or loose, FEATn'ER-/;D, (fcth'erd,) pp. Covered with feath- ers ; enriched. 2. fl. Clothed or covered with feathers. A fowl or bird is a feathered animal. Rise from the groimd like fealhertd Mercury. Shak. 3. Fitted or furnished with feathers; as, a /aifA- cred arrow. 4. Smoothed, like down or feathers. Seott 5. Covered with things growing from the sub* stance ; as, land feathered with trees. Coze, FEATH'ER-EDGE, n. An edge like a feather. A board tlm h:w one edge Ihinuer tliivu tlie other, is caJlod/ioA. er-edge siutf. Moson. FE.ATH'ER-EDG-ZD, a, Hoving one edge thinner than the other. OailL FEATM'RR-FEW, h. A corruption of Feter-few. FEATH'ER-GRASS, n. A sjwcies of grass, distin- guished by its feathered beard. Loudon. FEAT H'ER-liN'G, ppr. Covering with feathers. FEATIl'ER-LESS, a. Destitute of feathers ; un- fledged. Hoiort. FEATii'ER-LY, a. Resembling feathers. [JVut used.] Brown. FEATU'ER-SELL'ER, n. One who sells feathers for beds. FEATII'ER-Y, (feth'er-e,) a. Clothed or covered with feathers. Mdton. 2. Having the appearance of feathers ; pertaining to or resembling feathers, FeAT'LY, ado. [from feat.] Neatly ; dextroitsly j adroitly. [Little used.] Shak. Dryden, FeAT'NESS, B. [from/f(K.] Dexterity; adroitness; skillfulness. [Little used.^ FeAT'IJRE, n. [Norin./ai(ur«; L./ac(«ra,a making, fromyjjcio, to make ; lu fattura.] 1. The make, form, or cast of any part of the face ; any single lineament. We speak of large features or small /ca/ur«.s. We see a resemblance in the feat- ures of a parent and of a child. 2. The make or cast of the face. Report ihtfaalurt of Oclavia, her yean, Shak. 3. The fhshion ; the make ; the whole turn or cast of the body. 4. The make or form of any part of the surface of a thing, as of a country or landscape. 5. Lineament; outline; prominent parts; as, the features of n treaty. FeAT'UR /:n, a. "Having features or good features ; resembling in features. Shak. FeATT.RE-LESS, (I. Having no distinct features. FeAZE, v. u To untwist the end of a rope. FkAZ'KD, (feeKd,) pp. Untwisted. [Ainsioorth, FEAZ'IXG, ppr. Untwisting. FE-BRI€'U-LA, ti. [L.] A slight fever. FE-BRie'l^-I.(^HE, a. AfTected with slight fever. FE-BRie-i;-LOS'I-TY, n. Feverishness. FEB'RI-FA-CIE.NT, (-fe-shent,) a. [Ufebria, a fever, and facio, to make.] ('ausing f-ver. Beddoes. FEB'KI-FA-CIENT, n. That which produces fever. Beddoes. FE-BRIF'ie, o. [\..frbris, fever, XMAfacio, to make.] I'rodui'ing fever J feverish. FEB Kl-FO'GAL, a. [Infra.] Having the quality of mitigating or curing tever. [Not in use among phy- siei;ins, but only among unmedicat men.] Lindley, FEB'Ul FUGK, n. ['L.fcbris, fever, and /u^ro, to drive away.] Any medicine that mitigates or removes fever. Encyc. FEB'Rl-FUGE, a. Having the quality of mitipnting or subduing fever ; antifebrile, .^rbuthnoU FE'BRILE or FEB'RILE, a. [Fr., from L. febrilia^ from fcbris, fever] Pertaining to fever; indicating fever, or derived from it ; 0.9, febrile symptoms ; ftbrile action. FEB'RU-A-RY, n. [L. Februarias i Fr. Fevrier; It. Febhraio : Sp. Febrcro ; Ann. Fevrer ,■ Port. Fevereiro s It. Fcabhra; Rusa. Phebral. The Latin word is said to be named from februo, to purify by sacrifice, and thus to signify the month of purification, as the peo- ple werf-, in this month, purified by sacrifices and oblations. The word frbruo ia said to be a Sabine word, connected \\\t\i fcrvco, ferbeo, to boil, as boiling was used in purifications. Varro. Ovid. This practice bears a resemblance to that of mak- ing atonement among the Jews ; but the connection TCNE, BIJLL, UNITE. — AN"GER, VI"CI0U8. — C as K ; 6 as J ; « as Z ; CH as SH ; Til as in THIS. — _ ___ FED bt'tn-ern /— r<-o ami Fibruart/ is doubtfUl. The W. fieemti, Februarj'j Arm. k/ucrer. Corn. JUMvra/, ia fruui W. firrrirr, violencr : ilie st-vere month.] The name of ihe sectind month in the year, intro- duced into the Roman calend.ir by Nnma. In coin- mon yean, thia month conutins *id days ; in Uie his- •ettile or leap year, 39 d.i\*s. FEB-RU-A'TIO\, «. Purification. [See FxaatTAar.] SptnMr, FE'CAU «• [See F.ccii.] Contalnlnn or coiwisling oV dregs, lees, sediment, or excrenienU Ffi'Ces, M. pt. [L./rfciw.] 1. Dre^; lees; sedimenl; the matter whkh ■ub- ■idea in cask? of liquor. 2. Excrement. - .MrhitJauL FETIAL, (td'shrU,) a. [U/kdalis.) Pertainmi; to heralds nnd the denunciation of war to .in enemy ; as,/«ta/ law. KeiiL t^E'CtTy n, ' [I..J he made.] A word inscribed by artists aller their names on % work, to denote Uie desiener : as, Guido fiat. FECK'LESS,a. SplriUea; fiBeblfl; weak.; perhaps a rurntption uf ErrscTLKst. [ScwttitA.] FEC'i;-L.V, a. TiM Kreea mattar of plants; chloro- phj 1. Urt, 3. Surch or ftrtna ; called, aim, amvUaeeous fffula. Tlu* terra is applied to any pulverulent matter ub- taiiii'd iVutii DL-inL-i hv siiiiiity breaking duwn the lex- t I'ld subsidence. Hence it Uie green fecula, though (■:." il prxtperties. Cyc FECrXKNCU, ( -i. ,1-. J\fcttIrmUa, from fmeulA, FEC'l^-LEN-CY, j /«<•*, /Irr, drega.] 1. Muddiness ; foulness ; the qu^ity of being foul with extr:ineous matter ot lees. a. Lees ; sediment ; dregs ; or mlher the sub- stances mixed with liquor, or floating in it, which. when separated and lying at the bottom, are callea iMs ^r*g*, or Mdimnd. The refining or fining fit liqfMir is the separation of it from its jWutrncies, FE€*l^-LE\T, a. Foul with extraneous or impure substances ; muddy ; thick ; turhtd ; abouMing n'ith sediment or exrrementitious matter. ' • Fe'€L\\D, o. [L./iTcajbiiu, from the root of J^tmM,^ Fruitful in roildrcn ; prolific. Orwu» FE'fUN-D.ATE, r. (. To make fruitful or prolific a. To imprejrnata ; us, the pollen of flowers!^ enniiituj tlir ^ti^nia. Anatkarn^ Trmts. Pfe'eU-N' DA-TED, pp. Rendered pfoIiSc or fniitf^ ; impreiniaied. PS'Ci :.N-DA-TL\G, ^pr. or «. Rendering frul^l ; imi>n.*gn,itin2. FE-t-U.N'-DA'TiOX, a. The art of making fruitful or pridific ; im|irfg nation. rE-€lJXD'!-FY, e. L To make fruitful ; to fecundate. FE-€lj\D l-tV, a. [U /a-^iarfitof,] J. Fruitfulneeat ; ihe quality of producing fruit ; particularly th- ■•■■■' Tiiale animals of produc- ing voting :n l'; 2. The pow- 2 or bringing forth. It Is said that i;.* ^ .... v.. :K>me plauls rttain their /eciuiJttjr forty years. Ray. 3. Fertility ; the power of bringiDg forth in abitn- danee ; richness iif invention. FED, jrrrt. and pp. of Fked, which see. FED'Ea-AL, a. [from U >Miu, a league, allied, per- haps, tn Cng. lOM, Sax. » t dt i i an , 1m vojt, raUis, vaJdory vudimoniim. See Heb. Ch. Syr. IS^y, to ;dcdge. Class Bd, So. 25.] 1. Pertaining to a league ^r contract ; derived from an agreement or covenant between paittea, particu- larly between nations. TbK Rooauia, coiUnr; to /td»rol rifbt, compiled tbrzn to put with Sardinia. Orta. 2. Consistini in a compact between parties, partic- nlarty and chiefiy between states or nations ; found- ed on alliance by contract or mutual agreement ; as, n ftdtnl government, tiuch as that of tlia L'nited 3. Friendly to the con^itution of the United States. [See the noun.l FED'ER-.AX,, > a. An appellation in .America, FED'ER-AL-IST, \ giveu to the frieuils of the con- stitution of the United Stales at Its formation and adoption, and to the ptditiral party ivhich favored the administration of President Washington. F£0'ER-AL-UM, a. The pnnciple^ of Uie Federalists. Morris. FED'ER-AL-EZE, e. f, or i. To unite in compact, as diiferent staler ; to confederate for political purposes. Barlow. FED'ER-AL-IZ-ED, pp. United in compact. FED'ER-AI^IZ-ING,/»/w. Confederating. FED'ER-A-RY, * a. A partner; a coafedenite ; an FED'A-RV, \ accomplice. [Aot u^tiL] Skak. FED'ER-.A TE, a. [L. faiUratus.] Leagued ; united by c^m;iact, as soverei:inlies, st.-ite:!i, or nations ; joined in coiift:dcracy ; t^ffuiernU nations or pii\v>rs. FED-ER-A'TIOX, a. The act of uniting in a league. 2. A league; a confederacy. B^iu, FED'ER-A-Tl\'E, a. Uniting ; joining in a league; forming a confederacy. FEE FED'I-TY, ». [L./tfdito*.] Turpitude ; vilenesa. [ATit in useJ] ffalL FEE, n. [Sax. feoy /tok ; D. tee; G. riM; 8\v. fa; Dnn./ire ; Scot. /«, /ey, or^^, cattle ; L. pecu, pecus. From tlie use of cattle in transferring proj>crty, or from barter and payments in cattle, the word came to signify money ; it signified, also, poods, substance in general. The word belongs to Class Dg, but the primary sense is not obvious.] A reward or compensation for 8er\'ices ; recom- pense, either gratuitous, or established by law, and claimed of right. It is applied particularly to the reward of profvssionul services ; as, the /cm of law- yers and pliysicians ; the fees of office ; clerk's fees ; sherilT's/ffjj ; marriage /cm, fcc. Many of these are fixed by law j but gmtuities to professional men are also called fees. FEE, a. [This word is usually deduced from Sax. /fo*, cattle, property, and fee, a reward. This is a mistake. Fee, in iuid, is a cpntracttton o( femi or .p>/, or from the same source j lu fede^ Sp. /r, faith, trust. AVe, a reward, from/roA, is a Teutonic word ; but/e«,y)iiiJ, fefy are words wholly unknown to the Teutonic nations, who use, as synonymous with Ihem, the word whicli in English is loan. This word fee^ in land or an estate in trust, was first ui^ed among the descendants uf the nortiiem conquerors of Italy, hut il originated in the south of Europe. See Fkud.] Primarilu, a loan of land, an estate in tnist, granted by a prince or lord, to be held hy the grantee on con- dition of personiil service, or other condition ; and, if the grantee or tenant failed to perform the condi- tions, the land reverted to the lord or donor, called the landtard, or tend lord ^ the lord of the loan. A fee, then, is any land or tenement held of a superior on certain conditions. It is synonymous with fief and feud. All the land in England, except the crown lanil. Is of this kind. Fees are absolute or limited. An Ahsalute fee^oT fetsimple, is land which a man holds to himself and his heirs forever, who are called tenants in fe^~^tmple, [ienc«, in modern times, the term fee or fee-simple denotes an estate of inheritance ; «ond, in America, where lands are not gcnenilly held ■W a 3\ip»fiiir, a/c/, ut fee-^iaiple^ is an estate in which the owner has the whole property, without any con- ation annexed to the tenure. A limited fee, is an estate limited or clogged with certain conditions ; as, H^ guaiiAeft' itt base fee, which ceases with the exist- ence of 'certain umditions; and a conditional fee^ .'W)jich is limited to particular heirs. Blackstone. Eneyc. In tMa United States, an estate in fte, or fee-simple, i^what is called in English law an allodial estate, an estate held by a person in his own right, and de- 'acendihle to the heirs in general. PEE'-KXRM, n. [fee and farm.] A kind of tenure of estates witliout homage, fealty, or other service, except that mentioned in the leufi'mcnt, which ia usaally the full rent. The nature of this tenure is, that if the rent is in arrear or unpaid for two years, the leoffor and his heirs may have an action for the recoverv of the lands. Encye. FEE'->SIM'PLE. See Fee. FEE'-TaIL, n. An estate entailed ; a conditional fee. FEE, r. L To pay a fee to ; to reward. Hence, 2. To engage in one's service by advancing a fee lawyer. Shak. Shak. FEE'BtE; a." {Fr. foible: ^p. febU ; Norm, id.; It. fievole. I know not the origin of the first syllable.] 