Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/frenchenglishselOOmfrich FRENCH & ENBIISH SELF-TAUBHT -►5— OC VOCABULAIRE FRANCAIS^' ANGLAIS >! PRRCltDE l)E LECONS ELEMENTAIRES DE PRONONCIATION ''^ ET SUIVI D'UN ABREGit DE GRAMMAIRE. I^i^^-vioz- nVEof i-ot CHEF D'INSTITUTION. Un tr.ivail opiniatre triomyhe de tous les obstacles SAN FRANCISCO ge"; Jtuifui.j 0/fic<^ of ".£i 2itit ^oiuitat", 603 '^tVjjfvht.jtoit Street.' 1882. Nj-v^>i -^35 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the Year of 1882, by Xavier M^f ret, in the Office o the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. Printing Office of Le Petit Journal, 603 Washington Street. RULES IN READING 1. Read slow, and with a great deal of attention, as there are several in- conveniences attending fast reading ; for you will not only be liable to make many mistakes, but perhaps learn to stammer; neither is it possible for you to prononce at first, what you are reading, so distinctly as you ought. 2. If you are not sure of knowing how to read a word at first sight, do not guess at the pronunciation of it, lest you should contract the bad cus- tom of miscalling words ; but spell it within yourself, before you offer to prononce it with a loud voice. 3. Be very careful in minding your stops, as they are pointed ; or else neither you that read, nor those that hearken to you, wijl be able to make sense of your reading. 4. Never make any stops between your words where there are none in- troduced; neither utter hemms^ nor haas^ still observing to pronounce what you read with ease, and in the same manner as if you were holding a fam- iliar conversation. The result of these general rules is, that your pronunciation ought to be natural^ that is to say, without art or afiFectation ; clear, that is to say, dis- tinct and intelligible ; smooth^ that is to say, without any constraint or he^ sitation. — 4 — ELEMENTS OP FRENCH GRAMMAR PRONUNCIATION FBENCH ALPHABET 1. The French alphabet has twenty-five letters :— A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, X, Y, Z. They are named in French: a, d/, cd, dd, /, ^^^^g^y (^shy iyjiy ka, elle, emme, enne^ Oypi, qu, Irre, esse, //, «, vd, ikce, i grec, zMe. Grammatical Signs. There are three accents, the acute accent ('), the grave accent ('), and the ci7'- cumflex acce7it (*). The acute is placed over the vowel e^ and gives it an acute sound, as in // clammy ondovant, e. undulating, waving opiniatre, obstinate opulent, e. rich, opulent orageux, se. tempestuous, stormy ordinaire, ordinary, common orgueilleux, se. proud, haughty originaire, originally, coming from original, e. original, first ossu, e. bony ouvert, e. open (said of linen) diapered, worked Paissant, e grazing pale, pale pantois, e. short-winded paradoxial, e. paradoxical pareil, le. alike, equal paresseux, se. idle, lazy parlant, e. speaking p<^teux, se mealy, gluish, sticky path^tique pathetical paternel, le paternal patient, e. patient pendable, that deserves hanging perfide, perfidious, false p^rilleux, se. perilous, dangerous p^rissable, perishable permanent, e. \ P^m^nent, dur- ^ ' ( able, iastmg perplexe, perplexing, wavering, un- [ certain pervers, e. bad, wicked la fortune perverse, adverse fortune petit, e. small, little ouvr6, e. pesant, e. p^treux, se. petulant, e. peureux, se pieux, se. piquant, e, pitoyable. heavy, weighty slow, indolent stony, gravelly pert, saucy timorous, fearful pious striking, tart, sharp pitiful, compassionate plaintif, ve. plaintive, complaining ^ . . \ pleasant, delightful, plaisant, e. S ui ^ ' ( agreeable, merry plat, e. insipid, flat plein, e. full, replete pluviale, rainy, joined to eau pluviale, rainy water poignant, e. sharp, severe pointilleux, se. captious, cavelling pointu, e. pointed, sharp portatif, ve. portable possible, possible poudreux, se. powdery, dusty pr^alable, previous precis, e. precise pr^cieux, se. precious pr^liminaire, previous pr^fixe, • prefixed pr^matur^, e. too early premature predial, e. predial des rentes pr^diales, ground rents pr^f^rable, preferable pr^judiciable, prejudicial prenable, that can be taken pr^paratif, ve. preparative present, e. present press6, e. in haste, in a hurry pret, e. ready, prepared pr^tendu, e. pretended, self dubbed pr^tentieux, se. affected, pedantio pr^venant, e. obliging, pleasing, preux, se, valiant un preux chevalier, a valiant knight pr^voyant, forecasting, provident probable, probable, likely prodigieux, se. prodigious, amazing prodigue, prodigal, wasteful profond, e. deep propre, fit, becoming, apt provenant, e. coming, proceeding pu^ril, e. childish puissant, e, powerful, potent pur, e. pure, unmingled, guiltless — 26 — purpurin, e. purplish roulant, e. rolling putatif, ve. supposed reputed rude. harsh, rough, severe putride, rotten, putrid ruminant, e. ruminating, chew- Quarte, quartan ing the cud la fi^vre quarte, the quartan ague Sablonneux, se. sandy quirjteux, se. capricious, humorsom<' sacrilege, sacrilegious quotidien, ne. daily sage,. (speaking of a man) Cest son pain It is his daily wise, prudent quotidien. custom sage. (of a femelle) modest Raboteux, se. rough, rugged sage, (of a child) good, sedate rachitique, ricketty saee, (of an animal) mild, tame radieux, se. radiant, shining saint, e. saint, holy, pious raffing, e. clever, fine, keen saisissant, e. striking: raide. stiff, rigid un froid saisissant, a striking cold 11 toraba raide He dropped down sain, e. healthy moit, stone dead sale. dirty, nasty rampant, e. creeping, crawling sale, e, salted rapide, swift, rapid salubre. salubrious, healthy rare, scarce, uncommon salutaire, safe, secure ras, e. smooth, plain savonneux, se. soapy rebelle, rebellious seant, e. sitting, decent r^butant, e. re pulsive, displeasing sec, che. dry, barren, sandy recent, e. recent secret, e. secret, hidden rechign^, e. sour, crabbed seditieux, se. seditious, turbu- mine rechignee, a sour look lent, factious r^ciproque, reciprocal, mutual serablable. like, alike recuit, e. overboiled serieux, se. serious, solemn, grave cela est cuit that is boiled s^reux, se. thin, watery et recuit. to rags sensible. sensible, feeling r^ductible. reducible serein, e. clear, serene r^el, le. real, true, genuine serr6, e. close, compact regardant, e. too saving, niggardly seul, e. alone, only regnant, e. reigning severe. severe regrettable, lamentable signale, e. fam ous, signal, memorable r^joui, e. joyous silencieux, se. silent, still religieux, se. religious, pious similaire, similar, homogeneous remuant, stirring, moving simple, simple, plain renomm§, e. renowned, famed simuitan^, e. simultaneous reparable. reparable Simula, e. deceitful, fictitious repu^sif, ve. repulsive sincere, honest, sincere r6serv6, e. prudent, cautious sobre. temperate, sober r^sineux, se. resinous soigneux, se. careful, diligent revenant, e. likely, taking solennel, le. solemn, in due time une physionomie i a pleasing solitaire, solitary, lonely revenante countenance sombre, dark, gloomy r6voltant, e. scandalous somptueux, se sumptuous riche, rich, wealthy soudain, e. suddenly, immediately rid^, e. wrinkled softl, e. full, glutted rond, e. round, circular soumis, e. submissive rouge red soupQonneux, se. suspicious devenir rouge, to blush souterrain. subterraneous rougeatre, reddish spacieux, se. spacious — 27 — studieux, se. suflFocant, e. sujet, te. superflu, e. superieur, u. sdr, e. surnaturel, le. Tachet^, e. tardif, vo. tarissable, t^dieux, se. tel, le. t6m6raire, tempestueux, s tendre, terreux, se. tetu, e. tortu, e. tortueux, se. touchant, e. touffu, e. tourbeux, se. tourmentant, e tout, e. tranchant, e. triomphant, e. trivial, e. turbulent, e. tyrannique, Uligineux, se. unanime, unique, use, e. utile, studious stifling, choaking subject, exposed superfluous superior sure, certain supernatural speckled tardy, slow, late that can be dried up tedious such bold, rash J stormy, teni- ( pestuous tender, soft full of earth obstinate, headstrong crooked winding moving, aflFecting thick, bushy, tufted turfy j tormenting, ( troublesome all, every, any sharp, cutting {victorious, triumphant trivial, common turbulent, violent tyrannical damp, marshy unanimous only, sole worn out, used ' useful, profitable Vacillant, e. vague, vacant, e. vain, e. valeureux, se. valide, vaporeux, se. veillant, e. ven^neux, se. v(5reux, se. vert , e. vertueux, se. vetu, e. vida, vif, ve. vicieux, se. vieil, \ victorieux, se, vigoureux, se. 7il, e. violent, e. viril, e. vite, volant, e. volage, volatile, volontaire. voluptueux, se. vomitif, ve. voyant, e. vrai, e. vraisemblable, vulgaire ( reeling, staggering, \ tottering, wavering loose, indefined vacant vain, fruitless I valiant, stout, ( courageous legal, valid vaporous awake venomous full of maggots, rotten green, fresh virtuous clad, dressed empty, void lively vicious, wicked old, aged victorious vigorous, stout vile, mean violent, passionate manly quick, ?wift flying fickle, inconstant flying, volatile voluntary, wilful voluptuous vomitive very gaudy true, right, real likely, probable vulgar, common Zel^, e, jealous, ardent, passionate VERBES FRANQAIS ET ANGLAIS FRENCH AND ENGLISH VERBS. Abaisser, abandonner, abattre, abimer, abonner, aboutir, abreuver. absoudre, acc^l^rer, accepter, accompagner, accoucher, acheminer, acquerir, adoniser; adresser, afFecter, aggraver, agrandir, aider, j to lower, t© hum- / ble, to let down to forsake, to leave to pull dow^n, to fell to destroy, to ruin to compound j to border upon, to ( meet, to end in {to soak, to lead animals to drink to absolve to hasten to receive, to accept to accompany to deliver to set forward to acquire to dress one's self out j to direct a letter, to I send, to dedicate to affect to aggravate to enlarge, to widen to help, to assist blanchir, V. n. (to grow white ' ( to grow old blesser, to hurt, to wound boucher, to stop a hole, to block up brdler, to burn Cacher, to hide, to conceal cadrer aigrir, to exasperate, to make sour aiguiser, to sharpen aimer, to love, to like, to be fond of ajuster, to adjust, to fit up alarmer, to alarm alluraer, to light, to kindle aller, to go alt^rer, to change amarrer, to moor a ship amasser, to gather, to collect annoncer, to announce Badiner, to joke bailler, to gape, to yawn baiser, to kiss bassiner, to warm a bed b^tir, to build, to erect battre, to beat bercer, to rock a child beugler, to bellow beurrer, to butter bigarrer, to spreckle blanchir v a i *° ^^^*°^ ^^"®"' Dlanchir, v. a. j ^^ ^^^^ j^^^^ calomnier, canarder causer, v. n. causer, v. a. c^der, c61ebrer, ceindre, chanter, charger, chasser, chauffer, choisir, clouer, commencer, concerner, concerter, confoadre, connaitre, conseiller, convoiter, coudre, couler, courir, couvrir, cracher, creuser, croire, cuire. , to suit, to agree, to answer to calumniate {to shoot at a person from a sheltered place to prattle, to tattle to cause, to occasion to yield, to give up to celebrate to gird to sing to charge, to load to drive away to warm, to heat to choose, to select to nail to begin to belong, to concern to contrive, to agree to confound J to know, to be ( acquainted with to advise, to counsel to covet to sew to flow to run to cover to spit to dig, to deepen to believe, to credit to cook, to bake T, ,1 \ to rid, to £?et clear of Debarrasser, -j i deborder, d^cacheter, d^chiffrer, d^couvrir, d^creter, d^faill^r, degager, deg^n^rer. troublesome person to overflow, to jut out to unseal to decipher, to unravel to uncover, to discover to order, to decree to get weak, to fail to redeem to degenerate ^9 d^gfader, degraisser, d^loger, demeurer, d^pecher, depeupler, d^poter, d6sassocier, desserrer, desservir, d^vorer, dififerer, disposer, dorer, doubler, ^branler, ebruiter, Scaler, ^carter, (5chapper, ^chauder ^chauffer, ^claircir, 6chouer, ^clairer, 4crire, ^galiser, ^gorger, 6gratigner, embraser, embrasser, emporter, endosser, Fagonner, facher, farcir, feindre, f<§liciter, feuilleter, fiancer, fixer, flatter, fond re, former, fortifier, fraichir, frequenter, frire, to degrade friser, to scour, to skim fuser, to dislodge Gagner, to dwell, to remain garantir, to dispatch, to send garder, to depopulate gargouiller, ito take a plant gemir, out of a pot glacer, to dissolve partnership glisser, to loosen glousser, to clear the table grandir, to devour griller, to delay, to put off guider, to dispose Hatr, {H. asp.) to gild haler, to double hunter, to shake, to move hater, to divulge h^risser, to shell heurter, to drive away hisser, to escape honnir, to scald houer, to heat, to warm haranguer, to clear, to brighten hurler, to fail, to run aground habiller, (It. mute) J to light, to watch, h4riter, ( to have an eye upon honorer, to write huraecter, to equalize hurailier, j to cut the throat, to Idolatrer, ( murder, to slaughter imaginer, to scratch impliquer, ito burn, to con- impugner, sume by fire imputer, to embrace, to hug incarc^rer, . to carry away indemniserj to put on, to endorse indiquer, to figure, to shape inscrire, to grieve, to afflict intriguer, to stuff, to cram Jaillir, to hesitate, to scruple japper, to congratulate jeiiner, to turn over the leaves jouer, to betroth jouir, to fix, to make firm jucher, to flatter juguler^ to melt, to liquefy justifier, to form Labourer, to fortify lacer, to freshen laisser, to visit often languir, to fry lever, v. &. to curl half to melt to win, to gain, to earn to warrant to watch, to keep to paddle in the water to groan, to moan to freeze, to chill to slide, to slip to cluck like a hen to grow, to grow tall to broil to guide to hate to heave, to haul to haunt, to frequent to hasten to stand on end to strike, to hit to hoist to disgrace, to curse to hoe to make a speech to howl, to yell to dress to inherit to honor to moisten to humiliate to idolize, to worship to imagine to implicate to impugn, to oppose to ascribe, to attribute to imprison to indemnify to indicate to inscribe to intrigue 'to spout out to yelp, to bark to fast to play to