6 
 
 4 
 
 W23s3 
 
 lifornia 
 tonal 
 
 lity
 
 ^lOS-ANGElr> 
 
 5? 
 

 
 "%3AINfl-3\\v 
 
 i I 
 
 a 21 
 
 e ^ 
 
 g 1 
 
 .RYflr -sAl-UBRARYOc^ ^MJNIVRS/A 
 
 - 
 
 It* 
 
 ' A < 
 
 1 1 
 
 ^ 3' 
 
 I S 
 
 31 
 ii 
 
 ^clOS-ANCEl% ^UIBRARYQc 
 ' 
 
 /a- 
 
 u, ^OF-CALIFO%
 
 BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 Sewerage anJ Land Drainage. Illustrated. 4to. 
 
 400 pages. New York : D. Van Nostrand Co. 86.00. 
 
 The Sanitary Drainage of Houses and Trwii. 
 
 Illustrated. 12mo. Boston : Houghton, Mifflin & 
 Co. $2.00. 
 
 How to Drain a House. Practical Information for 
 Householders. 16mo. New York: D. Van NcstrauJ 
 Co. $1.25. 
 
 The Sanitary Condition of Town and Country 
 Houses. 16mo. New York : D. Van Nostrau 1 
 Co. 60 cts. 
 
 Book of the Farm : or, the Handy Book of Husbandry. 
 A Manual for American Farmers. Illustrated. 12mo. 
 Philadelphia : H. T. Coates & Co. $2.00. 
 
 A Farmer's Vacation. The Record of a Pleasure Trip 
 through Holland, Normandy, and Brittany, and t:io 
 Channel Islands. Illustrated. 8vo. Boston : 3. R. 
 Osgood & Co. 3.00. 
 
 Tyrol and the Skirt of the Alps. Illustrated. 8vo. 
 New York : Harper & Brothers. 83.00. 
 
 The Bride of the Rhine. 200 Miles in a Mosel Rowboat. 
 Illus. 16mo. Boston : J. R. Osgood & Co. $1.50. 
 
 Whip and Spur. Chiefly Horse Stories. 18mo. New 
 York : Doubleday & McClure Co. $1.25. 
 
 Village Improvements and Farm Villages. With 
 Diagrams. 18mo. Boston : J. R. Osgood & Co. 75 ct-. 
 
 The Elements of Agriculture. 16mo. New York: 
 Orange Judd Co. SI. 00. 
 
 Draining for Profit and Draining for Health. 
 
 12mo. New York : Orange Judd Co, $1.50. 
 
 Modern Methods of Sewage Disposal. 12mo. New 
 i ork : D. Van Nostraiiu Co. $2.00. 
 
 Aerial Navigation. (Tianslation with Notts ) 12iuo. 
 New \OTH : D. Appletou fc Co. gl.oti. 
 
 Street Cleaning an- the Disposal of City's Wastes. 
 
 12mo. New York: Doubleday & McClu.eCo. gl.50.
 
 THE 
 
 SANITARY CONDITION 
 
 OF 
 
 CITY AND COUNTRY 
 
 DWELLING HOUSES. 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE E. WARING, JR., 
 
 CONSULTING ENGINEER FOR SANITARY AND 
 AGRICULTURAL WORK 
 
 3-3 & % 6> 
 THIRD EDITION REVISED 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 
 
 23 MURRAY AND 27 WARREN STS. 
 1910
 
 COPYRIGHT. 1898, 
 
 BY 
 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY.
 
 TL 
 
 PREFACE 
 To THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 The first edition of this booklet con- 
 sisted mainly of a reproduction of two pa- 
 pers read before the American Public 
 Health Association and the Public Health 
 Association of New York, in 1876. These 
 papers have been re- written, in the light 
 of the advances made in the practice of 
 House Drainage since that date, but their 
 form has not been changed materially. 
 
 The paper on Country Houses led to 
 a lengthy correspondence in the American 
 Architect and Building News. This corre- 
 spondence was reproduced, originally, as 
 affording the best presentation of my own 
 views on the subject, and as meeting ob- 
 jections which were likely to arise in the 
 minds of those who had given it only cas- 
 ual attention. It remains unchanged in 
 this edition ; but it has acquired an added 
 interest in the light of investigations
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 which, since the date of the original publi- 
 cation, have led to the recognition of the 
 agents which accomplish the destruction 
 of organic matter, and to a more or less 
 complete understanding of the conditions 
 which may favor or hinder their operation. 
 Although it is known now that the oxida- 
 tion of the impurities of sewage in a sur- 
 face soil is a bacterial and not a chemical 
 process, the statements made as to the 
 purifying capacity of the soil and the rec- 
 ommendations offered for the treatment of 
 the hypothetical case under discussion 
 need no revision. 
 
 G. E. W., JR, 
 
 NEWPORT, R. I., October, 1898.
 
 THE 
 
 SANITARY CONDITION 
 
 nv 
 
 COUNTRY HOUSES. 
 
 2. 3 &&& 
 
 THE sanitary defects of the average 
 country-house are due to ignorance. Had 
 the architect who built it been stimulated 
 to learn what is required for a perfectly 
 healthful condition, he would of course 
 have been, in every case, vigilant to se- 
 cure it. Did the physician know, except 
 in a vague and theoretical sort of way 
 that is, did he fully realize the degree to 
 which the ailments he contends against, 
 and which he should be vigilant to pre- 
 vent, are diseases due to removable causes 
 connected with the construction and ar- 
 rangement of the dwelling, he would 
 insist upon a reform. 
 
 Did the householder himself know the
 
 6 
 
 extent to which his own efficiency and the 
 health and lives of his family depend on 
 an observance of the less obvious sanitary 
 requirements, he would demand that both 
 architect and physician should inform 
 themselves as to the needs of his house, 
 and should secure the fulfilling of those 
 needs. 
 
 Fortunately, the crime of ignorance is 
 declining. The technology of the plumb- 
 er s art and the fundamental principles of 
 sanitary engineering are more or less 
 familiar to every newly fledged architect, 
 and the physician has discovered that 
 etiology and prophylaxis, too long subserv- 
 ient to therapeutics are at least equal 
 to it in importance. The householder him- 
 self, if he be of the more intelligent class, 
 knows that obedience to hygienic laws is 
 the price of safety, and he is willing usu- 
 ally to ask and to take advice from the 
 priests and Levites of sanitation. 
 
 By far the greatest number of country- 
 houses are farmhouses, laborers' dwell- 
 ings, etc.; and these are not less subject to 
 sanitary criticism than are those of the
 
 better class, though their defects are 
 mainly of a different character, and relate 
 more to the grounds about the house and 
 to its water-supply, and to the condition 
 of its cellar, than to the arrangement of 
 its interior drainage. Indeed, in nearly 
 every case, these houses have no interior 
 drainage at all ; and such reformation o 
 their character and condition as is needed, 
 will be sufficiently indicated in considering 
 the better houses. Unhappily, so far as 
 the occupants of the farmhouses and cot- 
 tages are concerned, there is little hope 
 that any considerable improvement will 
 soon be undertaken, or indeed that any 
 thing we may say here will be heeded. 
 
 It is sometimes hard to convince the 
 country physician of the older type that 
 his most important obligation to his com- 
 munity lies in a supervision of the condi- 
 tions under which it lives j but, until this 
 is done, it is hardly worth while to waste 
 breath upon the average members of that 
 community. We may accumulate evi- 
 dence as to the fatal effect of prevalent 
 carelessness and filthiness in the cellar,
 
 and in the soil about the house, until we 
 are tired of making quotations; and, for 
 every instance that we bring forward, of a 
 death from typhoid fever traceable to the 
 use of poisoned well-water, the farmer 
 will produce a hundred cases of persons 
 who have always used water from wells 
 standing in barn-yards or close to privy- 
 vaults or cess-pools, without suffering. 
 
 The action of poisoned water is less 
 direct than that of a well-aimed rifle ; and 
 its effect, where there is any effect, is 
 slower and less obviously connected with 
 the cause than in a case of poisoning by 
 arsenic. We can hardly hope to convince 
 the common man of his error, and induce 
 him to spend money, and to put himself 
 to considerable personal inconvenience, to 
 reform a state of affairs which has existed 
 all his life-time, and which he believes 
 to have answered well with him and with 
 his fathers. 
 
 To his mind, typhoid fever, diphtheria, 
 and the whole list of zymotic diseases, are 
 afflictions sent by an inscrutable Provi- 
 dence for some hidden purpose of disci-
 
 piine ; and he believes it his duty to bear 
 meekly, if sorrowfully, the chastening to 
 which he is subjected. He is still far from 
 accepting the idea that his discipline may 
 have for its direct purpose his regeneration 
 in this very matter of hygiene. In their 
 unvarying operation the laws of health 
 (which are not entirely inscrutable) strike 
 both the just and the unjust, and these 
 laws are disciplinary, or not, according as 
 we meet their requirements with intelli- 
 gent obedience, or bow blindly and ignor- 
 antly before them. Typhoid fever does 
 not come to us as a punishment for Sab- 
 bath-breaking, nor for profane swearing, 
 but as a punishment for the one sin which 
 brings us within reach of its scourge the 
 sin of unwholesome living. Then, too, 
 sinners though we are, in this regard, it 
 touches us so slightly only here and there 
 a case that we are led, not precisely to 
 run the risk of chances which we appre- 
 ciate, but to remain placidly unconscious 
 that the law is in operation about our own 
 houses, awaiting only the due assembling
 
 10 
 
 of the conditions which bring its action to 
 bear upon our own persons. 
 
 The great mission of enlightenment 
 began its effective operations with the ed- 
 ucated classes of society. Especially has 
 it engaged the attention of the two profes- 
 sions to which I have referred. Within 
 the range of these professions, the ques- 
 tions of healthful building and healthful 
 living especially lie. From above, the en- 
 lightenment will be extended downward, 
 until, in some millennial future, the merest 
 cottager will understand the degree to 
 which his health depends on the cleanli- 
 ness or filthiness of his domicile. 
 
 In like manner, it is obvious that our 
 efforts to secure an improvement in the 
 construction and care of country-houses, 
 must be first addressed to the more in- 
 telligent classes, and that they must work 
 their way by example, among the poorer 
 and the less informed. Let us consider 
 therefore, by way of illustration, the case 
 of an elaborate country-seat, built with a 
 determination to secure every luxury and
 
 11 
 
 every comfort, every convenience and 
 every safeguard, that the most skilfully 
 applied modern art can compass; a house 
 to which that compound adjective so dear 
 to the American heart may be applied in 
 every department from garret to cellar 
 a house where everything is "first-class." 
 If we examine the old mansions of 
 our grandfathers, or go back still further, 
 to the seats of the nobility of past centur- 
 ies in England, and compare our modern 
 houses with these, we shall realize what 
 enormous strides have been taken in the 
 improvement of many elements of our 
 building. Among other things, the mod- 
 ern mind has at last fully accepted the 
 fact that a wet cellar is dangerous, and is 
 to be, in all cases, and under all circum- 
 stances, avoided or abandoned. We are 
 still indulgent, and perhaps not very im- 
 properly so, of an occasional inroad of 
 storm-water, which subsides within a few 
 hours 5 but a cellar with standing water is, 
 at least very generally, felt to be an im- 
 possible accompaniment of healthful living. 
 By hook or by crook, we manage to get a
 
 12 
 
 drain away from the lowest point of every 
 cellar dug in soil that retains water after 
 heavy rains We understand very well 
 in the case of the better houses, perfectly 
 well the importance of dry walls, at least 
 of dry interior walls. When we build in 
 brick or stone, our opposition to absorbed 
 moisture seems to stop at the point where 
 it is no longer injurious to wall-paper and 
 paint ; but we do secure, almost univer- 
 sally, by the intervening air-space, a 
 separation of the wall next to which we 
 li ve, from the wall through which exterior 
 moisture penetrates. We have learned 
 how to warm our houses more uniformly j 
 and we realize, in far greater degree than 
 our fathers did, the importance of abun- 
 dant sunlight. 
 
 But here, I fear, so far as health is 
 concerned, the improvement of our 
 building ceases ; or, as we pursue our 
 investigations, we come to a point where 
 it seriously retrogrades. In the matter 
 of ventilation, our better-built houses 
 are often very defective. In our hot-air 
 furnaces we burn anthracite coal, separ-
 
 13 
 
 ated from the air-chamber only by cast- 
 iron, which is, especially when heated, 
 extremely porous to carbonic oxide. We 
 thus introduce an element of unhealthful- 
 ness throughout the whole house, which 
 constitutes, as compared with the influence 
 of the open fires of our ancestors, a very 
 serious defect. These influences, affecting 
 the wholesomeness of the air we breathe,, 
 are serious ; but they are far less so than 
 is our miserable system of house-drainage. 
 Half a century ago, in houses of the 
 better sort, the most active prejudice 
 existed against the use of any form of 
 indoor conveniences j and in spite of the 
 often dangerous exposure to the weather,, 
 and of the universal stifling foulness of the 
 out-house, no one thought, except in case 
 of serious illness, of permitting defaecation 
 within doors. Partial invalids and delicate 
 persons must perforce subject themselves- 
 to an injurious exposure. The objections 
 to this old system were extremely grave,, 
 not only on the score of comfort, but 
 greatly also on the score of health. The 
 introduction of the water-closet marked a
 
 14 
 
 real advance in our apparent civilization ; 
 and the general system of an interior 
 water-supply and drainage, with the 
 agreeable accessories of fixed wash-bowls, 
 baths, laundry-trays, butler s sinks, etc. 
 of what the house agents call "all the mod- 
 ern conveniences" have made life easier 
 and more luxurious. In certain ways, too, 
 they have added important sanitary 
 benefits. 
 
 But in freeing ourselves from the 
 prejudices of our fathers, and in gaining 
 these marked benefits, we have exposed 
 ourselves to dangers which are all the 
 more grave because of their hidden and 
 almost universally unsuspected charac- 
 ter. It is by no means necessary that the 
 introduction of modern plumbing-applian- 
 ces into a house should be any thing but 
 advantageous ; but unfortunately, so little 
 is popularly known of the sanitary require- 
 ments which should govern the work, 
 while the influence of defective works 
 upon the health of the household is of 
 such a hidden character, that., in securing 
 comfort and convenience, we have, in
 
 15 
 
 almost every instance, introduced a real 
 element of danger. 
 
 We leave to the plumber, who, too 
 often, is only a skilful mechanic, the entire 
 control of the most important part of our 
 house-building. It is true that, in the 
 natural development of the art, and under 
 the stimulus of severe criticism by engi- 
 neers and sanitary inspection companies, 
 the plumbers of the better class have 
 improved their methods and their results 
 greatly, and that many of them are entire- 
 ly competent, and honest enough, to plan 
 and execute well an elaborate system of 
 plumbing. At the same time, this does 
 not relieve from responsibility the archi- 
 tect who builds the house or the physician 
 who has in charge the preservation of our 
 health after we move into it. Both should 
 qualify themselves, the one to secure and 
 the other to maintain wholesome surround- 
 ings, by adding to their present work 
 the most essential branches of sanitary 
 engineering and sanitary inspection. 
 
 In a certain sense, the sanitary question 
 reaches into a field where there is muca
 
 16 
 
 uncertainty and speculation ; but enough 
 is already known concerning the relation 
 between neglected or improperly controll- 
 ed filth and the health of those who live 
 subject to its influence, and enough is also 
 known of the simple means by which all 
 danger may be avoided, to make the 
 prevention of diseases, arising from this 
 source, practically certain. 
 
 Indeed, the effort to be put forth re- 
 lates far less to the instruction of the ar- 
 chitect and the doctor, in the very simple 
 details of sanitary improvement, than it 
 does to impressing upon them the impor- 
 tance of applying these details as one of 
 the very first of their professional duties. 
 
 The precise methods of causation, and 
 of propagation of cholera, diarrhoea, dys- 
 entery, typhoid fever, diphtheria, cerebro- 
 spinal meningitis, neuralgia, and the 
 minor range of malarial fevers, it is the 
 province of the physiological investigator 
 to determine. 
 
 The understanding of these questions is 
 not essential to the securing of healthful 
 surroundings. It is sufficient for us to
 
 17 
 
 know the undoubted influence of neglected 
 filth in either initiating or propagating all 
 diseases of the class referred to, and the 
 means by which the accumulation of such 
 filth may be prevented. It is a matter of 
 small consequence to the average house 
 holder, who cares nothing for the general 
 sanitary bearing of the question, whether 
 typhoid fever is caused by the presence of 
 some specific organism which is the germ 
 of that disease and of that alone, or 
 whether it is a modified form of a more 
 common bacillus, which has gained viru- 
 lence under certain peculiar conditions. 
 
 He does care very much, or at least he 
 would care very much, if he thought any 
 thing about it, that the condition of his 
 house shall be in every respect such as to 
 insure, beyond question, the perfect safety 
 of his family. He does not, it is true, 
 realize the fact, which we fully appreciate, 
 that his costly and finely finished water- 
 works are a source of danger. He has 
 trusted to his skilful architect to make 
 sure that he is guarded against unhealth- 
 fui influences from this source, as effect-
 
 18 
 
 ively as he is guarded against exposure 
 to the weather. He has no time to devote 
 to this part of his work ; but he feels he 
 has given it into hands fully competent to 
 direct it, and he takes no further thought 
 or trouble about it. 
 
 Unfortunately, so far as the question of 
 health is concerned, he may have trusted 
 the work to an artist, rather than to a sani- 
 tarian ; for the architect, however compet- 
 ent to plan the general arrangement of the 
 house, and to make it, without and with- 
 in, beautiful, attractive, comfortable, and 
 convenient, is like the average owner 
 too often either ignorant of or indifferent 
 to the requirements of the sanitary laws, 
 as recently developed. 
 
 The owner takes possession of his new 
 home, and subjects his family to unseen 
 and unsuspected influences, which are 
 quite likely, sooner or later, to manifest 
 themselves in one form or other of ill- 
 health. He then calls to his assistance a 
 physician, who, perhaps, has applied him- 
 self far more to the art of healing, than to 
 the art of prevention. In the slight ail-
 
 19 
 
 ment, or in the grave sickness with which 
 he has to deal, he is skilful, useful, and ef- 
 ficient 5 but surely, physicians themselves 
 will confess that, as a class, they too sel- 
 dom seek for the cause of ill-health in 
 conditions which are so universal among 
 their patients, and which obtain to such a 
 degree in their own homes, that they are 
 apt to be disregarded. He naturally looks 
 to some unusual condition, or to some un- 
 usual exposure. 
 
 Indeed, it is hard to realize that condi- 
 tions under which the human machine so 
 generally works perfectly and easily, may, 
 under certain circumstances, become the 
 very conditions for the causation of dis- 
 eases. If we can get doctors and builders 
 to realize the absolute, vital importance of 
 controlling the conditions under which we 
 live, we shall have done our best work. 
 Mr. Brown and Mr. Jones and Mr. Robin- 
 son practical men, engrossed in the man- 
 agement of their affairs, and with a long- 
 cherished antipathy to theory and innova- 
 tion will pay very little attention to what 
 we may say, or to any thing we may
 
 20 
 
 write j but they will listen to the advice o 
 their physicians, and in building, they will 
 follow the least sanitary suggestion of 
 their architects. Constant dropping will 
 wear away even the stones of their indif- 
 ference ; and we shall, in time, secure a ref- 
 ormation of the whole community. But 
 our earliest effect is surely to be produced 
 by our influence over their professional 
 advisers, who will, I trust, not misappre- 
 hend the spirit in which we venture to re- 
 mind them of this vital and too little 
 heeded element of their duties. 
 
 Let us come now to the specification of 
 our charge against the quasi-modern 
 country-house. It stands, we will suppose, 
 upon nearly level land of a nearly imper- 
 vious character ; but ample provision has 
 been made for the drainage of its cellar. 
 Not far away from it, are cisterns and a 
 well, each of which is in communication 
 with the force-pump in the kitchen. This 
 is provided with a twin cock by which 
 water may be drawn from one or from the 
 other at pleasure. Under the roof is a 
 large tank, holding more than a day's sup-
 
 21 
 
 ply ; and this, filled by the force-pump, fur- 
 nishes all of the water needed for constant 
 tap at every point. Near the middle of the 
 house, one above the other on the different 
 floors, are placed the bath-rooms with 
 water-closets and stationary basins in the 
 middle of the house, to be safe from the 
 frost of more exposed positions. The at- 
 tempted ventilation of these rooms is often 
 only by a window into a closed well, or 
 through a small register in the wall, open' 
 ing into a small rough flue in the chimney f 
 throttled from bottom to top with project- 
 ing bricks and lumps of mortar. The real 
 ventilation is through the constantly open 
 doorway into the interior passages of the 
 house. In each bed-room, or in a closet 
 attached to each bed-room, there is a sta- 
 tionary wash-basin, with its supply of hot 
 and cold water. Under the staircase in 
 the main hall, and often with no ventila- 
 tion at all, are the conveniences of the 
 master of the house himself. The butler's 
 pantry has a sink connected with the main 
 outlet-drain by a generous pipe. The 
 kitchen sink has the same connection, and
 
 22 
 
 so have the laundry- trays, which, together 
 with the servants' closet, are often near 
 the level of the cellar-bottom near the 
 zero point of the drainage system. 
 
 The house has been built by contract ; 
 and a plumber, whose specification has re- 
 lated chiefly to the weight of pipe that he 
 shall use, and to the character of finish of 
 the basins and bowls, and their faucets 
 and plugs, has been left to the exercise of 
 his own discretion as to the arrangement 
 of all the hidden parts of the work. His 
 job is a satisfactory one, if the tubs and 
 trays and sinks and basins have the prop- 
 er neat look, and if an abundance of water 
 is everywhere supplied, and everywhere 
 flows readily away. For an outlet he has 
 been provided with two cesspools ; the first 
 one, tightly cemented, has a trapped over- 
 flow ; the second, receiving the overflow of 
 the first, is built with uncemented walls ; 
 with a view to the percolation of its con- 
 tents into the soil. 
 
 For a time everything works well ; the 
 clean new outlet-pipes perform their office 
 satisfactorily, and the clean soil about the
 
 23 
 
 leaching cesspool absorbs the escaping 
 liquid readily The house is acceptable 
 in every way; and its happy owner con- 
 gratulates himself that he has secured all 
 that modern art and knowledge can give 
 him. 
 
 Let us examine this house after it has 
 been a few years in occupation, with a 
 view to studying its actual sanitary con- 
 dition. We will disregard, as foreign to 
 our immediate subject, the flood of injuri- 
 ous carbonic oxide which its registers 
 pour into its interior, and the said lack of 
 ventilation which the substitution of the 
 furnace, for the open fire, has inflicted. 
 We will say nothing of the pressure of 
 soil- water against the absorbent cellar- 
 wall, nor of the damp emanations from 
 the undrained, heavy ground around the 
 house. Let us confine ourselves only, and 
 strictly, to the questions of water-supply 
 and drainage. 
 
 The well, although perhaps not very 
 near the leaching cesspool, and the now 
 foul soil surrounding it, may get its water 
 through some stratum of gravel which
 
 24 
 
 carries the ooze of this cesspool; or it 
 may penetrate a permeable stratum, or a 
 seam in the underlying rock, which brings 
 it into communication with other cesspools 
 or privy- vaults far or near. These impur- 
 ities are not perhaps enough to produce 
 *n obvious effect, while the water in the 
 well is high, and holds back the water in 
 the soil as the land-water in the beach 
 holds back the salt tide; but, when the 
 supply fails, in time of drought, then the 
 demand on the well is replaced by a flow- 
 ing-in from the foul earth, and the impur- 
 ities are concentrated to a dangerous 
 degree. Or perhaps the dejections of a 
 patient ill with typhoid fever, or other 
 disorder of the bowels, have entered the 
 stream oozing from the cesspool to the 
 well. In either case, disease may follow. 
 Warned by the frequent reports of dis- 
 eases originating in this way, the master 
 of the house has given strict and frequent 
 orders that under no circumstances shall 
 water from the well be used except for 
 cooking; but some of the inmates, the 
 servants especially, preferring the spark-
 
 25 
 
 ling water of the well to that of the cis- 
 tern, bring the pump into communication, 
 with the former j and now and then the 
 whole supply of the house, for a longer or 
 shorter time, is taken from this source. 
 Indeed, if there is a well in communica- 
 tion with the house-supply, it is simply 
 impossible to prevent the use of its water 
 from time to time. 
 
 The tight cesspool into which the drain- 
 age of the house discharges is of course 
 hermetically sealed, that there may be no 
 possibility of its emanations tainting the 
 air. It is connected with the outlet of the 
 soil-pipe by the best vitrified pipe, care- 
 fully laid. This pipe, for part of it& 
 course, runs through soil that has been, 
 excavated and refilled at the time of build- 
 ing ; through soil, that is, which is sure to 
 settle as time goes on, bringing the weight- 
 ot the whole mass lying above the pipes 
 so to bear upon them as quite surely to 
 move them enough to open their joints, 
 allowing more or less of their contents to- 
 soak away into the ground. Sooner or 
 later this leakage penetrates the founda-
 
 26 
 
 iion walls, and taints the air of the cellar. 
 
 A strong, well-constructed four-inch 
 soil-pipe descends from the trap of the 
 highest water-closet, usually in a straight 
 line, to the ceiling of the cellar, and passes 
 in a straight course, and with a regular 
 descent, to the point of outlet. It has 
 been securely strapped to the floor -beams 
 of the cellar, making it quite certain that 
 a deflection in the main floor of the 
 house, of even an eighth of an inch, will 
 tear it loose from its attachment with the 
 closet, and leave a little crevice for the 
 escape of its gases, and of those formed 
 in the cesspool. 
 
 The importance of ventilating the soil- 
 pipe having been recognized, a one and 
 one-half inch lead pipe, leading from its 
 highest point, has been carried out through 
 the roof, closed over at the top to prevent 
 the admission of obstructions, and perfor- 
 ated with a dozen little holes to give 
 -egress to the pent-up gases. This is not 
 ventilation: it is only venting, only the re 
 lieving of pressure, an important office, 
 but by no means a sufficient one.
 
 27 
 
 The closets on every floor are of the 
 " washout " type, shallow in seal j or too- 
 often of that ghastly foul sort which 
 holds in a lower unventilated chamber 
 nearly all that is admitted to them, save 
 the water alone, until the solid matters, by 
 decomposition, are enabled to pass away 
 in a stream which was insufficient to flush 
 them away as solids. The traps of the 
 lower closets too little air being supplied 
 through the small venting-holes above the 
 roof are often emptied by siphon action, 
 where a strong flow is rushing through 
 the pipe from the emptying of a bath on 
 a floor above. 
 
 To economize the work, or because no 
 convenient course for a ventilating pipe 
 can be found, wash-basins and other fix- 
 tures are set frequently on long "dead- 
 ends " of nearly horizontal pipe, each a 
 retort for the manufacture of foul and 
 poisonous gases, which have no means of 
 escape, save through the fixture, into the 
 house, when the seal of the protecting 
 trap is broken by siphonage, as is quite 
 likely to occur.
 
 28 
 
 In time, all the foul contents of the 
 cesspool, and the foul slime of the soil 
 and waste-pipes, having been for years 
 producing acrid gases, the leaden traps 
 under the closets, and the horizontal lead- 
 en connection-pipes have become more or 
 less honeycombed ; and here and there 
 openings have appeared in the pipes. 
 These being in their upper sides, where 
 the usual plumber's inspection for leakage 
 does not detect them, they remain un- 
 suspected, and they go on year after year 
 pouring out into the house their poisonous 
 exhalations. 
 
 The influence of even very small open- 
 ings of this sort is far greater than would 
 loe believed. I was told of a household in 
 Xew York which had long been a reliable 
 source of income to its attending physi- 
 cian. Upon his death, a younger doctor, 
 an enthusiastic sanitarian, succeeded him. 
 He soon became convinced that the illness 
 that had so long prevailed was due to em- 
 anations from the drainage-pipes of the 
 house. Plumbers were employed to make 
 a thorough inspection, and they reported
 
 29 
 
 everything in perfect order. The cases 
 of disease kept occurring ; and a sanitary 
 inspector from the Board of Health exam- 
 ined the house, and found no defect. The 
 character of the recurring ailments indi- 
 cated so clearly a foul drainage cause, and 
 no other, that the physician finally applied 
 himself to a minute inspection of every 
 part of the work. 
 
 On the waste-pipe under a wash-basin 
 in a room communicating with the nursery, 
 he detected a very slight oozing of moist- 
 ure, so slight that he did not feel sure that 
 it existed until he found that it moistened 
 tissue paper laid over the spot. The most 
 rigid scrutiny developed no other leak. 
 This pipe was taken out, and a new one 
 substituted ; and, although he or his pre- 
 decessor had been called to attend some 
 member of this family almost weekly, for 
 a dozen years before, he was not called 
 again for eighteen months and then only 
 because of the stork. 
 
 If any thing is certainly known with 
 reference to the house-drainage question, 
 it is that, in an unventilated system of
 
 30 
 
 pipes, the foul matters which they contain 
 enter into a putrefactive decomposition 
 which produces poisonous, or at least in- 
 jurious, gases ; and, if any thing is clear 
 to the common comprehension, it should 
 be that pipes of a corrosible material like 
 lead made by human hands and subject 
 to the defects of all human work, contain- 
 ing, day and night, corrosive and injurious 
 gases of this character, are dangerous in- 
 mates of any inhabited house. 
 
 Not only do these gases find their es- 
 cape through defective joints, through 
 perforations of old pipes which they them- 
 selves have destroyed, and through traps 
 whose sealing-water has been sucked out 
 by a flood rushing past them in the soil- 
 pipe; but they have, as has been clearly 
 shown by the experiments of Dr. Fergus 
 of Glasgow, the power of passing almost 
 unretarded and unchanged through the 
 water seal-traps upon which we have so 
 long depended with confidence. 
 
 Given the cesspool and the soil-pipe 
 charged with injurious air, it is simply im- 
 possible that, under our ordinary methods
 
 31 
 
 of arrangement, this air can be prevented 
 from mingling with that of our imperfectly 
 ventilated sleeping-rooms and living-rooms. 
 Every safeguard that modern experience 
 has suggested should be applied from the 
 beginning to the end of the system, to 
 make sure that, whatever may be the 
 character of the aeriform contents of the 
 pipes, they shall be strictly barred from 
 escape into the house, and that every 
 means shall be adopted to cause their es- 
 cape into the free air above it. 
 
 Not only this, but every means should 
 be taken to prevent the formation of these 
 gases, and thus to gain the double security 
 of their non-existence in their worst form, 
 and against their entering our houses in 
 their modified form. 
 
 And, first, for the prevention : Poison- 
 ous sewer-gas is a product of the obstruct- 
 ed decomposition of organic matter in the 
 absence of light and of a sufficient supply 
 of oxygen. In its most dangerous form it 
 is believed to have but little odor. 
 
 If the decomposition takes place with 
 exposure to a sufficient supply of common
 
 32 
 
 air to furnish the oxygen needed for a 
 more complete decomposition, the gases 
 produced, although often more offensive 
 in their odor, are not only less dangerous 
 to health, but the more thorough decom- 
 position is believed to be accompanied by 
 a destruction of the germs of disease. 
 These gases have in a much less degree, 
 if they have it at all, the power of decom- 
 posing lead pipes. In other words, this 
 worst enemy of those who live in modern 
 houses may be entirely or quite disarmed 
 by the simple means of supplying common 
 air to all parts of the drainage system. 
 
 To provide this immunity, so far as the 
 main artery of our works is concerned, it 
 is quite necessary to substitute for the pal- 
 try vent-pipe so often used, a pipe of 
 the full size of the soil-pipe itself, running 
 with the least and the fewest angles pos- 
 sible, quite up through the top of the 
 house. We must also admit at the lower 
 end of the pipe, a sufficient supply of air 
 as copious as the danger of freezing in 
 winter will allow to feed the suction, and 
 thus keep up a good circulation through-
 
 33 
 
 out the whole length of the pipe. The 
 effect of this ventilation should be made 
 to extend as far as possible throughout 
 the branches of the system ; and with a 
 view to this the water-traps, which, al- 
 though they are not the most effective ap- 
 pliances in the world, are still sufficiently 
 useful to be retained, should be placed as 
 near as possible to the waste outlets which 
 they are to protect. Where the outlet of 
 a wash-basin, for example, is untrapped 
 until the water-seal of a distant closet is 
 reached, it becomes in time smeared for 
 its whole length with the accumulated 
 soap and filth of repeated ablutions ; and 
 these, although they are not what we rec- 
 ognize as fecal matters, are still organic 
 matters of the same chemical character, 
 and they produce in their decomposition, 
 although in much less quantity, the same 
 sort of gases. 
 
 Let every trap, then, be as near as pos- 
 sible to the beginning of each waste-pipe, 
 and let the main soil-pipe be entirely un- 
 trapped, so that, as far as may be, every 
 outlet drain in the house shall be in free
 
 34 
 
 communication with a thoroughly ventila- 
 ted main channel. This secured, we may 
 rest content in the belief that, so far as 
 lies in our power, we have prevented the 
 formation, anywhere within our drainage- 
 system, of gaseous emanations which can 
 be injurious to health. 
 
 The next step is to make sure that 
 while we have, so far as is possible, disarm- 
 ed our concealed but ever-present enemy, 
 we bar every avenue to his nearer ap- 
 proach. He may perhaps no longer be 
 dangerous : but we can never be quite 
 sure of him, and he would be an offensive 
 and disagreeable visitor. As a first step, 
 in the place of strapping our soil-pipe to 
 the beams of the cellar ceiling, let us set 
 a stout post, bearing upon a firm founda- 
 tion, directly under its bend, and so pre- 
 vent the possibility of its settling a single 
 hair's breadth. In this way we may keep 
 a well-made joint with the water-closet 
 trap perfectly tight. As a next step, we 
 must either abandon all of our plumbing 
 appliances, save only the necessary water- 
 closets, and return to the old basin and
 
 35 
 
 pitcher, and the sponge bath or we must 
 provide for the absolute and continuous 
 sealing of every overflow and waste-pipe. 
 
 The ordinary water seal is a trap in 
 more senses than one. Dr. Fergus found 
 all gases with which he experimented to 
 pass freely through its sealing water, am- 
 monia passing through and reacting upon 
 litmus paper in fifteen minutes. Further- 
 more, in cases where the trap is not fre- 
 quently used, the evaporation of the seal- 
 ing water leaves it open for the passage 
 of air from the drain directly into the 
 rooms. These defects are constantly 
 present, even in the case of waste-pipes 
 which are not subjected to pressure from 
 the confining of their gases. Wherever 
 there is such pressure, the evil is of course 
 greatly aggravated. 
 
 The unquestioned advantages of a free 
 supply of pure water in wash bowls and 
 bath-tubs on every floor of the house, can 
 be safely secured only by some system 
 which shall overcome their great defect, 
 which far outweighs their advantages 
 the defect of affording a possible inlet to
 
 36 
 
 sewer-gas into the interior of the house. 
 As at present constructed, it is safe to say 
 that there is hardly a butler's sink, or a 
 bath-tub, or a wash-bowl in use, which is 
 not to a greater or less degree subject to 
 this criticism. 
 
 The only absolute safety is to be sought 
 in supplying a self-closing stop-cock to 
 every waste-pipe or overflow-pipe, so ar- 
 ranged that it can be kept open only 
 while it is actually held open by the 
 hand. It is unnecessary to say, however, 
 that such an arrangement would be ex- 
 tremely inconvenient. Traps are made 
 which resist siphonic action, which contain 
 a body of water too large to be lost in a 
 short time by evaporation or capillary 
 transmission through fibrous matters in 
 the overflow, and which, at the same time, 
 have their channels so arranged that the 
 walls are well scoured at each discharge 
 Even these are not wholly beyond suspi- 
 cion. To those who have given no thought 
 to this branch of the subject, it may 
 seem a super-refinement of criticism to 
 make this sweeping objection to an ap-
 
 37 
 
 pliance of modern life which is in almost 
 universal use in town and country ; but I 
 believe it to be susceptible of proof, that 
 of all the causes of the various manifesta- 
 tions of impaired vitality which occur in 
 our otherwise well-appointed houses, by 
 far the greater majority have received 
 their filth-born impulse from poisonous 
 gases escaping through the overflow and 
 waste pipes of wash-bowls, bath-tubs, etc. 
 
 Surely no one who has given attention 
 to the details of plumbing can escape a 
 certain sense of hazard, when he finds 
 himself an occupant of a friend's guest- 
 chamber, whose white marble fixed wash- 
 basin whispers to him, the whole night 
 through, of the hidden horrors of which it 
 is the decorated outlet. 
 
 With a means for drawing water on 
 each floor and with a closet-bowl through 
 which to dispose of slops, the labor of at- 
 tending our old friends, the bowl and 
 pitcher, is not serious ; and such an ar- 
 rangement offers absolute security against 
 a defect which has thus far not been 
 remedied.
 
 38 
 
 I have sufficiently indicted the very 
 simply improvements that are reeded in 
 connection with the water-supply and 
 drainage of that part of the house which 
 is occupied by the family. The kitchen 
 sink makes no slight demand upon our 
 consideration. Its outlet offers a passage, 
 not, it is true, for fecal matter, but for 
 every sort of organic suostance from 
 which fecal matter is derived ; and which 
 may supply, on its decomposition, precise- 
 ly the gases which are generated in the 
 ordinary soil-pipes. It does not carry the 
 germs of disease ; but its scraps of food, 
 etc., are, on the other hand, mixed with 
 congealed grease, which covers them to 
 a certain degree against the access of oxy- 
 gen, and tends to make their decomposi- 
 tion especially foul. Add to this the seri- 
 ous difficulty, that the congealing of the 
 grease has a tendency to obstruct the 
 waste-pipe, and lead to leakage and sub- 
 terranean overflow of a serious character. 
 
 The methods for remedying these dis- 
 advantages are well known, and may be 
 easily applied. The leading safeguard in
 
 39 
 
 the whole matter, here as elsewhere, is to 
 be sought in the free ventilation of the 
 waste-pipe at a point as near as possible 
 to its source, and in the introduction of an 
 efficient water-seal and grease-trap. 
 
 We come now to the method of finally 
 disposing of the liquid waste of the house. 
 Any one who has had much experience in 
 the investigation of defective works must 
 have reached the conclusion that those 
 cases are really few in which even the de- 
 fective methods adopted have been ex- 
 ecuted in anything but a defective way. 
 The sanitary formula of Hippocrates, 
 " Pure air, Pure water, and a Pure soil," 
 is violated hardly less often by the earthen- 
 ware drain without the house than by the 
 waste-pipes within it. A vitrified earthen- 
 ware drain laid on a firm foundation, and 
 connected at its joints with good cement, 
 is as perfect an apparatus for conveying 
 foul liquids as we can well conceive of j 
 but far too often the cementing of the 
 joints is much less than perfect; and in 
 almost a majority of cases, the pipe at
 
 40 
 
 some point rests upon new filling, which, 
 by a settlement of a single half-inch, is 
 quite sure to open a crevice at the joint, 
 through which the trickling filth escaping 
 from the house may find its outlet. In 
 every case where it is necessary to pass 
 through any thing but the original un- 
 broken and solid earth, the excavation 
 should be carried down to the undug bot- 
 tom, and filled to the grade of the drain 
 with well-compacted concrete. Either do 
 this, or else substitute a stout iron pipe 
 wherever new filling has to be crossed, 
 however firmly this may have been packed. 
 The disposal of the liquid wastes of the 
 house is one of the most serious elements 
 of our subject. In a town, where we have 
 a public sewer which may be depended 
 upon for removing whatever we deliver to 
 it, however defective this may be in the 
 eyes of the public sanitarian, the problem 
 is solved so far as the house-holder is con- 
 cerned. He may easily make such a dis- 
 connection of the air-channel which brings 
 his soil-pipe into communication with the
 
 41 
 
 public drain, as to insure himself against 
 any danger from this source of poisoned 
 air. 
 
