m i . m mm* G " M i K IS H I ""; Eg fl :'.: : :, M "-'. " , m .':' m . . : " Sj ',.-; ! g| S '-' . - -'. - I :- - : -. 6 - ;. -o n I CasselFs Universal Portrait Gallery. CASSELL'S TOriVEKSAL POBTEAIT GALLEBY A COLLECTION OF PORTRAITS OF Celebrities, Englisb anfc foreign WITH FAG- SIMILE AUTOGRAPHS CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED LONDON, PARIS 4' MELBOURNE 1895 ALL RIGHTS BH8EBVED PKEFACE. THE object of the " Universal Portrait Gallery " is to furnish a Collection of Portraits of celebrities of both sexes and of many lands, together with fac-similes of their autographs and brief sketches of their careers. While the work has been passing through the press several changes of status, duly recognised in the Alphabetical List of Contents, have taken place. Mr. Arthur Peel has resigned the Speakership of the House of Commons, and now sits in " another place " as Viscount Peel: General Lord Roberts has been promoted to the rank of Field-Marshal ; the Hon. Cecil Rhodes has been sworn of the Privy Council; and Mr. Henry Irving, Mr. Lewis Morris, and Mr. Walter Besant have received the honour of knighthood. As this sheet goes to the printer the Earl of Rosebery has resigned the Premiership, and has been followed into Opposition by the Earl of Kimberley, the Marquis of Ripon, Earl Spencer, Lord Tweedmouth, Mr. John Morley, Mr. Asquith, Mr. (now Sir) H. Campbell- Bannerman, Mr. Acland, Mr. Bryce, Lord Acton, Lord Playfair, and Mr. Burt. Lord Houghton, on his retirement from the Lord-Lieutenancy of Ireland, has been created an Earl. Lord Rosebery has been succeeded as Premier by the Marquis iv UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. of Salisbury, who holds the office of Foreign Secretary; and Mr. Balfour has become First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Commons; Mr. Chamberlain, Colonial Secretary; Mr. Goschen, First Lord of the Admiralty; Vis- count Cross, Lord Privy Seal; and Sir Richard Webster, Attorney-General. It should further be noted that M. Charles Dupuy has ceased to be Prime Minister of France ; and that Dr. Dale, Robert Louis Stevenson, Christina Rossetti, Lord Randolph Churchill, and Professor Huxley, to the regret of multitudes of admirers, have passed away. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTENTS, Aberdeen, The Countess of ... 104 Aberdeen, The Earl of ... 242 Acland,TheRightHon.A.H.D. 408 Acton, Lord 290 Adler, The Rev. Dr. Hermann 56 Albani, Madame 150 Allen, Mr. Grant 352 Alma-Tadema, Mr., R.A. ... 270 Argyll, The Duke of, K.G., K.T. 134 Armstrong, Lord 62 Arnold, Sir Arthur 436 Ashbourne, Lord 476 Asquith, Mrs 86 Asquith, The Right Hon. H. H. 306 Balfour, The Right Hon. A. J. 120 Ball, Sir Robert 464 Bancroft, Mrs 112 Bannerman, The Right Hon. Sir H. Campbell- 238 Barrett, The Rev. Dr 354 Barrie, Mr. J. M 196 Beerbohm-Tree, Mr. Herbert. . . 160 Beerbohm-Tree, Mrs 280 Bellamy, Mr. Edward 34 Bernhardt, Madame Sarah ... 198 Besant, Mrs 444 Besant, Sir Walter 268 Bjornson, Bjornstjerne. ... 110 Blake, The Hon. Edward ... 218 Bouguereau, M. 126 Brassey, Lord . ... 434 PAGE Brock, Mr. Thomas, R.A. ... 446 Bryant, Mrs., D.Sc 416 Bryce, The Right Hon. James 272 Burns, Mr. John 180 Burt, Mr. Thomas 286 Butler, Lady 60 Caine, Mr. Hall 376 Calve, Madame 122 Campbell - Bannerman, The Right Hon. Sir H., G.C.B. 238 Campbell, Mrs. Patrick ... 92 Canterbury, The Archbishop of 6 "Carmen Sylva" 240 Carnegie, Mr. Andrew ... 374 Chamberlain, The Right Hon. Joseph 202 Chant, Mrs. Ormiston ... 220 Cheyne, the Rev. Professor . . . 364 Churchill, Lady Randolph ... 154 Churchill, Lord Randolph ... 152 Claretie, M. Jules 226 Clemens, Mr. S. L. ("Mark Twain") 166 Cleveland, The Hon. Grover... 50 Clifford, The Rev. Dr. ... 168 Cobbe, Miss Frances Power ... 426 Cooper, Mr. T. Sidney, R.A. ... 294 Coppee, M 260 Coquelin, M. B.-C 88 Courtney, The Right Hon. Leonard 438 VI UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Cowen, Mr. F. H 302 Cranbrook, The Earl of ... 332 Crane, Mr. Walter 418 Crockett, Mr. S. R 298 Cross, The Right Hon. Viscount 398 Currie, Sir Donald 312 Czar of Russia, The 288 Dale, The Rev. Dr 138 Davies, Miss Fanny 264 Davies, Mrs. Mary 370 Davitt, Mr. Michael 356 Dawson, Sir J. W. ... ... 300 Deland, Mrs 174 Denmark, H.M. the King of ... 452 Denmark, H.M. the Queen of 404 Depew, Mr. Chauncey ... 246 Dewar, Professor 250 Dicksee, Mr. Frank, R.A. ... 346 Dilke, Lady 460 Dilke, The Right Hon. Sir Charles, Bart 278 Donaldson, Principal ... ... 190 Dowden, Professor Edward ... 310 Doyle, Mr. Conan 470 Driver, The Rev. Professor . . . 454 Dufferin and Ava, The Mar- quis of, K.P 84 Dumas, M. Alexandre ... 58 Dupuy, M. Charles 102 Durham, The Bishop of ... 90 Edison, Mr. Thomas Alva ... 114 Erskine, Mr. H. D 362 Fairbairn, The Rev. Principal 212 Farrer, Lord 466 Fawcett, Mrs. Millicent Garrett 472 Forbes, Mr. Archibald ... 450 Forbes-Robertson, Mr. J. ... 258 Frederick, H.I.M. the Empress 336 Frith, Mr. W. P., R.A. ... 248 Gladstone, The Right Hon. W. E 2 Gladstone, Mrs. 4 Geffcken, Dr 378 Geikie, Sir Archibald 448 German Emperor, The ... 48 Gilbert, Sir John, R.A. ... 200 Goschen, The Right Hon. G.J 266 Gosse, Mr. Edmund 380 Grace, Dr. W. G. ... ... 42 Grand, Madame Sarah ... 118 Greece, H.M. the King of ... 432 Greece, H.M. the Queen of ... 350 Green, Mrs. J. R 66 Grundy, Mr. Sydney 236 Guyot, M. Yves 232 Haeckel, Herr Ernst 46 Hale, The Rev. Edward Ev- erett, D.D 314 Halevy, M. Ludovic 442 Hall, The Rev. John, D.D. ... 360 Halle, Lady 164 Hardy, Mr. Thomas 156 Hare, Mr. John 206 Harrison, Mr. Frederic ... 334 Harrison, The Hon. Benjamin 100 Hawkins, Sir Henry 108 Herkomer, Professor Hubert, R.A 462 Hole, Dean 382 Holmes, Oliver Wendell ... 214 Hough ton, Lord 98 Howells, Mr. W. D 208 Hutton, Sir John 316 Huxley, Professor 82 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTENTS. Ibsen, Henrik ... Irving, Sir Henry Israels, Josef . . . PAGE 76 20 94 Jex-Blake, The Very Rev. Dr. 372 Johnston, Mr. H. H., C.B. ... 184 Jokai, Maurus 396 Jones, Mr. H. A 124 Kimberley, The Earl of, K.G. 322 Kipling, Mr. Rudyard ... 70 Knox-Little, Canon 430 Lang, Mr. Andrew 326 Lankester, Professor E. Ray . . . 224 Lefroy, The Right Rev. Dr. ... 474 Le Gallienne, Mr. Richard ... 412 Lecky, Mr. W. E. H 128 Leighton, Sir Frederic, P.R.A. 12 Linton, Mrs. Lynn 230 Linton, Sir James Drumgole. . . 162 Lockyer, Professor Norman, C.B 328 London, The Bishop of ... 194 Lord Chief Justice of England, The 8 Loti, Pierre 308 Maartens, Ma^arten 342 Mahaffy, The Rev. Professor... 400 Mackenzie, Sir A. C 276 Malet, The Right Hon. Sir Edward 348 Mancinelli, Signer Luigi ... 428 Manns, Mr. August 410 Marie of Russia, H.I.M. the Empress 384 Martineau, The Rev. Dr. ... 74 Massenet, M 36 Mathew, Sir James C. ... 170 PAGE Melba, Madame 80 Mellor, The Right Hon. J. W. 228 McCarthy, Mr. Justin '. 458 McKenzie, Miss Marian ... 296 McLaren, The Rev. Dr. ... 284 Millais, Sir J. E., Bart., R.A. ' 106 Morley, The Right Hon. John 172 Morris, Mr. William 16 Morris, Sir Lewis 234 Miiller, Professor F. Max ... 318 Munkacsy, M. Michael . .. 22 Neilson, Miss Julia 320 Palgrave, Professor Francis Turner 420 Parker, The Rev. Dr 324 Parkhurst, The Rev. Dr. ... 406 Parry, Dr. C. H. H 394 Patti, Madame 14 Payn, Mr. James 390 Peel, Viscount 10 Peterborough, The Bishop of 146 Pinero, Mr. Arthur W. ... 178 Playfair, Lord 422 Rabbi, The Chief 56 Ravogli, Signorina Giulia ... 40 Ravogli, Signorina Sofia ... 252 Rayleigh, Lord 386 Rehan, Miss Ada 72 Reid, Sir George 392 Rhodes, The Right Hon. Cecil 32 Ripon, The Bishop of 292 Ripon, The Marquis of, K.G. ... 344 Roberts, Field-Marshal Lord 18 Roberts, Mr. John, jun. ... 368 Robertson, Mr. J. Forbes- ... 258 Robins, Miss Elizabeth ... 188 Ronner, Madame 140 via Rosebery, The Earl of, K.G., K.T 52 Rossetti, Christina ... ... 24 Roumania, The Queen of ... 240 Ruskin, Mr. John 244 Russell of Killowen, Lord ... 8 Russia, H.I.M. the Empress Marie of 384 Russia, The Czar of 288 Saint-Saens, M. C.-C 176 Salisbury, The Marquis of, K G. 64 Salmon, The Rev. Professor ... 468 Sanday, The Rev. Professor ... 414 Santley, Mr. Charles 130 'Saxony, The King of 96 Scott-Holland, Canon 340 Serjeant-at-Arms, The ... 362 Sinclair, The Ven. Archdeacon 440 Skeat, The Rev. Professor ... 136 Solomon, Mr. Solomon J. ... 402 Spencer, Earl, K.G 256 Spencer, Mr. Herbert 38 Stainer, Sir John ... ... 456 Stanley, Mr. H. M 204 Stead, Mr. W.T 424 Stevenson, Robert Louis ... 28 Stirling, Madame Antoinette... 210 Stockton, Mr. F. R 282 Storrs, The Rev. Dr 330 Tadema, Mr. Alma-, R.A. ... 270 Tenniel, Sir John 44 PAGE Terry, Miss Ellen 30 Thompson, Sir John 158 Thornycroft, Mr. Hamo, R.A. 182 Tolstoy, Leon 148 Twain, Mark 166 Tweedmouth, Lord 186 Vambery, Professor Arminius 358 Vaughan, Cardinal 26 Victoria, Her Majesty Queen 1 Wales, H.R.H. the Prince of... 144 Wales, H.R.H. the Princess of 192 Walsh, Archbishop 116 Ward, Mrs. Humphry 54 Watts, Mr. G. F 78 Wauters, M. E*mile 222 Webster, Sir Richard 366 Welldon, The Rev. Dr. ... 262 Westminster, The Dean of ... 388 Whyte, The Rev. Alexander, D.D 304 Willard, Mr. E. S. . 142 Willard, Dr. Frances 132 William II. of Germany, H.I. M. the Emperor 48 Wolff, M. Johannes 478 Wolseley, Field - Marshal Vis - count, K.P 338 Worcester, The Bishop of ... 254 Wlirttemberg, The King of ... 216 Zola,M 68 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. BUCKINGHAM PALACE. HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. LIKE lesser mortals, Queen Victoria has not found life to be free from care and sorrow. The sudden death of the Prince Consort, in 1861, imposed upon her a long period of seclusion. The deaths of the Princess Alice, of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, and more recently of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence, the eldest son of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, have been sore griefs to Her Majesty. On the other hand, her reign has been one of singular prosperity, seven of her nine children still remain to her, the number of her grand- children and great-grandchildren is legion, and now she has the satisfaction of knowing that the succession to the throne in the direct male line is provided for to the third genera- tion. Her Majesty, who was born on the 24th of May, 1819, succeeded her uncle, William IV., on the 20th of June, 1837, and was crowned in Westminster Abbey on the 28th of June, 1838. And here, in 1887, she celebrated the Jubilee of her reign with a solemn Thanksgiving Service, attended by members of all the Royal families of Europe and by delegates from every part of the Empire, as well as by representatives of all the great national interests. 1 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo: G. If. Ifilsun & Co.. Aberdeen. HAWAEDEN CASTLB. THE RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE. WHEN Mr. Gladstone went into retirement, early in 1894, having four times held the office of First Minister of the Crown, his political opponents vied with the most devoted of his supporters in acclaiming him as the greatest English- man of his age. Mr. Balfour's eloquent tribute to his great antagonist was only the formal expression of a respect which the Conservative leader in the House of Commons had con- sistently shown. Not less emphatic was the Marquis of Salisbury's eulogium of the venerable statesman as the most brilliant intellect that had ever devoted itself to the service of the State since Parliamentary Government began. Mr. Gladstone was then hi his eighty-fifth year, having been born at Liverpool on the 29th of December, 1809. He had been a Member of Parliament for sixty-one years, and sixty years has passed since he first took office as Junior Lord of the Treasury under Sir Robert PeeL He has left behind him a noble tradition, not merely of superb oratory, of masterly statesmanship, and of inspiring leadership, but also of dis- interested devotion to duty, of chivalrous magnanimity, of splendid intrepidity, and of high-minded patriotism. UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLl-IHY. MRS. GLADSTONE'S OEPHANAGE, HAWAKDEN MRS. GLADSTONE. THE lady to whose solicitous care and unfailing sympathy her distinguished husband is so deeply indebted is the eldest daughter of the late Sir Stephen Richard Glynne, Bart., of Hawarden, and sister of the late Lady Lyttelton, their mother being the Hon. Mary, second daughter of Eichard Lord Bray- brooke. The marriage which has run so smooth and happy a course took place in the year 1839, and Mr. and Mrs, Gladstone celebrated their golden wedding on the 25th cf July, 1889, amidst a chorus of congratulations. Of the eight children, all except two the eldest son and the second daughter survive. The Rev. Stephen Gladstone is rector of Hawarden, Mr. Henry Gladstone chose a commercial career, and Mr. Herbert Gladstone, one of the members for Leeds, is First Commissioner of Works. The eldest daughter, Anne, is the wife of the Very Rev. E. C. Wickham, Dean of Lincoln ; Mary married the Rev. Harry Drew, curate of Hawarden, in 1886 ; and the youngest, Miss Helen Gladstone, is Vice- Principal of Newnham College. Mrs. Gladstone is honour- ably known for her charitable activities, and the Orphanage at Hawarden is not the only institution for which she has pleaded and worked. UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. CANTEEBUEY CATHEDRAL. THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. THE Most Rev. Edward White Benson, D.D., was born near Birmingham in 1829, and was educated at King Edward's School, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he became Scholar and Fellow. For some years he was an assistant- master at Rugby; then, from 1858 to 1872, he was first head- master of Wellington School, resigning this post to become Chancellor of Lincoln Cathedral. He was Select Preacher to the University of Cambridge for several years between 1864 and 1882, and to the sister University in 1875-76, was Hon. Chaplain to the Queen in 1873, and Chaplain-in- Ordinary, 1875-77. In 1876 he was elevated by Lord Beaconsfield to the newly-created Bishopric of Truro, and in 1882, having shown uncommon capacity for administration in the organisa- tion of his diocese, he was chosen by Mr. Gladstone to succeed Dr. Tait as Primate an office for which he was marked out by his fine presence and courtly manners no less than by his ability and energy. A Liberal High Churchman, Dr. Benson has avoided controversial theology, and has directed his atten- tion mainly to administrative efficiency and social reform. ^ UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE LORD CHIEF JUSTICE OF ENGLAND. THE appointment of Lord Russell of Killowen to the most dignified and important post in the English judiciary was universally anticipated. On all hands it was felt that the Prime Minister could not fail to choose for the virtual head- ship of English judges the man who had for years been the greatest of English advocates. His lordship was born near Newry in 1833, and was educated at Castleknock, graduating at Trinity College, Dublin. Having practised for some years as a solicitor at Belfast, he came to England, was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1859, and joined the Northern Circuit. In 1872 he took silk, and from this time for- ward was engaged in most of the leading cases in the English courts, distinguishing himself even more by his matchless cross-examina- tions than by his eloquence. He entered Parliament as the elect of Dundalk in 1880, and in 1886, having been returned for South Hackney, became Attorney- General in the first Home Rule Government. For the cause of Home Rule he has been a most strenuous worker. He was leading counsel for the Irish Party before the Special Commis- sion ; and his six days' speech in introducing the evidence for the defendants, and his cross-examination of Pigott, rank among the greatest achievements at the Bar. He was again appointed Attorney-General in 1892, and was raised to the peerage as a Lord of Appeal in 1894, succeeding the late Baron Coleridge as Lord Chief Justice of England a few weeks later. ENTRANCE TO THE EOYAL PALACE OF JUSTICE. > hoto : Elliott & Fry, Baker Street, IV, 10 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE SPEAKER. Photo : Valentine & Sons, Dundee. THE CLOCK TOWER. ONE of the greatest of Speakers, the Right Hon. Arthur Wellesley Peel, is a son the youngest of one of the greatest of Prime Ministers. Born in 1829, he was educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Oxford. In 1865 his political career began with his election, in the Liberal interest, for the borough of Warwick, which he represented continuously until 1885, when, the constituency having been affected by the Redistribution Act, he was re- turned for Warwick and Leam- ington. In 1868 he was ap- pointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Poor Law Board; in 1871 he became Secretary to the Board of Trade, and in 1873 Patronage Secretary to the Treasury. Even in 1880 he had given little proof, save to a dis- cerning few, of the great qualities he was afterwards to manifest ; for when in that year the Liberals came back to power, he received only an Under-Secretaryship that of the Home Department. This office he held until 1884, when, Mr. Brand being elevated to the House which has no Speaker, he was elected to the vacant chair. The speech in which he accepted the office was, in its lofty and sonorous eloquence, a surprise to many who had been in frequent contact with him. But high as was the standard which he thus set for himself, he has never fallen below it ; and now the prospect of his retirement would be regarded with dismay. Photo : FMio-t & l-'ry. Baker Strut, KJL^ 12 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. SIR FREDERIC LEIGHTON, BART. PORTION 'OF FRIEZE IN DIVAN OF SIR F. LEIGHTON'S HOUSE. THE President of the Royal Academy is a native of Scar- borough. At the age of fourteen in 1844 he entered the Academy of Berlin, continuing his art-studies at Florence, at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, at the Louvre, and at Rome. From this city he, in 1855, sent to our Royal Academy a large picture known as " Cirnabue's Triumph," which, as the work of an English artist un- known in England, took the public by surprise. It was bought by the Queen, and was re-exhibited at Manchester and at the International Exhibitions. The theme of his Academy picture in 1856 was "The Triumph of Music," which gave further proof that a great artist had been born, if not trained, among us. In 1864, being then thirty-four, he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy. Five years later he became an Acade- mician, and in November, 1878, he succeeded Sir Francis Grant as President, and was knighted. It was in this year that he completed the great wall decoration for the South Kensington Museum, " The Industrial Arts Applied to War." In 1879 Cambridge made him an honorary LL.D., Oxford an honorary D.C.L., and Edinburgh an honorary LL.D. ; and in 1886 he was created a baronet. Nor has he gone without marks of distinction from abroad. He is a member of several foreign artistic societies, is an Officer of the Legion of Honour, and was President of the International Jury of Painting at the Paris Exhibition of 1878. In 1888 he was elected a member of the Society of Painters in Water-Colours. Sir Frederic has also executed some admirable pieces of sculpture. His speeches at the Royal Academy banquets are models of polished eloquence. Photo : W. & D. Doiuney, Ebury Street. W. 14 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE ALBERT HALL. MADAME PATTI. THE great singer who will always be known by her paternal name is of Italian and Spanish extraction. She was born in Madrid on the 9th of April, 1848, daughter of Salvatori Patti, and was christened Adelina Maria Clorinda. Her musical education was begun under her brother-in-law, Maurice Strakosch. Her parents removing to America, she made her debut there at a very early age, but retired for further study, and made her formal appearance at New York in November, 1859, as Lucia. Her entry at Covent Garden took place in May, 1861, in the role of Amina, and by the end of the season it was evident to all that an operatic star of the first magnitude had arisen. Nor has she distinguished herself less in oratorio, at the Handel and other Festivals. On the Continent, and also in America, South as well as North, she is as great a favourite as in the land of her adoption. In 1868 she became the wife of the Marquis de Caux, and in 1886 was married to Signor Nicolini. The generous disposi- tion which leads Madame Patti to give her audiences more than is specified " in the . bond," manifests itself also in frequent performances for the benefit of hospitals and other charitable institutions. Photo: B. Laura, Kiie. 16 r.v/ 1 '/: /;>M/. miiTitArr GALLERY. MR WILLIAM MORRIS. THE author of " The Earthly Paradise " is notable on several grounds, but his work as a poet forms his most enduring claim to renown. Born at Waltharnstow in 1834, he was educated at Marlborough and at Exeter College, Oxford. In 1856, the year in which he took his degree, he .was articled to the late Mr. Street, the architect. But his strong poetical bent would take no denial, and he failed to complete his term with Mr. Street. In 1858 he sent to the press " The Defence of Guenevere, and other Poems;" in 1867 came "The Life and Death of Jason;" and in 1868 appeared the first instalment of the memorable work already mentioned, " The Earthly Paradise." With years and experience came depth of thought and feeling, and in 1876 the erstwhile " singer of an empty day " gave to the world, in " The Story of Sigurd the Yolsung," his poetical masterpiece. Mr. Morris has also translated the ^Eneid and the Odyssey, as well as some of the Icelandic sagas. Of late he has Avritten much prose romance, in addition to lectures on archi- tecture and other branches of art, and newspaper and other matter relating to Socialism, of which he has long been an impassioned advocate. The fine-art decoration undertaking carried on under his name has undoubtedly been a most important agent in the reform of English taste in colour and design. He also conducts the Kelmscott Press, from which he has sent out many beautiful reprints of old Avorks in type and with ornaments of his own design. 18 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. KANDAHAB. LORD EGBERTS. THE hero of the most celebrated march in modern warfare was born in 1832, son of the late General Sir A. Koberts, and was educated at Eton, Sandhurst, and Woolwich. Entering the Bengal Artillery in 1851, he served through the Indian Mutiny, taking part in the storming of Delhi, the capture of Cawnpore, and the relief of Lucknow, and gaining the Victoria Cross for rescuing a standard at Khodagunj. After further service in Abyssinia and in South-East Bengal, he commanded the Kuruin Valley column in the Afghan War of 1878, carrying the Peiwar Pass, and entering Cabul in triumph. It was in the second campaign (1879-80) that, after defeating the enemy at Charasiah, he led the march upon Candahar, covering over three hundred miles in twenty days, and routing the Afghans outside the beleaguered city. For these services he was created a baronet and G.C.B., and received the thanks of Parliament. In 1885 he became Commander- in-Chief in India, and when he resigned in 1893, and returned to England, where he had a reception which princes might envy, he left behind him a splendid army and a greatly strengthened frontier. He was raised to the peerage in 1892 as Lord Roberts of Kandahar and Waterford. 1'lioto : Walcry, Limited, Regent Street, IV. 20 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. HENRY IRVING. THE actor-manager of the Lyceum is a native of Keinton, near Glastonbury, and was born in 1838. His first appearance was at Sunderland in 1856. After a spell of hard work at the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh, he made his debut in London in 1859 at the Princess's Theatre, with only partial success, though the critics were much impressed by two dramatic readings given by him at Crosby Hall. He then served a further provincial apprenticeship of seven years at the Theatre Royal, Manchester, and during that period attracted a good deal of notice by a clever exposure, in conjunction with Mr. F. Maccabe, of the spiritualism of the Davenport Brothers. When he next appeared in London, at the St. James's Theatre in 1866, as Doricourt in The Belle's Stratagem, he at once made his mark. In 1870 he scored a brilliant success at the Vaudeville in The Two Roses. The next year, at the Lyceum, he created an immense sensation as Mathias in The Bells. In 1874, with his appearance as Hamlet, a new period in his career began; and it was not long before the play-going public saw in him a great tragedian, possessed of an insight rare even among great actors. Succeeding Mrs. Bateman as lessee of the Lyceum in 1878, Mr. Irving inaugurated a new era in stage management. Space fails us to enumerate the many plays which he has splendidly mounted, and in which he and Miss Ellen Terry have taken the leading parts; but it must be mentioned that in America he and his company are not less popular than in the land which is proud of him as her greatest living actor. Our portrait shows him in the part of Cardinal Wolsey. 22 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. M. MICHAEL MUNKACSY. THE Hungarian painter is a notable instance of genius triumphing over environment. Born in 1846, within gunshot of the old fortress of Munkacs, he, at the age of four, lost his father, who died in prison, having been one of the followers of Kossuth. Presently he was taken charge of by an uncle, who was too poor to give him even the rudiments of an educa- tion, and had to apprentice him to a village carpenter. His life was a hard one, but not hard enough to crush out his irrepressible impulse to handle the pencil. After his appren- ticeship, the youth worked as a journeyman for a pittance' of five shillings a week, but was able to teach himself writing and reading. Then the thirst for knowledge grew insati- able, the midnight oil was burnt, and before long violent fever compelled him for a time to suspend his studies. When health returned he acquired some local fame as a self-taught artist, and was able to leave the carpenter's bench and set up his easel at Pesth. Thence he removed to Vienna, and next in rapid succession to Munich and Diisseldorf, ulti- mately finding an abiding-place in Paris. His first great success was achieved at Diisseldorf. A wealthy connoisseur commissioned the now familiar " Last Day of a Condemned Prisoner," and no sooner did it appear on the walls of the Paris Salon in 1870, than Goupil, the picture-dealer, sought him out at Diisseldorf and gave him a handsome commission. Among the many works which M. Munkacsy has since pro- duced have been " The Night Prowlers," " Milton Dictating ' Paradise Lost ' to his Daughters," and " Christ before Pilate." To the Salon of 1894 he contributed a painting entitled " Recit," full of vivacity and humour. 24 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MISS CHRISTINA ROSSETTI. THE youngest member of a family of rare distinction, Chris- tina Georgina Kossetti was born in London on the 5th of December, 1830, her father being an Italian patriotic poet who had fled to this country from the kingdom of Naples a few years before, while her mother was Frances Mary Lavinia Polidori, sister of Byron's travelling physician. While still quite a child, Miss Rossetti wrote verses marked by much sweetness of feeling as well as by artistic expression. In 1850 she contributed to The Germ, the organ of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, into which her brothers Dante Gabriel and William Michael had thrown themselves. In 1862 appeared her first book, " Goblin Market, and Other Poem's," by which she at once established her reputation as a poet of a very high order. This was followed in 1866 by "The Prince's Progress, and Other Poems." In both these volumes were pieces of the highest merit as devotional poetry ; and in 1874 Miss Rossetti issued a book of devotion, " Annus Domini : A Prayer for each Day of the Year, founded on a Text of Holy Scripture." In 1875 a collected edition of the poems came out, and in 1881 appeared " A Pageant, and Other Poems." Miss Rossetti has also written a volume of short stories, and several religious works in prose. In every kind, her work is that of a consummate artist; but her reputation is, without doubt, bound up with her poetry. To compare her with her great brother would be profitless ; but it is safe to say that, if her genius has a narrower range than his, her work is not one whit less distinguished. Deep rather than high seriousness is perhaps its most salient quality. 26 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. CARDINAL VAUGHAR BORN at Gloucester on the 13th of April, 1832, eldest son of Lieu tenant- Colonel Vaughan, of Courtfield, Herefordshire, his Eminence the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster belongs to one of those old country families which have through many generations stood fast by the Church of Rome, in evil as well as in good report. He was educated at Stonyhurst and at a college in Belgium, and was originally designed to follow his father's profession, but preferred to enter the priesthood. Five of his brothers, by the way, made the same choice, and have all risen to positions of influence and dignity one, Roger, dying Archbishop of Sydney. Three of his uncles also are priests, and one of them is now Bishop of Plymouth. In 1849 he entered St. Gregory's, Downside, and, after a course of study at Rome, was ordained priest at Lucca in 1854 being appointed Vice-President of St. Edmund's College, near Ware, Herts, in the following year. In 1863, having determined to found a Missionary College, he travelled in North and South America to collect funds, with which he purchased a house at Mill Hill, converting it into a Missionary Training College with a single student. Before long, larger premises became necessary, and in 1871 the present hand- some College was opened. In 1872 Dr. Vaughan was pre- ferred to the See of Salford, but was allowed to retain the office of Superior-General of the Missionary Society which owed its existence to his efforts. He was preferred to the See of Westminster in 1892, in succession to Cardinal Manning, and was raised to the Cardinalate in January of the following year. 28 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. SCENE -IN SAMOA. MR. R L. STEVENSON. THE founder of the English Neo-Romantic school of fiction comes of an engineering stock, his family having been for three generations engineers to the Board of Northern Light- houses. He himself was designed for the same profession ; but Nature had had other intentions, and her plans were not to be frustrated. His first book was "An Inland Voyage," and this was followed by several other volumes of travel and of essays all of them charming in their delicate humour, their tender humanity, their play of fancy. But the work which brought him world- wide fame was " Treasure Island," which saw the light in 1883, and has been the precursor of quite a host of adventure stories and romances. " The Dynamiter," " Prince Otto," and " The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," all belong to 1885 ; " The Black Arrow" to 1888; "The Wreckers" to 1892; and "The Ebb Tide," written, like " The Wreckers," in collaboration, to 1894. "Catriona," which appeared in 1893, as a sequel to "Kid- napped" (1886), is perhaps the most delightful of all Mr. Stevenson's works, not even excepting " The Beach of Falesa " in the " Island Nights' Entertainments;" although, as a study in character, and in point of unity and proportion, "The Master of Ballantrae' comes first of all. Phuto : Fait, Syartey. 30 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MISS ELLEN TERRY. LIKE her sister, Miss Kate Terry, the first of living English actresses made her debut at the Princess's, in a Shakesperian play The Winter's Tale, the part being Mamillius. This was in 1856, when she was eight years old ; and she soon became known as a talented exponent of juvenile character. In 1863 she began to take ingenue parts ; and her Gertrude in The Little Treasure was recognised as entirely unconventional and full of intelligence. In 1875 her Portia, in a revival of The Merchant of Venice at the Prince of Wales's, was hailed as a most artistic performance. But Miss Terry set the seal upon her growing fame by her poetic creation, at the Court Theatre, of the heroine in Olivia, the play which Mr. W. G. Wills founded upon "The Vicar of Wakefield." In 1878 she joined the Lyceum Company ; and since then she has been associated Avith Mr. Irving in all the chief productions under his management. Her first appearance at the Lyceum was as Ophelia ; among her subsequent impersonations have been Pauline in The Lady of Lyons, Camma in The Cup, Letitia Hardy in The Belle's Stratagem, Desdemona, Juliet, Beatrice, Margaret in Mr. Wills's version of Faust, Lady Macbeth, Cordelia, and Rosamonde in Becket. The first of her visits to America with the Lyceum Company was in 1883 ; and, as ah 1 the world knows, she found the conquest of the New World a delightfully easy task. Miss Terry's genius ranges over a wide field. If in tragic in- tensity she falls somewhat below the greatest of her pre- decessors, she can never have been excelled in poetic grace and charm, or in tender pathos. 32 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PABLIAMENT HOUSE, CAPE TOWN. THE HON. CECIL RHODES. THE Cape Premier is by common consent one of the most energetic and influential, as he is one of the richest, men in the British Empire. The son of an English gentleman of moderate means, he emigrated to South Africa as soon as his education was completed ; and though at first he met with no great success, his astute and vigorous direction of diamond mines at Kimberley was not long in winning him a large fortune and the title of " The Diamond King." These achievements, however, served but as a whet to his ambition. Turning to politics, he quickly made his mark, and was soon admitted to the Government that of Sir T. Scanlon. When the Spriggs Ministry fell, in 1890, he was nominated Prime Minister, and has held the Premiership ever since. In 1891 he paid a visit to his native land, and created some- thing of a sensation by giving a sum of 10,000 for the promotion of the cause of Home Rule. He was the prime mover in obtaining from the ill-starred Lobengula the con- cession of mining rights in Matabeleland ; and when hostilities broke out, in the autumn of 1893, he, as Chairman of the British South Africa Company, took the conduct of operations into his own hands with what result all the world knows. UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. EDWARD BELLAMY. IT was as a journalist that the author of " Looking Backward " acquired his mastery of the pen and his knack of adroit pre- sentation. He was educated at Union College and in Ger- many, and then acquired enough law to be admitted to the Bar. He never practised, however, preferring to devote himself to journalism. In 1871 he joined the staff of the New York Evening Post, and in the following year obtained an appoint- ment on the Springfield Union as leader-writer and critic. In 1876-77 he went to the Sandwich Islands in search of health, and on his return took a leading part in founding the Springfield News. Two years later he renounced journalism for literature, writing a number of short stories, and also producing some longer works, among them " Six to One : a Nantucket Idyl," 1878; "Dr. Heidenhoff's Process," 1880; and " Miss Ludington's Sister," 1884. Neither of these books, however, attracted widespread notice; and it was not till 1888 that, with the appearance of " Looking Backward," of which more than 300,000 copies were sold in America within two years, his name came to be known on this syle of the Atlantic. If it cannot be pretended that the book takes rank as fiction, no one will dispute that it is marked by very considerable ingenuity. Mr. Bellamy is no mere trifler, Avho works out an idea because he sees "copy" in it. Whether his position is. rational or the reverse, it represents his earnest and well- considered convictions; and he is never weary of doing what he can to defend and advance them. He still resides at the Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, where he was born in 1850. Plwlo: A. y. Philfott. 