enjoy to roost to choak to justify to till, to plough to lace to leave to languish to lift, to raise — 30 — lever, v. n lier, livrer, lou'iher, louer, lutter, Maigrir, inalt'aire, mander, manquer, marchander, marcher, marier, masquer, meler, menacer, menager, moditier, monter, m^rtifier, raouiller, munir, Nager, naitre, natter, n^gocier, noircir, nommer, Ob^ir, obliger, ofFenser, offrir, ondoyer, orner, oter, ourdir, oublier, ouvrir. Pacifier, palir, panser, panser, paraitre, parier, parti r, passer, payer, peindre, penser, perfectionner, p^rir, pers6cuter, to grow, to grow up peupler, to tie, to bind pincer, to deliver, to give up piler, to squint plaindre, to praise plaire, to wrestle, to struggle pleuvoir, to grow lean plonger, to do harm plumer, to order, to acquaint with poignarder, to fail policer, to bargain polir, •to march pondre, to marry porter, to disguise poser, to mix, to mingle postuler, to threaten to husband, to take care pouiller, to modify pourrir, to mount, to ascend pourvoir, to mortify precher, to moisten, to wet pr^cipiter, to store, to provide prendre, to swim prater, to be born pr^venir, to mat priver, to negotiate prohiber, to blacken projeter, to name prot^ger, to obey punir to populate to pinch to pound to pity to please to rain to plunge, to dip to pluck out feathers to stab to govern, to civilize to polish to lay eggs to carry to lay, to set, to put J to put up for, to be a ) candidate for to call names to putrefy to provide to preach to precipitate to take to lend to prevent, to prepossess to deprive to prohibit to scheme, to contrive to protect to punish to oblige Qu^rir, (used only with aller,) to fetch to offend questionner, to question to offer queter, to beg, to collect money to rise in waves quitter, to quit to ornament Kabattre, to pull down again to remove, to take off racommoder, to mend, to' patch to contrive, to warp raccourcir, to shorten to forget racheter, to buy again, to redeem to open radoucir, to pacify railler, to turn pale raisouner, to dress a wound ramasser, to look after a horse rajeunir, to appear rajuster, to bet ramer, to set out, to depart ramoner, to pass, to call T*anger, to pay raper, to paint rapprendre, to think raser, to make perfect rassurer, to quiet one's fear, to secure to peribh ratiser, to poke the fire up to persecute rattraper, to catch again, to overtake to soften to jest, to jeer to argue, to reason to take up, to pick up to grow young again to set in order again lo row to sweep a chimney to set in order to grate, to rasp to learn again to shave — 31 ravawer, rec^ler, reciter, reconnaitre, ^ to ruin, to lay waste t© conceal to recite to know r^cr^er < recueillir, reculer, redire, redoubler, r^duire, r^flechir, r6gir, r^gler, r^gner, regretter, rehausser, rel^guer, rem^dier, remercier, remettre, rendormir, r^parer, r6p4ter, to again, to recognize relieve, to revive, to delight, to refresh J to gather, to receive, j to collect to recoil, to fall bark to say again, to repeat to reiterate to reduce to reflect to govern, to rule to regulate to reign to regret to raise, to heigrhten to exile to remedy to thank, to return thanks to restore, to remit to fall asleep again to repare, to restore to repeat reprendre, to find fault, to take again retenir, to retain, to withhold r§ver, to dream revenir, to return, to come again rire, to laugh Saccager, to sackjto pillage, to plunder saigner. to bleed saper, to sap, to undermine savoir. to know secourir, to assist, to succour s^duire. to seduce seller. to saddle sentir, to feel serrer, to serve, to attend siffler. to whistle sommeiller, to slumber, to doze sommer. to summon sonner, to ring, to strike, to sound souffler. to blow souffrir. to sufi'er souiller. to stain, to soil soumettre. to subdue soutenir, to sustain subir, to undergo, to submit suer, to perspire suivre, ^ to follow supplier, to implore, to supplicate surcharger, to overload survivre, to survive, to outlive sympathiser, to sympathise Tailler, to cut, to carve tarder, to delay tarir, to drain, to dry up taxer, to tax tenir, to hold teter, to suck tirer, to draw, to pull tol^rer, to tolerate tomber, to fall tordre, to twist, to wring tortuer, to make crooked tourner, to turn, to move round traire, to milk traiter, to treat, to settle tranquilliser, to tranquillize travailler, to work tr^bucher, to stumble, to tumble trembler, to tremble tremper, to dip, to steep tricher, to cheat trotter, to trot to kill to unite to wear out, to use to usurp to make useful to be worth to vegetate to watch, to sit up at night to sell to come to clothe to empty to grow old to violate, to transgress to live to row I "Let happen I what may" to veil to see to fly, to steal to travel tuer, Unir, user, usurper, utiliser, Valoir, V(§g6ter, veiller, vendre, venir, vetir, vider, vieillir, violer, vivre, voguer, "Vogue la caldre," voiler, voir, voler, voyager. vouloir, to wish, to be willing EXPRESSIONS QUI SONT INVARIABlES Expressions which are Invariable:^ Autrefois, auparavant, derni^rement) aujourd'hui, a present maintenaiit dans peu, d6sormais, tres- sou vent, toujours, rarement, quelquefois jamais, d, jamais, ailleurs, d'ailleurSi n^anmoins, pourtant, t6t ou tard. bient6t trop tot trop tard, trop peu, peu k peu, encore, pas encore) ici, d'ici, formerly before lately to-day at present now shortly hereafter very often always seldom sometimes never, ever for ever elsewhere besides nevertheless however soon or late very soon too soon too late too little little by little again not yet here, from hence ici pr^s, pres d'icij la, de la, la haut, la bas, d'en hautj d'en bas, en dedans, en dehors, sur, dessus, sous, dessous, plus, moins, de plus, du moins, surtout^ tout au plus, serieusement, ensemble, ensuite, tour-a-tour, oui vraiment, non — non pas, point du tout, pourquoi paroe que, ou, d'ou, just by hard by there, from thence above below from above from below within without upon, on under more, less moreover at least above all at the most seriously together afterwards by turns yes indeed no — not not at all why because where, from whence * The following expressions and the like, which are frequently used to make the tenses of our Form of Speech either more clear, or better connected together, are called invariable, because they do not admit of a diversity of grammatical termi- naisons, as those of the preceding Sections^ PHRASES FAMILIERES, ET Propres d, exercer les Jeunes Gens dans la langue Franqaise, 1. Mon cher, m. ma ch^re, f. Mon cher enfant, m. ) Ma ch^re enfant, f. j Mon bel ange, Mon amour, Ma ch6re ame, Mon cher Monsieur, Ma ch^re Dame, My dear. My dear child. My pretty an^el. My love. My dear soul. My dear sir. My dear madam. Donnez-moi, s'il vous plait, Une tasse de th6 — de cafe, Une beurr^e, De la creme ou du lait, Un peu de sucre, Je vous remercie, .Te vous rends graces, 3. Apportez-moi,. Mon livre — du papier^ De I'encre — une plume, Pretez-moi, pour unj moment, Un Diction naire, Votre crayon — votre canif, Je vous suis bien oblig6, 4. Accord ez-moi une grace, Je vous prie, Je vous supplie, De tout mon coeur. Si je le puis faire, Permettez-moi de sortir, Je ne saurais, Je ne puis pas, Restez ici un moment, Prenez votre ouvrage, Give me if you please. A cup of tea — of coflfee. A slice of bread and butter. Some cream or some milk. A bit of sugar. I thank you. I return you thanks. 3. Bring me. My book — some paper. Some ink — a pen. Lend me, for a moment, A Dictionary. Your pencil — yonr pen-knifer. 1 am greatly obliged to you. 4. Grant me a favor. Pray, or 1 pray you. I beseech you or entreat you^ With all my heart. If I can do it. Give me leave to go out. I cannot. Stay here a moment. Take up your work. -^ 34 — 5. Approcliez-vous de moiy Montrez-raoi cela, Asseyez-vous la, Prenez-garde, Pr^parez votre legon, Etes-vous pret, m. pr§te ?L Je sais ma le§on, Levez-vous d. pr^enty Fermez la porte, Ouvrez la fenetre, Allez vem9 ehauffery &.* Que souhaftez-vous ? Que cberchez-vous ? Qu'avez-vou8 perdu ? R^poDdez-moi, Je cbercbe mon cbapeau. Que drtes-vous ? Parlez plus baut, Je ne vous entends paSy A quoi pensez-vous ? Que laites-vous ? Qu'aveZ'Vous fait ? 5. Come near me* Sbow me tbat. Sit down tbere. Take care. Get your lesson ready* Are you ready ? I can say my lesson. Rise or get i^ now. Shut tbe door. Open the window. Go and warm yourself!. 6r Wbat do you Want ? Wbat do you look for ? Wbat bave you lost ? Answer me. I am looking far my bat* "Wbat do you say ? Speak louder. I don't hear you. Wbat are you thinking of ? What are you doing ? Wbat have you done ? FOUK ABORiyEK ET SALUEK qirELQfU%N^.r 0/ Meeting and Saluting a Person. Monsieur, Madame, ou Mademoisel le,* je vous souhaite le bonjour, Sir, madam, or miss, I wish yorti ai good da}'-, or good morning to yotty Comment vous po.-tez-vo^ta ce nyatin^ How do you do this morning ? Tr6s-bien, Dieu merci, Je me porte fort bien, A votre service, Pret k vous rendre service, Et vous, comment va la sant^ ? Assez-bien, Passable ment biem, Tout douce naent; 1^ la, A mon ordinaire,' Parfaitement bien, J'en suis bien-aise. Very well, thank God* I am very welL At your service. Ready to serve you. And you, bow is it with you ? Pretty well. Tolerably well. Indifferent; so so. As usual. Exceedingly well. \ am very glad of it. Et vous, Madame, comment va Petat And you, madam?, boW do you enjoy de votre sant6 ? your health ? Je ne me porte pas bien, • I am not well, 'en suis fach6, m. f^cb^e, f. I am sorry for it, * Although I have omitted inserting either of these three titles, Monsieur^ etc^ n following phrases, yet one of them is to be irsed according to the person spoke to, every time a question or an answer is made. -. S5 - Oomment s6 porte mdtisieur votre How does your brother do to-day ? fiere aujourd'hui f Jl est uii peu indispose, He is a little indisposed. II est enrhum^; il a mal 4 la tete. He has a cold; he has the head'-ache. Je suis fach^ d^apprendre qu'il ae I am sorry to hear he is ill. porte wial, J'irai le voir ce soir^ I'll go and see him this evening* n. t)t I^eMps et de L*iiEtJiiiiv 0/ tke W€atk€r and the Houf\ Quel tetttps fait^l "? Fait il beau temps ? Fait-il frcid ou chaud ? il fait un temps (?lair, serein et sett, ^-^obscur, humide, venteux, orageux, pluvieux, Pleut-il ? Neige-t-il f 11 pleut 4 verse^ II neige iln peu^ II g^le — il grelci II fait grand vent, II fait un brouillard fort ^pais^ Le soleil commence 4 paraitre^ ■Je vois I'arc-en-ciel, Cest signe de beau temps^ Quelle heure est-il ? II n'est pas tard, II est pr6s d^une heure, Une heure vient de sonnef^ II est une heure et demie, II s'en va deux heuVes, L'horloge sonne, Deux heures sont sonn^es^ Je ne croyais pas qu'il fClt si tard> Regardez a votre montre, Elle avance — elle retarde, ^lle ne vft pas bi^n, What weather is it? Is it fine weather ? Is it cold or hot ? It is clear, serene, and dry Weathef. — dark, Wet^ Windy, stormy weather. Does it rain ? Does it snow ? It rains very hard. It snows a little. It freezes— it hails. The wind is very high. There is a very thick fog. The sun begins to appear^ I see the rainbow. It is a sign of fair weathen What o'clock ? It is not late. It is almost one cVlock^ It has just struck one. It is half an hour past one^ It is almost two o'clock. The clock strikes. It has struck twOk I did not think it Was so late* Look at your watch. It goes too fast-*^it goes too sloWi It does not go right* .-»-.♦:,»«., . — 36 — III. POUR ALLER, "VENIR & ETC, OCi allez vous? Je vais chez-nous, D'oCi venez-vous? Je viens de chez M. B — Voulez-vous veiiir avec moi? Voulez-vous faire un tour? R6pondez-moi; dites-raoi oui ou non, Je n'ai pas le temps, Je le veux bien; j'y consens, Oil irons-nous? Par oil irons-nous? Allez par ici — par 1^, Cest le plus court, Par oCi il vous plaira, A la main gaitche ou k droite, A main gauche ou k gauche, Restez 1^ — venez ici, Traversons ici la rue, Enfilons cette cour-ci, Vous marchez bien vite, Je ne saurais vous suivre, Vous allez trop vite, Vous 6ies un mauvais marcheur, m Allez un peu plus doucement, Etes vous las, m. lasse, f. Je suis fort fatigu6, m. e, f* Reposons-nous un peu, Entrons dans ce cafe-ci, Of Going, Coming &* etc. Where are you going? I am going home. Whence do you come? I come from Mr. B — 's. Will you go along with me? Will you take a walk? , Answer me; tell me yes or no, I have no time. I will; I consent to it. Where shall we go? Which way shall we go? Go this way — that way. It is the nighest way. Which way \ ou please. On the left hand or to the right. On the left hand or to the left. Stay there — come here. Let us cross the street here. Let us go through this court. You walk too fast. I cannot go so fast. You go too fast. , You are a bad walker. Go a little slower. Are you tired? 1 am very much tired. Let us rest a little. Let us go into this coffee-bouse, IV. DES JOURS, DES MOIS, ET DES SAISONS. Of the Days, Months, and Seasons. J'irai k Londres Lundi ou Mardi pro- I shall go to London on Monday or chain. Tuesday next. Je reviendrai Mercredi. I will return on Wednesday. Mon frSre partira Jeudi ou Vendredi. ^^^^d^^a *'^' "^'^ ""^^ ^"* Thursday or Jelui toirai Samedi ou Dimanche. ^ ^^ll/^te to him on Saturday or Sunday. II fait froid aux mois de Janvier et de It i } cold in the months of January F^vrier. and February. Lesjourssontlongs au mois de Mars. '^^alrT ^'^ ^"""^ '"^ ^^^ '^''^^'^ ""^ La nature semble revivre au mois Nature seems to revive in the month d'Avril. of April. 