 But in the case of a country-house, 
 where a large amount of liquid is to be 
 disposed of, and where there is a serious 
 danger that we may contaminate the 
 source of our drinking-water, or render the 
 air about us impure, too much attention 
 cannot be paid to the securing of a per- 
 fect method. 
 
 So far as I know, there are but two per- 
 missible devices in use. One of these, 
 and the most objectionable, is an absolute- 
 ly tight cesspool, well ventilated and ac- 
 cessible for inspection and cleaning, but 
 from which not one drop of liquid can fil- 
 ter away into the soil care being taken 
 to empty it in such a way as to produce 
 the least possible offence. Such a cess- 
 pool is a criminal under restraint, it is 
 true, but with a latent power for mischief 
 which is appalling. Fortunately, it is no 
 longer necessary that such a dangerous 
 nuisance should exist, for even the small- 
 est and cheapest house which has any ad-
 
 42 
 
 joining plot of ground, even of a very- 
 modest size, can afford a satisfactory sub- 
 stitute. 
 
 The alternative is application to the soil. 
 The upper layers of earth, to whatever 
 depth air can penetrate freely, possess 
 the power of destroying the dangerous and 
 offensive properties of all dead organic 
 matter which is brought into contact with 
 them. Filth which is spread over the 
 surface of the ground is changed rapidly 
 into inoffensive mineral plant-food and ab- 
 sorbed by growing vegetation. This 
 change is brought about by biolysis, a 
 form of oxidation similar in its results to 
 combustion, but differing from it in this, 
 that the agent which affects the chemical 
 union of the oxygen with the integral ele- 
 ments of the filth is not fire, but myriads 
 of microscopic living organisms, called 
 bacteria. These organisms are to be 
 found in abundance in every square inch 
 of surface soil. Their function is to re- 
 move the wastes of life processes and to 
 restore the materials of which they were 
 composed to the storehouse from which
 
 43 
 
 all plant life must draw. They are not- 
 only beneficent j they are absolutely in- 
 despensable to the very existence of life 
 upon the earth j for without them the ani- 
 mal kingdom would soon be buried in its 
 own excretions, while the vegetable world 
 would suffer for lack of food. To avail 
 ourselves of their energies, we have only 
 to distribute the sewage over or in thi 
 surface soil, in such a way as to ensure 
 the intimate contact with the air of every 
 drop j and to change the point of applica- 
 tion from time to time, so that the pores 
 of the ground may not become saturated 
 and thus closed to the entrance of air. 
 
 The simplest method of applying this 
 process is to flirt each pailful of sewage, 
 while fresh, over the grass, taking care 
 not to throw liquid on the same spot twice 
 in one day. In the elaboration of this 
 system, the sewage is collected in a flush- 
 tank, instead of a pail, which discharges 
 it automatically, at intervals, either over 
 the surface, or into open- jointed drain-tiles, 
 laid just below the surface. To secure
 
 44 
 
 intermittent application, necessary for ef- 
 ficient aeration, the flow is delivered alter- 
 nately to different tracts. 
 
 The area required is not large. One 
 thousand square f ?et of lawn will purify 
 the wastes of a small family. If a space 
 of this size, at a little distance from the 
 house, can be devoted to the purpose, the 
 sewage can be run over the surface of the 
 ground. Such a system is cheap to build, 
 easy to control and efficient in operation. 
 Where the only available land lies close to 
 buildings, the sewage is discharged into 
 open-jointed tiles laid a few inches below 
 the surface. I know of one installation 
 on the latter plan, in Newport, R. I., which 
 has been in successful operation for many 
 years, where the wastes of a large family 
 are absorbed and purified by a small area 
 of front lawn, lying directly between the 
 house and the raad. One end of the cro- 
 quet-ground overlaps the disposal tract 
 and hammocks are swung over the main 
 distributing line of the irrigation tile. 
 The flush-tank, built of white enameled
 
 45 
 
 brick, which collects the flow and dischar- 
 ges it periodically, is in the side yard, not 
 far from the library windows. 
 
 This system of intermittent application 
 to land has been widely adopted for coun- 
 try residences and its use is extending 
 with great rapidity. 
 
 I am frequently asked whether the 
 earth-closet does not offer & solution of 
 the house-drainage question. Having 
 been for years its enthusiastic advocate, 
 and realizing as well as any one can its 
 value, under certain conditions, in the 
 hands of those who will give it a little in- 
 telligent care, I am still compelled to say 
 that, in the. case of the ordinary house- 
 holder, it is not to be considered where 
 the introduction of a good water-carriage 
 system is practicable. The latter requires 
 less attention, is more neat in some re- 
 spects, and can hardly become dangerous 
 even if neglected j but its chief value lies 
 in the fact that it will remove all the liquid 
 wastes of the house, from the kitchen, 
 bath and wash-room, as well as from the 
 water-closet. These wastes require equal
 
 46 
 
 care in treatment (save when the excreta 
 are infected with the germs of specific 
 diseases), for all contain the same putres- 
 cible materials. The earth-closet has a 
 field of usefulness, to cover all those cases 
 where the water-closet cannot be used, or 
 where it would be subjected to the abuse 
 of ignorant or careless persons. Its value 
 for country schools and farmhouses which 
 are not supplied with water, and where 
 children or invalids must otherwise ex- 
 pose themselves to inclement weather, 
 cannot be overestimated. At the same 
 time, it is but a step in the right direction, 
 not a goal. It should be abandoned with- 
 out hesitation wherever and whenever a 
 water-carriage system becomes possible. 
 
 My limited space will not allow me to 
 consider, as I should be glad to, the broad 
 and important question of the removal, by 
 underdraining, of tKe soil- water from re- 
 tentive lands forming the lawns and gar- 
 dens of country-houses; and I believe 
 that the day has passed, when it is neces- 
 sary to say a word on the subject of that 
 crowning abomination, the old-fashioned.
 
 47 
 
 vaulted privy. We still accept it as an 
 evil which has too much headway for us 
 to stop it at once j but those of us who 
 have not been misled into the fallacy of 
 believing that the "odorless excavating 
 apparatus" has made its continuance per- 
 missible do not need to be reminded again 
 of its entirely uncivilized character, and 
 of the unhealthful influences that it must 
 inevitably and in every case exert.
 
 THE 
 
 SANITARY CONDITION 
 
 OF 
 
 CITY HOUSES. 
 
 A SUITABLY built, suitably arranged, and 
 suitably surrounded city house is probably 
 the safest of all human habitations ; but a 
 suitably built, suitably arranged, and suit- 
 ably surrounded city house is probably 
 the rarest of all human constructions. 
 
 The country house gets, from its isolat- 
 ed position, a full bath of sunlight, and a 
 free circulation of pure air, which counter- 
 balance many of its customary defects. 
 But in spite of this, its defects are often 
 pronounced; and deleterious influences 
 arising from soil exhalations and from 
 improper disposal of wastes are in its case 
 often very serious. 
 
 A city house with an absolutely imper-
 
 49 
 
 vious sheet of concrete between its cellar 
 and the underlying ground, with imper- 
 vious cellar walls, with due protection 
 against the rising of damp through its 
 foundation, and with a sufficient circulation 
 of fresh air through its cellar, is practically 
 isolated from any source of danger con- 
 nected with the ground over which it is 
 built. The earth in front of it is covered 
 with pavement, protected against, undue 
 saturation by its ability to shed rain and 
 the earth behind it is either covered in like 
 manner with close pavement or has its 
 exhalations filtered by the vegetation of 
 its grass-plot so that, supposing the 
 whole area in its neighborhood to be pro- 
 tected in like manner by the belongings 
 of other houses, there is little to fear from 
 a malarious condition of the ground. 
 Supposing every house in the neighbor- 
 hood to be thoroughly well protected in 
 the way indicated, it might stand over a 
 pestilential swamp without much danger. 
 It is no argument against this assertion, 
 that such of the houses with which we are 
 familiar as stand over the site of an origi-
 
 50 
 
 nal pond or swamp are subjected to mala- 
 rial diseases, because the usual manner of 
 construction has left them without the 
 necessary protection against ground exhal- 
 ations Probably t\> a certain extent the 
 freest and best-drained soil acquires in 
 time, from the character of the early oc- 
 cupation of town-sites, a certain degree of 
 fouling which the absence of vegetation, 
 and the crowding of houses, so thickly as 
 to exclude sunlight and the circulation of 
 air, allow to become dangerous j and there 
 is frequently an undue amount of ground 
 moisture which affects foundation walls 
 and cellar bottoms as these are usually 
 constructed. The extent to which the un- 
 wholesome influence of the ground air 
 and moisture from the soil is felt by the 
 occupants of town houses varies, of course, 
 very much according to the original char- 
 acter of the ground. Where the ground 
 is dry and sweet there is little to be appre- 
 hended. The ordinary ventilation of the 
 cellar, which comes from careless work- 
 manship, is generally sufficient for safety j 
 but in proportion as the dampness or foul-
 
 51 
 
 ness increases, in just that proportion 
 careless building becomes dangerous. 
 
 We know vory well, from a difference 
 in salubrity between houses standing on 
 proper sites and houses standing on im- 
 proper sites, that this influence of soil 
 emanations is serious ; probably, so far as 
 the usual slighter malarial ailments are 
 concerned, this soil influence is the most 
 serious with which we have to contend. 
 At the same time the debilitating effect of 
 the exhalations referred to headache, 
 neuralgia, loss of appetite, intermittent 
 fever, etc. take a far lighter hold upon 
 the popular imagination than do the oftea 
 fatal diseases which are produced by bad 
 air of another sort. The low condition 
 and consequent susceptibility to infection 
 which the malaria of damp soil produces, 
 doubtless aggravate very seriously the 
 dangers arising from the other source; 
 that is to say, persons enfeebled by expos- 
 ure to malaria would often succumb to in- 
 fection, when a robust and vigorous person 
 would withstand it. 
 
 Mankind has been too long accustomed
 
 52 
 
 to living in the face of threatening infec- 
 tion, and has been too long educated in 
 the belief that all fatal disorders are to be 
 accepted as the chastening work of God's 
 inscrutable purpose, for us to hope that 
 the average man will at once realize the 
 degree to which his life and health are de- 
 pendent upon the manner in which he 
 controls the circumstances and conditions 
 of his living. Happily, it is now well rec- 
 ognized that typhoid fever, diphtheria, ce : 
 rebro-spinal meningitis, and various grave 
 disorders of the bowels, are the crop pro- 
 duced by planting in the system certain 
 organic impurities, whose action is as 
 direct, under favorable circumstances, as 
 is that of the spores of pemcillium in pro- 
 ducing a crop of mould when planted on 
 the surface of a damp boot. It is not 
 necessary to discuss here the merits of the 
 "germ" theory. It cannot be disputed 
 that, whatever we may call the agent of 
 propagation, there is an active agent pecu- 
 liar to each disease. If we plant cowpox 
 we grow cowpox, if we plant small-pox we 
 grow small-pox, if we plant typhoid we
 
 53 
 
 grow typhoid; and so on throughout a long 
 range of diseases whose limit is not yet 
 denned. 
 
 Whatever our seed, our crop depends 
 greatly upon the soil in which it is planted. 
 In the case of a vigorous, active person, 
 of strong constitution, and living under 
 wholesome conditions, it may fall on 
 sterile ground and be lost, while the same 
 seed sown in the blood of the weakly may 
 produce its fatal crop with certainty and 
 abundance. 
 
 It is largely in connection with the in- 
 fluence of the constitution upon liability 
 to infection in addition to the minor dis- 
 orders and discomforts resulting from the 
 rising of swamp malaria and the conditions 
 which produce fever and ague and neural- 
 gia that we have to consider the impor- 
 tance of excluding the ground air from the 
 house. It is probably but rarely in city 
 building that there remains in the subsoil 
 such a degree of foulness as to produce 
 typhoid fever and similar diseases j but 
 the instances where a liability to fall Before 
 their attack is produced by this sort of
 
 54 
 
 unwholesomeness are by no means rare. 
 
 The causes of grave infection are pre- 
 cisely the same in the city that they are 
 in the country, and they grow in both 
 cases from improper protection against the 
 emanations from the organic filth which 
 is a necessary product of all human life. 
 In the country it is perhaps less often by 
 the fouling of the air than by the fouling 
 of the water that these diseases are spread. 
 In the city, the water coming from an un- 
 tainted supply, the source of infection 
 must be sought elsewhere. 
 
 We are far from possessing such accur- 
 ate knowledge of the conditions of decom- 
 position which favor the multiplication of 
 the germs of disease, or the production of 
 such a condition of the air as produces 
 disease, that it can be demonstrated with 
 scientific certainty that under such and 
 such conditions typhoid fever will be pro- 
 duced, and under such other its production 
 will be impossible. It is a case where we 
 must consider circumstantial evidence. 
 
 No chemical analysis of the water-closet 
 drainage, which oozed into the Broad
 
 55 
 
 Street pump in London, demonstrates to us 
 that germs of cholera were communicated 
 to its reservoir ; but it is known that a 
 water-closet whose outflow reached that 
 well was used by a cholera patient, and 
 that within a week more than five hundred 
 persons, scattered over one of the best 
 parts of London, and even as far as Rich- 
 mond Hill, whither they had fled to escape 
 the plague, but whence they sent to this 
 pump for water, were killed by cholera; 
 the only possible communicating link 
 between the individuals of this scattered 
 multitude being that they drank this 
 water. 
 
 We know by frequent observation, that 
 persons living in houses where soil-pipes 
 leak, or wash-basin traps are inefficient, 
 are liable to fall sick with diphtheria or 
 typhoid fever. We know that when the 
 defective pipe has been removed and a 
 tight one substituted for it, or when the 
 faulty basin outlet has been closed, such 
 diseases cease. We do not know precise- 
 ly how the leakage from the imperfect 
 pipe produced the disease. Therefore, all
 
 that is said concerning this branch of the 
 sanitary subject, is to be taken as the sum 
 of empirical knowledge, and as being in 
 so far unscientific that our deductions are 
 not susceptible of clear demonstration. 
 
 Let us set aside the question as to the 
 manner in which zymotic diseases origi- 
 nate, and assume that it is demonstrated 
 that they are frequently caused by im- 
 proper drainage, and favored by the ad- 
 mission of drain air into living rooms. 
 Taking this as a starting-point, we find two 
 most serious questions to be considered : 
 
 1. How shall we keep out of the house 
 the influences arising from the ground be- 
 neath it and beside it, which tend to pro- 
 duce a low condition of health, and to 
 create a susceptibility to zymotic poison- 
 ing? 
 
 2. How shall we protect ourselves 
 against such infection as comes to us from 
 within or without the house, as a result of 
 improper methods for the public and pri- 
 vate disposal of the wastes of the body and 
 and of the household ? 
 
 Concerning the injurious ground air, it
 
 57 
 
 may be assumed, however serious the dif- 
 ficulty, that it may be nearly or entirely 
 remedied by a thorough draining of the 
 soil below the level of the house cellar, 
 by making the cellar-floor, the foundation- 
 walls, and the pavement and walls of base- 
 ment areas, hermetically tight; and by 
 providing for the complete, even if very 
 slight, ventilation, of the cellar itself. 
 This is recognized on all hands, at least so 
 far as the cellar wall and foundation are 
 concerned, as being necessary to the best 
 building. In time it will come to be abso- 
 lutely required by public authorities who 
 have the regulation of the way in which 
 builder's work must be carried out. 
 
 That the importance of this complete 
 separation of the house from the ground 
 under and about it is by no means popu- 
 larly regarded as essential, our daily ob- 
 servation proves. Those contractor-built 
 rows of cheap houses, built by the block 
 and sawed off in sixteen-foot lengths to 
 suit the demand, which cover so many 
 hundred acres of every great city, are built 
 almost invariably without the least regard
 
 58 
 
 to the influence of the soil below them 
 upon the health of those who are to live 
 within them. That strictly American 
 adjective, "first-class," which makes every 
 degree of badness acceptable to the am- 
 bitious mind, has its requirements fully 
 satisfied by a certain conventional expen- 
 diture about the front and the entrance 
 door of the building, by high ceilings, and 
 by a judicious touch of "Queen Anne" 
 joinery and paper-hanging. The house 
 may be the veriest rattle-trap that ever 
 trembled over the site of a recent swine- 
 yard; there may be the freest racing- 
 ground for rats from garret to cellar; it 
 may have twenty openings in its drainage 
 system, which are separated from the 
 street sewer only by ineffective and often 
 inoperative water-seal traps j its foundation 
 walls may leak, and its cellar may often 
 hold stagnant water. With all these de- 
 fects, and with all the "scamping" of its 
 work, which are evident to the practised 
 eye, if its experienced builder has had the 
 shrewdness to give it that touch of cheap 
 finish which makes it "first-class," he may -
 
 59 
 
 count on a price that will make his opera- 
 tion a good one. Should he be able to 
 add the taking recommendation that the 
 house has been built " entirely by days' 
 work/' it matters little that it was the days' 
 work of apprentices and bunglers. 
 
 One of the almost universal defects of 
 New York houses is strictly fundamental. 
 The proportion of houses of the costlier 
 sort that would bear a rigid inspection as 
 to the efficiency of their cellar floors, foun- 
 dation-walls, and areas, must be extremely 
 small. The gravity of this drawback is 
 sufficiently understood by all who know 
 the prevalent ailing condition of the 
 women and children whom these houses 
 shelter. 
 
 Much more serious, when measured by 
 the death and pain that it produces, 
 though hardly more so with regard to its 
 effect on the health and efficiency of the 
 people, is the question of disposing of the 
 household wastes. 
 
 Men living in widely scattered communi- 
 ties find it easy, in their rude way, to get 
 rid of the organic refuse that they produce,
 
 60 
 
 without serious injury to their heal f i. A* 
 houses are made tighter and move gather- 
 ed together, the trouble increases with re- 
 gard both to the waste of each household 
 as reacting upon its o m members, and to 
 the influence that it may have upon the 
 members of other households. When men 
 gather together into closer built towns, 
 they bring with them at first the institu- 
 tions of the village the vault in the back 
 yard, the leaching cesspool, and the slop- 
 gutter. The methods of life implied by 
 the use of these systems are accompanied 
 by defects of construction and ventilation 
 which give a high death-rate. It may be 
 questioned whether, with a public supply 
 of good water, there is any great amount 
 of actual poisoning occasioned by such 
 disposal of filth. Indeed, the statistics of 
 health in Baltimore show an exceptionally 
 small death-rate, although the slop-water 
 of the house is carried away through sur- 
 face channels, ad the gutters at the sides 
 of the streets are almost constantly run- 
 ning with soap-suds and kitchen sink 
 waste. The untidiness suggested by this
 
 61 
 
 custom makes it one of the first efforts of 
 the dainty and fastidious to hide such 
 matters out of sight, by passing them 
 away in covered channels. 
 
 Human ingenuity has been able as yet 
 to devise no system for the disposal of all 
 manner of liquid waste which is at once 
 so inoffensive, so invisible, and so health- 
 ful, as a well-arranged system of water- 
 carriage removal. The unfortunate thing 
 about it all is that it is easy to meet the 
 requirements of the fastidious by such a 
 development of the system as is, from a 
 sanitary point of view, the worst possible. 
 Marble-top wash-stands with silver-plated 
 fittings, decorated china closet-bowls, por- 
 celain-lined baths, stationary trays in the 
 laundry, and the brightest and handsomest 
 workmanship wherever the plumbing is 
 visible throughout the house, are too often 
 the outward manifestation of pestilential 
 hidden dangers. 
 
 Art can hardly achieve more in the way 
 of luxurious appointments than is com- 
 passed by all of these details in a modern 
 house of the best sort. The character of
 
 62 
 
 iheir finish has much to do with the esti- 
 mate that the intending purchaser or ten- 
 ant puts upon the house he examines, as 
 they are the subject of some of the most 
 minute of the architect's specifications. 
 When we consider the interior construc- 
 tion and arrangement of the hidden sys- 
 tem to which they belong, we approach a 
 part of the subject concerning which the 
 purchaser, the architect, and the tenant, 
 are too often ignorant and indifferent. 
 Nor do the dangers which belong to the 
 modern house drainage system cease when 
 we pass the limit of private work, and 
 come to the public sewer to and from 
 ^rhich the house drains lead. 
 
 The sewer and the drain meet one im- 
 perative requirement of the community. 
 They are hidden from sight, and their 
 processes are not offensively manifest, as 
 are those of the slush-bearing surface 
 gutter. 
 
 It is often assumed, perhaps because of 
 ihe name given to the air of which we 
 hear so much and which is so widely de- 
 structive " sewer-gas ", that the diffi-
 
 culty lies entirely or chiefly in the public 
 sewer, and that we have only to improve 
 the character of this, or so to detach our 
 private system of drainage from it as to 
 prevent the transmission of its air. 
 
 City sewers are too often badly planned, 
 badly built, and badly kept, and they do 
 unquestionably produce a vast amount of 
 disease and death. We can by no means, 
 however, charge them alone with all or 
 nearly all of the harm that is done j for so 
 far as the production of dangerous gas is 
 concerned, the waste-pipe of the house it- 
 self, smeared from top to bottom with the 
 foulest organic matter, putrefying often 
 under the worst conditions, and with fre- 
 quent variations of temperature caused by 
 the entrance of hot and cold water, is at 
 least a brave rival of the worst street 
 sewer. 
 
 There are still many houses in alx our 
 cities in which lead soil-pipes are used. 
 The experiments of Dr. Fergus, of Glas- 
 gow, have demonstrated in the clearest 
 way the great suspectibility of lead to the 
 corroding influences of foul gases arising
 
 64 
 
 from organic decomposition. He cites a 
 great number of instances in which even 
 after a few months' use the action of these 
 gases upon the material of the soil-pipe 
 has perforated it through and through, 
 and in some cases completely honeycomb- 
 ed a considerable area of its wall. This 
 effect is produced by gases and not by the 
 foul water, as is proven by the fact that 
 the perforations are always at the upper 
 side of the pipe, and never on its lower 
 side, where the water flows. It occurs 
 along the upper side of horizontal and 
 oblique pipes, and especially at the upper 
 side of a bend, as in front of a trap ; for 
 the reason that the lightness of the gas 
 causes it to lie chiefly against these parts 
 of the pipe. The perforations being at 
 the upper side of the pipe, they are not 
 manifested by the leaking out of water, as 
 the conduit is rarely filled. Often where 
 it is horizontal or oblique, it serves only 
 as a gutter, its upper side being largely 
 aten away. 
 
 Even the smallest perforation may be- 
 come a source of the most serious danger;
 
 65 
 
 a mere pin-hole may permit the escape of 
 such an amount of air from the pipe as to 
 poison the atmosphere of a large room. 
 The apertures formed by corrosion, how- 
 ever, are rarely so small as pin-holes, and 
 they are not infrequently large enough to 
 admit the finger. 
 
 In modern practice it is practically uni- 
 versal to use for the soil pipe and the lar- 
 ger branch-wastes, cast iron in the place 
 of lead. This material is not susceptible 
 to perforation from the action of its con- 
 tained gases, but, as drainage works are 
 constructed, it is often fed by numerous 
 waste-pipes of lead; which come to it 
 from bath-tubs, wash-basins, butler's sinks, 
 laundry trays, and urinals, and even the 
 water-closet often has a trap or a connec- 
 tion pipe of lead. All of these leaden con- 
 nections are subject to the same liability 
 to corrosion as is the lead soil-pipe itself j 
 and in one sense they aggravate the dan- 
 ger, from the fact that perforations occur- 
 ring in them are more likely to discharge 
 gas into sleeping-rooms or into the more 
 frequented parts of the house.
 
 66 
 
 The especial adaptation of lead to the 
 construction of these minor waste-water 
 channels because of its flexibility, and of 
 the ease with which it is jointed, make it 
 almost necessary that it should be used ; 
 but, as plumbing-work is generally con- 
 structed, it is used with more or less risk. 
 
 Abundant ventilation of the entire 
 drainage system is most important. 
 
 The poisonous sort of sewer-gas is the 
 product of an obstructed decomposition 
 of fermentation, which Pasteur aptly calls 
 "life without air." The atmosphere within 
 the unventilated soil-pipe does not contain 
 sufficient oxygen to supply the continuous 
 decomposition, which is thus checked un- 
 til the oxygen which it requires is supplied 
 by constituents of the organic matters 
 themselves a process which leads to a 
 radical difference in the resultant gases. 
 Instead of being a thorough destructive 
 oxidation of the material it becomes a pu- 
 trefying decomposition, producing foul 
 smelling and dangerous results. 
 
 That part of the soil-pipe which carries 
 the waste of the butler's pantry and the
 
 67 
 
 kitchen sink, is more or less charged with 
 melted grease, which coats the accom- 
 panying particles of food and of filth, and 
 so shelters them from the action of the air, 
 giving the same pernicious character to 
 their decomposition. 
 
 The most important improvement in 
 house-drainage ever made is one which 
 grew out of our better knowledge of the 
 true character of the decomposition taking 
 place in the soil-pipe. It has for its ob- 
 jects and it accomplishes these objects 
 perfectly the reduction of putrefactive 
 fermentation to the minimum, and the 
 complete and immediate dilution of the 
 gases which the slight remaining putrefac- 
 tion does produce. It consists in creating 
 throughout the whole length of the soil- 
 pipe a constant supply and a constant 
 movement of fresh outer air. This is ac- 
 complished by providing a fresh air inlet 
 at the lower end of the soil-pipe, at or 
 near its passage through the house-wall, 
 and the continuing of the soil-pipe itself, 
 full bore, up through the roof of the house 
 to a point well above all windows.
 
 The soil-pipe being properly constructed 
 and duly ventilated, the only further prac- 
 ical improvement in the waste drain sys- 
 tem, seems to lie in making its branches, 
 which lead from bath-tubs, wash-basins, 
 etc., as short as practicable. Unless very 
 short, each of these lines should be venti- 
 lated independently. 
 
 The layman in sanitary matters usually 
 considers that the larger the diameter of 
 the waste-pipe the less the danger of ob- 
 struction. The fact is that all increase 
 above a certain size smaller than the size 
 in average use is a distinct detriment. 
 This is especially true of the waste-pipes 
 from kitchen and pantry sinks. Experi- 
 ence has proved that large pipes choke 
 frequently because the stream flowing 
 through them has not sufficient force to 
 keep them clean. With a flow of low 
 speed, grease, which a strong flush would 
 carry to the outlet, is deposited upon the 
 walls, layer upon layer, until the water- 
 way is restricfed to a size which gives the 
 current a scouring velocity. The chan- 
 nel is then no larger than that of a small
 
 69 
 
 pipe, but it is tortuous and foul. At any 
 moment a portion of the grease, breaking 
 up under the action of putrefactive agen- 
 cies, may become detached and cause 
 complete obstruction. A pipe of such size 
 as to maintain from the first a cleansing 
 velocity would remain smooth, true and un- 
 fouled. A diameter of one and a quarter 
 inches is amply large for the waste from a 
 kitchen sink. Indeed, I should not hesitate 
 to use a one-inch pipe for this purpose. 
 
 The essentials of a good water-closet 
 may be enumerated, in the order of their 
 importance, as follows : 
 
 There must be no valves, plungers or 
 moving parts in the bowl or in the course 
 of the outlet. It is hardly necessary to 
 say that the "pan closet" the Devil's 
 vinaigrette which was once in almost 
 universal use, is absolutely inadmissible 
 in modern plumbing. It is offensive and 
 unsafe. The few that remain in service 
 cannot be banished too quickly. All other 
 closets which have moving parts share, to a 
 greater or less degree, the same objections.
 
 70 
 
 There must be a reliable seal, deep 
 enough to withstand considerable pressure 
 and not susceptible to siphonic action. It 
 is better that this seal should be in the 
 bowl, in plain sight, rather than con- 
 cealed under the floor or in the body of 
 the closet. The depth of seal and the 
 cleanness of the sealing water will then be 
 apparent to every one. 
 
 There must be an abundant supply of 
 water at each flush ; not merely enough to 
 drive excreta and paper promptly out of 
 the closet, but sufficient to lubricate the 
 walls in advance and to scour them after 
 the passage of the foul matters, and copi- 
 ous enough to carry its burden to the ever- 
 moving stream in the street-sewer. The 
 flush should be from a box-tank, not di- 
 rectly from the pipes of the main supply. 
 It should discharge a fixed quantity quick- 
 ly, regardless of the length of time that 
 the chain is held, and it should have an 
 "after-fill" device which will fill the trap 
 of the closet to the overflow point. 
 
 The bowl should hold water sufficient
 
 71 
 
 for the complete submersion of deposits. 
 This will minimize the odor resulting 
 from its use. 
 
 The closet should be set without casing 
 or concealment of any sort, on a durable 
 impervious floor, preferably white, with 
 white surroundings, so that every particle 
 of dirt may be painfully apparent. The 
 seat should be as small and light as possi- 
 ble, a single piece of wood with a hole in 
 it, resting directly on the bowl and hinged 
 so that it may be turned back. No cover 
 is needed or wanted. The entire appara- 
 tus inside and out, should be open to air, 
 light, cleaning and the unbidden inspection 
 o.f all who come within sight of it. 
 
 Stationary wash-stands and all other 
 fixtures connected with the drainage sys- 
 tem of a house should be kept out of 
 and away from sleeping-rooms. Their 
 proper place is in bath-rooms and lava- 
 tories. These should have abundant out- 
 side ventilation and spring doors separating 
 them from the rest of the house. 
 
 Neither basins, baths, sinks or laundry 
 tubs should be encased, but each should
 
 72 
 
 stand open to ventilation and to . view. 
 The waste from each fixture must be 
 trapped, as close to the fixture as possible, 
 by some approved deep-seal trap, secure 
 against siphonic action. 
 
 Fixtures with concealed overflows are to 
 be avoided, for these hidden passages be- 
 come fouled with soapy matters and it is 
 difficult to cleanse them. A satisfactory 
 device which overcomes this objection, 
 and which at the same time obviates the 
 use of the nasty chain and plug, formerly 
 so common, is the "standpipe overflow." 
 This is simply a short pipe, with one end 
 ground to fit the outlet, which serves both 
 as plug and overflow. It can be cleaned 
 most readily. 
 
 There are many minor details that 
 might with advantage be alluded to did 
 time permit such as the objections to 
 long horizontal waste-pipes ; the impor- 
 tance of having these waste-pipes trapped 
 only at their upper ends, delivering at 
 their outlets into a freely ventilated soil- 
 pipe ; the increasing importance of venti- 
 ating the waste-pipes in proportion as
 
 73 
 
 their length increases j the necessity for 
 delivering the ventilation of foul pipes at 
 such points as will prevent their outflow 
 of air from being involved in the back- 
 draught of unused chimneys j and all the 
 long detail of house ventilation ; also the 
 pregnant subject of the poisoning of the 
 air by the carbonic oxide produced by the 
 burning of anthracite, which Dr. Derby 
 demonstrates in his valuable monograph 
 on " Anthracite and Health ; " together 
 with the effect on health of that foul 
 smelling effluvium which comes from the 
 heating of organic dust by steam-pipes, 
 and which makes an unventilated, steam- 
 heated room so disgusting to the unac- 
 customed nostril. 
 
 These are relegated to a secondary po- 
 sition because, like the necessity for free 
 sunshine in all inhabited rooms, they are 
 less obviously connected with the question 
 of life and death than is the matter of 
 drainage pure and simple, and are there- 
 fore less likely to engage immediate atten- 
 tion. 
 
 Interest in sanitary improvement will
 
 74 
 
 naturally first apply itself to the more se- 
 rious causes of fatal and distressing dis- 
 ease ; but once awakened it will pursue 
 the whole range of the subject, and will, 
 let us hope, not abate until it has com- 
 passed a perfectly wholesome condition in 
 every department, and has secured to all, 
 what all have a right to demand, an en- 
 tirely safe human habitation.
 
 EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE 
 
 Bmerican Bjcbitcct an& 
 
 OS THE 
 
 DISPOSAL OF THE LIQUID WASTE 
 
 COUNTRY HOUSES.
 
 CORRESPONDENCE* 
 
 December 16, 1876. 
 
 I HAVE followed with much interest the 
 series of articles you have published on 
 " The Sanitary Condition of Country 
 Houses," the subject being one to which I 
 have given considerable attention. 
 
 It approaches, but does not quite reach, 
 one of the points involved, which is of so- 
 much importance, that I venture to ask 
 for the consideration in a subsequent 
 paper. The question I refer to is that of 
 the disposition of sewage from a country 
 house, where there is no town drainage 
 available, and where the grounds surrounding 
 the house are level (which, by the way, is the 
 usual condition in country towns). To 
 simplify the consideration, let it be sup- 
 posed that there is a street water-supply, 
 
 * "T," is HENRY R. TOWNE, Esq., of Stamford, Conn. 
 "B." is JAMES BAYLES, Esq., of New York City. "W."" 
 is the writer of the foregoing pages.
 
 78 
 
 so that contamination of springs is not to 
 be guarded against j that the house is pro- 
 vided with water-closets, sinks, etc.; that 
 the waste-pipes are all connected with 
 four-inch iron soil-pipe, and that the latter 
 passes through the basement wall, from 
 three to four feet below ground, to avoid 
 frost. Now, given the above conditions, 
 how far must the sewage be carried from 
 the house, and how shall it then be dis- 
 posed of ! 
 
 Obviously the character of the soil is an 
 important element ; and I would suppose, 
 therefore, the two most ordinary cases, (1) 
 where the soil is of gravel, porous ; and 
 (2) where it consists of clay, not porous. 
 It should be remembered, also, that the 
 soil-pipe necessarily leaves the house at a 
 depth wliich precludes the subsoil irriga- 
 tion system of Mr. Moule. 
 
 The conditions I have supposed are such 
 as will apply to the majority of residences 
 in small towns and suburban villages, as 
 well as to many country houses ; and you 
 can do no more useful service than by in- 
 dicating the proper treatment of this prob-
 
 79 
 
 lem, which, perhaps on account of its diffi- 
 culty, is one but very slightly touched 
 upon in most treatises on sanitary engi- 
 neering. 
 
 T. 
 
 December 23, 1876. 
 
 IN the communication published in your 
 issue of Dec. 16, a question is raised as to 
 the disposal of the liquid wastes of houses 
 which stand on level ground the usual 
 condition in country towns. Mr. Towne 
 thinks that the directions contained in 
 my address before the American Public 
 Health Association do not quite reach 
 this point. 
 
 I see no escape, in the case of such 
 houses, from the necessity for making the 
 conditions conform to the requirements. 
 Certainly the requirements cannot be 
 made to conform to the conditions. The 
 production of liquid wastes which are sure 
 to endanger health if not properly got rid 
 of, is a necessary part of the economy of 
 every household. So far as I know, there
 
 80 
 
 are only five systems by which this liquid 
 can be treated. 
 
 1. By discharge through an open sur- 
 face gutter to a distant open vat, or waste 
 corner of the grounds. This is the most 
 offensive system, and the one least likely 
 to be adopted by persons who are at all 
 nice in their ideas of decency ; but it is 
 not necessarily dangerous to health, if the 
 final deposit is at some distance from the 
 house. If the gutter is kept well slushed 
 out, the decomposition at the distance ter- 
 minus will have its foul emanations so di- 
 luted by the air before they can reach the 
 windows as to be innoxious save for their 
 smell. Happily the sense of decency will 
 prevent the adoption of this tolerably safe 
 but entirely nasty expedient. 
 
 2. By discharge into a leaking cess- 
 pool. This is the most dangerous system 
 yet devised, especially for houses not sup- 
 plied with water from public works. It is 
 also a system which public opinion and 
 public authority must soon prohibit. The 
 <?overt poisoning of the ground from which 
 the water-supply of a whole neighborhood
 
 81 
 
 is taken, and from which the "ground air" 
 rises into and around human habitations, 
 will not much longer be permitted. So far 
 as the house itself is concerned, there ex- 
 ists the further defect of a constant for- 
 mation of sewer-gas in the cesspool, 
 which has no outlet save back through 
 the pipe leading from (and to) the house 
 a channel of communication which no 
 form of water-seal trap can close. 
 
 3. A tight cesspool ; not simply a " ce- 
 mented " cesspool, but one which is known 
 to be, and is sure to remain, absolutely 
 tight. It is possible to make such a cess- 
 pool as this, but it is not usual ; and it is 
 possible, but it is still more unusual, to 
 ventilate it so that the formation of poi- 
 sonous gases need not be feared. In its 
 most perfect condition it is subject to the 
 necessity for frequent emptying; and is 
 sure to be at best only a mitigated nui- 
 sance, ready to become a source of real 
 danger whenever its impervious wall is 
 accidentally made pervious, or when its 
 ventilation fails from any* cause, or when 
 its proper emptying is neglected, or when
 
 82 
 
 a sudden storm causes it to overflow, or to 
 set back into the house-drain. Under the 
 best circumstances and conditions, such a 
 cesspool may be permitted ; but when the 
 householder himself is not constantly vig- 
 ilant and attentive even anxiously so it 
 may become a cause of serious mischief. 
 
 4. By discharging into a public sewer. 
 If this is well contrived, well constructed, 
 and u'cU renlilated, it offers the best solution 
 of the problem, so far as the individual 
 householder is concerned. 
 
 5. By discharging the liquid waste of 
 the whole house (through suitable flush- 
 tanks and settling cisterns) into a system 
 of sub-irrigation-pipes as described in the 
 paper which suggested Mr. Towne's letter. 
 Where the public sewer is not available, I 
 regard this as much the best device of all. 
 
 I see no escape from such conditions as 
 the above paragraphs indicate as neces- 
 sary under one system or the other. With 
 a public sewer, the soil-pipe may of course 
 leave the house at a depth of four feet or 
 more. If the tight cesspool is to be used, 
 it may be placed so far underground that
 
 83 
 
 the same depth will be admissible ; but 
 my advice would usually be against pro- 
 viding for any such accumulation of pu- 
 trefying filth. The sort of gasometer that 
 the dome of such a cesspool would furnish 
 ought not to be an adjunct to any habita- 
 tion. 
 
 If the sub-irrigation system is to be 
 used, then the grade must be made to 
 conform to it : that is all there is about it. 
 The soil-pipe cannot leave the house at a 
 depth of four feet below the level of the 
 ground to be us'ed. 
 