1. Weak ; destitute of much physical strength ; aa, infants aire ferble at their birth. 3. Infirm ; sickly ; debilitated by disease. 3. Debilitated by age or decline of life. 4. Not full or loud ; as, a feeble voice or sound. 5. Wanting force or vigor ; as, feeble etTorts. 6. Not bright or strong ; faint ; imperfect ; as, fee- ble light ; feeble colors. 7. Not strong or vigorous ; as, feeble powers of mind. 8. Not vehement or rapid ; slow ; as, /reJ^e motion. FEE'BLE, r. (. To weaken- [JVot iwcd.] [See Ek- FEE'BLE-MIND'ED, a. Weak in mind; wanting firmness or constancy ; irresolute. Comfort the feeble-irunded. — 1 Tliest. T. FEE'BI.E-MTND'ED-NESS, 7*. State of having a feeble mind. FEE'BLE-NESS, n. Weakness of body or mind, from any cause; imbecility; infirmity; want of strength, physical or intellectual ; as, fcfhlenes.^ of the body or limbs ; feebleness of the mind or understanding. 2. Want of fullne:ss or loudness ; as, feebleness of voice. 3. Want of vigor or force ; as, feebleness of exer- lio 1 or of operation. 4. Defect of brightness ; as, feebleness of light or color. FEE'BLY, adv. Weakly ; without strength ; as, to move feebly. Thy g>eull? mimbnt Jiebly creep. Drydtn. 'i. La engage in one's service i »r surtjfof money to ; as, to fee a 1 3, Tj) hire ; to bribe. 4. Xf* ^'^^^P '" ''''■^* FEE FEED, r. (. ; Drrt. and vp. Fed. [^nx.fedan; Dan./a- der,S\\.fiiaa^ to fred and to beget; Goth, fodyan : D. voeden, to feed ; G. fatter^ fodder ; f"ttem, to fv-d ; ^orui.foder, to feed and to dig, uniting with feed the L. fodio ; Ar. lb? fIG.\'ED-LV, ado. lo SctloD ; in pretense ; not re- ally. Bacon. f'ElGN'ED-XESS, n. Fiction ; pretense ; dereiL Ilarmar. FBIGN'ER, (fan'er,) n. One who feigns; an in- ventor ; R deviser of fiction. B. Jonson. FBIG.N'ING, ppr. (m;tgining; Inventing ; pretend- ing mriking a fahe show. F^IGN'ING, n. A false appearance; artful con- trtvnnce ; deception. B. Jonson. 1 A*o( woet(.l FEL'AND-ERS. See FiLarfoERs. FEL FgIG\'I\G-LY, adv. With false appearance. FfilNT, (finte,) n. [Fr. feinte, from feindre.\ 1. An assumed or false ap^K^antnce ; a pretense of doing something not intended to be done. Courtley'B letter U but a ftinl to get ofT. Spectator. 3. A mock attack ; an appearance of aiming at one part, when another is intended lo be struck. In fencing^ a show of making a thrtisi at one part, to deceive an mitagonist, when the intention is to strike another part. Privr. Encyc FEl.NT, pp. or a. Feigned; counterfeit; seeming. Locke, AinsiDorlk. FELD'SPXR, ■) B. [G. fdd, field, and spar. It is FEL'SPAR, [ written by some authors felspar^ FELD'SPATH, f which is roeksuar^ or fcl is a con- FEL'SPATH, J traction of fcld. Spath, in Ger- man, signifies spar.] A mineral occurring in crystals and crystalline masses, somewhat Vitreous in luster, and breaking rather easily in two directions, with smooth sur- faces. The colors are usually white or flesh-red, oc- cxsiunally bluish or greenish. It consists of silica, alumina, and potash. Feldspar is one of the essen- tial constituents of granite, gneiss, mica-slate, and p«">rphyry, and enters into the constitution of nearly all Volcanic rocks. The term feldspar family is applied to a group of allied minerals, including, tiesidrH common feldspar, the species Alhite, Anortltite, Labradorite, and Ryac- nlite. Dana. FELD-SPATiri€, ) a. Pertaining to feldspar, or FELD-SPATH'OcjE, \ consisting of iL Joum. of Science. FE-LIC'I-TATE, v. t. [Fr. feliciteri Sp. /e/tcitory It. fdicdare ; L. fdicito, from fdix^ happy .j 1. To make very happy. Whnl a ^lorinua entertainment and plraanre voiiM fill and ftiicitau bis cpirii, if he cuuld gnutp ull in a angle »UTvy I WatU. More generally, 2. To congratulate ; to express joy or pleasure to. We fdiciUUe our friends on the acquisition of good, or an esca|»e from evil. FE-LIC'I-TATE, .z. Made very happy. Shak. FE-LIC'I-TA-TED, pp. filade very happy; congrat- nlated. FE LIC'ITA-TING, ppr. Making very happy; con- gratulating. FE-LKM-'l'A'TrON, n. Congratulation. Dkt. FE-LIC'I-TOUS, a. Very happy; prosperous; de- liflhtful. Diet. FR-LIC'f-TOU3 LY, flrfp. Happily. Diet. FE-LIC'I-TOUS-NESS, n. State of being very happy. FE-LIC'I-TY, n. [L. fdieitas, from felix, happy.] 1. Happiness, or rather great happiness ; blessed- ness ; hlissfulness ; appropriately^ the joys of heaven. 3. Prosp<;riiy ; blestfing ; enjuyninni uf good. 1'\ir: feliciliee of her wondThil r>-ign may be complete. AaeTbitr%/. Pemnlea — who conlH* on life ita fintti feUcidi: Ratvte, Ffi'LTNE, o. [L. fdinusj from /ci«, a cat. Qu. fdl, fierce.] Prrtiining to cats, or lo their npeclea; like a cat; noting the cat kind or the genus Felis. We say, the fdine race ; fdine rapacity. FELL, pret. of F*LU FELL, a. rSax. fdl ; D. frL] 1. Cniel ; barbarotis ; inhuman. It ■rvraed fury, diioofd, madueM/a/l. F)urfttx. 2. Fierce ; savage ; ravenous ; bloody. Mor^/«U than tlg^r* on the l^byan plain. Pope. FELL, n. [Sax. /f«; G. fdl: D. vdf L. pdtts ; Fr. peau ; prob-'ibly from peeling.] A skin t>r hide of a beast ; used chlefiy in rnmpo- FELL, II. [G. flit.] [sition, as iroolfdi I. A barren or stony hill. [Local.] Gray. U. A field. DrayUin. FELL, n. [Hat. /el/(f.] Anger; melancholy. Spenser. FELL, r. (. [0. vellcn : G. fallen : Hw. fdlla i Dan. ftrhler : pmbably from the root of fall.] To cause to fall ; to prostrate ; to bring to the ground, either by cutting, as to fdl trees, or by Rtriking, as to fell an ox. FELL' Ah, (fcid,) pp. Knocked or cut down. FELL'EH,,?!. One who hcwsor knocks down. Is. xiv. FEL-LIK'LU-Oi;s, a, [h.fd, gall, andjlao, to How.] Flowing with gall. DicU TFA^L'iym.ppr. Cutting or beating to the ground. FEI,L'MO>J''GER, Mnung'ger,) n. A dealer in hides. FELL'NESS, n. [See Fell, cruel.] Cruelty; fierce barbarity ; rage. Spenser. FEL'L<^E. See Fbllt. FEL'LOW, n. [Sax. felaw; Peat, falmr^ from folUw. In an old author, fdUneship is written folowsMp,] 1. A companion ; an associate. AecKam. Dryden, 2. One of the same kind. A ih^ph^fd hart ©w fii»orile doj; h" M him whh hi« own b^iiid, and look naorr c.vro olhiin '.h;in of hi* feUoiai. L'i^etrnnfe. In youth 1 h«i twfiTc feftow. tike myaetf. (^ich tin h\»f«Hav (or aaiialiincc crUls. FEL 3. An equal. Awalte, O aword, afrainst my ■h^ph^nl, and anin^t the nuB that ia my fellow, aaith Jchnvah of tiosia. — Zech. sUi. 4. One of a pair, or of two thin(;a used together, and suited to each other. Of a paik of gloves, we call one the fellow of the other. 5. One equal or like another. Of an artist we say, this man has not liis/e/£ow, that is, one of like skill. 6. An appellation of contempt ; a man without good breeding or worth; an ig.jobte man; as, a mean fdloto. Wonh mokei the man, and want of It th« fellow. Pope. 7. A metnber of a college that snares its revenues ; or a member of any incorporated sticiety. John^-iun. 8. A member of a corporation ; a trustee. United Sf/ites. FEL'LOW, V, t. To suit with; to pair with; to match. [Litde nsed.] S/iak. 2. In composition, fellow denotes community of nature, station, or employment. FEL'L5W-CIT'I-Z£N, (-sit'e-zn,) n. A citizen of the same state or nation. Eph. ii. FEL'LoW-€OM'MOJN'-ER,«. One who has the same right of common. 2. In Cambridge^ England^ a student who commons or dines with the fellowii. FEL'LOW-eOU^'ClL-OU, n. An associate in coun- cil. , Shak. FEL'LOW-eOUN'TRY-MAN. n. One of the same counti^'. [This word seems unnecessar> , but la sometimes used in England, and often in America. Ed.] FEL'LOW-CReAT'IJRE, b. One of the same race or kind. Thus men are all caK.^d fellojo-creatures. Watts uses the word for one made by the same crea- tor. "Reason, by which we are raised above our fdlow-crcature^^ the brutes." But Vie word is not now luted in Uih sense. FEL'LOW-FEEL'ING, n. Symp.^thy ; a like feeling. 2. Joint interesL [JVot in use.] FEL'LOW-HEIR, (-ar,) n. A co-heir, or joint-heir ; one entitled to a share of the same inheritance That tlie GetUil<-a should be felloto-hrire. — Eph. iil. FEL'LOW-HELP'ER, n. A coadjutor ; one who con- curs or aids in the same business. 3 John viii. FEL'LOW-LA'ROR-ER, n. One who labors in the same business or design. FF.L'LfiW-LIKE, ) a. Like a companion ; compan- FEL'LOW-LV, \ ionable ; on' qual terms. Carew. FKL'LCW-MA1D'£N, n. A maiden who is an asso- ciate. Sluik. FEL'LOW-MEM'BER, n, A member of the same body. FEL'LOW-MIN'L^TER, n. One who officiates in the same ministry or calling. Shak. FEL'LOW-PEER, ti. One who has the like privileges of nobility. Shak. FEL'L6W-PRIS'0N-ER, (priz'zn-er,) n. One im- prisoned in the same place. Rom. xvi. FEL'LOW-RAKE, n. An associate in vice and prof- ligacy. Jirinstrong, FEL'LOW-SCHOL'AR, n. An associate in studies. Shak. FEL'L(^W-SERV'ANT, n. One who has the same muster. Milton. FEL'LCW-SHIP, V. Companionship; society; con- sort ; mutual association uf persons on equal and friendly terms ; familiar intercourse. Have no ftUoathip vidi the unfVuiirtil works of dnrkive«a. — Ei>h. ». Men am made for iMifty and mnitui[ feUovthip. Calamy, 2. Association ; confederacy ; combination. Mo«t of th*? other ChristKn princi were drawn into llw fellow- skip of that w;ir. [ Unaeual.] KnuUet. 