nm^' fA'inv ■1^^ ^l^mmi^ y-il^-XiV t v>^ ^ / ,v^ '^^^^' l^t^^ ilrL i) r ■* .A 1 •V ^^^' / Sit .'•^ ^^'w%J ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Genealogy and Biography STATH OF PENNSYI.\'ANIA WITH A COM PEN 1)1 r.M OF IIISTOKY A Record of the Achievoment.s of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Fouiidin<' of a Nation LLUSTRATED '■'■By universal consent biografihy is I lie most fascinating fortn of literature, its charm growing out of the fact that it is the story of life. The books that have ushered in new epochs for society have generally been biographies." — Kev. Neweli. Dwight Hillis. VOLUME I. THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY New York Chicago 1904 PREFACE In the preparatiiin of tlie folldwing pages of the Encyclopedia of Genealogy and Biography of the State of Pennsylvania with a Com- ])endium of History from its earliest settlements to the present, a new and novel comhination of historical materials has heen efifected. the ])urpose* of which will he apjiarent on e\en a hasty perusal of the con- tents. The authors recognize the existence of many standard treatises on the political, social and material unfolding and dex'elopment of this great commonwealth, and everv school hoy is more or less familiar with the deeds of the great men and the onward sweep of events which ma- terialized in the great state of I'enns\-l\ania. But the Pennsyl\-ania of to-dav holds a vet more im])ortant jilace in the histor}- of the nation than at anv time in the past, is now. as a score of years ago. tlie "keystone" in ])olitics. as also in the great industrial and manufacturing forces which dominate the trade of the world, and. furthermore, in social and intellectual progress and attainment. The Greater Pennsvh'ania is. therefore, of To-day. not of \ ester- dav. Its potentialit\- exists not alone in its material resources, its extent of domain, its latent agricultural, mineral ami commercial wealth, hut in its Citizens — the men who dig ;ind del\e and sow and reap, who toil in the hives of industrv and manufacture, who hold the marts of trade, who teach and minister unto others. angra|>liical recnnl nf tlic men i<\ the |)rescnt time whose careers Iia\c made tliein cunspiciious anif>n,ij tlieir fellows, whose deeds and lives have lifted tiieni Im the hijjfli ])]ane nf success, and wlm stand as representa- tives of the present-day greatness of the State of Pennsylvania. If. as Carlyle says, "history is the essence of innumerahle hiograi)hies." tlie trnc position of Pennsyl\-ania among her sister states cannot he better portrayed than hy the narrative of the personal careers of her repre- sentative Sons whose names will he found on the following pages. It is with the foregoing facts as a theme tliat the general plan and scope of this history has lieen evolved, in the compilation of the state history the recognized authorities have Ijeen freely consulted and public and ])rivatc archives have been laid unrler contribution. Xotwithstand- ing the mass of details burdening the main course of events, the editors have exercise8 Kunkd. Charles A 529 Lambic, John S 505 Lanius, William H 574 L;i\vrcncc. Andrew J. 407 Leach, Josiah G 9' 7 Lindscy. Wilton M 442 Loclicr, Claries H 1062 M.ickey. ChnrU-s W 622 M.icVoaRh. W^iyne 75' MaRoc. Christopher f'94 .Mngill. EiUvard M Ri9 Maher. John T. 909 Mansfield. Ira F 465 March. Ahrah.nm H 837 Martin. Jnnath.m W 93^ Matson. Myron 620 McCarrcll, Samuel J. M 404 McCaiilcy. Levi G 878 McCUire. Joseph 594 McChire. Samuel 594 McCollongh, Andrew W.. . 342 .Mills. Isa.-ic 812 Mitchell. Forster W 593 Montgomery, Thomas L 684 Moore. James W »047 Moore. John W 610 Muehllironncr, Charles .\ 410 Murdoch. Alex 1028 Murray. J. Weiflman 5-3 Neshit. John W 4>5 N'iniick. .Mexnnder 425 Tatlerson. William 856 PearsiMi, Alfred L 648 Pcrley. Allen P 53' Philips, George M O/'J Phillips. John .38i Pitcairn, Robert 373 Potter, William 7'4 Raney, Lcandcr 362 Rawlc, William B 834 Read, Thomas B ; . .'. 758 Reeder, Frank 1041 Ro.ich. John B 35o Robb. Thomas 631 Roberts. Ellwood 945 Rockwell. Franklin H 591 Rose. W. Horace 5»7 Roll, Louis 640 Scaifc. Charles C 764 Scaife, William B 7^7 Seip, Theodore L 1019 Sharplcss. Lsaac ._. 817 Shortlidgc, Joseph 900 Smith, William W 653 Stanford, C. E 632 Starr, George W 600 Stearns, Latcn L 475 Steel, John B 782 Stevenson. William 589 Stewart, William 660 Stone, William A 840 Stoney. Robert J 560 Swain. Joseph 827 Taylor, Bayard 702 Taylor. William G 49> Thomson. Wilmcr W 894 Tomlinson. Arthur H 8og Torrance, Francis J 822 Trunkiy. John 602 TuUy, David 904 Ortt, Rowley K Osmer, James H. Palmer, Waller S. . Patterson. Isaac N' 940 L'lricb. William B 479 484 Walker. James B 9> ' 478 Wayne, Anthony 1001 564 Wayne, William 1000 INDEX. IX West, The Family 664 Weston, Henry G 993 Wethcrill, Richard '. . . . 704 Wctmore, Lansing D 617 Wightman, Thomas 1055 Wiley. John A 676 WiUiams, Alfred W 638 Wilson. Adam 587 Wilson, James C 675 Wolfe, Wesley 537 Wood, James W 981 Woodbridge, Jonathan E 722 Woodrnff. Clinton R 932 Yoiingman, Robert R 1033 Zng. Christopher 363 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. CHAPTER I. Earlikst Extlouations and Settlements. History records that as early as 1608 or 1609 tlie eastern parts of wliat is now Pennsylvania were visited by Hndson on his voyage of dis- covery and exploration to the New World. On the western liordcr the Erench explorers opened the way to white civilized settlement through their expeditions along the chain of great inland lakes. They may have preceded the other European na\-igators who visited the .\tlantic sea- coast, but, through \arious causes, their permanent occupancy of the region was considcrai)!)- delayetl. Beginning in 16 14 the Dutch made more thorough explorations along the coast, and, as the result of one of their expeditions, Cornelius Jacobse Mey passed in triumph and safety between the Capes of the Delaware, giving to the one the name he himself bore, and wbicli it still retains — that of Cape Mey, or May; and bestowing his Christian name upon the other, calling it Cape Cor- nelius. He had a weakness of bestowing his name wberc\-cr he went. New York Bay he christened "Port Mey," and the Delaware he put down on his map as "New Port Mey." In 1616 Captain Cornelius 1 lendrick.son sailed up the Delaware as far as the mouth of the Schuvlkill, which ri\er he discovered. On the 12 coMPnxnnM or msroRV .ixo genealogy site where now stands the city of Pliiladclphia. in the locality known ns West Philadelphia. I lie navigator is said to have met three Dutcli settlers from tlie Xetherlands who had come here fmni the vicinity of Albany. Xew York, traveling hy way of the Mohawk and i^elawarc rivers. These are Inrlieved to have been the first white visitors to the locality of Philadelphia. The Dntch West India Company was chartered in 1621. Tt was the result of the petition of llic Puritans (who cvenlnally colonized New Fngland) for permission to settle in .\nierica, coupled with the im- pression that the English were about to found a permanent colony in tlie territory claimed by the Hutch as a part of their discovered jxjsscssions on this side of the .\tlantic. This territory extended from the Delaware on the south to the Hudson on the north, and from llic .\tlantic co.ist westward almost indefinitely, although the Dutch did not attempt .my occupancy of the Netherlands farther west than Schenectady in the colony of New York. In the early part of 1623 Captain M«y ascended the Delaware to a i)oint fifty miles alwve the bay and built I-'ort Nassau, ne.'ir the site of Gloucester, the first European colony on the Delaware. Port Nassau has long since disajjpcared. niore's the pit\. Mey made it his headrjuarters, and as he had the happy art of knowing how to culti- vate and retain the friendship of the red man. there were manv pleasant .-.nd profitable trading scenes enacted before it and williin for several years. "It is lictter to govern by love and friendship tiian by force," Mey once wrote to the directors of the West India Comixmy, and tliat motto seems to have actuated him in all his dealings willi the aborigines, who at that time had not become suspicious of the lionesty of the wliilc visitors, which afterwards they were led to doubt by sad experience. Had the rule of Mey lasted longer — it ended in 1625. when William Verhulst assumed authority over the region — Fort Nassau mir several years. The chief cause of tlie overthrow of llie Dutch power in .\nierica was English rivalry. On March u, 1664. Charles II of England granted by letters ])atent to his iMoiiicr jamcs, Duke of York, all the country from the river St. Croix to the Kennebec in Maine, together with all the territory from the west bank of Connecticut river to the east side of Delaware I'ay. The duke sent an English squadron to secure the gift, and on the Stii of September following Governor Stuyvesant capitulated, being constrained to that course by the Dutch colonists, who jireferred jieace with the same privileges accorded tlic English rather than a ])rolonged and jierhaps fruitless contest. The conc|uered jjeople. however, did not withdraw from the region, but reinained and continued to trade guns and gin to the natives, and thus supplied them with doubly destructive weapons. Upon the accession of the English, Colonel Nicolls was appointed to pnjceed to the colonies on the Delaware "to take special care for the good government of said jilace " etc. New Amstel was now called New Castle, and deputies were selected to care for the welfare of such colonists as needed assistance. Nicolls governed for nearly three years "with justice and good sense." He was succeeded in May, 1667, by Colonel Francis Lovelace, who required, by proclamation, that all patents granted by the Dutch for lands on the Delaware should be renewed, and that all persons holding without patents should take out OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. 15 GOV. PETER STUYVESANT. !•'• COMl'IiXnirM Ol- IIISTOKY AND GENEALOGY titles uiuler Eii5,'lish autlmiily. He alsii imposed many hartlsliips upon the colonists, particularly those wlio held under Dutch titles, and some of his actions the Duke of ^^lrk, and his title to the tcrrit'iry previously granted was confiriued. In this year Sir Edmund Andros was appointed gov- ernor of the duke's proprietaries, and Captain Edmund Cantwell and William Tomm were authorized to take possession of the forts and stores at New Castle, and to adopt measures, for the maintenance of peace and good order in the possessions on the Delaware. On June 24, 1664, the Duke of York granted the jirovince of New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. The latter of these grantees died in 1679, and, upon the sale of his interests and estate, William I'enn hecame one of the new proprietors. Through personal investigations he hecame well acquainted with th.e quality and character of the lands bordering on the .Atlantic seacoast and in the vicinity of the greater rivers. He also knew something of the tcniiier and char- acter of the American Indians, and he saw that, if fairly approached and htmorably treated, they could he easily controlled. While thus interested in lands in the colony of New Jersey, Penn is said hy his- torians to have conceived the idea of founding a colony, as principal city, and of maintaining a proprietary government under !iis personal ownership and supervision. This event took place almost two and one-quarter centuries ago, and when Penn then came into possession of a vast tract of country, amounting almost to a principality, he at once proceeded with practical OF THE STATE OF PEXXSYLrAXIA. 17 coiiinion sense and suund jiulgnient t(.) can'}- ijut his ijlaiis. The coni- mmiwealth of Pennsylxania and the city of Philadelphia were amon.si- the more imp(jrtant of his achievements. The proprietor himself lived to witness the founding of the city and the i>Ianting of numerous smaller settlements in \-arious portions of his domain, hut he did nnt li\e to see the consummation of all in the estaldishment of a great com- monwealth, the state of Pennsylvania, the Ke_\-stone State of the Union. This was the work of a later generation of factors, composed largelv nf native .\mericans. yet the descendants of Dutch and Swede and English and Quaker and Irisli ancestors. The united efforts of these descendants in all generations of the ])ast since the |)lanting of the tirst colony on the hanks of the Delaware ha\'e made P'ennsylvania what it is to-dav. WILLI.AM FEXN. 18 COMPENDIUM Ol- HISTORY AND GENEALOGY Pi;xNSvi.\AM.\ iiii: (. di.ii.w. "And because I Inn'r hrcii sdiiicwiuit c.wrciscil. tit liiiu's, tihciit llic luUiirc (iiul end of ^(n'cnniiciit. it is rrasitiiablr to expect, that I sliinihl ciidcai'OT to establish a just and riiiliteoiis one. that others may take example by it; — truly this my heart desires. * * * / ,/,,. there- fore, desire the Lord's leisdom to i^uide uic. and t/iose that may be conceriicd with me. that -iCe do the thin;^ that is truly Ti'mv and just." Tlicse wurds were spuken by William I'cnn in declaring liis pur- ])oses ill iMunilinj; a onluiu- in America iindor liis own iinipricliirsliip. Vet Penn's nn«ti\c in ilnint;' all that he did was tlircefnld: I'^irst, he would receive ijavmcnl in lands fiu" an indchtediKss of £16.000 due his fatlicr. Admiral Sir William renii. of tlie' Ensrlisli navy, for money advanced In- liim in the sea service and for arrearages of pay. His second purpose, and. to himself a more important one. was the cstab- lisliment of a home and colony for his brethren of the .Societv of l-'rieiids, or Quakers, as tliey have been more fre(|uentl\- desit^nated. Peiiii himself was ol this sect, a leader .iniong his peojile. .and a man free from ostentation or avarice. His tliiid ])ur]>ose and ambition was to possess a considerable tract of l.uid in America. lie already knew sonietliiiig of the character of the territory throuLjh the representations of persons with whom he had associated in the West Jersev ])ro])rietarv. iiiid the ix).ssession of ;i considerable tract i>f Lmd in his own free right would enable liim to carry out his chief jinrpose. ,ind also would satisfv the debt due him from the crown on account of his father's services. William Penn. founder of the colony .and ])roprietor of the Province of Pennsylvania, was born in London. October 14. 1644. While a student at O.xford he became im])resscd with the teachings of the Quaker doctrine. He studied law at Uncihrs Inn, but on reach- OF THE STATE Of PEXSSYLW-IXIA. 19 ing liis majiirity he was called to Ireland to the care of an estate of his father's. That he was not now fully converli^d to Quaker teachings is evidenced in his career as a soldier, for he won fame at the siege of Carrickfergus. and afterward caused himself to he painted in military costume. He soon afterward hecanie a con\ert to the Society of I'riends, and at once took a promip.ent part in the councils of that sect. Some of the more arbitrary teachings, however, he did not fully accept; he was in a measure "conscientiously scrupulous of Ijearing arms." yet, in framing a form of government for his people in the Province of Pennsyh'ania, he made ])rovision for the common defense against its enemies, both by sea and land. At a Friends" meeting "in Cork, in 1667. Penn was arrested and imprisoned, l)ut upon being released through the influence of the Earl of Orrery, he 1>egan to preach and to te;ich. His pen. too, was vigorous in the new cause, and for his work "The Sandy Foundation Shaken,"" he was incarcerated in the Tower: but while in prison he wrote the celebrated "Xo Cross, No Crown.'" Through the influence of his father he was liberated from the Tower, but in 1670 he was sent to Newgate prison for preaching in the street. On trial, lie pleaded in his own defense and with such logic that he was acquittetl, but the jiu'ors were fined for disregarding the instructions of the judge, who urged a conviction. In 1672 Penn married Gulielma ^Nlaria Springett. who bore him seven children. His second wife was Hannah Callowhill. In 1074 he Avrote "England's Present Interest Considered," which has been de- scribed as "an able defense of freedom of conscience and the rights of Englishmen." In 1676 he first became interested in lands in America, when he was part proprietor of a considerable tract in the jjrovince of New Jersey. The next vear, with Barclay and others, he carried the teachings of the I'riends into Holk'nul and Cicmanv. In l()8o he peti- 20 COMPEXDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY tioned Charles II of England, and in 1681 the charter was granted. ScKjn after ihis. I'enu i)ul)lished and distrilnUed "A Brief Acomnt of the I'rovince nf I'enn.s) h ania." in which sctllenient was invited and the conditions of purchase were made known. Penii's narrative undoubtedly was the first history of Pennsyl- vania ever written. Later efiforts in the same diiection have been more elaborate, but it is doubtful if any of them have l^een more accurate. On October Jj. i68j. Peiui arrived in tlie Delaware river, remained about two years in tiie ])rovince. and returned to England in 1684. Through his intercession, in 1680. more than twelve hundred Quakers were relea.sed from im])risonment. and in 1^)87 his influence secured the passage of the "Toleratinn Act." In 1688 he was tried on a charge of treason, but was ac(|uitted. In idg'j he made a second visit to his possessions in .America, and sailed again for England in 1701. In 1708, on accoinit of linancial reverses and the iirofligacy of a nmiiher of his family, he was reduced to straitened circumstances, and was imprisoned for debt: but he was soon released dirough the intervention of friends. He died of paralysis. July ^^o. 1718. Such, in brief, are some of the principal events of the life of him to wiinm we have to accord the honor of founding Penns_\l\ania. lie laiilded well, belter than he knew, and those who succeeded him in the proprietary were worthy men, although their jjart in the government of tiie colony was less conspicuous than that of the founder himself. Pennsylvania, the colony, was in the hands of the proprietary for nearly one hundred years, and during that long (jeriod the sure founda- tions of its suljsecjuent government were laid, so that, when it became necessary to lay aside the former political character and adopt a consti- tution, the transition occasioned little disturbance to the inhabitants and equally little embarrassment to established institutions. The events OF THE STATE OF PEXXSVU'AXIA. 21 of tliis period of our history, although they covered uearly a ceutury, may be briefly narrated. As has l)een stated. .Admiral Sir William Peun was an oflicer in the British navv. and as such he was at the time of his death the creditor of his government to the extent of fi6,ooo. This claim, which in- cluded both arrearages of salary and advances made, descended as a legacy to William Penn. the Friend, the founder of our commonwealth. He proposed, in lieu of ca.sh payment, to accept at the hands of his sovereign a grant and charter for a considerable tract of land in America, that he, like the Duke of York, and others in favor with the king, might set up a proprietar^• government, to be administered according to his own ideas and desires, and subject only to the sanction of the crown. His purpose in this step is declared in a preceding paragraph, and the underlying motive that prompted his action was a desire to relie\e his own religious associates from the oppressions which then burdened them in Europe on account of the relations of church and state and the grow- ing desire for greater freedom in the exercise of religious rights and liberties. The unfortunate conilitions then existing involved not only the so- called Quakers, but other sects as well, and as each of them continued to increase in numbers so. correspondingly, did each natnr.ally and instinctivelv oppose the existing form of government. Thus alienated, they were verv frequently regarded as treasonable subjects, and were jiersecuted and oppressed according as they were deemed offenders against the established church, and therefore against the government. On this point Shim.mell truthfully says: "As these sects had everything to gain and nothing to lose, they grew rapidly, and became very much liated by the government. When it was found that they could not be suppressed, to get rid of them they were allowed to settle in America. -•-' COMPEXDIUM or HISTORY AND GENEALOGY Of these sects, tlie (ine foiiiuliil liy (lemije Fnx — llie Oiiakers, or I'rieiuls - -was a \ciy acfi\c one. aiid. mi cuinint;;' lierc. tliey opened wide the sates I if Peniisyhaiiia lor the sects i>\ luirope. As a unixcrsal father, I'eiu^ iipened his arms to all mankind, without distinction of sect or IKirt)-." Havin_s; determined npi.n a course of action, in 1680 Penn pe- titioned liis sovereign. C'liarles 1! ni I".nnl;nid. to grant him. in satisfac- tion of tlie del)t (hie from the go\einmcnt, "letters-patent fur .1 tract of land in America, lying north of Mrnyland, on the east hnunded with Delaware ri\er, on the west limited as Mar\land, and northward to ex- tend as far as i)lantal)le." Alter having consulted with the ])ro])rictors and governors of other pro\ inces, the king, on March 4, 168 1, ordered the charter, and the territory embraced within its honndaries was called J^ennsylvania. It is fretpiently said and generally snp])osed that Pennsylvania was so named hy the proprietor in allusion to himself, hut such is not the case, as the following extract fn>m a letter written \)y Penn to Robert Turner will clearly show: "1 clmse Xew Wales, Ijeing, as this is, a ])retty hilly country: but Penn. being Welsh for a head, as Penman- moire, in Wales, and Penrith, in Cumberland, and Penn. in Bucking- hamshire, the highest land in England, called this Pennsylvania, which is the high or head woodlands; for I proposed, when the secretary, a Welshman, refused to ha\e it called Xew Wales, S\lz-ii>iia. and they :,ilded /'(■;;)/ to it, and though I much opposed it, and went to the king to have it struck out anrl altered, he said it was passed, and would not lake it upon him; nor could twenty guineas move the under-secretary to \ary the name, for f feared lest it should be looked upon as a \aiiit)' ni me. and not as a respect in the king, as il truly was, to mv father, whmn he nflen mentioneil with praise." OF THE STATE OP PENXSYLJ-AXL-L 23 The charier liy its prox'isioiis vested full ami cnniplete nw nershiii and possession in the proprietor, and authorized him to govern the ter- ritory, make such laws and regulations for the conduct of its affairs as should he just, and not inconsistent with the laws of Great Britain. In extent the pro\ince was three degrees' of latitude hy ti\e degrees of longitude. Its eastern boundary was, as now, the Delaware ri\-er, the northern, the beginning of the three antl fortieth degree of northern Jatitutle, and on the south a circle drawn at twelve miles di.stant from Xew Castle northward and westward into the beginning of the fortieth degree of northern latitude, and thence l)y a straight line westward to the limits of longitude above mentioned. The counties of Kent and Sussex, with the district of Xew Castle, comprising the "Three Lower Counties on the Delaware," were not included in the charter, but were acquired in 1682 by Penn from the Duke of York After coming into possession of this vast estate, Penn sold large tracts of land to persons in London, Liverpool and Bristol. He appointed William Markham deputy governor, and sent him to the province as his personal representatixe, and with commissioners to treat with the Indi- ans, arrange a peace with them, ami to purchase their title to the lands, on such generous terms as would satisfy their demands without attempt at undue ad\antage on the part of the ccimmissioners. Governor Markham arrived in the province aliout the first of Jul_\', 1681, and was soon afterwards followed by three other vessels carrying emigrants, one from Bristol, and two from London. The first purchase of land from the Indians was made July 15, 1682, and from that time until 17,36 there were numerous sales of smaller tracts; but at the council and treaty made October 11. of the year last mentioned, the Six Na- tion Indians seem to have been called upon to settle certain questions disputed by the chiefs residing within the province. 'i4 COMPENDJIM or HISTORY ASD GENEALOGY It will he rciiicnihcrcil thai the l'"i\c Xatinns \\\w lM\e Xalidiis liecanie tlie Six Xations in iju) ci'iuiiuMt'd. snl)jiigatecl ami made "wonicn" of the Delawares aiul other Indian trilies wlm elainied Lenni I.enape descent, and hy virtue of tiial cmiciiiest claimed ownership of ihe entire territory of I'enn's purciiase. The sale of lands made in 1736 was made by the chiefs of tiie Six Xations. who, after n])l)raidin!:;: the Delawares for having presumed to sell lands without consent, con- firmed the saies previously made. Still later treaties at which consider- able tracts of land were purchased from the Indians were those of 1749. 1753. 1754. 175'*^. '7<>4 and 1784. Title to the small triangular tract ii; the extreme northwest corner of the state was ac(|uired September 4, 17SN. by an act of Congress by which the L'liited States reliiKiuishcd to Pcniis}l\ania "all right, title and claim to the government ;md juris- diction of s.'iid land forever." Without this valuable acquisition Penn- sylvania would not have had any water front on Lake ICrie. lla\'ing come into possession of his \-ast estate in America. I'enn made i)re]);u'ations for its settlement and the sale of portions of the land. 1 le first issued an address descriptive of the quality of the proprietary, then ]ircpar(.'d a form of goveriuucnt for its inhabitants, and, as soon as circumstances would permit, he mrule prejiarations to visit the coun- try. He sailed on the Welcome, September 1, 1682. the shi]) carrying about one hundred ])assengers, chielly Ouakers. former neighbiM's of William I'enn in Sussex, about thirty of whom died on the voyage, lie landed at New Castle on October 27, and on the following day called the inhabitants together and personally gave them assurance of religious and civil freedom. Later on he went to L'pland, a former seat of power during the Dutch dominion. I lere be was entertained at the house of Robert Wade, and, on subsequent visits, at that of Caleb Pusev. The last named historic edifice, the most ancient in all Pcnn- OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 25 svhania, situated a1)iiut (uie ami "uv half miles distant frnm the City Hall in Chester, is yet standin,^', ke])t in onistanl preservation by the owners, the Crozer family, as a ])ricc]ess relic. It is about thirty feet in length, fifteen in breadth and one story in height, crowned with a liipped roof, giving it the appearance of a story and a half building. The walls are unusually thick, and are of stone and brick. The floor is of broad solid oak. and the heavy beams supporting the roof above bear PUSEY HOUSE. the marks of the broad-axe with which they were hewn. The house has two di)ors and two windows in the front, and a dormer window in the roof. The building is enclosed with a sti.>nc wall, wliicb bears a tablet containing the following inscription: "House built Ijy Caleb Pusey in the year 1682, and occupied by William I'enn during occasional visits." During his stay at Chester. I'enn changed the name of the infant town of L'pland to that i>f Chester. Clarkson. in his "Life of Penn.'" says that when Penn arri\e(l at L'pland he remarketl to his friend Pear- son, "Providence has brought us here safe. Thou hast been the com- 2t'. COMPRXnil-M or HISTORY AND GENEALOGY |>;mi(Hi 111' niv perils. W'hal will tlum ih;\t I should call this place?" i.iid that Pearsdii replied, "Chester." in hnnDr of the ]'"nnlish cit_\' whence he came. i''earson's part in this incident is questioned by Ash- niead. nn the s^round that no Pearson came with I'enn in the "'Wel- come," and that no writer before Clarkson makes such a statement as lie \ince, he expressed his regard for its inhabitants, a mixed ]5ered by I'enn, it was Philadelphia, the "Citv of Brotherly Love," founded in KiHj, and at the l)egiuning of the twentieth century ranking with the 30 COMPENDIUM OP HISTORY AXD GENEALOGY foremnst cities of tlic world. It was even then tlie principal city of the province, a nourishing town, regularly laid out witli streets of ami)le width, with provision for inihlic sepiares. or parks, in each cpiar- tcr. Charging his deputy governor with the faithful and ecpiitable discharge of his duties, in August, 16S4. tlic proprietor sailed for Eng- land. On his de])arture he is said to have given voice to his feelings of love and regard in these words: "And thou. Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this ])ro\incc, my soul jirav's io (jod for thee, that thou mayest stand in the day of trial, ;uid that thy children may 1)C blessed." Penn did not live to see the "da_\- of trial" in the history of the city, hut that day came and ])assed awa}'. came again and again passed away, but its sure foundations withstood tiie storms and di.sa.sters of war dur- ing the .\merican Rex'olution, during the second war with Great Britain, and during the visitation of pestilence and fc\er which threatened its people with destruction in the early years of the nineteenth centur}-. Penn left in PennsyKania a healthful, growing CLilony, and, on his return to the province in 1699, he was suq)rised at the changes which had been made in his absence, at the remarkalile increase in po])u- lation in Philadelphia, which then contained more than two thousand dwelling houses and was a city of much commercial importance. Soon after his departure in 1684, political troubles arose in the province; the assembly and the executive branches became involved in a controversy, and even the judiciary was not wholly free from its disturbing effects. In themselves and in their relatiarl of tiie crown to revoke tlie proprietary charters and resohe tiie American ilependencies into ro}ai proxinces. Penn was not one of the especial favorites of King WilHam. and, abo\e ail other things, he just then would have disliked to part with his possessions, even for ample compensation. He was urged to return to Ivngland and defend his estate, but the pressing matters of the new charter and the demands of the lower counties kept him in the province; and had it not been that his return to England was imperative, the Delaware counties would not have fared so well, nor would the proprietor have yielded so much to the demands of the assembly in settling the provisions of the new charter. However, on his arrival in Kngiand Penn found the bill for reducing the proprietary into royal charters had been dropped. Soon afterward, on the i8th of the first month, 1701-OJ, King William died, and Queen Anne succeeded him on the Firitish throne. Following Anne's accession, England and France and Spain were involved in a war which was waged chiefly in Euroiie, although its effects were felt in the .\merican colonies. At this time Jnhn Evans was deputy gtjvernor, having succeeded Andrew Hamilton, who died April 20, 1703. Previ<^us to his appointment, Evans was an officer of the queen's household, hence was a creature of royalty. .\t the order of his sovereign he attempted to raise an armed force in the province for service during the war, but his endea\i)rs were unsuccessful. 'l"he l'~riends then were a ddminant power in the affairs of tlie province and thcw on principle, were scruinilous abdut bearing arms; and the}' were supportetl by the ( lerman clement nf populatinu. who were op- loosed to bearing arms in part because thc\ had left a Cduntry where army service w;is exacletl l)v the goxernmcnt. and \.o escai)e its hardships they had come to .Xmerica. I'ailing in his attempt, Evans treated the I'riends 34 COMPENDIUM OP HISTORY AND GENEALOGY witli cunlenipt, and succccilccl in drawing- upon himself the (hsrespect of the people of Philadelphia. Jlc allied himself to the lower counties and, so far as he could, showed them marked favor. He authorized the separate assembly at Xew Castle to build a fort near the town, and for its maintenance he permitted the levy of a half pound of [wwder for each ti>n of measurement upon incoming vessels not owned by resi- dents of the district. In 1709 Evans was succeeded by Charles Gookin. a native wf Ire- land, and a captain in luule's Royal Regiment. He was a capable officer, and came to the province with the determination to accomplish much good; but no sooner was he arrived than the assembly, then in session, began to l.)esiege him w ith proi)ositit)ns to undo many things done by Evans, and demanded immediate satisfaction at the hands of the new deputy. As a result the assembly and the lieutenant-governor were almost constantly at variance, the fault being w ith the legislative branch. Under such circumstances jinblic interests were neglected, and sufifered in consequence. About this time, too, Penn was in seri(nisly embar- rassed circumstances, and to relieve himself was obliged to encumber his proprietary to the extent of £6,600. In a measure he was now put on the defensive with his provincial assembly, who laid exactions upon him and showed a di.sposition to still further embarrass the governor by attempts to curtail his revenues at a time when he was most in need of them. In this emergency Penn was urged to sell his province to the crow-n. He was averse to such a ccnn'se. but the urgency of the occasion de- manded that something be done to relieve his pressing wants. ]\Iore- over. the go\ernment needed the aid of the province in carrying on the war against France, and particularly in the conquest of the Canadas, the French stronghold in America. In this contest Pennsyhania was OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 35 requifed to arm ami maintain one Inindred and titty men. the expense of whicii was estimated at about £4.000. Instead, the assembly re- luctantly voted a free gift to the queen of £800. and also £joo for the governor's salar\'. ^\■hicll. however, it was proposed not to allow until the executive shoidd approve certain bills already passed, which were objectionable to him, and should redress certain grievances growing out of the retention of Logan. Avho had incurred the displeasure of the legislature. When Logan was about to \isit England the assembly di- rected the sheriff to take him into custody, hut the governor's supersedeas prevented such action, and at the same time so angered the assembly that all its business was stopped, while the govenn^r's course was de- nounced as arbitrary and illegal. Logan, however, went to England, justified his action and returned to the province confirmed in his office. The unpleasant conditions in the province called forth a strong letter from Penn himself to the assembly, and it was i)lainly intimated that if the latter slvnild persist in its unwarranted opposition to his interests and government, he must seriously consider what should be done in reganl to his province, and that the future conduct of that body would largely determine his course. This was a direct intimation on the part of Penn that unless matters in control of the assembly were changed, he would l)e inclined to dispose of his ])rovince to the crown or to other proprietors. In fact, the ])ro])rietor did, in 171J. negotiate a sale of the province to Queen Anne for the sum of £iJ.ooo, and a part of the purchase price was paid; but the sudden illness of the proprietor occasioned a delay, and the requirements of the law and sale were never completed. In 1714 the queen died, and was succeeded on the throne by George the First. This action by Penn was the occasion of much anxiety through- out the province, for the transformation of the proprietary into a royal 3R COMPENDIUM OP HISTORY AND GENEALOGY guvenunent was nut faxorcd cillicr by the asscinbly vr the inhahitants. Hitlierto the assemlji}', in a great measure, had dominated tlie pro- prietor himself, liad interjjreted tiie i)ro\isions of tlie cliarter to suit provincial conditions, frecjuently to gratify tlie legislative anihition, had made new laws, and controlled the ])olicy of the government. With PennsyUania a royal i)ri>\ince. the go\ernor would he nothing more than the creature of the crown, and the assemblv could enact only such laws as the executive should appro\e. and the coiuicil would he simply the obedient fullowers of the go\ernor. Therefore Penn's proposed sale of the ])rovince w;is well calcidated to create uneasiness in official circles and also among the peo]>le. for now their liberties were threat- ened. \\'hate\cr the provocation, and the abuses of power which provoked it, I'enn's negotiations f()r the sale of the pr(i\ince had its effect on the assembly and the ])eoi)le. for at the election in 1710 the composition of the legislature was materially changed and harmony between the lieu- tenant governor and that body was restored. The proper organization of the courts was effected, and the sum of fj.ooo was voted for tlie queen's use, although the re])rescntatives in the assembly, a majority of whom were Friends, knew that the money woidd be used in waging war against I'Tance. Those of the settlers who chose to take ])art in the war w'ere permitted to do so, but the Quakers steadfastly refused to sanction the organization of a military branch in the province, and the result was that during the early wars between luigland and France the Pennsylvania contribution of troojjs and means was exceedingly small. During the latter part of his lieutenant g(jvernur,ship. Ciookin in- curred the displeasure of the b'riends, which action marred his other- wise successful adminislratiiin. In attem!)ting to justify his course he OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. 37 disregarded good sense, aiul on the presentation of the council lie was recalled, and was succeeded, in May, i/i/. hy Sir William Keith. For the welfare of the province and its inhahitants, Keith's appointment was fortunate. He had served in an official capacity in the lower counties, and was well acciuainted with the needs of the people in every localitv. In his first address to the assembly he plainly outlined his policv, which was entirely favorable to local interests, and afterward he had the good sense to carry out what he had promised. He corrected many former almses. inaugurated new and approved measures, and otherwise sought to establish prosperous conditions among tiie people. On its own part, the assembly received his suggestions with approval, and dealt generously with him. ^•oting a grant of £550 from the first monevs received in the treasury, and replenished the latter with an ad- ditional supply Ijill. Keith's governorship was a success. He felt it a duty to administer the laws in the interest of the province rather than the proprietor or e\en the crown : but neither of the latter was offended by his course. His first term in office ended at the death of Penn, and under the successors of the latter he resumed *!ie lieutenant-governor- ship, serving in that cajiacity until July, 1726. William Penn. fomider and proprietor of Penns_\-|\ania. governor of the ])rovince from 1681 to July 30, 1718, died on the date last noted, at Rushcombe, near Turyford. in P>uckinghamshire, I'jigland, at the age of seventy-four years. His loss was se\'erely felt in the iiro\-ince, for he had established a i^roprictary go\'ernment which then ranked almost first among all the ])r(>\inccs in America, ^'et there were those to come after him who coidd govern with the same spirit of toleration and fairness that he always manifested in behalf of those whom he regarded as his especial dependencies. .\t the time of his death the ]irovince was encumberetl with an indebtedness of £12,000, and the incomplete con- 38 COMFEXDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY tract of sale to tlic crown. Ilis will provided for the issue of liis first marriage 1)\' tlie devise of his estates in England and [reland, which yielded an annual revenue of £1.500. and were regarded as of greater value than his American ])roperties. fmni which provision was made for the pavmcnt of his debts, and also for his widow and the children of his second marriage. The government of the ])roviuce and territories he willed to "the Karls of Oxford, Mortimer, and Pawlet, in trust, to sell to the crown, or to any other person or persons; and his right and estate in the soil he dexised to other trustees, to sell such portion thereof as should he necessary for the payment of his debts; to assign to his daughter Letitia. and the three children of his son William, f 10.000 each; and to con\ey the reiuainder, at the discretion of his widow, to her children, subject to an annuity to herself of £300." Some of the close questions of Peiui's will were the occasion of a prolonged contest, and lin.ally. in 1727. the matters in dispute were amicably compromised; but it was determined in chancery that the tes- tator's di.sposition of his right to govern the province of Pennsylvania was void, from his inability to make a i)roper surrender of the govern- ment. Therefore, u]ion the death of the younger William Penn, and of Springett Penn. his son. the government of the province descended to and devolved upon John, Thomas and Ricliard Penn. Their proprietor- ship continued from 1718 to 1746. Keith retained the lieutenant- governorship, and proved in all respects a faithful public servant. In- deed, he so ingratiated himself in the confidence of the people, and of their representatives in the assembly, that he succeeded in establishing a court of chancery in the province, and also secured the organi?;ation of an efficient body of militia. The remaining years of Keith's administration were marked with events of importance, and he acquitted himself with credit and good OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 39 judgment. However, in }J22. on account of In's altitude in relation to the currency l)ill. he drew upon himself the displeasure of the so-called proprietary party, of which James Logan was the leader. Logan was a power in go\ernment circles, and a man of influence among the people. With Logan as an enemy, and Lloyd also against him, Keith was doomed to downfall. He was renio\-ed from office in July. 1726, and was suc- ceeded hy Patrick Gordon. One of the best commentaries on his per- sonal and official career was that which came from the pen of Franklin. in these words; "Differing from the great tody cf the people whom he go\-erned, in religion and manners, he acquired their esteem and con- fidence. If he sought pn|)ularity. he promoted the public happiness: and his courage in resisting the demands of the family may be ascribed to a higher motive than private interest. The conduct of the assembly toward him was neither honoral)le nor politic: for his sins against his principles were virtues to the people, with whom he was deservedly a fa\-orite: and the house shouki ha\-e given him such substantial marks of their gratitude as would have tempted his successors to walk in his steps. But fear of further offense to the proprietary family, the in- fluence of Logan, and a quarrel between the Governor and Lloyd, turned their attention from him to his successor." After his removal Keith lived for some time in the pro\ince, and was elected to the assemblv. Soon afterward he returned to Englaufl, where he died November 17, 1749. In 1726 Patrick Gordon was appointed lieutenant-governor. He was of English- birth, and was "bred to arms," having served from his youth to about the close of Queen Anne's reign, and having won a high reputation as a soldier and officer. At the time of his appointment, Gordon's military serxice was not counted upon as of any considerable value in the administration of afY;iirs in the province, but he was expected 4u COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY to nil pre clnselv reiiresent the Interests of the cnnvn, and particnlarly tlie interests of tl.e new proprietors, than his predecessor. Nor was he conversant witli needs of tlie peojile in llie jjrovinoe. Init even tliat fpiah- fication was not considered necessary, as one of tlie Pcnns was expected to live in .\merica. and Gordon was merely the instrument in carrying out the plans of his superiors, without annoying- iheni with the cares of official life. Yet, during his ten years in office, (lordon accomplished good works, and deserved credit therefor. Death cut oft his career, as he died in Philadelphia. August 5, 1736. When Gordon came into the life of the province that which caused the greatest anxiety to the proprietors was the rajiid increase in the nuinher of German immigrants. They were chiefly from the Palatine regions, and while tliev were industrious .and law-.ahiding. their numhcr was so great that the Quaker element feared lest their own power and influence in ]mhlic affairs would he lost, and that unless in some manner restrained Pennsylvania would liccome a colony of aliens. Several years before this time the assembly had become alarmed at the increase in foreign ])0])ulation. and had devised measures to meet the occasion, but now the situation seemed to call for more decisive action. Under in- structions from the ministry, the assembly passed the "impolitic act," which imposed a duty of forty shillings ]5er capita on all foreigners coining into the province. However, the rapid immigration of the Scotch-Irish had the effect to turn the course of Quaker opposition to the Swiss and Germans, "for the interests and dispositions of the former being ever antagonistic to the hViends. the 'foreigners' were more readily cajoled, and the odious law was repealed." P.y this means the Quakers retained their suiiremacy in the legislature far longer than they other- wise could have done. The current of German immigration settled itself first in the city OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 41 of Philadel])lii;i, lutt soon iH-gan Ui rcacli out t<> nmre remote ])arts. The colony at Cierniantnw n has been nicntioned. ami was the first and most important seat of settlement. Later on this people branched out into the Lehigh and Scliuvlkill \alle\'s. establishing themseh'es in numbers in Easton. Allentown. l,el)anon, Ivcading, T-ancaster, and other places. Still later they spread out to the westward, into the .'^usr|uelianna valley and beyond it, wherever a fair reward promised a return for ]iatient toil. As has been mentioned, as early as 1725 there were fifty thousand Ger- man settlers in the province, and twenty-five years later they consti- tuted one-third of its entire ])oindation. Tn subsefpieut years they in- creased and multiplied until they became a controlling ])ower in ]iolitical affairs: not that they were much disposed to seek preferment in that direction until within the last few score vears, but were a balance of power whose allegiance was much sought by the great political ]iarties. For many years it was a common remark that "as the (iermans vote, so goes the state," and to a great extent this is still true. But it must be said that in wb;ite\er period in the historv of the commonwealth, the influence of the (ierman element always has been for the public welfare. In early times thev were averse to participation in political affairs, and were in a measure depri\ed of some of the privileges enjoyed by settlers from England. The Quakers felt it incumbent upon them- selves to retain a dominant influence and power in the province, and it was not until about the close of the long scries of I'rench .and F.nglish wars that they yielded their jiolitical power into the hands f)f others. The first Scotch-Irish settlers began to ;irri\e in Pennsylvania soon after 1700, and from that time their settlements increased rapidlv. Thev were chielly Presbyterians in religious belief, and farmers by occupa- tion. They were al.so a hardy, aggressive people and frequently found themselves in collision with the Germans. For this reason tliey were 42 coMPP.xmrM or iustory and genealogy encouraged hv tlic ]ii-nprictary to settle in tlie more western localities, where they grew up large and ihril'ty families. When the country west of the Alleghanies was oi)cned fur settlement the Scntch-lrish carried civilization into that region; and they were alile of their own native strength to withstand the hardships of pioneer life, and also, on occa- sion, to successfully resist the Indian attacks on the fmnticr. Oiu'ing the French and English wars, their service on the western Ixirder was of great vrduc to the welfare of the colonists eastward of them. They wei"e nt)t ])i>rn lighters, as some writers woukl ha\-e us understand, hut if occasion offered, they were crpial to almost any emergency, whether in aggressive or defensive contest. Because they could fight, and on sufficient pro\-ocation would fighl, ihcy were disliked hy the Quakers, and as ])eoples of opposite characters there was little in common be- tween them. In the history of Pennsylvania subsequent to 1725, and from that to the present time, the Scotch-Irish have held an important place, and always ha\e been regarded as factors for good. Their services during the I'rench ;md English wars, and during the American Revolu- tion, can never be forgotten; and during the war of IcS6t-65 their de- sccnd;uUs acquitted themseh'cs with honor on manv fields of b;ittlc. In all generations of the ]>ast this jieople has lieen noted for independ- ence, self-reliance, and straightforward honesty. Its represent.atives have earned places of distinguished prominence in the legislative halls of the state, and nation, in the learned professions, and in the boundless fields of literature, science, and the arts. The Friends, or Quakers, as they were frequently known, con- stituted a large and infiuential element of provincial population at the time of which we write, .