37 — Les arbres sont en fleurs au raois de Mai. On fauche les pr^s au mois de Juin et de Juillet. On commence -X couper les bl^s au mois d'Aodt * La moisson est presque finie au mois de Septembre. Les jours sont fort raccourcis au mois d' octobre. Le feu coran»ence X ^tre de saison au mois de Novembre. II fait bientot nuit A. la fin de D6cem- bre. Le Printemps est agr^able; l'Et6 est ordinairement chaud ; I'Automne est temp6r6, et THiver est froid. The trees are in bloom in the month of May. The meadows are mowed in the months of June and July. They begin to cut down the wheat in the month of August. The harvest is almost over in the month of September. The days are much shortened in the month of October. Fire begins to be comfortable in the month of November. It soon grows dark at the end of De- cember. The Spring is pleasant ; the Summer is generally hot ; the Autumn is mild, and the Winter is cold. V. POUB MANGER ET POUR BOIKK. For Eating a?td Drinking. J'ai faim; j'ai grand'faim, Donnez-moi quelque chose X manger, Que voulez-vous manger; du pain et du beurre ? Apportez-moi quelque autre chose, Voulez-vous du roti ou du bouilli ? Voici du mouton, du boeuf, du veau, et du lard, Nous avons aussi du jambon, qui est excellent, Bin souhaitez-vous manger ? VoiU une assiette, un couteau et une fourchette, Du pain rassis et du pain frais, Du fromage et des fruits, Servez vous, monsieur, J'ai assez mange, J'ai soif; j'ai grand'soif, Donnez-moi i\ boire, Votre petite bieie n'est pas bonne, Je la trouve trop amere, Apportez-moi un verre d'eau et de vin, A present, j'ai mange et bu suffisam- ment, Otez tout ceci, I am hungry; I am very hungry. Give me something to eat. What will you eat; some bread and butter ? Bring me something else. Will you have roast or boiled meat ? Here is some mutton, beef, veal and bacon. We have also a ham which is very nice. Do you choose to eat any ? There is a plate, a knife and a fork. Some stale and new bread. Some cheese and fruit. Helf yourself, sir. I have eaten enough. I am dry; 1 am very dry. Give me some drink. Your small beer is not good. I think it is. too bitter. Bring me a glass of wine and water. Now I have eaten and drunk quite sufficient. Take away all these things. — 38 — VI. CE QUI CONCERNE L'ECOLE ET LEE ECOLIERS, Concerning the School and the Schoolars. Vhere is your book ? There is your grammar. Sit down in your place. Read your lesson. You read too fast. Read slower. Study your lesson. Get It to yourself. You do nothing but play.. Oti est voire livre? Voila votre grammaire, Asseyez-vous A votfe place, Lisez votre le9on, Vous lisez trop vite, Lisez plus douoement, Etudiez votre legon, Apprenez-la tout bas, Vous ne faites que badiner> Je vous marquerai, Faites-moi un peu de place, Vous avez asstz de place, Reoulez-vous un peu, Un peu plus haut, Un peu plus bas, Donnez moi mon livre, OCi coramengons-nous? Jusqu'oCi disons-nous? Jusqu'ici, et pas plus loin, A qui est oe livre? Je nei sais pas ^ qui il est, Quelle est votre tache? Savez-vous votre legon? I will set you down. Make me a little room. You have room enough* Sit a little farther. A little higher. A little lower. Give me my book. Where do we begin? How far do we say? So far and no farther. Whose book is this? I don't know whom it belongs to. Where is your task? Can you say your lesson? Pas encore ; elle est longue et diffl- Not yet; it is very long and hard. cile. Souj(flez-moi. Prompt me. Vous etes un bredouilleur. You are a stammerer. Prononcez plus distinctement, Pronounce more distinctly. Avez-vous une plume, de I'encre et Have you got a pen, some ink and du papier? Eorivez votre devoir, Vous I'avez mal 6crit, II est plein de fautes, Allez le r^crire, Et d6pechez-vous, Dites ou r^citez vocre legon, Montrez-moi votre traduction, Je ne I'ai pas encore faite, Vous serez puni m. punie f. paper? Write your exercise. You have done it badly. It is full of faults. Go and write it over again. And make haste. Say or repeat your lesson. Show me your translation. I have not wrote it yet. You shall be punished. A quelle heure vous §tes-voua levd At what o'clock did you get up this oe matin? morning? A huit heures, At eight o'clock Ponrquoi ne vous ^tes-vous pas leve Why did you not get up sooner? plus t6t? Persoane ne m'a 6veill6 m. Nobody called me up. Vous etes un paresseux, You are a sluggard. Demeurez k votre place. Keep in your place. Otez-vous de ma placcj Get out of my place. -- 39 — Pourquoi me poussez-vous joomme cela? Qui est-ce qui vous pousse? Je me plaindrai de vous, Faites-le, si vous voulez, Je ne m'en soucie point, Vous etes un rapporteur, Taisez-vous, Tenez-vous tranquille, II a erach6 sur mes habits, 11 m'a donn4 un soufflet, II m'a ^gratign6 le visage, II a d^chir^ mon livre, Cest un espi^gle, Vous etes un vaurien. Monsieur, il m'empeche d'apprendre ma le(}on, II nie pousse hors de ma place, II me donne des coups de pied, Pourquoi I'avez-vous dinonc^ swi Maitre ? Je vous en ferai repentir, MeleZ'Vous de vos affaires, Why do you push me er thruBt me so? Who pushes you? I'll complain of you. Do it, if you will. I don't care for that. You are a tell-tale. Hold your tongue. Be quiet, or be still. He has spit upon my clothes. He gave me a box on the ear. He scratched my face. He has torn my book. He is a mischievous boy. You are a wicked boy. Sir, he hinderg me from getting my lesson. He thrusts me out of my place. He kicks me Why did you tell the Master of him? I will make you repent of it. Mind your own business. FIN, — 40 ELEMENTS OF FRENCH GRAMMAR GRAMMATICAL RULES PARTS OF SPEECH. There are ten parts of speech, or sorts of words ; six of which, namely, the article, the substantive or noun substantive, the adjective or noun ad- jective, the pronoun, the verb and the participle, are variable, that is, are liable to vary in their termination ; and the remaining four, namely, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction and the interjection, are in- variable, that is, never change. •The substantive serves to name a person or thing, as Henri, Henry; BATON, stick. The adjective is a word added to a substantive to express some quality or property of a person or a thing; as "aimable enfant," amiable child; " rose blanche," white rose. The peculiar adjective- words un, une, a or an; and le, la, les, the, are called "articles." The verb is a word by which we express that persons or things do any thing, or are any thing, or have any thing done to them; as "Charles lit," Charles reads. "Le boeuf est utile" — The ox is useful. " Un bon ^l^ve EST recompense par son maitre" — A good pupil is rewarded by his master. The pronoun is a word that stands for a noun, to avoid repetition ; as, "L'enfant est fatigu6, IL dort" — The child is tired, he is asleep. The participle is so called because it participates of both the adjective and the verb; as, "un chien dormant" — a sleeping dog; "un baton rompu" a broken stick. The adverb is a word added to a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, to express some circumstance, modifying such verb, adjective, or adverb; as, "servir piDijLEMENT" — to serve faithfully; "TR^s-grand," very great; *'rOfiT bien," very well. Toe preposi ion 'erves to denote a relation between two words; as, "Je viens de Paris ' — I co.i e from Paris. The conjunction is used to connect words or sentences together; as, "Dieu ET mon droit" — God and and my right. "Soyons heureux, mais soyons sages" — Let us be happy, but let us be wise. The interjection expresses a sudden emotion; as, ha! helas! 41 ARTICLE. There are in French three articles, the definite, the indefinite, and the partitive. They agree in gender and number with the noun to which they relate. DEFINITE ARTICLE The definite article is le, la, les, the. 3. LE is masculine singular; as, " le p6re," the father. 4. LA is feminine singular; as, " la m6re," the mother. 5. l' (apostrophe, see page 1) is singular of either gender; as, "I'enfant" the child. 6. LES is plural of either gender; as, " les enfants," the children. When LE or les is preceded by de, of or from, or by ^, to or at, D i LE is contracted into du, de les into des, d, le into au, and d les into Aux; therefore : — 7. DU is used instead of cl6 le. 8. DEs is used instead of de les, 9. AU is used instead of d, le. 10. Aux is used instead of cl les INDEFINITE AKTICLE. The indefinite article is UN, une, a or an. 11. UN is masculine singular; as, "un fr6re," a brother. 12. une is feminine singular; as, "une sceur," a sister. PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 13. The partitive article is du, de la, de l' or des, some or any. 14. Some or any is often understood in English, but in French the ar- ticle du, de LA, de l' or DES, is always used before a noun taken in a par- titive sense, as : II a append du papier, de I'encre et g^ ^as brought paper, ink des plumes. " r r ^ Avezvous de la cire ? — Non, mais Have you any wax ? — N , out I have j'ai des pains k cacheter. some wa 15. When a noun is preceded by an adjective, and is taken vaguely in a partitive sense, de is used without the article, as : Get homme a de grands talents. That man has great talents. But the article is used whenever the substantive is taken in a particular sense, or is considered as forming, with the adjective, a compound word, as : Voild de la bonne viande. There is some good meat, Voici des petits pains tout chauds. Here are some rolls quite hot. — 42 — 16. ENGLISH CONSTEUCTIONS INVERTED BY TEANSLA.TION INTO FRENCH. When the English possessive case is expressed by '5, as in *'my father's house," the words are rendered in an inverted manner in French, and their relation is conveyed by the preposition db, as : My father's house. — "La maison de mon p6re," literally, the house of my father. The child's toys. — "Les jouets de I'enfant," literally, the toys of the child, A mother's affection. — "L'affection d'une m6re," literally, the aflFection of a mother. The preposition de is also put between the name of the thing and the name of the matter of which it is made, and this is in French always the last ; as, A leather shoe. • Un Soulier de cuir. A paper hat. Un chapeau de papier A silk handkerchief. Un mouchoir de sole. Thread stockings. Des bas de fil. SUBSTANTIVES. FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF SUBSTANTIVES. General Rule 17. The plural of substantives is formed by adding an s to the singular; as, FEUiLLE, leaf, feuilles, leaves. Exceptions. 18. Substantives ending with s, a, or 2, in the singular, do not vary the plural; as, bras, arm, bras, arms; noix, nut, Noix, nuts; nez, nose, NEZ, noses. 19. Substantives ending with au, eu, or ou, take an cc; as, marteau, hammer, marteaux, hammers; feu, fire, feux, fires; joujou, toy, joujoux, toys. 20. Bleu, blue, clou, nail, and a few more substantives in ou, follow the general rule; that is, take an s ; bleus, clous. 21. Substantives ending with al, or ail, change these terminations into Aux; as, CHEVAL, horse, chevaux, horses; travail, work, travaux, works. 22. BAL, ball, fivENTAiL, fan, and a few more substantives in al, ail, follow the general rule; that is, take s : bals, £ventails. 23. The following are irregular : ceil, eye, yeux, eyes, (oeils in some instances;) aieul, grand-father, aieuls, grand-fathers; a'ieux, ancestors; ciel, heaven, sky; cieux, heavens (ciels in some instances.) - 43 — ADJECTIVES. 24. The adjective agrees in gender and number with the substantive to witch it relates : as, UN beau chien, a fine dog ; une maison bl nche, a white house ; deux chbvaux noirs, two black horses. 25. If the adjective relates to several substantives, it is put in the plural; as, Mon p6re et mon frfiresontheureux. My father and brother arc happy. Ma m6re et ma soeur sont heureuses. My mother and sister are happy. 26. If the substantives to which the adjective relates are of different gen- ders, it is put in the masculine plural ; as, Mon p6re et ma m6re sont heureux. My father and mother are happy. FOEllfATION OF THE FEMININE OF ADJECTIVES. 27. An adjective is made feminine by the addition of an e mute to the masculine termination, as grand, gkande, great, large, tall; petit, petite, little, small. 28. Adjectives ending in the masculine with e mute do not change for the feminine; as utile, useful; s^v^re, severe. 29. Adjectives ending with el, eil, ien, on, as, or et, double their last consonant and take e mute; as cruel, cruelle, cruel; pareil, pareille, like, CHRETIEN, cuRfiTiENNE, christian; bon, bonne, good; las, lasse, tired; MUET, MUETTE, dumb. 30. Ras, shorn, makes in the feminine rase. Complet, discret, inquiet, SECRET, make complIste, discrete, inqui^te, secrete. Cher, dear, makes CH^RE. 31. Adjectives ending witg /^change /'into ve; as neup, neuve, new. 52. Adjectives ending with x change x iuto se; as heureux, heureusb, happy; nombreux, nombreure, numerous; jaloux, jalouse, jealous. 33. Adjectives ending with eur generally change eur into kuse; as TROMPEUR, trompeuse, deccitful. 34. Ant^rieur, ext^rieur, inf^rieur, int^rieur, majeur, mineur, meilleur, sup^rieur, take e mute. Aocusateur, conducteur, cr^ateur, protecteur, make in th6 feminine^ accusatrice, conductrice, etc. Vengeur, enchanteur, make vengeresse, enchanteresse. 35. Among other adjectives which form their feminine irregularly are : Mas. Fem. Mas. Fem. Beau ) Bel f Blanc, Doux, Epais, Favori, Faux, Fou, ) Fol, \ Frais, Franc, Gentil, Gros, Long, Malin, belle, j fine, beautiful. Mou, ) Mol, ] blanche. white. Nouveau, douce. sweet. Nouvel, 6paisse, thick. Nul (ne,) favorite. favorite. ' Public, fausse, false. Roux, folle. mad. Sec, Sot, fraiche. fresh. Tiers, franchq. frank. Traitre, gentille. pretty. Turc, grosse. big. Vieux, ) Vieil, \ longue. long. maligne, ma ignant. molle, soft. nouvelle. new. nulle. no. publique, public. rousse. red. s6che, dry. sotte, silly. tierce. third. traitresse. traitor turque. turk. vieille, old. — 44 — 36. Beau, fou, mou, nouvkau, viecix, are used before a consonant or h aspirated; but bbl, fol, mol, wouvel, vieil, are used before a vowel or silent h. FOEMATION OF THE PLUEAL OF ADJECTIVES. 37. The plural of adjectives is generally formed like the plural of subs- tantives. Many adjectives in al form their plural in aux, as iiGAL, £gaux, equal. PLACE OF ADJECTIVES. 38. Adjectives in B^rench are generally placed after substantives ; as, UNE CHAMBRE cARRfiE, a Square room; une nuit obscure, a dark night. 