3. Partnersliip ; joint interest ; ns, fellowship in pain. MUton. 4. Company ; a state of being together. Th*" grr-nt contf nti'in of the ara and ikica Piiruil i»ir feUnieiliip. Shak. 5. I'reqiiency of intercourse. In a sront town, (ri'-iiils are •catt^rrd, no (hit there is not that jeilowe/ap which i« in ht» nvightfovhooda. Bacon. 6. Fitness and fimdness for festive entertain- ments ; with good prefixed. lie Imd hv hi< ^orf<:iture of lands or goods. Treason was fonneriy comprised under the name of /afaay, but is now di^nguished from crimes thus denooiiBated, although it is really a fitony. All of- finues ponishable with death arv fcluni<^ : and so are soma crtmes not thu:* punished, as suicide, hom- icide by chance-nedley, or in self-defense, and petty lareeay. Capital puntshmt-nt, therefore, does not necessarily enter into the true idea or definititm of ftlomy ; the true criterii>n of felony bt-ing forfeiture of lands or goixls. But Ihe idea of felony has been so generally connected with that of capilid punishment, that law ami usage now conlirm ttint connection. Thus, if a statute nmkcs auy nt w otTcnse a felony, It is understood to mean a'crime punishable with death. Blacksttme, FEL'SITE, a. [See Fblospar.] A species of com- pact feldspar, of an acure-blue or green color, found amcn7>t>ous, associated with quartz and mica. FELV^PAR, n. See Fbld*f\r. [Kirman. FEL-SPATU'IC, a. PeKaining to or composed of feU ^nr. FELT, wrtL and fp. or m. from Fexu FELT, R. [Sax. fdi; G. JUz : D. rdt ; Fr.JhUre, for feuitrt : Arra./cilr, or feukr ; iL fettro. This may be derived naturally from the root of jS/i, or fttll^ to stuff and make thick, or frnm the root of L. pelUs, Eng. feily a skirr, from plucking or stripping, L. veilo, cci- Usj Eng. wooL In Ir. /v/;, W. g^a-alU, is hair.} 1. A doth or stuflT made of wool, or wool and fur, fViUed or wrought into a compact substance by roll- ins and pressure, with lees or size. Encyc >2. A hat made of wool. a Skin. wp ue aoond or not, ne that tbe felt be FELT, r. t. To make cloth or stuff of wool, or wool and fur, by fulling. Male, FELT'-HAT, a. A hat made of wool, FELT'EU, pp. or a. Worked into felu FELT'ER. r. L To clot or meet together like felt. FELT'l.NG, ppr. Working into felt, [Fairfax, FELT'ING,Ti. Tbe process of making felL FELT'-MAK-ER, n. One whose occupation is to make felt. FE-LCeeA, n. [It. /f/«ca; Ft. fetoutfue ; Sp./oi«ca.] A boat or vessel, with oars and lateen sails, used in the Mediterranean. It has this peculiarity, that the brim may be applied to the head or stem, as oc- casion requires. .War. Diet Eneye. FEL'WORT, n, A plant, a species of Gentian. FEN Fii'MALE, n. [Fr. femeiir ; L. /W.ir//:ftr, i t*""*"*^*^"'^ j married wo- man, who is under covert of her baron or husband. FF^ME-SOLE', i .^^^ .. , . I n. [Fr.] An unmar- FE.yME-SO/1', \ (fern-sole',) j ^A^ woman. Frmme-sole merchtmt^ or trader; a woman Who uses a trade alone, or without her husband. FEM-I-NAL'I-TY, n. The female nature. Brown. FEM'I-.NATE, (I. Feminine. [Aot in iwr.] Ford, FEM'I-NINE, a, [Ft. feminia; l^ feminmus, from femina, woman. The first sj'Ilabte may be, and probably is, from arentd, or womA, by tiie use of/ for IT ; the b not being radical. The last part of the word is probably from many quasi fcmman, womb- man.] 1. Pertaining to a woman, or to women, or to fe- males ; as, the feminine sex. 2. Soft i tender ; delicate. Iter hpaveol; fcnn Angvltc, but man wA «nd fmidnine. Alilton. 3. Effeminate ; destitute of manly qualities. Rategh, 4. In Frmuaar, denoting tbe genderor words which signify female^ or the terminations of such words. \\ ords are said to be of the feminint gender, when they denote females, or have the tenninations proper to express females in any given language. Thus, in Latin, daminu^f^ a lord, is masculine ; but domina Is mtstress, a female. Milton uses fetAinine, as a noun, for female. FEM'I-XINE-LY, adr. In a fr'mininc manner. FE.\I'I-M.\-I«M, n. The «|ualities of females. FE-.MLN'I-TY, n. The quality of the female sex. [AV>t used, ] Spenser. FE.M'I-NTZE, r. f. To make womanish. [JV>c used,] More. FEM'O-RAL, a. [L. femoraXi*^ from femur^ the thigh.] Belonging to the thigh ; as, the femoral artery. FEN, n. [Sa-T. /«, or fenn ; D. veen ; Arm. /enna, to overflow ; W. fynti^ to abound, to produce ; hence, L. fons^ Eng. fountain.] Low land overflowed, or covered wholly or par- tially with water, but producing sedge, coarse grass- es, or other lu^uatic plants ; boggy land ; a moor or marsh. A lonf( canal the muddj ftn diridea. Additon. FEN'-BER-RY, n. A kind of blackberry. Skinner. FEN'-BORN, a. Born or produced in a fen. Milton. FEN'-GRESS, n. [Sax, fen-cerst.] Cress growing m fens. FEN'-€RICK-ET, n. [(hyllotalpa.] An insect that digs for itself a little hole m the ground. Johnson. FEN'-DUCK, «. A species of wild duck. FEX'-FOWL, n. Any fowl lliat frequents fens. FEN'-LAM), w. Marshy land. FEN'-SUCK-f:D, (-sukt,) a. Sucked out of marshes ; as, fen-sucked fogs. SJiak. FEN'CE, (f-^ns,) n. [See Fes d.] A wall, hedge, ditch, bank, or line of posts and rails, or of boards or pick- ets, intended to confine beasts from straying, and to guard a field from being entered by cattle, or from other encroachments. A good furmer has good fences about his farm; an insufficient fence is evidence of bad manaecmenU Broken windows and poor fences are evidences of idleness or poverty, or of both. 2. A guard ; any thing to restrain entrance ; that which defends from attack, approach, or injury ; se- curity ; defense. A fence letwbct i» snii the rictor'a wrath. Addiron. 3. Fencing, or the art of fencing; defense. Shak. 4. Skill in fencing, or defense. Shak. Ring-fence f a fence which encircles a whole es- tate. FENCE, (fens,) v. t. To inclose with a hedge, wall, or any thing that prevents the escape or entrance of cattle ; to secure by an inclosure. In JVctc En^land^ farmers, fur the must part, fence their lands with FED [>osts and rails, or with stone walls. In England^ lands are usually /r/iccd witli hedges and ditches. He hmh fenced mj wxy, ihAt I din not pua. — Job xix, ^ To guard ; to fortify. So much of add^r'i wiwlotn I have leamt, To/p. Keptoff; warded off; shutout. FEND'ER, n. That which defends; a utensil em- ployed to iiinder coals of fire from rolling forward lo the floor. 2. A piece of timber, old rope made up into amass, or other thing hung over the side of a vessel to pre- vent it from striking or rubbing against a wharf; al:M), to preserve a small vessel from being injured by a large one. FEND' ING, ppr. Keeping or warding off. FEN'ER-ATE, v. i. [L. fa-nero.] To put to use ; to lend on interest. [JVo( used.'\ FEN-ER-A'TION, n. The act of lending on use; or the interest or gain of that which is lent. FE-NES'TRAL, a. [L. fenestralis, from fenestra^ a window.] Pertaining to a window. J^icholson. FE-.\ES'TKaTE, a. An epithet applied to transpa- rent spots on the wings of some insects. FE.N'NEL, n. [Sax. fenol; G. fenchel i D. venkel ; Sw. fmkal; Dan. fenn ikel ; W.fenig-yt; Fr.ftMouil; Sp. hiiwjo ; It. finocchio ; Ir. feaeul ; L. fttniculumf from fanum, I'ay.] A plant of the genus Farticles of iron. 9. Of the color of the rust or oxyd of iron. [Ferrugiheoui is less used.J FER FEli'KL'LE, (fer'rjl or fer'rule,) n. [Sp. birola^ a ring or cap for a cane,] A ring of metal put round a cone or other thing to strengthen it. FER-KU.ML\-A'TI0N, n. [L.] The soldering or uniting of nit^tals. FER'RY, V. L [Sax. feran, ferian ; G.fvhren; Gr. 0cpoj ; Lufero ; allied to beur, and more nearly to Sox. /ara«, to pass. See Bear and Fare, and Class Br, No. 33, 35.J To carry or transport over a river, strait, or other water, in a boat. We ferry men, horses, carriages, over rivers, for a moderate fee or price, called fare or ferriage. FER'RY, V. i. To pass over water in a boat. Milton. FER'RY, 7(. A boat or small vessel in which passen- gers and goods are conveyed over rivers or other nar- row waters ; sometimes called a wherry, [ This appli- catiun qftke loord is, I belie oe, entirely obsolete, at least in .America.] 2. The plaee or passage where boats pass over water to convey passengers. 3. The right of transpurting passengers over a lake or btieam. A U owns the ferry at Windsor. [In JVeu} England, this word is used in tlie two latter senses.'\ FER'RY-BO.\T, h, A boat for conveying passengers over streams and other narrow waters. FER'RY-ING, ppr. Carrying over in a boat, FER'RY-.MAN, j*. One who keeps a ferry, and tran»* ports passengers over a river. FER'TILE, r-til,ja. [Fr. fertile ; Sp. fcrtU ; lUfertilf, L. fertilis, from /fro, to bear.] 1. Fruitful; rich; producing fruit in abundance; as, fertile land, ground, soil, fields, or meadows. This word, in America, is rarely applied to trees, or to animals, but to land. It formerly had of before the thing produced ; as, fertile o/all kinds of grain ; but in is now used ; fertile in grain. 2. Rich ; having abundant resources ; prolific ; productive; inventive; able to produce abundantly ; as, nfrrtUe genius, mind, or imagination. FER'TILE LY, adv. Fruitfully. FER'TlLE-NEt?S. SPe FEBTiLiTr. FER-TIL'I-TY, 71. [UfcrtUitas.] 1. Fruitfulness ; the quality of producing fruit in abundance ; as, the fertility of land, ground, soil, fields, and meadows. 2. Ricliness ; abundant resources; fertile inven- tion ; as, the fertility of genius, of fancy, or imagina- tion. FER'TIL-TZE, r. U To enrich ; to supply with the pabulum of plants ; to make fruitful or productive ; as, to fertilize land, soil, ground, and meadows. [FERTiLrTATE is not used.] FER'TIL-IZ-£D, pp. Enriched ; rendered fruitful. FER'TIL-IZ-ING. ppr. Enriching; making fruitful or productive. 