SELECT 
 
 ORATIONS OF LYSIAS. 
 
 WITH 
 
 INTRODUCTIONS AND EXPLANATORY NOTES, 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM ARNOLD STEVENS, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF NEW TESTAMENT EXEGESIS IN ROCHESTER THEOLOGICAL 
 SEMINARY. 
 
 Funeral Oration, 19. 
 
 NINTH EDITION. 
 
 CHICAGO: 
 
 S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY. 
 1893.
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1876. 
 BY S. C. GKIGGS & CO. 
 
 UNIVERSITY PRKSS: JOHN WILSON & SON, 
 CAMBRIDGE.
 
 SRLF 
 
 URL 
 
 5To mr; / atljer, 
 REV. JOHN STEVENS, D. D., 
 
 AS A PUBLIC ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF HIS INVALUABLE COUNSEL 
 
 AND ENCOURAGEMENT, ESPECIALLY DURING MY 
 
 COLLEGIATE AND POST-GRADUATE 
 
 STUDIES, 
 
 THIS VOLUME 
 IS GRATEFULLY AND AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 1HE use of the orations of Lysias with different 
 classes during the past thirteen years has more than 
 confirmed my first impression of their great value in 
 a course of Greek instruction. An edition of the ora- 
 tions contained in this volume was completed two years 
 ago last winter, but the manuscript was destroyed while 
 on its way to the printer by the burning of an express- 
 car. It had been begun at the suggestion of the late 
 Professor Hadley, and a portion of the work had received 
 the benefit of his critical revision, one of the last of 
 those unheralded services which that noble-hearted 
 scholar, too humble and too great to covet fame, and 
 setting all too low an estimate on his exhaustless stores 
 of learning, was ever so generously rendering on every 
 hand. The completion of my task for the second time 
 fulfilling but tardily the promise made to the pub- 
 lishers has been delayed until the present by other 
 imperative duties. 
 
 The work is especially designed as a reading-book in 
 Attic prose, to follow the Anabasis. The fitness of 
 Lysias' orations for this purpose will be better under- 
 stood from the account given in the Introductory Sketch. 
 In preparing the Notes it has been my chief aim to guide 
 the student to a reasoned translation. It seems hardly
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 to be questioned that the value of translation as a mental 
 discipline will depend mainly on the student's being able 
 to give an intelligent account of his work, to furnish 
 not only the correct rendering, but the reasons for it. I 
 have therefore made numerous grammatical references, 
 particularly in the notes on the twelfth and the thirteenth 
 orations, and on the twenty-second. The latter oration, 
 and the narrative portions of the two former, will be 
 found the most suitable for the use of younger classes. 
 Advanced classes may profitably read the twelfth and 
 thirteenth entire, not only for their historical value, but 
 as specimens of argumentative composition in the foren- 
 sic branch. 
 
 Some references have been made to larger grammars, 
 and to works not accessible to the majority of students. 
 Those teachers who read beyond their text-books will not 
 object to these, nor to the occasional mention of parallel 
 passages in orations not found in this volume. 
 
 Matters of fact and history have been explained to 
 some extent, but not, it is believed, at so great a length 
 as to interfere with the main purpose of the Notes. The 
 Classical Dictionary and the Dictionary of Antiquities 
 have been constantly referred to, and their use by the 
 student is taken for granted throughout. 
 
 The text adopted is that of Scheibe (Teubner's edi- 
 tion). The few instances in which I have departed from 
 it, in language or punctuation, are mentioned in the 
 Notes. As regards the division of syllables, I have fol- 
 lowed the rule of dividing compound words into the ele- 
 ments out of which they are formed ; e. g. iroAe/*-apx<f>, 7ra p- 
 civai. This method has reason as well as the authority 
 of Curtius and many other modern grammarians in its 
 favor.
 
 PREFACE. V11 
 
 Use has been made of all the best authorities to which 
 I could procure access. Of the most service have been 
 Reiske (the fifth and sixth volumes of his Oratorum Gra- 
 corum, Lipsia, 1772) ; Rauchenstein (Ausgewdhlte Redcn 
 des Lysias, Sechste verbesserte Anflage) ; and Frohberger, 
 (Ausgewahlte Reden des Lysias, both the larger work in 
 three volumes, and the abridged edition, which appeared 
 last year). Frohberger's annotations, especially, have 
 been a constant and indispensable help. Other com- 
 mentators are mentioned in the Notes. 
 
 The elucidation of the chronology and history of the 
 events referred to in the twelfth and thirteenth orations 
 has been greatly aided by Scheibe's Die oligarchische 
 Umwalsung zu A then am Ende des peloponnesischen Krie- 
 ges ; Leipzig, 1841. The principal historical references 
 in the notes are to the histories of Grote and Curtius. 
 
 In the preparation of the introductions, among other 
 authorities, I have found of great value Friedrich Blass's 
 Attische Beredsamkeit. While rewriting my Introduc- 
 tory Sketch Professor R. C. Jebb's two volumes on the 
 Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isceos came to hand, 
 bringing much fresh and stimulating suggestion. I am 
 glad to call the attention of any who may read these 
 pages to that work as one of the most useful contri- 
 butions to the history of Greek literature that English 
 scholarship has for many years produced. An interesting 
 monograph on the style of Lysias is Des Caracteres de 
 VAtticisme dans I' Eloquence de Lysias, by Jules Girard, 
 Paris, 1854. 
 
 My thanks are due Professor J. R. Boise, of the Uni- 
 versity of Chicago, for various timely suggestions. For 
 information on certain legal technicalities and points of 
 contrast between the ancient and modern codes, I am
 
 Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 indebted to Samuel J. Thompson, Esq., of Cincinnati, a 
 gentleman who in spite of the demands of an exacting 
 profession has kept fresh his interest in classical studies 
 and the problems of the higher education. Especially 
 do I desire to make full acknowledgment of the help I 
 have received from my colleague in instruction, Mr. 
 Charles Chandler. He has aided me in the revision of 
 the larger part of the manuscript, and also in the proof- 
 reading. His accurate scholarship, combined with rare 
 taste and judgment, has made his heartily rendered 
 assistance of very great value, adding not a little to the 
 service which I trust this book may render to classical 
 students and the cause of sound learning. 
 
 GRANVILLE, OHIO, April 26, 1876.
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 PREFACE v 
 
 INTRODUCTORY SKETCH OF LYSIAS AND HIS WRITINGS : 
 
 I. The Life of Lysias xi 
 
 II. His Style xv 
 
 III. His Genius and Character ...... xxii 
 
 IV. His Writings . . xxvii 
 
 ORATIONS. 
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES : 
 
 Introduction 3 
 
 Text 8 
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS : 
 
 Introduction 34 
 
 Text 37 
 
 VII. CONCERNING THE SACRED OLIVE-TREE : 
 
 Introduction ........ 64 
 
 Text 67 
 
 XXII. AGAINST THE GRAIN-DEALERS : 
 
 Introduction 78 
 
 Text 80 
 
 II. FUNERAL ORATION : 
 
 Introduction 87 
 
 Text 91
 
 X TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 NOTES ON ORATION XII 115 
 
 XIII 142 
 
 VII 162 
 
 XXII 170 
 
 " "II 175 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 191
 
 INTRODUCTORY SKETCH 
 
 LYSIAS AND HIS WRITINGS, 
 
 I. THE LIFE OF LYSIAS. 
 
 LYSIAS, a native, though not a citizen of Athens, was a Sicilian 
 Greek by descent, a son of Cephalus of Syracuse. The year 
 of his birth is altogether uncertain. In the " Lives of the Ten 
 Orators," a work formerly attributed to Plutarch, 459 B. c. is the 
 date assigned, but there are reasons for believing it to be merely an 
 unfounded inference on the part of the writer. The year 444 B. C. 
 is the date fixed upon by K. F. Hermann after an exhaustive inves- 
 tigation of the chronology of the subject, and the greater number 
 of modern critics are inclined to adopt his view. Others, as Wester- 
 mann, fix the year so late as 432. Rauchenstein, and more recently 
 Jebb, lean to the ancient opinion. On the whole, the correctness of 
 the year 444 as an approximate date is strongly favored by the fact 
 that it best explains the few historical statements that have come 
 down to us concerning Lysias and his father, and the relation in 
 which they stood to their contemporaries. It is known that he lived 
 to the age of eighty, from 444 to 364, if the date here assumed be 
 the true one. 
 
 Cephalus, the father, was a man of wealth and culture who had 
 been induced by Pericles to take up his residence in Athens. There 
 four children were born to him, three sons, Polemarchus, Lysias, 
 and Euthydemus, and one daughter. His dwelling in the Piraeus 
 was the abode of hospitality ; Socrates and his friends often met at
 
 Xll INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. 
 
 the table of the genial old man. There Plato has laid the opening 
 scene of the greatest of his works, the Republic, and Cephalus is 
 honored with a worthy part in the conversation. In this home of 
 luxury, culture, and rare discourse, Lysias remained till his fifteenth 
 year, enjoying along with the youth of the most distinguished fam- 
 ilies the best education that Athens could afford. 
 
 The next seventeen or eighteen years were passed in Thurii, a 
 flourishing Greek colony of Lower Italy, whither he had gone with 
 his brother Polemarchus after their father's death. Of the extent 
 and character of their business operations in that city we are not 
 informed. Lysias gave himself chiefly to learned pursuits, his stud- 
 ies taking a rhetorical direction under Tisias, the famous rhetor of 
 Syracuse. Rhetoric, the art of discourse, then embraced a wide 
 range of topics ; with the Sicilians it was, in a special sense, the art 
 of beautiful diction (cucVcm). The studies comprehended under the 
 name of rhetoric formed no small part of the intellectual movement 
 of the age. Lysias threw himself with ardor into these studies, and 
 soon became a proficient in the highly artificial and ornate style of 
 the school in which he was trained. If we were to judge solely 
 from Plato's representations in the Phaedrus, his earlier productions 
 must have displayed the defects quite as strikingly as the merits 
 of this school. But the grounds are slender for taking the com- 
 position given in that dialogue as a specimen of the art of Lysias. 
 It is more than likely that Plato's contempt for the sham rhetoric 
 that filled the ears of the multitude with sounding phrases led him 
 to do injustice to Lysias, who was reputed at the time of the com- 
 position of that dialogue to be the leading rhetor in Athens, and 
 was therefore in Plato's view one of the chief promoters of a demor- 
 alizing tendency in literature and education. 
 
 The overthrow of the Athenian party in Thurii, after the destruc- 
 tion of the Sicilian Expedition, brought the two brothers back to 
 Athens. This was in 411. Their lives seem hitherto to have been 
 led in close intimacy, and they now continued their partnership, 
 carrying on a large shield manufactory which employed a hundred 
 and twenty slaves. It stood adjoining the residence of Lysias, in 
 the Piraeus. Polemarchus resided in the upper city. They also 
 had real estate in Athens (three dwelling-houses are mentioned in 
 the Oration Against Eratosthenes), funds that had been invested 
 abroad, besides (in the year 404) a large sum of gold and silver coin
 
 INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. Xlll 
 
 kept in Lysias's own house. But business was not allowed to ab- 
 sorb their attention. We find Lysias soon taking rank as the fore- 
 most rhetorician and speech-composer (Xo-yoy pd(f>os) in the city. It 
 was a profession exposed to a certain degree of unpopularity, be- 
 cause, among other reasons, it was with many a money-making 
 employment. In Lysias's case, however, it was during this period 
 merely the employment of his scholarly leisure, being indeed about 
 the only avenue to distinction open to a foreigner of his tastes 
 and inclinations. 
 
 How his prospects were changed by the Year of Anarchy, how 
 his brother was seized for summary execution by the tyrants, and 
 all their property within reach confiscated, while he himself barely 
 escaped by secret flight, is best learned from the orator's own 
 account in the Oration Against Eratosthenes. During the exile he 
 proved his attachment to his native city, and his devotion to the 
 cause of freedom. He rendered various services to the exiled 
 democrats, and it is especially mentioned that he furnished to 
 Thrasybulus while at Phyle two thousand drachmas, two hundred 
 shields, and a reinforcement of three hundred hired troops. His 
 services were not forgotten by Thrasybulus after the restoration ; 
 a decree was passed admitting him to full citizenship. But imme- 
 diately afterwards, on account of some technical irregularity, it was 
 reconsidered and rejected as illegal at the instance of a jealous 
 opponent of Thrasybulus. Lysias remained therefore in his pre- 
 vious status as an tVoreXijy, a resident possessed of special civic 
 privileges, but without suffrage or eligibility to office. 
 
 The year of exile over, he set himself first of all, after the re- 
 establishment of the old order of government, to bring to justice the 
 man most directly concerned in the murder of his brother. This 
 was Eratosthenes, who was still in the city. It was a custom of 
 ancient sanction that the nearest kinsmen of a murdered man should 
 be his avengers, taking the necessary legal measures to secure the 
 conviction and execution of the murderer. In order to accomplish 
 this Lysias would be obliged to appear in person before a court of 
 Athenian citizens, and that at a time when it was peculiarly difficult 
 to gain an impartial hearing. Party spirit was never more rife ; 
 the civil war was over, but its clashing feuds and passions remained. 
 For such business as was now in hand the training that Lysias had 
 received was not the best. In an Athenian dicastery, and above
 
 XIV INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. 
 
 all at a time like this, the studied elegances and the well-turned 
 phrases and periods of the Sicilian manner were ineffective weap- 
 ons. The contests in the courts were like hand-to-hand fights, 
 where every moment counted, and each stroke must be made to tell. 
 In many classes of actions the law restricted each speaker to a cer- 
 tain time. There were also other more or less distinctly denned 
 traditionary requirements as to the topics, the classes of arguments 
 and their order, and the methods of appeal, while at the same time 
 it was necessary to meet the demand of an Athenian audience for 
 artistic excellence. But how well Lysias discerned the exigencies 
 of the occasion as he prepared himself for this celebrated prosecu- 
 tion, and how he so mastered the situation, as, if not to gain his 
 case, yet to create a new style of forensic oratory, and thereby, as 
 Otfried M tiller declares, to inaugurate a new era in the history of 
 Attic prose, this is to be learned from the Oration Against Eratos- 
 thenes, the first given in this volume. It is historically the begin- 
 ning of the school of oratory that reached its most perfect develop- 
 ment in Demosthenes. From the time of this oration a new style 
 of discourse began to be heard from the Athenian bema, an elo- 
 quence founded on nature and truth, but aiming at ideal excellence 
 under the conscious guidance of art. 
 
 Whether he obtained a verdict, we are not informed. But from 
 that day he was the first advocate in Athens, the recognized master 
 in forensic oratory. The courts during the years immediately fol- 
 lowing were crowded with cases. It was difficult for the most 
 peaceably inclined to avoid litigation. In the humorous complaint 
 that Lysias puts into the mouth of a wealthy client, matters had 
 come to such a pass that even the unborn children of Athenians 
 shuddered to think of the litigation in prospect for them when they 
 should come into the world. Now the average man might not care 
 to trust to his own legal or rhetorical skill, and the services of an 
 able speech-writer would be in demand. An advocate could render 
 better service to his client by writing a speech for him to deliver, 
 than by personally appearing in court to assist in the conduct of the 
 case. Lysias, therefore, deprived of his fortune, became a profes- 
 sional logographer, and during the remainder of his long life was so 
 successful in his practice, that, out of all the cases intrusted to him, 
 he lost, we are told, but two. 
 
 Little is known of his subsequent career. Cicero relates, but the
 
 INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. XV 
 
 story is not well authenticated, that when Socrates was awaiting his 
 trial, Lysias brought him a carefully written plea for his defence, 
 which, however, the philosopher declined to use. It has been sup- 
 posed that he took a more prominent part in political affairs after 
 his reputation in practical oratory had become established, but as to 
 this we have no certain information. A passage in Oration XIX. 
 speaks of his having been member of an embassy to Syracuse, to 
 the court of Dionysius the Elder, but the reading is disputed. Once 
 he becomes a conspicuous figure to all Greeks, and this is his last 
 appearance on the page of the historian. It was in 388 B. c. (ac- 
 cording to Diodorus), at Olympia. Dionysius the tyrant of Syra- 
 cuse had sent a magnificently equipped legation to represent him at 
 the Olympic games, four-horse chariots to contend in the race- 
 course, distinguished rhapsodists to recite his praises, tents richly 
 adorned with purple and gold, a spectacle of dazzling splendor 
 such as the festival for many years had not witnessed. But patriotic 
 Greeks could not forget the oppressions exercised upon their coun- 
 trymen, and the conquests over Greeks by which Dionysius had aug- 
 mented his power. Lysias gave expression to the popular indigna- 
 tion in one of the patriotic orations that had come to be a part of 
 the quadrennial celebration. In this discourse, of which a frag- 
 ment only remains, he denounced the Sicilian tyrant and the Persian 
 king as the two great enemies of the Hellenic world. As Diodorus 
 relates (see the fuller narration given by Grote, Vol. XI. pp. 29-34), 
 the multitude were powerfully wrought upon by the speaker, and 
 at once carried away by the impulse of the hour, made a violent 
 assault upon the tents of the legation. At all events the legation 
 proved, so far as its political design was concerned, a complete 
 failure. 
 
 II. HIS STYLE. 
 
 The style of Lysias is peculiarly difficult to describe, or to illus- 
 trate by quotation of detached passages. Each of his orations 
 must be read as a whole in order to appreciate its character as a 
 work of art, such a work of art as goes far to satisfy Plato's 
 requirement in a discourse, that it should possess a sculpturesque 
 beauty like that of the idealized human form. The writings of
 
 XVI INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. 
 
 Lysias have for us a twofold significance : besides being the prod- 
 ucts of a rare literary genius, a collection unique in forensic oratory, 
 they constitute an epochal creation in Attic prose, marking a new 
 stage of advance in the literary development of Greece. I shall 
 here only enumerate briefly the leading characteristics of his style 
 as compared with that of other writers, and thereby attempt to 
 reach a statement of the fundamental principles of that department 
 of art in which he was in that age a creator, and still remains an 
 acknowledged model. 
 
 In regard to the diction and composition of Lysias, modern crit- 
 ics, to the extent that they find themselves competent, have but 
 confirmed the judgment of the ancients, particularly Dionysius ol 
 Halicarnassus. The latter made his style the subject of a special 
 treatise. He pronounces Lysias the standard of Atticism, particu- 
 larly of the so-called "plain" style (lirxvov, Lat. tenue*\ as distin- 
 guished from the " grand." 
 
 His diction is the purest Attic, not the old Attic, Dionysius 
 tells us, which Plato and Thucydides sought to retain, but the cur- 
 rent idiom of his own day. He uses the best vernacular of con- 
 temporaneous Athens. Though he was of Sicilian parentage, and 
 had lived a number of years in Italy, he is, in respect to the 
 choice of words, an Athenian of the Athenians. It is Ouintilian 
 whose cutting criticism exposes the fatal defect of the Asiatic 
 school of oratory as contrasted with the Attic ; the former fails, 
 he says, in finding the proper word. Now Lysias has the con- 
 spicuous merit of always having at his command right words (icvpia 
 ovopaTa), the nearest and best understood words to express the 
 things meant. Thus he selects the concrete rather than the abstract, 
 the specific rather than the general, and avails himself of the ma- 
 terials of current speech in preference to those drawn from poetry 
 and the grandiloquent, semi-poetic diction of the then prevailing 
 oratory. It is to be remembered that prose was not yet freed from 
 the trammels of poetry ; it was an almost unheard-of thing that the 
 literary artist could abandon metre, and mould his creations from 
 
 * " According to Cicero the chief marks of the ' genus tenue ' are these : 
 " i. ' In regard to composition, a free structure of clauses and sentences, not strain- 
 ing after a rhythmical period. 2. In regard to diction, (<r) purity, (6) clearness, 
 (c ) propriety. 3. Abstemious use of rhetorical figures.' " 
 
 JKUH'S Attic Orators, Vol. I. p. 162.
 
 INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. XV11 
 
 the clay of common speech. The success of Lysias in this direc- 
 tion drew admiration even in the times of Dionysius. The latter 
 says : " He seems to talk like the uneducated, but yet in a manner 
 superior to them. He is a master composer in the unmetrical style, 
 having found a peculiar harmony, by which his diction avoids clum- 
 siness and vulgarity, and becomes elegant and graceful." 
 
 In regard to composition his style stands in marked contrast with 
 that of Isocrates. The elaborate periods of the latter are famous. 
 His long and flowing sentences, framed with symmetrical com- 
 pleteness, and obeying with the nicest care the rules of euphony 
 and rhythm, were the delight of many of the ancient rhetoricians. 
 Lysias adopted a looser, freer structure, more like the language of 
 conversation, yet not without an artistic finish and rhythmical move- 
 ment of its own. 
 
 In general it may be said that his style is characterized by the 
 primal merits of perspicuity, force, and beauty. Its simplicity and 
 terse directness contribute in a marked degree to its perspicuity. 
 Absence of embellishment is a noticeable feature; there are few 
 rhetorical figures. The orator seems unwilling to have the atten- 
 tion diverted for an instant from the clear, sharp outlines of his 
 narrative or argument. He presses on certo agmine, " with unerr- 
 ing march," to use a phrase of Virgil's, wasting no words and 
 never losing sight of his main end. His sentences are condensed 
 without being harsh or obscure. Dionysius declares that he sur- 
 passes Thucydides, and even Demosthenes, in the respect that he 
 scarcely ever leaves the reader in doubt as to his exact meaning. 
 Force, the next of the leading qualities named above, is not so ob- 
 viously characteristic of single passages, though, as Cicero remarks, 
 "In Lysia saepe sunt etiam lacertt, sic ut fieri nihil possit valen- 
 tius " ; you do not feel a succession of blows, but a sustained energy, 
 imparting vigor and rapidity to the entire discourse. 
 
 It is in narration that Lysias appears to the greatest advantage. 
 His power is shown not so much in cogent logic, as in clear graphic 
 statement. Apparently forgetting the occasion for argument, he 
 proceeds to present the facts as he views them, making the listener 
 an eye-witness or a participant, and awakening him insensibly to 
 an interest in the persons and the transaction. With a construc- 
 tive faculty singularly felicitous and rapid in its working, he brings 
 to view the circumstances of the case, together with the various
 
 XV111 INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. 
 
 machinery of cause, motive, and incident, until the fabric he has 
 reproduced stands like a present reality before the mind of the 
 hearer. When the statement of the case is complete, argument 
 seems unnecessary. As examples of this effective narration, two 
 passages may be cited: one in Oration XII. (4-24), placed first 
 in the present volume, and the other in the Oration on the Mur- 
 der of Eratosthenes ( 5-28), in which Euphiletus, an Athenian 
 citizen, defends himself for having slain the deceased, taken in 
 adultery with his wife, a picture of manners not surpassed for 
 vividness in Greek literature. 
 
 His success as a writer of speeches for clients was due largely to 
 a rare power of personation, the so-called ethopoeia. With the art 
 of the dramatic poet or the novelist he divests himself of his own 
 personality, and composes a speech in a style and tone befitting the 
 client by whom it is to be delivered. Says Selden, in his Table- 
 Talk, " He that is to make a speech for the Lord Mayor, must take 
 the measure of his Lordship's mouth." Lysias was not only the 
 first among advocates to recognize this principle, but he carried it 
 into practice with admirable success. The speaker, whether a pau- 
 per asking for a continuance of his pension from the public treasury, 
 or a wealthy land-owner repelling the charge of sacrilegious trespass 
 on temple properties, pleads his cause with the skill of a practised 
 advocate, but in forms of thought and speech natural to himself. 
 Each oration was thus, in a new sense, a work of literary art, having 
 an individuality of form corresponding to its inward idea, yet com- 
 plying with the requirements of that exquisite taste for structural 
 proportion that belongs to the best period of Greek art. The chief 
 defect observable in respect to rhetorical form is in arrangement of 
 argumentative topics ; in some of the orations a stricter logical order 
 would seem better adapted to strengthen the effect of the whole. 
 Even here, however, there may have been a deliberate choice of a 
 careless and apparently unstudied arrangement. 
 
 On another point I cannot do better than quote the following 
 paragraph from Professor Jebb's admirable chapter on the Style of 
 Lysias : 
 
 " It remains to say a few words on the peculiar and crowning excellence 
 of I.ysias in the province of expression, his famous but inexplicable 
 'charm.' It is noticeable that while the Roman critics merely praise his 
 elegance and polish, regarding it as a simple result of his ait, the finer
 
 INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. XIX 
 
 sense of his Greek critic apprehends a certain nameless grace or charm, 
 which cannot be directly traced to art, which cannot be analyzed or 
 accounted for ; it is something peculiar to him, of which all that can be 
 said is that it is there. What, asks Dionysius, is the freshness of a beauti- 
 ful face ? What is fine harmony in the movements and windings of music ? 
 What is rhythm in the measurement of times ? As these things baffle defi- 
 nition, so does the charm of I.ysias. It cannot be taken to pieces by rea- 
 soning ; it must be seized by a cultivated instinct. It is the final criterion 
 of his genuine work. ' When I am puzzled about one of the speeches as- 
 cribed to him, and when it is hard for me to find the truth by other marks, 
 I have recourse to this excellence, as to the last piece on the board. Then, 
 if the Graces of Speech seem to me to make the writing fair, I count it to 
 be of the soul of Lysias ; and I care not to look further into it. But if the 
 stamp of the language has no winningness, no loveliness, I am chagrined, 
 and I suspect that after all the speech is not by Lysias ; and I do no more 
 violence to my instinct, even though in all else the speech seems to me 
 clever and well finished ; believing that to write well, in special styles other 
 than this, is given to many men ; but that to write winningly, gracefully, 
 with loveliness, is the gift of Lysias.' " 
 
 It remains briefly to answer the question hinted at in the begin- 
 ning of this section, What are the fundamental principles of the 
 Lysian oratory, considered, namely, as prose composition? 
 
 Without assuming to have made an exhaustive analysis, I con- 
 sider that there are three or four that are entitled to special consid- 
 eration. 
 
 i. Truthfulness. The general historical accuracy of Lysias I 
 shall have occasion to mention afterwards. The point to be noted 
 here is that truthfulness is a determining element in his style. 
 The clearest possible exhibition of fact as the groundwork of all 
 persuasion, this idea is a ruling one in his work. He begins no 
 argument without having first attained a clear, coherent conception 
 of the case, so thoroughly elaborated in all its parts and relations 
 that he is able to transfer it to the minds of others with a distinct- 
 ness extraordinarily impressive. The success of his method is of 
 course largely due to an imagination of unusual power ; with that, 
 however, there was the still rarer faculty or quality, whether we t 
 consider it native or acquired, of intellectual honesty. This is 
 habitually regulative of his imagination. He is intent on the mas- 
 tery of the facts, and furthermore does not rest satisfied short of
 
 XX INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. 
 
 the utmost possible clearness and precision in the expression of 
 his conceptions. 
 
 In general, his work bears the impress of an open, truthful nature; 
 he is a man who sees facts and believes in their reality and their 
 power, who is averse to exaggeration, and who will not strain after 
 effect. A later rhetorician quotes him as saying that "it is not by the 
 style that one's thought is made great or small ; the thought is great 
 that contains much, and small that contains little." He says plain 
 things in a plain way. For common things he uses common words. 
 Thus it was not alone purity of diction that charmed his critics, but 
 the peculiar harmony of thought and expression. Hence his free- 
 dom from mannerism, and his perpetual freshness : hence an art so 
 admirable that it impresses every reader, but eludes analysis, and 
 defies imitation. 
 
 2. His style recognizes the insufficiency of the decorative prin- 
 ciple in literary art. This topic is closely connected with the pre- 
 ceding, and is indeed derivable from it, yet deserves separate 
 mention. The Sicilian school aimed at beautiful expression ; the 
 Asiatic school strove to be ornately dignified and grand. Both 
 clung to the form irrespective of the thought, and sought to make 
 oratory impressive by its externals. Atticism, the school which, as 
 has been observed, has Lysias as its most conspicuous representa- 
 tive, constantly demanded that discourse should express thought ; it 
 was not so much to adorn, enrich, ennoble thought, as to express it. 
 Lysias perceived that embellishment could not be made the leading 
 motive. The thought, and by this we are to understand not merely 
 the facts and their relations, but the emotion, the purpose and convic- 
 tion of the orator, all that in his soul which he would transfer to the 
 mind of the hearer, this must give form and mould to the discourse. 
 
 3. It aims at the control of the will primarily through the intel- 
 lect. Reliance on intellectual conviction as most certain in the end 
 to influence the will is everywhere characteristic of the method of 
 Lysias. We cannot therefore wholly accept the statement of Pro* 
 lessor Jebb, that "the broadest characteristic of modern oratory as 
 compared with the ancient, is the predominance of a sustained ap- 
 peal to the understanding." It is true that modern oratory, far more 
 than the ancient, goes back to fundamental principles, linking and 
 riveting its conclusions to them by long chains of logic, while the 
 latter relies on personal motives and prejudices, uses a great varirty
 
 INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. XXI 
 
 of precedents and examples, and employs obvious arguments drawn 
 from the circumstances of the case. But it is eminently character- 
 istic of Lysias that he adheres to the principle of effecting persua- 
 sion through the intellect rather than the feelings, and that, not alone 
 by working upon the imagination, but by means of reasoning. A 
 minute analysis of any of his principal forensic discourses will show 
 how all the available resources of argument are drawn upon in sup- 
 port of his position. He depends little on impassioned appeal, or 
 on the impulse communicated from speaker to hearer in the trans- 
 port of the moment. There is manifest a deliberate, self-contained 
 confidence that, if he can make his hearers understand the facts 
 as he does, his purpose is accomplished. Thus the oratory of 
 Lysias, while not in any large sense an appeal to principles, is emi- 
 nently an appeal to the understanding, whether we use this word as 
 referring to the logical faculty merely, or to the intellectual nature 
 as distinguished from the emotional. He finds his way to the feel- 
 ings by a cool, clear statement of facts and reasons, rather than by 
 any exhibition of emotional fervor, or by force of the personal mag- 
 netism of the orator. 
 
 4. Economy of the recipient's attention. There is no need to 
 enlarge upon this point here. That this fundamental principle of 
 effective composition, so clearly unfolded in Herbert Spencer's well- 
 known essay, is generally regarded in the writings of Lysias, appears 
 from what has been said above in the paragraphs treating of his 
 diction and composition. Indeed, he was forced into compliance 
 with this principle, so far as the economy of time is concerned, by a 
 method not ordinarily applied in modern forensic practice. The 
 laws of the Athenians in some cases, and their custom in others, 
 restricted the pleader to a limited time, and thus necessitated selec- 
 tion and compression of material. He is generally felicitous in the 
 arrangement of words in a sentence, so that the thought is easily 
 taken up as he advances. It should be said, also, that it is under 
 this head we find his most marked defects. A more frequent use of 
 figures would enliven his style, at once quickening the imagination 
 and aiding attention. A structure oftener alternating between the 
 loose and periodic forms would have afforded an agreeable contrast. 
 Demosthenes in this respect improved upon his predecessor, some- 
 times, however, sacrificing perspicuity in detail in his determination 
 to hold the unflagging attention of the audience to his main theme.
 
 XX11 INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. 
 
 III. HIS GENIUS AND CHARACTER. 
 
 To obtain even in faintest outline a conception of Lysias as a man, 
 is far from being an easy task. We are hindered not only by the 
 remoteness of his age, but by the fact that his life was mainly spent 
 in private, and was devoted to scholarly and professional pursuits. 
 Only a few works from his pen remain to us, and but the slightest 
 contemporaneous notices. We have caught a glimpse of him in 
 considering his style, it being true of him as of every writer pos- 
 sessed of force and originality of mind, that " the style is the man." 
 There are, however, some additional points of view from which we 
 may contemplate his career with a livelier and more intelligent 
 interest. 
 
 To his contemporaries he was known as Lysias the sophist, the 
 rhetor, the Xayoypdtyos, or advocate. The reader of Grecian his- 
 tory and literature will have become more or less familiar with the 
 import of these several designations. The latter technically and 
 more specifically described his profession. The \oyoypcxf>os (in the 
 forensic signification of the word) was an advocate who composed 
 speeches for clients that were to plead their own cause in court. 
 There were frequent cases then afterwards they became still more 
 frequent where advocates served their clients or friends by per- 
 sonally appearing in court to speak in their behalf, and to aid in the 
 conduct of the case. But it was ordinarily expected in Athens that 
 a citizen should plead his own cause ; and if a professional advocate 
 came in person to his assistance, the fact of its being a paid service 
 was usually studiously concealed. Lysias confined himself to writ- 
 ing pleas for his clients to deliver. At the beginning of the fourth 
 century before the Christian era he was by far the most distin- 
 guished legal adviser and advocate of this class in Athens. His 
 broad and generous culture had long given him rank among tin- 
 foremost of the sophists, not devoted to speculative research as were 
 Protagoras and Plato, but to studies of the rhetorical sort. How 
 prominent a place he occupied may easily be perceived from the 
 Phtpdrus of Plato, as well as from the manner in which the great 
 philosopher elsewhere singles him out for hostile criticism. 
 
 Of his personal appearance we have no historical record. The 
 language of Aristides the sophist (about A. D. 175), "I saw" (in a
 
 INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. XX111 
 
 dream) "Lysias the orator as a comely young man " (vfavto-Kov OVK 
 uxapiv), may have been founded on tradition, or on the representa- 
 tion of him in then existing statues. In private it is probable that 
 his morals were not above those of the average Athenian of his time. 
 His religious attitude can only be negatively inferred ; there is little 
 to indicate what were his positive opinions concerning the prevalent 
 religious system, or his temper and convictions regarding the great 
 truths of natural religion, which underlay the popular mythology. 
 In this respect his orations stand in marked contrast with those of 
 Lycurgus, whose reverent tone, to say nothing of the subject-matter 
 of his arguments, reveals a mind deeply imbued with the religious 
 beliefs and traditions of his country. 
 
 The most striking trait in the character of Lysias, morally con- 
 sidered, has been alluded to in the previous discussion. I mean his 
 habitual truthfulness. The student who inquires into the historical 
 bearings of his orations will be impressed with their general ac- 
 curacy, and the evident tone of fairness pervading them. With 
 scarcely an exception, so far as I have observed, his historical 
 statements vindicate themselves, when confronted with others that 
 apparently or really contradict them. In the note on 17 of the 
 Oration Against Agoratus, I have remarked on one of these in- 
 stances ; compare also the note on 72 of the same oration. His 
 merit in this regard is not absolute ; but it must be remembered 
 that if at times we find exaggeration, sophistical reasoning, and par- 
 tial representation of the facts, we are not to expect in an advocate, 
 and in that age, the impartiality of a historian or a judge. 
 
 A noticeable feature is his modesty. That characteristic of his 
 art which led to a withdrawal from view of his own personality, is to 
 be found in the man as well as in the artist. His patriotism and 
 public spirit had been abundantly shown in the contest for the lib- 
 eration of Athens from the misrule of the tyrants. It would not 
 have been unsuitable, therefore, when he came to plead before one 
 of her tribunals against the murderer of his brother, to allude to his 
 known services in the cause of his adopted country. But about the 
 only allusion to his own part in the work done by the men of Phyle 
 is found in the single word fj\0o[j.fv, ive came. 
 
 His remarkable vigor and industry are shown by the number of 
 his orations, and by the length and success of his professional 
 career, although it was begun at so late a period in life. His tact
 
 XXIV INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. 
 
 in dealing with men, founded on a penetrating insight into motives 
 and character, has already been assumed in the discussion of the 
 ethopoetic element in his style. That he had humor, we can readily 
 make out. The plea for the pensioned Invalid, Oration XXIV., is 
 especially in the humorous vein. Occasionally he is sarcastic ; in- 
 veighing against the profligate licentiousness of the younger Alci- 
 biades, he remarks that the young man had evidently despaired of 
 attaining the greatness of his ancestors, except by being vicious in 
 youth as they had been before him. 
 
 In a fragment preserved by Athenaeus he has this to say of the 
 Socratic ./Eschines, an incorrigible shirk : " Moreover, gentlemen of 
 the jury, I am not the only person he treats thus, it is the same 
 with every one else who has anything to do with him. Have not 
 the neighboring store-keepers, to whom he refuses to pay what he 
 has obtained on credit, shut up their stores and gone to law with 
 him ? Are not his neighbors so annoyed that they are abandoning 
 their houses, and renting others farther off? .... And so many 
 crowd about his door at daybreak to collect their dues, that the 
 passers-by think it to be his funeral. Also the merchants in the 
 Piraeus have come to the conclusion that it is less hazardous to take 
 a cargo into the Adriatic than to lend money to him." 
 
 The reader is probably familiar with his reply to the client who 
 came back dissatisfied with the speech that had been written for 
 him. " When I read it for the first time," said he, " it seemed an 
 admirable discourse; but after the second and third rehearsal it 
 appeared tame and feeble." " You must remember," replied Lysias, 
 " that the judges are to hear it but once." 
 
 He is sparing of aphorisms. "Laws will be no better than the 
 law-makers," he says in XXX. 28. "Time is the most convincing 
 test of the truth," XIX. 61. In Oration XX. (of doubtful genuine- 
 ness, however) it is finely said of the defendant: "When he might 
 have concealed his property, and thus have avoided rendering as- 
 sistance, he preferred to have you know his circumstances, in order 
 that, if in any event he should wish to do ivrong, he might not be 
 able" The reader will recall a similar thought in Rousseau's Con- 
 fessions. 
 
 More is known to us about him through Plato than through any 
 other contemporaneous writer. But to no contemporary is Plato 
 more unjust than to Lysias. The theory of rhetoric that he attributes
 
 INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. XXV 
 
 to him, however justly it may or may not be assigned to Corax or to 
 Gorgias, was not that of Lysias. Some time before the Phadrus could 
 have been written, he had begun to compose speeches on principles 
 diametrically opposite to those condemned by Plato. The latter ex- 
 plains his own conception of a true rhetoric, as the art of implanting 
 one's convictions in the soul of another ; the votary of this art must 
 therefore from its very nature possess himself of truth, and he must 
 likewise know the souls of men. On this latter point he says : 
 
 " Oratory is the art of enchanting the soul, and therefore he who 
 would be an orator has to learn the differences of human souls, 
 they are so many and of such a nature, and from them come the 
 differences between man and man ; he will then proceed to divide 
 speeches into their different classes. Such and such persons, he 
 will say, are affected by this or that kind of speech in this or that 
 way, and he will tell you why ; he must have a theoretical notion of 
 them first, and then he must see them in action, and be able to fol- 
 low them with all his senses about him, or he will never get beyond 
 the precepts of his masters. But when he is able to say what per- 
 sons are persuaded by what arguments, and recognize the individual 
 about whom he used to theorize as actually present to him, and say 
 to himself, ' This is he, and this is the sort of man who ought to 
 have that argument applied to him in order to convince him of this'; 
 when he has attained the knowledge of all this, and knows also 
 when he should speak and when he should abstain from speaking, 
 and when he should make use of pithy sayings, pathetic appeals, 
 aggravated effects, and all the other figures of speech, when, I say, 
 he knows the times and seasons of all these things, then, and not till 
 then, he is perfect and a consummate master of his art." * 
 
 No one had realized this ideal so successfully, we may say so 
 marvellously, as Lysias. In the forensic branch he was wellnigh 
 " the consummate master of his art." His success was -not by a 
 mere knack, nor was it the result alone of practice. It is evident 
 that he had rightly discerned and estimated the conditions of suc- 
 cess in his profession, and had theorized upon them. He knew not 
 only " what " was to be said, but, as Plato required, the " to whom " 
 and the "when" and the "how much." We can discern in him the 
 true Socratic of his age in the domain of rhetoric. How far he may 
 
 * Phaedrus, 271 ; Jowett's Translation.
 
 XXVI INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. 
 
 have been stimulated or helped by Socrates in his discovery of the 
 true theory of forensic and practical eloquence it is impossible to 
 determine, but it is certain that the success of his method rests on 
 the same essential principles as the Socratic theory of education. 
 
 The defects of his mind are plainly to be seen in his works. We 
 miss the suggestive variety of a more productive imagination, the 
 warmth of a more emotional, sympathetic nature, and in certain pas- 
 sages the sublimity that would have been imparted by a loftier moral 
 enthusiasm. He had an understanding of extraordinary vigor, clear 
 perceptions, large common-sense, keen insight into men, but his 
 nature was not of the largest mould. On the bema his oratory could 
 scarcely have swayed the most powerful natures. He lacked the 
 deep, intense convictions which kept the thunderbolts of Demos- 
 thenes at a white heat, and which seem in his greatest moments to 
 have inspired him with transcendent energy. Yet the eloquence of 
 Lysias, if not of the very highest order, was almost perfect in its 
 kind. Addressed to audiences accustomed to be wrought upon by 
 all manner of appeals, it is clear, dispassionate, mainly directed to 
 the intellect. It chooses its means with unerring adaptation, but 
 does not display them. It is the product of an art whose single aim 
 is Trcio-at Xoyw, to effect persuasion by discourse. In this species of 
 eloquence, which is careless of applause, acts indirectly upon the 
 emotions, and is only intent upon carrying its point, hence study- 
 ing its audience, and the conditioning circumstances of the occasion, 
 no less than its theme, in eloquence of this kind, if we are to judge 
 from the verdict of antiquity together with the confirmatory criticism 
 of modern times, Lysias has never been excelled. He seems at the 
 very outset of his professional career to have conceived with singular 
 clearness the nature of his task, and he labored with long-continued 
 and successful industry towards the realization of his ideal in its 
 accomplishment. His best qualities passed over into his work. He 
 did much toward bringing a noble art to the greatest perfection it ever 
 attained. Though not to be ranked in mental or moral stature with 
 his older and greater contemporary, Sophocles, we may nevertheless 
 justly apply to him as a composer of oratorical prose the words of 
 Professor Plumptre concerning the great dramatist : his character- 
 istic and surpassing excellence is to be found in "the self-control 
 and consummate art with which all his powers are devoted to work- 
 ing out a perfection deliberately foreseen and aimed."
 
 INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. XXV11 
 
 IV. HIS WRITINGS. 
 
 There were current in ancient times 425 orations bearing the name 
 of Lysias, but not more than 250 were accounted genuine, accord- 
 ing to Dionysius only 233. Out of this whole number there are 170 
 of which the titles have been preserved, or of which some fragments 
 remain. Four of these belong to the class of " Epideictic " orations 
 (\oyoi eViSfiKTiKoi), addresses delivered on special public and festive 
 occasions ; two of these are extant, one the Olympiac mentioned in 
 the account of his life, the other the Funeral Oration given in this vol- 
 ume. In the class of Deliberative or Political orations (Xdyot CTV/*- 
 @ov\tvTiKoi) there is but one, a fragment forming No. XXXIV. in 
 the existing collections. It was written for delivery in the Ecclesia 
 immediately after the restoration of the democracy, and is probably 
 the earliest production that we have from his pen. 
 
 Of the Forensic orations (Aoyoi 8iKaviKoi) there are 30 extant (22 
 entire), but not all accounted genuine. The whole number of Foren- 
 sic orations in the list of titles and fragments is 1 59. They relate to 
 a great variety of cases, civil and criminal ; impeachments for treason 
 and official misconduct ; actions for violation of contracts, and for 
 damage received to property and character ; indictments for murder, 
 sacrilege, and for the crime, likewise capital, of unlawful speculation 
 in breadstuff s; among the pleaders, heirs-at-law, wards and guardians, 
 injured husbands, deserters, archons elect and admirals, scarcely a 
 phase of Athenian public or private life that does not come into view. 
 A sufficient portion of the original collection has been preserved to 
 show what must have been the historical value of the whole. The 
 courts of Athens more than its political and festal assemblies, per- 
 haps even more than its stage, bring to our view the actual every-day 
 life of its citizens, as well as many transactions of political moment 
 that do not appear on the page of the historian. 
 
 Thus with all their merits in point of style and language, the pleas 
 of the great Athenian advocate have a still stronger claim upon the 
 attention of the modern reader. They are rich with information con- 
 cerning the inner history of their age. It may be questioned whether 
 any contemporary historical documents of greater value have come 
 down to us out of Greek antiquity. They relate to a generation about 
 which we are greatly concerned to know, more, perhaps, than about
 
 XXV111 INTRODUCTORY SKETCH. 
 
 any other during the whole sway of the Hellenic civilization, were it 
 only for the reason that then Socrates lived, and philosophy began. 
 Loss of empire did not dim the lustre of the Attic mind. On the 
 contrary, it was in this generation that the Periclean Athens began to 
 bear its ripest and best fruit. The Athens that saw the beginning of 
 the fourth century before the Christian era is an " intensely luminous 
 point" on the dim background of antiquity. It has a microcosmic 
 history, and its points of contact with the civilization of a free peo- 
 ple in the nineteenth century of the Christian era are vastly more 
 numerous than those of any other pagan age. Into this Athens, its 
 streets and markets, its dwellings, its sanctuaries and temples, into 
 its Piraeus harbor and along its wharves, the orations of Lysias lead 
 the reader. No Greek can be put into the hands of the elementary 
 student which throws such a strong side light upon the history with 
 which in his subsequent studies he will need to be most familiar. 
 While studying the language of these orations, their narratives and 
 their arguments, he is brought into the midst of the restless enter- 
 prise and the strifes of " that fierce democratie " of Athens, and 
 unconsciously he begins to reconstruct its history. An ecclesi- 
 astical historian has spoken of the importance of every student's 
 setting foot on the original ground of historic investigation. " How- 
 ever well told by modern compilers, there is almost sure to be some- 
 thing in the original records which we should have overlooked." 
 These orations are not history, but they contain its materials, and 
 how important for its elucidation they have proved, any one may 
 estimate by observing the frequent reference to them in the works of 
 Grote, and in the volume by Boeckh on the Public Economy of the 
 Athenians. Nor is the lover of Greek literature to forget, as he 
 turns these pages, that without Lysias, such was his acknowledged 
 influence on Attic prose and oratory, we should not have had De- 
 mosthenes. Along with Thucydides he forms the best introduction 
 to the study of the greatest of orators. Scarcely less a service is it 
 that he leads us into the very court, before the very judges, as it 
 WLTO, in whose presence the greatest of all the pagan world gave 
 utterance to that sublime vindication which Plato has reproduced 
 in the Apology of Socrates.
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ORATION AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 
 
 J.HE occasion and subject of this oration, and its sig- 
 nificance as beginning a new era in Attic prose, have already 
 been adverted to in the introductory sketch of Lysias and his 
 writings. It is, moreover, the only extant oration known to 
 have been spoken by the orator himself. His brother Pole- 
 marchus had been arrested and put to death the previous 
 year by order of the Thirty; the oration is a masterly plea 
 for justice against Eratosthenes as his murderer, the accused 
 having been a member of that body, and also having taken 
 an active part in the arrest 
 
 The nature of the crime charged, and the official relations 
 of the defendant, lead the speaker beyond the mere accusa- 
 tion of a single criminal ; in the latter and larger part of his 
 speech he sets forth the true character of the oligarchic revo- 
 lution, arraigning its leaders with statesmanlike dignity and 
 eloquence for their murderous and treasonable conspiracy 
 against the Athenian people. Thus, although classed as a 
 judicial oration, it is in many respects, as Blass remarks, the 
 discourse of a statesman, and worthy to be named with the 
 celebrated oration of Demosthenes On the Crown. 
 
 The administration of the Thirty Tyrants, as they came 
 to be called, lasted about eight months, from June or July, 
 B. c. 404, into the following February. They were to draft
 
 4 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 
 
 a new code in harmony with the aims of the oligarchic party, 
 and for the time being the government of the city was placed 
 in their hands. Their appointment took place a little less 
 than a year after the loss of the Athenian fleet at ^Egos- 
 potami, August, 405. It had been a year of unparalleled 
 suffering in the city. The blockade brought starvation to 
 its doors, and the dilatory negotiations of the treacherous 
 Theramenes had but deferred hope and prolonged misery. 
 Still, with their wonted hopefulness and courage the people 
 clung to the existing constitution, struggling to maintain their 
 own freedom against foes within the city, while defending their 
 national independence against foes without. But a change of 
 government became inevitable after the surrender of Athens 
 to Lysander, towards the end of March, 404. The exiled 
 aristocrats returned in the wake of the victorious Spartan 
 army; the leaders of the popular party were put out of the 
 way in the manner described in Oration XIII.; then followed 
 the appointment of thirty* of the oligarchic leaders, charged 
 with the legislative and executive duties above mentioned. 
 Their leading spirit was Critias, resolute, energetic, and 
 with an ambition unchecked by fear or scruple. The Mod- 
 erates were represented by Theramenes and nine others who 
 had been nominated by him. 
 
 The deeds that made this administration a veritable reign 
 of terror, and soon rendered the name of the Thirty Tyrants 
 odious throughout the Grecian world, are sufficiently familiar 
 to the readers of history. Not less than 1500 persons were 
 put to death. Large amounts of private property were con- 
 fiscated, and even the treasuries and revenues of the temples 
 were not spared. The higher schools were closed, the public 
 teachers silenced, save Socrates, who could not be.f The 
 
 * Their names are given by Xenophon, Hellcnica, II. 3, 2. 
 t See Grote's History of Greece, Vol. VIII. p. 257 sty.
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 5 
 
 regular courts, including the Areopagus, were suspended, and 
 denunciations from the most infamous informers were re- 
 ceived and acted upon without even the form of a trial. 
 Finally, as if to complete their own and their country's degra- 
 dation, the usurpers introduced a Spartan garrison into the 
 Acropolis, to be maintained at the cost of the city. 
 
 Lysias and Polemarchus, being metics, belonged to a class 
 peculiarly exposed to the rapacity of the Tyrants. It was a 
 class for the most part engaged in commerce, democratic in 
 its sympathies, and containing many men of wealth. The 
 Tyrants were in pressing need of money. They governed an 
 impoverished city, and that with the costly arm of a foreign 
 garrison. Lysias and his brother were placed on the list of 
 the ten who were first proscribed. In language simple but 
 graphic the orator describes the whole proceeding, the visit 
 of the officers, their brutal violence and greed of plunder, the 
 details of his own escape, and the arrest of his brother by 
 Eratosthenes, followed by a summary execution without trial 
 and without even being charged with a crime. 
 
 Of Eratosthenes little is known except through this accusa- 
 tion of Lysias. He is mentioned by no other writer of the 
 time except Xenophon. During the administration of the 
 Four Hundred (B. c. 411), he had been one of the secret emis- 
 saries to the coast of Asia Minor to disseminate oligarchic 
 sentiments among the Athenian troops. Frustrated in his 
 attempts, he seems to have returned to Athens, and to have 
 remained till after the battle of yEgospotami. He then becomes 
 a member of the " Ephors," a sort of central executive com- 
 mittee of five appointed by the clubs and secret political 
 societies, the so-called eraipiat and rwo>//,oo-uu, which 
 were intriguing in favor of Sparta and an aristocratic polity. 
 He is next heard of as a member of the Thirty. 
 
 The career and character of Theramenes come under search- 
 ing review in the course of the oration. He had stood forward
 
 6 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 
 
 to advocate a moderate policy, and to oppose the useless 
 violence of Critias, a step which cost him his life. His fol- 
 lowers were now demanding his enrolment among the martyrs 
 for liberty, and claiming for themselves the benefit of whatso- 
 ever popularity might accrue to his memory. Lysias effectually 
 disposes of these pretensions, and exposes him as a cautious, 
 but dishonest and thoroughly selfish politician, who deserved 
 but too well, though it was by unexpected hands, the reward 
 of his faithlessness to the people and his treason to the con- 
 stitution. 
 
 The trial is supposed to have been held between Sept. 21, 
 403, the day of the return into the city of the patriots 
 under Thrasybulus, and the close of that year. Jurisdic- 
 tion in murder cases properly devolved on the Areopagus; 
 but that tribunal, it may be, had not yet been reorganized. 
 The present case appears to have been tried before a dicas- 
 tery presided over by the King Archon (apx wv /Jao'iA.eus), and 
 probably holding its sessions in the Delphinion. In the 
 opinion of Grote* it was on the occasion of a trial of 
 accountability (evOvvai), which he supposes Eratosthenes and 
 his colleague Phidon to have returned to stand, that this 
 indictment was preferred. We are inclined, however, to 
 believe with Scheibe and Frohberger that the case was simply 
 a trial for murder (ypa^ <j>dvov). 
 
 The following brief analysis will aid the student in under- 
 standing the oration as a whole : 
 
 I. Exordium, 1-3. 
 II. Argument on the specific charge contained in the indictment. 
 
 (1) Statement of facts, 4-24. 
 
 (2) Examination of the defendant, 25, 26. 
 
 (3) Answer to the defence that he had acted on compulsion and 
 
 was therefore not responsible, 27-36. 
 
 * History of Greece, Vol. VIII. p. 295. The question is discussed by 
 Blass, Gtschuhle der Alt. /Icrti/saHiksit, Ch. XIII.
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 7 
 
 III. Argument extra causam, arraigning the defendant as particeps 
 
 criminis with the Thirty. 
 
 (1) Examination of his record, whether he had rendered such 
 
 services to the state as to offset the crimes of himself and 
 his colleagues, 37-61. 
 
 (2) Concerning Theramenes, 62-80. 
 
 (3) Contrast between the present trial and those under the 
 
 Thirty, and denunciation of the advocates and witnesses 
 for the defence, 81-91. 
 
 IV. Appeal to the judges, 92-98. 
 V. Peroration, 99, 100.
 
 XII. 
 
 KATA EPATOS0ENOTS 
 
 TOY TENOMENOY TON TPIAKONTA, 
 ON AYTO2 EIHE AY2IA2. 
 
 >r^ 
 
 i^/TK apao-0a.i w,ot So/cet cnropov elvaiy /5 
 
 V * * / / XX V <*y* 
 
 avopes ot/cao-rat, TTJS /car^yoptas, aAAa Travcra- 
 
 \4yovn rotavra aurot? TO jueye^o? 
 rocraura ro irXfjOos etpyacrrat, wcrre /u/n 
 
 r, , 
 
 qp oeworepa . , 
 
 '\ /3- o \ ' ' ^ r ' 8 ' /J 
 
 TaXwem povKo^vov eiireiv airavra ovvaa-uai, 
 
 dXX' avdyKYj f) TOV Karriyopov aTrenrelv 17 TW 
 2 i/ov eViXtTretv. TOVVOLVT'LOV 8e /xot SoKov/ 
 crOaL rf iv ro> vrpo TOV %pov<p. Trporepov (JLCV yap 
 eSet r^v )(6pav rov? KaT-qyopovvras 
 17x15 etTy 7T/3O? rev? <f>evyovTas ' vvvi Se Trapa 
 <j)vy6vTO)v xp?) TrvvOdvecrOcLi T^rtq 771; avrot? 
 
 TroXtv e a, 0,^0' orou rotavra 
 
 el? avrrjv l^ap.apTa.v^iv. ov /xeWot 015 ou/c 
 
 )(6pa<; /cat cru/x^o/aa? roys Xdyou? Trotov- 
 /^tat, dXX'. d>5 aTracrt TroXXr}? a^^o^ta? ovtrry? uvrc/a 
 3 TWI^ t8ta>j^ ^ u7T/3 TO>^ S^/xocrtcui' 6/3yt^(r0at. eya> 
 e^ ov^, a) dj/S/35 St/caorat, our' e'/xaurou TrtuTrore
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 
 
 ovre dXXorpta Trpdytiara Trpa~as vvv r)vd^ 
 vTTo TO>V yeyez'Ty/xez-'&jy rourou /carryyopet^, 
 TjoXXd/cts cis TToXXjay dBvLLiav /careVrr?^, u-n Sid 
 
 -H^-^^KLr JL^v^A, 
 \ /^ A /-/ ^'^ ' t ^ '^'C'X 
 
 aTretptav dva^tw? /cat dSwdrwg vTrep rov dSeX- 
 </>ov /cat e/xavrov r7)v /cariyyoptW 
 
 r/ CVV / ^ j > 
 
 o/xa)9 oe 7retpao~otiat v/xas eg ap^r^s 005 
 ot eXa^to~ra)^ otoagat. Ju,\^-u.t^jL 
 
 Ov/xos Trarr)p Ke'^aXo? eVetor^ ttev VTTO Ilept- 4 
 /cXe'ovs ets rayrrjv TTJV y-rjv d<^)t/ceo~^at, ert^ Se fptd- 
 KOVTO. w/c^crej^/cat ovSe^t TTWTrore ovre 17/xets ovre 
 e'/cewos St/CT^v o ^7' e e'St/cao-d/xe^a ovre 
 dXX' ovrws w/cov^tev S^tto/cparov/xevot cSo~re 
 ets rovs dXXov? e^auaprdveiv /xiore VTTO rcuv 
 
 ^xA^V"* 
 
 dSt/cetcr^at. eTretS^ S' ot rpia/covra Trovrjpol ttev 5 
 
 /cat cru/co<rai ovre? et? 
 
 (jxio-KOvres 8e ^p^at rw^ dS,t/caj^ KaOapav Trotrjcrat 
 
 rnv TroXtv /cat rou? XotTrou? TroXtras eV' dperrtv /cat 
 
 J ' -4 - \ ' ' 
 
 ou<a.io<jvvrfv rpa,7reo~c7at, rotaura Aeyovre? ov rot- 
 
 aj/ja Trotetf eroX/xwv, &>s e'yw 7J"eot raii> eyotavroi; 
 /cat Trept ' 
 
 eteV rtve? 
 
 r\' ^ ^ TT ' *\ > * 
 
 . / Beoyvtg yap /cat Tleicrtov eXeyov ev 6 
 rots rpta/covra Trept raw aerot/c&j^, 
 
 -C MKU^-> '^ ,/^y^Ak- , 
 
 TToXtreta d^^o/xevot /caXXtVr^v ovv eT^at 
 
 rtjawpetcr^at /aev 8o/cetv, rw S' epycj ^p^/xart- 
 
 bis Se r^ aei' TrdXtv TreVecr^at, r^ 
 
 o , v o - /, , v , >*^ 
 
 o o.p^r)v oeto-c/at ^p^/xarcu^. /cat rous a/couoi/ra? 7 
 
 > A:-c ^ * /j , / > , 
 
 ov ^aAeTroj? cTreiuov airoKTivvvvai H.GV yap av- 
 
 Trept ovSevo? r^yovvro, Xafifidvew Se
 
 10 XII. KATA EPAT020ENOY2. 
 
 . 
 
 YpmtaTa Trept vroXXoD eVotowTo. eSoev ovv au- 
 
 J ~ , v A "v - M ^ n - 
 
 TOt<? Se/ca cruXXaySetv, TOVT&JI^ 8e Syo TreV^Tas, >a 
 
 Ti Trpo? raw? aXXoyy aTroXoyt'a, a>s ov vpriaa- 
 l/ r X ,MAtlfl"-^' Ce//' A ^ 
 
 eve/ca ravrd TreTrpa/crat, ,-aXXa a-va<peppvrou 777 
 
 ' * ' '^XA. /-- A L 
 
 ta yeyeV^rat, axnrep TI TO>V aXXa>v evXoyco? 
 
 8 TreTTOtTi/core?. 8taXa)SoVr9 Se ra.5 ot/cta? e/SaSt^ot" 
 
 v , \ v >, O^V^O , fl jjt v ' 
 
 /cat e/ae ju.ei' gevov? eo-rtaj^ra /careXapo^, ous egeXa- 
 
 cra^r^5 HficraiVi /xe TrdpaStSoacrtv ot,Se cxXXot et? 
 TO epyacrrripiov eX$oWe ra a^Spa7n)8a aTreyyoa- 
 eya> 8e HeLcraiva p.ev r)pa>T(i)v ei /SovXotro 
 
 /xe o-axrai ^pi^/aara Xafta>v 6^8' e^acr^ev, et 
 
 9 Xa etTi. etTTot' ow ort rakavrov dpyvpiov erotao? 
 
 s - ' s> .^^^ 
 
 oovvai o o wAoXo-cre ravra 
 
 \ f v */3 v * > 
 
 U.V OVV OTt OVT C/eOU? OVT ( 
 
 ^ 
 
 itet, o/xw9 S' e/c TIDV TTapovTotv eSo/cet xiot dvay- 
 
 10 /catoTaToi> eiz^at Tricrriv Trap avrov Xapelv. eTretS^ 
 Se w/xooret' e'^wXetav eauT&J /cat Tots 7rato-tv eVapw- 
 /xevo9, Xafiwv TO TaXavTqv Lie crfacreiv, tio~f.\6iov et? 
 
 ^i ^tr^^^- dxAt'J-'C 
 
 TO Sw/xaTtov T^V KLpaiTov dvoiyvvuii ' Heio-ajv o' 
 
 . /J^ . , v >0/ v , , 
 
 ato"c/o/xet'O9 etcrep^eTat, /cat toa^ Ta e^ot'Ta /caXet 
 
 Taif virrtpeTOiV ovo, /cat TO, ei^ TTQ KtBaiTco \a.Beiv 
 " i/ 
 
 11 e/ceXeucrev. eVet Se ou^ ocrov a)fjioX6yrjo~a et^ev, a) 
 ct^Spe9 SucaOTCUi dXXa Tpta TaXavTa dpyvpiov /cat 
 TTpa/coo~tov9 /cv^t/CT^i^ou9 /cat e/caToi> Sapet/cou9 /cat 
 
 <taa9 pyvpov Teo-crapa?, eeo/x^i/ avrov etct 
 /xpt Sou^at, 6 S( ayafrifcreu/ /xe e^>ao-/ce^, et TO 
 
 * / / " O> > > % T-T / 
 
 12 oro)p.a CTOJO-CU. egtovcrt e/xot /cat Ileto-oj^t e?rt- 
 rvy^dvei M^Xop^to's TC /cat Mi/^o-t^etS^? e/c TOU
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 
 
 epyaa-rrjpLOV ctTrtoWe?, /cat /caTaXap./3dVovo-t 
 aura?? rat? 0vpcu,s, /cat pa)TaxriV 07777 /3aSiot/Aei> 
 6 S' (f>a(TKev et? TOU dSeXdioi) rov e^aov, ti'a /cat ra 
 eV e/ceu/y rrj ot/ctct cr/cei/n^rai. eKeivov, pey, ovv e/ce'- 
 
 J V / (/^~'lvC*' c/^Vy^ 
 
 Xevov /8aStetz>, eae oe u,e^ O.VTWV aKoXovuelv et? 
 AafJLViTnrov. Heiaajv Se Trpo(reX0a)v criyav ^tot 13 
 
 iyV-^t< A x K y 'ifiA e r/ .. , ^X_^*W^. 
 
 Trape/ceXeuero /cat uappeiv, w? 'fjgojv^ e/cetcre. /cara- 
 
 \n' ^^ ' > '/3 ' 'FY^" X i / 
 
 XaapavoLtev oe avroui Oeoyvtv erepov?/ tpvXaTTOv- 
 
 ^rr v^ &rl/ 
 
 ra ' w TrapaSdvre? ejiie TraXiv w^oi'ro. ^> rptovrw 
 S' wTt aot /cti'Swevetv e'So/cet, w? rov ye OLirodaveiv 
 
 UL^Ua..-Cv y' A , Ox , ' , 
 
 17077. ^//caXeo-as oe ^.a^vnnrov Xeyw 14 
 avTOv rctSe, " e7rtT77 / Setd? p,eV ^apt rvy^a^ets 
 
 77/ca> S' ets TT)^ o~w qt/ctav, dSt/ca> S' ovSeV, 
 
 ^, v ,-f^V^ ^ ^ 
 
 o eveKa aTToXXv/xat. o~u ovv ravra 
 
 7rdo~YOvrt /aot 7rp60vfj,ov 7rapao~Yov TT)^ o~eai>rou 
 
 SJ^ 6 ^" l , N , V / S > C , 
 
 ovvau.iv et? TTIV eu.riv crcoriypLav. o^o. i v7reo~vero ^ 
 
 xV^ ' -*.-^ 
 
 raura 7roi,rjo-eiv. e'So/cet S' aura> ySeXrtov etvat 
 e'oyvtv ^v^orOrivai' rjytiTO yap anav TTOLT]- 
 avrov, et rt? dpyvpiov StSot?7. e/cetVov Se 15 
 
 StaXeyo/xeVov edy^tSt (e/xTretpp? yap ai/ 
 
 vov Tin? ot/cta?, /cat riSeu> ort a.Lt(/)i^vpo? etis) e'So/cet 
 
 til P -t-M>Cyi /"O 
 
 /xot ravrr) Tretpacr^at crw^vat, et'^v/.tov/xeVw ort, 
 
 ecti/ /xev Xdda), crw^cro^at, eat' Se Xrj(f>6a), r) 
 fjiv, et Be'oyvt? etr^ TreTretcryaeVq? UTTO roi; Acuu,vt7r- 
 TTOU xpif/zaTa \afitiv, jov&ev rjrrov d(f>e0TJcrcr0aL, 
 et 8e /XT?, ouotw? diroOaveicrdai^. raura Sta^ori^et? 16 
 
 v/ , , , v ,, , ,,, 1. JL X A 
 
 ecpeuyov, e/cet^o>v e?rt r^ avXetw "upa rr)v <pv\a.Kr]v 
 Tpi(t>v Se dvpwv ovcratv, a? eSet /Lie
 
 12 XII. KATA EPATO20ENOY2. 
 
 %>i.\9eiv, oVacrat dvewyjJLevai erv^ov, 
 Se et? 'Ap^eVew TOV vavK\TJpov IKCLVOV Tre/xTrai et5 
 acrrv, irevo~6p..vov vrept TOV aSeX</>ou TJKWV oe 
 eXeyev 6Yt 'E^arocr^eV^? CLVTOV ei/ rrj 6Sa> Xaficov 
 
 17 t5 TO eo~/xcoT77/otov ctTrayayot. Kajeya) TOIO.VTOL 
 
 7T77'vcnu,eVo5 TT?5 eVtovcrn5 ^v/cro5 SteVXevcra Meya- 
 
 'S T/'X ' X^ f^5r^v>^ 
 
 paoe. IIoAeaapyco oe TrapinyyeiKav 01 rpiaKOVTa 
 
 \ , , , ^'^-V' , x ^^A, 
 
 TO VTT EK6LVCOV eiUicr^vov TTapayyeX/xa, Trtt'etv /ca>- 
 
 ^r ^ ' / ^>t> s > * * \ \ 
 
 veiqv, Trpiv Trjv O.LTIO.V etTrew 01 rjVTiva fjiA.kev 
 
 oLTTOuavelcrOaL OVTCO vroXXov e8e / i7O~e KpiOrtvcu. KOL 
 ^,/v^Ar^ ^ ^ ,. f '(^,^'^71 
 
 18 aTToXqy^o-ao-c/at. Kat eireLorj aTre^epeTo^e/c TOU 
 Seo-awTi7ptov Te^vew5,/ rpiwv wulv oiKiaiv ova-aiv 
 
 ^f^* >4 -,t * ^^ \' a**~ 
 
 ovoeata5 eiqcrQLV eceyevurivai, aXXa KKuriov uucrua)- 
 
 , ' *)5-Wl ^, / > vv V 
 
 cra/xevot irpovuevTO O.VTOV. /cat TroAAwv OVT&V t/xa- 
 
 ' ' ' 'S^ -S ' ^ ' JL ' '-''\^ 
 
 aiTovcnv ovoev eoocrav et5 TfiVfTodmv, aXXa 
 
 ' 
 
 <f>L\(t)v 6 fjiev IIA.OLTLOV 6 Se TTpocrKcfyaXauov 6 Se 
 
 o Tt e/cao-T05 eTvvev eS&/ce*> et5 TW Ixeivov ra.<i>riv. 
 
 , < 7-' - , , % t r ^ >- 
 
 19 /cat oz^Te5 /xei^ e7TTa/cocrta5 acr7uda5 
 
 
 po)v, eyoi/Te? Se dpyvptow: /cat vpuo~tQV TOO~OVTO^, 
 ' 
 
 /cat Kocr^ov /cat eTTtTra /cat t/u,aTta yi>- 
 vat/ceta ocra ovSeTTWTTOTe MOVTO KTijcracrOaL. /cat 
 
 ' 5 ' 5 V.O N . '/ r v \ n / ^ 
 
 avopa?rooa et/coo"t /cat CKOLTOV, toy TO. ULCV peXTtcrTa 
 
 T\jL^Jr~ )*W v -'^u-v 
 
 y-v o v ^\ \ ^T > v o ' / ^ /o 
 
 eAapov, Ta oe AotTra et5 TO oT9ju,oo~tov a7reooo~ai> 
 
 / ,*uv-><. x r >wHs , 
 
 et5 Toa-avrrfV aTT\.rjcrT4,av /cat aurxpo/ceooetaz' aa>t- 
 KOVTO /cat TOU rpoTTov TOV avTOiv aTToSet^ 
 (TO.VTO T-fjs yap rioXe/Ltapyov ywat/co5 
 
 * v / /. .' Kvx d. v v 
 
 ou> e^ouo~a eTi>y^a^e^, OTC TO 
 et5 TTJi* oiKLav Mi^XoySto?, e'/c
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 13 
 
 ^ 
 
 e^etXero. ^Xxat ovSe Kara TO eXa^to-rov /xepos TT^S 20 
 
 > / 4\"A/ > ) 'v > / >\\ " 
 
 overias eAeou Trap O.VTWV eruyva^ottev. aAA OVTQJ? 
 