 Fortunately this is not necessary. The 
 ground may freeze to a depth of four feet; 
 but a soil-pipe drain carrying the warm 
 outflow of the house would not freeze at a 
 depth of two feet, probably not at consid- 
 erably less than that. My own house-drain 
 is only two feet deep, and has remained 
 unaffected when the ground was frozen 
 solid nearly five feet deep. My irrigation- 
 drains have worked perfectly in the cold- 
 est weather, at a depth of one foot. My 
 flush-tank stands mainly above ground, 
 outside of the house, and is only protected
 
 84 
 
 by a one-inch board " dog-house " packed 
 with leaves. 
 
 These facts indicate that much less 
 depth is needed than Mr. Towne suggests. 
 And the fact is that very few places, even 
 in villages, are level: there is usually a 
 slight fall, and a slight fall is all that is 
 needed. Whatever is needed must be fur- 
 nished either by raising the house, by 
 lowering the ground, or by adjusting the 
 level of the pipes to suit the conditions. 
 Ordinarily a little skill and ingenuity in 
 such matters will suffice to accomplish 
 this. I have not as yet met a case where 
 there was any serious obstacle to be over- 
 come. 
 
 W. 
 
 January 13, 1877. 
 
 MR. WAKING'S reply to my query, as to 
 the best mode of disposing of the sewage 
 of country houses which stand on level 
 ground, is interesting, but by no means 
 exhausts the subject. 
 
 Of the five systems Mr. Waring enu-
 
 85 
 
 merates, the first, second and third, are 
 practically excluded from consideration 
 by him on account of their objections, and 
 the fourth (the use of a public sewer) is 
 excluded by the conditions supposed in 
 my query, so that only the fifth (the sub- 
 soil irrigation system of Moule) remains ; 
 and to this Mr. Waring nails his colors 
 with the remark that if the grade does not 
 admit of this system it " must be made to 
 conform it : that is all there is about it." 
 This position I think is hardly tenable, 
 however, for in many places the grade is 
 uncompromisingly and provokingly level, 
 and cannot be altered, as, for instance, in 
 such districts as Central New Jersey, 
 where in some towns and villages the 
 grade does not vary twenty inches in the 
 whole place, let alone within the bounds of 
 an ordinary house-lot of say fifty by one 
 hundred and fifty feet. In such cases the 
 sewage could, of course, be collected in a 
 tight cesspool, thence pumped into a raised 
 flush-tank, and then discharged in sub- 
 soil irrigation pipes: but this plan is too 
 expensive, both in first cost and in oper-
 
 86 
 
 ation, to admit of general application, and 
 is moreover open to the objections Mr. 
 Waring makes to tight cesspools. And 
 thus, for flat grounds, system number five 
 is also in many cases excluded. 
 
 If the question of cost be ignored, there 
 is little difficulty to the engineer in dealing 
 with the problem we are considering, un- 
 der any conceivable circumstances ; but it 
 must be remembered that cost is almost 
 invariably an important if not a controlling 
 element, and the question therefore is: 
 How, at reasonable cost, can we secure 
 the best results ? 
 
 Now I believe that where, as I have 
 supposed, there is a street water-supply so 
 that we need not fear contamination of 
 drinking-water, the leaching cesspool prop- 
 erly used may, notwithstanding its con- 
 ceded objections, be our best reliance. 
 The condition under which it may be 
 resorted to, I conceive to be as follows: 
 It should be located as far from the house 
 as possible, but not less than fifty or sixty 
 feet, and should be carried to a depth of 
 at least four or five feet below the mouth
 
 87 
 
 of the discharging sewer. Its diameter 
 (as dug) for an ordinary dwelling-house 
 should be at least ten feet ; and its walls 
 of large, loosely fitted stones, should be 
 " drawn in " from a point just above the 
 sewer outlet as quickly as practicable, so 
 as to form a dome entirely covering the 
 cesspool, above which, to the ground 
 level, the excavation should be filled in 
 with clean earth in which vegetation 
 should be encouraged. 
 
 Before closing the cesspool, two four or 
 or six inch pipes of lead or galvanized 
 sheet iron should be laid in place, one 
 reaching down almost to the level of the 
 sewer, and the other starting from the apex 
 of the dome. These pipes should be led 
 below ground to some convenient point, 
 and then carried to an elevation of at least 
 eight or ten feet above ground, and then 
 capped with ventilating cowls, the one 
 leading from the top of the cesspool hav- 
 ing a cowl so constructed as to create an 
 upward current in the pipe, the other hav- 
 ing a reversed cowl, like a " wind-sail," 
 which will force air downward into the
 
 88 
 
 cesspool. By this means we prevent any 
 pressure within the cesspool or sewer 
 from the formation of gases of decompo- 
 sition, and also provide for a circulation 
 of air within the cesspool which will con- 
 stantly dilute and carry away the gaseous 
 impurities. 
 
 In laying the sewer or drain from the 
 cesspool to the house, the precautions 
 which Mr. Waring suggests should be 
 taken to secure tight joints and a solid 
 bed; a good running trap should be in- 
 serted-not far from the house and iron soil- 
 pipe from within the house carefully con- 
 nected. Within the house, the soil-pipe 
 itself should be independently ventilated 
 by carrying its upper end out through the 
 roof, and making an opening in its lower 
 end in basement to complete the circula- 
 tion. One or the other of these openings 
 must be connected with the kitchen flue 
 (in which there is always a fire), and the 
 other with the outer air. Thus equipped, 
 we have a system which is at least safe 
 against the entrance of " sewer gas " by 
 the ordinary channels. The existence of
 
 89 
 
 any pressure within the soil-pipes and 
 drains is guarded against, and the system 
 of ventilation provides for the constant 
 dilution and removal of gaseous products 
 of decomposition whether produced in the 
 cesspool or soil-pipes. 
 
 The remaining sources of danger are 
 from impure " ground air," and the vitia- 
 tion of the local water. The latter is ad- 
 mitted as a fact, and the plan under dis- 
 cussion is recommended only where the 
 water-supply is brought from a distant and 
 untainted source. The former only need 
 therefore be considered. Now, assuming 
 a moderately pervious soil at the level of 
 - the bottom of the cesspool (and without 
 this the cesspool soon becomes practically 
 a tight one,) the purely fluid part of the 
 sewage will probably travel a long way, 
 indeed will mingle with the subterranean 
 streams ivldcli exist in almost all localities. 
 
 But it should be remembered that all of 
 this sewage is usually enormously diluted 
 with water, that we have provided for the 
 removal of its more volatile constituents, 
 and finally that the liquid portion in flow-
 
 90 
 
 ing away passes through what we may 
 regard as a huge filter which washes out 
 and retains the remaining organic constitu- 
 ents. So long as the surrounding soil is 
 able to decompose and absorb the matter 
 thus committed to it, no danger accrues. 
 In the course of time, however, the capac- 
 ity of the surrounding soil is exhausted ; 
 and the gases resulting from the decompo- 
 sition of organic impurities begin to rise, 
 unpurified and noxious, through the upper 
 strata of the soil. 
 
 At first the absorbent and disinfectant 
 powers of the latter will disarm the enemy ; 
 lout ultimately the impure air and gases we 
 have so much cause to dread will reach the 
 surface, and mingle with the outer air. 
 But when this is the case, are we any 
 worse off than under the " subsoil '' irriga- 
 tion system ? With that all the decompo- 
 sition occurs at the surface of the ground, 
 and dependence is placed on vegetation and 
 free admixture of the air to neutralize its 
 effects. But why are not the same means 
 to be equally rehed upon for neutralizing 
 and dispersing the products of decomposi-
 
 91 
 
 tion which may occur at a greater depth 
 below the surface ? Probably these pro- 
 ducts are diffused over a much greater area 
 of ground on reaching the surface than 
 they would be under the other system, and 
 are already diluted and partially disarmed 
 for harm. 
 
 One caution should be observed, how- 
 ever, where this plan is followed, particu- 
 larly where the cesspool is not well 
 removed from the house j namely, to 
 guard against any possible rising of ema- 
 nations from the ground within tlie Jiouse, 
 by having well-cemented cellar walls and 
 floor (or, better still, in addition to these,, 
 an open area around the house) ; but this, 
 precaution is one that ought to be ob- 
 served with any system, and in all houses. 
 
 In conclusion let me say that the above 
 plan is only suggested for houses " which 
 stand on level ground," and which have a 
 safe and abundant water-supply. For more 
 favorably situated cases, better plans, no- 
 doubt, are available ; but for the case I 
 have supposed, I have seen none suggested 
 by which at moderate cost equal safety
 
 92 
 
 can be secured. But in this correspon- 
 dence I have been a seeker after know- 
 ledge, not an expounder of it ; and I shall 
 be glad to learn of better plans than that 
 I suggested, if such there are. 
 
 T. 
 
 January 27, 1877. 
 
 MR. TOWXE instances the case of a 
 house standing on level ground, such as 
 prevails in the villages of Central New 
 Jersey, and suggests the course to be pur- 
 sued where the character of the surface 
 makes it impossible to secure the requisite 
 fall for the use of sub-irrigation drains. 
 He supposes the case of " an ordinary 
 house-lot, say fifty by a hundred and fifty." 
 Let us suppose, by way of illustration, that 
 the rear fifty feet of such a lot is to be used 
 for the disposal of sewage by underground 
 land-drain pipes. One of the conditions 
 of the success of the system is that the 
 slope shall not be too great. In arrang- 
 ing the sewerage of Lenox, Mass., where
 
 93 
 
 a large volume will be distributed, I have 
 taken a fall of one in three hundred, or 
 four inches to one hundred feet. For a- 
 private place where the wastes of a single 
 household are to be accommodated, and 
 where the flush-tank would not discharge 
 more than from thirty to fifty gallons at a 
 time, it would be better to have a fall of 
 one in two hundred, or six inches to one 
 hundred feet. More than this would be 
 too much ; and were the slope greater, I 
 should propose to lay the lines on a course 
 diagonal to the inclination of the land. 
 The reason for this is, that if the inclina- 
 tion is greater, the flow runs too rapidly 
 to the far ends of the lines, instead of 
 leaking out more equally at each joint of 
 its course. 
 
 To provide a fall of one in two hundred 
 on the rear fifty feet of a level lot, would 
 require a slope of only -three inches, which 
 could be made by handling an average 
 depth of one and a half inches over the 
 whole, or only about three hundred cubic 
 feet of earth an amount less than the or- 
 dinary modifications in grade of any toler-
 
 94 
 
 ably finished house-lot. Indeed, a part of 
 the slope required could be given in the 
 drains themselves, as there probably would 
 be no disadvantage in making them a little 
 more or a little less than twelve inches 
 deep at their ends. 
 
 I trust that this explains my statement 
 that there is no practical difficulty in ar- 
 ranging for the application of this system, 
 even on level ground. Of course, provis- 
 ion must be made to deliver the soil-pipe, 
 or the outlet of the flush-tank, at a point 
 sufficiently high to reach these drains; 
 but there is not the least difficulty in 
 doing this. The question of cost, so far 
 from being "ignored/' is a leading argu- 
 ment in favor of the irrigation-drain sys- 
 tem; for in no other way, even on level 
 ground, can the problem be so cheaply 
 solved. 
 
 Mr. Towne's suggestion for a leaching 
 cesspool is simply inadmissible. I am 
 confident that no sanitarian, who has kept 
 himself at all well informed of the pro- 
 gress of knowledge on this subject would 
 permit the use of this device. The sug-
 
 95 
 
 gestions for the construction and ventila- 
 tion of such a cesspool are practical and 
 good in their way j but the objection to it is 
 radical, and cannot be overcome. There 
 are many conditions where, so far as the 
 immediate occupant of the house is con- 
 cerned, no harm may be done; and of 
 course in the country, where the excava- 
 tion is made at a distance from any proba- 
 ble future house site, there is less to be 
 said against it. But in any congregation 
 of houses in a town or village, the public 
 authorities should strictly prohibit any 
 such fouling of the earth. 
 
 If the soil is so tight that there is no 
 leaching, then, however loose the wall, 
 there is no escape of the liquid. If 
 through sand, gravel, porous strata, fis- 
 sures in rock, or any other means of es- 
 cape, the liquid soaks away, we may be 
 quite sure that it will carry filth to 
 greater and greater distances as time goes 
 on ; and, as the soil becomes foul, it will 
 retain the objectionable or dangerous in- 
 gredients. Deep down in the earth, away 
 from the action of the atmosphere, we
 
 96 
 
 lose the effect of the cleansing oxidation of 
 the air, and of the action of roots, which are 
 the best agents in purifying all manner of 
 sewage. In fact, the objection is a radi- 
 cal one. 
 
 We cannot safely retain on our premis- 
 es a putrefying mass of organic filth ; and 
 our own safety, and the safety of the 
 community, require that we shall not pour 
 this filth into unknown subterranean re- 
 cesses, from which it may taint the water 
 of the wells and the ground-air under 
 houses. 
 
 Mr. Towne suggests the cementing of 
 cellar floors as a safeguard against the 
 rising of foul air into the house. To ac- 
 complish this end, such cementing must 
 be absolutely tight, and the same tight- 
 ness must be given to the surrounding 
 wall. Both of these conditions are im- 
 portant to the best building, but they are 
 often neglected for the sake of economy. 
 JSo far as the drainage question is con- 
 cerned, they would cost much more than 
 would the adoption of the irrigation-drain 
 system, even including the slight modifi-
 
 97 
 
 cation of grade that this might make 
 necessary. 
 
 Mr. Towne asks, Why are we worse off 
 with the exhalations from leaching into 
 the deep soil (and under our houses) than 
 with the irrigation system where the 
 whole of the decomposition takes place 
 close on the surface of the ground ? 
 
 Precisely because of the difference be- 
 tween a decomposition taking place in the 
 absence of fresh air and roots and the 
 rapid and destructive process which these 
 agencies insure. The most serious evils 
 may result from the putrefaction of or- 
 ganic matters stored in large masses, or 
 closely covered from the air. The same 
 materials consumed by the concentrated 
 oxygen of aerated earth, especially when 
 an active vegetation stands ready to take 
 up the results of the decomposition, pro- 
 duce no hurtful result. 
 
 W.
 
 98 
 
 February 3, 1877. 
 
 THE communications printed in a recent 
 issue of your journal, from Mr. Waring, 
 jun., and Mr. Towne, discussing the drain- 
 age of houses on level ground, have raised 
 a question of great interest, and I ask 
 permission to say a few words on the 
 same subject. 
 
 There are situations and conditions 
 which render practicable the system of 
 house-drainage preferred by Col. Waring, 
 which disposes of the liquid waste of the 
 house by means of flush- tanks, settling cis- 
 terns, and irrigation-pipes. I have em- 
 ployed this system, somewhat modified, in 
 draining my own country house, which 
 stands on high ground, and has a sloping 
 lawn of more than a hundred feet width, 
 in the best position for the accommodation 
 of irrigation pipes. I do not believe, how- 
 ever, that the system is one which admits 
 of general adoption, nor one which will 
 meet the requirements of most household- 
 ers living within the narrow limits of town 
 or village lots. Even where practicable, it 
 does not seem to me to possess the theo-
 
 99 
 
 retical excellence which is claimed for it. 
 In summer, when evaporation is rapid and 
 vegetation active, it is possible that the or- 
 ganic matter in the waste of a house would 
 be taken up and assimilated by plants as 
 rapidly as it could decompose in the soil j 
 but I am not quite sure that even this is 
 true in all soils. 
 
 I have watched very carefully the work- 
 ngs of the system in my own grounds j 
 and while the lines of drain-pipe are laid 
 within eighteen inches of the surface, 
 which is quite even. I have failed to dis- 
 cover any indications of a more rapid or 
 luxuriant growth of grass or weeds near 
 the pipes than remote from them. If, 
 however, it be conceded that the system 
 works well in summer under average con- 
 ditions, I fail to see that my buried pipes 
 are much if any better than a leaching 
 cesspool during the winter months, when 
 the ground is frozen and vegetation dor- 
 mant. 
 
 During this time the ground surround- 
 ing, and particularly that underlying the 
 pipes, becomes charged with impurities
 
 100 
 
 which, it cannot dispose of in a legitimate 
 way. Long before they can be appropri- 
 ated by growing plants, thawing snows 
 and soaking rains carry these impurities 
 deep into the soil where the plants cannot 
 reach them. In a light porous soil there 
 is nothing to hinder these accumulations 
 of six or seven months of each year from 
 working down until the soil is saturated 
 and our own or our neighbors' well pol- 
 luted. We have, in the Northern States, 
 only about five months of warm " growing- 
 weather " ; and in my judgment, draining 
 into the soil during the other seven 
 months means pollution of the soil. 
 
 From a careful study of the problem of 
 house-drainage in unsewered neighbor- 
 hoods, I am satisfied that the tight cess- 
 pool system is the only one which is prac- 
 ticable. I have many times during the 
 past few years had occasion to recommend 
 a plan of drainage which has the advan- 
 tage of adaptation to all the conditions I 
 have yet encountered in practice. It is 
 neither an invention nor a discovery ; but 
 in these matters the attainment of good
 
 101 
 
 results is of much more consequence than 
 novelty or ingenuity in the means em- 
 ployed. I contract with a responsible 
 mason to build a cesspool as "tight as a 
 bottle." The price depends somewhat 
 upon circumstances ; but as I select my 
 mason and give him to understand that 
 he is to estimate honestly on the cost of 
 first-class materials und workmanship, and 
 not as a competitor for a contract to be 
 given to the lowest bidder, the price is 
 usually reasonable and the work always 
 good. 
 
 When there is plenty of room, I put the 
 cesspool from fifty to sixty feet from the 
 house j when the lot is small, I put it as 
 far away as I can. In shape the cesspool 
 is much like an old fashioned coffee-cup ; 
 its size, taking an average, is five feet di- 
 ameter at top, and six feet deep. I cover 
 this with a stout platform, removable at 
 will, from the middle of which rises a wood- 
 en chimney ten or twelve inches square in 
 cross section, and three to five feet high, 
 capped with one of Mr. Baldwin Latham's 
 charcoal ventilators, or with a device em-
 
 102 
 
 bodying the same principle. At one side 
 of the platform I set a pump any one of 
 several makes is adapted to the purpose 
 and run the suction-pipe down to the bot- 
 tom of the cesspool. This pump is a per- 
 manent fixture, and is always ready for use. 
 The house connection is made in the usual 
 way ; but I have no .traps at any point on 
 the line of the main waste or soil-pipe, or 
 the house-drain proper. The soil-pipe is 
 carried up of one size from the foundation 
 wall to and through the roof. The branch 
 waste-pipes are of course trapped ; but I 
 take the precaution to use traps which 
 cannot lose their seals from any cause 
 except evaporation. The danger to be 
 apprehended from the absorption and 
 transmission of cesspool gases by the 
 water-seal of such traps is obviously very 
 slight, at most. With the house-drainage 
 system open at both ends, no accumula- 
 tion of gases at any point where they can 
 be held under pressure is possible. 
 
 When the cesspool is full, it can be 
 emptied in any way most convenient. In 
 a town or village where an odorless ex-
 
 103 
 
 cavator can be ordered, it may be emptied 
 by lifting out the ventilating chimney, and 
 dropping the suction-pipe of the apparatus 
 through the hole in the platform. If the 
 householder must attend to the work him- 
 self, he can do it in one or two ways, ac- 
 cording to circumstances. In summer, if 
 he has a garden, he may employ it for 
 surface-irrigation. He can make a trough 
 by nailing two boards together at right 
 angles, and, putting one end of this under 
 the spout of his pump, let the other end 
 rest where the water will do most good. 
 By providing two or three such troughs 
 made of long boards, he can irrigate a 
 garden of considerable extent, and as fre- 
 quently as may be needed. The organic 
 matter already partially decomposed will 
 be at once taken up by the plants j and 
 the water is quickly absorbed by the dry 
 surface soil, to be given off again in evap- 
 oration. In the winter, or in places where 
 irrigation is not needed for the fertilization 
 of a well-kept garden, the contents of the 
 cesspool must be pumped into tight ves- 
 sels of some sort, and carried away. A
 
 104 
 
 short piece of rubber tubing attached to 
 the spout of the pumps, and half a dozen 
 kerosene-barrels with tight-fitting bungs, 
 will give the householder an odorless ex- 
 cavator of his own. 
 
 Concerning the views expressed by my 
 very intelligent friend Mr. Towne, I can 
 only say that, in my judgment, the leach- 
 ing cesspool system is the worst which 
 can be employed under any circumstances. 
 I lately visited a town in which this sys- 
 tem is carried out par excellence. The town 
 is built upon a limestone foundation, 
 which is full of cracks and 'fissures ; and, 
 to dispose of anything in the shape of 
 waste, it is only necessary to dig down 
 twenty or thirty feet, until the limestone 
 is reached. Even privy-vaults empty 
 themselves. The town has a water-supply 
 drawn from sources not reached by the 
 pollution of the soil; but within three 
 years it has had two epidemics of typhoid 
 fever, and is never free from sickness of 
 unmistakable zymotic origin. We must 
 not forget that, in pouring sewage into 
 the soil, we are poisoning it for the future,
 
 105 
 
 near and remote. Coming generations will 
 suffer, even if we do not, the consequences 
 of so reckless a disregard of the precau- 
 tions which the experience of centuries 
 has shown to be essential to the avoidance 
 of conditions prejudicial to the public 
 health. 
 
 B. 
 
 NEW YORK, Jan. 22, 1877. 
 
 March 10, 1877. 
 
 I WAS much interested in the courteous 
 responses of Col. Waring and Mr. Towne 
 to my letter on the drainage of country 
 houses, published in your issue of Fob. 3, 
 and regret that I could not find time for 
 an immediate reply. 
 
 I cannot wholly agree with Col. Waring's 
 views respecting the absorptive and oxi- 
 dizing power of the soil, without taking 
 certain well defined exceptions to his very 
 generarconclusions. A full discussion of 
 the points at issue must be more appro- 
 priate to the columns of an agricultural
 
 106 
 
 journal than to one devoted to architecture ; 
 but as architecture and drainage are of 
 necessity closely allied, the subject pos- 
 sesses a practical interest for a very large 
 proportion of your readers. 
 
 In my judgment, formed after some ob- 
 servation, the adaptation of the soakage 
 system to house drainage depends upon a 
 variety of conditions, primarily upon the 
 character of the soil. If I attach more 
 importance to the action of vegetation than 
 Col. Waring does, he attaches more impor- 
 tance to the powers of the soil and its 
 contained oxygen than I do. In his 
 communication published in your issue 
 of Jan. 27, he speak of the "concen- 
 trated oxygen of aerated earth." I have 
 never found any satisfactory evidence 
 of the fact that oxygen is concentrated 
 in the soil. Oxidation is unquestionably 
 promoted by looseness of the soil; but 
 this same condition favors the escape 
 of gases resulting from the decomposition 
 of organic matter, and those most pro- 
 ductive of disease are not, so far as I 
 know, appropriated by vegetation. In
 
 107 
 
 assuming that the character of the soil is of 
 secondary importance as concerns the effi- 
 ciency of the soakage system, Col. Waring 
 seems to contradict himself. Very little air 
 permeates a stiff clay soil, as he practic- 
 ally admits. Heavy clay soils do not in 
 themselves exert a stronger absorptive 
 action than porous soils. The absorptive 
 powers of clay are only manifest when it 
 is finely divided, as when burned or in- 
 timately commingled with * the looser com- 
 ponents of a light loam. 
 
 The experiment of straining dung-liquor 
 through soil does not prove much, if any- 
 thing, as regards the subject under con- 
 sideration. The solid matter is simply 
 removed by the ordinary process -of filtra- 
 tion, and under the combined influence 
 of heat, moisture, and air, it would quick- 
 ly ferment. That "Organic matter once 
 seized upon by the soil is never again 
 given up in an unchanged condition," is 
 not, I think, established. I know of one 
 case where carrots planted in ground 
 fertilized with material freshly removed
 
 108 
 
 from an old privy-vault, were wholly unfit 
 for food. Washed clean and cut with a 
 knife, they were unhealthy in appearance 
 and offensive in smell. As to the "un- 
 yielding grip of the interior surfaces of 
 the soil to prevent added organic matter 
 from working downward/' I fear there is 
 some room for doubt. It is certainly dif- 
 ficult to reconcile the proposition with the 
 fact that the roots of plants follow the 
 deposition of organic matter, and as in the 
 deepened soil of the Mapes' farm in New 
 Jersey, extend to twice the depth usually 
 reached by the roots of such plants in 
 stiff soils, manifestly because the manure 
 had worked down as the depth of the soil 
 ^ras increased. 
 
 There is a limit to the absorptive powers 
 of every thing. Even charcoal has its 
 limits, although its powers are to some 
 f-xtent self -renewing. So it is with the 
 soil. When the surface is ice-bound there 
 is little opportunity for aeration. If un- 
 frozen below, it is likely to be sodden 
 from preceding rains, and under such cir-
 
 109 
 
 cum stances the destruction of organic 
 matter by oxidation would proceed but 
 slowly. 
 
 That sewage can be discharged into the 
 soil continuously, without ultimately pol- 
 luting it to considerable depth and beyond 
 the reach of the oxidizing influence of the 
 air, I cannot believe. It is no uncommon 
 thing to find deep wells polluted by im- 
 purities carried down from the surface. 
 The water of wells sunk near barnyards is 
 often unfit for use, even when danger of 
 contamination by the flow in of unfil- 
 tered surface-water is effectually guarded 
 against. On this point the experiments 
 of Dr. Lissauer, as translated from Deutsche 
 VierteJjahr schrit in the Proceedings of the 
 Institution of Civil Engineers, are not 
 without interest. The results of fifty-one 
 experiments to determine the absorptive 
 power of soils point to the following con- 
 clusions, among others : 
 
 "1. The liquid entering the pores of the 
 soil displaces the air or liquid previously 
 present, forcing the former upwards into
 
 110 
 
 the atmosphere, and the latter downwards 
 into the subsoil or effluent water. 
 
 " 2. In order that the effluent water may 
 not be directly polluted by the sewage liq- 
 uid, the maximum supply of the latter 
 must not be more than can be taken up 
 by the pores of the soil. 
 
 "3. Dry, loamy soil absorbs more than 
 peaty soil and gives up less, whilst dry 
 sandy soil, on the contrary, absorbs less 
 and gives up more. Consequently a loamy 
 soil, though it absorbs a large quantity of 
 liquid, can seldom be irrigated; whereas 
 a sandy soil, though it absorbs but little, 
 may often be irrigated, 
 
 "4. The looser the soil, the easier water- 
 courses are formed in it, and therefore the 
 less can its maximum power of absorption 
 be approached : otherwise the sewage liq- 
 uid might penetrate the subsoil before the 
 whole of the ground had been saturated. 
 
 "5. In order therefore that the effluent 
 water may be protected from pollution, it 
 is especially necessary that the absorptive 
 power of the soil should be known ; but
 
 Ill 
 
 the determination is of no value unless it 
 be made in a sample in which the natural 
 position of the particles of earth has been 
 undisturbed." 
 
 I have no desire to place myself in a 
 position of antagonism to the system 
 favored and defended by Col. Waring in 
 his several communications. I consider it 
 good, but like all good things it probably 
 has its limitations. It rests with the 
 engineer and the architect to intelligently 
 determine what these are. 
 
 In Mr. Towne's letter, I find some state- 
 ments which indicate that he has reasoned 
 from imperfect data. The consumption 
 of water in cities is certainly no standard 
 by which to judge the consumption per 
 head in country houses depending upon 
 wells and cisterns ; and I refer him to 
 Col. Waring's last letter for an estimate, 
 which, though very liberal, is more nearly 
 correct. As regards cesspool capacity, it 
 must, of course, depend somewhat upon 
 circumstances. A nine-hundred-gallon ca- 
 pacity is by no means an arbitrary stand- 
 ard. Speaking generally, it is safe to say
 
 112 
 
 that the smaller the cesspool the better, 
 inasmuch as it requires to be emptied the 
 oftener. The conservation of filth under 
 conditions favorable to the exercise of its 
 power for mischief is never desirable. 
 Eternal vigilance is the price of good 
 health j and I have yet to see a drainage 
 system applicable to isolated country 
 houses which can be left to take care of 
 itself without sooner or later becoming a 
 nuisance and a danger. I should never 
 drain roofs or carry storm-water from any 
 shedding surface into a cesspool which 
 also received the house- waste j and the 
 danger of overflow from this cause need 
 not be taken into account. 
 
 B. 
 
 March 24, 1877. 
 
 MR. BAYLES intimates that the reason- 
 ing contained in my last communication 
 was predicated on "imperfect data," for the 
 reason that " the consumption of water in 
 cities is certainly no standard by which to 
 judge the consumption per head in coun-
 
 try houses depending upon wells and cis- 
 terns"; and he refers to Col. Waring's 
 estimate as more nearly correct. My 
 statement gave an average consumption 
 per head per day of thirty-eight gallons ; 
 while Col. Waring's (in referring to a case 
 in which "there is no public water-sup- 
 ply") was thirty gallons. But by reference 
 to my letter of Dec. 16, 1876, with which 
 this discussion commenced, Mr. Bayles 
 will learn that the question therein pro- 
 posed was that of "the disposition of sew- 
 age from a country house, where there is 
 no town drainage available, where the 
 surrounding grounds are level, and where 
 there is a street ivater-supply" On these 
 data I maintain that my reasoning was 
 correct ; and, indeed, my own observation 
 is to the effect that where there is an abun- 
 dant water service, the average consump- 
 tion per head is usually much more than 
 thirty-eight gallons daily. 
 
 The problem I originally suggested i 
 one of great importance; but I think ifc 
 has been somewhat lost sight of in some> 
 of the recent communications. In my
 
 114 
 
 own limited experience I know of four 
 towns, the populations of which range 
 from 3,000 to 10,000, in which a public 
 water-supply has been introduced for 
 years without any corresponding provision 
 for the removal of sewage. Indeed even 
 the city of New Haven, which has long 
 had a water-supply, was only efficiently 
 sewered within the past eight years. 
 
 Without discussion I will concede that 
 these conditions are intolerable, that a 
 sewerage system should be contempora- 
 neous with a water service, and that the 
 introduction of the latter should in many 
 instances be legally prohibited unless ac- 
 companied by the former but this does 
 not alter the fact that in hundreds of 
 places, precisely these most objectionable 
 conditions obtain, and probably will obtain 
 for years to come. The question I have 
 asked is, How, under these conditions, 
 and at tnoderate cost, can the average 
 householder make himself most secure 
 against zymotic diseases originating from 
 decomposing sewage ? 
 
 Mr. Bayles adds other pertinent objec-
 
 115 
 
 tions to those I have previously made 
 against the irrigation-system urged by 
 Col. Waring as so universally applicable , 
 and I think it must be conceded that this 
 system cannot be extensively relied upon 
 for use on private grounds of small extent, 
 particularly in our Northern States. At 
 the risk of appearing too confident in my 
 own judgment, as opposed to that of per- 
 sons who have made a much more thor- 
 ough study of this subject than I have 
 been able to, I will say further, that the 
 alternative system to which Mr. Bayles 
 has committed himself viz., the use of 
 tight cesspools seems to be equally inad- 
 missible, for the reasons stated in my let- 
 ter published in your number of 17th ult. 
 This is eminently a case in which it is 
 easier to make objections than to give 
 advice ; but the subject is one, the impor- 
 tance of which, although but little recog- 
 nized, cannot be over-estimated; and I 
 sincerely trust that its discussion in your 
 columns may lead to a better solution of 
 it than has yet been offered. 
 
 T.
 
 116 
 
 April 14, 1877. 
 
 I TRUST that your readers are not tiring 
 of this discussion, for unlike Mr. Bayles 
 I think it quite as appropriate, even in 
 its agricultural details, to an architect's 
 as to a farmer's paper. The question as to 
 the action of the soil, and of the air which 
 it contains, upon organic impurities added 
 to it, is equally important whether we 
 .are considering the effect of this action in 
 preparing food for plants, or in removing 
 conditions dangerous to health. It has its 
 sanitary side, and so claims the attention 
 of the architect the practical sanitarian. 
 It is to be understood that what I propose 
 is not a "soakage" system, but something 
 ihat stops so far short of saturation that in 
 an extreme case, as per my communication, 
 only about one volume of liquid is added, 
 per day, to over three hundred volumes of 
 -earth. The importance attaching to the 
 soil as an agent of disinfection is due to 
 its known powers of absorption and to the 
 oxidizing effect of its contained air. " Sat- 
 isfactory evidence of the fact that oxygen 
 is concentrated in the soil" is to be found
 
 117 
 
 in the recorded testimony of many investi- 
 gators in the field of agricultural physics. 
 Prof. Johnson, of New Haven, says :* 
 "The soil, being eminently porous, con- 
 denses oxygen. Blumtritt and Reichardt 
 indeed, found no considerable amount of 
 condensed oxygen in most of the soils, and 
 substances they examined; but the ex- 
 periments of Stenhouse and the well- 
 known deodorizing effects of the soil 
 upon faecal matters leave no doubt as to 
 the fact. The condensed oxygen must 
 usually expend itself in chemical action. 
 Its proportion would appear not to be 
 large ; but being replaced as rapidly as it 
 enters into combination, the total quantity 
 absorbed may be considerable. Organic 
 matters and lower oxides are thereby ox- 
 idized. Carbon is converted into carbonic 
 acid, hydrogen into water, protoxide of 
 iron into peroxide. The upper portions of 
 the soil are constantly suffering change by 
 the action of free oxygen, so long as any ox- 
 idizable matters exist in them" 
 
 * How Crops Feed, p. 218.
 
 118 
 
 Sclmbler says :* " The earths possess 
 the remarkable property of absorbing 
 oxygen gas from the atmospheric air, a 
 phenomenon pointed out many years ago, 
 by A. von Humboldt .... This property 
 of the earths is confirmed almost without 
 an exception, provided they be employed 
 for this purpose in a moist state." In the 
 experiments which he instituted, exposing 
 one thousand grains of different earths for 
 thirty days in vessels of fifteen inches 
 cubic contents (15 inches of air containing 
 3.15inches of oxygen) he found that sandy 
 loam absorbed 1.39 inches of oxygen, clay 
 loam absorbed 1.65 inches and garden 
 mould absorbed 2.60 inches. 
 
 This looks very much like concentra- 
 tion. All authorities agree in ascribing 
 this power of condensing oxygen (and 
 other gases) to all materials very much 
 in proportion to their porosity. As char- 
 coal is very porous, this is usually taken 
 as an illustration. Voelcker says : t u It 
 [charcoal] possesses the power not only of 
 
 * Journal Royal Agricultural Society, vol. i, p. 197. 
 t Latham's Sanitary Engin erlng, p. 236.
 
 119 
 
 absorbing certain smelling gases, sulphur- 
 etted hydrogen and ammonia, but also of 
 destroying the gases thus absorbed ; for 
 otherwise its purifying action would soon 
 be greatly impaired. It is very porous, 
 and its pores are filled with condensed 
 oxygen to the extent of eight times its 
 bulk. 
 
 "We have therefore, in charcoal oxygen 
 gas (which supports combustion or lights 
 fires) in a condensed or more active con- 
 dition than in the common air which we 
 breathe. Hence it is that organic matter 
 in contact with charcoal is so rapidly 
 destroyed. The beauty of charcoal is that 
 the destruction takes place imperceptibly ? 
 and that its power of burning organic 
 matter is continually renewed by the sur- 
 rounding atmosphere so that it is a con- 
 stant carrier of atmospheric oxygen in a 
 condensed state in its pores. The oxygen 
 that acts on organic matter and burns it 
 up is speedily replaced, and the process 
 goes on continually. Hence it is that a 
 comparatively small quantity of wood or
 
 120 
 
 peat charcoal is capable of destroying a 
 very large quantity of organic matter." 
 
 Johnson, after describing and illustrat- 
 ing this action of porous substances, 
 says : * " The soil absorbs putrid and 
 other disagreeable effluvia, and undoubt- 
 edly oxidizes them like charcoal, though 
 perhaps with less energy than the last- 
 named substance, as would be anticipated 
 from its inferior porosity." Jamieson says,t 
 "All porous bodies which offer a consider- 
 able surface to gases act like charcoal.' 7 
 Saussure says that charcoal absorbs nine 
 and a quarter times its bulk of oxygen. 
 Prof. Way says : J " The reason that the 
 sand accelerates the fermentation of the 
 urine is no doubt this : all bodies possess 
 a surface attraction for gases, and of 
 course therefore for common air. This 
 attraction, which enables them to condense a 
 certain quantity of air on their surfaces, is in 
 direct relation to those surfaces." Way 
 
 * How Crops Feed, pp. 170, 171. 
 
 \ Journal Royal Agricultural Society, vol. xvii., p. 448. 
 J Journal Eoyal Agricultural Society, voL xi., p. 366 >t 
 infra.
 
 121 
 
 filtered sewer-water through six inches of 
 soil. In two and a half hours he collected 
 half a gallon, which he analyzed. It con- 
 tained no potash, " no ammonia or nitrogen 
 in any form." The original liquid contain- 
 ed over three hundred grains to the gallon 
 of organic matter and salts of ammonia. " 
 He found the absorption to extend to a 
 weight of sewage- water more than equal to 
 tlie weight of the soil. This, be it remem- 
 bered, was an instantaneous mixture, with 
 no opportunity for a constantly renewed 
 oxidizing action. 
 
 That the soil absorbs the products of 
 the decomposition of organic matter, and 
 carries the decomposition to completeness, 
 no chemist would question. This action 
 is the basis of the efficiency of the earth- 
 closet. In my own experiment, an analy- 
 sis of the earth and ashes used in earth- 
 closets for six years (probably ten times 
 over) showed that practically all of the 
 eight hundred pounds of solid dry matter 
 estimated to have been deposited during 
 the six years was destroyed by oxidation
 
 as completely as it would have been by 
 actual burning in a furnace. 
 
 The investigations of Way and Thomp- 
 son fully determine the retention of im- 
 purities by the soil an action which they 
 ascribe largely to the double silicates. 
 
 The porous condition of the soil does not 
 favor the escape of gases. On the con- 
 trary in the case of the earth-closet, dry 
 an<2 porous earth completely arrests the 
 escape of gases, as is demonstrated both 
 by the absence of smell, and by the ab- 
 sence of chemical reaction. If the quan- 
 tity of decomposing matter is large and 
 concentrated, gas may be formed in such 
 volume a^ to force its way through, but 
 exlmlation does not occur. It is not 
 claimed that the gases which are most 
 productive of disease are appropriated by 
 vegetation, but that they are destroyed by 
 chemical action by oxidation. 
 
 The report of Dr. Mouat, on the effect 
 of the use of the earth-closet in the gov- 
 ernment institutions of India in time of 
 cholera, is conclusive, at least so far as
 
 123 
 
 this disease is concerned.* All recorded 
 evidence as to the use of the earth-closet 
 in stopping the spread of disease is to the 
 same effect. 
 
 I believe that I only " seem" to contra- 
 dict myself. Loose soils are more freely 
 permeated by atmospheric air and heavy 
 clays are more retentive of organic impur- 
 ities presented in solution. The air in the 
 loose soil oxidizes, and the double silicates 
 in the clay have other chemical action. 
 There is air in all soils sufficient to care 
 for the small amount of impurities dis- 
 charged by a single household throughout 
 the mass, underlying twenty-five hundred 
 feet of surface ; and there is clay enough 
 to have an important effect even in what 
 is called sandy loam. 
 