\lthough the governor's welcome was ex- tended to all sects and nation.'dities, the I'riends were alwavs regarded OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 43 as the especial charges of the ])ropriet(ir and his successors. He was of them, and dhc nf llieni. and natnrall_\- the high places and offices of trust were to a great extent fdlefl by them. In a measure tiiev kept aloof from otiier sects, yet never held themselves alxive their neighbors, what- e\'er the creed of the latter might he. Their influence alwavs was for good, their institutions always were of a high order, a'.id the}' ruled not with a high hand, hut always that the right might prevail and that peace might reign on every hand. They were progressive, in a liberal sense, yet the goxernment nf the ])ro\ince made slow progress under their ministrations. They held a majorit}' in the assemblv for manv years, and it was only upon the request of the proprietarv that they yielded their strength to others and accepted a minority in the legisla- tive l)ody. They opposed going to war with enemies, ami through their refusal to establish a militia, or properly defend the frontiers in time of attack, the westward tide of settlement was much delayed. But notwithstanding the widely differing character of settlers who peopled PennsyKania during the first half of the eighteenth century, substantial jirogress was made, and the population rapidh- increased. In 1729 Chester county was dixidcd and Laticaster was organized. Twenty years passed before another division of the territorv was made, and then, in 1741). ^'ork county was set off from Lancaster. In 17^0 Cumberland county was created from Lancaster, and in ij^J Berks and Xortham|)ti>n were formed: the former from Philadelphia, Bucks, and Lancaster, and the latter from Rucks, Xext came Bedford, from Ctmi- berland. in 1771, follnwed bv Xcirthumberland, from parts of Lan- caster, Cumberland, Berks, Bedford. an. In the meantime large num- bers of settlers had come in and seated themselves on such lands as were unoccu])ied and hest suited them. Sa_\s Egle: "The number of settlers of this kind entitled them to great consideration. Their rights accru- ing b\- priorit}' of settlement were recognized by the public, and passed, with then' im])ro\'ements, through man\- hands, in confidence that they would receive the proprietary sanction. Much agitation was produced when a pro\incial proclamation required all who had not oljtained anil paid for warrants, to pay to the recei\er-general. within four months, the sums due for their lands, under ])enalty of ejectment. As a conse- (|uence great difliculties arose: the assenilily sought to coni])romise the matter by postponing payment of tlie i)urchase money for several years." Again, upon the death of Hannah I'enn. and Springett Penn, the assembly assumed that (i(>rdon s ;uithority as lieutenant-governor was terminated, and therefore declined to act on a message he had sent t(j that body. I'.ut (iordon was immediately reappointed by John. Thomas, and Rich.ard I'enn, and was continued in office until his tleath. in Au,gust, 1736, after having served a little more than ten years with much credit to himself, and without ha\ing antagonized an_\- of the elements of the province, llis successor was not immediately appointed, and during the interim the council, headed by I.ogan, its president, performed the duties devolving upon the executixe. Sir George Thomas became lieutenant-go\ernor of Pennsylvania, OF THE STATE OE I'ENNSYEl'AMA. 47 by apiioiiilnicnt, in Anj^ust, 173S, and scrxcd in tliat capacity until May, 1747. Thomas was Imrn at Antit^ua about 1700, and was a nianter and the son of a planter. iM'nni 1752 to 1766 he was governor of the Lee- ward and Carriliee islands. He was made a baronet in 17O6. and died in London in January, 1773. On assuming the duties of oftice in Penu- syhania, Thomas undertndk a settlement of the boundary dispute with Maryland, but witlmut materia! results other than the mutual agreement that the respective proprietaries should hnld and exercise jurisdiction over the lauds occupied by tlicmsehes and their tenr.nts at the date of the agreement. During Thomas" term, too, the minor matter of land titles growing out of s(|uatter settlements was adjusted. The must impurtant e\ent during Governi t Thomas' term was the o])en rupture between (ireat Britain on the one side and b'rance and Spain on the other. For many years the ri\alrv of these jiowers for supremac}' in America had led to hostilities in their colonies, but before this time I'ennsyh-ania had been practically exempt fmm their disastrous effects. 'J he dcclar.-'.tion nf war between England and Spain in 1 7,V; (France as an ally of S])aiu was drawn into the contest) made it neces- sary for Penusyh;mi;i to adopt se\ere measures for both ofTcusive ;md defeusi\-e operations; and the go\ crnor iir(imptlv urged upon the assem- bly the necessity of organizing a I'orcc of militia, 'i'o this the Quakers, who held the legislative majoi-ity. wnuld not consent, pleading in justi- fication of their refusal "their charter .and their consciences." In other words, they were "conscientiously scrui)ulous of bearing .arms" them- sebes, and they would not sanction the prosecution i\\ w.ar measures by voting an api)ro])riati< m for that purpose to be used bv persons other than of their .sect. Tu this obstiu.ate determination the (}uakers were supported by certain of the (German clement, and between them tliev 48 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY lieltl the power: Init it was cliiefly tlie Quakers wlio persisted in tlie refusal to support tlie militia project. I-'ailing with the assenihly. Thomas determined upon personal effort, and by his own exertions in the space of three months he raised the entire (|Uota of four hundred troojjs for the kin!4's ser\'ice. .Many of the men. liowe\er. were bontl-servants, hut they were strons.;' and ahle- Ixjdied, "and were willing to exchange tlieir service and freedom dues for nijuiinal lihert\ and soldier's pay." l!ut the occasion passed without serious warfare in the colonies until li\e years later, when England and hrrmce hegan their series of wars which entled in the oxerthrow of the I'rench ])ower in .\merica. On the present occasion, however, it was not only the aggression.s of the I'rench that caused anxiet\' in the province, hut the uneasy atti- tude of the Indians on the western frontier, with others nearer the eastern settled localities. T'or many years the natives had complained th;it they were not fairly treated in the purchase of their lands, and on some occasions they assumed a threatening attitude, F,vidently. Penn's policy in treating with them was not fidly carried out by the agents of his successors in the proprietary. !\ioreover. many of those who had traded among the Indians had found intoxicating licpiors a potent agent in prosecuting their Iraflic ami swaving the savage mind. and they used it all too freely notwithstanding the pmhibitiou ])Ut upon the practice. The somewhat famous "Indian Walk" was performed in 1737. and by it the i)roprietors secured a large and valuable tract of land at a very moderate compensation. The use of rum on this (xxa- sion was not charged, hut the Indians claimed to have been "cheated" in the transaction. The ])resent writer never has ])Iaced a high estimate on the Indian character, and, in whatever age or condition, has regarded the average OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. 49 of that race as little less than haibarians. But in justice to the aboriginal occupants of the territory it may be said that. Ioav as the latter may have been in the scale of intelligence and humanity and wicked as may have been many of their suhsequent deeds, it cannot be claimed that their early treatment by the wliites on several occasions was calculated to foster in the savage breast any other than feelings of the l)itterest hos- tility. Whether much importance should attach to the treaties in which the untutored savages were pitted against the Europeans, of whatever nation, is sometimes (jucstionable: especially when we consider the meth- ods often resorted to to induce the Indians to sign away their domain. In relati(jn to the "Walking Purchase." which was long delayed, one reiial)le writer (Shimmell) says: "The Delawares complained that the walk was not fair; that instead of by the compass across the country, it should ha\e l)cen up the Delaware by the nearest i)ath, as was done by William Penn and their fathers when they tramped leisurely together for a day and a half to determine the northern limit of Markham"s pur- chase of 1682. The Indians in the jiarty also objected to the pace of the white walkers, frequently calling to the latte; to i^'alk, not to run." The walking purchase included nearl\- all of Northampton county, and a portion of I'ucks, Carluni, Monroe, and Pike counties, in all an area of not less than twcKe hundred square miles. It is said that four days were required by the surxeyor-general to walk over the same ground that Edward Marshal! co\ered in a da\ and a half: and also that Jen- nings and Yeates. who set out on the j(nuney with him. were supposed to ha\e died from the over-exertion of that occasion. I'^om this lime the eastern tribes of the Uelawares were restive, and were held in restraint onl\- by the dominating IrcKpiois spirit of loyalty to the English. At the request of Governor Thomas, in 1742, the Iroquois compelled the Delawares to remove to the Susquehanna 50 COMPEXDICM OF HISTORY AXD GENEALOGY \alley. This pru\e(l unfurtunatc. f'H" in llial remote rcgiun they were brought more easih- under tlie I'reuch pcrsuasinus : and when tlie English and French wars were begun they allied themselves to the cause of I'rance, and spread desolation and death alnng the western frontier. In justice, hnwcxer, to the proprietors (if I'ennsyhania. it may be stated that there was far less cause for cf)m])laint on the part ol" the Indians in this pro\ince than in a majority of the nther .\merican colonies. If the agents and commissioners of the proprietors in Pennsylvania were chargeable with fault in dealing with the nati\'es, there was shown by the higher authorities a disposition to right the wrong. .\s evidence of this si)irit of fairness it may be said that wlien it was known that undue advantage had l)een taken in the walking purchase and other similar transactions, reparation was made by the proper authorities. .At the council at Easton in 1758. a considerable tract of land on the Ohio, Allegheny, Suscjuehanna, and Juniata rivers, which had been purchased in 1754. was restored to the Indians. This, bowexer. was not done until after the peace of 1756, but had ihe wrong l^een righted earlier, "the blood of Braddock's soldiers would not have Ijeen added to the price of the land." or THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 51 CHAPTER II. From the Begixmng of thk P'rexch and English Wars to the Revolution'. Pre\ious tn the declaration nf war Ijetwcen England and France in 1744. tiiere were nnmerous ruptures of a similar character on their own side of the Atlantic, l)iit no really serious outbreaks in their Ameri- can colonies. In March oi the }ear mentioned, war was formally de- clared, and then was begun the tinal struggle for supremacy in America of those great European [xiwers. h'rench influence was craftily em- ployed to alienate the \arious triljcs of the Delaware nation of Indians who inhabited the interior regions of Pennsylvania and to a certain extent their efiforts met with success. On the other hand, the authorities of Pennsylvania scjught to make and maintain a permanent peace with the Indians, but with only partial success, until the chiefs and sachems of the Si.x .X'ations (the Iroquois) were assembled in a council at Lan- caster on June 22. The conference was continued until July 4. and was attended by Governor Thomas in person, and by commissioners representing Virginia and Maryland. The Delawares, also, were present, but under the restraining power of the Si.x Nations they were kept silent, b'ar better would it have l)cen if the government of the province bad recognized the Delawares in some manner, and placated them, listened to their recital of grievance, and by some substantial token bad given them good assurance of friendship. But it was with the mighty Iro(|uois confederacy that the white men ditl treat directly. True, they were the dominant Indian power in America .it that time, and hcM the Delaw are Indians in perfect subjection, but in the latter was a hidden 52 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY volcanic force, waiting- only an opporUinity to break fdrlli and spread desolation all through the frontier settlements. At tlie council all matters in dispute between the Iroquois and the provincial officials, growing out of land treaties and other dealings, were satisfactorily settled, and the Indians jiromised to guard the north- ern frontier and ]5re\'ent an in\-asion of PennsyK-ania territory by the French and their Indian allies: but the Inxiuois did not engage to pre- vent an uprising of the Delawares ag.iinst the I'jiglish : they had no suspicion that such action was possible, but almost at that very time emissaries of the l-rench were at work among the Delawares. sowing the seed of dissension, magnifying the wrongs alleged to ha\c been put upon them by the whites, and promising thcni the most desirable hunt- ing and fishing grounds in all the territory when the dominitju of h'rance should be established in America. For an aggressive campaign against the I'rench stronghold at Cape Breton, Governor Shirley of Massachusetts attempted to unite the forces of all the colonies, but the asseriibl\- of Pcnnsyhania at first declined to furnish its quota of men, on the alleged ground that it had not been consulted, but in reality because the Quaker majority was opposed to war: but when the plan was approved by the British ministry, directions w'cre sent to the ]iro\incial authorities to furnish the necessary men and provisi(jns for the expedition. Then the assembly \oted the sum of i4.ooo for the purchase of bread, beef. pork, flour, wheat, or other grains. The "other grains" in fact meant grains of gunpowder. The majority in the assembly would not openly consent to the purchase of munitions of war, nor the organization of an armed force, but did evade their scruples by authorizing the purchase of "other grains." In 1745 an attempt was made to enlist the services of the Iroquois on the side of the English, but without much success, except with the OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, 53 Moliawks, wlio were under tlie influence of Colonel William Johnson. The Shawnees on the Ohio were allied to the French, and showed open hostility to the English. In 1746 it was determined to attempt the con- quest of Canada, and, at the solicitation of Governor Thomas, the as- sembly voted £5,000, but would furnish no men by direct provision. This was done, however, by the go\ernor, and four companies of one hundred men each were sent at once to Albany. The Canada campaign was abandoned, but the men were held on the frontier nearly eighteen months. In 1748 the war was closed by the ineffectual antl useless treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. During the eight years of nominal peace that fol- lowed, lK)th the French and tiie English made every effort to extend their frontier possessions and influence, the former with the greater suc- cess. In addition to their already established forts at Niagara and De- troit, they added rrcsque Isle (Erie), \'enango, at Au Boeuf, at the mouth of French creek, and tinall}' built Fort Duquesne on the site of Pittsburg, with the e\i(lent design to establish a line of fortifications from the lakes to the Ohio, and thence to the Mississippi. Frequent de- tachments of French tr(X>ps and their Indian allies passed through along this line from Xiagara to Presque Isle, and thence to Venango and Duquesne. Dark-gowned Jesuits hastened to and fro, everywhere re- ceiving tlie resj^ect of the red men, and using all their art to magnify the jKiwer of Rome and France. While these events were taking place, a change had come in the civil affairs of the pmvince. On ]May 5, 1747, the governor informed the assembly of the death of John Penn, one of the proprietors, and of his own determination to resign his office on account of ill health. The executive duties then devolved upon the coimcil, of which Anthony Palmer was president, until the arri\al of James Hamilton (son of 64 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY Aiuliew ] lamiliiiii ). wlmsc cdiiiniissinii as lieutenant-governor was dated Xoveniber J3. IJ4^. Hamjlton lield otTice until October, 1754. a period oi almost six years, and an era in which ])eace and plenty i)re- vailed nn e\cry hand. It was the calm, howexer, which precedes a storm, and at its end the I'rench and I'.ns^Iish strui^t^le fur the mastery was begun in earnest. The i)in'chase of ij-io bad added a considerable tract to the .avail- able lands of tbc jiroxince, yet f.ir beyond its bomidaries the frontier settlements were already established. "The progress of white jiopnla- tion," says Gordon, "towards the west continued to alarm and irritate the Indians. The new settlers, imjiatient of the delays of the land otilice, or nn.able or unwilling to ])av for their lands, or in search of richer soils, sought homes in districts to which the Indian title had not been extin- guished. Espcciall\- was this the case with the Scotch-Irish, who seated themselves on the west of the Susrptebanna. on the Juni;ita and its trib- utaries, in tbc Tuscarora valley, in tlie dreat and Little co\cs tormcd by the Kitt;uinn\- and Tuscarora hills, .and ;it the Rig and Little Con- nolloways. Some of these settlements were begun before 1740, and in- creased r;i|)idly despite the comi)l;iints of the Indi.ans, the laws of the prcuince, or the iirocl.'unations of the government." ( b'gle. ) It was not alone the advance of the Scotch-Irish into territor\' of the Indi.ans that disturbed the pro\inci,-d government, .\bout the same time a considerable colony of Xew b^nglanders, claiming under the char- ter of Connecticut, were invading the northern borders of I'ennsyKania, and came pre]>ared to defend their possessions against the claims of the Lenn charter, .asserting that the territory of Cc.mnecticut extended westward from Xarragansett Hay to the Pacific ocean. In 1733 an association, called the Susfpiehanna Company, was formed for the pur- pose of founding a settlement in the Susrpiehanna \:dley alxjve the Blue OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 55 mountains, and at a council with the Six Nations held in Albany, these pretenders purchased a large tract of land from the Indians. But the known hostility of the Shawnees. the unfriendliness of the Delawares and the uncertaint)' as to the attitude of the Six Nations in the impend- ing war. was sufficient reason for delay in protesting against the action of the Yankee claimants. In June. 1754. a convention of delegates from all the colonial as- semblies was held at Alban\-, the principal object of which was to secure a continued alliance with all the Six Nations. Goxernor Delancey, of New York, presided, and made a speech to the Indians who were present, (iovernor Flamilton. of Pennsyhania, was unable to be present, but he Commissioned John Penn anrl Richard Peters, of the council, and Isaac Norris and Benjamin Franklin, of the assembly, to represent that prov- ince at the conference. These commissioners carried with them £500 as a pro\incial present to the Indians. .\t the suggestion of Massa- chusetts delegates, a proposition for the union of the colonies was taken into consideration, and a committee ijf one frouT each colonv was ap- pointed to pre])are plans for this purpose, the fertile mind of Benjamin hranklin having already suggested that which \\-as finally adopted. It was the forerunner of our federal constitution ; but the assemblies re- jected it on the ground tliat it encroached on their liberties, while the crown rejected it, claiming that it curtailed the royal prerogative and granted too much power to the people. A crisis was now at hand. \\'hilc F.ngland and Prance were nominally at ]ieacc, the American frontier was constantl)- harassed by hordes of Indians let loose by the French, and the colonies continued their appeals to the ministry. \\'hile the latter was hesitating, the Duke of Cumberland, early in 1755. sent over General Edward Braddock with a detachment from the armv in Ireland. Braddock met the colonial 56 COMPENDIUM Of HISTORY AND GENEALOGY governors at Alexandria, and adopted measures for the protection of the colonies. Four expethtions were planned. I'irst. tlic reduction of Xova Scotia; second, the recovery of tlie Ohio valley; tiiird. the ex- pulsion of tlie French from I'ort Niagara : and fnurtli. tlie capture of Crown Point. Tlie first of tliese expeditions was entirely successful ; the second, under coiuniand of Braddock. Jiimself, was disastrous in the extreme. He neglected Wasiiington's advice to send out scouts, and when witliiu a few miles of Fort nuf|ucsiic his army was surprised by the concealed enemy and was only saved from annihilation 1)\ W'asli- ington. who. upon the fall of Braddock. assumed command and con- ducted the retreat. The expedition against Xiagara was also unsuc- cessful, luany of Shirley's men leaving him alter learning of Braddock's defeat. The army gathered for the attack upon Crown Point was only partially successful. On the whole, the entire cam])aign of the year was di.sastrous to the English. The action of Pennsylvania in the contest thus far progressed was in every way honorable and commend;il)le. The element that chiefly dominated its jiolitical coinse was now beginning to lose something fjf its influence and strength. Xew forces and new elements were alxiut to evolve from the luasses of provincial poj)ulation. and the material for leadership and safe control of afifairs — civil, political ,tnd military — was scattered in abundance throughout the region. The seat of pro- vincial operations was at Philadelphia, then and for many years after- ward the largest and most wealthy municipality in America. When it became known that Pennsylvania was in full sympatliy with the cause for which the colonies were contending, and that the intluences which dominated its policy were waning, the whole country naturally turned in the direction of the great city for advice and leadership in the struggle OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 57 which ultimately was to result iu absolute freedom for America, and the establishment of an indeiwudent republic. The con\'ention of the colonies at Albany in the summer of 1754 was an auspicious occasiou in the history of Pennsyh-ania. Mutual pledges of support were oi\en. and the delegates froui other colouies were assurerl beyoud question that this pro\-ince could be depended u])on in the emergency of war. John Penn and Richard Peters could sjjeak for the executive, while Franklin and Xorris were the representatives of the lcgislati\c lirancb of the [jroN'incial go\-ernment. .\t this time, however. Quaker influence was still the dominating power in the legis- lature, and to an extent swayed the action of the executi\'e: but now an emergency was at hand. It was not a question whether the (juakers should retain control of the gcnernment, but whether Pennsyhania ter- ritory should lie overrun bv a horde of murderous Indians and French soldiery. The proprietary itself, notwitlistanding Quaker leanings, favored aggressive and defeusi\e warfare. The great masses of the inhabitants were anxious for an opportunity to take up arms. The un- prejudiced men of wealth, the business men. and those engaged in com- mercial ]nn'suits. were willing to contribute time and means for the prose- cution of the war: but ihe dominant influence in the assemblv was stub- i)ornly inclined to shieUl itself liebind its "conscientious scruples" and turn awa\- from the demands of the people and the best interests of the ])rovincc. This spirit was persisted in until the Penns required that the Quakers yield the legislati\e majority into otlier hands. Hamilton retained the lieutenant-go\ernorship until October. 1754. when he resigned, lie had been an efiicient otticer in times of peace, and when the war came he joined with the clement that favored vigorous measures for the support of the colonies; but ad\'ise as he would, he could neither control the assemblv nor influence its action. When in 58 coMrnxnii'M or ihstorv axp cr.xn.ii.ocv this year a l)0(ly of \'irgiiiia troops had liccn (hi\fn trr tlie organi/.atinn (if a militia force. The liill, linwex-er. was so unsatisfactory in sfime of its provi- sions tliat tlie go\ernor could not sanction it unless modified, Ijut his propositions were rejected and nothing was gained. AI)out this time the British government determined to take an active part in the ojierations against the French in America, and give the colonies more earnest support. To this end two regiments of troops from the arm\- in Ireland were sent over and all the colonies were called upon to raise men and means for vigorous oi>erations. Pcnnsyh-ania was required to cnllcct three thousand men for enlistment "to he placed at the disposal of a commanost between I'hiladelphia and Winchester, the quota n Wills creek, and tn>m tlicre hct^aii his advance on I'mt l)u(|ucsne on I line 8. 0\\ iiij^- tn mmierous delays the l)attlc was not nijcned until July (). ami then, having' disregarded the atl\ ice of the ])r()vincial nlli- cers. his attacking forces were drawn into an anil)uscade and suhjccted 1(^ a terrihl)- destructive tire from the concealed I'rench tmops. and tiie merciless nnslauglits of their Indian allies. The result w;is hurnhle. and the sacrifice of life without i)arallel in warfare ;it that time. The provincial triuips had hecunie scattered through the dense woods, and hy resorting to methods employed hy the enemy, lighting at will, from he- hind trees and logs, did some effective work. After the f.dl of IJrad- duck, Washington covered the retreat, and saved the remnant of the armv from certain annihikition. .\ftcr the defeat, Dunhar. in command of the llritish forces, pro- ]ioseil to return with his troops to l'hiladel])hi;L. hut at the urgent re- quest of the assemljh' consented to remain on the frontier. ( iovernor Shirley, on succeeding to the conimaud of all the forces in the colonics, at first ordered Dunhar to strengthen his army and renew the attack on Fort Duciuesnc. hut afterward withdrew the troops from rennsvlvania, thus leaving this province, also .Marvland and \'irgini;i. open to the attacks of the enemy. Xtiw left defenseless, the Pennsylvania assemhiy was forced to act. and iironi])tly voted a levy of £50.000 for the king's nse by a tax on all estates, including the proprietor's. This was not relislieil 1)y the governor, not being in accordance with the i)ropriet.'iry will, hence the bill was returned. The I'rench had expected another attack and were sm'prised to 'earn that the liritish tnxjps had been withdrawn from the i)rov?nce. The frontier was now miprotected and the enemy (pncklv took advan- tage of the opixirtumty. ravaging the lK)rder settlements, carrying their depredations into the Susquehanna valley, and even threatening the OF THE STATE Of PEXXSVLJ-AXL4. 63 iiKirc iMipuluus districts farther cast. By Xuvember they had forced a passage across the Blue mountains into Lancaster, Berks, and Nortli- anipton enmities, and still the assembly had refused to vote an appro- priation fur the defense of the province. In this emergency the pro- ].rietarv uffered £5,000 for the cumnmn defense, to be collected In mi liie (piit-rents. but this the assembly declined except as a free gift. That bixh- did now tardily vote an issue of £30,000 in bills of credit, based upon the excise, and this was approved by the goxernor. In the meantime the manifest indifference of the assembly had aroused the indignation of the people who were willing to defend the territory and honor of Pennsylvania, Many public meetings were held in the counties bordering on the frontier. In some places the assembly niajoritv was held up to public ridicule, and resolutions were passed proposing by personal force to compel that body to adopt suitable meas- ures for the coiumon defense. Indeed, on one occasion the dead ixidies of \-ictims of Indian rapacit\- were hauled about the streets of Phila- delphia, and were placed in doorways of the house of assembly, placard- ed to the effect that they were "the victims of the Quaker polic_\- of non- resistance." In their jjolicy the Quakers were not wholly to blame. They were not altogether un\\illing to defend the proxince, f<_)r there were among them nwniv men as lova! and patriotic as those of an_\' other creed: but the assembly did hope and had the right to expect that the proprietary itself would bear at least a small part of the Ijurden of expense without an ultimate tax on the resources of the people, E\en now the pro- prietary interests were ecjual to all others and it was only fair that their owners should be chargeable with a part of the cost of the war. This was the view of the assembly, but it was nf>t a full justifica- tion for refusal to act when the safety of the province was threatened. '<4 COMPENDIIM OP HISTORY AND GENEALOGY HnweNcr. after much delay and Idss nf iJicpcriy and life, tlic asseinlilv did establish, at an eNjicnse of £85,000, a ciiain of tdris and miIkt ijc- fenses from tiie Delaware river id tiie Maryland line, fiilliiwinf,^ the course of the Kiitatinny hilN. The defenses were erected at the prin- cipal mountain passes and each was garrisoned with \ulunteers. These measures jirotected the eastern portions of the pro\ ince. hut the frontiers were left to care for themselves. The Mora\ians fortitied their nwn principal towns and took u|) arms in their defense, while the Scntch- Irisii settlers down in the southern localities alwaxs were .ihle tn care fnr Iheinselves. The (ierman element along the fmntier letired to the pro- tected localities nr withstood as best they cnuld the ra\a!;es nf the In- dians. Tiie condition of affairs in l'enns\ hania at the close ot 1755 was not specially gratifying, hut ])ri\ate enterprise and personal patriotism had accom])IisIie(l many things which slmuld have been dune by the authorities. Goxernor Morris .and the assembl\- were still at variance, and the province reallv had dnnc little in its own defense. In the spring of 1756 Morris issued a ])ri»claniatiou offering a reward fur each Indian captured and delivered over at any of the forts. antruc- tions the Iriendl}- feeling was aliruptl}- ended. Huring hi> two years in ofifice Denny accom])lished much good, .and under him ;uid the pro- vincial commissioners an army of 1.400 men was raised and ecpuppetl for active service, .and this ])ractically witlioiu ;iid fidui the assembly. This f(jrcc comprised twenty-fix e companies of whicli eight were sta- M coMrnxnnwi or history axd gemialogy tinned at Fort Augusta, under command of Major James Burd. Tliis was known as tlie "Augusta regiment. " Tlie Second Battalion, so called, comprisetl eight companies under Lieutenant-Colonel Armstrong, and was assigned to tll(^ territory west of tlie Susquehanna river, where the command was tlividol and >tationcd at convenient ])oinl> for i)ro- tecting liiat region, 'liie Tliird P)aUa]ion coni])rised nine companies under Lieutenant-Colonel Conr.id Wciser, and was in like manner divided and stationed where its services were most re(|uirc(l. The year 1757 witnessed many events of imixirtance in the liistory of Pennsylvania, yet the hostile relations of England and hrance, with t!ie Indian de])redations within the province, were tlie principal sub- jects for discussion and action among the inlial)itaiUs. 'Die military force organized tlic previous year in a measure restrained the Indians, hut the council held at L;incastcr in May did not restore jjcace on the border. CumlKrIand, Berks. L;incastcr and Xoiihaniptoii counties were subject to frequent invasion during the spring and suninier months, and on one occasion a party of Indians and a few I"reiich succeeded in carry- ing their depredations within thirty miles of riiiladelphia. During this period business was almost at a standstill, travel was abandoned and the hardy farmer in the fields performed his accustomed labors with his rifle within reach. Gcjrdon, in commenting on the prevailing conditions at this time, savs there was a want of abilitv and energv in the constituted aulliorities and tlie ])eo])le of the prc^vince; but the peo])le laid llic fault at tlie dr>fjr of the as.senibly; the assembly found fault with the executive, while the British government, having .serious troubles at home, charged all the colonies with lack of luyalty to the cause for which ICngland was con- tending, (lordon also says that "united councils and well-directed efforts might have driven the barbarians to their savage haunts, but that im- OF THE STATE OT I'EXXSYLl'AXI.l. t')7 becility distinguisljed tlie Britisli ministers and officers and discord paralyzed tlie efforts of tiie provinces, especially that of Pennsylvania.'' In 1738 William Pitt entered the councils of George II as actual though not'niiminal chief of the ministr}-. and tlien England tlung her- self in deadl\- earnest into tlie contest. In that year Fi>rt Duquesne was captured by an English and prcnincial army, its garrison ha\ing re- treated befcjre the resistless force of determined men from Pennsylvania and the lower counties. Maryland. Virginia and Xorth Carolina. North- ward, I'^ort Frontenac was siezed liy Colonel Uradstreet and other \ ic- tories jirepared the way for grander success in 1759. The cortlon was broken but P'nrt Niagara still held nut for ]''rance : still the messengers ran lorwarcl and backward, to ami fmni Presque Isle an\ince. and also had made known to tliein the ((uality of the soil in the nnnierons river \ alleys \\\ng to thf westward. It was then that the po])nlettlers traveling- sometimes in fam- ilies and again in colonies of adventurou'^ peo])le J war with Spain was declared and llie satety of the province was again threatened. In the general al.nin which followed the assemhK' convened and voted an a])]iropriation of £3.000 I'or the con- strnction of a U:vi on Mnd Island. nc;\y the month of Schuylkill, on the site where hdrt Mifllin was ,'iftcrw ,ird Imilt. This ]ieriod passed, however, withont serious results. .\ ))eace was .soon arranged .and the people of l'ennsylvani;i h;id only to give .attention to the increasing un- easiness of the western Indians who hovered on the borders and evi- dently were planning an outbreak. Xotwithstanding the tlisai)])earance of the I'rench these tribes re- membered them with affection, and were still disposed to wage war upon the luiglish. The celebrated I'ontiac, of the Ottawas, and Kiya- suta. of tiie Senecas, united nearly all of these tribes in a league against the red-coats, immediately after the advent of the latter, and as no such confederation had been formed ,'igainst the French, the action must be assigned to some cause other than mere hatred of all civ ili/.ed intruders. OF THE STATE 01' PEXXSYLr.-lXLI. Tl In May, ij^vl' ''i<^' league sur])risecl nine out of twelve English posts and massacred their garrisons. Detroit, h'ort Pitt and Xiagara alone es- caped surprise and each successfullv resisted a siege, in which branch of war the Indians were almost certain to fail. Venango, LeBoeuf and Presque Isle, with the chain of stockades west of the Ohio, fell he- fore the merciless attack of the savages. The ravages of the Indians called for prompt action on the'part of the authorities to suppress them. About the last of .\ugust the Lancaster county volunteers met and defeated a party of savages at JMuncey Creek hill. About the s;une time Colonel .\rmstrong with three hundred volunteers destroyed two Indian villages and drove their occu- pants from the regiim. Colonel Boquet with about five hundred regi- mental soldiers, and six companies of Lancaster and Cumlierland county rangers, about two thousand in all, was sent to the relief of P'ort Pitt. While working his way through the rough country he drove the Indians from Fort Ligonier and then set out to Fort Bedford, where his arrival was welcomed b\' the distressed families gathered there. The relief of Fort Pitt was more diflicult, for Roquet was to give battle to a strong force of sa\ages and overcome Indian cunning with jirovincial strategy. This he did, but with a loss of about fifty of his own men. In a fierce battle he defeated the besieging party and drove them bevond the Ohio river, but as one l)li>ckhonse or settlement was relieved another would be attacked until the entire western portion of the pro\ince seemed com- pletely overrun with murderous bands of savages. The assembly was slow to act and by its delay many lives were lost and much property was destroyed. The situation at length became desperate, and in each countv men were compelled to organize themsehes into companies for the defense of their homes and li\es. All appeals to the assembly and the projirietary 7'2 coMPn\'nir}t or nisTOh-v .i\n c:r.\r..u.ocv hail been in vain. General Anilier'^t's rehnke and severe criticism upon that l)0(lv was \vastesing of an era in the ci\il history of Penusyl\-ania. The people wh-) bore the burden of war and taxation during the preceding \'ears had lost confidence in their prdpriet.ary and the assembly: and now that ])eace was restored they began to look for relief fn)m the oppressions md unoti them by an unsympathetic goxcrnment at home and abro.-td. The means by which this could i)e accomplished had not been determined, had not become visible, but it was at hand within a few years of its develop- OF THE STATE OF PEXXSVLJ '.1X1.4. 7?, nient into org'anisni. It bad hccii hinted at in the rnval instrnctions for provincial go\ernnient at an earlier time. l>nt m.t until the fall nt 1764 did Great Britain oijenly declare the ])(ilicy which was c\entnall\- to free Pennsylvania from proprietary rule and the "religious scruples" of a misguided assembly majority. COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY CHAPTER III. TrOI'BLES \\ITII CON'XKCTICrT. After the nvertlifow of tlie Frcncli dominion in America, and after tlie final expulsion of the Indians from PennsyKani.i ,is the closing chapter in Pontiac's war. the scttl'^rs wlm had hecn comijcllcd to tlce for safetv rctnrned to their ahandoned homes and resnmed the arts of peace. Thev hafl suffered much from the recent distnrhances, and had much to recover. P.ut theirs was virgin soil, and waited onl_\' the ])aticnt effort of the hushandman to yield a ncl". return for his laters. Peace and prosperity seemed to prevail on every hand, and so far as their world of domestic action was conccrncii. no cloud dimmed the horizon. The next few vears following; the principal events referred to. wit- nessed a marvelous growth in population in the province, and in that time the outposts of civilized settlement were extended almost into its remotest corners. From the eastward the settlers were largely from this province and the lower counties: on the south they came from Mary- land and \'irginia. while from the north and northeast they came from Xew \'ork and Xew England. The so-called Connecticut colony was the occasion of considerahle disturhance in Pennsyl\ania history ahout this time, and resulted in what was Unown as the "Pennamite and \'ankee war." It must lie assumed that the contention of the Connecticut was based on the honest helief that the lands they occupied .and accpiired from the Indians were a part of Connecticut territory, but at the same time they must ha\e known that the lands were held and claimed under or TUP. STATE OT PEXXS)- f.r.lM.l. 7.5 tlie king's grant to William Pcnn. And they must have known, also, that ill order to reach those lands the\' must cross the territory of the province of Xew "S'ork. Conflicting charter rights were causes of fre- quent contnix'ersy hetwecn the pro\ inces, and hr.d then' origin in the want of geographical knowledge of tlie American continent on the part of the British goxcrnment. ("harters were grantcfl liy the king on the mere ahstract understanding that America began on the Atlantic coast and extended tlience west indefinitely, terminating on the Pacific coast. The charter of Connecticut, like that of ^rassachusetts% mentioned as its western hi>undar\' the Pacific r)cean. When these controversies arose, thev were usually settlerl hy the provinces themselves, hut it was not until after tlie Revolution that the states began looking carefully after their lunindary lines. At an earlier period, however, (."onnecticut had a houndarv dispute with Massachu- setts, and als(T with Xew ^'ork. It appeared unreasonable to her pro- prietors that the territory could he so limited, while that of neighboring provinces was so great, and some of her inhahilants sought to extend the Connecticut ]xissessions by crossing over Xew York territory and taking \\]i lands in Pennsylvania. They did this with knowledge of Penn's charter, hut the pr<]prictary of this i^roxince was not consulted in the proceedings. Their only justification lav in the fact that the Con- necticut charter antedated that of Pennsylvania. The smith l>oiindary of Connecticut, under the charter, began at the nvnitli of Xarragan.sett bay and extended thence in a straight line west to the Pacific ocean. The north I)oundar\- fixed in Penn's charter itf Pennsvlvania was the fi^rtv- second degree of latitude. The former, erctcnded \vest. would have entered Pennsyhania near Strondshnrg and crossed the Susquehanna at Bloomsburg. As early as 1753, an association of Xew Englanders (chiefly from Tf. CDMpr.xnirM or history axd cexrai-Ogy Connecticut) cal'cd the Sus(|iicli.inn;i Cunipanx. was furnicil I'di' the jiurpiisc I if jilanlini; a culnny in I 'onnsyl\-ania "cnilc )ry, tlicn claimed as a \y,w\ nf ( 'i mnccticnt. In '754 'I'c C(ini])any ]inrcliascil rvMin ilie Six Nations all the lands cm the Sns(|nehanna mirth if the I'.hie nmnntains. a reg^inn known as the Wvomint; \alle\'. now ime "f the most deliijhtfnl and liistoric localities of this state. Xatnrnlly. the pi'' inietovs of I'enn- svK.'uiia exclaimeil a,i;ain-t this nnwarranlcd imrchasi^ of their lands, and the methods ado])ted to sccr.re tlieni. lint the iimtesl was not vigor- nnslv nr^ed. fidm the fact that the conference at .\lhan\-. where the ])nrchase was made, had heen called to effect a nninii 'A the cnldnies against the I'rench, and the Pennsylvania delegates were nnwillini^; to intro(hK-e jir^ iprietary orievances as a suhject ol discussinn on that oc- casion. Dnring- the latter p:nn of the hrench ann to mak'c the colonies self-supput it had iieen chiefly created hy wars in which she had engaged on her own side of the Atlantic. The ])ortion. ho\ve\er. incui'red hv wars on this side slie proposed should be paid l)v the colonies alone, notwithstanding the vast increase in her domain as their resnlt. lUit the time at length arrived when lame sub- mission to the measures ])roposed could no longer be endured. The colonies themselves were heavily burdened with the c.\i>enses of the French wars, vet almost l)efore the smoke of battle had cleared away the ministry began devising means to tax tiieni without the bare foniial- ity of asking their consent. In 1764 a proposition was submitted in the Commons for raising ly rcxenue in the colonies h_\- the sale of stanijjs and a liill to that effect was ])assed in March, \j('^. It was bitterly denounced in the colonies, especially in Philadelphia. Xew ^'ork and I Boston, and the Sons of Liberty were organized to oppose it. So great was the pojjular indig- nation that parliament finally repealed the act. but in its stead were enacted other oppressive laws, une of which re(|uired the colonies to pay for the sup^wrt of the British soldiery in Xew York City, and 80 COMPEXDICM OF IIISTORV AND GEXEALOGV when the i>ni\incc ni Xew \'(irk refused to c\()ke(l by .\nieriean claims ui independence and all parties joined in resoKing hv this act to settle that point": hut it may he remarked here, casually jjcrhaps. that inasmuch as the colonies were not a party to the resolution the\' did not feel hound l)v its pro- visions, hence the re\()lutiouar\- spirit so early and so unmistakably manifested iu oiijxisitiou to the enforced doctrine ot "ta.xation without representation." .\hout the same time. l''rankliu in a letter to Charles Thomson said: "The sun of lihert_\- is set: you must light up the candles of in- dustry and economw" hy which assertion the great economist gave to Philadelphia an intimation that their op])osition to the odious acts of ]jarliameut must he shown iu the jiraciice of domestic frugality and as far as possible in refusing the use of any other than domestic manu- factures. 'i"he letter undoubtedly w.is written after the re])eal of the sriiish ministr_\-, excited h\ the action of the fioston lea Part}-, retaliated upon the Xew luiglaaid.ers by cl\-eninient of Pennsyl\ania from tlie fnuiuhns "f the cnluiiy U) the time when tlic majiiritv in tlie as^en;bly was reduced to niinoritx- at the suggestion (if tlie priiprietary. In Pcnnsvhania tliere was no laci< eitlier of loxaltv or patri(jtism at tliis time. In the great city of Pliiladelpliia tlicrc hved tlie strongest minds rnu! characters the country could then boast, and naturally the people (jf other colonies turned in that direction for suggestion, advice and guidance during the \ears iiuniediately preceding the Revolution and during the struggle for independence which followed. Xext to Virginia, and equal to Massachusetts, in poijulation, it was important that Pennsylvania answer prom])tly and unreservedly the appeals which came from the princi])al cit}- of Xew England, "that, if the other colonies would unite with them to sto]) all imiHirtation from (ireat Britain and the West Indies until that act should he repealed, it would pro\e the salvatirin of Xorth America and her liberties: but should they continue their exports and imjxirts. there was reason to fear that fraud. ]>o\ver. and the most odious o])]iression would i)re\ail o\er justice, right, social li.-i|)])iness. and freedom." Out of this ajipeal grew the suggestion for the first provincial congress, and Phil.-idelphia was chosen as the place of meeting. The situation was both interesting and serious. In May. 1774. Paul Revere visited PIiiladel])hia to discuss a plan of action, and was received by Jo.sei)h Reed. Thomas Mil^lin anrl Charles Thou\son. The next day a public meeting w'as held, and addresses were made by Reed. Miftlin. Thom.son and Dickinson. Dr. William Smith, provost of Philadelphia Orllege. prejjarcd a letter to be taken by Revere to Boston, and accom- panying it were resolutions defending the right of the colonies "to give and grant their own money through their own assemblies:" denouncing ^* COMPENDIUM 01- insrORY AM) GENEALOGY the Boston Port Bill, iiiul expressing synii)atliy witli distressed Massa- iluisetts, and recommending a colonial congress. In tlie meantime the Sons of Lihertx- and their co-workers in I'hiladclpliia were not idle. Ivarly in June the "cdmmittee of cor- respondence" sent a circular to citizens in all the counties (H the province in order "to take the sentiments of the inhabitants." and to in- vite the attendance of delegates from each at a meeting to be held at the state hoiise in Philadelphia. In piuMiance of the suggestions, meetings were lield in e\ery part of the province. esj)eciall}' in the middle and western counties, where the Scotch-Trish were most active. Deputies were cho.'^en from every district to attend a general meeting in Phila- delphia on Jnl\- 15. Hie meeting was held on the day apppy differences;" declared the act of parliament in closing the port of Boston to l)e un- constitutional, oppressive and dangerous; declared the bill for altering the administration of crin)inal justice in Massachusetts t(; be oppressive, dangerous and unconstitutional, as well as the bill for changing the con- stitution of that ])rovince; declared the necessity for a congress of deputies from the several colonies to consult upon and form a plan of OF THE STATE OF FEXXS)' I.J-AXLi. 85 conduct to Ijc observed by all of them, "tor tlie purpose of procuring relief for our grievances, preventing future dissensions, firml\' estab- lisliing oiu' rights, and restoring harmony between Great Britain and her colonies on a constitutional foundation ;" acknowledged that a suspen- sion of commerce with (ireat Britain would distress multitudes of in- habitants, and expressed the hope that the remonstrance of the jieople might not longer be treated with contempt, and desired that the pro- prosed congress should first adopt a pacific mode of stating grievances, and make a "lirm and tleccnt claim of redress;" promised to join with the other colonies in such an association of non-importation from and non-exix)rtation to (Ireat Britain, as should lie agreed on at the con- gress; declared for an obedience to the requirements of the congress; and declared themselves in favor of instructions to the representatives to soon meet in assembly, and request them to apjxiint a number of persons to attend a congress of deputies from the se\eral colonies. The deputies appointed John Dickinson, Dr. William Smith, Joseph Reed, John Kidd. F.lisha Price, William .\tlee. James Smith, James W'iLson, Daniel Brodhead, John Oakley anfl William Scull a com- mittee to prepare a draft of instructions. Dickinson acted as chairman, ;ind was the author of the instructions, which reafifirmed and elaborated the principles advocated in the resolutions, and expressed the hope that the congress would be guided by prudent and determined action. Dick- inson, Kecd and Thomson were appointed to communicate to the neighboring colonies the resolves and instructions adopted bv the dep- uties. The committee for the city and county of Philadelphia, or any fifteen of its number, was constituteil a committee of correspondence for the general committee of the province. In response tii the instructions, the assembly appointed loseph Galloway, Daniel Rhoades, Thomas Mifflin and John Dickinson, of sti coMrr.xnifM nr iiistorv .ixn cnxn.u.ocv Philadelpliia ; Jolni Mditnii, of Chester; Cliarles lliiinphreys, of Hav- ertiml; (ieoroe Ross, of Lancaster, and lulward Iliddle. df Reading, as delegates to attend tlie congress of deputies from tlie several colnnies. These men were chosen to represent Pennsylvania in what has ever been known as the "I'^irst Continental Congress," whose sessions were held in Carpenter's llall.''' Philadelphia, from September 5 to Octnl)cr 26, 1774. Dickinson was the leading spirit of the congress, and of six papers prepared and taken into consideration, he was the originator of two — the ])etition to the king, and the adflrcss to the people of Canat(iratiijii uf ■■union and liarnioiiy between (lieat Britain and the colonies." Tlie nianifesLition of tliis spirit at sucli a time could not lie taken as an evidence of weakness on the ])art of I'cnnsylvania. (ialloway"s inlluence was not jjowerful enou.nli to accomplish that end. and, besides, in nearly all the colonies the deles^ates to the i)ro\incial compresses fa\ored a restoration of h.'irmonv with the mother country if such an end coulil be attained without qrcat sacrifice, bm not otherwise. I'rank- lin. howe\-er, strenuously and with all his mii;ht, op])osed an_\' reconcil- iation \\hatc\er, lie had receiuly returned froni .t ten \ears" sojourn in l",ni;laud, and was well ac(|uainted with ])ubhc >cntiineiu there, and with the stubborn, mi\ieldiu.t; spirit which actuated ]>;irliament. It was the knowledge of what mij;ht be ex])ected ;it the hands of Great Ihitain. if the colonies were inclined to yield, that impelled him to ex- claim: ""Make yourseb'es slice]), and the wches will devour you." I'lUt Dickinson, ecjualh' lo\al with l'r;mKlin, .nid jierlh-ips more diploniatic than the l;itter, favored a second appeal to the kin.n, and drafteil the peti- tion; biU the stublxirn ,'md offended (ieor<;e III was "■determini'd to listen to nothiuii' from the illet^.'d con^fess." The second continental coii^fess was ajipointed to be held in riiila- delphia. May \o, \JJ'^. I he Pennsylvania deles^-ates orit^inally chosen were Dickinson, I'.iddle, Mifllin, (i.alloway. Ilumjibreys, Morton and l^oss. To these were subse(|uenll_\- aildcd l-'raukbn, Thomiis W illiuij and lames \\ dson. ( lalloway was relieved from serxiui;, at his own recpiest. lie was too stroiii^ly attachcil to the Ibitish side of the con- trovers\' to ser\e with credit to the ])ro\ince. and withdrew himself to lead the tor\' opposition to American freedom. (io\ernor Penn. too, was now in a ([uestionable state of mind, ,'md hardly knew which way tu turn. For some time he held aloof from particiijalicjii in public affairs, OP THE STATE OF PENNSYEVANIA. 89 and even retrained fmni any attempt to control the action of the as- sembly; but when the British gmernment proposed, as a measure of conciliation, not to tax the colonies proxided tiiC)- would tax themseh'es to the satisfaction of i^arliament. which the colonies refused, he sent a message to the assembh- ( Ma\-. 