36 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. M. MASSENET. THE rare distinction belongs to M. Massenet of having had two of his operas introduced to the English public in one season that of 1894. Werther, the first of them, was com- posed, we believe, some years ago, and although the subject is essentially tmdramatic, its musical treatment was so rich and sensuous and tender that it scored a brilliant success, and could have left Sir Augustus Harris in no doubt as to the wisdom of proceeding with La Naverraise. Of this it is not too much to say that it was a revelation of unsuspected power. M. Massenet had long been known as a composer of sweet, melodious, highly-coloured music ; he now showed that he had it in him to produce effects as powerful and dramatic as any in Cavalleria Rusticana or 11 Pagliacci. He was fortunate, certainly, in having Madame Calve and M. Alvarez to act as his interpreters ; but the tumult of applause with which the piece was received was undoubtedly intended primarily for the music. The opera was performed before the Queen shortly afterwards, and is sure of a place in the Covent Garden repertory. M. Massenet, who was born at Montaud in 1842, the youngest of twenty-one children, ran a brilliant course at the Paris Conservatoire, where, in 1878, he was appointed Professor of Composition. He has written a great deal of delightful music for the pianoforte and the orchestra, besides a number of operas, both light and serious, and some oratorios. One of his operas, the romantic Esclarmonde, had the unusual run of one hundred nights in 1889. Photo: Prof. E. tianjstiingl, Frankfort. a, J ] 38 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. HERBERT SPENCER. THE great apostle of evolution was at the age of seventeen articled to a civil engineer, and for seven or eight years followed that profession with some success ; but the sudden abatement of the railway mania left him, like the late Professor Tyndall, stranded, and he gradually drifted into literature and ultimately into philosophy. Taking up his residence in London in 1848, he sub-edited the Economist, and also did a good deal of work for the Westminster Review and the Edinburgh. In 1855, four years before Darwin published his " Origin of Species," he sent to the press his " Principles of Psychology," interpreting the phenomena of mind along the lines of evolution. Five years later he issued the programme of his " System of Synthetic Philosophy," in which he proposed to apply the principle of evolution to all orders of phenomena, social and political as well as biological. To the fulfilment of this gigantic task most of his energy has since been directed. The list of his works includes " First Principles," " The Principles of Sociology," " Political Institu- tions," " Ecclesiastical Institutions/' and " The Data of Ethics." He has also taken a prominent part in controversy on current questions. A pronounced individualist, he has contended vigorously against the Socialistic tendencies of the age; he has also made some lively onslaughts upon the Cointist philosophy and religion. Mr. Spencer, who was born at Derby in 1820, the son of a teacher of mathematics, and was educated by his father and his uncle (the Rev. Thomas Spencer), has consistently declined the academic honours that have been offered to him. / y fUMU*// 46*4*, V 40 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY SIGNORINA GIULIA RAVOGLI. THE younger of " the sisters Ravogli " was born in Rome in 1866, and was only just in her teens when, with the elder of the twain, she began to study under Abbadia in her native city. Two years later she made her first appearance at Malta, in Norma, with most gratifying results. Her ear- liest success, therefore, like so many of her later and most brilliant, was achieved on British soil. In her .own land she was not long in winning renown in operas which are still popular there ; but in England, as in Germany, her greatest successes have been as Urbano in Les Huguenots, as Ortrud in Lohengrin, and above all in Orfeo. Her first visit to London was in 1890, when she was at once recog- nised as having a place in the very first rank of operatic artists. Her voice alone Avould, no doubt, have brought her distinction ; but still more remarkable is her dramatic gift. As an actress it would be difficult to find her equal on the operatic stage. The revival of Gliick's opera dates from the performance at La Scala in 1888, when she and her sister took the leading parts. Her appearance in it at Covent Garden in 1890 was the greatest operatic event of the year, and was, in effect, a creation of the part, for she is too young to remember Yiardot Garcia, the last great Orfeo. Of her we may say as truly as Berlioz said of Viardot, " She has all the special qualities the part demands: thorough mastery of the music, a simple and severe style, an organ puissant and noble, profound sensibility, expressive features, natural beauty of gesture." fho:o: Fai, fieiu York. 42 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. DR. W. G. GRACE. A CAPITAL bowler, a first-rate field, and an admirable captain, Dr. Grace is at his best in front of the wicket. So long ago as 1864 he distinguished himself with the South Wales team against the Gentlemen of Sussex, scoring 170, and 56 not out, and soon after this he came to be recognised as among the best of England's cricketers, and ultimately as the champion batsman. Between 1864 and 1890 he had 814 innings in first-class matches, and scored 35,446 runs, an average of 43 per innings. During the same period, 2,230 wickets fell to his ball, at a cost of 36,170 runs, or an average per wicket of 16. In 1884, and again in 1886, he scored over 100 in each of the three innings against the Australians. Several times has he obtained over 200, and on certain memorable occasions his score has exceeded 300. Dr. Grace was born at Downend, near Bristol, on the 18th of July, 1848, and, like his father and his brother, is a working member of the medical profession. In 1891 he sent to the press an interesting work on the pastime in which he has gained world-wide celebrity. In an interesting match at Reigate, in September, 1894, between teams captained re- spectively by Dr. Grace and by Mr. W. W. Read, the former's son, Mr. W. G. Grace, Jim., scored 148 not out. Photo: E. Hawkins & Co., Brighton 44 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. SIR JOHN TENNIEL. THE prince of political cartoonists is a native of London, where he was born in 1820. Though his draughtsmanship was self-taught, he was successful, at the age of twenty-five, in one of the Cartoon Competitions at Westminster, and painted a fresco in the Palace. He also acquired skill in oil-painting, but abandoned canvas for wood, and soon became known as a book-illustrator of great delicacy and finish, particularly happy when his subjects were taken from fairy lore. Among the works to which his pencil has lent added charm are ^Esop's " Fables," " The Ingoldsby Legends," the poems of Poe and of Miss Procter, and Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland " and " Through the Looking-Glass." But his fame rests less upon these graceful creations than upon his contributions to Punch. His connection with that paper began in 1851 ; and after the death of Leech, in 1864, he Avas recognised as being without a rival in the designing of political cartoons. Week after week, with hardly a single break, his well-known initials have appeared at the foot of the leading picture ; and his invention has all the appearance of being exhaustless. If he has not the fulness of Leech's humour, he is much the superior of his predecessor in his knowledge of the human form and in his power of dramatic effect, as well as in the range of his knowledge. Nor does he restrict himself to the ludicrous so exclusively as did Leech ; on the contrary, he frequently appeals in the most admirable manner to the terrible and the pathetic. He owes his knighthood to Mr. Gladstone, who has furnished his lively pencil with far more subjects than any other of our public men. Photo : Bassano, Old Bond Street, W. 46 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. HERE ERNST HAECKEL. THE distinguished Jena professor is undoubtedly one of the first of German naturalists, and is recognised as such by those who strongly dissent from his materialistic views. His education, begun at Wiirzburg, where he was born in 1834, was continued in the University of Berlin and in that of his native town. After a prolonged examination of the seas in the vicinity of Heligoland, Norway, and Nice, for zoological purposes, and a stay in Italy and Sicily, he was admitted a Privat-dozent at Jena, where, shortly afterwards, he was appointed extraordinary professor of Comparative Anatomy. In 1865 a chair of Zoology was created specially for him, and this he has ever since continued to fill, in spite of tempting offers from more imposing seats of learning. A prolific and trenchant writer, some of whose works have gone through many editions and have been translated into several languages, Herr Haeckel has still been careful to throw himself into his professorial work, and so has moulded to his way of thinking not a few of the leaders of thought in Germany. It is interesting to recall that in 1866 he came to London and made the acquaintance of Darwin, who, however, never approved of the extent to which his doctrines were carried by his perfervid disciple. The Royal Society's catalogue of scientific papers contains a large number of memoirs from Professor Haeckel's pen, all of them of great value ; and he has also done admirable service in connection with the report of the Challenger Expedition by furnishing monographs of some of the most important groups of Invertebrata. Photo: Friedr Haaek, jfena. 48 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. POTSDAIT. THE GERMAN EMPEROR. His IMPERIAL MAJESTY WILLIAM II. (Friedrich Wilhelm Victor Albrecht) is the eldest son of the Emperor Frederick III. and of the Empress Victoria, the Princess Royal of England, and was born at Berlin on the 27th of January, 1859. On the 27th of February, 1881, he married the Princess Au- gusta Victoria, daughter of Friedrich, Duke of Schleswig- Holstein, and niece of Prince Christian, and has seven children. He succeeded his lamented father on the loth of June, 1888, arid at once gave proof of his determination to take the reins into his own hands. In less than two years he parted with Prince Bismarck, and installed Count von Caprivi in his place. In July, 1891, he visited England, with the Empress, and was entertained at a series of splendid festivities, and invested with the freedom of the City of London. In 1893 he came to Cowes and won the Queen's Cup with his yacht; and the visit was repeated in 1894, but not with the same result. His Majesty has shown himself to have remarkable powers of expression; and none of his numerous critics, what- ever they may say about his discretion, can refuse to credit him with courage and resource. 50 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. fhoto: C. M. Bell, Washington, U.S.A. THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON. GENERAL GROVER CLEVELAND. THE first Democratic President of the United States since the Civil War was born at Caldwell, Essex Co., New York, on the 18th of March, 1837, and started life as a clerk, rising to be a member of an important firm of lawyers, to which he still belongs. In 1882 he was elected Governor of New York State, and so made his mark in that office as to be chosen Presidential candidate by the Democratic Con- vention at Chicago in July, 1884. His Republican opponent, Mr. Elaine, was extremely unpopular with a section of his own followers, and these rallying to General Cleveland, he was elected, being "inaugurated" at the White House in the following March. In 1888 there was a Republican revival, and in the election of that year he was defeated by General Harrison. But the tariff policy of the Republicans caused widespread dissatisfaction, and at the election in 1892 General Cleveland was again victorious, his majority in the country being estimated at 430,000. He has vigorously prosecuted the tariff reform whicli was the main plank of his platform, but has been obliged to content himself with a smaller measure than that originally proposed. 52 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. rhoto : Valentine & Sons, Dundee. DALMENY HOUSE. THE EARL OF ROSEBERY, E.G. LORD KOSEBERY is one of those for whom the stars in their courses fight. Before he had turned forty he was born in 1847 and when he had had but little official experience, he Avas called to the most important of the secretaryships of State, that of Foreign Affairs. He held the portfolio for only six months, until Mr. Gladstone's third Administration fell ; but the juncture was a critical one, and the masterly way in which he dealt with the serious difficulties which had arisen in the East of Europe, in connection with Greece and with Bulgaria, showed his statesmanship to be of a very high order. His next great achievement was as first Chair- man of the London County Council, a post of exceptional difficulty, from which the most self-reliant of men might have quailed, but which Lord Rosebery held with signal success. At first he Avas looked at askance by the more extreme members of the Progressive party: long before he retired he had won the confidence of all sections of both parties. In 1894 he succeeded Mr. Gladstone as Prime Minister, and shortly after Avards Avon the Derby Avith " Ladas." l'hot> : Russell & Svis, Baker Street, W. 54 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MRS. HUMPHRY WARD. IF the novel with a purpose is not the highest form of fiction, none but a shallow and intolerant criticism would allege that it has become obsolete. The widespread interest excited by " Robert Elsmere," by " David Grieve," and more recently by " Marcella " an interest not confined to this country, nor to this hemisphere would of itself be sufficient to negative the contention. Of the first of the three, more than half a million copies have been sold in America ; and it has been translated into German, Dutch, and Danish. The most censorious of its author's critics must concede to her distinction of style, considerable invention, and deep insight. And to this it must be added that she has wide learning and an intellect hardly less powerful than George Eliot's. The eldest daughter of Thomas Arnold, author of "A Manual of English Literature " and second son of Dr. Arnold of Rugby, Mrs. Ward was born at Hobart in 1851,. her father having gone out to Tasmania to hold an educational appoint- ment, and having there married the granddaughter of the famous Governor Sorell. In 1872 she was married to Mr. T. Humphry Ward, then a tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford, now art-critic of the Times, and author of a life of Hum- phry Sandwith, and other works. The settlement knoAvn as University Hall, of which she was one of the founders, is conducted on the theological lines laid down in her works. Not to speak of the stories which preceded " Robert Elsmere," she has made many contributions to the reviews, and has translated Amiel's " Journal Intime." 56 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. INTERIOR OF A SYNAGOGUE. THE CHIEF RABBI. THE REV. HERMANN ABLER, M.A., Ph.D., is son of the late Dr. Nathan Adler, whom he succeeded as Chief Rabbi 01 the United Congregations of the British Empire in 1891. Like his father, he is a native of Hanover, where he was born in 1839. He studied at University College, London, at Leipsic, and at Prague, became Principal of the Jews' College in London in 1863, was appointed Minister of the Bayswater Synagogue in the following year, and in 1879 was chosen Delegate Chief Rabbi. Dr. Adler is part- author of a reply to the late Dr. Colenso's much- canvassed criticisms on the Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua. He has also published a course of sermons defending his faith from the attacks of the orthodox, in addition to other works, devotional and historical, as well as polemical, among them a discourse entitled " Is Judaism a Missionary Faith ? " a reply to Professor Max Mtiller, who in a course of lectures on religion had maintained that it was not. Nor are these his only services to his co-religionists. He is an active educationist, and has organised an efficient system of visitation among indigent Jews in the East of London. 58 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE CHAMPS ELYSEES. M. ALEX ANDRE DUMAS. THE son of the author of " Monte Cristo," born at Paris on the 28th of July, 1824, is in most respects the antithesis of his father. In the latter we find action, passion, imagination, and above all, exuberance ; in his son we have the precision of a mathematician and the didactics of a moralist. He has published novels, but it is as a dramatist that he has to be reckoned with. His first success was the Dame aux Camelias, which appeared in 1848, and has become so familiar in this country from the performances of Mme. Bernhardt and others. This, however, was written under the influence of the Victor Hugo drama ; and it was not till he produced the Demi- monde, seven years later, that he began to work his own vein. Among his subsequent pieces are La Princesse Georges (1872), Monsieur Alphonse (1873), L'fitrangere (1876), Denise (1885), and Francillon (1887). It has been the fate of his pieces to provoke much angry criticism ; but their dramatic merit is of so high an order that they have had to be ac- cepted, remorseless as they are. M. Dumas was elected a member of the French Academy so long ago as 1875. 7 tJO UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. LADY BUTLER. THE painter of "The Roll Call," who ceased to be Miss Elizabeth Thompson in 1877, when she appropriately became the wife of a distinguished soldier, Major-General Sir William Francis Butler, was born at Lausanne, daughter of the late Mr. Thomas J. Thompson, by his wife Christina, daughter of Mr. T. B. Weller. She began to handle the pencil at Prest- bury, near Cheltenham, when she was a little girl of five ; but two or three years afterwards her parents took up their residence in Italy, and her art-training virtually began at Florence, and was continued at Kensington. She first exhi- bited at the Royal Academy in 1873, her picture being entitled "Missing." To the next show she sent "The Roll Call," which was emphatically the picture of the year, and found a purchaser in the Queen. This was followed by " The Twenty-eighth at Quatre Bras" in 1875, "Balaclava" in 1876, and "Inkermann" in 1877 the two last, however, being shown in Bond Street. Among the more striking of her subsequent works are " 'Listed for the Connaught Rangers: Recruiting in Ireland" (1879), "The Defence of Rorke's Drift" and "Dr. Brydon at Jellalabad " (1881), "The Charge of the Scots Greys at Waterloo " and " Floreat Etona!" (1882), the incident in the attack on Laing's Nek to which Lord Rosebery referred on a memorable occasion; and "Evicted "(1890). Photo: Barraitds, Limited, Oxford Street, IV. 62 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. A 110-TON GUN AT ELSWICK. LORD ARMSTRONG, LL.D., D.C.L. THE founder of the Elswick Engineering Works is the son of a merchant and alderman of Newcastle-on-Tyne, where he was born in 1810. Though his inclinations were all for mechanics, he was articled to a firm of solicitors, and it was not till 1846 that he finally severed himself from the law. Eight years before this, however, he had expounded the ideas which issued in the invention of the " accumulator," one of the greatest improvements ever effected in hydraulic machinery. The hydro-electric machine, which in 1846 procured his admission into the Koyal Society, and the hydraulic crane were other inventions of his while stiU an amateur mechanician. The Elswick Works were established in 1846, and here in 1854 he constructed the Rifled Ordnance Gun that bears his name. In 1858 it was adopted by the Government, its inventor being knighted, made a C.B., and appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance. This post he held until 1863, when he resigned, and returned to Elswick. Lord Armstrong was President of the British Association in 1863, received an LL.D. from Cambridge in 1862, and a D.C.L. from Oxford in 1870, has been President of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, and was created a peer in 1887, the year of the Queen's Jubilee. / UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. HATFIELD HOUSE. THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. THE lord of Hatfield has twice in his career exemplified the aphorism that what happens is the unexpected. He was born in 1830, second son of the second marquis ; and it was only three years before his father's death that, by the death of his elder brother, he became heir to the peerage. On entering the House of Lords he at once took rank among the greatest of its debaters. But the late Lord Derby had prior claims to the succession to the Conservative leadership, and it Avas not till his retirement from the Foreign Office in 1878 that the path to the supreme place was clear. Lord Salisbury's first Ministry, in 1885, lasted only a few months ; his second, formed in 1886, endured till 1892. Although a brilliant litterateur, pre-eminent among statesmen for the precision and polish of his speeches, Lord Salisbury's chief interest, apart from politics, is science, and especially chemical and electrical science ; and he was President of the British Association when, in 1894, it visited Oxford, of whose Uni- versity he is Chancellor. The trenchant address which he delivered from the chair on the enigmas of science will not soon be forgotten. Photo : y. rhillips, Belfast. 66 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. A MEDLEVAL MAKKET SCENE. MRS. J. R GREEN, DURING the life of her gifted husband, the most popular his- torical writer since Macaulay, Mrs. J. R. Green was his help- meet in a literary as well as in the domestic sense : and since his too early death she has continued her studies inde- pendently, and won for herself a distinct place in the ranks of our historians. Her "Town Life in the Fifteenth Century," though planned on a large scale and abounding in detail, shows how interesting a remote period may be made by one who to competent scholarship adds sympathy and imagina- tion. As a leading review justly said, her power of blending together insignificant and isolated facts into a picturesque and harmonious narrative invests the book with no small share of artistic merit ; and if a slight tendency to exaggeration may here and there be seen, it cannot be denied that she has adequately mastered her facts. Although she speaks of " the compunction and dismay " with which she faced the task, the work is a worthy memorial to the great writer to whose memory it is dedicated, and whoss spirit inspired its production. Mrs. Green's next contribution to historical literature will be awaited with more than ordinary interest, and judged by the high standard which she has herself set. the Portrait by Miss Kate McCaitsland, in the possession of Laay Grey. UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. AT LOUEDES. M. ZOLA. THE works of the naturalistic school of French novelists are never likely to appeal with much success to the Anglo- Saxon race, and even in his own country a reaction against them has set in. The realistic method undoubtedly has its legitimate place in the art of fiction, and the English novel has been appreciably influenced by it ; but followed as M. Zola has chosen to pursue it, it inevitably leads to longueurs, and to worse. On the other hand, his good faith is not likely to be suspected by any who .have read his novels in the light of his critical studies. From these it is clear that he is an enthusiast for an idea, with a faith in it as unwavering as ever possessed a religious reformer. Nor can it be denied that he is one of the greatest literary forces of the age, or that his work, as one of the prime factors in the evolution the novel is now undergoing, will live after him, whatever may be the fate of his books. The Rougon- Macquart series of twenty volumes ended in 1893 with "Docteur Pascal," and this has been followed by "Lourdes," which, intended by its author as a sympathetic treatment of the phenomena of faith-healing, has nevertheless given offence to the devout. M. Zola, who is a native of Paris, where he was born in 1840, is a Knight of the Legion of Honour, but has knocked in vain at the doors of the Academy. 70 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. A HINDOO MOSQUE. MR RUDYARD KIPLING. To Mr. Kipling is due the revival of the short story, and without controversy he is, among English writers, the greatest living master of this deceitfully simple " form." He was born at Bombay in 1865, son of an Anglo-Indian ; -but his early years were spent at Southport. When he returned to India, he entered upon a journalistic career. Anglo-Indians soon discovered that they had " a chiel amang them takin' notes" in another than the journalist's sense, and before long his wonderfully brilliant and vivid tales were in such request that he was able to give himself up wholly to their produc- tion. Presently a collection of his stories was brought out in England, and at once his name was on everybody's tongue. Among his most notable volumes are "Plain Tales from the Hills," " Story of the Gadsbys," " Life's Handicap," and " Many Inventions." In "The Light that Failed," the brilliance that marks his shorter stories is successfully maintained throughout. His genius is hardly less apparent in his poetry, and es- pecially in his songs of the barrack-room, than in his contes. Photo : Elliott & Fry, Baiter Strut, '. X"*^^< 72 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MISS ADA REHAN. THE lady who has given us the most enchanting presentment of Rosalind and of Viola which the present generation has seen is of Irish origin. She was born at Limerick in 1859, but was taken to America at the age of six, and owes nothing to her native land, therefore, but her genius. At sixteen she made her debut in a version of L'Assommoir at Albany, New York State. Then, having spent a few months in strenuous study, she was engaged for the company formed by Mrs. John Drew, mother of the gentleman with whom she was to be so closely associated in after-years. She at once made her mark, and before long had the satisfaction of taking important parts with Edwin Booth and other lights of the American stage. Within two years she went to New York, was seen, and conquered. She joined ' Mr. Augustin Daly's company in 1879, and was first seen in England in 1884 ; it was not, however, till 1890 that the English public came to feel that a bright particular star had arisen in the theatrical firmament. It was the fire and vivacity of her Katherine in The Taming of the Shrew that first brought her into general esteem; and when Katherine had become Rosalind, both the critics and the public were taken by storm. The talent which found expression in these parts has since been displayed in Twelfth Night, in The Foresters, in The Rivals, and in other pieces a good deal less worthy of it ; and Miss Rehan is now generally recognised as one of the two greatest English-speaking actresses of the age. Without her, Daly's Theatre, which was opened in 1893, would never have been. 74 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. gygyMwp^^ THE REV. DR. MARTINEAU. DR. MARTINEAU is perhaps the most wonderful of all the eminent octogenarians now living. In his ninetieth year he was born at Norwich on the 21st of April, 1805 he is four years the senior of Mr. Gladstone, while Prince Bismarck is ten years his junior. Yet contributions from his pen on abstruse questions in theology and philosophy occasionally appear in the reviews, and if some of his natural force is abated, his eye is not yet dim, nor has his tall figure, still straight as a lance, lost much of its activity. Dr. Martineau, who was for many years Principal of Manchester New College, now removed to Oxford, has made for himself a lasting name in philosophy. George Eliot speaks of his "incessant eloquence of ex- pression ; " John Stuart Mill, different as were his modes of thought, greatly admired his genius; Mr. Gladstone has testified to his incomparable services to religious thought ; and Tennyson, as a member of the famous Metaphysical Society, declared that he was the greatest of them all. He is a D.C.L. of Oxford, a D.D. of Edinburgh, an LL.D. of Harvard, and a T.D. (Doctor of Theology) of Leyden. The results of his philosophical studies and speculations are gathered up in " Types of Ethical Theory," in " A Study of Keligion," and in " The Seat of Authority in Religion ; " but the full charm of his mind is best felt in his " Hours of Thought on Sacred Things," in which he is seen to be at once poet, seer, and philosopher. " Dull fools " they must indeed be who fail to see the beauty of " divine philosophy " as presented in Dr. Martineau 's works. From the Portrait by Mr. A. E. Emslii, A.R.W.S. l y 0-^ V-/ , 76 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. CHEISTIANIA. HENRIK IBSEN. THE Norwegian dramatist has probably elicited more hostile criticism than any artist since Wagner, with whom, however, he is in no other sense to be compared. Whatever fault may be found with his plays of modern life on ethical or aesthetic grounds, no one who is familiar with his Brand and Peer Gynt, not to speak of his Emperor and Galilean or of his other historic dramas, can deny that he is a great poet, nor will any fair-minded critic contend that he is not a great satirist. Equally must his intimate knowledge of stage-craft be admitted. This was acquired as director, first of the theatre at Bergen (1852-57), and then of the National Theatre, Christiania. Dr. Ibsen, who was born at Skien in 1828, has had more than the ordinary share of poverty and neglect, even in the case of innovators. But for years past he has had a large following in all parts of Europe, and even those who dislike his tone and methods too much to give him a hearing, have perforce to read him. To one of his ironic turn of mind the irreconcilable meanings that have been read into his productions must be highly amusing. What if the Tendenz theories of his pieces are all alike wrong ? Fhoto: E, Hohltnberg, Cofenliagen. 78 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. G. F. WATTS, R.A. THE most spiritual and one of the most poetic of English painters now living was born in London in 1820. He first attracted attention with his cartoon " Caractacus led in Triumph through the Streets of Rome," which was exhibited in Westminster Hall in 1842, and obtained a prize of 300. In a similar competition a few years later he carried off a prize ' of 500 with his " Echo " and his " Alfred inciting the Saxons to prevent the Landing of the Danes." Among other great works are "Paolo and Francesca" and "Fata Morgana" (1848); "The Good Samaritan" (1850), presented by the artist to the citizens of Manchester for their Town Hall; "The Return of the Dove to the Ark" (1869), "Love and Death" (1877), "The Four Horses of the Revelation" (1883), and "Hope" (1886), so frequently reproduced. In 1880 he began a series of striking portraits, which he is understood to have bequeathed to the nation. A great believer in mural paintings, his "Red Cross Knight over- coming the Dragon" adorns one of the waiting-halls in St. Stephen's Palace, his " School of Legislation " is in the dining-hall of Lincoln's Inn, and his mosaic "Time, Death, and Judgment " is displayed on the exterior of St. Jude's Church, Whitechapel. Mr. Watts, who has refused a baronetcy, offered in recognition of his generosity as well as of his genius, has been an R.A. since 1868. Pheto: F. Hollyer, Kensington, W. 80 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. A CONCERT IN THE TOWN HALL, MELBOURNE. MADAME MELBA. THE most popular of present-day prime donne has in her choice of a stage name prettily associated herself with the Antipodean city where she was born. Like Mine. Eames and so many other great singers, she studied under Mme. Marches! in Paris. It was not there, however, but in Brussels, at the Theatre de la Monnaie, that she made her debut, on the 15th of October, 1887. The piece was Eigoletto. and the silvery clearness of her voice was hardly more admired than her brilliant executive power. The favour- able impression she made at Brussels was followed up in the following year by her successful appearance as Lucia at Covent Garden. In 1889 she charmed the Parisians with her Ophelia. As an executant of the rococo music of con- ventional Italian opera, Mme. Melba has now no superior and few equals. Nor can her capacity for modern opera be doubted by anyone who has seen and heard her as Elsa, or as Elaine, in the opera of that name which was written specially for her by Bemberg, and produced in London in 1892. 82 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PROFESSOR HUXLEY. SINCE the death of Professor Tyndall, Professor Huxley has had no rival as a popular expositor of science. Even Tyndall, with all his lucidity and imagination, was less gifted, in a literary sense, than his friend, for to equal acumen and force the latter adds a pungent humour all his own. Nor is he simply an expositor. Between the day when he was appointed naturalist to the Rattlesnake and the attainment of his sixtieth year, when he resigned his appointments his doctrine being that at the age of sixty a man of science has done all the original work that may be expected of him he made many important contributions to various branches of science. The principle of natural selection, and the general theory of evolution, owe much to his trenchant pen, as Darwin was one of the first to acknowledge. Professor Huxley has received nearly all the honours usually offered to learned men in his line of research, having been President of the Royal Society, of the Geological Society, and of the British Association, Rede Lecturer at Cambridge, and Lord Rector of Aberdeen University, and having received honorary doctorates from Cambridge, Edinburgh, Dublin, and Breslau. He was born at Baling in 1825, was educated at Baling School, of which his father was one of the masters, studied medicine at the Charing Cross Hospital, and took the diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1846, in order to qualify him- self for the medical service of the Royal Navy. Although in a sense he has now joined the reserve forces, he appears to have lost little of his keen delight in battle. Photo : Mayall & Co., Limited, Piccadilly, W. 84 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE BRITISH EMBASSY, PARIS. THE MARQUIS OF DUFFERIN AND AVA. THE most brilliant and accomplished of British diplomatists, and one of the ablest of British administrators, is a de- scendant of Sheridan, and was born in 1826. His first notable achievement was his treatment, as British Commis- sioner in 1860, of the difficult question of the massacre of Christians in Syria. After this he was for some years an Under- Secretary, first for India, then at the War Office. From 1867 to 1872 he was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and was next appointed Governor-General of Canada. In 1878 he became ambassador at St. Petersburg : in 1882 he went to Cairo, and formulated a brand-new Constitution for Egypt, which has " marched " better than might have been anticipated ; from 1884 to 1888 he was Viceroy of India ; then he was appointed Ambassador at Rome, and in 1892 suc- ceeded Lord Lytton as Ambassador at Paris. An elegant scholar, an admirable speaker, a versatile and graceful writer, Lord Dufterin has received many academical honours, in- cluding the honorary degree of LL.D. from Cambridge University, and has also' been Lord Rector of St. Andrew's. I'hoto : Eug. Pirou, Paris. 86 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. v/ u._-;-- . -.-.- : = -..-"", - .:- . .: ".-.-.i: MRS. ASQUITH. THE scene in St. George's, Hanover Square, on the 10th of May, 1894, when Miss Margot Tennant was married to the Home Secretary, in presence of a company more distinguished than is generally found at any except a royal function, formed a fitting climax to a brilliant career. The ceremony was performed by a bishop, assisted by a canon ; and the marriage register was signed by Mr. Gladstone, by Lord Rosebery, and by Mr. Arthur Balfour. It is not surprising that with wit, vivacity, and beauty such as hers she should have become one of the best-known and best-liked figures in London Society. She is the youngest of the twelve children of Sir Charles Tennant, Bart, who was elected M.P. for Glasgow in 1879, and from 1880 to 1885 sat for Peebles and Selkirk ; her mother being daughter of a Somersetshire gentle- man, Richard Winsloe, Esq., of Mount Nebor, Taunton. Her paternal home is The Glen, a lovely seat not far from Inner- leithen, the town on the Tweed which has with more courage than righteousness sought to identify itself with the locus in quo of Sir Walter Scott's " St. Ronan's Well." Of her six brothers, the three first did not live to grow up. One of her five sisters, Charlotte Monkton, is the wife of Lord Ribbles- dale, Master of the Buckhounds ; another, Octavia Laura Mary, now deceased, was married to the Hon. Alfred Lyttelton. Photo: Miss Alice Hughes, 52, Gouier Street, II'. C. UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. ENTBANCB TO THE COMEDIE FJKAN^AISE. M. B.-C. COQUELIN. THE elder of the Brothers Coquelin is the son of a Boulogne baker. He was born in 1841, and was intended to follow his father's trade, but. having a strong desire for the stage, was admitted to the dramatic class at the Conservatoire in 1859. There he was not long in proving himself M. Regnier's most brilliant pupil. He made his debut in 1860, at the Comedie Fran9aise, as Gros Rene, in Le Depit Amoureux. Since then he has appeared in a long list of pieces, both classical and modern, and is now generally held to be the most versatile and finished comedian in Europe. Among his favourite roles are those of Scapin, Don Cesar, Aristide in Le Lion Amoureux, and Leopold in Les Fourchambault. Since his secession from the Comedie Franaise he has travelled extensively, both in France and in other countries; and by his exquisite recitations has done much to promote the fame of Fra^ois Coppee, of Mistral, and of others of the younger French poets. The first of his' visits to England was in 1878. Photo: yan Bosch, Paris. 90 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. DUEHAM CATHEDKAL. THE BISHOP OF DURHAM. EVEN to the See of Durham it is a notable distinction to have been presided over in succession by such profound scholars as its late and its present bishop. If Dr. Westcott is not more learned than was Dr. Lightfoot, and is a some- what less vigorous and acute controversialist, he is on the -whole, by virtue of his singular candour and sweet reason- ableness, an even more effective defender of the faith. Among his best-known works are his admirable History of the Canon, which is a model of fairness, his "In- troduction to the New Testament," his " Gospel of the Resurrection," and his " Social Aspects of Christianity." Born in 1825, he had a brilliant career at Cambridge, was appointed a Canon of Peterborough in 1869, and afterwards of West- minster, became Professor of Divinity at Cambridge in 1870, and was elevated to his present office in 1890. He has made an earnest study of " applied Christianity," and intervened, with the happiest results, in the great strike among the Durham miners. Respected and beloved in his own diocese, he has won the regard of men of all communions, as well as of those who stand outside the Churches. / <~7. UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MRS. PATRICK CAMPBELL. AMONG the younger actresses who have risen to distinction of late, Mrs. Patrick Campbell holds a leading place. Her first phase was that of melodrama. We may be quite sure, from the high intelligence and absolute sincerity of her subsequent work, that the roles she sustained at the Adelphi were little enough to her taste. But beginners must not be choosers ; and it would be rash to assume that the time thus spent was wasted. It is certain, at any rate, that the parts allotted to her did not altogether obscure her striking gifts. To a few discerning eyes it was clear that she was capable of much better things, though probably no one was quite prepared for the transformation which was witnessed when she appeared as Paula Tanqueray. The part was one of unusual difficulty. Something, at least, had to be done to make Mr. Tanqueray's devotion to his second wife seem more than the fond infatuation of a sentimentalist, while, on the other hand, it was necessary to lay stress upon the faults of character and the infelicities of temperament which prevented community of feeling between her and her step-daughter, and made the denodment inevitable, or, at all events, probable. What insight and skill could do to reconcile the antinomies of the part was done ; and the impersonation was universally admired for its subtlety and concentrated power. Mrs. Patrick Campbell's part in The Masqueraders was less to her liking, which is not surprising ; but the world will be greatly disappointed if the brilliant success she achieved in Mr. Pinero's clever, if not wholly satisfying, play is not repeated in many another piece. 94 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. JOSEF ISRAELS. THE painter of Dutch fisher men and women, of Dutch peasants and their children, Josef Israels is to Holland very much what Jean Fra^ois Millet was to France. He was born ,at Grb'ningen on the 27th of January, 1827, and is one of the few instances of a Jew who has attained to the highest distinction in the pictorial arts. For years he studied the Talmud, with a view of becoming a Rabbi, but this idea was presently abandoned, and he was installed in his father's bill- broking office. While so occupied he gave his spare time to drawing, and then to painting. His first success was the portrait of a neighbour, a prosperous confectioner, who paid him in kind, with an immense tart ! Then, having sufficiently proved his unfitness for a commercial career, he was sent to Amster- dam to study art. After this he went to Paris, and entered the studio of Picot, returning to Amsterdam in 1848, to begin a series of historical pictures. It was not, however, till he went to the little fishing village of Zandvoort, near Haarlem, to recruit his broken health, that he found in his primitive surroundings the inspiration which has given vitality and permanent value to his work. One of the first of his long line of pictures of simple pathos was " Past Mother's Grave," painted in 1856. "The Shipwrecked Mariner" was finished in 1862, for the International Exhibition. " The Convalescent Child " is another famous work ; and " Expectation," presented to the Metropolitan Gallery at New York, and showing a peasant's wife seated beside a yet unfilled cradle, is remark- aljle for its fine colouring as well as for its delicate feeling. Photo: A. y. M. Stcinmttz, The Hague. 