 The absorptive powers of clay are man- 
 ifest to chemical tests even when solid 
 lumps of it are penetrated by solutions of 
 nitrogenous matter. I think my state- 
 ment, that "organic matter once seized 
 upon by the soil is never again given up 
 
 Twelfth Report of the Medical officer of the Privy 
 Council, pp. 104, 105.
 
 124 
 
 in an unchanged condition/' is the state- 
 ment of an established fact with the 
 limitation that after the soil is saturated, it 
 cannot " seize upon " new supplies until 
 the first supply has become chemically 
 changed. On the Mapes 7 Farm in New 
 Jersey where, by the way, I was a pupil 
 in 1853 the manure was ploughed down, 
 and the deposition of organic matter in 
 the subsoil was mainly due to the decom- 
 position of the roots of crops, which (like 
 clover) have the power of deep penetra- 
 tion. In the clay subsoil of the richest and 
 oldest garden, we find no evidence that or- 
 ganic matter has ever " worked down " into 
 it; on the contrary, we know that, as "or- 
 ganic" matter, it does not do so even in 
 nearly pure sand or gravel. 
 
 Of course "there is a limit to the ab- 
 sorptive powers of everything " a limit to 
 every thing, in fact, but that limit in the 
 soil is, in my opinion, very far beyond the 
 needs of the case in hand. So, too, the 
 "some extent" of the renewal of absorp- 
 tive power is more than enough for the 
 purpose. I believe that wells are polluted
 
 125 
 
 by filth flowing through porous strata and 
 rock-fissures, not by filth that has once 
 been fairly absorbed by the soil. 
 
 The quotation from Lissauer applies to 
 excessive flooding, not to the limited dis- 
 charge of sub-irrigation drains. Para- 
 graph (1) seems not opposed to my theory; 
 (2) applies obviously to much greater 
 flooding than is contemplated, as the efflu- 
 ent water at Merthyr Tydvil (less than one- 
 tenth as much land loose and gravelly at 
 that as I have recommended being used 
 per head) remains pure after the filter-bed 
 has been used for several years. (3) All 
 soils can be irrigated (with sewage?), but 
 heavy soils may not be so profitably irriga- 
 ted because they part with their water so 
 largely by evaporation, and thus lose heat. 
 (4) We do not propose to tax the one-hun- 
 dredth part of the "maximum power of 
 absorption." (5) The limitation of our vol- 
 ume makes this inapplicable to the discus- 
 sion. Of course the system of sub-irriga- 
 tion has its limitations, but it is a vast step 
 ahead of any cesspool system. 
 
 If the experience of the world is of any
 
 126 
 
 value, it is proven that the tight cesspool, 
 which Mr. Bayles advocates, conserves 
 filth under the conditons which are the 
 most "favorable to the exercise of its 
 power for mischief." Even eternal vigil- 
 ance will not stop the putrefaction of its 
 contents. With some experience and ob- 
 servation in such matters, I do not hesi- 
 tate to express the opinion that the sub- 
 irrigation system may be more nearly left 
 to itself than any other I know about. 
 
 I can only answer Mr. Towne's question 
 by repeating the opinion before given that 
 the sub-irrigation system is much the sim- 
 plest, the safest, and the best ; and that its 
 cost is really trifling, even where the water 
 from the kitchen sink, and the laundry 
 trays in the cellar, has to be lifted with a 
 pump to the level of the drains. He ac- 
 cepts, apparently, without question, the 
 wrongly based objections of Mr. Bayles, 
 and says, " I think it must be conceded 
 that this system cannot be extensively re- 
 lied on for use on private grounds, of 
 small extent, particularly in our Northern 
 States." To offset this, I can point to in-
 
 127 
 
 stances of success on such grounds in such 
 localities, especially to my own, which has 
 worked perfectly, Winter and Summer, 
 for seven years. I have never heard 
 of a case of failure. These examples, 
 supported by the arguments give above, 
 must sustain the claims of the sub-irriga- 
 tion disposal of liquid house wastes, or 
 those claims cannot be sustained by my 
 advocacy. 
 
 Since writing the above I have found 
 in an editorial of the Agricultural Gazette 
 (London), of March 19, the following : 
 
 " The astonishing power of an aerated 
 and porous soil and sub-soil (our knowl- 
 edge of which we owe to Dr. Frankland) 
 may be trusted a great deal more than en- 
 gineers appear to trust it. Mr. Norman 
 Bazalgette labored hard the other evening 
 to prove that Merthyr filter-beds had done 
 nothing like the work which Dr. Frankland 
 had declared them capable of doing. But 
 the answer to his criticism, which was 
 given in the subsequent discussion, seemed 
 to us complete ; and as upon it rests the 
 safety of the cheaper method which in the
 
 128 
 
 agricultural interest we recommend, we 
 reproduce it here. 
 
 "At the close of his clear and conclusive 
 argument on this subject, Dr. Frankland 
 put the matter thus : * I have analyzed the 
 effluent water from the Merthyr filter-beds 
 when only 230 people drained on to them 
 per acre, and again when 500, and when 
 1,250 people were draining on to them 
 per acre 5 and deducting and discounting 
 the dilution by the subsoil water, in the first 
 case it was thirty times as clean and as 
 pure as it needed to be; in the second 
 cases it was purified seventeen times more 
 than enough ; and in the last case, it was 
 still three or four times purer than was 
 necessary. Is it unreasonable, then, to be- 
 lieve that those filter-beds could have 
 cleansed sufficiently or even more than 
 enough the sewage of three or four times 
 as many as the greatest of these numbers, 
 if only the work had been given them to 
 do. 
 
 " Now we contend that the work was 
 given them to do, and that they did it." 
 Then follows an explanation of the irreg*
 
 129 
 
 ular distribution of the sewage over dif- 
 ferent parts of the ground, showing that 
 although each area of about one acre re- 
 ceived its due proportion of sewage, " the 
 quarter of the plat which was next to the 
 carrier had its full work to do from the 
 first and till the last of its six hours' period j 
 but it often was not till two or three hours 
 had elapsed, that the quarter farthest from 
 the feeder was even fairly wetted. And 
 thus it was that while it may be true 
 enough, that it was only the sewage of 
 20,000 people that was dealt with by the 
 twenty acres of filter-bed at Troedyrhiew 
 being at the rate of 1000 people per acre 
 yet at least one-half, probably much more 
 than one-half, of that beautifully purified 
 effluent water must have come from areas 
 of the filter-bed, which were being watered 
 at the rate of 2,000, 3,000, or 4,000 people 
 per acre." 
 
 My recommendation for the use of soil 
 for the purification of household sewage 
 was based on a calculation of only 175 
 people per acre. It is proper to explain, 
 that when Dr. Franklin says, that the
 
 130 
 
 water was made " thirty times as clean 
 and pure as it needed to be," he means 
 thirty times purer than the Rivers' Pollu- 
 tion Commissioners' standard of fair po- 
 table water. 
 
 W.
 
 CATALOGUE 
 
 OF 
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, 
 
 23 Murray and 27 Warren Streets, New York. 
 
 ABC CODE:. (See Clausen-Thue.) 
 
 ABBOT, H. Li., Gen'l. The Defence of the Sea- 
 coast of the United States. Lectures delivered 
 before the U. S. Naval War College. 8vo, red 
 cloth $2.00 
 
 ABBOTT, A. V. The Electrical Transmission 
 
 of Energy. A Manual for the Design of Elec- 
 trical Circuits. New edition, revised, and en- 
 tirely rewritten. 8vo, cloth, 368 illus., 675 pp. 
 net, $5.00 
 
 ADAM, P. Practical Bookbinding. With illus- 
 trations and figures. Translated from the 
 German by Thomas E. Maw. 8vo, cloth, il- 
 lustrated net, $2.50 
 
 ADAMS, J. W. Sewers and Drains for Populous 
 
 Districts. Embracing Rules and Formulas for 
 the dimensions and construction of works of 
 Sanitary Engineers. 8vo, cloth $2.50 
 
 ADDYMAN, F. T. Practical X-Ray Work. Part 
 
 I, Historical. Part II, Apparatus and its Man- 
 agement. Part III, Practical X-Ray Work. 
 Illustrated with twelve plates from photo- 
 graphs. 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $4.00 
 
 A 1 CODE. (See Clausen-Thue.) 
 
 AIKMA1V, C. M., Prof. Manures and the Prin- 
 ciples of Manuring. 8vo, cloth $2.50 
 
 ALEXANDER, J. H. Elementary Electrical En- 
 gineering in Theory and Practice. A class- 
 book for Junior and Senior Students and 
 Working Electricians. 12mo, cloth, illus. $1.50 
 
 J. H. Universal Dictionary of Weights and 
 
 Measures, Ancient and Modern, reduced to the 
 Standards of the United States of Amer'ca. 
 New Edition, enlarged. 8vo, cloth $3.5O
 
 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 ANDERSON, G. L., A.M. (Captain of U. S. Ar- 
 tillery). Handbook for the use of Electricians 
 in the operation and care of Electrical Ma- 
 chinery and Apparatus of the United States 
 Seacoast Defenses. Prepared under the direc- 
 tion of the Lieutenant-General Commanding 
 the Army. With tables, diagrams and illus- 
 trations. 8vo, cloth, illustrated 93.00 
 
 J. TV. Prospector's Handbook. A Guide for 
 
 the Prospector and Traveller in search of 
 Metal-bearing or other Valuable Minerals. 
 Eighth Edition, revised. 8vo, cloth ....$1.50 
 
 ANDES, L. Vegetable Fats and Oils: Their Prac- 
 tical Preparation, Purification and Employ- 
 ment for Various Purposes. Their Properties, 
 Adulteration and Examination. A Handbook 
 for" Oil Manufacturers and Refiners, Candle, 
 Soap and Lubricating-oil Manufacturers, and 
 the Oil and Fat Industry in general. Trans- 
 lated from the German. With 94 illus. 8vo, 
 cloth net, $4.00 
 
 Animal Fats and Oils. Their Practical Pro- 
 duction, Purification and Uses for a great 
 variety of purposes; their Properties, Falsifi- 
 cation and Examination. A Handbook for 
 Manufacturers of Oil and Fat Products Soap 
 and Candle Makers, Agriculturists, Tanners, 
 etc. Translated by Chafles Salter. With 62 
 illustrations. 8vo, cloth net, $4.00 
 
 Drying Oils, Boiled Oil, and Solid and Liquid 
 
 Driers. A practical work for manufacturers of 
 Oils, Varnishes, Printing Inks, Oilcloth and 
 Linoleum, Oil-cakes, Paints, etc. 8vo, cloth 
 Illustrated net, $5 . 00 
 
 Iron Corrosion, Anti-fouling and Anti-cor- 
 rosive Paints. Translated from the German by 
 Charles Salter. Illustrated with engravings 
 and half-tone cuts. 8vo, cloth net, $4.00 
 
 Oil Colors, and Printers' Ink. A Practical 
 
 Handbook treating of Linseed-oil, Boiled Oil, 
 Paints, Artists' Colors, Lampblack, and Print- 
 ers' Inks (black and colored). Translated from 
 the German by Arthur Morris and Herbert 
 Robson. With 56 figures and diagrams. 8vo, 
 cloth, 212 pages net, $2.50 
 
 ANNUAL REPORTS on the Progress of Chem- 
 istry for 1904. Vol. I. Issued by the Chemical 
 
 Society. 8 vo, cloth net, $2 . 00 
 
 Vol. II (1905). 8vo, cloth net, $2.00 
 
 Vol. Ill (1906) 8vo, cloth net, $2.00
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 ARNOLD, I]. Armature Windings of Direct- 
 Current Dynamos. Extension and Application 
 of a General Winding Rule. Translated from 
 the original German by Francis B. DeGress, 
 M.E. With numerous illus. 8vo, cloth ....92.00 
 
 R., Dr. Ammonia and Ammonium Com- 
 pounds. A Practical Manual for Manufactur- 
 ers, Chemists, Gas Engineers, and Drysalters. 
 Second Edition. 12mo, cloth $2.00 
 
 Art of Dyeing Wool, Silk and Cotton. Translated 
 
 from the French of M. Hellott, M. Macquer and 
 M. Le Pileur D'Apligny. First published in 
 English in 1789. 8vo, cloth, illus net, $2.00 
 
 ASHE, S. W., and KEILEY, J. D. Electric Rail- 
 ways, Theoretically and Practically Treated; 
 Rolling Stock. With numerous figures, dia- 
 grams, and folding plates. Second Edition. 
 12mo, cloth, illustrated net, $2.50 
 
 Vol. II. Engineering Preliminaries and Di- 
 rect Current. Sub-Stations. 8vo, cloth. Illus- 
 trated net, $2.50 
 
 ATKINSON, A. A., Prof. (Ohio University). Elec- 
 trical and Magnetic Calculations, for the use 
 of Electrical Engineers and Artisans, Teach- 
 ers, Students and all others interested in the 
 Theory and Application of Electricity and 
 Magnetism. Second Edition, revised. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, $1.50 
 
 P. The Elements of Electric Lighting, in- 
 cluding Electric Generation, Measurement, 
 Storage and Distribution. Tenth Edition, fully 
 revised and new matter added. Illustrated, 
 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 The Elements of Dynamic Electricity and 
 
 Magnetism. Fourth Edition. 120 illustrations. 
 12mo, cloth $2.00 
 
 Power Transmitted by Electricity and its 
 
 Application by the Electric Motor, including 
 Electric Railway Construction. Fourth Edi- 
 tion, fully revised, new matter added. 12mo, 
 cloth, illustrated $2.00 
 
 AUCHINCLOSS, W. S. Link and Valve Motions 
 
 Simplified. Illustrated with 29 woodcuts and 
 20 lithographic plates, together with a Travel 
 Scale, and numerous useful tables. Four- 
 teenth Edition, revised. 8vo, cloth $2.00 
 
 AYRTON, H. The Electrical Arc. With numer- 
 ous figures, diagrams and plates. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated , $5 .00
 
 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 W. E., M.I.C.E. Practical Electricity. A 
 
 Laboratory and Lecture Course for the first- 
 year students of Electrical Engineering, based 
 on the International Definitions of the Electri- 
 cal Units. Vol. I, Current, Pressure, Resist- 
 ance, Energy, Power, and Cells. Completely 
 rewritten and containing many figures and 
 diagrams. 12mo, cloth $2.00 
 
 BACON, F. W. A Treatise on the Richards 
 
 Steam-engine Indicator, with directions for 
 its use. By Charles T. Porter. Revised, with 
 notes and large additions as developed by 
 American practice; with an appendix contain- 
 ing useful formulae and rules for engineers. 
 Illustrated. Fourth Edition. 12mo, cloth, $1.00 
 
 BAKER, Arthur L., Prof. (Univ. of Roch.). Qua- 
 
 ternions In Press. 
 
 M. N. Potable Water and Methods of De- 
 tecting Impurities. New Edition, revised and 
 largely rewritten. 16mo, cloth. (Van Nos- 
 trand's Science Series) $0.50 
 
 BALCH, G. T., Col. Methods of Teaching Pa- 
 triotism in the Public Schools. 8vo, cloth, $1.00 
 
 BALE, M. P. Pumps and Pumping. A Handbook 
 for Pump Users. 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 BALL, S. R. Popular Guide to the Heavens. A 
 
 series of eighty-three plates, many of which 
 are celored and lithographed, with explana- 
 tory text and index. Small 4to, cloth, illus. 
 net, $4 . 50 
 
 BARB A, J. The Use of Steel for Constructive 
 
 Purposes. Method of Working, Applying and 
 Testing Plates and Bars. With a Preface by 
 A. L. Holley, C.E. 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 BARKER, A. H. Graphic Methods of Engine 
 
 Design. Including a Graphical Treatment of 
 the Balancing of Engines. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 
 
 BARNARD, F. A. P. Report on Machinery and 
 
 Processes of the Industrial Arts and Apparatus 
 of the Exact Sciences at the Paris Universal 
 Exposition, 1867. 152 illustrations and 8 fold- 
 ing plates. 8vo, cloth $5.00 
 
 J. H. The Naval Militiaman's Guide. Full 
 
 leather, pocket size $1.25 
 
 BARRUS, G. H. Boiler Tests: Embracing the 
 
 Results of one hundred and thirty-seven evap- 
 orative tests, made on seventy-one boilers, 
 conducted by the author. 8vo, cloth ....$3.00
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Engine Tests: Embracing the Results of 
 
 of over one hundred feed-water tests and 
 other investigations of various kinds of steam- 
 engines, conducted by the author. With nu- 
 merous figures, tables, and diagrams. 8vo, 
 
 cloth, illustrated $4.00 
 
 The above two purchased together $6.00 
 
 BARWISE, S., >1.I). (London). The Purification 
 
 of Sewage. Being a brief account of the Sci- 
 entific Principles of Sewage Purification and 
 their Practical Application. 12mo, cloth, il- 
 lustrated. New Edition net, $3.50 
 
 BAXTER, WM. J. Commutator Construction. 
 
 Pamphlet $0.25 
 
 Switchboards. For Power, Light and Rail- 
 way Service $1 . 50 
 
 BEAUMONT, R. Color in Woven Design. With 
 
 32 colored plates and numerous original illus- 
 trations. Large, 12mo $7.50 
 
 W. W. Practical Treatise on the Steam-en- 
 gine Indicator, and Indicator Diagrams. With 
 notes on Engine Performances, Expansion of 
 Steam, Behavior of Steam in Steam-engine 
 Cylinders, and on Gas- and Oil-engine Dia- 
 grams. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $2.50 
 
 BEECH, F. Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics. A Prac- 
 tical Handbook for the Dyer and Student. 
 Containing numerous recipes for the produc- 
 tion of Cotton Fabrics of all kinds, of a great 
 range of colors, thus making it of great ser- 
 vice in the dye-house, while to the student it is 
 of value in that the scientific principles which 
 underlie the operations of dyeing are clearly 
 laid down. With 44 illustrations of Bleaching 
 and Dyeing Machinery. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $3.00 
 
 Dyeing of Woolen Fabrics. With diagrams 
 
 and figures. 8vo, cloth, illustrated ..net, $3.50 
 
 BECKWITH, A. Pottery. Observations on the 
 
 Materials and Manufacture of Terra-cotta, 
 Stoneware, Firebrick, Porcelain, Earthenware, 
 Brick, Majolica, and Encaustic Tiles. Second 
 Edition. 8vo, paper $0.60 
 
 BEGTRUP, J., M.E. The Slide Valve and its 
 
 Functions. With Special Reference to Modern 
 Practice in the United States. With numerous 
 diagrams and figures. 8vo, cloth $2,00
 
 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 BERNTHSEN, A. A Text-book of Organic 
 
 Chemistry. Translated by George M'Gowan, 
 Ph.D. Fifth English Edition, revised and ex- 
 tended by author and translator. Illustrated. 
 12mo, cloth net, $2.50 
 
 BERRY, W. J., Prof. (Polytechnic Inst. Brook- 
 lyn). Differential Equations of the First Spe- 
 cies". 12mo, cloth, illus In Press. 
 
 BERSCH, J., Dr. Manufacture of Mineral and 
 
 Lake Pigments. Containing directions for the 
 manufacture of all artificial artists' and paint- 
 ers' colors, enamel colors, soot and metallic 
 B'gments. A text-book for Manufacturers, 
 erchants, Artists and Painters. Translated 
 from the second revised edition by Arthur C. 
 Wright, M.A. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, net, $5.00 
 
 BERTIN, L,. E. Marine Boilers: Their Construc- 
 tion and Working, dealing more especially 
 with Tubulous Boilers. Translated by Leslie 
 S. Robertson, Assoc. M. Inst. C. E., M. I. Mech. 
 E., M.I.N.A., containing upward of 250 illus- 
 trations. Preface by Sir William White, 
 K.C.B., F.R.S., Director of Naval Construction 
 to the Admiralty, and Assistant Controller of 
 the Navy. Second Edition, revised and en- 
 larged. 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $5.00 
 
 BIGGS, C. H. W. First Principles of Electricity 
 
 and Magnetism. A book for beginners in 
 practical work, containing a good deal of 
 useful information not usually to be found in 
 similar books. With numerous tables and 343 
 diagrams and figures. 12mo, cloth, illus- 
 trated $ 2 . 00 
 
 BINNS, C. F. Ceramic Technology. Being; Some 
 
 Aspects of Technical Science as applied to 
 Pottery Manufacture. 8vo, cloth net, $5.00 
 
 Manual of Practical Potting;. Compiled by 
 
 Experts. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 8vo, cloth net, $7 . 50 
 
 BIRCHMORE, W. H., Dr. How to Use a Gas 
 
 Analysis. 12mo, cloth, illus., 75 pp. ..net, $1.25 
 
 BLAKE, TV. H. Brewer's Vade Mecum. With 
 
 Tables and marginal reference notes. 8vo, 
 cloth net, $4.00 
 
 W. P. Report upon the Precious Metals. Be- 
 ing Statistical Notices of the Principal Gold 
 and Silver producing regions of the world, rep- 
 resented at the Paris Universal Exposition. 
 8vo, cloth ..-,-,,, , $3,00
 
 fUBUCATlONS. 
 
 3LYTH, A. W., M.R.C.S., F.C.S. Foods: Their 
 
 Composition and Analysis. A Manual for the 
 use of Analytical Chemists, with an Introduc* 
 tory Essay on the History of Adulterations. 
 With numerous tables and illustrations. Fifth 
 Edition, thoroughly revised, enlarged and re- 
 written. 8vo, cloth 97,50 
 
 .- M.R.C.S., F.C.S., Poisons: Their Effects and 
 
 Detection. A Manual for the use of Analytical 
 Chemists and Experts, with an Introductory 
 Essay on the Growth of Modern Toxicology- 
 New Edition net, $7.60 
 
 BOOMER, G. R. Hydraulic Motors and Turbines. 
 
 For the use of Engineers, Manufacturers and 
 Students. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 With 192 illustrations. 12mo, cloth $5.00 
 
 BOILEAU, J. T. A New and Complete Set of 
 
 Traverse Tables, showing the Difference of 
 Latitude and Departure of every minute of the 
 Quadrant and to. five places of decimals. 8vo, 
 cloth $5.00 
 
 BOX \K V, G. E. The Electro-platers' Handbook. 
 
 A Manual for Amateurs and Young Students 
 of Electro-metallurgy. 60 illustrations. 12mo, 
 cloth $1.20 
 
 BOOTH, W. H. Water Softening and Treatment, 
 
 Condensing Plant, Feed Pumps, and Heaters 
 for Steam Users and Manufacturers. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, $2.50 
 
 Superheaters and Superheating. 8vo, cloth. 
 
 In Press. 
 
 BOTJRRY, E. Treatise on Ceramic Industries. 
 
 A Complete Manual for Pottery, Tile and Brick 
 Works. Translated from the French by Wil- 
 ton P. Rix. With 323 figures and illustrations. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $8.50 
 
 BOW, R. H. A Treatise on Bracing. With ita 
 
 application to Bridges and other Structures of 
 Wood or Iron. 156 illus. 8vo, cloth $1.50 
 
 BOWIE, AUG. J., Jr., M.E. A Practical Treatise 
 
 on Hydraulic Mining in California. With De- 
 scription of the Use and Construction of 
 Ditches, Flumes, Wrought-iron Pipes and 
 Dams; Flow of Water on Heavy Grades, and 
 its Applicability, under High Pressure, to Min- 
 ing. Ninth Edition. Small quarto, cloth. Il- 
 lustrated $5 . 00 
 
 BOWKER, Wm. R, Dynamo, Motor and Switch- 
 board Circuits. For Electrical Engineers. A
 
 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 practical book, dealing with the subject of 
 Direct, Alternating, and Polyphase Currents. 
 With over 100 diagrams and engravings. 8vo, 
 cloth net, 92.25 
 
 BOWSER, E. A., Prof. An Elementary Treatise 
 
 on Analytic Geometry. Embracing Plane Ge- 
 ometry, and an Introduction to Geometry of 
 three Dimensions. Twenty-first Edition. 12mo, 
 cloth $1.75 
 
 An Elementary Treatise on the Differential 
 
 and Integral Calculus. With numerous ex- 
 amples. Twenty-first Edition. Enlarged by 
 640 additional examples. 12mo, cloth ...$2.25 
 
 An Elementary Treatise on Analytic Mechan- 
 ics. With numerous examples. Sixteenth Edi- 
 tion. 12mo, cloth $3.00 
 
 An Elementary Treatise on Hydro-mechan- 
 ics. With numerous examples. Fifth Edition. 
 12mo, cloth $2.50 
 
 A Treatise on Roofs and Bridges. With 
 
 Numerous Exercises, especially adapted for 
 school use. 12mo, cloth. Illustrated, net, $2.25 
 
 BRASSEY'S Naval Annual for 19O7. Edited by 
 
 T. A. Brassey: With numerous full-page dia- 
 
 frams, half-tone illustrations and tables, 
 wenty-first year of publication. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated net, $5.00 
 
 BRAUN, E. The Baker's Book: A Practical 
 
 Handbook of the Baking Industry in all Coun- 
 tries. Profusely illustrated with diagrams, 
 engravings, and full-page colored plates. 
 Translated into English and edited by Emil 
 Braun. Vol. I., 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 308 
 
 pages $ 2 . 50 
 
 Vol. II., 363 pages, illustrated $2.50 
 
 British Standard Sections.. Issued by the En- 
 
 fineering Standards Committee, Supported by 
 he Institution of Civil Engineers, The Insti- 
 tution of Mechanical Engineers, The Institu- 
 tion of Naval Architects, The Iron and Steel 
 Institute, and The Institution of Electrical 
 Engineers. Comprising 9 plates of diagrams, 
 with letter-press and tables. Oblong pam- 
 phlet, 8%xl5 $1.00 
 
 BROWN, SIR H ANBURY, K.C.M.G. Irrigation: 
 
 Its Principles and Practice as a Branch of 
 Engineering. 8vo, cloth, 301 pp. Illus., net, $5.00 
 
 WM. N. The Art of Enamelling on 
 
 Metal. With figures and illustrations. 12mo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, fl.OO
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Handbook on Japanning and Enamelling, for 
 
 Cycles, Bedsteads, Tinware, etc. 12mo, cloth, 
 illustrated net, $1 . 50 
 
 House Decorating and Painting. With Nu- 
 merous illustrations. 12mo, cloth, net,$1.50 
 
 History of Decorative Art. With Designs 
 and Illustrations. 12mo, cloth net, $1.25 
 
 Principle and Practice of Dipping, Burnish- 
 ing, Lacquering and Bronzing Brass Ware. 
 12mo, cloth net, $1.00 
 
 Workshop Wrinkles for Decorators, Paint- 
 ers, Paper-Hangers and Others. 8vo, cloth. 
 net, $1.00 
 
 BRUCE, E. M., Prof. Pure Food Tests: the De- 
 tection' of the Common Adulterants of Foods 
 by Simple Qualitative Tests. A ready manual 
 for Physicians, Health Officers, Food Inspect- 
 ors, Chemistry Teachers, and all especially 
 interested in the Inspection of Food. 12mo, 
 cloth, illustrated In Press. 
 
 BRUHNS, Dr. New Manual of Logarithms to 
 Seven Places of Decimals. Seventh Edition. 
 8vo, half morocco $2.50 
 
 BRUNNER, R. Manufacture of Lubricants, Shoe 
 
 Polishes and Leather Dressings. Containing 
 instructions for the preparation of all kinds 
 of lubricants, such as axle and machinery 
 greases, oils for lubricating sewing machines, 
 and other working machinery, mineral lubri- 
 cating oils, clockmakers' oils, as well as shoe 
 polishes, leather varnishes, dressings for all 
 kinds of leather and degras. Translated from 
 the Sixth (enlarged) German edition by Chas. 
 Salter. 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $3.00 
 
 BULMAN, H. F., and REDMAYNE, R. S. A. Col- 
 liery Working and Management; comprising 
 the duties of a colliery manager, the superin- 
 tendence and arrangement of labor and wages, 
 and the different systems of working coal- 
 seams. With engravings, diagrams, and ta- 
 bles. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $6.00 
 
 BURGH, N. P. Modern Marine Engineering, Ap- 
 plied to Paddle and Screw Propulsion. Con- 
 sisting of 36 colored plates, 259 practical 
 woodcut illustrations and 403 pages of descrip- 
 tive matter. The whole being an exposition 
 of the present practice of James Watt & Co., 
 J. & G; Rennie, R. Napier & Sons, arid other 
 celebrated firms. Thick quarto, half morocco. 
 ,< , i < * *<*<< $10 ,00
 
 10 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY^ 
 
 HURT, W. A. Key to the Solar Compass, and 
 
 Surveyor's Companion. Comprising all the 
 rules necessary for use in the field; also de- 
 scription of the Linear Surveys and Public 
 Land System of the United States, Notes on 
 the Barometer, Suggestions for an Outfit for 
 a Survey of Four Months, etc. Seventh Edition. 
 Pocket size, full leather $2.50 
 
 BUSKETT, E. W. Fire Assaying: a Practical 
 
 Treatise on the Fire Assaying of Gold, Silver, 
 and Lead, including descriptions of the appli- 
 ances used. 12mo, cloth, illus., 105 pp., net, $1.25 
 
 CAIZV, W.. Prof. Brief Course in the Calculus. 
 
 With figures and diagrams. Svo, cloth, illus- 
 trated net, $ 1 . 75 
 
 Theory of Steel-concrete Arches and of 
 
 Vaulted Structures. New Edition, revised and 
 enlarged. 16mo, cloth, illustrated. (Van Nos- 
 trand Science Series) $0.50 
 
 CAMPIX, F. On the Construction of Iron Roofs. 
 
 A Theoretical and Practical Treatise, with 
 woodcuts and plates of roofs recently execu- 
 ted. Svo, cloth $2.00 
 
 CARPEXTER, Prof. R. C., and DIEDERICHS, 
 
 Prof. H. Internal Combustion Engines. With 
 figures and diagrams. Svo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $4.0O 
 
 CARTER, E. T. Motive Power and Gearing for 
 
 Electrical Machinery. A treatise on the Theory 
 and Practice of the Mechanical Equipment of 
 Power Stations for Electrical Supply and for 
 Electric Traction. Second Edition, revised in 
 part by G. Thomas-Davies. Svo, cloth, illus- 
 trated $5.0O 
 
 CATHCART, Wm. L., Prof. Machine Design. 
 
 Part I. Fastenings. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 
 net, $3.00 
 
 and CHAFFEE, J. S. Course of Graphic 
 
 Statics Applied to Mechanical Engineers. Svo, 
 cloth. Illus In Press. 
 
 CHAMBERS' MATHEMATICAL, TABLES, con- 
 sisting of Logarithms of Numbers 1 to 108,000, 
 Trigonometrical. Nautical and other Tables. 
 New Edition. Svo, cloth $1.75 
 
 CHARPEXTIER, P. Timber.. A Comprehensive 
 
 Study of Wood in all its Aspects. Commercial 
 and Botanical. Showing the Different Appli- 
 cations and Uses of Timber in Various Trades, 
 etc. Translated into English. Svo. cloth. 
 illus net. $6 . OO
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 11 
 
 CHILD, C. T. The How and Why of Electricity. 
 
 A Book of Information for non-technical read- 
 ers, treating of the Properties of Electricity, 
 and how it is generated, handled, controlled, 
 measured and set to work. Also explaining 
 the operation of Electrical Apparatus. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated $1.00 
 
 CHRISTIE, W. W. Boiler-waters, Scale, Corro- 
 sion, Foaming. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, net, $3.00 
 
 Chimney Design and Theory. A Book for 
 
 Engineers and Architects, with numerous half- 
 tone illustrations and plates of famous chim- 
 neys. Second Edition, revised. 8vo, cloth, $3.00 
 
 Furnace Draft: its Production by Mechanical 
 
 Methods. A Handy Reference Book, with fig- 
 ures and tables. 16mo, cloth, illustrated. (Van 
 Nostrand's Science Series) $050 
 
 CHURCH'S LABORATORY GUIDE: a Manual of 
 
 Practical Chemistry for Colleges and Schools, 
 specially arranged for Agricultural Students. 
 Eighth Edition, revised and party rewritten 
 by Edward Kinch, F.I.C. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 349 pp net, $2.50 
 
 CLAPPBRTON, G. Practical Paper-making. A 
 
 Manual for Paper-makers and Owners and 
 Managers of Paper Mills, to which is appended 
 useful tables, calculations, data, etc., with il- 
 lustrations reproduced from micro-photo- 
 graphs. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 226 pp net, $2.50 
 
 CLARK, D. K., C.E. A Manual of Rules, Tables 
 
 and Data for Mechanical Engineers. Based on 
 the most recent investigations. Illustrated 
 with numerous diagrams. 1012 pages. 8vo, 
 cloth. Sixth Edition $5.00 
 
 Fuel : its Combustion and Economy; consist- 
 ing: of abridgments of Treatise on the Com- 
 bustion of Coal. By C. W. Williams, and. the 
 Economy of Fuel, by T. S. Prideaux. With ex- 
 tensive additions in recent practice in the 
 Combustion and Economy of Fuel, Coal, Coke, 
 Wood, Peat, Petroleum, etc. Fourth Edition. 
 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 The Mechanical Engineer's Pocket-book of 
 
 Tables, Formulae, Rules and Data. A Handy 
 Book of Reference for Daily Use in Engineer- 
 ing Practice. 12mo, cloth. Sixtl Edition, 
 carefully resised throughout $2.0O
 
 12 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 Tramways; Their Construction and Working. 
 Embracing a comprehensive history of the 
 system, with accounts of the various modes of 
 traction, a description of the varieties of roll- 
 ing stock, and ample details of Cost and 
 Working Expenses. Second Edition, rewritten 
 and greatly enlarged, with upwards of 400 il- 
 lustrations. Thick 8vo, cloth $9.00 
 
 J, M. New System of Laying Out Railway 
 
 Turnouts instantly, by inspection from tables. 
 12mo, cloth $1.00 
 
 CLAUSEN-THUE, W. The ABC Universal 
 
 Commercial Electric Telegraphic Code; spe- 
 cially adapted for the use of Financiers, Mer- 
 chants, Ship-owners, Brokers, Agents, etc. 
 
 Fourth Edition. 8vo, cloth $5.00 
 
 Fifth Edition of same $7.00 
 
 The A 1 "Universal Commercial Electric Tele- 
 graphic Code. Over 1240 pages and nearly 
 90,0*00 variations. 8vo, cloth $7.50 
 
 CLEEMANN, T. M. The Railroad Engineer's 
 
 Practice. Being a Short but Complete De- 
 scription of the Duties of the Young Engineer 
 in Preliminary and Location Surveys and in 
 Construction. Fourth Edition, revised and 
 enlarged. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 CLEVENGER, S. R. A Treatise on the Method 
 
 of Government Surveying as prescribed by the 
 U. S. Congress and Commissioner of the Gen- 
 eral Land Office, with complete Mathematical, 
 Astronomical, and Practical Instructions for 
 the use of the United States Surveyors in the 
 field. 16mo, morocco $2.50 
 
 CLOUTH. F. Rubber, Gutta-Percha, and Balata. 
 
 First English Translation with Additions and 
 Emendations by the Author. With numerous 
 figures, tables, diagrams, and folding plates. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $5.00 
 
 COFFIN, J. H. C., Prof. Navigation and Nautical 
 
 Astronomy. Prepared for the use of the U. S. 
 Naval Academy. New Edition. Revised by 
 Commander Charles Belknap. 52 woodcut il- 
 lustrations. 12mo, cloth net, $3.50 
 
 COLE, R. S., M.A. A Treatise on Photographic 
 
 Optics. Being an account of the Principles of 
 Optics, so far as they apply to photography. 
 12mo, cloth, 103 illus. and folding plates, $2.50 
 
 COLLINS, J. E. The Private Book of Useful 
 
 Alloys and Memoranda for Goldsmiths, Jewel- 
 ers, etc. 18mo, cloth fO.50
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 13 
 
 T. B. The Steam Turbine; or the New En- 
 gine. 8vo, cloth, illustrated In Press. 
 
 COLVIN, FRED H. American Compound Loco- 
 
 motives. 8vo, cloth 91.50 
 
 Motions, Links. Valves and Valve Setting. 
 
 Pocket size $0.50 
 
 -Pocketbook, The Railroad. A quick refer- 
 ence Cyclopedia of Railroad information. $1.00 
 
 Tapers, Turning and Boring. Pamphlet. $0.25 
 
 and CHENEY, \V. L. Arithmetic, Machine 
 
 Shop. 4th ed. Pocket size $0.50 
 
 Arithmetic, Engineers. Pocket Book con- 
 taining the foundation principles involved in 
 making such calculations as come into the 
 practical work of the Stationary Engin- 
 eer $0.50 
 
 and STABEL. Threads and Thread Cutting. 
 
 Pamphlet $0.25 
 
 COOPER, W. R., M.A. Primary Batteries: Their 
 
 Construction and Use. With numerous figures 
 and diagrams. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, net, $4.00 
 
 "The Electrician" Primers; being a series of 
 
 helpful Primers on Electrical Subjects for the 
 use of Students, Pupils, Artisans, and General 
 Readers. Three volumes complete in one. 
 Thick 8vo, cloth, illustrated $5.00 
 
 COPPERTHWAITE, Win. C. Tunnel Shields, and 
 
 . the Use of Compressed Air in Subaqueous 
 Works. With numerous diagrams and figures. 
 4to, cloth, illustrated net, $9.00 
 
 CORNWALL, H. B., Prof. Manual of Blow-pipe 
 
 Analysis, Qualitative and Quantitative. With 
 a Complete System of Determinative Mineral- 
 ogy. 8vo, cloth, with many illustrations, $2.50 
 
 CO WELL, W r . B. Pure Air, Ozone and Water. A 
 
 Practical Treatise of their Utilization and 
 Value in Oil, Grease, Soap, Paint, Glue and 
 other Industries. With tables and figures. 
 12mo, cloth, illustrated net, $2.00 
 
 CRAIG, B. F. Weights and Measures. An Ac- 
 count of the Decimal System, with Tables of 
 Conversion for Commercial and Scientific Uses. 
 Square 32mo, limp cloth $0.50 
 
 CRANE, W. E. Engineering, American Station- 
 ary. 8vo, cloth $2.00
 
 14 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY^ 
 
 CROCKER, F. B., Prof. Electric Lighting. A 
 
 Practical Exposition of the Art. For use of 
 Engineers, Students, and others interested in 
 the Installation or Operation of Electrical 
 Plants. Vol. I. The Generating Plant. New 
 Edition, thoroughly revised and rewritten. 
 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated $3.00 
 
 Vol. H. Distributing Systems and Lamps. 
 Fifth Edition. 8vo, cloth, illustrated ..$3.00 
 
 and WHEELER, S. S. The Management 
 
 of Electrical Machinery. Being a thoroughly 
 revised and rewritten edition of the authors' 
 "Practical Management of Dynamos and Mo- 
 tors." 12mo, cloth, illustrated net, 91.00 
 
 CROSSKEY, L. R. Elementary Perspective: Ar- 
 ranged to meet the requirements of Architects 
 and Draughtsmen, and of Art Students pre- 
 paring for the elementary examination of the 
 Science and Art Department, South Kensing- 
 ton. With numerous full-page plates and dia- 
 grams. 8vo, cloth, illustrated $1.00 
 
 and THAW, J. Advanced Perspective, in- 
 volving the Drawing of Objects when placed 
 in Oblique Positions, Shadows and Reflections. 
 Arranged to meet the requirements of Archi- 
 tects, Draughtsmen, and Students preparing 
 for the Perspective Examination of the Educa- 
 tion Department. With numerous full-page 
 plates and diagrams. 8vo, cloth, illus. $1.50 
 
 DALBY, H. A. Rules and Dispatching, Train. 
 