1773) and arraved himself on the side of the king. (^n June 1 \. 1773. cungix'ss restjlved to organize a continental army, and in its t^rst le\}- called for "six companies of expert riflemen to 1>e raised in Pennsx l\ania, two in AIar}'land, and t\\o in \'irginia.'" A few da\'s later two more cimipanies were ordered from Pennsylvania, for this ]irovince, li;i\ing a large ])opulation, with diversified interests greater than any nthcr cnliun", and Ijeing. nuireox'cr, the seat of such gox'ernment as the united colonies then possessed, was expected to contribute largely and freely for the cnmmon defense. Much was expected, and much was gi\'en. Altlmugh the assembh' had long withstood public demands and tardily consented t(i the establishment of a military system, the act for that ]iurp(ise had been passed nearh- ten x'ears before, and now the militi.a strength of the pmx-ince was known. More than that, se\eral years before this time, when the assembly maiority refused to set up a military establishment in the pmxince, that splenilid fighting" organi- /■ation known as the ".Vssociators," or "Associated Companies," had been brought into life. It defended the province through the trying years of the I'rencb and English wars, and its identit}' was still pre- -served at the lieginning of the war for .\merican independence. The assembly, now in full sympathy with the people, recpiested the several Counties to pro\-ide arms and ecjuipments fur this force. The assembly also created a conimittee of safety, comprising twenty-tive memliers, ten from the citv of Philadelphia, four from the- county, two from Chester, and one from each of the other nine counties. ^0 COMPEXniCM OF niSTORY ,}\n GENEALOGY I'ranklin was iis pi\---i(lfiit ami mu' ni ilio iii'ist ci iiispicui uis Hti^ures in its ii],eraii(jns. Tlic cuiiiiiiittee was entrusted witli tlie control of military affairs in the proxince wlien the assembly was not in session, and in tliat capacity its lirst action was to prepare re.qnlations for tiie associ- ators. The military act recpiired that all able-bodied m;dc ])ersons lie- tween the ages of sixteen and lifty years sliould be subject to militia duty, and that all persons who were "scrupulous of Ijearing arms" should Contribute a certain sum of money in lieu of their service. There were many such persons in the pro\incc prc\ious to the Revolution, and cccasionall}' ihev were the source of much annoyance to the aiuhorities. Tliey were found chiclly among the Quakers, the Mcnnonites, ;md the ( ierman Baptists. In April, 1775. the British attack on Lexington announced the be- ginning of the Revolution, and as soon as the news reached i'hil;i- delphia, the militia companies were promjitly in motion. So generous was the response to the call that the committee of safety found nine companies, instead of eight, loyal old Lancaster county having furnished double the umnbcr required of it. Tliese troops were formed into a batallion. and were commanded by Colonel William Thompson, of Carlisle. As soon as each company was supplied for the march it set out for Boston. The honor of having been the fnst to .arrive at C.am- l.ridge was Captain George Nagle's company of Berks county "Dutch- men." In less than sixty days from the date of the call for troops, the Pennsylvania, Maryland and X'irginia ritlemcn were with (iencral Washington, and were tiie hrst troi.'ps called into the continental army. Their term of service was for one year. 'J'he committee of safety of Rennsylvania entered into the sjjirit of the Revolution with commendable zeal, giving e\ery attention to the affairs of its own province, and by suggestion and advice guiding the OF THE STATE OF PEXXSYLJ'AXLl. 91 policy of committees in oilier provir.ces, where loyalty was embarrassed bv an overpowering spirit ot toryism. Thus, at the very l>eginning of the struggle this province took a prominent station among the united cfilonies, and PJiiladelphia came to be looked upon as the center of in- fluence and action, as well as the seat of government. The committee of safetv was not content with a mere performance of dut\'. Inn from tlie beginning nf its serx ice to tlie end, its mcmliers were constantly engaged forming plans, not only for the defense of the proxince. but that the independence of all the colonies might be achieved qs the result of the contest. This was Franklin's ambition, and was hinted at by him more than twenty years before, although even he had no idea of the turn in jM'litical affairs which was to follow the French and Fnglish wars. The committee first prepared for active operations by land, and then, knowing full well that CJreat Britain would send a powerful fleet of war vessels to co-opei'ate with her land forces, took measures to pro- tect Philadelphia by constructing defenses in the Delaware river. John \\barton was commissioned to build the first boat, which was namecl "Experiment."' and was placed inider command of Captain Henry Dougherty. The second boat was the Bull Dog. from the shipyard of Manuel Fyre. at Kensington. This was the beginning of the Pennsyl- \ania navy, a modest beginning but not less sure, and it antedated by three months the resolves of the congress in regard to a navy. .\moiig the later Imats that comprised the Pennsylvania flotilla there may be recalled the names of the I-"ranklin, C'ongress. Washington, Burke. Hancock. Camden, Effingham, Ranger, Dickinson. Warren, and Chatham. By the middle of September the na\\- was placed on a permanent footing, and ofikers and a complement of men were as- signed to each. This little fleet cost the province £550 for each boat. 92 CO}fPEXDirM or HISTORY .-iXD GENEALOGY I'hcy were propelled with nars. am! armed witii two liowitzers, besides^ several yiiiis. pikes and muskets. In addition to the flotilla there were built ten fire rafts, the object of which in revolutionary warfare was to run against and set lire to the vessel of the enemy. In \JJ(> this navy was increased by the addition of the .\rnold and Putnam, floating bat- teries, the Montgomery, a man of war, the Aetna, a fire sloop, and six guard Iwiats. On .\ugu,st i, IJJ^J. the official reports showed the navy ti) numl»er Iwenty-.seven vessels in commission and a total of seven hun- dred and sixty-eight men in that service. Having conii)leted the organization of the navy, attention was given to the further protection of the city by placing ob.structions in the river channel, erecting fortifications and otherwise laying plans to defeat the approach of the British by w;iy of the Delaware. These precautions were wisely taken, for early in May. ijjf^ two war vessels, the frigate Roebuck, and the sloop of war Liverpool, were sighted off the cajjes. Preparations were made to meet them, the .\mericans acting on the aggressive by sailing down the river within range of the eneiuy's guns, and opening the cannonade. The battle lasted from three to four hours, but no serious losses were sustained on either side. With the r.pproach of night l)oth sides ceaseeop]e, l:>est conduce to the happiness and safct} of their constituents in particular, and America in general." In other words, the true ])urpose of this reconnncndation was to set aside all pio])rietary and royal governments in .\merica. Tlie measure was radical, and was not acc-epted graciously by the ])roprietary [wrty in any of the pni\inces: but it was necessary, and therefore was djine with the determination that characterized the action of the leaders of public thought in other important measures. If the colonies were to succeed, and throw off the British Noke, all things that savored of royalty in the provinces must be put aside. In I'cnnsxlvania. ])erhaps, more than in any other ]Mdvince, the proiirtetar\' ])art\' was in favor, and when the time came to take away its goxernmental powers some adverse criticism followed: fml all ])ersous saw the wisdom and neces- sity of the step, hence the spirit of o])iX)sition soon di.sap^ieared. In April, ijjb, the a.ssembly, then \irtually controlled by the pro- 04 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY' AND GENEALOGY |.rii-tarv, for the second lime instructed its delegates to the f natidiial iiiipurtance and of equal interest were being enacted in Philadelphia, now the seat of state and national governments. On July i. Lee's resolutinn for independ- ence was considered by the committee of the whole of congress. The Pennsyhania delegates — Franklin. Dickinson. IMorris. \\'ils()n. Morton. Humphreys and Willing, were divided in their \iews. ancf \-oted against its adoption. ]-)ickinson opp(jsed the resolution in a speech, which is said to have been his greatest effort, but his objections were based on the ground that the colonies were not pre])ared to defend independence: that the time was not yet ripe for such determined and. in his opinion, dangerous action. It was not that Dickinson opposed American inde- pendence; on the contrary, he faxored it. Init he f|uestioned the pro- priety of open declaration at tiie time, when the colonies Avcre not \et bound together, and the character of government in several of them was so different. Wilson, who uncjuestionably was the most learned man among the Pennsylvania delegates, ha\ing a wide knowledge of history and science of government, had ])reviously sided with Dickinson's views, but now his attitude was changed. He favoretl independence. These twO' great figures inHuenced their colleagues, but Dickinson had the greater following when the resolutions were under discussion in com- mittee. The Pennsylvania delegates were not alone in not favoring the resolutions referred to. I3elaware and North Carolina also voted "nay," while New York, whose delegates did not receive satisfactro\cd the declaration ot inde- I endence. and ai)])ointed justices of the peace. I'ndcr the ci 'ustitntion the legislative power was vested in a .gen- eral as.scmblv of one house, elected annuallv. The executive jjower 98 COMPESDIVM OP HISTORY AND GENEALOGY was vested in a iircsideiit. chosen annually liy llic asscnilily ami cmincil, by balifit. 'liie onnicil comprised twelve nicnihcrs elected fnr a term of three vears. and was the advisory hod} to the ])resideni. I'mxisinn also was made fon men of I'cnnsylvani.-i. In the latter part of Xovemiier the assembly sent (leneral .Mifllin into the interior counties to arouse the people and increase the defensive forces. and bounties of ten dollars were offered to each m.in who joined W.ish- ington's army before December 20, seven dollars for each enlistment before December 2-,, and five dollars for each enlistment belore De- cember 30. By this means the army was increased, but Washington was being slowly pressed back by a su])erior force, both in numbers and equipment, .\niied boats were sent to Trenton to assist in trans- porting the army ami stores across the Delaw^are. and before night on OF THE STATE OF PEXXSYLl'AXIA. 99 the 26tli. tlic entire ft 'ice, together with a tliousand Hessian prisoners, was safe on Pemisx Kania soil. Tlie Hessians were sent on to Lancaster, and W'asliington's army turneij lnwaid Philadelpliia. The city now was in a state of ahirni. and fears were entertained that the princi])al nietr(jpoHs of the nation would fall into the hands of the ISritish. (.ieiieral Putnam for se\'eral weeks had been preparing for its defense, ar.d e\er\thing possible was done in that direction: but the fears of the people were not quietetl. Con- gress resohed not to lea\e the cit_\-. but on the \er\- ne.xt da_\' its niembers adjourned in haste to Baltimore, .\bout the middle of December the British occupied Trenton, ami immediately threatened Philadelphia from the east side of the river. W'asliington planned an attack ui>on the enemy at Trenton, but owing to difficulty in crossing the ri\er the exi)e- ilition failed. The council of .safety directed its efforts tow aril increas- ing the defensive fierce, and called upon all lnyal citizens to come to the aid of American liberty. The effurt was not in \ain ; the associators again rallied at the call, and the "T'cnnsyKania line" was greatly strengthened and reinforced. So far as the war itself was concerned, the }ear 1776 witnessed constant reverses for the American arms, and the outlook fur the ne.xt year was nut encouraging. Pennsynania was nuw practically defending her own territory, and was contril)uting more tiian her own (piuta of men for the continental army. In the other colonies varying interests and emotions were actuating the policy of the assemblies, in .\'e\v York the situation was peculiar. It had been the policy of the .\mer- icans tf> secure simply the neutrality uf the Indians, but their success was limited to the Oncidas. The British made undisgui.sed efforts to unite all the triltes in close alliance to the myal cause. Brant, the Mo- hawk chief, had been taken to lingland .ind shown marked fav^r by KM. COMPENDIUM or HISTORY AND GENEALOGY the government, lie was empowered ti> leiul all wli<> wmilil lollnw hini against the fnmticr settlements. One I'.ritisli officer exclaimed; •'We must let loose the savages upi n the frontier of these scuundrels to in- spire terror and make them suhmit;" and faiililiilly did they afterward execute the tcrrihle trust. Lord Chatham hurled his bitterest invective at;ainst tliis inhumanity. and when in parliament it was advocated in such words as these: "It is f^erfectlv justifiable to use all the means that (iod and nature have i)ut into our iiands." he indignantly exclaimed: "1 know not what idea that lord mav entertain of (Iod and nature, but 1 do knnw tlial such abom- inable princij.les are ecjually abhorrent to religion and humanity." But Chatham's appeals were in \ain. and the secretary of war ((iermain) gave instructions to em])lo\- the Indians in fighting the .\mcricans. A council was held in Montreal by the chiefs and warrinrs of the Six Nations, the Johnsons, the I'.mlers. J'rant and others taking part. and swearing fealty to the king. This was the first act in the catalogue of slaughter and devastation that followed. [ohii Ihiller established himself at Fort Niagara and organized a regiment known as lUitlcr's Rangers. Me and the b^hnsons used all their inlluence tn induce the Indians to attack the .\mericans. The Senecas held nU iav a time, but the pros]}ect of both blond ;ind P.ritish gold was too nuich for them, and in 1777 they, in conimon with all the nations, except the (Jncidas and Tuscaroras. made a treaty at Oswego and agreed to serve the king throughout the war. Pennsylvania was made to feel the vengeance of the blood-thirsty horde until an outraged government rose uj) in its might and inlbcted condign punishment upon the offenders. The year 1777 was eventful in the civil and military history of the state. On March 4, under the provisions of the constitution, the supreme executive council assumed its government. Thomas Whart.^n, Jr., was OP THE STATU Ol- I'l-.WSVJJ .1X1.1. 101 elected president, hence was tlie chief cxecutix'e of Pennsylvania. The council of safet\' was dissohed. and hrankhn had heen sent by con- pre.ss as one of tlu'ee commissioners to enlist the assistance of France against Great Britain. Suhsef|uent e\-ents showed the success of his mission. BRITISH FLEET. Earh' in Jnlv General Howe embarlell was hidden inider the lloor of Zion's Retcjrmed church in Allentown. The woundeil Iroui I'.ramK w ine were sent to Kphrata and elsewhere, and I.al'ayette. who also was suffering from a wounlied them with jjrovisions and ammunition. He then recrossed the Schuylkrll and again faced the enemy at Warren iaxeni, on the turnpike leading to Lancaster. His plans were well laid. hiU an untimely rainfall damj)- ened his ammmiitiou and compelleil his army to retire, lie left (leneral Wayne and fifteen hundred men to fall u]iou and destroy the enemy's baggage-wagons, hut that ;ifterwaril famous fighter was surprised on September -20, at Paoli, in the dead of night, and his men were shot OF THE STATU OF PE\\S)-Lr.l.\ LI. 103 down and bayoneted witlnmt mercy.' Six da_\s later, on the 26tli. General Howe and the \ictoricais I'ritisli army took possession of Phil- adelphia witliout opposition, lie at once cansed a line of defenses to be F.AOLI MONUMENT. 'The plate gives a view of an imposing shaft, on the ground where occurred the event described. It was erected witli appropriate ceremonies on September 20. 1877, the centennial anniversary of the Paoli massacre, under the auspices of the Centennial Minute Men of Chester county and private citizens. Near the monument is a humbler shaft, about nine feet high, which was erected by the Republican .Artillerists of Ches- ter county. July 4. 181 7, and dedicated Seiitember 20 following, "to the memory of the brave men who fell there by the liands of British soldiers under General Gray." ini coMrr.xnn-M or history .ixn cfxralogy estalilislicil inmi llic Sdniylkill easlwanl, and aiuiwanl Ins entire army devoted its time in pursuits of pleasure and gratification. In ilie meantime the American army, weakened ruid disheartened witli reverses, was encamped at .Sl situated ncir tlic place (the prcci>e spot lieiiiK iinkiinun) where Fort Nassau was erected hy Captain Cornelius Jacohse Mey, in 1623. In cnmmcinora- lion of the splendid defense of Fort Mercer, a ni.irhle nioniniicnt was erected upon its site, upon which were chiseled the following inscriptions : On north side: This nionnnienl was erected on the 22d Octo., 1820. 10 transmit to posterity a grateful rtniemhrance of the Patriotism and Gallantry of Lieutenant-Colonel Christopher Greene, who. with 400 men. conquered the Hcssi.m army of 2.000 troops (then in the British service), at Red Bank, on the 22d Octo.. 1777. Among the slain OF THE STATE OF PEXXSVFrAXIA. 105 made an attack uii I'Urt Mercer. Tlie assault was repulsed with heavy loss to the British land tnrces, while Commodore Ha7:lewood's Pennsyl- vania naval fleet hore down on llowe's men of war ;nid drcn'e them down the river, h'ort Mifllm aNn was attacked and withstood a siege of si.x (lavs and nights, and only after its palisades and earthwnrks were conipletelv leveled, and twn Imndred and fifty of its three lumdred de- fenders had 1 L'cn killed r wminded. was that position ahandoned. When Fort Mifflin fell. I'nrt .Mercer also was ahandoned. Init the state navy sailed past the citv in the darkness of night and found safety in the upper Delaware. The continental vessels were less fortunate, rmd were set on fire and hurned. I laving' ]iassed the dlwtructinns in the river. .\dmiral Howe's fleet came to anclior in front of the city. Late'- on it was made the ohiect of a novel attack from the Americans ahove. and V. hile the ruse was ineffectual it disconcerted the enemy and drew their fire upon a numher of keg-like machines floated down against them. This event liecame known in history as "The Rattle of tlie Kegs." Soon after the defeat at nerm;mtown. Washington entrenched his armv in a strong iiosition at White Marsh, and although reinforced hy the arrival of Ceneral dates" arniy. he acted on the defensive. Howe soon went out in force against him. with the expressed intention to drive the Americans over the Blue mountains, hut in the sharp engagement that followed, in which the Pennsylvania militia showed true fighting qualities, the British were repulsed, and retired to Philadelphia. General Washington's army then went into cam]) for the winter at \'alley Forge. was found tlv cniiininnclcr. Cinnit Ddiiop. whose bodv lies interreil near tlic spot wliere he fell. On east side: A number of tlie Mew Jersey and Pennsylvania voliintoers being desirous to perpetuate the memory of the distinguished oflficer and soldiers who fought and bled in the glorious struggle for independence, have erected this nionnmcnt on the 22(\ of October, 1829. (This shaft has been sadly marred by the chisel and hammer of the relic-hunter and vandal. The dilapidated condition of this tribute to patriotism and valor moves one to wonder that the work of restoration has been so long neglected. — Author.) 106 coMPExn/fM or iirsTORv .ixn gf.xi:.u.ogv wlicrc liis o>mni.in(l sutlVriil fxtiniK' li.'irdslii])- linin llic severities of wcatlier. Tlie oiiiim;iiulei-in-cliief liiniselt rep-uted tlint wiicn lie went into camp "no less than 2.898 men were unl'it lUr iluty because they were barefoot and otherwise naked." The winter at N'allev iMirgc lias frc(|ucnily liecn nicntinncd as tlic one (lark s]X)t in revolutionary annals. l)ut it was a condition wliiili ounld not have hcen remedied with the resources at the ciminiand of congress or of the council of safety. True, the farmers of the vicinity were censur- able in denving the Americans the necessaiies of life because the com- missarv department had not die means to ])ay. and also because they did sell large quantities of provisions to tiie British commander in I'hila- delphia. Compared with the comforts that surnnindcd llie royal troops, Washington's army was in a pitiable condition, yet the Americans hatl counted on hardships in waging an nnc(|\ial contest, and were determined to meet and overcome them. In the latter i)art of May. 1778. Sir llcnry Clinton, who had super- seded llnwe ill command of the I'l'itish forces, determined to r\;icuate Philadelphia and withdraw his trooi)s to Xew \nvk terntury. The British crossed over into Xew Jersey with some haste, for Washington's army was now strengthened and trained in militar\- service through the generous offices of Baron Steuben, who at this time .'ip])e;ned as a figure in revolutionary history, and cuntributed to tlic di'^cimifdrt of the British commanders. More, a I'rencli licet nf war ws now on its voyage to Xew York to give aid to the Americ'iis. :uid Clintnn hoped to cut it off before a landing could be effectcil. Abiait the same time (June 18) there arrived in T'liiladcljihia three Cdmmissioners from Eng- land, who held out the olive branch of peace with an nffer tn gratify "every wish that America had ex])ressed." but without avail. Through the efforts of P'ranklin and his associates an alliance had been formed OP THE STATE OE PEXXSYLrANEl. lOT witli l-'rance. and congress ret'usehia to sujjpress all disorder, and enforce the laws, but there were limes when even his show of fierce and authority were not sufficient to subdue the loyal whigs in their work of visiting retributive justice on those who would have betrayed their country to its enemy. The British had employed every means to annoy persons 108 COMFRXniCM ()/■ IIISTOKY .ISD GEXEAI.OGV wild adlicrtil \>< tlic c;msf fur wliicli the AiiU'ricans were struggling. and slvnvcil marked I'avor ti> tliose who avowed loyalty to the crown. The tories had their hand in the work, and were more offensive in their actions than the paid servants of King George. During the early years of the Revoluliun, and in fact tlirnngiiout that period, Philadelphia was known as a vcrital>lc h'^thcd of .\mer- ican lihertv, and it was a part of Gentr.d llowc's pmposc to s\ilidiK' the reljellious spirit and coerce Pennsylvania into acknowledging llic liritisli supremacy. He knew the Quaker spirit, and its opjiosit'on to l)earing arms in any warlike ser\icc. and he knew tliat llic same doctrine was held hy an element of the German jjopulation : hut when he reckoned on turning Pennsylvania away from her sister state he fell into a grievous error. At that very time this state had more men in the service than any other, and the de])lcte(! ranks of the continental ;(rni\' were Constantly heing filled with Pennsvlvanians. The rillenien from the mountainous region were always in demand, and o\er in the localities where the Scotch-Irish settlements were most ponnlous. were emiss.aries fnnii the council r.f safety ready to arm and e(|uii) all who would enter the service. Their resjionse was promi)t. their service was commendable, and their reward, though somewhat delayed, was ample. Meanwhile the war in other parts \vas ]irogressing with varying fortunes. At fust the r>ritish were victorious in almost e\ery battle, but after the alliance wit!i I'rance, the tide of \ictory turned in favor of the Americans. The first decisive check to the ilritish arms wris lliat administered by Stark and his band of hardv ^'ankce fighters in the battle of Bennington, which was followed soon afterward li\- the sur- render of Burgoyne at Stillwater (Saratoga). The bitter defeat pre- vented the union of Clinton's and Burgoyne's armies, and put the British on the defensive. r f!^ w z w a: < z o p D J O > 110 COMPEXDirM OF Iff STORY AND GENEALOGY AlK-.ut this time tlic British sought tlie aid of tlie Iroquois, paid tlicm the price, and instigated tlicm against tlie frontier -cttlcnient-i. boili in Pennsylvania and New Vork. After tlie autumn of 1777 the Senecas. Cavngas, Onundagas. and Mohawks were active in tiic Ihitish interest. Fort Niagara again became, as it had been durini^ the I'rcuch war. llie key of all the region of western Xcw \nvk ;uid I'cnusyjvania. and to that stronghold the savages constantly loi>kcd for >ui)iiort and guidance. Their raids kqH the whole frontier for Jnindrcds of miles anuuid in a state of terror, and were attended with the usual horrors uf savage warfare. Whether a Ixiunty was paid for scalps or not, as has hccn charged, the Indians were certainly employed to assail the inhabitants with con- stant marauding (larties. notwithstanding their well known and inveter- ate hahit of slaughtering men. women aiistile trihes of the Si.x .\ations, and the ilevastation of their settlements, and the capture of as many ])ersons of every age and sex as possible." Washington told Sullivan to "jnish the Indians to the .great- est practicable distance from the settlements and the frontiers; to thnjvv them wholly on the llrilisb enenn . and ptU it out '>f their jiovver to derive even the smallest succor from their own settlements." Sullivan's campaign contemplated two formidable e.\i)editions. the first under bis immediate command to ])roceed from h'.aslon through the Wyoming valley to Tioga I'oint. and there to be joined by the second force under (Jencral Clinton, who had swept down the .Susequebaniia from its headwaters. Then the united armies were to destroy the Seneca villages and drive their occupants from the entire denessee countrv. These expeditions were carried out according to the original ])lan, and the marauding Senecas were C(jmpelled to llee for ])rotection to the British post at l-"ort Niagara. Its main purjjose was accomplished, but the Indians continued their frontier attacks on the rcimsvlvania borders until 1784. So far as rennsvlvania was concerned, the evacuation of J'hila- OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 113 delphia and tlie successful campaign against the Indians ended tlie actual strife of the Revokition. excepting the occasional depredations on the western border. But the state continued its work of raising troops, and in pr(j\iding means and measures fur the o\"erthr(jw of British power in America. On Decenibcr i, 1778. General luscph Reed was elected president of the council, and as chief executive he, with his associates. was compelled to deal with imjinrtant matters of civil government. The state had issued paper currency far beyond the ordinary requirements of business, thus creating high and lluctuating values, and opening the way tu the (|uestionabie operations of unscru])ulous speculators, who fattened their purses at the general expense. Continental currency was depreciated in value, and had little purchasing power. To relieve the situation the assembly passed an act pmhibiting the export of many necessaries, and fixing a price nn others. But the relief was onl\- tem- porary, and many prominent men in Philadelphia were openly charged with speculating. Men high in oflicial circle-^ came un-' coMPnxnnwt or history asd gexealogy siglitly, rotten Inilk. Her dark and liltliy external appearance i)crfectly corresponded willi the death and despair tliat reijjned uitliin. One wlio was a prisoner on toard wnUe: "W hen I liist l)eianie an inmate of this abode of suffering, despair and dcalli. there were alxmt JERSEY PRISON SHll'. four hundred prisoners on board: but in a slmrt time they amounted to twelve liundred. and in proportion to our numbers the mortahty in- creased. .\ll tlie most deadly diseases were pressed into service of the king of terrors. Init his prime ministers were (lysenler\ . small-]X)x and yellow fever." Afterward the sick were carried to two hosjjital ships (one of which was sadly misnamed the "Hope"), anchored near each other, alxiut two hundred yards east from the "Jersey." These ships re- OP THE STATU OF I'liXSSVI.WASlA. 117 mained in the W'allaljuut iinti! Xew \'iirk was e\acuatcfl h\ tlie British. Tlie "'Tersey" was tlie receiving shiji — the others, truly, were the Ships of Death. It lias heen generally thnught that all the ])risoners who died met their fate on lioard the "Jersey." This is not true; many may have died on hoard of her who were not reported as sick, hut all the men wlio were ]5laced on the sick list were remo\"ed to the hospital ships, frrim wliich they were usually taken sewed up in a Ijlanket, to their long home. It is computed that on Ixjard these vessels and in the prisons near hv, more than eleven thousand Americans ])erished, many of whose names are unknown, and wlnise sufferings are liuried in ol)livion. They lingered where no e}'e of jiity witnessed their agony: where no voice whispered consolation: where no tongue could praise their patriotic devotion, or friendly hand could he outstretched in relief — only to pass the wearv dav and horrihle night, unvaried except h\' new scenes oi painful endurance and new infliction of ho])eless misery. The hope of death was to them the onl_\' consolation which their situation afforded. William Aloore succeeded Reed in the presidenc}- of the supreme executive council in 17S1. He had few prohlems of war to deal with. Init the affairs of state and the ciu'renc}- were important questions that mi\st receive attentii>n. In the early part of 1782 Pennsylvania joined with congress and granted a charter to the Bank of Xorth America, and through that medium Morris was enabled to restore the continental credit and gi\e \alue to its currency. It was the first incorporated hank in the country, and still exists. In the same year John Dickinson returned to inihlic life, and became a member (^f the coiuicil. and its ])resideiit. This body was soon after- ward enabled to proclaim to the state the welcome news of peace, the parliamentary treaty having been agreed to and signed. Then the Delaware was cleared of obstructions, and the port of Philadelphia ii> coMPn.ynirM or history .i\n cr.xr.ii.OGY was ag;iiii "'poiicd to the commerce oi' ilic woiKl. However. iK't'ore tlie filial restoration of peace, a considerable mmilicr of tlie Pennsylvania line presented tlicmsclves at the doors of congress and the execntive council, anil made lond demands for ])ayment (\uv tlR-m for services. Their temper was such that tlic coiuicil refusertation and keeping of slaves in the state was another matter that came up freferred to live in their former local- ities. The United States goxcrnment treated them with great modera- tion. Although they had at least tw ice broken their pledges and without provocation had jjlunged into war against the colonies, they were readilv admitted to the benefits of peace, and were even recognized as owners of the land over which they had ranged before the Re\-olution. In October. 1784, a treaty was made at Fort Stanwix (Rome. X. v.), between tlu'ee commissioners rei^resenting the L'nited States and the sachems of the Six Nations. The Marcpiis de LaFavette was jiresent and made a speech, although not rcinu>t stale in the Icckial I'liioii. At tlic time cf wliidi \vc write the entire iin]uilaiinii (,f the si.ue was more tliaii 350,000 inliahitants. ami that nf the eity nl i'hiladelphia aUxit 40,000. It was not only the seat nf federal and --tale governments, the scene of many of the most iniport.inl event-; in early Anieiicm histnry. l)i\t at tliat time was the largest and nK^t iimjuiImu-; eity in the conntry. It was imt imtil iSio that Xew ^■ork e.\eeet.T\ ice in l'"uro])e. He was elected to the council, was made its ])resident. and ser\ed mitil 1788. Down to this time no man more than Benjamin I'^ranklin had liorne so conspicuous and honorable part in ser\ing the interests of his country: no other man Icnew better than he the needs of America at the time of the Revoluti'^n : no other man was more closely in touch with persons high in office and influence either in this country or in F-iu^ope : no other man was or could he more loyal to countr\- than he. Diu'ing the revolutionary period he was clearly the man of the hour, and it is doubtful if any other could h:a\e accom- ])lislied the work done 1)\- him. I'hiladelphia never has torgotten his ser- vices, has ne\'er failed to honor his memorv. and to this dav his monument occupies a conspicuous ]ilace in one of the most popular streets of the city. Franklin came to Philadelphia from Boston, where he was born Jan- uary 17. 1706. Pennsylvania never had any great regard for New England Yankees, especially for the Connecticut claimants who attempted to pre-empt the whole \\'yoming \allcy. Init from the lieginning Frank- lin seemed to have won his way inti) the hearts of Philadel]ihians. He came to the citv as a printer. ha\ing disagreed with his brother in Bos- ton and started out to make his own way in life. He \isited England, worked at his trade, returned to Philadelpliia in 1726, and in 1729 lie- came editor and proprietor of the "Pennsylvania Gazette." In 1730 he ^^2% COMPP.XDIVM or HISTORY AXP GRyJEAI.OGY liejjiin ])iil)lisliiiig; "I'mn" l\iclian!'s Alinaii.ic," wliiili i; nncd wide celcli- rity. Tlic same year lie married Deborali Reed. A fitting tribute to Franklin's life and works belongs to an entire voliinic: in this place only a l>riel' chronology of leading events can l)e given. lie was clerk in the provincial assembly in 1736: postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737; deputy jxjstmaster general of the British colonies in 1733: agtnit of the assembly in opposition to the i)roprietary claim to exemption from ta.xation. \~^~-G2: made his wonderful discovery in the science of electricity in 175-'. thus gaining memborshi]) in the Ro\al Societv. winning the Copley gold medal, and earning the degree of LL. D.. in 17AJ. from O.xford and Edinburgh: commissioner to .Mbanv conference. 1754: assisted in furnishing transjxirtation for Br.addock's army. 1755: was examined before house of comnious on state of afifairs in the colonies, and assisted in procuring repeal of Stamp Act. 1766: elected to continental congress, 1775; signer of Declaration of Independ- ence: president of provincial congress which framed constitution of 1776; ambassador to France. 1776-1785: instrumental in ])rocuriug an rdliance with T'rance. 177!^: with Adams and lay. signed treaty with Great Britain. 1783: president of supreme executive council. 1785-88; dele- gate to convention which framed federal constitution 1787: (bed in Phil- adelphia, April 17, 1790. OF THE STATE OF FEXXSYWAXIA. 183 CHAPTER V. Pexxsvlvania as Oxe of the I'xited States, T7S7-TS12. Tlie con\enti Wilson, and (iouverneur Morris. Dick- inson was there as delegate from Delaware. Washington, also, was present, and presided oxer the deliberations of the ron\-ention. Although eighty-one years old. Franklin was one of the guiding spirits of the con- \'entioii, Init on account of his adxaiiced years his speeches were read by \\'ils()n. his associate, friend and co-\\(irker. F'rankJin proposed daily pravers in the con\ention. alwavs urged conciliation when the proceed- ings became spirited, advocated representation in congress on the basis of po])ulation. and r)]ip(ised properts' (|ualiticatii)n for representatives. ^[ifflin, wild was the first gn\ern(ir of Pennsyhania under the con- stitution of 1790. was a (|iiiet factor in the work of the convention, al- though he was a man of great mental strength, a military leader of re- nown, and was both popular and intluential. Morris, the financier of the Revolution, the banker and man of business, proposed Washington's name as presiding officer of the com ciition, and was actixe in all the pro- ceedings. Clymer figured chiefly as a man of earnest thought and delib- erate action. He spoke occasionally, and through his influence, aided by Sherman, of Connecticut, the term slai'c was kept out of the consti- tution. FitzSimons was a business man. a merchant, self-made and 1-J4 cnMrnxniiM oi- histor)- ./.w cesi-.ai.ogy wcallliy. He opposed the ])rohil>ition of ;i las on exports. Ingersoll was a lawyer, learned in his jirolession. hnt then comparatively unknown. Later on lie gained fame. He was a (|niet factor in the dclil)erations, having little to say. but his influence was felt in the sessior.s. Wilson was the legal luminary of the convention, the close friend nf I'ranklin. and the peer of any of the delegates. I'roni a le.^al slanilpoint he weijjhcd and tested everv article and declaration of the constitution, (iouverneur Morris also was a lawyer, and came to Pennsylvania as a Xew York delegate to the continental congress in 1778. He located in Philadelphia and liecame a lawyer of prominence. In the convention he served as chairman of the committee on arrangement and style, and. as Shimmell savs. he "desenes the credit for the clear ajid simple language of the constitution." The federal constitution was adojUed September 17. and ,-it the very same time the PennsyKaiiia assembly was in session on the floor atove in the old statehouse on Chestnut street. 'Set rVnnsx hania was not the first state to ratify the constitution, owing to the o|)i)osition of some of its representatives, who found it so unlike their own state constitution that its provisions were not acceptable to them. However, the vote of ratifi- cation was taken December u. and was carried. 4'') to 23. The event occasioned much excitement, and considerable feeling. I'ublic sentiment was divided, and out of the division there grew two perfect in its operation. There were abuses of power, mis- direction of funds, schemes and e\il practices in connectiim with the construction and management of the state public works, but in e\ery state and ciiuntr_\ where politics is made a business, abuses of some sort are expected. This may lia\e been true during the early days of jjiiblic im]5ro\emei^t in Pennsyhania and in other states, but it is quite cxidcnt that tlie practice still exists in e\ery state and gc_)\ernment at the beginning of the twentietli centur\ . One of the nmst important and at the same time serious e\cnts which took [jlace during Mifflin's term as governor, was the so-called "Whisky Insurrection." It directly concerned the inhal)itrmts of the territory west of the .Mlegbenies. but indirectly its effects were felt throughout the state. In March. 171)1. Congress le\ied a tax of twenty- fi\e cents per gallon im \\hisk\- manuf;ictured in the L'niled States. At that time the means of tra\cl across the .Mlegbenies were limited, and there was little trade between the people west of the mountains and 9 VM) COMPENDIUM Of HISTORY ASD GENEALOGY those east uf the range, and as a consequence tlie farmers around Pitts- burg liad no market for tlieir grain. So they made it into wliiskv . and found a luarket at li(.>me. i>r transported it over the mountains on horsc- l)ack. As lung as there was no tax tliis could l)e done with good profit, and tlie home distilled article produced amonj,^ the Scotch-Irish settle- ments over the luoinitains was in excellent repute with the people on the cast side. The hardy Scotch-Irish settlers of Pennsylvania never took kindly to the idea of paying twenty-five cents a gallon tax on whisky. It was ant.'igonistic to their inherent principles, for their ancestors had resisted such a tax in Irel.uid. and had emigrated to a free country when they came to America. With them any excise tax was wrong, hut this governmental atteiupt to force a whisky tax from them was deemed an outrage, an oppression, and they refused to ])ay. ami organized against it. and drove out the tax collector, and even opix).sed themselves in armed force to the authority of Pennsylvania and the general govern- ment. They even went so far as to declare that they would renounce all allegiance to this coiumonwealth, and set up a state government of th.eir own west of the mountains, and ihcy would ha\e done so had not the strength of the government restrained them. For about three years the opposition to the tax manifested itself chiefly in refusal to pay and threats against collectors and assessors, but in the summer of 1794 the luilitia and the mob exchanged shots with fatal results. Then mob violence Ijecame in(iuire into the state of the rebellion, while Judge Hrackenridtie and Albert Gallatin acted as medi- ators between the commissioners and the (jffenders. This was Gallatin's first a])]jearance as a conspicuous figure in Pennsylvania h.istory. He iiad served in the legislature and in 1794 was chosen to the L'nited States senate, but was not seated im account ol a question regarding Ins citizenshi]). After his services in connection with the whisky insurrection he was elected to Congress and became an important factor in financial circles. Brackenridge was better known and figured in Pennsyhania history as preacher, teacher, writer, lawver. politician, and finally as judge on the bench of the supreme court (1799-1816). The efforts of Gallatin and Brackenridge as mediators were only partially successful, for m;m\ of the insurrectionists refused to sign the articles of settlement. Then the jjresident ordered the army into the country in revolt, while he himself went to Carlisle to be nearer the scene of events. Here he was met by a committee beaded by William Findlay. and was assured that order would be restored: that the i)cople in rebellion would submit to the laws. ])ay the excise ta.x and respect the officers. Findla\- had been acti\e in state jxilitics for se\eral years, ami was \ er\' po])ular with the "'common people."' He came from Ireland. ser\ed in the Revolution, and settled in Westmoreland county. He was a mem- ber of the legislature, ami ojiposed the federal constitution as an attempt to centralize power. He served eleven terms in Congress (i79i-99- and 1X03-17). While the federal authorities were busv with the whi>kv in-ur- 131' COMPENDIUM 01- HISTORY AND GENEALOGY rcctionists west of tlie Allcglicnies. Mifflin and liis civil government were handling the ci>ni|>lcx and soinewiiat delicate question regarding the attitude i>f the commonwealth witii respect to the war between Kngland and France, which broke out in 179,^ If Philadelphia had not been the scat of the national government, liie situation would lia\e l)een less embarrassing, for. above all things, Miflliu hoped never to offend the representatives of a foreign piwer. He lHught side by side with I'renchmen against Great Britain, Init now tlie United States and that government were at peace. However, Jays treaty with ling- land made in 1794 created a political division in America, and Mifflins administration promptly took the side of I'rance. Naturally, Mifflin's enemies, and they were many. tiH)k the opposite side, .\t the next as.sembly election the nominees were citiicr "treaty" or "anti-treaty"" candidates: that was the issue. W lien it was feared t!iat this country might be drawn into tlie contest the governor called u]K>n the militia to prepare for tiic jiublic defense. But the period passed without serious di.sturbance, exce])t in |)olitic;d and newspajK-r circles, and Mifflin's course made him more jxipular than c\er, except with his political enemies w1h> were envious of his strength, .md, l)e- sides, they were hungry for power and the s|)oils of office. .\bout this time the old agitation was revived regarding the removal of the seat of state government from I'hiladelpliia, and ])olitical issues were framed accordingly. The state now containeil twenty-three coun- ties, and civil authority was extended over its entire territory. Its ag- gregate iMjpulation approximated 750,000; that of Philadelphia was alx)iit 60,000, and it was believed, or at least argueil, that the city in- terests controlled legislation and secured to its pne of the duties of assessors to measure and register the panes of glass in the windows. The .'ut was vieweil and resi>ected according as various interests and classes were afTecied bv it. Over among the Scfitch-Irisli. wliere .'mother ])Mssil)le outhreak was feared, there was no oi>]xisition wh;ite\cr. When tlicy had l)een reconciled ti> the whisky tax. they were jirepared I'^r .ilmost any future emergency, and they p;issed the ordcd of a tax levied on their dwellings without a murmur ot dissent. In the Cicrni.in counties. however, the house tax was not rip])ro\cd, ;ind it was not \y,\u\. until enforced by the strong arm of federal authority. The (lerman people in the regions north of l'hil:idcl])hia were l)eculiarly impressed with the new law. They could not understand its provisions or apjjreciate the i)f)ssil)le necessity for .any such ridicu- lous measure, and they simply stood nut against ])a\nKMn of the tax with all the stubborn determination they were possessed of. Berks, Xortliampton, Bucks .and Mnntgoniery counties cunstiluled the district where the di.safTcction displayed itself. In history tlie event always lias l)een referred to as "Fries's l^ebellion." from the fact th.at one [ohu Fries set himself up as a leader of public thought and therefore deemed OF THE STATE OF FEXXSVLI -.-iXIA. 135 himself fitted to lead the people in resistance to law. From the fact that the house\vi\es in some li>calities would ixrcasionally greet the assessor with a kettle of hot water, the uiirising also acquired the name of "Hot Water Rebellion." But however the insurrection may have been \-iewed 01 characterized, it was a serious e\ent in the history of the state, and for a time threatened to extend itself throughout all the counties where the Germans were most numerous. John Fries, the leader of the malcontents, had served with credit as a soldier in the Rex'olutidU, and auKing his own people had ac- ([uired a reputation for courage. He was not a leader, as he assumed to be, and his mental equipment was not above the average. His oc- cupation was that of "crier of auctions." hence he was a talkative per- .son, and evidently he could arouse as well as amuse his hearers. I'Vies arrayed himself in a plumed liat, wore a pistol in his belt, and carried :. sword at his side, and thus accoutered he set out at the head of about si.xty armed men to spread the sentiment of resistance to the hou.se tax among the people. He spoke frequently, and loudly, and exclaimed against the injustice of the law. This was his right, if actuated by honest motives, but when he attempted to incite his followers to acts of lawlessness, his conduct was treasonable. A noticeable participant in all of Frics's movements about the country was "his little dog, Wiiisky," to which all contemporary writers refer with some degree of enthusiasm, but it is not claimed the bVies's ermine companion possessed (pialities not found in others nf his kind. But, howc\-er accompanied, the leader of this motley party went alxnit the country and haranguetl the dertiians almost without restraint or protest for sexeral months liefore the authorities gave lieed to his actions. Finally, a United States marshal arrested twelve of Fries's followers, and held them in custody at the Sun Inn, in Bethlehem. Tlieir leader i-M COMPEXDICM or HISTOh'V .IXP C.P.XEAI.OGY with liis army went to the rescue, (lemaiulctl tlieir release, and ilnealcned forcible sei/nrc if refused. Tlic marshal yielded uj) his prisoners, and Fries marched awav a hero, in his own estimation. I'.ut now he had wantonly vii>latearties were forming on vi\iiij; "As l'i-ii;is\lv;mia is ilic Isfjstoiic of llic iX'inncralic ij-cli, c\cr\ engine will l)e used to sever it frum its place." Tlie dec- laration had no special significance at tlic time. Imt this comparison of the commonwealth with the keystone of an arcli led to the accepted designation of Pennsylvania as the "Keystone Stale." In McKean's time, in 1803, the somewliat famous iinpeaciimeiil case of Veats, Shipi)en and Smith reached its culminalinn. These three judges of the supreme court were arraigned at tlie har ni ilie senate charged with oppression, false im])risoumeiit aud high misdemeanors. The case attracted much attention at the time, hut sul)sc(|uently hecame less remarkalile when, on account of almost constant variances of the executive, legislative and judicial (k'])artments of state go\ciiiuient. some puliHc ufficial was presented for impeachment. Jhc judges ahove referred to were ac(|uitted of tlie cliarges brought against them, as were nearly all others similarly accused when political considerations and party advantage swayed men's minds and actions. During the latter part of (lovcrnor AIcKean's last term, the tin- friendly relations of the United States and Great P.ritain were the (k- casion of much anxiety and regret in tliis state, but as yet the situ;ition had not become serious enough to create a division of public sentiment. The injurious effects of the embargo act were felt in l'hiladelpiii;i and other se;iix)rt cities early in iSoS. but the legislature did nothing — in fact could do nothing — to relieve the distress of sailors and ship])ing interests. That branch of state government sujjported the embargo act. and otherwise stood loyal to the determination of the president and Congress. While this subject was uppermost in the public mind, and while the people were l>eginning to discuss the ciuestion, "pro and con," for party purposes, a gubernatorial election was held (October. 1S08J and OP THE STATE OF PEXXSYU'AMA. I;i9 .Simon Sii\cler was cliDsen. He was tlie first of tlie Dulcli goverin>rs, and was in all respects an honorable, efficient and conscientious public =er\ant. In tlie ]>)litical contest of the year there were three candidates. Snvder was the regular Democratic nominee, Spaxd was the champion of the so-called constitution.al democratic element, commrml}- called "Quids," and James Rn=s caiTied the banner of the I'^deralists. who e\'en then had begun tu cr\" "I'ree trade and no embarg'O." .Sn}-der's majorit}- was overwhelming and carried gratification to the hearts of his supporters. The Germans in particular felt that their voting strength in the field of politics had at last been recognized. Snv- der ]>ro\-ed as honest as he was outsiioken and candid, and in whate\er he did he was actuated only by the best motives. He was born in Lan- caster in 1759, and educated himself while serving as a tanner's ap- jjrentice. In 1784 he remo\ed to Selinsgrove and engaged in mercan- tile pursuits. He never drifted into jxilitics. He was not in s\nii)athy with its jtractices, and yet he was frequently chosen to places of re- siionsibility : was justice of the peace twelve years: member of the con- vention which framed the constitution of 17Q0; first elected to the house of representatives in 1797: speaker of the house in 1802. and for six su.ccessix'e terms: was go\-ernor frnm 1808 to 1817: state senator. 1817- 19: and died while a member of that bddv. .\'o\ember 9, 1819. The |)rincipal e\ent which tixik jjlacc during (joxernor Snvder's administration was that commrmly knnwn as the war of 18 ij, nr the second war with (ireat Britain, which will !