 , ~ s N N / ,> -i^-xJA^ , 
 
 t? T7/>tas ota ra ^/ary/xara e^fjiapTavo^, axnrep OVK 
 
 * ^ ^ /v ,CV -.^^V*^,^ , 
 
 av crepoijLieyaXaj*' abut?) p.ar rtv opyrjv e^ovre?, ov 
 TOVTWV d^tov? ye oi^ra? r^ Tro'Xet, aXXa Tracra? ra? 
 ^opr)yLa<; ^op^yrycrai^-a?, TroXXas S' ei(r<f>opa<s eto-e- 
 ^ey/cd^ra?, /cocr/xtov? 8' T^/AO,? avrov? Traoe^o^ras 
 
 \ ^ \ rt--M^^<-nxV ^ ^-'/i v o> 
 
 /cat vraz* TO TTpocrraTTOp-evov iroiovvTas, eyypov o 
 ovSeVa /ce/cTTy/xeVov?, TroXXous S' *A6r)va.ia)i> CK TMV 
 
 TroXeuLLtoV XucraueVov? rotourwt' n^'tajorai' ovy 
 / T-^ v , v , ,kc> ^ A 
 
 o/xotcu? fjieTOLKOvvTas cocnrep aurot eTroXtreuoi^ro. 
 
 ourot yap TToXXov? /xev raiv TroXtfojv ets rops ^roXe- 21 
 , TroXXov? 8' dSt/cw? aTTOKTewavTes 
 
 TTJS TrdXecus KaTeo~Trjo-av, TroXXwi/ Se dvya- 
 
 repas /xeXXovVas e/cStSoo~#at e/ctoXvcra^. Kat eis 22 
 
 > Anj^J^ , / '//!'</ 
 
 TOO~OVTOV etcrt roX/XTj? a(pty/x,e^ot OJCT^ riKovo~LV 
 
 OLTroXoyno-OfjievoL, /cat ,vVeyQvo~t^ tog ovoev KO.KOV 
 ouc" 
 
 , s , ',AA .; , ' x^'- 'v , , x ., >/P ,, 
 
 LO atcr^po^ etpyao-jO>ot etcri^. eyw o epouXo- 
 
 * 'V'x/l^X 7 ^ ^^^ ^ 
 
 r?v az^ aurou? akinuri Aeyeti/ uer-ni' yap a^ /cat 
 
 \ / > - > > -V-cixJJf , 7^ 
 
 xot TOUTOV Tayadov OVK eXa^tcrro^ /xe'po?. i^v^ 
 
 Se ovre Trpos r^ TrdXtv avrot? rotavra v 
 
 ovre Trpo? e/xe'- roi^ dSeX^oi' yap /xov, a>o"7rep /cat 
 TrpoTepov elirov, 'Eparoo-^eViys aTre'/cretvev, ovre 
 avros ' tSta dSt/covaep'o? ovre ets r^ vrdXti^ opcoi^ 
 
 ^t^C/Vv-'f 
 
 eafjLapToivovTa, dXXd r^ eavrov Trapa^o/ata rrpoOv- 
 /u,ag e^vTn^percwv. a.va^i^ao~a.^evo^ 8' O.VTOV fiov- 24 
 Xo/xat epe'o~#at, a) avSpe? St/cacrrat. rotavr^^ yap
 
 14 XII. KATA EPAT020ENOY2. 
 
 ^oj eVt /u,eV ry rovrov ox^eXeta /cat 
 erepov Trepl rovrov StaXeyecr#at dcre/3es etvat 
 L(i>, eVt Se rrj rovrov Q\dBin /cat TTOOS avrov rovrov 
 
 N ' /D' cr^^/f^r^ ^ ' ' *^** 
 
 OCTLOV /cat ev(7ee. avarUi ovv Aot /cat aTro/ct- 
 
 f \ ' ' n't v-f^nr n ' * * ' r 
 
 ocriov /cat ev(7epe9. avap^Pt ovi^ /Aot /cat aTro/cpt- 
 
 vat, o Tt dV <re epwTw. 
 
 25 'Avr^yaye? IToXe/xap^ov ^ ov ; Ta V770 TWI^ dp- 
 
 TWV TrpocrTa^^e^Ta SeStws errolovv. 'Hcr^a 8' 
 TW ySovXevT-^ptoj, oTe ot Xoyot iylvovro rrepi 
 _ , crwTyyopeves Tots /ceXevov- 
 
 o^tv a.TTOKrelva.1 77 dt'TeXeye? ; 'A^TeXeyov. I^a 
 
 ' ' ' IvotuSv-v^ 
 
 lira ///) d7ro6dvrjre. 'Hyou/xe- ,/ 
 as aSt/ca Trdo~\.iv r) St/cata ; Aot/ca. 
 
 26 El/, a* o-^eTXtajTaTe navraiv, d^TeXeye? /xei/ tva 
 cr<wo~eta?, o"vveXd/xy8avs Se tt'a aTro/CTett'ats ; /cat 
 OTC /xeV TO 7rXf)0os r)i> v/xai^ Kvpiov rr]<s crwT^pta? 
 
 '/u-eTe'pas, dt'TtXe'yetv ^9 Tot9 ^SovXo/xeVot9 
 aTToXe'crat, eireiorj Se e77t crot /i6Va> / eyeVeTO 
 /cat o~tuo"at IloXe/Aap^o^ /cat /AT^, et9 TO Secr/AWT^pto^ 
 
 , d^tot9 ^pryo"TO9 vo^Ltf.o~Oaii, on Se cruX- 
 a7re'/cTetva9, ov/c otet e'/AOt /cat TouTotcrt Sov- / 
 
 27 Kat /x^t/ ou8e TOUTO et/cos avTw TrtcrTevet^, 
 
 Xeyet ^>do"/cfu^ di'TeiTretf, 019 avT<w rrpoo-- 
 . ov yap 817 TTOU ei' Tots /aeTot/cois iricrriv 
 
 Trap avrov eXduy8ai/oV( eTret Tot TO> rirrov et/co? 
 
 ' 
 
 Trpoo~raxur)va.L r OCTTI? vrtLTrwv ye 
 /cat [eVai'Ttay] yvc^fjLYfV aTroSeSetyyaeVos ; TtVa yap
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 1$ 
 
 et/co? r\v rjTTov TCLVTOL vTr^perraai, } rov avrei- 
 TTovra of? e'/ceu>oi l/3ov\ovTO Trpav6rjvai ; / *Ert Se 28 
 
 N .. , . /J , VWf"'' , , / 
 
 rot? ^ei> aXXot? At/^vatot? iKavr) /zot oo/cet Trpo- 
 <f>a(ri<s etvai ra>v yeyei/i^/xeVwv ets rov? TpiaKovra. 
 dva(f)epeLv rrjv alriav avrov? Se rovs rpiaKOVTa, 
 av ct9 o"</>as avrov? d^a^epwcrt, TTWS v/xas et/co? 
 
 t /x,e^ -yaya rt? 771; et r^ TroXet 29 
 
 avrfjs, v<f> ^9 
 v x o/ > /i / 
 
 T6TO 7Ta3a TO OIKO.LOV O.VV <D7TOV<S 
 
 avrw (Tvyyvai^v et^ere vv^ Se 
 rov Trbre /cat \-rj\jjecr0e ^iKiqv, etTrep e^ecrrat rot? 
 
 Xeyetv ort ra VTTO r&iv rpta/co^ra Trpoo"- 
 ITTOIOVV ; Kat /xei/ 8^ OVK e^ TT^ ot/cta 30 
 
 dXX' ez^ r-n 6Sw o'w^ett' re O.VTOV /cat ra rourots 
 1 ' 
 
 TTOLOOV, arp\\afiiov a 
 xv^^y^ j^\d^A> v 
 ^ < 
 
 c- \ / > o^r y iK <v > \ >/ f\n * 
 
 Of Travres opyi^ecrue, oo~ot et? ra? ot/ctag r)\vov ra? 
 
 T] Twv v/zere- 
 rt^o?. /catrot et ^017 rot? 8ta rrjv eavrtov CTOJ- 31 
 erepov? aTroXecrao-t o-vyyvwfj.rjv ex iv ' >/ct/ " 
 
 aj/ StKatorepoi' evotre , /ctVSvvos yap 
 >v*r o Cw^ A ' r 
 
 i/i xnn!* \ \/D^ 
 
 7re/x<pt7tcrt /U,T) ekueiv /cat /caraAapovcrti' 
 
 rw Se 'Eparocr^eVet e'^^ etTrett' ort ov/c 
 
 evretra ort ot'/c eez^ ravra yap our 
 
 v / 
 
 ovre 
 
 n/ x s> N 
 
 pa.o'avov twev, ctxrre ptrjo VTTO ra^ 
 
 k^v^ ^ w V^ ^- ^ > ** v k -<-xL-'i 
 
 j3ov\OjjiV(t)v oiov / eTi^at e^eXey^^^at. 
 
 Se' o-e, w 'Eparoo-fei'e?, etTrep rjcrBa ^p^crros, 32 
 fjiaXXov rot? {jLeXXovfTLV dSt/ca>s a.Tro0avelo-0ai 
 yevecrOai T) rovs dSt/cw? d-TroXov/xeVous
 
 l6 XII. KATA EPATO20ENOY2. 
 
 o-vXXa/x/3dVetv. vvv Se crov TO, epya (iaVepa iyeye'- 
 
 fjfi 1 ^* 5-"VuX- 
 
 vr)Ta.L ov^ a>s dViojjueVou dXX' a>s rjoofjievov Tots 
 33 ytyw/xeVots, wcrre rovcrSe e/c ra)^ epytav ^pr) /xaX- 
 Xov ^ 6/c rait' Xoyajf Trp \jjrjq>ov tfrepeLV, a tcracrt 
 Tore Xeyopevajv re/c/xi;pta Xa/Ay8a- 
 
 
 vovras, eet jj,pTVpas irep avrwv ov% oov re 
 Trapaa-xecrdaL. / ov yap povov r^jilv Trapeiva.1 OVK 
 
 eZ-nv, dXX' ouSe Trap' avrot? eTvat, jocrr' eVt rovrots 
 
 , V * ^-^'%'' v , x / x 
 
 ecrri Travra ra /ca/ca eipyacr/tei/Ots ri^v TroXtv iravTa. 
 
 34 rdya^a Trept avrwv Aeyett'. rovro JJLCVTOL, ov 
 c v\/ f T/ ^ ^-"^r ^ , , ^^ ^ 
 
 ), dXX' 6/xoXoytu croi, et povXet, a^retTret^. 
 
 Se Tt av TTOTC eVot^cra? cruvetTrwi/, OTrdre 
 
 o / / * \ >c. \j^" ' >~* \ 
 
 017, Tt av et Kat adeXcpot oire? erv^ere avrou 77 /cat 
 vtet?; dtre\ljr)<f>Lo-ao'0. ; Set^yap, ai ctfSpe? St/ca- 
 crrat, 'EpaTocrdevyjv Svotv darepov aTroSetfat, ^ ws 
 
 ov/c aVifyayev auTov, 17 a>? St/catw? rovr' 7rpaev. 
 
 ' 
 
 r s vt^MK^ ., ,. . 
 
 ouros oe w/xoXoyfyK:^ aot/cw? cruXXapetv, atcrre pa- 
 
 ' " x rx IL x 
 
 oiai> vatv T17> OLaw-n&icrw TT.ent avrov ir 
 
 * v * ^ \\ * * - t4 - * " c*r 
 
 35 Kat /xei/ 017 7ToAA.ot /cat T&> acrroiv /cat Ta>t i^zvtov 
 
 V etcro/xevot rti^a yv&ftiqv Trept Tourer e^ere. 
 
 T x / v v^ ^Uj^V^V , , 
 
 wt' ot /xei^ vfjLCTepoL o^T? TToXtrat /xac/o^re? 
 
 OTt ^ &IK1QV $a>(TOVO-LV )V O.V ^aiLO.pT(t)(TiV, 
 
 ; / r ,,, ^t.a^KTT ,v 
 
 g-ayre? aei/ wi' e<f>te^Tat rvpavvQi rris TroXew? 
 
 s ; ^ v<>"' . / 
 
 rat, ovcrrv^cra^Te? oe TO to'ot' u/xti' e^ovo*t^ oo~ot 
 
 Se ^ivoi iTrifyfjiovo'iv, tlarovrai, irorepov dSt/ctos 
 
 TplOLKOVTO. 6KKr)pVTTOV(n,V K TO>V TToXtUV f) St/CtttCU?. 
 
 et yap 817 auTot ot /ca/cw?
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 
 TTOV cr<ag avrovs -r^ 
 
 yovs 
 
 et TOL? /xei^ crTpaTrjyovs, ot 
 
 ore Sta yetawi/a ovy otot r 
 
 - ' ' \'/ 
 
 e/c r^5 c/aAaTTTy? aveAea-C7Cf,t, 
 
 ' <1 - 't /] , , , 
 
 TTTJ rav rewewrwv apery Trap 
 
 \afieiv, r t oyrov^ Se, ot tStwrat /xet' 
 KaO* ocrov eovvavTO etroirjo'av riTTrjOrjvai 
 
 > cvv 5 x , v , v / 4^ 
 
 eneior) oe et? ri]v ap^rjv /careo-r^- 
 crav, 6/xoX.oyouo~tv eKovrfs. TroXXous rait' 7roXtTan> 
 
 a/cptrov? airoKTivvvvai, OVK apa ypri avrous /cat 
 
 ~* Ul - - ' ' / A ' \ ' 
 
 row? Tratoas v<p v/xw^ rat? eo-^arats 47//>ttai9 /coXa- 
 
 ; 
 'Eya> Toiwv, a> avSpe? St/cao-rat, wtow t/cava 37 
 
 CMUUxVi- 
 
 etvat ra Kar^yop^/Aeva fte^pt yap rourov 
 
 KaTrjyoptiv ew? av Oavdrov Sd^ rw 
 
 yovrt a^ta elpydorOai ravrrfv yap ivya.T-r}v 
 
 'j^xo^ v>> TO > </ 
 
 a Trap OVTMV Aapeu>. wcrr ovc oto o Tt 
 TToXXa Karriyopeiv TOLOVTGOV avSpatv, ot ouS' 
 e^os e/cao-rov TOJV TreTrpaypevaiv St? aTroOa- 
 
 ^i/ Sov^at Svi/at^r' a^. ov yap 8^ ov8e 38 
 TOUTO avrw Trpocr^/cet 7rot^o~at, oTrep eV r^S 
 
 /X >/)'/>/ V \ \ 
 
 TToAet etc/tcr^tej'Of ecrrt, Trpos ftet' ra Kariqyopri 
 Hrj&ev a,7roXoyero~^at, Trept Se (r<f>a>v avT&v erepa 
 Xeyoj'Te? eVtore l^aTraraicriv, vfjuv cxTroSet/ci'wre? ws 
 o-Tparta>rat dyaBoL eicriv, r) a>s TroXXa? rwt' TroXe- 
 vaus eXafiov rpt^pap^o-avreg, -J) TrdXets TTO- 
 
 Xe/xtas ouo-a? ^>tXas eVot^o-a^ vcV 6 ' /ceXeuere avrov 39
 
 l8 XII. KATA EPAT020ENOY2. 
 
 tat OTTOV rocrovrous TO>V TTOLLI(DV a,7re/cret- 
 
 ^ yvyM^f^ 
 
 VOLV OCTOUS TO)V TToXtTOJV, tt VaVS OTTOV TOCraVTO,? 
 
 tXaBov ocra? avr,ot TrapeSocra^, 77 TrdXtv TII/ rt^a 
 
 -/v/V-V^ r ^ v c ^ / 
 
 rotauTTjjj' TrpocreKTijcravTo olav rrjv vjltTepav 
 40 SouXwcr'a^ro. dXXa yap 6VXa rwv TrpXe/xtw^ ecricu- 
 
 Xevcrav rocravra ocra Trep V^MV d^etXo^ro ; dXXa 
 
 , ^ '4<v^^- r - t ~ : / ? , . 
 
 ret,^ rotavra etAo^ ota TT^? eavrcoz^ Trarptoo? /care- ' 
 
 cr/cai//a^ ; ( otrwe? /cat ra Tre/al TTJV 'Arrtic^v <j>pov- 
 
 n ~\ \ e ^ >o /\ * *^ v > ^ \ 
 
 pta KaueiKov, /cat u//,t^ or)\a)O~av <m ovo 
 Iletpata Aa/ceSatjotovtcov TrpocrraTToVrajz' Trept 
 tlXX' ort eavrots TT)^ ap^rjv OVTO> y8e/3atorepav e^o- 
 
 et^at. 
 
 41 IToXXa/ct? 
 
 1 
 
 -- '^/3- - 
 
 , TT\.r)v OTO.V evu1}jJi'r)ua) art 
 
 crriv avrovs re, jrvTa ra Ka/ca 
 4 2 /cat rov? rotouroug eTrat^et^. ou 
 
 - t / X //I \ &V"-/" "'/' V C?t(. 5\\ N N 
 
 rw vfjiTepa) TTkrjtJeL TO. tva.vTia eTrpagev, aXXa /cat 
 
 ^ ir^- / , .d 6-^v^- /SJ , 
 rerpa/cocrtcov ei' ra> crrparoTreoa) oXtyap- 
 
 -^V^< ' ' ' ' ' 
 
 ^cw' /ca^tcrra? efavyev e^ 'EXX^crTro^rou rptif- 
 
 \ \ ^ \ > T x / 
 
 papvo? /caraAtTTCDV rii^ vav^, aera larpo/cAeov? 
 
 v , , ,v 55 x 
 
 /cat erepw/', wv ra , pf o/zaj;a -^ovoe^ oeo/xat 
 d^t/co/jte^o? 8e Seupo xafa^rta rots jSovX 
 
 , ^>^ V , , ' 
 
 ewaL eTrparre. /cat TOVTOJV /xaprupa? 
 MAPTYPE2. 
 
 43 Tov /xev roiwv /xera^u yStov avrou 
 
 ^ 8e 17 ^au/xa^td /cat 17 crvp,(f>opdL Ty TrdXei
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 
 
 ^ 
 
 eveVero, Simo/cpaTtas ert ovo-ns, o# 
 
 / ' ' ' ^0-*^-^ ^ 1 I .* * 
 
 T> , / 5 JL 'JL N 
 
 ripcav, Trevre avope9 e<popot /carecrrttcrai' VTTO T<UZ> 
 tpT*f&4. ' ^ 
 
 KaXovfjievcDV eratpajv, crv^aywyet? /i,e^ T&JI' TroXtrait', ^^^ 
 
 apyovre? /Se TOJI^ cru^waoroj^, eVavrta Se rw 
 ^ vl ' 
 
 /cat 
 
 Kptrta? ^crav. ovrot Se (j>v\dp^ov<s re ^/rt ras 44 
 s KO.Teq'Trjorai', /cat o rt Scot 
 
 /cat oucrrtva? XP eir l a PX 6LV ' 77 '. a pi7'yyeo^, /cat et rt 
 dXXo Trparretv ^SouXotvro, Kvpioi rjcrav ovra>5 ov^ 
 raiz> TroXeatwv ovo dXXa /cat VTTO rovrcuv 
 
 
 ' 
 
 \jjr)<j>icrai<p'0i Tro\\a>v re e^oeets ecrecr#e. 
 TOVTO yctp /cat r\TTiarra.i>TQ, ort dXXws />teV ou^ otot 45 
 
 re eVovrat Treptyei'e'cr^at, , /ca/ca)? Se TTPOLTTOVTOJV 
 * , i . c'^^f - T .^ f- v A A 
 
 owTycrovrat /cat v/xa? riyovvro TOJV irapovTcav /ca- 
 
 /cajt' eTTLUVLLOWTOL'S o.TTdXXa.'yrji'a.L Trept TOW JJL\\OV- 
 T(OV OVK evOviMT/jo'ea'OoLL. w? roivvv rwv e^opwv 4^ 
 e'yeVerp, /xdprupa? v/u.ti' Trape'^o/xat, ou TOL>S rdre 
 
 crv/xTrpaTTOi'ra?. (ou yap a^ Swat'/A^v), dXXa TOUS 
 
 > > /i / > JU*. r ' > > ** ' 
 
 aurow Eparoorc'e^ov? a/coua-avra9. /catrot et ecrw- 47 
 
 dtpovow KaTeiMapTvpovv av avratv, /cat TOU9 StSa- 
 
 / > t -^ '' vv / ; / 5- > * 
 
 <r/cdXpv9 rwt' cr^>erepw^ dyaaprry/xara)^ cr<poop av 
 
 A*U ^V > ' JL ' ' * 
 
 e/coAa4o^, /cat rov9 op/cov9, et <ra>(ppovovv, OVK av 
 eVt /xev Tot9 TO)I/ iro\ira)v /ca/cot9 Tr'tcrrojK? IPOJJLL^OV. (^ 
 Se ror9 T7^9 7rdXeaJ9 dya^ot? paSta>9 i Trape'ySat- 
 7rpO9 /xev ow TOUTOV9 TocravTa Xe'ya;, rov9 oe 
 /cctXet. Kat uuet9 avd&riTe. 
 
 MAPTYPE2.
 
 2O XII. KATA EPATO5SENOY2. 
 
 ; 
 
 48 Twv /xeV papTypcov d/c^/co'aie. TO oe reXei>ratoi> 
 
 > \ > X * \ * A ~ \ 1< \ ' S 
 
 eis rf\v apyijv /carao~ras ayac/ov tief ouoevo? /xere- 
 o~vev, aXXaiv Se TroXXaV. /catrot 
 
 ,/,,** - v v * 
 
 ayat/os, e^prjv av TrpaiTOv /xei> /XT) TrapavojJia)*; ap- 
 Xtw, eTretra r^ fiovXfj psr)vv-rr}v yiVecr^at 7re/n 
 
 t' airao-wv, on i^evSeT? ete^ Kct^l Bar^a- 
 /cat Aur^vXtSiy? ou Ta\r)0rj ^vvovcriv, aXXa 
 
 ra VTTO Toi^ rpia.Kovra 7rXacr#eWa etcroiYyeXXoua-t, 
 
 <i / , \ ~ ^/>5^- 
 
 49 cruyKet/xeva CTT! r^ raiv TroXtralv ~BXdprj. /cat /aev 
 
 ft/-5>0 ^ /</ -'VTA_^CJ ^ f 
 
 017, a> avopes ot/cacrrat, otrot KO.KOVOI rjo-av ra> v/xe- 
 re/Dw Tr\ij0i, ovoev eXarrov el)(ov crtwTrait'Te? Ire- 
 pot yap ^crav ot Xeyoi're? /cat irparro^re? a)^ ou^ 
 ofov r' ^v /xet^a) /ca/ca yevecr^at 777 TroXet. OTrocrot 
 
 S' eui/ot ciacrti/ eti/at, TTOJS ou/c eVrav^a eSet&w, au- 
 y _V . ,T ^ ^ JuAJry 
 
 rot re ra /3eXr'to~ra Xe'yoi/re? /cat rot's e'^a/xapra- 
 VOVTCLS aTrorpeVovre? ; XA*^'^^ 
 
 * T O> * * J V $ ^ /' \ e *N 
 
 50 Io~a)9 o ai/ e^ot etTrew ort eoeoot/cet, /cat u/xtut' 
 
 roOro eVtots t/ca^ov eo~rat. O7ra>9 roivvv un <j>aisn- 
 
 ~ . , , , r , 
 
 o~erat > ra> Xoyoj rots rpta/cot'ra e*> at'rtov/ze^os 
 
 et 8e /xry, eVrav^ot SrJXo? ecrrat ort e'/cetW re aurw 
 
 v \ ,^/i> X V^<W , / 
 
 /cat TOCTOVTOV tovva.ro cocrre 
 KO.KOV TraOelv VTT 
 
 
 
 v/xerepa? o-wr7yptas raunp rryi' irpouv- 
 , aXXa /x^ vvrep 0^pa/xeVou9, os ets v/xas 
 51 TToXXa e'^/xaprev. //dXX' euros r^i/ /xe^ TrdXti/ 
 /xt^ef eT^at, rows 8' u/xerepous e'^^pou? 
 d/x(^)drepa raura e'yw TroXXots re/c/x^pt- 
 ot? TTapao-Trjo'a), /cat ras Trpos dXXr^Xovs Sta^opas
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 21 
 
 virep vfjiuv d\\' virep eavrwv ytyvo/xeVas, OTTO- 
 Tepot raura Trpd^ovcrt /cat T^S 7roXeas ap^oucrt. 
 ei yap vvrep Ta>f a.St/cov/xeVaji> ecrTacriatpv, TTOV 52 
 KoiXXiov av r\v dvSpl apyovri, r) SpacrvftovKov ^>u- 
 AT)I> /caretXTy^dro?, TOT' eTTtSet^acr^at T^ CLVTOV 
 evvoiav ; 6 8' aWt TOU e7rayyet\ao"^at Tt ^ 
 ^at, ayadov Trpo? Toug eVt ^uX^, e'X^wv /XCTO, 
 (rvvapyovTtov ets ^aXa/xt^a /cat 'EXeua'tvaSe 
 /cocrtov? TWI^ TToXtTwt' aTTT^yayev et? TO 
 ptoi^, /cat /Ata ^TJff>ct) avTO)v avravTwv davaTov /caTe- 
 \fjr)<f>i,a-aTo. eVetS^ Se et? TOI^ Ilet/aata T^X^o/xe^ /cat S3 
 at Tapa^at yeyevr^jaeVat r)(rav /cat vrept Toii^ StaXXa- 
 
 ot Xdyot eyivovro, TroXXa? e/cctTepot eXTTtSag 
 77/369 aXX^Xov? eo-eo-^at a>? a^orepoi eSet- 
 ot /xev yap e/c Iletpatcus /cpetTTou? OZ/TCS 
 avTovg aTreX^etv ot Se etg TO do-Tu ekdov- 54 
 T<? Tovg /xei/ Tpta/co^Ta e^e/SaXov TrX^i/ <l>tSaj^o5 
 /cat 'EpaToo~^eVov?, ap^ovTas Se TOU? e/cetVotg e^^t- 
 O~TOV? etXovTo, rjyovfjLevoi St/catw? at' VTTO TWI/ av- 
 Tait' TOV? TC Tpta/co^Ta /xtcreto-^at K-at TOU? eV 
 Iletpatet ^tXetcr^at. ^TOUTWI/ roivvv ^>etSwv 6 TWI^ 55 
 TpidKOVTa. yei'o/xei'o? /cat 'iTTTro/cX^? /cat 'ETTt^api^? 
 6 Aa/u,7rrpeu<? /cat erepot ot So/coiWe? etz/at Ivavriw- 
 TaTot Xapt/cXet /cat KptTta /cat TT^ e'/cetVw^ eratpet'a, 
 eVetS^ auTot etg T^ ap^r)^ Karea-rifjcrav, no\v /xet- 
 ^a> (TTacriv /cat TroXe/xoi/ evrt TOV? eV Iletpatet TO!? 
 e'^ ao-Teo? eTTOLycrav ot? /cat <^az/epa>s eVeSet^at'To 5 6 
 oTt ou^ vTrep TO)I/ ev Iletpatet ovS' uTrep TWI> dSt/ccu?
 
 22 XII. KATA EPATO20ENOY2. 
 
 O.TTO\\VI.V(DV ecrra,criao*>, ovS' ot re^^ewre? aurov? 
 eXvTTOw, ovS' ot /xlXXo^res diro0avel(T0aL, dXX' ot 
 
 57 /xetoi> Swd/xevot /cat 9aa-(rov TrXovroiWes. Xa- 
 ^SoVres ydp ^ds dp^ds /cat TT)V TroXw dju^orepot? 
 eVoXe'jaow, rot? re rptd/co^ra irdvra /ca/cct elp-ya- 
 crjLteVot? /cat v/zti> TrdvTa /ca/ca Tre-rrovOocri. /catrot 
 
 TOUTO TTOLCTL SrJXo^ 7]^, OTl Ct jU,f C/C6tVOt dSt/CCJ? 
 
 efytvyov, v/x,eTs St/cata>5, et S' u/xets ciSt/cw?, ot rptd- 
 KOVTO. St/catw? ou yap 8^ trepans cpyw atrtav 
 XaySoVre? e/c rrj? Tro'Xews e^eTrecrov, d\\a TOVTMV. 
 
 58 a>o~re o~<^)dSpa ^pr) opyt^ecr^at, ort <i>etSa)y atpe^et? 
 v/xa.? StaXXd^at /cat /carayayetv, TG>^ aurwi/ epyaiv 
 
 eret^e /cat T^ aurJ7 y^o^T? rou? />te^ 
 vTMV St' v/xd? /ca/ca>5 iroif.iv erot/xo? >)i>, 
 8e d8t/cw5 <f>evyov(Tiv ov/c rjOeXrjcrev aTToSouj'at 
 r^v TroXtv, dXX' e\0a>v et? Aa/ceSat/xova etreiffev av- 
 rovs (TTpa.Tevea-0aL, 8tay8dXXa>v ort Boicorcoi' 17 TroXt? 
 eo-rat, /cat dXXa Xeyan/ of? wero Tretcretv /xaXtora. 
 
 59 ou Sv^d/Ltevo? Se rourwv ru^et^, ctre /cat 
 e/x7ro8a>v 6vT(DV tre /cat OLVTWV ov 
 
 e/carov rdXavTA eSavetcraro, t^a e^ot eTrt/covpov? 
 fjiicrOovcrOai. ( /cat AvcravSpo^ dp^ovra yTTja-aro, 
 evvovcTTCLTov jjiev ovTCL Tf) oXtyap^ta, /ca/covouo~ra- 
 TOV 8e T^ TToXct, jjucrovvTa Se />tdXto~ra rov? .eV 
 
 60 Hetpatet. /xto-^wo-d/xei^ot Se Trdi^ra? dvOpanrovs 
 eV 6\e6pa> r^5 TrdXecu?, /cat TrdXet? eTrdyovre?, /cat 
 TeXevrai^re? Aa/ceSat^o^tou? /cat TOJI' o"v/xyLtd^a)y 
 O7rdo"ou9 rowaPTO 7reto"at, ou StaXXd^at dXX' dvro-
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 23 
 
 AeVat 7rapeo-/ceuaoj'ro rrjv rrokiv el /XT) St' oVSpas 
 dya#ovg, ots v/xets S^Awa'are Trapa TMV e^Optav 
 81/07 ^ Aa/3oWe9, ort /cat e'/cetVot9 \a.pw aVoSwcrere. 
 ravra Se eVto~rao~$e fj.ev KOL aurot, /cat oTS' ort ov 61 
 Set pdpTvpas irapacr^crOai o'/acos 8e * eyw re 
 yap Seoyu,at dvaTravcracrOai, v^wv r et^tot? 17810^ a>? 
 rovs avrov? Adyovs a/covets. 
 
 MAPTYPE2. 
 
 OT) /cat Trept QrjpaiJievovs a? av Swcu/Ltat 62 
 ota j3pa^vTOLTa)i> otoa^cu. Seo/xat S' v/xwi^ a/covcrat 
 VTTCp r fj.avTOv /cat rrj? 7rdAea;. /cat ja^Se^t rovro 
 TrapacrTrj, a5 'Eparocr^eVov? /ctv8u//voi/ro5 tyrjpa- 
 /carr^yopai TrvvQa.vQ^o.1 yap ravra a7roAo- 
 ai O.VTOV, ort e/cetVw <^>tAo9 771^ /cat raiv 
 epytov /j.eTL^e. /catrot o~<^dSp' ai/ OVTOV 63 
 /xera BejLtto~ro/cAebvg 7roAtrvdyu,e^oy TrpocnroL- 
 etcr^at Trarreti' oVws olKO^OJLrBicTeTai ra 
 
 Trparreti' 
 
 OTro're /cat /xera Srjpa/j.ei'ov^ OTTO)? 
 ov yap /xot So/co7)o~tv tcrov a^tot yeye^cr^at 6 
 /xez^ yap Aa/ceSai/AOi't'oii' O.K.QVTU>V oj/coSd/x^crev av- 
 ra, ovro? Se rou9 vroAtra? e'^aTrar^cras KaOeike. 
 
 ovv rrf TrdAet TOVVO.VTLOV Y) a)? et/co? 64 
 O.LOV fjiev yap /cat rot"? <tAou<? rov? r^pa/xe- 
 TrpocraTroAcoAeVat, 7rA7)v et rt? ervy^avev e/cet- 
 VGJ TavavTia 7rpa.TT(i)v ' vvv Se opai ras re aVo- 
 Aoyta? et? e/cet^ot' a^a^epo/aeVa?, rou? r' e'/cetVa;
 
 24 XII. KATA EPAT02@ENOY2. 
 
 crwoWas Tt/xao~$at Tretpw/xeVovs, tocnrep TroXXcov 
 ayaOtov alriov dXX' ov LteydXwz' KaK&v yeyet'ry/xe- 
 
 65 vov. 65 TrpwTov /xev r^s rrpoTe'pas oXtyap^ta? 
 atrtwraro? e'yeVeTo, Treicras u/xas TT)^ eVt 
 TeTpaKocriajv TroXtretW eXeV^at. Kat 6 
 
 OLVTOV rct)V 7rpo/Bov\(ov a>v TO.VT eirparTtv, auro? 
 Se So/caiv evt'ovo'TaTO, et^at rot? Trpaytiacri arpa- 
 
 66 TT^yo? VTT' avTatv ypeffr). /cat ecos /xev ert/xarOj 
 TTLCTTOV eavTov Trapei^ev eTreuor) oe HeicravSpov 
 pev /cat KaXXatcrxpo*' /cat erepovs ewpa Trporepovs 
 CLVTOV ytvotteVous, TO 8e vp-erepov TrXrjOos ov/cert 
 ftovXa^evov TOVTOJV aKpoacrBai, TOT jjSrj Stct re 
 rov Trpo? e/cetVovs <$>96vov /cat TO Trap' vf 
 
 67 jjLT6(T)( TO>V ' ApicrTOKpaTovs ([pyaiv. 
 
 8e TO> vjLereo) irXrOeL So/cett* Trto~TOs eh'at 
 
 /cat p^eTTToe/xoi' <tTaTous OVTO.S 
 KaTrjyopajv aTTtKTewev, ets TQ&OVTOV Se /ca/cta? 
 #ei', &>o~T a/xa /u,ev Sta TT)I> rrpos e/cet 
 v/xas /caTeSovXwcraTO, 8ta 8e T^V Trpo? v/xa? TOV? 
 
 68 c^tXovs a,7ro;Xeo"e. > Tt/xa>/xei'o<? Se /cat TWI/ /xeytcrTajv 
 a^tov/xe^o?, auTo? errayyetXa/xe^o? (raxreiv TTJV iro- 
 Xiv avTos drrajXecre, <ao"/coi> rrpaytta 
 
 /xeya /cat TroXXou a^tof. VTreV^eTo 8e 
 ryTe o/xrypa Sou? /x^re TO. TL)(rj 
 Ta? i^av? TrapaSou? Taura Se elTrelv ^kv ov- 
 
 69 Se^t r)6eXr)(T.v, e/ceXevo~e Se auTaJ rrta'Teueti'. v/xet<? 
 Se, a) a^Spe? 'A^i^atot, Trparrovo-r?? /xe^ T^5 et' 
 'Apetw Trayw /3ovX^? o"coTi7pta, a^TtXeywrw^ Se
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 25 
 
 ,/vAcvi4- 
 
 iro\\a>v 77/mtteVet, etSoYes Se oYt ot /xe> ctXXot aV- 
 
 0pO)TTOi T0)l> TroXe/ZlOJI' eW/CeV TaiTOpprjTa TTOiOVVTOLl, 
 
 S' eV rots avrou TroXtYats ou/c rjOeXycrei' 
 TavTa ft Trpos rou? TroXe/xtou? e/xeXXe^ epelv, 
 
 eTrerpei/iare avra> TrarptSa /cat TrcuSas 
 
 yvi^at/cas Kat v/xa? aurov?. 6 Se w^ /xe^ vTrecr^ero 7 
 cTrpa^ev, ovrais Se evereOvfJLrjro a>9 
 /cat acrOevri yevecrBai IT]V TTQ\IV, wcrre 
 ouSets TTWTTore ovre rcui' TroXe/Atajv efjasi)<r&q ovre 
 TToXtraiv yXirLcre, Tav8* v/xas eTretcre Trpa^at, 
 VTTO Aa/ceSatyaovtcuv dvay/ca^o/xe^os, dXX' avro? 
 e/cetVots eTrayyeXXo/xez'o?, ^ou re ITetpatai? TO, Tfyr) 
 TrepteXet^ /cat r^ VTrdpyovcrav TroXtretav /caraXv- 
 crat, ev etS&>9 ort, et /xi) Tracr^v roiv eXTrtSw^ 0.770- 
 CTTeprjOijcrecrOe, ra^elav Trap* avTov Trjv TL^oipiav 
 KOfjLLtlcrBe. /cat TO reXevrato^, a> az^S/ae? St/cao-rat, 7 1 
 ou irporepov etacre r^v e'/c/cX7?o-tW yevecrOai, eiw? 6 
 VTT' e/cewajv /catpo? eTTt/xeXais VTT' avrou 
 j, /cat /xre7re)u-i//aro /otez^ ra? ^tera Avo~a^- 
 ^au? e/c Sajaov 5/ eVeS^^cre Se TO TWI^ TroXe- 
 o'TyoaTOTreSoj'. Vrore Se TOVTCU^ VTrap^ovrcov, 72 
 /cat TrapovTcov AucrdVSpov /cat 4>tXo^apov? /cat MtX- 
 TtaSov, Trept T^S TroXtTcta? T^V e/c/cXi7O~ta^ eirotovv, 
 iva fJiTJTe pijTtop avTols yLti^Set? IvavricnTO /x^Se 
 aTretXot, u^uet? T /x^ TO, TT^ TroXet (rv^^epovra eXot- 
 cr^e, dXXa Ta/cetVot? So/covt'Ta i//-^^)to~ato~^e. di^a- 73 
 O~TO.<; Se @^^>a/xeVr^9 e'/ceXevcrei^ v/xct? Tyata/co^Ta 
 dv$pdo-ii> eVtT/3ei//at Tr)^ TrdXtv, /cat T^ TroXtTeta
 
 26 XII. KATA EPAT050ENOY2. 
 
 v Apa/coi>TtSr7<? arre^aivev. v/xst? 8* 
 o/xaj? /cat ovTO) Sia/cet/xez'Ot eOopvjSeLTt a><? ov Troirj- 
 (Tovres ravra eyty^wcr/cere yap 6Vt Trept SovXetas 
 /cat eXeu#epta<? Iv e/cetVr; 777 T^epa e^e/cX^ 
 74 @^pa/xeV^5 Se, a) afSpes St/cacrrat, (/cat 
 
 v/xct? avrot5 jJidpTvpas Trape^o/xat) et7rei> ort ov8e^ 
 avrw fjLeXoi TOV vyaere'pov 0opv/3ov, evretS^ TroXXov? 
 /xei^ 'A^VOMUV etSeti^ rou? ra o/xota Trparrovra? 
 avrw, So/cov^ra 8e AvcraVSpa* /cat Aa/ceSatjoto^tot? 
 Xeyot. /xer' e/ceZ^ov Se AvcravSpo? ai^acrTa? aXXa 
 re TroXXa elvre /cat ort TrapacrTrdvSov? v/xa? e)(Ot, 
 /cat ort ou Trept TroXtreta? v/xtt- ecrrat aXXa vrept 
 
 t /XT) TroiTJcred' a B^patteV^? /ceXeuet. 
 
 . 
 75 Tuiv 8' eV rr^ e/c/cXr^crta ocrot a^S/ae? dya^ot fjcrav, 
 
 TTJV TTapa<TK.vr)v /cat TTV ay/cr^, ot 
 avrov /xeVo^re? r}cru^tav r^yov, ot 8e at^ovro a,7rioz> 
 T9, TOVTO yovi' crfyicrw auroT? crwetSdre?, ort ov- 
 Se^ KCLKOV rrj TrdXet ei//r^(^tcravro oXtyot Se rtve? 
 /cat Trovrjpol /cat /ca/cw? /SovXevo/xet'ot TO, TrpocrTa- 
 
 76 ^$eVra e^etporovr^cra^. Trap^yyeXXero yap aurol9 
 8e/ca /xei/ ov? Bi^pa/xeViy? aTreSet^e ^etporo^frat, 
 SeVa 8e ou? ot /ca^ecrr^Kore? e<^opot /ceXeuotet', 
 
 8' e'/c raif TrapoVrwv OUTOJ yap rr)i/ v/aerepav 
 ewpwv Kat rr)z^ avTOiv Bvva/jav rj-rri,- 
 , wo~re vrporepo^ rJ8eo"av TO, /xeXXovra eif rrj 
 
 77 KKXr)(TLa Trpa^Oyjo'ecrOaL. raura 8e ou/c e/xot Set 
 7rtO"Tvo~at, aXXa e/cetVw TrdWa yap ra VTT' /xov 
 
 eV 717 fiovXy aTroXoyov/xeyos
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 27 
 
 rot? (f)evyov(Ti.v, ort St' avrov 
 Ooiev, ouSe> fypovTitpvTtov Aa/ceSat/xoi'itoi', oWtSt- 
 0;^ Se rot? TTJ? TToXtretas /aeTe^ouortf 6Vt TTOLVTUW 
 TO)V 7TTrpa.yjj,va)v TO I? tpr^/xeVots rpoTTOt? UTT' e/xou 
 avTO? airto? yeye^/xeVo? roiovrotv Tvyxdvoi, TroA- 
 Xa5 Trtcrret? avro? ^9^<w SeSw/cws /cat Tra^)' tKeivw 
 0/3/cov? el\r)(f)a>s. ^KO.\ rocrourcov /cat erepcov KOLKCUV 78 
 /cat al(T^pa>v /cat TraXat /cat fewort /cat pLKpwv /cat 
 jj.eydXoiv airtov 'yeyemrjp.evov ro\^rfcrova'iv aurous 
 <f>iXovs ovras aTrofyaiveiv, ov^ vnep vpotv airoOa- 
 VOVTOS rypa/xeVov? dXX' vTre/9 r^5 avrou 
 /cat 8t/cat&>5 /Met' eV okiyap^ia Si/op So^ro? 
 yap avTTjv /careXucre), St/catw? 8' ai' e 
 rta 8t? yap u/xas /careSouXwcraTO, TO)^ /xef irapov- 
 TCOV KaTa(j)pov(ov, TMV Se CLTTOVTMV liriOvfjLatv, /cat 
 TO) /caXXtcrra) ot'o/xart ^pw^tevo? Seti'oraTwv epyatv 
 StSacr/caXo? /caracrra?. 
 
 Hep! /aei' roivvv r)pa[j,evov> t/cava /not ecrrt ra 79 
 /caT^yop^/xeVa T^/cet S' u/z.tt' e/cett'o? 6 /caipos, e^ w 
 Set (Tvyyv(i)^v /cat eXeoi/ /A^ ea^at et' rat? vyxerepat? 
 , dXXa Trapa 'Eparocr^eVov? /cat roiz/ rourout 
 
 /cpetrrou? eti^at raiv TroXe/xtcot', r/fry^t^o/AeVov? Se -^r- 
 
 l)(0pa>v. /^S' wi^ <^acrt /xeXXeti' irpd^eiv 80 
 
 -VTols tcrre, r) aif iTroiiqorcLv opyLtjecrOe 
 /XT^S' aTToucrt /xe^ rot? rptd/covra e7rt/8ouXeuere, vrap- 
 oi/ra? 8' d<j)TJTe /xTySe r^s TUX>/? "^ TOUTOUS 7ra.pt- 
 rr^ TrdXet, KO.KLOV u/xtf avroT? j3or)0TJa"r)Te.
 
 28 XII. KATA EPAT020ENOY2. 
 
 81. Kariyydp^rat ST) 'Eparocr$eVou9 /cat row TOVTOV 
 <f)iXo>v, (H9 ra,9 a7roXoyta dVotcret /cat /u.e#' wf 
 aura) ravra TreVpa/crat. 6 /xeVrot dyaV ou/c e^ 
 tcrou r?7 TrdXet /cat 'Eparocr$eVet ovros /xet' yap 
 /carrfyopos Kal 8t/caorr^5 avros ^v rail' /cptvo/xeVwv, 
 rjjjiels 8e vu^t ei? /car^yopta^ /cat aTroXoyiav KaOe- 
 
 82 crra/xev. //cat ovrot /-te*' TOV? ouSev d 
 a/cptrov? dirKTLvai>, u/Aet9 Se TOU? 
 
 TT)I> TroXtv /cara ro^ vopov d^iovre Kpivtiv, Trap 
 ovS' cu; Trapa^o/xw? y8ovXo/x,e^ot SLKTTJV 
 diav TO>V aStK^/Aarwv a)^ r^ TroXtv ^ 
 XaySotre. rt yap a.^ iraBovTes St/ 
 
 83 etrycrav TWV epyuv SeSw/cdres ; Trdrepov et avrov? 
 aTro/cret^otre /cat rovs TratSa? avraiv, IKOV^V av TOV 
 <f)6vov SiK-qv Xay8ot/xev, wi' ovrot Trarepa? /cat vteT? 
 /cat aSeX(ous d/cptrov? dTrexreivav ; dXXa yap et 
 ra ^pr^/xara ra <^>a^epa Sr^/xevcratre, /caXai? ai' 
 
 T) T^ TrdXet, ^9 ovrot TToXXd etX^^aa'tt', ^ rot9 
 
 84 rat?, wv ot/cta? e^eTropffrjcrav ; CTretSr) roivvv 
 
 ra vrotowre? 8t/cryv Trap* avra>v OVK av Swatcr^e 
 \aj3elv, Trots OVK aia-^pov v^lv /cat tynvovv aVoXt- 
 Trett', TjVTLvd rt? /SouXotro Trapd rourw^ Xa/x^Scti/ett' ; 
 Trdt' 8* oV juot 8o/cet ToX/jirjcraL, ocrrts ^wt ou^ ere- 
 pcuv ovTtov TO\V SiKacrTtoV dXX' OLVTUV TWV /ca/ca>s 
 
 /xprupa9 rr9 rourov Troz^ptas rocrourov 17 
 85 vfJLOiv KOLTa.TTe<j>p6vr)K(.v r) erepot9 TreTrtVrev/ce^. wi> 
 
 ort
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 29 
 
 OVT av e/ceiW eovvavTo Troielv pr) Irepajv crvfj.Trpa.T- 
 
 TOVTtolV OVT O.V VVV 7T66LrO'ai' IXOtlV J,r VTTO TO)V 
 
 avTO)v olofJLevoi o~io9r)O~eo~9ai, ot ou rourot? 
 
 Po-r)9"ijo~ovT.<;, aXXo, r]yovp..voi TroXXrjv 
 
 (Tiv ecrecr&u TOIV [re] Tf7rpa.yfJilv(DV /cai rou XOLTTOV 
 
 TfOlilV O TL O.V flovXwVTdL, Ct TOW? /XeytCTTOJI' KaKtoV 
 
 atrtov? XafiovTes d^rycrere. 
 
 'AXXa /cat TWI> t;vvepovvT<DV avrot? O.LOV $aiyxa- 86 
 ^etv, TroTepov a)? KaXot /cdya^ot alTTfcrovTai, TYJV 
 ai>T(t)v apeTrjv TrXetovo? a^iav a.7ro<j)a.Lvoi>Te<s 
 TOVTWV Trovr)pia.s efiovXofjLyv yaeVr' a^ avrov? 
 7rpo6vfjiov<s elvai (T(*>tiv Trjv trokiv, axrirep OVTOL 
 aTToXXwcu ^ cu? Setvol Xeyetv ciTroXoy^cro^rat /cal 
 TO, TOUTW^ epya TroXXou a^ta dircHfravovcrLv. dXX' 
 OT/Y VTrep vp.u)v ovSels avTwv ouSe ra 8t/cata TTW- 
 Trore eVe^etp^crev elnelv. 
 
 'AXXa TOvs~jjidpTvpa<s OL^LOV tSet^, ot rourot? fia/3- 8 7 
 Tvpowre? avTOiv Ka.Trj'yopova'L, <r<f>6$pa e 
 i>a,5 feat eu^et? vo^itpvTe^ v/xas ei^at, et Sta 
 rov vfjLTepov TrXijdovs ciSew? TfyovvTai Tov? Tpid- 
 , Sta 8e 'JLa.TocrOei'iv /cat rov? 
 
 avrou Setvot' ^v /cat rw^ T.6vea)T<av 
 
 /catrot OVTOL fj.ev craiuevTes TraXiv 88 
 av Swaii'ro TYJV TroXtv aVoXeVat e/cet^ot Se' ovs 
 ovrot OLTf<t)Xeo~a.v, 
 
 Trapa TWV ^pwv rt/xeupta?. ov/c 
 oetvoi' et TOJI> /iei/ dSt/cw? TedvtMTOJV ot <t'Xo 
 
 aurots Se roTs rv TrdXti/ a.Tro\4o~a.o~LV
 
 30 XII. KATA EPATO20ENOY2. 
 
 S 
 
 STJTTOV ITT iKffropav TroXXot rf^ovcriv, oTrore 
 
 89 rocrovrot TrapacrKevd^ovrai ; /cat /^e^ Sr) 
 
 paov i^yov/uat eti'at VTrep cDf u/xet9 eVaV^ere dVret- 
 
 Tretz', ^ uTrep oiz/ ovrot 
 
 (T0ai. /catrot Xeyo.vcrtv a>? ' 
 
 TOJV TpiaKovTa /ca/ca etpyacrrat, /cat Sta rouro au- 
 
 TOV d^tovcrt (T(tiQr\va.L on Se rwi^ aXXwv 'E 
 
 TrXetcrTa et? v/>tas e^/Aapr^/cev, ov/c OLOVTOLL 
 
 90 avrov aTToXeV^at. v/xets Se Set^are ^ rtt'a 
 
 et jaev yap rou- 
 
 rov /carai|/T7^)ttcr^e, SryXot ecrecrOe 
 
 et 
 
 t 8e 
 
 
 avrwv epyajy ettyr^Tat rovrots 
 /cat OV_Y ^T eT Xeyetv ort ra VTTO Ta 
 
 91 TrpolrTa^OevTo. eVotetre i>uz>t /Ltei/ yap ovSet? 
 a^ay/ca^et Trapa TYJV v/jLerepav yv(j^vr\v 
 ^ecr^at. wcrre crf/x^ouXeuG) JUT) TOVTOJV 
 crajueVou? V/XWK avTatv /carax//^ta'a(r^at. 
 otecrOe Kpv/3$Y)V et^at T^V \^rj<j)ov (fravepav 
 rrj TrdXet rr)^ u/xerepa^ yvw^v Trot'^a'ere. 
 
 92 BovXo/aat Se oXtya eKare'pov? d^a/x^cra? /cara- 
 ySatp'etv, roug re e^ aoreo? /cat rov7 e/c IIetpata>9, 
 tVa TO.? VjU> Sta TOVTO)v yeye^/xeVa? <TVfM(f>opa.s 
 TrapaSety/xara e^o^re? rr)v vjjrjffrov (frepyTC. /cat 
 TrpwTov fjiv ocrot e^ dcrreo? ecrre, cr/ce'i/xacr^e ort 
 VTTO rovroj^ ovrtu o~<^>dSpa rjp^crde, aurre aSeX^ot? 
 /cat vte'o~t /cat TroXtrats ^dy/cct^ecr^e TroXejae?^ rot- 
 
 , eV a> r)TTr)0ei>Tes p,kv rot? viKijcraori
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 31 
 
 TO l(TOV X T > VlKT]O~aVT<S 8' OLV TOUTOl? e$OV\VT. 
 /Cat TOVS tSlOVS 01/COV9 OVrOt /XCV [o,Z/] K TO)V TTpd- 93 
 
 ju,eydXov<? eKTijcravTo, v/>tets Se Std 
 
 7r6\fj.ov eXarrovs e^ere- cr 
 yap v/ta? ov/c ly^tow, o"vv8taj8aXXecr^at 8' 
 -r)vojyK.a.tpv, et? TOCTOVTOV V7reyooi//ta9 eX^o^re? wcrre 
 ou rajv dyaOwv , KOIVOV^VOL TTICTTOU? v/xa? e/crwyro, 
 aXXa Taiv ovetowv jueraSiSoVres euz/ov? qtovro elvai. 
 dv6' S)v u/xets j^vv e^ ra> dappaXea) o^re?, /ca^' ocrov 94 
 Swao~$e, /cat v?rep vfjifov avTwv /cat VTrep rwt' e/c 
 Iletpatw? TLfjL(t)pij(Taa'0, v0vfJi,r)6evT<s fjitv ort VTTO 
 TOVTWV TTOv^porarwv o^rajv r)p)((T0, eV^u/x^^eVre? 
 Se ort /aer' av^putv vvv apicrTuv TroXirevecrBe /cat 
 roT? TToXe/xtot? /xa^eo~^e /cat Trept r^? TrdXew? /3ov- 
 Xeveo~^e, dva^.vqcr9evTe^ 8e rwt' eTTt/covpcov, ov? ou- 
 TOI <^>vXa/ca9 TTJS o-</)erepa5 ap^? /cat r^? v/xerepa? 
 SovXeta? et? r^v a/cpo7roXtv Karea-Trjo-av. /cat Trpos 95 
 v/xa? />te^ ert TroXXwi^ ovrcuv ctTretv roo~avra Xeyw. 
 ocrot 8' e/c Iletpaiws e'crre, Trpwrov /xef rait' oVXaji/ 
 on TrpXXa? /ta^as eV T>J dXXorpta 
 VTTO rwt' TroXe/xtco^ dXX VTTQ roy- 
 ouo~7^9 d^ypeBrjTe ra oVXa, evret^' ort 
 e /xei> e/c r^5 TroXewg, ^v v/xt^ ot Trare'- 
 pe<; 77ape / 8oo~av, <evyoi>ras Se v/xa? e/c rwv TroXeaj^ 
 er)TovvTO. \y di'^' wv opytcr^re /xei' atcnrep or' 96 
 
 Se /cat roi^ aXXcuv KOLKMV 
 
 a TTTTOvaT viT a.\)Tu>v ot rous /xcV e/c TT?? yo- 
 pd? rov? S* e/c rwi' tepwv crwapTrd^o^re?
 
 32 XII. KATA EPATO20ENOY2. 
 
 aVe'/cretz'az', rou<? Se diro TCKVCOV /cat yoveatv /cat 
 d(f)eXKOVTS (f>oveas avTO)v r^vdyKacrav 
 /cat ovSe ra^s rrjs yo/xi^o/xeV^s etacrav 
 
 rrjv avrajf 
 
 97 elvai rrjs trapa TO>V Oeoiv rt^aipta?. ocrot 8e rov 
 OoLvarov Ste^vyo^, TroXXa^ov /ctvSv^evcra^re? /cat 
 et? TroXXas TroXet? TrXavrjOevTes Kal Travra^odev 
 eKKr)pvTT6p,6voi, eVSeeis o^re? rcSv eVtr^Setaji', ot 
 /aev eV TroXeyata r^ Trarpt'St rov? TratSa? /caraXt7rdi>- 
 re?, ot 8' ei^ ^eVry yrj, noXXojv evavTiovn..va)V 
 
 ets TOV Iletpata. TroXXwi^ Se /cat 
 
 vira.pt;dvTu>v av&pes dyaOoi 
 
 ^Xeu^epaicrare, rov? S' et? r^v TrarptSa /car^yayere. 
 
 98 et 8e e'Sucrru^^crare /cat rovTa^ ^aoTere, avrot 
 ^te^ a^ SetVaz'Teg e^euyere /x^ Tra^^re rotaura ota 
 /cat TrpoTepov, /cat our' ai> teyaa oure y8w/xot v 
 dot/couyu,eVou5 Sta TOU? rovrwv rpoTrov? w 
 
 a /cat rot? aot/couo"t o~a)TT^pta yti^erat ot oe Trat- 
 Se? vfjitov, ocrot /xet' eV#aSe rfo-av, VTTO TOVTOJV av 
 vfiplt,ovTo, ot 8' eVt ^eVry? jjuKpcov av eVe/ca o~v/x- 
 poXatwv eoouXeuoi' epr^/xta rwi^ eTriKOvprjcrovTGDV. 
 
 99 'AXXa ya^) ou ra /x^XXoi/ra exreo-#at /8ovXo/iat 
 
 , TO, irpa^Oevra VTTO TOVTCOV ov Sv^a/xe^o? 
 ' ouSe ya^o ez^o? Karrjyopov ovSe Svoti^ epyov 
 tV, txXXa TroXXw^. o/xtu? Se r^5 e'/u^? TrpoOv^iai^ 
 [ou8eV] e'XXtXetTrrat, vvre'/D re rw^ iepwv, a ourot ra 
 aVe'Soz/To ra S' etcrtoVre? e'/xtatz/oi', vTrep re 
 eTTOLOw, inrep re
 
 XII. AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 33 
 
 a KaffelXov, /cat vvep TO>V reOvewrcov, ofs v/xets, 
 eVa/xwat ou/c ^Swacr^e, aTro^at'ovcrt 
 olp.at 8' avrov? -^yotw^ re d/cpoacr^at 100 
 
 /cat v/xas ettrecrat TTV jr()ov epovra?, -^yov^- 
 
 vov$, ocrot /xev av TOVTOJ^ a.7ro\lirj(f)io"rjO'0e, OLVTOIV 
 QO.VO.TQV /carai//i7^)tetcr^at, ocrot 8' av Trapa TOVTUV 
 Xa^Swcrtv, v?rep avTOJV ras rt/xcoptas 
 
 Ilavcro/xat Karyyoptov. a/c^/cdare,
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ORATION AGAINST AGORATUS. 
 
 HIS oration, like the preceding, derives its chief value 
 from its historical contents. It is an accusation of Agoratus 
 for his share in the death of Dionysodorus, who with other 
 leaders of the popular party had fallen a victim to the revolu- 
 tion that brought the Thirty into power. It relates some of 
 the nefarious transactions that enabled the oligarchy to suc- 
 ceed in their plans, and to subvert for the second time the 
 ancient republican constitution. 
 
 Theramenes, determined to break the spirit of the obstinate 
 Demos, after waiting for three months of famine to do their 
 work, and for Cleophon to be put to death, had at last 
 returned from his second embassy with the terms of peace. 
 Their acceptance was strenuously opposed by the democratic 
 leaders. Among them were Strombichides, Eucrates, 
 brother to the Nicias who commanded the ill-fated Sicilian 
 expedition, Calliades, and Dionysodorus. Now in order 
 that the oligarchy might carry their scheme into effect, these 
 men too must be removed, as Cleophon had been ; Agoratus, 
 a man of ignoble birth and antecedents, was selected as a fit 
 instrument for the purpose. He had years before managed to 
 secure a reward from the state on the claim of having been 
 accessory to the assassination of Phrynichus. Afterwards 
 he had somehow procured the enrolment of his name as a
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 35 
 
 citizen ; at the time of the events here related he was pre- 
 tending to identify himself actively with the movements of the 
 popular party. By order of the Senate, which was at the 
 time of the deliberations on the peace with Sparta strongly 
 oligarchic, he was arrested and induced to make a confession 
 implicating the leaders above named, as well as many others, 
 in a conspiracy against the state. They were arrested and 
 thrown into prison. The peace was then made. Within three 
 months the Thirty were placed in power. One of their first 
 acts was to institute a trial of the imprisoned leaders and 
 sentence them to death. The description of this mock-trial 
 and of the parting scene in the prison forms a noteworthy 
 passage of the oration. 
 
 Of Dionysodorus we have no other information than what 
 is here given. He appears to have been one of the taxiarchs 
 for that year. His brother Dionysius, and a brother-in law 
 whose name does not appear, come forward as prosecutors, 
 the latter delivering the principal accusing speech, one of the 
 unquestioned compositions of Lysias. 
 
 The manner of the indictment deserves notice. Instead of 
 the usual indictment for murder (ypa^ <o'vov), the prosecutors 
 avail themselves of the so-called process of Apagoge (aTraywyr/). 
 This process was preferred, it is supposed, in order to avoid 
 the more numerous legal forms and the intervening delays of 
 the other, especially since these would allow the escape of 
 the accused before trial. The Apagoge was a more direct 
 procedure, placing the accused under immediate arrest, and 
 providing for a speedy trial under the conduct of the Eleven 
 before a Heliastic court. The only requisite preliminary was 
 that the accused should be brought before the Eleven, the 
 charges being made out in a bill or indictment which also 
 bore the name Apagoge. In its original form this indictment 
 could only be preferred when the person charged with crime 
 had been taken in the very act (eV avroc^o'pw, in flagrant?), but
 
 3 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 
 
 practice had allowed its application to be extended to any 
 well-known or notorious offences. In the present case, the 
 argument to justify resorting to this process ( 83-87) is 
 evidently the most difficult part of the speaker's task, and is 
 skilfully thrown, as indeed it well deserves, into the back- 
 ground. 
 
 The date is uncertain, but probably not earlier than B. c. 400. 
 Blass conjectures 398, or even later. 
 
 The following is a brief analysis : 
 
 I. Exordium, 1-4. 
 
 II. Statement of facts, originally attested by witnesses and documents, 
 with a resume of the calamities for which Agoratus is in 
 part responsible, 5-48. 
 
 III. Refutation of the anticipated argument for the defence. 
 
 The accuser maintains : 
 
 (1) A denial of the charge is impossible in the face of the 
 
 evidence, 49, 50. 
 
 (2) Justification of the act impossible, 51. 
 
 (3) The plea of compulsion of no avail, 52 - 54. 
 
 (4) The chief guilt not to be thrown upon Menestratus, 
 
 55-57- 
 
 IV. Considerations bearing on the character of the accused : 
 
 (1) His conduct compared with that of Aristophanes of Col- 
 
 leidoe, 58-61. 
 
 (2) The valuable citizens lost to the state compared with their 
 
 murderer Agoratus, a slave and the brother of three 
 notorious criminals, 62-69. 
 
 (3) Exposure of the fraud of his claim to have served the state 
 
 in the assassination of Phrynichus, and thereby to have 
 gained citizenship, 70-76. 
 
 (4) Not, as claimed, one of " the men of Phyle," 77-82. 
 V. The validity of the indictment defended, 83-87. 
 
 VI. Denial of the defendant's claim to the benefit of the amnesty, 
 
 88-91. 
 VII. Peroration, 92-97.
 
 XIII. 
 
 KATA ATOPATOT 
 
 [ENAEISEQ2]. 
 
 1.1 POSH KEI jj,ev, at aVSpes St/cao-rat, 
 VHA.V rtju.wpeti' VTrtp ran; dz'Spcoi' ot dfreOavov ewot 
 
 OVT6S TO) TT\"q0.l TO) V/Xerepto, TTpOCTTJKei Se KOLfJiol 
 
 ov^ riKKTTa /c^Secrr^9 yap JJLOL r^v 
 
 /cat aver/Hos. ruy^avet ovv 1/j.ol 17 avrr) 
 
 'Ayoparov rovroi't /cat rw TrXrj6ei TW v/xerepw 
 eirpa^e yap ovro? rotavra, 8t' a UTT' 
 eyu,ov mn/t et/corcu? /xto"tTat, VTTO re VJJLCOV, av ^eo? 
 ^eX^, St/cata>? rt/xwp^^a-erat. Atoi'vcrdScopo^ yap 2 
 rot* KrjSeo'Trjv rov l^ov /cat erepov? TroAXous, w^ 
 817 ra ovofJLaTa a/coucrecr^e, ai'Spas o^ra? aya^ovs 
 Trept TO TrXrjBos TO vf^erepov, eirl r<t>v rptct/coi/ra 
 aTre/cret^e, /x^^vrr)? /car' e'/ceiWz' yew/xe^o?. 770117- 
 cra? 8e raGra e/xe /xei' t8ta /cat e/cao~rov raiv 7rpoo~- 
 TJKOVTOJV /xeyaXa e^/Lttwcre, rr)^ Se TrdXtv KOLVYJ 
 iracrav TOLOVTOH; dvSptov aTrocrrep^o'a? ov /xt/cpa, 
 a5 eya) vop.1^0), e)SXai//^. eyw ovi', az^Spe^ St/ca- 3 
 crrat, St/catoz^ /cat OCTLOV T7yov/xat eti'at /cat e/xot /cat
 
 38 XIII. KATA ATOPATOY. 
 
 vp2v airacri Tt/xojpeto-#at Ka.0* o&ov e/cao~rog Swa- 
 rat /cat Trotovcrt ravra ^o/xtw r^jnv /cat Trapd 
 
 6ea)v /cat Trap' av9 ponrw d^eivov OLV yiyvecrdau. 
 
 o " ^> c ~ T * o A /3 " > ' ^ ^ 
 
 4 oet o v/xa?, w avopes AuTrjvaiOL, eg cupxrjs ruv 
 
 rdvTMv a/covcrat, tt'* etS^re irpatrov 
 ona) v^iv r\ S^/xo/cpaxta KareXvBr) /cat V(^)' 
 orov, eTretra w rpoTra) ol avSpes VTT 'Ayoparou 
 a.Tre6avov, /cat ST) o rt d'rroOvijo'KtLv ^teXXovres 
 eTrecrKrjijjav aTravro. yap ravra a/cpt/3ws av /xa- 
 66vre<s TI^LOV /cat ocr^repov 'Ayoparov TOVTOVL 
 ^(^)t^ot(j^e. o^ei^ oui^ ^/xet? re pacrra StSa- 
 /cat u/xet? /xa^crecr^e, evrevOev v/xt^ 
 
 5 'ETretSr) yap at ^es at u/xerepat $L<f)0dpr}cra.v 
 /cat ra Trpayttara eV T^ TroXet acr^e^ecrrepa eyeye- 
 n^ro, ov TToXXaJ ^povo) varepov at re ^es at Aa/ce- 
 Sat/xcWcoi' e;rt rov Iletpata d(j)iKvovi>Ta.t, /cat a/xa 
 Xo'yot 77/305 Aa/ceSat/xot'tov? Trept rrj? eiprivri<s eyty- 
 
 6 VOVTO. tv Se ra> ^pova) TOVTW ol ySovXo/xet'ot z^ecu- 
 repa Tr/aay/xara eV rrj TroXet yiyvecrOai eVe/3ov- 
 Xevo^, vo/xt^o^re? /caXXtcrroz/ Kaipov etX^eVat /cat 
 /xaXtcrra eV raJ Tore \pov(^ ra. Trpay/xara, a>5 aurot 
 
 7 rj/SovXovro, Ka.Ta.crT-ija'a.o'Oa.L. rjyovvTo Se ouSe^ 
 aXXo (T<f>LO'LV e/x7ro8w^ eTvat -^ rou? TOV Sry/xou 
 
 /cat rou? o-rparryyovt'Ta? /cat ra^t- 
 TOUTOV? ovj/ efiovXovTO d/xwcryeVws 
 TTon/j(ra.(r0a.i, 'iva. yoaStco? a ySouXotz^ro Sta- 
 
 TTpUTOV fJikv OVV K\O(f)tOVTL l
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 39 
 
 e/c TpOTrov Totourou. ore yap yj npwTr) KK\r)cria 8 
 Trepl rfjs etpqvtys iyiyve.ro, /cat ot vra^d Aa/ceSat- 
 fjLOVLOJV r/Kovres eXeyov e^> ots eroijuoi etev 
 eipr)vr)v TroielcrOai Aa/ceSa,tyu,o^toi, et 
 TO>V rei^(t)v ra)v /xa/cpai^ eirt 8e/ca crraSia 
 rare v/xet? re, a) a^Spe? 'A^i/atoi, ou/c i^vec 
 d/cov^razTes Trept raiv ret^cu^ T7y9 
 KXeo^aji' re v?rep v^ayv TrdvTatv dz^acrra? 
 a>5 ouSei^t rpoTTO) oiov re et^ Trotet^ ravra. 
 Se raOra ^yDa/xeV^-?, eirifiovXevcDV ra> 7r\TJ6ei 
 pa), d^acrrd? Xeyet ort, eav avrov 
 ipTJvrjs TrpecTfievTrjv avroKpaTOpa, 
 
 OHTT6 fJLTJT T(0l> T6L^O)V SteXel^ /XT^T CtXXo 
 
 eXarrwcrat /aTySeV ototro Se /cat cxXXo rt ctya#ov 
 Trapa Aa/ceSatjLtovtajv r^ TroXet evpyjcreo'Oa.i. Tret- 10 
 o-^eVre? 8e v/xet<? et'Xecr^e IK^LVOV Trpeo-fitvTyv avro- 
 Kparopa, ov TW Trporepa) eret err parrjy >ov ^etporo- 
 aTreSo/ct/xdcrare, ou i/o/xt^ovres ewouv eti^at 
 
 Aa/ceSat/xova e^eivev e/cet noXvv ^povov, /caraXt- 
 
 TTOJ^ Toyotas 7TO\LOpKOVfJ.l>OV<;, etS&>5 TO VjJLTpOV TT\fj- 
 
 6o<; iv aTTOpCa i^o^evov /cat 8td TOI' TroXefJLOv /cat 
 
 rd /ca/cd rous TroXXov? rait' 
 
 o^ra?, vofjii^v, el Sta^et^ v/^ds 
 
 Sie9r)Kev, dcr/xeW? OTTOLOLVTIVOVV e0e\rj<Tai av elptj- 
 
 vr]v noLT]craa-0ai. ot 8' eV#dSe vzro^aeVot'Tes /cat 12 
 
 eVi/3ouXevoi'Te5 /caraXucrat TT)^ Sry/xo/cpartat' et? 
 
 dywva KXeo^wi'Ta /ca^to~rdo~t, 7rp6(j>a.cnv ^ev on
 
 40 XIII. KATA ATOPATOY. 
 
 OVK rjXOev et<? ra oVXa dvaTrauo-d/zew?, TO 8' d 
 0es 6Yt avTelirev vnep v^wv /XT) /ca$aipetv ra 
 e/cetVw //,> ovv St/cacmfpioz' TTapacTKevacravres /cat 
 etcreX^di'Te? ot y8ovXd//,e^ot okiyap 
 
 13 cr^at a.TT.KTeiva.v iv rfj Trpo^dcrei ravrrj. 
 
 Se vfTTtpov d^tKvetrat e/c 
 
 S' avrai TWI> re CTT pariqyaiv rtve? /cat 
 ra^idp^wv, atv r\v ^rpo/x^t^tS^? Kal Atowcrd- 
 
 , /cat aXXot rtve? rou^ Trok 
 , ok y' e$TJ\(t)crav varepov, yyavaKTOvv 
 Spa. ^X^e ya/D <f)epa)v elpijvrjv roiavTrjv, yv 
 
 ^yvw^ev TroXXov? yap TOJI> TroXt- 
 /cat aya#ot>9 a,7rwXeVa/xe^, /cat avrot VTTO rwv 
 
 14 rpta/covra ^r)\ddrjfji.ev. r]v yap dirt /xet* rov evrt 
 St'/ca crraSta rait' /xa/cpwv ret^wv SteXeu> oXa ra 
 fjLdKpa Tei^rj /caracr/cdx//at, dvrt Se rov dXXo rt dya- 
 ^01^ T]7 TrdXet .vpe(r9ai rd? re ^ av? Trapa^ovvai 
 Aa/ceSat/xo^tot? /cat TO Trept rot' Heipaict 
 
 15 TrepteXe^. opaWe? 8e ovrot ot di^Spe? o^o/zart 
 
 ei/ tipr]vr)v yei^o/xeV^v, rw S' epyw r^v S^/zo/cpa- 
 vo/xeVryv, ou/c tfyacrav 7rtrpei//at rara 
 OVK eXeov^re?, a> dt^Spe? 'A^i^atoi, rd 
 rei)(r), et Trecrerrat, ovSe /c^Sd/xez/ot TWI^ ^eait', et 
 Aa/ceSat/xoi'tot? Tra.pa$o6TJ(TovTa.L (ovSei' yap avrot? 
 