'I'he Conueclicut overdows the adja- cent meadows, fertilizing them by depositing tine particles of earth or vegetable substances. 3. a. Enriching ; furnishing the nutriment of plants. FER-U-LA'CEOUS, a. {L.ffrvla.] Pertaining to reeds or canes; liaving a stalk like a reed ; or resembling the Ferula ; as, ffrulaeeoua plants. Fourcroy. FER'ULE, (fer'ril or fer'rulo,) ji. [h. ferula, from ferio, to strike, or from the use of stalks of the Ferula.] 1. A little wooden pallet or slice, used to punish children in srh(>ol, by striking them on the palm of ttie hand. [Febular is not used.] 2. Under the Eastern empire, the ferula was the emperor's scepter. It was a long stem or shank, \vith a Hat, square head. Encyc. FER'ULE, (fer'ril or fer'rule,) v. t. To punish with a FER'UL-iJD,;'p. Punished with a ferule. [ferule. KER'UL-ING, ppr. Puniwhing with a ferule. FER'VEN-CY, n. [See Fervekt.] Heat of mind ; ardor ; eagerness. Shak. 2. Pious ardor } animated zeal ; warmth of de- votion. FER' VENT, a. [L. fervens, from fcrveoy to be hot, to boil, to glow; Ar. .U /awro, to boil, to swell with heat, to ferment. Class Br, No. 30. Ferveo gives the Spanish herrir, to boil, to swarm as bees, whose mo- tions resemble the boiling of water.] 1. Hot; boiling; as, a fervent summer; fervent blood. Spenser. fVotton. 2. Hot in temper ; vehement. Th-iy are/triwrtr to diiputr. Hooker. 3. Ardent ; very warm ; earnest ; excited ; ani- mated ; glowing ; aUffrrvent zeal ; fervent piety. fervent in »pirit. — Rom. xiL FER'VE\T-LY,rt-/r. Earnestly; eagerly; vehement- ly; Willi great wnrmth. 2. With pious ardor; with earnest zeal ; ardently. Epaptirui — »alulelh you, laboring ftrotntly tut you la piayert. TONE, BJJLL, UNITE.— AN"GER, VI"CIOUS. — C ■■ K ; d aa J ; » as Z ; CH as SH ; TH ai In THIS. FET FER'VEXT NESS, w. Fenvncv ; ardor; zeal. FEllVE:S'CU.NT, a. Growing huL FER'Vin, a. [L. fervidmj.] 1. Very hot ; burning; boiling; as, ,/>rrttf hpat. a. Very warm in zeal ; vehement ; eager ; earnest ; an, frrrtd /cai. rEK*VIl>-LY,drfi». Ver>*hotIy ; with glowing warmlh. FER'VID-NESS, n. Glowing heat ; ardor of mind ; warm zeal. Bentiep. FER'VOR, M. [L.fhvor.] 1- Heat or warmth ; as, the fervr of a summer's day. fi. Heat of mind ; ardor : warm or animated zeal and enrne^tness in tiie duticii of religion, particu- larlv in praver. FE3'CE\-NtNE, a. Pertaining to Fescenninm, ht Italv ; lict-ntitms. KmnH. FGi$'CEN-NI\E, H. A nuptial song, or a licentious snnx. CariierifkL FES'€t'E, m, TPr. /flu, for/«(a, a straw ; 1* /udiea, a atwot or stmlK of a tree, a hmL] A small wire used tu point out letters to children when let in the middle, where it falls duwn in an arch, being sus- pended by the end^^ the extremities of which often hanc down perpendicularly. Harris, Emeyc Brands. VES-TOOX^ e. L To furm in festoons, or to adorn with fetftfkons. PES-TOON'£D, pp. or a. Made into festoons, or adorned with them. FES-TOON'L\G, ppr. Making into festoons, or adomine with them. FESTU-CIXE, (-sin,) a. [h. festuca.} Being of a straw color. Broien. FESTCeoUS, a. Formed of straw. Broien. FET, «, [Fr. /oiL] A piece. [.Vo( used.] FET, V. C or t. To fetch ; to come to. [^Tot u-ted.] Tasser SackeUles FfiTAL, a. [from fetus.] Pertaining to a fetus. FETCH, r. U [Sai. feccan, or f&ecean, I have not found this word in any other language. Fet, /ettan, must be a different word or a corruption.] 1. To go and bring, or simply to bring, that is, to bear a thing toward or to a person. We wiD lake men tofetA tioujU lor the jywfile. — Judcea ix. Go 10 ilK flock, Md/diA me fiom tbeooe two kidi of (he naU. — Gen. xxviL FET In the latter passapi?, fetch signifies only to bring. 2- To derive ; to draw, ns fn>m a source. On, TOW ii^>blc«t Ktij^Ii^), Whoee biood U/itaxtd troiii r^Utrn of war-proof. Shak. [In this «»«, the use is neither common nor degant.] 3. To strike at a distance. [JVot used.] Tbe oondiliaoA and iinprovcnieuU of weapooa are ihn/elchitig wSm off. Sacon. 4. To bring back ; to recall ; to bring to any state. [JVW ms*d, or mUgar,] la cmrlU we an tln-ir gnml and audden eflV-ct ia /ttchinf meo afoin, wbro tbcj aMrooii. Bacon, 5. To bring or draw ; as, to fetch a tiling within a certain ctimpass. 6. To make ; to perform ; as, to fetch a turn ; to fetch a leap or bouna. Shuk. f)ttth a compKai behind ihem. — 3 S&m. t. 7. To draw ; to heave ; as, to fetch a sigh. .^ddiscTU 8. To reach ; to attain or come to ; to arrive at. We fttchmi the »jna'% iale. Chapman. 9. To bring ; to obtain as its price. Wheat fetches only 75 cents the bushel. A commodity is worth what it will fetch. To fetch out ; to bring or draw out ; to cause to ap- pear. To fetch to ; to restore ; to revive, ns from a swoon. To fetch up; to bring up; to cause to come up or forth. To fetch a pump ; to pour water into it to mnke it drew water. Mar. Diet. FETCH, V. i. To move or turn ; as, to fetch about. Shak. 9. Among seomsa, to reach or attain ; as, tit fetch to windward. Totten. FETCH, n. A stratagem, by which a thing is indi- rectly brought to pass, or by which one thing seems intended and another is done ; a trick ; an artifice ; as, a ffUk of wiu Sluik. Stnlght cait about lo ov^rrrach I'he uiiwa(7 conqwrKir wiih a/«lcA. lludihrtu. FETCH'ER, Tu One that brings. FETCH'INO, ppr. Bringing; going and bringing; deriving; drawing; making; reaching; obtaining as price. FETE, ((ate,) m. [Ft.] A festival holiday, or cele- bration nf some dav. FETE-CllAMPETRE' , ((at sham-patr',) n. A fes- ti^'al or enterta\nment in the n|>en air. FK'TICH, (fee'tish,) n. An object selected tempora- rily for worship, as a tree, stone, ice [See Feti- rHlSM.l FET'I-OHISM, } n. The worship of idols among the FET'I-ClSMj J negroes cf Africa, amon|; whom frtieh is an idul, any tree, stone, or c^er thing wor- shiped. A stupid kind of idolatry, such an that of the Afri- can negroes, which consiais in piving teiniiorary won^liip to any material object which tiie fancy may happen to select, as a trtie, a stone, a p?« bodiid S^moan wilh feUert of braas, — Judges zvi. 3. Any thing that confines or restrains from mo- tion. Paaakma too &?rce to be in fettera bound. Dryden. FETTER, V. t. To put on fetters ; lo shackle or con- fine the feet with a chain. 2. To bind ; to enchain ; to confine ; to restrain motion ; to impose restraints on. FetUr ttroiig madneaa in a aUken thread. Shak. FETTER -ED, pp. or a. Bound or confined by fet- ters ; enchained. Mnrston. In zooh^n/, applied to the feet of animals, when they are Btrelched backward, and appear unfit fur walk in?. FET'TER LNG, ppr. Rinding or fastening by the feet with a chain ; confining ; restraining motion. FEU FETTER-LESS, a Free from fettera or restraint. Jilarston. FETTLE, r. U To repair. Che^h. Olo^surp. 9. 'I'd do tritling business. Bp. HJl. FETT'STKTX, n. [-TZG, v. t. To reduce to a feudal tenure, FEOD'AI^IZ-£D, pp. Reduced to feudal tenure. FECD'AL-IZ-ING, ppr. Reducing to a feudal form. FEfTD'A-RY,a. Holding land of a superior. FECD'A-TA-RY, n. A feudatory, which see. FEOD'A-TO-RY, 71. [S^i. fcudatorio ; Vort. fnidatario.] A tenant or vassal who holds his lands of a supe- rior, on condition of military seri'ice ; the tenant of a feud or fief. BlacL^tone. Encyc. FEU DEJOIE,{fa'de-zhv.-'i',) [fire of joy.] A French phrase for a bonfire, or a firing of guns in token of FATE, FAR, FALL, WH^T — MeTE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, DQQK.- FIB FKCO'IST, «. A writer on {ends. Spelmaiu FEUIL'LXGE, (ful'yizh,) n. [Fr., foliage.] A bunch or row of leaves. Jercas. FEC'ILLE-MORT, (fu'il-mort,) n. [Fr., dead leaf.] The color of a faded leaf. FEO'TEK, c. £. To make ready. [JVut in use.l Spen-ser. FEO'TEE-ER, n. A dog-keeper. [J^ot iwrd.] Malinger. Fe'VER, n. [Ft., ^*Pre,* Sp. Jiebre; it. febbre ; h. febris, supposed to be so written by transposition for ferbis or fereisj from ferbeo^ Jerceo^ to be hot, Ar. jli fiLwra or fiura. Class Br, Na 30.] 1. A disease characterized by an accelerated pulse, with increase of h^'at, impaired functions, diminished strength, and otlt-ii witii preternatural thirst. This order of diseases is called by Cullen pyrexijy Gr. TTi'iKjia. Fevers are often or generally preceded by chilU or rigors, called the coUl stave of the disease. Fevers are of various kinds ; but the principal di- vision of fevers is into remitting fevers, which sub- side or abate at intervals ; intermiuing fever-s, which intermit or entirely cease at intervals ; and co;i- Unued or continual fevers, which neither remit nor intermit. 2. Heat ; agitation ; excitement by any thing that strongly affects the passions. This news has given me a fever. This quarrel has set my blood in a fevrr. Fe'VER, r. (. To p'lt in a fever. Drvden FE'VER-eOOL-lNG, a. Allaying febrile Iieai Thomsmi, . FP/VER-ET, «. A alight fever. [Obs.] Jiyl^ffk. ^Fe'VER-FEW, n. [Sai. feferfuge ; I*, febrig and A plant allied to Chamomile, and so named from mppo«ed febrifuge qualities. The common feverfew grows to the highi of two or three feet, with com- pound, radiated, white flowers, with a yellow disc. Fk' V'ER-ISH , a. Having a slight fever ; as, the patient is fevrrvih. 2. Diseased witli fever or heat ; fxB^ feverish nature. Creech.. 3. Uncertain; inconstant j fickle; now hot, now ccJd. Wa toa uid turn &botibl<; matti^r. [See Fuel.] FEW'NE^iJ, n. Sm:Ulness of number; paucity. £>ryden. 2. Paucity of words ; brevity. [A''ot used.] Shak. FBV, (fa,) c. L [p. BCegea.] To cleanse a ditch frtim mtid. Tusaer. F£V'^D, pp. Cleansed from mud ; applied to a ditch. Fgy'ING, ppr. Clennsins a ditrh from mud. Ff A'CRK. (fe-a'kr,) w. A French h!u;kncy coach. FI'A.VCE, F. (. To betroth, [.