96 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE PALACE, DBESDEN. THE KING OF SAXONY. His MAJESTY KING ALBERT was born on the 23rd of April, 1828. He received a thorough military education, took part in the Danish War of 1848, and when his father assumed the crown was made Commander of the Saxon Infantry, with the title of Lieutenant-General. His father having, under the guidance of Von Beust, adopted an Austrian policy, he fought at Sadowa on the Austrian side ; but when Saxony joined the North German Confederation, the Prussian King appointed him Commander-in-Chief of the Saxony army, which became the 12th Corps of the Federal army. In the Franco-German War he greatly distinguished himself, taking part in the actions before Metz and in the operations which ended in the surrender of Napoleon at Sedan, and holding the right bank of the Seine during the siege of Paris ; and on the conclusion of the armistice he was made Field-Marshal and Inspector- General of the Army. He succeeded to the throne on the 29th of October, 1873. He had married Caroline, daughter of the late Prince Gustavus Vasa of Sweden, on the 18th of June, 1853, but the union has been without issue; and his brother, Field-Marshal Prince George, is heir-presumptive. Photo: Otto Mayer, Dresde 98 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo: W. Lawrence, Ditblin. DUBLIN CASTLE. LORD HOUGHTON. SIXCE his advent to the Viceregal Lodge, his Excellency the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland has borne himself with admirable composure and dignity in peculiarly trying circumstances which need not here be enlarged upon. Son of the first Lord Houghton, better known as Monckton Milnes, the poet and essayist, and author of the standard Life of Keats, he was born on the 12th of January, 1858. In 1875 he was successful in the prize poem competition at Cambridge, to the great delight of his father, who knew nothing of the matter until the prize had been awarded. He was private secretary to the late Earl Granville in 1883-4, was a Lord- in- Wai ting in the first Home Kule Government in 1886, and was nominated for the Lord-Lieutenancy of Ireland on Mr. Gladstone's return to power in 1892. In his twenty-third year he married Sibyl Marcia, daughter of Sir Frederick Graham, Bart., of Netherby ; the issue of the union being one son and three daughters. Lady Houghton died in 1887 ; and the honours of the Viceregal Lodge have been done by the Hon. Mrs. Henniker, his Excellency's sister. Photo : Werner and Son, DiMi, 100 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE HON. BENJAMIN HARRISON. THE leader of the Republican Party in the United States, born in 1833, near Cincinnati, has a distinguished ancestry. His grandfather, William Henry Harrison, was ninth Pre- sident of the Republic; his great-grandfather, Benjamin, was one of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence ; and he traces his descent back to the Commissioner Harrison who signed the death-warrant of Charles I. Educated at the Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, he took to the law, and in 1860, and again in 1864, was elected reporter of the Supreme Court of Indiana. In the Civil War, as commander of a brigade, he fought at the battles of Reasca, Peach-tree Creek, and Nashville, and was awarded the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers for his "ability and manifest energy and gallantry." In 1880 he was elected Governor of Indiana, and was returned to the Senate by that State in 1881. He was a standard- bearer in the campaign which resulted in the election of General Garfield to the Presidency, but declined the portfolio which was offered to him when the new Cabinet was formed. He took a prominent part, however, in the deliberations of the Senate, and became known as the strenuous advocate of pro- tective duties on imports, of reform in the Civil Service, and of a restoration of the American Navy. In 1888, having become the Republican leader, he was elected to the Presidency. The tariff policy of his Government, however, created widespread dissatisfaction, and in 1892 he had to give place to General Cleveland. Afterwards he accepted a Professorship of Law in the Leland Stanford University, California. UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES, FROM THE PLACE DE LA CONCORDE. M. CHARLES DUPUY. THE French Premier was born at Le Puy in 1851, the son of an official at the Prefecture. His first vocation was that of a teacher of philosophy ; then he became a school inspector, and after holding this appointment for five years he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as an advanced Republican. For five years he sat as a private member, taking office for the first time at the end of 1892, as a member of M. Ribot's Ministry. On the fall of that statesman, in March, 1893, he succeeded to the Premiership. Next he became President or the Chamber, and was in the. chair when Vaillant threw his bomb. What might have been an undignified and disastrous panic was averted by M. Dupuy's courage and self- control. " Silence, gentlemen ; the sitting continues ! " said he, rising, and stretching out his arms. " The next speaker is M. de Montfort." " The effect of these words," wrote M. Blowitz, " was like those of a general on the battlefield to his soldiers before a charge. Cheers went up from every quarter of the House." Whether M. Dupuy has in him the making of a great statesman it is for time to show ; but his country needs no further proof that he is a brave and resourceful man. 104 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE COUNTESS OF ABERDEEN. HER Excellency the Countess of Aberdeen is the youngest daughter of the first, and sister of the present, Lord Tweed- mouth. Her mother, noted not less for her talent than for her beauty, was the daughter of Sir James Hogg, one of the most distinguished members of the old East India Council. Her first meeting with Lord Aberdeen, according to Mr. Stead, was when he was one-and-twenty and she a girl of eleven. He had been riding across country, and, having lost his way, came to Guisachan, her father's Inverness-shire residence, to ask permission to put up his pony for the night at the lodge. So began a friendship which before long ripened into love, and ultimately led, in 1877, to the exchange of vows at the altar. Of the five children of the marriage, one of the two daughters died in infancy ; the eldest son, George Lord Haddo, was born on the 20th January, 1879. Like her mother, Lady Aberdeen is a woman of great ability, who has made her mark upon the public life of her age. Her services to the Irish Industries Association may be regarded as her return to the Irish people for the gratitude and affection which were mani- fested to her and her husband when they were the occupants of the Viceregal Lodge. In Canada there is ample scope for the exercise of her gifts and graces. Already she has organised a National Council of Women, representing the various phases of woman's work in every centre of population in the Dominion; and it may confidently be expected that when the Governor- General's term of office expires, Lady Aberdeen will bring with her from Ottawa, as she brought from Dublin, the love and regrets of multitudes. Pkoti : Win. Notman & Son, Montreal. 106 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. SIB JOHN MILLAIS' STUDIO. SIR J. E. MILLAIS, BART. SIR JOHN MILLAIS' art has gone through several distinct phases. The first of them, the Pre-Raphaelite, in which by a natural reaction beauty was sometimes sacrificed to truth, may be said to have closed in 1860 with the "Vale of Rest," one of the most poetic and pathetic of his works. Then came a transition period, ending with a triumphant study of the nude, "The Knight Errant" (1870), and leading on to a number of mernorable achievements in landscape, beginning with "Chill October" (1871). The artist has never tired of landscape, as recent exhibitions of the Royal Academy show ; but since about 1880 he has combined with it portraiture, and has excelled in this branch of his art not less, and perhaps even more, than in the other. Among his greatest triumphs in this kind have been his presentments of Mr. John Bright, of Cardinal Newman, of Lord Salisbury, and, above all perhaps, of Mr. Gladstone, who has sat to him several times. Sir John, who is descended from an old Jersey family, was born at Southampton in 1829. He was made A.R.A. in 1853, became R.A. in 1863, and received his baronetcy in 1885. Photo: A. F. Alactenzie, Birnam, JV.B. 108 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. HlTCHIN. SIR HENRY HAWKINS. MR. JUSTICE HAWKINS is a lawyer by birth, being the son of a solicitor long in practice at Hitchin. Born there in 1816, he was educated at Bedford. It was not till his twenty-sixth year that he was called to the Bar, but his success was rapid, and before he had completed his thirtieth year he found his hands full of briefs. In 1858 he took silk, was elected a Bencher of the Middle Temple, and from this time until in 1876 he was elevated to the Bench and knighted he was engaged in most of the great causes of the day notably the convent case of Saurin v. Star, the prosecution of the im- postor Orton, and the St. Leonard's will suit. At the Bar he was noted for lucidity and cogency rather than for fervour of speech, and still more for his skill in cross-examination. His dissection of Baigent and other witnesses in the Tich- borne suit was hardly less admired than the operation performed by his leader, Sir John Coleridge, on the Claimant himself. In the prosecution of Orton he led for the Crown, opening the case with a masterly narrative of the facts, which, free as it was from verbiage, occupied a week. One of the strongest of our judges, Sir Henry's retirement from the Bench would be welcomed by the evil-doers to whom he makes the law a terror and by none besides. Photo : H. S. Mendelssohn, Pemoritige Crescent, IV. 110 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. BEEGEN. BJORNSTJERNE BJORNSON. THE Norwegian poet, dramatist, novelist, and politician is the son of a Lutheran clergyman, and was born in the parish of Quickne, Northern Norway, in 1832. In 1856, under an impulse received from the International Students' Reunion at Upsala, he resolved to create a national drama, free from Danish and French influences, and a national literature. His first effort, an idyllic story of peasant life, was translated into English under the title of " Love and Life in Norway," and was followed in 1858 by "Arne." Others are " Ovind," " The Fisher Maiden," " The Happy Boy," " The Newly-married Couple," and "The Bridal March." His later novels, such as "In God's Way," and " The Heritage of the Kurts," are much more didactic than the earlier ones. In 1858 Bjornson became director of the theatre at Bergen, and made his debut as a dramatist with Between the Battles and Limping Hulda, both of them on national subjects. A many-sided man, he has written some delightful lyrical pieces, and also an epic, "Arnljot Gelline" full of faults of construction, but instinct with graceful sensibility. Unlike Dr. Ibsen, Bjornson is a vigorous politician, who is never tired of preaching Radical and Republican doctrine. Photo: K. Holilentery, Copenhagen. 112 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MRS. BANCROFT. MARIE WILTON'S stage career began when she was little more than an infant. Her first notions of acting and of elocution were derived from her mother and father, the latter of whom she has described as " a handsome, thoughtless, kind-hearted Bohemian, who had drifted on to the stage after unsuccess- fully trying several other professions." When she was eleven she acted as the boy Fleance, in Macbeth, with Macready, who at the close of the performance sent for her, kissed her, made her drink a glass of wine, gave her a sovereign, and said, gazing into her eyes, that he could see genius looking through those little windows. As Prince Arthur in King John, she won Charles Kemble's admiration ; while Dickens, seeing her in another boy's part, declared that she was the cleverest girl he had ever seen on the stage. It was in 1865 that, with the co-operation of H. J. Byron, she became lessee and manager of the Prince of Wales's Theatre ; then, having been married to Mr. Bancroft, and having met T. W. Robertson, she abandoned burlesque for comedy. For a good while she limited herself, for the most part, to Robertson's pieces, three thousand nights in all being occupied with his six comedies. Her favourite Robertsonian parts are those of Naomi Tighe in School, and Polly Eccles in Caste; but her mercurial genius was equally well displayed as Peg Woffington in Charles Reade's Masks and Faces, the part in which she took her leave of the stage in 1885. Happily, however, it was not a final farewell ; and we may hope that the time is still not near when the English stage will no more know an actress of rare charm and almost unrivalled gaiety. 114 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. THOMAS ALVA EDISON. THE great American inventor was born in humble circum- stances at Milan, Ohio, in 1847, and is of Dutch descent on the father's side and Scottish on the mother's. An eager, precocious boy, he had devoured Newton's " Principia," Hume's " England," and Gibbon's " Rome " before he was ten, and at the age of twelve began to "work through" the Detroit Public Library, shelf by shelf a task which, fortunately for himself, he had to abandon when he had waded through "fifteen feet of shelving." Presently he became a newsboy on the Grand Trunk Railway, then he was appointed a telegraph operator, getting his first instruction from the father of a little child whom he had pluckily saved from death. Next, he carried on an extensive workshop at Newark ; but, his health breaking down, he gave up manufacturing, and in 1876 removed to Menlo Park, New York, where he has since resided, devoting himself entirely to investigation. At the age of twenty-four he was described by the United States Patent Commissioner as " a young man who has kept the path to the Patent Office hot with his footsteps." Among the more notable of his inventions are the quadruplex telegraph, the automatic telegraph, the electro-motograph, the micro- phone, and the application of electricity to railways. In the mind of the populace, however, his name is most prominently associated with the telephone, and with the still more sur- prising phonograph. Wonderful as is this latter invention, its marvels are not unlikely to pale before those of the more recent kinetoscope, which photographs subjects invisible to the naked eye, such as the breathing of insects, and the circulation of blood in a frog's leg, and reproduces them highly magnified. Had he chosen, Mr. Edison might have amassed the wealth of a Croesus, but he spends most of his income upon his laboratory ; and in the domestic sphere he finds all that he needs of recreation and diversion. Photo: Brady, Orange, Knv Jersey, U.S.A. 116 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo: IV. La-wrence, Dubl SfAYNOOTH COLLEOK. ARCHBISHOP WALSH. THE Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland was born in the Irish metropolis in 1841. His early edu- cation was received in St. Laurence O'Toole's Seminary, whence he was transferred to the Catholic University of Ireland, completing his studies at Maynooth. In this college he became Professor of Theology in 1867, was appointed Vice-President in 1878, and President in 1880. His prefer- ment to the see of Dublin dates from 1885. Dr. Walsh has made several contributions to theological literature, and has taken an active part in Irish politics. He gave evidence before the Bessborough Land Commission of 1869-70, and was one of the witnesses examined by the Parnell Commission. But he is something more than theologian and politician. His archiepiscopal province is covered with a network of temperance organisations; and in trade disputes in Dublin he has intervened with results as happy as those which attended the late Cardinal Manning's mediation in the great dock strike in London. To his communion, as distinct from the community at large, Dr. Walsh's most conspicuous service has been rendered in connection with education. S? S7 ^^r^^^ 118 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MADAME SARAH GRAND." IT is not uncharacteristic of the author of " The Heavenly Twins " to have chosen this aggressively fantastic nom de guerre. That she owes much to her reviewers, she, no doubt, would be the first to admit. On the one hand, it was declared that her book was one of the most brilliant, and powerful, and edifying of this generation ; on the other hand, it was denounced as a product of hysteria and wilful eccentricity, with something more than a savour of indelicacy. Clearly, then, the only thing to be done was to read the book ; and it was read with the result, we suspect, that the public were as much divided into two hostile camps as the critics had been. There are not wanting those, however, who take a more dispassionate view of the book, and hold that, while its assailants are right in complaining of its defects of balance and proportion, its lack of reticence, and its over-insistence upon its moral, they have failed to do justice to its brilliance, its humour, its invention, and, still more, to its imaginative glamour. If this view has not been prominently expounded, the reason may possibly be that those who have the dis- crimination to hold it, have too much prudence to advocate it. Our author has also written " Ideala," much more of a treatise than " The Heavenly Twins," for which it was evidently a study. More recently she has published "Our Manifold Nature," which was extensively read, but created nothing like a sensation. With such extraordinary fertility as Madame Sarah Grand undoubtedly possesses, it will be surprising if her one great success is not followed sooner or later by others. Pko:o Elliott Gr Fry, Baktr Street, Jf. 120 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY.) Mr, Dowilie, Alarket Street, St. Andrews. A BOUND OF GOLF AT ST. ANDBEWS. MR. A. J. BALFOUR. SINCE he became the leader of his party in the House of Commons, Mr. Balfour's popularity and influence, both in the House and in the country, have advanced by leaps and bounds. As one of the members of the Fourth Party, and afterwards as Chief Secretary for Ireland, he aroused many antagonisms ; but, if he owed his fame in the first instance to the censures of his opponents, he has consolidated it by the urbanity, and the rare powers of debate and of leadership, which he has displayed during the last few years. Now that Mr. Gladstone has retired from active public life, Mr. Balfour has but one superior among his fellow-members in learning and philosophy, and no superior in debate. He is still a young man among statesmen, having been born on the 25th of July, 1848, son of the late Mr. James Maitland Balfour, of Whittinghame, and Lady Blanche Mary Harriet, daughter of the second Marquis of Salisbury. It is not open to him, as it is to Mr. Chamberlain, to boast that he never takes exercise ; for, as all the world knows, he is an enthusiastic golfer. c/ 122 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MADAME CALVE. THE most delightful of French prime donne was born about 1866, her father being a civil engineer, who died while she was a child. She studied in Paris under Madame Marchesi, but made her debut in Brussels, at the Theatre de la Monnaie, in 1882. The success she then achieved in Faust led to her appearance, two years later, in Paris. Having taken the Parisians by storm, she went into Italy, where her tour was a triumphal progress. Her first appearance at the Royal Italian Opera, Covent Garden, was in May, 1892, in Cavalleria Rusticana. Here, by virtue of the purity and sympathetic quality of her voice and its perfect produc- tion, her charming appearance, and, above all, her singular dramatic power, she was received with acclamation. A week later Madame Calve showed forth her versatility by an equally convincing impersonation of the widely different part of Suzel in Mascagni's L'Amico Fritz. In the role in which our portrait shows her that of Carmen in her com- patriot's famous opera she was seen at Covent Garden for the first time in the spring season of 1893. " Never before," wrote one of the most self-restrained of critics, "has the character of the wilful gipsy been so superbly interpreted, alike vocally and dramatically. The music lies low for a pure soprano voice, but Madame Calve's chest- register is as effec- tive as are her delightful head-notes." Her appearance in the same season as Leila in Les Pecheurs de Perles was another notable achievement ; and a few weeks later she had the honour of singing before the Queen at Windsor Castle. 124 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. H. A. JONES. THE most successful of living English dramatists is still a young man. Born in 1851, the son of a Buckinghamshire farmer, he was sent out into the world to shift for himself at the age of thirteen. At eighteen his first visit to the theatre proved the turning-point in his career. From that night his evenings were passed in play-writing and theatre-going ; but his efforts to get his productions accepted brought him nothing but disappointment, and at last he left London and took a situation in a Bradford office. In 1879, however, Mr. Wilson Barrett accepted A Clerical Error, and thus Mr. Jones's career as a playwright began. His early plays were mostly con- ventional in their methods and their point of view, and it was not till the production of Saints and Sinners in 1884 that he showed that he was capable of better things than melodrama. Since then he has taken up different phases of the English life of to-day, and has treated them with surprising fresh- ness and vigour. In The Middleman he was concerned with the struggle between capital and labour ; in Judak with the conflict between science and spiritualism ; and in The Dancing Girl with modern Puritanism as opposed to the cynicism and frivolity of the fashionable. In The Crusaders, again, he poured an abundant stream of satire upon the follies of philanthropy, while The Bauble Shop is an exposure of the seamy side of political life. The Tempter, an ambitious essay in blank verse, was produced in 1893, and was followed by The Masqueraders, and this by The Case of Rebellious Susan. rholo: Alfred Ellis, Upper Baker Street, N.lf. 126 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. M. BOUGUEREAU. AMONG living French painters, there is probably none whose works are so well known in England from engravings as those of M. William-Adolphe Bouguereau. Born at La Rochelle in 1825, he followed the regular course at the lcole des Beaux Arts from 1843 to 1850, and became a pupil of Picot. In 1850 he divided the honours of the Grand Prix of Rome with Baudry, his subject being " Zenobie Trouvee sur les Bords de 1'Araxe." On his return to Paris, in 1855, he exhibited his " Triomphe du Martyre," showing the body of St. Cecilia being borne to the catacpmbs. Both this and his next great work, " Philomela and Procne," shown in 1861, were purchased by the State, and are now in the Luxembourg. Still more widely known, perhaps, is his " Vierge Consolatrice," produced in 1876, and acquired by the French Government for 12,000 francs. Among his subsequent works are " The Bather," 1870 ; " Harvest Time," 1872; "Homer and his Guide," 1874; "Pieta," 1876; "The Scourging of Our Lord," 1880; "The Youth of Bacchus," 1885 ; and " Byblis," 18*6. In 1894 his contributions to the J$alon were two " Innocence " and " The Pearl." His themes, it will be seen, range over a wide field ; and it is not too much to say that whether he draws them from Scripture, from classical mythology, or from modern life, his treatment of them is equally felicitous. In all alike his colouring is harmonious, his modelling delicate and highly-finished, and his draughtsmanship above criticism. M. Bouguereau has won quite a sheaf of honours. He became a member of the Institute in 1876, and was appointed Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour in 1876, and Commander of the same Order in 1885. 128 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY, MR W. E. H. LECKY. MR. LECKY is an Irishman, born in the vicinity of the Irish capital in 1838, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1859 and M.A. in 1863. Between these two years, namely in 1861, he published anonymously "The Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland," consisting of four essays on Swift, Flood, Grattan, and O'Connell, all of them luminous and convincing, but especially the one on O'Connell, which did a great deal to modifj^ the estimate of the Great Liberator that had long been prevalent. A revised edition of this, one of the most judicial works ever penned by an historian who had barely reached his majority, was sent to the press in 1871. Encouraged by the success of his first effort, Mr. Lecky continued his studies, and, before the decade had run its course, had acquired European fame. His "History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe," in two volumes, published in 1865, had to be reprinted the same year, and by 1872 was in its fifth edition. It was followed in 1869 by "A History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne," also in two volumes. Then Mr. Lecky felt himself free to concentrate his attention upon a much larger work his " History of England in the Eighteenth Century," of which the first and second volumes appeared in 1878, the third and fourth in 1882, the fifth and sixth in 1887, and the seventh and eighth, completing the work, in 1890. By common consent it ranks among the most important contributions of this generation to English historical literature. The insight and impartiality with which the story of the Union, and other episodes in the relations between the two islands, are told, are not less characteristic of the work as a whole. Mr. Lecky's works have been translated into German, and some of them into other languages as well. From Dublin and St. Andrew's he has received the honorary degree of LL.D., and he is also a D.C.L. of Oxford. 130 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. CHARLES SANTLEY. THE English baritone's first love was the sea, and the passion has never, perhaps, been quite eradicated, for in his " Remi- niscences " he repeats with great enjoyment the criticism of an old salt who had been several voyages with him, and had also heard him in opera. The ancient mariner would always praise his singing, but never failed to add " But, Charlie, you're a good sailor spoiled ! You ought to be ordering your men on board ship, instead of bawling and squalling your voice away in that stuffy theatre ! " It was no love of music that kept Mr. Santley on terra firma. His father was an organist at Liverpool, and his mother possessed "a peculiarly sympathetic voice ; " and so much was music forced upon him in his early years that he conceived a positive aversion to it. There was no alternative, then, but to take to the ledger; and it was not till 1855, when he was twenty-one, that, having long outgrown his youthful repugnance, he em- braced music as a profession. At once he started for Italy, and placed himself under Gaetano Nava, at the Milan Conservatoire, and before returning to England he had served an- apprenticeship as an operatic singer in an Italian company. On the 18th of November, 1857, he sang the part of Adam in Haydn's Creation, and from that time forward the story of his life is an uninterrupted series of successes. If he owes his fame rnainly to his fine rich voice and his dramatic faculty, something must also be attributed to his delightful humour. In 1859 he married Miss Gertrude Kemble grand-daughter of Charles Kemble a soprano singer of some repute and more promise. 132 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. DR. FRANCES WILLARD. Miss WILLARD is now hardly less known in Great Britain than in her own land. An eloquent speaker, a facile writer, she is even more remarkable, it may be, for her powers of organisation. She was born at Churchville, near Rochester, New York, in 1839, daughter of the Hon. Josiah F. Willard, and gave early proof of the striking mental qualities which have made her famous. Always a strenuous student, she graduated at the North- Western University, Chicago, and also took the M.A. degree from Syracuse University. In 1862 she was appointed Professor of Natural Science at the North- West Female College, Evanston, Illinois ; from 1868 to 1870 she travelled extensively in Europe, as well as in Egypt and Palestine, studying modern languages and the fine arts, and soon after her return to America became President of the Women's College of North- Western University and Professor of ^Esthetics in the University. Her natural gifts thus assiduously cultivated, the work she has been able to do in the world among women and children is not surprising. The National Women's Christian Temperance Union was founded by her, and to her singular organising power and untiring exer- tions, far more than to any other single cause, is attributable its amazing success. Among the many testimonies of appreciation and gratitude she has received, we may be sure that none has given her more delight than the fact that her birthday is celebrated by children's temperance societies throughout the United States as a Harvest Home. The most interesting of her works is her "Glimpses of Fifty Years: The Auto- biography of an American Woman." fho!o : Alice tftigAt.,, 52. c.muer Strret, U'.C. 134 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo: G. IV. Wilson & Co. IKYEEAEY CASTLE. THE DUKE OF ARGYLL. His GRACE THE DUKE OF ARGYLL has many claims to dis- tinction. The finest orator in the House of Lords, and a brilliant administrator, he is hardly less eminent as a philo- sophical writer and a man of science, while, in his grasp of Scottish ecclesiastical questions, he is probably the equal of the most learned of Scottish divines. For many years one of the leaders of the Liberal party, and second only to Mr. Gladstone in the vigour of his attacks upon Lord Beaconsfield's foreign policy, it has, of late years, frequently been his fate to champion the causes of minorities. Since 1881, when he resigned the post of Lord Privy Seal because of his opposition to Mr. Gladstone's Irish land legislation, he has held no office, although he has never ceased to be one of the most active of publicists. In his " Primeval Man " he subjects to a searching criticism the current views as to the antiquity of man ; and in " The Reign of Law " and " The Unity of Nature " works in which hard thinking is combined with powerful rhetoric he applies the same process to the Darwinian position. His Grace was born at Ardencaple Castle, Dumbartonshire, in 1823, and is the eighth duke. 136 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PROFESSOR SKEAT. THE learned Professor who has done so much for early English literature and for etymology, was born in London in 1835, and was educated at King's College School and at Sir K. Cholmeley's School, Highgate, taking his B.A. at Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1858, when he was 14th Wrangler, and his M.A. in 1861. He became Fellow of his College in 1860, and for three or four years served the office of curate, first at East Dereham, Norfolk, then at Godalming, Surrey. From 1863 to 1871 he was Mathematical Lecturer at Christ's College, Cambridge, and English Lecturer from 1867 to 1883. He is a member of the Councils of the Antiquarian Society of Cambridge, of the Early English Text Society, and of the Philological Society of Cambridge and of London, and since 1878 has held the Elrington and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon at Cambridge. The works which this untiring scholar has edited for the societies named above are legion, and a mere list of them would fill several times over the space available here. One of his most generally interesting achievements is the disclosure of the sources whence Chatter- ton drew the archaic expressions which abound in the "Rowley Poems." He was chosen by the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press to complete the edition of the Anglo-Saxon Gospels upon which the late John Mitchell Kemble was engaged at the time of his death, in 1857. For the Oxford University Press he has edited the Gospel of St. Mark in Gothic, and has compiled for it his magnum opus, the "Etymological English Dictionary" and the abridg- ment known as the "Concise Etymological Dictionary." He is also part-compiler of Mayhew and Skeat's Concise Dic- tionary of Middle English. In 1883 he edited the first of the publications of the newly-founded Scottish Text Society, the " King's Quhair," by James I. of Scotland ; and in 1890 he began a complete edition of Chaucer's " Canterbury Tales." Phto: Elliott & Fry, Baker Street, 138 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. DR. DALE. THE " Bishop of Birmingham," as Dr. Dale often used to be called, is one of the two most distinguished exceptions to the rule that great Nonconformist preachers gravitate to London. Carr's Lane, the historic chapel in the Midland capital, was his first love, and it is not rash to predict that it will be his last. He went to it on leaving Spring Hill College, in 1853, at the age of four-and-twenty, as the colleague of John Angell James, whose biographer he was destined to become, and at whose death he took sole charge. It was not long before he acquired an influence in those days quite unique. He identified himself with every concern political, municipal, educational, industrial, social of his fellow-townsmen ; and the time came when, after Mr. Bright, he was recognised as one of the two most influential men in Birmingham. The practical bent of his mind comes out strongly in his " Laws of Christ for Common Life ; " his spiritual insight and his capacity for abstract thought are seen in his Commentary on the Ephesians, his book on the Atonement, and his more recent work on fundamental Christian doctrines. The treatise on the Atonement has been translated into French and German, and is one of two works by Nonconformist divines of which the late Canon Liddon said that no Christian could read them "without feelings of warm admiration and thankfulness to Almighty God for such solid contributions to the cause of true religion." Dr. Dale was elected to the chair of the Congregational Union so long ago as 1868. A graduate of London University, he owes his LL.D to Glasgow, which did itself and him this honour in 1883. But before this in 1877 he had been called across the Atlantic' to give the Yale Lecture, and was rewarded with the degree of D.D. For some time past he has not enjoyed good health, and his delight in battle is perceptibly less than it was in the days when he was one of the prot- agonists of the Liberation Society. Photo : y. W. Beau/ort, Birmingham. 140 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY., ONE OF MADAME KONNEK'S STUDIES OF KITTENS. MADAME RONNER THOUGH the great painter of cats was born so long ago as 1821, her work is still marked by all the delicacy and charm and excellence which have won her a European reputation. She is a native of Amsterdam, and received her art training from her father, Heer Knip, who continued his instruction even when he had been overtaken by blindness. Keeping her at the easel from sunrise to sunset, chiefly in the open air, he insisted upon a couple of the mid-day hours being passed in total darkness, lest her sight also might be im- paired. To this rigorous discipline she cheerfully submitted, giving herself up to cats, dogs, and still-life, till at last she became the acknowledged rival of M. Lambert. Since her marriage, more than forty years ago, she has lived and practised in Brussels, selling her works as fast as they are painted, and winning many medals and kindred honours, while achieving fame which there is little doubt will prove to be enduring. Since the year 1890, when many of her pictures were on view at the Fine Art Gallery in New Bond Street, her works have been as eagerly sought after by English connoisseurs as they had long been by Continental collectors. 142 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. E. S. WILLARD. As the Professor in Mr. Barrie's delightful play, Mr. Willard made it clear to his English admirers that his powers had undergone appreciable development since his departure for America. Coming to .London in 1881, he took the part of Clifford Armytage in The Lights of London. Afterwards he appeared as the gentlemanly burglar in The Silver King, and later as Cyrus Blenkarn, the moody potter in The Middleman a performance which was hailed as one of uncommon power. This was followed up with the title-role in Judah, which marked an even greater advance along the road to historic greatness than that of Cyrus Blenkarn had done ; for to power were added poetic inspiration and spiritual dignity. The part, with its rhetorical outbursts, was one of unusual difficulty ; there were half-a-dozen points at which its lofty sentiments would, in the circumstances, have seemed ridiculous had it been in less masterful hands. But with Mr. Willard there was no faltering; and whatever impressions one may have of Judah, it is possible to look back upon Judah with unalloyed pleasure. When this play had at last run its course, Mr. Willard went on tour in America, and realised a success that must have exceeded his expectations. It was there that The, Professors Love Story was first pro- duced. The piece forms an agreeable addition to Mr. Willard's repertory, for it enables him to show that he can be as happy in a part in which humour is dashed with tenderness as in those exemplifying the passions. It is safe to say that even now he has not shown the full extent of his remarkable powers. Photo: Sarony, New York. 144 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. SANDEINOHAM HOUSE. H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. THE popularity enjoyed by the Heir- Apparent is only partly explained by the sentiment of loyalty hereditary among Englishmen. It is due also in no small measure to His Royal Highness's personal qualities his geniality, his tact, his readiness to undertake duties which may not be arduous, but must certainly be monotonous. For many years past the burden of Court and public ceremonial has fallen mainly on his shoulders. His work in this kind, however, has not pre- vented him from taking an active interest in social problems. His maiden speech in the House of Lords was in support of a motion relating to the better housing of the poor, and he was a working member of the Royal Commission appointed to investigate the question. His public addresses are marked by unfailing aptness and ease, and are almost invariably de- livered impromptu. There is only space here to add that His Royal Highness was born on the 9th of November, 1841 ; that, after a long course of private education, he studied at Edinburgh, at Oxford, and at Cambridge; that he married the Princess Alexandra of Denmark in 1863 ; and that his recovery from dangerous illness in 1872 was followed by the memorable public thanksgiving in St. Paul's Cathedral. 