>e treated in the next chapter. Rut during that period there were (ither important events uf ;i civil and political character that occupied the attention nf the execuli\e .and legislative branches of state government. The banking and currency questions ag.'iin presented themselves and at a time when least welcome, for the countr\- was on the \erge of another war. In 181 1 the old 140 coMrnxnirM or ihstorv .ixn geneai.ogv L'nitfd States l)anl\ passed lUii of existence, and imimilialcly ilieieat'ter tlierc followed a lusli of apjjlications for cliarters for state banks. The legislature under pressure of outside inlluence favored tlieni, l)ut the governor as warmly opposed them, or S(j great a nuinl)er of tliem as were songlit to l>e estal)lis!ied. In iSi.^ charters were t;rante(l to fortv-two hanking corporations. The governor ])roni])tly vetoed llie l)ill. hut the legislature passed them o\er the veto. The wholesale char- tering of l)anks. without restrictions of any kiiiuch of their crews as were suspecte-h aggressions, and decl.ired it ihe duty ot that ImmIv t<^ consider whetiier the .\nietican jieople should longer ^-ulmiit. hut at the same time he cautioneuprcmacy on the lakes, having been c;i]ilnred and iield jjnsciuer at Detroit in 1812. After his release he went to Washington and laid the matter before the president and his advisers, and with such effect that he returned to Erie with orders to build two gunboats for serxice on Like bjie. Later on he was authorized to build twf) sloops of w.ir. :i]u\ on tiie arrival of Perry in March following the keels were laid .and much of the materia! fur OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 145 building was ready tn he put tnoetlier. All of tliis work liad l:>e.en done by Df)bhins witli sucli assistance as CDuld l)e prueured in llie western part of tlie state. Every sticiv of tinilier used in the worl-; was cut from tlie sfunip in the forests of Erie cinnitx- and its \icinity. Erie was chosen as the place for fitting out tlie fleet because of its comparati\el}' safe harbor. I'our of Perry's vessels were built here and five others \\ere made ready for service in Scajaquada creek. During the process of construction Perr\- went back and forth between the twfi places, urging on the work with all the energ\' of his nature. He has- tened it by adtling men fi'oni N'ew "N'ork and Philadelphia, drew his supplies from Pittsburg anil Buffalo, and late in the summer launched his vessels in the waters of Lake Erie. He sent to the naval authorities at AX'ashington an urgent reid them during his own term. In his first message he urged the legislature to lessen the power of the execu- tive, and correspondingly increase that of the legislature. He did not accomplish all he sought, hut his action was a notice to clamorous place- hunters that the governor was not in full sympathy with the spoils system. Still. Hiester made niany changes, and surrounded his admin- istration with capable officials. Honest and conscientious himself, he in- sisted on those qualities in those around him. He did not attempt to influence the legislature in the senatorial CDUtest that extended through nearly two years of his term, hut dc\(ited himself wliolly to the legitimate questions of importance pertaining to the puljlic welfare. He listened to the appeals for a state system of canals more extensive than that proposed for Xew York, and approved several hills granting charters and financial assistance to canal and turnpike companies. He favored a liheral system of education to be enjoyed alike hv all classes, and suggested general religious instruction. There was shown sul> stantial progress in PennsyKania during Pfiester"s term. The resources of the state were being deNclopcd UKjre extensixely than ever before, and private enterprise was gradually extern ling the means of transportation from the markets of Philadclpiiia to the sources of supply in the interior regions of the state. Iron mining antl manufacturing were being carried i.'.i' co.Mrr.xnirM or history .ixn cr.xn.u.oGV on to some extent. Cn:il li;ul conic to he accejJted as a valiial)le fuel com- nioditv. and Ix'tli in unlimited (|nantities were awaiting suitalilc means of shipment. John .\ntlre\v Sliulze \\a> elected o()\cinnr nf I'ennsyhania in Octolier, iSj_^. and served two terms. lie was the regular Democratic nominee, and was ojiposed hy .\ndrcw (ireiij^. •' torincr Democrat. Imi tlien tlie canchdate of the Federalists. In many resjiects Shulze was unlike anv of his ])redecessors in office. He was not with' nit experience in politics, for he haume to kni>w the needs of the state hetler than the legislature, and ]irudently left the originating power to the ihscretion of tlie twn houses of that IkkIv. He tiuis avoided entanglements and kept himself com])ar,iti\cly free from the importunities of the "friends of legisl.ition." He w:is dee])ly inter- ested in the cause of eilucation. and succeeded in securing the passage of an act jiroviding for the education of rdl children hetwcen the ages of si.x and fourteen years at the ]iul)lic expense, hut the ])ri\ilege to any child was not to e.xtend heyond three \ears. The law w.as vigorously o])posed in certain quarters. ,ind w;is reiiealed in tXjf). It contained many excellent features and geiier;dly was an improvement o\er the previous law. hut in some respects its provisions were o])posed ; hence the repealing act. During Shulze's term the state hegan tite great work of connecting tide-water at Philadel])hia with I.ake luie hy a system of canals and railroads, .\fter the (|uestion of route had heen discussed and agreed upon, an approiiriatioii was made for heginmng the work in i.S^j. A boanl of canal commissioners was created and everything ])romised a favorable result from the undertaking. The state borrowed monev from the banks to carry on the work, but the go\ernor favored a plan of taxa- OF THE STATE 01- PENNSYLrAXIA. 151 tion without enciinil)eiiii<;' the coninionweallli with an interest-ljearing debt. The times were s^ood. every husiness enterprise prospered, the pursuits of agriculture yielded well tn the husbandman, the mines were beginning" to send forth their ]iri)ducts to paying markets, and manufac- turing industries were employing thousands of workmen in various parts of the state. Infleed, it was argued, this was an era of peace and plenty : the state would soon begin to recei\e canal and railroad tolls in excess of the cost of maintenance, and the re\enucs would pay both interest and principal. The governor could foresee the e\il consequences of unlim- ited borrowing, but in s])ite of his remonstrances, six million dollars had been achanced liefore the end of his second term, and the work of con- struction was far from completion. George Wolf came into th.e gubernatorial office in 1829, and served two terms. He found that $8,300,000 had already been borrowed on the credit of the state, for canal construction, and that nearly half as much more would lie required to complete the main line. The governor applied himself diligently to this task and had the satisfaction to witness the opening of the main line of the ])ublic works from Philadelphia to Pitts- burg, comprising one hundred ,'md twenty-six miles of railroad and two hundred and ninety-two miles of navigable canal. This line was com- pleted and put in operation in 1831. The occasion was one of general rejoicing, and was sliared in by the people of the entire state. A seem- ingly impossible undertaking h;i(l been accomplished, and Pittsburg and the entire upper regions of the .Sus(|uelianna, Allegheny, Ohio, Juniata, and other ri\'ers could now send their shipments of products of the soil, and the mines, and the forests, and the factories, to profitable markets in Philadelphia and elsewhere on tide-water. It was indeed a great event, and in its completion PennsyKania was placed on an equal footing with New York state in con\enient canal facilities. I.V.' coMPr.xnirM or iiisroh'Y .ixn cf.xf.ai.ogy As has lK.'cn stalcil. iliis t;reat eiUerpiise originated in the minds uf a lew I'ennsylvaniaiis soon alter the close of ilie Revohitioii. They urged it and continued to nrge tlie question, in season and out of >eason. tlirougli the period of tlie war of 181^-13. and not one governor and not a single legislature was permitted to escape their ini])i'rtiinitics until tlie act was passed and approved that aiilhorized tlu- lie;\' an artificial waterway asked for an extension. Candidates for the legislature were selected on the canal issue until it sceme(l as if the territorv of the state was to l)e "gridir^ned" with can.nls — if the claims and petitions of applicants were gratified. A- it was. the state went into the business on wholesale scale, .and spent more than twenty-fi\e million dollars for hranches and extensions. The action wris se\erely criticised, hut more on account of the schemes and irregularities of unscrupulous operators than the want of lionestv ou the ]);!rt of the legislature. The entire work was not finished during Wolfs term, nor that of se\eral of his successors. Indeed, some sections rnid hr.mclics were in course of construction when the state hegnn selling them to incorporated comjianies. CJovernor Wolf, like Sluilze. wa> in f.ixnr of improvement of the common school system, hut as yet the mo.st jiracticihlc and satisf.utorv plan nt action had not l^een settled, l-lvery governor from Miftlin"s time had favored "education for the poor gratis." hut when during Shulze's term a more comprehensive act provided for the education of all children OF THE STATE OF PEXXSVJ.rAXf.}. 153 l)et\veen the ages of six and fourteen years at the public expense, there was such a clamor against it that the law was rej)eale(l. Wolf, in a mes- sage to the legislature in i8_^o-3i. urged the adii])tir>n ni a general and uniform school svstem. and his efforts were aided l>y the work fd' the '■Penns\lvania Society for the Promotion i^\ Puhlic Schools." In answer to many appeals the legisl;itin'e in 1830-31 did ])rovide for a common school fluid, the intcre>l of which was to i)e flistributed and used as future legislation should determine. This was something, but not much; the society had made a gain and was encouraged to continue its work of enlightening the minds of the \-oting ])eople on the subject of education. Meetings were held throughout the state, and members of the legislature were frefpiently chosen on that isstie alone. On March 13. 1S34. the legislatm-e passed "An Act to Establish a General System of b'ducation by Common Schools." there being but one vote against it in the house, and onlv three in the senate. Ilowex'er, before the new law had been gi\en a fair trial there sprung up against it a strong o])]iosition. particularh' in the interior counties of the state. It was a decided improxement on former legislation, but its pro\-isions did not suit the ])eo])lc of all localities and nationalities, hence they rose up against it and demanded its repeal. So widespread was the disafifec- tion that in March. 18,^3. -the senate repealed the .act. thirteen of nineteen senators who the \'ear before had \oted for the measure changing their attitude and \-oting for repeal. In the hrmse the tncmbcrs were inclined to more careful action although the repeal sentiment was rapidly ,gaining .ground. In this critical hour the friends of the law as it stood found an able champion and advocate in Thaddeus Stevens, w ho had recently come into the state and was beginning to attract attention in the halls of legisla- tion. .Stevens had come from X'ermont. and after teaching as assistant in the academy at York, he began the practice of law. He rose rapidly ift4 coMri'.xnirM or insroRv .l\d genealogy ami scMiii was ekvictl in ilu- Icwer lionst- nf ilie li'yisl-.iturc. He favored tlie new sc1kh.>1 law, aiul, wlicii its life was ihrealeiied, lie came nobly to the rescue, and with the logic and eloquence that lie .done possessed, t!;e ineiiihers were persuaded to let the act stand. Stevens was afterward regarded as tlu* cs])ccial friend of education. and his service in saving the school law of 1834 from repeal was amply rewarded. In 1R48 he was elected to Congress, and served in that hody fourteen years. He was one of the ablest statesmen of liis lime, ami one of the strongest defenders of the L'nion and the most bitter alxilitionist Pennsylvania could lioast preceding and during the Lite Civil w.'ir. After the passage of the new school act. and the unsuccessful at- tempt to repeal it, political campaigns were carried on with public educa- tion as the paramomit issue. Wolf had stood firnil\ by the law. and was supporteenefits derived from its oper.ition. 'I'here still rcmriiiied con- siderable opposition to it. but this did not embarrass Kitner's .idministra- tion. The public works were in operation, and the revenues from that source were not sufificient to justify the old assertion that they would be more than self-supporting. Again, a large amount of jjaper money had been issued during the work of construction, and this the governor OF THE STATE OF FEXXSV/.l'AXIA. 155 wantetl reduced to Nsitliin '"llie acuial \-alue and amount of its principal." At the time tliis was a diflicult nndertaking-, as g'uld and sil\'er money were scarce and ]iractically out of circidation. owing to tiie conditions wliicli prevailed during the panic of 1S37 and the period of husiness de]iression that followed. nm"ing the periiid referi-ed to. TV'nns\l\ania interests did not suffer more than thnse in other states, neither was there a greater convulsion in ]iolitical circles here than elsewhere. Penns\l\ania was in a measure sustained I)\- the increasing de\"elo]Miient of her natural resources, and this, with the prudent action of the administration, helped to carr\- the ])eopIe over the rough seas of depression, and preserve the integritx' of the com- monwealth. Dm^ing this jieriod another convention hegan the work of revision, and the C(institution of tS.^8 \\as the result. It was another step in the direction of progress, and hy it many old-time customs were swept away, to lie re])laced with a s\'stem of go\-ernment more in keeping with the spirit of the times, more in conformitv to moderr. requirements, and more conducive to the welfare and dignity of the commonwealth. The amendments were ratified at the Octoher election in 1838. hut the majority in their favor was small. In the )iolitical contest of the year Ritner was defeated, and David R. Porter was elected governor. Charges of fraud were made hv Ritner's friends, hut Porter was seated without (pieslion. When the legislature met in Decemher. the Whigs and anti-Masons held the senate majoritv, hut the lower house was clahned hy the Democrats. Pxith sides elected speakers, both occuuied the i)latform, ;nid holh attempted to organize the house. There was much feeling, and the natural re.sult was several per- sonal collisions and great confusion. The senate was drawn into the strife and was forced to adiouru. Ritner rirdered out the militia to restore order, and an unsuccessful attempt was made to call the United i5fi coMrnxDH'M or history and gexeai.ogy States troops from Carlisle tn li.c- capital. Tlic |)rc-cncc nf the soldiers. ami nil oijportvir.ity iV.r reriectioii liy the hcUigereiit factions, hrouglit the legislators to tlieir senses, after which the senate recognized the Demo- cratic organization in the house. This event in T'cnnsv Ivaiiia political history was known as "The Buck-shot War." Governor Porter was in office six ye.irs. and gave the state a faithful administration, lie had to deal with many difficult questions of state anf tlie cunmioiiw ealtli under roitcr. and was in jwilitical harmony witli liini. He was re-electe.l at the end .>t liis first term, but resigned un account of tailing heahli. July (;. 1S48. He died in Ilarrisburg. July 30. During Governor Sinnik's first term tlic war witli Mexico was tougiit and easily won. President I'olk asked for six regiments of troops from Pennsylvania, liut tlic response was so prompt ami so general that nine regiments were raised. Two of tliese and ])art of a third were mustered into service, and they fouglit at \'era Cruz. Cerro Gt)rdo. Chepultepec, and .Mexico. Tiic splendid monument on Capitol Mill in Harrishurg was erected in UKMUorx- of the soldiers of Pcnnsvlvania who served during the Mexican war. in 1845 telegraphic communication was opened between Philadelphia and Xew York, and in the same year steps were taken toward the construction of the Penn- sylvania Railroad between Philadelphia and Ilarrisburg. This was tlie beginning of a movement which led to the ac(|uisition of the main line of the state public wurks liy the railroad company. The constitutional provision for the succession of liie vacant gov- ernor's cliair placed William V. Johnston, speaker of the senate, in that ])lace, but he did not take the oath of office until July j6, 1848. At the next election he was chosen to serve through the remainder of Governor Shunk's second term. The new governor was an ardent Whig, and was instrumental in inlluencing legislation in respect to the iletcnlion of fugitive slaves. Pennsylvania went so far as to prohibit magistrates from executing the old law of ijyj;. This was now a free state in every sense, and while the old law stood (,n the statute tooks, it was obsolete, and not in harmony with the s])irit of its institution of government. The use of jails for the detention of slaves was also forbidden, and the privi- lege formerly extended non-residents to keep slaves temporarily in the -tate was alx>lished, for it was no more than con.-^ent that sine hunters OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 159 might take and liold escaping slaves tenipurarily within the state. The spirit of abuHtiun in Pennsyhania was rampant, and cc instantly spread- ing, and almost e\ery aspirant fur jinhlic otiice was chosen with reference to his views on the slavery (juesticjn. Previons to the enactment of the fugitive slave law of 1850, the territorx' of Peinisyhania was a safe refuge for escaping Ixjudnien, but after that law went into effect they were compelled to seek freedom in Canada. To facilitate transit through this state, the famous "Under- ground Railroad" was established, leading from Columbia, in Lancaster county, through Chester. Montgomery and Bucks counties, Philadelphia, Ouakertown, and .Stroudsburg, to points in New York state: thence by like means to Gerritt Smith's famous colony, ;ind ultimately ending on the free soil of Canada. This was the favorite route of tra^•el for escaping slaves, but it was not the only one: e\'ery county had its association of abolitionists whose helping hand was alw ays ready to give aid to the fleeing 1)lacks, although under the law such practices were punishable. The court records show fre(|uent jiroceedings against persons charged with offending against this law, liut ciin\ictions were few. The people of Pennsylvania were not in symjjathy with the law, and would not when acting as jurors enforce its arbitrary jiroxisions against a fellow citizen. I'^requently during this period of agitation there were encounters 1)etween gox'ernment officers and citizens, but through some unseen agency the ca])ti\'e slaves escaped their keepers, while their abolitionist rescuers were saved from ]ninish- nient through the aid of friendly jurors and magistrates. In 1851 a serious encounter took place at Christiana, in Lancaster countv, where a pursuing owner was mlic mind was ;m imixirtanl issue in llie cunlcst. JMlinslun was nominated hv the Whigs and Xalixe American i)anics. and the Demo- crats up]H)seil him with William Bigier. of Cleariield. a. former news- paper pul)lishcr. hnt then a prosperous lumherman and husiness man. Bigier was elected. He was a man of known integrity, and enter- taineii clear convictions on all the leading (|uestions of the day. I'loth before and after election he favoreil a higher standard for the common schools, and a(l\<.>cated the employment of professional teachers in all po])ulous localities, lie had excellent ideas regarding the canals, and urged the completion of the North Lhanch division, that an outlet might be provided for the immense coal product of that region. In the mean- time, in 1S54. the TennsyKania Ivaihoad was completeil. and this, with other lines, added to the general prosjjcrity of the period and made it re- markable in the history of the state. However, the troubles over the slave laws still continued, hut the go\ernor, seeing the drift of public sentiment, let matters work out their own results, lie was not a poli- tician, but aimed to be panic swe]>t the country like a whirlwind. and spread ruin in its broad path. Hanks were wrecked, mercantile in- terests were paralyzed, and all enterprises were crippled fur the time. In order to rclie\e tlie situation and release tlic banks from penalties pre- lt;2 COMPEXDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY scribed for susi)ciisiun of specie i)aymciit, tlie governor convened the legr islatnre in special session. Tln-ougli tliis action many hanking honses were saved from complete ruin, and many cither enterprises were enabled to continne bnsincss. The conrse taken by the governor and the legis- lature was commended in all hnsiness circles, and as its resnlt tlie people of Pennsvlvania suffered less than in states where all enterprises were compelled to save themselves without assistance. The political contest of 1S57 was waged when the lin.incial i)anic was at its height, and when the voting population was in dnnbt as tu which leader wmild most safely carry the stale through the stnrm of dis- aster and depression. The Democrats (locked around the bainier (jf William 1''. Packer, an ex-jmn-nalist and a legislator of experience. The remnant of the American ])arty put Isaac Hazelhnrst in the field, while the Free-soilers carried the standard of l)a\id Wilniot. he of "W'ilniot Proviso" fame, the champion of anti-sla\erv. .and author of the bill to exclude slavery from the territory i)nrch;ised from Mexico in 1846. W'ilmot also received the support of the recently organized Reijublican party, which had absorbed the Whigs and was .soon to draw the free soil voters into its ranks. Packer, the Democrat, was elected; and it was well, for he. with an influential party I)ehind him, with lixed ])rinciples to contend lor, was l)€St fitted to deal with the important .atTairs of state lli.it reipiired atten- tion: and besides. Packer was sound on all the leading questions of the time, and was not a novice in matters of legislation and the relation thereto of the executive. Buchanan was now president of the United States. His attitude on the slavery (juestion was a source of anxiety and regret in every anti-slavery heart : but the state .adnnnistration was not in full sympathy with the course lUich.anan was i)ursviing and it was well that a conservative Demrx-rat should occupy the gulicrnalorial chair OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 163 at tliat time. A little later, when the tiist break came, ami trouble was threatening-. Packer declared himself in ringing, patriotic voice, and the peo])le of Pennsylvania rejoiced that this loyal son of Center county stood at the head of their go\-ernment. GoN'ernor Packer assumed the duties . when he began the practice ()f law in Lancaster, to the close of bis ])residcutial term, he was most of the time in the puljlic serxice. He was a Dcnincrat of hrm conxictions. yet he had alwaxs been jjerfeclly fair and candid in ileclaring his opinions and policv. \\dicn the L'nited States supreme coiu't held that slaves were ciiattels. the same as cattle, the people were not o\erconie with siu'prise. for the tendencx' of that high tribunal was known {o be pro-sla\ery: but when lUichanan urged the admission of a new state as a slave state, he went I)eyond the expectations of his Pennsyl\-ani:' suiiporters. and ni.any of them deserted him. Among- these was folm W. Fornev. who gained 164 COMPENDIUM OP HISTORY AND GENEALOGY wide prominence in journalistic circles. Biiclianan liad received the electoral vote of every slave state and several of tlie nortlicrn states, and naturally lie most favnred the interests thai iiad elevated him to power. But when he disco\cred aljoiit llic close of his term that he hail over- reached himself, and ado])ted his so-called "temporizing policy," he brought down upon his own head the condemnation of the south and did not by his course regain faxnr with the iii>rlh. While these events were taking place, others of a disturbing nature were following one another in cpiick successiMH. and n). It was swift retribution — it cannot be called justice — that overtook John Brown, when he was hanged im that early Decemlier morning; it was a nK^t ijmmpt enforcement of arbitrary law, but it OF THE STATE OF PEXXSVIAAMA. 165 served no purpDse ntlicr tlian tn arouse the indignation of tlie people throughout tlie entire nortli. In Philadeljihia there was intense excite- ment, and. on tlie morning of the hanging. Lucretia Mott. the Quaker abolitionist, and other speakers, addressed a vast assemblage of citizens: but the people there were not of one accord, as the derisive hisses and groans indicated a pro-sla\ery sentiment somewhere in the great city. Brown's body was carried tlirough the city on December 4, when there was another demonstration of sympathy for the cause he assumed to represent. These events in Pennsylvania history were of an unusual character, and were not conducive to its peace anrl harmony. The conservative people and those at the head of state go\crnment were hoping for a peaceful solution of the ])()litical problem, and made strenuous efforts in that direction. A presidentird campaign was at hand. The people of the state were stirred with excitement, and if there was to be a fair expression of popular sentiment, men in ofhcial circles must be calm, and detcrminefl to preser\e good order among the people. These views were lieM liy Giixernor Packer and his administration, and something of their s])irit appears to ha\-e animated the people of Pennsylvania and restrainey i'.rcckenrid.Lje. and llie otlier advocating sujiport for Donglas. Tlie Rci)ulilicans witli one accord favored Lincoln and Hamlin :'.s presidcnti.il nominees. ;uid were a unit for .\ndre\v (i. Curtin for governor. At the ])o]ls ilie l\c|)ulilican ticket was successful. Curtin was elected by a clear ni.ijorily. The n:itioiial ticket lieaded by .\l)raliani Lincoln also was successful, and now for the first time the recently organized Repulilic.in p;irty had electeil a president — an alx)litionist — originalK. ni his yoiniL; manhood ;i "r.-iil-sjyliller," later a law ver. and now ( iSf>o). by the exi)ressed will of the American people, the chief executive of the greatest republic on the earth. Andrew <"■. Lurtin. the "War ( lovernor" of I'ennsyKania. the friend and associate of Lincoln .'uid Cameron, first api)carcd as a ligiue in state history in 1835. when he became secretary of the commonwealth ,ind. b\ \irtue of that office, suiierintendent of common schools. He was Ixirn in Bellefonte. ("enter county. .\])ril jS. iSij. ;md was educated for tlie legal profe.ssion. He scrxed as secretary of the commonwealth .and superintendent of schools from i<"^53 to 1X5S. and in iS^k:) was elected governor. The six years next following his ])ublic record formed an inijiortant cliajiter in Pennsylvania and national history, for he was the close friend and adviser of Lincf)ln. .and when Mr. Cameron was callec' into the president's cabinet, there were three consjjicuous flgmes in ciuv state (as well as national) military history — Lincoln. C'urtin. and C'.im- eron — three splendid specimens of true American manhood, two of them natives of the state, and the other allied to it by ties of kinship. Tiie president was of that family of Liiicolns who came from Massachusetts OP THE STATE OF PEXXSYLrAMA. 167 and settled in Berks ciiunty early in the eighteenth century. Mordecai •Lincoln was the pioneer, and his son Jnhn, who afterward emigrated to Virginia, was grandfather oi Abraham Lincoln, the president. In the sonth the election of i860 was followed by open defiance of the will of the majority, and the manifestations of that will took form according to the temper of those who controlled its policy. While Buchanan was still in the presidential chair, before Cnrtin had been seated governor of PennsyKania. South Carolina adopted an ordinance of secession, and her action was being considered by other states with a like purpose in view. It was this extraorflinarv action that e\oked from Packer the patriotic utterances that endeared him to e\-ery loval Penn- syh'anian ; "The advocates of secession claim that the Union is merelv a compact between the several states composing it. and that anv one of the .states, when aggriexed, m;'.y, at its pleasure, declare it w ill no longer be a party to the com])act. This doctrine is clearh- erroneous." Packer was ni't at all in sym]5athy with P.uchanan's pro-slavery leanings, and raised his voice against the president's indifference to the welfare of Pemisyhania wher, the rebellious south was making every preparation for war. and the north was powerless to prevent it. Soon after the election tlic secretary of war in \\'ashington ordered the arms and amnnuiitiou in the arsenal at Lawrencev'ille to be shipped to New Orleans, for the purpose of strengthening the defenses of that city. Thi.s \mM and unwarranted action was known to the president. l)ut be made no mo\e to stop it. Buchanan knew that Pcnrisylvauia was the most intensely anti- slavery state in the feder.al L'nion ; he knew that its southern boundary was the dividing line between the slave states and the free states; and he must have known that in case of war its territory would certainly be subject to invasion by the southern army, and that the revengeful south- ic.N co.Mri'.\nii'M <^i' iiisTORV .i\n cr.XF..4f.oGV ern spint \\<>ukl seek to visit its wratli uih.h the people who had most vigorously comlKitteti their nlleged "sacred institution." Yet Buchanan permitted the agents of the -•mth to weaken the defenses of his own state; and it was not iiniil the people of reiinsylvania arose in loud pro- test against the iniquitx that the president's seiMclary of w;tr informed iheni that the order of removal would \h; couiuernianded. It was ar 73.000 men of t'ne militia of tlie loyal states to "snppress treasonaMe insurrection." PennsyK-ania was asked to con- tribute 14.000 lit this nunilier, and f Irivernor Curtin immediately issued his proclamation calling for volunteers. The response was quick, and within forty-eight hours fi\e companies, armed, uniformed, and equipped. 3_^o strong, wore read\- fnd the attacks and made no attempt at resistance. They might ha\-e formed battalion front and charged, but thev could not have obe\'ed. a command to "fire." for there was not a single round of ammunition among them : but the seces- sionists did not know tliis. Before the "nefenders" vi-ere safely arrived at Washington, the streets of Tlarrislmrg were overnm with thousands of men from every (|uarter nf the state. ;md it at once became e\ident that Governor Cnrtiu had not o\-er-estimated the lovaltx" of his jieople. l'"oin"teen thous.nnd men had lieen called for. and more than U>uv times fom'teen thousand volunteers reported in answer to the call. Within one month's time twentv-five regiments were organized and sent to the front, and the services of thirty more regiments were ofYered, but not accepted. The 172 coMrExnii'M or history .ixd genealogy war ilepariiiicpt diil not favor accoptiiiir tnim any state nmrc men than its regular iiimta. Tlie overplus of volunteer? were not returned in their lionies. but were formed into that famous organization known as tlie "reniisylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps." under tlie jirox isions of an act of tlic legisla- ture, passed Mav 15. 1861. iliey were mustered into service for three years and numl>ered sixteen thousand men. comi)rising tliiriecn regiments of infantrv. one of cavalry, ami one of artillery, t nrtin and Cameron were satisfied that Pennsylvani;! \\iinld he required to furiiisii nmre tlKin twenty-five regiments of troops before tlie war woulil he ended. ;ind at tlie same time tliev were aware tliat the southern ])ortioiis of the state were dangerouslv near the encni\"s country, and therefore were subject to invasion. Tlie original pur]>ose in organi.'.ing the Reserve Corps was to defend the state against invasion, and also to l)e prepared for any call for inore volunteers l)y the president. This came sooner than was e.\- pected. for after the disastrous defeat at T.ull Run. in July, the i)rcsident immediately called for 500.000 men. and the Reserve Corps was called into active service at the front. The first vear of the war was devoted chiefly to work of organization and preparation for later events. There was no dif^culty in raising men ; in this respect the resources of the state ne\ er were overtaxed. But the governor and his Ixiard of war were desirous to perfect a military estab- lishment within the state, independent of that of the general government. For the accomplishment of this end many things were required to l)c done, but all the means to work them out were not at haml. .\t the out- break of the war tiie state had less tlian fifteen tliousand stands of cfYect- ive arms, and even those were mostly of old jjatterns. ihe supply of artillery pieces was moderate, and fair in (|nalit\'. hut the guns were not new models. The only material of war which the state possessed in OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. ITS abundance was enthusiasm and men. These were always at the com- mand of the governor, and the oilier requisites were furnished by the war department at Washington. Although the innnher of volunteers furnished by I'en.nsylvania for the service tluring the first year n( the war exceeded the expectations of the governor, the resources of the stale in that respect were not seriously taxed. There still remained an abundance of material to provide for the exigencies of the next }ear. In iSAj it Ijecanie necessary to make a draft under the direction of the general government. Jt was also pro- \i(led that drafted men could furnish substitutes, or could relieve them- selves from military duty on payment of three hundred dollars. This alternati\e proxision led U> abuses, and drew into the ranks of the army many men who were iiior;dl_\- unlit for military service. Buying and selling substitutes became a regular l)usiness, which in itself was legiti- mate enough. Init it led to a |)eniicious practice called "bountv jumping." with all its attending evil results. But it was practiced in all the states, and no more in I'ennsyKania than elsewhere. The successes of the Confederate arms during the summer of 1862 made it evident that an invasion of Pennsylvania would l)e attempted before the end of the year, but when and where were (juestions of specu- lation. The opportunit\' came in the fall. when, on October 10, General Stuart and his troop of caxalrv made a dash across the line into i'ranklin county and spread terror among the quiet people of Chamlx-rsburg. Th.e invaders ransacked private dwellings. ]ilundered stores, and every build- ing that tcmptei! them. On the following morning thev sacked the mili- tary storehouse, set tire to th.it --tructure. and carried away all the booty they could i)ack on twelve luiudrcd stolen horses. .Stuart's men departed as secretly as the)' came, and before it was possible to raise an army to oppose them. 174 COMPEXDIUM OF HISTORY JXD GENEALOGY In tin.- next year a still nmie I'mniidalilc raid was planned, Imt was i.U)t carried out as successfully as its (iiit^inalors had dc>ir(.d. This was Lee's invasion witli his entire a.rni) i>\ \unw than ei,t;ht\' llniusaud trained and tiespcrate lighters. It wa'^ mil that Lac was tcni])ted U> in\ade l'c;in- sylvania territor_\- sulely I'nr pmin'scs n\ plunder, ny fi replcnisii his supply (il niilitar}' stores, hut rather tn shilt the scenes nf war to a ;rec state, one which had most slienunnsly opposed the institutiim of slavery, and therefore was considered the hitleresl enemy aj^ainst which the south had to contend. If this state culd he laid under suhjcction, it was assumed In' the Confederacy that the whole UMrtli wnuld soon he overcome, I lad the I'chel :irniv heen siicccsslul at Anticlani, in .Seiiteni- ber, i86j. I'ennsyl\-ania wnuld ha\e heen in\cslcil durini;" that \ear, hut the results of '.iiat hattlc lurntd the enemy in .uiMiher direction. The greater success at Chancellors\ ille. May 1-3, 1863, ya\e Lee an oppor- tunity, and lie look (piick ad\antaf;e of it. In June the southern cnunties of the >late from > lue end Id the dther were threatened with invasion, and in several nf them small detachments of Confederate troo])S made their api)ear.ince and committed numerous petty depredations. On June 13. Jenkins ca\,ilry entered (Ireencastle, and on the evening of that d.iv C haniherslnng was again invested. I^hi])- pensburg and Carlisle were likewise visited. Init l.ee's wliereahouts and intentions could not he determined. C)n the Jjth. I''well, who com- manded Lee's advance, took possession of Carlisle, ll was then sn|i- p(jsed that Harrisburg would be attacked, anf that time. It was the \ict<>ry of the l'ninn army. coni])osed of ntVicers and men frnni a dnzen states. but among the niie hundred thousimd snidiers whom Meade and his suljordinates commanded in that fierce three days" light, there were far more Pennsylvanians than men frnni any nthcr state. There were bra\e ofilicers and ecpialK bra\e men nn Imtb sides at the Gettysburg light, and they fought like hemes; and they died like heroes. On the Union side the losses amounted tn 4,834 -killed. 14.709 wounded. and 6.643 missing, a tntal loss of 23.1 86 ofiicers and men. On the Confederate side the loss was 6.500 killed. 26.000 wnundcd. and ij.ooo prisoners. Lee went into the fight with about So.otx) men. but when he turne-latL', ami (irj^anized l)y (General Couch. Among the officers killed were (ienerals Reynolds. \'incent. Weed, Zook, Cross, and Farnsworth. Tlie list of wnunded officers included the names of Major (jenerals Sickles. 1 lancock. LUitterfield, Doubledax', and ISiernev, and Ijrigadier ( ieuerrds llarlow , Barnes, (lihhon. Hunt. Crahani. I'aul, and W illard. Aninng tlie ])roniinent officers killed on the Con- lederate side were Major Ceneral IVMxler and I'.rigadier Cenerals Barks- dale (died on the field). Armistead (died in I'nion hospital), Garnett, and Seninies. The wounded list included Major (ienerals Hood. Heth. and Trimble, and Brigadier (ienerals Kem])er, Scales. Anderson. Petti- grew. Hampton. Jones, and Jenkins. After the battle of (Gettysburg comparative peace reigned within the state during the remainder of the \'ear. The emergenc}- militia returned to their homes, but held themsel\-es in readiness to answer anv further call for their ser\ice. Thex- had put the state capital in condition for defense, and had gone to the assistance of the main army at the time of the battle, ;ifter making a successful stand a.gainst the enemx' at Carli'ile. Xotwithstanding the heavy drains on the resources of the state dur- ing the first three years of the war. there \'et remained more men and more of the old martial spirit for which I'ennsylvania e\ er has been noted. The reports of the ad.jutant general show that at the close of the year 1863. the state had sent into the service a total of alnmst two hundred and fifty thousand nien. 'I"he entire population in 1860 was a little less than three millions, and it was ne\er thought that the war would call into the ser\ ice from a single state such a \'ast army of sol- diers. The demands had been great, but the\' were promptly coiuplied with. The militar\' establisbnient of the state was now in systematic order, and no longer did the Ouaker element oppose the wisiies of the ITS COMPENPIiM Ol- HISTORY AXD GENEALOGY pet)j)le. Indeed, llic iiiilit;irv records slmw tliai lluiusaud.s of (Juaker descendants were cidislcd in llie ranks, and otliers were commissioned officers during llie war, antl lliey proved thorough soldiers and good figliters. It liad l)cen hoped that tlie (hsastrous defeat of Lee's army at Gettys- burg would put an end to rclicl invasions of the Icnitiuv of 1 'cnnsyhania, yet still another raid was made in Jnly. iS()4, and "ncc niore I'liamhcrs- hurg was nuulc llie object o\ attack. I he jn'oplc licrc nc\cr iiad ttlt secure, ami after the first \isit in iS6_' they i)ul away in secure places as much as possible of tiieir xaluahle ]inipiTly. indecil, at the lime of the tliird raid llie inhai)itants had Iml lillle Icfl : llicir resources h;id been drawn u])on for the general needs of the war. as had those of otlicr lo- calities, but Stuart's cavalry raid in i8')j. and Lee's invasion in the next year had taken nearly all they liad left, hiil now. on July 30, 18^)4. a column of three thousand Confederate soldiers under (ieneral McCausland laid siege to the town w ith two batteries of artillery and threatened its de- struction unless the inhabitants would ])ay $500,000 in greenbacks or $100,000 in gold. .\ half hour's time was granted in which tatriotic Christian men, who were ahvavs ready to respond w hen summoned to the exercise of acts of human- ity and benevolence. Our armies were sustained and strengthened in the field by the patriotic devotion of their friends at home: and we can never render full iustice to the heaven-directed, patriotic. Christian benevolence of the women of the state." Soon after the battle of dcttysliurg. Governor Curtin suggestefi to the governors of several other states the propriety of establishing a final resting place for the dead who gave up their lixxs in that memorable en- gagement. The idea met with general a])pr(ival, and resulted in a meet- ing of persons ajipointcd by the go\-ernors of the respecti\-e states. The conimissioner acted with promptness, com])leled a formal organization, and the battlefield of (iettysburg was set apart for a soldiers' cemetery. It was formally dedicated Xoxember 19, 1863. Under the agreement and regulations, reuns)l\ania retained sovereignty o\er the cemetery lands, but in 1872 ownership ;uul management were \-ested in the federal government. ilie National Soldiers" Cemetery is now one of the institu- tions of the United States. Any state which was represented by soldiers in the (iettysburg battle is entitled to share in its pri\ileges. This has been \'ery generally accepted, and luimerous s])lendid luonuments mark the li^calities where state troo])s fought or held positions. In the same manner, scattered here and there o\cr the broad extent of this sacred silent city, are hundreds of monuiucnts which commemorate the deeds of regiments which participated in the engagement : and thousands 182 COMPEXnJl'M OF lllSroh')' ;\7) CryFALOGY upon tlioiisands ol ■'iiiarUcrs" iiidicalc llic rcsliny place of lnave men wlio "here gave tlieir lives ihat the nation nii.tjht live." The National Soldiers' Cemetery is regarded as one of the most historic |)laces in America, and every year is visited hy ihonsands of sur\i\ors of the great liattle. and nianv more thousands of interested, lihcrty-losing citizens from every stale in the L'nion. Tlie Snliliers" Orphan Scliools. three in nnmlier. are tlic direct out- growth of tlie war of 1^61-^5, and owe their orii^in to (i-rs. This generous gift the goveinor declined, hccause he had no authority to accept in an otificial capacity', and was unwilling to luidcrtake its dis- l)in"senient in any other \va\'. Then Colonel .*^cott suggested tli.at the fund he used to estaljjish a system of education for the henelit of the destitute orphans of soldiers. The subject in its new form was taken under consideration, ;uid a hill was i)rei)ared emhodying the ]irovisions necessary to cai;ry the ])roi)osed measures into effect. The liill was not acted upon at once, hm the legisla- ture autliorized tlie governor to accept the gift, and to use it for the ])ur- l)ose last indicated. .Vccordingly, on Jtnie lO. iS']4. ( iovenior C'urtin a])- pointed Thomas 11. llurrowes superiuteiKlcnl of soldiers' 4 coMPiixnirM or iiistorv .txn gfxp.aj.ogy anfl licen left to prow up in iillcness and ncgicti. Many a widMw's heart lias been gladdened 1)V the ])rotection. conifiin, and rciigiijus sulicituile extended to her t'atherlcss offspring, and timusaniU are the prayers de- \outlv uttered I'nr tlx^se who ha\c not been unnnndfnl uf them in the time nt tlicir altlictinn. In making the gcnercms dis])iisitii)n it has done for these destilnle and helpless orphans, liie legislature deserves and receives llie heartiest thanks of e\cry g(iod citizen, all uf \vhi>ni will cor- lic deht was necessarily large, hut it was not hurdensonie. for now ]'enns\l\ania had sources of revenue not hefore enjoyed. The exigencies of the war had created a demand for mineral products such as Pennsyh-ania alone could and did produce, and when the period of war was ended the whole male population was required to produce that which went to supjily the wants of other states. The iron ores were required in thousands of manufactories. The coal product was required in e\cv\ eastern state, hoth for manufacturing uses and household consumi^tion. Coal began to replace wood as a house-warm- ing agent in .states outside of T'ennsyKania soon after t86o. and came into general use within the ne.xt ten years. Then the mines in cjperation nuniliered less tlian tifty. and the out])iU was counted hv thousands of tons. Xow tlie mines are counted hy hundreds, the i)Ut])ut hv millions of tons, while the em])lovees and mine wurkers at the present time aggre- gate nearlv one luuidrcd and lifty thousand persons. Soon after tlie end of the war lumhering hecame an estahlished and iniiMirtant hranch of husiness. and was carried mi ]\y thousands of o])er- ators until the \ast forests of the state were almost strijipcd of their most \aluahle timber. .\Imost every stream of any conse(|uence was made a public highway, and annually for about ten oi- lifteeii years these 1S6 coMrr.xnirM or histor)' jxd genealogy watercourses were liucil with rafts i<\ lii<;s ainl luiiilcr nii llicir w :iy I.. iinirnal>lc nuirUcts at tidewater. 'I'liis threat imlustry iiractically Iniilt tip \\'illiaiiis|)iirt. l)iit Inmdrcds of otlicr cities and towns derived grea^ iKjnel'it fnun it. F,xtensi\c lunilicriniL; o|)oratiiMis are no longer known in Pennsylvania, yet on a lesser scale the business is still carried on with profit. Tlic pin"pose of the forestry dcpartnieiil is to restore the forest growths and prevent the total destruction nf that whidi has contrihutcd so nmch to the wealth of man. The itnrsuits of agriculture, also, reached their highest development (hiring the .score of years wliicli began with the end of the war of 1861-65. A large jiroportion of the \cihinteer iccniits sent out from this state during the war came fiiiu the farm. They were farmers' sons, anil they made excellent soldiers: and after the return of peace they went liack to the f;uiii and worked with the same ch.aracteristic energy thev h,id exhibited at dettyslnirg. and on ;i bmidred other battlefields of tlie soutli. These loyal sons of Pennsylvania had sliow 11 th.it they crid successfully defeiul their state against ;m invading army, and after\< ;ird, in ])eace. they showed how well they could develn]) its resources .uid make the earth bring t'orth its fruits. These jnirsuits had their beginning, of course, long before dnvcrnor C'urlin's time, but they reached their highest degree of success and ])rofit during his term and that of his successor in otil'icc. deneral Geary. The famous "War Ciovernor" served six years — a memorable I'erind in Penn- .sylvania and national history — and when he retired bis successor was chosen from the ranks of the army. John W. Cieary was the candidate of the Republican party, and received a majority of seventeen thrmsand votes over Iliester Clymer. the Democratic nominee. .\t this time there were hut two political parties in the state, and (icncral deary's election was almost a certainty w hen the nominating C(jn\eiition placed his name OF THE STATE OE PEXXSYLEAMA. 187 at the lieail (if tlit RcpuMicaii ticket. He was a W'estmnreland county man. a civil engineer, and alsn a farmer. He served witli credit as lieutenant colonel of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment during the war with ATe.xico. and after the ca])ture nf the City of Me.xico he was made its niilitar_\- commander, in iS4(; he was jjostmaster of San I'rancisco, and later was the first maycr of that city. He returned to I'ennsvlvania in 1852 and settled en his farm. Still later he was for nearl_\- a year go\-ernor of Kansas. General (leary's military career was indeed praiseworthy. In 1861 he raised and e(|uip])ed the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania \'(i]untcer In- tantry, was promoted tn brigadier-general .\pril 2^, 1862: woundecl at Cedar Aiountain: led the Second Division. Twelfth Cor]is, in se\-eral meniDrahle battles: commanded the Second Dixisiijn, Twentieth Crirps. in Slierman's march tn the sea; wris military governor at Sa\annah after its capture. Decemlier 22. 18^14. He never entered politics; the public ser\-ice called him and he acce])ted its I'esponsibilities. llis part was alwa}-s well done, and he retircij from office with the respect of the people of his state. His was nut a ref(.rm administration, as there was nothing in the affairs of state that recpured refnrmatiiin. Cnrtin had made clean the ]iathway, and deary was reipnred nnh' to tVillow his e.xample and carry nn the wi.rk- so well begun. The six \-ears of his goyernorshi]) wit- nessed unjirecedentcd grciwth in every br.anrh of business life, and Penn- syl\-nnia ])r()S])ered as ne\'er bcfnrc in its ]nstor\-. The state debt was reduced ninre than ten million dnllars. llowexer, in the counties alniig the snuthern border of the st.'ite the pco])le were slow m recnxering from the serious etTects of the w.ar. In 1868 the legislature did something to relieve their condition, but the injuries had been such that iuone\" compensation alone C(.iuld not fully repair the losses. ^Vgain, in 1871, Lxcoming county became the center 188 COMPEXDUM of history .-IX n gexralogy of a ilisturhance kmnvn as '"the sa\v-erals." and also as "Independents." The seceders assumed not to sacrifice any Republican principle, but were unalterably opposed to (Jrant's re-election. He was tix) radical, too intensely Republican to meet their views; and besides they charged him with yielding the appointing power into the OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 189 hands of designing politicians. Tlie deniDralizcd Democracy, now in a hopeless minority in the state and country, was witliout a presidential candidate. Init indorsed Greeley, hoping b)- this means to overcome the regular Republican majnrity. The campaign of the year was bitterly contested on both sides, and for the first time practical politics made its a])pearauce as a factor in the state and national c;ui\ass; and from that time td the present it has been a dominant power in the history of both of the great parties. So far as the state ticket was concerned, there- was less breakir.g away from party lines, but many nf the so-called "Liberals" found themselves within the Democratic fold, while on the other hand a considerable number of "old-liners" of the Democracy refused to support Greeley, and thus became alienated from its ticket. In this campaign, too. the new Pro- hibition party made its ajjpcarance. and jiut a gul)ernatori<'d candidate in the field. At the polls the candiilatcs of the parties were General J(jhn F. Hartranft, Republican. Charles R. Buckalew . Democrat, and S. B. Chase, Prohibitionist. E\ery sinew of political warfare was brought into the contest for the governorship, for the result was to be taken as an index of the strength of the jiarties and their candidates on the presidential tickets to lie voted for in Noxember. Plartranft was re-elected by a comfortable majority, while Chase, the standard-bearer of the Prohibi- tionists, receixed a little more than twehe hundred \-otes. drawn largely from the Republican ranks. This was the first a]ii)earance of the new liartv in acti\e ixjlitics. It has since maintained an existence and made some gains in numerical strength. Occasionally it has elected a c;uuli- date to minor offices, but ne\ er has become a positi\e factor in ])olitical circles. Its principles and ])latforms have been ])raiseworthy. from a ])urely moral stan(1])oinl. but the projjosed applicati(.)n of those principles 100 coMPF.xpn'M or iifsroRv .ixn genealogy ti) practical governmental nietlunls and customs liavc not seemeil tn meet willi approval of c<»nsistcnl men. Governor Hartranft began his lirst term in January. iSj^^ was re-elected, and served until January. 