-^'-e Affiancb.] FI'ARS, (fS'arz,) n. pi. Thp price of grains, as Axed, in the counties of Scotland, by the respective sheriffs and a jury. Jamieaon, FT' AT, n. [L., from fia.] Let it be done ; a decree ; a command to do some- FIB, «. [See Fable. Ir. meabkra.] [thing. A lie or falsehood ; a word used among children and the vulgar, as a »ofler ex|ires»ion than lie. FIB, n. L To lie ; to speak falsely. FIB'BKR, n. One who telU Ijes or fibs. FIB'BING, ppr Telling fibs ; as a nouw, the telling of fibs. FIBER, ) ». [Fr.Jibre; L.fibrai Sp. ketn-a. JUrra i It. H'BRE i ^] I. A thread ; a fine, slender body which constl- Qui/io/. FID tutes a part of the frame of aiiimtds. Of fibers, some are soft and flexible, others mure bard and elliptic. Those that are soft are hollow, or sponpy, and full of little cells, as the nervous and fleshy. Some are so small as scarcely to be visible ; others are larger, and appear to be composed of still smaller fibres. These fibers constitute the substance of the bones, cartilages, ligaments, membranes, nerves, veins, arteries, and muscles. Q}dtiaj. 2. A filament or slender thread in plants or riiin- erals ; the small, slender root of a planL 3. Any fine, slender thread. Ft'bR^I^"' I ^- H«^'"e fibers. FMIRE-LESS ! «• "avnig no fibers. FI'CRIL, n. (Fr.Jihraie.] A small fiber ; the branch of a fiber ; a very slen- der thread. Ckeyne. FI-BRIL LOUS, a. Pertaining to fibers. Dr. STinnifT. FT'BRIN', 71. [See Fiber.] A peculiar organic com- pound substance found in animals and vt'getables. It is contained in the clot of coaeulated bhwd, and constitutes muscular fiber. Pure fibrin is of a whitish color, inodorous, and insoluble in cold water ; it is a solid substance, tough, clastic, and compt>sed of thready fibers, P. Cye. Ctraham. FT'BRIN'-OUS, a. Having or partaking of fibrin. FIB'RO-LITE, n. [from L. jfAr/i, and Gr. \i$t (.] A fibrous mineral from the Carn:itic, sup[K)sed to be identical with Bucholzite. An American mineral so called is nothing but Kyanite. Dana. FI'BROUS, a. Composed or consisting of fibers; as, & fibrous body or substance, 2. Containing fibers. In mineralogy, a fibrous frac- ture is that which presents fine threads or slender lines, either straight or curvi^d, p.iralid, diverging, or stellated, like the rays of a star. Kinran. FIIl'LJ-LA, n. [h.] The outer and lesser bone of the leg, much smaller than the tibia, li. A clasp or buckle. FICK'LE, a. [Sixx.fieol! but it seems to be connected with Tcweh'an, Sw. vackla, to waver, from the root of Ka^f ; L. vacillo ; Gr. TTDiKiXoa Heb. Ch. Syr. ii£), to fail, or rather Ueb. p'^D, to stagger. Class Bg, No. 44, GO.] 1. Wavering; inconstant ; unstable ; of a change- able mind ; irresolute ; nut firm in opinion or pur- pose ; capricious. Th<-y know hair Jidele common lo^eri «re. Dryrtcn, S. Not fixed orfirm ; liable to change or vicis^^itude ; as, a fickle state. Milton. FIck'LE-NESS, n. A wavering ; wavering disposi- tion; inconstancy; instability ; unsteadiness in opin- ion or purpose ; as, Uw fickleness of lovers. 2. Instability ; changeableness ; as, the fickleness of fortune. FICK'LY, adv. Without firmness or steadiness. Suuthern, Ft'eO, (fiS'ko,) It. [It., a.ffff.] An act of ctmtempt by placing the thumb between two of the fingers, expressing a fig for you. Carcw. FICTILE, a. [L. fictilii., from fictus, fingo, to feign.] Molded into form by art ; manufactured by the potter. PtcHU «aith \m more fngik- than crude rarth. Bacon. FI€'TION, It. n^fictio, frinnfingo, to feign.] 1. The act of fi-ignine, inventing, or imagining ; as, by the mere fiction of the mind. StiUingfieet. 2. That which is feigned, invented, or imagined. The story is a fiction. 8o KJao WM the fiction gf iho*^ roMen uppW k<^pt by i> dramn, Ukcn from Utc serpent whk-h tcmpit d Kvo. fiaUgti, 3. Fiction; in tare, an assumption made of what is not literally true, for the purpope of [Mtssing more rapid- ly over those parts of the subject which are not dis- puted, and arriving at the points really at issue, Brande. FICTION 1ST, n. A writer of fiction. fVc^t. Rev. FIC'TIOUS.for Fictitious. [JVot u^ed.] FI€-TI"TIOUS, (fik-tish'us,) a. [L. JictUius, from fingo. to felRn.] 1. reigned ; imaginary ; not real. Tbe hunuui pcnoni njv aMficti6out m ibe airy ones. Pop€. S. Counterfeit ; false ; not genuine ; as, fictitious fame. Dryden. Fie-TF'TIOUa-LY, adt}. By fiction ; falsely; coun- terfeit ly. Fie-TI"TI0US-NES8, h. Feigned representation. Broton. FI€'TrVE, a. Feigned. [J^oi twrf.] FIC'TOR, n. [L.] An artist who models or forms statues and reliefs in clay. Elmes. FID, n. A square bar of wnod or Iron, with a shoulder at one end, lined to t^upixirt the topmast, when erected at the head of the lower mast. Mar. Diet. 2. A pin of hard wood or iron, tapering to a point, used to open the strands of a rope in splicing. Mar. Diet. FID'DLE. (fid'dl.) n. [Q. fiedel; D. vedet; h. fides, fidicula.j A etriDged Instrument of music ; a riolin. FIE FID'DLE, V. u To play on a fiddle or violin. Theinisiocles taS^l tf could nut fiiidie, but he could maks m, »:n»\\ luWH a gn-nt city. Bacon. It Ur-iiil that yirTvjid'Uefl wUvn Rome wa» in flainea. History. 2. To trifle ; to shift the hands often and do noth- ing, like a fellow that plays on a nuuio. UocmI cooks can not ubiJe %'hjit ttiry Ci\\\ Jbhlling work. St^fi. FID'DLE, r. t. To play a tune on a fiddle. FID'DLE-FAD'DLE, ru A trifle; trifling talk. [JS low, cant word.] Spectator. FID'DLE-FADTJLE, o. Trifling; making a busUe about nothing. [Vulgar.] FID'DLER, 71. One who plays on a fiddle or violin. FID'DLE-STICK, n. The bow and string with which a fiddler plays on a violin. FID'DLI>-STRING, n. The string of a fiddle, fast- ened at the ends, and elevated in the middle by a bridge. FID'DLE-WOOD, n. A plant of the genus Citharex- ylon. FID'DLIXG, ppr. or a. Playing on a fiddle ; trifling. FID'DLING, B. The act of playing on a fiddle. Bacon. FI-DE-JUS'SION, C-jush'un,) n, Suretlship ; the act of being bound as surety for another. FI-DE-JUS'SOR, n, [L.] A surety ; one bound for another. Blackstone. FI-DEL'I-TY, n. [h. fidelitas, from fides , faith, fido, to trust. See Faith.] 1. Faithfulness ; careful and exart observance of duty, or performance of obligations. We expect fidelity In a public minister, in an agent or trustee, in a domestic servant, in a friend. The b^it •ocnrity for OiefirUliti/ of men, is to mnkp Intprr^i cola- diie with duty. yederaJiiit, Hamiitvn. 9. Firm adherence to a person or party with which one is united, or to which one is bound ; loyally ; as, the jirfr/(fw of subjects to their king or government; the fidelity of a tenant or licgo to his lord. 3. Obat^rvance of the marriage covenant ; as, the fidelitu of a husband or wife. 4. ilonesly ; veracity ; adherence to truth ; as, the fid4ity of a witness. FIUGE, iv.i. [Allied probably to^ci/c] To move FID^'ET, \ one way and the other ; to move irregu- larly, or in fits and starts. [.-9 low word.] SwifU FIDG'ET, «. Irregular motion; restlessness, [fui- gar.] FIDG'ET- Y, a. Restless; itneasv. [Vulgar.] FI-D0'CIAL, (fe-du'shal,) a. [from L. fiducia, from fido, to triisf.] 1. Confident ; undoubting ; firm ; as, a fiducial re- liance on the promises of the gospel. 2. Having the nature of a trust ; as, fiducial jwwer. Spclman. FT-DCCIAL-LY, adv. With confidence South. FI-DO'CIA-RY, fl. [lj.fiduciarius, from fido, to trust.] 1. Confident ; steady ; uiuluubting ; unwavering ; firm. tVake. 2. Not to be doubted ; as, fiduciary obedience. I/orrell. 3. Held in tnist. Spelman, FI-DO'CIA-RV, n. One who holds a thing in trust; a trustee. 2. One who deptmds on faith for salvation, without works ; an Antinoniian. Hammond. FIE, (f I ;) nn exclamation denoting contem|)t or dis- like. [This may be from the Saxon verb fian, to hate, llie rotit of fiend.] FIEF, (fecf,) n. [Fr. fitf, probably a compound word, consisting of /c, faith, and a word I do not under- stand. See Fee, Feoff, and Feud.] A fee ; a feud ; an estntc held of a superior on con- dition of military service. FIfiLD, (fecid,) n. [Hax, frU : G. field : D. veld ; Sw. and Dan. felt ; probably level land, a plain, from D. vellen, to fell, to lay or throw down.] 1. A piece of land inclosed fortillace or pasture; any part of a farm, except the garden and appurte- nances of the mnnsitui ; properly, land not covered with wood, and more strictly applicable to tillage land than to mowing land, which is often called meadow. But we say, the master of the house is in tlie^>W with his laborers, when he is at a distance from his house on his farm. He is in the field, plow- ing, sowing, reaping, or making hay. 9. Ground not inclosed. Mortimer. 3. The ground where a battle is fought. We say, the field of battle ; these veterans are excellent sol- diers in the field, 4. A battle ; action in the field. What though 0\^. field be !o«t. Milton. 5. To keep the field, is to keep the campaicn open ; to live in tents,-orto be in a state of active opera- tions. At the approach of cold weather, the troops, unable to keep t}it field, were ordered into winter qiiar- C. A wide expanse. [ters. A»k of yonder aigfwKfieldi above. Pope. 7. Open space for action or operation ; compass ; extent. This subject opens a wide field for contcm- 8. A piece or tract of land. [ptatmn. The fitld 1 give Ihec, ami Ibe cii»c that Is IhTfln. — Gf ri. zi Hi. TONS, BULL. tJNITE. — AN"GER. vr'CIOUS — € as K; as J ; g as Z ; CH as SH ; TH as In THIS &7 AM FIE 9. The ground or blank spnce on which figtires nre dniWD ; as, the jirW or ground uf a picture. Dryden. 10. In kertidrjft the whole surface of tJit) shiuld, or the continent. Enc^c. 11. In SaiftMFt^JM often siguifiea tlie opeu coun- try, groond not inooaed, u it may in some countries in nwdera times. 