1 *" 10 146 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL. THE BISHOP OF PETERBOROUGH. DR. MANDELL CREIGHTON is not only one of the most learned but one of the most eloquent Bishops on the Bench. The speech which he delivered at a Royal Academy banquet not long after his elevation was universally admired, and suggested a comparison between him and the great orator whom he succeeded in the episcopal chair at Peterborough. His Lordship was born in 1843, and educated at Durham Grammar School and at Oxford. He has several times been Select Preacher to the Universities, and was the first Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Cambridge (1884-91). In 1882 he was appointed Honorary Canon of Newcastle-on- Tyne, and from 1885 to 1890 Avas Canon of Worcester. His editorship of the English Historical Revieiv dates from its foundation, in 1886. His most important contribution to historical literature is his "History of the Papacy during the Reformation ; " but he is also the author of several other learned works, among the most generally popular of them being a life of Cardinal Wolsey, in the " English Statesmen Series," and a monograph on Carlisle, his native city, in the series of " Historic Towns." Photo: Mclhuisli & Gale. Limited, fall Mall, S.If. 148 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. A KUSSIAN VILLAGE. LEON TOLSTOY. THE Russian novelist and social reformer, born in 1829, is a descendant of Count Peter Tolstoy, the friend and comrade of Peter the Great. In 1851 he entered the army, and on the outbreak of the Crimean War was transferred to the Danube, where he served on the staff of Prince Gortschakoff. After- wards he took part in the defence of Sebastopol, having been appointed to the command of a mountain battery. When peace was concluded he resigned his commission, and gave himself up entirely to the pursuit of literature until 1861, when he devoted himself to the mission of educating and elevating the peasantry. As the years passed on, the reforming and ascetic impulses of the great writer became more and more predominant, until at last he renounced all luxury, and even comfort, and began to live the life of a Russian peasant, adopting the moujik's garb in which he is seen in our portrait. Fortunately, Count Tolstoy's career did not enter this phase until he had written " War and Peace " (1860) and " Anna Karenina" (1875-77), which rank among the greatest achieve- ments in the literature of fiction. Fkolo: Scherer, Nabholz & (.0., Moscow. 150 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MADAME ALBANI. BY the multitudes who listen with delight to her marvellous voice, Madame Albani is regarded not only with boundless admiration, but also with profound respect, as one of those true artists to whom art is an end in itself, and not merely a means to the attainment of fame and riches. A native of Canada, and the descendant of French settlers, her maiden name is Lajeunesse Marie Louise Emma Cecile Lajeunesse. The common impression that her professional name was chosen out of compliment to the city of Albany, where she spent part of her girlhood, holding the offices of organist and choir-mistress in the cathedral there, is a mistake, Albani being the name of a noble Italian family who were kind to the young Canadienne during her tutelage in the land of song. Now her full style and title is Madame Albani-Gye, her hus- band being Mr. Ernest Gye, formerly manager of the Italian Opera in London. At an early age she was sent to the Con- vent of the Sacred Heart at Sault au Recollet, near Montreal, and stayed there till she was fourteen. At eighteen she went to Paris and studied under Strakosch, who, in sending her to Lamperti at Milan, introduced her as " the most accomplished musician and the most finished singer in style" that ever left his studio. She made her debut in opera at Messina in 1870, and. appeared first at Covent Garden two years later in La Sonnambula, achieving a brilliant triumph in this as in the pieces that followed Faust, Don Giovanni, Figaro, &c. In Lohengrin and others of Wagner's music-dramas she has dis- tinguished herself not less than in Italian opera; and she is, if possible, even more at home in oratorio than in either. 152 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. LORD RANDOLPH CHURCHILL. THE political career of the Member for South Paddington has been the most dazzling and eccentric that the House ot Commons has ever witnessed. It began with the noble lord's election for Woodstock in 1874. But he was little to the fore in the Disraeli Par- liament, and it was not till Mr. Gladstone's accession to power in 1880, and the forma- tion of the Fourth Party, that he began to be recog- nised as a force. There can be no doubt that the defeat of the Ministry in 1885 was due more to his persistent attacks, in the House and hi the country, than to any other single cause. The office of Chief Secretary for India was but the due reward of his exertions. When Lord Salisbury's second Ministry was formed, in August, 1886, he became Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons, but just before the Christmas holi- day in the same year he astonished the whole political world by throwing up the post. Of his subsequent course there is little to say. In the Home Rule debates of 1893 he took a prominent part, and Avas welcomed back to the Front Opposition bench. But in the following year his health broke down, and in the middle of the Session he started on a prolonged tour, followed by many expressions of sympathy and goodwill. Just before Christmas he was brought back to London suffering from paralysis, and as these pages go to press there is only too much ground for the gravest apprehensions. MARKET PLACE AND CHURCH, WOODSTOCK. Photo : Bassano, Old Bond Street, IV. 154 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. LADY RANDOLPH CHURCHILL. THE family into which Lady Kandolph Churchill was born are natives of New York. Her mother was heiress to a large fortune ; her father, Mr. Leonard Jerome, was remarkable even among Americans for resolution, energj 7 , and force of character. Delighting in travel, he spent much of his time in England and on the Continent, and it was in Paris that his children received their education, becoming accomplished linguists, while the future Lady Randolph became also an expert musician. Her studies were brought to an abrupt end by the outbreak of the Franco-German War, when she and her family left Paris. There was at first some thought of a return to New York, but Cowes was fixed upon instead, arid it was while there that she first met Lord Randolph. The attachment that speedily grew up between them resulted in their marriage at the chapel of the British Embassy in Paris in 1872. Though she was eminent in a wide circle for her beauty, her accomplish- ments, her brilliant conversation, only the most discerning of her friends could have foreseen the success with which she was to devote herself to the furtherance of her husband's career. She was one of the first to recognise the importance to the Conservative party of the Primrose League, and is to be numbered among those who have made it the formidable agency which the Liberals have long known it to be. Lady Randolph, who has presented her husband with two sons Winston Leonard (born in November, 1874) and John Winston (born in February, 1880) accompanied him on the tour which had so melancholy a termination at the end of 1894. 156 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. A DOBSETSHIEE VALLEY (THE STOT7E). MR. THOMAS HARDY. THE greatest of living English novelists is a native of the county in which so many of his scenes are laid, having been born in a Dorsetshire village in 1840. Intended for an archi- tect, he began his studies at Dorchester, and continued them under Sir A. Blomfield. His first experiment in fiction, " Des- perate Remedies," which- appeared in 1871, shows exuberant invention, but is without a trace of the rustic humour which is Mr. Hardy's greatest quality. It was followed by the ever- delightful " Under the Greenwood Tree," whicli placed him at once in the front rank of living humorists. " A Pair of Blue Eyes," lit up with many a flash of rustic humour, and gleaming with the more refined humour of comedy, came in 1873, and " Far from the Madding Crowd," his strongest and most brilliant work, in 1874. Among his subsequent novels, " The Mayor of Casterbridge," less brilliant than " Far from the Madding Crowd," but hardly inferior to it in strength, belongs to 1886, and "The Woodlanders," notable for its fine atmo- sphere, to 1887. "Tess of the d'Urbervilles," which, with all its charm and power, did not give unmixed satisfaction to many of Mr. Hardy's old admirers, saw the light at the end of 1891. Photo: If. & D. Downey, Ebury Street, S.I I'. \f UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PABLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA. SIR JOHN THOMPSON. THE sudden death at Windsor Castle of the Canadian Premier and Minister of Justice, within a few minutes of his having been sworn of the Privy Council, and just as these pages were being prepared for the press, was the occasion of great pain to her Majesty and the Court, and to multitudes besides on both sides of the Atlantic. Born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on the 10th of November, 1844, the son of an Irish emigrant, he served his political apprenticeship in the Nova Scotian House of Assembly, in which he had a seat until 1882, when he retired from politics to take the office of Judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. In 1885 he was prevailed upon by the late Sir John Macdonald to enter the Canadian Cabinet as Minister of Justice, and in 1892, his former leader being now dead, he became Premier. His knighthood was conferred in recog- nition of his services as legal adviser of the British Pleni- potentiaries at Washington during the negotiation of the Chamberlain-Bayard Fishery Treaty. As a special mark of honour, his mortal remains were conveyed to Canada in H.M.S. Blenheim. Photo : Tofley, Ottawa. 160 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. HERBERT BEERBOHM-TREE. THE actor-manager of the Haymarket was born in London in 1853, his father being Mr. Julius Beerbohm, a successful German grain merchant, who had married an English lady. His first professional engagement was in a company on tour in the South of England. At Folkestone it fell to his lot to take the part of a blind old colonel, in which he was indebted to a failure of memory for a happy realistic effect. Describing the performance as one of remarkable subtlety, a local critic pointed out how thoroughly the young actor had mastered the habits of the blind, " even down to the nervous twitching of the fingers, and the listening for the falling leaf." The fact was that the play with the fingers was an urgent signal to the prompter, and the "falling leaf" the prompter's voice ! It was in 1882 that Mr. Tree made his dtbut as a dramatic representative of the haute noblesse of Europe. For the adequate representation of such parts he has every necessary quality a singular command of foreign accents, a special gift of "making up," distinction of manner and bearing, and insight into racial character. Nor has he been less successful in parts lying at the other extremity of the gamut, from Falstaff and Paolo Macari to Luversan, the " shadow " of Lucien Laroque. Of Mr. Tree's Hamlet it can only here be said that it was a performance of the greatest psychological interest, as might have been expected from one who is hardly second to any English actor in insight, while in versatility he is easily first. In 1894 he and his company were honoured with a command to appear before the Queen at Balmoral. Photo: if. & D. D/nvney, Ebury Street, S W. 162 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. FROM SIR JAMES LIXTON'S "MARRIAGE OF THE DUKE OF ALBANY." SIR JAMES DRUMGOLE LINTON. THE President of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water- Colours is an artist of great ability. As a draughtsman and colourist he has few equals, while his unique execution places him in the very front rank of figure-painters in water-colours. His work as an oil-painter is also of a very high order, and is best known by his series of large canvases illustrating incidents in the life of a General in the fourteenth century, and by the picture of the marriage of the Duke of Albany, painted for Her Majesty. Sir James, born in 1840, early showed that he had inherited his mother's artistic instincts. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy about 1860 a chalk drawing. His first water-colour was shown at the inaugural exhibition of the Dudley Gallery. He was elected a member of the Institute in 1867, and was mainly influential in bringing about its removal from its small gallery in Pall Mall to its present house in Piccadilly. It was largely in recognition of these services that he was elected Presi- dent of the Institute in 1884, receiving the honour of knighthood in 1885. 164 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. A BIT OF BKUNN. LADY HALLE. WHEN Lady Halle came to England in 1849, she was amazed to find herself, as a lady violinist, an object of reproachful curiosity. "J'ai change tout cela," she might now say ; for it is mainly owing to her graceful and exquisite performances that the prejudice she had at first to encounter has so com- pletely disappeared. She is known to set no great store upon the compliments she receives at Society "functions," but the charm of her action must be felt by all. With those who have ears to hear, it has long been a settled persuasion that Lady Halle has no equal, and but one superior; and though Herr Joachim at his best may be the greater artist, it is questionable if his general average is not inferior to hers. For a century and a half the family of Neruda her maiden name was Wilhelmine Neruda has been prominently associated in Moravia with the violin. Her father was organist at the Cathedral at Brtinn, where she was born on the 21st of March, 1840. Her first husband was Ludwig Norman, a Swedish musician, to whom she was married in 1864; her marriage to Sir Charles Halle, whom years before she had found to be an ideal accompanist in the musical sense, took place in 1888. Phfto : Elliott & l-ry, Jiaker Street, If. 166 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. A MISSISSIPPI STEAMER. MARK TWAIN." MR. SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS, who was born at Florida, Missouri, on the 30th of November, 1835, has in his life played many parts. He began his career as a compositor, and went on to be in succession a Mississippi pilot, a private secretary (to his brother), a speculator in gold-mines (with calamitous results), a journalist, lecturer, and author. His '' Life on the Mississippi " is founded on observations made while in the steamboat service on that river, and from the same source he borrowed his nom de guerre, " Mark twain" being a phrase used in taking soundings, and the interpretation thereof, "Mark two fathoms." Similarly he drew upon his Nevada experiences for " The Jumping Frog " and " Roughing It." " Innocents Abroad " is a record of travel in Egypt and Palestine, the Levant, France, and Italy, with a party of religious tourists, who set sail in the Quaker City. Of his many other books we can only mention " A Tramp Abroad " (1880) and " Huckleberry Finn " (1885). His humour lies mainly in exaggeration, less of character than of incident and situation, and though he may sometimes overdo the jest, the world has to thank him for some of its heartiest laughs. I'hoto : Sarony, NC-M Yi 168 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. DR. CLIFFORD. THE spirit and energy displayed by Dr. Clifford in the London School Board fight were the admiration of Progressives and Moderates alike. But from the time when, as a boy of thirteen, he became a " threader " in a mill, and was often toiling from four o'clock on Friday morning to six o'clock on Saturday evening, he has always been -one of the hardest of workers in a strenuous generation. Hence the encyclopaedic knoAvledge which enables it to be said of him that he has more science than many a scientific man, more literature than many men of letters, and more theology than many who are theologians and nothing more. He is B.A., M.A., B.Sc., and LL.B. of the London University, has received many honorary degrees, including that of D.D., from other sources, is a Fellow of the Geological Society, has written many books, some of which have run through several editions, and for nearly forty years has been pastor of one of the largest and most influential Nonconformist churches in the country. The educational institute of which he is the life and soul has sixty classes and fifteen hundred students, yet it represents but one side of the activities of the Westbourne Park church. Born at Sawley, near Derby, on the 16th of October, 183G, he at the age of nineteen entered the General Baptist College at Nottingham, leaving it to undertake the charge of his present church. Within fourteen years of the beginning of his pastorate he Avas elected President of the General Baptist Association. From 1876 to 1878 he was Secretary of the London Baptist Association, and President in 1879 ; and in 1888 he was chosen President of the Baptist Union. 170 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE COTE OF CORK. SIR JAMES C. MATHEW. THIS eminent judge is a member of the well-known Irish family to which Father Mathew, the great temperance orator, belonged. Born at Lehena House, Cork, on the 10th of July, 1830, he graduated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was called to the bar in 1854, and joined the North-Eastern Circuit, soon taking high rank by virtue of his erudition and acumen. His elevation to the Bench in March, 1881, as a Judge of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice, was notable from the fact that he was only a member of the Junior Bar, while it had the further interest of being the third instance of the nomination of a Roman Catholic to an English judgeship since Catholic emancipation. In addition to being knighted, he was created LL.D., honoris causd, by the University of Dublin. As President of the Evicted Tenants' Commission (Ireland) in 1892, he came in for a good deal of hostile criticism ; but it is to be remem- bered that the office which he courageously undertook' was a singularly invidious one, and it would have been strange indeed had he succeeded in giving satisfaction to interests so sharply conflicting. Photo : G. Jcrrard, Regent Street, W. /~ 172 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo : Poulton & Sons, Lee. THE CHIEF SECEETAET'S LODGE, DUBLIN. MR. JOHN MORLEY. THE senior Member for Newcastle- on -Tyne had made two reputations, as a man of letters and as a journalist, before he entered the House of Commons ; and within three years of his taking his seat the doors of the Cabinet were opened to him. The year of his election for Newcastle-on-Tyne was also the year in which he presided over the celebrated Leeds Conference, the effect of which was to give to the Franchise Bill the first place in the programme of his party. It was in 1886 that he became Chief Secretary for Ireland; and when the Liberals came back to power in 1892, it was uni- versally felt that no one in the party was so suitable as he for that onerous and responsible office. His works, marked by profound learning, singular penetration, vigorous grasp, and a style which, with all its severity, often rises into lofty eloquence, include studies of Burke, Walpole, Voltaire, Rous- seau, Diderot, and the Encyclopaedists, a valuable essay on " Compromise," and a Life of Cobden. From 1867 to 1882 he was editor of the Fortnightly Review, from 1880 to 1.883 he edited the Pall Mall Gazette, and from 1883 to 1885 he conducted Macmillans Magazine. Photo : Elliott Sr Fry. Baker Street, If. 174 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MRS. DELAND. IT was " John Ward, Preacher," that brought this gifted lady to the knowledge and admiration of the reading public in England. The book was read with delight by those to whom theological and other problems form the main interest of fiction, and by those who judge the novel by purely literary standards, and hold that it ceases to be literature when it becomes a mere polemic ; for. the interest of the main situation was less doctrinal than simply human. Both John Ward and his Avife were powerfully drawn ; but the subordinate characters were an even greater proof of Mrs. Deland's artistic- gift. Mr. Denner and the elderly ladies who divided his affections so nearly equally were veritable creations ; and never were the heroism of feeble natures and the pathos of small lives more finely brought to light than in this part of the story. " Sidney," though marked by the same delicacy and finish as the earlier book, erred somewhat in the direction of over-subtlety ; but in " The Story of a Child," full of de- lightful humour and tender feeling, Mrs. Deland was at her best. The same may be said of " Tommy Dove and Other Stories," in which once more we are made to see the signific- ance of the insignificant. Mrs. Deland, whose latest work is entitled " Philip and his Wife," was born at Alleghany on the 23rd of February, 1857, was educated at Pelham Priory, New Rochelle, and at the Cooper Union, New York : and in 1878-79 taught industrial design in a Normal school in that city. Her marriage to Mr. Lorin F. Deland, of Boston, took place in 1880. Photo : 11. G. Smith, Boston, U.S.A. 176 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE GRAND OPEEA, PARIS. M. C.-C. SAINT-SAENS. CHARLES-OAMILLE SAINT-SAENS is a native of Paris, where he was born on the 9th of October, 1835. After studying under Stamaty and Maleden, he went to the Conservatoire, carrying off the second organ prize in 1849, and the first in 1851. When only seventeen he attracted the notice of the musical world by a symphony, performed by the Societe de Ste. Cecile. In 1867 he won the prize of the International Ex- hibition with his cantata, Les Noces de Promethee. Next essay- ing opera, he produced La Princesse Jaime at the Opera Comique in 1872, and Le Timbre d'Argent at the Theatre Lyrique in 1877 ; but in neither case did he achieve an unequivocal success. His sacred drama, Samson et Delilah, had, however, a great reception at Weimar, in 1877, and was much admired when given in his own land, and, later, in England. His Henri/ VIII., produced at the Grand Opera in Paris in 1883, proved beyond question his capacity for opera, and the triumph he then achieved was repeated with Ascanio in 1890. In the earlier part of his career, M. Saint- Saens was organist of the Madeleine, and was renowned for his brilliant improvisations. 178 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. ARTHUR W. PINERO. THE author of The Second Mrs. Tanqueray was only thirty- eight when he produced the most brilliant and powerful English play that had been written in this generation. He was born in London in 1855, and educated to be a solicitor, but gave up the law before he was nineteen, and the year 1874 saw him acting at the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh. In 1875 he joined the Lyceum Company, taking the part of Claudius throughout the tour in which Mr. Irving played Hamlet in the provinces. It was in 1877 that he made his first attempt at dramatic writing, with Two Hundred a Tear. This was followed in succession by The Rector and Low Water, of which Mr. William Archer has said that the first was a melancholy, and the second an unspeakably comic, fiasco, but that both were better worth seeing than half the suc- cesses of the day. Mr. Pinero's first veritable achievement was with The Magistrate, in 1885. In the next year came two further successes, The Schoolmaster and The Hobby Horse. Siveet Lavender, produced in 1888, had, whatever its con- structive faults, a tremendously long run, thanks, in great measure, to Mr. Edward Terry's humorous and pathetic pre- sentation of the part of Dick Phenyl, the drunken but good- hearted barrister. To this year also belongs a play of much greater merit, The Profligate, produced by Mr. Hare at the Garrick, with Mr. Forbes-Robertson in the title-part. Then came The Times, in which Mr. Pinero not very successfully essayed a new vein. This was succeeded by The Amazons, a far more entertaining piece, and this by The Second J//x Tanqueray, in which Mr. Pinero excelled not only himself but all his rivals. Pho'.o: IV. & D. Do-wney, Eburv Street, S.W. 180 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. A DOCK SCENE. MR JOHN BURNS, M.R THE Member for Battersea, by force of character and intellect, and by the moderation which has come with responsibility, has lived down much of the antipathy which his earlier career provoked. Born in London in 1858, he has been in a cotton factory, served his time as an engineer, and has worked at his trade on the West Coast of Africa. In 1886 he was put upon his trial for seditious conspiracy, and was acquitted ; in 1888 he suffered six weeks' imprisonment for his assertion of the right of free speech in Trafalgar Square. In 1889 he was elected by the voters of Battersea to the first London County Council, and when re-elected in 1892 he polled more votes than any other Progressive candidate. His membership of the House of Commons dates from 1892 ; when he stood for West Nottingham in 1885 he polled only 598 votes. He is still a convinced Socialist, and the leader of the New Unionists, but has of late years concerned him- self, both in municipal and in Imperial politics, more with " practioals " than with " generals." So far, his greatest achievement has been the successful conduct of the London dock strike, in which he manifested, together with extra- ordinary generalship, an energy almost superhuman, and a perseverance that nothing could daunt. Photo: C. F. Treble, Clapham Junction, S.tf. 182 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. HAMO THORNYCROFT. THIS distinguished Royal Academician is a sculptor by birth as well as by training, being the son of the late Thomas Thornycroft, designer of the Park Lane Fountain, and of Mary Thornycroft happily still among us who, again, is the daughter and pupil of John Francis. Mr. Thornycroft was born in London on the 9th of March, 1850, was educated at Macclesfield and at University College School, London, and then became a student at the Royal Academy, bearing off the silver medal in the Antique School in 1870. He made his first contribution to the Burlington House Exhibition in 1871, in the form of a bust of the late Professor Sharpey. A bronze statuette of Lord Mayo was his most notable pro- duction in 1874. In 1876 he was represented by "A Warrior Bearing a Wounded Youth from the Field of Battle," which had won the gold medal of the Council in the previous year. "Lot's Wife," a singularly impressive work, belongs to 1877, and " Stepping Stones," an early work, only now executed in bronze, to 1879. "Artemis" and "A Youth Putting a Stone" both fine examples of the imaginative side of the sculptor's art led to Mr. Thornycroft's election as an Associate of the Royal Academy in January, 1881. Among the more striking of his works since then are "Teucer," a nude statue of heroic size, which was bought for the nation out of the Chantrey Fund, and is now, in bronze, in the South Kensington Museum ; the poetic " Sonata of Beethoven " (1883), " The Mower" (1884), the equestrian statue of Edward I. (1885), " Medea " (1888), and " The Mirror " (1890), his diploma work. Mention must also be made of the statues of the Earl of Beaconsfield, of General Gordon (Trafalgar Square), and of John Bright (Rochdale). 184 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Plioto: Air. Fred. Moir. ON THE SHIEE RIVER, NYASSALA.ND. MR. H. H. JOHNSTON, C.B. MR. HENRY HAMILTON JOHNSTON, who was born on the 12th of June, 1858, at Park Place, Kennington, and was educated at Stockwell Grammar School and at King's College, has considerable aptitude as an artist, and also as an author. A student at the Royal Academy, his pictures have fre- quently hung upon the walls of its galleries. But the impulse to travel was not to be denied, and in 1880 he traversed Tunis and Algeria, visited the Congo and other parts of West Africa in 1882-3, and conducted an expedition to Mount Kilimanjaro, in East Africa, in 1884. Three years later he surveyed a portion of the Niger Delta, afterwards going to Lake Nyassa and Tanganyika to bring about an understanding between the Arabs and the African Lakes Company. In 1885 he secured the appointment of Vice- consul for the Cameroons and the Oil Rivers. Two years later he became Acting-Consul for the Bights of Benin and Beafra, and in 1888 was promoted to be Consul for Portuguese East Africa. He now holds the important office of British Commissioner and Consul-General for Central Africa. Photo : Elliott fr t-'ry. Baker Street, IV. 186 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE MEMBEBS' LOBBY, HOUSE or COMMONS. LORD TWEEDMOUTH. IT will be long before it becomes easy not to speak of the famous Liberal whip as Mr. Marjoribanks. His accession to the House of Lords, in consequence of the unexpected death of the first Lord Tweed mouth, while Lord Rosebery was in the very act of taking over the Government from Air. Gladstone, was a serious addition to the new Premier's difficulties, so all but indispensable had Mr. Marjoribanks made himself during the eighteen months or so that he had been Patronage Secretary and Chief Whip. He joined the Cabinet as Lord Privy Seal, and two months later added to this office that of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. His Lordship is still a young man among Statesmen, having been born in 1849, eldest son of the first Lord Tweedmouth. His political career began in 1880, as Member for Berwickshire. He was appointed Comptroller of Her Majesty's Household in 1886, and was second Liberal Whip from that year until 1892, when he became first Whip. His accession to the Peerage has not led him to speak with whispering humbleness about the House of Lords, as Lord Rosebery recognised when he congratulated his colleague, half banteringly, upon his "breezy" language. 188 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MISS ELIZABETH ROBINS. THE ablest of English-speaking exponents of Ibsen is an American by birth. Kentucky was her early home, and her first histrionic training was under the guidance of the late Edwin Booth. Having visited Norway, she commenced her interpretations of Ibsen with the part of Martha in The Pillars of Society, following it with that of the capricious heroine of The Doll's House. But it was not until her assumption of the rSle of Hedda Gabler in 1890 that she found a part in which she was able to do justice to her remarkable gifts. Hedda Gabler met with a yet more pro- nounced hostility than The Doll's House, but the critics were at one in their admiration of Miss Robins's acting. After this, she was tempted into the paths of melodrama. Fortunately, however, the lapse was not a long one, and presently, as a member of Miss Compton's company, she appeared in Mr. Henry James's play, The American. Here, again, a veritable triumph was achieved. The character is one of uncommon subtlety : in any but very strong hands the delicate shadowy Claire would have been little more than a weak-minded and somewhat impalpable girl, and her grace and charm would have been entirely lost. In 1893 Miss Robins delighted the play-going world with another of Ibsen's NCAV Women. The Master Builder was enigmatical enough to satisfy the most devoted admirers of the great " problem " dramatist; but the excessive difficulty of the leading part proved to be but another opportunity for Miss Robins, and she was acclaimed on all hands as the ideal Hilda Wangel the role in which our portrait represents her. 190 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo: A. Dwnie, St. Andrews, N.B. g T< ANDEEWS> PRINCIPAL DONALDSON, LL.D. JAMES DONALDSON, one of the foremost educationists of the day, was born at Aberdeen on the 26th of April, 1831. After attending the Grammar School and University of his native city, he completed his studies at Berlin. In 1854 he was appointed Rector of the High School of Stirling. Two years later he became a Classical Master in the High School of Edinburgh, of which he was elected Rector in 1866. By his tact, his gentle and kindly disposition, and the thoroughness of his methods, he proved himself a worthy successor of a long line of illustrious preceptors. In 1881 he was called to fill the chair of Humanity in the University of Aberdeen, which he vacated in 1886, when he was made, on the death of Prin- cipal Tulloch, Principal of the United College of St. Salvator and St. Leonard in St. Andrews University, becoming Prin- cipal of the University four years afterwards. In addition to numerous contributions to fugitive literature, Principal Donaldson has edited several scholarly Greek text-books, and has written an exhaustive critical " History of Christian Literature and Doctrine from the death of the Apostles to the Nicene Council" fhote; T. Rodger, St. Andrews, N.B. I O t/&>W*^J ov 192 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo: G. N. King, Avenue Road, Shepherd's Bush. MAELBOEOUGH HOUSE. H.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES. THE beautiful and gracious lady who is so deeply beloved throughout the empire is, as all the world knows, daughter of the King of Denmark, and sister to the King of Greece, and also to the Empress Marie of Kussia, whom it was her melancholy office to console and support in the bereavement which Her Imperial Majesty suffered towards the end of 1894. "Come to us, love us, and make us your own," was Tenny- son's greeting, more than thirty years ago, to the " Sea King's daughter from over the sea ; " and how quickly and enduringly she did make us her own need not be said. Hard of belief as it may be, she was born on the 1st of December, 1844. It was on the 7th of March, 1863, that she arrived oif Gravesend as the bride-elect of the Prince of Wales, the nuptials being celebrated at Windsor three days later. The death of her firstborn, the Duke of Clarence, in 1892, almost on the eve of his marriage, was a sore grief to Her Royal Highness. Her only other son, the Duke of York, married the Princess Victoria Mary of Teck in 1893, and in the following year the nation rejoiced with Her Royal Highness over the birth of a son to the royal pan*. Photo: Lafayette. Diibl 13 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE BISHOP OF LONDON. DR. TEMPLE was born on the 20th of November, 1821, the son of a military officer, and was educated at Tiverton Grammar School, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a double first-class in 1842. Soon afterwards he was elected Fellow and mathematical tutor of his college, and in 1848 he became Principal of the Training College at Kneller Hall, Twickenham, resigning in 1855 to take an inspectorship of schools. In 1858 he succeeded Dr. Goulburn as head -master of Rugby, and was not long in approving himself one of the greatest schoolmasters of the century. His nomination to the Bishopric of Exeter in 1869 was bitterly opposed by a section of the clergy, on account of his association with the work known as " Essays and Eeviews," to which he had contributed a paper on " The Education of the World;" and in the church of St. Mary- le-Bow, Cheapsido, where the election was confirmed, the protesting clergy, headed by Bishop Trower, were represented by counsel, whose objections the Vicar - General overruled. The appointment was abundantly justified by results ; and long before he was called to London, in 1885, to take the place of Dr. Jackson, his lordship had won the confidence and affection of his own communion and the respect and esteem of all. The cause of Temperance is but one of many that are deeply indebted to Dr. Temple's powerful advocacy. His works include a remarkable volume of sermons preached in the chapel of Rugby School, and a treatise on " The Relations between Religion and Science," embodying the Bampton Lectures for 1884. Photo: London Stereoscopic Company. 196 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. J. M. BARRIE. IT has been Mr. Barrie's rather singular fortune to create a new taste in the reading public and to see others, who are undoubtedly his imitators, though in no unworthy sense of the word, coming forward to gratify it with a success hardly inferior to his own. The " Auld Licht Idylls," when they appeared in 1888, were hailed with delight as a faithful presentment of lowly Scottish life; and there need be no hesitation in saying that their author has since done no better work, with the single exception of " A Window in Thrums," which belongs to the same class, and has even more humour and pathos, together with a unity and a progressive effect which one has no right to expect from a collection of tales and sketches. It was at Kirriemuir, as all the world knows, that Mr. Barrie took the notes which he was enabled to turn to such excellent account : and here it was that, on the 9th of May, 1860, he was born, and that he and his father and mother still dwell. ' The Little Minister " is, to a great extent, an attempt to delineate ,the same figures on a larger -canvas ; and if as a novel it leaves something to be desired, it contains much delightful matter. In Walker, London and The Profcxxnf'* Love Story Mr. Barrie has produced two charming plays; but his genius is less dramatic than literary, and his admirers will be glad to learn that he is now engaged upon another novel. In 1894 he was married, at Kirriemuir, to Miss Mary Ansell, who had created one of the leading parts in Walker, London. Flicto : Elliott & Fry, Raker Street. I X-I/U 198 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MADAME SARAH BERNHARDT. THE greatest of living actresses is the daughter of a French lawyer and a Dutch Jewess, and was born at Paris in 1844. In 1858 she was entered as a pupil at the Conservatoire of her native city, and quickly gave proof of her genius. Her first appearance at the Theatre Fran9ais, however, was by no means a success ; and at the Gymnase . her reception was so little encouraging that for a time she abandoned the stage. Her first real triumph was as the Queen of Spain in Victor Hugo's Ruy Bias, in 1869. The outbreak of the Franco - ( Terman War was a serious interruption of her career ; but she turned her enforced leisure to good account by her ministrations as a nurse during the siege of Paris. In the year following the war she appeared at the Comedie Franchise with the greatest distinction in a number of French classical parts, until the rendering of the role of Dona Sol in Hernani stamped her as the first actress of her generation. Her visits to London date from 1879. The next year she severed, her connection with the Comedie Francaise, preferring to pay a sum of 4 ; 000 as costs' and damages for the breach of engagement rather than submit any longer to restraints obnoxious to her temperament and unfavourable to the full display of her genius. Since then she has many times visited our shores, and has also toured in America and Australia Madame Bernhardt, who for a short time after April, 1882, was the wife of M. Damala, a Greek gentleman, now deceased, is not only a great actress, but a sculptor of distinct excellence, and a painter of no mean skill. Photo: Naiiar. Paris. 