1S79. This six years constituted an eventful ])erii)d in the civil and pulilical liistiMv nl llie cuniuii invv ealtli ; a peril id nf vicissitudes and remarkable uccurrences. some of tlicm nf a depressing character so far as the public weal was cimccrned. but nunc of such serious nature as tn disturb the rnundatinns nf state gnvernnicnt. During Governor Geary's adminisiralinii, ir. iSOS. theii' nccurred the first serious disturbances between lalmr and capital in ibe anthracite coal regions. There had been earlier diltcrcnco. but none bad attracted uuich attention. In 1871 there w.'is another strike, this lime against a reduction of wages, and the militia was sent to ScraiUou to quiet a riotous spirit that manifested itself on that occasion. In 1S73 the miners in the Schuvlkill and Lehigh regions went out on the so-calleil "long strike." and for six months were unable to reconcile their differences with the operators. While this strike was in |)rogress the slate militia was again called into service, but the occasion passed without serious disaster. In later years strikes have been of jjeriodital occurrence, and, by reason of the in- creased number of ])ersons involved in them, and the general tendency on the ])art of employes to "unionize." they have at times assumed a serious character, and have temporarily injured business interests. Tenn- sylvanians are no longer surprised at the declaration of a strike in lalwr circles, for these occurrences have come to be looked upon as natural results of the dilTerences between corporations and their employes. The lal)or i)roblem, the true and just relations of labor and cajiital. remains to l)c solved in this state. ;ind. indeed, in the United States. The year 187,^ witnessed the end of the jieriod of prosperity which OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 191 followed llie cli)se of the war. and hir the next two or tln'ce years the ciiiiiplaint (if "hard times"" was heard llirciUi;hi ml the laml. it was a disastrous event in hnsiness circles in parlicnlar, but all interests :::}t\ pursuits were adversely affected hy it. The great linancial storm nf 1873 originated in riiiladelphia, hy the failure of the hanking hrm of Jay Cooke and Company, whose dtjors were closed on Septeml)er 18. This created a general jianic in hanking circles, and one house after another g;i\e way hefore the ])ressni'e of demanre restored, peace and prosperity ucre tlie reccjni- pense of those wlio withstood the storm of adversity. Xotwithstaniiing ihe numerous c-niharrassnicnts tliat alteiidcd the financial panic, tlie people of I 'ennsyivania. and of the I'liitcd States, were inakini; preparations for tlic "(. enlciniial I'.xhihiiiun" : to littins^ly celehrate the one hundreilth anniversary of American independence. Philadelphia was appiniiri.ilely chosen as the scat ni this j^reat event. In all ahout one hundred and eij^hty liuilry during (iovernor Hartranfl's term nf dftice. The government was in no wise concerned in them, or rcspijusihle for tlicm. hut wliene\er action was necessary the executive ."nd legislative Inanches performed their duty without fear or favor. During flartranft's term. too. the new con- stitution of 1873 was ado|)ted: and it still is in effect. It was an im- portant ste]) in stale progress, for it contained all the ]irovisions neces- sary for the administration of govennncnl in conformity to motlcrn methods and re(|uirements. In icS/S .another election inr governor and other >tate officers was held. There were four c;mdidates in the held at the head of the tickets. Hein-y M. Hoyt was nominated hy the Repuhlicans ; .\ndrew H. Dill hy the Democracy; Franklin H. Lane hv the I'rohihilinnists: and Samuel OF THE STATE OF PEXXSyLJ\^XlA. 103 R. Masijii U}' the new ]iiilitical organizaliiiii knuwii as the (ireenljack part}-, which was ci mipnsed of (hsgruntlcd elements fruni hmh of the great parties. Imt in this state (hd not gain suthcient strengtli to Ijeconie a factor tor gcKjd or e\ih The Repuhhcans. hirgelx' in a ni.'i jority, elected their candidate, and (joxeinc r Hoyt took up the duties of olilce in Jan- uary. 1879. He was a prudent puhlic servant, and urged that expendi- tures in all departments of state go\ernment he carefully ordered. His administration was successful. The eflects of the recent Ijusiness de- pression were felt less se\crel\-, and except for local disturhances in the mining disti'icts. where many foreigners were colonized. coniparati\'e quiet reigned within the horder.s of the state. The pro\'isions of the new- constitution. Some of which were radical changes as com])are(l with former rules of go\-ernnient, had hcen thoroughly tested and had \V(-)rked well. .\t first the new system had heen criticised, hut there was sh(jwn a disposition to give it an impartial trial. It was tried, and ai)proved. and there was not afterward shown a desire to restore the old cust<:)ms of former years. In 1882. for the first time since Packer occupied the chair, the Democrats elected their guhernatorial candidate and returned to power in the state. At this time there was a split in the Ke])uhhcan |)arty; there were serious charges of corruption against the doniinant power, hoth in national and state politics. Tn rcnnsyhania there was a strcing' disposition to ,icce])t the promises of aspirants for political ])referment and \'otc into j)o\\er those who were ])ledg-ed to reform, in the can-i- paign (jf that year the names (if fixe camjidates were i>i-esented to the people for sup])ort. and each i)Iatform conimitteil its part\- to the w-ork of eliminating from the state goxernment e\ery clement of corruption, riie cani])aigu was \ igorously conducted, and every possihle influence I'.'4 COMPEXDILM Ul' IIISTOi^i' .IXP GENEALOGY was hrmiyiit into the omti-st that tcinlcd to inniiicite the advantage uf tlie Iwu great parties — tlie l\ei)nl)lican and the I )enii.cratic. Tile Re|)iil)liean convention i)Ut in udniiualion ( ieneral lames A. licaver. of Center county: llie Democrats ralhed undci' the haniier that carried tlie name of Robert E. Pattison. of Philadclphi.i ; the indi'pendenl Rc])iiblicans broke away lr(iiii their i>arly and nominated John Stewart, anil tints weakened the voting strength of tl'.c then dominant party; the (Ireeiiljack Labor coalition advocated the election of Thomas A. Arm- strong, and drew its strength about eqiudly from the l\e])uhlican and Democratic parties: the I'rohibitionists su])])orted Alfred C. Pettit. luit without hope of any success other than the m;iintenance of a single principle. Pattison was elected. ihe xote lie received was a gratifying tribute to his known popularity and integrity. an\' the result of the ballot. The new governor was essentially Uemocralic. both in a political and personal sense. He did not forget his friends and supjiorters in making appointments, and he earnestly and sincerely advo- cated reform and economy in the ae'.ministiation of afYairs of state. In many respects, and as far as an\- successfid candidate ever did. or ever could, carry out ante-election promises, the ])]edges were kejit. and as its result his administration w:is ;i success. He advocated economy and made recommendations suggestive of reform. One of the duties devolving on the legislatiue ilnring I'attison's first term was that of redistricting the .state as refpiired by the constitu- tion. This was not done during the regular session, and an extra ses- sion was called. The two houses of the legislature were not in political harmony, hence could not agree, and charges of attenijHs to "gcrry- niander" for i>artisan advantage were ni.ide on both sides. The extra OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANL4. 195 session proved very expensive, and led tn a law, in 1885, fixing the salary of nieml.)ers io-v attendance a' hulli rei^nlar ;ind extra sessions. In the presidential cani|)aion cif 1884 the Prohihition party devel- (iped oinsideralile strens^th, and hecame a somewhat fdrmidahle balance of power. Its voting strength was largely drawn from the Republican ])arty, whose leaders became alarmed at the attitude of the dissentients, and felt it incumbent upnn themseh'es, as the dominant political power in the state, to do some act to win back the element that had so sapped its strength. Other considerations entered into the matter and induced the action which was finally taken, but the rapirts in some towns, and occa- sionallv a Prohibitionist candidate was elected to the legislature. .\s the Prohibition ranks were swelled and made stronger there came a corres]>onding moxement on the jiart of the li(|Uor interests to intrench itself within the older parties, and. in order to win o\cr the so-called hi|uor \-ote. the Democrats and Uei'ublirans both began to make conces- 19r, COMPEXDIi'M or HISTORY .IXD GEXEALOGY sioiis to licensc-liolders. llic former witli llic ijrcatcr success. Hiis led to abuses and eventually to an almost intolerable condition of affairs in tbe larger cities. In remedy of tbe evils high license was proposed, and in 1887 a bill to that effect passed the legislature. .\t the same time an amendment to the constitution was proposed, the purpo.se of which was to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating li(|uor. as a bever- age, within the state. The next legislature agreed to the i)roposilion, and ordered an election to be held June iS, iSSij. for the appro\al or rejec- tion of the prohibition amendment. The campaign which followed was of a luiiipie character in Penn- sylvania history, anil at the election there was an unusual arr.iyal of voting forces. Public opinion was strange!) divided. The press took sides, pro and con, according as the interests of localities would probably l)e affected. The pulpit generally favored the amendment. The nv^vc daring politicians opposed it. but the conser\ali\e element ot both ol the old parties took little i)art in the contest. At the polls the people re- jected the amendment, the vote showing 484.^)44 against, and 296,617 for it. Thirty-nine cijunties voteil a majority against the amendment, and twenty-eight voted in its favor. I'our candidates were again in the field in the election for governor in 1886. The Republicans nominated James .\. [JeaNcr. wIkj was elected; the Democrats put forth the name of Chauncev V ■ r>lack ; the Prohibi- tionists supiJorted Charles S. Wolf; and the remnant of the (Ireenback l)arty, which was still struggling for an existence, su])i)orte(l Robert J. Houston. General Beaver came of Ciennan ancestry, and was a native of Perry county, Pennsylvania, lie graduated at Jeffer.son College in 1856. and began his career as a lawyer at P>ellefnnte, Center county. He entered the army as lieutenant, and he idse by merit to the brevet rank of brigadier general. He was a good soldier and commander, and or THE STATU OF PF.XXSYIAWXIA. 197 also made an excellent guxerudr. lli^ ailnninstralion was uneventful, and during his term nf office there was little change in the current of public affairs excejit tliat which natiu'ally followed the success of one great party o\-er another. In 1S87 the legislature succeeded in redistricting the state, anrl accomplished what fiox-ernor I'attison had attem])ted to do four vears before. .\11 ]iul>lic interests recei\-ed due attention, and no department of state go\-ernment suffered through neglect on the part of the authori- ties in power. The annual appropriation for common schools was in- creased from one million to one and one-half million dollars, and the standard of efficiency of the educational system was thereby greatly ad\'anced. In 1889 the western pi^rtion of the state was visited with the most serious flood known in its histor)-. the \;dleys of the \\'est Branch and Conemaugh rivers being the scene of greatest disaster. Bv reason of the fact that Johnstown was tlie most important city laid waste bv the ravages of the flood this e\ent has since been known in history as the "Johnstown Flood." but many townshiiis. boroughs, and cities on the eastern slope of the .Mleghenies were badly injured and for a time ren- dered utterly helpless. The area of the devastated district co\-ered hiui- dreds of s(|uare miles, while the eft'ects of the disaster e.Ktended o\'er the western ])art of the state. Ibe event occtirred on May 31. Three thousand li\es were lost in the Conemaugh \alley alone, and millions of dollars" worth of ]iro]ierty were destroyed. The towns most seriously injured were South iMirk. JM-anklin. Mineral Point. East Conemaugh. Conemaugh, W'oodvale. Johnstown, Kernville, Millville and Cambria. The news of this great catastrophe was c|uickly spread throughout the country, and when relief was asked for the response was quick and generous. Money and provisions and household furnishings poured in l:i> CoMJ'EM^irM Ol- lllSTOh')' .IX P GllXEAI.OGY frnm ;ill p.irts of the land. ;iinl llic lluud relief eommissioii apiidiiiled hy (loveninr I'eaver distrilnited aiimng tlic sufferers more tliau one inillinii dollars. "To pay llie state's expenses in conneetimi w iili the disaster,"' says Shininiell. "ji^enerous men of nie;uis advanced tlie money iinlil i!ie legislature would reimburse them": and furllier. the same writer aptly .says: "There ne\er was a more heautifiil e\;nn]ile of |iul)lic (.-liaritv in all history." The following description hy Mr. W. Horace Ro.se. a leading lawyer of Johnstown, presents the salient facts of this disaster from a jiersonal and authoritative standpoint : In the Alleghany Mountains along liie line of tlie Soutii I'ork. tlie coninionwealth of I'ennsylvania had constructed a large storage dam for the pin'pose of supi)lying llie western division of the I'eniisxKania Canal with water in dry seasons. It was known as "The Reserve lir." Soon after its completion in i86j it hroke and r;m out. doing hut little damage to iiroperty aling the line of liie river. After llie s.ile ol the main line it was abandoned, and passed into the control of tlic JV-nn- sylvania Railroad Company. The broken dam was sold to ])rivate ])arties ;nid cventuallv became the ])ro]y 7 I /clock, a. m., the lower part nf Johnstown, known as the Point, was submerged. There were hea\\' rainfalls during the da^', and the water continued to rise. Now became manifest the fact that the narrowing of the l);mks of the rivers was a menace to the town; ancl to this cause was. for the most ])art, attributed Ihc (werflow of the Ijanks. Slowly but surely the water continued to rise, the people mo\'ing out of their houses in the lower part of the town or into the second storv. as the water reached points it had not reached before in any of the periods of over- llow that preceded the one which we are now narrating. There was no .alarm. There was no suggestion of flood that reached the masses. True, a number of families went to the hillside or to the higher ground; but they were, for the most jiart, the timid. P)\' noon hundreds of persons were unable to lea\e their houses \i\ reason of the rapid tlow of the water o\er the main |)ortion of the town. Rut they sought refu,ge in what they thought was a ])erfectlv safe locality — the second door of their dwellings, h'or the most part the people were bearing good humor- cdl)- their im])risonment : but in the mountain gorge on the South I'^ork there was a demon at work. The unprecedented rainfall h.ad raised the South Fork more rapitUy th.-ni had e\er been known before. The narrow wasto weir of tiie •2O0 cnMrnxnicM or iiistorv .ixn (:r.xr..ir.ncv fisliiiig (lain was iiisnflicient t< carry kIY the suriilus W'ler. It ll(nve(l over the top of the dam. Soon it cut away tlie liglit formation in the middle <)f the breast, wlicrc tlie repair liad lieen ni.-ide. As tlie water rose higher and liigher the llow of cidlv that witliin less than an Imnr from tiic lime tlie uxerllow began there was but a thin lilm of earth to stay the weigiu iwn through the narrow gorge it thundered, brushing everything mit cks as though they were bubbles. .\t four o'clock the irresistible sweep, carrying with ii trees, bridges, houses, cars, engines .■uid rubbish of e\ery ch;iracter. struck the luwn. Who or what pen can paint, what tongue describe, the scent that ensued? Fowls of e\ery sort, startled b\' the roar and rush, cmwding together. sailed on startled wings, and. lin\ering nx'er the mighty roar. sii;ired up. as if they thought the earth unsafe. L'.ittie tussed on the surging wave, and borne u]) by the debris Inoked with meaning eyes on mrui. Dogs howled amid the cruel wreck. There were sights none had seen before. Strange, hollow. inii)redecentetl sounds from everywhere between the hills went u]) throughout that horrid waste and wreck. .Shrieks ani human voice or animals, but the creak and nin.ni nf rubbing timbers and crush- ing buildings mingled with sou.nds frum beast and man. Shriek an- swered shriek, and the winds from every (juarter blew at once in \ inlence desperate. The whirling, tossing wave took human freight amidst OF THE ST.rrn or pf.xxsyij'.-ixll 201 tlie wreck. ira\eliiiy llicy kiK'v\ imt wlit-re; lifted them u\). tlien liurled tlieiii down again, liriiised, ci^iifduiided. lim]). ])ale and sore. Strange sliapes. siglits and sounds were heard and seen : voices came ai)])arcnt!y from aninng the clnuds or fiom cax'erns rleep helcnv. Buildings of stoutest sluqie and munld sh.nok. reeled, and reeled and slux.ik as though h\ earthquake tossed, then, tumhling to and fro. were hroken ar.d destrri_\ed. The singing mass of deljris groaned ami heax'ed and groaned again. Men were all perplexed. The stoutest were apjjalled. Some tried affectedly to shake off fear, simie gazed stupidly, many cin-sed. others groaned: hut all were sad .and p.ale ;ind torn with frigln. There were these who mocked, mocked wildly; hut more who prayed, and jirayed sincerely. On. on this horrid mass hea\ed. rolled and tumhling tossed: cm^rent crossed current, recrossed anrl twisted in and out. From hill to hill the swirl mined on. The rain — cold, pitiles.s — in torrents fell. .\fter ;i while came on the nidoidess. starless, and rain-cloud darkened night. The ri\ers surged like the nilling sea tossed fmaous ]>y an angry storm There came a deep and dreadful silence then. Hope died in ex'crv hreast. On all im]iris(H'ed in that fearful wreck fell fe.ar and tremhling. Horrid was the sns])ense in which men. women and chilch'en stood. Some shrieked for help hetimes. hut no help came. Time after time a crash was heard as huildings met. driven with terrific force, and the sound came as if the rihs of natiu^e hroke. Then deadly jialeness sat on e\-erv face of human heing in that tumult hound. The stoutest heart grew chilled, and the strongest, hravest man felt his knees to smite. In the darkness none stirred where ihey could find a Indgment. l->w spoke, and fur the most jiart e;'ch wept as the thought came of missing Inish.and. wife, child, nmllier. f.ather. sister, hrother or dearest friend. As the darkness fell there came another horror to those environed •-'"2 COMrilXDllWI OF HISTORY .IXP GES liAI.VCY in tin- (k'hris and piiiinncd in llic liioUc-n limbers accuiiiulatcd at tlic Sltiiic I'.riilyc. llic liridgc had formed a harrier a,q;ainst wliich llic floating houses were (h"iveii ai'd crushed, (^ue ot ilic l)uili!inj;s cniUaincd a stove with a hghteil fire. Ilie slruelure liecame ignited t'nuu the flame in tiie stove, and S(jon alune the water level aimiher demnn nf destruction appeared — an clemeiil dreaded by man e\en when in posi- tion to battle against it. The llames conimuiiicated I'mm hmken building' to l)roken buiUhng, and. seizmg with axidity the sjiiintered and cem pale and tame. But who can tell what groans he heard, what moans, what sounds; what sights he saw. what visions came in those wretched hours on that dire eve, in that fell night; or who with tongue describe th.it horrid, seething gulf of devastation deep and utter des])air: that horrid lazar place; that demon devil's hole? OF THE STATE OE I'EXXSY LEAS I .\. 2i»3 The iiiylit wore aw aw llu: Innt^-draw n hours ])asses and lacerated hndies alone;; the hillsides; hundreds of strong men released from their ]Kisiti!ded it after the Australian system. It i>ri)\efl a suc- cess, and with snhsequent modifications has heen Cdutinucd tu the [iresent time. Ahciut this time, or in 1891 and i8g_'. a renewal of lahnr tnnihles began to attract attention U> the gniwing dilTferenccs hctween employers and employes. On this occasion the difllculty was between the Carnegie Steel Company and its workmen, and before it was settled the presence of the state National Cuard was re(|uiref the state. The l)uilding took (ire on the .ifterudon ol b'ebrnary 2. and was soon reduced to ashes and ruin, .\fter the I'ne the legislative sessions were held in (irace .\leth(idi>l I'.piscnp.il cliurch. and the other tleitartments of state goxernmenl fnund tempi ir,ir\ (piarters in such places as could be pro\ided for them. I'.ut the legisl.ilure acted promptly an\ tlie natioi |)resi(lcnt. In (|uieting the ilisturhances which existed tinnuglidut the anthracite ct>al region nearh' the entire state guard was called into lal service. In .\'o\eniher. lyoJ. Judge Samuel W. I'ennx packer was elected governor of Pennsylvania to succeed Go\ernor Stone. In the campaign of the year there was a strong a.rrayal ni the voting forces the east of the trunk ranj^e heiuL;" .ahrnpt .and jirecipitous, while on the west they gr.adnalh' decline tow.ard the ( )ln'o ri\er and Lake Erie. The passes ot the .\lle^hen\' ran.ije are ahout twn thousand feet aho\c se.a level: the lower \allevs of the ( )iiio ri\er, where it lea\es the state, ha\"e an elevation of about ei.ylu hundred feet, while that of the ])l;iiu sk'irtiiig" Lake h'rie is about six hundred and liftv feet. The princip.al \,alleys of the mountain ret;ion are those of t'hester. Lehigh. W'yomini;', Lacka- wanna, Juniata, Cumlierl.and. ;md .Mouon,i;ahela. 'Idie chief ri\-ers are the Sus(|uehanna, v\hich traverses the center (jf the state, :uid is the lart;-- est stream to enter the .\tlantic frt, the .\llei;heuy and .\lonon£;;diela. •21" COMfEXDlCM OP HISTORY .IXD GENEALOGY wliicli unite at l'iltsl)iiry. I'nrmiiiy tlic Oliin. l-'acli valley and stream lias its historic reminiscences, traijic and ]ialiietic. F.acli unc. tun. witli its imsurpassal)!)' piclnrescine i^roupings ol' liill and \ale, of l'>iresl and stream, lias inspired imel and painter, and lii;ures in song and story and ni)on canvas, as witness the deliifhtful musings of a Read and a ray!ng culti\ated ])laces are farms of rich fertility, yielding heavy cererd crops; market gardens of rare productiveness; large tr:icts given to lloriculture. whose plants and flowers are known the world o\er: and orchards and dairies, pleasing to the eye and remunerative to tlie possessor. Yet of the nearly 28,800,000 acres (45.000 s(|uare miles) contained in the state, less than one-half is in cultivated farms, and only one million 'of the people, less than one-sixth of the entire pojiulation (Ti.^oj.iis) live in separate farm houses. In the decade ending with the year 1900 the nnmlier of farms in I'ennsvlvania was almost twn thousand less tlirm in OF THE STATE OF PENMSYEfANIA. 211 tlie decade ]irecediiig', I)ut it is to l)c remarked tliat this was a smaller luss llian in llie other eiglit states comprising the North Atlantic division, which exceeded 37.000. Tn the }-ear i()00 the entire cereal prodncts of I'ennsyhania amonnted to 1 1 j.iSkj, 1 71; Inishels. di\ide(l as follows: (_'orn, 3 I.J per cent: wheat. 3-' per cent: o;its. 24. S per cent: harley, 0.2 per cent: r}-e. 6.5 per cent: Imckwlieat, 5.3 per cent. In tlax products l'ennsyl\ ;uiia stood ninth in the a\era_ge \alue ])er acre, hut sixteenth anions; the twenty-eii;ht states reporting;- a production of either fihre or seed or both. Of 41. 502.^120 pounds of tohacco produced in the state, Lancaster county yielded jS.24().irio pounds. Stock raising', long an important f:irm industry, lias shown marked improvement during the ten years covered hy the last United States census. The numher of wur'-: oxen on farms was materially increased during this ])eriod. and the g:iin in numher of milch cows, due t(.) the larger demand of the great cities for dair\' products, was lO.^iS. 1 he numl)er of mules w;is 3S.'')33. constituting 68.9 per cent of the entire numher in the nine states in the Xorth .\tlantic di\ision. The number of swine and sheep res])ecti\el\- was 1.107. 981 ''"'^ 959-483- Tt is. howxwer. in its iron .and co.al interests that Pennsylvania holds acknowledged jireeminence. As an inm ]iroducing state it surpasses any other in the L'nion. This is more the result of the thorough develop- ment and skillful use of ores than of any advantage in (|uantity or (|ualitv. The states of Xew \nyk, Xew Jersey and X'irginia are l;ir more liberallv endowed b\- nature in this respect, each containing more iron than rennsvl\;mi;i. Xe\ erthelcss, that last named produces more manufactured iron than ;ill the others combined: it has always hirnished one-half of the total luuount \ the snutluTii states and llic ciittoii industry of tlie eastern states lor |ii)litical pnwer in ( i>n_t;ress, to save llicnisclvcs against a fureij^ii importation of rolled iron, and the ironmasters of Pennsylvania have led in every dehate in fa\or of a protective tarilT. I he niainsprini,'' of their ellorl lies far l)ack in the iiisloric past. liie anihition whiih led the .\nierican colonists into other (icUls of industry than tlii>se ol prodncini;' strain and meat for their own consumption and the attempt of the nv thtr countr\- to throttle liial anihition at its hirth was one of the cau.ses underlying; the Revolutionary war. The world seemed to he in conspiracy against ]iermitting the people of the colonies to l)e aught else than a community of self-expatriates who would esteem it a privilege to he ])erniitte'l to merely maintain an animal existence. li!vcn so stanch a friend of America as William I'itl frowned upon the idea of permitting' its people to lessen in any degree their servile ilependence upon I'.ngland, and declared that llic\' had no right to make so much as a horse-shoe nail, hut should he conipellcd to l)nrchase all jjroducls of skilled lahor in the Ihitish markets: and. to compel acquiescence in such doctrine, taxes were imposed hy i)arliament which were virtually in prohihition of American manufactures. Xevertheless, .\merican manufactures had made their heginnings. and in those heginnings I'ennsvKania was a prime leader. Its lirst industries were the making of hnuher ami salt, and the digging" of ore and the huikling of furnaces for its WDrkijig-. and in these latter it was destined to become the most su])remely important producing center in all America. Unwittingly, in the development of these interests, the ]jeople of the colony were alreadv arming' theniseKes for the copllict w'liicli was to win for themselves political lihertx', and, at a later day, ackuuwledgcd preeminence in manufacturing and commercial affairs, hrom their forests were hniliied vessels which harassed the commerce OF THE STATE OT TE.WSyEr.lXLl. 21:3 of an arrogant crown; in llicir ruik- fnrnaces were cast tlie guns wliich tlnmdered at Brandxw inc and ( ierniantow ii, and the cannon lialls whicli swept those glorious fields: at crnss-mad smithies were welded the swords which flashed in hattlc and [xiinted the wav to \nctorv : anfl ex'en the miserahle salt from their marshes was a l)oon t(i the illv pro- visioned patriot army. Had the forges and shops of Pennsylvania been hlotted out at the close of the Revolntionarv war, even then they w-ere worthy of an honorahle place in history for sake of their great achie\'e- ments. But the arts of peace came hefore those of war. and it is curious to note that a nefarious transactiou luarks the early annals of the times. C'liarles Pickering, whose name is preserved in that of the creek in Chester county upon whr)se banks he located, was one of the first miners. .\ssisted by one Samuel P>ucklcy he mined lead and some little silver, out of which the two "(luined" (coined) "Spanish bitts and Boston nioiie}'." For this they were brought to trial at the instance of Governor William Penn. and. being found guilt\'. were sentenced: Charles Pick- ering to make full satisfaction of good and current pav to exerj' person that within one month should bring in an\' of this false, base and coun- terfeit "coyne," according to their respecti\'e jiroportions, the base monev to be melted down into gross belore it was returned to him. and that he ])a_\- a fine of £40 iuto the court toward the building of a new court house: to stand committed until the fine was [laid : and to find security for his good "abearance." Samuel Buckkw. "being considered more F.n- genious than he that went before." was fined £10 toward the court house. Minting, however, soou began in a legal fashion, for in T'liiladelphia. in \J<)^. was set up ///(• I'nited .States Mint which is to-day. as it was then, the parent mint, all othci's in the country being branches. Here, loo, was erected the lirsl slujt-tower in the United States, and, also, the I'M COMI'liXnil'M Ol- niSTOKY ASP GliS E.U.OC.Y first ilriij,'- and chemical maim factory markiiis; tlie hct^iiinini^ of an enter- prise for wliidi riiilatleli)liia has ever since enjoyed a worldwide fame. The mining of iron ore in C'liester connty was liei;un in ijK). liy Tliomas Rntter, at Pool l'"orge, linee miles above I'otlstuwn, and sliorlly afterward was cstahlislied the celebrated Warwick I'nrnace, where were made, in 1776, tlie first year of the l\e\iihiti"nary war, y members of the Potts family from the spring of 1757 until they were destroyed b\- the British, in T777. alxwt two months before Washington established his cantonment there. Rentgen"s iron wDrks, in Pikeland liiwnslii]i. Chester county, established in T793, ob- tained CMUsiderable celebrity fnan the ;tttempts made there to manufac- ture tJerman steel. It is said that Renlgen obtained a patent for forging L'l--. coMrnxnii'M or iiisroRV .ixn cr.xn.u.OGV iDiiiiil iron ill i/i/). :iiiv the ni:'.nufaetiire of lailmail inm, and f' t some years this mill was the e(|ual of any in the cnnntry. and the (pialiiy nf its product was nut suri)asseil hy that ^f any similar I'jiylisli mill. 1 Jniins^^ the rehcllion the works turned > mt alMnil fue hnndreil pieces nl winnijhl iron arlillerv. as efficient as were known in thai ]ieriiid. and whieh were the invention of John (iriffeii, the general superintendent of the oimpany. In recent vears the I'hoenix works have prudnced large i|vtantilies of slnictiiral iron, including the greater |)art of the rih- and deck-work tor ships Iniilt on the Delaware ri\er. including the iron l)oats of the i'enn- svlvania Railroad C'omiiany and, of the Pacific Mail Steamshi|) ('om])aiiy. The present great Lnkens liun aiilatc rnlls of that time were onlv sixteen to eighteen inches in diameter, and fmm three to four feet hetween the housings, and an o\ershot wheel presided the ])owcr. It was not uncommon fur the mill tn cnme ncarlv to a stiij). and in this event the workmen would climU'iut tipnn the rim nt the wheel, and with their comhined weight effect the ])assagc through the rolls. It wris hefore the (lays of railroads, and the coal used in the w^nks was wagcmeil fmni Columbia, thirty -five miles distant, while the iinished product was sinii- Of THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 217 l;irU tr;ms[)iirtc(l 1m riiilailelpliia i ir \\'ilmin.<;li m. distances of thirty- eij^'ht anil t\\ent\-six miles respectixely. The jinipert}' passed into tlie charge of Dr. Charles Lukcns. a son-in-law of Isaac I'ennock. who ( he- tween iSiT) and iJ^-'.^ ) ])i"odnced the first steam hoiler plates made in the United States. To be included amon!:^' the steel and iron industries is that'of shi[)- InnldiniL; on the- Delaware ri\er. This immense interest grew liy slow de\clopment. The jiioneer settlers liuilt such \-essels as could ]>c m;ide 1)V the most ordinarx" workman with saw and axe. gi\'ing little attention to svmmetrv of form or e\ en ease of proimlsion, I)ut onl_\ to Iiuo\-ancv. Of such were the sail-scow, used in transportnig salt hay from the marshes, and the gar\ey, which was used in leathering oysters and hring- ing them to shore. The heginning of iron mining led to the building of "the Durham boat." which differed from the .scow in being larger, f1at-l)ottomed. anil rounded at bow' and stern, and was used for transport- ing ore to I 'hiladel]ihia down the Delaware ri\-er from the Durham fur- naces, whence it came. It was in these two classes of lioats that W'ash- ington's troops made their famous passage across the Delaware river. In the later colonial da\s large mnubers of boats designed for fishing ])ur- ))oses were built, and were known as whale-boats, louring the Ivevnlu- tionarx' war, craft of this description but of larger build came into vogue, and nearly e\er\- coast neighborhood where Avas an inland stream iiad its association of men \\ho owned and manned such a \'essel. The boat was usu.ally about thirty feet in length, pointed ;it bow and stern to tacihtate readiness ol movement ])\ axoulance ol turning. ;in(l with high gunwales in order to admit of carrving large loads. The material was cedar and the boat was so light that ;i few men could comenientlv carr\- it into the w nods for concealment. The nccessitv for thus ]iro\iding for its safel}' lay in the fact that British armed boats kept the coast indus- i.'l8 COMl'HXDIi'M Of JIIS'IOR]' .iXD GEXEALOGY tii'iii>l\ patriilli'il. Tlic crew "\ ilif w li.ik'-liniit uMially c Jii.^istcd of liftccii iiK'ii. sflcclcd Ini' tlicii" physical sticn<;tli, endurance and inuiage. They were trained tn ni\v noiselessly, and were able to dri\e the boat at a speed of twelve miles an Jionr. R.'ich man was armed w ith a cntiass and pistols. The command was vested in ore wlio was helmsman ;il)u;ird and captain (Ml lanil as well as on deck. Many darins.; teals were performed liy such crews. With the (leveloi)menl of the fisliiuq- and lumher industries, the latter thronfjh tlic introduction of the saw mill, came \essels ol a larger build, first of the sloop and afterwards of the schooner type, but of lim- ited size, for many years not exceeding thirty tons. At a later day came full-rigged shii)s, xerilable "hearts of oak." These, mastered and manned by old-time sailors who now e.xist only in song and story such as were sung by Dibdin and told by Marry.it and L'ooper. sailed in every sea and u])on every sort of mission. There were honest merchantmen ;nid whalers, and there were those, too, whose holds were fc\er infected b\- cargoes of rotting humans brought from Liberia to the ])1antalions of the south. M;m\- of them survi\ed for scores of years, so honestly were they built, and a few dismantled old hulks vet remain to perform menial duty on river and canal. .\lmost on the \ery ground (at Chester) where were built the first small coasters of the colonial days, the wooden gunboats ])ro\ided by the commonwealth of Pennsylvania for use during the Revolutionary war. and the famous merchant vessels of Archibald .Mc Arthur, in 1S44. ;md of Sinex, Hargis and Fortner shortly afterward, were constructed ves.sels which were the l)est of their type of the I'nited .'states navy at the time of the Civil war, and which l)ore a gallant part during that great struggle. Mere are now such mammoth shipyards as those of the Cranijjs and John Roach, where ha\e been built hundreds of modern war and merchant OF THE STATU or PT.WSYLrASIA. liH' vessels, ami main ut ilie must effective marine engines e\er constnieted. and wliieli liaxe made the Delaware tn the I'nited States what the Clyde is to Great Britain. The splendid waterei >urses Imrderint;- and ])enetratini; the prox'ince fiiund earl\- ntilizatiun. On the Delaware, small sailing vessels plied eonstantlv luitil the intrnductinn of steam. Here John I'itch made for himself tame as the fn'st man in America ( anfl proha1)ly in the world) who ever carried the idea of steam power to the propnlsioii of vessels a determinate resnlt. He was a \\atchmalcer hy trade, and during tlie revolntioiiarv war w ris em])lo\ed in repairing muskets for the patriot armv. His first \essel was fitted w ith an a\\kward engine w ith a hori- zontal cvlin masts, it bcinjj omsidtVcd unwise l<> dqieml u|Hin steam almu'. 'Phis craft made tlie trii> to Xew (Orleans in fnmteeii days. In succeeding vears Pittslnirg Ijecame an important l">al Imildiiii; pnint. ami there were laundied manv of tlie most palatial steanilniats wiiich plied the ()hi(i tn Cairn and the Mississipi)i to Xew Orleans. The celebrated Cmzer cotton mills at I'hester i^rew out of a jurist mill, the first mill set up in Pennsylvania after I'enn hec.ime the pro- f)rietor. This was the second in the province, the Inst heini; the Swedish water mill built by Governor I'rintz. on Cobb's creek, near the noted Blue P.ell Tavern, at Paschalville. in the county of Philadeljihia. This, however, had fallen into disuse before the coming- of T'enn. The first mills in the countv of Chester were brought bv him in the "W elcoine." readv for putt injj toq^ether and setting' up. I'enn had numerous partners in this enter])rise. and thc\' made Caleb Pusey their aijent rnid manager. The land for the mill was patented to I'nsey. second month, 3. 1690, but the mill was set up in i'')^^. on Chester creek. Pusev made two short removals, the dams haxins;;' been carried a\\ri\' bv overllow ing' of the stream, and the mills .afterwards ])assed throuoh \arions hands. The Chester Mills, as they were widel\' known, were well er|ui]iix?d at the time of tlie Revolutionary war. In 1777. b\- order of ( ieneral Wash- ington, the millstones wei'e removed to jirevcnt their use b\' the Pritish army, but where tliey were secreted has ne\er been learned. Ihe mills eventually came into the ])os.session of bihn P. Crozer. who there laid the foundations for the great cotton manufactory with which his family name has since been identified. It is not within the proxince of the writer of these pages to l"ollow in detail the history uf manut'acluring in all it^ multitudinous ramifica- OP THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 221 til HIS. 1)111 only til hint at the l)eginnings. atTonl an idea of the ])resciit niamnnilh |)i"(ii)ri)cesses ni niainitactiirini; tliat have taki-ii place within \hv last decade lia\e c .pencil llic way lor the cin])liiymeiu nl Icmale lalnir in nianv lines i>f indnstry that were InrnierK- closed to tlicni. Much hard and (lisagreeal)le woik. which re(|niied the strength and endurance that only men ijossess, is rapidl}' heint; maile a thing of the past hy the intio- (luction of improved machinery and methods, under which deftness of touch ;ind intelligent perception on tiie i)art of the operative takes the place of importance formerK- held liv the more rugged (pialities peculiar to men. There is. therefore. e\cry indication that similar changes will open \et wider tielils for the introduction of female lahoi'. These condi- tions afford am])le op])ortunit\' for the si)eculalions of a certain class o| social eci)noniists and moralists who are satisfied that already the founda- tions of society haxeheen undermined li\ neglect of the marriage relation through the reduced ability of the more ])oorlv i)aid male wage-earner to provide for a Imme. and through the more indei)endent status ot the female wage-earner who. deriving her lixelihood through her own eftort. would rather l)ear the ills she has than llv to those she fears mav come in cc)m])any with one of her own station wlio cann which reference has heen made, lies the mineral wca.lth of the state, in \alue exceeding that of any other. 'The total value for the last year rejiorted in the federal census for the year 1900 was $150,876,649. against a comhined value of $143,744,909 for the three states next in order of production — Michigan. Colorado and Montana. These estimates take no account of manufac- tured articles, only of the raw material as derived from the l.ilx.ratories of nature and brought within the reach of the handicraft of man. .\onc np TJTE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 228 1)1' the preciiius metals are mined, and the yiel(hnt;s are restricted to imn and coal and their prodncts. w ith stone. The coal measures are of remarkahle character and extent. '1 he area of the r^enns\l\ania coal fields embraces nearly thirteen thousand S(|uare miles, and extends through twenty-four counties. Of first im- ]ioi'tance is the anthracite district. occup\ing' an area of ahout six hundred and tiftv miles on the left hank of the Sus{|uehanna ri\er. 'Die strata hetween Pottstow n and Wyoming, which belong to the lowest portion of the Coal measures, are probably about three thousand feet thick, but the numerous folds and contortions make it imjxissible tc> arrive at an e.xact estimate. There are from ten to twehe seams more than three feet in thickness, and the jirincipal one. known as the Mammoth, or Baltimore vein, is nearlx' thirt\- feet thick at Wilkesbarre. aufl in places even exceeds sixty feet. The anthracite fields of the entire United States, in the year covered In- the last federal census. ])niduce(l 52.131.- 212 tons, of which were credited to Pennsxhania 51. -'17.318 tons, within about five niilliniitt-(I to twenty-two sli>>rt tons. Sliipnients t'min that ioj;iciii hejj.'iii ill iSjo, and since tliat date the records Iia\e heen caretully kept, and show that from 1S14 to tlie i)resent time the priKhKtiou has amoiintetur1)ances. The last serious oulhre.ik was that of the criminal comhin;ition known as the "^h)ll\ .M;it,mires."' which was effectu :iliy hroken up in 1870. and was m.arkeil hy the le.ijal executiou of twenty men coinictcd of the crime of murder. I'ennsyKania ontinues to l>e. as it was at the l)<.'.i;innin,L;, the le.ider in the production of petroleum and its kindred products. The rise and development (and. in some reijions. the fall) of this industry would f'rrm a unif|ue history of its own. Tn 1831 crude petroknim w.is taken OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. 525 fi-Mui ;in (iil well mi wliat came to be known as Oil Creek, on the Alle- j.;lien}- ri\ei". ahont one liundrecl ;nul fifty miles alxne f'ittshnrg. Shortl}' afterward oil was tVumd near Titusville. I'ennsx Kania, and a sample was sent ti> Professor B. Silliman. Jr.. <<{ \'ale College, who matle a report n]xin it which exerted .'in immediate intlnence and became a classic in t!ie literature of ]ietn ileum. The favorable view taken bv I'roiessor Silliman resulted in the organization of a prdspecting ciinipan\- at X'ew Haven. Connecticut, which employed 1^. L. Drake to drill a well in the Oil Cieek \allev-. a sh<;rt distance lielow the present site of the citv of T itus\ille. After many delaxs and accidents he succeeded in driving an iron \n\K a distance nf thirty-si.\ feet down to the ruck. Some da\s latei- the drill fell intu a crex'ice. where it was left until the next day, when the drill lii.le was found nearl\- full of petroleum. This incident was prolific in results, for it at once led td the immediate drilling of (jther wells and to the inn'\ersai aili.i])tion of 1 )i-ake's artesian Imring device. In a short time there was a rush of fe\eri>Ii fortune hunters, first to the \allcy of (_)il Creek and its tributaries, and later oxer the higher land be- tween Oil Creek and the .\ilegheny rixer beldw Tidinute. .\s the oil seekers dispersed o\er a wider territorw wells of great richness were driven in liutler and ( larion counties. I'oniparison of the situatinus of the most priiducti\e wells led to the iIisco\er\- that the oil yielding areas extended across the country in narrnw belts, regardless of the sur- face Configuration, parallel to each other, rmd in a northeast and south- west direction. Following the a])prnaching exhaustinn of the oil lields belore named, lines were run b\- compass on the supposed ;i\is of the oil belt, many miles across the hills, until the seekers came to the village of llradlord. in McKean county, where wells had piexiously been drilled with little success. 1 )eepei' ilrillings were now made, resulting in the 2Jt^ COMPEXDILM 01- HISTORY .L\D GEXEALOGY tapping ol" oil. ami since 1S75 liic regicn has liccii tin- nmsi unifuiinly productive and extcnsi\'e nil territory \et discoxered. During tlie early oil-sccking i)erio(l, hosts of adseninrcis ^ulTircd hitter (lisap])ointnient. and various pretentious "cities" sprang into a brilliant Init ephemera! existence. Something nf this may he discerned in the fact IJiat so many were the new oil tnwns during the succeeding twenty-five years, and so great was the ([uantity nf iumher needed for oil derricks that thousands upon thousands nf acres, st.inding niie lu \\\u thousand feet alxjve the sea level, were denuded of their Innhcr. The fever was not long continued. The spccnlatixe phase was fdlluwed hy that (jf ])rofitable development of mining lands, nn the one hand. or abandonment on the other. The sagacious ones and the |)lodders se- cured control of tracts which. ])erhaps disap]X)inting at the outset, became |)rofitable. and the im])atienl i)assed on to new fields. .\t limes. Imili classes were txpially disappointed and went away, leaving behind them unite monuments to their blasted ho])es. .\s a case in point. I'ithole t 'ity was in 186:; the abode of such a i)o])u!;ition that its postoftice busi- ness was next after that of l'hiladel]>hia. while in iSSi corn and grass were growing where had l)een some of the most noted oil wells, and not an inhabitant remained to iiccui>y a single one of the few tumbling- down houses which yet marked the s|)ot. ^'et it is not to be inferred that all of tlie old f.-unous oil regions of which so much was (Mice he.ird. have become altogether unprofitable. There are yet pro' 3,299 men, and ilishursing more than $1,500,000 in wages. I'ennsyhania stands first among the states in the pruductiun of stone, with its ~j(t cpun'ries ni all kinds, ;ind an annnal uutput to the \alne of nmre than S7, 000, 000, 'J he \ariet\' of stone is so great as to co\er almnst e\ery necessity for luiilding or ornamental wnrk, including granite, slate, limestone, sandstone, hluestone. soapstone and many i.thers. Of these, some are beautifully \ariegated. and make u\> the ex- teriors of many of the must dignified and handsonic public and residential structures in the United .States. \\'ith such a magnilicent ar'ra\- df n;itur;il products and manufactur- ing industries, trebled in value during the last twn decades of the last century, it would ap];ear at first glance that transportation facilities had not kept ]jace with re(|uireiuents. tdr. in the ten \'ears preceding the year 1900. the increase in railinad mileage \v;is less than one thousand. I'lUt this increased mileage was in greater part additional trackage for al- ready existing lines, increasing their carrying capacit}'. but not the length of road. In the \ear in (|uestiiin. there were 10.400 miles in operation in the state, requiring the ser\ice of .-ui army n to make further inroads ujiou the latter l)y the in- stallation of through passenger service between wiilelx sepaiated cities. and a freiglit traffic system. OF THE STATE OF FEXXSYJJ '.-IXJ.I. 229 CHAPTER XI. Education, LiTERATrRE and Art. Information concerning educational conditions during the early colonial times is exceedingly meager, hut we do Te preferred liefore wealth, 1* it enacted, etc.. That all persons in this ]irovince and territories thereof ha\'ing children, and all the guardians and. trustees of orphans, shall cause such to be instructed in reading and writing, so that thev mav he able to read the Scii])tures and to write bv the time thev attain to Iwebc \ears of age; and that then they be taught some useful trade or skill, that the jioor ma\' work to li\-e aiid the rich if they I>ccome poor may not' want, of which every Count)- Court shall take care. .\iul in case such parents, guardians or overseers shall be found deficient in 2:5(1 COMPEXniiM O/" HISTORV .IXP CF.XF..iI.OCy this respect, every sucli parent, .y^iiardiaii nr overseer sliall pay ti>r each .such diilil live ix«iiik1s. except tliere sliould .ippcar an incajiacity in h. idy iir understanihng to Innder it." This is remarlcahle as liein;;' tlie most coin])rchensi\c and strintj'cnt Cfhicational law e\er enacted in America, so far ;is we are aw.ne. It was abrogated ten vears later 1)\ \\ illiani and .Mary. :md was re-en.utcd by (iovernnr Fletcher, '"by and with the ;id\ ice and consent ot' the representatives." It wonld ajipear tiiat tiie last of the above enactments was never repealed, luit was permitted to lieconie a deases. Outside the Friends' communities, until nearl\' the Revolutiunary period, where schools were maintained at all, it was without method or system, the people of a neighhorhijud establishing such a one as the itin- erant teacher of the da_\- then sojourning with them might suggest. The school was maintained on the subscriptim were rough planks resting upon puncheons, and at these stood tlie pupil o\er unruled co]iybooks, laboriously tracing with a goosequill the copy set by the schoolmaster. It was before the da\-s of "readers," and many a scholar of the long-ago learned to read and sj)cll from the Bible. Tlie youth thus taught became admirable readers, and the pupil or rostrum speaker who was trained after this fashion had no difliculty in making himself understood b}" his hearers, in mark'ed contrast to man\' highh' educated ministers and lecturers of the present day. whose profuse and ornate N'ocabulary tends to the mystification of many. Indeed, -were there no other reason for clinging to the Bible, it were \\alual)le before all other liooks for its infiuence in the forming of a clear and concise use of the 2:vi coMri'ixnn'M or iiistoky .i\n ciixilii.ocv iiMlliiT toiij^uc, wlictluT in iiltcraiici.' or in wiitini;. Aside- Hnm llu' I'ilile. tlicrc was no uniformity in text l«"iks in llic early scIukiIs. e.'icli schnlar hring^in;^ snch as tlic family closet would allord, and. as a cnnsc- (luencc. tlicic were rarely two alike, 'iliose were llie palmy days of "the tliree I\".s — readin', 'ritin" and 'rillimelie." lie who was iiiolkienl in \iilgar fractions, tare .and tret, and the douhle rule of ilnee. was ac- counted So nuidi of a mathenialiciau as to he (lualitied for a desirahle |)ositii>n in anv sliippintj house or countini; room ni I'liiladelphia or .