 Leather. Pocket size $1.50 
 
 DAVIES, E. H. Machinery for Metalliferous 
 
 Mines. A Practical Treatise for Mining En- 
 gineers, Metallurgists and Managers of Mines. 
 With upwards of 400 illustrations. Second 
 Edition, rewritten and enlarged. 8vo, cloth. 
 net, $8.00 
 
 D. C. A Treatise on Metalliferous Minerals 
 
 and Mining. Sixth Edition, thoroughly revised 
 and much enlarged by his son. 8vo, cloth. 
 net, $5 . 00 
 
 DAY, C. The Indicator and Its Diagrams. With 
 
 Chapters on Engine and Boiler Testing; in- 
 cluding a Table of Piston Constants compiled 
 by W. H. Fowler. 12mo, cloth. 125 illustra- 
 tions $2 . 00 
 
 DEITE, Dr. C. Manual of Soapmaking, includ- 
 ing medicated soaps, stain-removing soaps, 
 metal polishing soaps, soap powders and de- 
 tergents. With a treatise on perfumes for
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 scented soaps, and their production and tests 
 for purity and strength. Edited from the text 
 of numerous experts. Translated from the 
 original by S. I. King, F.C.S. 4to, cloth, il- 
 lustrated net, $5 . 00 
 
 DE LA COUX, H. The Industrial Uses of Water. 
 
 With numerous tables, figures, and diagrams. 
 Translated from the French and revised by 
 Arthur Morris. 8vo, cloth net, $4.50 
 
 DENNY, G. A. Deep-level Mines of the Rand, 
 
 and their future development, considered from 
 the commercial point of view. With folding 
 plates, diagrams, and tables. 4to, cloth, il- 
 lustrated net, $10.00 
 
 DERR, W. Li. Block Signal Operation. A Prac- 
 tical Manual. Pocket Size. Oblong, cloth. 
 New Edition, rewritten and greatly enlarged. 
 $1.50 
 
 DIBDIN, W. J. Public Lighting by Gas and 
 
 Electricity. With tables, diagrams, engravings 
 and full-page plates. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 . net, $8.00 
 
 Purification of Sewage and Water. With 
 
 tables, engravings, and folding plates. Third 
 Edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo, cloth, il- 
 lus. and numerous folding plates $6.50 
 
 DIETERICH, K. Analysis of Resins, Balsams, 
 
 and Gum Resins: their Chemistry and Pharma- 
 cognosis. For the use of the Scientific and 
 Technical Research Chemist. With a Bibliog- 
 raphy. Translated from the German, by Chas. 
 
 Salter. 8vo, cloth net, $3.00 
 
 DINGER, H. C., Lieut., TJ.S.N. Handbook for the 
 Care and Operation of Naval Machinery. 12mo, 
 cloth, illustrated In Press. 
 
 DIXON, D. B. The Machinist's and Steam En- 
 gineer's Practical Calculator. A Compilation 
 of Useful Rules and Problems arithmetically 
 solved, together with General Information ap- 
 plicable to Shop-tools, Mill-gearing, Pulleys 
 and Shafts, Steam-boilers and Engines. Em- 
 bracing valuable Tables and Instructions in 
 Screw-cutting, Valve and Link Motion, etc. 
 Fourth Edition. 16mo, full morocco, pocket 
 form $1 . 25 
 
 DOBLE, \V. A. Power Plant Construction on the 
 
 Pacific Coast In Press. 
 
 DODD. Geo. Dictionary of Manufactures, Min- 
 ing, Machinery, and the Industrial Arts. 12mo, 
 cloth , , $1.50
 
 16 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 DORR, B. F. The Surveyor's Guide and Pocket 
 
 Table-book. Fifth Edition, thoroughly revised 
 and greatly extended. With a second appendix 
 up to date. 16mo, morocco flaps $2.00 
 
 DRAPER, C. H. An Elementary Text-book of 
 
 Light, Heat and Sound, with Numerous Ex- 
 amples. Fourth Edition. 12mo, cloth, illus- 
 trated $1 . 00 
 
 Heat and the Principles of Thermo-dynam- 
 
 ics. With many illustrations and numerical 
 examples. 12mo, cloth 91.50 
 
 DUCKWALL, E. W. Canning and Preserving of 
 
 Food Products with Bacteriological Technique. 
 A practical and scientific handbook for Manu- 
 facturers of Food Products, Bacteriologists, 
 Chemists, and Students of Food Problems. 
 Also for Processors and Managers of Food 
 Product Manufactories. With figures, tables, 
 and half-tones. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $ 5 . 00 
 
 DYSOX, S. S. Practical Testing of Raw Mater- 
 ials. A Concise Handbook for Manufacturers, 
 Merchants, and Users of Chemicals, Oils, Fuels, 
 Gas Residuals an'd By-Products, and Paper- 
 making Materials, with Chapters on Water 
 Analysis and the Testing of Trade Effluents. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrations, 177 pages, net, 95.00 
 
 ECCLES, R. G. (Dr.), and DUCKWALL, E. W. 
 
 Food Preservatives: their Advantages and 
 Proper Use; The Practical versus the Theo- 
 retical Side of the Pure Food Problem. 8vo, 
 
 paper $0.50 
 
 Cloth $1.00 
 
 EDDY. H. T.. Prof. Researches in Graphical 
 
 Statics. Embracing New Constructions in 
 Graphical Statics, a New General Method in 
 Graphical Statics, and the Theory of Internal 
 Stress in Graphical Statics. 8vo, cloth, $1.50 
 
 Maximum Stresses under Concentrated 
 
 Loads. Treated graphically. Illustrated. 8vo, 
 cloth $1.50 
 
 EISSLER, M. The Metallurgy of Gold. A Prac- 
 tical Treatise on the Metallurgical Treatment 
 of Gold-bearing Ores, including the Processes 
 of Concentration and Chlorination, and the As- 
 saying, Melting and Refining of Gold. Fifth 
 Edition, revised and greatly enlarged. Over 
 300 illustrations and numerous folding plates 
 Svo, cloth ,,, $7.59
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 17 
 
 The Hydro- Metallurgy of Copper. Being an 
 
 Account of processes adopted in the Hydro- 
 metallurgical Treatment of Cupriferous Ores, 
 including the Manufacture of Copper Vitriol. 
 With chapters on the sources of supply of 
 Copper and the Roasting of Copper Ores. With 
 numerous diagrams and figures. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated net, $4.50 
 
 The Metallurgy of Silver. A Practical 
 
 Treatise on the Amalgamation, Roasting and 
 Lixiviation of Silver Ores, including the As- 
 saying, Melting and Refining of Silver Bullion. 
 Illustrated. Second Edition, enlarged. 8vo, 
 cloth $4.00 
 
 The Metallurgy of Argentiferous Lead. A 
 
 Practical Treatise on the Smelting of Silver- 
 Lead Ores and the Refining of Lead Bullion. 
 Including Reports on Various Smelting Estab- 
 lishments and Descriptions of Modern Smelt- 
 ing Furnaces and Plants in Europe and Amer- 
 ica. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth $5.00 
 
 Cyanide Process for the Extraction of Gold 
 
 and its Practical Application on the Witwat- 
 ersrand Gold Fields in South Africa. Third 
 Edition, revised and enlarged. Illustrations 
 and folding plates. 8vo, cloth 93.00 
 
 A Handbook on Modern Explosives. Being a 
 
 Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Use 
 of Dynamite, Gun-cotton, Nitroglycerine, and 
 other Explosive Compounds, including the 
 manufacture of Collodion-cotton, with chap- 
 ters on Explosives in Practical Application. 
 Second Edition, enlarged with 150 illustrations. 
 12mo, cloth $5.00 
 
 ELIOT, C. W., and STORER, F. H. A Compen- 
 dious Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analy- 
 sis. Revised with the co-operation of the au- 
 thors, by Prof. William R. Nichols. Illustrated. 
 Twentieth Edition, newly revised by Prof. W. 
 B. Lindsay. 12mo, cloth net, $1.25 
 
 ELLIOT, G. H., Maj. European Light-house 
 
 Systems. Being a Report of a Tour of Inspec- 
 tion made in 1873. 51 engravings and 21 
 woodcuts. 8vo, cloth $5.00 
 
 ENGSTROM, D. A. Tables, Bevel Gear. A col- 
 lection of Tables to enable anyone to figure 
 bevel gears without. the use of Trigonometry. 
 Cloth f $1.00 
 
 ENNIS, WM. D. Mechanical Equipment of In- 
 dustrial Works. 8vo, eloth. Ulna; ;!n FrM.
 
 18 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY^ 
 
 Linseed Oil. 8vo, cloth. Illus. ... In Press. 
 
 ERFURT, J. Dyeing of Paper Palp. A Practical 
 
 Treatise for the use of paper-makers, paper- 
 stainers, students and others. With illustra- 
 tions and 157 patterns of paper dyed in the 
 pulp, with formulas for each. Translated into 
 English and edited, with additions, by Julius 
 Hubner, F.C.S. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, net, $7.50 
 
 ERSKINE-3IURRAY, JAMES, D.Se.; fellow of 
 
 the Royal Society of Edinburgh; Member of 
 the Institution of Electrical Engineers. A 
 Handbook of Wireless Telegraphy: Its Theory 
 and Practice. For the use of Elec. Engineers, 
 Students, and Operators. 8vo, cloth. Illus- 
 trated net, 93 . 50 
 
 EVERETT, J. D. Elementary Text-book of 
 
 Physics. Illustrated. Seventh Edition. 12mo, 
 cloth $1.50 
 
 EAVING, A. J., Prof. The Magnetic Induction in 
 
 Iron and other metals. Third Edition, revised. 
 159 illustrations. 8vo, cloth $4.00 
 
 FAIRIE, J., F.G.S. Notes on Lead Ores: Their 
 
 Distribution and Properties. 12mo, cloth, $1.00 
 
 Notes on Pottery Clays: The Distribution, 
 
 Properties, Uses and Analysis of Ball Clays, 
 China Clays and China Stone. With tables 
 and formulae. 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 FANNING, J. T. A Practical Treatise on Hy- 
 draulic and Water-supply Engineering. Re- 
 lating to the Hydrology, Hydro-dynamics and 
 Practical Construction of Water-works in 
 North America. 180 illus. 8vo, cloth. Six- 
 teenth Edition, revised, enlarged, and new 
 tables and illustrations added. 650 pp, $5.00 
 
 FAY, I. W., Prof. (Polytechnic Inst. Brooklyn). 
 
 The Coal-tar Colors: Their Origin and Chem- 
 istry. 8vo, cloth, illustrated In Press. 
 
 FERNBACH, R. L. Glue and Gelatine; a Prac- 
 tical Treatise on the Methods of Testing and 
 Use. 8vo, cloth net, $3 . 00 
 
 and GOSLATJ, JUSTUS. Laboratory Guide 
 
 to Commercial Analysis, Organic and Inor- 
 ganic In Press. 
 
 FISH, J. C. L. Lettering of Working Drawings. 
 Thirteen plates, with descriptive text. Oblong, 
 9x12%, boards $1.0O 
 
 FISHER, H. K. C., and DARBY, W. C. Students' 
 Guide to Submarine Gable Testing. Third
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBUCATIONS. 
 
 {new and enlarged) Edition. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated $3.50 
 
 W. C. The Potentiometer and its adjuncts. 
 
 8vo, cloth $2.25 
 
 FISKE, B. A., Lieut., U.S.N. Electricity in The- 
 ory and Practice; or, The Elements of Electri- 
 cal Engineering. Eighth Edition. 8vo, cloth. 
 $2.50 
 
 FLEISCHMANN, W. The Book of the Dairy. A 
 
 Manual of the Science and Practice of Dairy 
 Work. Translated from the German, by C. 
 M. Aikman and R. Patrick Wright. 8vo, cloth 
 $4.00 
 
 FLEMING, J. A., Prof. The Alternate-current 
 
 Transformer in Theory and Practice. Vol. I., 
 The Induction of Electric Currents; 611 pages. 
 New Edition, illustrated. 8vo, cloth, $5.00 
 Vol. II., The Utilization of Induced Currents. 
 Illustrated. 8vo, cloth $5.00 
 
 Centenauy of the Electrical Current, 1799- 
 
 1899. 8vo, paper, illustrated $0.50 
 
 Electric Lamps and Electric Lighting. Be- 
 ing a course of four lectures delivered at the 
 Royal Institution, April-May, 1894. 8vo, cloth, 
 fully illustrated $3.00 
 
 Electrical Laboratory Notes and Forms, Ele- 
 mentary and Advanced. 4to, cloth, illustrated. 
 $5.00 
 
 A Handbook for the Electrical Laboratory 
 
 and Testing Room. 2 volumes. 8vo, cloth. 
 
 - net, $5.00 
 
 FLETJRY, H. The Calculus Without Limits or 
 
 Inflinitesimals. Translated by C. O. Mailloux. 
 In Press. 
 
 FOLEY, N., and PRAY, Thus., Jr. The Mechani- 
 cal Engineers' Reference Book for Machine 
 and Boiler Construction, in two parts. Part 1 
 General Engineering Data. Part 2 Boiler 
 Construction. With 51 plates and numerous 
 illustrations, specially drawn for this work. 
 Folio, half morocco. New Edition ...In Press. 
 
 FORNEY, M. N. Catechism of the Locomotive. 
 
 Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 46th 
 thousand. 8vo, cloth $3.50 
 
 FOSTER, H. A. Electrical Engineers' Pocket- 
 book. With the Collaboration of Eminent 
 Specialists. A handbook of useful data for 
 Electricians and Electrical Engineers. With
 
 20 D. "VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY^ 
 
 innumerable tables, diagrams, and figures. 
 New, Revised and Enlarged Edition. Pocket 
 size, full leather, 1000 pp In Press. 
 
 J. G., Gen., U.S.A. Submarine Blasting in 
 
 Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. Removal of 
 Tower and Corwin Rocks. Illustrated w'ith 7 
 plates. 4to, cloth $3.50 
 
 FOX. Wm., and THOMAS, C. W., M.E. A Practi- 
 cal Course in Mechanical Drawing. Third Edi- 
 tion, revised. 12mo, cloth, with plates, 91.25 
 
 FRANCIS, J. B., C.E. Lowell Hydraulic Experi- 
 ments. Being a selection from experiments on 
 Hydraulic Motors on the Flow of Water over 
 Weirs, in Open Canals of uniform rectangular 
 section, and through submerged Orifices and 
 diverging Tubes. Made at Lowell, Mass. 
 Fourth Edition, revised and enlarged, with 
 many new experiments, and illustrated with 
 23 copper-plate engravings. 4to, cloth, 915.00 
 
 FRASER, R. H., and CLARK, C. H. Marine En- 
 gineering In Press. 
 
 FULLER, G. W. Report on the Investigations 
 
 into the Purification of the Ohio River at 
 Louisville, Kentucky, made to the President 
 and Directors of the Louisville Water Com- 
 pany. Published under agreement with the 
 Directors. 3 full-page plates. 4to, cloth. 
 net, 910 . 00 
 
 FURNELL, J. Students' Manual of Paints, Col- 
 ors, Oils and Varnishes. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated net, 91 . 00 
 
 GANT, L. W. Elements of Electric Traction, for 
 
 Motormen and Others. 8vo, cloth. Illustrated. 
 217 pp., London, 1907 net, 92.50 
 
 GARCKE, E., and FELLS, J. M. Factory Ac- 
 counts: their principles and practice. A hand- 
 book for accountants and manufacturers, with 
 appendices on the nomenclature of machine 
 details, the rating of factories, fire and boiler 
 insurance, the factory and workshop acts, 
 etc., including also a large number of specimen 
 rulings. Fifth Edition, revised and extended. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated 93.00 
 
 GEIKIE. J. Structural and Field Geology, for 
 
 Students of Pure and Applied Science. With 
 figures, diagrams, and half-tone plates. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, 94-OO
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 21 
 
 GERBER, N. Chemical and Physical Analysis 
 
 of Milk, Condensed Milk, and Infants' Milk- 
 Food. 8vo, cloth $1.25 
 
 GERHARD, \Vm. P. Sanitation, Water-supply 
 
 and Sewage Disposal of Country Houses. 
 12mo, cloth fl.25 
 
 GERHARDI, C. W. H. Electricity Meters; Their 
 
 Construction and Management. A Practical 
 Manual for Central Station Engineers, Distri- 
 bution Engineers, and Students. With tables 
 and 215 figures and diagrams. 8vp, cloth, il- 
 lus net, $4.00 
 
 GESCHWIND, L. Manufacture of Alum and Sul- 
 phates, and other Salts of Alumina and Iron; 
 their uses and applications as mordants in 
 dyeing and calico printing, and their other 
 applications in the Arts, Manufactures, Sani- 
 tary Engineering, Agriculture and Horticul- 
 ture. Translated from the French by Charles 
 Salter. With tables, figures and diagrams. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $5.00 
 
 GIBBS, W. E. Lighting; by Acetylene, Generat- 
 ors, Burners and Electric Furnaces. With 
 66 illustrations. Second Edition, revised. 12mo, 
 cloth $1.50 
 
 GIL.LMORE, a. A.| Gen. Treatise on Limes, Hy- 
 draulic Cements and Mortars. Papers on Prac- 
 tical Engineering, United States Engineer De- 
 partment, No. 9, containing Reports of numer- 
 ous Experiments conducted in New York City 
 during the years 1858 to 1861, inclusive. With 
 numerous illustrations. 8vo, cloth 94.00 
 
 Practical Treatise on the Construction of 
 
 Roads, Streets and Pavements. Tenth Edi- 
 tion. With 70 illustrations. 12mo, cloth, $2.00 
 
 Report on Strength of the Building Stones 
 
 in the United States, etc. 8vo, illustrated, 
 cloth $1.00 
 
 GOLDING, H. A. The Theta-Phi Diagram. Prac- 
 tically Applied to Steam, Gas, Oil and Air En- 
 fines. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 2mo, cloth, illustrated net. $1.25 
 
 GOODEVE, T. M. A Text-hook on the Steam- 
 engine. With a Supplement on Gas-engines. 
 Twelfth Edition, enlarged. 143 illustrations. 
 12mo, cloth $2.0O
 
 22 D. VAN NOSTRAND 
 
 GORE, G., F.R.S. The Art of Electrolytic Sep- 
 aration of Metals, etc. (Theoretical and Prac- 
 tical.) Illustrated. 8vo, cloth $3.50 
 
 GOUL.D, E. S. The Arithmetic of the Steam- 
 engine. 8vo, cloth $1.00 
 
 Practical Hydrostatics and Hydrostatic For- 
 mulas. With numerous figures and diagrams. 
 (Van Nostrand's Science Series.) 16mo, cloth, 
 illustrated, 114 pp $0.50 
 
 GRAY, J., B.Sc. Electrical Influence Machines: 
 
 Their Historical Development, and Modern 
 Forms, with instructions for making them. 
 With numerous figures and diagrams. Second 
 Edition, revised and enlarged. 12mo, cloth, 
 illus., 296 pp $2.00 
 
 GREEN WOOD, E. Classified Guide to Technical 
 
 and Commercial Books. Subject List of Prin- 
 cipal British and American Works in print. 
 8vo, cloth net, $3 . 00 
 
 GRIFFITHS, A. B., Ph.D. A Treatise on Man- 
 ures, or the Philosophy of Manuring. A Prac- 
 tical Handbook for the Agriculturist, Manu- 
 facturer, and Student. 12mo, cloth $3.00 
 
 Dental Metallurgy. A Manual for Students 
 
 and Dentists. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 208 pp. 
 net, $3.50 
 
 GROSS, E. Hops, in their Botanical, Agricultur- 
 al and Technical Aspect, and as an article of 
 Commerce. Translated from the German by 
 Charles Salter. With tables, diagrams, and 
 illustrations. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, net, $4.50 
 
 GROSSMAN, J. Ammonia, and Its Compounds. 
 
 With tables and figures. 12mo, cloth, illus- 
 trated net, $1.25 
 
 GROVER, F. Practical Treatise on Modern Gas 
 
 and Oil Engines. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $2.00 
 
 GRUNER, A, Power-loom Weaving and Yarn 
 
 Numbering, according to various systems, with 
 conversion tables. An auxiliary and text-book 
 for pupils of weaving schools, as well as for 
 self-instruction, and for general use by those 
 engaged in the weaving industry. Illustrated 
 with colored diagrams. 8vo, cloth, net, $3.00 
 
 GUELDNER, VON HUGO. The Design and Con- 
 struction of Internal Combustion Engines. 
 8vo, cloth In Press.
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 23 
 
 GUNTHER, G. O., Prof. Integration by Trigono- 
 metric and Imaginary Substitution. With an 
 Introduction by J. Burkitt Webb. 12mo, cloth, 
 illustrated In Press. 
 
 GURDEN, R. L. Traverse Tables: Computed to 
 
 Four places, Decimals for every single minute 
 of angle up to 100 of Distance. For the use 
 of Surveyors and Engineers. New Edition. 
 Folio, half morocco 97.50 
 
 GUY, A. E. Experiments on the Flexure of 
 
 Beams, resulting in the Discovery of New 
 Laws of Failure by Buckling. Reprinted from 
 the "American Machinist." With diagrams 
 and folding plates. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 122 
 pages net, $1 . 25 
 
 A. F. Electric lAfsht and Power: Giving the 
 
 Result of Practical Experience in Central- 
 station Work. 8vo, cloth, illustrated . . . .$2.50 
 HAEDER, H., C.E. A Handbook on the Steam- 
 engine. With especial reference to small and 
 medium-sized engines. For the use of Engine- 
 makers, Mechanical Draughtsmen, Engineer- 
 ing Students and Users of Steam Power. 
 Translated from the German, with considera- 
 ble additions and alterations, by H. H. P. 
 Powles. Third English Edition, revised. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated, 458 pages $3.00 
 
 HALL., C. H. Chemistry of Paints and Paint 
 
 Vehicles. 8vo, cloth net, $2.00 
 
 W. S., Prof. Elements of the Differential 
 
 and Integral Calculus. Sixth Edition, revised. 
 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $2.25 
 
 W. S. Descriptive Geometry, with Numerous 
 
 Problems and Practical Applications. Com- 
 prising an 8vo volume of 76 pages of text and 
 a 4to atlas of 31 plates. 2 vols., cloth, net, $3.50 
 
 HALSEY, F. A. Slide-valve Gears. An Expla- 
 nation of the Action and Construction of Plain 
 and Cut-off Slide Valves. Illustrated. Seventh 
 Edition. 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 The Use of the Slide Rule. With illustrations 
 
 and folding plates. Fourth Edition, revised 
 and enlarged. 16mo, boards. (Van Nostrand's 
 Science Series. No. 114) $0.50 
 
 he Locomotive Link Motion, with Diagrams 
 
 and Tables. 8vo, cloth, illustrated $1.00 
 
 Worm and Spiral Gearing. Revised and 
 
 Englarged Edition. " 16mo, cloth (Van Nos- 
 trand's Science Series, No. 116.) Illustrated. 
 $O . 50
 
 24 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 The Metric Fallacy, and "The Metric Failure 
 
 in the Textile Industry," by Samuel S. Dale. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated 91.00 
 
 HAMILTON, W. G. Useful Information for Rail- 
 way Men. Tenth Edition, revised and en- 
 larged. 562 pages, pocket form. Cloth ...$1.00 
 
 HAMMER, W. J. Radium, and Other Radio- 
 active Substances; Polonium, Actinium and 
 Thorium. With a consideration of Phosphor- 
 escent and Fluorescent Substances, the Prop- 
 erties and Applications of Selenium, and the 
 treatment of disease by the Ultra-Violet Light. 
 Second Edition. With engravings and pho- 
 tographic plates. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 72 
 PP $1.00 
 
 HANCOCK, H. Text -book of Mechanics and Hy- 
 drostatics, with over 500 diagrams. 8vo, cloth. 
 t net, $1.50 
 
 HARDY, E. Elementary Principles of Graphic 
 
 Statics. Containing 192 diagrams. 8vo, cloth. 
 illustrated net, $1.50 
 
 HARRISON, W. B. The Mechanics' Tool-book. 
 
 With Practical Rules and Suggestions for use 
 of Machinists, Iron-workers and others. With 
 44 engravings. 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 HART, J. W. External Plumbing Work. A 
 
 Treatise on Lead Work for Roofs. With num- 
 erous figures and diagrams. 8vo, cloth, il- 
 lustrated net, $3 . 00 
 
 Hints to Plumbers on Joint Wiping, Pipe 
 
 Bending, and Lead Burning. Containing 184 
 figures and diagrams. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $3 . OO 
 
 Principles of Hot-irater Supply. -With num- 
 erous illustrations. 8vo, cloth .....net, $3.00 
 
 Sanitary Plumbing: and Drainage. With 
 
 numerous diagrams and figures. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated net, $3 . 00 
 
 HASKINS, C. H. The Galvanometer and its 
 
 Uses. A Manual for Electricians and Students. 
 Fourth Edition. 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 HAUFF, W. A. American Multiplier: Multipli- 
 cations and Divisions of the largest numbers 
 rapidly performed. With index giving the re- 
 sults instantly of all numbers to 1000 x 1000 
 equals 1.000,000: also tables of circumferences 
 and area* of circles. Cloth, 6^x15^ ... ,05-00
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 HAUSBRA1VD, E. Drying by Means of Air ami 
 
 Steam. With explanations, formulas, and ta- 
 bles, for use in practice. Translated from the 
 German by A. C. Wright, M.A. 12mo, cloth, 
 illustrated net, $2.00 
 
 Evaporating*, Condensing and Cooling Appa- 
 ratus: Explanations, Formulae, and Tables for 
 Use in Practice. Translated from the Second 
 Revised German Edition by A. C. Wright, M.A. 
 With numerous figures, tables and diagrams. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 400 pages net, $5.00 
 
 HAUSNER, A. Manufacture of Preserved Foods 
 
 and Sweetmeats. A Handbook of all the Pro- 
 cesses for the Preservation of Flesh, Fruit, 
 and Vegetables, and for the Preparation of 
 Dried Fruit, Dried Vegetables, Marmalades, 
 Fruit-syrups, and Fermented Beverages, and 
 of all kinds of Candies, Candied Fruit, Sweet- 
 meats, Rocks, Drops, Dragees, Pralines, etc. 
 Translated from the Third Enlarged German. 
 Edition, by Arthur Morris and Herbert Rob- 
 son, B.Sc. 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, r~ 
 
 100,000 Words Supplement to the Premier 
 
 Code. All the words are selected from the of- 
 ficial vocabulary. Oblong quarto, cloth, $5.00 
 
 HAWKESWORTH, J. Graphical Handbook for 
 
 Reinforced Concrete Design. A series of plates, 
 showing graphically, by means of plotted 
 curves, the required design for slabs, beams, 
 and columns under various conditions of ex- 
 ternal loading, together with practical exam- 
 ples showing the method of using each plate. 
 4to, cloth net, $2 . 50 
 
 HAWKINS, C. C., and WALL-IS, F. The Dynamo: 
 
 Its Theory, Design, and Manufacture. 190 il- 
 lustrations. 12mo, cloth net, $3.00 
 
 HAY, A. Alternating Currents; Their Theory, 
 
 Generation, and Transformation. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated net, $2 . 50 
 
 Principles of Alternate-current Working. 
 
 12mo, cloth, illustrated $2.00 
 
 HEAP, D. P., Major, U.S.A. Electrical Appliances 
 
 of the Present Day. Report of the Paris Elec- 
 trical Exposition of 1881. 250 illustrations. 
 8vo, cloth $2.0O
 
 26 D. VAtf NOSTRAND COMPANY^ 
 
 HEAVISIDE, O. Electromagnetic Theory. 8vo, 
 
 cloth, two volumes ................ each, $5.00 
 
 HECK, R. C. H. Steam-Engine and Other Steam 
 
 Motors. A text-book for engineering- col- 
 leges and a treatise for engineers. Vol I. 
 
 . 
 
 Motors. A text-book for engineering- col- 
 leges and a treatise for engineers. Vol I. 
 The Thermodynamics and the Mechanics of the 
 
 Engine. With numerous figures, diagrams, 
 and tables. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, net, $3.5O 
 Vol. II. Form, Construction, and Working of 
 the Engine: The Steam Turbine. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated ......................... net, $5 . OO 
 
 - Abridged edition of above volumes (Elemen- 
 
 tary). 8vo, cloth ................. In Press. 
 
 HEDGES, K. Modern Lighting Conductors. Am 
 
 Illustrated Supplement to the Report of the 
 Lightning Research Committee of 1905, with 
 Notes as to Methods of Protection and Speci- 
 fications. With figures, half-tones, and fold- 
 ing tables. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, net, $3.00 
 
 HEERMANN, P. Dyers' Materials. An Introduc- 
 
 tion to the Examination, Valuation, and Ap- 
 plication of the most important substances 
 used in Dyeing, Printing, Bleaching and Fin- 
 ishing. Translated by Arthur C. Wright, M.A. 
 12mo, cloth, illustrated ............ net, $2.50 
 
 HENRICI, O. Skeleton Structures, Applied to 
 
 the Building of Steel and Iron Bridges. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated ....................... $1.50 
 
 HERMANN, F. Painting on Glass and Porcelain 
 
 and Enamel Painting. On the basis of Per- 
 sonal Practical Experience of the Condition 
 of the Art up to date. Translated by Charles 
 Salter. Second greatly enlarged edition. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated .................. net, $3 . 50 
 
 HERRMANN, G. The Graphical Statics of 
 
 Mechanism. A Guide for the Use of Machin- 
 ists. Architects and Engineers: and also a 
 Text-book for Technical Schools. Translated 
 and annotated by A. P. Smith, M.E. Fourth 
 Edition. 12mo, cloth, 7 folding plates, $2.00 
 
 HERZFELD, J., Dr. The Technical Testing of 
 
 Yarns and Textile Fabrics, with reference to 
 official specifications. Translated by Chas. 
 Salter. With 69 illustrations. 8vo, cloth. 
 .................................... net, $3.50 
 
 HILL, J. W. The Purification of Public Water 
 
 Suoplies. Illustrated with valuable tables, 
 diagrams, and cuts. 8vo, cloth ......... $3.60
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 27 
 
 Interpretation of Water Analysis. In Press. 
 
 HIROI, I. Statically-Indeterminate Stresses in 
 
 Frames Commonly Used for Bridges. With 
 figures, diagrams, and examples. 12mo, cloth, 
 illustrated net, $2.00 
 
 HIRSCHFIELD, PROP. C. F. (Cornell Univ.) 
 
 Engineering Thermodynamics. 8vo, cloth. 
 Illus In Press. 
 
 HOB ART, J. F. Brazing and Soldering;. Pamph- 
 let $0.25 
 
 HOBBS, W. H. P. The Arithmetic of Electrical 
 
 Measurements, with numerous examples, fully 
 worked. Revised by Richard Wormell, M.A. 
 Ninth Edition. 12mo, cloth $0.50 
 
 HOFF, J. N. Paint and Varnish Facts and For- 
 mulas. A hand-book for the maker, dealer, 
 and user of paints and varnishes. Containing 
 over 600 recipes. 8vo, cloth net, $3.00 
 
 Wm. B., Com., U.S.N. The Avoidance of Col- 
 lisions at Sea. 18mo, morocco $0.75 
 
 HOLLKY, A. Li. Railway Practice. American 
 
 and European Railway Practice in the Eco- 
 nomical Generation of Steam, including the 
 Materials and Construction of Coal-burning 
 Boilers, Combustion, the Variable Blast, Va- 
 porization, Circulation, Superheating, Supply- 
 ing and Heating Feed Water, etc., and the 
 Adaptation of Wood and Coke-burning En- 
 gines to Coal-burning; and in Permanent Way, 
 including Road-bed, Sleepers, Rails, Joint Fas- 
 tenings, Street Railways, etc. With 77 litho- 
 graphed plates. Folio, cloth $12.00 
 
 HOLMES, A. B. The Electric Light Popularly 
 
 Explained. Fifth Edition. Illustrated. 12mo, 
 paper $0 . 40 
 
 HOPKINS, N. M. Experimental Electrochemis- 
 try: Theoretically and Practically Treated. 
 With 132 figures and diagrams. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated net, $3.00 
 
 -Model Engines and Small Boats. New Meth- 
 ods of Engine and Boiler Making, with a chap- 
 ter on Elementary Ship Design and Construc- 
 tion, 12mo, cloth $1.25
 
 28 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 HORNER, J. Engineers' Turning, in Principle 
 
 and Practice. A Handbook for Working En- 
 gineers, Technical Students, and Amateurs. 
 With 488 figures and diagrams. Svo, cloth, 
 illustrated net, $3.50 
 
 HOUSTON, E. J., and KENNELLY, A. E. Alge- 
 bra Made Easy. Being a clear explanation of 
 the Mathematical Formulae found in Prof. 
 Thompson's "Dynamo-electric Machinery and 
 Polyphase Electric Currents." With figures 
 and examples. Svo, cloth, illustrated ...$0.75 
 
 The Interpretation of Mathematical Formu- 
 lae. With figures and examples. Svo, cloth, 
 
 illustrated $1.25 
 
 HOWARD, C. R. Earthwork Mensuration on the 
 
 Basis of the Prismoidal Formulae. Containing 
 Simple and Labor-saving Methods of obtaining 
 Prismoidal Contents directly from End Areas. 
 Illustrated by Examples and accompanied by 
 Plain Rules for Practical Use. Illustrated. 
 Svo, cloth $1.50 
 
 HOWORTH, J. Art of Repairing and Riveting 
 
 Glass, China and Earthenware. Second Edi- 
 . tion. Svo, pamphlet, illustrated ...net, $0.50 
 
 HUBBARD, E. The Utilization of Wood-waste. 
 
 A Complete Account of the Most Advantageous 
 Methods of Working Up Wood Refuse, espe- 
 cially Sawdust, Exhausted Dye Woods and Tan 
 as Fuel, as a Source of Chemical Products for 
 Artificial Wood Compositions, Explosives, 
 Manures, and many other Technical Purposes. 
 Translated from the German of the second 
 revised and enlarged edition. Svo, cloth, il- 
 lustrated, 192 pages net, $2 . 50 
 
 HUMBER, W., C.E. A Handy Book for the Cal- 
 culation of Strains in Girders, and Similar 
 Structures, and their Strength; consisting of 
 Formulae and Corresponding Diagrams, with 
 numerous details for practical application, etc. 
 Fourth Edition. 12mo, cloth $2.50 
 
 HUMPHREYS, A. C. < Stevens Institute). Lec- 
 ture Notes on some of the Business Features 
 of Engineering Practice. Svo, cloth, with sup- 
 plement net, $1 . 25 
 
 HURST, G. H., F.C.S. Color. A Handbook of 
 
 the Theory of Color. A practical work for the 
 Artist, Art Student, Painter, Dyer and Calico 
 Printer, and Others. Illustrated with 10 col- 
 ored plates and 72 illustrations. Svo, cloth. 
 net, $2.50
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 29 
 
 Dictionary of Chemicals and Raw Products 
 
 Used in the Manufacture of Paints, Colors, 
 Varnishes and Allied Preparations. 8vo, cloth. 
 net, $3.00 
 
 Lubricating Oils, Fats and Greases: Their 
 
 Origin, Preparation, Properties, Uses and 
 Analysis. 313 pages, with 65 illustrations. 
 8vo, cloth net, $3.00 
 
 Soaps. A Practical Manual of the Manufac- 
 ture of Domestic, Toilet and other Soaps. Il- 
 lustrated with 66 engravings. 8vo, cloth. 
 . .. net, $5.00 
 
 Textile Soaps and Oils: A Handbook on the 
 
 Preparation, Properties, and Analysis of the 
 Soaps and Oils Used in Textile Manufacturing, 
 Dyeing and Printing. With tables and illus- 
 trations. 8 vo, cloth net, $2 . 50 
 
 HUTCHINSON, R. W., Jr. Long Distance Elec- 
 tric Power Transmission: being a Treatise on 
 the Hydro-electric Generation of Energy; its 
 Transformation, Transmission, and Distribu- 
 tion. 12mo, cloth, illus., 345 pp net, $3.00 
 
 and IHL.SENG, M. C. Electricity in Mining; 
 
 being a Theoretical and Practical Treatise on 
 the Construction, Operation, and Maintenance 
 of Electrical Mining Machinery. 12mo, cloth, 
 illustrated In Press. 
 