 16 TOVTCJV TrXetot' ^ v/xwi^ e/cdcrra) 7rpo(rfJK6v), dXX' 
 alo~66jjLei'Oi e/c rou rpdrrov rovrou TO v^repov 77X77- 
 ^o? Ka.Ta.\v6r)cr6iJLVOV, ouS' (<w? c^acrt Ttve?) oi'/c 
 
 elptj^v ytyi>eo-#at, dXXd
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 4 1 
 
 epyvYjv rw I/AW rwv 
 ev6fju,oi> Se Sw^creo^at, /cat evrpa- 
 av av TCLVTO., el fu) VTT' 'Ayopdrov rovrov'i dira)- 
 Xovro. yj'OL's Se ravra (D^pa/xeV^ 1 ? Kal ot aXXot 17 
 oi eTTtySovXeuo^re? v^ttv, ort eicrt rive? ot 
 
 rov Sr)/xov Ka.Ta\v6rjva.i /cat e 
 l rrjs eXev^epta?, et'Xovro, vrpti' TT) 
 Trept TT}S eipTJvrjs yevtvOai, TOUTOV? irptorov et? 
 Sta^SoXa? /cat /ai'Swous /caracrr^crat, tVa /u-^Sets 
 e/cel z57rep rov v^erepov Tr\ij8ov<; aVrtXe'-yot. eTTt- 18 
 
 j3oV\r)V OVV TOLCLVTYjV TTL^OV\eVOV(TL. 
 
 yap 'Ayoparov TOVTOVI ^VVT^V Kara TWV 
 yw /cat T&JV ra^idp^wv yevecr0aL, ov 
 e/cetvot?, a) dt'Spe? 'A^rpatot, ouSeV (ou yap 
 e/cet^ot ourcu? d^d^rot rjcrav /cat cu^tXot, wcrre 
 TTt]\LKovT(t)v a.v TTpay/xdro)^ TrpOLTTOvres 'Ayoparov 
 a>9 TTLCTTOV /cat ewow, SovXov /cat e/c SovXwv ovra, 
 TrapeKaXecrav), dXX' eSd/cet avro?? ovro? eTTtr^- 
 Seto? et^at fjLrjvvTTJs. eflovXovro ovv OLKOVTO, So/ceu> 19 
 O.VTOV /cat yur) e/coVra ^vveiv, oVw? Trtcrrdrepa v^tz/ 
 atVotro. w? Se e/cwi^ e/x^vcre, /cat v/ids ot/xat 
 7r6TTpay[Mi>(t)v atcr^crecr^at. elcnre/JLTrovcrL 
 yap et? TT)^ /SovXrjv [rr)v irpo TWV rpiaKOvra /3ov- 
 Xevovcrai'] ed/cptro^ roi^ TOV 'EXa^ocrrt/crou /ca- 
 Xovfjievov 6 Se Bed/cptro? ouro? eratpo? ^ rw 
 'Ayopctra; /cat eVtri^Seto?. 17 Se fiovXrj rj npo TO>I> 20 
 rpiaKovra fiovXevovcra $L(f)0apTo /cat oXtyap^ta? 
 t, 0*5 tcrre, /xctXtcrra. reK^tjpiov Se ot
 
 42 XIII. KATA ATOPATOY. 
 
 yap TroXXot ot e^ e/cetvry? rfjs f3ov\f)S rr)i> vcrrtpav 
 (BovXrjv rr)v enl rwv rpiaKOvra 1/BovXevov. rov S' 
 eW/ca ravra Xe'y&j v/xtf ; tV etS^re 6Vt ra i//^<^i- 
 0-fJLO.Ta. ra e eKetvqs rrj? j3ov\.fjs OVK eV evvoia TTJ 
 vjj.erepa aXX' CTTI /caraXvcret rou 817^01; rov v/xere- 
 pov a.7ra.vTa eXeyeTo, fcal to? rotovrots oucrtz> avrot 
 21 rov vovv TrpcxrexrjTe. etcreX^wv Se ets ravrrjv rrjv 
 (3ov\r)v iv airoppiJTO) @o/cptro5 ^vvei on crvXXe- 
 
 rives evavriajcroaevot rot? rore 
 
 Trpay/xacrt. ra /xet' ovv ovo/xara ov/c 
 ipelv K.a.0' HKOLCTTOV opKovs re yap 
 
 rou? aurovs e/cett'Ot?, /cat eu>ai erepou? ot 
 ra o^o/xara, auros 8e ov/c aV TTOTC 7rot^o~at 
 22 raura. /catrot et /X,T) e/c TrapacrKeuyJ? e/x^vvero, 7ra>5 
 OUK av rjvdyKaa-ev 17 j3ov\r) tnreiv ra ovo^ara @eo- 
 Kpirov Kal pr) a.v(Av\)p.Qv rrjv 
 vvvl 8e TOVTO TO 
 
 23 'ETretS^ roivvv TOUTo TO \JJTJ (fricr^a 
 
 Karep^ovTai eVt TOV > AydpaToi> et9 TOI> fletpata ot 
 atpeueWe? TOJ^ ftovXevTfov, /cat TreptTi'^oj/Te? avTw 
 eV dyopa e&rjTovv ayeiv. Trapaye^o/xevo? Se Nt/cta? 
 /cat Nt/co/xeVr^9 /cat aXXot Tti/e'?, 6pwvT5 Ta Trpa- 
 y/xaTa ov^ ota /BeKriara eV TT) TrdXet o^Ta, ayeti' 
 /xe^ TCW 'AydpaToy ou/c e</>ao"a^ Trpornre<rOai, u.<f>'f)- 
 povvro O /cat ^yyuw^To /cat w/xoXoyow 7T(
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 43 
 
 et< rrjv fiovXrjv. ypat//ciyu,ei>ot Se ot ySouXeurat ra 24 
 oi>6fJLa.Ta. Toiv eyyu&i/zeVan' /cat /ca>Xt>dz'ra>i', aTTtoVre? 
 aj^ovro et<; ao~rv. 6 Se 'Aydparos /cat ot eyyu^rat 
 KaO'itpvcrw eVt rov /Sw/xov Mowv^tacrti' eiretS^ 
 Se e/cet rfaav, e/SovXevovTO rt xp*) Trotetv. e'8o/cet 
 TO?? eyyuryrat? /cat rot? aXXot? aTracrtv e/cTroSw^ 
 
 roi/ 'Ayoparot' w? ra^to-ra, /cat Trap- 25 
 Svo TrXota Mou^v^tao~t^ e'Se'o^ro avroO 
 aTreX^eti/ 'A0ijvr)0i>, /cat aurot e^a- 
 crvvKTr\evo'eL(r0aL, ecu? ra Trpcxy/xara /cara- 
 i-rj, Xeyoi/re? ort, et KOfJUcrOeir) et? r^v j3ov\iiji>, 
 to~w5 dz/ay/cacr^o'erat ot'd/xara et- 
 a>v av VTro/3aXoJO~tz' ot ySouXd/x.et'ot 
 KO.KOV rt eV rirj TrdXet epya^ecr^at. raura e/cetWji' 26 
 &0[JLeva)i>, /cat TrapacrKevavdivTcov TrXota, /cat OLVTMV 
 ovToiv (TW.KiT\eiv, OVK -YjBfXricre TreiOecrOai 
 'Aydparos OVTOCTL. /catrot, w 'Aydpare, et 
 rt o~ot ^i^ Tra.peo'Kvaa'iJLvov /cat eVurreue? /X7y- 
 KO.KOV 7reto~ecr^at, TTO>S ov/c a^ w^ou /cat 7r\OLo>v 
 7rapcrKvacr^6V(t)v /cat rait' eyyur^rcu^ crotyawt' ovrotv 
 CTOL crvveKirXelv ; ert yap ofof re crot i}^, /cat OUTTO> 
 17 ftovXij crov e/cparet. dXXa /xeV Sr) ou^ o/xota ye 27 
 o~ot /cat e'/cetVot? virrjp^e- rrpwTov ptv yap 'A^r;- 
 vatot Tfcrav wo~re ov/c eSeSteo'at' ySacravtcr^z/at 
 eVetra irarptSa (T^repav avrutv /caraXtTroVres erot- 
 o~a^ orufe/cTrXett' /xera o~ov, rj'yrjcrdfievoL ravra 
 v Xvo-treXetv -^ rwi/ TroXtrwt' TroXXou? /cat dya- 
 VTTO crou dSt/cw? aTroXeV^at. o~ot Se irpajrov
 
 XIII. KATA ATOPATOY. 
 
 fiacrai>icr0r)vaL vrro^elvavTi, eVetTa 
 28 ov iraTpiSa av cravrou /caTeXtTre? cScrr' e/c Travro? 
 rpoiTOV crot pdXXov rj e/cetVot<? e/CTrXevcrat orvvl- 
 (frepev, el [JLTJ n rjv <*) eVtcrreve?. vv^ Se a/cwv yMe^ 
 irpocnroLr), IKOJI> Se TroXXou? Kat ayaOovs 'A-Oujvaitov 
 aTre/cret^a?. w? Se 7rapecrKvdcr0r) aTravTa a eyw 
 Xeyd>, Kat [jidpTvpes etcrt /cat auro ro ^<^>tcr/xa crou 
 TO T)^S fiovXrjs Ka.Tajj.apTvpij(TeL. 
 
 29 'EvrctS^ TOIVVV rovro TO i//T7<^)to-/xa ^jr)(j)Lcr0r} /cat 
 rjXOov ot e/c T^? fiovXfjs Mov^v^ta^e, e/ca>i^ dvecrrr) 
 'AyopaTo? aTro TOU /3co/Aov KatTot vvi' ye /8t'a 
 (f)r)crli> d(f)(upe0rjvai. eVetS^ 8e et? T 
 
 30 iKOfjiLo-OYjcrav, aTroypa^et 'AydpaTO? 7rpu>Tov 
 
 ov e'yyu^Twt' TO, 6vo/xaTa, e?retTa TCUJ^ crrpa- 
 /cat TOJI^ Ta^idp^cjv, eireiTa Se /cat dXXcut' 
 TroXtTwv. ^ Se dp^r) avT?) TOV TTCLVTOS /ca/coO 
 e'yeVeTo. cos Se a.7re / yyoai//e TO, ovo^ara, ol/xat /xe^ 
 
 et Se ^17, CTT' avTO(f)a>pa) 
 ST^ /x,ot. 
 
 EPOTH212. 
 
 31 'E^SovXoi'To TOIVVV, a> a^S/>e? St/cacrTat, eTt TrXei- 
 avTft)v rd ovofJLaTa d7roypd\}ja.i OUTCO o~</>o- 
 eppwTO rj j3ov\rj KO.KOV n e pydtf.tr 6 ai /cat
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 45 
 
 avro? OVK eSo/cet avrot? aVai'Ta TaXfjdrj TTO> /carrj- 
 yopr)Kvai. TOVTOUS /xev ovv an OUST as e/cwv O,TTO- 
 ypd<f>eL, ovSe/xtas aura} aWy/ojs oucr/ys. [^terd rov- 
 ro irpo(ra7roypd(f)ei erepovs TOJV TroXtraiz/.] 
 8e 17 eKK\f]criOL Movt'v^tacrtv eV rw 
 yt'ero, OUTOJ cr<^o'8pa rt^e? eTre/xeXoiWo OTTO;? 
 e^ TO> 8i7/xa> Trept TWI' crrpar^ycyv /cat rwv 
 dp^v {jLTJvva-is yevoiTO (nepl Se rail/ d\\a>v dir 
 17 eV r^ (3ov\fj \_fJLT^vv(Ti<i\ yeyeprj/JLCVY)), tocrTe /cat 
 e/cet irapdyovaiv et? rov Sfjfjiov. Kat /xot dnoKpi- 
 vai, at 'Ayopare aAA' ou/c oT/^,at ere e^apvov av 
 a IVOLVTIOV A.0i)vaM*v dirdvTwv 77ot^cras. 
 
 EPOTH2I2. 
 
 'O/xoXoyet /xei^ Kat avros, O/AW? 8e /cat ra \jjr)(j)L- 33 
 rov BTJ^OV avayv(*)(TTa.i. 
 
 "Ort /xev a.7Typa\ljev 'Ayo/aaro? ovrocrt 
 Spw^ KLV(av TO. ovop.a.Ta., /cat ret eV xr/ /BovXfj /cat 
 ra eV rw ^rjfjia), /cat ecrrt (f>ovevs tKelvaiv, crytoov rt 
 ot/xat VjU,a? eTTtcrracr^at a>g TOLWV airavTcov 
 KaKtov atrio<? rrj TroXet eyeVero /cat ovS' v^>* 
 O.VTOV 7rpoa"tJK6L eXeetcr#ai, eyw ot/xat v/xti' et K(f>a- 
 Xatot? aTroSet^etv. eTretS^ yap e/cetvot crv\\r)(f>0ev- 34 
 res eSeBrjcraf, Tore /cat 6 AucravSpo? ets
 
 46 XIII. KATA ATOPATOY. 
 
 rovs vp,Tepov<; etcreVXevcre, /cat at vrjes at 
 v//,eYe/>ai Aa/ceSat/xoi'tots irapeSoOrjcrav, /cat ra 
 TCI^T? /caTeo-/ca<^77, Kal ol TpiaKovra KarecrTrjcrav, 
 35 /cat rt ou roiz/ Setvajv TTJ TrdXet eyeVero ; 
 TO'IVVV ol rpiaKovra. KarecrrdOiqa-o.v, v0ea><s 
 
 avSpdari rovrot? eirotow ei' r^ /BovXr), 6 8e 
 g eV ra> St/cacrr^ptw ei^ Stcr^tXtot? ei//^</)tcraTo. 
 Kat /aot a.vdyvto9i TO 
 
 36 Et jaev ovi> e^ TW 8t/cacrr^/)tw eKpivovTo, yoaSuos 
 av (ra>^ovTO avravre? yap 77877 eyvw/core? 77x6 ou 
 
 f ^ /\ J^J^VV * J \ ** >^ ' 
 
 77^ KO.KOV 77 TToXts, ei' w ovoe^ ert axpekeiv eov^a- 
 er#e i/vi' 8' ets 777^ fiovXrjv avrou? TT)^ eTTt TOJI> 
 TpiaKovTa etcrctyoucrtv. 77 Se Kpicri.<s TOiavTr) eyt- 
 
 37 y^ero, otW /cat v/xet? avrot eVtcrratr^e. ot /xet' 
 ya/3 rpiaKovra eKaOrjVTO eVt rai^ /BdOpajv, ov vvv 
 ot irpvrdveLS Ka.6etf>vrai Suo Se rpaTre^at eV ra> 
 irpoadev TO)v rpiaKovra eKeia-Oyv rr]v Se 
 
 OVK et? /caStcr/cou? dXXa (fravepdv eVt ra? 
 
 ravra9 eSet ri0CrB(U, rrjv /xev Ka0aipovcrav eVt 
 
 T77V vcrrepav . . . . <So~re e/c rti/o? rpoirov e/xeXXe' 
 
 38 rts avTOiv cT(t)0ija'ecr6aL ; evl Se Xdya, ocrot et? TO 
 
 crd/xevot, a.Trdvrwv Odvaros /caTeyii'wo'/ceTO /cat ov- 
 Sei^o? a.7rei//77<^)to'ai'TO, 77X777; 'AyopaTou TOUTOUI * 
 TOUTOV Se d^lcrav w? evtpyeTrjv ovra. tVa Se
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 47 
 
 o>s TroXXot viro TOVTOV reOvdcn, /3ouXo/xat 
 ra ovofMaTo. avTav a.va.yvwva.1. 
 
 ONOMATA. 
 
 '7761877 Toivvv, aj oVSpes St/cacrrat, $aVaTO? au- 39 
 
 /cat eSet aurous a.TrodvrfO'KeLV, 
 /xera7re//,7rovrat et? TO Secr/xcur^ptoi/ 6 yae^ a$e\<j)iji>, 
 
 t Q\ / e ^\ 5,5 v -? c / 
 
 o oe fj.r)Tpa, o oe yvvaiKa, o o rj rt? T)^ e/cacrroj 
 avTtov TTpocrrfKOVda, Iva ra vcrrara acnracrdfJLei'OL 
 
 TOVS OLVTO)V OVTO) TOV /3(.OV T\eVTTJ(TLaV. KO.I S>) 40 
 
 /cat Aioi'V<joS&jpo5 /xeraTre/xTrerat r^ dBe\(f)r)v TTJV 
 ei? TO Seo~/x&jTi7pto^, yv^ai/ca eavTOv ovcrav. 
 8' .Keiv~r) a.(f)LKViTaL, fjieXav re ifj-dnov 
 0*9 et^o? 77** ezrt TW dp'Spt avTrjS 
 
 /ce^pry/xeVa>. IVOLVTIOV 8e T??S 41 
 eyu,7]5 Aioz'uo'oSaipo? T< Te ot/ceta Ta 
 OTTOJ? avTw e'So/cet, /cat Trept 'Ayo- 
 pdrov TovTovt eAeye*' oTt atTto? 77^ TOU Oa.vd.Tov, 
 /cat lireo'K'rjTrTev e/xot /cat Atowcrtw TOVTOII, TW 
 TW avTov, /cat Tots ^>tXoi9 Tracrt Tifj.copeii> 
 avrov \\yopa.TOV /cat TT; yvt'at/ct TT^ avTOu 4 2 
 
 avTrjv Kvtlv e avTov, eav 
 avrfj TratStW, tfrpd^eiv TO> ye^o/xeVa> OTI 
 TTCLTepa avrov 'xVydpaTo? aTre/cTet^e, /cat 
 etv TifjKopeiv vircp CLVTOV a>5 (frovea OVTO.. cu? 
 d\.Tj0f) Xeyw, [MapTvpas TOVTMV Trape^o fj.cn.. 
 
 MAPTYPE2.
 
 4 XIII. KATA ATOPATOY. 
 
 43 OVTOL fjikv roivvv, c5 oVS/aes 'A^vatot, VTT 'Ayo- 
 pdrov a.Troypa.^)lvT<$ a.Tre6avov eVei, Se rourovs 
 e'/cTToSwi' tTTOLTjcravTO ot rpia.KOVTa., cr^eSov ot)aai 
 v/xa? eVto~Tacr$at a><? vroXXa /cat Secret /x,era ravra 
 TT^ TroXei eyeVero aii^ ovro? a.TrdvT<t>v atrio? ecrrtv, 
 a.TTOKT6Lva<s e/cet^ovs. d^tajyaat yaet' ovv 
 
 44 CTKwv ras yeye^/^eVa? crvyu,<^opa? 717 TroXei, d 
 8' ecrrtv, & ai'Spes St/cacrrat, e^ rw irapovn 
 
 Iv eiS-^re a>s cr^)dS/Da V/AU' eXeet^ TrpocnJKei 'Ayo- 
 parov. la-re peis yap rovs e/c SaA.a/u.ti'os rwi^ TTO- 
 KO/xtcr^eVras, CHOI rjcrav /cat ocrot, /cat otw 
 VTTO T)V rpiaKOvra a.ira)\ovTO tcrre Se 
 rovs e 'EXevcrtt'o?, w? TroXXot ravrr) TTJ crv/Ltc/>opa 
 e^prja-avTO fJLfju>r)(rOe Se /cat TOV? evBd^e 8ta ras 
 
 45 t8tas ^Bpa.^ aTrayo/xeVov? et<? TO Seo-ftwr^pioi' ot 
 ovSei^ KO.KOV TYJV 7TO\Lv Trot^cravTe? r^vayKOi^ovro 
 atcr^tcrroj /cat aKXeeoraraj 6\e0pa) cbroXXvcr^at, ot 
 
 yovea? [o-c/>ere)oov9 avrajv] TrpecrySura? /cara- 
 ot ^XTTt^ov VTTO raiv cr<f>Tp(t)v a.vra)v 
 yr)poTpo<f)r}0i>Tes, eTretSr) reXeuT^o-eta^ rot' 
 filov, Ta<f>TJ(Tea-0a.i, ot Se dSeX^a? d^e/cSorov?, ot 
 8e T/ratSa? /xt/cpov? TroXX-^? ert OepaTreias 
 
 46 ov5, a> d^Spe? St/cacrrat, TTOLO.V nva oltcrOe 
 
 7T/3t TOVTOU \.W, f) TTOIOLV TWO. O.V \fjrj(f)OV 
 
 et eV e/cetVot? yeVotro, a.iro(n.pr)6VTa.<s Sta TOVTOV 
 Ttav ri&ia-riDV ; ert Se ra ret^ry a>5 /careo-/ccc/)T7, /cat 
 at yrjes rot? TroXe/atot? TrapeBoOrjaav, Kat ra veupia 
 , /cat Aa/ceSat/xdvtot rr)> d/cpoVoXt^ vf
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 49 
 
 ', KOI TI SvWyous airacra TTJS TrdXews Trape\v0rj, 
 ^Se^ owuj>pU> rfjs eXa^tcrTrys TrdXecus TT)I> 
 7rdXti>. Trpos Se TOuYot? ras tStas oucri'as aVtoXe'- 47 
 crare, feat TO reXevratot' (TvXX^ySS^v avravres VTTO 
 rwi' rpiaKovra. e/c r^? TrarptSo? e^Xa^re. ravra 
 CK6LVOL ol dyaOol ai'Spes atcr^d/xevot ov/c (^acrav 
 7rtTyoei/>at T^V elprfVY^v, a> a^Spe? StKacrrat, 770117- 
 cracrBaL ov? crv, *Aydpare, /3ovXoyu,eVou5 cxya^di^ 48 
 rt TTyoa^ai TT^ vrdXet (XTre/cret^a?, /x^^uo-a? avrous r^ 
 TrdXet eTTtySouXeuet^ [ra> TT\ij06L r&> v/Aerepaj], /cat 
 atrto? et aTrdvTatv ry TrdXet 
 
 fJLV(t)V. VVV OVV fJLV7)(T0l>T 
 
 8vcrTv^r)iJidT(i}p Kal TO>V KOLVMV rfjs TrdXea)?, 
 pelcrOe TOV airiov TOVTCOV. 
 
 av/xa^aj S' eywye, &> dvSpes 8t/cao"rat, o rt 49 
 TTore roX/jitjcreL Trpo? u/xa? d7roXoyeto~#cu Set yaya 
 avrov ctTroSet^at a? ou /care/x^ucre rw^ dv^patv 
 TOVTOJV ovS' atrto? auro?? ecrrt TOV Oavdrov, o ou/c 
 av SwatTO ovSeVoTe [aTroSet^at] . Trpairov p,ev 50 
 yap TO, i//T7<^)to~//.aTa avrov rd e/c Try? ySouX^s /cat 
 TOV 8i7/xov KarafJiaprvpei, ^iappTJSirjv dyopevovTa 
 Trept QJ^ 'AydpaTO? /caTetp^/ce^ eVetTa 17 /cpto~t?, 
 ^v Kpi0r) evrt TWI' rpidKovra /cat d(f>ei,6r), $LappTJ- 
 Srjv Xe'yet, " StoVt " <$>-r)criv " eSo^e rdXrfBrj etcray- 
 yetXat." Kat /xot dvd 
 
 TPA^AI.
 
 50 XIII. KATA ATOPATOY. 
 
 51 'Us fj.ev ovv OVK direypa^ev, ovSevl rpoira) Su- 
 VO.LT OLV ctTroSet^cu Set roivvv OLVTOV ws St/cato>9 
 
 {JLTJVV<T TaVTOL aLTTO(j)aLVlV, 6pO)V aUTOVS TTOVrjpd 
 
 /cat OVK eVtT^Seta rc3 ST^XOJ TGJ vfjLerepo) Trpdr- 
 Tot'Ta?. otOjaat 8' ov8' ai/ TOVTO O.VTOV enL^eLpr)- 
 crat aTToSet/cvwat. ou yap ST^TTOV, et rt KOLKOV rov 
 bfjfjiov T(ii)v 'Aftrjvauuv tip-ydcravTo, ot rpid.KovTa, 
 SeStores /x^ /caraXv^etry av 6 8^/^09, rt/xwpowre? 
 V77ep rou Sif/xov at' avrous OLTreKreivav, dXX' ot/xat 
 
 JToXv TOVVO.VTIOV TOVTOV. 
 
 52 'AXX' tcrw? <j>TJ(r6L aKa>v rocravra /ca/ca pyd(Ta- 
 
 n > \ o> > T f * C 1 ^ ' > C" 
 
 crc/at. eyw o OVK ot/xat, w avopes ot/caorrat, ouo 
 
 e'dV rt? v/xa? 0)5 /xaXto-ra a/cwi> /xeyaXa /ca/ca e'pya- 
 (TirjTcu, &v jjirj oiov re yevecrOai e&rlv vTrepftoXTJv, 
 ov TOVTOV eve/ca ou 8et^ v/xa? d/xwecr^at. eTra Se 
 /cat e/cet^wv ne/jLvrjcrOe, ort e^v 'Ayoparw rovrw't, 
 Trptv ets r^v fiov\r)i> KOfjLLQ-Brjvai, OT eVt rov 
 /3aj/xou Koi0r)To Mowu^tacrt, <ru>Qr\va.i /cat yap 
 TrXota Trapetr/cevacTTo /cat ot e'yyv^rat IVot/xot iyo-av 
 
 53 crwaTTteVat. /catrot et e'/cetVot? eVt'#ov /cat ^e- 
 Xryo-a? e'/CTrXevo-at /u,er' e/cetVwv, our' ai' e/cwi/ ovre 
 a.K(DV TOCTOVTOVS ' A.6r)vaia)v dTre'/cTet^a? * ^0^ Se 
 Treto-^et? <' ai^ rore eVeto-^9, et rail/ o-rpar^ywi' 
 /cat TWI^ Taidpx<*>v TO. ovo^aTa. H.OVQV etTrot?, /xe'ya 
 Tt alov Trap' avTwv StaTrpd^ao-^at. OVKOVV TOVTOV 
 eVe/ca Set o~e Trap' r^JLOiv o~vyyv(i)p.^ TWOS Tv^elv, 
 eVet ovSe e/cett'ot Trapa, o~ov ovSe/xtd? eru^o^, ou 
 
 54 cru aTre'/cret^as. /cat 'JTTTrta? /tef 6 BdVtos /cat
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 5 1 
 
 6 Ka/3tSeu9, ot eVt TV} avrfj atrta TOVTU 
 /BovXvjs fjLT6Trp,<f>6r)(rav, ovrot p,.v dire- 
 davov, 6 fjLi> o~r>e/3Xw#et<4, Hefo^Hwv, 6 Se 'iTrvrtas 
 ovroj . . . . , Start ov/c a^tot eSo/covt' rot? rpiaKovra. 
 crcoTrjpias eT^at (ovSeVa ya^) ' Kdr)va.i<i)v aircoXXv- 
 crav)' 'Ayoparo? Se d<f>ei0r) t Start eSd/cet efcett'Ot? 
 ra ^Stcrra TreTrot^/ceVat. 
 
 'A/coucu S' avrov /cat et? Me^ecrr/jaro^ dva.<f>epew 55 
 rt Trept rwt' ypa.<$><i)v TOVTW. TO Se rov Me^eo~rpa- 
 rov Trpay^a, TOLOVTOV eyeVero. 6 Mei/etrrparos 
 ovros direypdcfrr) VTTO row 'Ayoparou /cat truXXry- 
 <^>^et9 eSeSero 'Ay^oSwpos S' -^v 'A/A^>trpo7rateu9, 
 Tr)<; roG Me^eo~rparov, Kptrtou /CTySecrrTjs rou 
 TpidKovra. ouro? oui^, ore 17 e/c/cXrycrta Mov- 
 
 rov Meveo~TpaTOv o"<t)0r)vai, dfjia Se a9 TrXet- 
 crrou? a7roypa<eVra5 aTroXe'cr^at, Trapayet O.VTOV 
 ets TOV Sfjfjiov, /cat euptcr/covrat aurw /caret ro 
 rourt 
 
 ^ Se rovro ro i/^to-/>ta eyeVero, /Lt^vuet 56 
 6 Me^eVrparos /cat 7rpoo~a7roypa<^>et ere/aou? rail' 
 
 TToXtrftJI'. TOVTOV fJLZVTOL Ot /AC*' TpLaKOVTa d<f>lo~OLV 
 
 a>o~7rep 'Ayo/aarov TOVTOVI, Bo^avra TaXyjOrj eto~ay- 
 yetXat, v/xet? Se TroXXw xpovu vo~repov Xay8o*>- 
 re? e^ Si/cao~rry/)toj a5 dv$po<f>6vov OVTOL, Odvarov
 
 52 XIII. KATA ATOPATOY. 
 
 St/catco? /carar//^^)tcra/xevot, TOJ Sry/xtw Tiape'SoTe, /cat 
 57 dTreTVjJiTravio-Or). /catTot et e/ceu/os aTreOavev, rj 
 TTOV 'AyopaTOS ye Si/caia>s aTro^avetrat, os ye ToV 
 re Meveo~TpaTov a7roypai//as atrto? e/ceu'to eVrt 
 roi) 0a.va.Tov, Kal rot9 UTTO Me^ecrrparov airoypa- 
 <f)elcrL rts atrtwrepos -^ 6 ets TOiavTTjv 
 
 58 'Az/o/xoto? Se' /xot 8o/cet 'Ay3Krro<^avet yevtcrOai 
 rat XoXXetSr/, 6? eyyv^r^? Tore TOVTOV e'yeVero /cat 
 TX TrXota Trapacr/cevatra? Mowu^tacrtv erotjaoj? ^ 
 <rwe/c7rXetz/ /xera TOVTOV. /cat TO ye eV' e 
 tlvai (T(o0r)<;, /cat OVT' av 3 A07)va.LO)v ov 
 
 Xecra? OVT' av auTos crv et? TotovTovs 
 
 59 /caTeVr^s ' vvi' Se /cat TOV (TMTTJpa TOV (TOLVTOV 
 eToX/x^cra? a.7roy>a\|fat, /cat a.TToypd\jja<5 aTre'/cTetvas 
 /cat eKelvov /cat Toi)s aXXov? e'yyvr^Tcts. TOVTQV 
 fjievTOL a>5 ov Kaffaptos ' Adyvalov OVTO, e/BovXovTo 
 rives jBacravicrBrivoLi, /cat TOUT! TO 
 
 60 MeTa TOUTO roivvv 7r/3Oo~tovTe5 TW ' 
 
 ot Tr/xxTTOt'Te? TOTC TO, 7rpa.yfjLa.Ta e'Se'oi^TO 
 /caTetTreti/ /cat o-weo-#at, /cat /AT) /ctt'Svt'euett' dycu- 
 VLo-dfjievov Trjs ^ez/ta? TO, eV^aTa Traffelv. 6 Se 
 ou/c (77 ovSeVoTe OUT&J ^r^o~TO5 T 
 Toi5 SeSe/xeVovs /cat Tre/at TOI^ Bfjfjiov TOV
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 53 
 
 wore etXero fj,aX\oi> airoOaveiv r) /caretTreu-' /cat 
 dot/ca>s TIVO.S aTToXeVat. e/ceti'o? ^.tv rolvvv /cat 61 
 VTTO crou aTToXXv/xe^os rotovrocrt eyeVero [/cat aevo- 
 <aV 6 <7Tpe/3Xa>#ets /cat 'iTTTrta? 6 dcrtos] <ru 8' 
 ouSeV rot? av^poLO'iv e/cet^ot? crui^etSw?, 7ret<T#ets Se 
 a>5 crv ye, ct^ eicelvoi aTroXw^rat, jae^e^et? T^S rore 
 TroXtreta? /ca^tcrrayaeVry?, aTreypa^e? /cat aTre'/creiifas 
 *A&r}i>U(i)V TroXXovs Kat dya^ou?. 
 
 BovXo/xat 8' uyu,t^, ai di'Spe? St/cacrrat, 7TtSetat 62 
 oto)^ d^8/3<y^ VTT 'Ayopdrou dTrecrre/a^^T/Te. ei />tei/ 
 ou TroXXol ^crai/, /ca^' eKacrrov av Trepl avroiv rjKov- 
 ere, i^w Se (rv\\tjl3$r)i> Trepl TravTbiv. ol pev yap, 
 O'TpaTrj'y'lja'avTes vp,lv TroXXct/ct?, jaet^w TT)^ TrdXt^ 
 rot? StaSe^ofteVot? <TT parrfyois TrapeStSocra^ ot S' 
 erepa? /LteydXa? dp^a.9 dp^a^re? /cat rpt^pap^ta? 
 TroXXds Tpir)pap^T/ja-avr<s ovSeTrcoTrore v<' uyu-ait' ou- 
 
 alriav aio-^pav .<r\ov. ot S' avraiv Trept- 63 
 
 /cat crw^eVre?, ovs ovro? 
 
 ai/xw? feat Oa.va.Tos avrwv KaTeyvaxrOr), r) Se 
 /cat 6 Sat/xwv TrepteTrouycre (^vyovreg yap eV 
 /cat ou <TV\\r)(j)()evTes ye ovSe 
 /cptcrtv, KOLTfXOovr 
 to? dVSpe? dya^ot 
 
 Tovrov? /xeVrot rotourov? ovras 'Ayoparo? rov? 64 
 /ze*> d-Tre'/cretve, rov? Se c^uyctSa? IvTevOev eiroirjcre, 
 rt? ait' avro? ; Se? yap v/xd? etSe'vat 6Yt SovXo? /cat 
 e/c SovXcut' i&tiv, Iv etSryre ofos w^ u/xd? e'Xv/xat- 
 vero. TOVTOJ /xet' yap 7rarr)p ^v Eu/xdpry?, e'yeVero
 
 54 XIII. KATA ATOPATOY. 
 
 Se 6 Eujaa/oT?? ouros NtKOKXeov? /cat ' 
 Kat /-tot dvdfirjTe 
 
 MAPTYPE2. 
 
 65 [rioXXa TOIVVV, a) aVSpe? StKacrrat, ocra /ca/ca 
 Kat aio~x/>a /cai TOUTOJ /cat TO?? rovrou dSeX^ot? 
 eVtrer^Sevrai, TroXv ar et^ epyov Xeyet^. 7re/3t Se 
 
 ta?, ocra? ovro? ^ St/ca? tSta? (rvKo^av- 
 e'St/ca^ero ^ ypa<f)a<; ocra? ey/)a^>ero ^ 0,770- 
 , ovSeV /AC Se? /ca#' e/cacrro^ 
 yap v/xet? avravre? /cat et' ra 
 8>y)aw Kat ei^ T<SJ StKacmyptw cruKo^avrta? avrou 
 Karey^wre Kat a><J>\r)a-ev V^LIV fJLVpias Syoa^/xa?, 
 
 66 wcrre rovro /xei/ tKava)? VTTO v/xaw aTrai/Tait' /u,e/Lta/> 
 Tvprjrai. ywatKa? TOIVVV T(OV iro\LTa>v rotouro? 
 an' fjiOL^eveiv Kat Sta^^et/aett' eXev0epa<s evre^et- 
 
 pJ]CT, Kttt Xtj(j)0TfJ /LtOt^O? ' Kat TOUTOU BoLVCLTOS rj 
 
 ^/x,ta ecrrtV. 'H? Se dXrjQfj Xeyw, [JidpTvpas KaXet. 
 MAPTYPE2.] 
 
 67 *Hcrav roivvv ovrot, cu ai/Spe? StKacrrat, rerra- 
 
 aSeX^ot. TOVTW^ el? /xet' 6 Trpecr^uTe/oo? eV 
 ta Trapa<f)pvKT(opev6fJivo<; rot? TroXe/ottot? X>y- 
 (j)06i<s VTTO Aapd^ov dTT6TVfJiTravLo~dr) o Se erepo? 
 et? KopivOov p.V Ivrev9f.v\ dvopaTrooov e^yayev, 
 of ira.ilo-Kr)V dcrr^? e^ayaywv dXto-Kerat,
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 55 
 
 /cat eV rw Secryuwri^pioj SeSeyaeVo? dneBave rov Se 68 
 rpirov 4>atz't7r7riS77<5 IvOdoe XojTroovr'rjv ctTrryyaye, 
 /cat vfjieis Kpivavres avrov ev ra> St/caorr?7pt&> /cat 
 Karayvovres avroi) 6a.va.Tov drrorvfjiTravicraL Trape- 
 Sore. cog 8e dX-^^ Xeyw> ^ctt O.VTOV oT/^at 6/xoXo- 
 rovrov /cat /xaprvpa? 
 
 MAPTYPE2. 
 
 aacrt npocnKei vfj.v rovrov Kara- 69 
 el yap rovruv e/cacrro? 8t' e^ a/jidp- 
 rr)[JLa Oavarov -^^i.(o0rj, 77 TTOU rou ye TroXXa ^17- 
 /xapr^/cdro? /cat S^/xocrta et? r^v vroXti' /cat tSta ets 
 e/cacrrov vjjiatv, a)v eKacrrov a/zapr^/xaro? e^ rots 
 VOJJ.OLS Bdvaros rj ^/xta ecrrt, Set Vjaa? o"<j>6opa 
 Odvarov avrov /carax/n^tcracr^at. 
 
 Ae'^-et Se', a) dvSpes St/cacrrat, /cat e^aTrar^crat 70 
 v/xag vretpctcrerat, a>? e77t rwi/ rerpa/co 
 ^ov drreKreive, Kal dvrl rovrov (frrjcrlv avrov 
 vaiov rov orj[j.ov rroir\o~a.(jQa.i, r//ev8o/xevo5, w avopes 
 St/cacrrat ovre yap 4>pu^t^ov aTre'/creti'e^, ovre 
 *A0Y)valov avrov 6 87^05 eVoti7craro. ^>pvvi^o) 71 
 yap, a> d^Spe? St/cacrrat, KOLVTJ pacrvySovXo? re 6 
 o? /cat 'AvroXXoSwpo? 6 Meyapev? eVeySov- 
 eVetSr) Se eVerv^e'r^v avra> ySaSt^ovrt, 6 
 pacrvySovXog ruvrret roz/ ^pv^t^ov /cat /cara- 
 /SdXXet Trarct^as, 6 Se 'ATroXXdSwpo? ov^ rjifraro 
 a/ita rovra> Kpavyr) yt^erat /cat al^o^ro
 
 56 XIII. KATA ATOPATOY. 
 
 'AydpaTo? Se ovrocrl ovre TrapeK\TJ67j cure irape- 
 ovre otSe rov Trpayyaaro? ov8eV. a><? 8e 
 Xe'yw, avro v/uz' TO 
 
 72 "Ort xei^ OVK dire'/cretve 
 
 ovSayaov yap ICTTLV 'Ayd 
 elvai a)(nrep pa(rv/Bov\ov KOL 'AvroXXo- 
 /catrot elirep aTre/cret^e <I>pvvt^o^, eSet av- 
 ev rrj avrrj o-TTJXy, Iva Trep pacruySouXoy /cat 
 'A7roXXoSa>pov, 'Atityvcuov TreTroirj^vov .... ra 
 ju,eVrot ovofjiara StaTrparrovrat ra crfytov avrwv, 
 Sdvres apyvpiov rw pijTopi, Trpoo-ypa<f>rji>ai et? r^ 
 (TTTJXirjv a>s evepyera? o^ra?. /cat a>s a.\r)0rj Xeya), 
 TOUTO TO i//^tcr/xa eXe 
 
 73 
 
 ov/c wt' 'A^vato? /cat eSt/ca^e /cat e^e/cX^o~ta^e /cat 
 ? TO.? e' avO p(i)Tra>v eypa</)TO, eVtypa^d- 
 'Avayupao-io? eTi'at. evretTa 8e /cat erepov 
 reKfjuqpiov a>? ou/c aTre/cTet^e ^>pu^t^ov, St' o 
 aTd? (770-1 yeye^o-^at. 6 <I>pvz/t^o5 yap ov- 
 TO? Toy? TTpa/cocrtov9 KaTecrTrjcrev eVetS?) 8' 
 e/ceti^o9 o.Tre9a.vev, 01 TroXXot TGJI^ TCTpa/coo-twv e<^u- 
 74 yov. Trorepov ovv So/coverts v/ats ot TpiaKovTa /cat 
 17 (3ov\r) -fj eVt TCUS Tpta/co^Ta fiovXcvova-a, ot avTot
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 57 
 
 iroLVTes ratv TeTpaKocriOJV TO>V 
 d(j)elva.L OLV Xafiovres TOV QpvvL^ov dfTOKTeivavra, 
 rj TLfjLO)pycra.cr0ai vnep 3>pvvi)(pv /cat rr]s <f>vyrjs 7^9 
 avrol <f>vyov ; eya) pev ot/Aat rt/Aa>petcr#ai av. 
 el fj.v ovv /AT) aTTOKretVas TrpocnroieiTai, d8t/cet, a>? 75 
 eycu <f>rjfju et Se d/x^tcr/Sr^Tet? KCU 
 OLTTOKTeivaL, SrjXov art jaet^co rot' 
 VCL'KDV KO.KCL Trotrycra? TT)^ vvrep 
 irpos TOVS rpioiKOVTa aTreXvcro) ovSeVore yap Tret- 
 cret? ovSeVa av6 ptoTrw a>5 3>pvvi.~xpv aTro/cretVas 
 d(f)eL6r)$ av VTTO rwv TpiaKoyTa, el /AT) /xeyaXa ro^ 
 ST^/AOI^ TWV 'A&jyatw Kal dvrJKea-Ta KOLKO. eipyd<T(a. 
 eav fj.ev ovv <j>d<TKr) Qpvviyov dTTOKTelvaa, TOVTOJV 76 
 fjLefJLvr)crde, KOI rovrov ri^otpelcrde dvd* a>v eTroirj- 
 crev edv S' ou (frdcrKy, epecrffe avrbv 8t' o rt (f>yj(rlv 
 'A^vato? TTOLrjOrjvai. edv 8e /AT) 6^17 a 
 Tifj.(t)pei(T0e avrov on /cat eStica^e /cat e 
 /cat ecrv/ccK^dVret TroXXou? a>? 'A^^ato? rowo/Aa 
 
 'A/covcu 8' avrov Trapao~Kvd > eo'0aL aTroXoyetcr^at 77 
 a? eVt <l>vXT7i> re w^ero /cat crvy/car^X^e oVo <I>u- 
 XT^?, /cat TOVTO /Aeytcrrov dyatvLCTjjia eivcu. eyevero 
 Se rotovro^. r}X6ev ovro5 evrt <l>vXT7^ /catrot TTW? 
 at' yeVotro dvOp(DTro<; /Atapwrepo?, ocrrts etSw? ort 
 eto-t rt^e? eVt ^vXT TOJJ' VTTO TOVTOV 
 
 eroXfjirjcrev e\6ei.v a>? rovrovg ; eTretSi) 8e eTSov av- 78 
 ra^tcrra, crvXXa^o^re? dyov&Lv dvTiKpvs a? 
 , ovTrep /cat rou9 aXXov? d
 
 58 XIII. KATA ATOPATOY. 
 
 ei TLva XycrTrjv rj /ca/covpyov cruXXdySotei'. crrpa.- 
 Trfytov Se *AvvT05 [eVl <E>vXr)t>] ov/c e<f>r) ^pf)va.i 
 TToielv avrovs ravra, Xeyajv oYt ov^ ovrto Sta/ce- 
 OIVTO, cocTTe Tt/Atopetcr$at TLvas TWV ^0pa)i^, aXXa 
 vvv p,ev Sew aurovs rjorv^Lav e^etv, et 8e TTOTC 
 otAcaSe KareXBoiev, Tore /cat rt/xwpr^crotvro 
 79 aSt/coiWas. ravra Xeywv atrto? eyeVero rot) ct 
 <f)vyelv TOVTOV enl 3>v\f) avdyKf) Se ^v crTpaTrj- 
 yov av^pos aKpoacrOai, eiirep e/xeXXov cro}0TJcre- 
 cr0ai. dXX' erepov ovre ya^ orucro-tT^Va? rourw 
 ovSet? (fravTJcreTai ovre crvcrKrjvo 1 ; yevofjievos, oure 
 6 ra^tap^o? et? r^ (frvXrjv /carara^a?, ciXX axnrep 
 aXirripio) ovSets avOptoTToiv avra> SteXeyero. Kat 
 KciXet rot' r 
 
 MAPTY2. 
 
 80 'ETretSr) Se at StaXXayat 77/305 aXXr^Xou? eyevovro 
 Kol 7re/ai//av ot TroXtrat e/c ITetpatw? r>)^ TrojjiTrrjv 
 t? TrdXtv, ^yetro /xet' Atcrt/>to5 rw^ TroXtrai^, ovro5 
 Se OUTCO To\p.rjpo<; KOL e'/cet eyeWro crvi>r)KO\ov0L 
 yap Xafitov ra oTrXa Kat cruveTre/xTre rr)v Tro/jiTryv 
 
 81 yu,eTa raiv TroXtraiv 7rpo5 TO acrrv. eTretSi) Se 77^05 
 rat5 7rvXai5 T^crav /cat tOevro ra 6VXa, Trptv eto~t- 
 eVat et5 TO do-TV, 6 /xei/ Ato-t/ao5 ala-Oaverai /cat 
 TrpO(T\@o)V TTJV re dcTTTtSa avToi) XaySajv epptr|;e, 
 /cat aTTteWt e/ceXevo~^ e*5 /copa/ca5 e/c TWI/ TroXt- 
 
 ou yap e^)7y Set^ a.v$po<f)6i>ov avrov ovra
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 59 
 
 rrjv Troprr^v rfj *A.6rjva. rovra) rat 
 TpoVo) VTTO Atcrt/Aou a.TrrjXd0yj. 'fl? 8' dXrjOrj Xe'yo>, 
 /cdXet jiOL TOV5 
 
 MAPTYPE2. 
 
 TOVTO> TGJ rpoTra), & dVSpe5 Si/cacrrai, /cat eVt 82 
 
 /cat eV ITet/aateT 77/305 rous TroXtra? Ste/cetro 
 otSet? yap avra> SteXeyero a>5 dv^po^ova) OVTL, rov 
 re /u,^ aTro^aveti/ ^Avurog eyeVero aur&> atrto?. ea^ 
 eVt <&v\r)v 6Sw (XTroXoyta ^p^rat, viroXafJi- 
 -^prj el "A.VVTOS avrut eyeVero atrto? /x^ aTro- 
 Bavelv erot/xa>v OVTUV Tifjuopelo-Oai, /cat eppi^ev 
 avrov Ato-t/xo? r^v dcTTrtSa /cat ou/c eta ftera TWJ/ 
 
 7TfJLTTeLV Tr)V TTOfJLTnjV, KOL t Tt? OLVTOV 
 
 et? TOL^LV nvd /carera^e. 
 ovv ravra aurou aTroSe^ecr^e, /xi^re a^ 83 
 Xeyi? ort TroXXw ^p6va> vcrrepov TLfjuopovjjieBa. ov 
 yap ol[j.ai ovSe/xtW rwi' rotovrajv dSt/c^/Aarwv Trpo- 
 tlvai, dXX' eya; /xet* otyaat, etr' ev6vs etre 
 6v(p TIS rt/xajpetrat, TOVTO^ Setv aTroSet/cvwat w<? 
 ou TrenoirjKe vrept wi^ Icrnv rj atrta. ovro? roivvv 84 
 TOVTO diro<^a.ivT(D, rj W5 ou/c a.TTKT.ivev e/cet^ov5 ^7 
 a>5 St/cata>5, KO.KOV ri TTQiovvras rov $rj[j.ov ra)v 
 et 8e TrdXat 8eo^ Tt/xa)peto"^at vcrrtpov 
 rLfj.(opovfjL0a, rov ^povov /cepSatVet ot' 77 ov 
 TrpoorrJKOV avTai, ot Se dt'Spes VTTO TOVTOV 
 rjrrov
 
 60 XIII. KATA ATOPATOY. 
 
 85 'A/covco S' O.VTOV /cat Sitcr^ty>teo~#at, on eV' 
 
 Ty a7rayajy>7 eVtye'ypaTrrat * o TrdvTwv 
 evr)0e(TTa.TOi> a>s ei />teV TO eV' avro- 
 TTyoocreyeypaTTTO, eVo^os av r^ aTraywyrj 
 Start Se rovro 7rpoo~yeypa7rrat, paa-Twvrjv TLVCL 
 oterat aurw etfat. rovro 8e ovSevt aXXoj eoticev 
 ^ o/jioXoyeiv aTro/cretvat, JLCT) CTT avTO(j)a>pu) Se, /cat 
 Trept TOVTOV Sttcr / ^vpt^eo~^at, axnrep, et yu,^ eV' av- 
 TO(f}(opa) /xeV, ctTre/cTett'e Se, rovrou eVe/ca Se'o^ avrov 
 
 86 o~weo~$at. So/covo~t S' e/xotye ot eVSe/ca ot Trapa- 
 Se^ayae^ot rr)^ aTraycoyr)^ Tavrr^v, OVK oto/xevot 
 'Ayoparw crv/xTrparretv rore /cat 
 
 avay/ca^o^re?, 7rpoo~y/3ai//ao~^at rore CTT* 
 avro(f)(t)pa), rj OTTOV av y Trputrov ^kv evavriov 
 (3ovXr), etra traXiv IVO.VTIOV 
 eV ra> Sif/xw a7roypai/;a5 rt^a? 
 87 aVo/creu'ete /cat atrtos yeVotro TOV davaTov. ov 
 'yap OTJTTOV TOVTO fJiovov oterat evr' avro^atpo), edV 
 rt? ^uX&> 77 fjia^aupa Trara^as KaraftdXr), eVet e/c 
 ye row o~ov Xoyov ovSets <^>a^o~erat aVo/cretW? 
 vs at'Spa? ou? o~u oVey/sai/fa? oure yap erra- 
 avrov? ovSet? our' dneo-^a^ev, dXX' d^ay/ca- 
 a7roypa^>^5 a.Tre6a.vov. OVK 
 
 ovv o atrto? rov davdrov, ouro? eV avro(f>a)pa) 
 ecrri ; rt? ow aXXo? atrto? T) o~i aVoypcti//as ; 
 wcrre TTW? ov/c eV' avTO<f>a>pq) o~u eT 6 aVo- 
 /cretva? ;
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 6l 
 
 Hvv0dvojJiaL o y avTOv /cat Trepl TO>V opKOJV /cat 88 
 Trepl TO>V o-vvBr]Ka>v fj.e\\eiv Xe'yetv, cog Trapd rovs 
 /cat ra? o~vv0TJKo,<; dywvt^erat a? o~vve9e- 
 7T/3O5 rovs eV do~Tt ot ez^ [TW] Iletpatet. 
 i/ /xe^ ow rovrots tcr^upt^d/xe^o? 6/xoXoyet 
 av$po(f>6vo<; et^at e/ivroSw^ yoCv 17 opi<ovs fj crvv- 
 6iJKas f) xpovov f) ITT avTcxjxopa) rt Troteirat, avrw 
 Se rw Trpdy^an ov rt Trtcrrevet /caXw? aytDvieio'Oa.i. 
 Se, w ai'Spe? St/caorrat, ou npo(nJK6L Trepl TOV- 89 
 ctTToSe^ecr^at * dXX' a5 ou/c aTreypa^ev ovSe 
 ot ai/S^es reOvavi, Trepl TOVTCDV /ceXevere O.VTOV 
 t. eTretra rou op/cov? /cat rag crui'- 
 rjyov/JLaL TrpocnjKeiv rjfJiiv Trpbs TOVTOV. 
 ot yap op/cot rot? ev acrrei irpos row? ev Iletpatet 
 yeyevyvrai. el ^.ev ovv ouro? jae^ ei' aorei i^jaet? 90 
 8' e^ Tletpater fjfJLev, el^ov dv TWO. \6yov aurw at 
 (TwOrfKai ' vvv Se /cat ouro? ev ITetpatet ^v /cat 
 eyw /cat Ato^uo~to9 /cat ourot aTravre? ot TOVTOV 
 
 TifJLCDpOVfJLeVOL, O)O~Te OVK e&TW rHJiW efJLTTOOWV OV- 
 
 SeV ovSeVa yap opKov ot e^ Ileipatet rots eV Ilet- 
 patet o)^.oo~av. 
 
 'E/c Tra^ro? 8e Tponov efAOiye So/cet ov^ ew? 91 
 6a.va.Tov a^to? elvai, oo~rt9 <f>f)o~l /xe> VTTO rov 817- 
 /xou . . . . , rov Se ofj[j.oi>, ov avro? (f>rjo~L iraTepa 
 avTOv elvai, (^aiVerat /ca/ccocra?, /cat d<^>ets /cat Trpo- 
 Sou? e'^ aiv e/celvos />teta)i> /cat lo~^vpoTepo<; eyt- 
 y^ero. ocrrt? ouv rw re yova> Trare'pa rov OLVTOV 
 /cat ovSei> vrapet^e rai^ eTrtrrySetw^, rw re
 
 62 XIII. KATA ATOPATOY. 
 
 TronrjTov TTarepa ac^etXero a r^v virdp^opTa e/cetvw 
 dyadd, TTUS ov /cat Sta TOVTO Kara rov rrjs /ca/cw- 
 o~ea)S VOJJLOV a^ios ecrrt Oavdrio r)fi.ia>6rjvcu ; 
 
 92 npoo~r?/cet 8' u/xtv, &) az^Spes St/cacrrat, aVacri 
 
 vrrep eKeivotv TWV a.v$pa)v o/xotws axnrep 
 evl e/caorra). a.TroOvrja'KovTes yap i^j 
 az' /cat vyat^ /cat rot? aXXot? aTracrt 
 cr^>wv avTMV 'Ayoparov rovrot't 0*5 
 /cat /ca/cw? Trotetf /ca^' o<roi> av 
 e/cacrro? Svvr^rat. et roivvv rt e/cetvot ayaBov rrjv 
 iro\iv f} TO TrX^os TO vperepov <f>avepoi etcrt TTC- 
 TroirjKOTes, a /cat avrot v^aet? o/xoXoyetre, cxvay/cry 
 v/xa? ecrrt Tra^ra? e/ceti'ots ^)tXous Kat eTTtrr^Setou? 
 ett'at, axTre ovbev /xaXXov i^/xtv -^ /cat V^JLWV evl 
 
 93 e/cacrroj eVe'cr/o^r/fav. ov/cov^ oure ocrtov ovre vo/xt- 
 /xot' v/xtv (TTLV aa>eiva,L 'Aydparo^ TOVTOVL. v/xet? 
 rolvvv, a) aVSpe? 'A^z/atot, i^vi't 817, eVet eV rw 
 rore ^povut, eV w e'/cetvot a.Tre6vr)<TKOv, ov% olot re 
 e'/cetVots eVap/ceVat yeyovare 8ta ra Trpcty/xara ra 
 Trepieo-TtjKOTa, vwi, eV w Swao~^e, 
 
 rov tKeivajv <f>ovea. evdvfJLtlo-Oe 8', a) a^8/oe? ' 
 VCUOL, OTTOJ /XT) Travrdtv epyov o~\er\io)Ta.Tov epya- 
 O"r)o~0e. et yap a,7rox//^^)tetcr^e 'Ayoparov rovrov't, 
 
 OU fJLOVOV TOVTO Oia7TpdTTO~0, aXXtt /Cttt eKWa)V 
 
 TOW dvopwv, ou? 6/xoXoyetre v/xti^ eu^ov? et^at, rij 
 
 94 avrrj i//i7^>a> TavTrj OdvaTOV KaTa.\]jr)(f)i > o~06 ' diro- 
 Xvoi're? yap roi' amo^ ovra e/ceti^ot? row OavaTov 
 ouSe> aXXo yt^wcr/cere 17 e/cetVov? St/cat'ws UTTO
 
 XIII. AGAINST AGORATUS. 63 
 
 TOVTOV T60Vr)K6Vai. /Cat OVTO)<5 OLV Set^OTttTa 
 
 Ttov TrddoLev, et ots eTrecrKrjTrTOv e/ceu>ot a>? 
 overt Tt/xwpetz' VTTC/D avTcoi>, ovrot 6fj.6\jnj(f)OL /car* 
 TO>I> dvSpojv rots TpiaKOVTa, yf.vqa'ovTa.i. 
 ?, ai ai'Spe? Si/cacrrcu, 77/305 ^eai^ 'OXvya- 95 
 pyre p.rf^avri /A-^SejUta ddvarov 
 KaTa\fjr}(f>io'r)cr6e, ot TroXXa 
 Ka.ya.0a v/xas TTO 117 o~ cures Sta ravra VTTO rait' ryna- 
 KOVTCL /cat 'Ayoparou rovrovt dneOavov. 
 
 ovi' airdvTtov ra>v Set^aj^, /cat TOJI/ 
 
 ry TroXet /cat rwi^ tStaji', ocra c/cao-roj eyevovro eT 
 817 e/cetvot ot avSpe? ereXevri^crav, TifJLOJpTJcraTe rov 
 CLLTLOV TOVTMV. aTToSeSet/crat 8' vyu.ii/ [aVavra] /cat 
 e/c TWV i//T7<^)tcr/xaTa)V /cat e/c rwi' dTroypafytov /cat e/c 
 TOJV dXXwv a.TTdvTa)v 'Ayoparo? ai^ avrots atrto? 
 roO davdrov. ert 8e /cat 7rpoo~i7/cet v/xti' evavTia 96 
 rots TpidKOvra i//77^>teo-$at. aiz/ /xei' roivvv e/cetvot 
 9dva.TOv Ka.Te.yvo^a'a.v, vyaet? a7roi//T7<^t'o~acr^ wi^ 8' 
 e/cetz/ot Odvarov ov KOiTeyvwcrav, vyact? Ka.Ta.yiva>- 
 cr/cere. ot rpta/co^ra TOLVVV TONS fjLev dv&pwv rov- 
 TCDV, ot r\ara.v v/xerepot (^tXot, 6dva,Tov 
 tbv Se? v/xa9 aVoi/;77<teo-#at 'Ayoparov Se d 
 <f)i(ra.vTo, Start eSd/cet npoOvfjios TOVTOVS aVoXXuVai 
 ou 7rpo(rr)K6L /carai//^^>t^eo-^at. eai' ov^ ra ivavrla, 97 
 rot? rpta/covra ifjrjfa&rjorOe, Trpairov p,ev ov^ 
 ^>ot yiyvecrOe, eTretra rot? vyaerepots O.VTCOV 
 
 eVeo~$e, eVetra rot? 
 8t/cata /cat oo*ta
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ORATION CONCERNING THE SACRED 
 OLIVE-TREE. 
 
 .N Athenian land-owner, name unknown, is charged by 
 a certain Nicomachus with having a number of years before 
 extirpated one of the sacred olive-trees of the state. The 
 trial is before the Areopagus. The charge, if sustained, will 
 bring upon the offender the penalty of perpetual banishment 
 and the confiscation of his entire property. 
 
 A glance at some facts derived from this oration and other 
 ancient references to the subject reveals a peculiar phase of 
 the Athenian state system, and explains the sternness of the 
 Athenian code regarding this offence. 
 
 The olive-trees and groves of Attica formed then, as now, 
 a marked feature in the landscape, and the oil was an impor- 
 tant staple of commerce. As in the case of the grain trade, 
 there was a rigid official supervision of the oil product and 
 of the trees themselves. Provision was made by law against 
 any diminution in the number of fruit-bearing trees ; a land- 
 owner was not allowed to cut down more than two a year 
 from his estate, unless by special permission. Especial care 
 was taken of the sacred trees dedicated to Athene, the pro- 
 tecting goddess of the state. The culture of the olive IKK! 
 been, from the earliest times, closely connected with the
 
 VII. CONCERNING THE SACRED OLIVE-TREE. 65 
 
 religious legends and institutions of the country. Grafts and 
 shoots from the sacred olive-tree that stood on the Acropolis, 
 and had sprung from the rock at the bidding of Athene in 
 her contest with Poseidon, had become fruit-bearing trees in 
 various parts of the country ; not only in the precincts of 
 temples, but also on private estates. These were the so- 
 called fj-opicu, the sacred trees whose produce was forever 
 devoted to maintaining the worship of the goddess, and to 
 the support of her priests. The penalty for the extirpation 
 of one of these, even an old stump or decaying trunk, has 
 been already mentioned. 
 
 Crimes of impiety in general fell within the jurisdiction of 
 the Areopagus, and all matters pertaining to the care of the 
 sacred olives were especially committed to them. They 
 appointed from their own number curators and inspectors 
 ((irifjieXr)Tai, yi/w/xove?), to whom was intrusted this department 
 of the public business, including the revision of the inven- 
 tories, the disposition of the produce to contractors, and other 
 like duties. 
 
 Before this Council, doubtless seated on the same rock- 
 hewn steps where Paul four centuries later addressed the 
 debating philosophers of Athens, Nicomachus of whom 
 we only know that he was " a young man" has brought 
 the defendant, a wealthy citizen in advanced life, but with- 
 out wife or children. An estate formerly belonging to Pi- 
 sander, who had been prominent in the oligarchy of the 
 Four Hundred, had come into his possession by purchase. 
 It is supposed to have been situated in the deme Acharnae, 
 to the northward of the city, that being the deme to which 
 Pisander had belonged. It is charged that the defendant 
 has dug up the stump of a sacred olive that had formerly 
 stood on it, one of the blackened stumps, it may be, 
 which the fires of foraging parties had left as traces of the 
 recent war. The defendant proceeds to show that since the 
 5
 
 66 VII. CONCERNING THE SACRED OLIVE-TREE. 
 
 purchase of the land from Anticles, in the spring of 403 B. c., 
 it had been leased successively to Callistratus, Demetrius, 
 Alcias, and Proteas ; the lease of the latter having probably 
 expired shortly before the date (397 - 6) of the alleged crime ; 
 and he proves by the testimony of several of these that there 
 had been no olive-tree at all upon the estate. 
 
 Inasmuch as the prosecution is not supported by the testi- 
 mony of any eye-witnesses, the remaining arguments of the 
 defendant, comprising the larger part of the oration, might 
 seem to be a work of supererogation. They seem, however, 
 partly designed to expose the malicious and mercenary pur- 
 pose of the accuser. Should four-fifths of the judges vote 
 for acquittal, he would not only lose his case, but would 
 be subjected to a fine. 
 
 The following is a brief analysis : 
 
 I. Exordium, 1-3. 
 
 II. Statement of the case, 4-8. 
 
 III. Refutation of the charge by positive evidence, 9- n. 
 
 IV. Refutation of the charge on the ground of its a priori improbability 
 
 and the absence of any assignable motive. Maintained from 
 
 (1) The reputation of the defendant, 12- 14. 
 
 (2) The inevitable publicity of the act charged, 15- 19 ; in con- 
 
 nection with which a strong argument is made from the 
 neglect of the accuser to produce witnesses, or lodge com- 
 plaint at the time, 20-23. 
 
 (3) The circumstances of the alleged place, 24-26. 
 
 (4) The circumstances of the alleged time, 27. 
 
 (5) The difficulty of escaping the known vigilance of the authori- 
 
 ties, 28, 29. 
 
 (6) The defendant's course of life hitherto as an upright and 
 
 patriotic citizen, 30-33. 
 
 V. Finally, the refusal of the accuser to take the testimony of the slaves 
 when offered, in contrast with the course of the defendant in 
 the case, affords a convincing argument that not only is the 
 charge without foundation, but it is brought from mercenary 
 and malicious motives, 34-41. 
 VI. Peroration, recapitulating the leading points in the defence, 42, 43.
 
 7 4 
 
 VII. 
 
 APEOnATITIKOS 
 
 ITEPI TOY 2HKOY AHOAOriA 
 
 FIPOTEPON fjiev, a) j3ov\-rj, eVo>tov efeii 
 TO) (3ov\ojJiV(o, rjcrv^iav aryovn, fJLijre St/cas 
 TrpdyfjiaTa vvvi Se ovrax; 
 
 /cat 770^17/3015 <rvKO(f>dvTcu<; 
 ' et 7TW5 oto^ re, SoKet /AOI Seti^ Kat rov? ^17 
 yeyovora? ^877 SeSteVat vrepl TWJ/ /xeXXoi/rcuv ecre- 
 cr^at 8ta ya/3 rot"? TOIOUTOVS ot /ciVSwot /cowot 
 ylyvovTai /cat rol? ^t^Se^ dotAcovo~t /cat rots TroXXa 
 rj^apTrfKocrLV. OVTOJ S' aTropos 6 arywv /xot KaBe- 2 
 crrrjKev, wcrre aTreypd^rjv TO /xei' irpoirov e'Xatav 
 e/c TT)"? y?ys a^ai^t^etv, /cat 77^005 rov? eajVTy/xeVov? 
 row? Kapnovs TO>V /xoptaiv TrvvdavofievoL irpocrr)- 
 <ra.v eTretS?) 8' e/c rovrov roi) rponov aSt/cou^ra 
 ftc ovSev vpelv &vvTJOr)crai>, vvvi p,e cnqKov (f)aa~i,v 
 
 v, oto/x,evot e/xot /a.et' TOLVTrfV rrjv atrta^ 
 
 T^v elvai arreXe'y^at, avrots 8e l^elvai 
 p.aX\ov o rt a^ /SovXwvrat \eyeiv. /cat Set //,, 3 
 
 ouros e7rt/8e/3ovXev/cw5 i7/cet, a/x' u/Ati' rot?
 
 68 VII. IIEPI TOY 2HKOY. 
 
 Trept TOV Trpdy/aaTos d/covcra^ra, 
 
 " 
 
 \ \ ^ /<* \ \ // 
 
 /cat Trept rr)<; TraTptoos /cat Trept T^S oucrta? 
 
 o~ao~0ai. 6fJLO)<s Se Tretpdcro/xat e 
 StSdgat. 
 
 4 ^Hz^ /xa' yap rovro Ileto-at'Spov TO ytopiov, Brj- 
 fjLevBevrajv TOJV OVTOJV 8' e/cett'ov 'ATroXXoSwpo? 6 
 Meyapeu? Swpea^ Trapa TOV &TJ/JLOV Xafiiov TOV yaez^ 
 aXXof yjpovov e'yeojpyet, oXtyw Se Trpo rail/ rptct- 
 KOVTO. 'Avrt/cX^s Trap' avrou Trptct/Aevo? e^e/u,t- 
 crdo)o~ev eyw Se Trap' 'Ai'Ti/cXeovs elpujvrjs ovo~r)<; 
 
 5 ttovovpvjv. Tyov/Aat TOIVVV, a* yov, e/xof epyov 
 t^at a*?, eTretS TO wlov eKTio-dv, OUT' 
 
 e'Xata ouYe cr^/co? eV^p ev avTaJ. I>O/AI'O) yap TOU 
 /xef TrpoTpou ^povov, ovS' et TraXat evY)o-av JMV- 
 ptat, ov/c ai/ Si/catws >7/Atoucr#at et yap /AT) St' 
 17/xa.s eto~tv ^(^a^tcr/xeVat, ouSe^ Trpoo"^/cet Trept 
 Tail' dXXoTptcov OL^apTrjfJiOLTOiV cu? dSt/cowTa? Ktv- 
 
 6 Su^euetv. TroWe? yap e7Tto~Tacr^e oTt 6 TroXe/xo? 
 /cat aXXa)^ TroXXaii' atTto? /ca/caV yeyeVr^Tat, /cat 
 TO, /xei' TTo'ppw UTTO Aa/ce8at/xovto)f eVe'/xi^eTo, TO. 
 S' e'yyu? UTTO TOJJ^ ^tXwt' SoypTra^eTO a>o-Te TTW? 
 at' St/cata>5 VTrep TW^ T^ TrdXet yeyez^/xeVaw cru/x- 
 (f>opa>v e'yw vwt St'/c^v StSotryf ; aXXw? Te /cat 
 Toirro TO ^ojpiov iv TOJ TroXe/u,&> Br}fJLv6ei> anpaKTov 
 
 7 rfv TrXtiov r) Tpta CTT;. ov ^af/xacrTO^ 8' et TOTC 
 Ta<y /xoptag I^CKOTTTOV, ev w ouSe Ta 17/xeVep' CLVTWV 
 <j)v\aTTeu> ^Suvd/xe^a. eVto-Tacr^e Se', w fiovXij, 
 OCTOL /xdXicrTa TWI' TOIOVTMV e7rt/xeXeto"^e, TroXXa. et*
 
 VII. CONCERNING THE SACRED OLIVE-TREE. 69 
 
 e/cetVo) rat xpovo) Sacre'a ovra tStat? /cat /xoptats 
 
 eXatats, uv vvv ra TroXXa e/c/ce/coTrrat /cat 17 yrj 
 
 >tC xx* 
 v//tXr) yeyeVryrat /cat TOJI' avTaiv /cat eV TT} 
 
 /cat et rw TroXe/aw /ce/CT^/jteVwi^ ov/c d^tovre 
 avrajj^, trepans CKKOifjdvTCjv, St/ci^^ Xa/x/3a^etv. /cat- 8 
 rot et TOW? Sta TTO.VTOS rov ^povov yeajpyout'ra? 
 atrta? annexe, T) TTOU ^p>) TOU? y' eV TT^ eipijvr) 
 
 v d^/xtovs ye^ecr^at. 
 
 'AXXa ycfy>, ai flovXij, 7re/)t /xe^ rw^ irporepov 9 
 TroXXa e^w^ eiireiv t/cava vo/xt^w ra 
 8 ' eya> TrapeXaftov TO ^ojpiov, 
 i^tepag TreWe yevecr^at, aTre/xtcr^wcra KaX- 
 Xtcrrpdra), evrt IIv^oSojpov ap^ovros 09 8uo erry 10 
 , ovre tStav eXata^ ovre ^opiav ovre 
 . rptrw 8e eret A^/a^r/ato? ow- 
 rocrt etpyacraro fvutvrov ra> Se rerdproj 'AX/cta 
 'Avrtcr^eVou? aTreXtvdepa) e'/xtcr^cucra, 65 rcOvrjKe 
 ravra rpta 6x17. o/xotw? /cat ITpwrea? - 
 
 araro. Kat /xot Sevpo tre 
 
 MAPTYPE2. 
 
 'E7ret8>) Toivvv 6 ^pd^o? ouro? 6^17 /cet, avro? n 
 yewpyai. <f>r)crl Se 6 /carr^yopo? evrt 2ov^td8ov 
 ap^ovTos cryKov vu e/xov e/c/ce/cd^)^at. v/xt^ Se 
 fj.efjLapTvpTJKao'Lv ot TrpoTtpov epya^d/xet'ot /cat 
 
 TToXXct CTT^ Trap' e'/xou /xe/xto"^w/xeVot /XT) eTt'at a">y- 
 
 \ > / / ^ ' ' 
 
 i' TOJ ^a>pt&>. /catrot TTOJ? a^ rt?
 
 70 VII. IIEPI TOY 2HKOY. 
 
 \}jv$6fjivov rov Karyyopov ; ov yap 
 otoV re, a nporepov /XT) r^v, ravra rov vcrrepov 
 
 12 'Eyw roLvvv, a) flovXiq, ev p.ev TGJ Te<os_ 
 
 ocrot ue (ictcr/coteit' Set^otL et^at /cat d/cpt/3n /cat ov- 
 
 ^>.u< . > *Itl4j r ' ' 
 
 Set* av ^i/c^ /cat dXoyurrw? Trot^crat, r}yava/crovv 
 
 e c /> l -\\ \ / /i * 
 
 av, atpovyae^o? ymaAAov Aeyecrc/at w? /xot TrpocrrjKe 
 
 vvv Se Travra? av u/xa? /SovXoi/JL'rjv irepl e/xoG rau- 
 yvcofjLrjv e^etv, tya T}yr\uQi /ae cr/coTreT^ 
 
 / v ^^^W^ v ,., ,^ 
 
 rotourot? epyot? eTre^eipovv, /cat o rt /cep- 
 809 eyevero ra> d<f>ai>icrai>Ti /cat 17x15 ^)U,ta ra> 
 L, /cat rt av Xa#a>v SteTrpa^ctya^^ /cat rt 
 
 a*' (avepos yet'o/xe^og u> u/xav 7racrvoi>. Trai^re? 
 yap avdpcDTTOi ra rotavra ouv v/Speco? dXXa /cep- 
 
 ' V r, T 
 
 , ^ x % x 
 
 /cat TOVS avrtot/cov? e/c TOVTOV ras /cariiyopta? 
 