13. A jEeU i/ u» ; a large body of floating lea. IX fUtii of rietCy in a telacope or Mscnueapf, is the space within which objects are viaible when the in- strument is adjusU'd lo its focus. Brtm d t, FlELD'-UAS-li>, n. A plant. [Apptied to varin» plants.] FI£LJ)'-6£D, a. A bed contrived for carrying into the field. Fiei.D'-BQQK, n, A book used in surve^'ing, in which are strt down the angles, stations, distances, &c Barlow, FlfiLIV-COLr-ORS, (-kul'lurz,) n. pi. In imt, small flags of about a foot and a half square, carried along with the quartemiaster-geaenU, for marlting out the ground fur the squadraa and bactalioBs. Eneyc FXELD'-DAY, n. A day when troops are drawn out lor instruction in field exercises and erolutioos. FlfiLEy-DUCK, n. A species of bustard, nearly as l&i|a as a phaaaant ; found chiefly in France. nut. '-ROO.M, a. Open space. [Xoi in luc] Dragon. Fl£Liy-8P6RTS, a. pL Divenions of the field, as shooting and hunting. (^esterfiHd, Fl£LD'-i>TXFF, a. A weapon carried by gunners, about the length of a halbt.rd, with a eiiear at the end, having on each side ears Kcrewed on, like the cock of a matchlock, where the gunners screw in lighted matches, when thuy are on command. Encfc Fl£LD'-yGL£, a. The short-taUed field-mouiie. Brandt, Fl£LD'-WORKS, (-wurks,) n. pL In tA« miliiary art^ works thrown up by an army, in besieging a fortress, or by the besieged, to defend the place. Eneyc FISUVY, a. Open, like a field. [Abt in use.] WuMiffK FI£ND, (feend,) a. [Sax. ffond, Goth, fianda^ from JuaHy/ean^JigaMy to hate ; G.fciudf D. vyand; Sw. and Dan. fiendt. See Feud, contention.] An enemy, in the worst sense ; an implacable or malicious fu« ; the devil \ an infemaJ being. O vmtun ! womaut I wbea U ill tt|T miad la brat, nU beU cuo t ^ i m do fixiler jkwf. Pop*. FIEXD'-FRAY'ING, a. Terrifying fiends. More. Fl£NI>'F(,'L, a. Full of evil or malignant practices. Marlmcc FIEXD'FT.'I'-LY, adr. In a fiend-like manner. FlF.\D'-HEART-ED, a. Having the heart of a fiend. FIkXU'ISH, a. Like a fiend ; malicious. FIkXD'ISH NESS, ». Maliciousness. FIkNO'-LTKC, o. Resembling a fiend j maliciously wicked i diaboIicaL FIERCE, (feers,) o. [Fr./er; lU fiero^ ferocf ; Sp./«- rs, feroz ; from I*, firtta^ ferozy the primary sense of which is, wild, running, rushing.] 1- Vehement ; violent ; furious 3 rushing; impetn- oua ; as, a jierce wind. Watts. 2. i^avage ; ravenous ; easily enraged ; as, a fierce lion. 3. Vehement in rage ; eager of mischief j as, a. fierce tyrant ; a monster J^ce for blood. 4. Violent ; outrageous ; not to be restrained. Cui«ed be ibeir ui^er, for h wujkFce. — Geo. xlix. &. Passionate : angn- ; furious. 6. Wild ; staring ; lerocious j as, a fierce counte- nance. 7. Very eager; ardent; vehement j ag, a mun fierce fir his party. FIG FIkRCK'LV, adt\ ViuKntly ; furiously; with rage; as, both sides fiereelif fought, 2. With a wild aspect ; as, to look fiercely. Bacon. Fl £RCE'-MIND'£D, a. Vehement ; of a furious tem- per. Bp. WiUon, FI^RCE'NGSS^ a. Ferocity j savageness; excessive violence of spirit. Tbo (Idbel ef iMBt, wtucb pvwjIn-cvtMM to our notun*. Sw^ 9. Bagenieas for blood ; fury ; as, the fierceness of a lion or bear. S. Sickness to attack ; keenness in anger and re- aentmenL The Oiwki atv atront;, Kod akHIful to thrlr Mirni^, {Vr« to tbeir ftkitl, luid to xhekfitrctiuti vkIkuii. SlutJl, 4. Violence ; outrageous passion. Hb pride wid brut&l fitrt»nt»» 1 abhor. Drydtn. 5. Vehemence ; fUry ; ImiieluosUy ; as, the fierce- ness of a tempest. FTE-Rl FA'CI-AS, (fl'e-n-fa'she-as,) n. [L.] In fair, a judicial writ that lies fur bim who has recov- ertd in debt or damages, commanding the sherifiT to levy the same on Utc goods uf him agaiuU whom the rwovtTv was had. CoweL FI'ER-I-XEStf, «, [See Fiert, Fiax.] The quality of being fier>' ; heat ; acrimony ; the quality of a substance tliat excites a sensation of heat. Boyle. *X Heat uf temper ; irritability ; o^, a fifriness of temper. Addisoju FI'ER-V, a. rfrom fire,] Consisting of fire ; as, the fiery gulf of Etna. Anifiery UUowa itdl belov. Walta. Q. Hot, like fire ; as, a fiery heart. Shak. 3. Vehement ; ardent; very active ; impetuous; as, a jfery spirit. 4. Passionate'; easily provoked ; irritable. Tou know tbefitnf quAllt; of the duke. S/iak. 5. Unrestrained ; fierce ; as, a fiery steed. 6. Healed by fire. Tbe nroiU which ii maile jlrry. Hooktr. 7. Like fire ; bright ; glaring ; as, a fiery appear- ance. FIFE,*. [FT.fifre: G. p/eife. It is radically the same as pipe, W. pib, Ir. pift, or pip^ D. py;», Dan. pibe, Sw. pipd, coinciding with L. pipioy 10 pip, or prep^ as a chicken. The word may have received its name from a hollow stalk, or from its sound.] A small pipe used as u wind-instrument, chiefly in m artial mu^ic with drums. FTFE, D. u To play o'Vi a fife. FIFE'-MA-JOR, r. The chief or superintendent of the fifers of a regimenL Booth. FTF'ER, n. One who plays on a fife. FIF 'T EEX, a. [Sax- MlT^] Five and ten. FIF'TEE.\T1I, a. [Sax. fiftyntJuu] 1. The ordinal of fifteen ; ihe hf\h after the tenth. S. Containing one part in fifteen. FIF'TEEXTH, n. A fifteenth parU S. An ancient tax laid on towns, boroughs, &c., in England, being one fifteenth part of what each town, ^c, bad been valued at; or it was a fifteenth of each man's personal estate. Buchanan. 3. In miun'c, the double octave. FIFTH, fl, [Saz.fifUi. See Five.] 1. The ordinal of five ; the next to the fourth. 2. Eltiptically, a fifth part ; or the word may be cons)dert;d as a noun ; as, to give a fifth or two fifths. FIFTH, n. In musicy an interval consisting of three tones and a semitone. Encyc, FIFTH'LY, adc. In the fifth place. FIFTH-M0N'AR€H-Y-MEN, Ti. pi. A fanatical sect in England, who considered Cromwell as commenc- ing ihe fifh great monarchy of the worid, during winch Christ should reign on earth a thousand years. Brande, FIF'TI-ETH, a. [Sax. fifieogetha ; fify five, and teo- gethay tenth.] The ordinal of fifty : as, the fiftieth part of a foot This may be used eltiptically ; as, a fiftieth of hia goods, part being understood ; or, in this case, the word may be treated in grammar as a noun, admit- ting a plural ; as, two fiftieths. FIF'TV, a. [Sax. fiftig ,■ fif five, and Goth, tig, ten.] Five tens ; five times ten ; as, fijty men. It may be used as a noun in the plural. And they kU down by fiftU: — Marlt t1, FIG, n. [L. feus ; Sp.figo, or higo ; It. fico ; Ft. figue; G. feige ; D. vyg: Heb. ■'JD ; Ch. nin.] 1. The fruit of the fig-tree, which is of a round or oblong shape, and a dark-purplish color, with the pulp of a sweet ta^^. But the varieties are numer- ous; some bt-'ing blue, others red, and others of a dark-brown color. £ncyc 2. The fig-tree. Pope. FIG, V. t. To insult with ficoes, or contemptuous mo- tions of the fingers, [Little used.] Shak, 2. To pat something useless into one*s head. [JV liar relations to ditforent gt^ometrical figures, as, tri- angles, squares, [pentagons, &c. In the following ex- ample, the two lower lines are composed of JiguraU numbers : — 1, 2, 3, 4, &.C. 1, 3, 6, 10, &c. 1, 4, 10, 20, &.C. FICtJ-RA-TED, a. Having a determinate form. Potter. FIG'U-RATE-LY, tuh. In a figurate manner. FIG-U-KA'TIOX, Jt. The act of giving figure or de- terminate form. Bacon, 2. Detenu ination to a certain form. Bacon. 3. Mixture of concords and discords in music. Oregory, FIG'TJ-RA-TIMi:, o. [Fr. fiiiuratlf, from jiirure..} 1. Representing something else; representing by resemblance ; typical. ThtB, they wUI nj, wu JlguratiM, iind vrvcil bf Go'I'a ap- poiatmcn:, but for a Unm.', U> tiuuiuW out the true ^><^>T ^ * nwre diviue unciltj. Hooker. 2. Representing by resemWanre ; not literal or direcL A figurative expression is one in which the words are used in a sense different from that in wbicb tbey are ordinarily used ; as, SkniIffT, Whoae edge b ihaqfcr thau Uie sword. Shai. 3. Abounding with figures of speech j as, a de- scription ivi:h\v Jijruratire. FIG'l[,UA-TlVE-LY, a//r. By a figure; in a manner to exhibit ideas by rest ni hi a nee ; in a sense different from that which words originally imply. Words are used /jj-Krofrpf/w, when they express something dif- ferent fn»m their n^tinl meaning. FIG'U-RA-T!VE-.\ESa, n. State of being figurative. riG'i;RE, (fig'yur,) n. [fr. figure; h. figura, from figOf to fix or set ; W. jugyrj from fugiate^ to feign. Sec Fek;;*.] 1. The form of any thing, as expressed by the out- line or terminating extremities. Flowers have ex- quisite /yurcj. A triangle is a figure of three sides. A square is a figure of four equal sides and equal angles. 2. Shape j form ; person ; as, a lady of elegant figttre. A p>*l fifurt, or person, In man ox woman, gi*** cnHlJt ■( fint nvtClio the ctioic^ of ciili-r. liic/uiTrison. 3. Distinguished appearance; eminence; distinc- tion ; remarkable character. Ames made a. figure in congress; Hamilton, in the cabinet. 4. Appearance of any kind ; as, an ill figure ; a mean figure. 5. Magnificence ; splendor ; as, to live in figure and indulgence. Law. 6. A suitue ; an image ; that which Is formed in resemblance of something else ; as, the figure of a man in planter. 7. Representation in painting; thclinesand colors which rfpresent an animal, particularly a jK-rson ; as, the principal figures of a picture ; a subordinate figure. 8. In manufacturrsj ft design or representation wrought on dama-^k, velvet, and other stuffs. 9. In logic, the form of a syllogism with respect to the ordrr or di«posi[ion of the middle term. fVottn. 10. In arttAffiffic, a character denoting a number; a digit ; as, 2, 7, 9. 11. In geometry, n diagram. 12. In asfrologij, the horoscope ; the diagram of the aspects of the astrological houses. Shak* 13. In t/teoUgy, type ; refwcscntative. Who WM ihnfigurt of him ih^t «raa to come. — Rem. t. 14. In rhetoric, a mode of speaking or writing in which Words ar(r deflected from their ordinary signifi- cation, or a mmle more beautiful and emphatical than U»e ordinary way of expressing the sense ; the lan- guage of the itiiaeinatirtti nnd passions; as, knowl- edge is the light of the mind ; the soul mounts on the wings of faith ; youth is the morning of life. In strictness, the change of a word is a trope^ and any affertion of a ■sentence a figure f but these terms are often confounded. iMcke. \Ti. In grammar, any deviation from the rules of analogy or syntax. l»i. In dancing, the several steps which the dnnccr makes in order and cadence, considered as they form certain figures on the llmir. FIG'IJRK, (ftg'yur,) r. £. To form or mold into any determinate} shape Aeeepl tbia goblM, raofti with fifrmtd fold. Dr^Atn. 2. To show by corporeal resemblance, as In picture or statuary. FIL 3. To make a drawing of; as, to figure a plant, a shell, &c. \^Used chiffiy in Oie natural sciences,"] 4. To cover or adorn with figures or images; to mark with figures ; to form figures in by art ; as, to figure velvet or muslin. 