 W. B. Patents and How to Make Money out 
 
 of Them. 12mo, cloth $1.25 
 
 MUTTON, W. S. Steam-boiler Construction. A 
 
 Practical Handbook for Engineers, Boiler- 
 makers and Steam-users. Containing a large 
 collection of rules and data relating to recent 
 practice in the design, construction and work- 
 ing of all kinds of stationary, locomotive and 
 marine steam-boilers. With upwards of 540 
 illustrations. Fourth Edition, carefully re- 
 vised and much enlarged. 8vo, cloth ....$6.00 
 
 Practical Engineer's Handbook, comprising 
 
 a Treatise on Modern Engines and Boilers, 
 Marine, Locomotive and Stationary. Fourth 
 Edition, carefully revised, with additions. With 
 upwards of 570 illustrations. 8vo, cloth, $7.00 
 
 The Works' Manager's Handbook of Modern 
 
 Rules, Tables and Data for Civil and Mechani- 
 cal Engineers, Mill-wrights and Boiler-mak- 
 ers, etc., etc. With upwards of 150 illustra- 
 tions. Fifth Edition, carefully revised, with 
 additions. 8vo t cloth $6.00
 
 30 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 INGLE, H. Manual of Agricultural Chemistry. 
 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 388 pages net, $3.00 
 
 IXVES, C. H. Problems in Machine Design. For 
 
 the use of Students, Draughtsmen and others. 
 Second Edition, 12mo, cloth net, $2.00 
 
 Air Compressors and Blowing Engines. Spe- 
 cially adapted for engineers. With 285 fig- 
 ures, diagrams, etc. 12mo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $2 . 00 
 
 Centrifugal Pumps, Turbines and Water 
 
 Motors. Including the Theory and Practice 
 of Hydraulics. Fourth and enlarged edition. 
 12mo, cloth net, $2 . 00 
 
 ISHERWOOD, B. F. Engineering Precedents for 
 
 Steam Machinery. Arranged in the most prac- 
 tical and useful manner for Engineers. With 
 illustrations. Two volumes in one. 8vo, 
 cloth $2.50 
 
 JAMIESON, A., C.E. A Text-book on Steam and 
 
 Steam-engines, including Turbines and Boil- 
 ers. Specially arranged for the use of En- 
 flneers qualifying for the Institution of Civil 
 ngineers, the Diplomas and Degrees of 
 Technical Colleges and Universities, Advanced 
 Science Certificates of British and Colonial 
 Boards of Education, and Honors Certificates 
 of the City and Guilds of London Institute, in 
 Mechanical Engineering, and Engineers gen- 
 erally. Fifteenth Edition, revised. Illustrated. 
 8vo, cloth $3 . 00 
 
 Elementary Manual on Steam and the 
 
 Steam-engine. Specially arranged for the use 
 of First-year Science and Art, City and Guilds 
 of London Institute, and other Elementary 
 Engineering Students. Tenth Edition, revised. 
 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 JANNETTAZ, E. A Guide to the Determination 
 
 of Rocks: being an Introduction to Lithology. 
 Translated from the French by G. W. Plymp- 
 ton, Professor of Physical Science at Brook- 
 lyn Polytechnic Institute. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 
 
 JEHL, F., Mem. A.I.E.E. The Manufacture of 
 
 Carbons for Electric Lighting and Other Pur- 
 poses. A Practical Handbook, giving a com- 
 glete description of the art of making car- 
 ons, electros, etc. The various gas genera- 
 tors and furnaces used in carbonizing, with 
 a plan for a model factory. Illustrated with 
 numerous diagrams, tables, and folding plates. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated . , , .net, $4,00
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 31 
 
 .JKVXISO.X, F. II. The Manufacture of Lake 
 
 Pigments from Artificial Colors. A useful 
 handbook for color manufacturers, dyers, col- 
 or chemists, paint manufacturers, drysalters, 
 wallpaper-makers, enamel and surface-paper 
 makers. With 15 plates illustrating the vari- 
 ous methods and errors that arise in the dif- 
 ferent processes of production. 8vo, cloth. 
 net, $3.00 
 
 JEPSON, G. Cams, and the Principles of their 
 
 Construction. With figures, half-tones, full- 
 page and folding plates. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated net, $1.50 
 
 JOCKIN, Win. Arithmetic of the Gold and Sil- 
 versmith. Prepared for the use of Jewelers, 
 Founders, Merchants, etc., especially for those 
 engaged in the conversion and alloying of 
 gold or other metals, the mixing of various 
 substances, etc. With numerous examples. 
 12mo, cloth, 56 pp $1.00 
 
 JOHNSON, W. McA. "The Metallurgy of Nick- 
 el." In Press. 
 
 JOHNSTON, J. F. W., Prof, and CAMERON. Sir 
 
 Chas. Elements of Agricultural Chemistry 
 and Geology. Seventeenth Edition. 12mo, 
 cloth $2.60 
 
 JONES, H. C. Outlines of Electrochemistry. 
 
 With tables and diagrams. 4to, cloth, illus- 
 trated $1.50 
 
 Electrical Nature of Matter and Radioac- 
 tivity. 12mo, cloth $2.00 
 
 M. W. The Testing and Valuation of Raw 
 
 Materials used in Paint and Color Manufac- 
 ture. 12mo, cloth net, $2.00 
 
 JORGENSEN, CHAS. JULIUS. The Mastery of 
 
 Color. A simple and perfect color system, 
 based upon the spectral colors, for educational 
 purposes and practical use in the Arts and 
 Crafts. Text and Plates in two volumes, with 
 slide mat for finding neutral gray in com- 
 binations. (Plates of permanent, delicate tex- 
 ture, heavily mounted and protected.) Small 
 4to. Half morocco. 
 
 JOYNSON, F. H. The Metals Used in Construc- 
 tion. Iron, Steel, Bessemer Metal, etc. Illus- 
 trated. 12.mo, cloth $0.75 
 
 Designing and Construction of Machine 
 
 Gearing. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth $2.00
 
 32 
 
 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY^ 
 
 JUPTNER, H. F. V. Siderology: The Science of 
 
 Iron. (The Constitution of Iron Alloys and 
 Iron.) Translated from the German. 8vo, 
 cloth, 345 pages, illustrated net, $5.00 
 
 KANSAS CITY BRIDGE, THE. With an Ac- 
 count of the Regimen of the Missouri River 
 and a Description of the Methods used for 
 Founding in that River, by O. Chanute, Chief 
 Engineer, and George Morison, Assistant En- 
 gineer. Illustrated with 5 lithographic views 
 and 12 plates of plans. 4to, cloth 90.00 
 
 KAPP, G., C.E. Electric Transmission of En- 
 ergy and its Transformation, Subdivision and 
 Distribution. A practical handbook. Fourth 
 Edition, revised. 12mo, cloth $3.50 
 
 Dynamos, .Motors, Alternators and Rotary 
 
 Converters. Translated from the third Ger- 
 man edition, by Harold H. Simmons, A.M.I. E.E. 
 With numerous diagrams and figures. 8vo, 
 cloth, 507 pages $4.00 
 
 KEIM, A. W. Prevention of Dampness in Build- 
 ings. With Remarks on the Causes, Nature 
 and Effects of Saline Efflorescences and Dry 
 Rot. For Architects, Builders, Overseers, 
 Plasterers, Painters and House Owners. Trans- 
 lated from the second revised German edition. 
 With colored plates and diagrams. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated, 115 pages net, $2.00 
 
 KELLER. S. S., Prof. Mathematics for Engin- 
 eering Students. Part I., Algebra and Trigo- 
 nometry. (Carnegie Schools Textbook Series.) 
 12mo, half leather, illus., 250 pp. ...net, $1.50 
 
 KELSEY, W. R. Continuous-current Dynamos 
 
 and Motors, and their Control: being a series 
 of articles reprinted from The Practical En- 
 gineer, and completed by W. R. Kelsey. With 
 many figures and diagrams. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated $2 . 50 
 
 KEMP, J. F.. A.B.. E.M. (Columbia TJniv.). A 
 
 Handbook of Rocks. For the use without the 
 microscope. With a glossary of the names of 
 rocks and of other lithological terms. Third 
 Edition, revised. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50 
 
 KEMPE, H. R. The Electrical Engineer's Pock- 
 et-book of Modern Rules, Formulae, Tables 
 and Data. Illustrated. 32mo, morocco, gilt. 
 $1 . 75 
 
 KENNEDY, R. Modern Engines and Power Gen- 
 erators. A Practical Work on Prime Movers 
 and the Transmission of Power: Steam, Elec-
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 33 
 
 trie, Water, and Hot-air. With tables, fig- 
 ures, and full-page engravings. 6 vols. 8vo, 
 
 cloth, illustrated $15.00 
 
 Single volumes, each 93.00 
 
 Electrical Installations of Electric Light, 
 
 Power, Traction, and Industrial Electrical 
 Machinery. With numerous diagrams and 
 engravings 
 
 Vol. I. The Electrical Circuit, Measure- 
 ment, Elements of Motors, Dynamos, Electro- 
 lysis. 8vo, cloth, illus $3.50 
 
 Vol. II. Instruments, Transformers, In- 
 stallation Wiring, Switches and Switchboards. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated $3.50 
 
 Vol. III. Production of Electrical Energy 
 
 Prime Movers, Generators and Motors. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated $3.50 
 
 Vol. IV. Mechanical Gearing; Complete 
 
 Electric Installations; Electrolytic, Mining and 
 Heating Apparatus; Electric Traction; Special 
 Applications of Electric Motors. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated $3.50 
 
 Vol. V. Apparatus and Machinery used in 
 
 Telegraphs, Telephones, Signals, Wireless Tel- 
 egraph, X-Rays, and Medical Science. 8vo, 
 
 cloth, illustrated $3.50 
 
 Complete sets of the five volumes $15.00 
 
 KENNELLY, A. E. Theoretical Elements of 
 
 Electro-dynamic Machinery. 8vo, cloth, $1.50 
 
 KERSHAW, J. B. C. Fuel, Water, and Gas An- 
 alysis, for Steam Users. 8vo, cloth, net, $2.50 
 
 KINGDON, J. A. Applied Magnetism. An Intro- 
 duction to the Design of Electromagnetic Ap- 
 paratus. 8vo, cloth '..$3.00 
 
 KINZBRTJNNER, C. Alternate Current Wind- 
 ings; Their Theory and Construction. A Hand- 
 book for Students, Designs, and all Practical 
 Men. 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $1.50 
 
 Continuous Current Armatures; Their Wind- 
 ing and Construction. A Handbook for Stu- 
 dents, Designers, and all Practical Men. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, $1 .50 
 
 KIRKALDY, W. G. Illustrations of David Kirk- 
 
 aldy's System of Mechanical Testing, as Origi- 
 nated and Carried on by him during a Quarter 
 of a Century. Comprising a Large Selection 
 of Tabulated Results, showing the Strength
 
 34 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 and other Properties of Materials used in Con- 
 struction, with Explanatory Text and His- 
 torical Sketch. Numerous engravings and 25 
 lithographed plates. 4to, cloth ........ $10.00 
 
 KIRKBRIDE, J. Engraving for Illustration: 
 
 Historical and Practical Notes, with illustra- 
 tions and 2 plates by ink photo process. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated ................... net, $1.50 
 
 KIRKWOOD, J. P. Report on the Filtration of 
 
 River Waters for the Supply of Cities, as 
 practiced in Europe, made to the Board of 
 Water Commissioners of the City of St. Louis. 
 Illustrated by 30 double-page engravings. 4to, 
 Cloth .................................. $7.50 
 
 KLEIN, J. F. Design of a High-speed Steam- 
 
 engine. With notes, diagrams, formulas and 
 tables. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 
 rge 
 $5.0 
 
 . , . 
 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated .............. net, $5.00 
 
 KL.EIXHANS, F. B. Boiler Construction. A 
 
 Practical explanation of the best modern 
 methods of Boiler Construction, from the lay- 
 ing out of sheets to the completed Boiler. 
 With diagrams and full-page engravings. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated ...................... $3.00 
 
 KNIGHT, A. M., Lieut. -Com., U.S.X. Modern 
 
 Seamanship. Illustrated with 136 full-page 
 plates and diagrams. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 Second Edition, revised ............ net, $6.00 
 
 Half morocco .......................... $7.50 
 
 KNOTT, C. G., and MACKAY, J. S. Practical 
 
 Mathematics. With numerous examples, fig- 
 ures and diagrams. New Edition. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated ............................. $2.00 
 
 KOESTER, F. Steam-Electric Power Plants and 
 
 their Construction .................. In Press. 
 
 HOLLER. T. The Utilization of Waste Products. 
 
 A Treatise on the Rational Utilization, Re- 
 covery and Treatment of Waste Products of 
 all kinds. Translated from the German, sec- 
 ond revised edition. With numerous diagrams. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated .............. net, $3.50 
 
 Cosmetics. A Handbook of the Manufacture, 
 
 Employment and Testing of all Cosmetic Ma- 
 terials and Cosmetic Specialties. Translated 
 from the German by Chas. Salter. 8vo, cloth. 
 .................................... net, $2.50 
 
 KRAUCH, C., Dr. Testing of Chemical Ragents 
 
 for Purity. Authorized translation of the 
 Third Edition, by J. A. Williamson and L. W.
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 35 
 
 Dupre. With additions and emendations by 
 the author. 8vo, cloth net, $4-50 
 
 LAMBERT, T. Lead, and Its Compounds. With 
 
 tables, diagrams and folding-plates. 8vo, 
 cloth net, $3.50 
 
 LAMBORN, L. L. Cottonseed Products. A Man- 
 ual of the Treatment of Cottonseed for its 
 Products and Their Utilization in the Arts. 
 With Tables, figures, full-page plates, and a 
 large folding map. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net,$3.00 
 
 Modern Soaps, Candles, and Glycerin. A 
 
 practical manual of modern methods of utili- 
 zation of Fats and Oils in the manufacture 
 of Soaps and Candles, and the recovery of 
 Glycerin. 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $7.50 
 
 LAMPRECHT, R. Recovery Work After Pit 
 
 Fires. A description of the principal methods 
 pursued, especially in fiery mines, and of the 
 various appliances employed, such as respira- 
 tory and rescue apparatus, dams, etc. With 
 folding plates and diagrams. Translated from 
 the German by Charles Salter. Svo, cloth, il- 
 lustrated net, $4.00 
 
 LARRABEE, C. S. Cipher and Secret Letter 
 
 and Telegraphic Code, with Hog's Improve- 
 ments. The most perfect Secret Code ever in- 
 vented or discovered. Impossible' to read with- 
 out the key. 18mo, cloth $0.60 
 
 LASSAR-COHN, Dr. An Introduction to Modern 
 
 Scientific Chemistry, in the form of popular 
 lectures suited to University Extension Stu- 
 dents and general readers. Translated from 
 the author's corrected proofs for the second 
 German edition, by M. M. Pattison Muir, M. A. 
 12mo, cloth, illustrated $2.00 
 
 LATTA, M. N. Handbook of American Gas- 
 Engineering Practice. With diagrams and 
 tables. Svo, cloth, illus., 460 pp net, $4.50 
 
 LEASK, A. R. Breakdows at Sea and How to 
 
 Repair Them. With 89 illustrations. Second 
 Edition. Svo, cloth $2.00
 
 36 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 Triple and Quadruple Expansion Engine.-* 
 
 and Boilers and their Management. "With 59 
 illustrations. Third Edition, revised. 12mo, 
 Cloth $2.00 
 
 Refrigerating Machinery: Its Principles and 
 
 Management. With 64 illustrations. 12mo, 
 cloth $ 2 . 00 
 
 LECKY, S. T. S. "Wrinkles" in Practical Navi- 
 gation. With 130 illustrations. 8vo, cloth. 
 Fourteenth Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 net, $9 . 00 
 
 LEFEVRE, L. Architectural Pottery: Bricks, 
 
 Tiles, Pipes, Enameled Terra-Cottas, Ordinary 
 and Incrusted Quarries, Stoneware Mosaics, 
 Faiences and Architectural Stoneware. With 
 tables, plates and 950 cuts and illustrations. 
 With a preface by M. J.-C. Formige. Trans- 
 . lated from the French, by H. K. Bird, M.A., 
 and W. Moore Binns. 4to, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, 97 . 50 
 
 LEHNER, S. Ink Manufacture: including Writ- 
 ing, Copying, Lithographic, Marking, Stamp- 
 ing and Laundry Inks. Translated from the 
 fifth German edition, by Arthur Morris and 
 Herbert Robson, B.Sc. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $2 . 50 
 
 LEMSTROM, Dr. Electricity in Agriculture and 
 
 Horticulture. Illustrated net, $1.50 
 
 LEVY, C. L,. Electric-light Primer. A simple 
 
 and comprehensive digest of all the most im- 
 portant facts connected with the running of 
 the dynamo, and electric lights, with precau- 
 tions for safety. For the use of persons whose 
 duty it is to look after the plant. 8vo, paper. 
 $0 . 50 
 
 LIVERMORE, V. P., and WILLIAMS, J. H<m to 
 
 Become a Competent Motorman. Being a 
 Practical Treatise on the Proper Method of 
 Operating a Street Railway Motor Car; also 
 giving details how to overcome certain de- 
 fects. Revised Edition entirely rewritten and 
 enlarged. 16mo, cloth, illustrated $1.00 
 
 LOBBEX, P., M.E. Machinists' and Draftsmen's 
 
 Handbook, containing Tables, Rules, and For- 
 mulas, with numerous examples, explaining 
 the principles of mathematics and mechanics, 
 as applied to the mechanical trades. Intended 
 as a reference book for all interested in Me- 
 chanical work. Illustrated with many cuts 
 and diagrams. 8vo, cloth $2.50
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 i:, A. G. and C. G. A Practical Treati.se on 
 
 the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid. With 77 
 constructive plates, drawn to scale measure- 
 ments, and other illustrations. Royal 8vo, 
 cloth $10 . 00 
 
 LOCKWOOD, T. D. Electricity, Magnetism, and 
 
 Electro-telegraphy. A Practical Guide for 
 Students, Operators, and Inspectors. 8vo, 
 oloth. Third Edition $2.50 
 
 Electrical Measurement and the Galvano- 
 meter: its Construction and Uses. Second Edi- 
 tion. 32 illustrations. 12mo, cloth ....$1.50 
 
 LODGE, O. J. Elementary Mechanics, including 
 
 Hydrostatics and Pneumatics. Revised Edi- 
 tion. 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 Signalling Across Space, Without Wires: 
 
 being 1 a description of the work of Hertz and 
 his successors. With numerous diagrams and 
 half-tone cuts, and additional remarks con- 
 cerning the application to Telegraphy and 
 later developments. Third Edition. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated net, $2 .00 
 
 LORD, R. T. Decorative and Fancy Fabrics.. A 
 
 Valuable Book with designs and illustrations 
 for manufacturers and designers of Carpets, 
 Damask, Dress and all Textile Fabrics. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, $3.50 
 
 LORING, A. E. A. Handbook of the Electro- 
 magnetic Telegraph. 16mo, cloth, boards. 
 New and enlarged edition $0.50 
 
 LUCE, S. B. (Com., TJ.S.N.) Text -book of Sea- 
 manship. The Equipping and Handling of 
 Vessels under Sail or Steam. For the use of 
 the U. S. Naval Academy. Revised and en- 
 larged edition, by Lieut. Wm. S. Benson. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated $10.00 
 
 LUCRE, C. E. Gas Engine Design. With fig- 
 ures and diagrams. Second Edition, revised. 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $3.00 
 
 Power Plants: their Design, Efficiency, and 
 
 Power Costs. 2 vols In Press. 
 
 Power Plant Papers.. Form I. The Steam 
 
 Power Plant. Pamphlet (8x13) net, $1.50 
 
 LUNGE, G., Ph.D. Coal-tar and Ammonia: being 
 
 the third and enlarged edition of "A Treatise 
 on the Distillation of Coal-tar and Ammoni- 
 acal Liquor," with numerous tables, figures 
 and diagrams. Thick 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $15.00
 
 38 D. VAN XOSTRAXD COMPANY'S 
 
 A Theoretical and Practical Treatise on the 
 
 Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid and Alkali 
 with the Collateral Branches. 
 
 Vol. I. Sulphuric Acid. In two parts, not 
 
 sold separately. Second Edition, revised and 
 enlarged. 342 illus. Svo, cloth . .$15.00 
 
 Vol. II. Salt Cake, Hydrochloric Acid and 
 
 Leblanc Soda. Second Edition, revised and 
 enlarged. 8vo, cloth $15 . OO 
 
 Vol. III. Ammonia Soda, and various other 
 
 processes of Alkali-making, and the prepara- 
 tion of Alkalis, Chlorine and Chlorates, by 
 Electrolysis. Svo, cloth. New Edition, 1S96. 
 $15 . OO 
 
 and HIRTER, F. The Alkali Maker's Hand- 
 book. Tables and Analytical Methods for 
 Manufacturers of Sulphuric Acid, Nitric Acid, 
 Soda, Potash and Ammonia. Second Edition. 
 12me, cloth $3.OO 
 
 LUPTOX, A., PARR. G. D. A., and PERKIX, H. 
 
 Electricity as Applied to Mining. With tables, 
 diagrams and folding plates. Second Edition, 
 revised and enlarged. Svo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $4 . 50 
 
 LUQUER, L,. M., Ph.D. (Columbia Univ.). Min- 
 erals in Rock Sections. The Practical Method 
 of Identifying Minerals in Rock Sections with 
 the Microscope. Especially arranged for Stu- 
 dents in Technical and Scientific Schools. Re- 
 vised Edition. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, net, $1.50 
 
 MACKIE, John. How to Make a Woolen Mill 
 
 Pay. 8vo, cloth net, $2 . 00 
 
 MAC IvROW, C. The Xaval Architect's and Ship- 
 builder's Pocket-book of Formulae, Rules, and 
 Tables; and Engineers' and Surveyors' Handy 
 Book of Reference. Ninth Edition. 16mo, 
 limp leather, illustrated $5.0O 
 
 MAGUIRE, E., Capt.. U.S.A. The Attack and 
 
 Defense of Coast Fortifications. With maps 
 and numerous illustrations. Svo, cloth, $2.50 
 
 \Vm. R. Domestic Sanitary Drainage and 
 
 Plumbing Lectures on Practical Sanitation. 
 332 illustrations. Svo $4.00 
 
 IvS, E. C. R. Notes on the Construction of 
 
 'Vanes and Lifting Machinery. With numer- 
 
 is diagrams and figures. New and enlarged 
 
 >ion. 12mo, cloth net, $1.50
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 39 
 
 - Notes on the Construction and Working of 
 
 Pumps. With figures, diagrams and engrav- 
 ings. 12mo, cloth, illustrated ...... net, $1.50 
 
 G. C. Hydraulic Power Engineering. A 
 
 Practical Manual on the Concentration and 
 Transmission of Power by Hydraulic Machin- 
 ery. With over 200 diagrams and tables. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated ...................... $3.50 
 
 MARKHAM, E. R. Steel Worker, The American. 
 A twenty-five years experience in the selection, 
 annealing, working, hardening and tempering 
 of various kinds and grades of steel. 8vo, 
 cloth. Illus. Second Edition . . . . : ...... $2.50 
 
 MARSH, C. F., and DUNN, W. Reinforced Con- 
 
 crete With full-page and fording plates, and 
 512 figures and diagrams. Third Edition, re- 
 vised and enlarged. 4to, cloth, illus., net, $7.00 
 
 MAURICE, WM. Electric Blasting Apparatus 
 
 and Explosives: with Special Reference to 
 Colliery Practice. 8vo, cloth. 
 
 MAVER, W. American Telegraphy: Systems, 
 Apparatus, Operation. 450 illustrations. 8vo, 
 cloth . ................................. $5.00 
 
 MAYER, A. M., Prof. Lecture Notes on Physics. 
 
 8vo, cloth ............................ t$2.00 
 
 McCULL,OUGH, R. S., Prof. Elementary Treatise 
 
 on the Mechanical Theory of Heat, and its ap- 
 plication to Air and Steam-engines. 8vo, cloth. 
 ....................................... $3.5O 
 
 E. Engineering Work in Towns and Small 
 
 Cities. W T ith valuable tables, diagrams, and 
 formulae. 12mo, cloth, illustrated ..... $3.0O 
 
 McINTOSH, J. G. Technology of Sugar. A Prac- 
 
 tical Treatise on the Manufacture of Sugar 
 from the Sugar-cane and Sugar-beet. With 
 diagrams and tables. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 .................................... net, $4 . 50 
 
 - Industrial Alcohol. A Practical Manual on 
 the Production and Use of Alcohol for Indus- 
 trial Purposes and for Use as a Heating Agent, 
 as an llluminant and as a Source of Motive 
 Power. With plans and engravings. 8vo, 
 cloth, ill. 252 pp., London, 1907 ..... net, $3.00 
 
 dustries, Based on and including the "Drying 
 Oils and Varnishes," of Ach. Livache. Volume 
 
 , . . 
 
 I. Oil Crushing, Refining and Boiling. Manu- 
 facture of Linoleum, Printing and Lithograph- 
 ic Inks, and India-rubber Substitutes. Second
 
 40 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 greatly enlarged English Edition. 8vo, cloth, 
 
 illustrated net, $3.50 
 
 (To be complete in three volumes.) 
 
 McMECHEN, F. L. Tests for Ores, Minerals and 
 
 Metals of Commercial Value. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated In Press. 
 
 McNEILL, B. McNeill'a Code. Arranged to meet 
 
 the requirements of Mining, Metallurgical and 
 Civil Engineers, Directors of Mining, Smelting 
 and other Companies, Bankers, Stock and 
 Share Brokers, Solicitors, Accountants, Finan- 
 ciers and General Merchants. Safety and Se- 
 crecy. 8vo, cloth $6.00 
 
 McPHERSOX. J. A., A. M. Inst. C. E. Water- 
 works Distribution. - A practical guide to the 
 laying out of systems of distributing mains 
 for the supply of water to cities and towns. 
 With tables, folding plates, and numerous full- 
 page diagrams. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, $11.50 
 
 MELICK, C. W., Prof. Dairy Laboratory Guide. 
 
 In Press. 
 
 MERCK. E. Chemical Reagents; Their Purity 
 
 and Tests, 250 pp net, $1.50 
 
 MERRITT, Wm. H. Field Testing for Gold and 
 
 Silver. A Practical Manual for Prospectors 
 and Miners. With numerous half-tone cuts, 
 figures and tables. 16mo, limp leather, illus- 
 trated $1.50 
 
 METAL TURNING. By a Foreman Pattern- 
 maker. Illustrated with 81 engravings. 12mo, 
 cloth $1.50 
 
 MICHELL, S. Mine Drainage; being a Complete 
 
 Practical Treatise on Direct-acting Under- 
 ground Steam Pumping Machinery. Contain- 
 ing many folding plates, diagrams and tables. 
 Second Edition, rewritten and enlarged. Thick 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated $10.0O 
 
 MIERZINSKI, S., Dr. Waterproofing of Fabrics. 
 
 Translated from the German by Arthur Mor- 
 ris and Herbert Robson. With diagrams and 
 figures. 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $2.50 
 
 MILLER, E. H. (Columbia Univ.). Quantitative 
 
 Analysis for Mining Engineers. 8vo, cloth, 
 Second Ed. Revised net, $1.50 
 
 MILROY. M. E. W. Home Lace-making; a Hand- 
 book for Teachers and Pupils. With plates 
 and diagrams. 12mo, cloth, illustrated. 
 , net, $1.00
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 41 
 
 MIMFIK. W. Mechanical Drawing. A Text- 
 book of Geometrical Drawing for the use off 
 Mechanics and Schools, in which the Defini- 
 tions and Rules of Geometry are familiarly 
 explained; the Practical Problems are ar- 
 ranged from the most simple to the more com- 
 plex, and in their description technicalities 
 are avoided as much as possible. With illus- 
 trations for drawing Plans, Sections, and Ele- 
 vations of Railways and Machinery; an Intro- 
 duction to Isometrical Drawing, and an Essay 
 on Linear Perspective and Shadows. Illus- 
 trated with over 200 diagrams engraved on 
 steel. Tenth Thousand, revised. With an Ap- 
 pendix on the Theory and Application of Col- 
 ors. 8 vo, cloth $4 . 00 
 
 Geometrical Drawing. Abridged from the 
 
 Octavo edition, for the use of schools. Illus- 
 trated with 48 steel plates. Ninth Edition. 
 12mo, cloth $2.00 
 
 MODERN METEOROLOGY. A Series of Six 
 
 Lectures, delivered under the auspices of the 
 Meteorological Society in 1870. Illustrated. 
 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 MOORE, E. C. S. New Tables for the Complete 
 
 Solution of Ganguillet and Kutter's Formula 
 for the flow of liquids in open channels, pipes, 
 sewers and conduits. In two parts. Part I, 
 arranged for 1080 inclinations from 1 over 1 
 to 1 over 21,120 for fifteen different values of 
 (n). Part II, for use with all other values of 
 (n). With large folding diagram. 8vo, cloth, 
 
 illustrated net, $5.00 
 
 MOREING, C. A., and NEAL, T. New General 
 and Mining Telegraph Code. 676 pages, al- 
 phabetically arranged. For the use of mining 
 companies, mining engineers, stock brokers, 
 financial agents, and trust and finance com- 
 panies. Eighth Edition. 8vo, cloth ...$5.00 
 
 MOSES, A. J. The Characters of Crystals. An 
 
 Introduction to Physical Crystallography, con- 
 taining 321 illustrations and diagrams. 8vo. 
 
 net, $2.00 
 
 and PARSONS, C. L. Elements of Mineral- 
 
 ogy. Crystallography and Blowpipe Analysis 
 from a Practical Standpoint. Fourth Enlarged 
 Edition. 8vo, cloth, 336 illustrations, net, $2.50 
 MOSS, S. A. Elements of Gas Engine Design. 
 Reprint of a Set of Notes accompanying a 
 Course of 'Lectures at Cornell University in 
 1902. Second Edition. 16mo, cloth, illustrated. 
 (Van Nostra.nd's Science Series) $0.50
 
 42 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 The Lay-out of Corliss Valve Gears. (Van 
 
 nostrand's Science Series.) 16mo, cloth, illus- 
 trated fO.50 
 
 MULLIN, J. P., M.E. Modern Moulding und rat- 
 tern-making. A Practical Treatise upon Pat- 
 tern-shop Tand Foundry Work: embracing the 
 Moulding of Pulleys, Spur Gears, Worm Gears, 
 Balance-wheels, Stationary Engine and Loco- 
 motive Cylinders, Globe Valves, Tool Work, 
 Mining Machinery, Screw Propellers, Pattern- 
 shop Machinery, and the latest improvements 
 in English and American Cupolas; together 
 with a large collection of original and care- 
 fully selected Rules and Tables for every-day 
 use in the Drawing Office, Pattern-shop and 
 Foundry. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 92.50 
 
 MUNRO, J., C.E., and JAMIESOJf, A., C.E. A 
 
 Pocket-book of Electrical Rules and Tables 
 for the use of Electricians and Engineers. 
 Sixteenth Edition, revised and enlarged. With 
 numerous diagrams. - Pocket size. Leather. 
 ?2.50 
 
 MURPHY, J. G., M.E. Practical Mining. A Field 
 
 Manual for Mining Engineers. With Hints for 
 Investors in Mining Properties. 16mo, cloth. 
 91. 00 
 
 NAQUET, A. Legal Chemistry. A Guide to the 
 
 Detection of Poisons, Falsification of Writings, 
 Adulteration of Alimentary and Pharmaceuti- 
 cal Substances, Analysis of Ashes, and Exami- 
 nation of Hair, Coins, Arms and Stains, as ap- 
 plied to Chemical Jurisprudence, for the use of 
 Chemists, Physicians, Lawyers, Pharmacists 
 and Experts. Translated, with additions, in- 
 cluding a list of books and memoirs on Toxi- 
 cology, etc., from the French, by J. P. Batter- 
 shall, Ph.D., with a preface by C. F. Chandler, 
 Ph.D., M.D., LL.D. 12mo, cloth $2.00 
 
 XASMITH. J. The Student's Cotton Spinning. 
 
 Third Edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo, 
 cloth, 622 pages, 250 illustrations $3.00 
 
 NEUBERGER, H., and NOALHAT, H. Technol- 
 ogy of Petroleum. The Oil Fields of the 
 World: their History, Geography and Geology. 
 Annual Production, Prospection and Devel- 
 opment; Oil-well Drilling; Transportation of 
 
 Petroleum by Land and Sea. Storage of Pe- 
 troleum. With 153 illustrations and 25 plates. 
 Translated from the French by John Geddes 
 
 troleum. With 153 illustrations and 25 plates. 
 Translated from the French by John Geddes 
 Mclntosh. Svo, cloth, illustrated, net, $1.0.00
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 43 
 
 \E\VALL, J. AV. Plain Practical Directions for 
 
 Drawing, Sizing and Cutting Bevel-gears, 
 showing how the Teeth may be cut in a Plain 
 Milling Machine or Gear Cutter so as to give 
 them a correct shape from end to end; and 
 
 the Workshop without making any Drawings. 
 Including a Full Set of Tables of Reference. 
 Folding plates. 8vo, cloth .... ......... $1.50 
 
 NEWLANDS, J. The Carpenters' and Joiners' 
 
 Assistant: being a Comprehensive Treatise on 
 the Selection, Preparation and Strength of Ma- 
 terials, and the Mechanical Principles of 
 Framing, with their application in Carpentry, 
 Joinery and Hand-railing; also, a Complete 
 Treatise on Sines; and an Illustrated Glossary 
 of Terms used in Architecture and Building. 
 Illustrated. Folio, half morocco ..... $15.00 
 
 NIPHER, P. E., A.M. Theory of Magnetic Meas- 
 
 urements, with an Appendix on the Method of 
 Least Squares. 12mo, cloth ............ $1.00 
 
 NISBET, H. Grammar of Textile Design. With 
 
 many diagrams and figures. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated. 276 pp., London, 1907 ...... net, $3.00 
 
 NOLL., Augustus. How to Wire Buildings: A 
 
 Manual of the Art af Interior Wiring. With 
 many illustrations. Fourth Edition. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated ...................... $1 .50 
 
 NUGENT, E. Treatise on Optics; or, Light and 
 
 Sight Theoretically and Practically Treated, 
 with the Application to Fine Art and Indus- 
 trial Pursuits. With 103 illustrations. 12mo, 
 cloth .................................. $1.50 
 
 O'CONNOR, H. The Gas Engineer's Pocket-book. 
 
 Comprising Tables, Notes and Memoranda re- 
 lating to the Manufacture, Distribution and 
 Use of Coal-gas and the Construction of Gas- 
 works. Second Edition, revised. 12mo, full 
 leather, gilt edges ..................... $3.50 
 
 OLSEN, J. C., Prof. Text-hook of Quantitative 
 
 Chemical Analysis by Gravimetric, Electro- 
 lytic, Volumetric and Gasometric Methods. 
 With Seventy-two Laboratory Exercises giv- 
 ing the Analysis of Pure Salts, Alloys, Miner- 
 als, and Technical Products. With numerous 
 figures and diagrams. Second Edition, re- 
 vised. 8vo, cloth ................. net, $4.00 
 
 OSBORN, F. C. Tables of Moments of Inertia, 
 and Squares of Radii of Gyration; supple- 
 mented by others on the Ultimate and Safe 
 Strength of Wrought-iron Columns, Safe
 
 44 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY^ 
 
 Strength of Timber Beams, and Constants for 
 readily obtaining the Shearing Stresses, Reac- 
 tions and Bending Moments in Swing Bridges. 
 Fifth Edition. 12mo, leather net, $3.00 
 
 OUDIN, M. A. Standard Polyphase Apparatus 
 
 and Systems. With many diagrams and fig- 
 ures. Fifth Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 Fully illustrated. 8vo, cloth, 370 pp. ...$3.00 
 
 PALAZ, A., Sc.D. A Treatise on Industrial Pho- 
 tometry, with special application to Electric 
 Lighting. Authorized translation from the 
 French by George W. Patterson, Jr. Second 
 Edition, revised. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, $4.00 
 
 PAMEL.Y, C. Colliery Manager's Handbook. A 
 
 Comprehensive treatise on the Laying-out and 
 Working of Collieries. Designed as a book 
 of reference for colliery managers and for 
 the use of eoal-mining students preparing for 
 first-class certificates. Fifth Edition, revised 
 and enlarged. Containing over 1,000 dia- 
 grams, plans, and engravings. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated net, 910.00 
 
 PARR, G. D. A. Electrical Engineering Measur- 
 ing Instruments, for Commercial and Labora- 
 tory Purposes. With 370 diagrams and en- 
 gravings. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, net, $3.50 
 
 PARRY, E. J., H.Sc. The Chemistry of Essential 
 
 Oils and Artificial Perfumes. ,Being an at- 
 tempt to group together the more important 
 of the published facts connected with the sub- 
 ject: also giving an outline of the principles 
 involved in the preparation and analysis of 
 Essential Oils. With numerous diagrams and 
 tables. 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $5.00 
 
 and COSTE, J. H. Chemistry of Pigments. 
 
 With tables and figures. 8vo, cloth, net, $4.5O 
 
 L,. A., M.D. The Risk and Dangers of Vari- 
 ous Occupations and their Prevention. A book 
 that should be in tke hands of manufacturers, 
 the medical profession, sanitary inspectors, 
 medical officers of health, managers of works, 
 foremen and workmen. 8vo, cloth, net, $3.00 
 
 PARSHAL.L,, H. P., and HOBART, H. M. Arma- 
 ture Windings of Electric Machines. With 140 
 full-page plates, 65 tables and 165 pages of 
 descriptive letter-press. 4to, cloth ....$7.50 
 
 Electric Railway Engineering. With num- 
 erous tables, figures, and folding plates. 4to, 
 cloth, 463 pp., illus net, $10.00 
 
 This is undoubtedly the most comprehensive
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 45 
 
 work on a rapidly growing and immensely im- 
 portant branch of engineering, and is likely 
 to remain for long the standard book on the 
 subject. 
 
 and PARRY, E. Electrical Equipment of 
 
 Tramways In Press. 
 
 PASSMORE, A. C. Handbook of Technical 
 
 Terms used in Architecture and Building, and 
 their Allied Trades and Subjects. 8vo, cloth. 
 net, $3.50 
 
 PATERSON, D., F.C.S. The Color Printing of 
 
 Carpet Yarns. A useful manual for color 
 chemists and textile printers. With numerous 
 illustrations. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, net, $3.50 
 
 Color Matching on Textiles. A Manual in- 
 tended for the use of Dyers, Calico Printers, 
 and Textile Color Chemists. Containing col- 
 ored frontispiece and 9 illustrations, and 14 
 dyed patterns in appendix. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated net, $3 . 00 
 
 The Science of Color Mixing:. A Manual in- 
 tended for the use of Dyers, Calico Printers, 
 and Color Chemists. With figures, tables, and 
 colored plate. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, net, $3.00 
 
 PATTEN, J. A Plan for Increasing the Humidity 
 
 of the Arid Region and the Utilization of Some 
 of the Great Rivers of the United States for 
 Power and other Purposes. A paper communi- 
 cated to the National Irrigation Congress, Og- 
 den, Utah, Sept. 12, 1903. 4to, pamphlet, 20 
 pp., with 7 maps $1.00 
 
 PATTON, H. B. Lecture Notes on Crystallog- 
 raphy. Revised Edition, largely rewritten. 
 Prepared for use of the students at the Colo- 
 rado School of Mines. With blank pages for 
 note-taking. 8vo, cloth net, $1.25 
 
 PAUL.DING, C. P. Practical Laws and Data on 
 
 the Condensation of Steam in Covered and 
 Bare Pipes; to which is added a translation of 
 Peclet's "Theory and Experiments on the 
 Transmission of Heat Through Insulating Ma- 
 terials." 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 102 pages. 
 net, $2.00 
 
 Transmission of Heat Through Cold-storage 
 
 Insulation: Formulas, Principles, and Data 
 . Relating to insulation of Every Kind. A 
 Manual fof refrigerating engineers. With 
 tables and diagrams. 12mo, cloth, illustrated. 
 i,i7*.tttntm\n.titj*in net, $1 (00
 
 46 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 PEIRCE, B. System of Analytic Mechanics. 
 