200 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. POBTION OF SIB JOHN GILBERT'S "ON THE ROAD TO THE HOUSE FAIB." SIR JOHN GILBERT. THE President of the Royal Society of Painters in Water- Colours was born in 1817, and began to exhibit in 1836. Since then he has shown a long list of pictures at the Academy and other exhibitions, besides what he has done in the way of book illustrations. From the first, his work had about it striking individuality, in addition to its imaginativeness and technical excellence, and he was not long in acquiring name and fame. The honours of his profession, however, came somewhat tardily. It was not till 1872 that he was elected A.R.A., having in the previous year been chosen to the presidency of the Society already mentioned, and knighted ; in 1872 he rose to the dignity of R.A. He is also a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, and enjoys other marks of distinction conferred by foreign institutions. In 1893 he announced his intention of distributing among the art galleries of the metropolis and the other great towns his collection of paintings a display of public spirit which was acknowledged by the presentation to him of the free- dom of the City of London. Sir John is essentially a painter of Old England, which he has depicted with immense spirit and humour. 202 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE TOWN HALL, BIRMINGHAM. MR. JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN. THE Liberal Unionist leader in the House of Commons has been the mark of much hostile criticism, but his strongest opponents have long recognised in him one of the two or three readiest and most skilful debaters in the House. Born in London in 1836, he was educated at University College School, and presently entered the firm of wood-screw makers at Birmingham (Nettlefold and Chamberlain) which his father had joined in 1854. He retired from business in 1874 to devote himself to politics. But for some years before this he had taken a prominent, and ultimately the leading, part in the municipal life of Birmingham. At first a halting speaker, he gradually acquired the fluent and incisive oratory, together with the adroit management, which he has since displayed in a wider sphere. His membership of the House of Commons, as one of the elect of Birmingham, dates from 1876 ; he first took office, as President of the Board of Trade, with a seat in the Cabinet, in 1880. In September, 1887, he was appointed one of the British representatives on the Com- mission formed to deal with the fishery disputes between the United States and Canada. 104 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. fnoto; Mr. H. M. Stanley. ZANZIBAB. MR. H. M. STANLEY. THE greatest of living explorers is a native of Denbigh, in Wales, where he was born in 1840, of humble parents bearing the name of Rowlands. In his sixteenth year he became a cabin-boy, and went to New Orleans. Here he was adopted by a Mr. Stanley, a merchant, whose name he assumed. His patron dying intestate, he was again thrown upon his own resources, and joined the Confederate Army, afterwards becoming, an officer on a steamer in the Federal service. His first experience of the continent with which his name will always be associated was acquired as war corre- spondent of the Neiu York Herald in Abyssinia, in 1867. It was in 1870 that he was sent by the same paper to seek out Dr. Livingstone, whom he found at Ujiji. In 1874 he started from Zanzibar on another expedition, in the course of which he circumnavigated Victoria Nyanza and Tanganyika, and explored the River Lualuba, or Livingstone, as he re- named it. Returning to Africa in 1879, he became the virtual founder of the Congo Free State. But his greatest exploit was the relief of Emin Pasha, which, attended as it was by many lamentable circumstances, will always remain a proof of his intrepidity and resource. fholo: KlliotC & Fry. llaker Street. If. fr 206 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. JOHN HARE. THE actor-manager of the Garrick, like the actor-manager of the Lyceum, had the painful experience of being hissed on the occasion of his first performance at Liverpool, in 1865, when he was a little over twenty. His next appear- ance, six months later, as Landlord Short, in Naval Engage- ments, at the old Prince of Wales's, then under the joint- management of Miss Marie Wilton and H. J. Byron, WHS more successful, and resulted in his remaining a member of the company for ten years. In 1875 he took the Court Theatre, and got together a brilliant company. His profits exceeded his most sanguine hopes, two of his productions New Men and Old Acres and Olivia bringing in between them more than 25,000. Then came his nine years' part- nership with the Kendals at the St. James's, after which he joined Mrs. John Wood's company at the new Court. It was in 1889 that he opened the Garrick Theatre, built for him in the Charing Cross Road. In The Profligate, his first production, he contented himself with the subordinate part of Lord Dangars ; in the second, La Tosca, with a self- suppression not characteristic of actor-managers, he was not seen at all. Then came A Pair of Spectacles, in which, as Benjamin Goldfinch, he gave one of those finished imper- sonations of old men in which he is without an equal. Revivals of School, of Diplomacy, and of Caste have followed, and, with A Fool's Paradise, An Old Jew, and Slaves of the Ring, have been the chief of the more recent pieces at the Garrick. Photo: W. & D. Dtnuney, Ebury Street, S.W. ffil**'* 208 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. W. D. HOWELLS. THE son of a journalist, born at Ohio in 1837, Mr. Howells served his time with his father as a printer, and then became a member of the staff of the Ohio State Journal. His literary ability was recognised by his appointment as United States Consul at Venice in 1861. The man of letters, however, was not sunk in the diplomatist, and after his re- turn to America, in 1865, he published " Venetian Life " and " Italian Journeys." From 1871 to 1880 he was editor of the Atlantic Monthly, and later (1892) he for a short time edited the Cosmopolitan Magazine. He has published two volumes of poems one in conjunction with his friend J. J. Pratt; has written at least one play which has been acted in England as well as in America, and has produced an abundance of critical and biographical matter, including a volume on the poets of Italy. But it is as a novelist that he has Avon widest fame. In this kind, his work, large as it is in quantity, is notable for its polish and subtle charm. His stories are full of delicately-finished etchings, and it has been well said of them that they are " the strongest exponents of that union of national feeling and extra- national judgment which constitutes the representative quality of American genius." They include "A Foregone Conclusion" (1874), "The Lady of the Aroostook " (1X7!)), "A Modern Instance" (1882), and "An Indian Summer" (1886). In 1894, following Mr. Edward Bellamy's lead, without exposing himself to the reproach of imitation, he wrote " A Traveller from Altruria." Photo: G. C. Cox, New York, 14 210 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MADAME ANTOINETTE STERLING. THE illustrious lady whose fame is so closely associated with "The Lost Chord" and "The Better Land" is one of the many great singers who hail from the western side of the Atlantic. She was born in the State of New York in 1850, and commenced her musical training under Abella. Then she came across the sea to sit at the feet of Marchesi and Pauline Viardot, completing her studies in London under Manuel Garcia. Her first appearance in London was at the Covent Garden Promenade Concerts in 1873. She had already achieved a reputation in her own land, and had been preceded by enthusiastic reports of her gifts ; but few of those who heard her at Covent Garden could have been fully prepared for the richness and depth of her won- derful contralto voice, or for the singular feeling which she threw into her songs. The spell which she cast over all who listened was not to be resisted, and she at once estab- lished herself as a universal favourite.. Two years later she was married to Mr. John MacKinlay, and made up her mind to adopt the old country as her own. More than twenty years have elapsed since she made her debut in London, but her popularity shows no signs of diminution, and her name may still be counted upon to attract 'crowds of delighted admirers. She has frequently sung in oratorio, but is never heard to more advantage than in some of those simple pathetic ballads which she renders with a naturalness and a charm only possible to the greatest artists. Photo : Ifatcry, Limited, Regent Street, W 212 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MANSFIELD COLLEGE, OXFORD. PRINCIPAL FAIRBAIRN. THE most protoimd and philosophical of living Congregational divines was born at Leith Walk, Edinburgh, on the 4th of November, 1838, and educated at the Universities of Edin- burgh, Glasgow, and Berlin. In 1860 he undertook the pastorate of the Evangelical Union Church at Bathgate, in West Lothian, and soon came to be known as one of the most brilliant contributors to the Contemporary Review. In 1872 he settled at Aberdeen, where his Sunday evening lectures on " The Non-Christian Religions " and on " Studies in the Life of Christ " attracted immense congregations. He was elected Principal of Airedale College, Bradford, in 1878, receiving the honorary degree of D.D. from Edinburgh University in the same year. In 1886 he went to Oxford as first Principal of Mansfield College, which speedily became an important feature of the university city. Dr. Fairbairn has given memorable courses of lectures at Edinburgh and Aberdeen, and also at Yale and at Union Seminary in America, and has filled the chair of the Congregational Union. Among his many works are " Studies in the Philosophy of Religion and History " and '' Christ in Modern Theology." 214 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE QUADRANGLE, HARVARD UNIVERSITY OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. THE death of the Autocrat of the Breakfast-table in October, 1894, not long after he had sent his autograph and photo- graph for reproduction in these pages, was the occasion of a remarkable outburst of appreciation and affection. Dr. Holmes's place among the men of letters of his generation had in it something quite unique. By his multitudes of readers he was not only admired as a writer, delightful by reason of his sparkling wit, his genial humour, his fine feeling, his charm of style, but was beloved as a personal friend. He would have been famous as a poet if he had not been the most delightful causeur of his age ; and had he never written a line of his graceful verse, or of the charming talk which enshrines so much gay and tender wisdom, he would have risen to eminence as a teacher of medicine. Born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the 29th of August, 1809, he was eighty-five when Death's gentle summons came to him ; but he was still young in all but years, and of him above all his contemporaries was it true that his old age was "serene and bright, And lovely as a Lapland night." For many years he was Professor of Anatomy at Harvard Photo: IV. Ntitmm, Boston, U3.A. 216 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MUNICH. THE KING OF WURTTEMBERG. KING WILLIAM II. OF WURTTEMBERG was born on the 25th of February, 1848, son of the late Prince Frederick (cousin of the late King, Charles I.) and of the Princess Katherine, who was the sister of King Charles. He ascended the throne so recently as the 6th of October, 1891, and thus far his reign has been marked by no very striking event. His Majesty has been twice married firstly, in 1877, to Princess Marie of Waldeck-Pyrmont, who died on the 30th of April, 1882 ; secondly, in 1886, to Princess Charlotte of Schaumberg- Lippe. The only issue of either marriage has been a daughter, the Princess Pauline, child of the Princess Marie, born on the 19th of December, 1877 ; and the heir-presumptive to the throne is Duke William of Wiirttemberg, formerly a General in the Austrian service. It may be added that the connection between Austria and Wiirttemberg was formerly much closer than it is now. In the conflict between Austria and Prussia for the German supremacy, his Majesty's imme- diate predecessor took the side of the South, and had to pay a war indemnity of eight million florins and to form an alliance with the victorious Power. Now, of course, Wiirttem- berg is an integral part of the German Empire. 218 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE HON. EDWARD BLAKE. THE junior Member for Longford, like the late Sir John Thompson, is of Irish parentage, though born in Canada at Adelaide, Ontario, on the 13th of October, 1833. Graduating at Toronto in 1858, he practised at the Bar, becoming a Queen's Counsel in 1864, and quickly acquiring fame as an orator and a profound lawyer. In 1867 he was returned to the Legislature of Ontario, and also to the Dominion Parlia- ment. In 1871 he became Premier of Ontario, but had to resign in the following year on account of the passing of the Dual Repre- sentation Act. In 1873 he entered the Canadian Cabinet as Minister of Justice and Attorney-Gene- ral. The Chancellorship of Ontario, the Chief Justice- ship of the Dominion, and the honour of knighthood have been in turn declined by him ; but his crowning act of abnegation was his resignation of the leadership of the Opposition because of his disapproval of the policy of a commercial union with the States, as being, in his opinion, likely to tend to a loosening of the ties between- Canada and the Mother Country. Mr. Blake was elected to the Imperial House of Commons as Nationalist Member for Longford in 1892. A BIT or TORONTO UNIVERSITY. 1'hoto: Russell & Sons, Raker Street, /A'. 220 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE WYE AT CHEPSTOW, WITH THE CASTLE. MRS. ORMISTON CHANT. MRS. CHANT'S spirited and triumphant music-hall crusade brought her a kind of publicity which, no doubt, she would have been glad enough to avoid, if her sense of duty had not compelled her to sacrifice her personal feelings to one of the public causes which she has at heart. But for years before this she had been a familiar and honoured figure in political, philanthropic, and religious circles, and had often officiated with marked acceptance in pulpits of various de- nominations. She was born at Chepstow on the 9th of October, 1848, her father being the Mr. Dibbin who designed the tubular bridge that carries the railway over the Wye. Beginning her independent career as a teacher in a school for young ladies, she took to nursing; and it was while a Sister at the London Hospital that she met her future husband, whom she would have followed into the medical profession had the transition been no more difficult then than it is now. She began her public life as an advocate of women suffrage, and before long came to be equally interested in the promotion of temperance and of social purity. /P 7 ^\ . ""^"^ 222 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. M. EMILE WAUTERS. THE distinguished Belgian artist was born at Brussels in 1846. At an early age he devoted himself to an artistic career, and was but a youth when his works began to adorn the galleries of his native land. Almost from the first, his bent was towards historical subjects, and in 1872 he exhibited his " Mary of Burgundy before the Magistrates of Ghent," a piece which com- pelled admiration alike by its fine conception and its splendid technique. In 1878 he was commissioned to decorate the " Lions' Stair- case " at the Brussels Hotel de Ville, and in 1881 he painted the memorable panorama, entitled " Cairo and the Banks of the Nile." Since then he has executed a large number of imposing works, among them " John IV. and the Tradesmen of Brussels" (1878) and "A View of Cairo" (1883). In the International Exhibition of 1878 he was awarded a medal of honour, in the following year he obtained a similar dis- tinction at Munich, and in 1883 the International Exhibition at Berlin conferred upon him its grand medal. Honoured in his own country, M. Wauters has received many marks of appreciation from other nations, besides those we have men- tioned, and is a member of several Academies. HOTEL DE VILLE BRUSSELS. Photo : J. Ganz, Brussels. 224 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PROFESSOR E. RAY LANKESTER. THIS eminent zoologist, who was born in London in 1847, is son of the late Dr. Edwin Lankester, physician and scientific writer, and after- wards Coroner for Middlesex. He was educated at St. Paul's School when that institution had its home in St. Paul's Churchyard. Thence he pro- ceeded to Christ Church, Ox- ford, and in 1872 was elected Fellow and Tutor of Exeter College, becoming, two years later, Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in Uni- versity College, London. In 1882 he was appointed to the Chair of Natural History in Edinburgh University, but re- signed the post before entering upon its duties, and was re- elected to his University Col- lege Professorship; and in 1889 he became Linacre Professor at Oxford. His bent towards zoology showed itself while he was but a boy, his first paper being published while he was a student at St. Paul's School. His numerous works include volumes on "Degeneration: a Chapter on Darwinism," and " Comparative Longevity ; " he has edited Haeckel's " History of Creation " and Gegen- bauer's "Comparative Anatomy;" he has long been principal editor of the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science; and he is virtually the founder of the Biological Laboratory at Plymouth. GATEWAY OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD. Photo : The Cameron Studio, Mortimer Street, IV #&; 15 / 226 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE THEATRE FEANCAIS. M. JULES CLARETIE. THE manager of the Comedie FranQaise, who was born at Limoges in 1840, is a man of many aptitudes. He has been in turn journalist, novelist, historian, dramatist, and theatrical manager, and has won distinction in each capacity. On leaving the Lycee Bonaparte in Paris, he became a contributor to several of the leading papers of the French capital, and was not long in gaining a place in the front rank of Parisian journalists. During the war of 1870 his communi- cations to the Rappel and the Opinion Nationale attracted much attention. Among his novels, one of the most notable is "Madeleine Bertin," which appeared in 1868. His his- torical work is best represented by his " Histoire de la Revolution de 1870-71," of which a new and enlarged edition was soon called for. It was the success of his dramatic efforts, no doubt, that led to his appointment to the managership of the National Theatre in 1885, in succession to M. Perrin. In this responsible office, of which the diffi- culties can be but faintly realised by those not behind the scenes, he has displayed exemplary tact and judgment, and his name will long be honourably associated with one of the most illustrious and characteristic of French institutions. Photo : Benquc et Cie., Paris. 228 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo: G. W. Wilson r Co, Aberdeen NEW PALACE YAED, WESTMINSTEB. MR. J. W. MELLOR, Q.C. THE Chairman of Committee of the House of Commons was unfortunate in the circumstances of his accession to his present responsible and difficult office. In succeeding Mr. Courtney, he had to follow the strongest and ablest Chairman the House had had within living memory ; and too little allowance was also made for the fact that he was called upon to preside over the debates when they were more embittered than they had been for a generation. Mr. Mellor is the eldest son of an eminent judge, the Right. Hon. Sir J. Mellor, and was born in 1835, and educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 'I860, took silk in 1875, was elected a Bencher in 1877, and became Recorder of Grantham. It was in 1880 that he took his seat in the House, as Member for Grantham. In the first Home Rule Government, that of 1886, he filled the post of Judge-Advocate-General, being nominated for the Chairmanship by Mr. Gladstone in 1893, in pursuance of the precedent that this office should be held by a member of the party in power. Photo : C. Vandyk, Queen's Gate, S.It'. /lX-x_4_^ 230 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PHoto: J. Valentine^ Sons, Dundee. C EOSTHWAITE CHTJRCH. MRS. LYNN LINTON. FOREMOST among the antipathies which furnish scope and material for Mrs. Lynn Linton's lively sarcasm is her unconquerable aversion to the New Woman and all her works. This much-abused personage has had to endure a great deal of ridicule from critics of the coarser sex, but never can she have felt so inclined to laugh at herself as when exposed to the pungent mockery of the author of "The Gir:. of the Period." Mrs. Lynn Linton was born at Keswick in 1822, daughter of the Rev. J. Lynn, Yicar of Crosthwaite, and her first book, "Azeth the Egyptian," was published in 1846. It was followed two years later by another antique story, "Amymone, a Romance of the Days of Pericles." Then, in 1851, came " Realities," the first of a long series of brilliant tales of modern life, which includes "The True History of Joshua Davidson, Christian and Com- munist" (1872), and "Pastor Carew, Millionaire and Miser'" (1886). A constant succession of clever articles and essays has flowed from Mrs. Lynn Linton's facile pen, and she was one of the ablest contributors to the Saturday Review in its best days. Her marriage to Mr. W. J. Linton, the engraver and author, was celebrated in 1858. Photo Bond Street Photo. Co., New Bond Street, IV. (7 .... ' '' / ^^^eCz^v /^^ 232 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE HOTEL DK VILLE, PARIS, WITH THK PONT Sr. Louis. M. YVES GUYOT. M. YVES GUYOT is entitled to the respect of all men as a singularly courageous and consistent publicist, and as one who has suffered defeat and injury because of his steadfast refusal to make any terms with the prevailing tendencies of the age. Not merely a Free Trader and an advocate of Direct Taxation in a land where such ideas find little favour, he is as pronounced an Individualist as Mr. Herbert Spencer, of whom, indeed, he is a disciple. The result of his ad- herence to these unpopular principles is that he has lost his seat in the Chamber of Deputies, and also on the Paris Muni- cipal Council. He was born at Dinan on the 6th of Septem- ber, 1843, and, like many other French politicians, began his political career as a journalist. His attacks in La Lanteme on the Prefecture of Police led to his condemnation to six months' imprisonment in 1876, but the upshot of the cam- paign was the retirement of the Prefect and of the Minister of the Interior. In 1887 he held the portfolio of Public Works in the Tirard Cabinet. It is characteristic of the man that when violently assaulted by Anarchists at a meeting in 1883, he refused to prosecute his brutal assailants. Photo: A. Liebert, Paris. , 234 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo : Frith & Co., Keif ate. THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE FOE CENTRAL WALES, AEEEYSTWITH. MR. LEWIS MORRIS. THE author of " The Epic of Hades " has many associations with the Principality. Great - grandson of the famous Welsh antiquary and poet, his namesake, he was born in Carmarthen in 1834, and educated at Cowbridge and Slier- borne Schools, and at Jesus College, Oxford, where in 1855 he took first-class in classics and was Chancellor's Prizeman, and in 1877 was appointed an honorary fellow. He has taken a leading part in the movement for the promotion of higher education in Wales, and is a member of the governing bodies of several Welsh colleges, including the one of which a view appears above these lines. The volumes of his poems that were first published " Songs of Two Worlds, by a New Writer " at once brought him into vogue as a poet ; and the success he thus achieved was more than maintained by " The Epic of Hades." " A Vision of Saints " is but one of several of his more recent works. In 1888 he received a silver medal from the Queen in recognition of his Jubilee Ode ; and in 1890 a collected edition of his works was published. Photo: If. & D. Downey, Ebury Street, S. ^^1/C^rT^t-^- 7 236 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. SYDNEY GRUNDY. BORN at Manchester in 1848, the most prolific of English playwrights was called to the Bar in 1869, and for six years practised in his native city, at the same time trying his wings as a dramatic critic and leader writer. His first effort as a writer for the stage was a comedietta, entitled A Little Change, produced at the Haymarket on the 13th of July, 1872, the occasion being J. B. Buckstone's benefit. In 1876 he came to London to devote himself to the profession of a dramatic author, with what results all the world knows. A mere enumeration of his plays would occupy all the space at our disposal here, so numerous have they been. His greatest successes have been in pieces adapted from the French, notably A Pair of Spectacles, of which the model was Les Petites Oiseaux, and A Village Priest, suggested by Le Secret de la Terreuse. "Adaptation" is a term which may mean very different things ; and in Mr. Grundy's case it does not signify simply a change of names and scenes, but a heighten- ing of tone, a transfusion of sentiment, and a development of character, amounting often to reconstruction. Thus, in the ever-delightful Pair of Spectacles, we have, in place of the mere laughter-provoking piece of Labiche, a work in which there are notes of true pathos and high seriousness, as well as of delicate comedy. Of Mr. Grundy's more recent productions, the most successful have been Sowing the Wind and The New Woman. In Slaves of the Ring he offered to the public a play without an end ; but his courage met with scant reward, and the experiment is not likely to be repeated. Photo : H. S. Mendelssohn, FemSridse Crescent, W. 238 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN. THE Secretary for War is not of those who thrust themselves forward, and though he holds one of the more important offices in the Cabinet, he has not even yet, in the opinion of many competent judges, risen to the height of his capacity. A not very frequent speaker in the House, he has often, when he does intervene in debate, surprised and delighted both friends and foes by his readiness and felicity; and he is the author of the 'mot " Ulsteria," which has been admired and rel- ished by many who are opposed to Home Rule as well as by his own party. Son of the late Sir James Campbell, he was born in 1836, and in 1872 assumed his second surname under the will of a maternal uncle. He was educated at Glasgow University and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and first took office in 1871, as Financial Secretary to the War Office, returning to this post in 1880, and holding it for about two years, when he became Secretary to the Admiralty. In 1884 he succeeded Sir George Trevelyan as Chief Secretary for Ireland. In the first Home Rule Government (1886) he was promoted to the War Secretaryship an office to which he was reappointed in 1892. rhoto: fan Bosch, Part*. 240 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE QUEEN OF ROUMANIA'S SUMMEB RESIDENCE. THE QUEEN OF ROUMANIA. HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH OF ROUMANIA, the "Carmen Sylva" of literature, was born at Xemvied, Germany, on the 29th of December, 1843, daughter of the late Prince Hermann of "\Vied, by his marriage with the Princess Maria of Nassau. In 1869 she married Prince Charles of Roumania, and on the 22nd of May, 1881, the Principality having been elevated to a Kingdom, she was crowned Queen, amid the rejoicings of a populace whose hearts she had long won by her charms and graces, and by her sympathy with their national aspira- tions. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, in which her husband and his soldiers bore so brave a part, she was inde- fatigable in her attentions to the wounded, and a touching account has been given to the world of her personal minis- trations in the hospitals. Her Majesty has had but one child, a daughter, whose death, from diphtheria, in 1874, at the age of four, moved her gifted mother to write some of her most pathetic poems. Besides a good deal of verse, she has written a number of stories, and has translated many Roumanian songs into German. 242 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. GOVERNMENT HOUSE, OTTAWA THE EARL OF ABERDEEN. His EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA, seventh Earl of Aberdeen, and grandson of a Prime Minister, was born on the 3rd of August, 1847, and educated at St. Andrews, and at University College, Oxford. Succeeding to the title in 1870, on the death of his brother, he took his seat in the House of Lords as a Conservative ; but, dis- approving of Lord Beaconsfield's foreign policy, he presently enrolled himself under the standard of Mr. Gladstone, for whom he had come to cherish a profound veneration. From 1881 to 1885 he was High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. In 1886 he went to Ireland in the capacity of Lord Lieutenant, and, as herald of the Home Rule policy, was the object of enthu- siastic expressions of favour from the populace. He became Governor-General of Canada in 1893. His lordship is hardly less eminent as a philanthropist than as an administrator. He was a member of the House of Lords Committee on Intemperance, . and contributed a thousand pounds to General Booth's " Darkest England " scheme. Photo: IV. Notman & Son, Montreal. 244 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. BBABTWOOD MR. RUSKIN. THE greatest of a great generation of prose-writers, who has taken not merely art, but nature, ethics, literature, history and economics for his province, was born in Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, in February, 1819, the only son of a wine merchant in Billiter Street. In 1821 the family removed to Herne Hill, where he passed a childhood of solitude, chiefly under his mother's care. In 1836 he matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, and in 1839 gained the Newdigate Prize with a poem on the theme "Salsette and Elephanta." The first volume of his first great work, " Modern Painters," primarily undertaken as a defence of Turner, was published in 1843 ; the fifth and last appeared in 1860. " The Seven Lamps of Architecture " belongs to 1849 ; the first volume of " The Stones of Venice " saw the light in 1851, the second and third in 1853 and 1854. Of Mr. Ruskin's writings sub- sequent to 1860, the majority are concerned with the social problems of the age, which are dealt with in a spirit of strong antagonism to the dicta of the orthodox economists. Of late years he has for the most part resided at Brantwood, on Coniston Lake. 246 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR CHAUNCEY DEPEW. THIS distinguished orator, lawyer, and railway manager was born at Peekskill, New York, on the 23rd of April, 1834, and, having graduated at Yale in 1856, gave himself to the study of the law, and was admitted to the Bar. Elected to the New York Assembly in 1861, he two years later became Secretary of State for New York. In 1866, having been one of the Tax Commissioners for New York City .and, for a short time, Minister to Japan, he entered upon the railway career in which he has been so signally success- ful, becoming attorney for the New York and Harlem Raised Railway Company, and two years later being appointed general counsel. In 1882 he was promoted to the second Vice-Presidency of the Company, and in 1885 to the Presi- dency, becoming President also of another Company the West Shore Raised Railway. He stood for the Lieutenant- Governorship of New York State in 1872 as the candidate of the Liberal Republican party, but was not successful ; and in 1877 was a candidate for the United States Senate, but ultimately withdrew in favour of another. Mr. Depew is recognised as one of the finest orators in the States, and his vivacious and polished after-dinner speaking is not less admired than the lofty eloquence of his graver moods. A volume of his speeches was published in 1890, and has had a large sale, not confined to one side of the Atlantic. In 1887 he received the degree of LL.D. from his alma mater, which does well to be proud of him as one of the most variously-gifted of her sons. F/totj : Sarony, Aeiv York. / UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. By Permission of the Council of the Art Union of London.) THE LAST OF ME. FEITH'S "ROAD TO RUIN" SERIES MR. W. P. FRITH. MR, FRITH is a native of Yorkshire, having been born at Studley, near Ripon, in 1819. At the age of sixteen he entered Sass's Academy, and five years later exhibited " Othello and Desdemona " at the British Institution, and " Malvolio before the Countess Olivia " at the Royal Academy. These were followed by pictures of various dramatic incidents in English and French literature, all of them handled with noticeable vigour. But the first work of his to bring him o o fame was "Coming of Age in the Olden Time." The success he achieved with this piece was, however, excelled by his realistic pictures of characteristic English scenes the familiar "Ramsgate Sands" (1854), "The Derby Day" (1858), now in the National Gallery, and " The Railway Station " (1862). He became A.R.A. so long ago as 1846, and R.A. six years later; in 1890 he had himself transferred to the retired list. ; ll'indow & Grove, Baker Street, If. 250 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PROFESSOR DEWAR. THIS eminent chemist, who had so narrow an escape from drowning owing to a singular accident at Leith in 1894, was born at Kincardine-on- Forth in 1842, and educated at Dollar Academy and at Edinburgh University, where he studied chemistry under, and was assistant to, Dr. (now Lord) Playfair. His studies were continued at Ghent, and presently he was appointed Lecturer on Chemistry at the Dick Veter- inary College, Examiner in the Universities of Edin- burgh and London, and Chemist to the Highland Agricultural Society. After- wards he became Jack- sonian Professor of Natural Experimental Philosophy at Cambridge, and Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution. The Professor has written many papers on subjects relating to chemistry and physics and has greatly distinguished himself by his lucid and brilliant lectures to children and others. He is also a member of the Government Committee on Explosives, and one of the greatest authorities on smoke- less powders. THE ROYAL INSTITUTION 252 UNIVERSAL PO&TBAIT GALLERY. SIGNORINA SOFIA RAVOGLI. THIS admirable artist was born at Rome in 1865, and is by a year the elder of the two sisters. At an early age they commenced to study under Abbadia, and it was not long before they appeared in Bellini's Norma at the Theatre Royal, Malta. In this and in others of the traditional Italian operas they appeared in most of the important towns of their native land, until their vocal and dramatic gifts had made them famous. In their early youth, too, they fre- quently performed as mandolinists, not only in Italy, but in other lands as well. They first sang in Orfeo at La Scala, Milan, in 1888, and Gluck's work at once sprang into new life. The next year they appeared in the same parts in Rome, and made an even greater sensation. They were first heard in' London in 1890, as members of Signer Lago's company, and did not fail of an enthusiastic welcome. The elder sister was specially admired as Aida and Leonora, the younger as Amneris and Azucenza, and still more as Urbano in Les Huguenots. Both have appeared in Wagnerian roles Sofia as Venus in Tannhduser, and Giulia as Ortrud in Lohengrin. In German opera the latter, by virtue of her extraordinary dramatic gifts, is the more distinguished ; and, though we do not forget the former's charming appearance as Michaela in Carmen, it is undoubtedly the fact that her talent scarcely ever finds itself so well suited as when she is assuming a part in one of the operas of her own land. Photo: H. S. Mendelssohn, Pembrid^e Crescent, II'. /^ 254. UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. THE BISHOP OF WORCESTER. DR. PEROWNE belongs to one of those Huguenot families to which English thought owes such considerable obligations. Born on the 13th of March, 1824, at Burdwan, Bengal, he was educated at Norwich Grammar School and at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where his career was one of marked distinction. He has been Select Preacher at his University, as well as at Oxford, and has also been Hulsean Professor and Lady Margaret's Preacher. From 1862 to 1872 he was Vice-Principal of St. David's College, Lampeter; from 1869 to 1878 he held a canonry at Llandaff; in the latter year he was appointed to the Deanery of Peterborough, and there he remained until, in 1890, he was nominated to succeed Dr. Philpott in the Episcopal Chair of Worcester. A member of the Old 'Testament Revision Committee and of the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Courts, Dr. Perowne is eminent among prelates not only for his exten- sive learning and his sympathy with evangelical doctrine, but also for his friendly relations with the Nonconformist ministry. 256 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE ADMIBAXTY. EARL SPENCER, KG. BORN on the 27th of October, 1835, the fifth Earl Spencer was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge. For a few months in 1857 he sat in the House of Commons but his father's death in that year called him to the Upper House. His first important appointment was to the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland, which he held from 1869 till 1874. In 1880 he became Lord President of the Council. Two years later he returned to Dublin Castle to find him- self confronted with the " Invincible " conspiracy. By a vigorous and impartial use of the provisions of the Pre- vention of Crimes Act, he gradually evolved order out of lawlessness, and most of the murderers of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke were brought to justice. In 1886 Lord Spencer, whose Irish experience had convinced him of the wisdom of the Home Rule policy, again became President of the Council, and in 1892 he was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. A keen sportsman and a model country gentleman, his lordship exemplifies all the best qualities of the English nobleman. Photo : London Stereoscopic Company. 