 - /} , ' . , ,,, \ S CU 
 
 TTOtetcrc/at, aTToyaivovTas 7)rt<5 w^eAeta rot? aot- 
 14 Krjcraa'Lv eyeVero. ouro? //.eVrot ou/c ai^ e^ot aTro- 
 Set^at ou^' a>5 VTTO Trei^ta? rivayK<io-9r)v rotourot? 
 epyot? eTTt^etpet^, 01!^' a>? TO ^o)piov fJLOL 8ta- 
 <j)6eipeTai rov crrjKOv OJ/TO?, ov^' a> d/xTreXot? 
 
 > ^ \ ? */3' ' ' > ' v /3' c x 
 
 e/xTToow^ T)^, out/ a>? ot/cta? eyyu?, ouc/ a? eycu 
 
 v y '' > c o / v / 
 
 aTretpos TWV Trap v/xty KIVOVVW. et rt TOVTMV 
 
 \\^ + \ >\ 
 
 Trpa.TTOv ..... TroAAa? ai^ /cat /xeyaAa? e/ 
 
 15 ^/xtas yeyo/xeVa? a.7ro(])TJi> at/xt 05 TrpaVroi/ 
 /xe^' r)p.pav I^KOTTTOV rov O~r)KOV, atcnrep ov TTO.V- 
 ra? \a9elv oeov, aXXa rrdvras ' \0rivoiiovs etSeVat. 
 
 X , V , , , v . 
 
 /cat ct ^Lte^ CLKT^POV rjv p.ovov TO 7rpay/xa, tcroj? ai^ 

 
 VII. CONCERNING THE SACRED OLIVE-TREE. 7 1 
 
 Ti9 TOJV Traptovrcuv ^/xeA^cre vuv S' ou Trept 
 
 jzoi^L tt'V't f\ 
 
 V719 aXXa r^9 w.eyto"ri79 ^riuta9 e/ctvovvevov. 77019 J 6 
 ' 
 
 8' ov/c av 'nv d^Xtaj^aro9 dv^pwTrwv aTrdvroiv, et 
 
 >-OV^' s ^^'^'' ' "Tt i^ -^.V^A. ^1^^^^ ^/<U*<tX vs ^' (L &< 
 
 rov9 e'jaavrov ^epa7jovra9 jtx-n/ceVt SouAov? , 
 
 aXXa Seo-7ro'Ta9 rov XotTrov y8tov,/rotovrov 
 / ""*. // 
 
 *^^*< r\' "* >\v/ > 
 
 epyov crvfetoora?^ cycrre t /cat ra /xeytcrra et5 
 ' er)iJ,dpTavov, OVK av olov re.rjv St/ciyv /ae Trap' 
 
 rt / T \ * /CV- V .^ ' r, , 
 
 Xa^paveiv ev yap av eioeirjv on en 
 b /cat e/xe ri/Z(B)5^<:facr#at /cat avrot? 
 cracrtv ekevOepois yeveo-Oai. \< ert TOIVVV el ra>v 17 
 ot/ceraiv Trapeo-TTr) /xot ^Sev <t)povTi,eLv, TTO)? av 
 
 TOO-OVTOIV /xe/atcrw/xewv, /ca 
 
 d^avtcrat TOV CTT^/COV ySpa^eo? /xev /cep- 
 Sov? eve/ca, vr/oo^ecr/xta? Se ouSe/x,ta? ovo-^? rw /ctv- 
 
 rot? etpyao"aeot9 aTracrt TO ^coptov /xotai9 
 
 ' 
 
 7rpo<7T]Kov etvat o~a>ov TOV &TIKOV, iv et rt? avrou 9 
 
 i -r 5 ~ ^*^' /^ ^ N 
 
 rjTLaro, eiyov aveveyKeiv ora> napeoop-av ; ; vvv oe 
 
 /cat l/xe a.7rpXvo-avre9 (^atvovrat, /cat o-<^ct9 avrov9, 
 
 OV9 r9 atrta9 
 
 / 
 
 / v X^ ' - * T / Q 
 
 et rotvuv /cat ravra TrapecrKevaa'afj.rjv, 7rcu9 av 0109 18 
 
 - 
 
 T T?V 7ravra9 Treto-at TOV9 7raptovra9, rou9 yei- 
 
 A > / >\\ /\ > * ''" ' A <> 
 
 rova9, ot ov /xovov aAAr^Awv ravr to~ao~tv a 7rao~tv 
 
 e < if- '\\ N * x? > -^ '- / 
 
 opav egecrrtv, aAAa /cat Trept wv aTro/cpVTrro/xevot 
 
 tSe 
 
 etevat, Kat Trept e/cetvwv 
 vovrat ; e/xot rotvvv TOVTOJV ot /aev ^>tXot ot Se 
 Sta^opot Trept rwv e/xwv rvy^dvovtriv ovre9.\ ov9 19 
 v TOVTOV Trapao-^eo-^at fjidprvpas, /cat /XT^ /xo- 
 
 vov OVTW9 roxTa,9 /caTTota9 7roteto~ai o?
 
 72 VII. HEPI TOY 2HKOY. 
 
 (f)rjcrLV a)<s eyw /xev 7rapto~r77/cetv, ol S' ot/ce'rat 
 e'ere/AVOv rd Trpeyava, dva#e'/u,evog Se 6 /So^Xdr^s 
 
 20 co^ero aTrdycov rd vXa. /cat'rot, a) Nt/co/za^e, 
 
 " e Tore /cat Trapa/caXetv rov? Trapto^ra? yu,ap- 
 , /cat (fravepbv Troielv TO Trpay/xa /cat e/xot 
 ouSe/xtav av aTroXoytav VTreXtTre?, auros Se, 
 et /xeV (rot l^0po<; yv, iv TOVTCO ra> rpoiru) rjcrda 
 av p.e rert/A&jp^/xeVo?, et Se r^s TroXewg e^e/ca 
 eVparres, ovrw? e^eXey^a? ov/c av e'So'/ceis eti/at 
 
 21 crvKO(f>di>Tr)<5, et Se /cepSatVeti' IjSovXov, rdr' av 
 TrXetcrrov eXa^Se? fyavepov yap oVros rou ?rpa- 
 y/otaros ovSe^ttav dXX^v ^yov/x^v av etvat /xot crw- 
 
 f) ere Treicrat. / rourwv roivvv ovSev 
 
 Sta roi;s crou? Xoyov? d^tor? /xe ctTroXe'cr^at, /cat 
 /carr^yopets a>s VTTO rr^5 e/x7]5 Suvd/xecu? /cat rwv 
 e/xwv xprjfjLO.TCDi' ouSet? e^eXet crcu fjiaprvpelv. 
 
 22 /catrot et (^rycra? ja' tSetv rr)v /xoptav cuavtovra 
 rou? Ivvea dp^ovra? eTT^yayes ^ dXXou? rtvct? raiv 
 e^ 'Apetou Trctyov, ou/c av Irepwv eSei crot /xaprv- 
 pwv ourw yap dv crot cruvr^Secrav aX-rjOrj Xeyovrt, 
 otVep /cat Staytyvwcr/cetv eyxeXXov Trept rou Trpd- 
 
 23 y/xaro?. Setvorara o5v irdar^oj 05 et /xev Trape- 
 cr^ero /adprvpa?, rovrot? av rj&ov Trtcrreuetv, 
 eVetSr) Se ou/c eio~tv avrw, e'/xot /cat raurr^v r^v 
 ^i7/xtav oterat ^pijvat yeve'cr^at. /cat rourov /aev 
 ou OavfJid^aj ou yap ST^TTOU cru/co0avrajv 
 rotourwv ye Xo'ywv aTropr^cret /cat /xaprupwv 
 
 S' ou/c d^tw rr)v aur^v TOVTO) yvat^v e^etv
 
 VII. CONCERNING THE SACRED OLIVE-TREE. 73 
 
 7rto~racr#e yap eV TW TreSt&> TroXXd? yu,opta<? ovcras 24 
 /cat Trup/catd? eV Tots dXXot? Tots e/xots ^wptots, d?, 
 etTrep eTreBviiovv, TroXu -ni^ do-d>a\crTepov /cat d<f>a- 
 
 / \ ^ / , N > / /) v /vvApWX^M,V C 
 
 vio~ai /cat ,e/c:ox//at /cat eTrepyacracrc/at, ocrcuTrep 
 
 0^^>^ --. ' ^ 
 
 -^TTOV TO aoiKrii^a TToX\a)v ovo-a)v e)aeXXe S^Xov 
 
 eo~eo~$at. vw 8' OVTW? aura? Trept TroXXou Trotou- 25 
 /xat wcTTrep /cat rr)w TrarptSa./cat r^v dXXi^v ovo~iav, 
 ?rept ap.(j)OT6po)v TOVTWV eivai JJLOL 
 
 / ^ > v / / / 
 
 KU/OVVOV,. avrou? roti'v^ vaa? TOVTCOV aaprupa9 ^*-/ 
 
 - 1 , 
 
 eVtyu,eXov/xeVov5 /xet e/cdcrTou 
 Se TTe^TrovTa^ xad* eKaarov iviavrov 
 (ov ovSet? TTWTTOT' e^jLttcocrev ws epyatfl^evov rd 
 Trept ret? yaoptas ^cupta. /catrot ov ST^TTOV ret? /xeV 26 
 /Ltt/cpd? ^jitta? ovra> Trept TroXXoi) Trotovjaat, TOUS 
 Se Trept TOV crw/xaTos /ct^Swovs [OVTW] Trept ouSe- 
 
 vo9 rryovtuai / /cat rds,LLv TroXXa? eXata?, ets as 
 
 jt^vx q+^aAstu 
 e^riv Uud\\ov e^a/jLaprdveiv, OVTCO Oepairevcav (Lai- 
 
 \ o\ / <\ > ?/ * \ /i 
 
 vopai, rr)v oe popiav, yv ov^ cdov T ^v,kau.(.v 
 
 ^ /pK' " 'JL 'x ^ r-' TT / "- 
 
 t;opvt;avTa, ws tupaan.yuv vwi /cpu>0jitat ; Ilore- 27 
 
 pov Se /xot /cpetrrov T^V, w /3ovX-n, S^/xo/cpartas 
 7rapa.von.tiv TI erri TO>V rpiaKOvra ; /cat ou 
 >s rore ovvdjjievos r) a>5 vw Sta/8e/3X^/xeVo9, 
 
 dXX' a>5 rw /3ovXoju.eVa> Tote /xdXXov e^i' dSt/ceT^ 
 
 eya> Totvw ovo ev e/cetv&) T&> ^povai OVTC 
 
 vv \\ S>> v ' 1 / ' AI 
 
 TotovTO ovre aAAo ovoev KaKOv Troiricra^ <pavr)o~o- 
 
 uat. IIcos S' di', etu>7 Trdvroiv dv0p(t>7ra)V euavTO) 28 s 
 T ' ~ v / 
 
 e/c TOUTOU T^V jjiopiav dffravL^w eTre^etp^cra TOV
 
 74 VIL IIEPI TOY 2HKOY. 
 
 ><po/^ \ ^\v> ~\ 
 
 ev a) otvopov pzv ovoe tv ecrrt, /Jiias oe 
 e'Xatas crrjKos, ,&>? ovrd? <j>r)<riv eivai, KVK\60ev 8e 
 6865 Trepte^et, d/x^oreyaw^e^ 8e yetrQ^e? irepLOLKOv- 
 ariv, aepKTov Se /cat TravTayoOtv KOLTOTTTOV Icrnv ;^ 
 cucrre rt? av dTrerdX/xi^cre, TOUTOJ^ ovrcu? I^OVTOIV, 
 29 TTi^eLprjcraL TOLOVTO) IT pay par L ; kewov Se /xot 
 8o/cet etvat v/xa.9 /u,eV, ot? UTTO 
 
 ^povov TrpocrreVa/cTat rwv 
 
 /Lticocrat /xi7$' a>5 d^avtcra^ra et? /ctVSv^ot' /cara- 
 TOVTOV 8', 05 oure yecuyoyaii' eyyu? 
 
 vrept TWV rotovrajz^, a7roy>di//at /xe 
 
 30 'Eyw Tolvvv Seo/xat, U/AWV /x>) rou? rotourov? Xd- 
 yov? Trtcrrorepou? f)yrj(Ta(T0a.i TMV epyw, fJirj&e 
 
 S)V avTol crvvL(TT., TOUT di'acr^ecr^at rail/ 
 eyOpatv Xeyd^rcu^, f.vBvp.ov^evov<; /cat e/c TOJI/ 
 
 31 elpYi^evtoV /cat e/c r^9 dXX-^? TroXtreta?. / e'yw yap 
 rot e'/xot TrpotrreTay^aeVa d-rravTa TrpoOv/JLorepov TTC- 
 
 w<? UTTO ri^5 vrdXewg ^vay/ca^d/xry^, /cat rpt- 
 /cat etcr^opd? etcr^epaj^ /cat ^oprjywv /cat 
 rdXXa Xetrovpyw^ ovSei'o? ^rrot' TroXvreXajg rw^ 
 
 32 Tro\LTO)v. Katrot raura /xe^ /xerpta>9 TTQIWV dXXct 
 jar) TrpodvfJiO}^ OVT a.v Trepl (frvyfjs OVT' a.v irepl TTJ<; 
 a.X\r)<s ov(Tia<; T^yw^t^d^v, TrXetw 8' a^ e'/ce/cr^/xi^^, 
 ovSei' dSi/coji' ou8' eVt/ctVSu^oi^ e/xafra> /caracrrr^- 
 o"a? TO^ ^Stot' raura 8e Trpct^as, a ourd? /xou
 
 VII. CONCERNING THE SACRED OLIVE-TREE. 75 
 
 KaTrjyopel, e/ce'pSaii/oz/ fjiev ovSev, efjiavrbv S' ei? 
 KIV&VVOV Ka6icrTr)i>. /cairo i TrdVres av opoXoyTJ- 33 
 (retire Si/caiorepoi/ eu/ai roi? /xeydXois 
 TKfj.7)pCot,<s Trepi T<t>v peydXcov, /cai 7rio~Torepa 
 cr#ai Trepi ail/ aVacra, 17 TrdXi? /u,aprupei, /xaXXoi/ ^ 
 Trepi wv /xoVo? ouro? KaTTyyopei. 
 ETI Toivw, a) BOV\TI, e/c rwi' d\Xa/ cr/ce'i/acr$e. 34 
 
 / l-vt v "" -'*- 
 
 uaprupas yap evwv avrw TrpocrrjXdov, \eyotv o 
 
 ^ p " 7 , ^ . fl ^H^%/ A 
 
 /AOI Tra^re? cio'ii' 01 t/epaTroi'Te?, ous 
 
 eVeiSr) TrapeXafiov TO ytopiov, KOI erpi/x'o? ^f tt > > ^J / 
 
 rii'a ySouXoiro, TrapaSov^ai fia.cra.viitf.LV, -nyovuevos 
 
 * v ^ ^Jfc , , ' 
 
 ovrtu? a^ rov eAey^o^ io~Yvporepo^ yevecrt/ai rcuz> 
 
 rovrdu Xoycoi' /cai rail', cpywv ra)V eu,a>v. ouro? S' 35 
 
 gttA^j^. 1 i**f4.iA 
 
 OVK -r)6e\ev, ovoev $ a &^&Pg 1 ' cu/at TOI? #epa- 
 
 eaoi Se So/ce? oei^oi' eTi/ai, ei Trepi avraas 
 01 
 
 - 
 
 _ ^ o 
 
 /carr/yopovcri^, ^u eioore? 
 on aTroc/avoiWai, irepi Se rail/ Seo'Trorait', of? ire 
 
 *M&fcZ*4,r + <&<r t 
 
 v/cao~i KaKovovfTTaroi, aaAAoi/ ai/ eiAoi/ro a 
 
 .. > 
 
 rail/ TrapovTtoV KOLKMV. VKOI u,V Sij, a> BovXn, (ha- 36 
 
 vVV ^ v v - 
 
 vepov o/Aai ei^ai on, ei 'iKO/Aa^ov eairovz/ro? 
 rou? av0p(t>irov<; /x^ TrapeSiSovi/, eSoKovv av e/iav- 
 
 ra> ^vi/eiSeVai eVeiS?) roivvv jlu,ov TrapaSiSoi/ro? 
 
 ^ 
 
 ovro? TrapaXaySeii/ ov/c ijdeXe, Si/caioi/ Kai Trepi roi>- 
 TOV r>)j/ avrrjv jva)^v c^veii/, dXXai? re /cai row 
 
 ^ / -XytvC^l. v \ > 
 
 Kivovvov OVK LCTOV aa<porepoi9 oi/ro?. Trepi C/AOU 37 
 
 v x * v ,c;, * ,.^-- ^^-T r 
 
 ev yap ei n eXeyo*>, ovo ai/ a7roAoyncrao~t/ai ^101 
 
 / ^. x O-^yKJ A ^ 
 
 ^ ero roirra> o ei ^17 aj//,oAoyovi/ a ouro?
 
 76 VII. IIEPI TOY 2HKOY. 
 
 eySovXeTo, ovSe/xto, ^rjfjLLa e^o^o? TJV. a>o~T vroXv 
 ^laXXoy TOVTOV TrapaXa/ji/BdveLv e^p^v ^ 
 Sovvat 7rpoo~rJKev. ,/eyw TOIVVV ets TOVTO 
 
 tjjwjv, -^yovuevos /ACT' e/xov etvat /cat e/c /3acra- 
 
 a<pu<o 
 
 Kat,eK. u.apTVpa)v. Acat e/c reKuinityV vaas 
 
 V^voi/^rv^ 9JLA\^ ' f/ 
 
 38 rov 7rpayyu,aro9 Ta\rj6rj 7rv@cr0ai. //Iv 
 8e XP 7 ?' ^ /3ov\TJ,.TTOTepois ^prj TricrTtveiv 
 
 r x v v ^V^-'^ c ^ * r s v 
 
 oi? TToAA-ot fJLefJLap / Tvpr)Kao'ii' r) a) /z^oet 1 ? TeTOA^ry/ce, y _ 
 /cat TTorepov et/co? jjia\\ov TOVTOV d/ctv8waj? x//eu- 
 
 Secr^at - aero, TOCTOVTOV KLVOVVOV TOLOVTOV e/xe 
 
 f)~ * - ' 
 
 por^ueiv -fj o~VKO<pavTOWTa atrtaira- 
 
 -^ /aero, TOCTOVTOV KLV 
 
 ./ /I \ / 
 
 epyacrao'C/at, /cat vrorepov otecrc/e O.VTOV vrr 
 : '~ * 
 
 39 cr#ai ; eyaj /Lter/ [cyvw/ceVjai] Tracts ^yov/xat art 
 Nt/cojaavo? vTTOrTqv evupwv 7reLO~0el<$ TWV e/xai^ 
 
 ' A N aV^r, e^cc^^: } t 6 l^:^ 
 
 TOVTOV TOV cvvtova, ay<i)viL6Tai, ouy as aot/coui^ra 
 
 *^r*fJ^ > jtf&i*~ , , , , 
 
 \iT(jL(i)v aTrooetcetv, aXX' ca? dp-yvpto^ Trap' ejaou 
 
 v^^ -A^JXV^y ^ ' / , 
 
 \TJ\keo~0ai, irpoo-ooKuv. ocra> yap ot rotovrot t<rti> 
 
 , yt -c^W ^ v , / 5 / , 
 
 CTratTtwraTot /cat aTroowrarot ra>^ KIVOVVWV, TOCTOV- 
 
 40 TW Trdvre? aiyrpv< ^>evyov<rt /Ltd\t(rra. eya> 8e, a) 
 
 a \ ' ' >\\ ^ 4x ^>-<- > / 
 
 povAT), OVK rjgiovv, aAA eTreioiJTrep /ae ^rtacraro, 
 
 *.>x/v^~ *w^tA. 
 Trapecr^pv epavTov o rt ySouXecr^e ^prjcrdai, /cat 
 
 TOVTOV VKCL TOV KIVOVVOV OVOtVi V(U TO)I/ V0p<t)V 
 
 <H / * - / /> 
 
 Si^XXayTp, ot e/xe 178101^ ,/ca/cw? Xeyovcrtv ^ cr^a? 
 
 > V > f 'H - N .H'^^'W > J^ N 
 
 avTov? eTraLvov&i, /cat tpa^epw? uei^ ovdet? 
 
 /xe avTcov eTre^etp^o'e iroir)O~ai KO.KOV ovoev, Tot- 
 
 / c^ >^X>\^.>t^ re- * S' f 1 - 1 ' 
 
 OVTOV? oe 7Tt7re/Lt7rovcrt /iot, ot? v/xet5^oy/Cy ay ot-i* 
 
 ^.^v^L/V / , N '/ir^' * 
 
 41 /catw? 7TtO"TVotT. p ira.vT(DV yap at/AtwTaTO9 ai^ 
 
 et
 
 VII. CONCERNING THE SACKED OLIVE-TREE. 77 
 
 a)v /cat /xoVo?, epTJjJLOV Se rov ot/cov. 
 
 v o\ / , 5, i T** trv ^ 6M *M / 
 
 urjrpos. qe TTavTvy , eweov?, Trarptoo? oe Totaurri? 
 
 V r*^*p*^T^9*A^^ 4^>^ ..^ ^ 
 
 eir atcr^tcrrat? o~Tpr)ULS airtat?, TroAAa? /xei^ t^av- 
 avrry? ^e^^tv^a^r^Ka;?, vroXXa? Se /u,a- 
 
 r 'v^-<^' / x "* ' o. > j N V > (> ^ - 
 
 vo?, /cocr/atov o e/xavroi/ /cat e^ o^/xo- 
 /cparta /cat ei' oXtyap^ta , 7rapacr^a>f.^ 
 
 'AXXa yctp, a> /3ov\TJ, ravra ^tv tvOa&e OVK oT8' 42 
 
 o rt Set Xeyew cxTre'Set^a S' uati^ a)? ,OVK: et'w crr?- 
 
 N , v ;' ,\ 
 
 KG? ew rw ^ajptw, Kat [JLapTvpas Trctpeo-vo/x^v /cat 
 
 ^f\ncM^lK ^ r (j^X/toV 1 ^ 1 ^^ x 
 
 re/c^pta. a X pr; /^^evov^ Sm r ty^<r/ce^|^l 
 rov Trpayjotaro?, /cat a^tou^ Trapa rourov irv0cr0ai 
 OTOV eVe/ca, e^o^ ITT' avro^wpw eXe'y^at, rocrovra> 
 Xpovco vo-repov et? TO<TOUTOV /xe /care'crr^crei' ayw^a, 
 
 at fjidpTvoa ouSeVa Trapacr^d/xe^o? e/c raiv Xdyojj' 43 
 x ^v^V7 , , N , ^ ^ v 
 
 Trtcrro? ye^ecrc/at, egoi' avrot? rot? epyot? aot- 
 
 KOVVTOL aTToSet^at, /cat ettov aVaiTa? StSd^ro? rot's 
 <j)rjcri TrapayevecrBai, irapaXafielv 
 
 OVK
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ORATION AGAINST THE GRAIN 
 DEALERS. 
 
 'Yc 
 
 .OU are doubtless aware that we of all people con- 
 sume the most imported grain." This remark of Demos- 
 thenes, in the Oration Against Leptines, suggests a character- 
 istic feature of the Athenian political economy. The territory 
 of Attica embraced about 900 square miles. The soil was 
 better suited to the fig and the olive than to wheat, and the 
 product of breadstuffs fell far short of the wants of its popula- 
 tion, about half a million, as it is estimated, in the time of 
 Lysias. 
 
 In the following speech a member of the Senate of Five 
 Hundred, induced by circumstances occurring in one of their 
 sessions, which he clearly and satisfactorily explains, appears 
 against certain merchants, who are perhaps in partnership 
 as a firm or company, and prosecutes them for violation of 
 the existing grain-laws. The grain-trade, both wholesale and 
 retail, was jealously watched by the government in order to 
 prevent extortion on the part of dealers, and to guard against 
 seasons of scarcity arising from unchecked speculation. Rig- 
 orous laws regulated the traffic, and special officers were 
 appointed to see to their execution. Besides the dyopavo/uoi, 
 market-masters, charged with the general supervision of the 
 markets, there were the o-iro^uAaKts, grain-inspectors, intrusted
 
 XXII. AGAINST THE GRAIN-DEALERS. 79 
 
 with the oversight of the grain-trade alone. According to 
 Boeckh (Public Economy of the Athenians, p. 116) there were fif- 
 teen of the latter, five of them being stationed in the Piraeus. 
 
 The importers were called tpiropoi, the retail-dealers O-ITO- 
 TrwAat, or contemptuously, KCXTT^AOI, hucksters. A large majority 
 both of the wholesale and retail dealers appear, as in the 
 present instance, to have been metics. Of the statutes then 
 in force, one, as appears from the oration, provided that no 
 crtTOTTwA^s should buy more than fifty /xe'Si/Mvoi (nearly seventy- 
 five bushels) at a time. Another statute restricted the dealer's 
 profit to one obol on the medimnus. The penalty was death. 
 
 Of course such legislation was as futile as it was unjust and 
 unwise. The severest penalties failed to check speculation. 
 Gain could no more be controlled by law in ancient Athens, 
 the great wheat-market of the Eastern Mediterranean, than in 
 modern Chicago the great wheat-market of the Western Con- 
 tinent. The Athenian courts, accordingly, were constantly 
 occupied with prosecutions of the grain-dealers. Often, no 
 doubt, the charges brought against them were false. They 
 were particularly liable to be preyed upon by the "syco- 
 phants," as they were styled, a class of men who became 
 informers from base and mercenary motives ; often they were 
 instigated by personal enmity, oftener still by the hope that 
 they would be privately bribed to withdraw the complaint ; 
 in case the prosecution succeeded, they had in prospect a 
 share of the fees. 
 
 This is one of the judicial processes technically called 
 cio-ayyeXt'a. After a preliminary investigation before the 
 Senate, the case was brought before a Dicastery, or court 
 of Heliasts. The date of the oration is unknown ; judging 
 from 14, it belongs after 387 B. c. In arrangement and 
 style it is one of the best extant productions of Lysias. It is 
 also one of the shortest. Jf delivered as written, it could 
 scarcely have occupied more than twenty minutes, exclusive 
 of the intervals spent in the examination of witnesses.
 
 XXII. 
 
 KATA TQN 2ITOIIQAQN. 
 
 1 1 OAAOI fjiOL irpocr\7)\v0a(TLv, <5 dVSyoes 
 St/cacrrat, Oav^dtflvre^ ort eya) TMV "VrtroTraAwv 
 eV TV} flovXrj KCLTrfyopovv, /cat Xeyovres ort v/xet?, 
 ec &J5 /xaXttrra avrov? dStKett' ^yetcr^e, ov8e^ ^r- 
 rov /cat Tovs vrept rourwv Trotou/xeVov? Xoyov? 
 crv/co^avrett' ro/xt^ere. o^et' ovi' 
 KaTrjyopeLV avroiv, TTf.pl TOVTMV irpuTov 
 /8ouXo/xat. 
 
 2 'ETretSr) yap ot Trpvravet? aTreSocrai' ets 
 flovXyv irepl O.VTWV, ovrw? wpyLcrffrjo-av aurot?, 
 wcrre IXeyo^ rtve? rwi^ prjTopaiv 015 d/cptrov? av- 
 
 wcrat. T7youyu,eros 8e eyw Seti'oi' etz^at rotaura 
 TOLelv rrjv fiovX-rjv, dvacrra? etTroi/ ort 
 So/cot^ Kpiveiv rot9 "troTrajXa? /caret ro^ t'o- 
 ', voju,ta>v, et /i,eV etcrtv a^ta Oavdrov elpya- 
 cr/xeVot, u/u.a.5 ouSet' ^rrov -rjfjLMV yvaxTtcrOai ra 
 8t/cata, et Se /LAi^Se^ dSt/coucrt^, ov 8et^ aurou? d/cpt- 
 3 TOVS aTToXcoXeVat. 7reto~^eto'^5 Se
 
 XXII. AGAINST THE GRAIN-DEALERS. 8l 
 
 TavroLy Sta/3aXXetz/ eVe^etpow /u.e Xeyo^res w? e'ya> 
 crajr>?ptas eVe/ca rrjs ra)^ (TtroTTwXwz/ rovs Xoyou? 
 
 rOVrOUS eVotOV/ATp. TTpO? //,> OW T^ j3oV\TJl>, OT 
 
 rjv avrots 17 /cpurts, epyw aTreXoy^cra/x^y roit' yap 
 aXXaji' ri(Tv^ia.v ayovraiv cxz/acrra? OVTOIV Karryyc- 
 /DOW, /cat Tracrt (fravepov eiroirpra on ov% virep 
 TOVTOJV tkeyov, dXXa rots ^o/x,ot? rots Ket/xeVot? 
 eftotjOow. rjp^dfJLTjv ^tv ovv TOVTOJV e^e/ca, SeStw? 4 
 ra? ama?' al(T^pov S' i^yov/xat Trporepov Travcra- 
 irpiv av u/xet? Trept O.VTO>V o TL av /S 
 
 Kal TTpuTov fJLv avafiv)6i /cat etTre (ru e/xot, jae- 5 
 rot/co? et; Nat, Merot/cet? Se irorepov w? Tretcro' 
 fjievos rots vd/xot9 Tots r^9 TroXew?, T) a>? TTOLTJCTCDV 
 o rt a^ fiovXrj ; 'H? Tretcro/Aei'os, ^AXXo rt ou^ 
 ^ a.TTo9a.velv, et rt TreTrot^/ca? Trapa rous 
 e^)' ot? #dVaro9 17 ^rjjjLia ; Eya>ye, 'ATTO- 
 Sij fJLOL, et 6/xoXoyet? TrXetw crirov crv/JLirpi- 
 acrdai Trevrr^KOVTa fyop^uiv, wv o w/xos l^elvai 
 /ceXevet. 'Eya> roi^ ap^ovTuv KeXevovTwv &vveTrpi~ 
 
 *Av p,ev roivvv avroSet^, a) aVSpes St/cacrrat, cos 6 
 ecrrt z^d/xo? 6s /ceXevet rows crtroTtcoXas cruvcu^et- 
 cr^at ro^ CTLTOV, av ot ap^ovres /ceXevajo"t^, a.7ro- 
 x//i7^)tcracr^e et Se /ary, St/catov u,aa< 
 cr0ai. T7/xets yap v/xti^ Trapecr^oue^a roz^ 
 6s aTrayopewet fiyScva TMV iv rr) TrdXet TrXetw crtroz> 
 TrevTTJKOvTa (froppa) 
 6
 
 52 XXII. KATA TI2N SITOHOAON. 
 
 7 Xpfjv jjiev Toivvv, o> oVSpes 8t/cacrrai, i 
 elvai TavTrjv Trjv Ka.Trjyopia.v, eiretSr) euros pe 
 6/xoXoyet crvfjiTrpCao-Bai, 6 8e vo/uto 
 
 ^atVerat, v/xets Se Kara rov? VO/JLOVS o 
 \jjr)(j)LLcr0a.i O/ACD? 8' tVa Tretcr^re ort /cat /caret 
 TOW ap~x6vT(t>v i//evSoi/rat, d^cty/cr; /cat /aa/cporepo^ 
 
 8 etTretv Trept avToiv. CTretSi) yap ovrot TT)^ alriav 
 et? e/cetVov? dvtffrepov, Trapa/caXecrai/res rou? ap- 
 ^oz/ra? rjpuTcoiJLev. /cat ot fxei^ recra-apts 
 t^acrav etSeVat rov Trpay/xaro?, ^Avvro? 8' 
 
 &)? TOV Trporepov ^et/xw^o?, erretS^ rtyatos -^^ 6 
 (Tiro?, TOUTWV vTrep/3a\X6i>Tcoi> dXAr^Xov? /cat Trpo? 
 o-^)d? avrous /xa^o/xeVai^ cru/x/SouXeucretei/ aurots 
 
 rots -Trapa TOVTOJV cvouyaeot? a)<? 
 TOVTOV? TTpiacrOai Set^ yap avrou? o^SoXw 
 9 TrwXet^ rt/xtwrepot'. a>9 roivvv ov crv/xTrpta/xeVou? 
 /cara^ecr^at exeXevev avrou?, aXXct /a^ dXX^Xots 
 dvTO)velo'6aL crvveftovXevev, OLVTOV VJJLLV "Kvvrov 
 /xdprupa Trape^o/xat, /cat a>s ouro? /xe^ eVt rrj<? Trpo- 
 repa? ySovX^? TOUTOV? etTre rou? Xoyov?, ovrot 8' 
 
 MAPTYPIA. 
 
 10 "On /xei> Toivvv ov% VTTO TOJV ap-^ovrcov /ceXev- 
 (T0ei>T<; arvveTTpLavTo TOV CTITOV, d/c^/coare i^you- 
 8', a^ oj? /xdXicrra Trept rovrwv d\r)0fj
 
 XXII. AGAINST THE GRAIN-DEALERS. 83 
 
 v% vtrep CLVTCOV avrov? 
 dXXd Tovro)!' KaTrfyoprjcreiv Trept yap a)v eicrt 
 $LappTJ$r)v yeypafJLfJLevot, TTOK ou ^p?) StSoVat 
 /cat ro{<9 /XT) Tret^o/xeVovs /cat TOVS 
 
 'AXXa ya/3, cu a^Spe? St/cacrrat, oto/xat avrou? n 
 eVt /xev rouTOJf TOP' Xoyoi' ou/c eXeucrecr^at to-aj? 
 8' Ipovcriv, axnrep /cat ei^ 777 ySouXr^, a? eV evvoia 
 rr^9 TToXew? crv^etyvovvro rov crtroi', tv' w? d^tw- 
 TO.TOV rjfjiiv TrojXotev. fJLeyicTTov 8' u/xt^ eyow /cat 
 TTpL<f)aveo-Ta.Toi> TeKfJi-rjpiov OTL x//uSo^rat. ^XP^I V I2 
 yap avrovs, etTrep v/xcot' eveKa eirparrov raura, 
 ^>atWcr^at r^s avrr^s rtja^? TroXXa? i^jaepas TrcuXovz'- 
 ra?, ecu? 6 a~vve(t)vr)[jLvo<s avrovs cTreXtTre vv^t 8' 
 eviore rrjs avTY)<; ^/xepa? entoXovv Spa^/xT^ rt/xtw- 
 repov, axnrep /cara //.e'St/xvoz' orvvaivov^evoi. /cat 
 TOVTCDV vp.lv jadprupa? 
 
 MAPTYPE2. 
 
 ov Se /xot So/cet eti'at, et orav /xei> flcr^opav 13 
 
 SeVy, 17 1/ Trdi^re? etcrecr^at /xeXXovo'tt', 
 ou/c IBeXovcrw, dXXa neviav irpo(f>aa'L^oi>TaL, e^>' of? 
 Se Odvaros icmv rj ^/xta /cat \a.6elv aurot? crvvi- 
 <f>epe, raura evr' evvoia (f)acrl ry v/xerepa Trapavo- 
 fj.rjcra.L. /catrot TroWe? eTTtcrracr^e ort rourot? 
 T7/ct<rra 7rpocn7/cet rotovrov? Trotetcr^at Xoyov?. 
 TQ.VO.VT la. yap avrot? /cat rots dXXot? crv/x<epet
 
 84 XXII. KATA TON 2ITOIIQA12N. 
 
 rdre yap TrXetcrra /cepSati'Ovo'U', OTO.V KOLKOV rtvos 
 a.Tra.yye\9evTo<z rfj vrdXet TtfiLOV rov crlrov TrwXaj- 
 4 crw. ovTO) 8' ao-fJievoL ra<? cru/A</>opas ras v/xe- 
 repas opcttcrLV, wcrre ra? /u.ei' Trporepoi TWV aXXwi/ 
 dvovTai, ras S' avrol \oyoTT oiovcrw, f) ra? 
 $L(f>Qdp0a.i ra? e^ TW IIovTa, -^ VTTO Aa/ce- 
 K7r\eovcra<s cru^etX^^at, ^ ra ep-iropia 
 t, ^ ra? (7770^80,5 /xeXXetv a.iTopp-q6r)cr- 
 15 cr#ai, /cat et? rovr' e^^pa? e'X^Xv^acrtv, a)o-r' eV 
 Tovrot? roi9 /catpoT? eTTtySouXeuoucrtv rjfJLlv, iv 
 olcnrep ol TroXe/xtot. orav yap /xaXta-ra crirov 
 Seo/xevot, a.va.pirdtpva'iv OVTOL /cat ou/c 
 TrcoXet^, tz/a /rr) ?rept TT^? rtja^? 8ta^>epaj- 
 a, aXX' dyaTraifMev a,v QTro(TOVTivo(TOvv Trpta- 
 
 Trap aurwv a.TTwfJLei' wcrr' eVtore 
 16 ovcrrjs VTTO TOVTCDV TroXtop/cov/xe^a. ourco Se TTCX- 
 Xat Trept r^5 rovrwv Travovpyta? /cat /ca/coi^ota? 17 
 770X15 eyvw/ce^, wcrr' evrt /xet' rot? aXXot? a^t 
 aTTacrt rou? dyopaz/oyu,ou<? 
 
 /cat TroXXa/ct? 77877 Trap' 
 7To\iro)V ovTtov St'/CTii; r^i/ fjLtyicrTrjv eXa^Sere, ort 
 ou^ o?ot r' T^crav rr^? Tourajy Tro^pta? eVt/cpa- 
 TrjcraL. /catrot rt ^pr) avrov? rov? 
 ' Tra.a-yt.iv, OTTOTC /cat rovs ov 
 
 17 'E^^u/xeto-^at 8e ^p7) ort dSwaroi' u/xti' ecrrti/ 
 at. et yap
 
 XXII. AGAINST THE GRAIN-DEALERS. 85 
 
 Ta(T0 
 
 avrcov et rovs e/xTTopov? <TVVL(TTa(TaL, oe 
 v/mg eTnfiovXeveiv rot? elcnrXeov<Tiv. el /xei^ yap 
 dXXrjv nvd diroXoyiav eiroLOvvro, ouSet? ai> et^e 
 rot? d7roi//T7<^icrajLteVot? eTTtri/xa^ e<' u/ntif yap 
 OTTorepot? fiovXecrOe Trtcrrevetv vw Se TTW? ov 
 Seiva ai' Sd^atre TroLtlv, el rous o/AoXoyovvras 
 TTapavo^eiv afajfUQVS a<f>ij(TTe ; dvap.vrjcrOrjTe 8e, 18 
 a) avSpe? StKacrrat, ort noXXwv ^817 I^OVTWV rau- 
 alTiav [Aa,ja/3ai'eii'] /cat //-aprvpag Trape^o- 
 ddvarov KareyvcoTe, TrtcTTorepous rjyrjcrai- 
 rovs TWI' Karr^yopoiv Xdyous. /catrot 
 av ov 0av[j.a(TTOv eirj, el irepl rwv avTan> 
 fjLO.TO)v St/ca^o^re? paXXov eireOvfjielre irapa 
 apvovpevtov SiKyv Xap/SoiveLV ; Kat /iet' Sr;, a) ai> 19 
 S/oe? St/cacrrat, Tracrt^ ^yov/xai fyavepov elvai OTL 
 OL irepi TO)V TOLovTwv dyoii/e? KOIVOTO.TOL rvy^d- 
 vovcrw o^T5 rot? e^ T^ TrdXet, aicrre Trevcro^rat 
 rjVTiva, yvo^^v Trepl OVTWV e^ere, rfyov^evoi, av 
 IJLCV Qa.va.rov avTwv Karayvwre, /cocr/xtcDrepou? ecre- 
 crdai TOV<S XotTTOug * OLV S' d^/xtou? d^re, TroXXrjv 
 avrot? e^c^tcr/AeVot e&ecrOe iroielv o TL av 
 
 XP*I ^ e/) ^ a^Spe? St/cacrrat, /x^ povov 20 
 TrapeXrjXvOoTcov eveKa avrou? /coXd^et^, dXXa, 
 t TrapaSety/xaros eveKa T>V ^eXXovrajv ecrecrOcu,' 
 OVTG> yap ecro^rat /xdyt? d^e/crot. evdv^e^crBe 8e 
 ort e/c raur^s rrj? re^i^? TrXaoTot Trept roi) o-w/xa- 
 TO? etcrtv i}ya>vtcr/xeVot /cat ovrw /xeydXa e^ avrrj<;
 
 86 XXII. KATA TDN 2lTOIIAfiN. 
 
 jj.a\Xov aipovvrai Ka.0* e/cdc 
 7]fj.pav irepl Trjs iffv^S /ctz'Swevetv f) 
 21 vrap' v[j.a)v dSt/ccDS /cepSau'ovres. /cat jaev S>) ovS' 
 at' avTifioXwcTLV vyaa? /cai t/cerevajo't, 8i/catai? a^ 
 aurov? eXe^cratre, dXXa TroXv /xaXXo^ rw^ re 770X1- 
 TOJ^ ot Sia Trp TOVTOJV TTOvypCav a.TT0vq(TKOV, /cat 
 TOU9 e/JLTTopovs e'(^)' ov? ovrot (rvveo'Trjo'a.v of? 
 /cat TrpoOvfJiOTepovs TronjcrtTe, 8t- 
 Trap' CLVTWV Xa/xySdvo^res. et 8e /XT^, rt^ 1 
 aurov? otecr^e yv(t)^v e^eiv, eirei^av Trv9wvra.i 
 ort ro>i^ Ka.7rtX(DV, ot rot? 
 
 22 Ou/c otS' o rt Set TrXetw Xeyet^ Trept /xei> yap 
 raiv dXXwv TWI' dSt/cov^rcu^, ore St/cct^o^rat, Set 
 Trapa ro)v Karrj'yopajv irv64cr6a.i, rrjv Se rourow 
 Trov^pioiV (XTra^res eVto"rao"^e. OLJ^ ovv rourwj^ 
 Ka.TOL\lfr)(f)i(rr)cr0e, rd re St/cata Trot^crere /cat d^tw- 
 repov rov crlrov a)VTJ(re(T0e el Se 7x17, rt/xtwrepo^ .
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO 
 
 THE FUNERAL ORATION 
 
 I 
 
 T was appointed by law in Athens, that the obsequies 
 of the citizens who fell in battle should be performed at the 
 public expense, and in the most honorable manner. Their 
 bones were carefully gathered up from the funeral pyre where 
 their bodies were consumed, and brought home to the city. 
 There, for three days before the interment, they lay in state 
 beneath tents of honor, to receive the votive offerings of 
 friends and relatives, flowers, weapons, precious ornaments, 
 painted vases (wonders of art, which after two thousand years 
 adorn the museums of modern Europe), the last tribute of 
 surviving affection. Ten coffins of funereal cypress received 
 the honorable deposit, one for each of the tribes of the city ; 
 and an eleventh in memory of the unrecognized, but not 
 therefore unhonored, dead, and of those whose remains could 
 not be recovered. On the fourth day the mournful procession 
 was formed : mothers, wives, sisters, daughters, led the way, 
 and to them it was permitted by the simplicity of ancient 
 manners to utter aloud their lamentations for the beloved and 
 the lost ; the male relatives and friends of the deceased fol- 
 lowed ; citizens and strangers closed the train. Thus mar- 
 shalled, they moved to the place of interment in that famous 
 Ceramicus, the most beautiful suburb of Athens, which had
 
 88 II. FUNERAL ORATION. 
 
 been adorned by Cimon, the son of Miltiades, with walks and 
 fountains and columns, whose groves were filled with altars, 
 shrines, and temples, whose gardens were kept forever 
 green by the streams from the neighboring hills, and shaded 
 with the trees sacred to Minerva and coeval with the founda- 
 tion of the city, whose circuit enclosed 
 
 " the olive-grove of Academe, 
 Plato's retirement, where the Attic bird 
 Trilled his thick-warbled note the summer long," 
 
 whose pathways gleamed with the monuments of the illus- 
 trious dead, the work of the most consummate masters that 
 ever gave life to marble. There, beneath the overarching 
 plane-trees, upon a lofty stage erected for the purpose, it was 
 ordained that a funeral oration should be pronounced by 
 some citizen of Athens in the presence of the assembled 
 multitude.'"' 
 
 This eloquent description by Edward Everett, in the 
 " Address at the Consecration of the National Cemetery at 
 Gettysburg," fitly introduces the Funeral Oration ascribed by 
 the ancients to Lysias. There are four others remaining : the 
 celebrated oration of Pericles over the first slain of the Pelo- 
 ponnesian War, preserved, though only in substance, in the 
 history of Thucydides ; the second, in the Platonic dialogue 
 Menexenus, Socrates being made to rehearse it as a discourse 
 he had learned from Aspasia ; a third, bearing the name of 
 Demosthenes, but unquestionably spurious and altogether 
 unworthy of such authorship ; the fourth, that delivered by 
 Hyperides over the Athenians who had fallen in the Lamian 
 War. 
 
 Besides the Forensic and the Deliberative, the ancient 
 writers made a third class, the Epideictic or " Panegyric " 
 orations, embracing those that were designed not so much 
 to secure any immediate practical result, as to furnish a
 
 II. FUNERAL ORATION. 89 
 
 display of eloquence for public ceremonies and festivals. 
 In this class belonged the funeral oration, and the one before 
 us was early celebrated as a masterpiece of its kind. 
 
 It purports to have been composed for one of the funeral 
 ceremonies referred to above, during or soon after the Corin- 
 thian War (B. c. 394-387). The most decisive engagements 
 of the war were naval. On land, Corinth was the base of 
 operations against Sparta ; it was held by the anti-Spartan 
 party of its citizens, aided by the allied Boeotian, Argive, and 
 Athenian forces, against the Lacedaemonians and their allies 
 collected from the Peloponnesus. On the part of the Athe- 
 nians, Iphicrates and his peltasts distinguished themselves 
 in several minor engagements.* The title below is supposed 
 to refer to those who fell in some of the earlier skirmishes 
 (perhaps B. c. 392) ; but the allusions, in 59, to the con- 
 dition to which Greece was reduced by the Peace of An- 
 talcidas (387), if indeed they formed a part of the original 
 discourse, would require us to assign a date as late as the 
 close of the war. 
 
 It is aside from the purpose of this Introduction to enter 
 into the critical controversy concerning its authorship, or its 
 merits in point of style. " Pulcherrima et ornatissima oratio," 
 says Muretus ; Blass, on the other hand, pronounces it a 
 "Schaustiick sophistischer Beredsamkeit," decorated "mit 
 dem eitelsten Flitter." The reader will at once perceive the 
 difference between this and the other compositions of Lysias. 
 Its merits and its defects, however, are to a great extent those 
 of this species of oratory. The festival and the oration in 
 honor of the dead had become an annual celebration in the 
 time of Plato and Lysias. These annual discourses appear 
 to have been cast in a common mould, mainly following the 
 same order of topics, and abounding in elaborately turned 
 
 * Grote, History of Greece, Vol. IX. p. 335 scq.
 
 QO II. FUNERAL ORATION. 
 
 phrases that in the lapse of time became the commonplaces 
 of the rhetoricians. In view of the conformity to a fixed type, 
 and the reluctance of all Greek art to disregard traditionary 
 limitations, it would be idle to seek in the funeral oration of 
 that period marked originality either of thought or of style ; 
 it is to be remembered, too, both of this and of the Menexenus, 
 that they are eulogies, not histories ; hence they are not 
 documents of historical accuracy. As to the authorship of 
 this, not a few critics refuse to include it in the productions 
 of Lysias. But Grote believes it to be genuine, and that the 
 Menexenus was written in competition with it. " Though the 
 name of Lysias," he says, " is not mentioned in the Menexe- 
 nus, yet the rivalry between him and Plato is clearly pro- 
 claimed in the Platonic Phcedrus, and the two funeral 
 harangues go so completely over the same ground, that 
 intentional competition on the part of the latest is the most 
 natural of all hypotheses."* Aristotle (Rhet. y III. 15) quotes 
 from 60, referring to it as " the funeral oration " (r<3 eVtTu- 
 <i<>), but without naming the author. 
 
 Whoever the author, and whenever written or delivered, 
 it illustrates admirably the patriotic eloquence of the time. 
 The recent dead and the surviving mourners form the theme 
 of the closing portion only ( 67-81) of the discourse. In 
 the main it is an exultant review of the glorious part taken 
 by Athens in Hellenic history. Beginning with the mythical 
 age of the Amazons, glancing at the autochthonous origin 
 of the Attic people, and lingering longest on the Persian 
 wars, the speaker tells again the oft-told deeds of old heroic 
 days, rehearsing the achievements of the dead as an example 
 and an inspiration to the living. 
 
 * Crete's Plato, Vol. III. p. 8.
 
 II. 
 ERITA^IOS 
 
 TOI2 KOPIN0ION BOH0OI2. 
 
 I' 
 
 p.ev ^yov^v oiov re evaL, a> Trapovres errt 
 TO) Toi(f)a), Xdy&> Si^Xwcrat rrjv TMV eV#aSe /cet- 
 apeTTJv, |aeju,i//a/A7p av rot? eirayyeiXacnv 
 avToi? e^ o\iy(av ri^epajv Xeyett' eTretS^ 8e 
 v a.v6 ptoirois o TTO,? ^povo^ ov^ t/caw? Xoyo*' 
 Trapacr/cevaa'at rot? rovrwi^ Hpyois, Sta TOUTO 
 /cat 17 TrdXt? /xot 8o/cet, irpovoov^vrf rwv eV#aSe 
 e^ oXiyov TT)V TTpocrTa^LV TroiticrBai., 
 ourw? av jaaXtcrra cruyy^w/u,^? avrov? 
 irapa TOJV aKOVCTavToiv rvy^dveiv. o/xa>? Se 6 /Aei> 2 
 Xdyo? /xot vrepi rouroo^, 6 8' dywi^ ou Trpo? ra 
 rovraiv epya aXXa vrpo? rov? irporepov CTT* aurot? 
 LprjKOTa<;. TOcravT-qv yap a.<j>6oviav irapecrKev- 
 a.a'f.v -f) TOVTWV aperr) /cat rot? Trotetv Sv^a/zeVot? 
 /cat rot? etTretv fiovXrjOeLO-LV, wcrre /caXa /xev TroXXa 
 rot? Trporepot? vrept avrtuf etp^cr^at, TroXXa Se /cat 
 7rapaXeXet<#at, t/cava Se /cat rot? eTTt- 
 e^et^at eiTreiv ovre yap yfjs a?retpot
 
 a>v 
 
 92 ii. 
 
 oure ^aXdrri?? ovSe/xta?, travra^ Se /cat 
 iracrw dvdp(t)Troi<s oi rd avrtJUv TrevOovvres KO.KO. 
 rd? rovrwv dperd? v/xi>ovcrt. 
 
 3 Ilpajrof ite> ow rows TTaXatou? /cu/Swou? 
 TTpoyovuv St'et/Ai, ^vr\^r]v Trapa r^? ^T^/x^g \aj3a> 
 CLLOV 'yap Tracrtz/ av6 pa>Troi<$ KaKeivow /JLe/jivrjc 
 
 Lev iv rat? wSat?, Xeyo^ra? S' eV 
 dyaOaiV yvoi^ai^, ri/xaWa? 8' e^ rot? 
 rot? ToiovToi?, TratSeuot'Tas 8' e^ rots rai^ 
 rwt' epyois rev? ^aivra?. 
 
 4 'A/xa^oW? yaya *A^ea>9 /xei^ ro TraXatof 
 Ovyarepes, ot/covcrat Se Trapa TO^ ep/x 
 TTOTafjiov, IAOVCLL p.v a)TT\i(T^.va.i cn&TJpa) TMV Trent 
 avra?, Trpwrat Se TOJI^ TrdvTwv l<fi ITTTTOV? dva/3a.- 
 crat, ols dveXTTccrraJS St' aTreipiav TOW IVCLVT'KDV 
 ypovv fj.i> rous <^>evyo^Ta9, aTreXetTroi^ Se rou? 
 
 ai'Spe? 17 8ta r^ <j>vcri,v yvi^at/ces TTeov yp 
 e'So/coui' rait' dv$pa)v rat? i//u^at5 ouuf>4pcw 3) rat? 
 5 tSe'atg eXXetVet^. ap^ovo"at Se TroXXaif tOvwv, KOLL 
 epyw /xe^ rov? Trept aura? /caraSeSovXw/xeVat, Xoyw 
 Se Trept r7j<r8e r^? ^wpa? d/couou(rat /cXe'o? /xe'ya, 
 TroXXrJ? 80^175 /cat /xeyctX^? e'XTrt'So? ydpiv Trapa- 
 XaflovcraL ra /xa^tttwrara rw^ tdvaw fcrrpdrevo-av 
 eVt r^8e r^ TroXti'. ru^oOcrat 8' dyaOtov dv$pa>v 
 6/xota? KTrjcra.vro ra? i//u^a? r7y ^ucret, Kat iva.v- 
 TIO.V rr)v 8o^a^ r^? Trporepa? Xa/QoGcrat /xdXXoi/ 
 e'/c rtut* Kti/8ww^ ^ e'/c rai^ o'w/xdrwt'
 
 II. FUNERAL ORATION. 93 
 
 /xoVats 8' avratg OVK e^eycWro IK ra)i> 6 
 
 jj,a.0ovcrai<s irepl TWV Xoiiruv 
 j3ov\vcra.o~0aL, ovS' ot/caSe a7reX$ 
 Xat rrfv re cr^erepav avruv Sucrrv^ta^ /cat 
 r)/jLTpa)V irpoyovoiv apeTrfV CLVTOV yap 
 voiKTa.1, /cat Sovcrat St/cryi/ rrj? di>ota5, r^crSe 
 TrdXews Sta rrjv dpeTrjv a6dva.Tov 
 
 TJJV Se eavTOiv TrarptSa Sta rrjv ei>0d8e 
 crvjj.(f)opdi> dvaivv^ov /caTeoT^o-av. e/cetvat /xei' 
 out' r^5 dXXorpta? dSt/cw? eVt^u/xrycracrat T^ eau- 
 ra>z> St/catw? aTrwXecrav. 
 
 8e /cat IloXuvet/cov? evrt ry/8a? crrpa- 7 
 /cat rjTTrjdevrcov f^d^r], OVK 
 dirreiv TOV? veKpovs, 'A0r)valoL 
 cra/xevot e/cetVou? /aeV, ct Tt ^St/cow, 
 
 &lKf)V ^X LV T ^ V P&yfarTTFJVi TOV9 Se KCtTW TO, OLVTWV 
 
 ov KOfjiL^ecrOaL, iepwv Se n.ia.ivon..van> rou? aVeu 
 ^eou? do-ey8etcr^at, TO /aet' irpcorov ire^avTes KTJ- 
 pv/ca? HOCQVTQ avTwv Sowat rcui' veKpw dvaipe- 
 
 /xev dyaBwv etvai t^vra.^ 8 
 
 , dTTi(TTOVl>T(Dl> O (T<j)i- 
 
 auTot<? ei' rot? TWI/ re^vewrwv o~w/xao~t 
 
 t, ou Swa/zei>ot Se 
 to-Tpdrtvcrav ITT aurov?, ouSe/Ata? 
 
 Trpos KaS/xetov9 virapxovcnjs, ouSe rot? 
 
 ^apt^o/itevot, dXXa rovs re^vewra? 9 
 e^ TW TToXe/xw d^toiWe? rwi/ vop.itfl^ev<t)V rvy\dvf.w 
 npos TOUS erepov? VTrep dfJL(f>oTpa)v
 
 94 IL 
 
 ra>v, Iva. /x^/cert ets TOVS re^^eoira? e^a- 
 
 TrXetw Trept row? 0eov<s 
 
 virep oe TOJV erepaiv, tm /AT) irporepov et<? 
 a.vTan> dfreXOcocrL Trarpiov rt/x^9 drv^i^crat're? /cat 
 Tpr)0VTes /cat Kowfjs eX77t'8o5 
 ravra Sta^oi^^eVre?, /cal ra? ev rw 
 7roXe/xw ru^a? /cotm? aTravraiv av6 ptoTruv vo^L- 
 IpvTes, TroXXou? ju,e*> TToXe/xtov? KTa>fj.evot, TO Se 
 Si'/ccuov e^ovre? crv/x/xa^oi/ eVi/cwi^ /xa^d^e^ot. /cat 
 VTTO rrj? TV^? eVap#eWes /xet^ovo? Trapa 
 
 rt/xtupta? eTreOvfMTjcrav, aXX' e/cetVot? 
 ai'Tt rrjs acre/Betas T^V eavrtov dpeTrjv eTT 
 avrot Se XaySdvres ra dB\a iuvTrep e^e/ca 
 Tov? 'Apyeiaiv vtKpovs, e6a\^av iv rf) avraiv 'EXi>- 
 o"t^t. Trept /xet oui> rot's a.Tro9a.v6vTa<; roiv ITTTOL 
 eTTt TJ/3a<; rotovrot yeydi/acrtv. 
 
 'Tcrrepw Se ^povo), eVetS^ 'H/aa/cX^? /AC^ e^ di'- 
 ,a'0'r), ot 8e TratSes avrov (f)6vyov 
 Eupvo-^e'a, e^ryXavvo^ro Se VTTO Travrw TUV 
 alor^vvoiJ,i>(DV peis rot? epyot?, (f>o/Bov- 
 Se rr)v Euyouo"^ecu? ^vva^.iv, d(^)t/cd^ei/ot et? 
 r)^ TrdXti^ t/cerat CTTI roii' ySw/xait' e'/ca^e^ovro 
 12 e^aiTovfJievov Se aurou? l^vpvcrOeo)^ 'Kdyvaioi OVK 
 e/cSovi^at, dXXa r^ 'Hpa/cXe'oixj 
 ou^ro i} TOI> KW^VVOV rov eavTiav 
 fiovvro, /cat r)iovv virep ra)v dcrBtvea'Ttptov 
 TOV 8t/catou Sta/xd^eo~^at fjidXXov f) rots 
 rovs VTT'
 
 II. FUNERAL ORATION. 95 
 
 e/cSovVat. eVtcrrparevcrai'TO? 8' Evpvo-^ews /xera 13 
 
 T(t)V KLVO) TO) ^pOVO) HeXoTTOVVrj 
 
 ov/c eyyvs TMV Setz'aii' yevojjitvoi 
 dXXa rrfv avrrjv el^ov yvcoprjv rfVTrep Trporepov, 
 ayaOov fLtv ov8e> iSta VTTO TOV Trarpo? avrtov 
 ores, e/cetvov? r' OVK etSdre? oiroloi rt^e? 
 ecrovrau yevo^evoi St/catov Se vopltpvTes 14 
 etvat, ov Trporepas e^0pa<s VTrapyova-qs 77/305 Evpv- 
 cr^ea, ovSe /cepSou? TT^o/cet/xeVou TT\^ 80^175 dya- 
 ^ry?, TOCTOUTOV xiv^vvov inrep avTatv ripavro, row? 
 dSt/cov/xeVov? eXeowre?, TOV? 8' v 
 
 /cat rou? /xev /cwXv 
 rots 8' eTTLKOvpelv d^towre?, T7you/xevot e 
 
 a"r)p.eiov etvat /XTySe^ iroLtlv aKOVTas, St/catocrv- 
 8e rot? dSt/cov/xeVot? fiorjOelv, evi//v^tas 8' 
 ^ dfJiffroTepajv, el 8eot, /xa^o/xeVov? aTro- 
 TOCTOVTOV 8' typovovv afjL<f>oTpoL, atcrO' 15 
 ot /xei> /xer' Evpuo~^0)5 ovSei^ 77a/ 
 evpL<TK6O'0ai, 'A^valot 8e ou/c 
 
 OLVTOV LKT6VOVTa TOV<S tKCTa? O.VTGJV ^\elv. TTO.- 
 
 8' tSta 8v^d/xet r^ e^ aTrdcn^? IleXo- 
 crrpaTLav eXdovcrav IVIKMV /xa^ojae^ot, 
 /cat TOJV 'H^oa/cXe'ovs TratScov ra /xez^ crci/xara ets 
 aSctav /careo~n7O~ai/, aTraXXdl-avTe? 8e roi) Seov? 
 /cat ra? i//v^a.5 rjXevOe patera.!/, Sta 8e rr)^ TOV Tra- 
 rpo? dperrjv e/cetVov? rot? avraiv /ctz/Swot? eVre- 
 (f)dva)O'a.v. TocrovTov Se evrv^eVrepot TratSe? ov- 16 
 res lyevovro TOV Trarpos 6 |it> yct/3,
 
 96 n. 
 
 dya0(i)v iroXXwv atrtos aTracriv avBponrois, eTTt- 
 
 TTOVOV /Cat <f>lX6viKOl> KOU <j>lXoTi[JLOV aVTUt KOLTO.- 
 
 crTtj<ra<s rov fiiov rows fJLv dXXovs dSt/coiWas 
 
 e/co'Xacrez', Eupuo~$ea Se Kal l^Bpov ovra /cat et? 
 
 avroi^ e^a[jLapTdvoi>Ta ov^ otos re 
 
 <r0ai ot 8e TratSes avrou Sta 
 
 r^ avr^ etSov rjfjiepa rrfv 6* eavTtov crcaTrjpiav /cat 
 
 17 IToXXa /xei^ ovi^ vrrrjp^e rot? ^/xere/aot? irpoyo- 
 vot? ^tta yvaifjiri ^pco/AeVot? Trept TOV Si/catou Sta- 
 /u.a^O"^at. 1^ re yap o-px^l TO ^ yStov St/cata ou 
 yap, tutTTrep ot TroXXot, TravToc^oBev cru^ 
 
 /cat erepov? e/c/3aXoVre5 T^V aXXorpiav aj 
 
 dXX' avro^^o^e? ovr9 TT)V avTrjv e/ce/cr^^ro /cat 
 
 18 fjurjTepa /cat TrarptSa. Trpwrot Se /cat /aoVot ei^ 
 eKtivo) TU> ^pova) e/cySaXd^T9 ra? Trapa cr^tcrtv 
 avrot? Sv^acrreta? Sry/AO/cpartai' /carea-T^Va^ro, 
 
 rjv TTOLVTOJV eXevOepiav o^ovoiav civou 
 , KOLVCLS 8' dXX^Xot? ra? e/c rail' KUf&WftiV 
 e'XvrtSas Trot-^cra^re? e'Xev^epat? rat? i//i>^at? eVoXt- 
 
 19 reuoi/ro, I/O/AW rou? aya^ou? rt/Ltw^re? /cat rou? 
 /ca/cou? /coXct^oi'Te?, i^y^cra/xe^ot 6r)pi(t)v fj,i> epyov 
 elvai vif dX\TJX(Di> y8ta /cparetcr^at, avd portrait Se 
 npocnJKii> vofjLO) peis optcrat TO St/catov, Xdyw oe 
 7reto-at, epya> Se rowrot? vTrrjptTtiv, VTTO VOJJLOV 
 /Sao-tXevo/ixeVov?, UTTO Xoyou Se StSacr/co/ieVov?. 
 
 20 Kat yap rot /cat c^wre? /caXa>? /cat 
 o/xota, TToXXa /xe^ /caXa /cat BavpacrTa ot rrpoyovoi
 
 II. FUNERAL ORATION. 97 
 
 TOIV tvOdoe Kei^evoiv eipydo-avTo, det^z^crTa Se 
 /cat /xeydXa /cat Tra^a^ou ot e' Ifrcifw yeyowres 
 rpoVata 8td Trp OLVTOIV dpeTr)v Ka.re\nrov. 
 yap uTrep dirdcrrjs rfjs 'EXXaSos Trpos TroXXa? 
 aSa? rwi^ fiapfidpCDV Ste/ct^Swevtrai'. 6 ya/3 TT^? 21 
 'Ao"ta? ySacrtXev? ov/c ayaTTtov roT? virdp^ovcrLV 
 ayaOois, dXX' eXTTt^a;^ /cat rr)i> EV^WTT^V SouXwcre- 
 cr^at, earetXe irevrriKovra /xvptaSas crrpandv. 
 rjyrjcrdiJitvot, Se, et r^Se TT)I^ TrdXtv ^ e/cov<rav 
 (f>i,Xr)v TTOLTJcraLVTO fj a/covcra^ /caTacrT/Dei//at^TO, 
 paStw? raif aXXtuv 'EXX^vwv dp^eiv, dire firmer av ets 
 MapaOuva, i/o/uVavres ovrco? a^ epry/Aorarovs 
 [rou? "EXXr^va?], et ert crracr 
 
 'EXXdSo? W Tt^t Xp 1 7 TpOTTO) TOV? CTTtO^Ta? O./XV- 
 
 va.(r9a.i, TOV KIV&VVOV TrouqcraivTO. ert 8' avrot? 22 
 e/c raiv Trporepuv epywv irepl TT)<S TroXew? rotaurr; 
 a 7rapetcrTi7/cet, a>5 et /u,ei> irporepov ITT dXXrjv 
 
 tacrtv, e'/cet^ot? /cat 'A^vatot? TroXe/xi^crovcrt 
 Trpo0vfJL(o<; yap rots dSt/cov/xeVot? Covert j3or)0ij- 
 cro^re? et 8' eV#aSe irpuiTov d^L^ovTai, ovSeVa? 
 aXXovs TWV 'EXX^wv ToX/xi^cretv erepovs crtotflvTas 
 <j)avepdv e^0pav Trpos e/cetvovg u7re/3 avrwv /cara- 
 0or0a.L. ot /u,eV roivvv ravra Stevoou^ro ot 8' 23 
 r)fj.TepoL TTpoyovoi ov Xoytcr/xw .... etSores rowg 
 ei/ TW TToXe'/xw /ct^Su^ov?, dXXa vo^itftvre^ TOV ev- 
 /cXect 6dva.Tov dOdvaTov Trepl ran> dyaOwv /caraXet- 
 Xdyoi^, ou/c c(f>oj3TJ0ir]crai> TO TrXfjOos TMV ivav- 
 
 dXXa r^ a.vT<ji)V dptTrj paXXov TfLo~Tvo~av. 
 7
 
 9$ II. EHITA^IOS. 
 
 /cat alcr^yv6p.voi ort rjcrav oi fidpfiapoi avrwv ev 
 Trj X^PV' V K a-ve^ewav 7rv6e<r0aL ovSe /3orj0rjcra.L 
 rot's (jv/x/xct^ov?, ovS' a>TJ0r)crav Seti> ert'pots 7175 
 cra)Tr)ptas ^apw etSeVat, dXXa crater iv avro?? rov? 
 
 24 aAXovs^EXX-^^as. raura /Ata yvw/x^ Travre? y^wre? 
 aTTrivToiv oXtyot Trpo? TroXXov? Ivo^itflv yap OLTTO- 
 Oaveiv JJLV avrots /xera TrdvTMV TrpocriJKtiv, aya- 
 6ovs 8' elicit /xer' oXiyaiv, /cat ra? ju,> i//v^as 
 aXXorpta? Sta roi^ Odvarov KeKTrjcrOau, TT)V 8' e/c 
 rajy Ktt'Sw'ajv \wr\[U)v tStav KaraXetr//et^. 
 
 8', ov? /u,^ /xoz^ot viKtotv, ovS' av /xera 
 Svfacr$ai /cat ^TT^^eVre? /xet' oXtyw rait' 
 TrpoaTToXetcr^at, ^i/CTycra^re? 8e /cat rou? aXXou? 
 
 25 eXev^ep&jo'et^. avSpe? 8' dya^ot ye^o/xe^ot, /cat 
 
 /xev crw/xarwv d^etS^cra^Te?, UTrep Se r^9 dpe- 
 ov <f)L\o\ljv)(r)O'avT<;, /cat /xaXXov rovg Trap' 
 aurot? VOJJLOVS al(T^yv6^voi TJ TOV irpos roug TroXe- 
 /aVSwov ^oySov/xet'ot, ecrr^crav /xet' rpoTrata 
 TT]? 'EXXctSo? r&j^ j3ap/3dpojv ev rrf avriav, 
 virep ^/ary/xdraj^ et? TT7V dXXor/ata^ 
 
 26 Trapa row? opovs r^5 ^wpa?, oura> 8e Std 
 
 TOV KLV&VVOV eTTonjcravTO, axrre ot avrot rot? dX- 
 Xot? aTnjyyeiXav r^v r eV^dSe a<f>iw TMV fiap- 
 ftdpwv /cat r^v TOJV irpoyovuv VLKTJV. /cat yap rot 
 ovSet? TWI> dXXwi^ eSeto"v vxrep rov /xeXXorros /ctv- 
 Swov, dXX' d/covcrai^re? vvrep r>]5 OLVTWV e 
 Tj(T0r)crav. a><7T ouSet' Oav^acrTOv, TrdXat 
 epyaiv yeyvr)iJLi>a)i>, axnrep KaivMV OVTOJV ert /cat
 
 II. FUNERAL ORATION. 99 
 
 vvv rr)v dpeTrjv 
 
 Mera Se ravra Hep^s 6 rrj? 'Atrta? /Jao-tXeus, 27 
 (f)povijcra<s /xe> rrj? 'EXXaSos, ei//euoyieVos Se 
 eXTrtSos, drt/xa^o/xei/Os Se rw yeyevij^eva), 
 Se Try (rvfj,<j)opa, opyitpnevos Se rot? 
 atrtot?, ctTra^r)? 8' a^ KOLKWV /cat curei/sos dvSp&v 
 dyaOtov, SeK-ara) erci ira/aacr/ceuacra/xfit'os ^tXtat? 
 /xei/ /cat Sta/coo-t'ats ^avcrtv ac^t/cero, r^5 Se Tre^rj? 
 crryoarta? ovrco? aTreipov TO TrX^^o? T^yev, aJore /cat 
 TO. e#i>i7 ra /ACT' aurou dKoXovOijcravTa TroXu a^ 
 epyov irj /caraXe^at TO Se peyia-Tov (rrj^elov rov 28 
 77X17^0^9 e^ot' ya^o avT<w ^tXtat? ^aucrt StayStySa- 
 crat /caTa TO crTet'WTaTOj/ TOU 'EXX^crTroWov 
 irttflv (TTpariOLV e/c Try? 'Acrta? et? 
 ou/c f]6e\f](rev, rjyovjjievos rrfv St,aTpij3rjv O.VTO) 
 Tro\Xr}v ecrecrOaL aXX* virep&wv /cat TO, <^>vo~et 29 
 
 /cat TO, ^eta irpdyi^ara /cat T<ZS d 
 Stat'ota? 6Sov /Ltev Sta T^S 0a\d(ra'r)<s CT 
 craTO, TrXovt' Se Sta TTJS y^5 T^^a 
 
 TOV 'EXX^o'Tro^Tot', Stopu^a? Se TOI> 
 
 vSevos, aXXa 
 
 viraKovovTtov, ro)v Se CKOVT&V 
 ot /Lte^ ya/3 ou^ t/cavot ycrav d^vva.a'Oa.i, ot S' UTTO 
 XpT)p>dT(ov &i,6(f)0ap[jLevoL dfJL<f>OTepa S' i^ avTOu? 
 TO, TretOovTa, /cepSo? /cat Se'os. 'A^ry^atot S' OVTCU 3 
 Sta/cetjaeVr^9 T^S 'EXXaSo? auTot />tei> et9 TO,? ^au? e/i- 
 CTT' 'ApTe/xto-toi' e/3oij07}cra.v, Aa/ceSat/idi'tot
 
 100 II. EniTA4>IO2. 
 
 Se /cat TO>V crv/x/xa^wv eWot ei? e/)//,OTruXa? d.7njv- 
 Tr\<T(j.v, yyovfjievoL Std r^v crrevdr^ra rwi> ^ajpLcov 
 
 31 rr)^ 7rd/>oSoi> otot r eo~ecr#at Sta^vXd^at. yevo- 
 fievov Se rou /ctvSwov /caret ro^ O.VTOV yjpovov 
 'A^vatot /xei> IvLKaiv Trj vau/xa^ta, Aa/ceSat/xd^tot 
 8e, ov rat? x//u^at9 eVSeet? yevo^evoi, dXXa TOT) 
 TT\TJ6ov<s \l*evcr0i>T<s /cat ov? (f>v\deiv tpovro /cat 
 77/30? ov? /ct^Su^eucretv e/xeXXoi^, .... ov^ r)TTr)0v- 
 res TO>V IvavTiwv, aXX' aTro^a^oVre? ovirep eToi^drj- 
 
 3 2 crav fta^ecr^at, rovrw 8e TW rpoVw rw^ /xe^ Svcrru- 
 ~XycrdvTa)V, ra>v Se TT^? TrapoSov Kparrjcrdi'Tcav, ol 
 /xev eiropevovTo ewl rr^^Se rrp Tro'Xtt', ot S' rj^erepoi 
 Trpoyovoi TTvOofjievoL ^ev rr)v yeyev^/ieVr^v Aa/ce8at- 
 //.optot? o-VfJL<f>opdv, aTropoOpre? Se roT 
 
 /cocrt irpdyp.acrii', etSdres S' ort, et yu.et' /caret 
 rot? fiapfidpoLS d.ira.vrrio'ovTai, eTTtTrXeua'ayre? 
 at? i>avo~ti> epijfji'rjv rrjv TTO\W Xiyi/;ovrat, et Se et? 
 ra? rpLTJpeis e/x^87yo~o^rat, UTTO r^? Tre^? o~rparta? 
 ctXajfTovrat, d/x^drepa Se ov Sv^o'oz'rat, dfjivva- 
 
 33 o~^at re /cat ^lAa/op iKavrjv KaTaXnreiv, Bvolv Se 
 Trpo/cet/teVotv, rrorepov \pT) Trjv TrarptSa e/cXt7ret^ 
 ^ /xera rwr /3ap/3apa>v ye^o/xeVov? /caraSouXw- 
 oracrOai rou? "EXXrjva?, ^y^o-d/xe^ot /cpetrrov e?^at 
 
 * d/jerr}? /cat Trevta? /cat (f)vyrj<; ikevdepiav f) 
 6^et8ov? /cat TrXourou SovXetat' r^? Trar/at'So?, 
 v virep r>5? 'EXXdSo? r^ TrdXtv, ii/ ei^ /xe'pet 
 o? .Ka.Tpav dXXct /XT) TT/JO? d/x<^ore'/>a? d/xa rd? 
 