\ew ^'()rk■. if ]>crcliance a scliolar had a ^ranim.n- or ;i ,t^eoiirai)hy he was viewed h\' his less fa\'ored fellows .as om- whose o]iportunuie^ wonhl enable him to maUe a great mark in the wurld. l"or a girl, she must he taught to read well. hut. as her destiny was foi- household duties, aritliinetic was deemed f)iUside her nccessit\'. if not heyond hei' capahilitv. The first attempts to found public provided that "a scIumiI or schools sh.all be established in each couut\ b\ the legislature for the con\emeul iii^iruc- tion of youth." ami reiiuired thai the teachers should lie jyaid b\ the public; and in the Constitution of 171JO ])ro\ision was made "ih.il the l)Oor ma\- be taught gratis." It was not. howcser. mitil iSoj that .1 law was enacted under these Conslituliou.al provisions. ;md then it was lound so inadequate that it was nccess;n\ to p.iss another act in 1S04. I his proved little more acceptable than the former, .■md ;i more carefidly dr.awn act was passed in iX(i(). At whate\cr stage of the (piestion. those who were laboiiug for the cause of public instruction were strenuousK .and even bitterly o])pnsed. There was a large number of semi-public schools founded and conducted b\ v.arious religion-- ri\ilcged. thus tending to the aj)ostatiziiig of their offspring, whom they would guard frpin all cui^- OF THE STATE Of I'E.\XSyLI\AXIA. 233 laiiiiiiatiiiii. .\t the same time, dther ])arents. who cared imthing for tlicse considerations, were inimical to the puhhc schools for the reason that the}' were avowedly created in the interests of the poor, whence they were known as "pauper .schools. The present magnificent rnl)lic .'School system had its first sub- stantial fotindation in if^.^.V.i !• when was enacted a law "Tn F.stahlish a General Svstcm m| hjUicatii in b\- Common Schools." Tt had met with liing" and hitter op])osilioii. and was attacked for a mii]liplicit\' fif reasons, chief among- which was the oltjcctinn. as expressed in indiijnation meet- ings held all over the state, that "it was never intended by our constitu- tion that the education of iliose children whose ])arents are able to ec'i<>oI laAV. that 'i'haddeus Stexens. then in the legislature, gave the first evidence of his masterly strength, and to him was ascribed in large flegree tlie triumph of the measure. In i!^4() an advanced step was taken in legislation requirinff that teacliers ]>ass an examinatinn. .ind making the minimum of the school year four nmnths instead of three. In ii'^35 the first provision was made for teachers' institutes, the first of which was hekl in Chester comity. The office of County Superintendent of t'ommon .Schools was created in 1S54. ami that of State Superintendent in 1H57. the duties of the latter position having pre\ ioush- devolved upnu the Secretarv of State. In subsequent years the Public .School system was extended to its |)rcsent broad dimensirins. with its school libraries, high scliools and norm.'d schools, and these latter have in some degree encroached upon tlie domain which in the not far distant past was held to be that of the collegiate 234 COMPEXnUM OF HISTORY AND GEXn.ll.OGV inslitutiiMis. A nutiililc cx.inipic is fnund in tlu- Central High Sclnxil nf I'liiladclpliia. created in 1836. hy aullKnily nf ihe I,c.i;islature. In 1839 Alexander Dallas Bache. LL. IX. ])iesident-t'krl i>i' (iirard C'i*llcgc, was called to its headship, and dnrint; his three years administration three conrses of stndy were arrant^ed. 1. A two years" elementary conrse, fitting for business; 2. A four years" course, including French and Sixmish, geometry, trigonometry mechanical and natural philosophy, ii.itural history, mental and political science; 3. A four years' classical course. At the suggestion of the American I'hiN isophical Society an astrouiimical observatory was established in connection with the high scIkjoI. This, in ])(>int of age the fourth astronomical ohscrxatury in America, was furnished with tlic first (ierman made lenses lirou.^ht ti> the countrw and Professor I'.lias Loomis said ( 1X50 )."lhe ereclinn nf ihis iibser\ator\- formed an epoch in the history of American astronnmy."" I'nder the principalship of Profes.sor John S. Hart. Anglo-Saxon and ( Ierman were added to the list of languages, and it is believed that the former language was taught in this high school l)efore it had lound a place in any other collegiate course except that of Harvard. Phonog- raphy was introduced when that science was in its infant stage, and some of the students of this time became official rc])orters in Congress. In 1849 the school was placed upon a collegiate basis, and was authorized by the Legislature to confer degrees. In 1854 a new building was erected, whicli was styled by some architects as "the most jicrfect school l.'uilding of America."" Under the principalship of George Innian Richc. A. M. (1867-1886), the scientific lalwratories of the school were noted for their eftlciency, and here lulwin J. Houston .and I'.lihu Thomsnn perfected those discoveries which made tlieir names w^rld famous in electrical science. The com])letc modernization of the school began with the installation of Henry Clark Johnson, A. .M.. LL. P... as princii)al. OF THE ST.-iTE OF PEXXSYLJ-AXIA. 235 New studies were introduced, and all were arranged in six elective courses. In 1893 Robert Ellis 'rhom])son. A. M,, S. T. I)., liecame principal, coniino- from the L'liiversity of Penns\-Kania. where he had long performed elhcient service. Durinq his administration the new buildings were erected, at a cost of more than one and a half million dollars. The course of stud}- was further broadened, and the curriculum now presents ti\e electi\e courses: [. Classical — Latin, (ireek. I'reiich or (lerman. English, mathematics, astronrmiy, physics. chemistr_\-. historv, firawing. biolog}-, logic, ethics and ])olitical ecom mn . 2. Eatin-Scien- tific — (ireek being omitted, and extended instruction being given in the modern languages, mathematics and the sciences; jjoth of these courses lead to the d.egree of bachelor of arts. 3. Scientific — Contains no Creek, omits Latin ;iiter tlie sophomore \ear. and gives fuller instruction to I'rench ,ind ( ierman : this leafls to the degree of bachelor of science. 4. Cf Prufes-^or I'.zfkiel II. C'lHik. In iSjS Dr. (1. M. I^Iiilips came tn the pi\nci])alsliip. in wiiicli lie has ciju- tinned to tiie jiresent time. The school is now one <>{ the larpjcst and must ]iiMinincni iinrnial .sciiools in the wh'ile country. Its attendance in the mirnial (iei)artnK'nt reaches nii^e than eiglit liundrcd students, and. with iIk- addition nl tiie model school, is considerahly mure tlian a thousand. The nrisfinal main liuildini;. erected in 1S70-71. lias grown tn tluee nr four times its original ca|)acity. and. in additicm. a gymnasium, reci- tation hall. moix hundred thousand dollars and is thoroughly equipped for the best school wdrk. The school's faculty has grown until it numbers thirty-three members, and is widely known for its scholarship and efficiency. The school has had more than ten thousand students and about sixteen hundred graduates. The great majority of these have been teachers, and most of them are still teaching, but others are filling important positions as statesmen, law- OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. "23^ vers, physicians, clergymen, etc. Tiiree f>f the nther State Xormal Schools of Penns\l\ania ha\e drawn their principals frdni the t'acult}- nf the West Chester Slate Normal School. Many n\ its graduates and former students are college professtns and counl\' or hornugh sui)crin- tendents. .\ccording to the census (jf lyuo. the \alue of pubhc school property in Pennsylvania was .$50,000,000. and the expense of maintaining the schools was ^22,813.395. The total numl>er of schools was 29,046, with an average of 847,445 pupils in attendance. THE HIGTIEK INSTITUTIOXS: OF I.E.AKNINc;. l'"roin an earl}' day, PennsyKania has f(iStered an abundance of academical institutions, but these are so numercjus and so distincti\ely local that thev must be passed over in this narrative. It is to be said, however, tiiat thev ha\e deeply colored the intellectual life ol the com- monwealth, and have in no inconsiderable degree made iiossible the higher institutions of learning. J'hese latter, from small beginnings, have c<;me to a place of commanding ini])ortance. and those ot lirst rank have made notable adxancement in the past quarter of a ceutiu'y. More than thirty in numlx-r. these colleges liave. with few e.xceiUions, made a most encouraging growth in facull\- numbers and character, in the sc\ the legislalnre. which in recent years has discourageil the fonnding of in>titutions upon insubstantialitx'. tints giving an adde3, for the incorjx>ration of institutions of learning, with ])ower to confer degrees in art. science. ])hiloso])hy. literature, medicine, law and theology, h'or the sn|x'rvisio!i and regnlalion of sticli institutions the act createil a board styled the College an holding ofticial relationshi]) to the coninion schools of the state. To this hoard is committed the ihity of considering the applications for tlie founding of new colleges. anl was \isited b\ Ke\ . ( ieorge White- t'leld, in 1739, when the great ])reacher addressed ".Lbout three lhi>usand OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 239 jieuplc gatlicred tnoetlicr in iIk- nieetinii-hntise yard: the ]ilacc- wherein the _\'()ung' men study is. in cimtenipt, called a Cdllei^e," as he I'eniark!? ill liis diary. The University nf Pennsylv.ania had its ])rini;iry orisajin in a char- itable school for which, as also tor the relis;i<»ns meetings of the Rev. (ieorge W'hitelield. citizens of I'hiladelphia erected a Imilding in 1740. ]n I74() this pro])crt\- came into the possession of an association which grew out of a ])amphlet issued hy I'enjamin h'rruiklin. entitled "I'ro- i;osals Relative to the lulncation of 'N'outh in I'ennsylvania." The academy and chai'itahle school which resulted ])ro\-ed so successful that two years later it was chartered h\- Thomas and Richard I'enn. then the proprietaries, as the Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Rennsyh-ania. L'nder Re\'. William Smith the institution grew to collegiate dimensions, and (June 16. 1755) the projorietaries changed its title to the College. Academy and Charitable School of Philadel])hia. The College and Acadenn- were closeh' related, the same teachers serving in each. Fhere were three college classes — freshmen, junior and senior — and the course was one of three vears. Ma\- 17. 1737. at the first Commencement, the graduates were Paul Jacksolitical .atfairs. he recei\ed his classes in the j.ail. llaxing been released .alter an appeal to the crown, he was 440 COMPEXDIl'M OF HISTORY AXD GEXEALOGY received in F.iijjland w itli distinsnislu'd li. hmt. and received liis divinity degree fmni tlie University of Oxfi.rtl. Later, lie visited Kiigland to priKure an endowment tor the eoile;;e. antl liis mission was ^ratifyiiitjlv successful. [,atcr. a declaration of lil>eral and unseelarian principles on the part of the collej;e aulhoritie- was resented liv the legislatnic. which abrogated the riirhts and jjroperiics of the institution, conlerrini; iheni u|)on a new boily, the trustees of the I'nivcrsitv of Pennsylvania. The old college maintained its organixatiou and coniinued its schools, but lost its properly, while the new university organized its faculties in arts and metlicine. The two in.-.litutioiis each struggled on. and botii with indifferent success. In ijwi the rivalry was ended hv the union of the two schools, each contrihuting one h.ilf the meml)ers of a new Ixiard which was incorixir.ited under the title of the irustees of the L'liiv ersily of I'ennsx Iv ania. 1 !ie faculties were taken, as nearly as Could he. e(|ually from their predecessors, hut 1 )r. .Sniiih was set aside on a i)ension, and Dr. |ohn h.vving was elected jirovost. In iXoo the I'niversitv U night sjwcious buildings and grounds at a cost of about S40.000. In iSio the college course was extended to four vc;us. and the soplioniore class was created: in 1S7-' a Scientific .School was oi)ened (embracing courses in arciiiteciure. science ;inruar\- _>(S, 1 7S7. through the effort of Hon. Hugh Henry llrackenridge. The first build- ing site was a gift from the I'enn familv of Philadeljjhia. In the same year the legislature made a donation of five thousand acres of land for endowment purpo.^es. The hrst Principal of the .\cadem\- was (ieorge Welch, .\mong his successois was the Kew Joseijh Stockton I iSio- iSi(j). and will) is best known as the author of the "Western Calcu- lator" and the "Western Spelling Rook." two of the earliest school books printed west of the mountains, and which in their da\- x'ied in po])u]arity with the "Xew l-'ngland Primer." In uSk; the Legislature passed an act nicorporating llie Western L'ni\ersitv of Pennsylvania, and .authorizing its tnrsiees to take in charge the jjrojierty of the Pitts- burg .\cademv and to exercise the ftuiclions of a uni\ersitv. The act 24:i CUMI'EMJnM UF HISTORY AM) GESllALOGY also granted forty aiTcs ul' laiul. hut tliis gift was held as invahd l)y tlic Supreme Court, and the Legislature made good its henexnleni iiiteiiiioiis hy an appropriation of $2,400 aniuially for five years. The lirsi I'acuity niuier the I'niversity organization was: l\e\ . Roheri Ihuie. Principal, Professor of Xatural Philosophy. Chemistry. Mathematics, etc.; Ke\ . John lilack. Professor Ancient Languages anelles Let- trcs: Rev. Ciiarles B. Maguire. Professor of Modern Languages and I'niversal (iramniar. At the lirsi commencement, in iS-',v were gradu- ated 'I'homas (iuthrie. Alexander Lcjgan and Samuel h'erguson. all of whom hecame eminent clergymen. In ii*^,?*) was huilt a new college edifice u])oii the site of the old academy at the corner of Third street and C herry .alley. This was then the largest and tincsl edifice in the citv. and was occupied mitil its de- struction dining the great fire of 1845. which almost ohhter.-ited the i'ittsbnrg of that day. Rew Robert I'luce, I). 1).. was Principal from 1S19 to 1S35. and from 1S3') to icS4^. the Re\ . (iolhert Morgan serving (hiring his one year intermission. In 1843 '^^^- llem.in Dyer. 1). I).. came to the headship of tlie institution. In 1X4^) another huilding was erected on Duquesne W'av. fhis was hurned down in i84(j. ,ind in- struction was suspended until 1835. when a new huilding at the corner of Ross and Hiamon streets was occu])ied. In 1856 Re\ . |ohn 1-. .Mc- Laren. I). I)., hecame Principal, and he held the position until 183S. when he resigned, and was succeeded h\ (ieorge Woods. LL. I)., who was the first t(j figure as President, a designation which was changed to that of Chancellor h\ an act of Assembly. It was during the admin- istration of President Woods (1838-1880). that the Western I'niversity made its most marked development. In i8f)i .in earnest appeal was OF THE STATE OF PEXXSVf.I'AXIA. ■243 made to the |)eo])Ie nf I'itlsliurt^-. and anmnii- tlie Inst to res])<)nd was William Tliaw. who contrihuted $300,000 towaixl the endowment of a. chair oi natnral science, this heint;- the hei^innini;' of a long series of Ins henetactions, without which the in^litntion conld not have arrived at its present di^nitx' and iinjK stance. In \>«>^ tlie ])ro|)ertv and eiiuipment of Allegheny ()hser\ator\- were transferred to the nni\ersitv. Suljse- (|iiently. .Sanuiel 1'. I.anglex' was made Professor of Asti'ononu'. and his labors, nia tlie admission nt women. In 189O the I'iltsburg College of riKirniac\ "was united witli the institution, and a dei)ailnient of Dental Surgery was established, in lyoo was Iait eminent of living astronomers as "the cradle of tin.- new asiroui'my." Here was invented the bolometer, an e\(iuisilely sensitive nistrumenl lor determining the temjierature of the sun. moon and stars: here some of the most eminent astronomers of tlie age carried on their industrious investigation.s — Professor Langlev . in his researches with reference to the photosphere of the sun. and Professor Keeler in his demnnslratiou that the rings of Saturn are comjxised of a swarm of meteorites revolving alxiut the planet; here was inaugurated the standard time system for railway use. and. in a kindred sc1uk)1 in the same instilutioii. Professor ('ie|Kised institution, lie was at last found in the ])erson of Kev. ()/•" THE STATU ()!■■ I'liSSSVLWlSLl. 245 George jtiukin. a man ni extraordinary jxiwers. iint (nilv nf niind. l)Ut of lieart and sonl, one who had lono- liecn interested in educational work. especially dc\()ted tn aidinj;;- ])oor hoys to educational means, and who was at this time cotiducting- a manual lahor school at (jermantown. Chosen to the ])vesidency of what was tn he known as Lafayette Col- lege, and nf winch he is justly regarded ;is the founder, he ga\-e himself unstintingly to the arduous task of reconciling man\- different views as to the sco]ic and jjurjiose of the ])ro|)ose(l school, of estahlishing its educalion.al policy, and of securing the necessary means at a time when money was scarce and jiuhlic henefactors were ])itifull\' few. Chartered on .March 9. iS^6. the first college class was not assemhled until Mav 9 183-', in temporary r(^oms. There were fortv-three students present at the o]iening. and this numher was increased to sixtv-se\'en during t!ie year. The first annual report set forth that the College "is a moral and religious. ,-i literary aud scientific, an agricultural and mechanical institution. " Xo religious sect was to he favored, and the ]iri\-ileges ot the institution were to he accorded to .all. "without distinction of religious party." and these coiulitions govern to the present day. Dr. Junkin hattled with the difficulties which were inevitahle. with unsm'passahle devotion, courage and sagacit\-. Tn 1841 he resigned to hecome I'resideni of Afiami l'ni\ersity. from which he returned three _\ears later, and. ;iftcr again serx'ing as President for se\-en years, was called to the presidenc)- of \\'ashingtoti (now Washington and Lee) Col- lege. \irginia. It having hecome oh\-ious that local support was insuf- ficient for the maintenance of the College, in 1850 it was placed under the care of the rreshyterian cluu-ch, 'i"he Ci^il war period brought tlie school to desperate straits, and there was such a depletion of students and means that the trustees seriously considered the ad\'isal)ility of closing the school. This untoward climax was only a\'oided bv the ii4.; coMi'HMurM OF iiisTOKY .ixp ci-xn.ii.oc;)' gencmsitv of tlic I'nitessdrs. wlm \iilumcerc-il tn servt- witliMut ioL;ul:ir salarv. Tlie iiicn whu lluis iiiaiittaiiu'd the t'iille,L;c ilnriiit; its darkest (lays were among its most distingnislied ornaim-iUs- -rnifcsscns James 11. Cot'tiii, l-'raiicis A. Mavcli. lames K. lu-kavd aixl l.ymaii Coleman. I\ev. William I'. C'attell. then pastor of the Second I'reshyterian cluirih at 1 larrislnirg. liecame president, and dming his long term of twentv }ears. which ended \\ith his resignation, he performed services nl \u< en- larged hy the addition of two wings, with I'.irdee 1 lall. the jeiiks Lab- oratory. t!ie Obscrxatorv. the ( lymnasinm ;m desirous of affording to the youth of his region oppor- tunities such as had been denied to him. .\ccordingly, in 1863, he set aside for the establishment of the jiroixiscd institution fifty-six acres of land in South Bethlehem, and a sum of ,'^500.000 — a gift, it is believed, the largest e\'er gi\'en for such a i^urpose up to that time. In atldition, Charles P>rodhead. of P>ethlehem. made a further gift of se\'en acres adjacent to the Packer ]iroperty. .September i. 1866. two classes of students numbering forty assembled under the presidency of Professor i'4.s coMPiixnn'M oi- iiisroh')' .ixn ghxi-.i/ahiv Ilemy Coppee. l.I,. I).. ;i West I'oiiit sjiadiiatc. and aftciwanls a It-aiher there and at tlie l'iii\ersit\" f>f Pennsylvania, and wlin liad seen ser\ ice in the Mexican war. Tlie lectnres and reeitations were held in Christ- mas llall. an uld .\inra\ian ciuneh hnildinjr nn the L'niversity 5411 mnds. until tlie ereetion of the first L ni\crsity Imildint;. In iSf)S an .Xstrnniini- ical Observatory was provided hy Rohcrt 11. ."^ayre: this was snitahly ef|iiipi«;d ancl here Professor Doolittle. afterwards of the l"ni\ersit\ of Pennsylvania, made the observations which brMUL;ht him widesjiread fame, in iSjh. Kew John .McDowell I,ea\itt. 1). 1).. succeeded Pro- fessor Coppee. rcsijjned. In 1S75 JndLje l';icly the provisions of his will he left a ])er- manent endowment of Si. 300. 000 for general ni;iiiitenance. ,ind ailded S400.000 to his ])revious gift of Sicio.oot) for libiai-\- ])ur])oses. thereby increasing that special endowment to a half million dollars, and increas- ing the totrd of liis universit} benefactions ( l.uid included ) to the gigantic sum of three millions of dollars. In 1S79 Dr. Leavitt resigned the presidcncv. ;mil\ . mure tliau twclxe luimlrcd ■2 COMPIiXnil'M 01' IIISI\>R)' .IXP aEXE.U.OGV appiiipriatini) ofalxuU Sij.ooo fcr ImiUliuf^s. C(|uiiini<.'iil .-md m.iinlfiiaiicc. The la^t ii'iiiMt j;a\c tlic iuinil>ei" i>i' instructors as 4,^ and (if students as 39-'. 'I'lic Pennsylvania Military College at Chester. faMirahly known thnuighout the United Slates, is the direct successor ai tlie hoarding' sclidol opened at Wilmington, nelaw.ire. hy Jolm lUillock. in iSji. Me ciinducted it witli mticli success nntii iii> dealli. in 1S47. wlun it passed into the charge of Samuel .\lsop. wlio in 1853 transferred it to Theodore Hvatt. In 1856 a military dep.aitment was organized under the direction of Lieutenant Jefferson 11. .\ones. an e.\-officer of tlie I'nited States arnn. liie institution now took tlie name of Delaware Military -Xcademv. and the state furnished it with twi lield-pieces .and .arms for the cadet Cfirps. while the Ciovernor appointed i'rinci]),il llvalt to the position of colonel and aide de-camp on his staff, increased facilities having become necessary, the institution was removed to West Chester, Pennsylvania, and the tirst session there was opened September 4. 1862, nntler the corporate title of the Pennsx K.niia Military Academy. In 18(15 remo\al was made to Chester, where rented i>uildings were oc<:u- pied until 1868. when a suitable edifice was conipleletl. The principal building was burned down in i8S_>. and the school occu])ied the Ridley Park Hotel until the former could be replaced. Colonel Theodore llyatt ilied in 1887. and was succeeded bv Colonel Cliarles V.. ll\atl. the ]iresent Principal. In 189J the name of the instituliou was changed to i'ennsyl- \ania Military College. Changes. impro\enieiits and additions have m.arked the passing of recent years, and the present eipiipmeni of build- ings affords excellent adxantages for the collegiate education ,in>iiinar\ ser\ ice in south (ieorgia and [■"lorida. Dr. Dickev's first etYort was to induce Mi', .\lackey U< abandon his |)iir}x)se to go to .\frica. lie urged that it woulil l>e a lietter serxice to remain at home ami open a scIkjoI fur the training of colored men. whose hodilv constitutions l)etter lilted them fur such niissinnary work. Here the matter rested for some vears. during which time 'iccnned the notori- ous Parker ca>e. Two free colored girls had lieeii kidiiap|)ed from tiieir home near O.xford and taken to llalliniore. where one was sold and sent to .\ew Orleans. l)r. l)ickc\ hecame the leader in the twelve months' contest for ilieii' recovery, a service attended with such great Ixidily danger that, when leaving home in connection with the case and the >nli>ec|nent trial, he haile farewell to his family, uncertain that he would live to return. In 1 85 J opi)ortunitv came to Dr. Dickey to advance the ])urpose which he had never ceased to cherish. James l\. Anios. a young colored minister of the .Methodist clinich. desirous of extending his education. solicited Dr. Dickev to olitain for him entrance to an academy. Dr. Dickex . with nuicli diltlcultx'. gained for his jirotege admission to the school connected with the I'rcshyterian .'^yiiod of I'hiladelphia. The faculty was S(Mj initil his death in 1828. a man of deej) piet\' and self-sacrificing spirit. Piy the terms of the organic act. .\shmun Institute was to lie ""an institu- tion of learning for the scientihc. classical and theological education of colored \-outli of the male sex." MeautiiiK'. Dr. l)icke\- had given himself iins])ariiigiy to tlie ardu- ous wiirk of |)ro\idiiig means for the ])roiected institute. He first en- deax'ored to ob'tain a site in or near Oxford, but encountered strenuous resistance, the people fearing a reduction of value of contiguous prop- ertv. He then selected a farm tract near Hins(_)n\ille. which he Ixiught ujHJii his own responsibilit} . i'Hr three years after the granting of the Sol! COMPEXDIUM 01- HISTORY AXD GEXEALOGY institute charter. Hr. DicUcy was busied in nlitaiuinji nmney fur the purcluisc i)f tl)e land auA the erectinii i\\ huildini^s. lie deli\ereil in- numerable addresses, and made ur,t;ent |)ersMnai appeals to ])e(iplc ut heart and means. tra\elin.i;' nften and far in jjOisecutiun of his \\cir]<. an such straits that he nn )rt,!;a. prn\ide for the erection of the lirst Iniildin.sus. lie finally overcame what ajipeared to be insuperable ditVicvilties. and on the last day in the year iS^A he had the satisfaction of seeint;' Aslmnin ilall opened and dedi- cated. This was while the sla' e ])ower wa-~ \el dominant in the Lii'ted States: while the fugitive shne law was in force; be'ore Abraham Lincoln had liecome a natioii:d bijine. and seven \ears before that nn- mortlab in the li'onl wall of Ashmnn InstitiUe were inscribed the words ol hojie and iiiomisc: "The night is far spent, the ut. tiiiall}-. as prophesied in the memorial slah in the original huilding. the night was .gone and the day had dawned. \\'ith the res- toration of ])eace. in 1865. came new friends and more hountiful .gifts. In the following )ear. out of grateful recognition of the Martvred Emanci]jator. the .grandest figure of his age. hy charter amendment Ashmun TnstitiUe hecame Lincoln L'ni\-ersit}'. I he ])ro])erty of Lincoln l'niversit\- comprises a tract of one hun- dred and, thirty-twci acres of laud, uiioii which stand a handsome group of hiiildings — L'ni\ersity Hall, for recitation pur])oses : Livingston Hail. for Commencement assemlilages. the gift of Miss Susan (iorgas. of West Chester: the \ ail Memorial Lihrarx'. ])ro\ided through the mu- nificence of William H. \'ail. of Newark. Xew Jersey: the Harriet Watson Jones Hos]jital. huilt hy J. ^[. C. Dickey, of Oxford: four dormitories: Houston Hall, for the theological students, the gift of H. H. Houston, of I'hilailelphia : Cresson Hall, the gift of the I'^reedman's Bureau, through the instrumentality of ( ieneral O. O. Howard, and Ashmun Hall and Lincoln H:dl. hoth huilt with undesignated funds. The L'niversitN' is ojjen to students of all reh.gious denominations, the oiih re(|iiisite for admission heing e\idence of fair moral char- acter. The (ientral Asseinhly of the I'reshyterian Church in the l'nited States commends the school. ;.n(l holds a veto ])ower in the election of professors in the Theological Department. The nuinher of students now enrolled is 241. In all more than one thousand young men have heen under trainin.g in tlie L'niversity: four hundred in the full college curriculum and >i\ hundred in a prejiaratory and iKirtial course. Two 258 COMPEXDIUM Uf JlISTORy AND GENEALOGY luindred dt these lia\c been fitted for the ministry l)y rui additional three years" course of instruction in tlieology. and entered the ministry of the Presbyterian. Metliodisl, Baptist. Congregational and l-"|)isco])al churches. Otlier collegiates entered the legal and medical professions, and a large number became trachers. Tlie president is Re\'. Isaac M. Kendall. D. D. .\llegheny College. Mead'.ille. possesses a history at once unic|uc and deeply interesting. Its founder was Timothy Alden. D. D.. of Boston, a descendant of John Alden, of "Mayflower" fame, and a grad- uate of Harvard, as were all his male ancestors from 1665 down. His mother was a descendant of Fox. tiie martyrologist. Dr. .\lden was a brilliant scholar. .\t college he was distinguished for his proficiency in oriental languages, and his graduating oration was in Syriac. 1 le preached acceptal>l\ in Boston and New York, and spent his vacation preaching to the Indians. In 1815 Mead\i]le had a popnlation of only live hundred, but some of it.^ citizens projected a college, and called to the work Dr. .\lden. who declineI)\ter\- of Erie a petition asking that liotly to take AUeglieny College under its ])atronage, l;ut this was denieil. the Presbyterians already luning two small colleges in western Pennsylvania. The effect of this was t coMPRxniiM ()/•■ HISTORY j.vp cF.xr..irncy pnsit. Marylaml; the James W. linslcr Mi-innnal Library llall; ami Denny Memorial Hall. At its organization the College was entirely iniik'nnniinatiiiiial. hnt I'reshyterian influence was long predominant in the faculty. In 1S33 it came under Metliodi'^t I'-jjiscopal control, with llishop JmIui Emorv as rresident. The institution maintains cullegiatc insti'uction. and the Law School, which was suspended in iSSj. is .-igain admirahly organized. Washington and Jeffersr n College owes its origin tn the labors of the first Pre.shy'terian ministers who crossed the .Mlcgheny Moun- tains and settled within the bounds of the jiresent county of Wash- ington. Among these was the I\e\ . John McMillan, a graduate of Princeton College, who probably oi)eued his school at Chartiers about 1781. Alwut 1782 the Rev. Tliaddeus Dod, al.so a graduate of Prince- ton, opened a classical and preparatory school at Ten Mile (.\mity). The log school house, occording tn a pupil (the \\c\ . Dr. Jacnb Linscrihei"s. and the ilel>t was iDr.ijiven l>v tin- hankinj; Imusc Imldino tlie dhliya- tions. \'*iv many years tlic manajjcmcnt ci intended as^ainst wliat ap- peared to lie iiisiiperal)le ilillicnlties, meetint; witli little jjatronaue and incumbered witli constant debt. A new ediliee was nearly twent\- \ears in Iniildinsj. but was finally completed in iS()o — a beautil'ul structure and a model of comenience. It has now hacl under instruction uiiwards of five thousand vouths of botli sexes, maintaining;, in additiou to its s])ecific collegfiate worlc. commercial and musical courses. Westminster l'olle,lic service, in educational work and nt other inijiortant callings. franklin and Marshall College. Lancaster, is the embodiment of two distinct educational mo\emenls. 'fhe former named grew out of a desire to jirovidc for the higher educatiiiices of the Reformed "church, and h.ad absorbed the Theological Seminary df th.il sect, which had been estalilished at Carlisle in 1S23, and was remo\ed to ^'ork in iSjg. The new college (Franklin and Marshall ) prosjiered imtil the beginning of the ci\'il war period, which was disastrous tii most cducatii'ual institutions, .\fter 1866 the College entered upon a new life, and has since performeon'iberger Memorial Hall, an imposing structure, erectefl as a memorial to Dr. Pmmberger, the first President. The principal benefactor of the college was Robert Patterson, of i'hila- del])hia. whose gifts aggregated about $JOb,ooo. IIa\erford College, Ha--erford. founded bv members of the So- • ciety of P'riends, was opened in 1833. It was in reality a college from 2fi6 coMPi-XDirM nr ifisroRy .1x1^ geseai.uuy the tirst. althmioli it did iiDt receive :nitlion which the principal building is Parrish Hall, erected at a cost of $225,000, and named for the first President, Edward Parrish. .Samuel W'illets, of New York, was a zealous friend of the institution, and gave to it more than a rjuarter of a million dollars. Bucknell University, Lewisburg, was founded in i84r). its principal benefactors being William Bucknelland family. John V. Crozer and family, David Jayne and sons, and William H. J'.ackus. Stephen W. OP THE STATE OF PESXSMJ'AX LI. -''iT Tavlor. A. M.. was actiii"- President iiiUil 1831. wlien Howard Mal- colm l)ecame the iirsl full President. The institutinn offers the cur- ricula usualh' laid dnwn fur colleges erg, to whom reference is made upon another page, is perpetuated in that of Muhlenberg College, at .\llentown, a Lutheran institution, estal)lished in 1867. anrl the suc- ces.sor of the .\llentown Seminar\- | 1848-64) and .Mlentown Collegiate Institute and Military .\cadem}- ( 1864-67). Its first president was Rey. Frederick .\. Muhlenljerg. In 1886 Re\-, Theodore L, Seip, a dis- tinguished scholar, came to the headshi|i of the institution. The en- dowment fund is something less than $200,000. and the college property is \alued at $100,000. The graduate list numbers upwards of five hundred, among whoni are man\' who lia\e taken influential places as ministers and teachers, as well as in other honorable walks of life. PennsyK-ania College, at Cettysburg (Lutheran), was founded in uS^j. Its ])ropert\ is \alued at $300,000, and one of its most beautiful buildings is the Rrua Memorial Chapel, erected in 1890. by the late Colonel John P. Brua. as a memorial to his parents. 'i"he number of instructors is sixteen, and the usual attendance of students is 250. The institution is open to both sexes. '2GS coMrr.xnirM oi- nisroN)' .ixn cexeai.ogy lliicl C"i)lli'.t;c'. ( Irt'L'in illc ( l-!\;m,i;elic:il I-ullicran ). ■ w us il> cxi'^t- ence tn the l)t".icriccnce of A. I.uuis Thiol, wlio, ai the suggestiDii nf Re\'. W. A. P;'.ssa\anl, D. 1).. hciiuoatlu'd tlic t^ieater part of liis ])ro|)- crtv for the endow iiient of a college for tlie liit;lier eiliuation of hdth sexes. The jjoipeitv' comprises a tract of forty acres, witli four Ijuild- ings. Tlie productive endowmcut fund is $62,300. Tlic college depart- ment is maintained by the Pittsburg Synod. Lebanon \' alley College, at .\nn\illc, cliartcred in 1867. grew out of the needs of the people of the Churcl) of the I'nitcil Rrethren in Christ, and was founded b\' a mimher of citizens of Aniuille — among them Rudolph Herr. J'^hn IT. Kinports. Ceorge .\. M.i'k. Jr.. T.. W. Craumer. and deorge W. TTo\ertcr. who liought the .\nn\illc .\cademy ])roperty for the new purposes, 'ilie ]iro]icrt\'. with its additions, now comprises a beautiful tract of about ten acres. u])on v.liicli arc three Commodious buildings. The College departments are fom" in number: The College proper, with three courses of study leading to degrees in arts. ])hilosophy and science: the Preparatory, designed to fit yoinig people for college, teaching or business: the Department i ituti< jiis. it had a denomir.atioiial origin; liut. unlike e\'er\' otlier. it dt'xclnijed not under the patronage ot tlie ehnrch it represented, hut inde])endent of it." Juniata College grew out of ihe wants of the people of (iernian- town. rennsvKania. ami vicinity, helonging to that hranch of the Baptist fraternitv xulgarlv called "Tiinkers." hut known among theniseKes as "P)i-ethren." and later designated as "German Baptist Brethren." in order to distingi\ish tlieni from others of the great Ba])tist sect. The great mass of this people were inimical to education, setting agriculture liefore all else, .\fter a time. man\' of their children, hungering for the knowledge which was denied them, went troni their homes and came under religious intluences which were repugnant to the parents, and this finally led to \-arious attempts to organize schools. The first ])er- nianent and successful moxement was that of which Juniata College was the outgrowth, and this so recentlx" as in \t>j(). so great was the indifference (if not op])osition ) of these otherwise estimahle i)eople. In that \ear Jacoli M. Zuck opened a school of three pupils in a room in the "rilgrim" office in Huntingdon. I'rofessor Ziick disi)layed such energy and aliilits' that the fame of the infant institution was widely sjM'ead. hut a small-pox epidemic in 1878 wurked its disruption. The school was reorganized later the same year, and was incoqjorated hv the legislature as Brethren's Xormal College, with degree-conferring powers. .\ college huilding w;is erected in 1879. and was occupied in .\])ril. In Mav a great calamity liefell the school in the death ot I'ro- fessor Zuck. hut he left a well estahlished institution to per])etuate his memor\-. The name was suhse(|uenil\ changed to Juniata College. The propertx' coniprises loui' large huildings. pro]>erly convenienced and e(|uipped. with a hhrar\- nf more than 15.000 \iilumes. The courses 27n COMFEXDJCM OP IIISrORV AXD GESEALOGY i)f study have gradually broadened, and the ])aclieliir of arts degree has been conferreil each year since 1897. Wilson College. Chambersburg. cliarttred in i86(->. was founded niKin a bequest of $30,000 left b\ Miss Sarah Wilson. i>f near Chambers- burg. for the estabiisiiment of a college fur women. The l)oaril of in- struction numbers thirty leacliers. w itii clerks and Hbrarians. and tlie number of students is about tlnee hundred. l.ITKKATfRE .WI) .\KT. Within four years after tlie coining of I'enn's colony, a printing press was set u]j b\- one of its members at rhihulelphia. William Ijr.ad- ford. a Quaker, from England.. The hrst printer in the province and the third in the colonies, his lirst publication ( i()t<()) was the "Kalen- darium Pennsilvaniese." In the following year he l>egan the ".\merican \Veekly Mercury." He also ])rinted (leorge Keith's i>oleniic:d ir.acls directed again the New luiglard .■uuhoritio. thus incunni.g their dis- pleasure, anil resulting in his arrest, the cimtiscation of his jiress. and his trial lor sedition. .\t his trial the jury disagreed, and on being Ireed he removed to .Xew ^Hrk. where he became public ))rinler. In 1728 another printer. Keimer. began the public.ition of " The L'nixersal Instructor in .Ml .\rts and Sciences, and l'ennsylvani;(» (lazetle." which became famous under Benjamin I'ranklin. who purchased il the folkjw- ing year, it is to be noted that iManklin had previously determined u])on establishing such a journal, and was anticipated by Keimer, wli. In 1731 he established the first circu- l.-iting library in .\inerica. and in the following year he ;■^sucd the fust OF THE STATE Of PENNSYLVANIA. 271 of llie "I'ocir Richard's Almanacs," a publication which was continued f(jr twenty-five years and attained a marvelous popularity. In 17^9 came from I'ranklin's press a notable publication — his pamphlet en- titled "Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania." and which lay at the foundation of what came to be the University of Pennsvlvania. I'"ranklin's ".\utobiograph)" is a classic to the ])resent (I'u-. In this connection the present writer cannot refrain from giving a brief personal narrati\e. as exemplifying the estimation in which this work has been held by men of great intellectuality. The writer was in his youth an apprentice in a countrx" jirinting office. He was an eager reader, and diligently perused such books as came within his reach. .\.i)'ahani Lincoln, then li\ing in a not far dis- tant town and not \et come into the public gaze, was a frequent \'isitor to the printing ofifice as he came to attend court. On one occasion, he entered into conversation with the Ixjv. and drew from him knowledge as to the books he had read Said Mr. Lincoln, "'rhere is one book you have not named, w hich ever)- latl, certainly e\ery jirinter bow should read — Ben Branklin"s 'Autobiography.' " The lad bought the book shortly afterwards, and treasures it ti.i the jjresent day. for the real \-alue it has had for him, as well as for sake of the incident narr.-'ted. Christopher Sower set u]) a ])rinting press at (iermantown. from which was issued, in 1739, the first German newspajjer ]M'inted in the colonies. From the same i)ress came (so sa_\-s Mr. Brumbaught. the historian of the (lerman Bajjtirt Brethren), "the first Bible in a Eurtj- ])ean tus enter])rises (Sower) liccanie the \ictim d' itj^ixiraiice and perseci'tidii. even in America — his lar_i;e ])rinting tstahlisliment was destri)\ei!. his nruper!) was coiifiscateil, and he died in puxert). In \j(X) tliere were ti\e weekly newspapers in I'ennsyKauia — three in l'liiladel])hia. nne at ( iermantow ii. and ine at I,ar.caster. Sev- eral iiiagiizines ajipeared hetween 1741 and 1 77^^'. the piiiiciiJal <<{ which. "Tlie Pennsylvania Magazine." i>ntli\ed all otliers. cnntinuing' l'oi- a period of eigiiteen months. At the present time, there are piihlisheil witliin the State more tlian two hundred dail\- and nearlv a thousand week]}' newspapers, to sa\' nnthiug i)ii may come as a Planter. ')r a Merchant, l)iit as a Doctor of Medicine I cannot aiKise yini, for I liear of no dis- eases but some Agues, and ciitted Ict^s and lingers, and tliere is im want of empirics for these already."' And another. Gabriel Thonias. a man of standing, of positive ideas and strong individuality, declaimed against the infant medical ]irofession in the following: "Of lawyers and ])hy- sicians I shall say nothing, because this country is now Teaccaljlc and Healty ; long may it so continue and ne\er have occasion ior the tongue of the one. nor the Pen of the other, lx)th c(|ually destructive to Men's Estates and Sins: besides, forsooth. ilie\-. llangnian like. ha\e a Licen.se to Murder and make Mischief." The medical men who came with the earlv cokmists were, oiu of the necessities of the case, obliged to engage in other than their profes- sional occu])ation. and, being men of education, the greater number of them took part in public afifairs. Lloyd became deputy governor, presi- dent of the council, and keeper of the great seal of the province. Wynne was president of the lirst asser.ibl\-. and was ever active in the affairs of the province. Oven became a member of the assembly, ilep\Uy master of the rolls, and commissioner of property. Physicians who came later devoted their energies more ]);u"ticularl\- to their profession and less tt> politics. In 1711 Dr. John Kearslcx- came into prominence at a time when l-'rank!in was "mounting to the zenith of his inlluence and fame." Kearsley may not have been the fomider of the Inst mcilical .school in Philadelphia, but he was •\ pioneer in protcssion.il instruc- tional work, and he graduated to the profession from among his pupils some of the most accomplished practitioners of the early years of the eighteenth century. "Of his pupils he exacted services beyond those which Ijelonged specifically to their medical studies, for they were re- ipiired to comjjound his medicines and go his errands, and do for him ur rilE STATE UT I'l-XSSYLl'.lMA. -'77 otlier menial services, emerging from his hard scho(jl with a rare fitness for their work." Perhajis the most Ijrihiaiit practitioner and teaclier of liis day was Dr. CadwaUadcr Colden. He was a native of Scotland, the son of an eminent clergyman, and was educated at the L'niversity of Edinburgh. He came to America in 1708, when t\\ent\' vears of age, locating in Philadelphia; where he built up a large ])ractice. In 1717 he began a series of "physical lectures." his pu.rpose being to instruct young men ill the science of medicine, and he made an ineffectual attempt to pro- cure a legislati\'e a]jpropriation to aid him in his efforts. In the follow- mg year he removed, to New ^'o^k. which became the scene of his mo.«t acti\-e and useful effort. He was one of the earliest authors on certain contagions diseases and sanitation, antici[)ating much of what has been written in com])arati\-e!y recent _\'cars in ascril)ing epidemic diseases, in large measure, to unsanitarv conditions. His worth as an investigator in scientific channels is evidenced by his correspondence with Benjamin I'rauklin. the Swedish naturalist Linnaeus, and the (ierman philologist and rmtiquarian dionoxius. He was the tirst in America to give meth- odical attention to nati\-e botany, and he collected nearl\- four hundred ]ilant specimens \\hich were catalogued by Linnaeus in his "Acta L'p- saliensia." Colden would uudoubtedI\- ha\'e risen to even higher emi- nence in the medical career and other sciences had he not given his attention to ])olitics. He was the first sur\-e\-or general of Xew \'ork, and from 1761 to 1775 he was lieutenant governor of the ]iro\-ince. 1 )r. Thomas C'adwahider, ;i nati\e of Philadel])hia, began public medical teaching, with dissections and demonstrations in anatomy, about 1730. when he was twenty-three \eru"s old. This school was the first teaching institution of its kind in Pennsyb-.ania. ;md is said to have been cstal>lislicd for the especial instruction of Dr. William Shipi)cn 278 coMriixnn'M or i [/story j.vd gexealogv and others. In i/.^i. during the snial!pi»x cpideniic, Cadwalader. willi Drs. Kearsley, Zachary. the elder Shippen. Suniers and I'oiyd. practiced inoculatiiin. and tliis innovation was also favored by Dr. Cjraeine. one of the most noted practitioners of the day, who was. however, ill during the continuance of the scourge, and unable to take a ])art in conilialting it. h'roni this time on. the advancements in medical instruction were aided through various instructional movements in other than ]irofessioiial teaching channels, in ij-t*; was foinided the .\cademy of Pliiladel])liia, primarily through the effort of Henjamin l"ranklin. and at the sugges- tion of Pr. I'hineas liond. and which lin;dly developed into the I'niver- sitv of i'ennsvKania. that splendid institution which has given a host of ornaments to medicine, to the law. to the arts and sciences, .md to other useful pursuits. The .\cademy was followed, in 1731. h\' the I'eniisylvania I luspital. w Iiich came into existence through the same agencies, (ioing outside of the chronological order, it is to he said that in 1786 was founded the l'hiiadcl])hia Dispensary, the ])ioneer in- .stitution of its kind, in the I'nited States. MKDUAl. SCHOOL OI' T II K IXIVKRSITY OF PENNSYLV.\NI.\. In I 70J were laid the foundations of \rliat came to he the .Medical School of the University of l'enns\l\;mia. In that \car Dr. William Shippen. jr., returned from England, whither he had goiK to complete his medical stiidies, and began a course of anatomical lectures at his father's house, having for his e(iuipment a number of anatomical draw- ings and plaster casts which he had brought from i-ondon. Dr. Sln])])en taught alone until i7'^i5. when Dr. John Morgan came. M;iy 3, the trustees nf the College (Academy of I'liiladeljihia ) elected Dr. Morgan "Professor (jf the 'Iheorv and rraclice of I'lnsic," who thus became or Tim sr.iiii of rii.wsvLr.ixLi. 2T0 the first medical prol'e.sscjr in an .Xnicrican institutif;n of ieai"nin.<^. Three weeks later Dv. Mnri^an (lcli\erc Dtlicr useful instiluticiis >■. a similar nature, or occasional rise, \t\ its example, to numerous societies i>f Xmcmher) of the larger institution. He died in 11^-23, when Dr. John 1). (imidnian assumed its, contrnj. and conducted it with, great success. In iSjA Dr. (loodnian remo\ed to Xev.' ^'ork. and was succeerought to hini more ^itudents than he could serve, and it hecanie necessary for him to call in assistant instructors. Before him. successful private teachers had endea\'ored to secure an act of incor]X)rntiaper was a review of Larrev's "Surgical Memoirs," wbicb attracted mucb attention. After bis retirement from public teacbing be c a patient was recei\ed into tlie liuspital (le])artinenl, ar.d was operated u]K)n \>y Dr. McClellan. On the i6tii. tlie day of formal opcninij. six patients were ])reserilied for. and this was the heginning' of Uie history of the Jefferson Medical College Hospital, now one of the must complete institntions of its char- acter in the I'nitcd .States. On the last Thnrsda_\- in Octoher the Medicil College was lornially opened, with a niatricnlate list of one hnndred and nine, representing fourteen States and two t'oreign countries. Xow arose a distnrhing f|neslion — had the faculty of Jefferson College of Canonslnirg. which was a literary educational institution, the right to grant diplomas to and confer degrees in medicine upon the graduates of Jefferson Medical College? The legislature was ,-ip])ealed to, and on April 26, 1826, an act was passed which enlargcil the hoard of trustees by the addition of twelve memliers in Philadelphia to sujierin- tend the Medical Department, and authorizing the conferring of medical degrees, .and on April 14 twenty candidates, the tirst class graduated. ha\ing passed the necessary examinatinns. received their diplomas. t\\\ iSjS it was determined t\ its niendiers. McClellan still had a strong fol- lowing. He iniinediately conceived the ])uri)iise ni fcirniing another med- ical school, and he procured a ch.irter for what was known as the Methcal Department of T'enusyKania College at (leilyshurg. This was opened in Xovemljer. 1839. with nearly one hundred students, under the follow- ing faculty: Dr. Samuel ( i. Morton. Physiology and .\natomy ; Dr. George McClellan. Principles antl Practice of Surgery: Dr. Calhoun. Materia Medica and Pharmacy: Dr. Samuel McClellan, Obstetrics: Dr. William Rush. Theorx- and Practice of IMiysic: Dr. Walter R. |ohnson, Clieniistry. Meantime, the 1839-40 session of Jefi'erson Medical College was ])oorly atteuiled, and the graduating class fell off nearly forty per cent, below the class of the jjrecediiig year, and si.xtv per cent, lower th.in that of 1836. On .\pril 20. 1 84 1, all the chairs in Jefferson Medical College were vacated upon the ])eremptory order of the trustees, because of internal differences, and the following I'acully was installed: Dr. Rohley Dung- lison, Institutes of Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence: Dr. Robert W. Houston. Materia Medica and (ieneral Therapeutics: Dr. Jo.seph Pan- coast. General, Descriptive and Surgical .\natomy: Dr. Jnhii K. Mitchell. Practice of Medicine: Dr. Thomas D. Miitter. Institutes ;ind Practice of Surgery: Dr. Charles D. Meigs. Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children: Dr. T-"ranlsdin Ijache, Chemistry. This h'acultv remained un- OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. 289 changed for the lung ])erio(l of fifteen vears. hor a year or two. tlie nnniher of students was not materially increased, largely owing to the rival sch(jol of Dr. ^IcClellan. hut in 1843 ''^^^ graduates iinnihered forty- seven, and this was increased in 1S45 to iiO, In 1844 two rooms were rented for the use (jf patients after gra\e oj.ierations. and at the clinic. Deceniljer 23, 1846. Dr. Mutter ga\e the first exhihition m Philadelphia of the anesthetic power of etliei'. Ahout 1841J the surgical clinic used riionis adjoining the college on the north; these were suhsequently re- niodeleil to accommodate fifteen jiatients. and here the clinic was main- taineil until the huilding of the hospital. Thihi(lel])hia had now hecome a great educational centre for the medical jjrofession. Diu'ing the winter of 1845-46 more than one thousand students were enrolled in the city, from all parts of the United .States and from al)rc:iad — from Xiiva Scotia, the West Indies. Ireland and h'rance, and one from far cM Burmali. In addition, the faculty of Jefferson Medical College greeted with pleasm"e the jiresence of many medical officers of the army ;md naxy. and twenty-nine gradtiates of other incorporated institutions nho had chosen this college in order to accniire more thorough knowledge of medicine and surgerw At the annua] commencement in INlarch. i860. 