17 258 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. OUTER COUBT OF THE UHAETEEUOUSE. MR. FORBES-ROBERTSON. MR. JOHNSTON FORBES-ROBERTSON, the son of a well-known journalist, lecturer, and art critic, was educated first at the Charterhouse, and afterwards in France and Germany. On his return he entered the Royal Academy School of Art. But he did not complete his course of study, feeling, no doubt, that, while it would take years for him to become a painter, he was an actor already. His first appearance was as Chastelard in Marie Stuart, at the Princess's. But it was not till years later, when he assumed the role of Dunstan Renshaw in The Profligate, that his great abilities attracted the attention they deserved. In his next part that of Baron Scarpia in La Tosca he made an even deeper impression, and it was generally recognised that the performance was one which no living actor could have excelled. He has since appeared at the Lyceum as Buckingham in Henry VIII. and as Sir Lancelot in King Arthur. Great as have been Mr. Forbes-Robertson's achievements already, there can be no doubt that a yet more distinguished future lies before him. 260 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE ODEON THEATRE. M. COPPEE. FRANCOIS EDOUARD JOACHIM COPPEE, the most distinguished of contemporary French poets, has been spoken of by M. Henri Houssaye as having some resemblance to Alfred de Musset, but Avith more tenderness and simplicity " a De Musset combined with a Dickens." He Avas born in Paris on the 12th of January, 1842, and at the age of tAventy-four attracted notice with a volume of poems, " Le Reliquaire," followed tAvo years later by " Intimites." Besides several other collections of poems, he has Avritten exten- sively in verse for the stage, his first production in this kind, in which he collaborated Avith M. Armand d'Artois, being La Guerre de Cent Ans (1878), folloAved in 1879 by Le Tresor, produced at the Odeon. Without enumerating more of M. Coppee's productions, Ave may say that he has Avritten a good deal of charming dramatic criticism, that he received the Lambert prize from the Academy in 1869, and that he was admitted to the ranks of the "Immortals" so long ago as 1884. Of his refined and gentle pathos it has been prettily said that it starts a tear Avithout making it fall. 262 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. DISTANT VIEW OF HABEOW. DR. WELLDON. THE popular Head Master of Harrow School, who is not only a successful schoolmaster, but touches public life at many points, was born on the 25th of April, 1854, and educated, first at Eton, where he won the Newcastle Scholarship, and afterwards at King's College, Cambridge, of which he became successively Bell Scholar, Browne's Medallist, Craven Scholar, Senior Classic, and Senior Chancellor's Medallist. On leaving King's College he resided abroad for some time, returning to become a lecturer, and afterwards a tutor, of his college. In 1883 he became Head Master of Dulwich College, and was so successful in that office that no surprise was felt at his appointment two years later to the responsible post he now holds. He has several times been Select Preacher both at Cambridge and at Oxford, is a welcome speaker at Church Congresses, is an Honorary Chaplain to the Queen, and was a member of the Royal Commission on a Teaching Univer- sity for London. His works include translations of Aristotle's " Politics " and " Rhetoric," and some volumes of sermons preached to boys. Photo: Fradcllt & Young, Regent Street, If. 264 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MISS FANNY DAVIES. THIS admirable pianist is claimed by Birmingham as one of her children, although she was born of English parents at Guernsey. But she was taken to the Midland metro- polis at so tender an age, and has so many associations with the place, that the pretension need not be opposed. In her sixth year, having already learnt to play many little pieces by ear, she began to take lessons ; and at seven she played a sonata of Beethoven's in the Birmingham Town Hall. For some years she studied under the best local teachers, until, in 1882, she Avent to Leipzic to sit at the feet of Carl Reinecke and Dr. Oscar Paul, at the same time having lessons in harmony from Jadassohn. The year she spent at Leipzic was so profitably employed that when she went to Frankfort-on-the-Main, Madame Schumann accepted her with- out hesitation as a pupil. All the world knows how deeply Miss Davies has drunk of the spirit of that great pianist, and it is pleasant to learn that there is a very intimate personal as well as musical tie between teacher and disciple. Miss Davies began her professional career in October, 1885, when she played Beethoven's Concerto in G major at the opening concert of the Crystal Palace season. From that time to this her name has frequently been seen in the programmes of the best concerts given in this country. She has also made a brilliant tour in Germany, has given concerts at Rome and in other Italian cities, and has many times played in the palaces of kings. 266 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE BANK OF ENGLAND. MR GOSCHEN. THE Right Hon. G. J. Goschen is of German-Jewish descent, and was born in London in 1831, and educated at Rugby, and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated with a first class in 1853. Entering upon a career in the City, he became a member of the firm of Friihling and Goschen, and a Director of the Bank of England ; but in 1863 he was elected Liberal Member for the City of London, and, on taking office two years later as Vice-President of the Board of Trade, he abandoned commerce for politics. He was admitted to the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy in 1866, became President of the Poor Law Board in 1868, and in 1871 succeeded Mr. Childers as First Lord of the Admiralty. Unable to take office under Mr. Gladstone in 1880, because of his objections to the extension of the franchise, he was sent to Constantinople as Ambassador-Extraordinary. Early in 1887 he took the place of the late Lord Randolph Churchill as Chancellor of the Exchequer, and in 1889 carried through a scheme for reducing the interest on the National Debt. He has taken a leading part in. the Home Rule controversy, on the Unionist side. 268 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PORTSMOUTH DOCKYARD. MR. WALTER BESANT. BORN at Portsmouth in 1838, this prolific author was educated at King's College, London, and at Christ's College, Cambridge, with a view to the Church. His first book, entitled "Studies in Early French Poetry," appeared in 1868, and was followed up two years later by " The French Humorists." The most popular product of his literary part- nership with the late Mr. James Rice was " Ready-Money Mortiboy," which was dramatised by the authors and pro- duced at the Court Theatre. "All Sorts and Conditions of Men," to which the People's Palace in the Mile End Road owes its origin, was the first novel written by Mr. Besant single-handed ; and it has been followed by a long list of others. Extensive as has been his production in this kind, he has many other interests. Secretary to the Palestine Exploration Fund, he has written a " History of Jerusalem," in conjunction with the late Professor Palmer, who forms the subject of a sympathetic memoir from his pen. He has also published an admirable work on London, and is one of the founders of the Incorporated Society of Authors. Photo : Russell r Sons, Baker Street, 270 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. ONE OF ME. ALMA-TADEMA'S STUDIOS. MR. ALMA-TADEMA. THIS eminent Royal Academician was born at Dronryp, a village in the Netherlands, in 1836. He enjoyed a liberal education, and took eagerly to the classics, from which he was afterwards to draw so many of his themes. In 1852 he entered upon his professional training in the Royal Academy of Antwerp, afterwards becoming a pupil of Baron Henry Leys, and assisting him in painting several of his large works. As soon as Mr. Alrna-Tadema's Avorks were introduced to the English public, they were so much appre- ciated that he made London his home, and in 1873 became a naturalised British subject. Only three years later he was elected an A.R.A., and in 1879 rose to the dignity of R.A. Beyond his special province of representing the daily life of a time long past, where he has a school of imitators, Mr. Alma-Tadema has done notable work as a portrait-painter, especially in his presentment of Dr. Richter, the conductor, and of Hen- Barnay as Mark Antony. In 1871 he married Miss Laura Epps, herself an artist of refinement and dis- tinction. 272 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo: Valentine Gr i THE UNIVERSITY, GLASGOW. PROFESSOR BRYCE. THE Right Hon. James Bryce, probably the most erudite member of Lord Rosebery's Cabinet, was born at Belfast on the 18th of May, 1838, and educated at the Glasgow High School and University, at Trinity College, Oxford, and lastly at Heidelberg, where he acquired the easy command of spoken German which enabled him, on some occasions, to address the Teutonic electors of the Tower Hamlets in their native tongue. In 1870 he was appointed Regius Professor of Civil -Law at Oxford, and held the post until 1893. He first took office in 1886, as Foreign Under- Secretary : in 1892 he attained to Cabinet rank as Chancellor of the Duchy ; and in 1894 he assumed the Presidency of the Board of Trade. His chief contributions to historical and constitutional litera- ture are a work on " The Holy Roman Empire," which has been translated into German, Italian, and French, and another, already classical, on " The American Commonwealth." Mr. Bryce is also an enthusiastic mountaineer ; he has explored the highlands of Hungary, Poland, and Iceland, and is one of the few climbers who have scaled Mount Ararat. 274 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PORTLAND, MAINE. THE HON. NEAL DOW. THIS venerable reformer is a native of the State which has allowed him to shape its policy in relation to strong drink, having been born at Portland, Maine, on the 20th of March, 1804. Sprung from a Quaker stock, he was an abolitionist before he became famous as a prohibitionist, and played no ignoble part in the Civil War. Having raised a regiment of infantry a thousand strong, as well as a battery of artillery, he was appointed Brigadier-General, and participated in several engagements. He was twice wounded, and, having the misfortune to be taken prisoner, was kept in captivity for eight months. It was while holding the office of Mayor of Portland in 1851 that he drafted the measure so widely known as the Maine Liquor Law, of which its champions assert that it has been in every respect a signal success ; while on the other hand there are those who maintain that it has been to a great extent inoperative. Mr. Dow's is a familiar presence in Temperance circles in England, to which he has paid several long visits in order to advocate total abstinence and prohibition. 276 roliTRAtT GALLERY. SIR A. C. MACKENZIE. THE Principal of the Royal Academy of Music is one of several English composers whose operas and oratorios are welcomed not only in their native land, but also in Germany and in Italy. Both his father, Alexander Mackenzie, and his grandfather, John M. Mackenzie, Were violinists of repute at Edinburgh ; and in this city he himself was born, in 1847. His musical training was begun under his father; but at the age of ten he went to Germany to study under Ulrich E. Stein, being accepted four years later as a member of the Schwarzburg-Sondershausen orchestra. In 1862 he came to London to continue his violin studies under Sainton and Charles Lucas, and in 1865 returned to Edinburgh as teacher, conductor, and composer. In 1879 he gave up his Edinburgh connection and settled in Italy. His earliest considerable work, the cantata Jason, was first performed in 1882 ; it was followed in 1883 by the opera Colomba, produced with great success at .Drury Lane, and afterwards at Hamburg and elsewhere on the Continent. The oratorio entitled The Rose of Shorn, i was composed in 1884 for the Norwich Festival; a second opera, The Troubadour, was produced at Drury Lane in 1886 ; and since then Sir Alexander has produced a number of important works for the provincial Festivals, including The Lord of Life and Bethlehem. He has also written many instrumental pieces, among them a violin concerto and a pibroch for the same instrument, and two Scottish rhapsodies. He succeeded to the Presidency of the Royal Academy in 1888, and was knighted in 1895. Fhoto: If. 6- D. Dwiney, Ebury Street, S.IV. 278 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. SIR CHARLES DILKE, BART. THE Member for the Forest of Dean was born in 1843, son of the Charles Wentworth Dilke who was created a baronet for his services to the Great Exhibition of 1851. He suc- ceeded his father in the baronetcy in 1869, and also in the proprietorship of the Atkenceum, which he is re- puted to have edited for some time. In 1874 he entered the House of Com- mons as Member for Chelsea, and made his mark during that Parliament with a measure extending the hours of polling in the Metropolis, and by his able and well- informed speeches on foreign affairs. In 1880 he stood aside to allow Mr. Chamber- lain to enter the Cabinet, contenting himself with the Foreign Under-Secretary- ship. Two years later he joined the inner Government circle as President of the Local Government Board, and in that capacity con- ducted the Redistribution Bill through the Lower House with rare tact and skill. Losing his seat for Chelsea in 1886, he retired from public life, and the House of Commons knew him no more until 1892. Among his literary works is " Greater Britain," the precursor of " Problems of Greater Britain." A BIT OF CHELSEA. I Hoto : London Stereoscopic Lomfany. 280 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MRS. BEERBOHM-TREE. THIS clever actress is, no doubt, the most learned lady on the stage. She early developed a taste for mathe- matics and the classics, and after a brilliant education became a member of the teaching staff of Queen's College. Her favourite subject was Greek, in which she attained to uncommon proficiency ; and one of her recollections of life at the College is of having taken part in a Greek play before Mr. Gladstone. It was in 1884 that she was married to Mr. Beerbohrn-Tree ; and, having always had a bent towards acting, she now set herself to the study of the histrionic art. Devoting herself to it as thoroughly as she had before applied herself to the classics, she made such rapid progress as to surprise her friends when she made her debut in The Millionaire. Another early part in which she attracted attention was that of Lady Betty Noel in Lady Clancarty, at St. James's Theatre. In The Red Lamp, with which Mr. Beerbohm-Tree began his management of the Haymarket, she won golden opinions by the subtlety and force of her Princess Claudia Morakoff. Among her subse- quent parts are those of Desdemona, of Stella Darbisher in Captain Swift, of Mistress Anne Page in The Merry Wives of Windsor, of Henriette Laroque in A Man's Shadow, and of Marguerite in A Village Priest. But her Ophelia, the part in which our portrait shows her, is probably the greatest thing Mrs. Beerbohm-Tree has yet done. In the American tour of the Haymarket Company, in the early months of 1895, her accomplished acting won the unstinted admiration alike of the critics and of the public. Photo: /K & D. Downey, Ebury Street. 282 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY A BIT OF PHILADELPHIA. MR. F. R STOCKTON. MR. STOCKTON is a native of Philadelphia. He was born in that city on the 5th of April, 1834, and was educated at the Central High School. His first intention was to be an engraver, but after a while he entered upon a journal- istic career. After writing a number of stories for children, distinguished by a vein of original fancy, he joined the staff of a daily newspaper at Philadelphia. Subsequently he obtained successive appointments on Hearth and Home and Scribners (afterwards The Century), and it was for this latter periodical that his famous "Rudder Grange" papers were written. When St. Nicholas was started he was ap- pointed its assistant editor. He is the author of several novels among them "The Late Mrs. Null," "The Hundredth Man," and "Ardis Claverden" and of a number of novelettes, but he is seen to most advantage in his short stories, which form an admirable medium for his pleasant humour and his invention. " Pomona's Travels," a sequel to " Rudder Grange," was published in 1894, and was extensively read on both sides of the Atlantic. Photo: Charles farter, Washington. 284 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. DR. MCLAREN. THE pastor of Union Chapel, Manchester, is the son of a Glasgow minister noted, as he himself has long been, for his ability as an expository preacher. Dr. McLaren's educa- tion began at the High School of his native city, and was continued at its University. Next he went through a four years' theological course at Stepney College, at the same time taking the B.A. degree of the London University. When, therefore, in 1846, being now twenty-three years of age, he went to Portland Chapel, Southampton, he was amply equipped with scholarship. But his life since then has been that of a student; and if preaching is the one thing he does, it must be allowed that he does it superlatively well. His great characteristics are his analytic power, and his faculty due largely to his quickness to perceive analogies between the natural and the spiritual for making spiritual truths trans- parently clear to the intellect. Of the choice and luminous illustrations in which his sermons abound we have room for but a single specimen. Speaking of the danger of " catching " the scepticisms which infect the moral atmosphere, he once warned his hearers that " unbelief has a contagious energy, wholly independent of reason, no less than faith, and affects multitudes who know nothing of its grounds, as the iceberg chills the summer air for leagues, and makes the sailors shiver long before they see its barren peaks." Dr. McLaren passed the chair of the Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1875, and has had many proofs of the thoughtful love of his congregation. fhfto: l-Utiott & 1-rv, Kaker Street, If. 286 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. IN A COAT, MINE. MR. THOMAS BURT, M.P. THE Parliamentary Secretary to the Board 'of Trade is one of the little band of men who by their high character, and their large knowledge of their special department of politics, have furnished ample justification for the direct representa- tion of labour. He was born on the 12th of November, 1837, at Merton Row, near Percy Main, Northumberland, the son of a miner. At the age of ten he left school to work in the pit, but, having a thirst for knowledge, he began the course of self-culture which explains how it is that one whose early education was so scanty should be a man of wide reading and general information. In 1865 he became Secretary to the Northumberland Miners' Mutual Association, and in 1874 was returned to Parliament as minors' member for Morpeth. He was President of the Trades Union Con- gress in 1891, and has enjoyed many other marks of the confidence of the working classes ; while in 1880 he was elected a member of the Reform Club by the Political Com- mittee in recognition of his services to the Liberal cause. He was appointed a member of the Labour and Mining Royalties Commission in 1891, and has held his present office since 1892. J'ltoto : A'. Ktirrass. .\\iocastlt-on-Tyne. 288 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GAl.LKIiY. GATCHINA PALACE, ST. PETEBSBUHG. THE CZAR OF RUSSIA. To be called upon at the age of twenty-six to wield the sceptre of the Emperor of all the Russias is about the heaviest responsibility which mortal man could be called upon to bear. When, on the 1st of November, 1894, His Imperial Majesty succeeded to the throne, he was regarded with ex- ceptional sympathy by multitudes in this country, who were delighted with the evidences of his friendship with the Prince of Wales, and had pleasant recollections of his visit to these shores on the occasion of the marriage of his cousin the Duke of York to the Princess May. The interest he showed in British institutions while he was staying at Marlborough House was not forgotten : and it was remembered that when his health was proposed by the Lord Mayor at the dejeuner at the Guildhall, at the reception of the King of Denmark, he was able to respond to the toast in good English. His Majesty, who was born on the 18th of May, 1868, and is the second Nicholas who has sat on the Russian throne, married, a few days after his accession, the lovely and accomplished Princess Alix of Hesse, a granddaughter of Her Majesty Queen A r ictoria. Photo : Leoitsty & Sons, St. rcttrsburg. 19 290 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE SENATE HOUSE, CAMBBTDGE. LORD ACTON. THE successor of Sir John Seeley in the Regius Professor- ship of Modern History at Cambridge is, no doubt, the most learned member of Lord Rosebery's Ministry, though he has never been to a University. He was born in 1834, and studied for a few years under Dr. (afterwards Cardinal) Wise- man at Oscott, near Birmingham, and later at Munich under the great Catholic historian, Dr. Db'llinger. In 1856 he accompanied his stepfather, the late Lord Granville, to Moscow, to witness the coronation of Alexander II. From 1859 to 1865 he sat for Carlow in the House of Commons; in the latter year he stood for Bridgenorth, hoping, he said, to represent "not the body but the spirit of the Catholic Church," and, though elected, was unseated upon scrutiny. In 1869, the year of his elevation to the peerage as Baron Acton of Aldenham, he was present at the (Ecumenical Council at Rome, and did much, both with his pen and by his power of organisation, to support the views of the " Old Catholic " party on the question of Papal Infallibility. He has long been an intimate friend of Mr. Gladstone. Y/i<; & fry. Baker Street, 11'. 292 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. KIPON CATHEDEAL. THE BISHOP OF RIPON. DR. BOYD-CARPENTER is probably the most .accomplished orator of the Church of England. To speak continuously with fluency and lucidity, and at the same time with polished grace, seems to have become with him a second nature ; and even his Bainpton Lectures on " The Permanent Elements of Religion" were delivered without manuscript. He was only forty-three when, in 1884, he was raised to the Bench but he was already famous. Cambridge is his alma mafer. He graduated there in 1867, but it was not to be the end of the connection, for he was appointed Select Preacher to the University in 1875, and again in 1877 ; while in the following year he was Hulsean Lecturer. He has also been Select Preacher as well as Bampton Lecturer at the sister University, and was rewarded with its D.C.L. in 1889. His first metropolitan incumbency was that of St. James's, Holloway, to which he was appointed in 1870, exchanging it in 1879 for that of Christ Church, Lancaster Gate. In 1882 he was nominated to one of the Windsor canonries, and two years later succeeded Dr. Bickersteth in the episcopal chair at Ripon. 294 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. T. SIDNEY COOPER, R.A. THE prince of contemporary animal painters is to a great extent a self-taught artist. The narrowness of his circum- stances in early life debarred him from the tuition for which he craved, and, had not his bent towards painting been of the strongest, he would, no doubt, have contented himself with some more immediately remunerative vocation. After working for a time as a scene-painter, and then as a drawing-master, he wandered through France and Belgium, and presently settled for a while at Brussels, where he won the notice of Verboeckhoven, the distinguished animal painter, who gave to his talent the bias to which it has ever since been obedient. Driven from Brussels by the political dis- turbances of 1830. Mr. Cooper returned to England, and was fortunate enough to attract the attention of Mr. Vernon, the celebrated collector, whose favour was of no little service to him. He began to contribute to the Royal Academy about 1840, was elected an Associate in 1845, and was advanced to the dignity of R.A. in 1867. As all the world knows, he has chosen to limit himself almost entirely to animal painting. His special favourites are cows and goats, which he groups amid precipitous rocks, or on flat meadows by quiet streams; and few artists have succeeded in drawing animal forms so faithfully. Mr. Cooper is a native of Canterbury, where he was born in 1803; and to this city, when he had made name and fame, he returned. He has ever since taken an active interest in its affairs, and some years ago presented it with an Art Institute. From the Painting by IV. IV. Ouitss, R.A. 296 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Pttcto : /K. Heath, Plymouth. THE HOE, PLYMOUTH, WITH THE PIEE. MISS MARIAN McKENZIE. THIS eminent contralto vocalist is a native of Plymouth, and here it was that her musical education began. Coining to London, she became a student at the Royal Academy, and from the first distinguished herself, winning the Parepa- Rosa and the Westmorland Scholarships, as well as the bronze, silver, and gold medals. She was a favourite pupil of Signer Randegger ; while for the distinct enunciation' which is not the least admirable of her qualities as a singer she is largely indebted to the elocutionary training she received from Mr. Walter Lacy. Among her fellow- students was Miss Anna Williams, now one of our most popular sopranos, whose brother, Mr. Smith-Williams, she was afterwards to marry. Having made her debut, Miss McKenzie was not long in achieving renown. The quality of her voice and her gift of declamation obviously marked her out for success in oratorio. She has long been a favourite at the great Festivals, and is also in great request in the concert-hall, where her finished ballad-singing is universally admired. Photo: H. S. Mendelssohn, Pembrirtge Crescent, H-. \ /~~ f ^^ CSt-l^Cy ^ / 298 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. S. R. CROCKETT ALTHOUGH in his first great success, " The Stickit Minister," Mr. Crockett followed Mr. Barrie's lead, as " Ian Maclaren " has done in "Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush," his work has far too much individuality to expose him to the reproach of imitation. It may be that neither in pathos nor in humour is he quite the equal of the gifted writers with whom it is inevitable that he should be compared ; possibly, also, his craftsmanship is inferior to Mr. Barrie's. But in brilliance, in imaginative glamour, and, above all, in fertility, he is surpassed by no member of the school to which he belongs. Until recently he was a Presbyterian minister, as ' Ian Maclaren " still is. He became Free Church minister at Penicuik, a few miles south of Edinburgh, in 1886, and there he remained until he recently resigned the pastoral office in order to devote himself to literature. In " The Raiders," which followed " The Stickit Minister," he showed himself to be in the true romantic succession. Like " The Lilac Sunbonnet," which was written some years before he became famous, this tale of love and adventure in Galloway may not be constructively perfect, but it is marked by admirable qualities, and is suggestive of boundless fecundity. Since then Mr. Crockett has published " Mad Sir Ughtred of the Hills " and " The Play Actress." We can only add that he was born at Duchrae, New Galloway, in 1859, the son of a farmer, and that the first offspring of his literary genius was a volume of poems, entitled " Dulce Cor," pub- lished in 1886. 300 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PICIOU, NOVA SCOTIA. SIR J. W. DAWSON. THE discoverer of the Eozoon Canadense was born at Pictou, Nova Scotia, in 1820, but studied at Edinburgh University. .Devoting himself to the pursuit of geology, he assisted Sir Charles Lyell in the explorations conducted by that great geologist in Nova Scotia in 1842 and 1852. In 1850 he became Superintendent of Education for Nova Scotia; five years later he was appointed Principal of the McGill University at Montreal, afterwards becoming Vice-Chancellor. Although he has long been known as a strenuous opponent of Evolu- tion, he has received many marks of honour in recognition of his services to geological science. Thus in 1882 he was awarded the Lyell Medal by the Geological Society of London, was nominated First President of the Royal Society of Canada, and was chosen President of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science : while in 1885, the year after he was knighted, he was President of the British Association. Among his works are " The Geological History of Plants," "Modern Science in Bible Lands," and "Modern Ideas of Evolution," 302 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. KINGSTON, JAMAICA. MR. F. H. COWEN. MR. COWEN is a native of Kingston, Jamaica, where he was bom in 1852. At the age of four he showed so marked a bias towards music that his parents brought him to England and placed him under Sir Julius Benedict and Sir John Goss, who directed his studies until 1865, when he went to Leipsic, and thence to Berlin. His works include two oratorios, The Deluge and Ruth the latter composed for the Worcester Festival in 1887 and three operas, Pauline, Tkoryrim, and Signa, the two first composed for the Carl Rosa Opera Company, the last produced at Milan in 1893, and repeated in the following year at Covent Garden. Mr. Cowen has also written an orchestral suite, entitled "The Language of Flowers," several symphonies, and a number of cantatas, among them The Rose Maiden, The Sleeping Beauty, and The Water Lily. From 1888 to 1892 he was conductor of the Philharmonic Society; and in May of the former year he started for a six months' visit to Australia, com- posing and conducting the Inaugural Ode for the Melbourne Exhibition. Photo : Elliott & Fry, Eaktr Street, W. 304 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE REV. ALEXANDER WHYTE, D.D. THE minister of Free St. George's Church, Edinburgh, is, perhaps, the most richly-gifted preacher his communion has had since Dr. Candlish. He was born in 1837, at Kirrie- muir, the Forfarshire village so intimately identified with Mr. Barrie, who, though a much younger man, was his fellow-student at Aberdeen University. The son of poor parents, he had to go through a long struggle before, in 1858, he foum} his way to Aberdeen. In 1862 he entered New College, Edinburgh, as a student for the ministry. His first appointment was as colleague to Dr. John Roxburgh in Free St. John's, Glasgow. In 1870 he was transferred to Free St. George's, Edinburgh, as assistant to Dr. Candlish, and since 1873 he has been sole minister of that important congregation. Dr. AVhyte, as might have been expected from his early environment, is before all things Evangelical ; but in the controversy which raged around the late Dr. Robertson-Smith he warmly espoused the cause of that great scholar, zealously defending the Higher Criticism us a legitimate instrument of Christian thought ; and in his great Bible-classes for ladies and for young men this sympathetic student of medievalism, of mysticism, and of Puritanism has freely used the works of modern thinkers like Herbert Spencer and Matthew Arnold as stimulants of inquiry. His published works include a volume on the Shorter Catechism, and studies of Dante, Behmen, Law, Rutherford, and Bunyan. 20 306 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo: TV unt & Co., Ox fora. BALLIOL OLD HALL AND NEW LIBRARY. MR. ASQUITH. IN the middle of 1892 the Home Secretary had never held office, and was only one of the promising young men of the Liberal party: now his place among the finest orators and best debaters of the House is as undisputed as is his administrative success ; and none but the rash would venture to set a limit to his career short of the very highest offices in the State. Born in 1852, Mr. Asquith was educated at the City of London School, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he had an exceptionally brilliant career, taking a first- class in classics, winning the Craven Scholarship, and after- wards being appointed Fellow. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1876, was Sir Charles Russell's second in the Parnell Commission Inquiry, and also appeared in the Baccarat suit. Since his appointment to the Home Secretary- ship his powers of lucid exposition have found scope in the presentation of the Welsh Disestablishment and the Factories and Workshops Bills. In the spring of 1894 he successfully arbitrated in the great cab strike. His marriage with Miss Margot Tennant was one of the social events of the same year. 308 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PIERRE LOT! THE real name of this celebrated sailor-writer, to whom the French Academy opened its doors some years since, is Louis Marie Julien Viand : the name which he has chosen to use as a nom de guerre was conferred upon him by his comrades in allusion to the modesty and bashfulness which they found in his character, side by side with unusual spirit and energy, loti being the name of a little Indian flower which loves to conceal itself. He is a native of Rochefort, and was born on the 14th of January, 1850> member of an . old Protestant family much attached to its traditional faith. He has made several voyages in Oceania, to Japan, Senegal, and Tonquin, and in 1881 was appointed to a lieutenancy. His naval career \has yielded much material for his literary genius ; but on one occasion his pen brought him into disgrace with the authorities, the graphic account of the behaviour of French soldiers at the capture of the Hue forts which he sent to the Figaro leading to his recall and temporary suspension. The most successful of his works, probably, have been " Mon Frere Yves," published in 1883, and " Pecheur d'Islande," which was given to the world three years later. Mention must also be made of "Le Livre de la Pitie et de la Mort/' which has been done into English by Mr. T. P. O'Connor, M.P. As M. Henri Houssaye has truly said, Pierre Loti is at once painter and poet: forms and colours he reproduces with admirable accuracy, but at the same time he infuses into 'his w r ork that soul of things of which the Latin poet speaks. Phots : Delfhin, Pochefort. x- Q ~r? Q- 310 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. QUEEN'S COLLEGE, COEK. PROFESSOR EDWARD DOWDEN. THIS brilliant critic was born at Cork in 1843, and educated at Queen's College, in his native city, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he carried off the Vice-Chancellor's prizes in English verse and English prose, was elected President of the Philosophical Society, and gained the first Senior Moderatorship in Logic and Ethics. In 1867 he was appointed to the Professorship of English Literature ; in 1888 he suc- ceeded Professor Max Miiller as President of the English Goethe Society ; and in the following year he became first Taylorian Lecturer in the Taylor Institution at Oxford. He owes his LL.D. to the University of Edinburgh, and has received from the Royal Irish Academy its Cunningham Gold Medal. Professor Dowden has long taken high rank among Shaksperian scholars, and his " Shakspere : a Study of his Mind and Art," has been translated into several Continental languages ; he has also published an edition of the Shakspere sonnets, with notes. His other works include a volume of poems and an admirable biography of Shelley, which promises to be the standard " Life " of the poet. Photo: Robinson, Dublin. 312 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. V . W* '.*" i - **tl ' . "~~ GAETH CASTLE, SIB DONALD CUBBIK'S PEBTHSHIEE SKAT. SIR DONALD CURRIE, M.P. THE founder and head of the firm which owns the Castle Line of steamships between London and South Africa is one of the most distinguished of our captains of industry; but it was in recognition of valuable services to the State that he received the honour of knighthood. In 1877 he was made a C.M.G. for the help he had rendered in the settlement of the Diamond Fields dispute and of the Orange Free State boundary. In 1881 his assistance to the Govern- ment during the Zulu War, and especially in connection with the memorable relief of Ekowe, was rewarded with a K.C.M.G. It was not till 1880 that, at the age of fifty-five, he entered Parliament, as Liberal member for Perthshire. In 1885 he was returned for West Perthshire, for which he was re-elected in 1886 in the Liberal Unionist interest, and again in 1892. The son of a Greenock merchant, Sir Donald went early in life to seek fortune at Liverpool, and was taken into the service of the Cimard Company, which long enjoyed the benefit of his enterprise and sagacity. Photo : Lt Jetint, Paris. 314 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. BIBD'S EYE VIEW OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS. THE REV. EDWARD EVERETT HALE, D.D. DR. HALE, one of the hardest workers in a strenuous age, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, on the 3rd of April, 1822, and graduated at Harvard. In 1846 he entered the Unitarian ministry as pastor of the Church of the Unity in his native State ; ten years later he undertook the charge of one of the most important churches of Boston, and has held it ever since. A frequent contributor to periodicals, he Has been editor of the Christian Examiner, was founder and first editor of Old and New, and has also been associated editorially with Lend a Hand and with The Look Out. The number of Dr. Hale's books is legion, and they have to do with a large variety of subjects theological, historical, political, and romantic. They include a " Life of George Washington Studied Anew," a " Naval History of the American Revolution," and " Franklin in France," the last written in collaboration with his son and namesake. Among his most widely-known stories are " The New Ohio," and " Sybil Kriox, or Home Again." Photo : The F. Cutckunst Co., Philadelphia. 316 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. IN LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. SIR JOHN HUTTON. THE serious check encountered by the Progressive party in the London County Council at the last election Avas certainly due to no fault on the part of the ex-Chairman. To succeed so brilliantly successful a Chairman as Lord Rosebery Avas no easy task; and Sir John Hutton may well be content to be judged by the testimony of the Duke of Norfolk and other leading members of the Moderate party, Avho, at the last meeting over Avhich he presided, Avere emphatic in their recognition of his uniform courtesy and impartiality. One feature of his policy Avhich has com- mended itself to the. public irrespectively of party is the provision of open spaces ; and the last of such spaces Avhich it was Sir John Button's pleasure to dedicate to the use and enjoyment of the public Avas Lincoln's Inn Fields. Bom in London in 1842, Sir John Avas in the early part of his career a journalist and neAvspaper proprietor. In the first County Council he Avas Chairman of the Building Act Com- mittee ; in the second he Avas Vice-Chairman of the Council, and afterwards Chairman ; and for years past he has devoted the Avhole of his time to his official duties. \ 318 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. READING BOOM, BODLEIAN LIBEAEY, OXFOED. PROFESSOR F. MAX MULLER. STRANGE as it must seem to all who are familiar with his admirable English, it was not till his twenty-fourth year that this distinguished philologist came to England. He was born at Dessau, in 1823, son of Wilhelm Miiller, tho poet, and was educated at Leipsic, where he studied Sanscrit under Brockhaus. Afterwards he worked at comparative philology under Bopp at Berlin, and continued his Sanscrit studies under Burnouf at Paris. The object which brought him to England in 1846 was the editing of the Rig- Veda for the East India Company. He settled at Oxford, where he was admitted to the University through Christ Church (1851), became a professor of Modern Languages, assistant and afterwards sub-librarian at the Bodleian, and Fellow of All Souls. In 1868 a professorship of Comparative Philology was created specially for him ; this he virtually resigned in 1875 in order to edit " Sacred Books of the East," an undertaking which entitles him to the gratitude of all students of com- parative religion. His original works deal with philosophy and religion, as well as with philology. Photo : W. f'orsAaiv, Oxford. 