 34 8vvd/xet? /ct^Su^euo-cuo-tv, vwe/c^e/xei'ot 8e TratSa?
 
 II. FUNERAL ORATION. IOI 
 
 /cat yvvaiKas /cat /xryTe'pa? eis 2aXa/MW, 
 0poi > ov /cat TO TWV aXXcoi> cru/x/xaS/wj' VOLVTIKOV. 
 ov TroXXats S' vo-repov fyfj&pais fj\0e /cat 17 vre^ 
 crrpaTid /cat TO VO.VTIKOV TO riov fiap/Sdpcov, 6 Tt? 
 ov/c ai^ tSw^ e(f>o^ifj0rj, w? yaeya? /cat Setw? T^Se Try 
 TroXet K.lv&vvos vnep T^? TW^ 'EXX^wv cXev^epta? 
 r)ya}VLcr6r] ; iroiav 8e yv^^v et^oi' ff ot ^eaj^tei^ot 35 
 Toy? e^ Tat? i^avcrt^ e/cett'at?, oucrr^g /cat TTJS avroiv 
 crcoTirjpLas aTTicrrov /cat TOU TrpocriovTos KLV&VVOV, 
 fj ot fjieXXovres vav^a^rio-eiv vnep rfjs ^tXoV^TO?, 
 
 a9\o)v TMV iv SaXa/xiz/t ; ot? TOCTOVTOV 36 
 
 auTot? evat TOJV irapovTCDV 
 TO Odvarov TOV avratv TrpoetSeVat, 
 o-vp.(f>opdi>, a VTTO TO>V fiapftdpcov 
 
 uTre/cTe^eWa? 17X711^0^ 7reto~eo~^at. -^ TTOV 8ta 37 
 virdp^ova'av diTopiav 77oXXa/ct? 
 (TO.VTQ aXXi^Xovs, t/coTW9 8e cr(f>d<; 
 pavro, et8oT69 /xef TCI? o~<^Tepa5 ^au? oXtya? 
 oucra?, opaiVTes Se TroXXa? TO,? TO>V 7roXe/xt<w^, CTTI- 
 o~Ta/xevot Se T^V /Ae^ TroXtz' rjprjiJLCDfjLei'rjv, TYJV Se 
 TropdovfJLei'rjv /cat jjLtcrTrjv rwv 
 Se Ka.LO[Jieva)i>, a.irdvT(av 8' eyyu 
 , d/covovTes 8' eV TavTw a-v/x/xe/xty/xeVov 38 
 EXXi^t/coG /cat (BapfiapiKov iraiavos, Trapa/ceXev- 
 cr/xov 8' dfjL(j>oTp(t)V /cat Kpavyfjs rwv Sta^^etpo- 
 /cat TrJ? ^aXdVrT?? /xeo~T^5 TWI^ vtKpwv, /cat 
 
 (TVfJLTn.TTTOl'TOJV KO.I cf)L\L(t)l> /Cat
 
 102 II. EHITA3>I02. 
 
 vavayiwv, dvmraXov Se TTO\VV ^povov oucn^s 
 vavfjLa^La<; So/cotWe? Tore ptv vevucr)Kvai /cat 
 creo-too~#at, Tore 8' r)TTrjcr0a.i /cat a-TToXajXeWt. 
 
 39 77 TTOV Sta TOV TrapovTd <j)6fiov TroXXa p.v <^r\Qrf 
 (TO.V tSet^ wt' ov/c etSot', TroXXa 8* a/covcrat S>v 
 OVK rJKOVcrav. Trotat S' ou^ t/ceretat ^ewv eye- 
 VOVTO TI Ovcriwv a.t'a/x^crets, eXeo? re TratSwv /cat 
 yv^at/caii/ TTO^O? ot/cro? re iraTepw /cat 
 Xoytcr/Lto? 8', et SvcrTU^cretav, TWV 
 
 40 ecrcr$at /ca/cwv ; rt? ov/c a^ ^ewv rjXerjcrev CLVTOVS 
 vrrep TOV /aeye^ov? rov /ctt'Swov ; ^ rt? av0pa>- 
 
 OVK O.V Oa,KVO~l> ; Tt? TT? ToXS O.VTOVS 
 
 OVK av r)ydo~0r) ; y TroXv TrXe terror e/cet^ot /cara 
 r^v dptTrjv a.TTO.vTtoV dvQptoircDV SnjveyKav /cat ei/ 
 rots /3ov\6VfJLao-L /cat ev rot? TOV iroXeyaov /cii/8v- 
 vot?, e/cXtTTOi/re? /Ltei' T^ TroXt^, et9 ras vau? 8' 
 e/xySai^res, ra.9 8' avraiv r//v^a,5 oXtya? ovo-a? d^rt- 
 41 ra^a^re? rw TT\i]Sei rw TTJS *Ao-ta5. eVeSet^av 8e 
 7rao-t^ aV0/ow7TOts, ^t/crycra^re? r^ vav/xa^ta, ort 
 Kpelrrov /ACT' oXtycot' [TroXtrevoyaeVaj^] vTrep 7-775 
 
 42 ^.ivoiv vTrep rrjs avratv SovXeta?. 7rXeto*ra Se /cat 
 /caXXto-ra e/ceti/ot vvrep rr^? TOW 'EXXi^vw^ eXevOe- 
 crvvefioiXovTo, en paT^yov ^kv (^)e/xto-ro/cXea, 
 etTreti/ /cat yvuvcu /cat Trpa^at, i^av? 
 Se vrXetou? rait' ciXXwt' o~vp.fjid^aji>, at'Spa? 8' c/x- 
 Tretporarov?. /catrot TtVe? ai' rovrot? TOI^ aXXwi> 
 rfpicrav yvatfjir) /cat irX-rjOei. /cat
 
 II. FUNERAL ORATION. 10 
 
 St/caiw? p.ev dfafjifftLO'^T/JT-^Ta ra^tcrreta Try? 43 
 
 eXafiov irapd Trjs 'EXXaSo?, ei/coVco? Se 
 Tr)i> evrv^Lav ofjiovoovcrav Tot? KtvSvVot? 
 cra^ro, yviqa'La.v Se /cat avro^Oova. Tot? e/c 
 'Acrta? (3apj3dpOL<; rrjv avraiv dpeTrjv 
 
 ow rry vau/xa^ia, TOIOVTOUS auTov? 44 
 /cat TroXu TrXeterTov TCOI/ KLV$VV(DV 
 r^ t8ta dperrj KOLVTJV rr)v eXevdepiav 
 /cat Tots aXXots e/cTTycravTO vcrrepov Se 
 V7]vi<j)v rei^itftvT^v TOV 'Icr^/xoV, /cat 
 ^tei^ Tr} o~(t)Trjpia, vo^itpvr^v 8' aTrryXXa^^at TOU 
 /caTa 6dXa.TTav KW&VVOV, /cat ^navoov^tvatv TOV? 
 aXXov? "EXXi^va? TrepttSetz^ UTTO Tot? /3ap(BdpoL<s 
 
 yKrOdvTes 'A^ryvatot crvve/3ovXevoi> 45 
 et TOCOT^V rrjv yv^^v e^ovcri, irepl 
 crav TT)V IleXoTro^^rycrov Tet^o? TrepifiaXeiv et 
 VTTO TOJV 'EXXryVwv TrpoStSdjitet'ot ju,Ta 
 ecro^Tat, ovr' e/cetVot? Serycretv 
 
 Vf.(t)V OVT6 TOVTOUS OJ(f)\TJ(TLl' TO V 'icrOfJLO) 
 
 yap ecrecr^at T^ T^9 ^aXacrcrry? d 
 
 8t8ao"/coyu,e^ot Se /cat I'O/U^OVTCS avTot 46 
 aSt/ca TC Trotett' /cat /ca/cw? )8ovXevecr#ai, ' 
 vatovs Se St/cata Te \eyeiv /cat Ta 
 Trapaivelv, efloijOrjo'av et? IIXaTata? 
 Se VTTO vu/cTa TOW TrXetcrTWP' crv^d^wv IK ra>v 
 Tct^eco^ Sta TO TrXrjOos raw TroXefJiiojv, Aa/ceSatyu,o- 
 vtot ju-et' /cat TeyectTat TOV? y8ap/8apov? erpeijjavTO, 
 'A6r)valoi Se /cat IIXaTatet? Tra^Ta? TOV? "EXXry^a?
 
 104 n - 
 
 rov5 airoyvovras rrjs eXeu$epta5 
 47 /cat vTro/ActVa^ra? r^ SouXetW. eV e/cetV^ Se 717 
 r)fjLpa KoXXicrTrjTs TeXevrrjv rot? Trporepot? /az'Su- 
 
 Evpcoiry Ka.Teipydcra.VTO, iv afracri Se roi? 
 Soz^re? eXeoi^ r75 eavTa>v cxoer?, /cat 
 
 /cat /xe eTepo)v, /cat Treo/xa^owre? /cat i^av/xa- 
 , /cat Trpo? rovs fiapftdpovs /cat 77/305 rov? 
 VTTO Tra^rcov f r)t;i(i)9r)a'av, KOI 
 
 /cat Trpos ous enoXefjLOvv, ^ 
 yevecr^at r^s 'EXXaSo?. 
 
 48 'Tcrre/36J Se ~^p6i>a) 'EXX^vt/cou TroXe/xov /cara- 
 Stct Xov rail/ eevxeVw^ /cat 
 
 TT.Trpa.yiJieva)v, yaeya /xet' aa^Tes 
 H.u<p<i)v S' ey/cX^jaarwi^ e/cacrrot Sed/xe^ot, vav/ua- 
 ^tas 'A^vatot? 77/305 Atyt^ra5 /cat rou5 e/ceiVajt' 
 o~v/>t/>ta^ov5 yevofjLevrjs e/8So/x^/covra Tpirjpe^ av- 
 
 49 TOJI^ e'Xa/xySa^o^. TroXtop/cowraj^ Se /caret ro^ au- 
 
 AiyuTTToV re /cat Atytvai^, /cat rr^5 
 a.7Tovcrr)<s ev re ra?5 vavo~t /cat ei^ rw 7re&> 
 crrparev/xart, KoptV^tot /cat ot e'/cetVwv o-v/x/xa^ot, 
 rjyovfjLevoL f) et5 epr^^ov TYJV ^atpav e/xy8aXeti^ ^7 e'^ 
 AtytV^5 a^etv ro crrparoTreSo^, eeX#oWe 
 
 50 /xet TepdveLav /careXaySov 'A^^atot Se 
 
 , ran/ 8' eyyi>5 OVTMV, ouSeVa iTo 
 
 t rat5 S' avTaiv \fjvxcus 
 
 o~a^re5 Kat raiz^ eVtdi/rwi' KaTatfrpovycravTes ot 
 ye/3atrepot /cat ot r^5 i^Xt/cta? eVro5 yeyoi'dres
 
 II. FUNERAL ORATION. 105 
 
 avrol JJLOVOL TOV KLV&VVOV Tronjo~ao~0cu, ol 51 
 JJLCV efjineipia TT^V dperrfv, ol Se <f>vo~L 
 /cat ol JJL6V avTol TroXXa^oC ay 0.601 
 ot S' e/cetVous /xtjLtou/xevot, TOIV JJLCV 
 
 TTio~TaiJilv(DV, TWV oe veatTepajv TO eVtrar- 
 Troielv 8v^a/xeVa>^, MvpaWSov crrpa/nr]- 5 2 
 a.TravTTJo-ai'Tes avrot etg 
 /xa^d/xevot airao-av rrjv owa[j.iv Trjv I 
 rot? 778?^ aTreiprjKoo-i /cat rot? OVTTO) 
 (TOU? et? rrp (j^erepav e/x/8aXet^ a^ r t&j<ravra5 et? 
 Trp aXkoTptav a.7ravTrio-avT.s) rpoiranov Se crr^- 53 
 o"avre? /caXXtcrrov /xe^ aurot? epyov, atcr^iorov 8e 
 rot? 77-oXe/xuH9, ot /u,e^ ov/cert rot? crw/xacrtv, ot 8' 
 ovira) ovvdfJLevoi, rat? Se i/;v^at5 a/xc^Drepot /cpetr- 
 Tov? yevo^evoi, jitera Ka.\\io~riq^ 80^175 et? r^v av- 
 raiv aTreX^ovre? ot /u,e^ vrctXtv eTratSevo^ro, ot Se 
 
 t TWV XotTTOJV /3oV\6VOVTO. 
 
 Ka$' e/cacrrov /xe^ ov paouov ra UTTO TroXXwv /ctv- 54 
 
 i> v e /j^ >^> \ > w ^. 
 
 v(p evo? prjurjvai, ovoe ra ev avravrt ra> 
 yOevTa, eV jata rj^epa SryXw^r^vat. rt? 
 yap av ^ Xdyo? ^ xpoVos ^7 pyjrcop IKO.VOS yeVotro 
 rr)v TOJV IvOdoe /cet/xeVaJv dvSpaiv dpeTijv ; 
 a TrXetcrrcuv yap TTOVWV /cat ^avepcurarcu^ ayw- 55 
 
 /cat /caXXto"ro)v /ctvSwcuv eXevOepav JJLCV ei 
 o~av TYJV 'EXXaSa, jU,eyto~r^v 8' aTre'Set^av 
 eauraiv TrarptSa, e/SSo/xTy/covra /xev 717 TTJS 
 ap^avre?, dcrrao"tao~Tov? Se 
 
 ov TO?? oXtyot? rov? TroXXo?;? 56
 
 106 n. 
 
 SovXevetv d^tojcra^Te?, aXXa TO Icrov e\iv d 
 d^ay/ca<Tavre5, ovSe rov? crv/A/xa^o 
 7roto{We9, dXXd /cd/ceu'ovs tcr^vpovs /c 
 /cat TT)I> avrwv Swa/Ati> rocravrr^v e 
 a)(T0' 6 /xe'ya<? ^SacrtXev? ov/ce'rt rai^ 
 $7T60vfji6L, dXX' eSt'Sov rwv eavToO /cat Trept raw 
 57 XOLTTMV e<^oySetro, /cat ovre Tpirjpeis ev e/cetVw r&5 
 Xpova.) K rrjs 'Acrta? eTrXevcrav, oure rvpavvos iv 
 rot? "EXXi^crt /carecrTTy, cure 'EXX^vt? 770X15 
 
 <rvvqv /cat Seo? 17 TOUTCUI^ apeTrj TTOLCTIV 
 ut' eVe/ca Set judt'ov? /cat 
 ^ /cat i^ye/xdva? raw TrdXewz/ yty^e- 
 
 cut' eVe/ca Set judt'ov? /cat Trpocrrdra? 
 
 cr^at. 
 
 58 'ETreSet^av 8e /cat ei^ rat? Sucrrv^tat? r^v eav- 
 
 aperijv. dTroXoyaeVcoz' yap TWI^ i/ewt' eV 'EXXi^- 
 vTO) etre ^yeyotdvos /ca/cta etre ^eai^ Sta^ota, /cat 
 crvp-^opd? e'/cetV/7<? /xeytor^? yevofjievrjs /cat rJ/Att' 
 TCH? SucrTV^T^crao't /cat rots dXXot? "EXX^o'ti', eSr^- 
 Xwcrai' ou TroXXw xpoVw vcrrepov ort >J r^9 TrdXews 
 
 59 8wa/u,t5 T^? 'EXXdSos 77^ crwr^pta. erepwv yap 
 
 yevofJLevoiv IviK-^orav /xev ^avyaa^ouvre? 
 EXXTji'a? ot irporepov et? r^v OaKacra-av OVK 
 Vo^re5, eTrXeuorav 8' et? r^t' Evp&JTT^t', Sou- 
 Xeuovcrt Se TrdXet? TOJI^ 'EXX^vwv, rvpavvoL 8' eyKa- 
 Of.a-TaL(TLV, ot /xei^ //.era rr)^ ^/xercpa^ (rvfjifiopdv, ot 
 
 60 Se /xerd rr)^ VLKTJV TMV /8ap/8dpcu^. tuo~r' d^tov ^ 
 eVt rwSe ra> rd(/>oj rdre /cetpao~^at T^ 'EXXdSt /cat
 
 II. FUNERAL ORATION. 107 
 
 7rei>0fj<ra.i TOVS eV#ctSe /cet/xeVous, &>? o-uy/cara#a- 
 7TTOfJiei>r)<s TTJS avroiv eXev^eptas 717 rov-raw aperf) 
 a>5 SUO-TV^T)*? /xei> 17 'EXXag TOiovrw dv$pa>v 6p- 
 <f>avr) yevofjievrj, evrv^? 8' 6 TTJS 'Ao"ta? 
 Irepuv i^ye^ovuiv Xa/3o/>tevo5 TT^ /xe^ yap 
 
 icrr) SovXeta TreptecrrTy/ce, ra S' aXXcui' d 
 77X05 eyyt^erat Tr}5 TWV irpoyovwv Sta- 
 
 'AXXa ravra /xev ir\yQT]v virep Tracrr;? 6X0- 61 
 (f)vpaa-6aL rrjs 'EXXaSo? iKeivaiv Se rwt' av^piov 
 aiov Kal t8ta /cat S^/xoo-ta [L.[Lvr\cr9a.i, ot <eu- 
 yovre? rr)i^ SovXetav /cat vrept rou 8t/catov /u-ct^o- 
 fjievoi /cat vTrep rr]5 S^/Ao/cparta? crracrtao-avre?, 
 TrdVras TroXcjatovs /ce/crr^/xcVot ets rot' ITetyoata /ca- 
 rrj\0ov, ov^ VTTO VOJMOV avay/catr^eWe?, aXX' VTTO 
 ^>vcrea)5 Tretcr^eVre?, /catvot? /ctvSwot? rr)v Tra- 
 
 apeTrjv roiv irpoyovaiv fjn^ord^evoi, rat? 62 
 avra)v i//v^at? KOIV^V TT)V TrdXti/ /cat rot? aXXots 
 /crr^crayaevot, 6a.va.Tov jaer' eXev^epta? alpovjj.evoL 
 r) fiiov fjL6Ta SovXeta?, ov^ rjTTOv rat? <TVfJt,(f>opal<; 
 ai(T\vv6iJievoi rj rot? ^8pol<? opyitp^evoi, 
 ftov\r)0VT6s ev Ty avTwv a.TTo9vTJcrK.iv r) 
 aXXorpiav ot/covvre?, cru/x/xa^ou? jaev op/cov? /cat 
 e^o^re?, TroXe/xtov? Se rov? Trporepov 
 /cat rov? TroXtra? rou? eavraiv. dXX* 
 
 O/XO)9 OU TO TT\f)6oS TWV VaVTL(t)V (j>O/Br)0eVT6<S, O.XX' 
 
 ev rot? o~oj/xao~t rot? eavTwv /ct^8uvevo~a^re9, rpo- 
 TTO.LOV pev T(i>v TToXefJLicov ecTTTjcrav, fjidprvpas Se
 
 io8 ii. EniTA<t>io2. 
 
 rrjs avraiv dperfjs eyyu? 6Wa? rouSe rou 
 TOU? Aa/ceSat/xovtwv ret^ous Tra.peyovTa.1. /cat yap 
 rot jjieydXrjv /zef aVrt /xt/cpas oVe'Set^a^ r^v TroXtz', 
 opovoovcrav Se aWt o-rao-ta^ouo-T;? ane^vav, ret- 
 
 64 ^ Se avrl raiv Ka0'Y)pr)fJLi'(DV a.via"rr\(ja.v, ot Se 
 
 OLVTMV, dSeXc^a ra /SovXev/xara rots 
 TWV v0a$ Ket/xeVwi/ eTTtSet/c^wres, ov/c CTTI 
 av ra)v iyOpwv dXX' eTrl crtoTrjpiav TJJ<S TTO- 
 Xea>5 erpatrovro, KOI our' eXarroucr^at 
 OUT' aurot nXeov e^etv Seoyu.ei'ot r^? 
 
 CLS Kal rot? ySovXo/xeVot? SovXeuftt 1 yaere- 
 ^? S' eKeivw SouXeta? avrot p^er^eiv OVK 
 
 65 r)ia)(rai>. epyot? Se /xeyto-rot? /cat /caXXtcrrot? 
 
 6Vt ot /ca/cta TT? CLVTUV ouS' apery 
 TToXe/uwi' npoTepov eSvcrru^cre^ 17 TroXt? et 
 yap crracrtdcravTe? Trpo? aXX^Xou? y8ta Trapovrajv 
 
 /cat TO>I> aX 
 
 olo[ re iyivovro KareXOeiv, S^Xov ort yoaSt 
 at o/xo^oov^re? TroXep-tlv aurot? e'Su^avro. 
 
 66 'E/cetvot /xei> otJi/ Sta TOU? e^ Iletpaiet 
 
 V77O irdvTwv a.v6p<*)TT())v fcrjXovvTat, d^iov Se /cat 
 TOUS ^eVov? rou5 eV^ciSe /cet/xeVov? eVai^e'crai, ot 
 rw 7rXij0L ftoirj0TJcravTe<; /cat 
 (rajTTyptag /xa^d/iei'ot, Trarpt'Sa r^i/ dpeTrjv 
 
 fJLCVOL, TOLCLVTrjV TOV ftlOV TtXeVTYJV 
 
 rj TroXt? avrou? /cat I7rv6y)cr. /cat e#ai//e 
 , /cat eScu/cei' ^X IV &VTOI.S TOV 
 TO,? aura? rt/ma? rot?
 
 II. FUNERAL ORATION. IOQ 
 
 Ot oe vvv 6a.TrTon.evoi, /Bor)6tjo~avTe<; Koptv$tots 67 
 VTTO Tra\aiO)V <^L\o)V dSt/coujU,eVot9 /catvot cru/Lt/xa^ot 
 L, ov Trjv avTrjv yva>p.r)v Aa/ceSat/xoi'toi? 
 (ot fj,ev yap ra)^ dya6a)v aurotg ifyOovovv, 
 ol Se dSt/cov/AeVou? ttvrov? rjXeovv, ov rrjs Trpore- 
 pas e^^pa? /xe/x^jaeVot, dXXa r^ Trapovcrav <J>L- 
 \iav Trepl TroXXou TTOIOV^VOI) TTOLO-LV avB 'pwTrot? 
 (fravepav T~(]V OLVTUV aperrji> eTreSet^avro. eroX/xi^- 68 
 crav yap peyoiKrjv Trotovvre? rr)v 'EXXdSa ov povov 
 virep TTJS avT(t>v crwr^pta? /ct^Sweueti^, dXXa /cat 
 
 rot? yap Aa/ceSat/xovtwv frv/x/xct^ot? Trept r^9 e/cet- 
 eXeu^epta? e/xa^ovro. VLKyo-avres p,ev yap 
 rait' OLVTMV r)iovv, SutrTu^rycravTe? Se y8e- 
 fiaiov av rrjv oovXeiav TOI? ey r>J IleXoTrov^crw 
 
 /CttTcXtTTOV. 
 
 'E/cetVots /xei^ out' ovrw Sia/cei/xeVois 6 y8to? 69 
 oi/crpo? /cat 6 6a.va.TOs ev/cro5 * ovrot Se /cat ^wz/- 
 T? /cat a.Tro6a.v6vT.<s ^Xwrot, TratSeu^eVre? /xei/ eV 
 rot? rwt' TTpoyovatv dya^ots, aVSpe? Se 
 rr\v re e/cetVwi/ So^at' Stao-coo-at're? /cat 
 dpeTrjv eVtSet^at'Te?. TroXXaiv ju.et' yap /cat Ka\an> 70 
 atrtot yeyeir^vTo.1 TTTJ iavTaiv TrarptSt, eTrrjvcopBaj- 
 
 (TO.V 8e TO, V^)' T6pCt)V OVO'TV^rj0l'Ta, TTOppO) 8' 
 
 a7ro Trjs a.vTO)v TOV TroKe^ov /carecrT^o-av. ereXeu- 
 
 Trjcrav oe TOV ftiov, <5o~7rep x/ 31 ^ TOU? aya.6ov<; 
 
 aTro0vi]o-Kiv, Ty JJLV yap TrarptSt TO, rpo^eta 
 , rot? Se ^pei//ao~t XvTras /
 
 110 II. EHITA^IOS. 
 
 71 wore a^LOP rot9 a>o~t rovrou? TroOeiv /cat o-<^as 
 aurov9 6\o<f>vpea-6ai /cat TOU? TrpocnJKOVTas auraij/ 
 eXeeu> rou CTrtXotTrov yStou. rt9 yap avrot? ert 
 rjSovr) /caraXetTrerat rotovTwy a 
 
 ot Trdvra TTtpl eXarrot'os rrjs aperfjs T^ 
 aurov? /xev aTrecrreyo^cra^ /8tov, 
 ivovqcray, 6p<f>avovs Se rov? auroiv TraZSas aTreXt- 
 TTOV, ep^/xov? 8' dSeX^>ou5 /cat Trarepas /cat /A^TC- 
 
 7 2 pa? KaTeo-Trjcrav ; IloXXw^ Se /cat Sett'wz/ v-rrap- 
 XOVT<*>V TOV<S ^tv TraTSa? avTatv r)\a>, ort vetoTtpol 
 elcriv TI wcrre etSeVat otwv Trarepw eo-Tepyvrai, 
 e a)v 8' ouTot yeyoi/acrtv, ot/cretpw, ort irpecr/3v- 
 repoi fj wore e7rtXa#e<r#at r^? 8ucrrvxtct9 r^g 
 
 73 eaurojz'. rt yap av TOVTa)v a^taporepov yeVotro, 
 ^ re/cetv /xei' /cat ^pei//at [/cat ^ai//at] rov? avTuv, 
 i> Se rw y>7pa aSwaYou? /u,e^ eti^at raJ crwyaart, 
 Tracrwi' S' aTreo'Tepry/xeVov? rwi' eXirtSwi' d^tXovs 
 /cat cxTropou? yeyoj/eVat, VTTO Se rwi' avrwv Trpo- 
 repov ^Xovcr^at /cat vw e'Xeetcr^at, TroOewoTCpov 
 8' avroTs et^at roi/ OdvaTOv TOV /8tou ; ocrw yap 
 aVSpes d/xetVov? r)<rav, rocrovrw rot? /caraXetTro/xe'- 
 
 74 vot9 TO TrevBos /xetoi>. Trai? 8' aurov? 
 7^9 XvTTTy? ; Trorepov ev rat9 
 
 pat9 ; clXXd ro're avratv et/co9 /cat rov9 dXXov9 
 fjiep-vrjcrOaL. aXX' eV ra?9 evTv^iai*; rat9 /coti>at9 ; 
 dXX' IKO.VOV XuTTTjcrat, rail/ tti 
 TO>I> 8e ^oj^rw 
 
 dXX' eV T0t9 lStOt9
 
 II. FUNERAL ORATION. Ill 
 
 opcocrt rovs pels Trporepov ovras <t'Xov<> (frzvyovTas 
 rrjv avTuv aTropiav, rot*? 8' )(0pov<i /ze'ya <f>po- 
 vovvras eVt ra?5 Svcr-Tu^uus rats TOVTOJI^ ; Moivqv 75 
 8' dV /xot SoKOVfjLev Tavrrjv TCH? eV#dSe /cet/xeVot? 
 , ei rou? jaev ro/cea? CLVTCOV 6yu,ota>? 
 
 7Tpl TToXXoV TTOtOt/Xe^tt, TOU? Se 
 
 TratSa? ovroj? d(77ra{ot/xe^a axnrep avroi 
 
 , rat? 8e ywcu^u' et rotourou? fior)6ov$ 17/ 
 
 oloLirep eKtivoi 
 
 yctyo av eiKorw? {jiaXXov rt/xal/xev ra)v evBa&e 
 K6LfjL6i>a)v ; Tivas 8' av TWI> ^wvrwi' SiKaiorepov 
 
 7Tpl TToXXoV TTOLOLfJieBa f) TOV? TOVTOt? TTpOCTTJKOV- 
 
 ras, ot rr;? /aei^ TOVTOJV ct/oerrj? TO tcrov rot? aXXots 
 
 8e fjiovoi. 
 
 'AXXa yct/o ov/c oTS' o rt Set rotaura 6\o<f>vpe- 77 
 cr^at ou yct/3 e\a,vd<ivo^ev T^/xa? aurov? oVres 
 0VT]Toi wcrre TL Set, a TraXat Tr^ocreSo/cwyaet' Tret- 
 erecr^at, V7re/o TOUTOJV i^ut' a^OecrOai, r) \iav OVTOJ 
 /Sape'w? <j>eptu> eVt rat? r^5 ^vcreco? crvfjL^ 
 eVtcrra/xeVov? ort 6 6a.va.ros KOIVOS /cat rot? 
 o-rot? /cat rot? ySeXrtcrrot? ; ovre yap rovs TTOVTJ- 
 povs vnepopa ovre TOVS dya^ov? ^au/xa^et, dXX' 
 tcroi^ eavrov irap)(i TTOLCTIV. et /xe^ yap otoV re 78 
 ^ rots TOVS ev TW TroXe/xaj /ct^Swou? Sta^uyoucrt^ 
 d^avdrou? elvat roi^ \OLTTOV ^povov, a^iov rot? 
 ^aicrt TCW airavTa yjpovov irtvOtiv rovs 
 ui^ Se 17 re Averts /cat w<ra>^ ^rrwi' /cat
 
 112 II. EniTA4>IO2. 
 
 o re Sat/u,&)v 6 rr^v rjfJLerepav ftolpav 
 
 79 paLTr)TO<s. wcrre TrpocnJKeL rourov? evSatyuo^ecrrd- 
 
 rov5 Tjyetcr^at, otrti'eg v?rep TU)^ jaeytcrroj^ /cat 
 
 /caXXurTO)i> /ctvSv^eucravre? OVTO> roi' Siot' ereXeu- 
 
 OVK e7rtTpei/avre5 Trept O.VTWV 
 ovS' a^ajuetVavres ro^ avro^arov Bdvarov, 
 e^Xe^a/xe^ot rot' /caXXioToz>. /cat yap rot 
 PO.TOL fjiep avTOiv at /xvrj/xat, ^Xairat 8e VTTO 
 
 80 rci^ av0 p<t)iT(i)v at rt/xat ot irevOovvrai fj-ev 8ta 
 T>)V fyv&iv a>5 OvTjroi, vfJLVOvvTai Se a>5 d6dva.TOi 
 8ta r^ dptTTJv. /cat yap rot ddnrovTai 
 
 /cat dywves ridevrai eTr' avrots pco/jLTjs /cat 
 /cat TrXovrov, <i? d^tov? wra? rou? e^ raJ 
 rereXevr^/coras rat? avrats Ttyaat? /cat rou? d^a- 
 
 81 vdrov? TLfJidcrOai. eyw /AC^ ow avrou? /cat /aa/ca- 
 pt^a) TOV davdrov /cat ^Xw, Kat /xwots rovrot? 
 dv9p(i)Tra)v olyoiat Kpetrrov elvai yeveaBai, 
 eTretS^ 9vY)Ta)V crcDfJidrajv TV)(ov, dBdvarov 
 
 Std Tr)^ dperrjv CLVTOH/ /careXtTroi' o/xws 8' d 
 
 rols dp^atots e$ecrt ^p^cr^at, /cat 6epa.7rvoi>Ta.s 
 
 TOV Trdrpiov vop.ov 6Xo^>vpecr^at rou? 
 
 vows.
 
 NOTES.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 adv adverb, adverbial, etc. 
 
 agr agree, agreeing, etc. 
 
 cl clause. 
 
 Class. Diet Anthon's Classical Dictionary. 
 
 dep depend, dependent, etc. 
 
 Diet Ant Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 3d Amer. Ed. 
 
 Diet. Geog Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. 
 
 ed., edd. editor, edition, and the plural. 
 
 equiv equivalent. 
 
 foil follow, following, etc. 
 
 Frohb.. . Frohberger. 
 
 G. or Goodw. . . Goodwin's Greek Grammar ; Rev. Ed. 1892. 
 Gr. Moods .... Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses. 
 
 H. Hadley and Allen's Greek Grammar. 
 
 ind. disc indirect discourse. 
 
 introd introduce, introducing, etc. ; also, Introduction. 
 
 Kiihn Kiihner's Greek Grammar ; Edwards and Taylor's translation. 
 
 L. & S Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon ; the 6th Ed., when referred to, 
 
 is expressly named. 
 
 lit literal, literally. 
 
 part., partt participle, participles. 
 
 pred predicate. 
 
 Publ. Econ. . . . Bceckh's Public Economy of the Athenians; Lamb's translation. 
 
 Ranch Rauchenstein. 
 
 ref refer, referring, etc. 
 
 rel relative. 
 
 sent sentence. 
 
 syn synonym, synonymous, etc. 
 
 tr translate. 
 
 West . . . Westermann.
 
 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 In connection with Orations XII. and XIII. the student should read, if possible, 
 Chap. LXV. in Grote's History of Greece, " From the Battle of Arginusae to the 
 Restoration of the Democracy of Athens after the Expulsion of the Thirty " ; also 
 Chap. 1. Book V. of Curtius's History of Greece, " Athens under the Thirty." The 
 articles " Dicasterion " and " Dicastes," in Diet. Ant., explain briefly the constitu- 
 tion of the Athenian Heliastic courts ; see also Grote, Vol. IV., p. 140 seq., and 
 Vol. V., p. 378 seq. In the title 8i> has Xoyoj understood for its anteced. 
 
 1. o> dvSpcs SiKaorai, judges ; Eng. gentlemen of the jury ; H. 625, a. 
 As to the use of Hvlipes, see the faulty rendering in the Eng. version of 
 Acts vii. 2 ; Kar^y. : H. 738 ; G. 1099. iravo-. Xt'-yovri, to leave off 
 speaking, H. 981 ; G. 1580. The part. agr. with pot instead of the subj. 
 of iravff., H. 941; Goodw. 928, I. avrois : H. 769; G. 1186 ; fxt'-yt- 
 605, irXfjOos: accus. of specif.; tlp^y- (epyd&ncu) : passive, as also in 37. 
 
 <uo-T...KaT., so that not even if one should utter falsehood ivould he be 
 able to bring more terrible accusations than the existing ones ; &v belongs 
 with 5vt>aff6a.t. On \f/fvd., see H. 969, d ; G. 1563, 5. ciirtiv lias rd\. for 
 its obj. and is understood with diravra. dv&yKT) : subj. of (e<m'), and 
 having the foil, infinitives dep. on it ; tr. on the contrary, either the accuser 
 must fail from exhaustion, or the time run short. 
 
 2. ireicr. (irdo-xu), to be about to experience the opposite of (what we have 
 experienced in) times past ; tvavr. has a compar. force, hence foil, by 1j, 
 than ; irpb TOV, before this, former, here used as adj. ; cf. H. 655, d ; 
 G. 984. The contrast referred to is explained in what follows, i. e. there 
 is on this occasion no need for the accuser to explain the motive of the 
 prosecution, the occasion of enmity (x0pav). In T^V t\Q., notice the pro- 
 lepsis, H. 878. The terms usually applied to parties in a trial are : 
 
 6 BLUKUV, the prosecutor, the complainant ; cf . in Scotch law " pursuer." 
 6 Kartiyopuv, the accuser, he who makes the accusing speech. 
 6 (peijyuv, the accused, the defendant. 
 
 tfr] : opt. of ind. disc., H. 932, 2 ; G. 1481, 2. fJTts ^x-, what ground 
 of enmity they had towards the 'state. dv8 ' 8rov . . . $roX, , that they dared ;
 
 Il6 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 a causal clause, this rel. phrase being freq. used as a causal conj. TOVS X. 
 n-oiovfjiai, I make my plea, speak what I have to say ; TrotoOyacu, mid., is thus 
 freq. used in the Attic orators as syn. with \tyu ; see XXII. i, 3, 13 et al. 
 els is used with the part, to denote an assigned or supposed cause : not, 
 however, that I argue as one -who is ivithotit private grievances and in- 
 jii'-ic's, H. 978 ; Goodw. 1574- op^t' dep. on a-<t>6ov-', freely, as if 
 d/l Jiad abundant reason to be indignant. 
 
 3. oi$T...irpaas> having never conducted a case either for myself or an- 
 other ;~ irpd-yjiaTa, business, here, as often in judicial orations, has specific 
 lef. to business in court, hence a cause, a case. The fact here stated is for 
 us the special point of interest in the introduction. The rest is in the 
 routine style common to the judicial oratory of the time. KaT^errrjv, 
 being used with iro\\di<is, is better rendered by our perfect, H. 837. 
 (i^l . . . iroiifio-wfiai : H. 887 ; G. 1378. s . tXax., as briefly as lean ; an 
 adv. cl. dep. on 5i'5a|ai, H. 916; G. 1434. SiSdai, to inform you (of 
 the facts) ; the latter object of the verb is easily supplied from the con- 
 text, and thus omitted in the Greek. 
 
 4. ovjxos : H. 76, a and b ; G. 43 and 45; cf. Tovvavriov, above. 
 ovScvi, after tSi/c. as indir. obj., either bring suit against any one or sustain 
 a suit. This was much to say in the Athens of that time. Notice the 
 current judicial phrases : SIKIJV rivl SindfeffOai, to bring any one to trial; 
 SLKTJV <j>evytiv, to be brought to trial. ST]|J.3Kp., temporal, while the democ- 
 racy continued, that is, up to the time of the overthrow of the democratic 
 constitution by the Thirty. 
 
 5. KaTrn]<rav, 2d aor., -were placed in office ; jit'v and 8^ serve to con- 
 trast the two participial phrases, both used attributively. xaOapav, K. T. X., 
 to purify the state, a fair phrase to gloss foul work ; doubtless well worn in 
 the mouths of the revolutionists. Their method of purification is but too 
 well known to the student of this period of Athenian history. Revolutions 
 in other Greek states were attended with even greater cruelties. Observe 
 the pres. tense of the part., denoting its repetition. iroXiras : subj. of 
 rpair^ffOai. Xe'-yovrcs resumes the preceding with an adversative force, 
 although they said ; oi...iroiiv r<$X|i<ov, they were not the men to do ; TO\- 
 /J.S.V and rXr/vai foil, by an infin. have a variety of meanings similar to this, 
 depending on the connection in which they are used : to have the spirit to, 
 to bring one's self to, etc. See L. & S. dva}ivfj<rai : (dfa/it/xvTjcrKw). 
 
 6. Theognis, mentioned by Xenophon as one of the Thirty, was also a 
 tragic poet. We know him mainly by what Lysias here recounts, and by 
 Aristophanes's ridicule of his frigid and dreary iambics. Of Piso little is 
 known save his membership in the Thirty and the events here related. 
 ydp : epexegetic, generally to be omitted in Eng. kv rois rpidiKovTa, in 
 
 ions of the Thirty. - tlv : 11-932, 2. G. 1487. TTJ iroXiTthj, tlu'
 
 AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 117 
 
 administration, i. e. the existing form of government. KaXXC<rrr|v...'jrp<5- 
 4>a<riv, that there was, therefore, a most excellent pretext ; SOKCIV and \pi]|A. 
 depend on irp6(j>acriv, H. 952 ; G. 1521. irdvrws St, but at any rate. 
 
 7. irtpl ovSevbs iftovvTO, they considered of no consequence ; 7repJ...^yet- 
 ffdai and irepl...iroif'iff6ai are syn. expressions, see Lex. irepi ; irepL is used 
 thus with certain genitives to denote estimated worth, e. g. jroXXoC, n-Xeiopo?, 
 ir\eicrTov, eXdrrovos ; cf. Jelf, 632, 2, g. if8o|V oSv avrois, they resolved 
 therefore'. avrois, poss. dat., tr. that they might have, etc.; .for in subj. 
 S2e H. 881, a ; G. 1369. ire'irpaKTcu, - Y 'Y /vt l Tat ' render by the Eng. 
 pluperf. Why? axrirp...irtiroi.T)K<5TS : the part, agrees with the logical 
 subj. implied in ai)ro?s TJ = <=X wo ~ t i H. 1063; cf. Kriiger, 56, 9, 4; tr. as if 
 they had done anything else justifiably ; euXxxyus, justifiably, with any good 
 reason to shoiv for it. 
 
 8. 8ia\ap6vTS, simply having assigned, or, allotted, that is, those to 
 which they should go ; no special ref. to the appropriation to their own 
 use, as if it were an indir. mid. IfiaSi^ov, they went their way. rn- 
 oivTa: H. 982; G. 1582. KaTa\afj.0di>u> is often used in the sense of 
 to come upon, meet, find ; cf. 13 and 31. r6 ipyoLvr., the factory, i.e. 
 ours ; H. 658 ; Goodw. 949. This was the shield manufactory, and con- 
 nected with Lysias's dwelling in the Piraeus. Not less than 120 slaves 
 were employed in it at the time, as will be observed in the narrative far- 
 ther on. (JovXoiTO : indir. qu , H. 932, 2; G. 1487. What would the 
 direct form be? i iroXXo. dij, (that he would) if there were much; 
 changed from the direct form liar. . . 17, because after a verb of past time. 
 
 9. 10. f|TTiTT.i|Aiiv jUv ov, now I knew, etc. vopl^et, that he regarded ; 
 H. 932,i;G. 1487. \o.pv : subj. of elvai; H. 945; 6.1517. iropwp.vos 
 ( eVapaojtiai ) : imprecating; used adv. to state a circumstance additional to 
 &/j.offfi>, H. 968 : G. 1 563, 3. Xa(3wv may be taken as used conditionally, 
 // lie should receive, or, on condition of receiving. rb rdXavTov : r6 de- 
 fines T<i\a.vTov as something previously referred to ; cf. H. 657, a. The 
 student should notice carefully the various uses of the article in this section. 
 Ki(3o>Tos, chest ; the Eng. word ark, e. g. Noah's ark, the ark of the 
 covenant, is Kifiwrbs in the Greek of the Septuagint and the N. T. 
 
 II. ovK...<a\t.Q\ay. : notice the position of the neg. ; it belongs to the rel. 
 cl. and is to be tr. not only, as the foil. dXXd shows. KVIKTJVOVS, Cyzi- 
 ccncs, staters of Cyzicus, a gold currency named from the place where 
 minted. Give the deriv. of dapeiKofa. Estimating the silver drachma as 
 = about 20 cents, we may reckon the Attic talent roundly as = $ 1200. 
 The Cyzicene gold piece = 28 drachmas ; the Daric, a little more. The 
 entire sum seized amounted therefore to more than $ 6400. How large a 
 sum this was at that time may be understood by a comparison of prices as 
 given in Bceckh's Publ. Econ., Ch. X. scq. Prices were higher in Athens
 
 Il8 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 than anywhere else in Greece, but even there it is estimated that $ 25 would 
 meet the year's outlay for an economical citizen for food, clothes, and house- 
 rent. An ox could be bought for from $ 10 to $ 20 ; wheat in Lysias's time 
 probably averaged over two drachmae per bushel. For convenience is sub- 
 joined the following 
 
 TABLE OF ATTIC MONEY. 
 
 i Chalcus = 
 
 
 less than 
 
 J cent. 
 
 8 Chalci = 
 
 i Obolus, 
 
 about 
 
 3i cents. 
 
 6 Oboli = 
 
 i Drachma, 
 
 " 
 
 20 " 
 
 100 Drachmae = 
 
 i Mina, 
 
 
 
 $20. 
 
 60 Mina? = 
 
 i Talent, 
 
 u 
 
 $ 1 200. 
 
 Cf. Diet. dnt.,"Aes," "Drachma," "Talent." 4>i<x\as, goblets; hence 
 our "vial," a differently shaped vessel. The Greek (fudXri was a broad- 
 mouthed drinking-vessel. d-yairT|<riv...<rw<r : in the direct form both 
 verbs would be indie, fut.; as if : you will get off well, if you save, etc. 
 
 12. irpbs.-.Oiipaus, just at the gate ; this was the main entrance to both 
 the house and factory. Melobios and Mnesithides, leaving the factory, met 
 them as they were coming from Lysias's dwelling. These two were also 
 members of the Thirty. 8ir{| p., where we are going. What would the 
 direct form be in Greek? els. .Ipov, to my brother's; H. 730, a; cf. 
 G. 953. The idiom in Eng. is the same as in Greek ; cf. et's Aa/j.viir- 
 TTOV, below. Frohb. has ets TO. rov, K. T. \., to my br -other 's place. <TK^- 
 t|n]Tai ; II. 881, a; G. 1369. Coming to plunder, they called it "search" 
 
 paStiv : as in 8. 
 
 13. irpocreXOwv. [AOL iropcK., came to me and exhorted me. In many 
 such cases the Greek part, is equiv. to a co-ordinate verb in Eng. It is the 
 circumstantial part, denoting a preliminary or attendant action. In tr. it 
 should be observed how often our language replaces the Greek part, by a 
 finite verb or clause. <Ls...&i<rt, since he was to come there ; the part, is 
 causal, and u>s represents the exhortation as founded on what was in the 
 mind of the speaker. 4>. . .w^ovro, to whom they delivered me and were off 
 again; H. 827 ; Goodw. 1256. Iv TOIOVTW, in such (peril); KivSv- 
 vivc.v, to risk something, to run some risk ; it has an indef. object. 
 <03 ... ^811, considering that di'ath certainly was already at hand ; the infill, is 
 used as subst. with the art. in gen. abs. ; the part, denotes cause; ws is 
 u-i'd as above. 
 
 14. rdBc, a s follows ; notice the succession of abrupt clauses spoken in 
 haste and terror. T^V <Hjv : H. 675; cf. TOV dSe\<f>ov rov t/jiov, above-. 
 
 TttOra irdo-)(ovTi pot, now that I am suffering tlicsc things ; irpoOvfxov 
 usually is an adj. applied to persons, here agrees with Sw. ; render freely : 
 zealously do what is in your power. ^vi]o-9fjvaL, to mention ; this nor., it
 
 AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. HQ 
 
 will be remembered, has a mid. meaning. SiSoh] : indir. form for the 
 subj. with Uv, H. 932, 2, a; G. 1497; fiirav, everything, anything, in a dis- 
 tributive sense, as irav in 84. The reader will perhaps recall little Paul's 
 question in Dombey and Son : " Money, Paul, can do anything." " Any- 
 thing means everything, doesn't it, Papa?" 
 
 15. cUtas : after t/tireipos, H. 753, d; G. 1140; ydp here does not 
 introduce a reason for what goes before, but a parenthetical explanation of 
 what follows : now I happened, etc.; d.|i4>i0. : with a rear as well as a front 
 entrance. Tavrfl, in this way, i. e. availing himself of this result of his 
 own observation, rather than of the intervention of Damnippus. edv...<r- 
 Or|cro|xai : this cond. sent, retains its direct form ; then a new constr. begins 
 with the infinitives a^tO^a. and diroOav. dep. on rjyovfj.riv. The analysis 
 of it may be represented as follows : 
 
 / ft > \ i- ( ' 
 T|-yov|XT)v &, av X^Ou, J 
 
 ( el 
 
 de firi, 0/u.otws airovaveiffoai. 
 
 a4>0TJ<r<r0ai (d^i'ij/u), that I should none the less be released. 
 
 1 6. T?|V 4*- iroiovfi., keeping guard. The atfXaos Ovpa. is the front en- 
 trance to the house, usually a folding door, opening into the vestibule or 
 cjvered way leading to the court. See Diet. Ant., "House (Greek)," and 
 the diagram there given. Of the three doors mentioned in the next sen- 
 tence, two were inside and one a rear door communicating with the street. 
 
 ouo-uv : the circumst. part., equiv. to a parenthetic cl. of preliminary 
 explanation ; ds...8i\0iv, which I had to pass through ; avtuy (avoiyvvfju) : 
 
 H. 984; G. 1586. tiS "Apx- : cf. fls Aa/jtviirirov, 12; &<m> : art. 
 omitted; H. 661. Ref. to the upper city, it has the force of a proper 
 name, as e. g. " The City," now only a part of London. aira-y<VYOi, 
 has led. 
 
 17. Mt-yaf $ : H. 217 ; G. 293. T{> . . . irapaYYeXp.a, their customary 
 notice ; far' etteivwv, lit. by them, is after an implied pass. (irapayyt\f(r9a.i) 
 dep. on the part. Some edd. have it &r' litelvuv. The cup of hemlock- 
 juice was in Athens the usual means of inflicting capital punishment upon 
 citizens; it is implied here that when a warrant was served by the Thirty 
 it was usually a death-warrant. Cf. note on 96. irplv . . . climv : dep. on 
 irap-fiyytL\av : H. 955, b ; G. 1470- oiirw . . . diroXo-y., so much did he lack, 
 or, more freely, so far was he from being tried, etc. The infinitives after 
 tSf7)<re take the place of an obj. ace. 
 
 18. O'IKWV : H. 971, c; 0.1563,6:1568. How much stress was laid on 
 funeral ceremonies in Athens may be seen from Becker's Charicles, Ex- 
 cursus on " Burials." The corpse, arrayed in white, usually lay for one day 
 before burial in the front part of the house. The terms designating the 
 laying-out (irpbOfau) and the funeral procession (ficQopd) correspond to the
 
 120 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 verbs here used. alrovo-tv : not the same as TOIS airovcriv, but agr. with a6- 
 rols understood, referring to the friends mentioned afterwards, to his friends 
 who requested them. o 8i...?Tvxv : sc. dovs governing Sri : may be ren- 
 dered and each of the others contributed as it happened ; the last obj. of Iduxev 
 is the clause. 
 
 19. TWV TJfMT^pwv, probably neut, of our property ; H. 621, b; 0.932,1. 
 XoAxdv : for use in the shield factory. 8<ra...KTT|<ra(r6ai, wore than 
 they ever thought of getting ; notice the Greek idiom as many as never, for 
 more than ever ; it is found in Demos. Olynth., I. 9 and 19, and frequently 
 elsewhere; /crTjcracrtfat is a timeless infin., neither the time nor the duration 
 of the action being thought of; cf. Gr. Moods, 96; H. 851. ls TO- 
 o-avTT]v...a<J>iKOVTO, went so j'ar in their greed, etc.; it is foil, by Kal...tiroiTJ- 
 ravTO, that they made, etc., which is equiv. to a cl. of conseq., though 
 grammatically co-ordinate ; yelp then introduces an explanatory instance, 
 justifying the assertion. Frohb. takes a different view of this constr., as 
 also of XIII. 80, making the cl. of conseq. implied by Toffavnjv to be 
 introcl. afterwards by jdp. 8r rb irpwfov, as soon as ; cf. Lat. qmtm pri- 
 mum ; does this clause limit the preceding or the following verb? cimov : 
 H. 181 ; 116, 15; Goodw. 291, 27 ; 128. The outrage by Melobius, if 
 we may trust Lysias's statement, does indeed illustrate the way things were 
 done under the Thirty, and the personal traits of at least one of these 
 Ka\ol Ka.ya.Boi. Still more worth attention is the hurried inventory here 
 given of the personal property found on the estate of a wealthy Athenian 
 resident. A large part of it consisted of slave workmen. Thus also the father 
 of Demosthenes owned fifty slaves, mostly employed in the sword factory. 
 The institutions and social life of the Athenian state can be but imperfectly 
 comprehended by one who does not bear in mind that it was mainly a com- 
 munity of slaves. According to the census of the population of Attica taken 
 about three centuries B. c., there were 21,000 free citizens, 10,000 resident 
 foreigners, and 400,000 slaves. Concerning the price and treatment of 
 slaves, interesting details will be found in Becker's Chariclcs, Excursus VII. 
 Closely connected with this state of things was the growing contempt of 
 manual labor and trade by the Athenians and Greeks generally, as unworthy 
 of a freeman, a contempt which in the time of the Roman dominion set 
 them to living by their wits, and made them the sharpers and adventurers 
 of the ancient world. 
 
 20,21. Kara, in respect to ; IXfov : H. 739; G. 1099. OVK &v be- 
 long with an ind. understood, as others would nut hare done ; ?XTS con - 
 t.uii-, the condition implied by &v, and the phrase may be rendered, had they 
 lit-en indignant at, or, on account of indignation at. ov...6vras, TI-//I' certainly 
 did not deserve this ; a falling circumflex on deserve will show the kind of 
 emphasis intended by 7^. ir6X.fi : after Aios ; II. 771 ; ('. 1172. The
 
 AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 121 
 
 foil, partt. are attrih., like 6vrat. Notice the appropriate difference of their 
 tenses. The services here mentioned were the chief civil functions devolving 
 upon a wealthy Athenian in private life ; they are often referred to in 
 orations. As to what the choregy, the maintenance of a chorus, was, see 
 Diet. Ant., "Choragus." KtKTnjw'vovs : H. 849; Goodw. 1263. Then 
 follows the abrupt exclamation, notice the absence of a connective, 
 such treatment did they deem us worthy of; JUTOIK. agr. with r^aj under- 
 stood alter $., lit. not being metics in like manner as, etc.; the thought is, 
 we served the state better as resident-foreigners, than they did as citizens. 
 CLTCWJXJVS TroiT]<rav : why was it considered one of the greatest of crimes 
 among the Greeks to leave the dead imburiecl? See Diet. Ant., "Funus." 
 a.Tlfiovs...Ka.T<rr., deprived of the rights of citizenship, disfranchised; 
 iroXews: H. 753, c; G. 1140. 
 
 22. T<5X|H]s : H. 730, e ; G. 1088. {JKOVO-IV air., they are here to defend 
 themselves ; that is, in the person of Eratosthenes and his advocates. 
 JJovX.onT]v dv : H. 903 ; Cr. Moods, 246 ; compare also 425. And I 
 would that they were speaking the truth ; ^716 is emphatic ; tfioti'Mf/L'qr S.v 
 (often with &v omitted), almost exactly corresponds to the Eng. would, pret. 
 of will, that is used to express a present wish for that which is not or can- 
 not be. (wpos : subj. of /j.errjv, which is not impers. here ; for (in that 
 case) the largest share... would fall, etc.; no one would have been benefited 
 more than myself, had they refrained from the crimes charged against them. 
 See Jelf's Greek Grammar, 535, Obs. I, for a fuller explanation of the con- 
 struction here employed. 
 
 23. vvv 8, but as it is; cf. 29; so vwl, XIII. 22. avrois...tnr., 
 neither. ..do such things belong to them as regards the city, etc., i. e. they are 
 not entitled to any such plea. dire'tmivev, killed, was the means of his 
 death ; the word as used in the Attic courts allowed this latitude. irpo0v- 
 |iws ., willingfy acting in obedience to his own lawlessness. 
 
 24. dva|3ip. . tpeVBai, to hav.> him mount the witness-stand and to inter- 
 rogate him. Either party in a suit had the right to interrogate the opposing 
 party, or his witnesses. They were obliged to answer. How effectually, 
 by means of the cross-examination, Socrates disposed of the charge 
 brought by one of his accusers may be seen in Plato's Apol., Ch. 12 ; cf. 
 Oral. XXII. 5 ; also XIII. 30, 32, where the record of the questions and 
 answers is omitted. The witness-stand (woSiov) stood off on one side from 
 the speaker's platform (pTJfja). T0iavrr)v yap : rhetorically introducing the 
 justification of his holding any converse with his brother's murderer, allud- 
 ing to the custom by which the surviving relative religiously abstained even 
 from mentioning the murderer's name in conversation. TOVTOW : i. e. Era- 
 tosthenes ; irpbs...8toXeY., even to converse with another concerning hint ; 
 
 . subj. of tlvai, of which <i<re/&s is pred. ical . . . TOVTOV, even (to
 
 122 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 converse) with this one himself; 8<riov and tvo-e^e's agr. with the inf. 
 understood. 
 
 25. 8e8is, out of fear ; H. 969, b ; Greek Moods, 838. o-vvTj-yoptvts, 
 did you concur. diro6dva)p.ev : H. 881, a ; G. 1369. TOIS KeXevo-uo-iv : 
 Theognis, Piso, and others referred to in 6. f| < y o '"H Levos > irdo^eiv : what 
 time denoted? force of the pres. tense? H. 851 ; Gr. Moods, 117 and 139. 
 
 26. lra, an orator's word, appropriately begins the indignant questions ; 
 used twice in this section. TO TrXijOos, the majority ; used differently in 
 42; <rTT]pas : after Kvptov, H. 753, g ; G. 1140. tirl <rol...y*v-> it 
 depended tipon you ; L. & S., IV. 2. Kal <rw<r<u.. Kal p{| (<ruJ<rcu) : since 
 these are alternatives, it accords better with Eng. usage to say -whether ...or. 
 d|iois, do you claim ? xprj<rros, here specifically, innocent, more freq. 
 with the larger signif., good, worthy. dvreiirtov, a-vXXa.pv, denote means 
 partly; H. 969, a; G. 1563. The thought: Do you claim merit on 
 account of an ineffectual remonstrance, and at the same time evade responsi- 
 bility for the arrest which procured his death ? Sovvai : cf. Kn'icracrGai, 
 19. TOvrourC : H. 274; G. 412. 
 
 27. TOVTO : obj. of TriffT., ref. to ws...wpoffTdxQr}- Observe the differ- 
 ence of the Greek idiom, believe this to him, from the Eng. believe him in 
 this.- ov . . . tXdp.f3a.vov : an obscure sentence. As Ranch, and Frohb. 
 understand it : for not in the case of the metics, surely, were they going to 
 take a guaranty from him. The Thirty took pains to implicate in their 
 crimes as many prominent citizens as possible, thus making them interested 
 as a matter of personal safety in the continuance of the oligarchy. They 
 ordered Socrates, for instance, to take part in the arrest of Leon. The 
 speaker, then (according to the interpretation mentioned above), means to 
 assert that this proceeding against the metics was evidently not one in which 
 the Thirty would force Eratosthenes to guarantee his fidelity. On the 
 impf., cf. H. 832; Greek Moods, 36. ^..My^avt, than just (7^) the 
 one who chanced to have opposed ; TjJ : interrog. pron.; irpoorax. is subj. 
 
 28. TWV y-yv., of what has been done; ucavf) ..'irpd<f>a<ris...dva<f>^pciv, 
 a sufficient excuse for throwing the blame upon, etc., H. 952; G. 1521 ; 
 cf. 6. cr4>ds avrovs : Eratosthenes would have said, and rightly : They 
 do not inculpate themselves, but one another, dXX^Xoi/j. The orator uses 
 the fallacy of division and composition, so called ; it should be said, how- 
 ever, that the reflexive may be used in a reciprocal sense ; cf. H. 6S6, b ; 
 G. 996. 
 
 29. A., fjv, if there had been ; H. 895, a ; Greek Moods, 410; "The 
 context must decide to which time the imperf. refers," whether past or 
 present. afrHjs, than itself, i. e. the dpxti of the Thirty. Is ai/rfo ever 
 properly a demonstrative equiv. to this or that? cf. Goodw. 1007. Observe 
 that ai/r^s is not the antec. of ^s. vvv 8^, l>ut us it is ; cf. 23 ; whom
 
 AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 123 
 
 pray WILL you punish ? the intensive force of Kai, which belongs on Xij^., 
 is best reproduced in Eng. by emphasizing the auxiliary. Cf. XXIV. 12, 
 rl yap &>> /ecu (\eyev, for what WOULD he say ? Also Thuc., I. 15, 2. 
 
 30. Kal fUv Brj, furthermore ; joining a new argument to those already 
 adduced in the preceding three sections ; pv in this phrase = fify. The 
 phrases ical pfy, /cat /*&> Stf, and Kal (JL& Si] icat are of freq. occurrence in the 
 orators ; /M}? and 8$ are both confirmative ; 5^ has the force of in particu- 
 lar, especially, and singles out for special attention what is thus introduced. 
 iropov : H. 973, a ; Greek Moods, 851 ; rtiv i s used in a double sense : 
 both to save him and to keep, etc. So Plato, <rwfew royj vo/ious, to keep the 
 laws. Keeping to the letter of the decree, this seems the meaning, he 
 was not required to arrest him anywhere except in his house. 8<roi : its 
 antec. the obj. of <5/xytf. 
 
 31. Tots...airo\rewri, those who destroy ; cf. KTijtratrflat, 19, and the 
 note ; ticctvois : Athenians ref. to in 28, who engaged in these outrages 
 under constraint of the Thirty. icCvSuvos, K. T. \.,for it was dangerous to 
 them when sent, etc. ; opv. as pred. adj. agrees with the dat. understood 
 after fy ; e. ycr. to deny. girciTd, in the next place (to say). wore 
 introduces elvai ; olds T : see L. & S., III. 2. povXopcvcov, wishing it, 
 or, wish it as they might ; ravra refers to elStv. Eratosthenes, had he so 
 desired, might have avoided meeting the victim ; or, had he met him, no 
 one could have proved that he had seen him. 
 
 32. -)(jpi\v . . .tr4, you ought ; on this and similar verbs, as used in the apo- 
 dosis without &?, see Gr. Moods, 415, and especially p. 410, where the 
 constr. here an;l in 48 are compared. This seems to me, however, to be 
 a case of the first class, and thus different from the sentence in 48. You 
 say you were a good man ; granted ; it was your duty, then, to forewarn 
 innocent men who were in danger of death. In 48 the truth of the claim 
 is not thus (for the sake of the argument) admitted. \Li\vvrf\v : here, as in 
 48, used in its good sense. <fav. Yryvi|T(u, have become manifest ; more 
 freely, are manifestly not those of one displeased, etc. TOIS YIYVOJWVOIS : 
 cf. rwv yyevrjfjLfvd}i>, 28, and explain the time denoted in each case. 
 
 33- <Hi<j>ov : observe the connection of this word with ^<f>ifffw., decree. 
 Xaptpdvovras agrees with roucrSe, and its obj. is ravra understood antec. of 
 a taking as proofs of what was said at that time (r(av r6re \ey.) that which 
 they know to have been done. TCK|iTJpia is the word rendered in our ver- 
 sion of Acts i. 3, "infallible proofs." irapcivai, to be present ; i. e. at the 
 sessions of the Thirty, irop* avrois, at home, i. e. in our country; H. 686 ; 
 Goodw. 995. lirf, in the power of; cf. fvl ffoi, 26. clp-yao-., after 
 having wrought ; notice that this is not an attrib. part.; why not? 
 
 34. ow <f>vyw, / do not evade. The asserted remonstrance shall have 
 due weight given it, though, as I have shown, the Thirty took effectual
 
 124 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 precautions against the possibility of any counter-testimony. <ruviir<iv, if 
 you had concurred; condit. ; dvrewrtiv <|>curKci>v : equiv. to a concess. cl., 
 as if to say, despite your asserted remonstrance. 4>'p W|, T(. &v (eirot^o-are), 
 come now, what would you do, addressed to the judges. ical...Kat are not 
 co-ordinate, but each gives emphasis to the word following it diro|n]4>. 
 (sc. av), would you acquit him ? The question being what they would do 
 now, on a certain supposition, we should perhaps expect the imperf. instead 
 of the aor. ; but the action seems in this case merely conceived of by the 
 speaker as such, without special regard either to its time or continuance ; 
 II. 895, a ; likewise in regard to ^jrofyeras, above. Odrcpov : H. 77, d, 
 and 82 ; G- 46 ; and 93. opoXo-yrjKcv : in 25. 
 
 35. Kal |J^v 8ij : cf- 30. cUropevoi, in order to ascertain ; TOVTWV 
 includes the others of the Thirty. ol . . . 5vrs, those who are, is the subj.; 
 dirtacnv : H. 828, a ; Goodw. 1257. (laOovres is not temporal, but de- 
 notes a condition or circumstance of the subj., or the occasion of the action ; 
 H. 967 ; Gr. Moods, 836 and 843. wv &v c^ap.., -whatever offences they com- 
 mit ; strictly, shall have committed ; wv for TOVTWV fi; H. 996, a ; G. 1031, 
 and 1032. irpdjjavTCS . . . tcfnevrai, if they succeed in -what they aim at ; wv : 
 tt-739; G. 1099; VJJLIV: after laov, 11.773; G. 1175. Lysias insists that the 
 trial is to teach a political lesson, whether an unsuccessful attempt to 
 overthrow the government is to be held in Athens as a failure merely, or also 
 as a crime. 8<roi . . . ein8., the strangers who are staying here, i. e. Greeks 
 from other cities. Ktcr|p., are excluding by proclamation. The remnant 
 of the Thirty and such of their adherents as still followed their fortunes were 
 at this time standing at bay in Eleusis ; but some of the number had, it 
 would seem, sought refuge in other Grecian cities. Xap<5vrts, having had 
 them in custody. <r<|>ds avrovs...irepUpY<n>S( that they take needless fains. 
 
 36. Scivov agrees with the remainder of the sentence, in which, however, 
 there is a break in the construction, beginning with owe &pa, so that TOI/TOUS, 
 which begins the second number of the conditional cl., has no verb. The 
 clause cl...diroKTivvvvtu is really subst., condit. only in form; el fre- 
 quently introduces such clauses after words expressive of wonder, surprise, 
 etc., and thus is equiv. to "that"; Gr. Moods, 494; Kiihner, 329, R. 7. 
 olot T : agr. with subj. of dvai, H. 940 ; Goodw. 027. TOVIS ^K T. 0. : 
 ilie survivors, and the bodies of the dead left on the disabled Athenian 
 vessels after the battle of Arginusa?, B. c. 406. Six of the ten generals were 
 put to death. Cf. Smith's Hist, of Greece, Ch. XXXII. dprrjj : dat. of 
 adv. after \ap(ii> ; for other exx. of the dat. thus used to express out of 
 respect to, in honor to, the gods, for instance, see Kiihner's Ausf. Gr., II. 
 p. 366. irot|<rav. vavfiax-, caused (you) to be defeated in a naval battle ; 
 the battle of /ligospotami, a disaster very generally attributed at the time 
 to the corrupt connivance of some of the generals belonging to the oligarchic
 
 AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 125 
 
 party. diroKriwxivcu : the time denoted is given in the clause eireiSrj 
 ...KO.T., which depends on this infin. ; went on putting to death. OVK dpo, 
 ought not, then, they and their children ? The sentence is closed with a 
 new question, leaving the former construction unfinished. How extensively 
 the criminal jurisprudence of the Greeks was moulded by the patriarchal 
 conception, that the unit of society was the family, is a question too large to 
 be more than suggested here. By ancient law, the penalty of great crimes 
 was often shared by the children and family of the criminal ; and the 
 justice of the law was unchallenged, even when not actually carried into 
 effect. Cf. Maine's Ancient Law, Ch. IV. The argument in support of 
 the indictment ends here. The court, however, was to decide not merely 
 on the guilt or innocence of the prisoner, but also whether he should be 
 punished, and what the penalty should be. The defendant in such cases 
 was wont to dwell on past services and every mitigating circumstance. 
 Lysias accordingly takes a review of the political history of the prisoner and 
 his associates, especially Theramenes. Technically the remaining argu- 
 ment is called \ayos w ri?s ypa^/'js. 
 
 37. ToCvw, /, then ; the particle is retrospective and inferential, implying 
 in view of all these things. H^'XPS K. T. X., freely, for this is as far as I 
 think one ought to continue the accusation ; 6avdTou...&|ia, crimes worthy 
 of death ; Sdfrj : H. 921 and Rem. ; Gr. M., 613, 5; TW <|:evyovn: H. 769 ; 
 G. 1186. 8ict|v : pred. accus., H. 726; Goodw. loCo. Eng., this is the 
 extreme penalty which, etc. STI, why; H. 719, c; G. 1060 and 1061. 
 ov8i . . . 8ls d.-rro9., not even by suffering two deaths ; the part, has a condit. 
 force, as the foil, verb indicates. 
 