39. The following adjectives usually precede the substantives: beau, fine; bon, good; cher, dear (denoting affection;) digne, worthv; grand, great, jeune, young; joli, pretty; malvais, bad; MfiCHANT, wicked; meil- LEUR, better; moindre, less; petit, little; vieux, old. DEGREES OF COMFAEiSON. There are three degrees of comparisou: — 1. The positive, or the adjec- tive itself. 2. The comparative, expressed by jo/ws, more, or moms ^ less, placed before the adjective. 3. The superlative, expressed by le, la, or LEs plus, the most; le, la, or les moins, the last, placed before the adject- ive: as, positive. comparative. superlative. f plus digne, le plus digne, Digne^ J worthier. the worthiest, worthy. j moms digne, le moins digne, [ less worthy. the least worthy. 40. To denote a comparaison of equality, aussi, as, is placed before the adjective, and que, as, after it; as,HENRi est aussi atten tip que Robert. Henry is as attentive as Robert. 41. To denote a comparison of suoeriority,PLUS, more, is placed before the adjective, and que, than, after it; as, Charles est plus grand que Louis. Charles is taller than Lewis. 42. To denote a comparison of inferiority, moins, less, is placed before the adjective, and que, than, after it; as, Caroline est moins instruitb QUE Louise. Caroline is less learned than Louisa. THE superlative DEGREE. When the quality is expressed in a very high degree, without implyiag a comparison, the superlati AC is called absolute, and is formed with some adverb of degree, such as, tr^s, fort, bien, very; extremement, extrem- ely; excessivement, excessively, etc*, before the adjective; as, ma mere est tres-heureuse. My mother is very happy. 44. When the superlative expresses a comparison with other objects, it is called relative, and is formed by prefixing le, la, les, mon, ma, etc., to the adverbs plus and moins; as, la plus appliqu^e de vos sceurs, the most sedulous of your sisters; le plus heureux des iiommes, the happiest of men. 45. The following ndjectives form their degrees of comparison irregularly: Bon, good; meilleue, better; le meilleur, the best. — 45 — Matjvais, bad; pire or plus mauvais, worse; lk pire or le plus mauvais the worst. Petit, little or small; moindre, or plus petit, less or smaller; le moin- DRE or LE PLUS PETIT, the last or smallest. 46. The comparative of these adjectives must not be mistaken for the comparative of their corresponding adverbs: BiEN, well; MiEUX, better; le mieux, the best. Mal, badly; pis or plus mal, worse; le pis or le plus mal, the worst. Peu, little; hour's, less; le moins, least. NUMERALS. 47. The cardinal numbers are: Un, one. Deux, two. Trois, three. Quatre, four. Cinq, five. Six, six. Sept, seven. Huit, eight. Neuf, nine. Dix, ten. Vingt, twentv. Vingt et un, twenty-one. Vingt-deux, twenty-two. Vingt-troiis, twenty-three. Vingt-quatre, twenty-four. Trente, thirty. Trentc et un, thirty-one. Trente-deux, thirty-two. Trente-trois, thirty- three. Trente-quatre, thirty-four. Quarante, forty. Quarante et un, forty-one. Soixante, sixty. Soixante et un, sixty-one. Quatre-vingt, eighty. Quatre-vlngt-un, eighty-one. Cent, a hundred. Onze, eleven. Douze, Twelve. Treize, thirteen. Quatorze, fourteen. Quinze, fifteen. Seize, sixteen. Dix-sept, seventeen. Dix-huit, eighteen. Dix-neuf, nineteen. Vingt-cinq, twenty 6ve. Vingt-six, twenty-six. Vingt-sept, twenty-seven. Vingt-huit, twenty-eight. Viogt-neuf, twenty-nine. Trente-cinq, thirty-five. Trente-six, thirty-six. Trente-sept, thirty-seven. Trente-huit. thirty-eight. Trente-neuf, thirty-nine. Cinquante, fifty. Cinquante et un, fifty-one. Soixante et dix, seventy. Soixante et onze, seventy-one. Quatre-vingt-dix, ninety. Quatre-vingt-onze. ninety-one. Mille, a thousand. 48. Mjlle is spelt m?7, when it refers to the Christian era; as, Van mjl hujt cent cinquante quatre, the year 1854. 49. The ordinal numbers are : Premier, first. Neuvi^me, ninth. Second, | , Dixi^mo, tenth. Deuxi^me, f ^econu, Onzi^me, eleventh, Troisi^me, third.* Douzi^me, twelfth. Quatri^me, fourth. Vingtieme, twentieth. Oinqui^me, fifth. Vingt et uni^me, twenty-first. Sixieme, sixth. • Vingi-deuxieme, twenty-second. Septi^me, seventh. Trentieme, thirtieth. Huitidme, eighth. Quaranti^me, etc., fortieth. eub. 40 -"^ 50. The distributive numbers (fractions) are I La moiti6, the half. Le cinqui^me, the fiftbj Le tiers, the third. Le sixi6me, the sixth. Le quart, the fourth. Le septi^me, the seventh. Les trois quarts, the three fourths. The rest like the ordinal numbet*3* 51. In speaking of sovereigns, or the days of the month, the cardinal numbers are generally used^ as^ Louis quaTorzeJ, koi de J^rijtcb* Louis the XlVth, king of France. Le i>eux avril. The second of April. 52. Except in mentioning the first} aa, Henri Ibr. Henry the 1st. L^ iPREMiER JANVIER. The Ist of January. PRONOUNS. I»EB80NAL PRONOUNS* - "( §3. The following pronouns are called conjundtive, because they ai"^ I Immediately united with verbs: ■^. SUBJECT OB OBJECTIVE CASES. tINATIVE CASE. DATlVBi ACOUSATlVfi. je, L tu, thou, il, he, it, ) elle, she, it. j me, to me» te, to thee. , . j to him, to hefj ^"^'^ \ to it. me^ me. te, thee, le, himj iti la, her, it. nous, We. nous, to us. nous, us. vousj you. vousj to you. vous, you. eL.l"'^^ leurj to thenl* les, them 19tt, himself, herself, itsel^j oriels selfj themaelvesj each, oii one another, olfc to himself, to herself, to itself, to one's self j to themselves etc* Y, to him, her, itj them, etc; EN, of OR from himj her, itj them, etCi 54. Conjunctive personnel pronouns in the accusative or dative fere al- >vays placed before the verbj unless the verb be in the imperative affirma* live (see Rule 59); as, Je vous voisi 1 see you. II me parle* . He speaks to rtle» Prenez-le» Take it. 55» In interrbgations, the pi^orioUn in the tiominative case comes after the Verb; as, Parlez-tous fran^ais ? Do yoa speak French ? 56. The following pronouns are called disjuuctivcj because they are used independently of the verb, or separated from it: SINGULABi ifOMi^AfiViJ ) MOi, Toi, AISD y I, thou, ACCUSATIVE. ) me, thee. LUl, he, him, ELLiJ, she, hef> 801, one's selfi _ 4^ t'LUEAL NOUS, we, us voirs, you, EUX, they, them. they, them. KOMiKAttVE AND ACCUSATIVE 57. T,he disjunctive personal pronouns are often connected with thd 'Word "raeme," self J moi-meme, myself. nous*ttiemesj ourselves, toi-m^me, thyself. Vous-meme, yourself; lui-meme, himself* vous-rtiemesj yourselves elle-m£me, herself. eux-memes, ) ^, . soi-meme, one's self. elles-fxidmes, P^^""^^^''®^' 58. The disjunctive pronouns are found after a verb or a preposition j and sometimes are used alone for the sake of emphasis J as, "C'est moi." It is I. "Parle-t-il de moi ?" Does he speak of me ? **Lul, il est Alle- mand." He is a German. 68. Personal pronouns are placed after the verb iu the imperative affir- mative ; as "Prenez-le.'' Take it. "Parlez-leur." Speak to them. 60. After the imperative affirmative, MOt and toi are substituted for m6 »nd te^ except when followed by en a book. as, "Donnez moi un livre*" Give me f^OSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 61. The following, being always used with nouns, are Called pronouiiij adjective : SINQULAR I'LURAL. MASO. FKM. OF BOTH GENDBB84 mon, ton, ma, ta. son, notre, Votre, leur, sa, mes, tes, see, my, thy, his, her, its, one'si no8. our* vos, leursi your, their. 62. The followingj having a reference to nouns understood, are called disjunctive possessive pronouns : le mien, la mienne, les miens, les tiens les siens, le tien, la tienne le sien, la sienne, le n&tre, le votre, le leur. la n6tre, la votrc, la leur, les miennes, mine. les tiennes, thine. les siennes, j his, her, its, ( one's own. les n6tre9, ours< les v6tres, yours* lea leurs, theirs^ 63. Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number With the object Eossessed, and never, as in English, with the possessor; as, **8on mari,'* er husband ; "sa soeur," his or her sister. 64. MON, TON SON, are used instead of ma, ta, ^a, befere nouns femin- ine beginning with a vowel or h mute; as, "mondme," my soul; "son^pou-' e," his wife* — 48 — EELATIVE PRONOUNS 65. The relative pronouns are those which relate to a preceding noun or pronoun, which is called antecedent, and with which they agree in gender, number and person. They are : "qui,'* who, which, that. "de qui," of or from whom, whose; "dont," of or from whom, of or from which, whose; "de quoi," of or from what, "a qui," to whom; "a quoi," to what, "que," whom, which, that, "lequel, m. s., laquelle, f. s., lesquels, m. pi., lesquelles, f. pi.," which, whom, that. 66. The following are interrogative : "qui"? who or whom ? "qui est-ce qui? de qui"? etc. *'quoi? que? qu'est-ce que"? what? "de quoi"? etc. "lequel? m. s., laquelle? f. s., lesquels? m. pi., lesquelles"? f. pi., which ? 67. The following are always used with a substantive : "quel, m. s., quelle, f. s., quels, m. pi., quelles, f. pi.," what ? which ? DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 68. The demonstrative pronouns serve to point out the thing or things spoken of. The following are called pronouns adjective : '' !- cette. this, that. ces. these, those. SINGULAR. PLURAL. MASC. FEM. OF BOTH GENDERS. ce, cet, 69. Cet is used before a noun masculine beginning with a vowel or a silent h. 70. Ge is much used with est^ is, and corresponds with the English it ; as. Vest vous. It is you. O^est un livre. It is a book. 71. Ct, here, and /^, there, are sometimes added to the noun after, ce, cette, ces ^ as, ce livre-ci, this book.; ceUe plume- let, that pen. 72. The following demonstrative prono\ins refer to an object not named: ceci, this ; as, Ceci est utile^ This is useful. cela, that ; Gela est inutile, That is useless. 73. The following point out an obiect previously mentioned : celui, m. s., celle, f. s., this, that. ceux, m. pi., cellos, f. pi., these, those. celm-cL m. s. ) .i. celui-lct, m. s. ) ., . celle-cCts. \ ""^°"«- celle-\&^i.s. \ t^"* °"«- ceux-ci, m, pi. ) ., ceux-lct, m. pi. ) , , celles-ci, f. pi. f ^^^^^ celles-m, f. pi . j ^^°^® 74. Ce, celui, ceux, and celles, are also used with a relative pronoun in reference to a noun previously expressed ; as, Celui qui fait son devoir — He who does his duty. Celui quefaime — He whom I love. — 49 — PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES INDEFINITE. 75. Pronouns and adjectives indefinite have a vague and general signi- fication ; as, ON, l'on, one, they, people. quiconque, whoever. PLUSiEURS, several. quelconque, whatever, any. AUTRE, other. quelqde, ) ^^^^ ^ ^^^ AUTRUi, other people, others. quklques, j ' CHACUN, each, every one. quelques-uns, some personne, anybody. quelque. . .que, however. persoxne (ne), nobody. L^uer l'autre, one another. TEL, he, who, buch, such a one. l'un et l'autre, both. QUELQu'uN, somebody. l'un ou l'autre, either. AUCUN, any one. Ni l'un ni l'autre, neither. certain, certain, nul, no one. CHAQUE, each, every. tout, every thing. QUI QUE CE soiT, whoever. tout. . .que, however. Quoi QUK OE SOIT, whatever. 76. Autre, certain, chaque, quelqttk, quelconque, plusikurs, tel, TOUT, AUCUN, NUL, are used adjectively. VERBS. 77. The verb etre^ to be, as it expresses existence, is called a verb sub- stantive; all other verbs, as they contain an attribute or quality, are called verbs attributive. These are divided into verbs active or transitive; verbs passive ; verbs neuter or intransitive ; verbs reflective, and verbs unipers- onal or impersonal. MOODS AND TENSES. 78. A verb has five moods : 1. The infinitive, which denotes an action or state in an indefinite manner ; as, aimer, to love. 2. The indicative, which affirms positively; &s,^eparle — I speak. 3. The conditional, which affirms conditionally ; as, tie pari erais 5i, etc. — I would speak, if etc. 4. The imperative, which implies command, request; as, Parle— Spe&k. 5. The subjunctive, which denotes an action or state in a manner dependent on a preceding verb, which implies doubt, fear, or desire, and to which it is connected by the conjunction ^? j b Qu'ils aient, that they may have. ^. ,.i ' .. ^u .l ^u • i,* ^ * J' J' Qu'iIs eussent, that they might have. 85. PAST PERFECT. 87. PL I PERFECT. Que j'aie eu, that I may have had. Que j'eusse eu, that I might have had. INTERROGATION WITH VERBS. 88. To conjugate a verb interrogatively, the pronoun nominative is placed after the verb; as, avez-Vous de l' argent? have you any money? 89. If the nominative is a noun, it is placed at the head of the sentence, and IL, ELLE, ILS, or elles, after the verb, according to the preceding rule: as, vos FRi:RES ont-ils de l'argent? have your brothers any money? 90. The interrogation can also be formed by est-ce que (is it that); as, EST-CE QUE votre fr^re A DE l'argent? has your brother any money? est-ce Qir'iL A DE l'argent? has he any money? 91 The letter -T-, between two hyphens, is placed after a verb ending with a vowel and followed by il, elle, or on, in inteyrogations; as, a-t-il DES PLVMES? has he any pens? 92. - ETRE. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present. — Etre, t© be. Past. — Avoir 6t6, to have been. PARTICIPLES. Present, — Etant, being. Past. — Et6, been. Ayant ^t^, having been. Future. — Devant etre, about to be. — 52 INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Je suis, I am. Tu es, tbou art. II est, be is. Nous sommes, we are Vous etes, you are. lis sont, they are. 93. IMPERFECT. j'^tais, I was. Tu 6tais, thou wast. II ^tait, he was. Nous 6tions, we were. Vous 6tiez, you were, lis 6taient, they were. 95. PAST DEFINITE. Je fus, I was. Tu fus, thou wast. II fut, he was. Nous filmes, we were. Vous rCites, yon were, lis furent, they were. FUTURE. Je serai, I shall be. Tu seras, thou wilt be. II sera, he will be. Nous serons, we shall be. Vous serez, you will be. lis seront, they will be. PAST INDEFINITE J'ai 6t^, I have been. 96. PAST ANTERIOR. J'eus 6t^, I had been. COMPOUND TENSES. 