320 UNIVERSAL PORT If AIT GALLERY. MISS JULIA NEILSON. INTENDED for a musical career, this admirable actress, on returning to London from Wiesbaden, at the age of fifteen, was entered as a student at the Royal Academy, and won the Llewellyn Thomas gold medal for declamatory singing, and several other enviable honours. But she was already, in the midst of these triumphs, turning her eyes stagewards. Struck by her rendering of the part of Galatea in an amateur performance, Mr. (now Sir Joseph) Barnb} r gave her an introduction to Mr. W. S. Gilbert, the indirect result being her appearance at the Lyceum in March, LS. . 5 336 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. FBOM "THE CHEISTENING OF THE PBINCESS ROYAL," BY C. R. LESLIE, R.A. THE EMPRESS FREDERICK. HER IMPERIAL MAJESTY was born at Buckingham Palace on the 2 l^t of November, 1840, and was baptised on the 10th of the following February, in the names of Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa. Describing the ceremony, the Prince Consort said that the royal infant " behaved with great propriety, and like a Christian." " She was awake," he added, " but did not cry at all, and seemed to crow with immense satisfaction at the lights and brilliant uniforms, for she is very intelligent and observing." Her marriage with the Crown Prince of Prussia, aftenvards for all too short a period German Emperor, was celebrated on the 25th of January, 1858, and resulted in the birth of eight children, of whom the eldest is the present Emperor, William II. As all the world knows, the union was essentially one of affection, and the Emperor Frederick, one of the most humane and enlightened of monarchs, whose untimely death was lamented throughout -the civilised world, appreciated to the full the cultivated intelligence, the sound judgment, and the high character of his consort. Phfto: T. H. yoift, Hamburg 22 338 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. REVIEW IN WINDSOB GREAT PABX OF THE TEOOPS FROM THE ASHAXTI WAR. VISCOUNT WOLSELEY, K.R THE varied and eventful career of the illustrious soldier who is now Commander-in-Chief of the Army in Ireland is not to be traced even in outline in the space at our command. Born at Golden Bridge House, near Dublin, on the 4th of June, 1833, the son of Major J. G. Wolseley, he entered the Army in 1852, and at once saw active service. He was severely wounded in Che Burmese War of 1852-53, and again during the Siege of Sebastopol. The China War of 1860 saw him on the Staff as Quarter- Master-General; his first independent command came seven years later, when he brought to a successful issue the Red River Expedition against Riel. For his conduct of the Ashanti Campaign he received the thanks of Parliament and a grant of 25,000. His brilliant generalship at Tel-el-Kebir was rewarded with a further grant of 20,000 and a peerage; and after the Soudan campaign of 1884-85 he was made a Viscount and a K.P. In 1894 he was appointed Field- Marshal, and our portrait shows him in his Marshal's uniform. fhoto: Lajayc.te, Dtibl, 340 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE CHOIR OF ST PAUL'S, WITH THE PTJLPIT. CANON SCOTT-HOLLAND. SINCE the death of Dr. Liddon this eloquent divine has been easily chief among the preachers attached to St. Paul's Cathedral. He was born at Ledbury, Herefordshire, in 1847, and was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. with a first class in 1870, being elected to a senior studentship at Christ Church in the same year, holding the theological tutorship from 1872 to 1885, and becoming censor in 1883. In 1882 he had been Select Preacher to the University, and in this and the following year he was senior proctor. He was appointed Honorary Canon of St. Petroc in Truro Cathedral in 1883, and became a Canon of St. Paul's in 1884. For several years (1883-91) he was Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Truro. He is the author of a volume on the Apostolic Fathers, contributed the article on Faith to " Lux Mundi," and has published several notable collections of sermons, including "Logic and Life" (1882), "Creed and Character" (1886), "Christ or Ecclesiastes " (1887), and "On Behalf of Belief" (1888). The article on Justin Martyr in the "Dic- tionary of Christian Biography" is from his pen. Photographed for the Church Agency, Lim. 342 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. A DUTCH SCENE. "MAARTEN MAARTENS." THIS eminent Dutch novelist, immediate as was his success when his first book saw the light, had to encounter no little difficulty in getting a hearing. As we learn from a sketch by Mr. M. H. Spielmann in the Graphic, he re- fused to go to the Bar because of his disinclination to prove black white, and was giving himself, not very whole- heartedly, to politics when the ill-health of his wife pointed to the desirability of a sojourn in the Riviera. It was during this period of enforced leisure that he sought occu- pation in writing fiction, and the result of the attempt, " The Sin of Joost Avelingh," was published about the end .of 1889. Encouraged by its reception, he followed it up in 1891 with "An Old Maid's Love," which was succeeded in 1892 by "A Question of Taste" and "God's Fool," and these by "The Greater Glory" (1894). The perfect mastery of English which his works make manifest is explained by the fact that several of his early years were spent in an English school. Among his most salient qualities as a novelist are his remarkable powers of satire, his insight, and his moral elevation. 344 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. VIEW IN STUDLEY PAEK. THE MARQUIS OF RIPON, K.G. THE lord of Studley Royal has had a long and varied official career. Born in the year 1827, he entered the House of Commons as Liberal member for Hull in 1852, and remained in the Lower House until, in 1859, he succeeded his father as Earl of Ripon, taking office the same year as Under- Secretary for War. His next appoint- ment was as Under-Secretary for India, and shortly after- wards-, in 1863, he attained to Cabinet rank as War Secretary. In 1866 he became Secretary for India, and from 1866 'to 1873 was Lord President of the Council. In 1871 he had been raised to a marquisate ; his conversion to Roman Catholicism dates from 1874. When the Liberals came back to office in 1880 his lordship was appointed Viceroy of India, a post which he resigned in 1884, to the great regret of the natives, among whom he had become exceedingly popular. In Mr. Gladstone's administration of 1886 he was First Lord of the Admiralty, and since 1890 he has been at the Colonial Office. Lord Ripon is notable among peers for his strong democratic sympathies. Fh:to : Barrauiis, Lim. 346 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. FRANK DICKSEE, R.A. THIS characteristically English artist is a native of London. He was born on the 27th of November, 1853, and studied first under his father, Thomas Francis Dicksee, and after- wards in the Royal Academy schools, where in 1872 he won a silver medal with a drawing from the antique, while in 1875 he carried off the gold medal with a vigorous picture entitled " Elijah confronting Ahab and Jezebel in Naboth's Vineyard," exhibited in the following year. His " Harmony," produced in 1877, when he was only in his twenty-fourth year, was bought by the Council of the Academy under the terms of the Chantrey bequest, and the etching of it by Waltner carried his name and fame beyond the seas. Among the charming canvases that followed it were " The Embarkation " (1879), a theme taken from the " Evan- geline" of Longfellow, "The House Builders" (1880), "The Symbol" (1881), "The Love Story" (1882), "The Foolish Virgins" (1883), "Romeo and Juliet" (1884), "Chivalry" (1885), "Memories" (1886), and "Hesperia" (1887). In later years Mr. Dicksee has shown " Within the Shadow of the Church" (1888), "The Passing of Arthur" (1889), "The Redemption of Tannhauser" (1890), "Leila"' (1892), 'The Funeral of a Viking" (1893), and "The Magic Crystal" and "A Summer Sea" (1894). To the Exhibition of 1895 he sent four canvases "A Reverie," "Paolo and Francesca," and two North Devon Coast Scenes. He was elected an A.R.A. in 1881, and an R.A. in 1891, the year in which he exhibited his celebrated " Mountain of the Winds." His diploma work, entitled "Startled," was shown in 1892. j-S^B^^^^ Wtoto: W. & D. Downey, Ebury Street, S.W. 348 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE SCHLOSS-BEUCKE, WITH THE LUSTGABTEN, BEELIN. THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD MALET. THE British Ambassador at Berlin is a diplomatist by descent. His father was the late Sir Alexander Malet, K.C.B., once British Minister at Frankfort, and he Avas born at The Hague on the 10th of October, 1837. His varied and successful diplomatic career began in 1854, as attache at Frankfort, and he afterwards held appointments at Brussels, Rio de Janeiro, Washington, and many other capitals. In 1878 he was Minister Plenipotentiary at Con- stantinople in the absence of the Ambassador ; in the following year he went to Egypt as Agent-Consul-General, being rewarded in 1881 with a K.C.B., and in 1882 with the Khedive's Star. In 1883 he was made Envoy Ex- traordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Brussels, and succeeded the late Lord Ampthill as Ambassador at Berlin in 1884. In 1885, the year of his marriage with Lady Errnyntrude Russell, daughter of the ninth Duke of Bedford, his Excellency was sworn a Privy Councillor and made a G.C.MJjr., and was honoured with a G.C.B. in 1886. 350 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo : Rhcmaidez l''rires. Athens. THE ROYAL PALACE, ATHENS. THE QUEEN OF GREECE. HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN OF THE HELLENES belongs to the Royal House of Russia, being the eldest daughter of the Grand-Duke Constantine, brother of the late and uncle of the present Czar. She was born on the 3rd of September, 1851, and christened Olga Constantino vna. She was married to King George who is a brother of Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales and of the Empress Marie of Russia, being a son of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Son- derbiirg-Gllicksburg, the present King of Denmark on the 27th of October, 1867, four years after her consort, at the invitation of the Greek National Assembly, had assumed the Hellenic crown. There have been seven children of the marriage Prince Constantine, the Heir-Apparent, born on the 2nd of August, 1868; Prince George, on the 24th ot June, 1869 ; the Princess Alexandra, on the 30th of August, 1870 ; Prince Nicholas, on the 21st of January, 1872 ; Princess Maria, on the 3rd of March, 1876 ; Prince Andrew, on the 1st of February, 1882 ; and Prince Christopher, on the 10th of August, 1888. Photo: A. t'asetti, St. fetersbur. 352 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. OFF GBEEWHITHE (FEOJI THE " TIDAL THAMES' ). MR. GRANT ALLEN. A SIXGULARLY lucid exponent of evolution, Mr. Grant Allen has given special attention to the more aesthetic aspects of the theory, notably in his books on " The Colour Sense " and " Flowers and their Pedigrees." Since 1883, when his "Strange Stories" were published, he has given his attention almost entirely to fiction, though he turned aside to supply the text for the work from which the above illustration is taken. His novels have had a large circulation, but their author, with ingenuous candour, has proclaimed from the house-tops that he thinks very little of them himself, and that the only one of them which he has written to please himself is " The Woman Who Did," which, rather curiously, seems to not a few critics to be a less artistic production than those in which he strove to bring himself down to the level of the vulgar. We can only add that this versatile litterateur, though a graduate of Merton College, Oxford, and boasting Irish blood, is a Colonial, having been born at Kingston, Canada, on the 24th of February, 1848. 23 354 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. GENERAL VIEW OF NOBWICH. THE REV. DR. BARRETT. DR. BARRETT, who has been so long and so honourably associated with the ancient city of Norwich, is a graduate of London University, and received his degree of Doctor of Divinity from the University of St. Andrews. He studied theology at Lancashire College, entered upon his ministerial career in 1866, and was called to the chair of the Con- gregational Union in 1894. With the developments in doctrine and in method which recent years have witnessed he has little sympathy ; but those of his co-religionists who are identified with the new ideas are little likely to com- plain of his temperate and judicious advocacy of the older Evangelicalism. The first of his two Presidential addresses dealt with " The Secularisation of the Pulpit ; " the theme of the second and complementary one was "The Secularisa- tion of the Church." The timeliness and reasonableness of much that he was moved to say by way of caution to those who accept " the gospel of the secular life " must have been obvious to all who heard him ; and he for his part frankly conceded that " the problems of social life de- mand solution as much as the problems of individual life." Photo : Kussell & Sons, Baker Street, IV. 356 f'Ml'ERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY i'hoto: If. Lau-reitce, Dublin. O'Co.NNELL (SACKVILLE) STEEET, DUBLIN. MR. MICHAEL DAYITT. THE courage and sincerity of this eloquent Irishman have long been recognised by those who have no sympathy with the causes which he has done so much to promote. The son of a farmer of Straide, Co. Mayo, he was born in 1846. While he was yet a child his father was evicted from his holding, and removed to Haslingden, in Lancashire, where the boy Michael was put to work in a factory, and there met with an accident which resulted in the loss of his right arm. Becoming a Fenian, he in 1870 was sen- tenced to fifteen years' penal servitude for having illegal arms in his possession. By the time he was released, in 1877, on ticket- of-leave, he had thought out the plan of an organisation for advancing the interests of the Irish tenants; and presently the Land League was founded in offices in Sackville (now O'Connell) Street, Dublin. In 1881-82 he served a further fifteen months of his unexpired sentence, and in the following year was incarcerated for four months in default of entering into bail to keep the peace. He was elected to the Dublin Town Council in 1885, and for a few months in 1892-93 sat in the House of Commons. Photo: H . & D. Dmatuy, Kbury Street, .V.//'. 358 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. VIEW IN SAMAKCAND. PROFESSOR ARMINIUS VAMBERY. THE Hungarian traveller and scholar is one of those who have risen to eminence by their own enterprise and talent. His father dying a few months after his birth, in 1832, his mother was left to bring up a large family in poverty, and at the age of twelve apprenticed him to a ladies' dress- maker. Presently he became a waiter and tutor at the inn of Duna-Szerdahely, his native village, and there remained until he contrived to enter himself as a student at the Pressburg Gymnasium. Afterwards he was for some time a tutor at Pesth. In 1853 he set out for Constantinople, and five years later published his German-Turkish Dictionary. Then, in the disguise of a dervish, he visited many unfre- quented parts of the East, crossing the deserts of the Oxus to Khiva, proceeding to Bokhara, Samarcand, Herat, and Meshed, and coming back by way of Teheran and Trebizond. Soon after his return from this daring expedition he became Professor of Oriental Languages in the University of Pesth. He has written extensively on Eastern politics, and in 1885 undertook a lecturing tour in England to stir up public opinion against Russian encroachments. 3G) UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GAll.l-HY. Photo: tt\ Lawrence, Dublin. THE PKESBYTEBIAN COLLKOE, BELFAST. THE REV. JOHN HALL, D.D. THIS eminent Presbyterian divine is an Irishman, born in the county of Armagh on the 31st of July, 1829. At the age of thirteen he entered Belfast College, and on the com- pletion of his studies, in 1849, received his licence to preach. For some time he engaged in evangelistic work in the West of Ireland, then settling at Armagh as pastor of the Presbyterian church, which he resigned in 1858 in order to become minister of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin. In 1867 the Presbyterian Church of Ireland delegated him to represent it before the Presbyterian Churches of the United States, and no sooner had he returned than he was invited to become minister of one of the most important churches of his communion in New York that of the Fifth Avenue. He accepted the call, and the connection thus formed has never been broken. In 1881 he became Chancellor of the University of the City of New York. Among his published works are " Questions of the Day," " God's Words Through Preaching," and "American Evangelists." Photo: Abtrnethy, Belfast. 362 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. CHAIK OF THE SERJEANT-AT-ARMS. THE SERJEANT-AT-ARMS. MR. H. D. ERSKINE has held the office of Serjeant-at-Arms since 1885, when he succeeded the late Sir Ralph Gosset, under whom he had served as Deputy-Serjeant. One of the most picturesque of his ceremonial duties is to bear the Mace before the Speaker when " the First Commoner " enters the House; the "bauble" is placed on the table when the Speaker takes the Chair, and under the table when the House goes into Committee. Another of his ancient functions is to shut and lock the door of the House of Commons when "Black Rod" appears in the Lobby to desire the representatives of the people to give their attendance in the House of Lords. The official of the Lords having three times knocked upon the portal with his rod, the Serjeant-at-Arms demands through a wicket to know his business, and when this has been duly reported to the Speaker, the Commons agree to admit him. While the House is sitting, either the Serjeant-at-Arms or his deputy occupies the chair shown in our head-piece, ready to execute any directions the Speaker may give for the maintenance of order. 364 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. ' CHAPEL OF THE MERCHANT TAILOKS>' CANON CHEYNE, D.D. THE learned Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scrip- ture at Oxford has long been known as one of the foremost representatives in England of the school of criticism founded by Ewald. He has written extensively on the literature of the Old Testament, and several of his works, notably the Bampton Lectures in 1889 on " The Historical Origin and Religious Ideas of the Psalter," in which he sought to show that the later Psalms are of Post-Exilian origin, have ex- cited a good deal of controversy, running counter as they do to traditional Biblical views. He has not, however, been led by adverse criticism to abandon his positions, as may be seen from his later works, " Aids to the Devout Study of Criticism," and " Founders of Old Testament Criticism." The Professor, who was born in London on the 18th of September, 1841, and educated at the Merchant Taylors' School and at Worcester College, Oxford, was a member of the Old Testament Revision Company, and is a Canon of Rochester. Many of the articles on Biblical criticism in the last edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica" are from his pen. Photo : John Dane & Co., Neui Barnet. r / 366 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. GATEWAY OF LINCOLN'S INN, CHANCERY LANK. SIR RICHARD WEBSTER, Q.C. THE EX- ATTORNEY-GENERAL distinguished himself hardly less as an athlete in his Cambridge days than he has since done as a profound lawyer. The second son of the late Mr. Thomas Webster, Q.C., he was born on the 22nd of December, 1842. He was educated at King's College School and at the Charterhouse, of which he is now one of the Governors, and thence proceeded to Trinity College, Cain- bridge, where he gained a Foundation Scholarship. Called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1868, he took silk in 1878, at the unusually early age of thirty-five, having already made a great reputation by his mastery of the law relating to patents, engineering, shipping, and railways. It was in 1885 that he first became Attorney-General, an office to which he' was reappointed Avhen the Conservatives came back to power in the following year. Sir Richard, from the beginning of his political career, has been one of the most resolute opponents of Irish Nationalism, and he was the leading counsel for the Times before the Parnell Com- mission, conducting his case with the untiring pertinacity always characteristic of him. r Photo : Russell & Sons, Baker Street, 368 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. JOHN ROBERTS, JUN. MR. ROBERTS'S mastery of the cue is nothing less than por- tentous. His primacy at the billiard-table is of a kind to which no parallel can be found in any other form of sport. He was born on the loth of August, 1847, his father being the Mr. John Roberts who was for twenty years the billiard champion, but has been completely outdistanced by his son. Time was when the elder Roberts was always ready to give any man in the world a start of 300 points in 1,000 : his son, some years ago, was able to say, when interrogated as to the difference in the form of professional billiard-players in 1865 and in 1890, "Well, Richards is better than my father ever was, and I can give Richards half the game." His supremacy has been recognised by no one more ungrudgingly than by Mr. William Cook, himself an ex-champion. " His height 5 feet 11 inches and exceptionally long reach," says this authority, in his Avork on the game, "are very much in his favour, and probably no other man in the profession makes so little use of the rest, for when occasion requires he can play with his left hand in a style that would have delighted the late Charles Reade. No man wastes so little time over his strokes. There is no hesitation, no dubious gazing first at one ball and then at the other. The entire break seems mapped out in his head, and the ball is struck directly he has taken his sight." His face, says Mr. Cook, habitually wears such a stern and determined expression when he is playing a break that more than one discomfited champion has accused him of " frightening the balls in." Photo: R. E. Ruddock, Newcastlc-on Tyne. 24 370 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MES. MARY DAVIES'S DRAWING-ROOM. MRS. MARY DAV1ES. THE most popular of our ballad-singers was born in London on the 27th of February, 1855, of Welsh parents, her father, Mr. Win. Davies, being a Bard, known among Welshmen as " Mynorydd." She studied first under Brinley Richards, and then won a scholarship at the Royal Academy, where she had a career of unusual distinction, winning the bronze and silver medals, the Parepa-Rose medal, and the Christine Nilsson prize, and at the end of her five years' course being elected an Associate, and afterwards a member. Her voice was at first marked by sweetness rather than by power, but it gradually grew in volume until it became equal to the demands of the largest concert-halls. The singular charm of her rendering of the old melodies which are ever new is not to be expressed in words, nor need the attempt be made, for most of our readers must have felt it for themselves. She has also sung extensively in oratorio at the Festivals and elsewhere, and was selected by Sir Charles Halle to create the part of Margaret in Berlioz's Faust when that work was first performed in England. Photo : a. S. Mcnaelssohn, rembridgt Crescent, V ft. 372 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. WELLS CATHEDEAL. DR. JEX-BLAKE. IT was as Head-master of Rugby that the present Dean of Wells made name and fame. He succeeded to that im- portant office in 1874, when the fortunes of the school had suffered decline. Under his wise and vigorous direction it quickly recovered from the check, and long before he re- signed, in 1887, Rugby had risen again to the high level to which it had attained in the days of Dr. Temple. He was preferred to the Deanery of Wells in 1891, and in the quiet little Somersetshire city his vigorous personality at once made itself felt. Dr. Jex-Blake Avas born in London, on the 26th of January, 1832, and passed from Rugby to University College, Oxford, where he won a scholarship. Having graduated with distinction, he, in 1855, was appointed Composition Master to the sixth form at Marlborough, and in the same year was elected to a Fellowship at Queen's College, Oxford, which was vacated by his marriage in 1857. From 1858 to 1868 he was Assistant-Master at Rugby; he next became Principal of Cheltenham, and there he remained until the time came for him to return to Rugby. Photo: Da-wtes & rartrHgc, Wells. . to. 374 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. DUNFEBMLTNE. MR. ANDREW CARNEGIE. BORN at Dunfermline on the 25th of November, 1835, of parents who ten years later emigrated to Pittsburgh, Penn- sylvania, the " Iron King " at the age of twelve began life on his own account by attending to a small station- ary engine. Then he became successively a telegraph messenger and operator; and having, as clerk of the telegraph superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railway, ren- dered valuable service by promoting the adoption of the Woodruff sleeping-car, he was made superintendent of the Pittsburgh division of the line. A profitable speculation in oil wells enabled him to join others in establishing the iron and steel works which, under his vigorous hand, have developed into one of the largest commercial concerns in the world. Mr. Carnegie's views as to the disposition of riches are not those generally held by millionaires, and his benefactions to Dunfermline and other places in his native land, as well as to American institutions, have been on a princely scale. In the world of letters he is known by his " Triumphant Democracy," among other works. 376 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. HALL CAINE. ALTHOUGH the fame of the author of " The Manxman " is so closely associated with the Isle of Man, he is only Manx on his father's side. Nor was he born on the island, but at Runcorn, in Cheshire in 1853. At first he practised as an architect in Liverpool, and his earliest literary efforts consisted of contribu- tions to architectural and other papers. At this time it was that he began to be intimate Avith Dante Gabriel Rossetti, who, while giving little encouragement to his poetical ambition, told him in a letter, " I do think I see your field to lie chiefly in the achievements of fervid and impassioned prose." The phrase is a significant one, and may be taken as an index to tlie most salient quality of all Mr. Hall Caine's work in the realm of fiction, from " The Shadow of a Crime " onwards. If he has gained less of the favour of the critics than some other contemporary writers, it is to be remembered that he has chosen to oppose himself with might and main to the realistic tend- encies of modern fiction ; and his success with readers who care nothing for critical theories is not to be denied. AN ISLE OF MAN SCENE (GLEN HELEN) Photo: H. S. Menae/ssohn, Pembridge Crescent. If. 378 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. DR. GEFFCKEN. THIS able publicist was born at Hamburg on the 9th of December, 1830, and entered the diplomatic service, becoming Secretary of Legation at Paris in 1854. From 1856 to 1866 he represented his native State at Berlin, first as charge d'affaires, then as Hanseatic Minister. In 1866 he was transferred to London ; then, in 1869, he was appointed Syndic of Hamburg. In 1872 he became Professor of Political Economy and International Law in the University of Strasburg, resigning in 1882 on grounds of health and returning to Hamburg. In 1888, by communicating to the Deutsche Rundschau some extracts from the " Journal " of the lately-deceased Emperor Frederick, he incurred the dis- pleasure of Prince Bismarck, who treated him with character- istic severity. He was arrested, the application of his friends for his release on bail was refused, notwithstanding the state of his health, and he was held in durance for three months, when the Court, after an investigation conducted in secrecy, discharged him, on the curious and significant ground that while he had divulged facts which ought in the national interests to have been kept secret, it was not satisfied that he had full knowledge of the character of the incriminated articles. Dr. Geffcken, who has long taken special interest in English subjects, is a master of the English language, has written a book on the Alabama question, and has occasionally contributed articles to the Speaker. An English edition of his Avork, " The State and the Church in their Historical Relations," was published in 1877. Photo : y. Kuban, Constance. 380 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE KING'S LIBEAEY, BBITISH MUSEUM. MR. EDMUND GOSSE. MR. GOSSE, the son of the late Philip Henry Gosse, the naturalist, was born in London on the 21st of September, 1849, and educated privately. In 1867 he was appointed Assistant-Librarian at the British Museum, a post which he vacated in 1875 in order to become Translator to the Board of Trade. In 1884 he succeeded Mr. Leslie Stephen as Clark Lecturer on English Literature in Trinity College, Cambridge, and in the following year received an honorary M.A. from the University to which he had thus become attached. He was re-elected to the Lectureship in 1886, and retired in 1889. In 1872 and 1874 he travelled in Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, to study Scandinavian literature, afterwards visiting Holland with a similar object. The fruits of his researches have since been given to the world in his " Northern Studies," as well as in his intro- ductions to and translations of works of Ibsen, Bjornson, and other Norse writers. Mr. Gosse has also written exten- sively on the literature of his own land, and has published several volumes of poems, as well as a "Life of Grey," whose works he has edited. Photo : FradeUe & Young, Regent Strtct, IV. j 382 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. ROCHESTEE, FROM THE MED WAY. DEAN HOLE. THE DEAN OF ROCHESTER is famous on both sides of the Atlantic as an amateur of the flower-garden and as one of the best raconteurs of the day. Son of the late Samuel Hole, of Caunton Manor, Nottinghamshire, he was born on the 5th of December, 1819, and educated at the Grammar School, Newark-on-Trent, and at Brasenose College, Oxford. In 1875 he became Prebendary of Lincoln, was Select Preacher to his University in 1885-86, and was preferred to the Deanery of Rochester in 1887. His " Book about Roses," published in 1869, has gone through many editions. The first of his works, " A Little Tour in Ireland," was issued so long ago as 1858. Among his more recent literary productions are two volumes of "Memories," abounding with the good stories of which he has always been a diligent gleaner. Nor has the Dean, in the pursuit of lighter interests, been unmindful of his ecclesiastical obligations. Though well on in his eighth decade, he recently undertook a successful lecturing tour in America to raise funds for the restoration of Rochester Cathedral. Photo: Samuel A. Walker, 1JO, Regent Street, IV. 384 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE NICOLAI BBIDGE, ST. PETBESBUEG THE EMPRESS MARIE OF RUSSIA. IN the bereavement which she suffered in 1894 Her Imperial Majesty the Empress Marie of Russia was re- garded with peculiar sympathy by the English people, who were not uninfluenced by the knowledge that she is a sister of Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales. The second of the three daughters of the King and Queen of Denmark, she was born on the 26th of November, 1847, so that she is three years the junior of the Princess of Wales. Her Majesty was married to the late Czar at St. Peters- burg on the 9th of November, 1866, and has had five children, of whom the eldest now sits upon his father's throne. Of the other children of the marriage, the Grand Duke George was born on the 9th of May, 1871, the Grand Duchess Zenia on the 6th of April, 1875, the Grand Duke Michael on the 4th of December, 1878, and the Grand Duchess Olga on the 13th of June, 1882. The Empress, it will be remembered, was with the late Czar in the mysterious accident on the Transcaspian Railway in October, 1888, when the royal party so narrowly escaped destruction. 25 386 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. LORD RAYLEIGH. THE discoverer, with Professor Ramsay, of argon, as announced at the Oxford meeting of the British Association in 1894, followed the late Dr. Tyndall as Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Royal Institution in 1887. From 1879 to 1884 he was Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge, where he had been Senior Wrangler and First Smith's Prizeman in 1865, and Fel- low of his college (Trinity) in 1866. He is also a D.C.L. of Oxford, a D.Sc. of Cambridge and of Dublin, and an LL.D. of the McGill University, Mont- real, and has for some years been one of the Secretaries of the' Royal Society, as well as a Cor- responding Member of the French Institute. He is the author of an important work on '' The Theory of Sound," and has contributed many papers to scientific periodicals. His lordship was born on the 12th of November, 1842, and succeeded to the title on the death of his father, the second Baron Ray- leigh, in 1873. By his marriage with Miss Evelyn Balfour, a sister of Mr. Arthur Balfour, he has had four sons, of whom three survive. ENTRANCE TO BURLINGTON Hous Fhoto : M.IHU & Fox. Piccadilly. W. 388 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. NEW PALACE YARD, WESTMINSTER. THE DEAN OF WESTMINSTER. DR. BRADLEY, who was born in 1821, the son of a clergy- man, was educated at Rugby and at University College, Oxford, where he was a favourite pupil of Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, whom he was to succeed as Dean of Westminster. For some years he was an assistant master at Rugby, until in 1858 he was elected Head Master of Marlborough. In 1870 he succeeded the late Dean Plumptre as Master of University College, Oxford, and in 1881 was appointed to a canonry in Worcester Cathedral, whence a few months later he was preferred to the Deanery of Westminster. In the interval he had held the office of Examining Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and been Select Preacher to his University. He received an LL.D. from St. Andrews in 1873, and a D.D. from Oxford in 1881. His " Recollections of Arthur Penrhyn Stanley" were published in 1883, his West- minster Abbey lectures on the Book of Ecclesiastes appeared in 1885, and a similar series on the Book of Job in 1887. He has also made an important contribution to Mr. Prothero's Life of Stanley. I'holo; lUliott & f-ry. fitter Street, 390 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. EOYAL MlLITAEY ACADEMY, WOOLWICH MR. JAMES PAYN. THIS prolific and entertaining author, from whose sick cham- ber has come the pathetic paper on " The Backwater of Life," was born at Cheltenham in 1830, and educated at Eton and at Woolwich Academy, and then having de- cided upon a civil instead of a military career at Trinity College, Cambridge. In the year that he took his degree (1854) he published a volume of verse under the title " Stories from Boccaccio." It was succeeded by another book of poems in 1885. Mr. Payn then turned his attention to fiction, became a regular contributor to Household Words, was appointed editor of Chambers' s Journal in 1858, and in 1882 succeeded Mr. Leslie Stephen as editor of The Cornhill Magazine. Endless as is the list of Mr. Payn's works, they have never fallen below a high literary standard : in all of them there is the attraction of rapid narrative, lively dialogue, and pleasant humour, with bold and sometimes daring in- vention. His " Literary Recollections," published in 1886, was followed in 1894 by " Gleams of Memory," a work of singular geniality and charm. Photo : Watery, Lint., Regent !>tr.et. If. UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. SIB GEOBOE REID'S STUDIO. SIR GEORGE REID. THE work of the President of the Royal Scottish Academy has many "notes" of the traditional Scottish style, pleasantly qualified, however, by traces of the influences Avhich affected him when, as a young man, he was studying on the Con- tinent under such masters as Mollinger, Yvon, and Israels. To the general public he is known chiefly as a portraitist; but those who have made a careful study of his pieces see at least as much, if not more, to admire in his land- scapes and in his rich and satisfying studies of colour in flowers. Among his best landscapes may be named " The Peat - Gatherers " (1869), " Jedburgh " (1876), " Whins in Bloom," which adorned the walls of Burlington House in 1877, " Dornoch," his diploma work, jiOw in the Kational Gallery, Edinburgh, and " Montrosef His portraits of eminent Scotsmen are so numerous^ that it is not easy to make a selection; but not the lelist notable of them are his Dr. John Brown, the author of " Rab and his Friends," Dr. George Macdonald, the novelist, Dr. Bonar, of Greenock, Sir Daniel Wilson, and Sir John Millais. Photo: y. AlOjffat, Edinburgh. s 394 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. BOURNEMOUTH, FROM THE PIEE. DR. C. HUBERT IL PARRY. THE Director of the Royal College of Music, the foremost of living English composers, is also the author of erudite and luminous works on musical subjects; among them, " Studies of Great Composers " (1886) and " The Art of Music " (1893) ; and the same qualities mark his con- tributions to Sir George Grove's great " Dictionary of Music." Born at Bournemouth on the 27th of February, , 1848, he was educated first at Eton and afterwards at Christ Church, Oxford, where he took a Second-class in Law and in History. At Eton he had the advantage of studying music under Sir George Elvey, then organist at St. George's Chapel; later his studies were directed by Sir William Sterndale Bennett and Sir George Macfarren. His compositions, which range over a wide field, include an opera, Lancelot and Guinevere; but his greatest triumphs have been hi the domains of cantata and oratorio. If the first of his oratorios, Judith, is a scholarly and powerful work, in Job, and in the more recent King Saul, the com- poser has reached a yet higher level of achievement. thoto: //. 