5. To diversify ; to variegate with adventitious forms of matter. 6. To represent by a typical or figurative resem- blance. The matter of the »acram«)ta figurtth their end. H>ok«r. 7. To imagine ; to image in the mind. Temple. 8. To prefigure ; to foreshow. Sftak. 9. To form figuratively ; to use in a sense not literal ; as, figured expressions. [Little used.] 10. To note by characters. [Locke, A> through a crystal gla« Hit figured houri are teen. Lhyden. 11. In music, to pass several notes for one ; to form runnings or variations. Encye. FIG'IJRE, V. i. To make a figure ; to be distinguished. The f^xwoy figured at the court of St, Cloud. FIG'^RE-exST'ER, ) n. A pretender to astrology. FIG'UKE-FLING'ER, \ [Obs.] FIG'riUE-STONE, n. A name of the agalmatolite, or bildtntein. FIG't;R-£l), (fig'yurd,) pp. Represented by resem- blance ; adorned with figures; formed into a de- terminate figure. 2. In music, free and florid. FIG'CK-ED, a. Adorned with figures. FIG'IIRE-HEAD, n. The figure, statue, or bust, on the projecting part of the head of a ship. Brandt. FIG'ljR-I\G, n. Act jf making figures. FIG'IJR-ING, ppr. Forming into determinate shape ; representing by types or resemblances ; adorning with figures ; making a distinguished appearance. FI-La'CEOUS, (fo-la'shus,) a. [h. filum, a thread; Vt.file; Si>, Alb.] ConiiHised or consisting of threads. Bacon, FIL'A-C'EU, 71. [\onn, fiticer, from file, a thread or file, L.filam,i^p.htlo.] An oflicer in the English Court of Common Pleas, so called from filing tlie writs on which he makes process. There are fourteen of them in tlieir several divisions and counties. They make out all original in-ocesses, real, personal and mixed. Harris. FIL' A-MENT, n. [Fr., from U-filamenta, threads, from filum.\ A thread ; a fiber. In anatomy and natural history, a fine thread, of whieli flesh, nerves, skin, plants, roofs, Slc, and niso some niinuntls, are composed. So the spider*s web is composed of filaments. The threadlike |>art of the stamens of plants is called the filament. PIL-A-MENT'OUS, a. Like a thread ; consisting of fine filaments. FIL'AN-UERS, n. pL [Fr. filandrcs, from filum, a thread.] A disease in hawks, consisting of filaments of congulated blood ; also, small wonns wrapt in a thin skin or net, near the reins of a hawk. Encye. FIL'A-TO-RV, tt. ffrimi L.filum, a thread.] A machine which forms or spins threads. TUa manufactoTT haa Uiive flitUoriet. each of HO T^r-U, which are laorod (7 a water-wheel, and, beaidcs, a aiiuUlJwntory Himer reeling. FIL'IJEKT, n. [!>. anfllana, with which the first syl- lable c«rre«|K)nds ; fil, vel.] Tile fruit of Ihc cultivated CortJJus or hazel ; an egg-shaped nut, containing a kernel, that has a mild, farinaceous, oily taste, which in agreealile to the palate. The oil is said to be little inferior to the oil of almonds. Kncyc. FILCH, V. L [This word, like pi{/>r, is probably from the root of//e or peel, to strip or rub ofl". But I know not from what source we have received it. In 8p. peilizcar is to pilfer, fXBfiloutcr, in French, is to pick the [K»cket.] To steal something of little value ; to pilfer ; to steal ; to pillage ; to lake wnmgfully from another. Fain would (h<>r fUck that lUlle food awa^. Dryden. But he UiatjbcMJ frvm ma xnj good name, Hot« irie (/(hat which mA rurich^ hiiii, Ami irialiea me pour indeed. Shak, FTLCH'^D, (filcht,) pp. Stolen ; taken wrongfully from another; pilla!;ed ; pilfered. FILCH'ER, n, A Uiief ; one who is guilty of petty theft. FILCH'INO, ppr. Stealing, taking from another wrf>ngfnllv ; pilfering. PILCH'I\G-LY, adv. By pilfering; In a thievish manner. FILE, n. f Fr. file, n row ; filet, a thread ; L. filum ; 8p. kilo ; Tort. fiUi ; It. fila, fito : Russ. bid, a thread of flax. The primnry sense is probably to draw out or extend, or to twist. W.filliaw, to twist.] I. A thread, string, or line ; particularly, a line or wire on which papers are strung in due order for preservation, and for conveniently finding them when wanted. Documents are kept on file. FIL 2. The whole number of papers strung on a line or wire ; as, a JUe of writs. A file is a record ol court. 3. A bundle of papers tied together, with the title of each indorsed ; the mode of arranging and keeping papers being changed, icithvut a change o/names. 4. A roll, list, or catalogue. Sfiak. Burke. 5. A row of soldiers ranged one behind another, from front to rear ; the number of men constituting the depth of the battalion or squadron. FILE, V. t. To string ; to fasten, as papers, on a line or wire for preservation. Declarations and affidavits must be filed. An original writ may be filed after judgment. 2. To arrange or insert in a bundle, as papers, in- dorsing the title on each paper. This is now the more common m^de of filing papers in private and public ojjices. 3. To present or exhibit officially, or for trial ; as, to file a bill in chancery. FILE, V. i. To march in a file or line, as soldiers, not abn^ast, but one after another. FILE, 7t. [Sax. feot : D. vyl; G. feile ; Sw. and Dan. fit, a file ; Russ. pila^ a saw ; perhaps connected in origin with polish, which see. Class Bl, No. 30, 32, 33,4.5.] An instniment used in smoothing and polishing metals, formed of iron or steel, and cut in little furrows. FILE, I*, t. [Russ. opilevaytt, and .ti wilh wiiUr; und ihey JtUed tbem u> thfl brim. — Jvha U. 5. To Store ; to supply with abundance. Be Truitful, and multipl/, uid JiU lix wmten ia tbe aMW. — Geo. i. 3. To cftuse to abound } to make universally prev- alent Tb0 eaith wimJUM with viulcoM. —Geo. ^ < To satisfy ; to content. Wbrncr ilKxild »■« bnvr k> much braid to iba wiUoBon »> to jKavpTBUamutiiiadef — Mao. xt. 5u To glut ; to surfeit. ThiTifa ihAt are swtet wid &1 are mom jCfinf. Bacon. 6. To mnke plump ; as, in a j^md season the grain b well ^UfU. In the suntiner of 1810, the driest and coldest which the oldest man reuieinbered, the rye was so well JiUe^ that the grain prvtruded beyond the hua>k, and a shock yielaed a peck more ttian in ciunmoa yean. 7. To press and dilate on oil sides, or to the ex- tremities : as, the sails were _^UrtL 8. To supiJy with liquor j to pour into i BS,lo fiU a ploss for a guest. 9. To iiupply with an incumbent ; as, to f.ll an office or vacancy. HamUtoH 10. To hold ; to possess and perform the duties of; to officiate in, as an incuniboiil; as, a km g jiUs a throne ; the president fiU* the otlice of chief magis- irale j the speaker of the house fiUs the chair. U. In seamams^y to brace the yards, so that the wind will act upon the after surface of the sails. Tvtten, To fill otd ; to extend or enlarge to the desired To fiU up ; to make fulL [limiL It pouis the Uin ^hhiJUU up all (h* ntind. Pop** But in this and many other coses, the use of up weakens the furce of the phrase. 9. To occupy ; to filL Seek lo fiU up life with useful emiMLiyments. 3. To till ; to occup}' tbe whole extent j as, to jUi *V * £i^^" space. 4. To engage or employ ; as, to jEZ/ n^ time. 5. To cdmpleie ; as, to jCU v the measure of sin. 6. 1V> com|»ete ; to acoHnpUsh. [MatL xxiJL Aod^ ip vtut ii boUnd of Um affiutem oTChriH. — C(4. i. FILL, D. 1. To fill a cup or glass for drinking j to give to drink. la the o^ vUeb ite bath AIM* j« ID her doobte. — Bev. zria. 9. To grow or become full. Com JiUa well in a warm seasoru A mill pond fiiU during the night. 3. To glut ; to satiate. 7*0 ^ irp : to grow or become full. The channel of the river jUls up with sand every spring. FILL n. Pullucss ; as much as supplies want; as much as gives complete satisfaction. Eat and drink to the >U. Take your fill of joy. The buwl ritaH yidd ber (ruii, and ye atwll tax. your JUl, and dwell tbnnin in aafety. — l^ev. xxf. FIL'LA-GREP- See Fiughask. FILLE Dt: CWLVBRB, (-sii4mT)r,) [Fr.] A cham- ber-maid. F[LL'£D, pp. Made full ; supplied with abundance. FILLER, n. One who fills ; one whose employment is to fill vessels. Tfaej turp Kx difgeis to foaiJBUra, u ai to kewp th« filltrt alwajs «t work. AJorbTner. fi. That which fills any sjMice. Dryden. 3. *>ne that supplies ahunJantlv. FIL'LET, n. [Fr. filet, a thread, from //«, L. fihim,'] 1 A little band to tie about the hair of the head. A. b-ti ber waiat, xJiiUl Uoda her bur. Pope. % The fleshy part of the thigh \ applitd to veai ; as, a fitUt of veal. 3. Meat rolled together and tied round. Siri/L 4. In aTxJutf£turr^ a little square member or orna- ment used in divers places, but generally as a corona over a greater molding; called also listeL Al^o, the broad, lon^it^idinal ridge between the tlutiiigs of a Grecian column, except the Doric. 5. In hftiUdnf^ a kind of orle or bordure, contain- ing only the third or fourth part of the breadth of the common bordure. It nins quite round near the edge, as a lace over a cloak. £«cmc 6. Among paiutrrs and gildrrs, a little rule or reg- let of leaf-gold, drawn over certain moldings, or on the edges of frames, panels, ic, especially when painted white, by way of enrichment. Encyc 7. In the tnanegn, the lu'ins of a horse, beginning at the place where the hinder part of the saddle rests. K»cyc. FIL'LET, V. L To bind with a fillet or little band. 2. To adorn wilh an asimeal. Ez. xxxviii. FIL'LET-ED, pp. Bound with a little band. FIL'LET-IXG, ppr. Binding with a little band or FIL'LI-BEG, n, [Gael. filUadJir^e^.] [fillet. A little plaid ; a kilt or dress reaching neariy to the knees, worn in the Highlands of Scotland. FIN FILL'I.NG. ppr. Making full ; supplying abundantly ; growing full. FILL'LNG, n. A making full ; supply. 