94. PLUPERFECT. J'avais 6t6, I had been. FUTURE ANTERIOR. J'aurai ^t^, I shall have been. CONDITIONAL MOOD. PRESENT, Je serais, I should be. Tu serais, thou wouldst be. II serait, he would be. Nous serionp, Vous seriez, lis seraient. we should be. you would be. they would be. PAST. J'aurais ^t^, I should have been. IMPERATIVE MOOD, Sois, be (thou) Qu'il soit, let him be. Soyons, let us be, Soyez, be (ye). Qu'ils soient, let them be. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 97. PRESENT OR FUTURE. Que je sois, that I may be. Que tu sois, that thou mayst be. Qu'il soit, that he may be. Que nous soyons, that we may be. Que vous soyez, that you may be. Q'ils soient, that they may be. — 53 — 98. PERFECT. Que j'aie ^t^, that I may be. 99. IMPERFECT. Que je fusse, that I might be. Que nous fussions, that we might be. Que tu fusses, that thou mightst be. Que vous fussiez, that you might be. Qu'il fut, that he might be. Qu'ils fusseut, that they might be. 100. PLUPERFECT. Que j'eusse 6t6, that I might have been. NEGATION WITH VERBS. 101. A negation is generally expressed in French by two worda : ne...pas, l not, ne. . . nullement, )in no manner, ne... point, ) ' ne... aucunement, f by no means, ne. . . personne, nobody. ne. . . nulle part, nowhere, ne... rien, nothing. ne... que, only, but nothing but. ne.. . jamais, never. ne., . ni, neither, no more. ne...nul, ) ^^ ^^^^^ ne...plus, no longer, no more. ne...aucun, f ' ' ne...gu^re, but little. ne... goutte, not a jot. 102. The negative ne always precedes the verb ; the other words? explanatory of the negation, generally follow the verb, but most of them may also be placed at the beginning of the sentence : as, II n'est pas heureux. he is not happy. II ne consentira jamais. he will never consent. Jamais il ne consentira. never will he consent. CONJUGATION OF VEEBS- French verbs are divided into four conjugations, distinguished by the termination of the infinitive mood: The first conjugation ends in er, as donner, to give. second IR, finir, to finish. third oiR, recevoir, to receive. fourth RE, vendre, to sell. The first conjugation has one model verb, the second has four, the third one, and the fourth four. A verb is said to be regular, when it is conjug- ated like one of those ten verbs. 103. MODEL VERB OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. (The first conjugation includes about 5,000 verbs conjugated like donner.) INFINITIVE MOOD. PRfisENT. — Donner, to give. Past. — Avoir donn^, to have given. — 54 — PARTICIPLES. Pr^isent. — Donnant, giving. Past. — Donn^, given. Ayant donn^, having given. Future. — Devant donner, about to give. INDICATIVE. PRESENT. Je donne, I give. Tu donnes, thou givest. II donne, he gives. Nous donnions, we give. Vous donnez, you give, lis donnent, they give. 104. IMPERFECT. Je donnais, I was giving. Nous donnons, Tu donnais, thou wast giving. Vous donniez, II donnait, he v^as giving. lis donnaient, we were giving. you were giving. they were giving. COMPOUND TENSES. PAST INDEFINITE. 105 . PLUSPERFECT. J'ai donn^, I have giv6n. J'avais donn^, I have given. *106. The simple tenses are formed in French with one word only, je DONNE, is either I give, I do give, or I am giving, je donnais,I was giving or I used to give. 107. PAST DEFINIT3C. Je donnai, I gave. Tu donnas, thou gavest. II d@nna, he gave. Je donnerai, I shall give. Tu donneras, thou wilt give. II donnera, he will give. Nous dorinames, we gave. Vous donnates, you gave, lis donnerent, they gave. FUTURE . Nous donnerons, we shall give. Vous donnerez, you will give. Ih donneront, they will give. PAST ANTERIOR. J'ens donn^, I had given. FUTURE ANTERIOR. J'aurai donn^, I shall have given. CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. should give. Je donnerais, Tu donnerais, thou wouldst give. 11 donnerait, he would give. Nous donnerions, we should give. Vous donneriez, you would give, lis donneraient, they would give. PAST. J'aurais donn^, I should have given Nous aurions donn^, we should '. Tu aurais donne, thou wouldst have have given. \ • gjj Vous auriez donn^, you would i Ti -I have given. " ^ II aurait donn^, he would have Us auraient donn^, they would j given, have given. ' — 55 — IMPERATIVE. Donnons, let us give. Donne, give (thou). Donnez, give (ye). Qu'il donne, let him give. Qu'ils donnent, let them give. SUBJUNCXrVB. PRESENT OR FUTURE. Qae je donn e, that I may give. Que nous donn ions, that we may Quetudonn es, thatthoumayst give, give Qu'il donn e, that he may give. Que vous donn iez, that you may give Qu'ils donn ent, that they may give. IMPERFECT Que je donn asse, that I might give. Que nousdonn assions, that we might Que tu donn asses, that thou mighst give. gj)'®. ^ Que vous donn assiez, that you might Qu'il donn ^t, that he might give. give. Qu'ils donn assent, that they might give. PERFECT. Que j'aie donn 6, that I may have given. PLUPERFECT. Que j'eusse donn 6, that I might have given. ORTHOGRAPHICAL REMARKS. 108. In verba ending in ger, the e is retained after g before A, o, to preserve the articulation of G soft; as, changer, to change; nous chan- GEONs, we change. 109. When c is pronounced like s, in the infinitive, it takes a cedilla before a, o, or u, to preserve its articulation; as, commencer, to begin; cOMMENgANT, beginning. 110. Verbs which have y before the termination of the infinitive or part- iciple present, generally change it into i before e, es, and ent; as, emplo- yer, to employ; j'emploie, T employ. Til. Verbs which have e (with an acute accent) or e mute in the infinit- ive or participle present require a grave accent on it (fe) before a consonant followed by an E mute; as, ESPfiRER, to hope; il esp^jre, he hopes; mener, to lead; XL mj^ne; he leads. 112. Verbs having e mute before the termination of the infinitive ler and Ter, generally double l and t, when followed by e, es, and ent; as, APPELER, to call; JETER, to throw; j'appelle, I call; JE JETTE, I throw. Seme take the grave accent on the e; acheteb, to buy; il achete, he buys. — 56 — MODEL VEEBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. The second conjugation is divided into four classes. Their model verbs are: 1. FiNiE, to finish. 2. Servik, to serve. 3. Ouvkie, to open. 4, Tenib, to hold. The first class consists of about 300 verbs. • The second consists of the verbs servir, to serve; skntir, to feel; SOR- tir, to go out; mentir, to lie; dormir, to sleep; partir, to set out; se re- PENTiR, to repent; and their derivatives, such as desservir, etc. The third consists of the verbs ouvrir, to open; couvrir, to cover; of- FRiR, to offer; souffrir, to suflFer; and their derivatives. The fourth consists of the verbs tenir, to hold; venir, to come; and their derivatives. 113.~FIN1R. INFINITIVE. Present. — Fin ir, to finish. Past. — A. voir fin i, to have finished. PARTICIPLES. Present. — Fin issant, finishing. Past. — Fin i, finished. Ayant fin i, having finished. Future. — Devant fin ir, about to finish. INDICATIVE. present. past DEFINITE. I Ji nish, I finished. Je fin is. Nous fin issons. Je fin is. Nous fin imes. Tu fin is. Vous fin issez. Tu fin is. Vous fin ites. II fin it. lis fin issent. II fin it. lis fin irent. IMPERFECT. FUTURE. I was finishing. I shall finish, Je fin issais. Nous fin issions. Je fin irai. Nous fin irons. Tu fin issais. Vous fin issiez Tu fin iras. Vous fin irez. II fin issait. lis fin issaient. II fin ira. lis fin iront. PAST INDEFINITE. PAST ANTERIOR. J have finished, 1 had finished, J'ai fin i, etc. J'eus fin i, etc. PLUPERFECT. FUTURE ANTERIOR. I hadfi.mshed ^ shall have finished, J'a'vais fin i, etc. J'aurai fin i, etc. — 57 — CONDITIONAL. , PRESENT. / should finish Je fin irais. Nous fin irions. Tu fin irais. Vous fin iriez. II fin irait. lis fin iraient. IMPERATIVE. Finish (thou), Fin issons. Fin is. Fin issez. Qu'il fin isse. Qu'ils tin issent. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT OR FUTURE. That I may finish. Que je fin ibse. Que nous fin issions. Que tu fin isses. Que vous fin issiez. Qu'il fin isse. Qu'ils fin issent. IMPERFECT. That I might finiish. Que je fin isse. Que nous fin issions. Que tu fin isses. Que vous fin issiez Qu'il fin it. Qu'ils tin issent. PAST COND. PAST SUBJ. PLUPERFECT SUBJ. I shoud have finjsh- That 1 may have finish- That I might have finish- ed, ed. . ^^* J'aurais fin i, etc. Que j'aie fin i, etc. Que ] eiisse fani, etc. 114. - SERVIR. INFINITIVE. Present. — Serv ir, to serve. Past. — Avoir serv i, to have served. PARTICIPLES. Present. — Serv ant, Serving. Past. — Serv i, served, Ayant serv i, having served. FtTURE. — Devant serv ir, about to serve. INDICATIVE. PRESENT. / serve. Je ser s. Tu ser s. II ser t. Je serv ais. Tu serv ais. II serv ait. Nous serv ons. Vous serv ez. lis serv ent. IMPERFECT. / was serving. Nous serv ions. Vous serv iez. lis serv aient. PAST INDEFINITE. / have served. J'ai serv i. PaST definite. / served. Je serv is. Nous serv )mes. Tu serv is. Vous serv ites. 11 serv it. lis serv irent. future. / shall serve. Je serv irai. Nous serv irons. Tu serv iras. Vous serv irez. 11 serv ira. lis serv iront. PAST anterior. / had served. J'eus serv i, etc. — 58 — PLUPE^EPECT, / had served. J'avais serv i, etc. CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. / should serve. Je serv irais. Nous serv irions. Tu serv irais. Vous serv iriez. II serv irait. lis serv iraieiit. PAST. / should have semed. Ser 6*. Qu'il serv e. IMPERATIVE. Serve (thou). Serv ons. Serv ez. Qu'il serv ent. FUTURE ANTERIOR. / shall have served. J'aurai serv i, etc. SUBJONCTIVE. PRESENT OR FUTURE. That 1 7?iay serve. Que je serv e. Que nous serv ions. Que tu serv es. Que vous serv iez. Qu'ii serv e. Qu'iis serv ent. IMPERFCT. That I might serve. Que je serv isse. Que nous serv is- sions. Que tu serv isses. Que vous serv is- siez. Qu'il serv it. Qu'iis serv issent. SUBJUNCTIVE. PAST. PLUPERFECT. That I may That I might have served, have served. Que j'aie serv i, Que j'eusse serv i, etc. etc. * The V of the verbal root serv is thrown away in the singular of the ■ indicative and imperative. The same with t and m of se7ithy sortir^ dor- i mir,partir, se repentjr, and their derivatives. 115. - OUVEIR. INFINITIVE. Present. — Ouvr ir, to open. Past. — Avoir ouv ert, to have opened. PARTICIPLES. Present. — Ouvr ant, opening. Past. — Ouv ert, opened. Ayant ouv ert, having opened. Future. — Devant ouvr ir, about to open. — 59 — INDICATIVE - J'ouvr e. Tu ouvr es. II ouvr e. PRESENT. I open. Nous ouvr ons. Vous ouvr ez. • lis ouvr ent. J'ouvr is. Tu ouvr is II ouvr it, PAST DEFINITE. I opened. Nous ouvr imes, Vous ouvr ites. lis ouvr irent, FUTURE. I shall open. J'ouvr irai. Nous ouvr irons. Tu ouvr iras. Vous ouvr irez, II ouvr ira. lis ouvr iront. PAST ANTERIOR. / had opened, J'eus ouv ert, etc. FUTURE ANTERIOR. I shall have opened. J'aurai ouv ert, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT OR FUTURE. I should open. That I may open. J'ouvr irais. Nous ouvr irions, Que j'ouvr e. Que nous ouvr ions, Tu ouvr irais, Vous ouvr iriez, Que tu ouvr es. Que vous ouvr iez. II ouvr irait. lis ouvr iraient. Qu'il ouvr e. Qu'ils ouvr ent. IMPERFECT. That I might open. Que j'ouvr isse. Que nous ou- vr issions. Que tu ouvr isses. Que vous ou- vr issiez. Qu'il ouvr it. Qu'ils ouvr issent. IMPERFECT. / was opening. J'ouvr ais. Nous ouvr ions. Tu ouvr ais. Vous ouvr iez. II ouvr ait. lis ouvr aiont PAST INDEFINITE. I have opened. J'ai ouv ert, etc. PLUPERFECT. I had opened. J'avais ouv ert, etc. CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. PAST. I should have opened. J'aurais ouv ert, etc. IMPERATIVE. open {thou.) PAST. Ouvr e. Ouvr ons. That I may have Qu'il ouvr e. Ouvr ez. opened. Qu'ils ouvr ent, Que j'aie ouv ert, etc. PLUPERFECT. That I might have opetied. Que j'eusse ouv ert, etc. — GO II t lent. 116.-TENIR. INFINITIVE. Present. — Ten ir, to hold. Past. — Avoir ten u, to have held. PARTICIPLES Present. — Ten ant, holding. Past. — Ten u, held. Ayant ten u, having held. Future. — Devant ten ir, about to hold. INDICATIVE. PAST DEFINITE. I held. Je t ins. Nous t inmes. Tu t ins, Vous t intes. II t int. lis t inrent. PRESENT. I hold. Je t iens. Nous ten ons. Tu t iens. Vous ten ez. lis t iennent. IMPERFECT. I was holding Je ten ais. Nous ten ions. Tu ten ais. Vous ten iez. II ten ait. lis ten aient. PAST INDEFINITE. / have held. J'ai ten u, etc. PLUPERFECT. / had held. J'avais ten u, etc. CONDITIONAL. PRESENT, / should hold. Je tiend rais. Nous tiend rions. Tu tiend rais. Vous tiend riez. 11 tiend rait lis tiend raient. PAST. / should have held. J'aurais ten u, etc. FUTURE. 1 shall hold. Je tiend rai. Nous tiend rons. Tu tiend ras. Vous tiend rez. II tiend ra. lis tiend ront. PAST ANTERIOR. I had held. J'eus ten u, etc. FUTURE ANTERIOR. / shall have held. J'aurai ten u, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT OR FUTURE. That I may hold. Que je t ienne. Quenous ten ions. Que tu t iennes. Que vous ten iez. Qu'il t ienne. Qu'lls t iennent. IMPERFECT. That I jnight hold. Que je t insse. Que tu t insses Qu'il t int. Que nous t inssions. Que vous t inssiez. Qu'ils t inssent. T iens. Qu'il t ienne. Ten ons. Ten ez. Qu'ils t iennent IMPERATIVE. Hold {thou). PAST. That I may have hela. Que j'aie ten u, etc. PLUPERFECT. That I might have held. Que j'eusse ten u, etc. — 61 — MODEL VERB OF THE THIRD CONJUGiTION. The third conjugation consists of the verbs eecevoir, to receive, pekce- voiR, to collect (rents, taxes, income); apercevoir, to perceive; DEvoir, to owe; BEDEVOIR, to owe still; concevoir, to conceive; DfiCEvoiR, to de- ceive. 117.-RECEV0IR. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present. — Rec evoir, to receive. Past. — Avoir reg u, to have received. PARTICIPLES. Present. — Rec evant, receiving. Past. — Reg u, received. Ayant reg u, having received. Future. — Devant rec evoir, about to receive. INDICATIVE. Je reg ois Tu req ois II reg oit Present. I receive. Nous rec evons Vous rec eve? lis reg oivent IMPERFECT. / was receiving, Je rec evais Nous rec evions Tu rec evais Vous rec eviez 11 rec evait lis rec evaient PAST DEFINITE. Je reg us Tu req us 11 reg ut I received. Nous reg ftmes Vous reg Cites lis reg urent FUTITKB. I shall receive, Je rec evrai Nous rec errons Tu rec evras Vous rec evrez 11 rec evra lis rec evront PAST INDEFINITE. I have received, J'ai reg u, etc. PLUPERFECT. J had received, J'avais reg u, etc. CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. J should receive, Je rec evrais. Nous rec evrions. Tu rec evrais. Vous rec evriez. II rec evrait* lis rec evraient. PAST ANTERIOR. I had received, J'eus reg u, etc. FUTURE ANTERIOR. J shall have received, J'aurai reg u, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT OR FUTURE. That I may receive. Que je reg oive. Que nous rec e- vions. Que tu reg oives. Que vous rec e* viez. Qu'il reg oive. Qu'ils reg oivent. 62 PAST. 1 should have received* J'aurais, rftgu, etc. IMPEBATIVH. Receive {thou), Reg ois. Qu'il reg oive. Rec evons. '' Rec evez. Qa'ils re9 ©ivent. iMPERIi'ECT. That I might receive. Que je reg usse. Que nous reg us- sions. Que tu reg usses. Que vous rag us- siez. Qu'il reg i\t. Qu'ils reg ussent. Pi ST. That I may have received. Que j'aie reg u, etc. PLUPERFECr. That I might have received. Que j'eusse reg u, etc. MODEL VERBS OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. The fourth conjugation is divided into four classes : The first ends in ndrb, rdrb (not preceded by i), as vendre, to sell j PERDRE, to lose. The second ends in aitre, oitbe, as paraitre, to appear ; croitre, to grow. The third ends in uire, as RfiDuiRE, to reduce. The fourth ends in indre, as plaindre, to pity. 118.-VENDRE* INFINITIVE MOOD. Present.-— Vend re, to sell. Past. — Avoir vend u, to have sold. PARTICIPLES. Present. — Vend ant, selling. Past. — Vend u, sold. Ayant vend u, having sold. Future. — Devant vend re, about to sell, INDICATIVE MOOD. Je vend s^ Tu vend s. II vend* PRESENT* I sell. Nous vend ons. Vous vend ez. lis vend ent. PAST DEFINITE. I sold. Je vend is. Nous vend iraes* Tu vend is. Vous vend ites. 11 vend it. lis vend irent. IMPERFECT. / was selling. Je vend ais. Nous vend ions. Tu vend ais. Vous vend iez. 11 vend ait. lis vend aient. Je vend rai. Tu vend ras. 11 vend ra. Future. / shall sell. Nous vend rons* Vous vend rez. lis vend ront* — 63 PAST INDEFINITE. I have sold, J'ai vend u, etc. PLUPEKFECT. I had sold. J'avais vead u, etc. PAST ANTERIOB. I had sold. J'eus vend u, etc. FUTURE ANTERIOB. / shall have sold. J'aurai vend u, etc. CONDITIONAL. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. PRESENT OR FUTURE. I saould sell. That I may sell. Je vend rais. Nous vend rions. Que je vend e. Que nous ven- d ions. Tu vend rais. Vous vend riez. Que tu vend ea. Que vous ven- d iez. II vend rait. lis vend raient. Qu'il vend e. Qu'ib vend ent. PAST. I shonld have sold. J'aurais vend u, etc. Vend s. Qu'il vend e. Vend ons. Vend ez. Qu'ils vend enfe. IMPERATIVE. tiell {thou). IMPERFECT. That I might sell. Que je vend isse. Que nous vend is- sions. Que tu vend isses. Que vous vend is- siez. Qu'il vend it. Qu'ils vend issentr PAST. That I may have sold. Que j'aie vend u, etc. PLUPERFECT. That I might have sold. Que j'eusse vend u, etc. 119. - PARAITRE. I INFINITIVE MOOD. Present. — Par aitre, to appear. Past. — Avoir par u, to have appeared. PARTICIPLES. Present. — Par aissant, appearing. Past. — Par u, appeared. Ayant par u, having appeared* FtTURE. — Devant par aitre, about to appear. PRESENT. — 64 — INDICATIVE MOOD. PAST DEFINITE, I appear. .Te par aia. Nous par aissons. Tu par ais. Vous par aissez. 11 par ait. lis par aissent. IMPERFECT. I was appearing. Je par aissais. Nous par aissions. Tu par aissais. Vous par aissiez. II ppr aissait. lis par aissaient. I appeared* Je par us. Nons par (imes. Tu par us. Vous par fttes. II par ut. lis par urent. FUTURE. I shall appear. Je par aitrai. Nous par aitrons. Tu par aitras. Vous par aitrez. II par aitra. Us par aitront. PAST INDEFINITE. I have appeared. J'ai par u, etc. PAST ANTERIOR. I had appeared. J'eus par u, etc. CONDITIONS L. PRESENT. / should appear. Je par aitrais. Nous par aitrions. Tu par aitrais. Vous par aitriez. U par aitrait. Us par aitraient. PAST. I sHoidd have appeared. J'aurais par u, etc, IMPERATIVE. Appear {thou). Par ais» Qu'il par aisse. Par aissons. Par aissez. Qu'ils par aissent. PLUPERFECT. I had appeared. J'avais par u, etc. FUTURE ANTERIOR. I shall have appeared. J'aurai par u, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT OR FUTURE. That I may appear. Qae je par aisse. Que nous par ais- sions. Que tu par aisses.Qae vous par ais- siez. Qu'il par aisse. Qu'ih par aissent. IMPERFECT. That I might appear. Que je par usse. Que nous par us- sions. Que tu par usses. Que vous par us- siez. Qu'il par ilt, Qu'ils par ussent. PAST. That I may have appeared. Que j'aie par u, etc. PLUPERFECT. That I might have appeared* Que j'eusse par u, etc. 130. - REDUIRE. INFINITIVE. Present. — R4dui re, to reduce. tAST* — Avoir r^dui t, to have reduced. - 65 PARTICIPLES. Present. — R4dui sant, reducing. Past. — Redui t, reduced. Ayant r^dui i, having reduced. Future. — Devant r^dui re, about to reduce. indicative. Je r^dui s. Tu r^dui s. II r^dui t. PRESENT. / reduce. Nous r6dui sons. Vous r^duisez. lis r^dui sent. IMPERFECT. I was f educing. Je r^dui sals. Nous r^dui sions. Tu r^dui sais. Vous r^dui siez. II r^dui salt. lis r^dui saient. PAST INDEFINITE. / have reduced. J'ai r6dui t, etc. PLUPERFECT. / had reduced. J'avais r^dui t, eto. CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. / should reduce. Je r^dui rais. Nous redui rions. Tu r6dui rais. Vous r^dui riez. II r6dui rait. J Is r^dui raient. PAST. / should have reduced. J'aurais redui t, eto. IMPERATIVE. Reduce (thou), R^dui s. Qu*il r^dui se. R4dui sons. R6dui sez. QuMis r^dui sent. PAST DEFINITE. / reduced. Je r^dui sis. Nous r^dui simes. Tu r^dui sis. Vous r^dui sites. II r^dui sit. lis r^dui sirent. FUTURE. / shall reduce. Jer^duirai. Nous r^dui rons. Tu r^dui ras. Vous r6dui rez. II r^dui ra. lis r^dui ront. PAST ANTERIOR. / had reduced. J'eus r^dui t, etc. FUTURE ANTERIOR. / shall have reduced J'aurai r6dui t, eto. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT OR FUTURE, That I may reduce. Que je r^dui se. Que nous r^dui- sions. Que tu r^dui ses. Que vous r^dui- siez. Qu'il r^dui se. Qu'ils r^dui sent. IMPERFECT. That I might reduce. Que je r4dui- Que nous r^dui- sisse . sissions. Que tu r^dui- Que vous r^dui- sisses. sissiez. Qu'il r^dui stt Qu'ils r^dui sisseut PAST. Tjtat I may have reduced. Que j'aie rddui t, eto, PLUPERFECT. That I might have reduced. Que j'eusse redui t, etc. — 66 — 121. - PLAINDRE. Pbesent. — Plai ndre, Past. — Avoir plai nt, INFINITIVE. to pity. to have pitied. PARTICIPLES. Present. — Plai gnant, pitying. Past. — Plai nt, pitied. Ayant plai nt, having pitied. Future. — Devant plai ndre, about to pity. indicative. present. Past definite. Je plai ns. Tu plai ns. II plai nt . I pity. Nous plai gnons. Vous plai gnez. lis plai gnent. Je plai gnis. Tu plai gnis. II plai gnit. I pitied. JSous plai gnimes Vous plai gnites lis plai gnirent. IMPERFECT. / was pitying. Je plai gnais. Nous plai gnions, Tu plai gnais. Vous plai gniez. Ilplaignait. lis plai gnaient. PAST INDEFINITE. / have pitied. J'ai plai nt, etc. PLUPERFECT. 1 had pitied, J'avais plai nt. CONDITIONAL. FUTURE. I shall pity. Je plain drai. Nous plai ndrons, Tu plai ndras. Vous plai ndrez. II plai ndra. lis plai ndront, PAST ANTERIOR. I had pitied. J'eus plai nt, etc. FUTURE ANTERIOR. I shall have pitied. J'aurai plai nt, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE. PREgENT. PRESENT OR FUTURE. I shou Id pity. That I may pity. Je plai ndrais. Nous plai ndrions. Que je plai- Que nous Tu plai ndrais. Vous plai ndriez. gne. gnions. II plai ndrait. Us plai ndraient. Que. tu plai- Que vous gnes. gniez. Qn'il plai gne. Qu'ils plai gnent plai- plai- PAST. I should have pitied. J'aurais plai nt, etc. Que je plai- gnisse. Que tu plai- gnisses. Qu'il plai gnit. IMPERFECT. That I might pity. Que nous plai- gnissions. Que vous plai- gnissiez. Qu'ils plai gnis sent. IMPERATIVE. — 67 — Pity {thou). PAST. Plai ns. That I may have pitied. Qu'il plai gne. Que j'aie plai ni. rial giions. pluperfect. P'ai gnez. That I might have pit jed Qu'ilsplai gnent. Que j'eusse plai nt. PASSIVE VERBS. 122. A verb passive consists of the verb etre, and the participle past of a transitive verb. The participle agrees in gender and number with the nominative case, that is to say, the subject to which it relates; as, Je suis,aim6 or aim^e. I am loved. Tu es aim6 or aim^e. Thou art loved. 11 est aim^. He is loved. EUe est aim^^F. She is loved. Nous sommes aim^s or aim^es, etc. NEUTER OR INTRANSITIVE VERBS- 123. The neuter or intransitive verbs are conjugated in their compound tenses with the auxiliary avoir, ejioept the following, which are conjuga- ted with etre: AUer, to go. Mourir, to. die. Arriver, to arrive. Naitre, to be born. D^c^der, to die . Parvenir, to attain . ficlore, to blow, to hatch. Rerenir, to come again. Intervenir, to intervene. Venir, to come. Some neuter verbs are conjugated with both avoir and etre. With AVOIR they express an action, with etre the state resulting from that ac- tion; as, 11 a descendu au vestibule. He went down to the hall. Maintenant, il est descendu. Now he is downstairs. REFLECTIVE VERBS. They are conjugated with two pronouns, and their compound tenses are formed by means jof the auxiliary etpe; as, Je me suis habill^ or babill^e. 1 have dressed myself. Tu t'es habill^ or habill^e. Thou hast dressed thyself. II s'est habill^. He^has dressed himself. EUe s'est habillee. She has dressed herself. Nous nous sommes habilles or ha- We have dressed ourselves, etc. billies, etc. — 68 — 124-CONJUGATION OF A REFLECTIVE VERB. INFINITIVE. Present. — Se lever («=ato raise one's self up), to rise. Past. — S'etre lev^, to have risen. PARTICIPLES. Present. — Se levant, rising. Past. — Lev6, risen. S'^tant lev6, having risen. Future. — Devant se lever, about to rise. INDICATIVE. IMPERFECT. I was rising. Je me levais. Ta te levais. II se levait. Nous nous levions. Vous vous leviez. lis se levaient. PRESENT. I rise. Je me l6ve. Tu te l^ves. II se l6ve. Nous nous levons. Vous vous levez. lis se Invent. PAST DEFINITE. I rose. Je me levai. Tu te levas. II se leva. Nous nous levames. Vous vous levates. lis se lev^rent. PAST INDEFINITE. / have risen. Je me suis lev6. Tu t'es lev6. II s'est lev6. Nous nous sommes lev^s. Vous vous etes lev^s. lis se sent lev6s. PAST ANTETIOR. I had risen. Je me fus lev^. Tu te fus lev6, II se fut lev6. Nous nous fftmes lev^s. Vous vous ffttes lev6s. lis se furent lev^s. PRESENT. I should rise, Je me Idverais. Tu te l^verais. II se l^verait. Nous nous Idverions. Vous vous l^veriez. FUTURE. I shall rise. Je me Uverai. Tu te I6veras. II se levera. Nous nous l^veroAS. Vous vous l6verez. lis se l^veront. PLUPERFECT. I had risen. Je m'^tais lev^, Tu t'^tais \ev6. 11 s'^tait lev6. Nous nous 6tions lev^s. Vous vous 6tiez lev^s. lis sMtaient lev^s. FUTURE ANTERIOR. J shall have risen. .Te me serai lev6. Ta te seras lev6. II se sera lev6. Nous nous serons lev^s. Vous vous serez lev^s. lis se seront lev^s. CONDITIONAL. PAST. / should have risen, Je me serais lev6. Tu te serais lev6. II se serait lev6. Nous nous serions lev^s. Vous vous seriez lev6s. Tia ae\ a£kt*ai£in^ I ^\faa PEESENT OR FUTURE. Tho.t I may rise. Que je mc l^ve. Que tu te l6ves. Qu'il 86 l6ve. Que nous nous levions. Que vous vous leviez. Qu'ils 86 Invent. PAST. That I may have risen. Que je me sois lev6. Que tu te sois lev6, Qu'il se soit lev6. Que nous nous soyons lev^s. Que vous vous soyez lev^s, Qu'ils se soient lev^s. — 69 — SUBJUNCTIVE. IMPERFECT. That I might rise. Que je me levasse. Que tu te levasses, Qu'il se levat. Que nous nous levassions. Que vous vous levassiez, Qu'il se levassent, PLUPERFECT. Tfiat I might have risen. Que je me fusse lev6. Que tu te fusses lev6. Qu'il se fftt leve. Que nous nous fussions lev6s. Que vous vous fussiez lev^s. Qu'ils se fussent leves. IMPERATIVE. Rise (thou), L6ve-toi. Qa'il se I6ve. Levons-nous. Levez-vous. Qu'ils se Invent. 126.-C0NJUOATI0N OF A V££B IMFEHSONAL. (See Falloir, pleuvoir, seoir, in the list of irregular verbs, page 72.) Y avoir (literally ; "there to have") is very frequently used : INFINITIVE. Present. — Y avoir, there to be. Past. — Y avoir eu, there to have been. PARTICIPLES. Present. — Y ayant, there being. Past. — Y ayant eu, there having been. Future — Devant y avoir, (an idiom meaning, As there is to be). INDICATIVE. 11 y a. PRESENT. There is or are. IMPERFECT. There was or were. 11 y avait. PAST. There has or have been, 1 y a eu. II y eut. II y aura. PAST DEFINITE. There was or were. FUTURE. There will be. PAST ANTERIOR. There had been. II y eut eu, — 70 — PLUPERFECT. FUTURE ANTERIOR. There had been. There will have been II y avait eu. II y aura eu. CONDITIONAL. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. PRESENT OR FUTURE. IMPERFECT. There would be. That there may be. That there i7iight be. II y aurait. Qu'il y ait Qu'il y edt. PAST. PAST. PLUPERFECT. There would have been. That there may have been. That there 77iight have been. II y aurait eu. Qu'il y ait eu. Qu'il y eClt eu. 127. - GENERAL RULES FOR FORMING THE TENSES. From the participle present, form: The three persons plural of the "present of the indicative" by changing the termination ant into ons, ez, ent. (Except verbs of Class IV of the second conjugation, and verbs of the third conjugation.) The "imperfect of the indicative" by changing the ant into ais, ais, AITTTtONS, lEZ, AIENT. The "PRESENT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE" by changing the ANT into E, es, E, IONS, lEz, and ent. (Except verbs of Class IV of the second conjugation, and verbs of the third conjugation.) The "FUTURE OF THE INDICATIVE" and the "conditional" are formed from the present of the Infinitive by changing the final r, RE,or oir, for the future, into rai, ras, ra, i ons, rez, ront; (Except verbs of Class IV of the second conjugation.) for the conditional, into R4is, rais, rait, rions, riez, RAIEXT. (Except verbs of Class IV of the second conjugation.) The "imperfect of the subjunctive" is formed from the second per- son singular of the past definite of the Indicative, by adding another s with e, es, ions, iez, and ent; the third person singular ends with t (at, it, ut, int). The "imperative" is like the present of the Indicative, omitting the pro- nouns. The third persons are like those of the present Subjunctive. When the second person singular of the present of the Indicative ends with es, S is always suppressed in the Imperative, except in particular cases. 