5. Mendelssohn, PembrUge Crescent, If. 396 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PRESSBTJEO. MAURUS JOKAL THE Hungarian novelist and patriot is a writer of singular fertility, having produced some five- and- twenty full-length romances and upwards of three hundred shorter works of fiction, besides several dramas. Yet his work as an author has hardly been the most serious business of his life. From his youth upwards he has been an ardent politician. He became editor of a paper in the Hungarian capital at the age of twenty-one, and proclaimed " The Twelve Points of Pesth" in the stirring days of 1848; and it is said that after the. surrender of Villages in 1849 he was only saved from suicide, as an alternative to capture by the Russians, by the opportune arrival of his wife with money which facilitated his escape. He was born on the 19th of February, 1825, at Koborn, the son of an advocate, was educated at Pressburg and elsewhere, and at Pesth qualified himself for his father's profession ; but, becoming immersed in politics and journalism, never practised. It was in 1848 that he married the famous tragedian Rosa Laborfalvi, who in the hour of his extremity disposed of her jewels in order to equip him with funds. fhalo: hllinscr Ede, Budapest. 398 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo: Arthur Winter, Preston. VIEW OF PRESTON. VISCOUNT CROSS. BORX at Red Scar, near Preston, on the 30th of May, 1823, the third son of the late Mr. William Cross, Lord Cross was educated at Rugby under Dr. Arnold, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1849 he was called to the Bar, and went the Northern Circuit. He entered the House of Commons as member for Preston in 1857, but lost his seat in 1862, and was not again seen in Parliament until 1868, when he was elected for South- West Lancashire. In 1874, although he had held no office before, he was appointed Home Secretary by Mr. Disraeli, whose choice he amply justified by the skill with which he piloted a number of important measures through the House, as well as by the ability with which he defended the foreign policy of the Government. In 1885 he was reappointed to the Home Office, and after the Unionist victory of 1886 was made a Viscount, and became Secretary of State for India, an office which he held until Mr. Gladstone's return to power in 1892. His lordship has received honorary degrees from the Universities of Cambridge, Oxford, and St. Andrews. 1'hoto: London Stereoscopic Company. 400 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. RUINS AT CORINTH. DR. MAHAFFY. THE Professor of Ancient History in Trinity College, Dublin, was born on trie 26th of February, 1839, at Chapponnaire, near Vevay, on the Lake of Geneva. His education was begun in Germany, and continued at Trinity College, where he ran a distinguished course, obtaining in succession a scholarship, two Senior Moderatorships, and a Fellowship. He was appointed to his present Professorship in 1869, be- came Donnellan Lecturer in 1873, and received the degree of D.D. hi 1886, and that of Mus.D. in 1891, while in 1882 he was elected an Honorary Fellow of Queen's College, Ox- ford. Author of many works on Greek life and literature, he has been invested by the King of Greece with the Gold Cross of the Order of the Saviour in recognition of his labours in this kind. But the Professor seerns to have taken all know- ledge for his province, and has written extensively and luminously on modern philosophy, as well as on lighter subjects, such as " The Art of Conversation " and " The Decay of Modern Preaching." Pltoio: Fraielle Sr Young, Regent Street, IV. J^ f / L J.P.faL 26 402 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. SOLOMON J. SOLOMON. MR. SOLOMON, who was born at Southwark on the 16th of September, 1860, began to draw almost as soon as he could grasp the pencil. From Heatherley's School of Art he passed, in his sixteenth year, into the schools of the Royal Academy, where he remained for some eighteen months. Then he went to Paris, and became a pupil of Cabanel. Next he worked under Wagner at Munich, whence he quickly departed for Italy, with no very high opinion of his German master's training. Returning to England, he made his first contribution the " Portrait of a Gentleman " to the show at Burlington House, and then started off on a trip through Spain. The winter was passed in Morocco, and in the spring Mr. Solomon again placed himself under the direction of Cabanel, and for nearly ten months laboured strenuously at life-size studies. The Salon now accepted his vigorous portrait of Dr. Stephens, and the Royal Academy a highly- finished little picture, " Waiting." His next Academy piece, "Ruth and Naomi," was painted at Tangiers during a second visit to Morocco ; but it was not till 1886, when the daring and powerful "Cassandra" appeared, that Mr. Solomon was accepted as a man with a future. To "Cassandra" succeeded the yet more forcible " Samson ; " afterwards caine " Niobe," a picture of absolute repose, which received a third-class medal at the Salon. It has been followed by "The Judg- ment of Paris," by " Orpheus and Eurydice," and by several other notable works, as well as by some striking portraits: Phito : Van cter lYeyde, Resent Street. If. 404 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE AMALIENBOEG (ROYAL) PALACE, COPENHAGEN. THE QUEEN OF DENMARK. HER MAJESTY QUEEN LOUISE OF DENMARK was born so long ago as the 7th of September, 1817, daughter of Land- grave .Wilhelm of Hesse-Cassel, and was married to King Christian IX. on the 26th of May, 1842, some twenty- one years before his assumption of the Crown. All her children were born before her consort's accession Prince Frederick in 1843, the Princess Alexandra in 1844, Prince Wilhelrn in 1845, Princess Marie Dagmar in 1847, the Princess Thyra in 1853, and Prince Waldemar in 1858. The eldest daughter is, of course, our Princess of Wales ; the second is the widowed Empress Marie of Kussia ; the third married Prince Ernest August, Duke of Cumber- land. The sons also are all married the Crown Prince to the Princess Louisa, daughter of the late King Charles XY. of Sweden and Norway; Prinoe Wilhelrn, now King of the Hellenes, to Olga Constantinovna, Grand Duchess of Russia; and Prince Waldemar to Princess Marie of Orleans, eldest daughter of the Due de Chartres. The King and Queen of Denmark celebrated their golden wedding in 1892, and visited England to "assist" at the Duke of York's marriage in 1893. Phfta; Hatucn & I Teller, Copen/it>en. 406 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. BEOAJJWAY, NEW YORK. THE REV. DR. PARKHURST. THE hero of the last great crusade against Tammany is a divine of the Presbyterian communion. When the Society for the Prevention of Crime was started in New York some years ago, with the object of purifying the administration of the city, he was solicited to become its President. He accepted the office on the condition that the Society should attack what appeared to him to be the root of the evil the alliance of the police with evil-doers ; and he has him- self told the story of the struggle in the work recently published under the title of " Our Fight with Tammany." The narrative is by no means wanting in colour and vigour; but indulgence in striking chapter-titles and stinging epithets may very well be excused when it is remembered that the book was written in the flush of a victory which followed all the omens of crushing defeat. After such shocking revela- tions of corruption as were made by the Lexow Committee, the people of New York might well have despaired for the future of their city had not the exertions of Dr. Parkhurst and his colleagues effected the signal overthrow of Tammany at the last elections. Photo: Sarony, Netv York. UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. RIGHT HON. A. H. D. ACLAND. THE Vice-President of the Council of Education, whose zeal in the cause of education is not disputed even by those . who have had fault to find with his policy, is the third son of Sir Thomas Acland, the Devonshire baronet who was born in the same year as his leader and friend, Mr. Gladstone. Born in 1847, Mr. Arthur Acland was edu- cated at Rugby and at Christ Church, Oxford. He became Senior Bursar of Balliol of which he is still an Honor- ary Fellow was also ap- pointed Steward of Christ Church, and from 1875 to 1877 was Principal of the Oxford Military School at Cowley. In 1879 he re- nounced holy orders, and in 1885 was elected M.P. for the Rotherham Division of Yorkshire, a constituency which he still represents. Of a retiring disposition, he has (JA1EWAY OF itUQBV SCHOOL. never indulged in over-much speaking, but his mastery of educational questions, as well as of some branches of economics, gradually made itself felt, and his appointment to the post, in which he has shown himself to be so vigorous an ad- ministrator, was all but a foregone conclusion. 410 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. ffioto : f. G. O. Starf, Southampton. THE CRYSTAL PALACE, FEOM THE SOUTH. MR. AUGUST MANNS. THE conductor of the Crystal Palace Concerts has probably done more than anyone else to familiarise English audiences with the best Continental music, at the same time that he has been consistently mindful of the claims of English music and English musicians. For many years past the Sydenham orchestra has had a European reputation, and much as the musical art lends itself to difference of opinion, there is none to dispute his right to be classed among the greatest con- ductors of the age. He was born at Stolzenburg, in Prussia, in 1825, and was appointed Musical Director of the Crystal Palace so long ago as 1855, succeeding Sir Michael Costa as conductor of the Handel Festival in 1883. At the end of April, 1895, a reception, organised by the leading musicians of London, was held at the Grafton Galleries in celebration of his seventieth birthday, when he was presented with a highly complimentary address by Sir George Grove, and decorated by the Duke of Coburg himself a musician with the "Art and Science" Order of the Duchy. Photo : Negretti & Zambra, Crystil Pxlace. 412 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo : y,ilentiite & Sons, Dun tee. LIMK STREET, LIVERPOOL. MR. RICHARD LE GALLIENNE. MR. LE GALLIENNE belongs to a Guernsey family, but was born at Liverpool, on the 20th of January, 1866. At the age of sixteen he entered the office ot a chartered accountant. But his literary gift was not to be denied; and he found relief from the ledger in writing sonnets, which were privately printed in 1887. For some months in 1889 he was literary secretary to Mr. Wilson Barrett. But his work on George Meredith, his " Volumes in Folio," and his " Book-bills of Narcissus " had by this time made him known in literary circles in London, and early in 1891 he was invited to join the staff of an evening paper as literary critic. His "English Poems," containing not a few pieces of much promise, appeared in 1892 : his suggestive, if not very profound, " Religion of a Literary Man " in 1893 ; his graceful " Prose Fancies " in 1894 ; his " Robert Louis Stevenson and other Poems " in 1895. Mr. Le Gallienne's lectures on such subjects as the "Nonconformist Conscience" came as a surprise to many of his admirers, who perhaps fail to realise that one who has produced so much literary work has not yet turned thirty. Photo : II. & D. Dffiuney, Ebury Street. S. If R+ 6*jLly 414 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE REV. PROFESSOR SANDAY. BY virtue of his candour and amenity, Dr. Sanday is one of the most effective of contemporary apologists. His book on " The Authorship arid Historical Character of the Fourth Gospel," in which, while maintaining the Johannine origin and substantial authenticity of the work which bears St. John's name, he frankly admits the subjectivity charged against it by more advanced critics, is a model of judicious advocacy. Nor need less be said of his other works his "Gospels in the Second Century," his "Oracles of God," his " Two Present Day Questions," and his more recent Bampton Lectures on Inspiration a subject with which his insight, even more than his chaste and graceful style, peculiarly qualified him to deal. He was born at Holme Pierrepoint on the 1st of August, 1843, and was educated at Repton School, and at Balliol and Corpus Christi, Oxford, became Scholar of the latter college in 1863, obtained a first-class in 1865, and was Fellow of Trinity from 1866 to 1873. From 1876 to 1883 he was Principal of Hatfield Hall, Durham, and during a part of the time Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Durham. His appointment to the Ireland Professorship of Exegesis at Oxford, as successor to the late Canon Liddon, dates from 1882, and since 1883 he has also been Tutorial Fellow of Exeter College in the same University. He has twice been appointed Select Preacher at Cambridge, was Whitehall Preacher in 1889-90, and delivered the Bampton Lectures on Inspiration, of which we have already spoken, in 1892. Photo : Russell & Sons, Baker Street, If. 416 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE NOBTH LONDON COLLEGIATE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. MRS. BRYANT, D.Sc. THE Mathematical Mistress at the North London Collegiate School is a graduate of the London University, whose degree of Doctor of Science she took in 1884, and is also a member of the College of Preceptors. The opportunities she has enjoyed of studying the science of education have been turned to good account, and the result is seen in her essay on " Educational Ends, or the Ideal of Personal' Development." In this luminous work, which has for its motto : " Ye shall know the Truth. And the Truth shall make you free," she impresses upon the teacher the necessity of aiming at the improvement of his pupils in conduct as well as in knowledge of setting before them the questions, " How should I do what there is for me to do ? " and " How should I know what there is for me to know ? " questions which are seen at unity at last in the final end of education, love of the highest attainable truth. Mrs. Bryant is also the author of a learned and at the same time entertaining historical inquiry into the antiquities of Ireland, her native country. 418 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. OF MR. WALTER CRANE'S DESIGNS. MR WALTER CRANE. To this gifted artist the labour movement owes hardly less than to Mr. William Morris, its poet. Founder and one of the presidents of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, he designed the seal of the London County Council, and his facile pencil is ever ready to serve the cause he has so much at heart. He has also associated himself with "advanced" ideas in art, as well as in politics. As soon as the Grosvenor Gallery was opened, he ceased to exhibit at the Academy, and has since taken a prominent part in the movement for establishing a National Exhibition of all the Arts. Born at Liverpool on the 15th of August, 1845, son of Thomas Crane, of Chester, miniature and portrait painter, he was apprenticed to Mr. W. J. Lin ton, the engraver, and has always given much of his time to the illustration of books. Since 1879 he has been Examiner in the National Competition of Drawings at South Kensington; in 1892 he became Director of Designs at the Manchester Municipal School of Art. In 1886 he resigned his membership of the Institutes of Painters in Water Colours and in Oil, and two years afterwards was elected an Associate of the Royal Society of Painters hi Water Colours. 420 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. KNELLEE HALL, TWICE EN HAW. PROFESSOR FRANCIS TURNER PALGRAVE. THE Professor of Poetry at Oxford belongs to a family which has greatly distinguished itself. He is the eldest son of Sir Francis Palgrave, who was knighted for his important con- tributions to historical and antiquarian literature; one of his brothers, Sir Reginald, is the Clerk to the House of Com- mons; another, William Gifford, who died in 1888, was eminent as traveller, Arabic scholar, and author ; yet another, Robert Harry Inglis, is one of our leading statisticians. He was born on the 28th of September, 1824, and was educated at the Charterhouse and at Balliol College, Oxford. From 1850 to 1855 he was Vice-Principal of the Kneller Hall Training College, and after being private secretary to the late Earl Granville, became Assistant-Secretary to the Privy Council Committee on Education. The author of several volumes of refined and melodious verse, he has also written much on art and literature, and is the editor of some of " The Golden Treasury" volumes, &c. 422 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. UNIVEBSITY COLLEGE, LONDON. LORD PLAYFAIR. ONE of the most versatile of our public men, Lord Playfair had risen to distinction as a man of science before he entered upon his political career. He was born at Meerut, Bengal, on the 21st of May, 1819, son of the Chief Inspector-General of Hospitals, was educated at St. Andrews and at University College, London, studied chemistry at Glasgow, and afterwards, at Giessen under Liebig, and in 1843 was appointed Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution, Manchester. Then he became Chemist to the Museum of Practical Geology, and from 1856 to 1869 was Professor of Chemistry in Edinburgh University. He entered the House of Commons in 1868, was appointed Postmaster-General in 1873, and became Chairman of Ways and Means and Deputy-Speaker in 1880, being- knighted on resigning his post in 1883. In 1886 he was Vice-President of the Committee of Council on Education; in 1892 he was elevated to the Peerage. Lord Playfair is a member of many scientific societies, has been President of the British Association, has served on several Royal Com- missions, and, especially of late years, has given much atten- tion to social science. 424 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. BIT OF "THE WORLD'S FAIB " AT CHICAGO. MR. W. T. STEAD. THE earliest and most brilliant of the "New Journalists" is a native of Northumberland, having been born at Embleton on the 5th of July, 1849, the son of a Congregational minister. Appointed editor of a daily paper at Darlington at the age of twenty-two, his powerful " leaders " on the Eastern Question attracted widespread attention, and in 1880 he was invited by Mr. John Morley to the assistant-editorship of the Pall Mall Gazette. He succeeded to the editorial chair in 1883, and occupied it until at the end of 1889 he retired in order to found the Review of Reviews. Since then he has started Borderland. A man of many enthusiasms, Mr. Stead generally has a crusade on hand, and although he has had to endure criticism and ridicule, and even bonds, he has a knack of so contriving things as to have the last laugh. He has been to Kussia to tell us the truth about Muscovite policy, and to Rome to teach the Vatican the true social doctrine ; and more recently he made his way to the World's Fair to tell the people of Chicago some plain truths about themselves. Photo: A. D. Lewis, Nnvcxstle-oii-Tyit UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Miss COBBE'S BIRTHPLACE, NEWBBEDGE, Go. DUBLIN. MISS FRANCES POWER COBBE. AMONG the host of ladies who have achieved more or less of literary eminence during the last decade, there is none to dispute Miss Cobbe's primacy as a thinker. Her " Essay on Intuitive Morals," published so long ago as 1855, has been followed up by a long list of other works on religious, ethical, and social subjects, all of them marked by vigorous thought and lofty sentiment, as well as by charm and distinction of style. Notable among them is her " Broken Lights," a search- ing criticism of the orthodox creeds, supplemented by " Dawn- ing Lights," a contribution to the reconstruction of theology on Theistic lines. Miss Cobbe was born on the 4th of December, 1822, her father being the late Mr. Charles Cobbe, D.L., J.P. For a while she engaged in philanthropic work at Bristol with Mary Carpenter; afterwards she became a leader writer for the Echo, and then for the Standard, and a contributor to the Quarterly and other reviews; of late years she has occupied herself largely with the crusade against vivisection. Her autobiography forms a delightful record of a life of beneficent activity, culminating in a serene old age. Photo: Mr. Young, Dolftllj. 428 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. COVENT GABDEN THEATEE. SIGNOR LUIGI MANCINELLI. SIGNOR MANCINELLI'S earliest visit to London was in 1886, when the success of a concert at which he produced several of his own compositions led to his engagement as conductor of Italian opera in the Jubilee season, an engagement which has been several times renewed. It also brought him an in- vitation to compose an oratorio for the next Norwich Festival, to which he responded with Isaias. His career as a conductor began at Rome, and was continued at Bologna, as well as in London ; and more recently he has held a similar appointment at the Theatre Royal, Madrid. He began to study the piano at the age of six he was born at Orvieto in 1848 and at twelve went to Florence to take lessons of Professor Sbolci, the 'cellist, afterwards joining the orchestra of La Pergola, and remaining in it until in 1874 he went to Rome. I'hoto : Moreno, J\flv York. 430 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. CANON KNOX-LITTLE. THIS eloquent preacher, if never intellectually masterful, has striking oratorical qualities. His voice, musical and flexible, is unusually effective for passages of tender pathos. The " note " of his pulpit work, indeed, is emotionalism, of a much warmer kind than is usually met with among Anglican preachers. He appeals to the individual soul as directly and forcibly as the most earnest Evangelical could desire ; and not infrequently his periods have something of the music and colour of poetry, as in the following passage : " Eternal things ! Eternal things ! It comes the very phrase like the swing and swell of solemn church bells across the hills on an English Sunday ; it floats like the rhythmic swell of stately music across the sleeping sea." The Canon ; who was born at Stewartston, co. Tyrone, about the year 1839, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. It was in 1881 that he was nominated by Mr. Gladstone to a stall in Worcester Cathe- dral, in succession to the present Dean of Westminster. His published works comprise several volumes of sermons and some novels. I'hoto : Russell & Son, Baker Street, ff'. 432 UNIVERSAL FORTH AIT GALLERY. ATHENS. THE KING OF GREECE. His MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HELLENES is the second son of the King of Denmark, and was born on the 24th of December, 1845. He assumed the crown, under the name of George I, on the 6th of June, 1863, after it had been offered by popular vote successively to the present and to the late Duke of Coburg. Notwithstanding the popularity gained at the outset of his career by the acquisition of the Ionian Islands, the king has not found his position an easy one, and when in 1880, accompanied by Queen Olga, whose portrait appears elsewhere in these pages, he started on a long tour through Europe, it was rumoured that he intended never to return. His difficulties have arisen mostly in connection with the Eastern Question ; and more than once the Great Powers have had to exert considerable pressure in order to restrain his subjects from attempting to wrest from Turkey territory which they regard as rightfully theirs. Of later years, however, they have shown themselves less restive, and the twenty-fifth anniversary of his Majesty's accession was celebrated in 1888 with much popular rejoicing. / hoto : London Stereoscopic Company. 28 434 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. GOVERNMENT HOUSE, MELBOURNE. LORD BRASSEY. A SON of the great public works contractor, the Governor of Victoria has always shown an intelligent and sympathetic interest in all labour questions. He began his Parliamentary career by seconding a motion brought forward by Mr. Thomas Hughes, Q.C., calling for an inquiry into the Labour Laws ; and he has published, among other books, volumes on " Work and Wages," " Lectures on the Labour Question," and " Eng- lish Work and Foreign Wages." He is also, as all the world knows, an enthusiastic }^achtsman, and an authority on matters relating to the Navy. Born at Stafford in 1836, he was educated at Rugby and at University College, Oxford, where he graduated in honours in the Modern Law and History School. In 1865 he entered Parliament as member for Devonport; from 1868 to 1886, when he was raised to the peerage, he sat for Hastings. He was appointed a Civil Lord of the Admiralty in 1880, Secretary to the Admiralty in 1884, and a Lord-in-Waiting in 1893, and became Governor of Vic- toria in 1895. Lord Brassey has served on several Royal Com- missions, and was President of the Opium Commission, which has reported against interference with the trade in the drug. Photo; Russell t~ Sans, Baker Street, II'. 436 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY A LICENSING MEETING OF T'HE LONDON COUNT? COUNCIL. SIR ARTHUR ARNOLD. THE successor of Sir John Hutton in the chair of the London County Council has had a varied career. The first-hand knowledge to be seen on every page of his " History of the Cotton Famine " is explained by the circumstance of his having been an Assistant-Commissioner under the Public Works Act (1863), passed to meet the necessities of the Lan- cashire operatives. He then travelled for two years in the East of Europe and Africa, and recounted his experiences in the work entitled "From the Levant," which brought him the Golden Cross of the Order of the Redeemer from the King of Greece. When the Echo was started, he became its editor, and to his skilful "direction its rapid success was largely due. His travels in Russia and Persia in 1875 are related in "Through Persia by Caravan;" and among his other works are " Social Politics " and " Free Land." In the Land question he has always been actively interested, and for several years he was President of the Free Land League. From 1880 to 1885 he was M.P. for Salford. He has been an Alderman of the London County Council since its formation, became its Chairman in 1895, and was soon afterwards knighted. I'hoto: London Stereoscopic Company ft 438 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. PKNZANCE. MR. LEONARD COURTNEY. THE somewhat rugged independence of the member for the Bodmin Division of Cornwall may be little appreciated by party managers, and has undoubtedly been an obstacle to his personal advancement ; but it was one of the qualities which made him an ideal Chairman of Committees. To his inde- pendence he adds surprising quickness and vigorous grasp, prompt and unhesitating decision, and a magisterial voice, eminently calculated to disconcert obstructives and bores. How, with all his qualifications for the Speakership, Mr. Courtney missed the prize, he has himself told us with be- guiling humour, and the curious story need not be repeated here. He was born at Penzance on the 6th of July, 1832, was entered at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1851, and graduated as Second Wrangler and Smith's Prizeman in 1855, becoming a Fellow in 1856. In 1858 he was called to the Bar, began soon afterwards to write for the Times, was Pro- fessor of Political Economy at University College, London, from 1872 to 1876, and entered Parliament in the latter year. He has held the Home and Colonial Under-Secretaryships, and resigned the Financial Secretaryship to the Treasury out of loyalty to the principle of proportional representation. 440 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. ARCHDEACON SINCLAIR'S STUDY. THE VEN. ARCHDEACON SINCLAIR. SINCE he became Canon of St. Paul's and Archdeacon of London in 1889, Dr. Sinclair, who belongs to the Broad section of the High Church School, has shown himself to have no mean conception of his dignified and influential office. He graduated at Balliol College, Oxford of which he was Scholar in 1873, and in the next year began his clerical career as curate of Tortworth, Gloucestershire. In 1875 he was appointed Assistant Minister at Quebec Chapel and Evening Lecturer in Logic at King's College ; from 1877 to 1883 he was Chaplain to the Bishop of London (Dr. Jackson), and Assistant Examining Chaplain from 1883 to 1885. In 1880 he had been presented to the vicarage of St. Stephen's, Westminster, a charge which he held until he was preferred to the Archdeaconry of London. Since 1893 he has been a Chaplain-in-Ordinary to the Queen. Besides an edition of the Psalms, giving " The Authorised Version in the Original Rhythm," he has published "Lessons on the Gospel of St. John " (1885), " The Servant of Christ " and " The Christian's Influence (1892), " Christ in Our Times " (1893), and " Words to the Laity" (1894). Photo: Martin & Sallnow, Strand, IV.C. 442 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. A PARIS STREET: THE AVENUE DE L'OPEEA. M. LUDOVIC HAU5VY. THE French dramatist and novelist, who was born in Paris in 1834, son of Leon Halevy, the litterateur, and educated at the Lycee Louis le Grand, began his career as a Government official, and in 1861 was appointed Secretary to the Corps Legislatif. His success in dramatic composition, however, led him to resign his post, a step which, we may be sure, he has never regretted. He had already (in 1860) entered into collaboration with M. Henri Meilhac, in conjunction with whom he wrote the librettos to the most popular of Offenbach's comic operas. Other productions of the same memorable partnership, in comedy and farce, are Frou-Frou (1870), so familiar in this country from English adaptations, as well as from the performances of Madame Sarah Bern- hardt, Tricoche et Cacolet (1872), and Le Mari de la Debutant? (1879). M. Halevy has also won his spurs as a novelist, among his productions in this kind being "Madame and Monsieur Cardinal" (1873), "L'AbbS Constantin" (1882), and " Princesse " (1886), besides a collection of stories entitled " Kari-Kari " (1892). An abundant entrance to the Academy was ministered unto him some years ago. 444 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. A BIT OF HAEEOW. MRS. BESANT. MRS. BESANT'S brilliant gifts have long been recognised by those who have no sort of sympathy with any of the mental phases through which she passed from the time when she renounced Anglicanism until she embraced Theosophy. To fluency and grace of speech, with singular readiness and resourcefulness in debate, she adds the pen of a ready writer, and no small capacity for organisation and management. Never have her talents found more admirable exercise than during her three years' membership of the London School Board. Her services in this kind were recognised by her fellow-members without distinction of party, and great was the disappointment when it was found that in her zeal for the Theosophical propaganda she had decided not to offer herself for re-election. Mrs. Besant was born in London on the 1st of October, 1847, of Irish parents, but her early years were spent at Harrow, as she has told us in one of the most interesting sections of her autobiography. It was in 1889 that she abandoned Secularism for Theosophy, and since then she has compassed sea and land to make proselytes. fftoto : Talma, Melbourne. > <-*^ 446 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MR. THOMAS BROCK, R.A. THIS eminent sculptor is a native of Worcester, and was born in 1847. Having passed through the Government School of Design in that city, he con- tinued his studies at the School of the Royal Acad- emy, where he carried oft' the highest honours. He then entered the studio of the late John Henry Foley, first as a pupil, afterwards as an assistant. On his master's death he was en- trusted with the completion of some important works, one of them being the O'Connell Monument in Dublin. * Among Mr. Brock's portrait statues and busts may be named his Richard Baxter, Robert Raikes, Sir Rowland Hill, Sir Richard Temple, Sir Erasmus Wilson, and the poet Longfellow (in Westminster Abbey). His ideal works include ''Sal- macis," " Hercules Strang- ling Antaeus," statuettes of Paris and (Enone, a large equestrian group, entitled " A Moment of Peril," purchased for the nation by the Royal Academy, and " The Genius of Poetry." Mr. Brock became an A.R.A. in 1883, and a Royal Academician in 1891. * See ante, p. 356. Jlu. BROCK'S UusT OF LONGKELLOW IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 448 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Photo: A. A. Jnglis, EcUnt*rfh. EDINBURGH, FROM THE CASTLE HILL. SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE. THE Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, born at Edinburgh in 1835, was educated at the High School and the University, studying geology under Sir Roderick Murchison, of whom he was afterwards to Avrite a memoir. His connection with the Geological Survey began in 1855, and in 1867 he was appointed Director for Scot- land. Three years later he was nominated by Sir Roderick Murchison as first Professor of Geology and Mineralogy at Edinburgh, and in 1881 he succeeded Sir Andrew Ramsay as the head of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. He has been Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society and President of the Geological Society and of the British Asso- ciation, is a Corresponding Member of the French Institute, of the Berlin Academy, and of other foreign scientific societies, has received an LL.D. from St. Andrew's and from Edinburgh, and a D.Sc. from Cambridge and Dublin, has been awarded the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society and the McDougal Brisbane Medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and was knighted in 1891. Sir Archibald is the author of many works on geology. Photo : Werner & Son, Dublin. V (/A 450 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. A ETJSSIAN CHABGE AT PLBVXA. MR. ARCHIBALD FORBES. THE greatest achievements of this prince of war corre- spondents were the brilliant descriptions which, at great personal risk, he sent to the Daily News of the crossing of the Danube and of the battles round Plevna and the Shipka, Pass in the Russo-Turkish War, and his famous ride of a, hundred and ten miles through a trackless country to tele- graph the news of the victory at Ulundi. He was born in Morayshire in 1838, the son of a Presbyterian minister, and educated at Aberdeen University. For some time he served as a private in the Royal Dragoons, and so acquired much of the practical and detailed knowledge of things military which he has turned to such, admirable account. His first com- mission as war correspondent came from the Morning Advertiser at the beginning of the Franco-German War, but he soon transferred his services to the Daily News, which he continued to represent until broken health compelled him to- abandon a vocation which makes such exacting demands upon those who follow it. Of late years Mr. Forbes has given up much of his time to lecturing, and has recounted his stirring experiences to large audiences in Australia and America, as well as in Great Britain. 452 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. COPENHAGEN. THE KING OF DENMARK. BORN on the 8th of April, 1818, son of William, Duke of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Gliicksberg, and of Princess Louise of Hesse-Cassel, His Majesty King Christian IX. ascended the throne of Denmark in 1863. During his reign of upwards of thirty years he has had more than an average share of the troubles and anxieties which are the heritage of princes ; and more than once he may well have looked back regretfully to the days when, as Inspector-General and Commander-in-Chief of the Danish Cavalry, he occupied a position of greater freedom and less responsibility. Hardly had he ascended the throne than the Duchies of Schleswig- Holstein, under the Duke of Augustenberg, and with the support of Prussia and Austria, rose in revolt, and tinder the Treaty of Vienna he had to renounce both the Duchies, and also Lauenberg. His Majesty then set himself patiently to develop the internal resources of his dismembered country; and in 1866 he conceded to his subjects a more liberal constitution. His marriage with the Princess Louise of Hesse-Cassel was celebrated on the 26th of May, 1842. (See page 404.) Photo: 1 lumen & Weller, Copenhagen. 454 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. THE REV. PROFESSOR DRIVER THIS learned Hebraist and lucid exponent of the Higher Criticism was born at Southampton in 1846, and educated at Winchester and at Xew College, Oxford, where, hav- ing been elected Scholar in 1865, he graduated with first-class honours in Literae Humaniores in 1869. He became Fellow of his Col- lege in 1870, and Tutor in 1875, and held the two offices until in 1882 he succeeded Dr. Pusey as Regius Professor of Hebrew in the University, and Canon of Christchurch. Five years before this his reputation as a Semitic scholar had led to his ap- pointment as a member of the Old Testament Revision Company. Professor Driver is the author of many works on subjects relating to He- brew scholarship and Bib- lical criticism, among them an "Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testa- ment," which, published in 1891, went into a fourth edition in 1893, a treatise entitled " Isaiah : his Life and Times, and the Writings which Bear his Name," and a Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy. A CORNER OF THE QUADRANGLE OF WINCHESTER COLLEGE. 456 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. MAGDALEN COLLEGE, FROM THE CHERWELL. SIR JOHN STAINER. THE Oxford Professor of Music was born in 1840, and at the age of seven joined the choir of St. Paul's Cathedral. At sixteen he became organist at St. Michael's College, Tenbury, under Sir Frederick Gore-Ouseley. Three years later he was appointed organist to Magdalen College, Oxford, and quickly trained his choir to an efficiency unequalled in the University. While at Oxford he took the degrees of Mus. Bac. (1859), B.A. (1863), Mus. Doc. (1865), and M.A. (1866). His next appointment was to the post of University organist, which he combined with his office at Magdalen ; then in 1872 he became organist of St. Paul's, where he re- mained for some sixteen years. He was knighted in 1888 r and in the following year succeeded Sir Frederick Gore- Ouseley in the Oxford Professorship. One of the greatest organists of his generation, and a composer of Church music, etc., Sir John is also an accomplished master of musical science, and has written extensively on harmony, composition, and kindred subjects. In 1885 he received an honorary Mus. Doc. from the University of Durham, and in 1893 was elected an honorary Fellow of Magdalen. Photo: Hills & Sounders, Oxford. 458 UNIVERSAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. t-hoto : Guy & Co. CORK. MR. JUSTIN MCCARTHY. FOR one who has played so prominent a part in politics, the successor of Mr. Parnell has turned out a surprising amount of literary work. As he has himself said, literature is his choice, politics his necessity. His " History of Our Own Times " is but one among several historical productions ; he has also written a long list of novels, all of them marked by felicitous dialogue, and displaying a fertile creative power, especially in characters of the eccentric type. Mr. McCarthy was born at Cork in 1830, and it was in this city that he served his apprenticeship to journalism. In 1860 he joined the reporting staff of the London Morning Star, and was appointed editor of the paper in 1864, afterwards becoming a leader writer on the Daily News. His entrance to Par- liament dates from 1879, when he was returned for Longford, which several times re-elected him. In 1886 he won London- derry from the Unionists, but was defeated in 1892, and became the elect of North Longford. 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