173 candidates were graduated., hut there was soon to he a seririlliant teacliers. and they drew large classes from among those amhitious stuilents who were using exery means to tit themsehes for their profession, the greater luimher heing at the same time attendants in the college. Dr. Mc(iuire 21MI COMPENDIUM 01' HISTORY AND GENEALOGY was tlie principal actnr in a scene n\ dranialic fnrcc ami inlerest. A native \ irginian. marked hy the traits which characterize the niiisl forcelnl elements of his State, he was an impassioned advocate cif the cause of secession. Whether he took the initiative in indiicinir the Southern students at Jeft'crson to withdraw from that institution, is uncertain. At least, he s^ave williui;' heed to the im])ortunities of the Richmond Medical School, a.nd leil several hundred medical students away trom Philadelphia, and his part in this affair idtiniateK' led to ))ro- hihition of such schools as that .'it Richmond, which ])romised to the se- ceders the same relative standins^' as at Jefiferson and i^ratuitous instruc- tion. Alhnx'd h}- such promises, and fired \)\ their hostiliiy to the Xorth and its institutions, several hundred, led hy .McCiuire. tmaied their hacks u])on their college to enter that at Richmond. Manv of .\lc( luire's fol- lowers entered the rehel armv. ;:s did he himself, and he rose to high rank in its medical corps. After the war he devoted himself to medical teach- ing and writing, and with nuich success. He received the degree of doctor of laws from the I'niversitv of Xorth ("arolina in iSSj. and suh- sequently he received a degree from Jefferson Medical College. To (piote from Hr. 1 lolkuuTs "History of Jefferson Medical Col- lege." "when the civil war hroke out. as two-fifths of the class usually came from the Southern States, it is not surprising th.at in two years the roll of student-^ shrank from C^t^o — the largest class which up to that time had attended any medical college in tliis country — to only J75." JelTers(jn was also largely represented in the Union army, in the ranks, with Commissions, and in the medical corps. It need only he added in this connection, that in 1864-65 many of the Southerners who had left Jefiferson at the l)eginning of the war came hack to review their studies and receive their diplomas. Tn iSrif) ;i dailv clinic was cstahlished, with Dr. Jacoh M. DaCosta OF Tlin STATE OT PENNSYLVANIA. 2!n as lecturer on clinical medicine, and a summer course of instruction was begun the same year. In il86.ooo. 'ibis amount w.as made u]) in part b_\- donations. 1. \'. William-^on lead- ing with the munihcent gift of $30,000. .\ large medical statT was at once created, and has been coiistantK' maintained. The legislature suit- iit»2 COMPENDIUM Ui' IJISrORY AND GENEALOGY sequcntly appropriaieil a Iiirtlicr sum di $iuu,ooo. ])a\al)le in install- ments of $10,000. 'I'o pro\-ide an enclownicnt fund, the trustees offered to found and su]iport one free bed on the donation of $5,000 or the annual ])aynient of S_500. antl this proft'er met with eordial I'espoiises irom 1. \'. W'iUiamson. Henry C. Lea. Thomas A. Scott. .\sa I'arker, A. W'iiitney, A. |. l)re.\el. Joseijh Pancoast. Jesse Cieorge TliDmas 1). Mutter, the Reading Railroad, and others. In 1878 a I'atholog'cal Museum was established in ctjunectiou with the hospital; in iSSo the new Laboratory bnildin.g adjoining the Medical I lall w;is opened, i)ro- viding facilities for section teaching in operatise and minor surgery, anil tor instruction in practical chemistrv, microscopy and physiology, :\u<\ in iS'Ni was e(ph]>ped the Laboratory- of Materia Medica and Phar- macy in the Medical ll.all. l-ioui the moment the Hospital was opened (in 1877) it became an important factor in medical teaching, as well as in the treatmer.t of iliscase. While prim;uil_\- intended for the in- struction of medical students, it was es')eciall\ .idxantageous to the ])atients, who were afforded, without ct)st, the services of leading jjrac- titioners, chosen for eminent abilitx', each in his own special depart- ment, and, as a result, patients suffering from comjilicated disorders ha\'e long come to this clinic for diagnosis and treatment, from .ill over Pennsylvania and .-idjacenl States. As early as 1890 it became apparent that the I iospital building was inadequate to the demand, and in 1894 was purchased a six-st(jry building .-uljacent to the Hospital proper, which was styled the Hosjjital Annex. In 1899 the splendid edifice ;it the northwest corner of Tenth and Walnut streets, the new Medic.d College building, was completed — rqjresenting the best of rucliitectural skill, within and without— modern, attractive and useful, and rcijresenting the ouiLiy ni hundreds of thousands of dollars. Even before this work w;is finished, the trustees OF THE STATU. Ol- PES .\S)IAAM .1. 293 had entered upijii the sell-apixiintcd task ul preparatiun fur the erection of a new Hospital — a structure which in excellence of construction ancT interior appointments will ri\-al anv building of its kind, rmd will cost upwards of three-quarters of a million dollars. The I'acult}' rolls of Jefferson Medical College for the vear 1903- 190-I contained the names of two emeritus and tweh-e regular profes- sors, ten honorary and clinical professors, five adjunct and assistant ]n"ofessors, four lecturers and associates, fourteen demonstrators, one prosector, and fifty-six other instructors and assistant demonstrators, OTHER MEDICAL SCHOOLS, The ]\Iedico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia had its origin JNfay 13. 1S48, as a society or i:)ermanent association of physicians. It was chartered in 1850. and in 18(17, by virtue of an amendatory act. it was transformed into a regular Medical College, with power to con- fer degrees. Those who were the principal factors in its institution and development were Drs. John \', Shoemaker. William S. Stewart, and the late Drs, William H, Pancoast. Henry E, Goodman and Peter I). Keyser, The College is wholly a product of the last two decades, and, til (luote Dr, F, P. lienry, "in the rapidity and vigor of its growth is [jrnliabh- without a parallel in the histor}- of medical schools," An institution of the highest class is the Philadelphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medicine, now in its twenty-second _\'ear. It numbers in its I'acultv some of the most accomplished physicians and surgeons in America, The Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Philadelphia is notable as being the first institution of its school of medicine to be in- corjiorated and emjiowered tn confer the medical degree. It was char- tered iii 1848, At that time there were in the L'nited States about three '204 COMPF.Xnn'M OF IflSTORV JXP Gr.XF.AI.OGY Iiumlred physicians wlin, reared in ■"the iilf the city hall. The properties are not snqiassed in eligibility bvanv medical school in the country, and com]irise nearly two acres of ground ;nid four spacious buildings. The .Museum, which bad its founding in 1830. has long been an object of particular pride to teacher and graduates. The Library is the most complete in existence in its particular class of medical sci- ence, including the llering librarw containing Dr. llering's "Paracelsian Collection."' the most complete collection of the writings of Paracelsus and the commentaries of other writers thereon that is known to exist: together with all of Hahnemann's works, in the original. man\' of them enriched b\- annotations in the handwriting of Dr. llering. The (. ol- lege numbers nearly fift\- instructors, has an annual student list of nearly three hundred, and since its foundation has given instrvictiou to neai'ly foui" thousand students. The Woman's Medical College nf Penns\l\ania was opened October or Tim sr.rrii oh' j'lna-s)'j.i\Ii\/.i. 'j'j^ 12, 1850, ill a siiiall l)uil(liiig in tlic rear of 627 Arch street, I'hiladelpliia. Jn 1861 was upeUL-cl the \\'(>nien's llospitah founded iiiainl}- throiial)ly tau.t;ht as in otlier kindred institutions which Iiave liad long existence. COURSKS OF MEDICAL STUDV. Tlie cause of medical education was greatly aihanccd through the operations of "An Act for tiic I'roniotion (pf Medical Science," which was ostensibly the result "if the endeavors of the College of Physicians of I'hiladelphia, hut which in realit\' originated with 1 )r. William S. Forbes. Prior to the enactment of the law there was much difticulty in procuring material for the dissecting room, and some incidental scandals. The needs of the medical schools stimulated a most degrading tralhc — that carried on by the so-called "resurrectionists." through conni\ance with tho.se charged with the l)urial of the unclaimed dead, or l)\- down- right robbery of cemeteries, and which brought oblofjuy ujion the schools and their teachers, no matter how innocent of complicity in the nefarious transaction. Dr. h'orbes. while an army surgeon during the ci\il war. bad been a pained witness of the want of a jjractical knowledge of anatom\' on the ji-art of man\' of the medical corps, and attributed their ignorance to the obstacles in the \\:\\ n{ systematic dissections while students. Moreover, he hafl a jiersoual knowledge of the difliculties. if not dangers, which beset the teacher, for in iSAj. while i)roprietor of the College A\enue .\natomical School in I'hiladelphia. he was brought to trial under a charge of grave robbing, of which, bnwexer. he was acrpiitted. At a meeting of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, im h'cb- ruary 6, 1867, I")r. I-'orbes offered resolutions lnr>king to the enactment of a law sanctioning the dissection of dead huiuan l)o(lies, undci' proper restrictions, ;nid he presented his reasons with nuich torce. lie stated. OF THE STATE OF FENNSYLrANIA. 2!»7 also, thai at the previous session df the let;"islalure he had procured tlie introduction of a Ijill of which he was the author, and which had passed tlie House, l)ut failed in the Senate liecause of ojtposition on the jiart of a meuilier of that Ixxly who liad ilcnounced tlie measure as "un- worth_\- of the age in whicii we li\e." At this meeting of the College, Dr. h'orbes also read the draft of his "Act for the rromotlon of Medical Science, and to I'rexent the Trafhc in Human I'odies in the City of I^hiladelphia." In this it was ])ro\ided that the bodies of deceased persons requiring to he buried at pulilic expense should he used within the state for the adxancenient of medical science. ])reference being g"i\en to medical schools, public and private, such bodies to be distributed among the same in proportion to their number of students; the remo\-;il of such bodies beyond the State, or traffic in them, was expressly forbidden. [Recency was safeguarded by the pro\-ision that the body of no jjci'son should lie dispfised of as before provided if the deceased, dui'ing his last illness, should express a desire for burial: if ;i kinsman of the deceased should recpic^t that the hodv' be buried; or if the deceased ])ersoii were a stranger or traveler who had died suddenly. The proposed law was .approved bv the College, and a coniniittee ( 1 )rs. W. S. I'^irbes. S. D. (iross and 1). Ilaves Agnew ) was appointed to urge its passage b\' the legislature. I )r. (Iross was unable to go to llarrisburg. and Dr. llartsliorne attended in his stead. The bill w.as introduced in the Senate liv Senator W'ilmcr Worthington, of West Chester, a physician, and a man of high character .and great inlfuence. There was determined op]iosition to "the Chastlv Act," ;is it was termed bv prominent statesmen. The bill was referred to a committee, whicli bi-ought in an adverse report, whereupon Senatoi- \\'ortliington procured a lecommital, and this g.ave oppoi-lnuity for the conimitlce from the 208 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY .IXD GENEALUGY CnIlosi:e til a])]>e;ir and uii;v its \ie\\s. \\hii.li it tlid su eflfcctivel) that iIk- cniiunittcc now lecdiiimencled the passage i>i ilic liill. \\ Irmi liie liill was called uji in the Senate, it was i^hjected that unless the pro- \isi()ns lit" the act were restricted tn l'hilade!])hia it nught nut to pass, on the grounds that the views nf the cnnstitueiils ni' the rural repre- sentatives were not known. The Oillege representatives made answer tliat their colleagues had the catholic desire of ha\ ing the Ijenetit ol' the act extended to everx ])art of the State, hut that, if it could not he so e.\endeut 1892. when a number of medical colleges came to- gether and formed the Ass(x;iation of American Medical Colleges, w hich e.xercised a salutary influence, and through whose agency was finally enacted legislation which proved an additional barrier against those who presumed to enter upon practice with but a smattering uf medical OF THE STATE OF PEXXSVLl'AMJ. 2!»9 knowledge, l-'nr many years there liad l)een practicall}- no closing the doors against the illiterates. ^'nnng men ])resented themselves who were found sadlv wanting in elenientar\- education. Then, again, an eml>ryi> medicn cnuld stuilv under the office tutorshi]) of a practitioner who was not a grailuale of an^• regular collegiate institution, and. hy attending one course of jiractical anatom_\- and of clinical instruction, make himself eliqihle for a diploma. This loose system wa.s to some degree abrogated through the ado]:)tion. l)^■ the leafling medical colleges, of the requirement that the student must ])roduce a satisfactor\- certifi- cate of having studied medicine for at least three years under a regular graduate, or licenciate and |)ractitioner of niedicine. in good standing, using the word "regular" in the sense commonh- unrlerstorwl in the medical profession. The ]>ro\isions laid down 1>\- the .\ss(x:iation of American Meclical (Colleges ])ro\ed remedial along all lines, tending to elevate the character aufl standing of the colleges coni])rising it. Among" the excellent results of the confederation were the establishment of harmoin' among the individual colleges, anrl ])ro\ision for uniformitx' in the curriculum. Reputable schools of medicine were brought nearer together in accord and methods, and those unworthy of confidence were ignored. On May i8, 1893. was enacted a law which was intended to provide the necessary regulations for safeguarding the legitimate practice of medicine, and which has to a great extent fulfilled the expectations of its advocates, i'nder it there was established a Medical Council, com- jirising the lieutenant go\ernor, attornex- general, secretarv of internal affairs, the ])resident of the state l)oard of health annsequence, l)et\\"een each of the States and all the others. ( It is interesting to note that these purposes were almost identical with those laid down by Thomas Jefferson at a later day ( 1819), in his syllabus with reference to the University of Virginia, of which he was the i'ounder. ) 2. To illustrate the genius, the elements, the origiuals, and the rules of the common law. in theor\ ;ind jiractice. these including the law of nations, the cix'il law. maritime law. the law-merchant, rmd the law of each countrw in .all cases in. which those laws are peculiarly appli- cable. Aiuiouncement was made of three lectures each week, with law exercises on one day. The introductor\- lecture, on l)eceml)er 13, i "yO, was a notable afi'air. rhilaIls oi tlie L'liilol Staler ami t-l tlic L'uitcd States ami I'cnnsN 1\ ania as (.listini^'iiislicd from tile ConiiiiLin Law ui luigland. Only the tirst course was •,Mveii. Ml". Hare U)sii!g liis reason, and his \acant chair remained untilJed. In iJi courts were held. In iS5_' twn eminent jurists, Peter McCall and !•'.. Spencer Millei', weie associated with Judt^e Sharswood in a Law l-'acidlv. and lhi> marked the heijinninj.;' of a re,!L,'ular system ipf instruction. These were succeeded h\ other masters in the protes- sion. hnt the real lit,t;inninji' of the i^reat de\elo])ment of the Law School of the l'ni\ersit\ dales from 1SS7. when (,". Stuan I'attiTsou and A. Syudey I'.iddle were made Professors, with the Inst named as Dean. I'ntil that time the school had no settled quarters, no etpiipuicnt, and little more in the way oi a library than the l>ou\ ier livil Law donated by Di'. Peterson. This was mi\v sup]ilementeil b\ the Piddle Law Library, lormerly the propertv i>f I'.eniamin II. Prewster. and |)resenled by the Piddle brothers as :i meniori.il of their father. ( ieorge Piddle. In i(;5 the Western L'niversity of PennsyK;mia at Pittsburg e.';- t;:blished a Law Dei)artment with Ibm. John A. Shafer as Dean. This >ehool is well officered and .imply e(phi)]>ed. Its gra contiiuied in his office until 1851. his classes meeting in his residence. He died in 185J. and the .school was comlucted In- Rew Samuel W . ('raw ford. Adjr.nct l'rsei)li Kerr. Tlie seminary was iiicorpurateil liy tlie I legislature in 1830. L'li- lil 183 J tlie scIkioI was held in Pittsl)urg, anJ afterward- in .\lleghen\. when Hanna Hall was hiiilt i ut nf a Let|uest liy TliDnias llanna. In iSgj tlie old buildings were razed to make room fur a modern structure. the funds Ijeing proxided in greater i)art liy residents of i^ittsburg and Allegheny. Sini:e its establishment, nmre tlian eleven hundred young men liave recited in its classes, tlie larger number of wbum enteied tiie ministry. The Reformetl l'rc>l)yterian (Co\enanter) Theological Seminarx at .Mlegheny was established in \i<^(>. The faculty nmnbers three in- structors. The Theological Seminarv "i ibe Kcfornied I'lnn'cii in the I'nited States, at Lancaster, grew oul c^f an mgent need. I'nini 1747 u< 18J4 the Kefiirmed C'hurcii in America was withnut a theological schmil: there were one hundred and fifty vacant pastorates, and of tlie eightx ministers then on the roll there were InU two or liiree who were held to be (|ualificd (jr who would serve as. teacher in a theological seminary I'nder pres- sureof these conditions, in 1825 was o])ene(l. at Carlisle, a school of theol- ogy with one jjrofessor and live students, on the basis of an agreement entered into by the Synod of the Reformed (."hurcli and the trustees of Dickinson College, then under Presbyterian contml. in iSji; the sciiocij was removed to York, and a classical department was added, in 1S33 another removal was made, to Mercersburg. where tlie classical school developed into Marshall College. When Marshal and l-r.-Miklin Colleges became one at Lancaster, the 'Theological Seminary reinai-'.ed at Mercers- burg until 1S71. when it also renioved to the same place The I'aciilty numbei-5 six Professors. The graduates aggregate nearly six luindred ;ina])tists ha\e been recei\ed and educated. Meadx'ille Theological School, at Meadxille. (Unitarian), was es- tablished in 1844. and incorporated in 1846. In its original form the :!»'•; COMPENDIUM 01- IlISTORy AND GENEALOGY charter iimxiilcil tliiit w doctrinal test except "a bcliel' in tlie dixinc origin of Christianity" should exer he niaile a condition of nienil]er'ilii|) in tlie school, but this was dropijcd in 1897. ''""' ^''*-* charter in its present form declares it to he the purpose t)f the scliot)! to '"giNe instruction in religion. thet>logy. etiiics and ])reparation for tlie Christian ministry." This does not exclude instruction inimediatel\- subsidiary to tlie princi])al l)urix)se. although at present there is no distinct picjiaralory department as in the early days of the school. Instruction was at first given in an abandoned church builihng. The lirst teacher was Rev. l-'rederic Iluidc- koper. who atiordeil his services gratuiti>usl\- during all ins many years of service. Later he had i^-x an associate teacher Rev. Rutus 1'. Stcbhins. who was also President, and one or two non-resitlent instructors delivered lectures at intervals. The School has steadily grown, and now owns ])roperty to the value of more than $500,000. and a library of 25.000 volumes. Of its more than $30,000 endowment. $25,000 was gi\cn by p.arishioners of Rev. Rol)ert Collyer. of New ^'orl^■ City. The present faculty numbers six members, with three instructors who give assistance in subsidiarx- branch- es. The -School has graduated nearlx- three hundred students, many of x\ bom baxe entered the L'nit.iri.m ministrx'. .\mong Roman Catholic ecclesiastical institutions in the I'nited States few hold a more prominent jilace than the Theological Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo. at Overbrook. This establishment, designed sole- ly ioY the education of candidates for the priestiiood in the Diocese of Philadelphia, bad for its founder the Rt. Rev. Francis P. Kenrick. D.D.. whose plans found consummation in the labors of his successors. The first class, five young men, assembled in 1832. The seminary xvas the in- dividual concern of Bishop Kenrick imtil 183S. when the scbucil xvas in- iiirporated under Act of the Legislature. In 1S65 xxas bought one bun- or THE STATE or PENNSYLVANIA. 307 died and tliirty-se\c-ii acres ut land at Overbrouk. upon which was erected line uf the finest ihucesan ecclesiastical seminaries in the world. The number uf ])rijlessurs is fifteen, and the number uf students is usually alxnit une hundred and furt\'. A'illanova Cullege. about six miles fruni I'hiladelphia. is the chief reliijiuus and educati(.inal institute of the Augustinians. It was planted in iS4_>. chiefly through the effurt (if Rev, John P. 0"Dwver. and in 1843 I'ope Gregory X\'I created \'ilIanova a noxice and study house of its order. Church and lay de|)artments are maintained, and about one hun- dred and se\enty-fi\e students attend. St. \'incent College, at Reatty. in Westmoreland comity, was found- ed in 1846 by Arch-.\bl)ot Boniface ^\'inlmer. to .supply the need for Cer- man speaking priests in the United States. He came from Bavaria, whose king. Lou.is. had aft'urded him jjecuniary assistance. In the early days the College was a ])urely (ierman institution, but after a time the English language was introduced, broni this ])arent house not onl\- ha\e hundreds gone out into the ministrw but ten colleges in various jjarts of the country have sprung from it. Ihc annual attendance of students in all the N'arious classes is about three hundred. St. \'incent"s Seminarv at Ciermantown is the central house of the Congregatiiin of the Mission (mure cunmiunlv known as the Lazarists. or \'incentian h'athers ) in the eastern ])art of the United States — an or- der of ])riests bound to labor for the salvation of the poor anil the train- ing of \-oung men for the ministry. The community was first established near St. Louis. Mis.souri. whence Rev. S. V. Ryan transferred the cen- tral house to (ierniantown. in i868. Henr_\- INlelchior Mulilenl)erg. in his ])lans fur the de\elu]jment of the Lutheran Church in America, contemplated the erection of a theological seminar}- at Thiladelphia, and as early as 1741,; purchased a building site. 3U8 COMPENDIUM 01- HISTORY AND CENEALOGV His relative and successDr, Rev. John C. Kuiizc. souglit to carry the idea to success, hut the KcNolutionary war ijustinnicd the mMvenicnt. Mean- time, the pastors of tlie mother cliurclics, in an nnhroken Hue. gave in- struction to theological students, still keeping in mind tlie desire nf Mnld- enljerg, and one of the number (Rev. C. R. Denimc). hegan tlie nucleus of a lihrary before the College was brought into being. In 1864. Dr. (-". W. Scl.acffer. President nf the Ministerium of Pennsylvania, urged llie immediate establishnuMil of ;i theological sem- inary, and on October 4, in St. John's Church. l'iiiladeli>hia. a h'acnlty was formed: Dr. Charles R Schaeffer, Dr. Williau) I. .Mann, Dr. Charles P. Kraulii. Dr. Charles W. Schaeffer and Dr. ( ioillob 1". Krotel. Instruction was at first given in the rooms of tlie Lutheran Board of Pub- lication, and until 1865, when a building was purchased. The capacity of this building was doubled in 1873. and in 1889. on the t\venl\-liftli an- niversar\' of the school. reiiio\al was taken to new buildings at Mount ,\iry, the present home of the institution. The grounds. com]irising nearly seven acres, are handsomely inipro\ed, and contain sjiacious build- ings sufficient for instructional and dormitory i)ui"poses. .\ highly valued possession of the Evangelical l.ullieran Theological Seminary is the liturgical lii)rary. collected at a great outlay of time and money by Rev. P.. M. .Schmucker. late English secretary of the Clnnch P.ook Coiii- iiiittee. This comjjrises a large iiortion of the collectionr. of Petri and other eminent liturgiologists in Germany, and can justl\' claim to be with- out an e(|ual in America, if. indeed, in Europe. The seminary has grad- uated upwards of six hundred ministers, who are serving in all ])orlions of the Cnited States. The Lutheran Theological Seminary at fjettysburg was established iu 18^5. It offers two courses leading to the Bachelor of Divinity de- Ljree: a regular course for such as have graduated in the classical depart- OF THE STATE OF FEN.XSYLI 'AXl.i. iUiO ment of a regular college: and a pust-graduate course for non-resident pui)ils who ha\e not had the benefit of a collegiate and theological train- ing. The real estate is valued at $160,000, and the library contains 14.000 \-olumes. Susquehanna I'nixersity. at Selinsgrove, was founded in 1858, under the name of the Missionary Institute. Tt is designed especially to aid the need for ministers in the General Synod of the Lutheran Church. Tt maintains a collegiate as well as a theological course, and has a corjis of sixteen professors and instructors. The Mora\-ian College and Theological Seminary at Bethlehem had its inspiration in a meeting of Aloravian clergymen in 1802. The sug- gestion came from C. L. Benzien, but no definite action was taken until 1806, when Charles de T'orrestier and Christian Ivenatus Verbeek were sent out by the ruling board of the Unitas l^ratrum. and in the following year installed Ernest L. Hazelins and John C. Bechler as Professors in a new theological seminary to be conducted in connection with the church school for boys at Xazaretli, Penns^dxania. In 1838 the Seminary was removed to Bethlehem, thence in 183 1 to Nazareth, anrl in 1858 to Beth- lehem. In 1825 the school received the Haga legacy of $25,000. In the last \ear of its residence at Xazareth, it occupied the historic Ephrata House, built originallv for Cieorge W'hitefield, and which now contains the museum and archix'es of the Morax'ian Historical Societx'. The Col- lege had no existence as such until 1858, (to this time it h".d been a class- ical school preparatory- to theology), when the Pro\incial Svnod made its title. "The Aloravian College and Theological Seminary." and in 186,^ it \jas incorporated as such by Act of the Legislature, in 1867 Rt. Re\-. Edmund de Schweinitz became President, and the curriculum was con- siderably expanded. In 1883 the College entered u])on its period of greatest prosi)erity under the i)rcsi(lency of Dr. .\ugustns Schultzc. wdio 310 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY had cnme frdiii tlie vice-prcsiiloiicy of the Mdiaxian Liillegc at Xieskx-. (iennanv. ti> a professorsliip in the Collefjc. in \Hjo. In iStjo-gj were hiiih a group ni l)uil(liiijjs on Collesje Heiglits. in Xiutli I'cthleheni — Comenius Hall, the ]irincipal hiiiiltlins ; the rel'ectnrx-. and the ])ri>tcssf)rs' residence. In i<^93 Mr. and .Mrs. .Xslitun (.'. I'mrhck erected the I lelen Stadiger Pxirhek .Menmrird Cha])cl. Since 1SS3 tlie endowments lia\e in- creased to tlie sum of $1 17.000. and tlie ainnial expen.ses of the institution are aliout $10,000. I")iu'in!j the same ])eriod the cmn-ses of study ha\e undergone \'arions nio(htication.-- and additions, hrintiint;' them into line with the liroadesi re(|nirements of the ]iresent time. ])rovidino- thorough instruction in collegiate and theological courses. Special stress is i)laced n])on the splendid literatures of Greece and Rome, and this is in marked contrast tii many high-class institutions which have gi\en wav hefore the modern tendency to minimize the \alue of classical tr.aining. It is in- teresting to note the fact that the nuiseum is es]iecialh- rich in the ilejjart- ments of hotany and mineralogy, and the world-wide distrilnuiou of Mo- rax'ian missionaries is traceah'e in the large nunihcr of rare anthro])o- logical curios which have come to its sheh es. OF THE STATE OT I'EX.XSyLfJM.I. 311 CHAPTER XIII. Social Condition's. Said .Sir ^^'alte^ Scott, "there is iin heroic poem in tlie world hut is at the hottom the hfe of a man.'" Trnly, lieroic ])oems were those written in the h'x-es of tlie makers of Pennsylvania — those who planted on its hills and in its \allevs the church and the school house, and laid the foundations of its mightx' industries — and it is a most interesting and ])rofital>!e pursuit to learn of what manner of men thev were, for they were the forbears of the .\merican of to-dav. This lineage of ours is ex- ceedingly comj^lex. The m;m among us who can trace his ancestry purely mill unlirokeni}' from tlie immigrant of his name. — English, Scotch. Irish or German, as the case may he, — is the exception, so intermarried ha\e all these \-arious races. Side by side with this blood admi.xture, is to be con- sidered, though it cannot be measured, the subtle influences of association, which make of eacli human being, in some degree, the com])osite product of those of his fellf)ws with or near whom his lot has lieen cast in the formati\c period of his life. .\nd so, in some degree, even thougli there be no blood relationsbi]-). ha\e we of the present been stamjied. more or less strongly, with all the gciod (and the e\i1. too), of all the peoples w bom we are to consider. If there is aught in the history of Pennsvh'ania that is so completely establislied as to he wholly outside the pale of controversy, it is the fact that its early colonists were a deeply religious people. Penn. in bis "Frame of CiON-ernment." harl provided that "all persons lixing in this Province, who confess and aclnow ledge the one almighty and eternal (jud to be the creator, uphuldci ai,d ruler of the world, and that hold them- ■•ti-j coMi'iixDH'M (>!■ insroR)' .ixn genealogy selves oWigcd in CDiiscience to li\c i)cacc';il)ly and jnstly in civil society, sliall in no wavs l)c molested or ])rejn(liccd fi>r tiicir religions persuasion or practice in matters of t'aitli and worslii]), nor sliall iliev be compelled at any time to frecpient or maintain any reli,i;ious worslii]). pl.ace. or ministry wliatever." In response came Enc^lisli ;md W'elsli Quakers. Scotch-Irish Preshyterians. I'rencli Huguenots, and. at a later day. (ierinan Mennonites and Mor;i\ians. All these jieoples had hecii the ol>jects of persecution in their nati\e l.iiid. and tlie\' came to Anierici intent upon enjoyiuQ- the freedom there assured to ihcni. and with no thought of restricting the liherties of those religionists who held to a different faith. And so it came that while Quakers were being wliipjied in Xew England, and I'^jiiscopalians were being driven out of her Ixjundaries, every form of religion was t'ller.ated in Pennsylvania. From that early day. religion has prospered, and to-day Pennsyl\-ania stands first among the states in the number of church org;mizations. first in the number of churcli edifices. ;ind first in the ;ipproxiniritc seat- ing capacity of the church buildings. In the value of church ])ro]ierty. Pennsylvania stands second only to Xew ^'ork. and occupies the same relative position as to the number of communicants or members. Penn's original Quaker colony claims lirst ;ittentioii In a general way it may be said that Philadel])liia was settled by b.nglish and Welsh Frienfls. Old Chester countv (now di\ided into the counties of Chester and Delaware), was settled bv h'.nglish. Welsh, ( lermaiis and l)utcli. To the Welsh was set off a forty thous;md acre trad on the .^-^chuylkill river, which included that beautiful stretch n\ country iniw sd familiar to the people of eastern Penns\l\ania, and so atlractixe to them on ac- count of its fine school ami college buildings and elegant suliurban homes — the water-shed between the ."^chuylkill and Delaware risers, rising steadily from the west bank of the stream first named for about OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 313 t\\ciity-ii\'e miles to the siiiiiiiiil near I'anli. ( )n ttie iiortliern side, Ijeaulitul \ie\\s are obtained of tlie Cliester \-alle\-. or. as it was called bv the Welsh, Dnffrin ]\l;i\\r. Man\- of the towns and townships yet bear the pleasing Cymric names which were originall}' bestowed iijion them, as Uwchlan, Bryn Mawr, Berw_\-n and Tredyff rm : and names of like nrig'in, as (Iwvnedd .anii Pcnlhn, were carried int') Montgomery county. The influence of the (Juak-crs was ]iotential in the liistorv of the Province, coloring its thought in ever\- department of life. Idieir re- ligious meetings were first held in ])ri\ate houses, and afterwards, as their numbers uncreased, they erected small, plain buildings, at first of logs, and later of stone or brick, which were frer|uentlv used for edu- cational as well as religious ])ur])oses. Their distinguisliing doctrine, that of "the light r)f Christ in man," led them to belie\-e that obedience to the inner \-oice is that which brings sahation: that mortal man needs not so much a ])ardon at the close of life for errors committc\' no means disappeared. Many nf their descendants Inire a splcnchd part in i)i"c- serving the west for freedom wlien l\ansas was a dark and liloody ground, contended for liy frcc-soilcrs and sla\er\- cxtensionists. An example of tliis class was Coirnel Kersey Coates. a native of Lancaster ci>nnt\'. Pennsylvania. Tie tan^ht in the higli schini! in his native town. .studied law under Thaddeus Stevens, and was admitted to the har. .\t the solicitation of Mr. Stevens he went to Kansas in 1S54 as agent for the Emigration .\id .Society of Pennsylvania, whose ])nr])ose was to purchase pulilic lands and settle them with a desir.ahle class of free- soilers. He was engaged in this work for two years, and diu'ing this time he witnessed many scenes of violence and hloodshed. while his own life was fre<|uently imperiled, lie was more th.an the mere .'igcnl for capitalists and homeseekers. liis natur.al instincts led him to ahhor slavery, and his convicti<^ns had heen deepened through the inllnence of his father, an active aider in the inanagement of the "I'nderground Railway." and of his personal friend and ])atron, Thaddeus Stevens, an im])lacal)le foe of human hondage. Mr. Coates aided the free-soilcrs (among whom were many Pennsylvanians ) persistently and fearlessly, ;md cmic to he regarded as or.e of their most resourceful .and determined leaiinted for fo])le saikvl. and was raised til aff ril tlieiii passage. Tlu' wonder is tlial such a cral'l siir\i\ed llie three months' tempestuous voyage. Tliis Scotcli-lrish jicuplf spread out into the valley of the Alleghenics frnm Lake T'jmc to Alahama. Their men fnrmcil the Imlk of Wasliington's army, and their descendants faced each other under (irant and Lee, at Shildli ami (Icttyshurg. each generation, in its day. unsurpassalile in courage, unxieldingly dcx'oted to the right as God gave it them to see it. The Ba]itists appear in rennsyhania about the same time as do the l^reshvterians. They were mainly English, .and the ])e(ii)le nf the two denomination.s were very similar in character if U'lt in tempera- ment. The Baptists were deeply conscientious. INToved 1)\- an earnest missionarv spirit, their early ministers, usually nf limited education, in some instances really illiterate. ])enetrated to the remotest settlements, preaching and organizing churches, 'i'he jihrase illiterate, connected with the former i)hrase. is not to he construed as meaning ignorance i>f the scriptures. With scarcely an exception, the preachers were entirely familiar with the sacred \olume. and were able to cite numberless pa.ssages witli concordance-like accuracy. Among them were many strong controversialists, and. as ])ii])ulatiiin increased, and other denomina- tions became stronger, debates of a week's continuance were often carried on between them and ministers of other faiths, on questions of faith and practice. The l>a])tists were unvielding on the subject of baptism by immersion, and their con\'erts hesitated at no discomfort to recei\c the holy ordinance. On frc(|\ient occasions a congregation would assemble in midwinter on the banks of a frozen-over stream, wliere scores of candidates, men, women and children, received baptism by being immersed where heavy ice barl lieen cut away, then drying their clothing l)y a roadside fire, or walking in ilicir frozen garments OP THE STATE OE PENNSYLVANIA. 317 to a farm-house a Iialf-niile distant. Tlie first Baptist clnircli organised in I'ennsylvania was in iC)84. at Cold Spring. 1))- the I\e\-. Tlionias JJ)ongan. of Rh.ode Ishiiid. and a church of the same demimination was formed at Philadelphia in i6(;5. Among' the early I'rcitestant Episcijpal church (formerlv the Church of England), three are of peculiar interest. The first in Philadelphia was a wooden Siructure huilt in 1710. which gave wav to a brick edifice in iJ-'J. In 1744 a chime of eight hells were brought from luigland. Tlie}' were removed for safet)- during the Revolutionary war. and were afterwards restored to tlieir pr(j]>er place. St. Da\id"s church at Radnor, in Xewtuwn tnwnship, Delaware coi.nit\-. had an organization in 1700, if not earlier, but the present (iuaint and dignified edifice was not erected until 1715. The poet, Longfellow, in i88r, most happily expressed the feeling of \eneralion a sight nf the \enerable structure was calculated to rouse in a meditati\e mind. "I was stop])ing," lie said (in relating the story of his poem, "Old St. Uavid"s at Radnor"), "at R(jsemont, and one day dro\e (jver to Rachior. Old St. David's church, with its charming and jjicturesque surroundings, attracted mv attention. Its diminutixe size, peculiar architecture, the little rectcjrv in the gri)\e, the (|uaint churchxard where Mat! .\nthiin\- \\'a\-ne is buried, the great tree which stands at the gateway, and the pile of gra^,' stone which makes the old chr.rch, and is almost hidden b\' the climbing i\y, all combine to make it a gem for a fancv jiicture." St. I'aul'sclnu'ch ( Prntestant l-LpisceiiJal ) , at Chester, built in 170^, has been replaced with a beautiful modern edifice. Piut. for historical and sentimental p>urposes, it is )'et Old St. PauTs. The wardens care- fulh' jMX'serve twii gifts of great antii|uity — a chalice and saher of hammered and \ery pure silver, and which are yet used for communion ])urpuses, the gilt of Ouenn .\nne; and a chalice and bell, the gift of Sir ."^IS COMPENDIUM or Hf STORY AND GENEALOGY Jeffery Jeffries, Set intci llie interior wall ra\-ians claim leoiti- mate succession to the I'liitus Ernlnnii. and an unbroken succession of bishi.ii)s from the apostles tbrcjugh an Austrian branch of the W'al- 32(1 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY (lenses. Tlie early history uf the clnircli in America is full of lieroic incidents of missionary work among liie Indians, .\part from William i^enn. no name figures more conspicuouslx- in the early settlement of the (|uestions relating to the Indians than that of the distinguished ^toravian missionary, Uavid Zeisherger. who spent sixty-two years among the aborigines, establishing towns and villages of his converts. The settlements made by the ^loravians were at first exclusively con> munal towns, similar to those founded hy the I'liitus l-ratniiii in (Itr- many and (ireat Britain, hut ni the I'nited .Stales the last \estige of exclusivism disa])peared in 1S36. The peoj)le are held anidiig the most exemplary and deei)l\' religious coniniunities in the country. Luthcranism in Pennsylvania had its beginning with the Swedes who came in i<'\^8. They were few in number, and fi>r the nmst ]>art settled in Delaware. Some of their ministers were anmng the first missionaries to the hulians, l-..-i\ ing in this work preced.ed Julin I'.liot by several years. .Xbout 1680 a flood nf l.uthcr.'iu immigration set in. but it is not until alxnu 1 74-' that we have any recnrd of the fonndiiig of churches. Ir. that \ear came TIeinricb Melchinr Mulilenberg. liDiKired as founder of the T.utheran ("liurcli in America. wlii> entered upon missionary work' in the i)ro\ir.ce, and was active therein in 1776. lie served as pastor of congregations at Xcw Province. Piii!adel])hia and Xew Manover. He was an ardent patriot, and devoted himself to strengthening the arm of the infant government. He and his son, John I'eter Muhlenberg, were largely instrumental in unifying their l)eople in the same cause, and many of them served in tlie patriot army. John Peter Muhlenberg was pastor of a Lutheran church in Wood- stock. Virginia, when he was aiiiiointed to a colonelcy b\' W^ashington. His regiment included members of his congregation, lie ])ro\ed a gal- l;mt soldier, bore a splendid part in the battles of (Icrniantown and OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. S21 Brandxwiiie. ruse to tlie rank of maj(.ir-general. ami afterward sat iii congress. Metli(>disni appeared in New York alx)Ut 1766, and was intro- ducetl l.)\- immigrants fn.>m Ireland. The INIethudist church is to-day more properly national in its character as an American church tlian any .other in the countr_\'. and the fact suggests an interesting specula- tion: Had the I'lstahlislicd Church (if England utilized the Methodism of Wesley (who never ceased to lie a churchman), and displayed a conciliatory attitude tnward the Preshxterians of Scotland, is it not probable that there would ha\e heen an Established Church in America, witji Trinity of New "^^ork standing in the new land for what Canter- bury does in the mother country? In 1769 the Rev. Joseph I'ilmore came from England as an itiner- ant missionary, and preached in I'hiladcliihia ;uk1 Chester county. In 1 77 1 h'rancis Asbiuy. the most famous name in American Methodism, came to the country, and lalxired in I'ennsylvania and nther of the provinces. In 1773 Thomas Uankin, sent out li\' Wesley, held the first conference in Philadelphia, and there were then ten itinerant preachers and i.i(>o members. In their primitixe churches Methodism was exhibited in all its pristine vigor. The oratory of the preachers was ferventlv e\hortat(ir\-. 1 .ittle stress was laitl upon ddctrine. hut ever\- faculty was called into ]ilay to arrest tlie attention of the sinner and turn him aside from the ])aths of iniquity. The itinerant Meth- odist preacher was foremost among the pioneers who passed over the mountains and led in the settlement of the south and west. The people whom he gathered about him were of the best of their day. With these earl\' peoi)les. of wliatever faith, religion was a (if not the) domi'.iating force. They interpreted the Bible and its promises literally, completeh' accejiting it as the s^k' I'x'ok of the Law, as the guide 3a2 COMI-'ESUIUM O.I- HISTORY AND GliMs.ll.OGV for Ijotli tliis life and the life wiiich is In come. 'i"liey luul no wmri- nient over donhi, no trouble witii the perplexities of the higher criti- cism. Translators errors, if they cnuKl have concei\eil them, they wmild have deemed an impossibility. The I'ible saitl so. and so it tiierefore was. .\n incident rclateil in coiniection witli tlie Re\'. John Tennent. founder of the '"Log College," ever famous ir. the religious and educational annals of Pennsylvania, is curiously indicative of the tenacitv with which the sturdy Scotch-Irish Presbyterians adberen a low i)iece of ground. Whereupon a (lodly woman, Janet Rhea, exclaimed : "Wha c\er heard o" ganging doaii to the boose o' the Lord, an' no o" ganging anj^ to the hoose o" the Pord ?'" .\nd she ])icked up the stone, and climbed laboriously with it to the summit of the bill, where the building was erected. ."^uch im])licit faith, such tuni reliance, such complete subser\ience of iheir daily lives and inmost thought to the Sacred Word, made these l)eople. even in their own da\ . stand out in bold relief as honest, God- tearing men and wnmen — people whose work coidd be imjilicitly relied U))on. people who would ha\e willinglv wrongeil no ni.an. The i)rimitive church building was of the utmost plainness, for the people themselves were ])lain. There were no nnisical instruments, and the psalm or hymn was "given out" by the minister, two lines at a time. The singing was slow, but intensely vigorous, and the tunes were those brought from beyond the sea, from England. Scotland. Wales or Germany, as the character of the assemblage might be. The sermon was of great length, and abounded in cjuotations from the scriptures (o fortif)' each proposition as it was advanced. Tn some congregations, OF THE STATE OF PEXX SYLVAN! A. 32S perhaps always in those of Presbyterians, if no \ninister were present, an elder or deacon would read a discourse from a volunie of sermons by some noted divine of an earlier day, e\en so ancient a one as the martyred Latimer. There was frequently a Sunday afternoon service, but very seldom was there f sconces and tall(jw dips. Tliere are many yet living who ha\e heard from the pulpit in the morning the announcement nf services in tlic evening, at "early candle-lighting." But the j)rimiti\e house of worshi]) has ]:)assed away, and with it the okl-time preacher, who is without a successor of his own kind. Each sect now rears such ornate temple as its means will permit, and frequently anticipates the future hy incurring a great debt in its build- ing. In the conduct of worshi]) only the staid Quakers maintain a semblance of the original sinijjlicity. and some of their congregations even ha\e their regular jircHching anil their Sunila\- school. Some ■Presbyterians, who so abhorred anything at all approaching an appear- ance of Catholicism, repeat the Creed, chant the (iloria. read the P.salms antiphonalh- with the minister, and listen to tlorid nnisic l)v a salaried choir and grand organ. In only a few congregations of Cov- enanters, and these principallv in Penns^•lvania. well back in the re- mote hill regions, are the olorl to a "soul-dri\'er." as they came to be known, who drove them on feiot through the country, seeking purchasers who would bu_\ their services for a term of years. The business finally became precarious on account of many of the redemptioners running away while thus journeying. ;'.nd was abandoned alwut 1785. These redemptioners were of all sorts and contlitions of men. and women as well. Tiiere were those scapegrace men and dissolute women who were vagrants and' outcasts at iiome. and who cared not whither they drifted. There were those of the same class who were earnestly intent ui)on reformation. 1 here were the unfortunate, wrecked through error of judgment o'" stress of circumstances, who sought opjxirtunity for beginning life anew, no mattei" under what disad- vantages. Of these \arious classes, the greater number foinid the level of their former associates and surroundings. Theic were thieves and evildoers who were such to the end. There were patient plodders who lalwriously discharged the task of each succeeding day, hoi)elessly and doggedly, and so lived and so died. There were those, too, whose lives were lived in defiance of all those laws of heredity of which so much is now heard : those of good family who became outlaws on land .nid sea I ami others, women as well as men. of ignoble origin, and ur Tiir. sT.irii oh' I'fiwsyj.rjxLi. 325 whose own lixes were N'icions. wlm rose out of their lirutahzed selves and hecame exemplary citizens ami heads of families whose descend- ants now hold their memories in lumnr. The greater nnmher were peo- ple of good character and mihle aspirations, Init — poor. To a large extent, all these peoples have hlended. There v>'as another class which has ]ireser\-ed its identity, and which, to so speak. is nati\e to the soil — the Pennsyh-ania Dutch. These are the descend- ants of certain ( ierman religinr.s sects whri settled earlv in the eighteenth century, chiefly hetween the Susquehanna aufl Schuylkill ri\'ers. They made settlements of their own. and now, even where thev are a ])art of a diversified population, they jiractically dwell apart and to them- selves. Manv of them have no con\ersational knowledge of English. Their ancestors were from tlie Palatinate, Bavaria, German Switzer- land and Alsace, and their various dialects, together with the incor]X)ra- tion of some English Avords, ha\-e crystalized into a new language, related in some degree to all those from which it has heen deri\-ed, with the German forms predominating. These people are industrious, strictly honest and eminently successful, their farius heing kept in the highest possihle state of cultixation, and their huildings heing models of neatness and utility. Whether Welsh, English, Scotch or German, the early settlers hrought with them a love for the manners and customs of their native land, and in their daily lives and in their homes endeavored to follow what thev had heen there accustomed to. In their domestic life the utmost simplicitv prevailed, yet a high degree of comfort was attained, and man\- comparisons ha\e heen drawn hetween their mode of living ■and that which now pre\-ai1s, lo the disparagement of the latter as less satisfying ;;nd e\cn as less moral. Increased wealth has hcgotten arti- .■'.i>f> COMPEMDIUM or HISTORY AXP Cf.XE.M.OGY lici.il wants, and it may Ik." tliat. in ininislcrini; to tliese, the grace of con- tentment lias hcen lost. 'I'iic wealtli of the people lay in their lam! anil dumcstic animals — ni>t in the beauty of their homes, nr the matinitiience <'\ ilieir furnit'irt'. Man\' of the original colonists dwelt for some lime in ca\es dii<^ into the si(le of a hill. The lirst houses were of lojjs, and many of them had shutters instead of windows, glass being wanting. The fireplaces were of immense size, made lo take in great logs. iirick and stone houses came later, and were usually not more than one stor\' and a hrdf. Locks to dwellings were unkinwn until after cixilization had consider- abh' ad\anced and disreput.ablc persons had begun to eome in. The sitting room and the kitchen, the latter liciiig also the dining room, were the important features of the home. Carpets were unknown, and a sanded floor wa.s deemed the |ierfection of cleanliness and comforl. Bedrooms were small, and slceiiing bunks were coiumon when the famib' was large, l-'nrniture was of the iiKJSt ]irimiti\e kind, and most of it w.as made by the householder or a comenient woodworker. .Some families. howe\er. brought with them household articles which diey ileemed cs])ecially \aluablc or beautiful, and these, with a few pieces of crockery, silver and |)e\\ter ware, were given a place "f houiir among the lares rt l^riwlrs of the new home, b'or lighting there was first the pine-kiK^t. then the tallow dip. and afterward the nuiulded candle, home made. The few Ixioks which constituted the famil\ librarv were jirincipally of a religious character — the Bible. Bunyans "I^ilgrim's Progre.ss." Baxter's "Saints" Everlasting Rest." Dodridge's "Rise and Progress of Religion in the .Soul," "The Last Day of the Week." in J'resbyterian households the corking for the Sabbath was done on Satur- day, and that night the family engaged in religirius services in prepara- tion for the duties of the holv dav. OI'TII/i ST.irii or I'ENNSyiJ'ANLl. 327 The pi"iniiti\-c farmer had no nther wdrhl than his home, and in tliis lie was a hiiiK- His Iniildiiii^s were sul)stantial, and his farm was well kept up. Crops were industriously cultivated, and the [jroflucts of field, orcliard and pen were carefully husl^anded. and cellars ?ik1 smoke-liouses were well stocked with the choicest game, domestic meats, vegetables and fruits. The (jwner took great pride in his possessions, and nothing so delighted him as to gather liis neighbors al)out him at his bountifully laden table ar.d in front of his cheery fireplace with its huge pile of blazing logs. Nor was his !ios]Mtalit\- restricted to those wliom lie hailed as friends, and \vbo rejoiced in jiaying him in kind in their own homes. The wayfaring man — who would be termed a "tram])"' to-day — was ever well entertained and even welcomed. If only needy, he was fedand hidged for sake of that dear Lord "who loves and ])ities all,"' and who said "inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto nic." If the stranger were a man of intelligence, he was gladlv hailed as a mes- senger from the outer world, and the news which he brought in that newspaperless day. and tiie views which he expressed, were listened to with interest and respect. The most ])articular care was gi\-en to the housing of domestic animals, and peo])le who were not so heedful in this respect were wont to say that some looked after their cattle and hogs more carefull\- than they did for their wives and children. I*"or very many years church life and social life were so intimately related -that the history of one is contained within that of the other. With all sects except the Quakers, the minister was regarded as the leading man in the community, and as the embodiment of all intelli- g.ence, culture and manners, ^'ct he became, in a few instances, a sti)ml?lingblock to his people in their moral and religious life, anil it is to be iidmittcd .that their own o\cr-zeaIous solicitude and affection. 