 4to, cloth $10 . 00 
 
 PERKIN, F. M. Practical Methods of Inorganic 
 
 Chemistry. With figures and diagrams. 12mo, 
 cloth, illustrated, 152 pp net, $1.00 
 
 PERRIGO, O. E. Devices, Change Gear. Show- 
 ing the Development of the Screw Cutting 
 lathe and the Methods of obtaining various 
 pitches of Threads. Cloth $1.00 
 
 PERRIXE, F. A. C., A.M., D.Sc. Conductors for 
 
 Electrical Distribution: their Manufacture and 
 Materials, the Calculation of Circuits, Pole 
 Line Construction, Underground Working and 
 other Uses. With numerous diagrams and en- 
 gravings. Second Edition, revised. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated, 287 pages net, $3.50 
 
 PERRY, J. Applied Mechanics. A Treatise for 
 
 the Use of Students who have time to work 
 experimental, numerical, and graphical exer- 
 cises illustrating the subject. 8vo, cloth, 650 
 pages net, $2 . 50 
 
 PHILLIPS, J. Engineering Chemistry. A Prac- 
 tical Treatise for the use of Analytical Chem- 
 ists. Engineers, Iron Masters, Iron Founders, 
 students and others. Comprising methods of 
 Analysis and Valuation of the principal ma- 
 terials used in Engineering works, with num- 
 erous Analyses, Examples, and Suggestions. 
 Illustrated. Third Edition, revised and en- 
 larged. 8 vo, cloth net, $4 . 50 
 
 Gold Assaying. A Practical Handbook giv- 
 ing the Modus Operand! for the Accurate As- 
 say of Auriferous Ores and Bullion, and the 
 Chemical Tests required in the Processes of 
 Extraction by Amalgamation, Cyanidation, and 
 Chlorination. With an appendix of tables and 
 statistics and numerous diagrams and en- 
 gravings. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, net, $2.50 
 
 PHIN, J. Seven Follies of Science. A Popular 
 
 Account of the most famous scientific impossi- 
 bilities and the attempts which have been 
 made to solve them; to which is added a small 
 Budget of Interesting Paradoxes, Illusions 
 and Marvels. With numerous illustrations. 
 Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $1.25 
 
 PICKWORTH, C. N. The Indicator Handbook. 
 
 A Practical Manual for Engineers. Part I. The 
 Indicator: its Construction and Application. 
 81 illustrations. 12mo, cloth $1.5O
 
 47 
 
 The Indicator Handbook. Part II. The In- 
 
 dicator Diagram: its Analysis and Calculation. 
 With tables and figures, 12mo, cloth, illus- 
 trated ,,,, 91.50 
 
 Logarithms for Beginners. 8 vo, boards, 90 . 50 
 
 The Slide Rule. A Practical Manual of In- 
 struction for all Users of the Modern Type of 
 Slide Rule, containing Succinct Explanation of 
 the Principle of Slide-Rule Computation, to- 
 gether with Numerous Rules and Practical 
 Illustrations, exhibiting the Application of the 
 Instrument to the Every-day Work of the 
 Engineer Civil, Mechanical and Electrical. 
 Seventh Edition. 12mo, flexible cloth, 91.00 
 
 PLANE TABLE, THE. Its Uses In Topographi- 
 cal Surveying. From the Papers of the United 
 States Coast Survey. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth. 
 $2.00 
 
 "This work gives a description of the Plane 
 Table employed at the United States Coast 
 Survey office, and the manner of using it." 
 PLATTNER'S Manual of Qualitative and Uuan- 
 
 titative Analysis with the Blow-pipe. Eighth 
 Edition, revised. Translated by Henry B. 
 Cornwall, E.M., Ph.D., assisted by John H. 
 Caswell, A.M. From the sixth German edition, 
 by Prof. Friederich Kolbeck. With 87 wood- 
 cuts. 463 pages. 8vo, cloth net, 94.00 
 
 PLYMPTON, Geo. W., Prof. The Aneroid Bar- 
 ometer: its Construction and Use. Compiled 
 from several sources. Tenth Edition, revised 
 and enlarged. 16mo, boards, illustrated, 90.50 
 
 POCKET LOGARITHMS, to Four Places of Deci- 
 mals, including Logarithms of Numbers, and 
 Logarithmic Sines and Tangents to Single 
 Minutes. To which is added a Table of Nat- 
 ural Sines, Tangents, and Co-tangents. 16mo, 
 boards 90.50 
 
 POPE, F. L. Modern Practice of the Electric 
 Telegraph.. A Technical Handbook for Elec- 
 tricians, Managers and Operators. Fifteenth 
 Edition, rewritten and enlarger, and fully il- 
 lustrated. 8vo, cloth 91-50 
 
 POPPLEWELL, W. C. Elementary Treatise on 
 Heat and Heat Engines. Specially adapted for 
 engineers and students of engineering. 12mo, 
 cloth, illustrated 93.00 
 
 Prevention of Smoke, combined with the 
 Economical Combustion of Fuel. With dia- 
 grams, figures and tables. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated net, 93 .50
 
 D. VAN NOSTRAND 
 
 Practical Compounding of Oils, Tallow and 
 
 Grease, for Lubrication, etc. By an Expert 
 Oil Refiner. 8vo, cloth net, $3.50 
 
 Practical Iron Founding:. By the Author of 
 
 "Pattern Making," etc. Illustrated with over 
 100 engravings. Third Edition. 12mo, cloth. 
 
 $1.50 
 
 PRATT. HERBERT. Wiring a House. Pamph- 
 iet $0.25 
 
 PRAY, T., Jr. Twenty Years with the Indicator: 
 
 toeing a Practical Text-book for the Engineer 
 or the Student, with no complex Formulae. 
 Illustrated. 8vo, cloth $2.50 
 
 Steam Tables and Engine Constant. Com- 
 piled from Regnault, Rankine and Dixon di- 
 rectly, making use of the exact records. 8vo, 
 cloth ..$2.00 
 
 PREECE, W. H. Electric Lamps In Press. 
 
 and Stubbs, A. T. Manual of Telephony. 
 
 Illustrations and plates. 12mo, cloth, $4.50 
 
 PRELINI, C., C.E. Earth and Rock Excavation. 
 
 A Manual for Engineers, Contractors, and En- 
 
 fineering Students. With tables and many 
 iagrams and engravings. Second Edition, 
 revised. 8vo, cloth, illustrated ....net, $3.00 
 Retaining Walls and Dams. 8vo, cloth, il- 
 lustrated In Press. 
 
 Tunneling. A Practical Treatise containing 
 149 Working Drawings and Figures. With 
 additions by Charles S. Hill, C.E., Associate 
 Editor "Engineering News." 311 pages. Third 
 
 Edition, revised. 8vo, cloth, illus $3.00 
 
 PREMIER CODE. (See Hawke, Wm. H.) 
 
 PRESCOTT, A. B., Prof. Organic Analysis. A 
 
 Manual of the Descriptive and Analytical 
 
 Chemistry of certain Carbon Compounds in 
 
 Common Use; a Guide in the Qualitative and 
 
 uantitative Analysis of Organic Materials in 
 ommercial and Pharmaceutical Assays, in the 
 Estimation of Impurities under Authorized 
 Standards, and in Forensic Examinations for 
 Poisons, with Directions for Elementary Or- 
 ganic Analysis. Fifth Edition. 8vo, cloth. 
 $5.00 
 
 Outlines of Proximate Organic Analysis, for 
 
 the identification, Separation and Quantitative 
 Determination of the more commonly occur-, 
 ring Organic Compounds. Fourth Edition. 
 12mo, cloth $1.75
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 49 
 
 and JOHNSON, O. C. Qualitative Chemical 
 
 Analysis. A Guide in Qualitative Work, with 
 Data for Analytical Operations, and Labora- 
 tory Methods in Inorganic Chemistry. Sixth 
 revised and enlarged Edition, entirely rewrit- 
 ten, with an appendix by H. H. Willard, con- 
 taining a few improved methods of analysis. 
 8vo, cloth net, $3 . 50 
 
 and SULLIVAN, E. C. (University of Michi- 
 gan). First Book in Qualitative Chemistry. 
 For Studies of Water Solution and Mass Ac- 
 tion. Twelfth Edition, entirely rewritten. 12mo, 
 cloth net, $1.50 
 
 PRESS, A. Design of Electrical Machinery. 8vo, 
 
 cloth. Illus In Press. 
 
 PRITCHARD, O. G. The Manufacture of Elec- 
 tric-light Carbons. Illustrated. 8vo, paper. 
 $0 . 6O 
 
 PROST, E. Manual of Chemical Analysis as Ap- 
 plied to the Assay of Fuels, Ores, Metals, Al- 
 loys, Salts, and other Mineral Products. Trans- 
 lated from the original by J. C. Smith. Part I, 
 Fuels, Waters, Ores, Salts, and other mineral 
 industrial products; Part IT, Metals; Part III, 
 Alloys. 8vo, cloth net, $4.50 
 
 PULLEN, W. W. F. Application of Graphic 
 
 Methods to the Design of Structures. Specially 
 prepared for the use of Engineers. A Treat- 
 ment by Graphic Methods of the Forces and 
 Principles necessary for consideration in the 
 Bridges, Trusses, Framed Structures, Wells, 
 Bridges, Trusses, Framed Structures, Roofs, 
 Dams, Chimneys, and Masonry Structures. 
 12mo, cloth, profusely illustrated, net, $2.50 
 
 PULSIFER, W. H. Notes for a History of Lead. 
 
 8vo, cloth, gilt top 94.00 
 
 PUTSCH, A. Gas and Coal-dust Firing. A Crit- 
 ical Review of the Various Appliances Pat- 
 ented in Germany for this Purpose since 1885. 
 With diagrams and figures. Translated from 
 the German by Charles Salter. 8vo, cloth, il- 
 lustrated net, $3 . 00 
 
 PYNCHON, T. R., Prof. Introduction to Chemi- 
 cal Physics, designed for the use of Acade- 
 mies, Colleges and High Schools. Illustrated 
 with numerous engravings, and containing 
 copious experiments, with directions for pre- 
 paring them. New Edition, revised and en- 
 larged, and illustrated by 269 wood engrav- 
 ings. 8vo, cloth 33.0O
 
 50 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 RADFORD, C. S., Lieut. Handbook on .Naval 
 
 Gunnery. Prepared by Authority of the Navy 
 Department. For the use of U. S. Navy, U. S. 
 Marine Corps, and U. S. Naval Reserves. Re- 
 vised and enlarged, with the assistance of 
 Stokely Morgan, Lieut. U. S. N. Third Edition, 
 revised and enlarged. 12mo, flexible leatlfer. 
 net, $ 2 . 00 
 
 RAFTER, G. W. Treatment of Septic Sewage 
 
 (Van Nostrand's Science Series, No. 118). 16mo, 
 cloth $0.50 
 
 Tables for Sewerage and Hydraulic Engin- 
 eers .' In Press. 
 
 and BAKER, M. N. Sewage Disposal in the 
 
 United States. Illustrations and folding plates. 
 New Revised and Enlarged Edition. 8vo, 
 cloth In Press. 
 
 RAM, G. S. The Incandescent Lamp and its 
 
 Manufacture. 8vo, cloth net, $3.00 
 
 RAMP, H. M. Foundry Practice In Press. 
 
 RANDALL, P. M. Quartz Operator's Handbook. 
 
 New Edition, revised and enlarged, fully il- 
 lustrated. 12mo, cloth $2.00 
 
 RANDAU, P. Enamels and Enamelling. An in- 
 troduction to the preparation and application 
 of all kinds of enamels for technical and artis- 
 tic purposes. For enamel-makers, workers in 
 gold and silver, and manufacturers of objects 
 of art. Third German Edition. Translated 
 by Charles Salter. With figures, diagrams and 
 tables. 8vo, cloth, illustrated .....net, $4.00 
 
 RANKIXE, W. J. M. Applied Mechanics. Com- 
 prising the Principles of Statics and Cine- 
 matics, and Theory of Structures, Mechanism, 
 and Machines. With numerous diagrams. Sev- 
 enteenth Edition, thoroughly revised by W. J. 
 Millar. 8vo, cloth $5.00 
 
 Civil Engineering. Comprising Engineering 
 
 Surveys, Earthwork, Foundations, Masonry, 
 Carpentry, Metal-work, Roads, Railways, 
 Canals, Rivers, Water-works, Harbors, etc. 
 With numerous tables and illustrations. 
 Twenty-first Edition, thoroughly revised by 
 W. J. Millar. 8vo, cloth $6.50 
 
 Machinery and Millwork. Comprising the 
 
 Geometry, Motions, Work, Strength, Construc- 
 tion, and Objects of Machines, etc. With near- 
 ly 300 woodcuts. Seventh Edition, thoroughly 
 revised by W. J. Millar. 8vo, cloth . .$5.0O
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 51 
 
 - The Steam-engine and Other Prime Movers. 
 
 With diagram of the Mechanical Properties of 
 Steam. Folding plates, numerous tables and 
 illustrations. Fifteenth Edition, thoroughly 
 revised by W. J. Millar. Svo, cloth ....$5. 00 
 
 Useful Rules and Tables for Engineers and 
 
 Others. With Appendix, Tables, Tests and 
 Formulae for the use of Electrical Engineers. 
 Comprising Submarine Electrical Engineering, 
 Electric Lighting and Transmission of Power. 
 By Andrew Jamieson, C.E., F.R.S.E. Seventh 
 Edition, thoroughly revised by W. J. Millar. 
 Svo, cloth ............................. $4.00 
 
 - and I1AMBER, E. F., C.E. A Mechanical 
 
 Text-book. With numerous illustrations. Fifth 
 Edition. Svo, cloth .................... $3.50 
 
 RAPHAEL,, F. C. Localization of Faults in Elec- 
 
 tric Light and Power Mains, with chapters on 
 Insulation Testing. With figures and dia- 
 grams. Second Edition, revised. Svo, cloth, 
 illustrated ........................ net, $3.00 
 
 RATEAU, A. Experimental Researches on the 
 
 Flow of Steam through Nozzles and Orifices, 
 to which is added a. note on the Flow of Hot 
 Water. (Extrait des Annales des Mines, Janu- 
 ary, 1902.) Authorized translation by H. Boyd 
 Brydon. With figures, tables, and folding 
 plates. Svo, cloth, illus. . . . ........ net, $1.50 
 
 RAUTENSTRATJCH, W., Prof. Syllabus of Lec- 
 
 tures and Notes on the Elements of Machine 
 Design. With blank pages for note-taking. 
 Svo, cloth, illustrated ............ net, $1.50 
 
 - and WILLIAMS, J. T. Machine Drafting and 
 
 Empirical Design. Svo, cloth ...... .In Press. 
 
 RAYMOND, E. B. Alternating-current Engin- 
 
 eering Practically Treated. With numerous 
 diagrams and figures. Second Edition. 12mo, 
 cloth .............................. net, $2.50 
 
 RAYNER, H. Silk Throwing and Waste Silk 
 
 Spinning. With numerous diagrams and fig- 
 ures. Svo, cloth, illus ............. net, $2.50 
 
 RECIPES for the Color, Paint, Varnish, Oil, Soap 
 
 and Drysaltery Trades. Compiled by an Ana- 
 lytical Chemist. Svo, cloth ............ $3.50 
 
 RECIPES FOR FLINT GLASS MAKING. Being 
 
 Leaves from the mixing-book of several ex- 
 perts in the Flint Glass Trade. Containing up- 
 to-date recipes and valuable information as 
 to Crystal, Demi-crystal, and Colored Glass in
 
 52 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY^ 
 
 its many varieties. It contains the recipes for 
 cheap metal suited to pressing, blowing, etc., 
 as well as the most costly Crystal and Ruby. 
 British manufacturers have kept up the qual- 
 ity of this glass from the arrival of the Vene- 
 tians to Hungry Hill, Stourbridge, up to the 
 present time. The book also contains remarks 
 as to the result of the metal as it left the pots 
 by the respective metal mixers, taken from 
 their own memoranda upon the originals. 
 Compiled by a British Glass Master and Mixer. 
 12mo, cloth net, $4.50 
 
 REED'S ENGINEERS' HANDBOOK to the Local 
 
 Marine Board Examinations for Certificates 
 of. Competency as First and Second Class En- 
 gineers. By W. H. Thorn. With the answers 
 to the Elementary Questions. Illustrated by 
 358 diagrams and 37 large plates. Seventeenth 
 Edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo, cloth, 95.00 
 
 Key to the Seventeenth Edition of Reed's 
 
 Engineers' Handbook to the Board of Trade 
 Examination for First and Second Class En- 
 
 gineers, and containing the workings of all 
 the questions given in the examination papers. 
 By W. H. Thorn. 8vo, cloth $3.00 
 
 Useful Hints to Sea-going; Engineers, and 
 
 How to Repair and Avoid "Breakdowns;" also 
 appendices containing Boiler Explosions, Use- 
 fur Formulae, etc. With 42 diagrams and 8 
 plates. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 Marine Boilers. A Treatise on the Causes 
 
 and Prevention of their Priming, with Re- 
 marks on their General Management. 12mo, 
 cloth, illustrated $2.0O 
 
 REINHARDT, C. W. Lettering for Draftsmen, 
 
 Engineers, and Students. A Practical System 
 of Free-hand Lettering for Working Draw- 
 ings. Revised and enlarged edition. Twenty- 
 fourth Thousand. Oblong boards 91.00 
 
 The Technic of Mechanical Drafting. A 
 
 Practical guide to neat, correct and legible 
 drawing, containing many illustrations, dia- 
 grams and full-page plates. 4to, cloth, illus. 
 f 1 . 00 
 
 REISER, F. Hardening and Tempering of Steel, 
 
 in Theory and Practice. Translated from the 
 German of the third and enlarged edition, by 
 Arthur Morris and Herbert Robson. 8vo, 
 cloth, 120 pages .$2.50
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 53 
 
 N. Faults in the Manufacture of Woolen 
 
 Goods and their Prevention. Translated from 
 the second German edition, by Arthur Morris 
 and Herbert Robson. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $2.50 
 
 Spinning and "Weaving Calculations -with 
 
 special reference to Woolen Fabrics. Trans- 
 lated from the German by Chas. Salter. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, $5.00 
 
 RICE, J. II., and JOHNSON, W. W. On a New 
 
 Method of Obtaining the Differential of Func- 
 tions, with especial reference to the Newton- 
 ian conception of Rates or Velocities. 12mo, 
 paper $0 . 50 
 
 RICHARDS, P., and COLVIN, P. H. Perspective, 
 
 Practical, (Isometric). Flexible cloth . . .$0.50 
 
 RIDEAL, S., D.Sc. Glue and Glue Testing, with 
 
 figures and tables. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $4.00 
 
 RIPPER, W. A Course of Instruction in Ma- 
 chine Drawing for Technical Schools and En- 
 gineer Students. With 52 plates and numer- 
 ous explanatory engravings. Folio, cloth, 
 net, $6.00 
 
 ROBERTS, J., Jr. Laboratory Work in Electri- 
 cal Engineering, (Preliminary Grade.) A series 
 of Laboratory Experiments for First and Sec- 
 ond Year Students of Electrical Engineering. 
 With Figures, Diagrams and Tables. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, $2.00 
 
 ROBERTSON, L. S. Water-tube Boilers. Based 
 
 on a short course of Lectures delivered at Uni- 
 versity College, London. With upward of 
 170 illustrations and diagrams. 8vo, cloth, il- 
 lustrated $3.00 
 
 ROBINSON. J. B. A New System of Architectur- 
 al Composition.. 8vo, cloth, illus. ... In Press. 
 
 S. TV. Practical Treatise on the Teeth of 
 
 Wheels, with the theory and the use of Rob- 
 inson's Odontograph. Third Edition, revised, 
 with additions. 16mo, cloth, illustrated. (Van 
 Nostrand's Science Series.) $0.50 
 
 ROEBLING, J. A. Long and Short Span Rail- 
 way Bridges. Illustrated with large copper- 
 plate engravings of plans and views. Imper- 
 ial folio, cloth $25.00 
 
 ROLLINS, W. Notes on X-Light. With 152 full- 
 page plates. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, net, $7.50
 
 54 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 ROSE, J., M.E. The Pattern-makers' Assistant. 
 
 Embracing Lathe Work, Branch Work, Core 
 Work, Sweep Work and Practical Gear Con- 
 structions, the Preparation and Use of Tools, 
 together with a large collection of useful and 
 valuable Tables. Ninth Edition. With 250 
 engravings. 8vo, cloth $2.50 
 
 Key to Engines and Engine-running. A 
 
 Practical Treatise upon the Management of 
 Steam-engines and Boilers for the use of those 
 who desire to pass an examination to take 
 charge of an engine or boiler. With numerous 
 illustrations, and Instructions upon Engineers' 
 Calculations, Indicators, Diagrams, Engine 
 Adjustments and other Valuable Information 
 necessary for Engineers and Firemen. 12mo. 
 cloth. Illus $2.50 
 
 ROUILLION, LOUIS. Cams. The Drafting of. 
 
 Pamphlet $0 . 25 
 
 Manual Training. The Economics of. A 
 
 Study of the Cost of Equipping and Maintain- 
 ing Hand Work in the Elementary and Sec- 
 ondary Schools. 8vo, cloth $2.00 
 
 ROWAN, F. J. The Practical Physics of the 
 
 Modern Steam-boiler. With an Introduction 
 by Prof. R. H. Thurston. With numerous il- 
 lustrations and diagrams. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated $7.50 
 
 S A BINE, R. History and Progress of the Elec- 
 tric Telegraph. With descriptions of some of 
 the apparatus. Second Edition, with additions. 
 12mo, cloth $1.25 
 
 SAELTZER, A. Treatise on Acoustics in Con- 
 nection with Ventilation. 12mo, cloth, $1.00 
 
 SALOMONS, Sir p., M.A. Electric-light Installa- 
 tions. A Practical Handbook. With numerous 
 illustrations. Vol. I., The Management of Ac- 
 cumulators. Ninth Edition, revised and mostly 
 rewritten. 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 Vol. II. Seventh Edition, revised and enlarged, 
 Apparatus. 296 illus. 12mo, cloth $2.25 
 
 Vol. III. Seventh Edition, revised and en- 
 larged. Applications. 12mo cloth $1.50 
 
 Management of Accumulators. A Practical 
 
 Handbook. Ninth Edition, revised. (An edi- 
 tion, mostly rewritten, of Volume I of Electric 
 "Light Installations and the Management of 
 Accumulators.) With figures and plates. 
 12mo, cloth, illustrated net, $2.50
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. SS 
 
 SANFORD, P. G. Nitro-explosives. A Practical 
 
 Treatise concerning 1 the Properties, Manufac- 
 ture and Analysis of Nitrated Substances, in- 
 cluding the Fulminates, Smokeless Powders 
 and Celluloid. Second Edition, revised and 
 enlarged. 8vo, cloth net, $4.00 
 
 SAUNDERS, C. H. Handbook of Practical Mc r 
 
 chanics for use in the Shop and Draughting- 
 room; containing Tables, Rules and Formulae, 
 and Solutions of Practical Problems by Simple 
 and Quick Methods. 16mo, limp cloth, 91.00 
 
 SAUNNIER, C. Watchmaker's Handbook. A 
 
 Workshop Companion for those engaged in 
 Watchmaking and allied Mechanical Arts, 
 Translated by J. Tripplin and E. Rigg. Sec- 
 ond Edition, revised, with appendix. 12mo, 
 cloth $3.50 
 
 SCHELL.EN, H., Dr. Magneto-electric and Dyna- 
 mo-electric Machines: their Construction and 
 Practical Application to Electric Lighting, and 
 the Transmission of Power. Translated from 
 the third German edition by N. S. Keith and 
 Percy Neymann, Ph.D. With very large ad- 
 ditions and notes relating to American Ma- 
 chines, by N. S. Keith. Vol. I, with 353 illus- 
 trations. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, 95.00 
 
 SCHERER, R. Casein: its Preparation and 
 
 Technical Utilization. Translated from the 
 German by Chas. Salter. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated .- . net, 93 . 00 
 
 SCHMALL, C. N. First Course in Analytic. Ge- 
 ometry, Plane and Solid, with Numerous Ex- 
 amples. Containing figures and diagrams. 
 12mo, half leather, illustrated net, 91.75 
 
 and SHACK, S. M. Elements of Plane Ge- 
 ometry. An Elementary Treatise. With many 
 examples and diagrams. 12mo, half leather, 
 illustrated net, 91.25 
 
 SCHMEER, Louis. Flow of Water: A New The- 
 ory of the Motion of Water under Pressure, 
 and in Open Conduits and its Practical Appli- 
 cation. 8vo, cloth, illustrated In Press. 
 
 SCHUMANN, F. A Manual of Heating and Ven- 
 tilation In Its Practical Application, for the 
 use of Engineers and Architects. Embracing a 
 Series of Tables and Formulae for Dimensions 
 of Heating, Flow and Return Pipes for Steam 
 and Hot-water Boilers, Flues, etc. 12mo, il- 
 lustrated, full roan 91.50
 
 56 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY*S 
 
 SCHWEIZER, V. Distillation of Resins. Resin- 
 
 ate Lakes and Pigments; Carbon Pigments and 
 Pigments for Typewriting Machines, Manifold- 
 ers, etc. A description of the proper methods 
 of distilling resin-oils, the manufacture of 
 resonates, resin-varnishes, resin-pigments and 
 enamel paints, the preparation of all kinds of 
 carbon pigments, and printers' ink, litho- 
 graphic inks and chalks, and also inks for 
 typewriters, manifolders, and rubber stamps. 
 With tables and 68 figures and diagrams. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, $3.50 
 
 SCIENCE SERIES, The Van .\ostrnml. (Follows 
 
 end of this list.) 
 
 SCRIBXER, J. M. Engineers' and Mechanics' 
 
 Companion. Comprising United States Weights 
 and Measures, Mensuration of Superfices and 
 Solids, Tables of Squares and Cubes, Square 
 and Cube Roots, Circumference and Areas of 
 Circles, the Mechanical Powers, Centres of 
 Gravity, Gravitation of Bodies, Pendulums, 
 Specific Gravity of Bodies, Strength, Weight 
 and Crush of Materials, Water-wheels, Hydro- 
 statics, Hydraulics, Statics, Centres of Per- 
 cussion and Gyration, Friction Heat, Tables 
 of the Weight of Metals, Scantling, etc., Steam 
 and Steam-engine. Twenty-first Edition, re- 
 vised. 16mo, full morocco $1.50 
 
 SEATON. A. E. A Manual of Marine Engineer- 
 ing. Comprising the Designing, Construction 
 and Working of Marine Machinery. With 
 numerous tables and illustrations reduced 
 from Working Drawings. Fifteenth Edition, 
 revised throughout, with an additional chapter 
 on Water-tube Boilers. 8vo, cloth $6.00 
 
 and ROUXTHWAITE, H. M. A Poeket-book 
 
 of Marine Engineering Rules and Tables. For 
 the use of Marine Engineers and Naval Archi- 
 tects, Designers, Draughtsmen, Superintend- 
 ents and all engaged in the design and con- 
 struction of Marine Machinery, Naval and 
 Mercantile. Seventh Edition, revised and en- 
 larged. Pocket size. Leather, with diagrams. 
 $3.00 
 
 SEIDEL.L,, A. (Bureau of Chemistry, Wash., D. 
 
 C.). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic 
 Substances. A handbook of the most reliable 
 Quantitative Solubility Determinations. 12mo, 
 cloth, 367 pp net, $3.00 
 
 SEVER, G. F., Prof. Electric Engineering Ex- 
 periments and Tests on Direct-current Ma- 
 chinery. With diagrams and figures. Second
 
 SCIENTIFIC tUfeUCATlONS. 57 
 
 edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo pamphlet, 
 illustrated, 75 pp ................... net, $1.00 
 
 and TOWNSEND, F. Laboratory and Fac- 
 
 tory Tests in Electrical Engineering. Second 
 Edition, revised and rewritten. 8vo, cloth, il- 
 lustrated, 269 pp ................... net, $2.50 
 
 SEWALL, C. H. Wireless Telegraphy. With 
 
 diagrams and engravings. Second Edition, 
 corrected. 8vo, cloth, illustrated ...net, $2.00 
 
 Lessons in Telegraphy. For use as a Text- 
 
 book in schools and colleges, or for individual 
 students. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth ..... $1.00 
 
 SEWELL, T. Elements of Electrical Engineer- 
 
 ing. A First Year's Course for Students. Sec- 
 ond Edition, revised, with additional chapters 
 on Alternating-current Working and Appen- 
 dix of Questions and Answers. With many 
 diagrams, tables and examples. 8vo, cloth, il- 
 lustrated, 432 pages ............... net, $3.00 
 
 - The Construction of Dynamos (Alternating 
 
 and Direct Current). A text-book for students, 
 engineer-constructors, and electricians-in- 
 charge. 8vo, cloth., illus., 316 pp. ..net, $3.00 
 
 SEXTON, A. H. Fuel and Refractory Materials. 
 
 8vo, cloth .............................. $2.00 
 
 - Chemistry of the Materials of Engineering. 
 
 A Handbook for Engineering Students. With 
 tables, diagrams and illustrations. 12mo, 
 cloth, illustrated ...................... $2.50 
 
 SEYMOUR, A. Practical Lithography. With 
 
 figures and engravings. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 .................................... net, $2.50 
 
 SHAW, P. E. A First-year Course of Practical 
 
 Magnetism and Electricity. Specially adapted 
 to the wants of Technical Students. Inter- 
 leaved for note-taking. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 .................................... net, $1 . 00 
 
 - S. The History of the Staffordshire Potter- 
 ies, and the Rise and Progress of the Manu- 
 facture of Pottery and Porcelain; with ref- 
 erences to genuine specimens, and notices of 
 eminent potters. A re-issue of the original 
 work published in 1829. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 .................................... net, $3.00 
 
 - Chemistry of the Several Natural and Arti- 
 ficial Heterogeneous Compounds used in Man- 
 ufacturing Porcelain, Glass and Pottery. Re- 
 issued in its original form, published in 1837. 
 8vo, cloth .......................... net, fS.OO
 
 58 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 SHELDON, S., Ph.D., and MASON, H., B.S. Dy- 
 
 namo-electric Machinery: its Construction, De- 
 sign and Operation, Direct-current Machines. 
 Sixth Edition, revised. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 .................................... net, $2.50 
 
 Alternating-current Machines: being: the 
 
 second volume of the author's "Dynamo-elec- 
 tric Machinery: its Construction, Design and 
 Operation." With many diagrams and figures. 
 (Binding uniform with volume I.) Fifth Edi- 
 tion. 8vo, cloth, illustrated ......... net, $2.50 
 
 SHOCK, "XV. H. Steam Boilers: their Design, 
 
 Construction and Management. 4to, half mo- 
 rocco ................................. f 15 . 00 
 
 SHREVE, S. H. A Treatise on the Strength of 
 
 Bridges and Roofs. Comprising the determin- 
 ation of algebraic formulas for strains in 
 Horizontal, Inclined or Rafter, Triangular, 
 Bow-string, Lenticular and other Trusses, 
 from fixed and moving loads, with practical 
 applications and examples, for the use of 
 Students and Engineers. 87 woodcut illustra- 
 tions. Fourth Edition. 8vo, cloth ..... $3.50 
 
 SHUNK, W. F. The Field Engineer. A Handy 
 
 Book of practice in the Survey, Location and 
 Track-work of Railroads, containing a large 
 collection of Rules and Tables, original and 
 selected, applicable to both the Standard and 
 Narrow Gauge, and prepared with special ref- 
 erence to the wants of the young engineer. 
 Eighteenth Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 With addenda. 12mo, morocco, tucks ...$2.50 
 
 SIMMS, F. W. A Treatise on the Principles and 
 
 Practice of Leveling. Showing its application 
 to purposes of Railway Engineering, and the 
 Construction of Roads, etc. Revised and cor- 
 rected, with the addition of Mr. Laws' Practi- 
 cal Examples for setting out Railway Curves. 
 Illustrated. 8vo, cloth .................. $2.50 
 
 - Practical Tnnnellnjr. Fourth Edition. Re- 
 
 vasea and greatly extended. With additional 
 chapters illustrating recent practice by D. 
 Kinnear Clark.. With 36 plates and other il- 
 lustrations. Imperial 8vo, cloth ........ fS.OO
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 59 
 
 SIMPSON, G. The Naval Constructor. A Vade 
 
 Mecum of Ship Design, for Students, Naval 
 Architects, Ship Builders and Owners, Marine 
 Superintendents. Engineers and Draughtsmen. 
 12mo, morocco, illustrated. 500 pages, net, $5.00 
 
 SINCLAIR, ANGUS., Mem. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng'ra. 
 
 Development of the Locomotive Engine. Be- 
 ing a history of the growth of the locomotive 
 from the most elemental forms, with biograph- 
 ical sketches of the eminent engineers and 
 inventors. Half leather $5.00 
 
 SINDALL, R. W. Paper Technology. 8vo, cloth, 
 
 158 illus., 253 pp net, $4.00 
 
 SLATER, J. W. Sewage Treatment, Purification 
 
 and Utilization. A Practical Manual for the 
 Use of Corporations, Local Boards, Medical 
 Officers of Health, Inspectors of Nuisances, 
 Chemists, Manufacturers, Riparian Owners, 
 Engineers and Rate-payers. 12mo, cloth, $2.25 
 
 SMITH, F. E. Handbook of General Instruction 
 
 for Mechanics. Rules and formulae for prac- 
 tical men. 12mo, cloth, illus., 324 pp., net, $1.50 
 
 I. W., C. E. The Theory of Deflections and 
 
 of Latitudes and Departures. With special 
 applications to Curvilinear Surveys, for Align- 
 ments of Railway Tracks. Illustrated. 16mo, 
 morocco, tucks $3.00 
 
 J. C. Manufacture of Paint. A Practical 
 
 Handbook for Paint Manufacturers, Merchants 
 and Painters. With 60 illustrations and one 
 large diagram. 8vo, cloth net, $3.00 
 
 W. Chemistry of Hat Manufacturing; Lec- 
 tures delivered before the Hat Manufacturers' 
 Association. Revised and edited by Albert 
 Shonk. 12mo, cloth, illustrated net, $3.00 
 
 SNELL, A. T. Electric Motive Power; The 
 
 Transmission and Distribution of Electric 
 Power by Continuous and Alternate Currents. 
 With a Section on the Applications of Elec- 
 tricity to Mining Work. Second Edition. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, $4.00 
 
 SNOW, W. G and NOLAN, T. Ventilation of 
 
 Buildings. 16mo, cloth (Van Nostrand's Sci- 
 ence Series.) $0.50 
 
 SODDY, P. Radio Activity; An elementary trea- 
 tise from the standpoint of the disintegration 
 theory. With 40 figures and diagrams. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, $3.00
 
 60 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 SOTHERX, J. W. The Marine Steam Turbine. A 
 
 practical description of the Parsons Steam 
 Turbine as presently constructed, fitted, and 
 run, including a description of the Denny and 
 Johnson Patent Torsion Meter for measuring 
 the transmitted shaft horsepower, with dia- 
 grams, photographs and detail drawings. Sec- 
 ond Edition. 8vo, cloth, illus., 163 pp. ..$2.50 
 
 SOXHLET, D. H. Art of Dyeing and Staining 
 
 Marble, Artificial Stone, Bone, Horn, Ivory and 
 Wood, and of imitating all sorts of Wood. A 
 practical Handbook for the use of Joiners, 
 Turners, Manufacturers of Fancy Goods, Stick 
 and Umbrella Makers, Comb Makers, etc. 
 Translated from the German by Arthur Mor- 
 ris and Herbert Robson, B.Sc. 8vo, cloth, 170 
 pages net, $2.50 
 
 SPANG, H. W. A Practical Treatise on Light- 
 ning Protection. With figures and diagrams. 
 12mo, cloth $1.00 
 
 SPEYERS, C. L.. Text -book of Physical Chem- 
 istry. 8vo, cloth * $2.25 
 
 STAHL, A. W., and WOODS, A. T. Elementary 
 
 Mechanism. A Text-book for Students of Me- 
 chanical -Engineering. Fifteenth Edition. 12mo, 
 cloth . . .$2.00 
 
 STALEY, C., and PIERSON, G. S. The Separate 
 
 System of Sewerage: its Theory and Construc- 
 tion. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 With chapter on Sewage Disposal. With 
 maps, plates and illustrations. 8vo, cloth, $3.00 
 
 STAXDAGE, H. C. L-eathenvorkers' Manual: 
 
 being a Compendium of Practical Recipes and 
 Working Formulae for Curriers, Boot-makers, 
 Leather Dressers, Blacking Manufacturers, 
 Saddlers, Fancy Leather Workers, and all per- 
 sons engaged in the manipulation of leather. 
 8vo, cloth net, $3.50 
 
 Sealing Waxes. Wafers, and Other Adhe- 
 
 sives. For the Household, Office, Workshop 
 and Factory. 8vo, cloth, 96 pages, net, $2.00 
 
 Agglntinants of all Kinds for all Purposes. 
 
 12mo, cloth, 267 pp $3.50 
 
 STEWART, A. Modern Polyphase Machinery. 
 
 With diagrams and engravings. 12mo, cloth, 
 
 illustrated net, $2.00 
 
 R. W. Text-book of Heat. Illustrated. 8vo, 
 
 eleth . , ..;;.. $1.09
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 61 
 
 Text-book of Magnetism and Electricity. 160 
 
 Illustrations and numerous examples. 12mo, 
 
 cloth $1.00 
 
 STILUS, A. Tables for Field Engineers. De- 
 signed for Use in the Field. Tables containing 
 all the Functions of a One Degree Curve, from 
 which a corresponding one can be found for 
 any required Degree. Also, Tables of Natural 
 Sines and Tangents. 12mo, cloth $1.00 
 
 STILLMAN, P. Steam-engine Indicator and the 
 
 Improved Manometer Steam and Vacuum 
 Gauges; their Utility and Application. New 
 Edition. 12mo, flexible cloth $1.00 
 
 STODOLA, Dr. A. Steam Turbines. With an 
 
 appendix on Gas Turbines, and the future of 
 Heat Engines. Authorized translation by Dr. 
 Liouis C. Loewenstein (Lehigh University). 
 With 241 cuts and 3 lithographed tables. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, $5 . 00 
 
 STONE, HERBERT, F.L..S., F.R.C.I. The Timbers 
 
 of Commerce and their Identification. With 
 
 186 Photo-Micrographs. 8vo, cloth $3.50 
 
 * R., Gen'l. New Roads and Road Laws 
 
 in the United States. 200 pages, with num- 
 erous illustrations. 12mo, cloth $1.00 
 
 STONEY, B. D. The Theory of Stresses in Gir- 
 ders and Similar Structures. With Observa- 
 tions on the Application of Theory to Prac- 
 tice, and Tables of Strength and other Prop- 
 erties of Materials. New revised edition, with 
 numerous additions on Graphic Statics, Pil- 
 lars, Steel, Wind Pressure, Oscillating 
 Stresses, Working Loads, Riveting, Strength 
 and Tests of Materials. 777 pages, 143 illus. 
 and 5 folding-plates. 8vo, cloth $12.50 
 
 SUFFICING, E. R. Treatise on the Art of Glass 
 
 Painting. Prefaced with a Review of Ancient 
 Glass. With engravings and colored plates. 
 8vo, cloth net, $3.50 
 
 SWEET, S. H. Special Report on Coal, Showing 
 its Distribution, Classification, and Costs de- 
 livered over Different Routes to Various 
 Points in the State of New York and the 
 Principal Cities on the Atlantic Coast. With 
 maps. 8vo, cloth $3.00 
 
 SWOOPE. C. W. Practical Lessons in Electric- 
 ity: Principles, Experiments, and Arithmetical 
 Problems. An Elementary Text-book. With 
 numerous tables, formulae, and two large in- 
 struction plates. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 Eighth Edition net, $2.00
 
 62 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 TAILFER, L. Practical Treatise on the Bleach- 
 ing of Linen and Cotton Yarn and Fabrics. 
 With tables and diagrams. Translated from 
 the French by John Geddes Mclntosh. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, 95 . 06 
 
 TEMPLETON, W. The Practical Mechanic's 
 Workshop Companion. Comprising a great 
 Variety of the most useful rules and formulae 
 In Mechanical Science, with numerous tables 
 of practical data and calculated results facili- 
 tating mechanical operations. Revised and 
 enlarged by W. S. Hutton. 12mo, morocco. 
 $2 . 00 
 
 THOM, C., and JONES, W. H. Telegraphic Con- 
 nections: embracing Recent Methods in Quad- 
 ruplex Telegraphy. 20 full-page plates, some 
 colored. Oblong, 8vo, cloth 91.50 
 
 THOMAS, C. W. Paper-makers* Handbook. A 
 
 Practical Treatise. Illustrated In Press. 
 