 38. -y<ip refers back to the first statement in 37, giving a further reason ; 
 TOVTO refers to what follows eari ; Birtp introd. a parenthetic, not a restric- 
 tive rel. clause. e|airaTo<n.v : we should expect an infin., to make the 
 antithesis exact ; it will be convenient in rendering to make the first verb 
 correspond to the others ; they make no defence, etc. TpiTjpopx- : one of 
 the responsible and expensive duties that devolved upon an Athenian citizen 
 of wealth. Cf. Diet. Ant., " Trierarchia, " I., II. iroXcp.. ovaas, which 
 had been hostile ; one adj. is pred. after the partic., the other after the verb. 
 
 39. fcirtl: syn. with yap, for ; it introd. the imperat. /teXetkre as the 
 means of confirming the assertion made above, ovSt TOVTO -n-poo-fiKfi. 
 iroXiTftjv : partit. gen. after Serous. otav .. icarcS., as yours which they 
 enslaved ; untranslatable literally, rqv v/j.eT. is in definitive appos. with 
 DIO.V. The reader should pause to notice in this sentence the meaning of 
 oZbs and 8<ros, for which we have no proper equivalents in English, and are, 
 therefore, compelled to render by as. 
 
 40. dXXd -yap : "dXXd is often used to break off the previous discourse, 
 and introduce a question or demand " (H. 1046, 2, b. Cf. also XXIV. 21.)
 
 126 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 As to yap (here to be omitted in translation), see L. & S., IV. I. The next 
 d\\d is a repetition (the figure called "anaphora") of the initial word, 
 frequent in animated discourse. In Eng. tr. we simply substitute " or." - 
 ToeraCra 6<rairp., just as many as. On the disarming of the citizens by 
 order of the Thirty, see Grote, VIII. p. 247. irarptSos : limiting ofa. It 
 is substantially the same construction as r\iv vfiertpav, above ; <|>povpia : it 
 is not certain to what extent this demolition of the fortifications of Attica 
 was carried by the oligarchs in order to put the country more completely 
 into the power of the Lacedaemonians. Taking this passage as his authority, 
 Curtius (Hist, of Greece, IV. p. 45) says : The Thirty had in the interest of 
 Sparta not only deprived Athens of its strong walls, but also pulled down 
 or dismantled its frontier fortresses. The whole district of Attica was to be 
 a defenceless country, which was precisely what the Spartans had demanded 
 after the Persian wars." In a note : "But Phyle had remained a -xuplov 
 l<T\vpov, Eleusis likewise." irpoo-TaTTovrwv : causal, as the foil. cl. shows : 
 even the Pirtzus they dismantled, not because the L. required it, but, etc. 
 The aristocratic party in Athens always looked with a jealous eye on its 
 commercial and maritime interests, viewing them as the sources of strength 
 to the democracy. Tf|V apx^v, their supremacy in the government. 
 
 41. iroXXttKis...t6av., / have often -wondered, or, I often wonder, equally 
 frequent in Eng. Essentially this is the same as the so-called gnomic aor., 
 simply naming the action as taking place ; its time is defined only by the 
 adv. elements of the sentence ; TJXnt)s : H. 742 ; G. 1 102. roiv avrwv : 
 H. 732; G. 1094, I. TOVS TOIOWTOVS, such as do them; made more 
 definite by the art. ; G. 947. avroiis is emphatic, agr. with the subj. of 
 fy-yaf., not merely used as a personal pronoun. 
 
 42. yap : explaining iro\\d*c fOav/Mffa. The previous record of Era- 
 tosthenes and his colleagues made the effrontery of their advocates and 
 apologists more surprising. rcS vjxer. irX^jOci, to you the people ; a current 
 phrase for the democracy, used in addressing the people, and especially 
 frequent in Lysias. So 43, and XIII. 16 ; cf. the did", phrase in 26, 
 and note. frrt, in the time of; B. C. 411. !<|>vyV : give /canards its 
 proper force as a pres. part. TpiTjpapxos : appos. with subj. ; freely, 
 having abandoned the ship of which he was trierarch. ZirpaTre, K. T. X., 
 -was acting in opposition to those who wished, etc. 
 
 43. The testimony of the witnesses having been delivered, and written 
 down by the clerks (ypannarfit), the speaker proceeds. Ordinarily in an 
 Athenian court no oath was administered to a witness, unless when brought 
 forward he denied any knowledge of the case, rotwv ..irap^ro>, nmo I 
 will pass over ; the particle is transitional, in Eng. ordinarily there would 
 be none. ^| vavp-ax- xal TJ <rv|i<Jx>p<i : a comprehensive and well-tindir- 
 stood phrase for yligospotami and its consequences. ofiotjs : the partic.
 
 AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 127 
 
 here is equiv. to a parenthetic clause ; it is of the nature of an adv. element, 
 and thrown in to call attention to the revolutionary nature of the transaction. 
 
 &6tv, whence, has its proper antec. in what follows ; we may render : five 
 men (and with this they began the sedition) -were appointed, etc. ; KaTeVrr]- 
 <rav : here intrans., in the next section trans. Observe that l<n-r\<fo.v is the 
 only form of the verb common to both aorists. dpxovrts, directors. 
 <rvvtojiOTwv : so called because of their oaths to maintain mutual fidelity and 
 inviolable secrecy. They styled themselves eralpoi. &j>opoi, mupuv : 
 " As soon as the city surrendered, and while the work of demolition was yet 
 going on, the oligarchical party began to organize itself. The members of 
 the political Clubs again came together, and named a managing Committee 
 of Five, called Ephors in compliment to the Lacedaemonians, to direct the 
 general proceedings of the party." So Grote, VIII. p. 235, taking this 
 passage as his chief authority. The career and character of Critias, the 
 leading spirit of this revolution, are ably set forth in Curtius's Hist, of 
 Greece, III. pp. 573-578. 
 
 44. (}>v\dpxovs, phylarchs, commanders of cavalry. There were ten of 
 them in the Athenian service, one for the cavalry of each <J>V\T\. iraprj-y- 
 yiXXov, issued orders, characterizing, as does Ktipioi, below, this systematic 
 completeness of the conspiracy ; ct n &XXo, whatever else ; elri being equiv. 
 to 6 ri ; for &oi and the foil, optatives, see H. 917 ; G. 1431, 2. ?<rr6 : 
 a change from opt. to fut. indie., H. 911 ; G. 1372. irpovXv(r0 : by 
 the measures already detailed, the popular form of government was made 
 the instrument of its own overthrow. 
 
 45, 46. dXXcos : i. e. unless brought into this condition of destitution and 
 suffering (wo\\wi> tvdeeis). KO.KWS irpaTTOvrwv, if you should suffer mis- 
 fortune ; notice that dwritrovrai takes the place of the equiv. oloi re <rorcu. 
 
 Twv...Ka,K<ov : after dira\\ayrjvai. OVK v(h>[i., would be unmindful of. 
 
 c<J>op<i>v : pred. gen., partitive. p-dprvpas : defined by the foil, subst. 
 partt. used appositively. ov...Svvat|xi]v : on account of the oaths by which 
 they were bound ; see 47. 
 
 47. Kartji. &v avrwv, they (i. e. their fellow-conspirators) would testify 
 against them. TOVS 8pKOvs...irwrrovs evofuov, consider their oaths bind- 
 ing; observe that OVK qualifies both predicates together (i. e. fvbfjufrv, irape- 
 /3aow), not each separately ; as if to say : those who withhold their 
 testimony consider binding the oaths which they took on becoming " Com- 
 panions," but are violating those they took on becoming citizens, which 
 they would not do, if they were wise ; cf. the note on 80 ; irl has the 
 same meaning as in 26 ; it gives the sense well to render it freely, where 
 it concerns, or, with a view to. KoLXci : addressed to the herald (*J?pf) of 
 the court ; /cdXeow is the word in Orat. XXI. 10. ava^TC : cf. dvd^rjBi, 
 24. Possibly the decree of Demophantus (Grote, VIII. p. 80) was still in
 
 128 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 force (cf. Grote, VIII. p. 298); if so, such oaths as are alluded to in the 
 first cl. of this section were not by law binding. The oaths which they had 
 shown themselves ready to violate were their oaths of allegiance, and those 
 taken in any official service to the state. On being enrolled in his eighteenth 
 year, every citizen took a prescribed oath of citizenship. 
 
 48. TO rtX. : H. 719, b ; G. 1060. ts T^V opx*l v KO.T. : as in 5 and 
 29. dXXwv : i. e. KO.K&V ; Attic, or rather Greek euphemism. ^XP'H V & v 
 ...fji-f| Trapavd|J.cos &pxiv, he must needs have ruled according to the laws ; 
 Xp^| : used here in its first, not its second meaning ; cf. L. & S. frrtiTa, 
 in the next place ; 54 is usually omitted with this adv., whether it denotes 
 succession of time or of thought. |M)vvrf|v Y- : a ls m 32 ; to disclose, to 
 give information. dircurwv : the force of its emphatic position may be 
 given by rendering it with the next clause : that they were all false. 
 dXXu elcra-yy^^-o-ucri, but were bringing in charges fabricated by the 
 Thirty ; also to be joined with on, and belonging to the time of fxP^"t 
 which the context shows refers to the past. In Orat. VI., Against Andoc- 
 ides, the speaker pronounces Batrachus "the basest of all the informers 
 during the administration of the Thirty," except Andocides. Of ^ischy- 
 lides nothing further is known. 
 
 49. Kal \i.\v 8rj : as in 30, 35, 89. See note to 30. ov8iv...<riw- 
 irwvrts, were none the worse off for being silent ; notice that tXarrov is not 
 obj., but used as an adv. accus. ; cf. ?x lv KO-K&S, to be badly off; with an 
 adv. ?%&> = to be. i-repot fjo-av ol Xfyovres, there -were others who said ; 
 the constr. is : ^r. subject, ol Xey. in appos. So Anab., II. 4. 5, 6 iiyrjffo- 
 /iecoj ovdels tffTai, there will be no one to act as guide. Without the art. the 
 part, would stand in simple adj. agreement with thesubj.; the art. added 
 makes the action of the verb apply to some case definitely understood or 
 referred to. For further illustration of this distinction, see Kriiger's Griech- 
 ische Sprachlekre, 50, 4; A. 3, and A. 4. 5v : gen. after the compar. ; 
 its antec. is obj. of the part. IT-COS ..i'8iav, why did they not show it then ? 
 The foil, partt. denote manner. The argument of this section is : Silent 
 acquiescence was no proof of good-will to the people ; under the circum- 
 stances, it was the easiest thing to do ; the only way in which such good- 
 will could be shown was by openly advocating better counsels, and 
 endeavoring to restrain the evil-doers. The obvious reply, that to do this 
 at that time was dangerous, is met in what follows. 
 
 50. 8irws : II. 886; Goodw. 1352. Iv TO> Xd-yw, ;';/ the course of the 
 discussion. tl 8i jxVj, otherwise; a-Kcmdru is to lie understood ; fvrauOoi 
 tiravOa., herein; 8Ti...T...Kat, not only that. ..but also that. \pf\v 8' 
 avTbv...?x< 1 '', but he might to liav hud ; cf. 32 ; dXXd fx^j, instead of. 
 The argument : Let him beware of saying that he opposed the Thirty (see 
 25), when the matter was under advisement ; otherwise, the history of the
 
 AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. I2Q 
 
 transaction will make it appear not only that he was satisfied with the 
 measures finally adopted, but also that he was sufficiently influential in the 
 body to be quite free from any reason to fear. 
 
 51. S a(ij>. ravra, both which things, lit. as both these ; ravra. is direct 
 obj.; the Eng. does not allow the repetition of the previous obj. after "as." 
 Kdl rds 8ia4>opds..."yi.'YVO(ievas, and (shall show] that their repeated dis- 
 putes. ..arose ; for the part., see H. 981 ; G. 1588; its tense shows the 
 continued, or repeated action. oirortpoi., -which of the two, i. e. the 
 two factions of the oligarchic party, one headed by Critias, the other by 
 Theramenes ; it introd. an inclir. question in appos. with Siatpopds. See 
 Gr. Moods', 669, i end. 
 
 52. 7rov...-?jv, when would it have been nobler ? H. 895, Note a. 4>v\TJ : 
 see note XIII. 63. Thrasybulus, the leader in the return of the exiles, 
 who afterwards usually bore the name oi (K #wAf)s, or ol airb *uA^s: 
 here it is oi M &v\rj, the men on Phyle. 'EXevo-ivdSe : cf. Mfyapdbf, 
 17. jua \J/T|4>u) : " There was a rule in Attic judicial procedure, called 
 the psephism of Kannonus, originally adopted, we do not know when, 
 on the proposition of a citizen of that name, as a psephism or decree 
 for some particular case, but since generalized into common practice, and 
 grown into great prescriptive reverence, which peremptorily forbade any 
 such collective trial or sentence, and directed that a separate judicial vote 
 should in all cases be taken for or against each accused party." Grote, 
 VIII. p. 196. On the proceedings at Eleusis and Salamis, read Grote, 
 VIII. p. 266 seq.; or Smith, Ch. XXXIII., 15. 
 
 53. -rjXGofiev : identifying himself with those who joined Thrasybulus ; 
 see Introd., "On the Life and Writings of Lysias." at rapaxaC, the 
 tumults; gently said, rather than remind those before him how a few 
 months before Athenians had fought Athenians in the very streets of the 
 Piraeus. Xenophon gives a full account of the battle in Hell., II. 4; see 
 Grote, VIII. p. 268 seq. ol Xo-yoi, the conferences. &re<rdai : after 
 t\irid. ; H.9S 2 ; G. 1521; that we should be towards one another as we both 
 showed (ourselves to be afterwards). s denotes manner, corresp. to the 
 adv. expression ?rp6s dXX. The phraseology is certainly unusual ; Frohb. 
 has emended the text. OI...K ITei.pai.cis : = oi tic ^vXijs, a current phrase 
 to distinguish them from the oligarchic faction, who were called ol tv Burrei, 
 of ii~ dcrreos. yap : our allowing them (the men of the city) to depart 
 unmolested after the skirmish was a proof of our confidence in a speedy 
 reconciliation. 
 
 54. <xpx....d.'XovTO, chose as archons ; envois : i.e. the Thirty. &v 
 belongs with the inf. ; TWV avroiv : Lysias recurs in 57 to the fact that the 
 Thirty were so avowedly and thoroughly hostile to the democracy, now 
 prominently represented by the returned exiles, the "Piraeus-men," that 
 the same person could hardly be friendly to both sides.
 
 130 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 55. The following passage, to 61, gives some facts not elsewhere stated 
 concerning the dfKadovxoi, the Board of Ten, who succeeded the Thirty in 
 the government of the city after the expulsion of the latter. Eratosthenes 
 seems not to have been a member of it, as stated by Grote ; but Phidon, 
 with whom he stood in close political affiliation, represented the spirit and 
 aims of both, and showed the intense hostility felt toward the democracy by 
 even the Moderates. TOVTWV : i. e. the Ten. " The members of the new 
 government were selected from the Thirty, from the oligarchic Senate, and 
 from the number of those who generally shared their political views. Of the 
 Thirty, Phidon was chosen, who, next to Theramenes, was known to have 
 most vigorously opposed Critias and Charicles. Hippocles, Epichares, and 
 Rhinon were of the same shade of party. These men were the moderate 
 oligarchs, who had been driven into the back -ground by the death of Thera- 
 menes, and whom it was now intended to place at the helm of the state." 
 (Curtius, IV. p. 52.) rfj K. tTcupeia, their club ; cf. note on 43 ; Char- 
 icles, next to Critias, was the leader of the Thirty. rois &OTCOS, to ike 
 party of the city ; dat. after iiroiriffav. The party hatred and hostility were 
 augmented, not allayed, under the Ten. 
 
 56. ols, by which, i. e. proceedings ; Frohb. and Ranch, have $. TWV 
 ...diroXX., those who were perishing, \. e. under the rule of the Thirty. 
 01 rtOv., 01 (wXXovTS : ref. to those who had fallen or were to fall in the 
 civil war, now openly begun. ical irXovroCvTs, and who were getting rich 
 faster. 
 
 57. 58. Xa,p<$VTS...Ta,s dpxds, having gained possession of the offices. 
 TOIS...IPY Kal...irfirov66'(ri : in appos. with a/juportpois. IKCIVOI, i. e. the 
 Thirty. tre'pwv p-yo>v : the emphatic position of these words entitles them 
 to emphasis in translation : for surely it was not for having been guilty of 
 other deeds that, etc. TWV avroiv . . . (JtTiX, took part in the same deeds as 
 Eratosthenes; 'Epar. : H. 773; G. 1175; Y^R) : ^.776; G. 1181 ; it is 
 dat. of manner ; avrwv, than themselves ; 8ud, through, by the aid, or 
 agency, of; often thus used with accus. of a person. KirtiOcv, was endeav- 
 or ing to persuade them, i. e. the Lacedemonians. SiapoXXwv, maliciously 
 asserting; Bouor. : pred. gen. The Boeotians gave assistance to Thrasy- 
 bulus and the exiles, and this would be enough to arouse jealousy at Sparta. 
 The remnant of the Thirty, after Inking refuge in Eleusis, had also sent to 
 Sparta for aid against the constitutional party, the democracy. 
 
 59. TOVTWV, this, i. e. that the Lacedaemonians should take the field. 
 tl're Kal . POX>\., or because they were not inclined. eSaveto-aro : the Lace- 
 demonian government was now in funds. I.ysander, the year before, had 
 returned from the Asiatic campaign, bringing back not less than 470 talents 
 in addition to the oilier trophies and spoils of war. See Grote, VIII. p. 238. 
 This loan was afterward repaid from the state treasury, though with
 
 AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 
 
 opposition. dpxovro, as commander, i. e. of the military force, which 
 would also put him in command of the city. Lysander was a genuine 
 Spartan in his dislike of Athens and popular government, as well as in his 
 personal incorruptibility. 
 
 60. irdvras dv8., all men, men from every quarter ; the absence of the 
 art. shows the vagueness of the phrase ; Frohb., " alle Welt." ird < yovTes ) 
 calling in the aid of ; T\eirr. : H. 968, a; G. I5^3> r 5 c ^- r ^ TeKfvraiov, 
 48. oo SiaXXdai : cf . aiptdels upas 8taA.., 58. ct (i/rj, K. r. X., had it 
 not been for true men ; the omission before ei ^ suggests itself at once : 
 and they -would Jiave destroyed it. o'is . . . SrjXwo-art : H. 999, a ; Gr. 
 Moods, 519 ; imperative in a rel. cl. ; we may render : whom it is yours 
 to shoiv by inflicting, etc. In Eng. an imperat. is allowed in a rel. cl. only 
 when the latter is really equiv. to a demonstrative. 
 
 61. KO.V avro{, yourselves. 8p.a>s 8, sc. Trap^o/uat. dvairav<ra<r6ai : 
 if the speech is written as delivered, Lysias could not have been speaking 
 much more than half an hour ; he may, however, have been on his feet 
 a much longer time, and perhaps engaged during a part of it in cross- 
 examining the witnesses who had been previously called up. The time "to 
 rest himself" would be welcome to a speaker unaccustomed to address so 
 large an audience as was doubtless gathered at this trial, and would perhaps, 
 as Lysias intimates, afford an agreeable change to the listeners. All the 
 evidence cited, it will be borne in mind, was produced by each party during 
 his own speech, and the time thus occupied was not to be reckoned in the 
 time legally allowed the speaker. Hence his direction to have the time- 
 piece stopped when witnesses were called ; see XXIII. n ; KO.I noi eirl\a.fie 
 TO vdwp. See Diet. Ant. "Martyria," and cf. also note on 24. cos 
 trXtioTwv : H. 742, c ; G. 1103. 
 
 62. In this passage (62 - 78), the course of Theramenes is sketched with 
 an unsparing hand ; it is the sketch not of an historian, but of an adversary ; 
 yet all the facts stated accord, so far as known, with other received authori- 
 ties. He had the talents of a demagogue with the temper of an aristocrat. 
 His virtue as a politician was moderation, and it is this that must have 
 commended him to Aristotle, who pronounced him one of the best of 
 Athens' citizens, a verdict that subsequent history has been far from rati- 
 fying. His polished, persuasive eloquence commended him to the people, 
 and undoubtedly in foresight and other intellectual qualities he stood among 
 the foremost men of the latter half of the Peloponnesian War. But he was 
 destitute of fixed principles ; he seems to have been wholly controlled by 
 personal vanity and ambition. His political instability won for him, ace. to 
 Xenophon, the nickname of Cothurnus, the stage-shoe that fitted either 
 foot. His moderation, indeed, seems hardly to deserve the name of a 
 virtue ; he was not like Halifax, as described by Macaulay, a " Trimmer "
 
 I3 2 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 on principle, but by policy ; nor does he deserve, either as a statesman or as 
 a patriot, to be ranked with the English nobleman. Unless history has 
 much distorted the facts of his conduct in the trial of the six generals after 
 the battle of Arginusae, and during the siege of Athens after ^Egospotami, he 
 richly deserved the fate that befell him. That very death, however, par- 
 tially redeemed his reputation. He had fallen a victim to a more vindic- 
 tive, if not a wilier foe of the people, the insatiably ambitious and the 
 relentless Critias. With this temporary halo of martyrdom around him, 
 brightened by the memory of his eloquence and his gallant bearing when 
 taken to be executed, his name was put forward by the Moderates of the 
 oligarchy as a mediator with the now triumphant democracy. Lest the 
 guilty actors in the tragedy now over should thus be screened from jus- 
 tice, the orator aims to set Theramenes in a true light before his country- 
 men. 
 
 (fte'p* 8rj : cf. 34. ws...SiS. : cf. 3, where we have Xa%&rrw instead 
 of fipaxvTaruv. Kal...irapaoTTJ, and let this suggest itself to no one, let no 
 one think ; KivSwcvovros : gen. absol. with 'Epar., concessive; while it is 
 Eratosthenes who is on trial. ravra eiiroX., that he will make this defence; 
 H. 716, b; Goodw. 1054. Kiva>, i. e. Theramenes. 
 
 63. Katroi, K. T. X., yet withotit doubt, I suppose, if he had taken part in 
 public affairs with Themistocles, he would claim that he took measures, 
 etc.; <r4>d8pa emphasizes the sneering irony ; it is a modal adv., I think ; 
 not an adv. of manner with irpojir. 6ir<5T : the words to fill out this cl. 
 are to be supplied from the preceding. ov... i yYvfj(r0ai : a good specimen 
 of the rhetorical figure litotes, in which the form of expression suggests more 
 than is said. The remark is significant ; just at this time many were dis- 
 posed to look upon Theramenes as a martyr to liberty and the state. The 
 yip gives the reason for taunting Eratosthenes with his avowed adherence to 
 Theramenes ; as if to say : he does not seem to me to be a second Themis- 
 tocles. AO.K. O.KOVTWV, against the will of the Lacedemonians; con- 
 cessive. 
 
 64. Tovvavrtov ^ : see note on 2. &iov : sc. &v ty, it were fitting ; 
 Greek Moods, 415 ; Kiihn., 260, Kern. 3. irpoo-airoXwX^vcu, to perish 
 too, to perish with him ; observe the force of the prep. irXi^v til TIS ^Tvyx a - 
 vcv, unless there chanced to be one. cls...dva<J>cpo}xlvas, appealing to ; an 
 indication of the reaction in public opinion in favor of Theramenes ; the 
 supporters of the overthrown oligarchy who still remained in the city were 
 now claiming to have adhered to him. dXX' ov : cf. dXXA /t^, 50. 
 
 65. irpore'pas cXi^y., i. c. the Four Hundred ; II. 753, e; G. 1140. 
 iroXiTtfav : for the main features of the scheme of government thus intro- 
 duced, see Grote, VIII. p. 36 ; nda-a.y : the power of insinuating persuasive 
 speech, Theramenes seems to have had in a high degree. ravr' ^Trparrtv,
 
 AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 133 
 
 was engaged in these proceedings. The Probuli, a provisional committee of 
 ten, appointed at the close of the Sicilian expedition, to take measures for 
 the public safety ; see Diet. Ant. Theramenes's adopted father, Hagnon, 
 son of Nicias, is here referred to. He was active and prominent in public 
 affairs during the earlier years of the Peloponnesian War. TOIS irp<ryp.acri, 
 to the measures then in progress, the cause, the revolution, favored and pro- 
 moted by the Probuli, who were of oligarchic proclivities. Frohb. renders : 
 "der Ordnung der Dinge, der Verfassung," to the order of things, the con- 
 stitution, but wrongly, I think ; cf. the use of Trpdy/j.ara in XIII. 60. 
 
 66. Pisander had been from the beginning the leader in the movement. 
 See Grote, VIII. p. 19, and also p. 58, where he says : "The representa- 
 tion of the character and motives of Theramenes, as given by Lysias," in 
 Orations XII. and XIII., "is quite in harmony with that of Thucydides." 
 Callaeschrus, the father of Critias, and one of the leaders of the ultra wing 
 of the Four Hundred. irpcm'povs avrov, more influential than himself, 
 that is, in the counsels of the party ; as stated in the next clause, they were 
 losing their ascendency over the democracy. r6r' V\&i\, at last. TWV 
 'Apior. <tpy<av : Aristocrates is mentioned by Thucydides as along with 
 Theramenes heading this opposition to the Ultras of the Four Hundred. 
 Tb...8os : the fear inspired by you ; observe the precision of this and the 
 preceding phrase. 
 
 67, 68. aiKKreivev, caused the death of; cf. 23. Of this transaction 
 Grote gives an interesting account ; Vol. VIII. pp. 83 - 87. &|ia (lev ..8e, 
 not only... but also ; the accessible facts concerning Theramenes seem to 
 justify the taunt of Lysias concerning his double-edged "good faith. "- 
 O.VT&S liray, having promised of his own accord; ai)r6s emphatically re- 
 peated. The speaker passes over the intervening six years ; we know that 
 he was repeatedly elected general. irp<ry(j.a, K. T. X., a great and impor- 
 tant thing; a vague and mysteriously uttered phrase, which helped Theram- 
 enes once more to gain the confidence of the people. ji.VJT...8ovs K-^T, 
 without either giving pledges, or; H. 1027. 
 
 69. irpaTTOvo-T]s : this and the foil, partt. are concessive. That the 
 Senate of the Areopagus were already taking measures for the safety of the 
 city, was a reason for not committing them entirely into the hands of one 
 man. ol XXoi dvO., the rest of men, i. e. men generally. clSorcs 8^ : 
 Gr. Moods, 876. rd diropprjTo : i. e. secrets of state ; OVK ^OcXtjo-tv, 
 refused, would not ; yet he could hardly have been required to tell his 
 plans in the open assembly, that would have been communicating them 
 to the enemy. trarpiBa., K. T. X, : H. 660, a. "In vain many thoughtful 
 citizens urged their objections ; they guessed his traitorous intentions, 
 and warned the assembly against intrusting their all to the hands of a The- 
 ramenes. In vain the Areopagus offered to take the negotiations for peace
 
 134 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 into its own hands. The large majority of the citizens, whose only anxiety 
 was for peace, were captivated by his speech and would not relinquish the 
 hopes aroused by it ; the conspirators exerted their influence to foster this 
 feeling; and Theramenes received the desired powers." Curtius, III. 
 p. 568.^ 
 
 70. &v: H. 996 and a; G. 1031 and 1032. ovrcos: the consequent is Siare ; 
 /*<? had so firmly made up his mind that it was requisite, etc., that. irtpl 
 <5v : after efj.v/i<rdr) ; its antec. is ravra ; render, which no one either of the 
 enemy mentioned, or of the citizens expected. avTbs...irayY. : cf. 68. 
 t% tlStos : causal, = for he well knew. raxtiav : pred. position ; render 
 emphatically, speedy would be the vengeance which, etc. 
 
 71. ov irpoTpov ta<r...?ws, he did not per mil,... until ; irpbrtpov is not 
 essential to the meaning, and is sometimes omitted ; the foil, verbs are co- 
 ordinate after wj. vir* Ktvwv : the Lacedaemonians. orpaTdireBov : 
 troops from the army of occupation at Decelea. The assembly referred to 
 here, and mentioned in the foil, section, was " the assembly concerning a 
 change in the constitution," the assembly which passed the motion of 
 Dracontides, establishing the Thirty in power, and virtually abrogating the 
 constitution. It seems to have been held shortly after the surrender of 
 Athens to Lysander, which took place (ace. to Scheibe) March 29, 404 B. c. 
 The assembly (or assemblies, there seem to have been several subsequent 
 sessions) "concerning the Peace," which was held the day after the return 
 of Theramenes from his final mission, is not referred to here. Its delibera- 
 tions are referred to in Oration XIII., 15 seq. On the order of the suc- 
 cessive sessions, see Curtius, Vol. III., App., Note XII. 
 
 72. T6rf...vira.p\., this being the condition of affairs at that time. 
 tiroCovv, convened ; Philochares and Miltiades are not elsewhere mentioned 
 in the extant accounts of this period. p.^T . . . T<: H. 1044, a. Notice 
 also that /^re . . . priSf is make one negative in translation; H. 1030; 
 G. 1619. TO.Kivois SoKovvra, what pleased them. 
 
 73. It will be seen, by consulting the histories, that the present oration 
 is the chief authority concerning the deliberations of this assembly. The 
 narrative of Diodorus Siculus is considered to have little weight, where it 
 differs from the account here given. TTJ iroX. xp'n^ai, to adopt the form of 
 government. iirt<j>aivev, announced, not. proposed ; the word is significant 
 of the forced revolutionary character of the proceeding; $fio>s . 8io.K., al- 
 though thus situated ; fytws, yet, belongs with the principal verb, but is often 
 brought in earlier in the sentence ; it shows that the part, is concessive ; 
 H. 979. WopvptiTt : in all the Athenian meetings, in courts as well as 
 in the political assemblies, free expression was given to approval or dis- 
 approval ; this word is used of both, meaning to <r/>/>l/it/</, and to murmur 
 dissent, not exactly to make an uproar, which is too rude a definition ;
 
 AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 135 
 
 though often enough in the gatherings of the intractable Demos the rising 
 murmurs made uproar enough to drown the tones of a Stentor. SovXtias 
 Kal Xeu0. : it was a question of slavery or freedom, as we should say. 
 
 74. 5Ti...ji\oi, that he cared nothing for your noise; ovS^v: adv. accus. 
 Tovs...irpetTTovTas : used substantively as pred. accusative after t t'Se/i; : 
 H. 726 ; G. 1077. The direct obj. may often be distinguished from the 
 pred. accus. by the art. with the former ; in constr. like the* present, the 
 contrary may be the case ; the principle is the same as that given in the note 
 on 49. Frohb. is surely mistaken in considering jroXXotfs pred., and that 
 'Mr\va.i<av limits rovs .. .irpdr. avrto : after opota: H. 773andb;G. H75 
 and 1178. SOKOVVTO, : though without the art, probably used substan- 
 tively ; Gr. Moods, 827 (a) ; Xyoi is also to be connected with eVf8^ ; 
 for the mood of elStiri and Aeyoj, see H. 932, 2, a; G. 1497. Kal. . . ?x l 
 lait also that he considered yon to have violated the treaty. " He told them 
 in a menacing and contemptuous tone that Athens was now at his mercy, 
 since the walls had not been demolished before the day specified, and 
 consequently the conditions of the promised peace had been violated." 
 (Grote, VIII. p. 235.) 8ri . . . ferrai, xcXevei : forms of direct discourse ; 
 H. 932; G. 1497 and 1498. 
 
 7S 7*>. yvovrts, K. T. X., recognizing the plot ; dvSpes oyaOot, true men, 
 or brave men, as 97, in simple contrast with the assumed distinctive name 
 of the aristocrats ; cf. 86 and note. In 94, Lysias claims for the former 
 the title HpiffTOi. U>XOVTO diriovrts, hastily departed ; H. 985 ; Goodw. 
 1587. r<fC<riv avrois : H. 775 ; G. 1179. Notice the force of the prep, in 
 ffw-ddrjffis, Lat. con-scientia, from which our "consciousness" and "con- 
 science," each with new and deeper meaning. It may be questioned 
 whether those who remained and kept silent, or those who quit the assem- 
 bly, adopted the better policy as patriotic citizens, as &v8pes dyaBoi. 
 Kal...KaKs : i. e. some of them "bad" men, and others "ill-advised"; 
 the connectives /cai.../ccu assign the attributes divisively ; so also 26. 
 TO. irpoo-TaxOs'vra : cf. airf<pau>ev, 73, and iraprryy^XXfTo, below ; it was 
 the vote of a deliberative assembly only in pretence. KeXvoiev; II. 916, 
 934, 937; G. 1434; 1484; 1502, i. " Ephors," a word which gives 
 the new committee of managers a quasi-official recognition ; cf. 43. The 
 method of nomination is known to us only from this account. ofrrw . . . 
 cwpwv, so -well did they sec. WTT . . . fjSecrav, that (hey knew beforehand. 
 
 77. OWK |J,o, not on my testimony ; cf. note on 27. v rfj (JovXfj : to 
 be taken with airoXay. The defence made by Theramenes just before his 
 seizure and execution is referred to. <j>v-yov<riv : the tense has no special 
 meaning ; this is one of the participles which came to be used with a subst. 
 force of its own ; here, the recent exiles. ot5S4v...Aax., the Lacedamo- 
 nians being nowise solicitous for it. Tois...|XT\ov<riv : his colleagues of
 
 136 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 the Thirty. 8Ti...Toiovrwv Tiry^dvoi, that he was meeting with such a 
 requital ; the part, before is concessive : although he had been the chief 
 agent in, etc.; on the position of I>TT' e/j.ou, cf. H. 667, a. Frohb. remarks 
 that this is the only instance in Lysias where a limiting phrase is thus sep- 
 arated from its part, by an interposed subst. 
 
 78. Kal...Kal...K<xl, KCU... KCU, KCU... KCU : the polysyndeton (as the Greek 
 grammarians termed it), the multiplication of connectives, serves here to 
 give greater weight to the sentence ; the pair at the end may be rendered 
 both. ..and. vn-p...irovT]pas, for his own villany ; virep here = because 
 of, in the preceding clause, in behalf of ; we may render by for in both, and 
 preserve the antithesis. KarcXvcrc : H. 837. Sixatws 8" &v : SiK-rjv domos 
 is understood, H. 987 and b ; G. 1299, i, and 1308; render : and would 
 justly have suffered punishment, Sis : first in the tyranny of the Four 
 Hundred, and the second time in that of the Thirty. T<ov...KaTa<|>., TWV... 
 iri8. : broadly but significantly characterizing his restless ambition. These 
 sonorous antitheses abound in the speeches and rhetorical productions of 
 Lysias's time. "Be content with the present," ffrtpye TO. vapovra, was an 
 oft-quoted maxim among the Greeks, in substance or in form ; cf. in 
 Heb. xiii. 5: O.PKOV/MVOI rots irapovcnv. ovopxTi : "O Liberty! what 
 crimes are committed in thy name ! " said Mme. Roland. What this fairest 
 of phrases was that cloaked most dreadful deeds, we are left to infer. 
 
 79. iv 3...tv<u, on which it needs not that there be pardon and pity. 
 Tovrovt, his, pointing at him; H. 274; Goodw. 412. p,Tj8i...\0pov, and 
 not by fighting be victorious over your enemies in the field, and yet by your 
 verdict be subject to your personal foes. It is the object here to shut off 
 compassion, by reminding the auditors that the Thirty and their adherents 
 not only were now in arms against them (at Eleusis), but had also been their 
 bitterest personal enemies. 
 
 80. fXT]8i...-7rXui> \<ipiv...io-T, dtiii do not be more grateful i "to be 
 grateful for anything " is usually expressed in Greek by fy"" X-P iv TifJy, or 
 fiStvai xupt-v rii>6s ; wv = TOVTWV &, the gen. depending on x^P 1 "- opYi- 
 r0 : prob. imperat. ; cf. 60. |U)Si...a<^i)Tt : the neg. belongs to both 
 cl. ; cf. 47. In such cases the thought is often better set forth in Kng. by 
 making the first cl. subordinate : and do not, while you are devising 
 measures against, etc. For mode of d<j>rJT(, see H. 874, a ; G. 1346. So 
 (loi)0T)ffr)Tf, below. ^VX^ 8 a f lcr KaKtov. TOVTOVS : as before observed, 
 Phidon, as well as Eratosthenes, is supposed to have been in Athens at this 
 time ; others deeply implicated in the crimes of the conspiracy are also 
 doubtless meant. 
 
 81. 82. KaTr)-yopT]Ta.i 8Vj, the accusation is now complete ; Sj, besides its 
 original temporal force (from rfd-t)), marks the transition in a spirited way. 
 otf...dvo(<rci, to whom he will appeal in defence ; espec. ref. to Theiamcnes.
 
 AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 137 
 
 Observe that the clause is parenthetic, not restrictive. ! I'erov, on equal 
 terms ; comparing the present trial with the pretended judicial proceedings 
 under the Thirty. Ka0'crTap;v, we stand, we are placed, \. e. in accordance 
 with the forms of law. aKpirovs : pred. adj. ; one of these trials that were 
 not trials is described in XIII. 36 seq.; those after the restoration were Kara 
 rbv v!)[u>v. ov84...\C-HJ3dviv, not even if you should wish to inflict punish- 
 ment illegally; &v belongs with the foil, opt.; wv : by attr. for the cogn. 
 ace. &. rL iraOovTSS : H. 969, b ; G. 1563, 3; by w/iat suffering. TIJV 
 eCav: the adj. emphasized by the art. ; H. 668; G. 959, 2 and 933 ; the 
 punishment deserved by their deeds ; for the periphrastic form of the verb, 
 see G. 733. 
 
 83. auTois Kal TOVIS iraiSas : see note on 36 ; irorepov : sign of alterna- 
 tive question, but not to be tr. wv : an tec. in Xdpoi/jiev. dXXd. ya.p : 
 instead of the expected 1), or, after -irorepov. As to its freq. use in intro- 
 ducing a question, see note on 40. TO, cjxxvepo. : not merely a fine, but 
 confiscation of their entire property ; (pavepa oveta is the term for lands, 
 buildings, furniture, slaves, etc., as opposed to cash assets; the latter were 
 called ovffia a<j>a.vfy, or simply apytipiov ; see Frohb. KaXais dv JSx l 
 would it be well ; i. e. fair, satisfactory. ^s : limits TroXXd. 
 
 84. TTWS OVK : Lat. nonne ; TTWS is prefixed to the negative for the 
 sake of rhetorical emphasis, and not merely in its proper sense of how or 
 why, as, for instance, in 49; in XXII. 17, on the other hand, it is used as 
 here. It is a distinct use of TTWS, and should be separately noted in our lexi- 
 cons. Kal t|vn,vovv : an emphasized indef. demonstrative, as the form in 
 -ovv always is ; H. 285 and 1002, a. irdv...&v...ToX|A7)<rai, that one would 
 dare anything ; Sorts., fjtcei, who has come ; TOVTOV, simply his ; &rrtj and 
 its antec., though indef., ref. with sufficient distinctness to Eratosthenes. 
 erepois : the adherents of the oligarchic party ; many of these were still in 
 the city, and of these not a few sitting as jurors in the present case, as 
 appears from the speech. 
 
 85. wv dfi<f>OT. : neut. gen. after eiri/JLeX. ; lit. both which, i. e. his con- 
 tempt of you and his reliance upon the other party ; render : in either case 
 it is worth your concern ; in the first case (na.Taire(f>p6i>i)Kei> v/j.ui>), the men- 
 tion of the fact is enough ; in the second (crtyou ireiriffr.), he goes on to 
 show why the subject demands their indignant attention. |tf| rrc'pwv 
 (rvpir., if (these) others had not co-operated. ow Totm>is...poT]0., not in 
 order to sttccor these, that is, not merely ; ov often thus before dXXd ; cf. 
 1 1. The pi. here, roirrois, though Eratosthenes was the only one on trial, 
 shows that it was looked upon as a test case. Other indictments were 
 doubtless hanging over the heads of the prominent supporters of the Thirty. 
 d'Sciav is foil, by the limiting gen. and by iroif.1v; H. 952; G. IS 21 > 
 ample security for the past and the future.
 
 130 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 86. Kal TOJV {jwspovvTwv : H. 733 ; ref. is made in this and the following 
 section to two classes of the ol...fior)6^ffoi'Tf^, above mentioned; first, the 
 influential friends who by presence or by speech were to appear in his 
 favor ; and second, those who were summoned as witnesses for the defence. 
 It was common in the Athenian courts for parties less skilled in public 
 speaking to speak but briefly themselves, and leave the pleading mainly to 
 be done by professional advocates (oi ffvrdiKfiv eTrtord/xepot, as they are 
 called in Xen., Memorab. I. 2. 51). Notice that awrftbptvfs, 25 ; aw- 
 et7ru>, 34 ; and %vvepovvruv, here, were to the Greek ear one word in throe 
 tenses. KoXol xcvyaOoi : the favorite party-name of the aristocracy ; " the 
 good and honorable men, the elegant men, the well-known, the temperate, 
 the honest and moderate men, etc., to employ that complimentary phrase- 
 ology by which wealthy and anti-popular politicians have chosen to designate 
 each other in ancient as well as in modern times." Grote, VIII. 16. 
 irXtiovos dijiav, as outweighing the villany of these. c(3ovX6|j,T]v &v : cf. 
 22 ; / would, though, that they were as zealous. ^...d-iroXoYrjtrovTai, 
 or whether as powerful 'speakers they 'will plead for the defendant. It is 
 difficult to reproduce the slur contained in Lysias's time in the words Seivos 
 \fyfiv, when used to warn a court against the persuasive power of an op- 
 ponent. The sophists and rhetoricians of the time were proverbially dearol 
 \tyfu>, and apt to make the worse appear the better reason. See the opening 
 of Socrates's defence, as given by Plato. 
 
 87. vT|6is, good-natured, in the sarcastic tone that pervades the whole 
 passage. A . . . rj-yovvrai : dep. on vonifrvres. TOV t>|xeHpov ir\T|8ovs : 
 Scheibe has the accus., but I follow Frohb. in preferring the gen. of the 
 MSS. ; the first Sid is through ; the second, because of; the two clauses con- 
 nected by ntv and 5^ are both co-ordinately dep. on ijyovrrat, but it will be 
 seen that the sense is better preserved in Eng. by making the latter sub- 
 ordinate with although ; the principle is the same as noticed in 47. 
 ^TT' K4>opiv \6tv : Frohb. appropriately quotes from ^Esch. III. 235: 
 "The Thirty did not allow the relatives of the deceased even to come to 
 the funeral ceremonies and burial of the dead." 
 
 88. <r<t>6TS, if they should be released; 11.969,6; cf.goo; G. 1413; 
 1563, 5; cf. 1408. ^Ktivoi 84 : there is plainly no antithesis here, as the sen- 
 tence is completed. Possibly the emotion of the speaker has diverted his 
 thought, and the sentence should read : but they whom these destroyed, hav- 
 ing ended life, are beyond the vengeance of their foes. Cf. rb...Seos, in 66. 
 Sciv&v tl: cf. 36; avroVs: intens. with TO?* AiroA., which is dat. of ad- 
 vantage. iiroTi, since, now that. The defendant's funeral (to take place 
 on the execution of the anticipated sentence) was likely to be a large 
 one ; this is sarcastic and harsh, but in keeping with the increasing bitter- 
 ness of the speaker as he recalls the past.
 
 AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 139 
 
 89. ical piv 8rj, and of a truth ; cf. 30. The line of thought is a 
 continuation of the preceding : And in thus undertaking the defence (/3o?;- 
 Oe'iv) of Eratosthenes they certainly have a heavier task than it would have 
 been to remonstrate with the Thirty and prove your innocence (d.vreureii>). 
 
 pqx>v : the MSS. have pq.Si.ov, but the emendation here given is that 
 adopted by most edd. K<HTOI Xe'-youo-iv, they say, though ; 'Epar. : dat. of 
 the agent after the perf. pass. ; t\a\. TWV rpi., least of the Thirty ; eXdx- is 
 prob. adverbial. T<*v...ir\i<rra, more than any other of the Greeks; this 
 superl. with the gen. of distinction is a favorite usage in Greek ; H. 755, b. 
 
 90. BfjXoi &r<r6 ws opy., you will show yourselves to be indignant ; 
 H. 981; Goodw. 1589; for ws, see H. 978; the above translation would 
 be correct, were wj omitted ; its use, however, marks what is manifest not 
 as an absolute fact, but in the view, or judgment, of the persons referred to. 
 
 6<}>0T|o-eo-0 : syn. with SijXot <re<r0e. ov\ ^ T : i allusion to the cur- 
 rent plea ; cf. 27 and 29. 
 
 91. TouTttv airo|/T]<|>., by acquitting these ; the plur. pron., as in 85. 
 KpvjBSrjv: not that each one's ballot was cast so as to be publicly known, 
 the Athenian law guaranteed the secrecy of the ballot. But it would be 
 known, in case of acquittal, that it was due to the votes of the city-party 
 among the judges, and they would be held responsible in the judgment of 
 the community. In the next oration, 36 seq., it is described how the 
 judicial proceedings under the Thirty disregarded the provision above 
 named of the constitution. Another instance is that of the celebrated trial 
 of the six generals after the battle of Arginusse. 
 
 92. Ko,T^povs, each party of you, explained by the foil, appos. phrases ; 
 for the double accus., see H. 724 ; Goodw. 1106; 1069. The tone adopted 
 toward the sympathizers with the oligarchy who sat among the judges, is 
 quite different from that toward such as were appearing among the witnesses 
 or advocates for the defence. TT-apaSti-yp-ara, as warning examples. Note 
 the order of the words in the preceding partic. phrase, and cf. with two similar 
 phrases in 77 ; this is the preferable order ; see H. 667, a ; Kiihn. 245, 
 Rem. 8. er<f>. ^pxetrOs, were under so violent a rule ; from &pxofJ.ai. 
 ToiovTov...tv w, such that in it, a rel. cl. of consequence; f|TTT)6VTs... 
 viKf|o-avTs, now that you have been defeated,... if you had been victorious ; 
 T{> l'rov : cf. 35. 
 
 93. OVTOI: still ref. to the Thirty ; ofcous, estates, property; Xen. defines 
 it in his CEconomicus, KTT)(TIS ^ fftifjuraaa,. pryaXovs : pred. adj., after 
 tKTriffavTO, rendered ; so Trtcrroi/s, below. <ruv<o4>Xeicr6ai, to share the 
 benefit ; it is pass. iri<rrovs . . . ^KTWVTO, were attempting to gain your 
 fidelity ; H. 832 ; Goodw. 1255. WOVTO elvcu, were expecting you to be ; 
 the pres. inf., rather than the fut, after otoftai in this sense, is similar to the 
 constr. in 19.
 
 140 NOTES ON ORATION XII. 
 
 94. av0' <ov : avrl, in return for, gives av6' &v and dvff' orov the causal 
 meaning of wherefore. KO.0' ocrov : i. e. so far as you have them in your 
 power. TifipT|<ra<r0 : a freq. word in Lysias, both in act. and mid. ; to 
 avenge, to take vengeance ; if foil, by a word denoting the injury for which 
 vengeance is taken, this is put in the gen., alone or with dvri, inrtp, or irept. 
 Usually, however, virtp is used with persons, = in behalf of, as here and 
 m 35- vvv : hyperbaton ; cf. XXIV. 21. TOIS iroX|iois : now in 
 Eleusis. irepl TTJS irdXtws : the state was still in peril. TWV eriKov'ptov : 
 the treason of the conspirators reached its climax when the Spartan Cal- 
 libius with his garrison of 700 men was stationed in the Acropolis. 
 
 95. ujriv : after iro\\wv, H. 952, a ; G. 1526; roo-avra from the context 
 implies a negative, this only, only so much, ref. to what has been said in 
 9 2 ~94- elpTJVTjs oii(TT]s, in a time of peace ; rot SirXa is emphatically 
 repeated. (;Ki]pvx0T]T : the number of fugitives and exiles is estimated 
 by Isocrates at 5000, by Diodorus at a much larger number, more than half 
 of the citizens ; so Frohb. vi|ias...T|To{JVTo, demanded your rendition. 
 
 96. The appeal to revenge and party animosity continues with increased 
 vehemence ; opyi<rQi\rf, let your indignation be kindled ; note the tense. 
 ot...airicTivav, K. T. X.: this is not a restrictive, but an explanatory relative 
 clause; its antec. abriav is simply the unemphatic pers. pron.; see Goodw. 
 1007. The better punctuation therefore, as preventing a misapprehension 
 of the true construction, is a colon after avruv, rather than a comma, as 
 most edd. have it. 4>ov'as avrwv : by drinking the cup of hemlock-juice, 
 cf: 17. The mode of execution is not mentioned as in itself one of the 
 items of tyranny, for it was that which the law gave to capital offenders who 
 were of free birth ; but that the victims were by arbitrary force made to take 
 their own lives. It heightened the outrage against the dead that the burial 
 rites, sanctioned by social custom and by religion, were denied them ; 
 adding arrogance and impiety to oppression. TTJS ..Tijxwpias : after the 
 compar. ; a similar phrase in 88. 
 
 97. Su<}>vyov : the anted of 6Vot is in second pers. (see rjXOtrf, below); 
 H. 1063. iravr. ^KKTjpuTTOfjitvoi : the same verb in 35 and 95. The 
 sufferings of the banished population must have been very great, especially 
 as the most of the cities of Greece refused to harbor them, being either in 
 alliance with Sparta or overawed by her ; it was in the winter time, more- 
 over, that the stress was felt, the three months following October, 404 B. c. 
 ev irarpCSi, in your native land, (then) hostile. ^XOcTt.-.IItip. : cf. e/s 
 TOV II. Ka.Tr)\Oov, II. 6 1 ; this section is similar to several passages in the 
 oration cited ; cf. II. 69, 72. 
 
 98. Kal . . . TjjidpTTiTt, an il had f,iil,-d in this; II. 748; G. 1099. &v 
 8t(ravTS ^<j>., would have become terrified, nud would (noiv) be in exile ; 
 Stiff, is incep. aor., II. 841 ; Goo hv. i2 r >o ; jxf| ird0HT : dcp. on t<f>.
 
 AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 141 
 
 ft : the antec. are if pa, P<afi.o( ; Ka.1 = even ; rprfirovs, conduct, proceedings. 
 6a-oL...T]<rav : a condit. relat. clause, equiv. to e? rives 3\aav ; H. 914 ; 
 G. 1430, 1440; Gr. Moods, 525 irl tVTjs : cf. tv ^tvy yfj, above ; <n>|i,- 
 poXcuuJv, debts ; the word denotes both the evidence of indebtedness (note 
 its etymological meaning) and the indebtedness itself. &v.. .8ovXtuov : 
 by " the old harsh law of debtor and creditor, once prevalent in Greece, 
 Italy, Asia, and a large portion of the world." See further, Grote, III. 
 p. 94 seq. 
 
 99. oXXo. -yip: see VII. 9. TO, p-eXXovra 2<rco-6ai, lit. those things 
 which would have been about to be ; as is evident from the context, the part, 
 is used as an imperf. (Gr. Moods, 140) and &v is omitted with it, as often 
 with fyeXXe*' ; Gr. Moods, 428 (a); Kiihn. 260, Rein. 3. Tfjs...&\^- 
 Xciirrai, there has been no lack of zeal on my part ; the verb I take to be 
 impers. (H. 819, a) and foil, by the gen. of want, and ovSfr as accus. of 
 specif. d...dir^8ovTO : the selling of temple properties is not definitely 
 attested, but was by no means uncommon in revolutions, on one pretext or 
 another. cpbuvov : because perjured and polluted by judicial murder. 
 TWV vewpCwv, the ship-yards, including the docks, ship-houses, and the 
 arsenal. Isocrates (Areopag. 67) mentions that these had been erected by 
 the city at the cost of 1000 talents, and that the Thirty sold them for 
 demolition for three talents. diroOavov<rt, ncnv that they are dead ; |3oT]6^- 
 oxm : imperat. as pred. of a relat. clause, as in 60 and 80. 
 
 100. v(iwv...<j>tpovTas, are both listening to us, and will recognize you as 
 you cast your votes ; an opinion in harmony with the popular belief, but to 
 which a widely current scepticism at this period refused acceptance. This 
 is one of the very few passages in Lysias that give the slightest clew to his 
 religious beliefs. On 0e6$, cf. note on XIII. 63. avT<ov...KaT<u|/r|4>., will 
 be condemning them to death; its subj. is roffotirovs vfj.(av, antec. of 6Vot ; 
 vividly and powerfully transferring those past issues of life and death to the 
 present ; the case is still pending ; there is a new hearing before a new 
 tribunal. The force of the appeal rests on the truth indicated in the 
 significant words of Matt, xxiii. 25. irciroi^fi.^vovs frrorBai : a periphrastic 
 fut. perf. ; Greek Moods, 80. Aristotle, at the close of his treatise on 
 Rhetoric, commends a conclusion similar to this for its omission of con- 
 nectives.
 
 NOTES ON ORATION XIII. 
 
 In the MSS. tv5eleus is added to the title ; it is probably a mistake of the ancient 
 editors who confounded the two very similar legal processes ti>8(il;is and a 
 See Introduction. 
 
 1. Tt|u*pciv : see XII. 94; Tj> irX^0ci, TU> ii\itr.: on this phrase, which 
 occurs repeatedly in this oration, see note on XII. 42 ; fivrts : merely an 
 attrib. part. KTi8rrf|s, in general a relation by marriage, here a brother- 
 in-law. t\u>i, irX^Oci : dat. of poss. after inrdpx- Noticeable is the avowed 
 recognition in the judicial orations of a personal feud or hostility (?x^P) 
 if based on actual injury received, as the rightful motive of prosecution ; cf. 
 XII. 2. 8v' &, that on account of them ; 6s, inst. of the regular correl. olos 
 (cf. 36), following TOIOVTOS, as in 13 ; XII. 92, eta/. rf : used as a 
 single connective chiefly in poetry, but also in Thucydides and Plato ; cf. 
 82 ; &v 6&s 8A.ii : c f- Lat. dis volentibus, and later, in Christian writers, 
 Deo volente. The use of 0eos in the sing, in this current phrase of the 
 Greeks is worthy of note. 
 
 2. wv 8^, whose names indeed ; to be read in the document mentioned in 
 38 ; 5)} is used after a relative in a great variety of finely shaded meanings ; 
 here it seems mainly intended to give greater prominence to the clause, 
 which is a so-called explanatory or parenthetic one. &vSpas...a i ya6ovs : 
 see XII. 75 ; ytvo\uvos, by becoming; part, of manner, H. 069, b; G. 1563,3. 
 ISfcj, individually, as dist. from KOIVJJ. ow p-tcpd, not a little ; an ex. 
 of the emphasis gained by litotes ; cf. with /j.eyd\a, just before, and see ofy 
 BHUTTO., above. 
 
 3. SI'KCUOV Kal 8<riov : distinguished as the Lat. jus and fas, law human 
 and law divine. iroiowo-i : condit., as shown by the foil, infin. with &v 
 (taking the place of a pot. optat., H. 964; G. 1308); d|t....^'Y V<r ^ ai ^ iai 
 we should fare better, lit. it would become better to us ; irapd, from. 
 
 4. The division indicated extends to 42, as follows : 
 
 \uv, including 5 - 17 : the overthrow of the democracy ; 
 including 18-38 : the crime of Agoratus ; 
 j, including 39-42 : the last injunctions of the deceased.
 
 AGAINST AGORATUS. 143 
 
 jAo.0ovTs, on learning ; it has the force of a condit., as iroiovvi in 3 ; 
 &v belongs with the opt. The more the details of history should be known, 
 the greater would be the pleasure and the plainer the duty of pronouncing 
 the prisoner guilty. rovrovt : H. 274 ; Goodw. 412. This inseparable 
 demonstrative affix belongs to the familiar rather than to the elevated style ; 
 its frequent use by the speaker, as he points to Agoratus (cf. I, 33, 41, 
 56), accords with the contemptuous freedom with which he treats him 
 throughout, as one of slave origin and base associations. ivrtvQtv, 86v : 
 thence, whence ; we may render them together: where. A Greek would 
 say : Begin thence, i. e. from that point, where we should say : Begin there, 
 i. e. at that point. 
 
 5, 6. y*P> not /or ; it gives no reason ; it refers to the previous mention 
 or promise ; technically called ydp epexegetic, and usually omitted in Eng. ; 
 in XII. it is found at the beginning of 6, but omitted in 4. The battle 
 of yEgospotami forms the starting-point of the narrative. ov...varpov, not 
 long afterwards, added to eiretdr), making it more definite. Kal &|ia... 
 eyiyvovro, and at the same time conferences were taking place ; imperf. 
 joined with atpiKf., an historical present ; H. 828. rr\s elpVjvT)S : restrict, 
 art., the peace which terminated the war. vsurepa irpa-yp.aTO, a revolu- 
 tion , Lat. novce res. clXij^vai, that they had found; its subj. the same 
 as of vo/jtlC KaTa<rT^<rao-0ai : after Kaip6v ; 11.952; G. 1521. 
 
 7. <r4>l(riv : after tfjuroStav, G. 1174; cf. H. 765, under which adverbs 
 should be included. irpo<rri]K6Tas, leaders ; a word syn. with Srifj-ayujol, 
 but without its bad flavor; the orators, the so-called demagogues, not neces- 
 sarily like those next named holding any official position. a.(j.ci>o~y'irtts : 
 some edd. give the Attic form with the rough breathing ; somehowor other ; 
 the word is literally somehow at least. povXoivro: cf. /ce \tvotev in XII. 76. 
 tirc'OtvTO, set upon. Cleophon, "the most influential demagogue," as Dio- 
 dorus says, during the closing period of the Peloponnesian War, has had 
 scant justice done him by many of the historians. Frohb. says : "A thorn 
 in the eye of the oligarchic conspirators, he was, notwithstanding his reck- 
 lessness and terrorizing, at bottom an honest and disinterested patriot, though 
 not over-conscientious in the choice of his political methods." 
 
 8. -yfy VTO > was in session. This assembly was held about the beginning 
 of the year u. c. 404, ace. to Xenophon ; thus some 4 or 5 months after the 
 battle of yEgospotami. )>' ols, on what terms ; H. ion, and a; G. 1600; 
 the simple relative used in an indirect question, where we oftenerhave &TTIS ; 
 cf. 4, $ rp6Trifi. el KaTCMTK.: a subst. cl. in appos. with ols, ei to be ren- 
 dered that. errl SCKO. ordSia, as much as ten stadia ; the phrase is used 
 substant. and is subj. of the verb ; H. 600, b. Tore : correl. of 6're, above. 
 
 OVK f|v^rxrS, did not endure, foil, by supplem. part ; explain the form 
 of the verb; H. 361; Goodw. 544. fttj: for tari of the direct form.
 
 144 NOTES ON ORATION XIII. 
 
 The proceedings here narrated, beginning with this section, were glanced 
 at in Orat. XII. 68. See the story as told by Grote, VIII. p. 226 set/., and 
 in a more intelligible form by Curtius, III. p. 566 seq. 
 
 9. avTOKpdropa, with full power, plenipotentiary ; 8n is not followed 
 by its appropriate verb, but by iroi-fi<reiv instead (an allowable anacoluthon). 
 ixTTt...8i\iv, so as neither to tear down any part of the walls. dXXo 
 ...)tr|Sv, in any other respect; 8ie\elv and ^Xarrwcrot refer to Theramenes 
 as their subj., ace. to Frohb., who compares this constr. with XII. 68; it 
 seems better to consider the subj. general, referring to the government or 
 citizens of Athens. otoiro : continuation of the indir. disc, after X^yet STI, 
 above. 
 
 10. |KIVOV, that one, him ; more emphatic than avrbv. The rejection 
 of Theramenes, here mentioned, must have been within a year after the 
 battle of Arginusre and the unjust condemnation of the six generals ; the 
 disapprobation of the people may have been in consequence of the part he 
 had taken in that trial. The strategi were not among the officers chosen by 
 lot (for others see Diet. Ant. " Archairesiai ") ; after election they were 
 liable to the trial of qualifications, before the Senate or a dicastery, and 
 might then be rejected. See Diet. Ant., "Docimasia." 
 
 11. ls AaKcSeUfiova : in this account Lysias briefly blends together the 
 two missions of Theramenes, one to the camp of Lysander, and the other 
 to Sparta. It was in the former that he remained three months. tXOwv : 
 temporal; KaroXiirwy : descriptive (G. 1563, 7) ; clScis : concessive; vo\kl- 
 Jwv : causal. We may render: -went to Sparta and remained,... leaving 
 you besieged, though he was aware. Frohb. considers KaraXtiruv to be causal 
 after ei'Sws. The partt. in this and 9 deserve special attention. TOVS 
 iroXXovs, the mass of the people, with 6vras, in the same constr. as rb . . .TrXfjOos 
 ...^X^ fvov - tl . . . dirdpcos, if he should bring you into extremity, as he 
 actually did. oiroiavTivovv, of any sort whatever ; H. 285; see Lex., 
 oirotos. 
 
 12. & : connects with ^/ceiVoj fUv, above. irpo|>a<rtv : adv. accus., so 
 also rb d' a.\i)6h. The same occurs in Thucyd., VI. 33 ; dvair., in order 
 to rest ; the phrase ^\6tv as rd oir\a is general, and may refer to an evasion 
 of hoplite service, or of military duty in any branch. ^Ktivw, for him ; for 
 the trial of his individual case a court was made up, a jury packed ; 
 iro.pacTKtvdo-a.vTts is significant of the illegality ; KaOCo-avres is the usual 
 term. This section closes the narrative concerning Cleophon, beginning at 
 7 with trpCrrov niv ; 13 goes on with 5 
 
 13. Strombichides, a commander whose name frequently occurs in the 
 history of the Peloponnesian War, of strong democratic sympathies, as the 
 customary phrase tvvoovvrtt vfuv indicates. irpoo-uJvrcs, visiting, having 
 an interview with. <jv, as; after Toiavrrjii, where we usually find oiav ;
 
 AGAINST AGORATUS. 145 
 
 cf. note on I. pY<{>, by deed, i. e. by actual experience. 
 we lost. 
 
 14. yap : cf. 5 ; ^v : subj. KaraffKd\f/at. : it was (in the treaty) to 
 demolish the long walls entirely. With tirl 5^/co, cf. 8. 8\a : evidently 
 emphatic, though not necessarily so from its pred. position. Ti...iropa- 
 8ovvai,...Kal Tj>...irepi\iv : both are co-ord. with Ka.Ta<ni\f/ai. Observe 
 the diff. bet. irepieXftv and 5ie\eit>, and cf. note on 9. In XII. 40, Kadel- 
 \ov, demolished, occurs as a syn. of /career Katyav. 
 
 15, 16. ovofia-n. : the full antithesis would require the article, as in 
 XX. 17, T$ ptv 6vbna.Ti. T<} 8' tpyt? : observe the force of the pres. in 
 Kara\. OVK &f>acrav, refused ; the foil, tense is not to be explained by the 
 rules for indir. disc. ; cf. the infin. in XII. 19, after $OVTO. It is not what 
 they said, but the act, the determination that is thought of ; oti 0?//w is often 
 thus used. f^l\i\ : by prolepsis placed before the clause where it logically 
 belongs ; H. 878 ; we may render : not because they were sorry that the 
 walls were to fall. The clause el...irapado0. is also in its nature a subst. cl., 
 fl being whether. avrots : H. 764, 2; Goodw. 1161. TOVTWV: 
 H. 734 ; G. 1097, 2. Let the student remember that a so-called literal 
 translation of a sentence like this is not a translation into English. rJ> vjt. 
 ir\f)0os : the syn., observe, of TTJP drjuoKpariav, above. o8'...ovK in.0v- 
 (lovvres, nor (was it) because they did not desire, still explaining OVK tyaffav, 
 above. An eloquent vindication of the motives of the democratic leaders. 
 TW 8. T3v *A8. : observe the partit. force of the gen. in this position ; 
 H. 730, d. 
 
 17. ravra anticipates the cl. STI fl<rl, which is in appos. with it. ticri, 
 Ka>\v<rou<ri : H. 932, i; G. 1497. *rf|v irepl rijs cipijvtjs : the assembly held 
 after Theramenes's return. Frohb. brackets these words as spurious, con- 
 sidering them inconsistent with 15 ; but the inconsistency is only imagi- 
 nary. irplv T?)V KK. ...yo'., before the assembly concerning the peace was 
 held. A word here on an alleged inaccuracy of Lysias. Grote has placed 
 these proceedings, related in 18-38, after the surrender of the city and 
 the entrance of Lysander (VIII. 235), referring especially to Xenophon, 
 Hell. II. 2, 22, in proof that Lysias has misdated the occurrences in order 
 to strengthen his plea. But the two accounts are not in conflict. Xenophon 
 condenses into less than a dozen lines the announcement of the conditions of 
 peace, their acceptance and ratification, the triumphant entrance of Lysan- 
 der into the city, and the beginning of the demolition of the walls in accord- 
 ance with the terms of the treaty. It is fair to interpret his statement in 
 the light of Lysias's circumstantial narrative, instead of assuming that the 
 announcement of Theramenes and the final vote on the acceptance of the 
 peace both took place on one day in one session of the assembly. Had the 
 advocates for the prosecution presumed on the poor memories of the entire
 
 146 NOTES ON ORATION XIII. 
 
 body of judges concerning events so recent and well known, the documents 
 brought into court must of themselves have made such a distortion of facts 
 ineffectual. The narrative given by Plutarch in the life of Lysander also 
 implies that some days intervened between the assembly mentioned by 
 Xenophon and the entrance of Lysander. It is an assumption on the part 
 of Blass that they took place on the same day ; a statement that Xenophon 
 is by no means responsible for. ds SiajJoXas : Kadiffrdvai riva els 5. = to 
 bring one into ill-repute ; /cafleoTij/cws ev rats 5. = to be in ill-repute. 
 ToiavTijv : followed by ydp, as in 7- 
 
 1 8. ov (jvva8. tKtCvois, not that he -was privy to their plans, i. e. the 
 plans of the generals and the taxiarchs ; instead of a corresponding causal 
 part., afterwards we find tdbnei ; ovSt'v is adv. accus., in any respect; its 
 position makes it emphatic. irpV...irpa,TTOVTs, engaged in ; the phrase is 
 rare ; irvorov, trustworthy. SovXov ical ^K SovXwv : a frequent missile of 
 invective in the courts, and, unless accompanied by proof, often to be taken 
 with deductions. The ancient as well as the modern bar allowed consider- 
 able freedom in using the vocabulary of assault. Cf. 64. avrois : i. e. 
 Theramenes and his confederates. 
 
 19. &KOVTO., KOVT(X : pred. adj. agree with avrov ; they wished him, there- 
 fore, to seem to make his disclosures reluctantly, and not willingly. SITUS 
 irnTTortpa djuv inro<j>avoiTO : thus the MSS. Frohb. suggests SITUS TTIO-TO- 
 Ttpa i] jj.-/ii>vffis <(>a.ivoiTo. As it stands in the text, the subj. is ra /JL-TIVV- 
 Oivro. understood ; vvofy. is difficult to explain; Rauch. " might gradually 
 appear"; L. & S. " might just appear"; might appear somewhat more 
 credible to you, is perhaps nearly the meaning. Kayser emends the text so 
 as to read otiru (palvotro. teal vfias, that you also. rbv TOV 'EX. icaX., 
 known as the son of Elaphostictus ; the name (Aa0o$ and orf/rros, Spotted 
 Deer) probably of some slave or freedman. 
 
 20. 8i^<J>6apTo : it had become the tool of the oligarchic conspirators ; 
 one of their first steps was to get control of the Senate. TtKjMJpiov : 
 H. 626 and a. ol...iroXXo(, the majority; lirt, during the administra- 
 tion of. {povXcvov : render, were members of; /9ou\V /3ov\cfau> usually 
 means to give counsel. In the sense to be a Senator it is not often foil, by a 
 cogn. ace. , as here ; vorlpav, i. e. of the succeeding year. 4ir' tvvoia rfj 
 vp.tr., out of good-will to you ; H. 694; Goodw. 999. TOV SI]|JLOU TOV V\L.: 
 evidently syn. with TOV vfi. irKriffovt ; but Lysias only uses it, says Frohb., 
 in one other place ; cf. 51. 4Xyero, -were adopted ; strictly, were pro- 
 posed. aw TO is : ref. to TO. \f/rj<f>lafMiTa. Kal...irpo<r^xt]T, and that you 
 may regard them as such. 
 
 21. 22. tv airoppiJT<{, sc. ovffav, when in secret session ; ordinarily the 
 sessions were public. TOTC Ka9., then in progress; observe the force of 
 the pres. piv oiv : marking the transition to a special point ; now their
 
 AGAINST AGORATUS. 147 
 
 names, etc. One expects an adversative particle. ri...icaf: connect 
 ofjLo>fjL. and tfvcu (in ind. disc, after e^ij), which give the two assigned rea- 
 sons ; the subj. of O/UD/X. refers to Theocritus; CKCIVOIS; H. 773; G. 1175. 
 4(jir]vi5TO denotes past time, as shown by the foil. aor. ; H. 895, N. a ; 
 G. 1397; by what tense to be rendered? dvawpov, -without furnishing 
 names ; the reader will note that anonymous in Eng. has usually a more 
 restricted sense than the Greek word. wvl &: cf. XII. 23, note. 
 
 23. 4ir, "for, after ; in quest of" (L. & S.) ; d-ytiv, to bring, the context 
 implying to arrest. irop a-yevojwvos : H. 616; Goodw. 924 {b); cf. yvovs, 
 17. Who the Nicias and Nicomenes mentioned were, is not known. 
 They and their companions were of the popular party, while Agoratus (so 
 the foil, argument seeks to prove) was acting tic vapaffKevrfi with the oligarchy. 
 ola fJtXr.: strengthened superl. ; H. 651. Observe the litotes ; the con- 
 dition of things in the city was anything but satisfactory to the popular 
 party. ovK...irpoij<rr(ku., declared that they would not allow ; the subj. 
 of a-yciv is understood ; JMV contrasts not Ayeiv, but the whole clause, with 
 what follows. 
 
 24, 25. TWV y. . . . KwXvdvTwv : pres. of continued action ; they took 
 down the names in the midst of the proceedings ; dirxovrts *X- : f 9^5 5 
 Goodw. 1587. Mow : H. 220; Goodw. 296; cf. 'A&finjOfr, below. This 
 altar was in the temple of Artemis, a famous asylum in those times. 
 71-apopp.icravTes : ira.pd = alongside, \. e. of the shore ; iravrl rpvrrtf, by all 
 means ; dat. of manner, equiv. to a modal adv. limiting the infin. ; avrov : 
 dtofj.a.1, to entreat, is generally foil, by the gen., as in its original sense. 
 2u*s...KdTao-r. : dep. probably on an implied verb ; they promised to remain 
 with him until the affairs of the city were restored to a better condition ; 
 avrot: agrees with the subj. of oweinrAewr., i.e. the sureties; H. 940, b; 
 Goodw. 927. cl KO|xur6c{T| ; ind disc, after a past tense for ta.v KOfjutrOys. 
 A similar constr. in XII. 14, last sentence; H. 932, 2; G. 1497; *nropdX>- 
 <nv : the form of the hypoth. relat. cl. is unchanged from dir. disc.; see 
 Gr. Moods, 690. 
 