128. -AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE VERBS. Throughout the list, wherever the first person is alone given, the other persons are regularly formed according to the synoptical table of termin- ations. NOTE. The following is the order in which the tenses are given: — Infin- itive present; participle present; participle past; indicative present, imper- fect,'past definite, future; conditional; imperative; subjunctive present, im- perfect. NOTE. Verbs compounded of a verb and a preposition are conjugated like the verb with which they correspond; thus, compressors like prendre, CONSCEIRE like fiCRiRE (the £ of ^CRiRE is a euphonic lettar), etc. — 71 — A Verb preceded by an asterisk (*) is defective, ETRE added to the participle, signifies that the compound tenses are conjugated with that auxiliary; as je suis all^, etc. *^Absoudre, (to absolve.) Absol vant, absou s, fem, absout e — J'absou s — J'absolv ais — J'absoud rai — J'absoud rais — Absou s — Que j'absolv e. AcQUfiRiR, (to acquire.) Acqu6r ant, acqui s — J'acquier s, s, t; nous ac- qu6r oris, ez, ils acquiSr ent — J'acquer ais — J'acqu is — J'aoquer rai — J'acquer rais — Acquier s — Que j'acquier e, es, e, acqu^r ions, iez, ac- qui6r ent — Que j'acqu isse. ALLER.(to go.) All ant, all 6 (etre) — Je vais, vas, va; nous all ons, ez, ils vont — J'all ais — J'all ai — J'i rai^J'i rais — Va — Que j'aill e, es, e; all- ions, iez, aill ent — Que j'all asse. AssAiLLiR, (to assault.) Assaill ant, assaill i — J'assaill e — J'assaill ais — I'assaill is — J'assailli rai — J'assailli rais — Assaill e — Que j'assaill e — Que j'assaill isse. AssEOiR, (s',) (to sit down.) S'assey ant, assis (etre) — Je m'assie ds — Je m'assey ais — Je m'ass is — Je m'assi ^rai — Je m'assi 6rais — Assie ds- toi — Que je m'assey e — Que je m'ass isse. Battre, (to beat.) Batt ant, batt u — Je bat s— Je batt ais — Je batt- is — fe batt rai— Je batt rais — Bat s — Que je batt e — Que je batt isse. BoiRE, (to drink.) Buv ant, b u — Je boi s, s, t; buv ons, ez, boiv ent — Je buv ais — Je b us — Je boi rai — Je boi rais — Boi s — Que je boiv e, es, e; buv ions, iez, boiv ent — Que je b usse. BouiLLiR, (to boil.) Bouill ant, bouill i— Je bou s— Je bouill ais — Je bouill is — Je bouilli rai— Je bouilli rais — Bou s— Que je bouill e — Que je bouill isse. CoNCLURE, (to conclude.) Conclu ant, concl u — Je conclu s — Je con- clu ais — Je concl us — Je conclu rai — Je conclu rais — Conclu s — Que je conclu e — Que je concl usse. CoNFiRE, (to pickle.) Confi sant, confi t — Je confi s — Je confi sais — Je confi s— Je confi rai — Je confi rais — Confi s — Que je confi sp — Que je con I' isse. CouDRE, (to sew.) Cous ant, cous u — Je coVid s — Je cous ais—Je cou- s is— Je coud rai — Je coud rais — Coud s — Que je cous e — Que je cou- s isse. CouRiR, (to run.) Cour ant, cour u — Je cour s — Je cour ais — Je cou- r us — Je cour rai— Je cour rais — Cour s — Que je cour e — Que je cou- r usse, Croire, (to believe.) Croy ant, cr u — Je croi s — Je croy ais — Je cr us — Je croi rai — Je croi rais — Croi s — Que je croi e — Que je cr usse. CuEiLLiR, (to gather.) Cueill ant, cueill i — Je cueill e — Je cueill ais — Je cueill is — Je cueill erai — Je cueill erais — Cueill e — Que je cuei 1 Que je cueill isse. Dire, (to tell.) Dis ant, di t — Je di s, s, t; dis ons, (Iites,f dis ent — Je dis ais — Je d is — Je di rai — Je di rais — Di s — Que je dis e — Que je d isse JDiRE and REBiRE make in the second person plural of the indicative present and of the imperative dites and kedites; but the other verbs, compounded of dire, follow the general termination — contredisez, Dfi- DISIEZ, INTERDISEZ, M^DISEZ, PEfiDISEZ. — 72 — iScRiRE, (to write,) ificriv ant, 6cri t— J'^cri s— J'^criv ais— J'^criv is — J'^cri rai — JMcri rais — ]^cri s — Que j'6criv e — Que j'^criv isse. Envoyer, ^to send.) Envoy ant, envoy 6 — J'envoi e — J'envoy ais — J'ea- voy ai — J'enver rai — J'enver rais — Envoi e — Que j'envoi e — Que j'en- voy as>e. Faire, (to make, to do.) Fais ant, fai t — Je fai s, s, t; fais ons, fait es fon t — Je fais ais — Je f is — Je fe rai — Je fe rais — Fai s — Que je fass e — Qde je f isse. *Falloir, (to be necessary.) Fall u— II fau t— II fall ait— II fall ut— ■ II faud ra— II faud rait— Qu'il faill e— Qu'il fall tt. FuiR, (to run away.) Fuy ant, fu i — Je fui s — Je fuy ais — Je fu is — Je fui rai — Je fui rais — Fui s — Que je fui e — Que je fu isse. Hair, (to hate.) Haiss ant, hai — Je hai s, s, t; haiss ons, haiss ez, hais- s ent — Je haiss ais — Je hais — Je hai* rai — Je hai rais — Hai s — Que je ha- Xss e — Que je ha isse. Lire, (to read.) Lis ant, 1 u — Je li s — Je lis ais — Je 1 us — Je li rai — Je li rais — Li s— Que je lis e — Que je I usse. *LuiRE, (to shine.) Luis ant, lu i — Je lui s — Je luis ais — Je lui rai — Je lui rais — Lui s — Que je luis e. Mauuire, (to curse.) Maudiss ant, maudi t — Je maudi s — Je maudis- s ais — Je maud is — Je maudi rai — Je maudi rais — Maudi s — Que je mau- diss e — Que je maud isse. < Mettre, (to put.) Mett ant — mi s — Je met s— Je mett ais— Je m is — Je mett rai — Je mett rais — Met s — Que je mett e — Que je m isse. MouDRE, (to grind.) Moul ant — moul u — Je moud s — Je moul ais — Je raoul us — Je moud rai — Je moud rais — Moud s — Que je moul e — Que je moul usse. MouRiR, (to die.) Mour ant, mort (etre) — Je meur s, s, t; mour ons, ez, meur ent — Je mour ais — Je mour us — Je mour rai — Je mour rais — Meur s — Que je meur e, es, e; mour ions, iez, meur ent — Que je mour- usse. MoirvoiE, (to move.) Momr ant, ra u — Je meu s, s, t; mouv ons, ez, meuv ent — Je mouv ais — Je m us — Je mouv rai — Je mouv rais — Meu s — Que je meuv e, es, e; mouvi ons, iez, meuv ent — Que je m usse. Naitre, (to be born.) Nais sant, n e (etre) — Je nai s — Je naiss ais — Je naqu is — Je nait rai — Je nait rais — Nai s — Que je naiss e — Que je na- qu isse. NuiRE, (to hurt.) Nuis ant, nu i. The rest like EfiDUiRE, page 35. Plaire, (to please.) Plais ant, pi u — Je plai s — Je plais ais — Je pi us — Je plai rai — Je plai rais — Plai s— Que je plais e — Que je pi usse. Pleuvoir, (to rain.) Pleuv ant, pi u — II pleu t — II pleuv ait — II pi ut — II pleuv ra — 11 pleuv rait — Qu'il pleuv e — Qn'il pi (it. PouRVoiR, (to provide.) Poiirvoy ant, pourv u — Je pourvoi s — Je pour- voy ais — Je pourv us — Je pourvoi rai — Je pourvoi rais — Pourvoi s — Que je pourvoi e — Que je pourv usse. PouvoiR, (to be able.) Pouv ant, p u — Je pui s or je peu x, tu peu x, t; pouv ons, ez, peuv ent — Je pouv ais — Je p us — Je pour rai — Je pour- rais — Que je puips e — Que je p usse. Prendre, (to take.) Pren ant, pri s — Je pren ds, ds, d; pren ons, ez, prenn ent — Je pren ais — Je pr is — Je prend rai — Je prend rais — Prend s — Que je prenn e, es, e; pren ions, iez, prenn ent — Que je pr isse. — 73 — pRfiVALOiR, (to prevail.) Like valoir, except subjunctive present, que je pr^val e, etc. PRfivoiR, (to foresee). Like voir, except je pr^voi rai, je prevoi rais. RfisouDRE, (to resolve). R6solv ant, r^sol u and r6sou s— Je r^sou s — Je r^solv ais — Je r^sol us — Je r^soud rai — Je r6soud rais — Resou s — Que je r6solv e — Que ;e r^sol usse. RiRK, (to laugh). Ri ant, ri— Je ri s — Je ri ais— Je ri s— Je ri rai— Je ri rais — Ri s — Que je ri e — Que je ri sse. RoMPRE, (to break. Romp ant, romp u — Je romp s — Je iromp ais — Je romp is — Je romp rai — Je romp rais— Romp s — Que je romp e — Que je romp isse. Savoir, (to know). Sach ant, s u— Je sai s, s, t ; sav ons» ez, sav ent— Je sav ais — Je s us — Je sau rai — Je sau rais — Sach e, sach ons, sach ez — Que Je sach e — Que je s usse. Seoir, (to be becoming, suit.) Sey ant— 11 si ed— II sey ait — 11 si6 ra — li si6 rait — Qu'il si^ e. ♦Seoir, (to s't). S6 ant, sitting — S is (situated). SuFFiRB, ( to suffice). Suffis ant, suffi. Like confire. ScrivRE, (to follow). Suiv am, suiv i — Je sui s — Je suiv ais — Je suiv is — Je suiv rai — Je suiv rais— Sui s — Que je suiv e — Que je suiv isse. Taire, (to conceal) (Se TAiRE, to be silent). Like plaire. ♦Traire, (to milk). Tray ant, trai t— Je trai s— Je tray ais— Je trai rai Je trai rais — Trai s — Que je trai e. Vaincre, (to vanquish). Vainqu ant, vaino u — Je vain cs — Je vainqu ais — Je vainqu is — Je vainc rai — Je vainc rais — Vain cs — Que je vainqu e — Que je vainqu isse. Valoir, (to be worth). Val ant, val u— Je vau x— Je valais — Je val us — Je vaud rai — Je vaud rais. No imperative. Que je vaill e, es, e; val ions, iez, vaill ent — Que je val usse. Vetir, (to clothe). Vet ant, vet u — Je vet s — Je vet ais — Je v§t is — Je veti rai — Je veti rais — Vet s — Que je vet e — Que je vet isse. VivRE, (to live;. Viv ant, v6c u — Je vi s — Je viv ais — Je v6c us — Je viv rai — Je viv rais — Vi s — Que je viv e — Que je v^c usse. Voir, (to see). Voy ant, v u — Je voi s — Je voy ais — Je v is — Je ver- rai — Je ver rais — Voi s — Que je voi e — Que je v isse. VouLOiR, (to be willing). Je veu x, x, t; voul ons, ez, veul ent — Je vou- 1 ais—Je voul us — Je voud rai — Je voud rais — Veuill e, veuill ez — Que je veuill e, es, e; voul ions, iez, veuill ent — Que je voul usse. AGREEMENT OF THE PARTICIPLE PAST. 129. The past participle after the auxiliary avoir (or etre in the com- pound tenses of reflective verbs), is declinable if the objective (accusative) case PRECEDES the participle, and the participle then agrees with the ob- jective (accusative) in gender and number; as, La lettre que mon frdre a 6crite. The letter whish my brother has written. Cette femmes'est propos^e pour mo- That woman has proposed herself as d6le a ses enfants. a model to her children. But if the objective (accusative) is placed after the participle, the part- iciple is indeclinable ; as. — 74 — Ma soeur a ^orit la lettre. My sister has written the letter. Cette femme s'est propose d'ensei- That woman has intended to teach gner la g^ographie 4 ses enfants. geography to her children. The past participle after avoir never agrees with its subject (nomina- tive); as, Ma soeur a parl6. My sister has spoken. EUe a ^crit. Sue has written, ADVEEB3 OF QUANTITY 130. Adverbs of quantity, such as auta^nt, assez, combien, beaucoup, BiEN, Gu£]RE, PEU, QUE, TANT, and TROP, are followed by the preposition 1>B when used with substantives ; as, "autant d'amis," as or so many "II n'a guere de patience." He has friends. but little patience. "assez d'argent," money enough. "peu de connaissances," few acquain- "combien de livres"? how many tances. books ? "que de travaux !" how many labors! "beaucoup de richesses," many ri- "tant de soins," so much care. ches. '*trop d'occupation," too many occu- "bien des peines," many troubles. pations. * See the rule 122. When used in a general sense, after the above adverbs, the substantives are not preceded by the article ; as, "beaucoup d'argent." The adverb bien is, however, always followed by the article before a substantive; as, "bien de I'argent, bien de la peine," much money, much trouble. Except when it precedes the word altre, other; as, "bien d'autres di- sent la meaie chose," many others say the same thing. 