 THOMPSON, A. B. Oil Fields of Russia and the 
 
 Russian Petroleum Industry. A Practical 
 Handbook on the Exploration, Exploitation, 
 and Management of Russian Oil Properties, 
 including Notes on the Origin of Petroleum 
 in Russia, a Description of the Theory and 
 Practice of Liquid Fuel, and a Translation of 
 the Rules and Regulations concerning Russian 
 Oil Properties. With numerous illustrations 
 and photographic plates and a map of the 
 Balakhany-Saboontchy-Romany Oil Field. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, 97.50 
 
 E. P., M.E. HOAV to Make Inventions: or, 
 
 Inventing as a Science and an Art. A Prac- 
 tical Guide for Inventors. Second Edition. 
 8 vo, boards 90 . 50 
 
 Roentgen Rays and Phenomena of the Anode 
 
 and Cathode. Principles, Applications, and 
 Theories. For Students, Teachers, Physicians, 
 Photographers, Electricians and others. As- 
 sisted by Louis M. Pignolet, N. D. C. Hodges 
 and Ludwig Gutmann, E.E. With a chapter 
 on Generalizations, Arguments, Theories, 
 Kindred Radiations and Phenomena. By Pro- 
 fessor Wm. Anthony. 50 diagrams, 40 half- 
 tones. 8vo, cloth 91.00 
 
 W. P. Handbook of Patent L,aw of All 
 
 Countries. Thirteenth Edition, completely re- 
 vised, March, 1905. 16mo, cloth 91.50 
 
 THORNLEY, T. Cotton Combing Machines. 
 With Numerous tables, engravings and dia- 
 grams. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 343 pages. 
 net, 93.0O
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 63 
 
 THTJRSO, J. W. Modern Turbine Practice and 
 
 Water-Power Plants. With eighty-eight fig- 
 ures and diagrams. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 Second Edition, revised ............ net, $4.00 
 
 TINNEY, W. H. Gold-mining Machinery; Its 
 
 Selection, Arrangement, and Installation. A 
 Practical Handbook for the use of Mine Man- 
 agers and Engineers. With a chapter on the 
 Preparation of Estimates of Cost. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated, 308 pp ................. net, $5 . 00 
 
 TITHERLEY, PROF. A. W. Laboratory Course 
 
 of Organic Chemistry, including Qualitative 
 Organic Analysis. With figures. 8vo. Cloth. 
 Illustrated ........... ............. net, $2.00 
 
 TOCH, M. Chemistry and Technology of Mixed 
 
 Paints. With 60 Photo-micrographs and En- 
 gravings. 8vo, cloth., illus., 166 pp., net, $3.00 
 
 TODD, J., and WHALL, W. B. Practical Sea- 
 
 manship for Use in the Merchant Service: in- 
 cluding all ordinary subjects; also Steam 
 Seamanship, Wreck Lifting, Avoiding Colli- 
 sion, Wire Splicing, Displacement and every- 
 thing necessary to be known by seamen of the 
 present day. Fifth Edition, with 247 illus- 
 trations and diagrams. 8vo, cloth, net, $7.50 
 
 TOMPKINS, A. E. Text-book of Marine Engin- 
 
 eering. Second Edition, entirely rewritten, 
 rearranged, and enlarged. With over 250 fig- 
 ures, diagrams, and full-page plates. 8vo, 
 cloth, illustrated .................. net, $6.0O 
 
 TOOTHED GEARING. A Practical Handbook 
 
 for Offices and Workshops. By a Foreman 
 Patternmaker. 184 illus. 12mo, cloth ...$2.25 
 
 TRATMAN, E. E. R. Railway Track and Track- 
 
 work. With over 200 illus. 8vo, cloth ...$3.00 
 
 TRAVERSE TABLE, Showing Latitude and De- 
 
 parture for each Quarter Degree of the Quad- 
 rant, and for Distances from 1 to 100, to which 
 is appended a Table of Natural Sines and Tan- 
 gents for each five minutes of the Quadrant. 
 (Reprinted from Scribner's Pocket Table 
 Book.) Van Nostrand's Science Series. 16mo, 
 cloth .................................. $0.50 
 
 Morocco ............................... $1.00 
 
 TRINKS, W., and HOTJSUM, C. Shaft Governors. 
 
 16mo, cloth, illustrated. (Van Nostrand's 
 Science Series.) ,.,,.,.,,...,.,,.,.,.,. .$0,50
 
 64 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 TICKER. J. H., Dr. A Manual of S 
 
 Cane-Sugar, Dextrose, Levulose, and Milh 
 Sugar. Sixth Edition. 8vo, cloth, illus. ..$3.3 
 
 rt'MLIRZ, O.. Dr. Potential and its Application 
 
 to the Explanation of Electrical Phenomena, 
 Popularly Treated. Translated from the Ger- 
 man by D. Robertson. 12mo, cloth, ill. $1.25 
 
 TUXXER. P. A. Treatise on Roll-turning for 
 
 the Manufacture of Iron. Translated and 
 adapted by John B. Pearse, of the Pennsylva- 
 nia Steel Works, with numerous engravings, 
 wood-cuts. 8vo, cloth, with folio atlas of 
 plates $ 10 . 00 
 
 TI7RBAYNE. A. A. Alphabets and Numerals. 
 
 With 27 plates. 4to, boards $2.00 
 
 UNDERBILL, C. R. The Electro-Magnet. New 
 
 and revised edition. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 . . net, $1.50 
 
 URQTJHART, J. W. Electric Light Fitting. Em- 
 bodying Practical Notes on Installation Man- 
 agement. A Handbook for Working Electrical 
 Engineers. With numerous illustrations. 12mo, 
 cloth $2 .00 
 
 Electro-plating. A Practical Handbook on 
 
 the Deposition of Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, 
 Brass, Aluminum, Platinum, etc. Fourth Edi- 
 tion. 12mo $2.00 
 
 Electrotyping. A Practical Manual Forming 
 a New and Systematic Guide to the Reproduc- 
 tion and Multiplication of Printing Surfaces, 
 etc. 12mo $2.00 
 
 Electric Ship Lighting. A Handbook on the 
 
 Practical Fitting and Running of Ship's Elec- 
 trical Plant. For the Use of Ship Owners and 
 Builders, Marine Electricians and Sea-going 
 Engineers-in-Charge. Illus. 12mo, cloth, $3.00 
 UNIVERSAL TELEGRAPH CIPHER CODE. Ar- 
 ranged for General Correspondence. 12mo, 
 cloth $1 . 00 
 
 TAN NOSTRAND'S Chemical Annual, based on 
 
 Biedermann's "Chemiker Kalender." Edited 
 by Prof. J. C. Olsen, with the co-operation of 
 Eminent Chemists. First year of issue 1907. 
 
 12mo, cloth, illustrated net, $2.50 
 
 Engineering Magazine. Complete Sets, 1869 
 
 to 1886 inclusive. 35 vols., in cloth ...$60.00 
 35 vols., in half morocco $100.00
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 65 
 
 Year Book of Mechanical Engineering Data. 
 
 With many tables and diagrams. (First year 
 of issue 1907.) In ( Press. 
 
 VAN WAGENEN, T. F. Manual of Hydraulic 
 
 Mining. For the Use of the Practical Miner. 
 Revised and enlarged edition. 18mo, cloth. 
 91.00 
 
 VEGA, VON (Baron). Logarithmic Tables of 
 
 Numbers and Trigonometrical Functions. 
 Translated from the 40th, or Dr. Bremiker's 
 thoroughly revised and enlarged edition, by 
 W. L. F. Fischer, M.A., F.R.S. Eighty-first 
 Edition. 8vo, half morocco $2.50 
 
 VILLON, A. M. Practical Treatise on the 
 
 Leather Industry. With many tables and il- 
 lustrations and a copious index. A transla- 
 tion of Villon's "Traite Pratique de la Fabrica- 
 tion des Cuirs et du Travail des Peaux," by 
 Frank T. Addyman, B.Sc. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated net, $10. 00 
 
 VINCENT, C. Ammonia and its Compounds: 
 
 their Manufacture and Uses. Translated from 
 the French by M. J. Salter. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated net, $2.00 
 
 YOLK. C. Haulage and Winding Appliances 
 
 Used in Mines. With plates and engravings. 
 Translated from the German. 8vo, cloth, il- 
 lustrated net, $4 . 00 
 
 VON GEORGIEVICS, G. Chemical Technology 
 
 of Textile Fibres: their Origin, Structure, 
 Preparation, Washing, Bleaching, Dyeing, 
 Printing, and Dressing. Translated from the 
 German by Charles Salter. With many dia- 
 grams and figures. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 
 306 pages net, $4.50 
 
 Contents: The Textile Fibres; Washing, 
 Bleaching, and Carbonizing; Mordants and 
 Mordanting; Dyeing, Printing, Dressing and 
 Finishing; Index. 
 
 Chemistry of Dyestuffs. Translated from 
 
 the Second German edition by Chas. Salter. 
 8vo, cloth, 412 pages net, $4.50 
 
 WABNER, R. Ventilation in Mines. Translated 
 
 from the German by Charles Salter. With 
 plates and engravings. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 
 240 pages net, $4.50 
 
 WADE, E. J. Secondary Batteries: their The- 
 ory, Construction and Use. With innumerable 
 diagrams and figures. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 
 492 pages , net, $4,00
 
 66 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 WALKER, F., C.E. Aerial Navigation. A Prac- 
 tical Handbook on the Construction of Dirigi- 
 ble Balloons, Aerostats, Aeroplanes and Aero- 
 meters. With diagrams, tables and illustra- 
 tions. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 151 pages. 
 net, $3.00 
 
 Electricity in Homes and Workshops. A 
 
 Practical Treatise on Electrical Apparatus. 
 With 205 figures and diagrams. Fourth Edi- 
 tion, entirely rewritten and revised. 12mo, 
 cloth, illustrated net, $2 .00 
 
 Electric Lighting for Marine Engineers, or 
 
 How to Light a Ship by the Electric Light and 
 How to Keep the Apparatus in Order. Second 
 Edition. 103 illus., 8vo, cloth $2.00 
 
 SYDNEY F., M.I.E.E., Assoc. M.I.C.E., &c., 
 
 &c. A Pocket Book of Electric Lighting and 
 Heating. Comprising Formulae, Tables, Rules, 
 and Data for use in daily practice by electri- 
 cal engineers engaged in central station work 
 and otherwise. 12mo, cloth. Illus. 
 
 SYDNEY F., M.I.E.E., M.I.Min.E.. Assoc. 
 
 M.I.C.E., &c. Electricity in Mining. 8vo, 
 cloth. Illus 93.50 
 
 W. H. Screw Propulsion. Notes on Screw 
 
 Propulsion; its Rise and History. 8vo, cloth. 
 $0.75 
 
 WALLING, B. T., Lieut. Com. U.S.N., and MAR- 
 
 tin, Julius. Electrical Installations of the 
 United States Navy. With many diagrams and 
 engravings. 8vo, cloth, illustrated ..In Press. 
 
 WALLIS-TAYLER, A. J. Bearings and Lubrica- 
 tion. A Handbook for Every user of Machin- 
 ery. Fully illustrated. 8vo, cloth $1.50 
 
 Modern Cycles, a Practical Handbook on 
 
 Their Construction and Repair. With 300 il- 
 lustrations. 8vo, cloth $4.00 
 
 Motor Cars, or Power Carriages for Common 
 
 Roads. With numerous illustrations. 8vo, 
 cloth 91.80 
 
 Motor Vehicles for Business Purposes. 8vo, 
 
 cloth, illustrated net, 93.50 
 
 Pocket Book of Refrigeration and Ice Mak- 
 ing. Fourth Edition, enlarged. With 31 dia- 
 S-ams and numerous tables. 12mo, cloth, 
 ustrated ,, 91-50
 
 SCINTIIC PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Refrigerating and Ice-making Machinery. A 
 
 Descriptive Treatise for the use of persons 
 employing refrigerating and ice-making in- 
 stallations, and others. 8vo, cloth, illus., $3.00 
 
 Refrigeration and Cold Storage: being a 
 
 Complete practical treatise on the art and 
 science of refrigeration. 600 pages, 361 dia- 
 grams and figures. 8vo, cloth ...... net, $4.50 
 
 Sugar Machinery. A Descriptive Treatise, 
 
 voted to the Machinery and Apparatus 
 in the Manufacture of Cane and Beet Sug 
 
 devoted to the Machinery and Apparatus used 
 in the Manufacture of Cane and Beet Sugars. 
 12mo, cloth, illustrated ................ $2.00 
 
 WANKLYN, J. A. A Practical Treatise on the 
 
 Examination of Milk and its Derivatives, 
 Cream, Butter and Cheese. 12mo, cloth, $1.00 
 
 - Water Analysis. A Practical Treatise on the 
 
 Examination of Potable Water. Tenth Edi- 
 tion. 12mo, cloth ..................... $2.00 
 
 WANSBROUGH, W. D. The A B C of the Dif- 
 ferential Calculus. 12mo, cloth ........ $1.50 
 
 WARD, J. H. Steam for the Million. A Popular 
 Treatise on Steam, and its application to the 
 Useful Arts, especially to Navigation. 8vo, 
 cloth .................................. $1.00 
 
 WARING, G. K., Jr. Sewerage and Land Drain- 
 
 age. Illustrated with woodcuts in the text, 
 and full-page and folding plates. New Edi- 
 tion ................................ In Press. 
 
 - Modern Methods of Sewage Disposal for 
 
 Towns, Public Institutions and Isolated 
 Houses. Second Edition, revised and en- 
 larged. 260 pages. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 
 
 - How to Drain a House. Practical Infor- 
 mation for Householders. Third Edition, en- 
 larged. 12mo, cloth ................... $1 .25 
 
 WARREN. F. D. Handbook on Reinforced Con- 
 crete. 16mo, cloth, illustrated ..... net, $2.50 
 
 WATSON, K. P. Small Engines and Boilers. A 
 Manual of Concise and Specific Directions for 
 the Construction of Small Steam-engines and 
 Boilers of Modern Types from five Horse- 
 power down to model sizes. Illustrated with 
 Numerous Diagrams and Half-tone Cuts. 12mo, 
 cloth .................................. $1.25 
 
 WATT, A. Electro-plating and Electro-refining 
 of Metals: being a new edition of Alexander 
 Watts' "Electro-Deposition." Revised and 
 largely rewritten by Arnold Philip, B.Sc. With 
 numerous figures and engravings. 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated, 680 pages .............. net, $4. SO
 
 68 D. VAN NOSTRAXD COMPANY'S 
 
 Electro-metallurgy Practically Treated. 
 
 Eleventh Edition, considerably enlarged. 12mo, 
 cloth $1 . oo 
 
 The Art of Soap-making. A Practical Hand- 
 book of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft 
 Soaps, Toilet Soaps, etc. Including many New 
 Processes, and a chapter on the Recovery of 
 Glycerine from Waste Lyes. "With illustra- 
 tions. Fifth Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 8vo, cloth f $3.00 
 
 Leather Manufacture: being a Practical 
 
 Handbook, in which the Operations of Tan- 
 ning, Currying and Leather Dressing are 
 Fully Described, and the Principles of Tan- 
 ning Explained, and many Recent Processes 
 Introduced. With numerous illustrations. 
 Fifth Edition, thoroughly revised and en- 
 larged net, $4.50 
 
 WEAL.E, J. A Dictionary of Terms Used in Ar- 
 chitecture, Building, Engineering, Mining, 
 Metallurgy, Archaeology, the Fine Arts, etc., 
 with explanatory observations connected with 
 applied Science and Art. Fifth Edition, re- 
 vised and corrected. 12mo, cloth $2.50 
 
 WEBB, H. L,. A Practical Guide to the Testing 
 
 of Insulated Wires and Cables. Illustrated. 
 12mo, cloth $1.00 
 
 The Telephone Handbook. 128 Illustrations. 
 
 146 pages. 16mo, cloth $1.00 
 
 WEEKES, R. W. The Design of Alternate Cur- 
 rent Transformers. Illus. 12mo, cloth ...$1.00 
 
 WEISBACH, J. A Manual of Theoretical Me- 
 chanics. Ninth American edition. Translated 
 from the fourth augmented and improved Ger- 
 man edition, with an Introduction to the Cal- 
 culus by Eckley B. Coxe, A.M., Mining Engin- 
 eer. 1,100 pages and 902 woodcut illustra- 
 tions. 8vo, cloth $6.00 
 
 Sheep $7.50 
 
 and HERRMANN*. G. Mechanics of Air Ma- 
 chinery. Authorized translation, with an ap- 
 Eendix on American practice by A. Trow- 
 ridge. With figures, diagrams, and folding 
 plates. 8vo, cloth, illustrated net, $3.75 
 
 WESTOX, E. B. Tables Showing Loss of Head 
 
 Due to Friction of Water in Pipes. Fourth 
 Edition. 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 WEYMOUTH, P. M. Drum Armatures and Com- 
 mutators. (Theory and Practice.) A com-
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 69 
 
 plete Treatise on the Theory and Construction 
 of Drum Winding, and of commutators for 
 clpsed-^coil armatures, together with a full 
 re'sume of some of the principal points in- 
 volved in their design, and an exposition of 
 armature reactions and sparking. 8vo, cloth. 
 $3.00 
 
 WHEELER, J. B. Prof. Art of War. A Course 
 
 of Instruction in the Elements of the Art and 
 Science of War, for the Use of the Cadets of 
 the United States Military Academy, West 
 Point, N. Y. 12mo, cloth $1.75 
 
 Field Fortifications. The Elements of Field 
 
 Fortifications, for the Use of the Cadets of the 
 United States Military Academy, West Point, 
 N. y. 12mo, cloth $1.75 
 
 WHIPPLE, S., C.E. An Elementary and Prac- 
 tical Treatise on Bridge Building. 8vo, cloth. 
 $3.00 
 
 WHITE, W. H., K.C.B. A Manual of Naval Ar- 
 chitecture, for use of Officers of the Royal 
 Navy, Officers of the Mercantile Marine, 
 Yachtsmen, Shipowners and Shipbuilders. Con- 
 taining many figures, diagrams and tables. 
 Thick, 8vo, cloth, illustrated $9.00 
 
 WILKINSON, H. D. Submarine Cable-laying, 
 
 Repairing, and Testing. 8vo, cloth. New Edi- 
 tion In Press. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, R. S. On the Use of the Baro- 
 meter on Surveys and Reconnaissances. Part 
 I. Meteorology in its Connection with Hyp- 
 sometry. Part II. Barometic Hypsometry. 
 With illustrative tables and engravings. 4to, 
 cloth $15.00 
 
 Practical Tables in Meteorology and Hyp- 
 sometry, in connection with the use of the 
 Barometer. 4to, cloth $2.50 
 
 WILSON, G. Inorganic Chemistry, with New 
 
 Notation. Revised and enlarged by H. G. 
 Madan. New Edftion. 12mo, cloth ....$2.00 
 
 WILLSON, F. N. Theoretical and Practical 
 
 Graphics. An Educational Course on the The- 
 ory and Practical Applications of Descriptive 
 Geometry and Mechanical Drawing. Prepared 
 for students in General Science, Engraving, or 
 Architecture. Third Edition, revised. 4to, 
 cloth, illustrated net, $4 .00
 
 70 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY'S 
 
 Note-taking, Dimensioning; and Lettering. 
 
 4to, cloth, illustrated net, $1.25 
 
 Third Angle Method of Making Working 
 
 Drawings. 4to, cloth, illustrated, net, $1.25 
 
 Some Mathematical Curves, and Their 
 
 Graphical Construction. 4to, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $1.50 
 
 Practical Engineering, Drawing, and Third 
 
 Angle Projection. 4to, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $2.80 
 
 Shades, Shadows, and Linear Perspective. 
 
 4to, Cloth, illustrated net, $1.00 
 
 Descriptive Geometry Pure and Applied, 
 
 with a chapter on Higher Plane Curves, and 
 the Helix. 4to, cloth, illustrated net, $3.00 
 
 WINKLER, C., and LL 7 XGE, G. Handbook of 
 
 Technical Gas-Analysis. With figures and 
 diagrams. Second English edition. Trans- 
 lated from the third greatly enlarged German 
 edition, with some additions by George Lunge, 
 Ph.D. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 190 pages, $4.00 
 
 WOODBURY, D. V. Treatise on the Various 
 
 Elements of Stability in the Well-proportioned 
 Arch. With numerous tables of the Ultimate 
 and Actual Thrust. 8vo, half morocco. Il- 
 lustrated $4 . 00 
 
 \\ORDEX, E. C., Prof. The Nitro-cellulose In- 
 dustry. A practical treatise on Nitro-cellulose, 
 Pyroxylin, Collodion, Celluloid, Colloids, Plas- 
 tics, Lacquers, Synthetic Leather, Artificial 
 Silk, etc., including the manufacture of Films, 
 Viscose, Amyl Acetate, Amyl Alcohol, and the 
 Solvents and Non-solvents of substituted Cel- 
 lulose, together with a complete resume' of the 
 United States, English, French and German 
 Patents relating to the subject. 8vo, cloth. 
 In Press. 
 
 WRIGHT, A. C. Analysis of Oils and Allied 
 
 Substances. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 241 pages. 
 net, $3.50 
 
 Simple Method for Testing Painters' Ma- 
 terials. 8vo, cloth, 160 pages net, $2.50 
 
 H. E. Handy Book for Brewers: Being a 
 
 practical guide to the art of brewing and malt- 
 ing. Embracing the conclusions of modern re- 
 search which bear upon the practice of brew- 
 ing. Third Edition, thoroughly revised and 
 enlarged. With figures and folding tables
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 71 
 
 8vo, cloth, illustrated, 562 pp., New York, 
 1907 net, $5.00 
 
 T. \V., Prof. (Union College). .Elements of 
 
 Mechanics, including Kinematics, Kinetics and 
 Statics. With applications. Seventh Edition, 
 revised. 8vo, cloth, illustrated $2.50 
 
 and HAYFORD, J. F. Adjustment of Ob- 
 
 servations by the Method of Least Squares, 
 with applications to Geodetic Work. Second 
 Edition, rewritten. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. 
 net, $3.00 
 
 YOUNG, J. E. Electrical Testing for Telegraph 
 
 Engineers. With Appendices consisting of 
 Tables. 8vo, cloth, illus $4.00 
 
 > teaching of Mathematics in the Elemen- 
 tary and the Secondary School. 12mo. Cloth. 
 Illus. 351 pp. New York, 1907 net, $1.50 
 
 YOUNG SEAMAN'S MANUAL. Compiled from 
 
 Various Authorities, and Illustrated with 
 Numerous Original and Select Designs, for 
 the Use of the United States Training Ships 
 and the Marine Schools. 8vo, half roan, $3.00 
 
 ZEUNER, A., Dr. Technical Thermodynamics. 
 
 Translated from the Fifth, completely revised 
 German edition of Dr. Zeuner's original treat- 
 ise on Thermodynamics, by Prof. J. F. 'lein, 
 Lehigh University. 8vo, cloth, two volumes, 
 illustrated, 900 pp net, $8.00 
 
 ZIMMER, G. F. Mechanical Handling of Mater- 
 
 ' ial. Being a treatise on the handling of ma- 
 terial, such as coal, ore, timber, etc., by auto- 
 matic and semi-automatic machinery, to- 
 gether with the various accessories used in 
 the manipulation of such plant, also dealing 
 fully with the handling, storing, and ware- 
 housing of grain. With 542 figures, diagrams, 
 full-page and folding plates. Royal 8vo, cloth, 
 illustrated net, $10.00 
 
 ZIPSER, J. Textile Raw Materials, and Their 
 
 Conversion into Yarns. The study of the 
 Raw Materials and the Technology of the 
 Spinning Process. A Text-book for Textile, 
 Trade and higher Technical Schools, as also 
 for self-instruction. Based upon the ordinary 
 syllabus and curriculum of the Imperial and 
 Royal Weaving Schools. Translated from the 
 German by Chas. Salter. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
 trated net, $5.00
 
 THE VAN NOSTRAND SCIENCE SERIES. 
 
 No. 45. THERMO-DYNAMICS. .New edition, in 
 
 press. 
 
 No. 46. ICE-MAKING MACHINES. From the 
 
 French of M. Le Doux. Revised by Prof. 
 J. E. Denton, D. S. Jacobus, and A. Riesen- 
 berger. Sixth edition, revised. 
 
 No. 47. LINKAGES: THE DIFFERENT FORMS 
 
 and Uses of Articulated Links. By J. D. C. 
 De Roos. 
 
 No. 48. THEORY OF SOLID AND BRACED 
 
 Elastic Arches. By William Cain, C.E. 
 
 No. 49. MOTION OF A SOLID IN A FLUID. By 
 
 Thomas Craig, Ph.D. 
 
 No. 50. DWELLING-HOUSES: THEIR SANI- 
 
 tary Construction and Arrangements. By 
 Prof. W. H. Corfield. 
 
 No. 51. THE TELESCOPE: OPTICAL FRINC1- 
 
 ples Involved in the Construction of Re- 
 fracting 1 and Reflecting Telescopes, with a 
 new chapter on the Evolution of the Mod- 
 ern Telescope, and a Bibliography to date. 
 With diagrams and folding plates. By 
 Thomas Nolan. Second edition, revised and 
 enlarged. 
 
 No. 52. IMAGINARY QUANTITIES: THEIR GE- 
 
 ometrical Interpretation. Translated from 
 the French of M. Argand by Prof. A. S. 
 Hardy. 
 
 No. 53. INDUCTION COILS: HOW MADE AND 
 
 How Used. Eleventh American edition. 
 No. 54. KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY. By 
 
 Prof. Alex. B. W. Kennedy. With an intro- 
 duction by Prof. R. H. Thurston. 
 
 No. 55. SEWER GASES: THEIR NATURE AND 
 
 Origin. By A. de Varona. Second edition, 
 revised and enlarged. 
 
 No. 56. THE ACTUAL LATERAL PRESSURE 
 of Earthwork. By Benj. Baker, M. Inst., 
 C.E. 
 
 No. 57. INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 A Practical Description of the Edison Sys- 
 tem. By L. H. Latimer. To which is added 
 the Design and Operation of Incandescent 
 Stations, by C. J. Field: and the Maximum 
 Efficiency of Incandescent Lamps, by John 
 W. Howell. 
 
 No. 58. VENTILATION OF COAL MINES. By W. 
 Fairley, M.E., and Geo. J. Andre'
 
 THE VAX XOSTRAXD SCIENCE SERIES. 
 
 No. 59. RAILROAD ECONOMICS; OR, NOTES 
 
 With Comments. By S. W. Robinson, C.E. 
 
 No. 60. STRENGTH OP WROUGHT-IRON 
 
 Bridge Members. By S. W. Robinson, C.E. 
 
 No. 61. POTABLE WATER, AND METHODS OP 
 
 Detecting Impurities. By M. N. Baker. Sec- 
 ond, ed., revised and enlarged. 
 
 No. 62. THEORY OF THE GAS-ENGINE. By 
 
 Dougald Clerk. Third edition. With addi- 
 tional matter. Edited by F. E. Idell, M.E. 
 
 No. 3. HOUSE-DRAINAGE AND SANITARY 
 
 Plumbing. By W. P. Gerhard. Twelfth edi- 
 tion. 
 
 No. 64. ELECTRO-MAGNETS. By A. N. Mans- 
 field. 
 
 No. 65. POCKET LOGARITHMS TO FOUR 
 
 Places of Decimals. Including Logarithms 
 of Numbers, etc. 
 
 No. 66. DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINERY. By 
 
 S. P. Thompson. With an Introduction by 
 F. L. Pope. Third edition, revised. 
 
 No. 67. HYDRAULIC TABLES FOR THE CAL- 
 
 culation of the Discharge through Sewers, 
 Pipes, and Conduits. Based on "Kutter's 
 Formula." By P. J. Flynn. 
 
 No. 68. STEAM-HEATING. By Robert Brlgga. 
 
 Third edition, revised, with additions by 
 A. R. Wolff. 
 
 No. 6. CHEMICAL PROBLEMS. By Prof. J. C. 
 
 Foye. Fourth edition, revised and en- 
 larged. 
 
 No. 70. EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS. By Lieut. 
 
 John P. Wisser. 
 
 No. 71. DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY. By John 
 
 Hopkinson, J. N. Shoolbred, and R. E. Day. 
 
 No. 72. TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING. By 
 
 George J. Specht, Prof. A. S. Hardy, John B. 
 M. Master, and H. F. Walling. Third Edition, 
 revised. 
 
 No. 73. SYMBOLIC ALGEBRA; OR, THE ALGE- 
 
 bra of Algebraic Numbers. By Prof. Wil- 
 liam Cain. 
 
 No. 74. TESTING MACHINES: THEIR HIS- 
 
 tory. Construction and Use. By Arthur V. 
 Abbott.
 
 THE VAN NOSTRAND SCIENCE SERIES. 
 
 No. 75. RECENT PROGRESS IN DYNAMO- 
 
 electric Machines. Being a Supplement to 
 "Dynamo-electric Machinery." By Prof. 
 Sylvanus P. Thompson. 
 
 No. 76. MODERN REPRODUCTIVE GRAPHIC 
 
 Processes. By Lieut. James S. Pettit, U.S.A. 
 
 No. 77. STADIA SURVEYING. The Theory of 
 
 Stadia Measurements. By Arthur Winslow. 
 Sixth edition. 
 
 No. 78. THE STEAM-ENGINE INDICATOR 
 
 and Its Use. By W. B. Le Van. 
 
 No. 79. THE FIGURE OF THE EARTH. By 
 
 Frank C. Roberts, C.E. 
 
 No. 80. HEALTHY FOUNDATIONS FOR 
 
 Houses. By Glenn Brown. 
 
 No. 81. WATER METERS: COMPARATIVE 
 
 Tests of Accuracy, Delivery, etc. Distinc- 
 tive features of the Worthington, Kennedy, 
 Siemens, and Hesse meters. By Ross E. 
 Browne. 
 
 No. 82. THE PRESERVATION OF TIMBER BY 
 
 the Use of Antiseptics. By Samuel Bagster 
 Boulton, C.E. 
 
 No. 83. MECHANICAL INTEGRATORS. By Prof. 
 
 Henry S. H. Shaw, C.E. 
 
 No. 84. FLOW OF WATER IN OPEN CHAN- 
 
 nels, Pipes, Conduits, Sewers, etc. With Ta- 
 bles. By P. J. Flynn, C.E. 
 
 No. 85. THE LUMINIFEROUS AETHER. By 
 
 Prof. De Volson Wood. 
 
 No. 86. HANDBOOK OF MINERALOGY: DE- 
 
 termination, Description, and Classification 
 of Minerals Found in the United States. By 
 Prof. J. C. Foye. Fifth edition, revised. 
 
 NO. 87. TREATISE ON THE THEORY OF THE 
 
 Construction of Helicoidal Oblique Arches. 
 By John L. Culley, C.E. 
 
 No. 88. BEAMS AND GIRDERS. Practical For- 
 mulas for their Resistance. By P. H. Phil- 
 brick. 
 
 No. 89. MODERN GUN COTTON: ITS MANU- 
 
 facture, Properties, and Analyses. By Lieut. 
 John P. Wisser, U.S.A. 
 
 No. 90. ROTARY MOTION AS APPLIED TO 
 
 the Gyroscope. By Major J. G. Barnard.
 
 No. 01. LEVELING I BAROMETRIC, TRIGONO- 
 
 metric, and Spirit. By Prof. I. O. Baker. 
 Second edition. 
 
 No. 92. PETROLEUM: ITS PRODUCTION AND 
 
 Use. By Boverton Redwood, F.I.C., F.C.S. 
 
 No. 03. RECENT PRACTICE IN THE SANI- 
 
 tary Drainage of Buildings. With Memo- 
 randa on the Cost of Plumbing "Work. Sec- 
 ond edition, revised and enlarged. By Wil- 
 liam Paul Gerhard, C.E. 
 
 No. 04. THE TREATMENT OF SEWAGE.. By 
 
 Dr. C. Meymott Tidy. 
 
 No. 95. PLATE-GIRDER CONSTRUCTION. By 
 
 Isami Hiroi, C.E. Fourth edition, revised. 
 
 No. 96. ALTERNATE CURRENT MACHINERY. 
 
 By Gisbet Kapp, Assoc. M. Inst., C.E. 
 
 No. 97. THE DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD 
 
 Wastes. Second edition. By W. Paul Ger- 
 hard, Sanitary Engineer. 
 
 No. 98. PRACTICAL DYNAMO-BUILDING FOR 
 
 Amateurs. How to Wind for Any Output. 
 By Frederick Walker. Fully illustrated. 
 Third edition. 
 
 No. 99. TRIPLE-EXPANSION ENGINES AND 
 
 Engine Trials. By Prof. Osborne Reynolds. 
 Edited with notes, etc., by F. E. Idell, M.E. 
 
 No. 100. HOW TO BECOME AN ENGINEER; or, 
 
 The Theoretical and Practical Training nec- 
 essary in Fitting for the Duties of the Civil 
 Engineer. ByYrof. Geo. W. Plympton. 
 
 No. 101. THE SEXTANT, and Other Reflecting 
 
 Mathematical Instruments. With Practical 
 Hints for their Adjustment and Use. By F. 
 R. Brainard, U. S. Navy. 
 
 No. 102. THE GALVANIC CIRCUIT INVESTI- 
 
 gated Mathematically. By Dr. G. S. Ohm, 
 Berlin, 1827. Translated by William Fran- 
 cis. With Preface and Notes by the Editor, 
 Thomas D. Lockwood, M.I.E.E. Second edi- 
 tion. 
 
 No. 103. THE MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION 
 
 of Potable Water. With Diagrams. By Geo. 
 W. Rafter. Second edition. 
 
 No. 104. VAN NOSTRAND'S TABLE-BOOK FOR 
 
 Civil and Mechanical Engineers. Compiled 
 by Prof. Geo. W. Plympton.
 
 THE VAN NOSTRAND SCIENCE SERIES. 
 
 No. 105. DETERMINANTS. An Introduction to 
 
 the Study of, with Examples and Applica- 
 tions. By Prof. G. A. Miller. 
 
 No. 106. COMPRESSED AIR. Experiments upon 
 
 the Transmission of Power by Compressed 
 Air in Paris. (Popp's System.) By Prof. 
 A. B. W. Kennedy. The Transmission and 
 Distribution of Power from Central Stations 
 by Compressed Air. By Prof. W. C. Unwiii. 
 Edited by F. E. Idell. Third edition. 
 
 No. 107. A GRAPHICAL, METHOD FOR SWING 
 
 Bridges. A Rational and Easy Graphical 
 Analysis of the Stresses in Ordinary Swing 
 Bridges. With an Introduction on the Gen- 
 eral Theory of Graphical Statics, with Fold- 
 ing Plates. Second edition. By Benjamin F. 
 La Rue. 
 
 No. 108. SLIDE-VALVE DIAGRAMS. A French 
 
 Method for Constructing Slide-valve Dia- 
 grams. By Lloyd Bankson, B.S., Assistant 
 Naval Constructor, U. S. Navy. 8 Folding 
 Plates. 
 
 No. 109. THE MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRIC 
 
 Currents. Electrical Measuring Instruments. 
 By James Swinburne. Meters for Electrical 
 Energy. By C. H. Wordingham. Edited, 
 with Preface, by T. Commerford Martin. 
 With Folding Plate and Numerous Illustra- 
 tions. 
 
 No. 110. TRANSITION CURVES. A Field-book 
 
 for Engineers, Containing Rules and Tables 
 for Laying out Transition Curves. By Wal- 
 ter G. Fox, C.E. Second edition. 
 
 No. 111. GAS-LIGHTING AND GAS-FITTING. 
 
 Specifications and Rules for Gas-piping. 
 Notes on the Advantages of Gas for Cook- 
 ing and Heating, and Useful Hints to Gas 
 Consumers. Third edition. By Wm. Paul 
 Gerhard, C.E. 
 
 No. 112. A PRIMER ON THE CALCULUS. By 
 
 E. Sherman Gould, M. Am. Soc. C. E. Third 
 edition, revised and enlarged. 
 
 No. 113. PHYSICAL PROBLEMS and Their So- 
 lution. By A. Bourgougnon, formerly As- 
 sistant at Bellevue Hospital. Second ed. 
 
 No. 114. USE OF THE SLIDE RULE. By 
 
 F. A. Halsey, of the "American Machinist." 
 Fourth edition, revised and enlarged.
 
 No. 115. TRAVERSE TABLE. Showing the Dif- 
 ference of Latitude and Departure for Dis- 
 tances Between 1 and 100 and for Angles to 
 Quarter Degrees Between 1 Degree and 90 
 Degrees. (Reprinted from Scribner's Pocket 
 Table Book.) 
 
 No. 11. WORM AND SPIRAL GEARING. Re- 
 printed from "American Machinist." By F. 
 A. Halsey. Second revised and enlarged 
 edition. 
 
 No. 117. PRACTICAL HYDROSTATICS, AND 
 
 Hydrostatic Formulas. With Numerous Il- 
 lustrative Figures and Numerical Examples. 
 By E. Sherman Gould. 
 
 No. 118. TREATMENT OF SEPTIC SEWAGE, 
 
 with Diagrams and Figures. By Geo. W. 
 Rafter. 
 
 No. 119. LAY-OUT OF CORLISS VALVE GEARS. 
 
 With Folding Plates and Diagrams. By 
 Sanford A. Moss, M.S., Ph.D. Reprinted 
 from "The American Machinist," with revi- 
 sions and additions. Second edition. 
 
 No. 120. ART OF GENERATING GEAR TEETH. 
 
 By Howard A. Coombs. With Figures, Dia- 
 grams and Folding Plates. Reprinted from 
 the "American Machinist." 
 
 No. 121. ELEMENTS OF GAS ENGINE DE- 
 
 sign. Reprint of a Set of Notes accompany- 
 ing a Course of Lectures delivered at Cor- 
 nell University in 1902. By Sanford A. 
 Moss. Illustrated. 
 
 No. 122. SHAFT GOVERNORS. By W. Trinks 
 
 and C. Housum. Illustrated. 
 
 No. 123. FURNACE DRAFT: ITS PRODUCTION 
 
 by Mechanical Methods. A Handy Reference 
 Book, with figures and tables. By William 
 Wallace Christie. Illustrated. Second edi- 
 tion, revised.
 
 i ^ <3- 
 
 3 1158 01143 7778 F-CA 
 
 
 %