 26. Tavra : cogn. ace. The foil, partt. are plainly concessive. avrwv : 
 intens. ; to accompany him themselves. T <rot...irapcoic > there had been 
 something concerted by you ; see t*. irapao icfvrjs, 22. irs...jx av f w uM 
 you not have gone ? 
 
 27, 28. dXXa }Uv 8ij strongly emphasize the negative : nay more, you 
 and they were not in like condition ; -y^ belongs with Spoia somewhat as 7^ 
 with alovs, XII. 20. On the exemption of Atl enian citizens from tor- 
 ture, see Diet. Ant., " Basanos." <T|>T. avruv : H. 691; Goodw. loor; 
 ravra p. XIHTVT., that this was better, more advantageous. Twv...d-ya6ovs, 
 many good citizens ; into after dvoXfoffai., owing to the implied passive force 
 of the verb. fkwravuHHjvai : dep. on Ktvdwos, subj. of fy ; paXXov...
 
 148 NOTES ON ORATION XIII. 
 
 <rw<J>pev, // was mere advantageous ; observe the omiss. of &v; 11.895, 
 Note;Goodw. 1402. &KCOV: agr. with av, the implied subj. of the inf. which 
 is to be supplied from the foil. airtKTdvas, that (you did it) unwillingly. 
 <rov : after (cara/xapr. A marked instance of hyperbaton for the sake of 
 emphasis ; emphasis is evidently laid on the second pers. pron. throughout 
 this passage. 
 
 29, 30. ol K TTJS P., the committee from the Senate; doubtless mentioned 
 in the decree just read ; perhaps composed of the same persons as before, 
 and sent back to Munychia with the necessary instructions ; Movw\Ca : 
 see reff. on 'Hiowvyiaffiv in 24, and H. 219, a. diro'ypcu{>ci, deposes to ; in 
 this oration generally to inform against, denounce ; the clerk recording the 
 names given in. t|...dpxij: pred. after frytvero. All the subsequent 
 calamities followed, so the orator views it, because of the murder of the 
 patriotic leaders, and this murder is laid to Agoratus ; see 33. lit 
 a\JTo4>u>pu) : see Introd. ; used here loosely, by incontestable facts. For an 
 example of the tpwrrpu, see XII. 25. 
 
 31. OWTW.. EppoTo, so strongly determined was the Senate ; Kal...SoK<i, 
 besides, he himself did not seem ; two reasons are parenthetically given by 
 the speaker ; their own persistency and the demeanor of Agoratus himself 
 both led them to seek for further disclosures ; as to its being the truth, 
 that is the speaker's irony. There was evidently more that he might be 
 induced to tell. TovTovs...&JravTas, all these therefore ; i. e. those referred 
 to in 30 ; the antithesis indicated by futv is not given. The point 
 made by the speaker is that up to a certain limit no reluctance had 
 been shown by Agoratus in making his disclosures. Frohb. and Rauch. 
 omit the words in brackets. In both these sections the MS. readings are 
 unsatisfactory. 
 
 32. Otdifxp : the Dionysiacum, the theatre situated on the western slope 
 of the hill of Munychia ; an unusual and irregular place of meeting. ical 4v 
 TJ Srjfjui), also in the popular assembly ; as well as in the Senate, in order 
 to give more nearly the semblance of legality to their proceeding, especially 
 in the case of these officers who were elected by popular vote. dir^xpij : 
 not impersonal, as usually employed ; its subj. is })... yey. ?!apvov...-yW- 
 0-0<u, to deny ; see XII. 31. Some gesture or word of reluctance on the 
 part of Agoratus may explain the dXXd. 
 
 33. 34. The decrees read at this point in the trial, decrees passed by 
 this assembly in Munychia, were of course concerning the arrest and 
 examination of the persons denounced. ical Td...Sij|i<|>: sc. diroypafavra. 
 o'XfSo'v Ti...fciroT., pretty well understand ; <rxtd6v is freq. used with o!5o 
 and like verbs; cf. Demosth., Ol. III. 9: irx^ " tav*v tLiravrts o^irov. 
 ov8' v^' ivos, not even by one ; the two separate words more emphatic than 
 oi''0c<!>5. The cl. us...{ytv(To...irpoffTfiKti. is obj. of dirodf i!-fu>.
 
 AGAINST AGORATUS. 149 
 
 35. TOT* : then and not till then could the disgrace of the surrender and 
 the oligarchic revolution be consummated ; Xiplvas : a good map of Athens 
 will show how the Piraeus peninsula was indented with harbors. ri...eyt- 
 vero : this abrupt, indignant question closes the sentence with great force. 
 KaT<rrd8T]orav : cf. XII. 5 : et's TTJV apxn v KaredT-rjaav, this latter form being 
 more commonly employed. tcpio-iv ...liroiovv, they instituted a trial; 
 8^, but, or, while on the contrary. Iv T<j...8irxiX.Coi.s: Frohb. supposes 
 these words to be cited from the decree ; eV SI<TX., before two thousand ; tv 
 freq. = Lat. coram ; see Lex.; Kpiffiv iroieiv completes the construction; 
 tx}rr]4>icra.To, had decreed ; H. 837 ; Greek Moods, 58. As Frohb. re- 
 marks, the number of judges named in the decree of the assembly shows the 
 great importance attached to this trial ; only two cases are known in which 
 this number was exceeded. dva/YVwOi : to the clerk of the court, 6 
 
 36. Kpiv., <ru>., instead of the aor., though ref. to past time, perhaps 
 because of the number of persons referred to ; making it, as it were, a case 
 of repeated action. Cf. Plato, Gorg. 516, E., as quoted in Gr. Moods, 
 410. friravrts Y*^P K> T - ^-i f or a ^ fy u were at length convinced in what 
 evil flight the city was ; KO.KOV: gen. after adv., H. 757; G. 1148; v $, 
 when. vw &, but as it was ; ref. to the supposition above. The same use 
 of vw as in XII. 23. 
 
 37. pdflpwv : scats by the bema, either in front or on each side. It is 
 worth while to picture this proceeding clearly to one's self, and to under- 
 stand in what respects it differs from a lawful trial. On the usual method 
 of voting in the Athenian courts, see a good account given in Diet. Ant., 
 "Psephos." Tpaire'Jas : the ballots were deposited on the tables, rather 
 than as usual in urns (Ka5iV/coi), in order to make the vote as public as 
 possible. Each Senator, it will be observed, deposited only one ballot, 
 if he voted to acquit, on the table farther forward, and nearer to the seats 
 of the Thirty. The usual method of having two ballots cast by each dicast, 
 as well as the use of urns, contributed to insure the privacy of the vote ; the 
 dicasts having one ballot of each kind, for acquittal and condemnation, 
 the former white, and the latter black, say, could prevent any one's 
 knowing which had been placed in the judgment urn ; and the more easily, 
 because the second urn enabled them to dispose of the unused ballot in an 
 equally unobserved manner. 
 
 38. 39. oiJ8v6s Tr\-f|v 'A^opd/rov: for this fact we have only the state- 
 ment of the speaker ; if there were other instances of acquittal, they were 
 doubtless sufficiently rare. On the escape of Menestratus, see 55. d<|>i- 
 <rav : (a.<t>iri/j.i). cos iro\Xo : also in 44. It fixes attention upon the 
 number, and thus is not precisely the same as foroi, which is often rendered 
 how many, without emphasizing upon the number. The prison-scene here
 
 150 NOTES ON ORATION XIII. 
 
 described must have been of frequent occurrence during these times ; 
 jieToirtjJiir. . . . o (Uv dScX^tjv, one sends for a sister to come to the prison. 
 6 8' T\ Tis... / nrporqKov<ra, and others for whatever female relative each of 
 them had. A similar clause in XII. 18. TO, vtrra.ro.: H. 725 ; G. 1054, 
 N. 2 ; TOVS before auruv disregards the gender of the nouns to which it 
 refers, the thought being of the kindred in general. 
 
 40. teal 8^ KO., likewise Dionysodorus also ; ical 8ij = and truly, and 
 especially, even so ; cf. 4 ; p&av re : rt here would seem to require KO.I 
 with another part, (perhaps diroKeipafj.frf}, shorn in token of grief) after it. 
 Black was the mourning color among the Greeks generally ; in Argos white 
 also was worn. lirl TW dv8pl...Kexp T ]H l ' v H > > on account of her husband 's 
 having- experienced, etc. ; the prep, belongs not to the noun alone, but to 
 the part, with its subject-noun. There is a similar example in Demosth., 
 Phil. I. 51 ; for a fuller discussion of such constructions, see an article by 
 the editor in the Transactions of the American Philological Association for 
 1872. 
 
 41, 42. 8U8TO, disposed of, bequeathed. Notice the full weighty form 
 TTJS a5f\<j>rjs TTJS ^t7?s, as above ; the full and careful use of the pronouns in 
 this passage brings the various persons concerned into more distinct view ; 
 Tiptoptiv : see note on XII. 94. 4dv Y^V T ) T CU, if a child should be born ; 
 rendered by should because of the ind. disc. 4>pdciv TW ycvoplvw, to ex- 
 plain to the child ; part, neut., according to Frohb., but it may be taken as 
 masc. ; notice the use of this aor. part, having the force of a Cut. perf. We 
 see how revenge was transmitted from generation to generation in ancient 
 times, and wrought into the very system of law. 
 
 The statement of facts, which properly ends with 42, is continued to 
 48, giving another glance at the calamities drawn upon the state and the 
 citizens of Athens. 
 
 43, 44. diroYpeuj^VTcs : see note on 30 ; faro may be taken with both 
 verbs. dir. OUTOVS, by having caused their death. dvui>|iai....{nrt>|i. l now 
 I am sorry to be recalling. This is the resumptive use of ofa ; see L. & S., 
 II.; on the use of the part, here instead of the infin., see H. 986; more 
 fully, Kiihn. 311. s <r<|>6Spa...irpocrT]Kti, how exceedingly you ought to 
 pity ; some of the earlier editors, Docti viri ! used to emend by inserting ov, 
 being unable or unwilling to see the irony. TV iroXirwy: partit. gen. 
 after Tofa...KoniffOtirra?, H. 966, a; an exceptional arrangement (H. 730, d), 
 and in Lysias, according to Frohb., only found once. On the arrest and 
 wholesale execution of citizens resident in Eleusis and Salamis, cf. XII. 52. 
 The execution of Leon of Salamis attracted special attention ; see Grote, 
 VIII. p. 244. These two cities were at this time Attic demes, and not 
 cities in the full Greek sense. I8os fy6p a s a l ' me f settling up long 
 standing feuds and grudges.
 
 AGAINST AGORATUS. I5 1 
 
 45, 46. oUrxf<TT . . . dirdXXv<r0(u, to perish by a most disgraceful and in- 
 glorious death. avrwv: H. 691; G. 1001 ; avruv, just below, has the 
 same const. KaToX^irovrts : the progress, pres. accords with the imperf. 
 rivayKd^ovro, ref. to the repeated instances ; ol plv is correlative with ol 5e 
 . . . ol St, below. T\vW|o-iav : opt. of ind. disc., instead of the subj. with 
 &v\ H. 932, 2, a; G. 1502, and 3. reu^o-to-Sou (flaTrrw) ; the classical stu- 
 dent needs hardly to be reminded of the weight and solemnity attached to 
 the obligation of children and surviving friends to bury the dead with due 
 ceremony and honors. Ocpairetas : gen. after a verb of need. ow's : a 
 question is begun with a rel. much oftener in Greek than would be allow- 
 able in Engl. ; for iroiav nvd, what sort of a, see H. 702. TWV <j8aTo>v, 
 of the dearest possessions; probably neut. s KaTt<rKd<j>T) : to be connected 
 with fore and fj.efj,vrjff6e, in 44 ; so that 45 and 46, down to rt, are 
 parenthetical; vtwpia : cf. XII. 99. ^j Svvap,i$ . . . irapcXvOr), the whole 
 power of the city was broken, strictly, relaxed, or, to use the Greek word, 
 paralyzed. 
 
 47, 48. T& T\vraiov, finally ; adv. accus. ; dircoX&raTc : cf. dwwX&ra- 
 fjitv, 13. <n)XXijp8i]v...lnXd0T]T, you were driven forth in a body ; the 
 number of those forced into exile, Isocrates says, was about 5,000 ; accord- 
 ing to Diodorus, more than half of the citizens, which would be more than 
 10,000 ; this must be intended to include the large class who took up their 
 residence in the Piraeus, or else it is an exaggerated estimate. OVK ?<J>ao-av 
 tirirpeij/ai : see 15, and note. ovs...povXop.vovs, K. T. X., and these, who 
 wished to secure some advantage to the state. al'rios tt, art the cause of, 
 art responsible for ; as in 43. Kai TWV l8iwv...Kai, not only each one his 
 own misfortunes, but also ; note the mid. Ti/j.upfiff6e, and cf. XII. 94. 
 
 49, 50. 8 ri iroTt, in what possible way. 8irep, precisely which ; the 
 clause more freely, which is just what he would never be able to prove ; 
 with Frohb., I retain the second d.7ro5ai. TO Sijpov, of the people, \. e. 
 TTJJ ^KKXij^as, as in 32 ; avrov follows the compound /caro/t.; as to its 
 position, cf. ffov, 28. ^v CKptOr], which was pronounced upon him, lit. 
 as to which he was sentenced ; H. 725, e ; Goodw. 1076 ; 1239. Kal 
 d<{>((hi, and was acquitted ; appended to the rel. cl., not a part of it 
 <j>T]<r(v, saith it; the conversational repetition of X^yei ; eicrcryyAXw is syn. 
 with fiyviiHi} ; see 19, 48, etc. ; cf. airoypd<j>(i>. 
 
 The omitted documents are called : DECREES, SENTENCE, INDICT- 
 MENTS. The yv&ffis is mentioned above as ^ /cp/<r, the sentence or verdict. 
 Properly it denotes the judicial investigation itself; here, its result or record. 
 Frohb. omits the third title, ypaQai, as their reading is not called for by the 
 orator. 
 
 51, 52. ws 8iK... ravra, that he brought these charges justly, i. e. that 
 they were well founded ; opwv, because he saw. TJ 8tj(Mj> : see 20, and
 
 152 NOTES ON ORATION XIII. 
 
 note. rl KO.KOV : first obj..of elpy. ; ScSums, K. r. X. (Sei'Sw), for fear that 
 the democracy would be overthrown ; on &v, see Greek Moods, 368 ; the 
 part, is causal, as bpCiv, above ; dv...dir6cTivav : qualified by oft at the be- 
 ginning of the sentence. iroXv TOVVO,VTOV TOVTOV, (that they would have 
 done) quite the opposite of this. OVK olpai. : this sentence is noticeable for 
 its negatives ; oi;/c ofytai ovdt form one negative expression, ace. to H. 1030; 
 G. 1619 ; ov before rofrrov is a usual repetition of the negative on account 
 of the interposed clauses ; ot) before delv belongs to the last phrase alone. 
 ov8' dv TIS...WS (idXwrra, even if one ever so undesignedly ; for the latter 
 phrase, see note XXII. I. v: gen. after virfpftoXriv ; in this instance, the 
 limiting gen. seems to denote distinction ; render, -which cannot be exceeded. 
 The more distinctly these scenes of outrage and blood come into view, the 
 more we wonder at the restraint rather than at the exaggeration of the con- 
 temporary orators ; ov 8civ v|xds dfivvtcrOcu, that you ought not to punish 
 him. KCvwv, this; ref. to what follows; H. 696, b. As to the fact 
 mentioned, cf. 24. 
 
 53, 54. KO.CTOI, and yet ; adversative to an implied : "You did not do 
 this." cl...!ir(9ov, if you had yielded ; H. 895; G. 1397. vvv &: cf. 
 note on 36. tl...cfrrois depends upon 8iairpd^aff6at ; it may be regarded 
 as the indirect form for ai>...ftir<a, like ci...KOfj.iff0eiTis in 25 ; see note. 
 On <|iov (fr. oto/j.ai) with aor. inf., cf. XII. 19 ; (M^ya TI: easy vernacular for 
 some great reward. otfxovv TOVTOV i!vKa 8i 0-6, you ought not, therefore^ 
 on that account. 6 KopiSevs, of the Phrygian city Carts (not mentioned 
 in Diet. Geog.). TJJ awrjj aU-uj. TOVTW, on the same charge as he ; H. 773 
 
 and a; G. 1175 and 1178 ^v.-.^evo^atv : Eev. in apposition with 
 
 & fief. ovVw: in some edd. (the MSS. vary) there is no lacuna after 
 O'VTU, and it is interpreted as a colloquial so or merely so, \. e. in the usual 
 manner. Td fjSio-ra : here is the bitterness of tone that is constantly 
 reappearing in the orations subsequent to the war. The horrible scenes 
 of the tyranny were to the Thirty TO. $}5<rra. 
 
 55. els MfWorpaTov, K. T. X., throws some of the blame concerning the 
 depositions tipon Menestratus ; t\\ obj. of dvafapfiv, to charge blame or 
 responsibility upon. STJIIOTTJS TOV Mtv., of the same deme as M. ; the 
 pred. is fy, and there was, etc. i\ ^KK\T)o-la : referred to in 32. &p.a 
 (iiv .fyia 8^, at the same time., and ; diro-y. airoX&r0ai, should be informed 
 against and put to death ; cf. 43. 
 
 56, 57. Kal irpoo-airoYpd<f>ci, and in addition (to those informed against 
 by Agoratus) denounces. S6avra...clo-aYy. : causal ; because he sci'ini-d, 
 etc. ; possibly quoted from the <lecree or record. Xap5vTcs iv 8iKao~rr^pw, 
 having gotten him into court ; cf. XII. 35 ; iroXXai XP v f vo-rcpov, (/ f^ng 
 time afterward, is particularly stated by way of answer to an objection about 
 to be mentioned in 83. T<{ S^^Cy: the executioner is oftener called
 
 AGAINST AGORATUS. 153 
 
 6 SrjfjL&fftos. Beating to death with a club was a frequent punishment for 
 murderers, kidnappers, and like criminals. cl . . . aircOavcv : H. 893; 
 0.1390. fjirov "A^yopaTos "y** surely Agoratus ; an emphatic falling 
 circumflex on the name best reproduces -y 8s "y*, *. T. X., since at least 
 he, having informed against Men., is the cause. TS alnwrcpos, who is 
 more responsible; TOV Oavdrov is understood; a sudden change in the 
 sentence to the livelier interrogative form. 
 
 58, 59. Kal TO -y kit IKSIVOV ctvai, and at least as far as it depended 
 upon him ; iir tKdvy is more common, but both the dat. and accus. are in 
 use; the infin. is use'dasakind of adv. accus.; H. 95650. 153 4 and 1535. 
 ovV &v avTos <rii...KaT<rTT|s, nor -would you yourself have been brought ; 
 the protasis is to be supplied : " If you had followed his advice." vvv 8^, 
 but as it is. ov KaOopws 'AOnvaiov oVra: for one to be icaffapws 'AQrivaios, 
 both his father and mother had to be Athenians. The decree of the assem- 
 bly here read seems to have instituted a process depriving Agoratus of his 
 rights of citizenship. 
 
 60, 6l. ot irpaTTovTS| K. T. X., those -who had the administration of 
 affairs at that time ; i. e. those who were active in the revolution ; Kartiimv, 
 to disclose. 6/yviord|Xvov rfjs ^cvias, being tried for usurping the rights 
 of citizenship ; H. 745; Goodw. 1121. An alien found guilty of having 
 usurped Athenian citizenship was liable to confiscation of property, and to 
 be sold into slavery. Aristophanes was in danger of this, and also of being 
 tortured for disclosures concerning the so-called treasonable plots. See 
 Diet. Ant., "ew ypaQri." irtpl TOVS StStjMvovs, with respect to, or 
 toward, those who had been imprisoned; his fellow-prisoners." Kal virb 
 <rov airoXXv|XEVos, even when suffering death from you ; roiovroo-C : note 
 the deictic force: "Look on this picture, and then on that!" ov&v... 
 o-uvi8u>s : cf. note, 18. imo-tols 8i...|M0'|is, yet being persuaded that 
 you would share ; TOT qualifies KaOiffTa/j.fri)s, which, contrary to the usual 
 order in such cases, is placed after the noun. 
 
 62. ov iroXXoi, few ; 01) belongs closely with the adj., as if the two made 
 a compound word, and hence it is not changed to //.ij on account of the cl. 
 being conditional ; H. 1028. Frohb. endeavors to explain it on the principle 
 of ind. disc. vvv Bt o-vXXTJp8T]v, but now (I will speak, or <i/cowre<r0e 
 understood) of them in general. ot (Jiiv...irap8t8oo-av: I have adopted 
 Rauchenstein's punctuation, as representing the more probable construction ; 
 for some (of them), etc., delivered over ...the city increased in power 
 (jj.eifa). ol 8' dpijavTes, while those who held other high offices. Then 
 follows, in 63, a brief, broken utterance, suitable to the emotions sug- 
 gested, in honor of the living as well as the dead, making grateful men- 
 tion of their preservation, and of their return for the deliverance of their 
 country.
 
 154 NOTES ON ORATION XIII. 
 
 63. ol 8' avrwv, and some of them ; this nom. remains without a verb, 
 the constr. abruptly changing after irepieir. OVTOS |tJv...TJ 8 : boldly and 
 strikingly put ; he slew them, fortune and the deity saved them. rv\i\, 
 8o.ip.tov : a glimpse, though vague, of Lysias's religious conceptions. Both 
 words occur again in XXIV. 22, with no sharp distinction between them. 
 But 6 da.ifj.wv is more distinctly personal, the god, the personal power con- 
 trolling any human destiny. The words in II. 78, "the god to whom our 
 destiny is allotted," point to the prevailing polytheistic view. According to 
 Frohb., 0eas is nowhere found in Lysias, except in the stereotyped phrase 
 SLI> 0e6j 6e\y. 4>vXr]s : " On the straight foot-path from Athens to Thebes, 
 beneath vertical walls of rock which are visible from Athens, lay the fort of 
 Phyle, a small castle with a circumference of about 900 feet, completely 
 shutting off the narrow mountain -path, and from its elevation (2,000 feet 
 above the sea) offering an open view over the whole plain of Athens, and 
 over the Saronic Gulf as far as the coasts of Peloponnesus. The castle-hill 
 itself has a precipitous declivity, and is only on the east side accessible by 
 a small path ; further down wooded gorges descend, which in the winter 
 render the locality still more difficult of access ; while at the base of the 
 mountain-range is spread out the broad district of Acharnoe, whose peasants 
 were the most vigorous and liberty-loving among the inhabitants of Attica." 
 Curtius, History of Greece, Vol. IV. p. 45. KaT\06vTS...Ti|iwvTai, they 
 returned and are honored ; the latter part, is more closely connected with 
 the precl. than the others. The first three, indeed, may be considered as 
 causal and explanatory to KareXO. 
 
 64. TOVTOVS plvToi, these men, I say ; the particle has its positive, con- 
 firmative tone here, I think ; yet as an adversative it serves to mark a sharp 
 return to the topic in hand. -Ks wv avrds, but who was he ? So vXos : see 
 18 ; fcyfrcro, belonged to, was the property of; the circumstances of the 
 case show that the foil, are genitives of possession. 
 
 65. These sections (65, 66) are regarded by Scheibe, Ranch., and others 
 as spurious. iroXXei : obj. of A^yeti/ ; arrange : rS.\\a xa/cA KOI aiVxpet, 6Va. 
 TOIS TOVTOW dScX4ois : this mention of the brothers of Agoratus does not 
 seem to come in suitably before 67. It is one of the reasons for consider- 
 ing this passage to be an interpolation. irepl St crvKo^avrias, but as to the 
 crime of sycophancy, announces the topic of the sentence in so general a 
 way that the art. is omitted. 6<ras dirt'-ypcuj^v, freely, either how many 
 private suits he brought as a malicious informer, or how many public 
 prosecutions he instituted, or how many denunciatory lists he handed in. 
 <rvKo4>avTas avrov KaffyvwT*, found hint guilty of sycophancy. OVK. is 
 
 gen. of cause (11.745; ('.. 1121), and aiirov after the comp. verb ; this 
 
 verb usually has an accus. instead of the first gen. 
 
 66. <u4>\Tj(rtv (6<f \t<ritdi>u) : 2><f\tv is the usual form. TOIOVTOS &v . . .
 
 AGAINST AGORATUS. 155 
 
 though he was such (i. e. of slavish origin), he attempted ; IXtv- 
 fc'pas, free-born women, agrees with ywaiKas. 
 
 67, 68. o irpto-pvTcpos : English usage in such cases is to say, the eldest, 
 but Lat. and Greek alike often use the compar. iropa<|>pvKT<i>pvdficvos... 
 Xt]4>0cis, having been caught treacherously making signals to the enemy ; 
 the first part, is used predicatively after the second ; H. 982; G. 1582. Cf. 
 f\^<f>8-rj poixbs, 66. The meaning of irapd in this compound is aside, 
 amiss, hence the sense of falsely, treacherously. direru|xiravi<r6r] : cf. 56 ; 
 ?Tpos, second. fcctOcv, i. e. from Corinth ; iraiS<TKT]v owrrijs, a female 
 slave of a woman who was a citizen of Corinth. An dvSpcnroouTTris, kid- 
 napper, whether of free persons or slaves, was punished with death. 
 XttiroSvnjv, as a thief; here in its generic sense ; but observe its original 
 meaning. diroruji-iravio-ai, infin. of purpose after iraptSore. 
 
 69-71. fj irow...^: as in 57. Tov...r)fiopT. is the obj. of Kara^tj- 
 <plffaa6ai, but is repeated in avrov ; it may be rendered by a clause : surely, 
 since he has committed many offences, etc. wv...dp.apnj|iaTos, of each of 
 which offences; the antec. of &v is iro\\d. ^pvvixov : Phrynichus, with 
 Antiphon, was a leader of the ultra faction among the Four Hundred, 
 411 B. c. ; as was Critias in the second oligarchy, the Thirty. Concerning 
 his assassination, see Curtius, III. p. 480 seq., or Grote, VIII. p. 66. 
 The discordance between the accounts given by Thucydides and Lysias 
 (referred to by Grote in his note, p. 85), is not material. The statement of 
 the former evidently needs to be supplemented and corrected by that of 
 Lysias, whose several references to this event are consistent with each other, 
 and in part corroborated by other sources. The speaker's rehearsal of some 
 of the details (not elsewhere given), is necessary in order to show that Ago- 
 ratus has not the slightest legitimate claim to citizenship, a fact doubtless 
 sufficient, if proven, to turn the verdict against him. In 75 he further 
 turns the argument into a dilemma. Suppose Agoratus did have a hand in 
 the assassination of Phrynichus ; the latter was an oligarch whose death the 
 present oligarchy, the Thirty, would have been only too ready to avenge 
 upon Agoratus when he came into their power, had he not earned their 
 favor by doing irreparable damage to the popular party. Among other 
 rewards for this assassination, Apollodorus received an estate in the out- 
 skirts of the city that had belonged to Pisander, and had been confiscated ; 
 mentioned in Oral. VII. 4. pa8iovTi, as he was walking. KarapaXXti 
 iraraijas, fells him with a blow; the part, is adverbial; H. 96<> a ; G. 1563,3. 
 The speaker has in mind to show that the manner of Phrynichus's death 
 gave no room for the assistance of Agoratus. &pa TOVTW, thereupon. otfrc 
 irapcicX'/jOTi, was neither called in to help. 
 
 72. ox>8a|iov Y<ip ia~nv,for no~where is it ; i. e. is it written ; ea-rlv in the 
 sense of tvwriv t having flvai for its subj. ; cf. ty, 14. ?8 : &v omitted ;
 
 IS NOTES ON ORATION XIII. 
 
 H. 895, N; G. 1400; render: his having been made an Athenian ought 
 (to have been inscribed) on the very same pillar with Thrasybulus and 
 Apollodorus. Besides an infin. (yeypd(j>6a.i), there seems to have been lost 
 the mention of some other persons besides Agoratus, whom the speaker 
 believes to have obtained recognition and record on the part of the assembly 
 as public benefactors ; I'va is adv. of place ; note the force of ir^p. r<p 
 pTJropi : it was the orators who took the active part in the proceedings of the 
 assembly, hence resolutions of this sort would be offered and urged by them ; 
 but by giving money to the orator they get their own names inscribed, etc. 
 It is remarkable that within a few years, more than twenty-two centuries 
 after the trial, the speaker's words have found partial corroboration in the 
 marble archives of the ancient city. Out of the ruins of the Acropolis were 
 dug up, in 1845, some fragments recording, it would seem, the decree pro- 
 posed by Diocles, conferring the gift of citizenship upon a certain Thrasy- 
 bulus of Calydon and others, the very document, doubtless, which Lysias 
 causes to be read in evidence on this trial. The orator speaks of this record 
 as also containing the names of those who had rendered services and were, 
 therefore, acknowledged as benefactors (fvepytrai), though not rewarded 
 with citizenship. It is found that these fragments include among the latter 
 the name of Agoratus (KAIAFOPATO), with the final sigma missing. 
 
 73. ovrw : emphatic position ; now so much does he despise. ypacfxis... 
 rvpou|>To, brought all manner of indictments ; a colloquial use of the phrase 
 i &t>0. Cf. Plato, Thecet. 170: TO. ^ dvOpuirui* Trpdy/jLara jra/>^x owr ' /">' 
 they make me no end of trouble ; tSiKa^ and eeK\T](r. refer to the two 
 prominent civic duties of an Athenian, as juror and assembly-man. 
 tiu-ypa4>. ...ttvcu, having himself entered as an Anargyrasian ; i. e. in the 
 making out of the said indictments. Anargyrus was a deme of the tribe 
 Erechtheis. 81* 8, by reason of which. Following most edd., I have 
 omitted &v before airtnTfive. -yip (omit in translation) introduces this argu- 
 ment (reKfjL-fipiov), extending through 76. ol iroXXoC, the majority ; pos- 
 sibly exaggerated (see Thucydides, VIII. 98), yet the larger number may 
 have temporarily withdrawn to Decelea and elsewhere on the downfall of 
 their administration. It seems, too, that TUI> TfrpaKofftuv, here and below, 
 is loosely applied so as to include the Four Hundred and their active 
 adherents. Otherwise it would hardly be said that they afterwards com- 
 posed the whole body of the Thirty, besides the Senate convened under 
 them. It is to be said, however, that of the whole argument this portion, 
 73 - ?6> will least bear inspection. The argument implies a wholesale 
 and violent expulsion of the oligarchs, such as did not by any means take 
 place. Nor was the death of Phrynichus in any such degree the cause of 
 the overthrow of their government, that it should have been a main point 
 with the party to avenge his death, when another revolution restored them
 
 AGAINST AGORATUS. 157 
 
 to power in the city. The Thirty, especially, were less likely to be the 
 avengers of Phrynichus, since Critias, their leading spirit, had been his 
 active opponent. Intent on constructing an effective dilemma, the orator 
 misrepresents the situation, without making statements directly false. What 
 is said in 76 is more to the point. 
 
 74. T| . . . Poi)\voi)cra, which was in session under the administration of 
 the Thirty. a<|>civai &v...Tbv...diroKTvavTa, after getting possession of 
 the slayer of P., would have released him ; &v also belongs with the foil, 
 infin. TT]S <j>vyf)s.-.2<|>vyov, the banishment which they had themselves suf- 
 fered ; as to the rel., see H. 994; G. 1031. 
 
 75> ?6- F 1 ^ aTOKreCvas, without having slain him ; supply oTTo/cre^ca 
 with Trpoo->r.; dSiicci, is guilty ; namely, of illegal assumption of the rights 
 of citizenship. <f>T]S, assert, insist. p.uo> KO.KO. iroi.ij<ras, by having done 
 greater evil. Tf|v...dir\v<rw, you purged yourself to the Thirty of the 
 charge concerning Phrynichus ; lit. the charge (brought) in behalf of Phryn- 
 ichus. TOVTWV \u\i.vi]<r9t, remember this (H. 635), ref. to the infin. 
 edv 8* ov 4>do-KT|, but if he deny it ; H. 1028; see note, 62. Si' 8 TI, on 
 what account ; to be taken with irotr/flrji/aj ; not, why he says. Toiivopa, 
 his name. 
 
 77, diroXoYi<r9ai, to allege in defence, is frequently followed by an obj. 
 cl., cf. 89 ; to have been with the men of Phyle became no slight glory 
 in the times succeeding the Restoration. The modern poet repeats their 
 
 fame : 
 
 " Spirit of freedom ! When on Phyle's brow 
 Thou satst with Thrasybulus and his train." 
 
 Chllde Harold, Canto II. Stanza 74. 
 
 d-ywvi<rna., strongest plea ; the telling stroke in his defence. KO.ITOI... 
 Boris, and yet how could there be a greater wretch, one who, etc. 
 Strictly, I suppose the antec. of 6'0rtj to be an indef. TWOS after the compar. 
 A diff. explan. in Frohb. 
 
 78. &7Ti8'?|...Ta\ioTa, as soon as, Lat. quum primum ; seldom thus 
 separated. Frohb. places the comma before rdxio-ra, and doubtless that 
 punctuation would express the construction as it was in the earlier stages of 
 the language, the adverb at first being intended simply to qualify the prin- 
 cipal verb. <rvXXaf3....&vriKpv$, they seize and straightway lead. ovirtp 
 Kal, (to) the very spot where. .. cruXXap.: H. 894, 2 ; G. 1387,!, (b), 2. 
 "Awros : this is the Anytus who afterwards doomed himself to an inglorious 
 immortality by becoming prosecutor of Socrates. OVK tyi\ xpfjvcu, said that 
 they mtist not. The context will allow us to render xp^cu by must ; its 
 subj. is at/Toys Troieiv. Xt'-ywv : foil, by the forms of ind. disc. ; Siax. and 
 Ti(iwprj<roivTo take the place of the indie.; for l...KaT&9oifv the direct form 
 would be fav...Ka.T^\6(i}iMv ; H. 932, 2; G. 1497.
 
 158 NOTES ON ORATION XIII. 
 
 79. <rrpaT....dv8pds : H. 625, a. dXX* Zrepov, but again, \. e. another 
 point introd. by the foil, yap : no one will be found either to have messed 
 with him. Talap\os : the ten taxiarchs commanded the ten rdets or 
 divisions of the Athenian infantry, corresponding to the ten tribes or phylae. 
 Each taxiarch held the muster-roll of his tribe. Agoratus was not enrolled 
 or assigned -to duty in any division ; ls T^V <}>.: the same as ets TTJV rd^iv, 
 82. woirtp aXirt\pl<,just as if he -were accursed. rbv TO|., i. e. of the 
 tribe of Erechtheis, in which Agoratus claimed citizenship. 
 
 80, 8l. irojxiHjv : "On the I2th of Boedromion, 403 (Sept. 2ist), the 
 associates of Thrasybulus celebrated the day of their return to Athens ; the 
 well-won day of honor on which they reaped the reward of their bravery 
 and patriotism. They halted before the great entrance-gate, the Dipyplum. 
 Here Thrasybulus came forward for the last time in his character of general ; 
 he held a muster, and availed himself of it to eject as impure from the ranks 
 such as were unanimously held unworthy to enter the city in the ranks of 
 the liberating army, in particular Agoratus, who, as will be remembered, 
 had served as aider and abettor in the most shameful intrigues. Thereupon 
 the men disposed themselves as a festive procession, which was conducted 
 by a certain yEsinus." Curtius (IV. p. 6l), following Lysias. Thereafter 
 it was regularly observed by the Athenians as an annual festival, the 
 Thanksgiving-day of Freedom (Kapitrr'/ipia t\ev6eplas). OVTW...KCU : see 
 note on XII. 19. Xapwv TO, 8ir\a, in hoplite armor. tOevro TO. oir\a, 
 halted, i. e. in order to close up the ranks, and enter the city in marching 
 order. irpoo-tXOwv : not co-ordinate with \afiuv ; hence with no connec- 
 tive ; it is temporal before the following predicates, while Xa/3w' is closely 
 joined with tpp^t, seized and flung down ; vk is correl. with the foil. /cat. 
 air. .. KopaKas, cursed him ; bade him go and be hanged, lit. go to the 
 crows; this not infrequent imprecation being sufficiently explained when we 
 consider the dread felt by the Greeks of being left unburied. 
 
 82. TovTii)...8UKfiTO : freely, this was the relation in which he stood to the 
 citizens, etc. xnroXapf}., to retort (with the question). TOV...^ airoOa- 
 vIv, of his not being put to death ; after afrioj ; as to rt, see note on I. 
 cl "Awros...lyivtTo, whether A. was not, etc.; in Eng., diff. from Greek, 
 we insert not in a question of doubt with whether, if we mean to imply the 
 probability of the affirmative. Socrates illustrates the uncertainty of human 
 expectations by saying, that he who marries a lovely woman, hoping to be 
 happy with her, does not know whether he shall not be tormented by her (el 
 5tA Tavrrjv dndcrerai). Xenophon, Memorab. I. I. 8. flvrwv : H. 972, a. 
 Kal OVK ta, and did not refuse to permit; els T<i{iv...icaTra4: cf. 79. 
 
 83, 84. ravra : i. e. these pleas in his defence, especially his part in the 
 death of Phrynichus, and in the expedition from Phyle ; after the foil, p-tyre, 
 dro5. has as an object a pronoun referring to the clause STr-
 
 AGAINST AGORATUS. 159 
 
 irpo0eo-p.tav : limit of time fixed by law within which an indictment for a 
 given offence must be brought ; render freely : that there is any statute of 
 limitations applying to such offences. xpovw, after a time ; Tifiupeirai, is 
 brought to punishment. TOVTOV : ref. to ris ; H. 697. irou>vvTas, because 
 they were doing ; agr. with the obj. of dir&reu'e understood before OIKO.IWS. 
 
 irdXcu Stov Tip<i>pur9cu, when we ought to have inflicted punishment long 
 ago; H. 973, a; G. 1569. irp<xrtjicov : sc. rp>; accus. abs. denoting 
 time. Agoratus has been the only gainer, having lived longer than hi 
 due, the slain were as dead as ever. This is sarcastic enough, but hardly 
 touches the point of law, and would alone lead us to suspect that there was 
 something in the claim of the defendant. 
 
 85. Siwrxwpt<rflai, relies upon ; perhaps, lays stress upon ; namely, 
 upon the fact OTi...firiy. lir* avro<{>wpa>, i n flag ranti delicto, subj. 
 dira-ywyfj : applied to the writ as well as to the process. irdvrwv. 
 silliest of all. s . . . Ivoxos wv, as if he would be subject to ike process of 
 apagog?; the part, introd. by ws (H. 978; Goodw. 1574) is put in the 
 nom. by anacoluthon, as if 5<rx- were in the indie. paorwvnv nvd, some 
 relief, that is, by rendering the whole process illegal. Sc...ofcrai, and (as 
 if) he thought; Si connects O&T-OI (by anacoluthon) with &v. TOWTO 84... 
 ojJioXo-yciv, but this is just like admitting. oxnrtp. . .o-w^eo-Oai, just as if he 
 ought to be spared, provided that, though not indeed taken in the very act, he 
 nevertheless killed him. The speaker fallaciously shifts his ground from the 
 legal point in question to the actual guilt of the defendant. 
 
 86. A passage ( 86, 87) " corrupt and unintelligible," as it stands in 
 the MSS. Scheibe, the editor of the present text, gives the original of 86 
 with little change, simply supplying otf/c before otofuvoi. I have placed the 
 comma before kiovfoiov. The general drift of the argument is clear. ol 
 i-vStKo. : this board had preliminary jurisdiction in cases of apagoge ; see 
 Diet. Ant., "Apagoge." Kal 8u<rx., K. T. X., and being very confident 
 that they acted rightly. T^|V air. dinvytiv, to bring the accusation of ap- 
 agoge, technically said of the complainant ; in the law phrase, notice the cogn. 
 accus. kit avT<>4>., t\ 8irov av T$ : these words are quoted from the writ, it 
 would seem ; grammatically the obj. of irpoo-y., which depends on avayK., 
 above. tvavrCov irevr.: to be taken with airoypd\//as. diroKTcfvac, that 
 he had slain ; opt. of ind. disc. , suggesting the reason in the minds of the 
 Eleven. But all explanations of the syntax of this section must be as con- 
 jectural as the text. 
 
 87. oferai : i. e. Agoratus ; the second person would correspond with the 
 latter clause. The condit. cl. is in appos. with TOVTO : that this alone is IN 
 FLAGRANTI, if, etc. ir\...XoY<>v, since by your argument at least; to 
 Agoratus. otfr' a7rc'<r<f>acv, or cut their throats. Your denunciation was 
 the murderous blow, that compelled them to take the fatal cup of hemlock.
 
 160 NOTES ON ORATION XIII. 
 
 OVTOS...TT, is not he (emphatic) inflagranti ? The phrase is here used 
 adjectively in the pred.; as if: Is not he a murderer taken in the very act? 
 Below the phrase is used adverbially. 1\ <rv diroYpa|/as, than you by 
 having informed against them. eir' avr....6 diroKTtCvas, their murderer 
 IN FLAGRANTI. A persistent ignoring of the clear distinction between the 
 manner of the criminal's detection and the manner of the crime. 
 
 88. 8pKv teal (nv0T)Kv, oaths and compacts; the current phrase applied 
 to the articles of agreement and amnesty, with which a reconciliation of the 
 civil discord was concluded ; it is also applied to other treaties. iropd... 
 d'ywvCjerai, is being tried contrary to, in violation of. ol o> TU II., we of 
 the Pirceus ; ol iv II. (without the article) is the usual phrase. <rx8ov : 
 with 6/j.oXoyei. IfiiroSwv . . . iroicirai, interposes; kit avrcxjuopo* rl : con- 
 temptuous indefiniteness. KoXcis d-ywvwicrOai, that he will come out of the 
 trial successfully. 
 
 89, 90. ircpl TOVTWV diro8^x<rflai, to accept his defence on these points ; 
 the direct obj. omitted. KcXevrrc : imperat. owSiv irpotr^jicsiv T|(AIV, in no 
 wise pertains to us, are in no wise binding upon us. tl\ov . . .a.vr$, would 
 have some reference to him. fjv : agreeing with the nearest subject ; 
 H. 616; Goodw. 901. fl, after oiiSeva, = et p-fi, except. This is, doubt- 
 Jess, too limited an interpretation of the amnesty. It must have been 
 meant to cover all prosecutions of this character. On one pretext and an- 
 other, however, in spite of its guaranties, the demand for vengeance was 
 sometimes complied with. 
 
 91. tforis, K. T. X., any one who declares that he has been adopted by the 
 people; to be read thus, if with Reiske we fill the lacuna with TreTroiijffOai, 
 perf. pass, of the mid. iroteiffBai, to adopt as one's child. <j>avrai KO.KW- 
 <ras, is found to have maltreated ; tcdicuffis yovtujv, maltreatment of parents, 
 was an indictable offence ; it might be by blows or words, or by refusing 
 them the means of subsistence. k\ tov...iylyvero, (those) by whom it was 
 becoming, etc.; i. e. the Athenian people, his foster-father. Boris oCv... 
 SrvirTt, one, therefore, who was wont to strike his own father ; his father by 
 nature (y&i><?), as distinguished from his father by adoption (6 5^/uoj), just 
 spoken of. This hint of brutal treatment by Agoratus of his slave father is 
 left unverified and unexplained. &...d-ya6d, goods which belonged to him. 
 
 irws ov Kal Bid TOVTO, is he not on this account also ; his depriving the 
 state of its best citizens is viewed as robbery of a parent. 
 
 92, 93. Cf. the opening of the oration. diroOvVjo-Kovrts : temporal. 
 To you as well as us, his relatives, were made the last requests of the 
 deceased. Ipppaxv : used in indef. rel. clauses somewhat as ever; we may 
 render : as far as ever each one can. irnroiT]K($Tcs : H. 981 ; G. 15^9. 
 
 ^KCIVOI, they, \. e. the deceased. d, as ; lit. which things. dviivai, to 
 release ; occasionally used as a syn. for d^ccpctt. Cf. &iro\6oi>Tcs in 94.
 
 AGAINST AGORATUS. l6l 
 
 vvvl 8^j, now, at last; JIOTV is repeated below. ow.,.8iairpaTTr6, you are 
 not only effecting this, i. e. his acquittal ; notice the livelier present for the 
 future, which would properly correspond to the protasis ; H. 828, a. 
 
 94 95- a/iro\vovTs, in acquitting. ovSiv...^, you are simply deter- 
 mining, you are coming to no other conclusion than ; yiyvwffKw is very 
 frequent in Attic prose in the sense to judge, to conclude. &v...ira0oiv, 
 would suffer ; stated, as if the fate of the deceased still after all hung un- 
 certain in the scale. 6fi6<|fT)<j>oi...'Yvf|<rovTai, shall cast the same vote. 
 p,T)Sa|Aa>s, K. T. X. : a slowly spoken, impressive sentence. Notice the 
 accumulation of long vowels; also the negatives. fii]T... ^86(0.10, either 
 by any art or contrivance, in any way or manner ; in earnest deprecation. 
 Cf. oure Tfxvy ^ re A t7 7X aK !7 ovSeplq,, in the oath quoted by Demosthenes, 
 XXIV. 150. 
 
 96, 97. iva.vrta....tyT\$. : below it is ra tvavrla.. They are used thus inter- 
 changeably in XII. 42 and 43. TOWV : marking another step in the 
 argument, well then, or now. wv...<xiro\|/. : i. e. to declare your belief in 
 their innocence by reversing, as far as possible, the verdict of the Thirty. 
 ov\ oji. -yi-yveo-flt : i. e. you free yourselves from complicity in their verdict. 
 ovrwv : H. 691 ; G. 1001.
 
 NOTES ON ORATION VII. 
 
 The title is : "A Defence before the Areopagus concerning the Sacred Olive-Tree." 
 APEOII. : adj. masc.; sc. \6yos. AIIOAOriA : in appos. with \byos understood. 
 2HKOT : (rr)K6s originally signified a pen or enclosure ; next, a sacred enclosure or 
 sanctuary, often, for instance, an olive-yard, or vineyard ; finally it came to be ap- 
 plied, in a still more specific sense, to the old trunk or stump of a sacred olive. 
 This last signification, it will be observed, is distinctively Athenian, as is the use of 
 the word fiopla. See L. & S., on Aala (the true Attic form was e\aa) and fiopla. 
 'E\a.iui>, an olive-yard (cf. H. 463, c), is the Greek name for the Mt. of Olives, near 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 1. POV\T| : the court of the Areopagus was addressed by the same title as 
 the Senate of Five Hundred. d^ovi-i : H. 969, d ; G. 1 563, 5. irpaYlxaTo : 
 often a difficult word to translate ; in XII. 3, it refers to litigation ; here, 
 more general, difficulties. <rvK<xf>dvrais : H. 775 ; G. 1179; see also note 
 on XXII. I. ct irs : the clause to be completed from what follows, i. e. 
 roi>5 . . . ffffffOai. S(iv...Sc8., that even unborn children must ncnv be 
 afraid ; humorously hitting off the Athenian tpiXovfiicia, that had become in 
 Lysias's time so serious an evil ; on /x^, see II. 1025, 1026; G. 1612. 
 KOIVOI : pred. adj. foil, by dat. ; the perils are becoming common, i. e. like 
 perils befall the innocent and guilty. 
 
 2. wore : following ovrw, as here, it should properly introduce a cl. of 
 manner : but the speaker omits that, and proceeds in this cl. to explain the 
 cause of his embarrassment. Render : and the trial is made embarrassing 
 to me in this respect, namely, that at first, etc. The sent, fully expressed 
 would read : the trial is made so embarrassing to me, that (I am required 
 to meet a changed indictment ; for) at first, etc. 8i...wvV...o,<J>avliv, 
 ncnv, on the contrary, they assert that it was an olive-stump I removed ; 
 the time denoted by a<j>av. in both cl. is to be understood from the context ; 
 cf. Greek Moods, 96 ; irpo<TTJrav : i. e. those who conducted the prosecu- 
 tion, seeking from those who had formerly been contractors for the annual 
 product evidence that there had formerly been a fruit-bearing olive-tree on 
 this estate of the defendant ; ovSc'v : cogn. ace. after ddiK. ; 
 
 H. 952 ; G. 1528.
 
 CONCERNING THE SACRED OLIVE-TREE. 163 
 
 3. irepl wv : after a.Koti(ra.vTa. ; the prep, governs the implied antec., and 
 the rel. is put in the gen. by attr. instead of the accus. after tirifi. We may 
 render freely : though I have just heard of what he has contrived against me 
 and brings into court, at the same time as you who are to judge concerning 
 the case; lit. of those things -which having contrived against (me) he has 
 come, referring to the change of accusation after the appearance of the par- 
 ties in court. After aKovvaina I have added a comma to the text. Baur 
 takes irepl 3> as ref. to irorpiSox and ou<rla.s. Both text and rendering are 
 uncertain. 
 
 4. IIcKrdvSpov : H. 732, a ; G. 1094, i. This is the Pisander who was 
 prominent in the revolution of 411. See Grote, VIII. p. 13 seq.; on the 
 confiscation here mentioned, see p. 88, ibid. Svrwv : TO, fora is sometimes 
 syn. with 17 ofiala. ; H. 966, a. Apollodorus was one of the two who 
 claimed to have slain Phrynichus, and this gift seems to have been part of 
 his reward. Cf. XIII. 71. tavovpTjv : the aor. twi>7)o-dfj.T>)i> not being used 
 in Attic, the imperf. appears to be sometimes used with an aor. meaning 
 instead of tirpid.fj.iiv. cip^jvrjs : i. e. the peace after the Restoration by 
 Thrasybulus, in the spring of 403. 
 
 5. TJ^ovp.ai...airoS., / consider it therefore my task to show. TOV... 
 Xp<Jvo\, for the previous period ; gen. after frifuovffffai, ace. to the principle 
 stated in H. 745 ; G. 1121. It should be observed, however, that the 
 grammars give no similar instance of the gen. with this verb. The meaning 
 is : that he should not suffer the penalty for trespasses committed during the 
 period before he came into possession of the property. 8u* TJ|xas : see note 
 XII. 58; ovSJv. KivS., we ought by no means to be indicted as criminals 
 for the offences of others. The conclusion of an abridged syllogism, but 
 stated in such a form as to suggest the requisite major premise. The reason- 
 ing is : No one ought to be held guilty of crime committed by another ; if, 
 therefore, the offence charged was not committed by us (and it was not), we 
 ought not to be held guilty. 
 
 6-8. rot jxiv irdppo), the remote districts ; TWV <{>tXa>v, our friends. After 
 the occupation of Decelea, in 413, the Athenians themselves took care to 
 leave in the outlying fields and farms near the city as little as possible that 
 could afford plunder to the foraging parties of the Spartans. The use of the 
 word tf>i\uv seems to refer to the foraging parties from the Piraeus after the 
 civil war began, though that period does not properly belong to the irpartpov 
 Xp6vov required by the argument. &XXws rt KO,, especially since ; 8rt or 
 tirti is to be supplied. fiirpatcTov, uncultivated. ov Oavnacrriv &, and 
 no wonder. 4v <S, when, as in XIII. 36; H. 813, a; airwv: H. 691 ; 
 Goodw. 1001. 8<roi : ref. to the lirtfif \t]rat, see Introd. iroXXd . . . 8vra, 
 that there were many ; x^p' 10 - understood; as to the part., see H. 982 ; 
 G. 1588. $>v . . .rot iroXXd, the great part of which ; it seems necessary to
 
 164 NOTES ON ORATION VII. 
 
 consider &>v fern., though the constr. is unusual. Kal...KKTT)(A'va>v, even 
 when the same persons have been in possession, etc. See remark on T^drjKf. 
 10. TTJ tlp^jvfl : cf. 4. 
 
 9, IO. oiXXa Y<ip : here used, as frequently, to break off the previous dis- 
 course, and introduce a new topic or division of the argument. The pre- 
 ceding context shows the thought to be : But I will proceed with the main 
 argument (cf. 5), for. ytv&rOeu : H. 955, b; G. 1470. ir\,...&p\. : in the 
 archonship of Pythodorus ; i. e. the year 404-3 B. c. His magistracy was, 
 however, deemed illegal ; whence the name, the Year of Anarchy. tviav- 
 r<5v: accus. of duration ; the obj. of elpy. is understood. ri9vr\K(, has been 
 dead; ordinarily it signifies, he is dead (II. 849; Goodw. 1263); but the 
 Eng. expressions are rendered into Greek by the one form. On the freed- 
 men in Athens, see Becker's Char ides, p. 372. 
 
 11. avrbs ywpyio, I have been cultivating it myself; Goodw. 1258; see 
 also Greek Moods, 26, and H. 698. The time ref. to (6 xpl>vos o5ros) is 
 that of the lease of Proteas ; concerning which, no doubt, exact information 
 was given in the testimony. <|>r|crV...KKCK6<|>6ai, declares it to have been 
 cut up from the roots ; the mention of Suniades, as archon, fixes the date as 
 397-6 B. c., about seven years after the purchase of the property. K^H 11 " 
 o-Owpcvoi : mid., see tfjuff6w<ra.To, above ; the neg. with tveu is |*rf|, an 
 exception to the rule for ind. disc. Cf- H. 1624; G. 1611. rbv... 
 Ip^a^. : subj. of the infin. d...fjv, those things which before were not; 
 H. 1021 ; G. 1610.'- 
 
 12. tv . . .yjp6vta, hitherto ; roCvwv, moreover; its metabatic force, marking 
 the transition to a new topic. The argument from circumstantial evidence 
 begins at this point. ViYavaKTovv &v, 60-01 4>daKoiv, / was wont to be 
 indignant at any who said ; H. 835, 914, B. 2 ; 1296 and 1431. Seivov, 
 shrewd, sharp ; characterizing a man who has too keen an eye to his own 
 interest. With an apparent good-humored simplicity, he hints at what his 
 neighbors think of him, and proceeds to turn it to account in the argument. 
 
 ois |*oi irpoo-iJKt, as was suitable to me ; i. e. I preferred that what was 
 said of me should be in accordance with my real character. cricoimv, //nit 
 I kept in view ; kite^.: H. 893 ; G. 1390. T iroi^o-avri, to the perpetra- 
 tor, lit. to him who did it ; simply repeating the meaning of dfiav., as we 
 use the verb do in Eng.; tytvtro : a gnomic aor. Scheibe, Frohb., and 
 Kauch. have ifivtro, but there seems to be no valid objection to the reading 
 of the MSS. Kttl. . .Sicirpo(., and so what I should gain, if I escaped detec- 
 tion ; another ex. of na.1 = and so, used to introduce a statement repeated 
 in another form, may be found in Demosth., Olynth., II. 24. 
 
 13. 14. IK TOVTOV, from this point of view, in accordance with this, i. e. 
 the fact mentioned before ; it is further explained by &iro<f>,, by showing. In 
 14 he shows that he could have been actuated by no one of the supposed
 
 CONCERNING THE SACRED OLIVE-TREE. 165 
 
 motives. 8ia<J>0pTai...5vTos, was receiving injury by the olive-stump 
 being there ; O-TJKOV : gen. abs. ; KivSvvuv : H. 753, d; Goodw. 1140. &v 
 ...yvo(ievas, -would have resulted ; &v belongs also with the opt.; the con- 
 dit. cl. dep. on ytvo^evas ; the part, takes the place of the hypoth. indie. ; 
 H. 987, b ; G. 1308. In place of the incomplete sentence in Scheibe, I have 
 adopted Frohb. 's emendation. 
 
 15, Ss...pe0' Tjfw'pav, who in the daytime; a rel. cl. with causal force; 
 as if saying, especially should I have exposed myself to punishment ; for, if 
 the accusation is to be believed, I proceeded in the daytime to dig up, etc. 
 <nrp...8ov, as if it were not needful for me to avoid the notice of all, 
 rather than that all the Athenians should know it ; H. 973, a ; G. 1569; 
 clScvai : sc. Seov. &v...fyj^XT]<r, would have been indifferent to; speaking, 
 as if he assumed the truth of the statement made in the indictment ; so also 
 with viiv 8i...KivSvvwov, but as it is I was making myself liable. It ex- 
 posed the offender, if convicted, to banishment and the confiscation of his 
 entire property. 
 
 16. iros...'?)V, but should I not be ; see note on XII. 84. cl...np.dp- 
 TO.VOV, if they committed even the greatest offences ; note the imperf. : now, 
 or at any time; on el ml, cf. H. 1053,1. Ka.\...ytvitr8a.i, and to become 
 free by informing (against me) ; avrois and cXcvO. both agree in form with 
 fKeivois, but in sense with the subj. of the inf. , the latter as pred. adj. 
 
 17. i-Ti ToCwv, furthermore ; l...irapq~rT| p.oi, if it had been in my 
 mind. trvvtiSoTwv : also gen. abs. ; and all being aware, i. e. of the 
 existence of this olive-tree. irpo0o-|i(as : see Diet. Ant., " Prothesmia." 
 An action brought for injury to the sacred olives is known to have been one 
 of those to which there was no statute of limitation ; rots clpy- is dat. after 
 TrpoffrjKov, an accus. abs. lva...txov: H. 884; G. 1371. The thought 
 in this sentence is closely condensed ; we might render freely : How should 
 
 I have dared considering on the one hand that the gain was but slight ; 
 
 and on the other, that, on account of there being no statutory limitation to 
 the liability for such offences, it was for the interest of all alike who had culti- 
 vated the ground that the olive-stock be preserved, in order that they might 
 
 be able to shift the charge upon him to whom they had delivered the 
 
 estate. 
 
 18, 19. ToCvw, moreover; marking an advance in the argument. Here, 
 as in 37, the context might seem to require an adversative sense, however; 
 but it is doubtful whether it is ever used in this sense, at least by the Attic 
 orators ; Kal...iropE<rK., I had provided against this ; if I had arranged mat- 
 ters with the previous lessees, so that they would not testify against me. 
 dX\T|X.<ov : H. 733 ; Kiihn. 273, Rem. 20. eLXXd .tlSt'vai, but also what 
 we conceal, and think no one to be aware of; EKCIVWV is gram, antec. of u>v. 
 The MSS. have avoKowr^fifOa. fj.-r)5tva et^at, for which Scheibe and Rauch.
 
 166 NOTES ON ORATION VII. 
 
 have adopted the reading in the text. Perhaps it were as well to allow the 
 original text to remain, though I know of no parallel use of airoKptiirTo/j.a.i. 
 Tolvwv...ot |wv, now some of these, i. e. neighbors ; <f>iXoi and Sia<f>. are pred. 
 adj. XP'n v TOVTOV irapeur)(<r6ai, KCU \iA\ . .iroictcrOcu, he ought to have 
 produced, and not merely to be making ; with the latter inf. exP') 1 ' is used 
 ace. to H. 834. 8s <|>T]o-iv,y0r he says ; cf. 15. X TO dird'ywv, drove 
 off -with ; |JoT)XdTT)s : oxen were used in Greece for drawing loads, as well 
 as for ploughing. 
 
 2O, 21. pdprvpas, as witnesses; Xf"l v : augm. omitted. avrbs 8i 
 TTi(wop., and you would have avenged YOURSELF, etc.; ai>r6j is to em- 
 phasize the implied reflexive; H. 688. A (Wv, ...l 8^,...l & : instancing 
 the three supposable motives for the prosecution : desire for revenge, for the 
 public weal, and for gain ; H. 895; G. 1397; render Jhrparrts by the pro- 
 gressive pluperf., if you had been doing. irtterai: said persuasion to be 
 effected, of course, by pecuniary means. TOVTWV TOVW : the particle, as 
 in 1 8, has its looser inferential force : now, without having done any of 
 these things ; Swdpcus, influence. 
 
 22. <}>T|cras, having slated ; i. e. if he had made a statement before the 
 archons of what he had seen, and immediately brought them to the spot ; 
 not necessarily the nine archons in a body, but particularly the King Archon, 
 whose jurisdiction extended to crimes of impiety and sacrilege. 9[ &XXovs, 
 or else ; this gives the force that dXXos often has, a signif. grammatically ex- 
 plained by considering it as used substantively, and having the foil, noun in 
 appos. See H. 705, and cf. the similar use in 25 and 32, and the 
 notes thereon. It is, therefore, not implied here that the archons were mem- 
 bers of the Areopagus, though they became members of it on retiring from 
 office. 8ia'yi'Y v< * crKlv : c f- Stayvuffo/j^voa, 3 ; OVTW, in that case. 
 
 23. 8s. ..&v i\iov,f<jr he would demand; equiv. to a causal cl. ; cf. 23. 
 teal... jr-r]fiav : subj. of yevtaOai. TOVTOV : i.e. Nicomachus ; Reiske, 
 Baur, and West, take it as neut., but see the contrast between TOI/TOU ^v and 
 ii/ulj W. <rvKO<}>avTv d|xa : H. 976; Goodw. 1572. ov .diropricrei, 
 he will not be unprovided with. In lieu of arguments and witnesses, he 
 wishes you to accept it as positive proof of my guilt that witnesses cannot be 
 induced to testify against me ; "and witnesses" is added ironically; the 
 only witness he brings is that he has no witnesses. 
 
 24. TU irS(<i>, the Plain ; the Athenian Plain, in the southern part of 
 which lay the city. See Diet. Geog., Vol. I. p. 332. The estate in ques- 
 tion, being in the deme of Acharnae, was also in the Plain. irvpicaids : a 
 word not elsewhere found in the sense required here ; it is generally taken 
 to mean trees of the wild after-growth, i. e. the offshoots from a stock which 
 had been burned away. The tenacious life of olive-trees is well known ; 
 unless the roots arc destroyed, they will send out a vigorous second growth.
 
 CONCERNING THE SACRED OUVE-TREE. 167 
 
 irtp-ya<raor9ai, to encroach ttpon ; a technical term descriptive of tilling 
 the soil closer to the trees than was allowed ; see ^7f. in 25. i'fwXXe, 
 was about to be, was likely to be ; iroXXwv : gen. abs. 
 
 25. ovTs...w<r'irp Ka, / value them just as highly as ; on the verb, cf. 
 note to XII. 7. - -rrjv &X. oixriav, my property besides; cf. 22; api<j>OT. 
 TOVTWV : should those trees be missing, he was liable to lose both country 
 and possessions. cirifMXojAt'vovs, who take the oversight of them. A com- 
 mission, composed of members of the Areopagus, held sessions monthly ; 
 all matters pertaining to the preservation and control of this portion of the 
 religious property of the state then came under their notice ; Yvwpovas, in- 
 spectors. CT)|XI<I><TCV : sc. /* 
 
 26, 27. irpl...iroiov(iai ) jrpl...T]-yov|Aai : see XII. 7, for the phrases used 
 together. As to the penalty for the respective offences, see Introd. On oi>, 
 as denying both members of the antithesis, cf. notes on XII. 47 and 80. 
 OVTU ..({xxtvofiai, is it manifest that I take such care of ; e^v jiaXXov : cf. 
 2 ; XaOctv e. : H. (84 ; G. 1586. ws...8iappXT|n,tvos, as one who had 
 influence at that time (i. e. under the Thirty), or as now in ill-repute, lit. 
 talked against; dXX' ws, but (I simply say) that; X^yw transitive is to be 
 supplied. For years afterwards, it is evident, the adherents of the Thirty 
 were still exposed to public odium. The last clause indicates strikingly how 
 truly the government of the Thirty was a misgovernment, a no-government ; 
 under it wrong-doing was made easier. 
 
 28, 29. irws 8' &v...irX-, how should I have ventured? VJJLWV : gen. 
 abs., denoting time : while you were, etc. ; TOVTOXI agr. with x u P*- ov ' H. 1062. 
 
 ov8i ifv, not even one, not a single. ctvai, that there was ; inf. used in 
 ind. disc, to represent the imperf. ; Gr. Moods, 119. In the absence of 
 witnesses to the contrary, this argument (one in the series of a priori argu- 
 ments adduced) becomes a strong one. ^6' . . . KaTaorfjo-at,, never fined 
 me as a trespasser upon the ground, nor brought me to trial for removing a 
 tree; cf. 24. ^iri|wXT)TT|s, curator. T|XiKiav...l8^vai, old enough to 
 kno^u ; Nicomachus, as it thus appears, being a young man. 
 
 30, 31. TWV Ipyov, than the facts. Xryovrwv : used with i\Bp(av as a 
 suppl. or obj. to avaffx^ffOai ; H. 983 ; G. 1580 ; ravra : obj. of \ey6vruv. 
 The thought is : do not allow yourselves to be informed by my enemies of 
 what you are already fully informed of, i. e. through your tiriufXrrral and 
 yvwfwves. cv6v|iov(ivovs, forming your judgment ; TroXiTeias, my life as a 
 citizen. a>s...T)va-yK., than I was compelled to do ; Taylor and others have 
 emended by inserting fj, than, before ws. It must be admitted that there is 
 no undoubted instance of ws alone having this meaning, though we have 
 frequently a corresponding use of ofo* and 3<ros. Tpirjpapxuv : cf. Diet. 
 Ant., " Trierarchia " ; TuXXa XCIT., defraying the other public charges; for 
 an account of them, see " Leitourgia," ibid.
 
 168 NOTES ON ORATION VII. 
 
 32, 33. dXXd pVj, instead of . ovr' &v...T) > Y wvl t ( >H' lT l v ) I should not be in 
 danger of banishment, or of the loss of my property either ; on &X\i]v, cf. 
 22. ovSev d8iK. ...ov8e, without being guilty of any crime, and without ; 
 II. 969, at the end; G. 1563,7; cf. note on XXII. i. trpdas, by en- 
 gaging in, or, when I had engaged in ; txepSaivov, / was gaining. In 
 various parts of this argument, it will be observed, the defendant assumes 
 the point of view of the accuser, admits the accusation in order to show its 
 absurdity. This accounts for the mood or tense of a number of verbs, which 
 the reader might easily be led to mistranslate; e. g. 12, CKoiriiv, eirexfi- 
 povv ; 15, f^Koirrov, yfvo^va.3 ; and others. rois H*y., ...TiSv p.ey. : the 
 generic art. ; H. 659 ; omit in transl. In weighty concerns the proof should 
 be weighty. iri<rroTpa, more worthy of belief, agr. with antec. of &v. 
 
 34. IK... a-K.fy<ur9f, judge from the other facts, i. e. from other considera- 
 tions still to be adduced. 8n...6pd7r., that I had all the servants, \. e. that 
 I still had them with me. A nva POV\., whichever one he wished ; namely, 
 of the slaves ; H. 932, 2, a, and b, (2) ; Goodw. 1498. Tj-yovjuvos gives the 
 reason of his procedure. A great deal of barbarism and cruelty underlay the 
 intellectual culture of even the Greeks and Romans. The orator Lycurgus 
 (Against Leocrates, 29) speaks as if it were too well understood to need argu- 
 ment, that justice and the public welfare were alike subserved by torturing 
 the slaves of an estate or household, both men and women, in order to elicit 
 evidence concerning the master. In the present instance, the master offers 
 them for torture in his own defence. The worthlessness, as well as the 
 detestable cruelty, of this method of ascertaining the truth, seems slowly to 
 have reached men's minds, how slowly, the criminal codes and procedure 
 of medineval and even of modern Europe can show. 
 
 35. 3 6 - irwrriSv: agr . with ovdtv, and foil, by dat., the same as its cogn. 
 verb; H. 765; G. H74J freely, that there was no trusting servants. 
 TT4>Kari, are in the nature of things ; the danger, if not the wrong, of 
 slavery was appreciated by the ancients. With the enormous slave popula- 
 tion of Attica, the masters lived in constant dread of slave rebellions. ical 
 
 fitv 8r| : see note on XII. 30 ; |JLCIVTU> guvciScvai, to be conscious of guilt. 
 tjxov irapaSiS., when I was offering to deliver them over ; didw/M in the pres. 
 and imperf. often = to be ready to give, to offer. t~t\v O.VT. yvwp.-nv : i. e. to 
 take the view that Nicomachus on his part was conscious that he was wrong, 
 since with little or nothing to lose by it he refused to call in the testimony 
 of the slaves. The reader is tempted to hope that this may have been an 
 instance where motives of humanity prevailed. 
 
 37> 38. *t TV fXryov, // they had given any testimony ; meaning, adverse 
 testimony. Scheibe has substituted tfXtyxov for t\eyov of the MSS. Fol- 
 lowing Ranch, et a/., I have replaced the latter and added rl. rovry, to 
 him ; the examination by torture was conducted by the prosecutor, under
 
 CONCERNING THE SACRED OLIVE-TREE. 169 
 
 the direction of the proper official, called faaaviffT-fis, Lat. quasitor. 4vo- 
 \os f t v: H.895, N.; G. 1397 and 1402. fy..irpo<r/|Kv, than it belonged to me 
 to deliver them or<er. l-yw TOivvv...T|'y oi "l wvo s, ^> you see, was thus forward, 
 because I considered ; JMT' tjiov, for my advantage. ols, for whom ; dat. of 
 adv. ; by changing to the sing, in <Jj, the accuser is more plainly pointed out ; 
 TtToX|iT)K : sc. fj-apTvpelv. KO. I . , . fidXXov, and whether it is more likely. 
 P<jT]0iv : cf. 20 ; there were too many prosecutions of another kind to 
 make the supposition of a patriotic motive the first to suggest itself in 
 judging of any particular case of litigation. <TUK. alridcrcurBai, or that he 
 acted the sycophant in being the accuser. Rauch. and Frohb. have air lacrffai, 
 which corresponds better with fiorjOfiv. 
 
 39. t-yv. vp.ds, that you are convinced. ov\ s...&XX* ws : the first w$ 
 belongs with eXwifav; the constr. is similar to the one in 27, and XII. 2. 
 ol TOIOUTOI, such men ; i. e. men threatened with prosecution ; air. TWV KIV- 
 Svvwv, in the greatest embarrassment from dangers; H. 754, e; G. 1140. 
 ToorovTw...(idXi<rra, the more they all avoid them (i. e. TWV KivSvvuv), in 
 every possible way. Both the text and the interpretation of this sentence are 
 doubtful. 
 
 40, 41. OVK fjtovv, did not deem it worthy, \. e. rbv TOLOVTOV Kivdvvov <f>tv- 
 yeiv. irap<r)(ov |A...xpTJ < '" ai '> I placed myself at your disposal, lit. to use as 
 you wish; 8 TI in adv. accus. oi8vl...8iT]XXd'yt|v : as if to say: I was 
 not frightened into an attempt to make a compromise with my enemies. 
 IjSiov, (even) more gladly ; a hatred so intense that even their own self-love 
 was, as it were, overborne by it ; possibly a ref. here to something said in 
 the course of the trial. tmirefwrovo-i, incite ; to set on, a dog, for instance, 
 is eirnrt/j.ireii> ; <j>avepws, openly, is by i^v put in contrast with this indirect 
 method. ^cvo^v, cl . . . Karcurr. : H. 901; G. 1421, I. ^p... -yvo|ivow, 
 being made desolate, i. e. in the event of his banishment. 
 