2. The woof in weavmg. FIL'LIP, p, L [Probably from the root of L. orf/o, like peUjW.fiL See FiLLT.] To suike wilh the nail of the finger, first placed against Uie ball of the thumb, and forced from that position with a sudden spring. FIL'LIP, «. A jerk of the finger forced suddenly from the thumb. FIL'LIP-ING,;)j/r. Striking with the nail or end of the finger. FIL'LY, M. p,V. filaufft from jJI, a scud ; a dart ; co- inciding with Fr. fiUe, h. fiiia^ £ng. /ooi, a shoot, issue.! 1. A female or mare colt j a young mare. 9. A wanton girl. Benum, FILM, H, [Sax. film. Q,u. W. fijUiait^ to shade or grow over, or It. vtlame^ a vail, a film, L. veiamm, or from L. pe/ii*.] A thin skin ; a pellicle, as on the eye. In plants, it denotes tlie thin skin which stparatea the seeds in pods. FILM, V. U To cover with a tliin skin or pellicle Shah. FIL:\I'I-NESS, n. State of being filmy. FILM'V, a. Composed of thin membranes or pelli- cles. \yh>y«:fiimy conl ahoirfj blnJ the ■truggling fly. Dryden, FI'LCSK, a. In zoology^ that ends in a thread-like process. Braiule FIL'TER, ». [Ft. filtre, feutre t 3p fiitro ; It. fcltro; properly, felt, fulled wool, lana coacta, lliis being used for straining liquors.] A strainur ; a piece oi^ woolen cloth, paper, or other substance, tlirough whicli liquors are (Ktssed for defe- cation. A filter may be made in the form of a hol- low inverted cone, or by a twi!*t of thread or yam, being wetted, and oneend put in the liquor, and t)ie other sulfered to hang out below the surface of the liquor. Porous stone is often used as a filter. FIL'TER, V, U To purify or defecate liquor, by pass- ing it through a filter, or causing it to pass through a porous substance ttint retains any feculent matter. FIL'TER, V. i. To percolate : to pass through a filter. FIL'TER, n. See Philtkr. FIL'TER^JED, pp. at a. Strained ; defecated by a fil- ter. FIL'TER-ING, ppr. Straining ; defecating. FIL'TER-ING, «. The act of passing through a filter. FILTH, R. jfSai. fylth, from /«V, /«ia, foul ,■ D. vuUu. See Foul and DEriLE.j 1. Dirt; any foul matter; any thing that soils or defiles ; waste matter ; nostiness. 2. Corru|>tion ; pollution ; any thing that sullies or defiles the moral character. To purify the aoul &oni tbe droaa tj\Afilth of sensual dHl^hti. TiUoUon. FILTH'I-LY, adt. In a filthy manner ; foully ; grossly. FILTH'I-NESS, II. The stale of being filthy. 2. Foulness ; dirtiness ; filth ; nastiness. Cany forth HKfillhinett out oT the holy place. — 2 Chron. xxix. 3. Corruption j pollution 3 defilement by sin; im- purity. Let ui cleanae ouraclves from all fiUhintxw of the fleah and sinrit, perfecting hulineu in the fear of Gtxl. — 2 Cor, vii. FILTH'Y, a. Dirty ; foul ; unclean ; nasty. 2. Polluted J defiled by sinful practices ; morally impure. He that )xfilUiy, let hira \3ii filthy still. — Rev. xxiL 3. Obttined by base and dishonest means ; as,^£Ay lucre. TiL i. FIL'TRATE, v. L [Sp. filtrar ; It. filtrare : Fr. filtrer. See Filter.] To filter ; to defecate, as liquor, by straining or per- coliilion. FIL'TRATE, n. The liquid which has been passed tlirough a filter. FIL-TUa'TION, n. The act or process of filtering; the mechanical separation of a liquid from the undis- solved particles floating in it. The filtering substance may consist of any porous matter, aa porous earthen- ware, unsized paper, sand, &c, Ure. FI.M'BLE-HEMP, n. [feTtmle-kemp.] Light summer hemp, that bears no seed. .Mortimer. FIM'BRI-ATE, a. [L. fimbria, a border or fringe.] In botany, fringed ; having the margin bordered by filiform processes thicker than hairs. Lindley. FnrBRI-ATE, V. L To hem; to fringe. Fuller. FIM'BRl-A-TED, pp. Hemmed ; fringed. FI.M'BRI-A-TED, a. In Aero/i/ry, ornamented as an ordinary, wilh a narrow border or hem of another tincture. Eucyc FlM'BRI-A-TING,p;tr, Hemming; fringing, FIN, n. rSai. finn ; D. vin ; Sw. fena ; Dan. finne; L. pinna, or penna. The sense is probably a shoot, or it is from diminishing. See Fine. Class Bn.] The fin of a fish consists of a membrane sup- ported by rays, or little bony or cartilaginous ossi- cles. The fins of fish serve to keep their bodies up- FIN right, and to prevent wavering or vacillation. The fins^ except the caudal, do not assist in progressive motion, the tail being the instrument of swiinuiing FIN, V u To carve or cut up a chub. FL\^A-BLE, a, [See Fine.] That admits a fine. 2. Subject to a fine or penalty ; as, a finable portion or oflfense. FI'NAL, a. [Fr. and Sp. Jfnai f 'L.finatis; li- fintde. See FiME.] 1. Pertaming to the end or conclusion ; last ; ul- timate ; as, the final issue or event of things ; filial hope ; final salvation. 2. Conclusive ; decisive ; ultimate ; as, a /na^ judg- ment. The battle of Waterloo was final to the power of Bonaparte ; it brouyJit the contest to a final issue. 3. Res[>ecting the end or object lobe gained; re- specting the purpose or ultimate end in view. The eflicient cause is that which produces the event or ef- fect ; theji;ia/ cause is that for the sake of which any thing is done. Ft-J^A'LE, (fe-nU'Ia,) n. [It.l The last note or end of apiece of music. 2. The last performance in any act of an opera, or that which closes a concert ; close ; termination. FI-NAL'I-TY, n. Final state. Baxter. FI'NAL-LY, ado. At the end or conclusion ; ulti- mately ; lastly. The cause is expensive, but we shall finally recover The contest was long, but the Romans finally conquered, 2. Completely ; beyond recovery. The enemy was _^i>aUy ex ten 11 in ^tcd. Daoitw, FI-NANCE', (fe-nans',) ti, [Fr. and Nonn. /imHce ; Ann. financi, fine, subsidy. Finance is from fijte, in the sense of a sum of money jMiid by the subject to the king for the enjoyment of a privilege ; a /euJaf sense. Hence, finance was originally revenue arising from fines. See Fink.J Revenue ; income or a king or state. Bacon. 'I'lie United States, near the close of the revolu- tion, appointed a superintendent of finance, [ft i>- more generally used in Vie plural.] FI-NAN'CES, n. pL Revenue; funds in the public treasury, or accruing to it^ public resources of mon- ey. Th» finances of the kmgor government were in a low condition. The finances were exhausted. 2. The income or resources of individuals. IBut the word is most properly applicable to public revenue.] FI-NAN'CIAL, ffe-nan'shal,) a. Pertaining to public revenue ; as, financial concerns or operations. Anderson. FLNAN'CIAL-LY, adv. In relation to finances or pub- lic revenue ; in a manner to produce revenue. We Bhould be careful not to coiiBider aa fijtandally efi'eciire exports all tbe goods and produce which have bern aeiit abroad. Waitb^ FIN-AN-CIeR', (fin-an-seer'O n, [In France, a re- ceiver or fanner of the public revenues.] 1. An officer who receives and manages the pub- lic revenues ; a treasurer. 9. One who is skilled in the principles or system of public revenue ; one who understands the mode of raising money by imposts, excise, or taxes, and the economical management and application of public money. 3. One who is intrusted wilh the collection and management of the revenues of a corporation. 4. One skilled in banking operations. FT'NA-RY. See Finery. DlcL FINCH, n. [Sax. fine ; G. finli ; D. uinjt ; It. pincione ; W. pine, fine, gay, a finch.] A small singing bird. But finch is used chiefly in composition ; as, diafiinch, goldfinch. These lielong to the genus Fringilla, fLinn.) or family Fringillidffi. FIND, V. U ; pret. and pp. Found [Sax. findan ; G. finden; D. vinden, or vynen ; Sw. finna ; Dan. finder. This word coincides -in origin wilh the L. venio ; but in sense with invenio. The primary sense is, to come to, to rush, to fall on, to meet, to set on; and tbeSw. finna is rendered not only by invenire^ but by offen- dere. So in Sp. venir, to come, and to assault It is probable, therefore, that find and feud are from one root, Ar. ' Li /auna, to come. Class Bn, No. 21. See, also. No. 7,j 1. Literally, lo come to; to meet; hence, to dis- cover by the eye ; to gain first sight or knowledge of something lost ; to recover either by searching for it or by accident. Doth she not lijhl a candle, and sw^-ep the houae, and spek (liti^ently, tiQ she find it I mid when ihe balh found k. — 2. To meet ; to discover something not before seen or known. He saitli to him, We have found the Mesaiah. — John 1. 3. To obtain by seeking. Aak, and it etuiU be given you ; tcelc, and ye •hall find. — Matt. 4. To meet with. In wDodi nnd forcEta thou UTi found. Omley, Fate, Far, fall, WHAT MeTE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOQK.- FIN 5. To discover or know by experience. The torritl ion« !■ now found halivdie, Coutte^, 6. Tu reach ; to anain to j to arrive at. SimH is th« ^^t *^ narrow ia lhr> wnj, which leadeUi to lift, Aud few ibere be tbatjbuj it. — MxtX. vii. 7. To discover by study, experiment, or trial. Air and water are found to be com[>ound substances. Alchemists long attempted Iq jutd tiie philosuplier's stone, but it is not yet fotutd. 8. To gain ; to have ; as, la find leisure for a visit. 9. To iHirceive ; to observe ; to learii. I found his opinions to accord with my own. 10. To catch i to detect. When tint fmnd ia & lie, bilk to him of it u a ■tmn«>, ition- KTotu ibinj. Ltidtt, In this sense,/nd is usually followed by ouU 11. To meet. In ULa ttieir b>uinm and their glory ,^rvf. CowUy. 12. To have ; to experience ; to enjoy. B-'hoM, in the day of joaz faM jejind pleasure. — U. Iviii. 13. To select j to choose ; to designate. 1 hareybujvf Divid my aerranl. — P». Ixxxix. 14. To discover and dedare the truth of di.<«puted farts ; to come to a conclusion, and decide between panif^s, as a jury The jurj- find a verdict for the plainiitror defendant; they find the accused to be guilty. 15. To determine and declare by verdict. The jur>- have found a large sum in damages for the plain- tiir. 16. To establish or pronounce charges alleged to be inie. The grand jury huve found a bill against the accused, or they^H