70 — FABLES. FIRST LESSON. The f able of the Grow and the Fox. Un Corbeau s'^tant perch4 sur*4in A Crow having perched herself on arbre pour manger un morceau de a tree, in order to eat a piece of cheese fromage qu'il tenait en son bee, un which she held in her bill, a Fox that Renard, qui TaperQut, fut t3nt6 de le perceived her, \;as tempted to take lui enlever. Ainsi, pour amuser le it away from her. Therefore, with an Corbeau, il commenga jI le louer de intention of alluring the Crow, he be- son plumage. Le Renard, voyant que gan to praise her for the extraordina- le Corbeau prer>ait goftt ^ ses luuan- ry beauty of her feathers. The Fox ges, lui dit : si votre voix est aussi seeing that the Crow took some plea- belle que votre corps est beau, vous sure in his praises, said to her: if devez etre le plus joli de tous les oi- your voice is as fine as your body is seaux. beautiful, you must be the most love- ly ofall birds. The Crow was so well pleased with Le Corbeau fut si content de ce this flattering compliment, that she compliment flatteur, qu'il ouvrit le opened her bill in order to show what bee pour montrer qu'il avait la voix a fine voice she had, and let fall the belle et laissa tomber le fromage; le piece of cheese; the cunning Fox im- fin Renard s'en saisit et le mangea mediately seized it, and eat it in aux yeux du Corbeau, qui demeura the crow's sight, who was quite asham- tout honteux de sa sottise. ed of her folly. MORAL. Les flatteurs sont tr6s dangereux; Flatterers are very dangerous; we il faut toujours etre en garde contre should always be upon our guard eux. against them. SECOND LESSON. The fable of the Frog and the Ox. Une Grenouille ayant un jour aper- A Frog spying one day an Ox in a QU un Boeuf qui paissait dans une meadow, fancied that she could make prairie, se flatta de pouvoir devenir herself as big as that animal. She aussi grosse que cet animal. Elle fit made great efforts to swell the wrin- de grands efforts pour enfler sa peau kles of her skin, and asked her com- rid^e, et demanda alorj ^ ses compa- panions whether her size began to gnes si sa taille commengait k appro- come near that of the Ox. cher de celle du Boeuf. Elles lui dirent que non. Elle fit done de nouveaux efforts pour s'en- fler toujours de plus en plus, et de- manda encore une fois aux Grenouil- les si elle egalait a peu pr^s la gros- seur du Boeuf. Elles lui firent la merae r^ponse que la premiere fois. La grenouille ne changea pas pour cela de dessein, elle persista; mais le They told her that it was not. She therefore made new efforts to swell herself still more and more, and ask- ed a second time of the Frogs, whe- ther she did almost equal the bigness of the Ox. They made her the same answer as they had before. The Frog did not, however, change — 76 — dernier effort qu'elle fit pour s'enfler her design; but the last effort which fut si violent, qu^elle en creva sur le she made to swell herself was so vio- champ. lent, that she burst immediately. MORAL. Les petitsseruinentsouvent,quand Little folks ruin themselves, when ils veulent aller de pair avec les they attempt to be upon an equality Grands et les imiter. with the Great. THIRD LESSON. The Fable of the Fox and the Wolf. Un Renard 6tant tomb4 par hasard A Fox having fallen by chance in- dans un puits, ^tait sur le point de se to a well, was on the point of being noyer, lorsqu'il apergut un Loup sur drowned, when he perceived a Wolf le bord du puits. II le pria instam- on the brink of the well. He earnest- ment de I'assister dans le p6ril extre- ly begged of him to assist him in this me oCi il se trouvait, et de lui Jeter extreme danger, and to throw him a une corde pour qu'il en pilt sortir. rope that he might get out of it. Le Loup, plaignant sa disgrace. The Wolf pitying his misfortune lui fit plusieurs questions pour savoir asked him several questions, in order comment il 6tait tombe dans le puits. to be informed how he had happened Ce n'est pas maintenant ie tempsde to fall into the well. It is not now a me questionner, ni de discourir, r^pli- time to question me, nor to hold a qua le Renard; quand vous m'aurez discourse, replied the fox; when you tir6 d'ici, je vous expliquerai & loisir have drawn'me out of the place, I will toutes les circonstances de cette aven- explain to you, at leisure, all the oir- ture. cumstances of this accident. MORAL. II ne convient pas de haranguer It is not fit to make long speeches nos amis ni de leur faire des r^pri- to our friends, nor to reprimand them, mandes quand ils sont en danger. II when they are in any danger. We faut d'abord les secourir, et ensuite must immediately assist them, and leur parler si I'on a quelque chose k then speak if we have something to leur dire. say to them. FOURTH LESSON. The Fable of the Wild Boar and the Ass. Un Ane ayant, par accident, ren- An Ass having accidentally met contr^ un sanglier, eut I'impudence with a Wild Board, had the impu- de se moquer de lui et de I'insulter. dence to deride and insult him. Le Sanglier, fr^missant de oour- The Wild Boar, foaming with rage roux et gringant les dents, eut d'a- and grinding his teeth, had, at first, a bord grande envie de le mettre en great mind to tear him in pieces; but pieces, mais, faisant aussitot reflexion immediately reflecting that such an qu'un tel animal n'6tait pas digne de animal was not worthy his anger and sa colore et de sa vengeance, ii se re- revenge, he refrained from doing him tint. any harm. Miserable que tu es, lui dit-il,je te Poor wretch, said he to him, I punirais s6v6rement si tu en valais la could severely punish thee for thy peine, mais je ne veux pas me souil- audaciousness if thou wert worthy ler du sang d'une aussi vile bSte. Tu my notice; but I will not stain myself — 77 — ■ n'es qu'un Ane, et ta lachete te met with the blood of so mean a beast. d. couvert de mes coups et te sauve Thou art but an Ass, and thy cow- la vie. Apr^s lui avoir fait ces repro- ardice secures thee against my reven- ches, il le lalssa aller. ge. After having upbraided him so, he let him go away. MORAL. Le m^pris est Tunique vengeance Contempt is the onlyrevenge which que Ton doive prendre d'un sot, ou we ought to take of a silly fellow, or d'un malheureux. D'ailleurs, lavictoi- of an impudent wretch. Besides, the re quel'onremportesurunvil et faible victory which is gained over a weak ennemi est trop aisee et ne fait pas and paltry enemy, is too easy and bonneur. does not procure honor. FIFTH LESSON. The Fable of the Un Lion, fatigu6 de la chaleur et abattu de lassitude, dormait ^ I'orabre d'un arbre. Un Rat, qui le vit, lui raonta sur le corps pour se divertir. Le Lion se reveilla, 6tendit la piatte, et s'en saisit; le Hat, se voyant ainsi pris et sans esp^rance d'^chapper, demanda pardon au Lion de son inci- vility et de sa hardiesse et le supplia tr6s humblement de lui sauver la vie. Le Lion, touchy de cette soumission, le laissa aller. Ce bienfa't ne fut pas perdu; car, le Lion 6tant tombo, quelques jours apr^s, dans un filet dont il ne pou- vait se debarrasser, il se mit k rugir de toute sa force. Le Rat, reconnais- sant aux rugissements du Lion qu'il ^taitpris, accourutpromptement pour le secourir; il se mit aussitot ^ ron- ger les mailles du filet, et lui procura par li un moyen de s'^vader. Lion and Ihe Rat, A Lion faint with heat and weary with fatigue slept under a shady tree. A Rat, that saw him, got upon his back, to have a little sport. The Lion, waking, stretched his paw, and took him; the Rat finding himself taken, and without hopes of escaping, asked the Lion's pardon for his boldness, and very humbly craved for his life. The Lion, moved by his submission, let him go. This favor was not losst; for the Lion, being caught a few days after in a net, from which he could not free himself, he began to roar mighti- ly. The Rat knowing by the Lion's roaring that he was taken, ran quick- ly to his assistance; he began instant- ly to gnaw the meshes of his net, and thereby enabled him to make his es- cape. En excusant une petite faute, on se procure souvent I'affection de ce- lui ^ qui Ton a pardonn^. MORAL. By forgiving a small fault we often secure the affection of the trangres- sor. SIXTH LESSON. TTie FabU of the Bird-catcher and the Stork. Un oiseleur prit un jour, dans ses A Bird-catcher took one day, in filets, plusieurs Grues et plusieurs his nets, several Cranes, and several Oies, parmi lesquellea il se rencon- Geese ; amongst which there happen- tra une Cigogne. ed to be a Stork. - 78 — Ce pauvre oiseau le pria avec in- stance de lui sauver la vie et de lui rendre la liberty; d'autant qu'elle n'6tait ni Oie, ni Grrue, et qu'eile ne faisait de tort d personne. De plus, dit-eile, j'ai grand soin de ma vieille mere et la nourris avec toute I'attention dont je suis capable. L'oiseleur irapitoyable lui r^pondit avec aigreur: qu'est-ce que cela m'im- porte ? puisque te voibl prise avec les autres qui m'ont fait du tort, tu mourras avec eux. This unfortunate Bird entreated him earnestly to spare her life, and to set her at liberty, as she was neith- er a Goose nor a Crane, and did no harm to any body. Besides, said she, I take great care of my old mother, and feed her with all the attention I am capable of. The unmerciful bird-catcher an- swered her, with an angry tone, what is all chat to me ? Since thou art now taken with others that have done me harm, thou shalt also die with them. MORAL. II ne faut jamais frequenter que "We must never associate with any des gens de bien; carceux qui s'asso- other but good people; for those who cient avec les m6chants, p^riront avec keep company with the wicked wull eux, quoiqu'ils soient innocents. suflFer with them, though they may be innocent. SEVENTH LESSON. The Fable of the Horse and the Fly. Une Mouche, plac^e sur le timon d'une voiture, criait d'un ton impe- rieux apr^s le Cheval qui la tirait : que tu vas lentement ! ne veux-tu pas marcher plus vite ? Prends garde que je te perce le cou de mon ai- guillon. Le Cheval lui r^ponditfroidement: tes paroles et tes menaces ne me tou- chent gu^re; je ne crainis que celUi qui conduit, avec un fouet long et souple, le joug que je porte; c'est pourquoi cesse de me parler avec cet air frivole et t^m^raire. Car je sais mieux que toi quand il faut m'arreter, et quand je doia cou- rir. A. Fly sitting upon the pole of a carriage, called to the Horse that was drawing it : how slowly you creep along ! won't you mend your pace and go faster ? Take care or I shall twinge your neck with the weapon I have. The Horse, with an air of contempt, replied: your commands and threats are not worth my notice; I only dread the man, who whith his long and pliant whip drives the burden which I bear; therefore lea^e off speaking to me in that saucy and impertinent manner. ' For I know better than you can tell me, when to halt, and when to mend my pace. MORAL. Cette fable sert k exposer I'impu- This fable serves to expose the im- dente hardiesse et le ridicule depor- pudent boldness and ridiculous be- tement de ces gens, qui, sans avoir ni haviour of those people, who, having force ni pouvoir, ne laissent pas pour- neither abilities nor power, dare, ne- tant de faire de vaines menaces. vertheless, utter vain and disdainful - 19 RECUEIL DE BONS MOTS. A physician, who lived in London, visited a lady who lived at Chelsea : after he had continued his visits for some time, the lady expre^sed an ap- prehension, that it might be inconvenient to him to come so far on her ac- count. Oh Kmadam, replied the doctor, I have another patient in this neighbourhood, and by that means, you know, " I kill two birds with one stone." A lady's age happening to be questioned, she affirmed it was but forty, and called upon a gentleman, who was in the company, to deliver his opinion. Cousin, said she, do you believe I am right, when I say I am but forty ? " I'm sure, madam," said he, " I ought not to dispute it ; for I have constantly heard you say so for above these ten years." An Irishman, being asked if he understood French, replied : ** Yes, joy, I understand French perfectly well, provided it's spoken in Irish." A gentleman having lent a guinea for two or three days to a person whose promises he had not much faith in, was very much surprised to find that he very punctually kept his word with him. The same gentleman being some time after desirous of borrowing a large sum, " No," said the other, "you have deceived me once, and I am resolved you shall not do it a second time." An English gentleman asked sir R. Steele, who was an Irishman, what was the reason that his countrymen were so remarkable for blundering, and making bulls ? "Faith," said the knight, " I believe there is some- thing in the air of Ireland; and I dare say, i£ an Englishman were bora there, he would do the same." A man, complaining to a friend that his wife's drunkenness and ill con- duct had almjst ruinei him, conclude I, as the vulgar usually do, and " for good. less' saka, what's to be said for it ? Nothing that I know," said his iriend, " can be said, for it, bat much agaiii8t\X,y An Irishman having a looking-glass in his hand, shut his eyes, and plac- ed it before his face : another asking him why h>3 did so, "Qpon my shoul," says Teague, "it ish to shee how I look when I am ashleep. Lord Chesterfield was asked at court one day, what he thought of lady Coventry, whose complexion was evidently of her own manufacture: ''Real- ly," replied his lordship, "I am no connaisseur in painting." An Italian gentleman, who was dangerously ill, and at the samo time heavily charged with debts, told his confessor, that the only favour he had to ask of heaven was that his life might be prolonged till he had dis- charged them. Then, replied the priest, since your reason for wishing to live is so just, I pray that your prayers may be heard. Ay! father, answer- ed the sick man, I pray that they may; " for I am sure, if I live till I pay my debts, I shall never die." Some robbers having broke into a gentleman's house, they went to the footman's bed, and told him, if he moved he was a dead man. " That's a d — d lie," cried the fellow ; "if I move, I am sure I am alive. — 80 — Lord Mansfield, being willing to save a man who had stolen a gewgaw trinket, desired the jury to ralue it at ten pence ; upon \^ich the prose- cutor cries out : " Ten pence, " my lord 1 why the very "fashion'* of it cost me ten limes the sum. Oh ! says his lordship, we must not hang a man for ''fashion's sake." If you marry, said a father to his daughter, you will do well ; if you do not marry, you will do better. If that's the case, replied the daughter, get me a husband as sojn as you can : I shall be content to dj mall', I leave it to others to do better, / A certain country squire ask'd a "Merry Andrew" why he played the fool. "For the same reason," said he, "that you do, out of want : you do it for wdnt of wit, I do it for want of money. A countryman was sowing a field, and two smart fellows happening to ride that way, one of them called to him with an insolent air : Well, hon- est fellow, 'tis your business to sow; but we reap the fruits of your labour. To which the countryman replied : "Tis very likely you may, truly ; for I am sowing hemp. A gentleman, who had the character of a great punster, was desired one night in company, bv a gentleman, to make a "pun extempore." Upon what subject ? said Daniel. The k]rhg^ answered the other. "Oh! sir," said he, "the king is no subject." A Scotchman was very angry with an English gentleman, who, he said , had abused him, and called him "false Scot." "Indeed" said the English- man, "I said no such thing; I said you were a true Scot. In a visit queen Elizabeth made to the famous lord chancellor Bacon, at a small country-seat, which he had built for himself before his preferment, she asked him how it came that he made himself so small a house. " It is not I, madam," answered he, "who have made my house too small for my- self, but your Majesty who has made me too big for my house.' END