 42, 43. dXXd -yap : cf. 9. 8rov iSvKa : introd. an indir. question, of 
 which the pred. is Kar^ffrijffev, Kal . . . ftyret, ical . . . -fjOfXev. 4ov . . eXt'^ai, 
 when it was possible to convict me in the very act ; H. 973, a ; G. 1569- On 
 the phrase lit' avr., see XIII., Introd., and 85, note. ls TO<r....d.Ywva, 
 into so important a judicial contest. ^bv...diro8i|ai : used concessively, 
 and limiting the whole of the preceding clause. |>v...8i86Vros, when I 
 offered.
 
 NOTES ON ORATION XXII. 
 
 1. 6avn.dovTts : H. 969 ; G. 1563, 7 ; the descriptive part. ; render with 
 on, thinking it remarkable that. rtTOirw\wv : H. 751 ; Goodw. 1123. 
 cl . . . VrywH), if you consider them ever so guilty; for s, see H. 651; 
 ovSe'v : H. 7 19, b ; G. 1060. ovS* fjr . . . vofxt^crc, believe none the less that, 
 etc. ; iroiovji. : mid.; see note, XII. 2 ; <TUKO<J>. : on the "sycophants," cf. 
 Introd. ; also L.. & S., sixth ed., sub voce crvKofidi'Tiis. ircpl TOVTWV : neut., 
 ref. to the prec. clause ; H. 635. 
 
 2. ycxp : see note, XIII. 5; ot Ilpvr., the Prytanes; see Lex., or Diet. 
 Ant., " Boule," for their specific duties. Note that the word in this mean- 
 ing is peculiar to Athens; dir&oo-av, reported; in accordance with their 
 duty of presenting public business to the Senate. o>p-yi<r(hicrav : the subj. 
 they is plainly referable to rV /SouX^ji/. s . . . XP*I : H. 928, 932, 951 ; 
 G. 1487; r]fiirai : H. 765; G. 1532; 2vScica : see Lex.; the dreaded 
 Eleven, a board of officers often mentioned in the history of the Thirty 
 Tyrants. I0^<r6ai : pass, with fiov\-fiv for its subj., and itself the subj. 
 of (Jvai ; H. 939, a ; G. 1517. SOKO(T) : H. 932, 2; G. 1487. Observe that 
 the clauses foil, voplfav are also in indir. disc., and the tenses are to be 
 rendered accordingly ; Oavdrov : after Sia ; H. 753, f ; Goodw. 1 135; ov8iv 
 . . . 8U., that you no less than we would decide justly ; addressed to the 
 dicasts or judges ; diroX. : H. 501 ; its subj. is avrots. The reader will 
 recall occasional instances staining the page of Athenian history, where a 
 sudden outburst of popular indignation denied justice to its victims, and 
 sent them to execution without legal trial ; e. g. the case of the generals 
 who commanded at Arginusae. 
 
 3. 4. ravra : II. 724, and a ; Goodw. 1239. brou>vp.T)v : used as in i ; 
 the tense (imperf. in indir. disc., H. 936 ; Greek Moods, 672) im- 
 plies that this reproach was uttered after the afore-mentioned session ; the 
 imperf. thus used refers, with rare exceptions, to an action previously going 
 on ; here render : I had made, or, been making. irpds, before, in the 
 presence of ; avrois : i. e. the grain-dealers ; so also avrav in t.he next 
 sentence ; lpY<j dwcX., / </,-/,>/,/,</ myself by deed ; render the foil, y&p, that 
 is to say; it explains fpytf. TOIS v<Spoi$...{|3., had been upholding the
 
 AGAINST THE GRAIN-DEALERS. 
 
 established laws ; xeifuu serves as a pass, of rWij/u, see Lex. On the tense 
 of ZXeyoi' and ^3., see remark on firoiou(i.r]i>, above. In both sentences it is 
 possible that the imperf. may be intended to represent the pres. of direct 
 disc. This would do no violence to the sense ; there is nothing, however, 
 in the context to require it; see H. 936; Greek Moods, 674, 2. 
 TOVTWV ?vKa : i. e. on account of the slanderous accusations already re- 
 lated ; further explained by $eS. T. aV. following. i|np|t<r. : H. 898, c ; 
 G. 1470; irpfv freq. has irporepoy (sometimes irpoaOev, also vply itself) as 
 an antec. correl. ; render both, until. 8 TI &v podX. : spoken deferen- 
 tially ; until you have -voted their condemnation would have been the 
 obvious completion of the sentence, had the speaker consulted only his 
 own wish and hope. 
 
 5. The interrogation of one of the accused. One member of the firm 
 or company is singled out : five <rf. |UTOIKCIS : syn. with utroucos e?. 
 us irtur., with the intention of obeying ; 11.978; Goodw. 1574; v&rtpov : 
 H. 1017 ; G. 1606. A question fair enough in form, but one which 
 might be put in a very insolent, browbeating way. &XXo TI . . . % : 
 H. 1015, b ; G. 1604. An interrog. phrase, having the sense of ip' owe. 
 
 !<{>' ols: refers to the collective T\; H. 629; Goodw. 1021 (b). Rauch. 
 supposes it to refer to TOIOVTCOV understood after rl. <ru|iirp{ao-6ai (a-vv- 
 aWojtai) : aor. inf. in ind. disc. ; H. 854; G. 1280; observe the force of the 
 prep, in compos., as in the Lat. coemo ; cftoppuv : after the compar. vAcfo. 
 
 5v . . . KXtvtj which the law directs to be allowed ; gen. by attraction ; 
 H. 994 ; G. 1031. TWV o.p\., the officers ; used throughout this oration in 
 its general signif., and ref. to the (riTotpfacuces, as appears from 8. 
 
 6, 7. T&V O-ITOV, the grain; restr. art. ; H. 657, b; diro|n)<|>. : explain 
 why the aor. is used, rather than the pres. ; H. 851 ; so also icctTa\fn)<p. 
 Cf. the pres. inf. avvwvtiaQau., above. iroprx<5|*9a : as Frohb. suggests, 
 probably in the indictment. pjScva : H. 1029; Goodw. 1615. XP*1 V : 
 H. 834; Goodw. 1400. oira-y. ({xxtvrrai, plainly forbids it; H. 986; 
 Kiihn. 311, 8. The causal clause introd. by IrctS^* since, extends to 
 ^7j0ie?(r0ai. tlirciv: dep. on avdyiai; H. 952 ; G. 1521. 
 
 8. irapaKaX., having summoned ; this was in the preliminary hearing of 
 the grain-dealers before the Senate. ol.. .T&rtroQ^, four of them; H. 664, a; 
 the four, besides Anytus, out of the five inspectors ; probably the five ap- 
 pointed for the Pirasus. is ... crvjtpovX. : cl. of ind. disc. ; TOVTWV, K. T. X , 
 when they were outbidding and fighting against one another ; <r<{>ds OVTOWS 
 has a recip. force, and thus is syn. with dAA. : H. 686, b ; Goodw. 996. 
 iravlar. <j>iXovtiKovriv : cf note, XII. I, on vavff. \4~yom. ^yv(i. . . .irpf- 
 ao-Oai, believing it to be advantageous to you who buy from these that they 
 should previously buy it as cheap as possible ; note the force of the aorist 
 (rpiaffffai), denoting a prior action as compared with uvovfdvou. 8tv :
 
 172 NOTES ON ORATION XXII. 
 
 ind. disc, still continued; H. 932, 2, a; G. 1525; 6fJo\o (xovov...Ti|i., not 
 more than an obol dearer (H. 781 ; G. 1184) ; the law being, as it appears, 
 that the retail dealer should be allowed only one obol profit, about three 
 cents, on the medimnus. 
 
 9. ov qualifies the whole clause ; H. 1023, a; cf. on the contrary /JL-TI, be- 
 low. Each of the cl. introd. by us dep. on fjAprvpa ; KaraOcVOai, to store 
 up. ferl...pov\ijs, during the session of the previous Senate, the Senate of 
 the previous year. The Senators were chosen annually. O-UVWVOVJA. : not 
 the part, used for the imperf. (which is Frohb.'s view), but rather as the pro- 
 gressive perf. 
 
 10. &v <is (tcLX.: see note, I. ovx...4iro\o'y., that they will not be 
 making out a defence for themselves, but will (only) be accusing these. 
 irq>l...tuv...StKT]v, ought they not to be punished for (offences) concerning 
 which, etc.; the antec. of &v is in the gen., limiting Simp : the foil, partt. 
 are the subj. of diSbvai ; TOWTOIS refers to v&fioi. Translate : ought they not 
 to be punished, those -who do not obey, as well as those who direct to do 
 what is contrary to these? Here, as in 17, ^ws ov = Lat. nonne ; cf. 
 XII. 84. 
 
 11. OVK flUvo-., will not resort ; this form for the fut. of to come is rare 
 in Attic prose ; oftener iji;eu>, d<t>ifff9ai. aio-irtp ..{JovXrj, just as they did 
 in the Senate. In an adverbial or relative clause expressing comparison, 
 the strengthening not, also, may generally be omitted in translation, or else 
 be transferred to the principal clause. English usage places the emphasis 
 on the demonstrative, rather than on the relative clause of the comparison ; 
 Greek places Kal in the latter, or in both. Cf. Kriiger's Griechische Sprach- 
 lehre, 69, 32, 13. fir' vv. . . .irrfXcus, out of good-will to the city ; M here, 
 as often, denotes the ground or occasion of an action ; hence = for, because 
 of, out of; for wiXews, see H. 729, e ; G. 1085, 3- 
 
 12. y&p, as in 2 ; 4m.vH)ai....ira>X.: with txFn v ' ^ le )' ought to hav 
 been found selling. -TV^S : H. 746; G. 1133; 6 irwcwvTjp.c'vos : sc. tnYos ; 
 used here in its pass, sense ; vwf, but as it is. Tfjs avr. TMJL, on the same 
 day ; cf. with 7/A^pas, above, denoting time during which ; axMrfp...<rvv<i>v., 
 as if they were buying it up by the medimnus ; the part, denotes the same 
 time as tiruXovv. In selling, he maintains, they kept with the rising prices, 
 though the wheat they were selling had been bought long before at low 
 rates. 
 
 13. 8civ6v.fl, strange that ; tl after 8., as after corresponding verbs of 
 surprise, etc., may often be rendered by that ; see note, XII. 36. The 
 speaker ironically expresses his surprise that their vaunted public spirit, 
 which ran the risk of capital punishment in order to supply the city with 
 breadstufis, should invariably be poverty-stricken whenever the necessities 
 of the state called for the imposition of a war-tax ; ijv...|i&Xovoiv, which all
 
 AGAINST THE GRAIN-DEALERS. I?3 
 
 will know of; i. e. the payment of a special tax of this kind would be known 
 to the public. <|>' ols...Tavro, those offences for which the penalty is death 
 and (in which) it was for their interest to escape detection ; the latter part 
 of the clause is loosely connected with the rel. phrase t<j> oh, and does not 
 depend upon it used in precisely the same sense ; but it is not necessary to 
 the completeness of the Greek construction to supply either another rela- 
 tive, or a demonstrative; see H. 1005; ravra is the antec. of oTs, and 
 cogn. accus. after trapav. ; vjitrcpcj, : H. 694 ; Goodw. 999. TOI. 
 TroieurOcu X<fyi to make such a defence. avrots, dXXois : dat. after ffvfj.<f>. 
 They and the citizens have interests precisely opposite. iroXei : after 
 
 KOKOV. 
 
 14. Acrpcvoi : H. 619, b. ris T; . . . Xo-yoir., and others they make up 
 themselves ; if actual calamities are wanting, they invent reports of them. 
 IIovTu) : the Tauric Chersonese was the granary of Athens, and there was 
 shipped to the Piraeus from the grain ports of the Black Sea more wheat 
 than from all other quarters. See Pub. Econ., p. 109 seq. cKirXeovcras : 
 i. e. on their way out of the Pontus and the Hellespont rds <nrov8ds : 
 the treaty existing at that time ; it is likely that the Peace of Antalcidas, 
 made 387 B. C., is here referred to ; so Frohb. shows by comparison of 
 passages in Xenophon's Hellenica. This is the only clew afforded in the 
 oration for determining its date ; dirop., to be declared void ; fr. direlirov. 
 
 15. ExOpas : H. 730, c ; G. 1088. tva . . . 8ia<}>ep., that we may not dispute 
 with them about the price. &v . . . direXOujuv, if we get away from them, 
 having effected a purchase at any price whatever ; 6iroax>vr. : see Lex., 
 oirScros. Cf. H. 285, 286. iroXtopK., we are ke-bt in a state of siege. Some 
 of the court might remember the winter that closed the Peloponnesian War, 
 when the city was blockaded by the Lacedaemonians, and numbers died of 
 starvation. There would then be a touch of pathos in the suggested associa- 
 tions, heightening the humorous allusion to the purchaser glad to get out of 
 the clutches of the dealer on any terms. 
 
 16. ovrw...l-yvwKv, has come to have such an opinion. <j>vXaK<xs, as 
 inspectors; pred. accus.; Karco-T. is prob. the aor. for our perf. ; diroKXT]- 
 povrc : this was one of the offices that were filled by lot. In Scheibe it is 
 d.-!rtK\7]povre, but Ranch, and Frohb. rightly prefer the pres., as in the MSS. 
 iroX. ivrwv, although they were citizens ; H. 969, e ; G. 1563,6; cicctvwv 
 refers to <riTo<f>., above. They were, of course, Athenians, while the grain- 
 dealers were mostly foreign residents. The trade and manufactures of 
 Athens were in those times largely in the hands of foreigners. avrovs : 
 intens. ; the criminals themselves ; 4>vXa.TTiv, to restrain. An additional 
 indication of the severity of the law. 
 
 17. dSvvarov, impossible ; that is, in the discharge of their sworn duty as 
 jurors, for the reason that the accused had themselves already confessed to a
 
 174 NOTES ON ORATION XXII. 
 
 violation of the law. ojioX. avruv : agr. with the obj. of airayvtlxreffffc, i e. 
 TOVTWV understood ; transl., when they themselves acknowledge. The time 
 denoted by ffwlcrrao-Oai is to be ascertained from the context ; see note on 
 aQavifciv, VII. 2. Render: that they were engaged in a combination; 
 TOIS eurirX. : syn. with TOI>J e/j.iropovs ; the merchants who entered the Athe- 
 nian ports. This sent, seems to be introd. by ydp not as stating the reason 
 for what precedes, but as including it, implied in O/JLO\. avrwv. &v fx* 
 tmftp.dv, could censure. &{>' djiiv : sc. iariv, (it is in such cases) at your 
 discretion to believe, etc. &v 86am, cl . . . d<J>TJ<r. : a mixed cond. sent.; 
 H. 901 ; G. 1421, i. 
 
 18, 19. 8Ti...KaTyvttT, that you have already condemned many accused 
 of this crime, etc.; i\. airiav = crimen habere ; the adv. ijdif with the verb 
 requires it to be rendered by the Eng. perf. pdXXov lird.,you were more 
 desirous ; the other member of the comparison is implied, i. e. than upon 
 those who admit their guilt. ical |ih> 8^j : see note, XII. 30 ; KOIVOT., of 
 the most general interest ; in those judicial decisions which affected the price 
 of bread, the public would naturally feel the keenest interest ; further ex- 
 plained by rryo^/Mfvoi, K. r. X., for they will think, etc. The effect of just 
 punishment as a preventive of future crime is still more emphatically referred 
 to in the next sect; cf. XII. 35. ty T )4>- 0"H>: H. 850; Goodw. 706; 
 irouiv : after adeiav, as in XII. 85. 
 
 20, 21. TWV |t. ?orr0ai : that is, what treatment the violators of these 
 laws are to expect in the future. ovTw...dvicTol, for in that case they will 
 be only just endurable ; fioyts has here its positive, not its negative force : 
 just, barely, not scarcely, hardly. You can perhaps manage to get along 
 tolerably with them, if you make the present case a suitable example. oOru 
 is used as in VII. 22. irXewrroi, the most, i. e. more persons than from 
 any other pursuit; ircpl...^|Y w v., have been tried for their lives, syn. with 
 vfpl...KiifS., below. ical...4>XovvTai, and so great are their profits from 
 it. iroXirwv : limits the understood antec. of of. rw^<mj<rav : cf. awl- 
 ffTCLffOai, 17. irap' aurwv : ref. to the defendants, as ai>roi5y, above. 
 ols, and these; the rel. must be understood in a diff. case with ironjaere ; 
 H. 1005. 
 
 22. 8 n . . . Stt, why there is need ; 8 T is adv. accus. Cf. VII. 40. 
 TWV...&SIK., other criminals; the art. (repeated with &\\wi>) has its 
 generic force, hence may be omitted in transl. i. : II. 619. This 
 ad captanditm argument has evidently been reserved by the speaker as 
 the sharpest and surest arrow in his quiver.
 
 NOTES ON ORATION II. 
 
 On the " Ceramicus," see Diet. Geog., I. p. 303, " The Outer Ceramicus and the 
 Academy." Interesting details concerning the tombs are given in Dyer's Ancient 
 Athens, p. 492 seq. The student is also recommended to read the Platonic dialogue 
 Menexenus, in Jowett's admirable translation. It should be said, however, that the 
 introduction by the distinguished translator scarcely does justice either to the merits 
 of the discourse contained in the dialogue, or to the significance of this class of 
 orations in republican Athens. The student will find in the Menexenus many points 
 of suggestive contrast with this oration, which, if the theory of Schleiermacher and 
 Grote (mentioned in the Introd.) be correct, is invested with additional interest as 
 a contemporaneous and rival production. 
 
 1. iiep.\Jf. 4v, / should blame ; the aor. with &v, after an imperf. in the 
 cond., sometimes denotes present time; Gr. Moods, 49, 2, N. 5. TOIS... 
 Xy l v, those who summoned me to speak at few days' notice ; cf. 1% 6\iyov, 
 at short notice, below ; K, in the sense of after. That the election of the 
 orator was often left to a late day would appear from Plato : "This time, 
 however, I am inclined to think that the speaker who is chosen will not 
 have much to say ; for the choice has been quite sudden, and he will be 
 compelled almost to improvise." (Menex., III.) o iris \-> a ^ time; 
 H. 672 ; Goodw. 979. ovro>s...Tvyx., that thus they would obtain, 
 etc. ; H. 739 ; G. 1099. 
 
 2. irpos, with; my discourse is not to vie with their deeds; Tows...flpi]K.: 
 the customary eulogy on these occasions embraced the heroic deeds of all 
 the dead whose memorials adorned the Ceramicus. Thus the theme of 
 each speaker was to a great extent the same as that of previous orators. 
 a<j>8oy{av, abundance ; i. e. of themes for emulation. iroieiv, to compose 
 poetry; in early Eng. make had also this signif. Taylor appositely cites 
 Spenser : 
 
 " What is he for a ladde you so lament ? 
 
 Ys love such pinching paine to them that prove ? 
 And hath he skill to make so excellent, 
 Yet hath so little skill to bridle love ? "
 
 176 NOTES ON ORATION II. 
 
 The parallel expression in Isoc. , Panegyr., is: TUV jrotetV 
 rdv \yeu> ewiffra/j.^vuv. KoXa ji^v : /*& is here concess. ; its force may be 
 reproduced by rendering it although in a subord. cl. ; although many excel- 
 lent things have been said, etc.; 8*', yet; observe the similar constr. in the 
 preceding sent. KEIVOIS : i. e. ro?s irporfyois ; dat. of agent ; iKavd : obj. 
 of flirt'iv. YH5> OttXa.TTt]s : H. 753, d; Goodw. 1140; aircipoi, -without 
 experience of; they had met peril on every shore. Kaxd : placed after the 
 part., instead of being in its normal position before it. For other instances 
 of such misplacement of words for rhetorical effect (hyperbaton, as the an- 
 cients called it), see XIII. 43, rrj iro\ei ; XXIV. 21, V/MV ; XII. 94, vvv. 
 
 3. TWV irpo-y., our forefathers ; 4>T|(A-ns, tradition ; not legend, as if there 
 were necessarily implied any want of belief in the historic truth of what he 
 was about to relate. History for readers had in that age but just begun to 
 be composed among the Greeks ; they had as yet scarcely attempted to dis- 
 tinguish between legend and history. KO,KEIV<OV : KO.( = also; the ancient 
 as well as the recent dead. -yvufxais : West, has /tv^ucuj, but the weight 
 of MS. authority is for the former. TUV &ya6. is then obj. gen., the 
 current sayings and anecdotes concerning the brave. 
 
 4. The Amazons hold a prominent place in Greek literature, from the 
 Iliad down. Of their invasion of Attica there is frequent mention. Plu- 
 tarch, in his Life of Theseus, describes the final battle, defining the position 
 and movements of the contending armies, and giving the day of the month 
 in which the engagement took place. Isocrates, in the Panegyrictts, refers 
 to the Amazons in language similar to that employed here. Plato, Herodo- 
 tus, and the ancients generally, believed this nation of warrior-women to 
 have actually existed. Consult Class. Diet.; also Grote, I. p. 208 seq., 
 where an excellent statement is to be found of the views of the Greeks con- 
 cerning them. The Greek chronologists made Theseus contemporary with 
 Hercules, in the- thirteenth century B. c., and during his reign the invasion 
 was supposed to have taken place. 
 
 yip : see note, XIII. 5 ; oUovo-ai : sc. Jjffav. The Thermodon is a 
 small stream of Pontus, flowing into the Euxine east of the river Iris. It 
 was in this region that the Argonauts encountered the Amazons. TWV ircpl 
 avrds, of those in their region ; dep. on ftAvat. ijpovv, overtook ; avcXir., 
 unexpectedly; to their enemies' surprise. Siacjx'peiv, to surpass; ^...t\Xt- 
 irtiv, than to be inferior in their forms ; i. e. in size and strength. What 
 is the etymology and original signif. of our word idea ? 
 
 5. Ip-yv, X<5y = the funeral orations seem to have rung all possible 
 changes on this antithesis of deeds and words. Jowett's paraphrase of the 
 Platonic oration in Mencx. felicitously begins : "There is a tribute of deeds 
 and of words." Here the contrast between deed and report between their 
 own deeds and the report conveyed by others seems somewhat forced.
 
 FUNERAL ORATION. 177 
 
 Throughout the oration there is an excessive striving after antitheses, see 
 already in 4, a fault vigorously condemned by Reiske : " Mirifice et ad 
 fastidium luxuriat hac in oratione Lysias, cum antithesis molestissimis, 
 frigus et nauseam creantibus, turn ilia perpetua oppositione, saepe perquam 
 inepta et puerili, inter ^v et 5" 
 
 The participial construction also abounds in this oration, participles 
 following one another in some passages instead of adverbial clauses. In 
 many of these cases, it is preferable to translate the partt. by clauses, ace. 
 to the logical requirements of the sentence. irapaXapo\i<rai...rTpa.T., took 
 with them and marched. It will be seen that the part, is connected in 
 thought with the pred. more closely than those which precede; iroXXtjs... 
 \dpiv : Plutarch follows another legend, and says that the war arose in 
 consequence of the carrying off of Antiope by Theseus in one of his expedi- 
 tions. Itc-HicravTO, acquired, came to hav^ their souls like their nature ; 
 cf. <t>6ffei. with tS&tis, above. rtjs irpor. : after ivairiav ; H. 753,g; 
 Goodw. 1140 ; 1117 ; Ivavrlos may take the gen. when it denotes the 
 opposite of , different from ; kf. TUSK Kiv8.,yVw their dangers; meaning from 
 their conduct when in danger. 
 
 6. paOovo-cus : H. 969,3; 0.1563,3; TWV Xowrwv : i.e. their future 
 enterprises. ov84...airX0. : cf. Isocr., Panegyr., 70: TWV ptv f\0ov<ruv 
 ovdf/j.ia Trd\iv a.irrj\6ev. avrov : adv. ; iroXews limits /ju>jfj.r)i> ; 810. rf|v op- 
 Hjv, on account of its valor. 
 
 7. The orator next relates the part taken by Athens in the mythical ex- 
 pedition of the Seven against Thebes. See Grote, I. p. 272 seq. Seven 
 chieftains led their troops against the City of Seven Gates, Adrastus, Am- 
 phiaraus, Capaneus, Hippomedon, Parthenopaeus, Tydeus, and Polynices. 
 After their defeat, " Adrastus, unable to obtain permission from the Thebans 
 to inter the fallen chieftains, presented himself in suppliant guise, accom- 
 panied by their disconsolate mothers, to Theseus at Eleusis. He implored 
 the Athenian warrior to extort from the perverse Thebans that last melan- 
 choly privilege which no decent or pious Greeks ever thought of with- 
 holding, and thus to stand forth as the champion of Grecian public morality 
 in one of its most essential points, not less than of the rights of the sub- 
 terranean gods. The Thebans obstinately persisting in their refusal, Theseus 
 undertook an expedition against their city, vanquished them in the field, and 
 compelled them by force of arms to permit the sepulture of their fallen 
 enemies. This chivalrous interposition, celebrated in one of the preserved 
 dramas of Euripides, formed a subject of glorious recollection to the Athe- 
 nians throughout the historical age ; their orators dwelt upon it in terms of 
 animated panegyric ; and it seems to have been accepted as a real fact of 
 the past time, with not less implicit conviction than the battle of Marathon." 
 (Grote, I. p. 277.)
 
 178 NOTES ON ORATION II. 
 
 The participles in this sentence ( 7-9) should be closely studied. The 
 first three are all temporal ; <rrpar. and TJTTi]6., however, belong to tuvruv, 
 which latter, denoting a continued state or action in time past, is more 
 closely connected with edtovro, when the Thebans did not permit, etc., they 
 sent heralds and besought ; T|Yrj<rd|x. : causal ; diroOav , by their death. 
 TOVS...KO,T, the gods below ; the gods of the underworld, Pluto and Perse- 
 phone, with the deities subordinate to them ; TO, CLVTWV, their (due honors) ; 
 namely, the customary funeral rites. Upcov 8 fucuv., and holy places being 
 polluted ; the groves and sacred enclosures outside of the city, which the 
 presence of the dead would pollute ; Pausanias mentions, for instance, 
 temples of Zeus and of Themis, situated west of the city. 
 
 8, 9. dvSpwv : H. 732, a; G. 1094, 1; also understood with airier, in the 
 next cl. ; but of men who distrusted themselves. TOVTWV, dep. on rvxeiv, is 
 either this, referring to the request, or these, referring to rCov veKpwv. ovSc- 
 P.LO.S ..virapx-) although there was previously no occasion of hostility, etc.; 
 ovS...xapi., and not because they were trying to please ; x a /" ar| d d- are 
 causal. TWV vo|iio|'v&)V, the customary rites ; virip d|x<f>OTlp<ov : for the 
 real interests of both contending parties ; cr^povs refers to the Thebans ; 
 virep (iiv rutv (for virep TWV /j.tv, the particle being placed after the first word 
 of the phrase) refers to the Thebans, and ruv ertpuv to the Argives ; they are 
 in appos. with inrtp &/j.<por{puv. In the latter of the two phrases, trtpwv is 
 unnecessary.- irXcUo : cogn. accus. after ifyfip. ; iraTpfov, ancestral; sanc- 
 tioned by hereditary usage. 
 
 10. icoivas air. dv9., common to all men ; H. 754, c ; 0.1143- cirap- 
 0&TCS (ewalpu) : causal ; oi\ is placed at the beginning, because it qualifies 
 the whole pred. of the clause. KaS|it(ci>v : the name of Thebes in the 
 mythical period was KaSfjida, a name afterwards confined to the citadel. 
 vcxpovs: in appos. with 8.0Xa. 4v ...'EXvr., in their Eleusis; i. e. Eleusis 
 in Attica. There was an ancient town in Breotia bearing the same name. 
 
 11. " After the death and apotheosis of Heracles, his son Hyllos and his 
 other children were expelled and persecuted by Eurystheus ; the fear of his 
 vengeance deterred both the Trachinian king Keyx and the Thebans from 
 harboring them, and the Athenians alone were generous enough to brave the 
 risk of offering them shelter. Eurystheus invaded Attica, but perished in 
 the attempt by the hand of Hyllos, or by that of lolaos, the old companion 
 and nephew of Heracles. The chivalrous courage which the Athenians had 
 on this occasion displayed in behalf of oppressed innocence was a favorite 
 theme for subsequent eulogy by Attic poets and orators." (Grote, I. p. 94.) 
 
 According to the Alexandrian chronologists, Hercules belonged to the 
 generation immediately preceding the Trojan War. They make Eurys- 
 theus to have been slain . c. 1207. Isocrates says, "long before the Tro- 
 jan War" (rroXi/ irpb rCiv TpwtWui*') ; Panegyr., 54.
 
 FUNERAL ORATION. 1/9 
 
 EvpvorO.: king of Mycence ; see Class. Diet. f|<j>av<r0Tj : by plup. in 
 Eng. ; H. 837; r]Xavv., ivere driven forth (from one city after another); 
 note the force of the imperf. ai<rx....?p-y l s ashamed, it is true, of their 
 act, \. e. in refusing shelter to the sons of Hercules. eirl TWV f3ti>|j.wv : 
 "All altars were places of refuge. The supplicants were considered as 
 placing themselves under the protection of the deities to whom the altars 
 were consecrated." (Diet. Ant., "Ara.") 
 
 12. OVK ^|8&.., would not ; \Ltra.... B\.a\t.a.\., to contend on the side of jus- 
 tice. T i f|v...'j8o i OvTO, reverenced the virtues of Hercules ; apery in such 
 a connection commonly has a broader signif. than valor, prowess, for which 
 avSpla, eviftvxla, and other syn. are used. In the Funeral Oration attributed 
 to Demosthenes, the speaker remarks that valor (avSpia) is only one of the 
 elements of aperij. x a P l tH LVO1 : as in 8, giving the reason. 
 
 13. JMTOI TWV...X., with, i. e. with the aid of, etc.; Peloponnesus, before 
 its invasion by the Dorians, was inhabited by the Achaeans, Arcadians, and 
 other tribes of more or less pure Hellenic blood. ovic...p.T'-yv<o<rav, they 
 did not repent on the approach of danger ; Scivuv : after iyyfa ; H. 757 ; 
 G. 1149. 6irotoi... i Yvop'voi, what sort of men they would become ; lit. 
 of what sort they would be, having become men ; ftvSpcs : pred. nom. with 
 7ev6/i. The preceding tKtivovs, ace. to Greek usage, anticipates the subj. of 
 the clause ; it may be omitted in transl. See H. 878. 
 
 14. ov8...d - ya.9fis, and no gain offering itself except a good renown. 
 Kal TOWS jUv,...rois 8, and. ..the latter, ...the former. p.T]84v irouiv &KOV- 
 TOS, to do nothing by compulsion; subj. of dvai ; d/coira? agr. with indeterm. 
 subj. of iroifiv. vnip TOVTWV d|icf>., in behalf of both of these ; i. e. justice 
 and the oppressed. 
 
 15. TO<rovrov...4<j>., were so proud. avrbv vKtrcvovra, even if he should 
 come as a suppliant himself. cXOovarav : for its position, see H. 667, a, 
 and cf. XII. 77. Kal T. i|/. f|Xcv8., set free their souls also. TOIS...TT- 
 <f>dvia<rav, by their own perils crowned them with victory ; i. e. secured their 
 triumph. By a rather forced figure, the verb meaning to designate as victor, 
 i. e. by bestowing a crown, is used meaning to render victorious. So 
 Reiske : "coronabant, hoc est, victores reddebant." Baur : "bekranzten 
 sie mit den Preisen ihrer eignen Kampfe." 
 
 16. TO<rovrov...VT., so much more fortunate than their father ; observe 
 that TOO. refers not to what precedes, but to what follows ; which, instead 
 of a cl. of conseq., is an indep. sent, introd. by ydp. The sense is given by 
 rendering TOO-., much, and ydp, as usual, for. Though the sons of Hercules 
 had not reached manhood, they had obtained what had never been granted 
 to their father with all his might. l7rlir....TOv POV, having made life toil- 
 some, etc.; Kal...8vra, although he was. clSov: see the similar hyperbaton 
 in 2,
 
 l8o NOTES ON ORATION II. 
 
 The preceding passage offers many marked similarities of thought and 
 expression to 54-60 of the Panegyricus. 
 
 17. The Athenians are extolled as the natural champions of human 
 rights, by virtue not only of their autochthonous origin, but also of their free 
 institutions. The birth of their race from the soil on which they lived was 
 a favorite theme with the orators in their panegyrics. It was deemed an 
 honor peculiar to the Attic people. In the Iliad, Erechtheus, the oldest 
 name in the Attic genealogy, is said to be born of the Earth : 
 
 6V TTOT 'AOfyi) 
 Optye, At6s 6vyd.TT)p, T^KC 5 fcidupos Apovpa. 
 
 //., II. 547, 548- 
 
 iroXXa...virfjpx, thus, accordingly, did it fall to our ancestors, etc.; the 
 subj. is dia.(j.d\. fj TC -yap : the correl. of rt is 5^ at the beginning of 18 ; 
 H. 1040, b. wK7]<rov, became inhabitants of; incept, aor. ; ol iroX.Xo : i. e. 
 most nations. ciXXd...iraTp(Sa, but, being autochthonotts, they had the same 
 soil as both mother and country. Isocr. says : /J.OVOLS yap ijfjuv rCiv 'EXXi^aw 
 Tfjv avrriv rpotf>jv KO.I irarpida xai /jLTjrtpa, KaXfoai irpoff^Kti. Panegyr., 25. 
 And Plato : "Their ancestors were not strangers, nor are these their descend- 
 ants sojourners only, whose fathers have come from another country ; but 
 they are the children of the soil, dwelling and living in their own land. 
 And the country which brought them up is not like other countries, a step- 
 mother to her children, but their own true mother ; she bore them and 
 nourished them and received them, and in her bosom they now repose." 
 Mencxenus, VI., Jowett's transl. 
 
 18, 19. & : correl. with rt above; it introd. a second reason; iv... 
 Xpovw : the expulsion of the dynasty of the Pisistratidre occurred B. c. 510. 
 The constitutional changes introduced by Clisthenes followed immediately 
 after, and with him the Athenian democracy began. T^V cXtvO. . . . n-yi- 
 ornv, that the freedom of all is (amounts to, results in) the greatest har- 
 mony ; "libertatem omnium summam efficere concordiam." Auger. 
 TCLS . 4XirlSas : i. e. the hope of what would be gained by the dangers they 
 endured; hence translate, the rewards of their dangers: in times of danger 
 all were animated with a common hope ; KOIVCIS.. aXX. : to be shared by one 
 as well as another, hence common to all ; liroXireuovTo, administered ///< 
 ^n-i.rnment. f3l$, by force ; in distinction from c<Vf> ; an essential differ- 
 ence between an arbitrary and a constitutional government. opicrai, to 
 define ; observe the meaning of flpos = Lat. finis, and of the derivatives 
 horizon, aorist, etc. tpyta 8i...virnp., and in their actions to yield obedi- 
 ence to these ; expl. by what follows. They acted with Law as their King, 
 and Discourse as their Teacher. 
 
 Only this passing glance is given to the free institutions and the charac-
 
 FUNERAL ORATION. l8l 
 
 tcristic civil polity of Athens. For a worthier eulogy based on a discrimi- 
 nating analysis, we must turn to the orations of Pericles. 
 
 20. In the following sections (20 - 47) the orator extols the martial valor 
 and the Pan-hellenic patriotism of his countrymen in repelling the Persian 
 invasions ; the first commanded by Datis and Artaphernes, B. c. 490 ; the 
 next under Xerxes, ten years later. The reader will do well to consult 
 Grote, or, for a more compact narrative, Curtius, Vol. II., the chapter on 
 "The Wars of Liberation." 
 
 Kal -yap T l ' this phrase freq. introduces a conclusion, consequence, or 
 illustration. It then = Lat. itaque, accordingly, and thus, therefore, Ka.1 
 having a connective, ydp an epexegetic, and roi a confirmative force. For 
 other exx. of this use (distinct from the signif. in which it is more freq. used 
 = Lat. etenim profecto), see 26; also Detnosth., Phil., I. 6 ; De Cor., 
 99 ; De Falsa Legal., 137 and 325. Kal <j>vvrcs, K. T. X., being of noble 
 descent and of one mind ; y. 6p.oia may be understood in two ways : 
 (i) entertaining like sentiments, i. e. the sentiments of liberty, equality, and 
 harmony spoken of above, an interpretation which Reiske prefers, and 
 which accords with the context ; (2) entertaining corresponding sentiments, 
 i. e. sentiments and aims corresponding to their honorable descent. Thus 
 Baur : " ebenso gesinnt. " ira.vra.\ov : used as adj., everywhere existing. 
 
 21. (3o.cn.Xevs : Darius, the son of Hystaspes ; trtvr. (ivpidS., fifty 
 ''myriads," half a million ; the reader will remember that this is eulogy, 
 not history. The number led by Datis and Artaphernes is variously 
 estimated ; see Grote, IV. p. 345, note ; Curtius, II. p. 235, note. 100,000 
 infantry and 10,000 cavalry is the lowest estimate. In the Platonic oration 
 it is "fifty myriads and three hundred ships"; Menex., X. cKOv<rav, 
 dicovcrav : H. 619 ; they may be rendered, without force, by force. oflrws 
 may be omitted in trans! . ; it refers to the condition expressed in the cl. 
 ci . . . TtoffiffatvTo, if they should bring on the conflict, etc. 
 
 22. irepl TTJS iroX. : limits rot. 56a, such an opinion, i. e. the opinion 
 expressed in the foil.; I'ao-iv, iroX|AVj<rov<ri : both retain the tense of direct 
 disc.; the former has its future sense ; H. 828, a; Goodw. 1257; !KIVOIS : 
 ref. to &\\T)v irb\iv in its collect, signif. fjov<ri, they would come, i. e. the 
 Athenians ; still ind. disc, after 36a, continued also with change of mode in 
 To\fj.-fiffLv, below. <f>avepav . . . KaraOecrOai, to assume in their behalf an 
 attitude of open hostility with them, i. e. the Persians. The verb properly 
 denotes to make a deposit with a person, with the understanding of repay- 
 ment. Cf. Demosth., XV. n. 
 
 23. 01 (iv...8i.v., they, then, reasoned thus ; ou Xoy tlSdrcs, making no 
 account of; in most of the MSS. there is a lacuna. dOdvarov : H. 1062 
 fine print, last sent. 8iv ..tlStvai, that they ought to be indebted for their 
 rescue to others ; see Lex.,
 
 l82 NOTES ON ORATION II. 
 
 24. ravra . . . yvovrss : cf. 7. dijuota, 20. jierd iravrwv, in common 
 with all men, rds piv. . KKT7J<r9ai, that because of death their lives were 
 not their own ; lit. they possessed their lives belonging to another. They 
 held their lives as of little worth, for really they were not theirs. So Isocr., 
 Panegyr. , 86, also speaking of his countrymen at Marathon : ticrirfp / dXXo- 
 rp/cus i/'vxais jiAXorres Kivdwefoeiv, as if they were about to go into battle 
 with the lives of others. Similarly, in Thucyd., I. 70, the Corinthian orator 
 says of the Athenians : fri 5 rots ptv ffwfj.a<Tii> dXXorptarrdTots inrtp rijs TTO- 
 Xews xpuvrat., further, in the cause of the state they treat their bodies as if 
 they absolutely belonged to another. VIKUCV : H. 917; Goodw. 1436; cf. 
 1500; supply VIKO.V after StivaaQai, with the antec. of oCs for its obj. oXi-yw 
 ...irpoair., that they should perish (only) a little before the rest ; H. 781 ; 
 G. 1184. 
 
 25, 26. 4irip...|)iXo<|rux., not grudging their lives in the cause of virtue 
 and valor ; on the meaning of dperr/, see note on 12, and cf. L. & S., 
 sixth ed. Tp6iroia...T<3v papp. tp.|3aX6vTa>v, trophies of (their victory 
 over) the barbarians who had made an invasion, etc. ; 4v TTJ avrwv. . .irapd. . . 
 j^wpas, in their own country, on the borders of the land ; the arrangement 
 of the phrases in this part of the sentence cannot be commended for either 
 elegance or perspicuity. ovTw...8id TO.X&OV, so quickly. K<xl y < *P TOU : 
 see 20 ; virip in each cl. has its causal signif., because of; in the latter cl. 
 transl. over. r?|v dpprf|v avrwv, the glory of them ; i. e. rCiv tpyw. 
 
 27. ax9o|Avos...o-\jn4>., grieved at the disaster ; airaO^s ..KO.K., and not 
 having suffered misfortunes. These brief touches characterize not inappro- 
 priately the weak and passionate monarch. SCK. frm : in the spring of 
 480, after having spent the winter in Sardis, Xerxes and his host set out 
 from that city. ovrws fiimpov : a diff. word from fiiretpos, above, being 
 derived from alpha privative and ir^pas or Tretpaj, end, limit ; in order to 
 give the pred. adj. its proper force, render : the number of the land-army 
 he led was so vast. Herod, says: "For was there a nation in all Asia 
 which Xerxes did not bring with him against Greece? Or was there 
 a river, except those of unusual size, which sufficed for his troops to drink ?" 
 Rawlinson's transl., IV. p. 19. 
 
 28, 29. <rr)p,iov : H. 626, b ; the foil, ydp is epexegetic. He finds an 
 incidental evidence of the magnitude of the host in the fact that it was con- 
 sidered a saving of time to construct such a bridge for its transportation. 
 TO. ir|>., the obstacles of nature ; rd 0. n-pd'Y-, the deeds of the gods; the 
 latter referring doubtless to the storm which destroyed the first bridge, and 
 to the other portents mentioned by Herod. ir\ovv...'/|vAy y(vi<r9a.v, forced 
 a voyage to be made; explained by diopvfas ..."A0w. On this latter form, 
 see H. 161 ; Goodw. 199. TWV fiiv . . . viraicov., some reluctantly submit- 
 ting ; axdyruv and Mvrtav arc pred. acljj.; H. 619; Goodw. 926. Herod.
 
 FUNERAL ORATION. 183 
 
 names various tribes " that submitted without necessity, when their affairs 
 were in good condition," among them the Boeotians, except the Platteans 
 and Thespians. dp^oTcpa : defined by the folL appositives ntpdos and 
 deos ; H. 624, c. 
 
 30, 31. avTol...|xpdvTS, embarking in person; not employing merce- 
 nary troops and substitutes, as became common at a later date ; &irl...tpoVj9., 
 went 10 itJi assistance to. AaKcSai|i:>vioi in 31 is without a pred. On 
 Scheibe's suggestion we may supply dvuXoin-o, perished, in the lacuna after 
 ?/j.e\\ov. This unwieldy sentence extends (ace. to Scheibe's punctuation) 
 unbroken into 34. TOV irX^Oovs : H. 748; G. 1117; supply a partil. 
 gen. after it as the antec. of the foil, relatives. oix VJTTtjO., K. T. X.: they 
 were killed, but not conquered, a favorite thought with the orators. So 
 Lycurgus, of those who fell at Chasronea, in almost the same words : oi>x. 
 i]TTr)0fi>Tfs, d\\' diroOavoives tvOairep iTa.-)(6rjffa.v. (Against Leocrates, 48.) 
 Isocr., Panegyr., 92, of the Spartans at Thermopylae : "Surely it is wrong 
 to say that they were conquered, for no one of them deigned to flee." 
 
 32, 33. TWV jw'v : the Lacedaemonians ; TWV B : the Persians ; TTJS irop- 
 d8ov : of Thermopylae ; ol \uv, the latter. rols...irpa.y\i.a.cn.v > the dangers 
 that encompassed them ; irepitffTijKO. often = to encompass in a threatening 
 manner. p^p]v...XT|4/., they (i.e. the barbarians) would take the city 
 being left defenceless. cl...aXu><rovrai, but if, etc., that they (i. e. Athens) 
 would be captured by the land-army. Bwrjo-ovreu : join with on, above. 
 
 Svoiv : gen. abs. ; two (questions) being before them ; more freely : being 
 called to decide whether it was best, etc. perd.. ytvo\L., joining the bar- 
 barians. KptiTTov : pred. adj. agr. with i\evff. ; H. 617; Goodw. 925. 
 
 34 35- ToiSas, V v -> H it l T ' : emphatic omission of the art; H. 66o > a 
 Observe the same omission in transl. 8 Tts...lSwv, on seeing which, who 
 would not? etc. s . . . fj-yuvfrrih], considering how great and terrible a danger 
 ...was encountered ; instead of a causal cl. introd. by 8ri O&TWJ, we have an 
 exclamation expressing the thought subjectively ; H. 1001 ; Gr, Moods, 580. 
 
 iroi. -yvwjMiv, what feelings. TOV. .tcivSvvov (sc. Srros dirio-rov), the ap- 
 proaching conflict being of doubtful issue. xnrip T. 4t-XrTn>s, for their 
 lovzd ones ; explained in the cl. immediately following. QiXorrji, affection, 
 is poetically put for the object of the affection ; cf. Plato, tyyvr&rou TOU 
 wbOov, nearest the object of his desire; he has also S> <J>i\6rrit, my dear. 
 
 36, 37- irepicicr-rijicci : see note on xe/>te<rr., 32. TO ..irpoeiStvai, the 
 prospect of their own death ; subj. of eivat. <rvp.c|>opav, calamity, pred. 
 nom. agr. with the antec. of &. tvrvx- : H. 969, d ; G. 1 563, 5 ; virKTt8. : 
 cf. i/ire/c0., 34; ^Xiri^ov, were expecting. fj irov, doubtless; fj confirma- 
 tive, as also in 40, before iroXtf. -ri|v 84...irop6ov(w'vTjv, and that the land 
 was suffering devastation ; note the change of tense from the preced. 
 Upwv &...dxov. 8^: Gr. Moods, 876.
 
 184 NOTES ON ORATION II. 
 
 38. 4v TavTuJ, at the same time. Kpav-yfjs TWV SICK})., ike shrieks of the 
 perishing. Ttjs 6aX. fxeoriis : the sense requires another part., say alada- 
 vo/ifj/ot, perceiving, instead of d/cotfoj'res. A striking illustration of this 
 figure, zeugma, is found in N. T., I Cor. iii. 2 : yd\a v^aj tTr&Ttffa, ov 
 pp/j.a, " / gave you milk to drink, not meat." Farrar (Greek Syntax), 
 quoting this ex., remarks : "This figure of speech is very rare in English, 
 and illustrates more than any other the Greek quickness of apprehension." 
 ofl<nr]s T^S vcw>(taX' : causal, and to be joined with SOK., because of the 
 naval battle being undecided, thinking; TOT* \Uv...rork &, now... and ncnv. 
 
 39. u>v...!8ov: H. 996, and a ; Goodw. 1032, and 10x37. Ovcriwv 
 uvafiv., lit. remindings of sacrifices, enumeration (to the gods) of sacrifices 
 offered. Others differently, as L. & S. : recollection of vows to pay sacri- 
 fices; Reiske : qu<E non concipiebantur victimarum vota. ^Xtos-..iraiSwv, 
 compassion for children ; all these genitives objective ; H. 729, c; G. 1085,3. 
 
 40,41. roXpjs : H. 744 ; Goodw. 1102, and 1108. Kara T^JV dpcr^v 
 ...Sf<\ve-yKav, surpassed, were superior to; see note, 12, on aper-rj. 
 pacriXcuop-e'vuv, subjects of a king. 
 
 42, 43. ir\ioTTa...Kal KaXX. ...ervvtp., they made the greatest and most 
 honorable contributions. iKavtGr. ...Trpd^ai : describing the ideal leader; 
 yvuvcu, to form a judgment, to decide, including the power to comprehend 
 the exigencies of a crisis, and to decide on the requisite action. KCUTOI, 
 accordingly ; &v...fymrav (iplfa), would have contended, claimed to be 
 equal ; yviop.'g, judgment ; cf. yvwvou, above. dvan4>io-(3., without dispute ; 
 pred. adj.; 6|iovoovcrav, corresponding to, commensurate with. yvijcrlav 
 . ..Kal avrox., genuine and native; the first implying that their valor was 
 not a spurious or assumed virtue ; the second, that it was not an imported 
 one, or borrowed from others. 
 
 44, 45. KOiv^v...4KTTJer., they gained a common freedom for the rest also ; 
 the verb foil, by a pred. adj. as in 5, 43, and 24. 'IcrOjiov : the build- 
 ing of the wall across the Isthmus had been begun on the approach of 
 Xerxes. It was resumed on the approach of Mardonius, who, however, 
 after invading Attica, fell back into Bceotia, where the campaign was ended 
 by the battle of Plat;va. &'y<iircivTwv...(r<i>T., being tontt-nt with their own 
 safely. Siav. . . .ircpuSciv, purposing to look on and allow; viiri... i y<vofj.'- 
 vovs : cf. fj.tra...y(vo/JL, 33. 'AOijvaioi: as Herodotus relates it, it was 
 Chileiis, a Tegean, who reminded the Laceda-monians of the uselessness of 
 their plan of self-defence. (Bk. IX. 9.) JKctvcus : i. e. the Persians ; TOV- 
 TOVS : i. e. the Peloponnesians. IcrccrOcu . . . pcuriX.., would belong to the king ; 
 on the omission of the art., see H. 663. 
 
 46, 47. SiSacrK., suffering themselves to be taught ; one meaning of the 
 pass., and suitable to the tense used. ovrol \idv : emphasizes the sul>j. of 
 Trottl? and /3oi;\., in contrast with 'Aftpvfow. avrois : after vapaivtlv ;
 
 FUNERAL ORATION. 185 
 
 poT|6. tis : cf. tfio-qO. iirl, 30. TOVS diro'yv., who had despaired of. 
 f&pcuov : constr. like KOLVTIV, 43 ; Kareip-y., achieved, secured. jtcO' (5v : 
 with whom, on whose side. Tw^m : the Athenian hegemony (Trye/uoWa), 
 or leadership in Grecian affairs, is usually dated from about 477 B. c. ; see 
 Grote, Vol. V. p. 290 seq. The battle of Platcea was fought in 479. 
 
 48. In 48 - 53, mention is made of the war against Corinth and ^Egina 
 in alliance with Sparta. It broke out 457 B. c. Little is known concerning 
 it Thucydides is the chief authority, and his account is almost as brief as 
 this. See Thucyd., Bk. I. 105, 106 ; also Grote, Vol. V. p. 320 seq. The 
 speaker, indeed, seems to have taken Thucydides as his authority, if we may 
 judge from the strikingly similar phraseology. 
 
 KaTao-TavTos-.-'YtY) having broken out through jealousy on account of 
 what had taken place ; TWV ircirpa-y. : ref. to the achievements of the Athe- 
 nians. p.t.Kp<ov...80(j.., and each needing but few grievances, i. e. pretexts 
 for war. vavfi. 'A0. ...ytvo(itvt]S ) a naval battle having been fought by the 
 Athenians. eXap.pa.vov : ref. to 'Atfijfatots for its subj. Observe the irreg- 
 ularity of construction above, by which <f>povovvres and deo/jLevoi are in the 
 nom. instead of the gen. absol. ; H. 1063. See a similar instance, Hellen., 
 II. 2. 3 : 6 Tfpos...Trapayyt\<i}v. 
 
 49. iroXiopKOvvrwv : sc. ' KByvaibsv ; H. 972., a. rfjs T|X.. diroti(ri]s, the 
 men capable of bearing arms being absent ; i)\tKla, in this and similar con- 
 nections, denotes the age during which Athenians were liable to military 
 duty. They were enrolled as citizens at 18 ; then, after serving two years 
 in the home-guard, were liable to military duty abroad from 20 to 60, in 
 all 42 years of nominal or actual service. In a collective sense, T\ ijXiKia. 
 (also the pi. al rjXiKiai) denotes the entire military force of the city, namely, 
 the 42 successive enrolments or military classes which constituted the Athe- 
 nian army. 2pt||iov : pred. ; cf. ip^M v in 32 ; tiifJoXeiv is fut. aiv rfc 
 crrpaT., that they ivould draw off the encamped army. Fepavtiav : Gera- 
 neia, the mountain- range west of Megara. 
 
 50. TOJV (iiv air., some (of their troops) being at a distance, i. e. in Egypt ; 
 TOJV 8, others, i. e. those in ^gina ; ov8va...|iTairf.'Tr., had the courage 
 not to send for either. ol... - y - yov6Ts, those who were under the military 
 age. Cf. Thuc. : ol vpffffivTaroi KO.I oi j/ewrarot, the oldest and the youngest. 
 TOV KtvS. iroiT|<racrOai : cf. 21 ; avrol povoi : join with the subj. of the 
 infinitive. 
 
 51. $2. ol |j^v, the former; avrot, themselves, i. e. in their own ex- 
 perience. They had no need to imitate others, but simply to repeat their 
 own deeds. MvpavtSov OTpar., with Myronides as general ; airavr. av- 
 TO : see ai)r6s, L. & S., I. 3. TOIS ^Stj air., those now past service ; i. e. 
 disabled by old age ; this and the foil, phrase are in the instrum. dat., where 
 the nom. would be more natural, the ref. being to the same persons as the
 
 l86 NOTES ON ORATION II. 
 
 subj. Tovs...dirarHjo-avTs, having gone (I say) into a foreign land to 
 meet those who had presumed to invade theirs ; I have added parentheses to 
 the text of Scheibe. 
 
 53. 01 fXv...crw[iao-tv (sc. Swd/mevot) : syn. with Tois...a.vtipriKo<ri, above. 
 
 Kpclrrovs : their bravery superior to their physical strength. 01 jiiv... 
 lireuStvovTO, the latter went back to their teachers ; iraidfvo/Mt (pass.), to 
 receive instruction. 
 
 54. The orator now epitomizes ( 54-57) the beneficial results of the 
 policy pursued by Athens during her primacy in Greece ; the contrast of 
 succeeding events might well bring Hellas to these tombs bewailing her 
 buried liberties (58 - 60). 
 
 v uir....xp6vj : not the same as 6 JTS xP^os, r but the whole period 
 treated of in this discourse. Twv...dv8pv : including those previously 
 buried in the Ceramicus. 
 
 55. 56. irapewrxovrts, rendering; syn. with airoSefwu/it. See Lex. 
 TOIS 6Xi-y ts : the policy of Sparta was to establish oligarchies in her depend- 
 encies. rb forov, equality; H. 621, b ; G- 933. Koxctvous, them too; 
 the policy of the Athenians (he maintains) was to strengthen their allies as 
 well as themselves. 6 p.. (ScuriXtvs : i. e. the Persian monarch. cSiSov... 
 cavrov, was yielding up some of his nun possessions ; H. 736; G. 1097, i. 
 
 57- Ka<l otirt : the foil, clauses also dep. on wore. irpoo-Tdras, fcycfJio- 
 vas, champions, leaders ; yiyvr6a.i : its subj. is implied : the living Athe- 
 nians who stood in the places of the fallen. 
 
 58. diroXofUvwv : at ^Egospotami. ctrt fj-y- aK<jL, whether (it was) by 
 a commander's treason. "Of this suspicion both Konon and Philokles 
 stand clear. Adeimantus was named as the chief traitor, and Tydeus along 
 with him." Grote, Vol. VIII. p. 220 ; see also his note. <rv|i4>opds : 
 pred. after yevofi. For ticelvris, see H. 632, a ; agrees with its pred. -noun. 
 ijv, had been. Says Grote (Vol. VIII. p. 191): "We shall be warranted 
 in affirming that the first years of the Spartan empire, which followed upon 
 the victory of ^Lgospotami, were years of all-pervading tyranny and multi- 
 farious intestine calamity, such as Greece had never before endured." 
 
 59. CT. r\yt\i.6vii)v : ref. to the Lacedaemonian hegemony, or supremacy. 
 
 01 4p.paivovTts, those who formerly did not embark upon the sea ; i. e. 
 the Persians. The Persian fleet of Pharnabazus conquered the fleet of 
 Sparta and her allies at Cnidus, B. c. 394. (Cf. Grote, IX. p. 282 ; Cur- 
 tius, II. p. 254 seq. ) It was the Athenian Conon, however, who commanded 
 the Persians. ds T. Evpttfirrjv : Pharnabazus with his fleet sailed the fol- 
 lowing spring to the Peloponnesian coast. "The appearance of a Persian 
 satrap with a Persian fleet, as master of the Peloponnesian Sea and the Sa- 
 ronic Gulf, was a phenomenon astounding to Grecian eyes. And if it was 
 not equally offensive to Grecian sentiment, this was in itself a melancholy
 
 FUNERAL ORATION. 187 
 
 proof of the degree to which Pan-hellenic patriotism had been stifled by the 
 Peloponnesian War and the Spartan empire. No Persian tiara had been 
 seen near the Saronic Gulf since the battle of Salamis." (Grote, IX. p. 321.) 
 SovXevoixri, are in slavery ; ey xa,6. , have been placed in power. These 
 things could hardly have been said till some time after the conclusion of the 
 treaty of Antalcidas, B. c. 387. How great the humiliation of Greece was 
 at that time, see depicted by Grote, IX. 385, and the foil, chapter. 
 
 60. &|iov J\v : sc. fa>. <rT...dpTJj : quoted by Pausanias, and sup- 
 posed to be the passage freely quoted by Aristotle (Rhet , III. 10), who 
 instances it as a happy combination of antithesis with personifying metaphor ; 
 "had he said there was reason she should weep, her liberty having been 
 buried with them, it would indeed have been metaphor and personification ; 
 but the words 'her liberty,' 'their valor,' have a certain antithesis"; 
 ws, K. T. X., considering that her own liberty was being buried ivith their 
 valor; avruv : ref. to the collective 'E\Xct5i. Lycurgus (Oral. ag. Leocrates, 
 50) says of the dead at Chaeronea : ffwerd^r) yap rots TOVTWV <rw/jM<ni> rj rum 
 &\\wv 'E\\fywv t\ev6epta. Te'pv...Xa,pdfiVOS, in meeting other leaders ; 
 i. e. when the Greeks were led by others than Athenians. T<ji 8i...fjXos 
 yytvtT<u, while in the latter there is springing up a disposition to emulate, 
 etc. 
 
 61. An eloquent tribute (61-66) to those who fell fighting under 
 Thrasybulus for the restoration of the Athenian democracy. This could be 
 fitly spoken by Lysias, who had shared the reverses and the triumph of 
 the exiles. 
 
 ^X^l") f have been led off; ravra \Uv : obj. of 6\o(f>., to give utterance 
 to these lamentations. Observe the antithetic ptv and 8<f ; these lamenta- 
 tions for Greece are aside from the purpose of my discourse ; my eulogy 
 finds a more fitting theme in those men who restored free government to 
 Athens. irepl TOV SiKcUov : as in 1 7. irdvras . . . KKT., having made all 
 men their enemies ; rhetorical exaggeration, referring to the fact mentioned 
 at the end of 62, that they fought not only against the enemies of their 
 country, but against their countrymen themselves. 
 
 62. KOivf|v...Kal TOIS dXXois, as a common possession to the rest also ; 
 \|ruxus, courage. ovx . 6pY t l ( V V<H : this contrast of blended motives, 
 shame and rage, is a fine one. iroXcptovs 54, K. T. X., and (having) as 
 enemies (not only) those who were formerly (such), but also, etc. 
 
 63. orwfiacri.. tavrwv : i. e. not depending on mercenaries alone. fidp- 
 rupas : appos. with Toi)s...rd0oi/j. Xenophon mentions that the Lacedae- 
 monians who fell in one of the engagements were buried in the Ceramicus. 
 (Hellen., II. 4. 33.) ical -yap TOI : see note, 20. dir&cigav, 
 
 both these verbs are used in the sense to cause to be, to render. 
 was Conon who rebuilt the walls, after the battle of Cnidus, 394.
 
 l88 NOTES ON ORATION II. 
 
 64. avrwv : partit. gen.; d8\<j>d...TOis ?pYOiS, kindred to the deeds. 
 IrpdirovTo, devoted themselves ; read the remarks of Grote (IX. p. 367) on 
 the character of Thrasybulus. He says: " In him the energy of a successful 
 leader was combined with complete absence both of vindictive antipathies 
 for the past, and of overbearing ambition for himself. 4Xa,Troi)<r6ai . . . 
 ir\&>v ?X lv : the ref. is to their privileges as citizens ; render : neither being 
 able to suffer encroachment tipon their privileges, nor wanting to have more 
 for themselves (i. e. more than had belonged to them under the constitution). 
 
 . |iT$>o<rav, gave a share of; foil, by T7Jj...eXei>0epias. 
 
 65. 8Ti...8v<r. : obj. cl. after dTreXo^., they repelled the charges against 
 them, (showing) that, etc. |3<J, in spite of. OJJLOVOOVVTSS : conditional, 
 as shown by the &v belonging with eSvvavTo. 
 
 66. A brief mention of the allies and mercenary troops that assisted 
 Thrasybulus. The "men of Phyle" received reinforcements from the Me- 
 garians and Argives, and more especially from the Thebans. 
 
 TU ir\T|0i, the people ; see note, XII. 42. iraTp(8a...r)Y r l (r< *K' <vol > re ~ 
 garding valor as their native country ; that is, regarding as their home and 
 country any spot where glory was to be won. 
 
 67. The eulogy ( 67 - 76) of those whose remains were now receiving 
 interment. 
 
 Kaivol...-yv<5fivoi, entering into a new alliance ; the part, logically sub- 
 ordinate to /3or)8r)cravTes, hence without a connective ; cf. a similar use of 
 yfv&fj.. in 69. On the formation of this league, see Curtius's Hist., Vol. IV. 
 p. 243. ov...2xVTs : causal and explanatory ; for they did not cherish the 
 same spirit, etc. ; from 01) on through the parenthesis may better be rendered 
 at the close of the sentence. ol \Uv, the latter ; ol 8^, lutt they ; i. e. the 
 Athenians who aided the Corinthians. rijs irpor. \0pas : as a Pelopon- 
 nesian state and an ally of Sparta, Corinth had more than once been at war 
 with Athens. The Peloponnesian War, it will be remembered, began by 
 the Athenians taking the part of the Corcynvans against Corinth. 
 
 68. (ieY<iX.T|v...'EXXd8a, endeavoring lo render Jlcllas great ; a use of 
 the part, similar to -^.pi^by^voi, 8. cKttvwv: ref. to ruv voXe^iuv. In 
 their contest with Sparta, they were fighting the battles of the Tery states 
 that were in league with Sparta, the tributary states of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 - viKf|<ravres, when victorious ; TWV avrwv : the same liberties that they 
 themselves enjoyed. 
 
 69. 70. OVTOI : the same as ol Oaunbuevoi, 67. 8ia<r<ravTS, 1iavig 
 /<;/>/ untarnished. cn-TjvwpOaxrav : double augment ; II 361 ; Goodw. 544 ; 
 render: made good the ill-successes of others. rd. rpcxjxia, the filial debt; 
 the debt due to their country for their rearing and education ; see Lex. 
 
 71, 72. TOW lir pov, because of the life still left them; H. 744; 
 G. 1126. irpl JXdrrovos . . . T)-yovfivoi. : see note, XII. 7. d8X<t>ovs,
 
 FUNERAL ORATION. 189 
 
 K. T. X.: art. omitted ; see note to 34. woXXwv . . . ima.p\6vr<av : gen. 
 abs. ; cf. XII. 97. Miiller : in tanta malorum multitudine et gravitate ; 
 render : in view of the many sufferings to which they are exposed. vewrepoi 
 . . . fj wore clSlvcu, too young to know ; H. 954 ; ouov: H. ion, a; Kiihn., 
 344, Rcm. i, last sentence. 
 
 73. TOVTWV : neut., after the comparative ; it refers to the following 
 clauses. dSvvuTovs . . . TW <rc6|xan. : cf. TOIJ ff&/j.affiv . . . Swdfjxvoi, 53. 
 virb IXtcurOai : i. e. that those same ones who formerly envied them 
 should now be looking on them with pity, one of the sharpest " arrows 
 of outrageous fortune." &v8. dp.eivovs : pred. after fjffav. 
 
 74. irs...xp^, and how are they to, etc. See L. & S., XP*I> H- dXXd 
 . ..[ifp.vfjo-0ai, nay, it is reasonable at such a time that the rest (of the citizens) 
 remember them, i. e. the bereaved ; dXXd thus used implies not so ! on the 
 contrary ; it is sometimes rendered why. The next dXXd introd. one of the 
 series of rhetorical questions, and may be rendered or; see note, XII. 40. 
 X\nrfj<r<u : subj. of eVrf understood. dXXd...KivSvvois : the answer to this 
 question, instead of being introd. by dXXd, but, like the preceding question, 
 is made a cl. dep. on the interrog. sent, itself. H^a <j>povovvras, K. T. X.,, 
 exulting over their misfortunes ; TOVTWV seems to be used instead of aurwc, 
 because the persons referred to are present before the speaker. 
 
 75- X ( H >tv: pred. accus., ravr-qv being the direct obj. of diroS. ; H. 726 ; 
 Goodw. 1080 ; for the gender of ravniv, which refers to the rest of the sen- 
 tence, commencing with et', see note XII. 37. Render : it seems to me that 
 this is the only return we can make. Observe, however, that fj-ovyv agrees 
 with rai>Tijv. irpi...Troioifi0a, should highly honor. dknrp...SvTS, as 
 if we were ourselves their fathers. 
 
 76. TOV civra>v : gen. after rims. irpo<TT|KOVTas : used substantively, 
 but foil, by the same case as its verb. It is sometimes foil, (as a subst.) by 
 a limiting gen. TO forov T. dXXois, equally with the rest, i. e. no more than 
 the rest. diroOavovrwv : gen. abs.; supply TOVTWV from the preceding; 
 H. 972, a ; 6V. Moods, 848. 
 
 77. Peroration, administering consolation to the surviving friends of the 
 deceased. Death is the common lot of man. These now buried are not to 
 be lamented, but counted happy ; for they chose their own destiny, and have 
 gained immortal honors. 
 
 dXXd -yap : cf. XII. 99 ; but. ow -yap . . .Qvryroi, for we were not unaware 
 of our being mortal ; H. 984 ; Goodw. 1586; Greek Moods, 887 and 892. 
 The student would do well to note two points in regard to this character- 
 istically Greek construction : first, that \a.vOa.vu>, to escape the notice of, is an 
 active verb, though not usually translated by such in Eng. ; second, that the 
 part. 6>>Tti (with OvTjroi) not only agrees grammatically with the subject, but
 
 NOTES ON ORATION II. 
 
 is logically an integral part of the subject. Cf. olSa Ovirrbs uv, I kncnv that 
 I am mortal, in which the part, with the adj. logically forms a part of the 
 object. ^...4*'pav, or to be so exceedingly sad. 6 0a.vo.TOS, K. T. X. : cf. 
 Horace, Odes, I. 4 : 
 
 " Pallida Mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas 
 Regumque turres." 
 
 " Pale Death with impartial foot strikes at the hovels of the poor and the towers of 
 princes." 
 
 78. ojjiov (fy) : &v also to be supplied, as in 60. Kal vd(rwv... i y^pa)s, 
 subject both to diseases and to old age ; gen. after compar. 6...lXT|\u>s, ho 
 presides over, to -whom is allotted. The orations contain no intimation more 
 distinct than this of Lysias's religious conceptions ; see note, XIII. 63. 
 
 79. ofrrms, in that they ; the indef. relat. with a slight causal force; 
 H. 9 IO > Gr. Moods, 580. OVK...TTJ TVXTJ, not intrusting themselves (lit. 
 concerning themselves) to fortune ; tTriTptiru is usually followed by the accus. 
 and dat., but fir. rivl irepi rw<os, to trust to one concerning something, is a 
 construction found in Plato and Menander. Kal -yap TOU: see note, 26. 
 Miiller, however, renders : nam profecto, which would introd. the reason for 
 jrpoffriKet, . . . -iryeiffOai, above. 
 
 80. oK : for a similar emphatic use of the rel., see XII. 40 ; the cl. has 
 a causal force, being explanatory of the preceding. <vyuJVS.. pu>fj.r|s Kal 
 o-o<J>ias Kal irXovrov : Pluto says (Menex., 21) of Athens: "She never 
 ceases honoring the dead every year, celebrating in public the rites which 
 are proper to each and all ; and in addition to this, holding gymnastic and 
 equestrian festivals, and musical festivals of every sort." (Jowett's transl.) 
 A parallel passage to the present section is found in the fragment remaining 
 from the Olympic oration of Lysias, mentioning the establishment of the 
 Olympic Games by Hercules: "After he had put down the tyrants, and 
 checked the insolence of the oppressors, he instituted in the fairest spot of 
 Hellas a contest of bodies, and an ambitious display of wealth, and an ex- 
 hibition of intellect." XXXIII. 2. u>s . 6vrag : II. 974; Goodw. 1570; 
 rats avT...d0avaTovs, ivit/i tht' same honors as the immortals ; \. e. the gods. 
 For Kai after 6 atVnis, see II. 1042, a. 
 
 81. Oavdrov: II. 745, b; G. 1126. yv&r0at, : dcp. on Kptlrrov; 
 oiTivcs : sec note, 79. 8fws &, hut yet ; in adversative contrast with 
 the preceding sent., introd. by f*.ev. Otpa-Trcvovras, honoring.
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 
 
 TO ILLUSTRATE 
 
 THE ORATIONS OF LYSIAS CONTAINED IN 
 THIS VOLUME. 
 
 B. C. 
 
 444. Birth of Lysias. 
 
 431. Beginning of the Peloponnesian War; April 4. 
 
 429. Cephalus, the father of Lysias, removes with his family to Thurii. 
 
 421. The Peace of Nicias. 
 
 413. The Sicilian Expedition. 
 
 411. Lysias and his brother Polemarchus return to Athens. 
 
 The Four Hundred, in power about four months, from March to June. 
 406. Battle of Arginusae ; September. 
 405. Battle of /Egospotami ; August. 
 
 Committee of Five " Ephors " ; Autumn. 
 
 Blockade of Athens. Theramenes sent as ambassador to Sparta ; Autumn. 
 404. Second embassy of Theramenes ; Spring. 
 
 Surrender of Athens to Lysander, the end of the Peloponnesian War ; 
 latter part of April. 
 
 Establishment of the Thirty Tyrants ; June. 
 
 Execution of Dionysodorus and others ; Summer. 
 
 A Spartan garrison placed in the Acropolis ; about October. 
 
 Reaction among the Thirty. The execution of Theramenes. 
 403. Thrasybulus takes possession of Phyle ; about January. 
 
 Victory of Thrasybultis, in Munychia ; flight of the Thirty, and appointment 
 of ths Ten ; February.
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 Thrasybulus holds Piraeus and Munychia; Spring and Summer. 
 
 Skirmish with the Spartans near the Piraeus ; June. 
 
 Negotiations with Pausanias ; Summer. 
 
 Return of the Exiles headed by Thrasybulus, Sept. 2 1 , and the Restoration 
 of the democratic constitution. Euclides chosen First Archon. 
 
 Oration against Eratosthenes. 
 
 401 -400. Expedition of Cyrus, and Retreat of the Ten Thousand. 
 399. Trial and death of Socrates. 
 395. Beginning of the Corinthian War. 
 394. Battle of Cnidus ; August. 
 387. Peace of Antalcidas. 
 
 THE END.
 
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