3-28 COMPEXDIiM OF HISTORY JXP CnXEALOGY fur liini was rcsponsilile in larqc clejjrce fur his unilning. \iltiiirah!c' as were the (|ualities of the carl)- people, nianv. ])erhai)s most ruar\. \JJ^. the Chester I'Viends' .Meet- ing took the following action: ''.\t our Ouartcrly Meeting it was desirefl \e friends take care- at Ilurr.alls nut to make great provision as to |)rii\ifle strong l.i(|uors &• hand it alK)ut ; hut let l''\cr\- one take \t is free tn take it as ihe\ ha\e ocation and not more than will do them (lood.'" This is the first ascertainr.hlc action taken tn restrain the immod- erate use of liquor, and it does not appear that the (ieneral .-\sseniblv of the I'resbyterian clunrli toi)k mgnizance (if the matter until 1730. a (|uarter of a century later. As settlements extended, families visited each other at intervals, often traveling considerable distances, arriving in the afternoon and re- tnaining until late in the evening. If the weather permitted, the men folk sat on the long l>enches on the stiicip nr in the yard, where they conversed concerning their successes and failures in their calling, Piid exchanged views as to future crops and prices. Little interest was felt in jjovernmental questions, and. indeed, of such matters, in the earlier clays, the common people w ere prufoundly ignorant. The seat of author- OF THE STATE OT PEXXSVLJ\4XLL :V2ft ity was t(X) far reiiKnutl and intDrination was ton nieaoerly (lisjiensed for it to be otiierw ise. Were it w inter season, or the weatiier inclement, tlie men gatliered in front of the fireplace in the house. In either case the wofiien kept to tliemseKes. sewing and knitting, idleness at snch times l:|eing considered disgraceful. Weddings and funerals were the most important events in the social life of the conimuiiit\-. To the wedding were hidden as many guests as the famil}- could afford to entertain, often more, for an an- nalist writing in \~^^', notes of the colonists: "Their marriages are very chargeable. mau\- times wife's fortunes l)eing expended at the celebra- tion of the nuptials." The (.\ening was occupied with games, and when the brinr fail to attend except on account of illness. The occasion im- l)osed great lai>or and expense ui>"iu the mourning household. Custom • lemanded the most la\ish hos]iitalit\- that could be afiforded, and it was a point of pride to admit of no unfavorable comparison with neighbors upon such an occasion, .\rdent spirits were dispensed witli a liberality that led to many excesses. For this reason many mini.sters took t>tfong ground against .Sunday being taken for funerals, and the prevatltng: custom gradually came into disfa\'or and ultimately was abojishjpd. In marked contrast with the earhest provincial conditions were tlie 310 COMI'liX/yrM 01- HISTORY AND GENEALOGY excesses beKiiiiiiiiji '" '''^" '''iter i-nlniiinl il;(\s and (.■xlcmling hevniiil tlic close cif tlic Ro\i>liitiiitiarv war. These were traceahk- in large degree to tlic tavern. Taxerns were establislied tn meet tlie wants of travelers, to provide them with food and hxlging. and. while ardent spirits were dispensed on call, the ta\ern was never intended to he ;i mere tipjjling place. Alwavs on an iniportont line of travel, it was in many cases a terminal or relay point, and its customers were therefore numerous. It sheltered from time to time tlie higliest dignitaries and most eminent men in the land — governors, judges, lawyers and clergymen. These were the newsbearers and oracles of the day. and their iiresence attracted the principal men of the neighborhood, wlio gatherefl to listen to them and to learn of events present and imjiending. The sole resort for men of affairs, to say nothing of the "lewd fellows of the baser sort." it is not to Ix* wondered at that the tavern became the scene i>f gaming and dnmkenness. P.ut we find nothing in the annals of I'ennsyhania to correspond with the records of a Xew Jersey grand jury in the case of some young men who. while engaged in a debauch, held mf this. period was .James Fitzpatrick, who figures as "Sandy Flash," OP THE STATE Of PENNSYLVANIA. ••'•'>\ in Bayard Taylor's "Story of Kennctt," an<,-ticr i|n.ilit\ nf runiiliirc caim- mtn use. Clotliing iDr men was ot I'l-lter (|uality. and was l'rc(|iifiUly (if ini- ])ortecl goods. T'nr cnuntrv travel tbc liorse-cart came to supplant tlie saddle horse. A multiplication of comforts, if not luxuries, excited a keen mental stimulation. Socm oamc the weekly news])ai)cr with its messages fmni the outer world, and this created a recall them with ])leasr.re, and to the disparagement <>f luuch that is peculiar to these ])resent "fair, well spoken days." I-Or many years the iinl\- musical instrument in the farm or village hoiuc was the \iolin nr tlute. and .i fair I'.erformer u])on either was a gladlv hailed acquisition in any comjianv, and frequetitly in the choir of such a ciuu\-h as was not sternlv set against the use of "the de\"irs instruments" in di\ine worship. .Mxmt 1850 the scra])hine or melodeon became familiar, hut ten years later a ]iiar.(> wiis yet a great curif>sity in many a good sized town. There is now a well storerl library in the \illage where a book was uncommon a half century ago, \\'here were then but a few isolated instruments of music is now an orchestra capable of performing the music of the great masters. The humble cottage has gi\en. place to the elegant mansion with its luxurious furnishings, and the stately temple stands where did the modest plain-walled country chinch. But here and there is an <")ld-time dwelling of the long-ago. witii its trees :\\v\ flowering shrubs planted by loved hands which ours can.no longer, touch^.or an old church so far from the. busy throng that it has not been ■OF THE STATE O'F PENNSYLVANIA. '^3 fleeme.I worthy ot (instruction to make way fur one more modern, and about It the ancient tombstones marking tlie last resting places of "Tlie men wiiose unrecorded deeds Have stamped the nation's destinv." «S4 COyfPENDIV^f OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY rrO\'ERNOKS Ol- THE COLONIES OX THE DELAWARE AND OF THE PROVINCE AND COMMONWEALTH OF ^>KNXS^■L\•AXL\. Under thk Colony. directors and governors of the nktherla xds anp thk dl'tch COLONIES ON Tin: DET.AWARK. Cornelius Jacobsen. director 1G24-1625 William Van Hulst, director 1625-1626 Peter Miniiit. governor 1636-1633 F)avid Pieterzen De Vries, governor 1632-1638 W'outer \'nn Twiller. governor 1^33-^638 Sir William Kiett. governor 1638-1647 I'ctcr Stuy\cs;mt. governor 1647-1664 GOVERNORS OF THE SWEDES ON THE 1>ELA\VARE. I'eter Minuit 1638-1641 IV-ler Hollender 1641-1643 John Printz 1643-1653 John Pappegoya 1653-1654 Julin Claude Rysingh 1654-1655 UNDER THE DITCH DOMINION. Peter Stuyvesant 1655-1664 Andreas Hudde. commissary '^'55-i^>57 JmIih l^iiil Jnc(|tK-t. director •'^>55-'^'57 or THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 335 THIi COLONY OF TllK CITY. Jacob Alrichs 1657-1659 ■ Alex^ander D'Hinoyossa ■ 1659-1663 THE COLONY Ol" THE COMPANY. Georaii \'an Dyck 1657-1658 William Beekman 1658-1663 THE UNITED COLONY. Alexander IJ'J linoyos.sa 1663- 1664 DOMINION OE THE Dl'KE OK M)KK. Colonel Ridianl Nicholls 1664-1667 Robert Carr. deputy governor 1664- 1667 Rol)ert Needliam. Com. on the Delaware 1664-1668 ..Colonel Francis Lovelace 1667- 1673 Captain John Carr. Cum. (in the Delaware ■. . . 1668-1673 ' DOMINION OE THE DUTCH. , Anthony Colve 1673-1674 Peter Alrich.^;. (lei)ut\' o'overnor west of the Delaware 1673-1674 DOMINION OE THE ENGLISH. Sir Edmund Andross 1674-1681 PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT UNDER THE PROPRIETARY. William Peiin. proprietor ani.1 governor 1681-1693 \\'illiam Markham. deputy 1681-1682 William Penn 1682-1684 The Ciiuncil — Thomas l.lnyd. ])resident 1684-161^^1 i^Sfi COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY I'ixe Ci.ii)imissioiicrs. apptiiiUcrl li_\ F't-iiu Captain John Blackwell. ilcpiit} The Cpimcil — Tlionuis [.lovd. president Tlionias l.l(.)\d. dcputN I'cir tht Pru\iiKf :iiid W illiani Mark ham. dcpul\ lor the Lower CV>unties (ioverned In tlie Crow n Iknjaniin I"'letclier, '•overnor of Xew York William Markham. deputy William renti. proprietor William Markliam, ile])uty William Penii, proprietor Andrew Hamilton, lientenant-governor The Council — Ldward Shippen. Pres John Fivans, lieutenant-o;overnor Charles Gookin, lieutenant-go\ crnor Sir William Keith, lieutenaiu .t;()\ernor John I'cnn. Richard I'eun and I honias I'enn. pro|)rietor.s . . -Sir William Keith, lieuleiianl-go\ern(.ir Patrick Gordon, lieutenant-governor 'Ihe Council — James Logan. Pres fJeorge Thomas. lieutenani-i'o\i.rncjr John I'enn and Thomas i'enn. proprietors George Thomas. lieutenant-go\ ernor . . . 'I"he Ct)uncil — Anthony Palmer. I^res. . . . James Hamilton, lieuten.int-i^nv ernor . . . Robert Hunter Morris, deputy governor W'illiajii Dennv, lieutenant-go\ ernor . . . . James Hamilton, lieutenant-governor jiihn I'enn. lieutenant "^ii\ ernor .... 686-1688 688-1690 <.>90- 1 69 1 691-169,^ 6^3-1694 693-1695 695-1718 695-1699 699-1701 701-1703 703-1704 704-1709 709-1717 717-1718 718-1746 718-1726 726-1736 738-1746 746-1776 746-1747 746-1748 748-1754 754-1756 756-1759 759- 1763 763-' 77 » OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 337 The Council — James Hamilton, Pres ^77^ Riclianl I'eiin. lieutcnant-governcjr I77i"i773 John Penn, lieutenant-governor ^77y^77^ DURING THE REVOLUTION. Benjamin Franklin, chairman Com. of Safety 1776-1777 PRESIDENTS OE SUPREME EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. Thomas Wharton, Jr ^777-^77^ George Bryan, acting Pres • 1778 Joseph Reed 1778-1781 William Moore 1781-1782 John Dickinson 1782-1785 Benjamin Franklin 1785-1788 Thomas Mifflin 1788-1790 GOVERNORS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PEXNSYLVANI.A. Thomas Mifflin 1790-1799 Thomas McKean 1 799-1808 Simon Snyder 1808-1817 William Findlay 1817-1820 Joseph Hiester 1820-1823 John Andrew Sluilze 1823-1829 George Wolf 1829-1835 Joseph Ritner 1835-1839 David R. Porter 1839-1845 Francis R. Sliunk 1845-1848 William F. Johnston 1848-1852 WilHam Bigler 1852-1855 James Pollock 1855-185S 2: 338 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORV .IND GENEALOGY William iMsher Packer 1858-1861 Andrew G. Curtin 1861-1867 Joliii W. deary 1867- 1873 Jolin 1'. I iartranft 1^^73-1879 Henry M. Hoyt 1879-1883 Robert E. Pattison 1883-1887 James A. Beaver 1887-1891 Robert E. Pattison 1891-1895 Daniel H. Hastings 1895-1899 William A. Stone 1899-1903 Samuel W. Pennypacker 1903- V-f^ud^ffV^ OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 341 JAMES HEMPHILL. James Hempliill. burn in the town of Mechanicsburg, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, July 22, 1827, was the son of John Hemphill and Anne Longsdorff. His father was descended from the early set- tlers, who came from the north of Ireland, known as Scotch-Irish; his mother from that thrifty and alile stock known as Pennsylvania Dutch. Both father and mother came from Revolutionary ancestors. He inherited from these strdug people many of their sturdy quali- ties, and, being endowed with a fine physique and clear mind, coupled with industry, application and economy, he soon made himself felt as a power. He spent his early life upon a farm, but when about eighteen years of age thought he would learn blacksmithing. After finishing and having acquired a general knowledge of mechanics, for which he always had a natural aptitude, he accepted a position as assistant en- gineer of the Pittsburg Water Works under Joseph French, who was one of the best hydraulic engineers of his time; he filled this position for about eight years and at the same time studied mechanical engineer- ing, with such success that later in life he became an expert, and was regarded as an authority throughout the United States. While still at the water works in the late fifties, he spent his evenings in devising ways and means for casting baggage checks, which he made and sold to the railroads: this gave him his financial start. In the fall of 1859 he went into the engine-building business at the corner of Twelfth and Pike streets, the firm being known as Mackintosh, Hemphill & Com- pany. About this time he was a member of select council and served on the finance committee of the city of Pittsburg. He was always an advanced thinker, and invented, constructed and designed many little things, as well as the great machines w hich helped to bring to Pittsburg 342 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY its reputation of being the great steel center of the world. The name of Mackintosh, Hemphill & Company is so identified witli llic success of the Steel Age that it is not necessary to go inti) detail in tiiis sketch. In 1878 the firm rcnmsed to Old Fort I'itt fnundry site and cnl;irt;e(l their plant; after it liad made itself felt and was acknowledged at lioinc and abroad as leading in its line, Mr. 1 iciniilnll directed some of his energy and experience to outside interests, viz.: Carrie i'urnace Com- pany, Star Tin Plate Company, National I'.ank of Western Pennsyl- vania, of whicii he was the llrst ])residenl. and nlJier industrial enter- prises, in all of which he retained an acti\e interest until his death, which occurred August 7, 1900. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Horace l-'rink. of Rome, New York. She died in 1899. Mr. Ilcm])hill w;issur\i\ed by live children, Newton A. Hemphill, William .\. Hemphill, lluiace 1". Hemphill, Mrs. William A. Hoeveler and Mrs. (jeorge \\'. Baum. He was a man of strong principles and excellent judgment, and was sought after as an arliitrator in many large and important contro\ersics. He was simiile in his tastes, quiet in his amusements, fond of his home life. and. pos- sessed of warm sympathies, had a keen sense of justice, and was a staunch friend. AXDRKW WHITE McCOLLOUGH. The name of .\ndiew White McCollough is so inseparably inter- woven with the history of the development of the natural resources of the state that the annals of Pennsylvania would be incomplete without extended mention of his life work. He stands almost without a peer in the extent and accuracy of his knowledge of geology, and few indeed are the men who have put their learning to such broad and practical test. OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 343 Nature was 1:)nuntiful in her gifts to the Keystone state, hut slie lias ahvays placed upon man the duty cjf transforming the' raw ninterial into a marketahle commodity, and it is the men of marked enterprise, keen discernment and unfaltering purpose who, having recognized the possibilities that Nature has provided, utilize these in the acquirement of a competence and for the benefit of the commercial world. Mr. McCollough has done nuich for the development of the oil and gas in- dustries of the stfitc, and, while his brilliant success commands admira- tion, his business policy has e\'cr awakened the keenest respect. He is a man whose business career stands untarnished, whose integrity is proverbial. In the latter part of the eighteenth century the McCollough family was founded in Pennsylvania, but much farther back than this can the ancestry of the family be traced, for the McColloughs accduiiianied William the C(inc|ueror and made their way from Scotland into Ire- land. In the latter country they remained, becoming residents of coun- ties Down and Antrim. James McCollough, the great-grandfather of Andrew W. McCollough, s])ent his entire life at Moneyrea, in county Down, near Belfast, Ireland, Init his son, Matthew McCollough, crossed the Atlantic to the new re]nil)lic of i\merica, taking up his abode in Newville, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1798. He was there married to a Miss Hunter, and in 1804 he removed with his family to Prospect, Butler cnunty, Pennsylvania, where he remained until his life pilgrimage w;us enilcd. Matthew McCollough, the father of .\ndrew White, was born in 1813, where now stands the village of Prospect, and when he had arrived at years of maturity he wedded Miss Jane White, who died in 1844. He became an agriculturist of Worth township, Butler county, ■m COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY and u])oii tlic old home place resided unlil called t" lii-^ final rest. Sep- tember 22, 1899. In Butler county. Pennsylvania, in 1840. Andrew White McCol- Idugh was Ixirn, and as he was hut tour years of age al the time of his mother's death he went to !i\e with his maternal grandparents, Andrew and Angeline White, siJcnding the years of his minority in their home. He acquired a good eduaction in his youth, hut his reading and research in later years have made him a scholar of broad scientific attainments and an authority in the line to which he has given his special attention. Having attended the common ;ind normal schools near his home and also spent some time as a student in the Conoquenessing Academy at Zelie- nople, Pennsylvania, he engaged in teaching, following the profession in Conoquenessing, Jackson and Franklin townships, in Butler county. Thus he entered niKin tlic business world with its cares, responsibili- ties and opportunities, and, though destined to meet difticultics and ob- stacles, the force of his nature and the strength of his character have enabled him to conquer in the end When the pecuniary return of his labor as a teacher was sufficient to enable him to engage in business requiring ready capital, he established a store in Prospect, which he conducted successfully for a decade, and at the end of that time, in 1871, he began operating in oil at Parker and Bear creek, extending his labors in 1872-3 to Millerstown and Greece City, Pennsylvania. At times he was very successful, at others not, but he gained broad and practical experience, and eventually became connected with the oil business in all its departments and realized therefrom handsome returns from his labors and investments, but a turn in fortune's wh6el brought upon him heavy losses, and the earnings of many years were engulfed. This disaster, however, seemed but to serve as an impetus for renewed effort and closer application, and though his financial outlook was such OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 345 as would liave utterly discouraged many a man of less resolute spirit, he bravely undertook the task of meeting all the obligations which rested upon him. The result is a matter well known to his friends and those with whom he has been brought in contact in a luisiness way. He stands to-ilay with imtarnished name, having paid off every dollar, and the consciousness of duly well performed is his as well as the respect and confidence of those with whom he has had business relations. Mr. McCollough became interested in the exploration and develop- ment of the gas fields of Pennsylvania, and in speaking of this portion of his life work a contemporary biographer has said: "After careful study and e.xploitation, he commenced operations based upon the anti- clinal theory — the theory that uufler inexorable law. gas pressure is always toward the highest poir.t. and is only to be found in high pres- sure and large volume in the subterranean reservoirs along the crown of these anticlinal arches, which are the retiring rockwaves of the Alle- ghany mountains. His first operations were in the Sarver field, in Win- field township, Butler county, Pennsylvania, in i88g. In this field, for the Pittsburg Plate Glass Company, he located the largest wells ever drilled within the bounds of this county. This gas area is on the fifth axis, of Brady's bend anticlinal, at a jmint where the strata are lifted to the highest elevation to be found anywhere along the trend of that folding. These wells sup])lied the fuel for the extensive plate glass factories at Ford City and Tarcntum, Pennsylvania. The capacity of the wells was from ten to fifteen million cubic feet per day." Mr. McCollough has contuiued his labors with c\'er increasing suc- cess, his broadening knowledge of geological formation making his labors most effective in the determination of the location of gas wells. In 1891 he opened a field for the Pittsburg Plate Glass Company at 340 COMPENDIUM OP HISTORY AND GENEALOGY Nortli Washington, Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, located on a spur of tlie western slope of the fourth axis, or \\'ayncs);urij-Murrays- ville anticlinal. The s;as from this field was ])iped to the ]ilate g^lass fac- tory at Creighton and by some lines to Pittsburg. In 1892 Mr. Mc- Collough opened the field for the same company on the Pinliook a.xis, in Armstrong county, Pcnnsyhania. known as the Crooked Creek field. In this field the rock pressure exceeded one tliousand ixmnds to the square inch and the volume of this well was also great, in 1S93 he located the Shellhammer field for the Carnegie National Gas Company on the Apollo uplift, and in this field very large wells were struck, one of which, the \'an Tine, No. i. deli\ered twenty million cubic feet at the discharge end of the pipe line at the Homestead plant, thirty miles from the mouth of the well. The Carnegie Natural Gas Company also drilled several wells on leases that he had taken on the Roaring Run anticlinal, w-hich proved to be among the largest producers in that county, while the largest ])roducing well in western P.utlcr county was located and drilled by Mr. McCollough at Prosi)ect, Pcni.sylvania, hav- ing a capacity of from six to eight million cubic feet every twenty-four hours. The work which Mr. McCollough has done since becoming inter- ested in the develoiimcnt oi the gas resources of the state has been enormous in extent and imjiortant in character, and has been the basis of many successful manufactiu'ing enter|)rises. In I'utler, Westmore- land and Armstrong counties !:e has located and drilled more than one hundred producing wells, embracing six of the large.'^t gas fields in Penn- sylvania. His broad knowlerlge resulting from scientific investigation and practical experience, has made him a recognized authority on the geological structure of the gas and (}il fields of Pennsylvania, and he OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 347 possesses the largest and most \-alual)Ie collection of standard works on geology to be found in western Pennsylvania. On the i/th of October, 1867. Mr. McCollough was united in marriage to Miss Mary Bredin, daughter of Edward M. and Adelia (Purviance) Bredin, of Butler, Pennsylvania. They now have three children, Marion, Kelt and Harry Ford. The family attends the ser- vices of the Presbyterian church, to which Mr. McCollough belongs, and he is also an exemplary Mason, whose membership with the craft dates from his early manhood. He votes witli the Republican party and has firm faith in the triumph of its principles, because he believes they con- tain the best elements of good government, but the extent of his busi- ness has left him no time nor desire for political preferment. T^e has been a co-operant factor in many movements and measures for the general good along educational and moral lines, his best lators in behalf of the pu])lic being performed as a private citizen. There is something akin to poetic justice in the career of Mr. McCollough, his success and prominence coming to him as the direct reward of enterprise, of busi- ness methods that are unassniiablc, of untiring energy combined with unfaltering honesty. It is the trium])h of labor and honesty over ad- verse circumstances, ajid his life history furnishes an example well worthy of emulation. JAMES BLEAKLEY. One of the most straightforward, energetic and successful business men who ever ]i\cd in I'ranklin was James Bleakley. Few men have been more prominent or widely kmnvn in tliis enterprising city than was he. In business circles he was ;in inipurtant factor, and his popularity was well deserved, fnr in him were emliraced the characteristics of an 348 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY unl>eiuliiig integrity, unahating energ)' and imlustrv tliat never flagged. He was public-spirited and tliDnuiglily interested in wliatever tends to promote the nidral. intellectual and material welfare of Franklin, and for many years lie was niinihered among its most valued and honoretl citizens. A native of the Keystone state. Mr. I'leakley was horn near I'nion- ville, on the i,^th of September, 1820. and was a son of John i^leakley, a native of the township nf Murpliey, county of Tyrone, Ireland, wlicre he was born October 20, 1788. lie located in Venango county, Penn- sylvania, in the summer of 1833, and here resided until the time of his death, which occurred on the i ilh of September, 1869. In 1836 James Bleakley was apprenticed to the printing business, and after completing a three years' term of service he went to Butler, Pennsylvania, where he was employed for three years. Early in life he was called upon to give assistance to his father, who labored under pecuniary embarrassments, and as he was an energetic and metliodical worker the son was able at an early age to render material aid, but bis educational privileges were thus necessarily limited. The time which he spent in the schoolroom did not exceed eighteen months, and during his last term he was frequently late in returning home, for which his father demanded an explanation. Incjuiry developed the fact that the teacher was often unable to solve the jiroblems of his advanced class in arithmetic and that James I'leakley had remained after school to assist him in preparing the lesson for the following day. Returning to this city in the year 1842, he established the Democratic Arch in com- pany with John W. Shugert. and continued its publication for about two and a half years. The files of this paper from July, 1842, until October, 1843, still in the possession of the family, are the earliest continuous files extant of any newspapers in Venango county. In the spring of OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 349 1844 lie embarked in mercantile pursuits, and although at that time trade was limited his expenses were light, and with the assistance of his wife in preparing articles for sale he was soon able to accumulate a little money, which he invested in real estate in Franklin and through- out the county. In 1849 'ic erected the building formerly occupied by the International Bank, now by Franklin Trust Company, adjoining which building he carried on his mercantile business for twenty years. In 185 1 and for several years thereafter he was associated with A. P. Whittaker in the imblication of the Venango Spectator, and in the journalistic circles throughout the county he gained an enviable posi- tion. In 1864 Mr. Bleakley was instrumental in organizing the First National Bank of Franklin, of which lie was cashier from that date until 1867, and in the following year he opened the International Bank, the business thus estaliHshed hm^g conducted by his sons for a number of years and with success, but at the present time the Franklin Trust Com- pany occupies the room formerly occupied by the International Bank. In addition to the various interests already mentioned he was also promi- nently connected with other enterprises, among which was a tannery, foundry, oil refinery and a tinning establishment, and in real estate and other transactions. From the year 1859 until his death he was engaged in the various branches of the oil business, being one of the purchasers of the Galloway tract and out-lot Xo. 8, famous for their production of Franklin lubricating oil. The block which was erected by him on Liberty street, Franklin, is one of the most substantial in the city. The marriage of Mr. Bleakley was celebrated in this city, where Miss Elizabeth Dubbs became his wife. She is the eldest daughter of Jacob Dubbs, who came to iM-anklin in 1824, and was engaged as a wheelwright until 1830, in which year he embarked in mercantile pursuits, and so continued until the time of his death, in 1845. Seven 350 COMPf-NDlVM ()/■ IIISTOR]' AND GENEALOGY children were I)om to the union of James and Elizabeth Bleakley, as follows: Elizalictli. whn hecanie tlic wife of '1". W. Brij^hrnn. was Ixirn Jannary i6, 1845: Clara, wlio married Alexander McDowell, a banker of Sharon, PennsyKania. was horn .\])ril 6, 1847; \\ dliam James was born Jnly 6. 1849, and Tariff clnbs of Pittsburg. He was married .\\n\\ ii. 1878, to Miss Ida M. Weir, a daughter of William G. Weir, and they have one son. LEANDER RANEY. Leander Raney, now one of the retired citizens and business men of Newcastle, Lawrence countv, Pennsylvania, has had a career of great usefulness and profit in this his native county, where he has lived and enjoyed the respect of neighbors and friends for over sixty-five years. His principal business ventures have l>ecn in flour milling and in the iron manufacture, and his success in lx>th enterprises is the result of his ceaseless diligence and astute business management. Besides hav- ing won prosperity in material afifairs, he has done his part as a ])ublic- spirited citizen and has also been devoted to those nearest and dearest to him. In other words, while he has been aggressive and enterprising, he has never gouged others in order to gain wealtli, and in iiis later years enjoys honor and peace of conscience as well as the comforts that come from a life of worthy endeavor. Mr. Raney was born in Edinburg, Lawrence county. Pennsyl- vania, March 11, 1837, a son of James and Sarah Raney, the former of whom operated for many years flouring mills at Edinburg and Mahon- ingtown, and died December 2-j, 1888, at Newcastle, Pennsylvania, and the latter of whom died in 1873, at Newcastle. Mr. Raney was educated in the commoii scIktoIs at Edinburg, OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 363 Mahoningtown and Newcastle. He learned the milling bnsiness of his father, and before coming of age became owner of his father's mill at Mahoningtown. In 1862 he disposed of the mill at Mahoningtown, and then bonght the large fionring mill of Josq>h Kissick at Newcastle. He conducted this with much success for many years, and the mill became one of the best known in western Pennsylvania. At the same time he gained some interests in the iron business in Newcastle, and was en- gaged in iron manufacture until 1900, in which year the United States Steel Corporation swept into its net all the iron interests of western Pennsylvania, and Mr. Raney then retired fnun active business. Mr. Raney is a Republican in politics, and for several years was a member of the city council at Newcastle. He affiliates with the Ma- sonic order, and is popular in liotli social and business relations. Oc- tober 30, 1S72, he was married to Miss Hannah I. Mahon, of Steuben- ville, Ohio. Two children were born of this union, a son in 1H73, and a daughter in 1875, and they are both living and married. CHRISTOPHER ZUG. Christopher Zug, one of the pioneer iron manufacturers of west- ern Pennsylvania, and at the time of bis death one of the oldest resi- dents of Pittsburg, was a descendant of people who emigrated from Switzerland to America alxDUt 1727. His grandfather. Christian Zug, settled in Pennsylvania near the site of Lititz, upon land which was granted him by the Penns, and which is still held by the Zug family. Here Jacob Zug was bom in 1767. and in 1793 he married, his wife's first name being Margaret, and she was l>orn ten years later than her husband. After their marriage they located upon a farm in Cumber- 304 COMPENDIUM OP HISTORY AND GENEALOGY land county. W'lien they \vere over sixty years of age tlicy were bap- tized in tlic church of German brethren known as Dunkards. and they hved in accordance with tliat simple faith until they died, jacoh at tlie age of ninety-eight, and Margaret when ninety years old. Rnth were noted for their piety, and always enjoyed the respect and esteem of their community. As his parents were in comfortable circumstances. Christopher Zug, who was born July 19. 1807. in Allen township, near Carlisle, Cum- berland county. Pennsylvania, received good educational advantages, be- ginning in a schoolhouse which stood on his fatlier's farm in South Middleton. His mercantile career began as a dry-goods merchant at Carlisle, but he sold out after two years, and in 1835 started for Pitts- burg, traveling by the canal route from Harrisburg. He obtained a position with S. Fahnestock & Company, wholesale hardware merchants, as bookkeeper, but after he had been there two years the I'nni failed, and Mr. Zug went to work for Hoge & Hartmans, iron mannfaclurers, and here he obtained his first ideas of the line of business to which he devoted most of his sul)sec|uent years. He was next employed by James Anderson, who sold out in 1846 to Grafif. Lindsay & Company, and later he l)ecame a meml)er of the firm, there being about three hundred men in the mills at that time ;uirl the business consisting chiefly of the manufacture of iron and nails. In 1854 Henry Graff withdrew from the company, which then became known as Zug. Lindsay & Company: in 1856 John Lindsay died, leaving the business to Mr. Zug and Jacob Painter, under the name of Zug & Painter. Tn 1S65 Charles H. Zug, a son, was taken in as a partner, and the concern was afterwards known as Zug & Company. The mills are situated at Thirteenth and Etna streets; since Mr. Zug took charge in 1856, several new buildings have been added, and al^mt sc\-en hundred and fifty men arc now employed. OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 366 Mr. Zug was interested in tlie Pittsburg Bank tor Savings, and was one of its first directors. He was widely known for his pliilanthropic work, and did mnch for the liospitals in the neighborhood ; he was senior member of the boards of the Dixmont and West Penn institutions, and was one of the first directors of tlie Passavant and Mercy hospitals. On May 17, 183 1. ]\Ir. Zug was married to Miss Eliza Bair, a daughter of Henrv Cair, of Hanover, York county: she was born April 12, 1812. The children of this union were Charles H. Zug; Mrs. James H. Parker, of Chicago; Emma, who died at the age of twelve; Mrs. Thomas C. Clarkson. of Pittsburg; Mrs. Edward Burdett, of New York; and Mary, deceased, who was the wife of Harvey Childs, of Pittsburg. About eight years ago a cataract formed on the right eye of Mr. Zug, which, although successfully removed, afifected the organ, and a little later the sight went out. Four years later the other eye was sim- ilarly l)linded, and for almost the last four years of his life he suffered from total blindness. But he visited his office almost daily until two weeks before his death, and continued to take the same keen interest in its affairs, and his mind comprehended the passing events in social, civil and business life as quickly as in his earlier years. The end came peacefully on January 13, 1902, and with him passed out of the world one of the monumental characters of the state of Pennsylvania. He was a great lover of music, especially of vocal music. W'hen Moody and Sankey were in Pittsburg he often attended the meetings to hear the large chorus. Often, when hearing of the death of some young per- son, I\Ir. Zug would remark that he wondered why the young should die, while he, wlni was past his days of usefulness, should stay. How- ever, he was never melancholy. 366 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY JOHN CHRISTIAN BULLITT. This name recalls Kentucky, where it includes a large and brilliant family, many representatives of wliich have risen to eminence at the bar, in politics, in business and in every other department of human endeavor. When the cliiidrcn of this favored family wandered off into other states, we find the s;.mc talents and briiiiruit sncial ([uaiilies bringing them success in the new localities just as tlicy did in their Kentucky iiome. Those intimately connected willi this wide connection declare tiiey never knew one of the members to Ije amenal)le to the charge of l>eing dull or commonplace. The particular scion of this interesting family whose career furnishes the subject-matter of tliese memoirs found the scene of his activities at Philadelphia. John Christian I'uilitt was born in Jefferson county, Kentucky, I'cbruary lo, 1824, at Oxnioor, — tlic homestead of tlie Bullitts. There Alexander Scott Rullilt, tlic grandfather of John C. Bullitt, died in iSiCt. He was the ])residcnt of the cmu'cntion of Kentucky wliich framed the constitution of that state of 1799. He had married the daughter of Colonel William Christian, and her mother was a sister of Patrick Henrj-. Her father was a lineal descendant of Iliam Dhnnc, the \Villi;mi Christian of Scott's "Peverill of the Peak." The father of Alexander Scott Bullitt was Culhbert Bullitt, of Prince William county, Virginia, — one of the judges of the supreme court of that state. The uncle of Alexander Scott Bullitt, Captain Thomas Bullitt, distinguished for his services in the Frenc'i and Revolutionary wars, laid out the city of Louisville in 1773. Benjamin Bullitt, the first Bullitt of this family in this country, — the great-grandfather of .Alexander Scott Bul- litt, — was a French Huguenot, who earlv in life left the Province of W-^-^^-t-.!,- ^ /J/^ OF. THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 369 Langiiedoc to escape the persecution consequent upon tlie revocation of the Edict of Nantes. WilHam C. Bulhtt, tlie father of John C. BulHtt, was born and died at Oxmoor. He was a member of the constitutional convention of Kentucky of 1850. Wilham C. Bulhtt married Mildred Ann Fry, the daughter of Joshua Fry, a son of Colonel Joshua Fry, the colonel and commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces raised in colonial days to re- sist the French aggressions in the Ohio valley. Washington was his lieutenant-colonel. Colonel Fry died in 1754 in the service and was buried near Fort Cumberland. John C. Bullitt was sent to Center College at Danville, where, at the age of eighteen years, he carried off the class honors. Entering Lexington University, he took a three years' course in law under the able preceptors then controlling that institution, and was admitted to the bar at Louisville soon after becoming of age. In September of the same year he removed to Clarksville, Tennessee, where he entered ac- tively upon the practice of his profession. Not long afterward he re- turned to Louisville, and in 1849 finally abandoned his native state for a permanent residence in Philadelphia. He soon made his mark at Philadelphia, and in a year or two was in the front rank of the able lawyers of that city. In those days it was almost impossible for an ambitious young lawyer to avoid participation in politics, and so we find Mr. Bullitt taking an active part therein. John Price Wetherill, at that time a leader of the Whigs in Penn.sylvania, finding that the new arrival from Kentucky was in sympathy with hi.=; ])olitical prin- ciples, was anxious to secure the aid of such a champion in advocacy of his cause. He therefore prevailed upon Mr. Bullitt to become one of a committee appointed to procure speakers for a political demonstra- tion, and it was at this meeting that the young Kentuckian first showed 370 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY in Philadelphia his abilit\~as a public speaker. Like most of llie anient Kentuckians of that period, he was a follower of Clay. Rut John C. Bullitt's chief glory was obtained not in politics, but along the line of his profession, for which he had a natural aptitude and in which he achieved both success and renown. lie was connected with sonic very important cases, notable among them being his man- agement of the affairs of the banking house of Jay C(X)ke & Company after its disastrous failure, which brought on the panic of 1873. This case and his control of the legal afYairs of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company brought him iM'uminently into public notice, lie was leading counsel for General I'itz-John Porter before the celebrated court martial which tried lh:it veteran soldier on serious charges, and the se- curing of bis acquittal was one of Mr. Bullitt's most noted triumphs. As a lawyer he was energetic, painstaking, careful in the ])i'eprn"ation of his papers, indefatigable in obtaining and skilful in tiic use of neces- sary evidence, but with it all highly conscientious in Ins views as to the obligations due from one in his ixisition to the general public. The civic activities of ]\lr. lUtllitt wore such as to reflect much credit u]ion himself, besides bringing benefits to his aer of the Dnquesne Clnl) of Pittsburg and the chamber of com- merce. On the 7th of October, i8st: wlien the line was coni])leted over tiie Alle- gheny Mountains in February. 1854. he was transferred to tlie office of the general superintendent at .\ltoona. The man of determination and energy usually carried out his plans, and it is interesting to know that about this time Mr. Pitcairn formed the purpose at some future date to return to Pittsburg as super- intendent of the Pittsburg division, and it was not many years before his ambition was realized, as we shall see. He was made train dis- patcher and general superintendent's clerk, and rapidly ac(|uainted him- self with the details of the railroad business. Tn 1859 he was sent to Fort Wayne tf) complete the organization of the Port Wayne road, .and in the following year returned to Altoona. and was soon afterward ap- pointed superintendent of the middle di\ision, from Conemaugh to Mif- flin. Just at this time the Ci\il wrir broke out and increased the bur- dens of railroad -operators enormously. The Pennsylvania system was then reorganized and the superintendent's disisions reduced from four to three, and he was appointed superintendent of transportation, and at the same time was assistant to the general superintendent. In addition to these duties, he was placed in charge of the Pittsburg division during the temporary absence of the superintendent for si.x months in the year 1862, and also in 1863. During the war he was burdened with a great amount of work in the transixjrtation of troops and supplies, and it was largely owing to his excellent judgment in times of danger that trains were able to keep their schedules and the business of the company and OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 375 the government to be transacted punctually. He also had charge for a time of the Cumberland Valley line from Harrisburg to Hagerstown. In April, 1865, Air. Pitcairn was made superintendent of the Pitts- burg di\-ision of the great Pennsylvania system, with home and ofifice in this city, which had been his first American home. In 1875 the position of general agent at Pittsburg was added to his other duties, and he has continued, with marked success, to hold these offices down to the present time. With the exception of two years he has been continuously in the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad since 1853, and he has just pride in reviewing this half century of service, so important to the company, and so fruitful of honor to himself. Mr. Pitcairn has been identified with most of the public, business and social interests of Pittsburg during his long residence there, and he did much to secure the handsome new depot which will always re- main one of the ornaments of the city. He is interested in many of the most solid and relialile l)usiness corporations in western Pennsylvania, and at one time was a promoter of the petroleum enterprises of the state, although ne\'er as a speculator. Mr. Pitcairn is a Republican, and, as far as is consistent with his busy life, takes an active part in politics, having served as secretary of the first convention of that ])arty ever held in Blair county. He is a Knight Templar Mason, and a past grand commander of the order : is a director of the Carnegie library and of a number of benevolent institutions about Pittsburg. He married Miss Elizabeth E. Rigg, a daughter of John Rigg. of Altoona. They have had four children, Mrs. Omar S. Decker, Airs. Charles S. Taylor, Miss Susan Blanche Pitcairn and Robe* Pitcairn, Jr. 376 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY JAMES MADISON BAILEY. Tlie career of James Madison Bailey, whose death occurred May 6, 1903, presents an example of the complexity of interests of the modern business man. After he had finished a good educational training he started to carry out the program of life which he had already mapped out for himself. One of his earliest ventures was a trip to California in the exciting Eldorado day?, and he had his share of experiences in tliat country. He I)egan to engage in business wlien still a youth ; was a coal dealer; a clerk in a commission house: built and operated the Pittsburg & Castle Shannon Railroad, whicli was a profitable invest- ment under his management: purchased tlie old Sligo rolling mill, wliicli has Ijeen in operation since 1824: and was interested in many forms of financial and business activity. Mr. Bailey is the son of Francis and .Mary A. (Beltzhoover) Bailey. Francis was a member of a family wiiicli held a hundred-year lease on an estate on the Baun Waters near Colcrainc. Ireland, and iiis mot'icr belonged to the old Livingston family of Scotland. He came to Phila- delphia in 18 1 4 and to Pittsburg about six years later. He was a mer- chant most of his life. He was prominent in Freemasonry, was the first commander of the Knight Templar Commandery of Pittsburg, and was instrumental in reviving Masonry here. He was an alderman under government appointment. He died in 1849. at the age of sixty- two years, with an honorable career behind him. Of the six children of Francis Bailey, James Madison was the last one surviving. He was born in Pittsburg, August 23, 1833, and ac- quired his early education at the Western University of Pittsburg, which he attended six years. He was seventeen years old when he began deal- ing in coal, which he continued for some years, and he was then a clerk (^i<^cj J/, /^au^, OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 379 in a commission firm for four years, and had steady advancement in different enterprises tin-oughout his career. At the time cf his death he was a director in tlie Pittsburg & Lake Erie Railroad, in tlie Ashland Coal & Iron Railroad Company, the Norton Iron Works at Ashland, Kentucky, and the Pittsburg Clay Pot Works, was president of Monon- gahela Inclined Radroad, and was identified with other enterprises in Pittsburg. He was president and a director of the Fourth National Bank of Pittsburg, owning nnich uf the stock of that institution. He was an incorporator and director of the Fort Pitt National Bank. As a financier his judgment was respected Ijy the stanchest business men of the city, and he also had a reputation for conservative management and tact in the manufacturing field, to which he devoted so many years of his life. He had a thorough knowledge of details, not only in his own business, but in many others — a rare and valuable gift. Mr. Bailey experienced many of the ups aiul downs of the world, and among the pleasant youthful recollections he enjoyed few more than the time when lie "roughed it" for eighteen months among the mines of California after his overland trip of 1852. Mr. Bailey was a member of the Masons and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He never took any part in politics, but was a firm supporter of the principles of the Democratic party. He was a member of the select council for four years, — a position entirely un- sought by him, — and was also a school director. He was married in 1867 to Miss Martha E. Dalzell, a daughter of James Dalzell. Mrs. Bailey died in 1883, leaving three children, all now living. THOMAS STEEL BIGELOW. Thomas Steel Bigelow, a corporate lawyer and prominent citizen * of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, is a native of his home city, and was Ixirn 380 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY on Fourth avenue, whicli at that time was one of tlic princiijal residence thoroughfares of tlie city. He comes of good ancestrv on lK)th sides of the liouse. His fatlicr. Edward Manning Bigelow. (hed when 'rimmas was only eight years old. Init the son was furnished witli all the advan- tages of education, which he utilized to the highest degree. He was studious and amhitions from early hoyhood, and took rather to Ijooks than to the pranks that are usual with hoys of his age. He ohtained his earlier education in the second ward school, where so many Ixiys were educated to future usefulness in their city and to high positions of trust and honor. He ne.xt entered Dr. Williams" .\cademy on Dia- mond street, where he finished his literary training. Mr. Bigelow had alreadx' formed a liking for the law, and had read with avidity all hooks that came in his way, and when he was ready to begin his preparation for the i)rofession he entered the office of George Shiras, who has since come to fame by being elevated to the supreme bench of the United States. Securing admission to the bar. he began practice, and. by hard ap])lication and pcrsc\'crance through all the ui)s and downs nf that early i)eriod of his career, he came gradually into his share of the legal business of the city, and, before long, "Tom" Bigelow, as he was called, was mentioned as one of the leading lawyers and a careful and scrupulous practitioner. In politics Mr. Bigelow has rather unselfishly aided the aspira- tions of others than sought office him.self. But he accepted at the hands of his friends the office of city attorney, which he held with credit and dignity for nine years. Throughout this period he had the reputa- tion of being one of the most tactful, as well as able, men that ever were incumbent of the position. The office gained him honor, and his conduct while in it increased his great popularity with the people. He resigned the city attorneyship to devote his attention to the OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 381 street railway business. It may be said tliat lie has done more to de- velop rapid transit systems in western Pennsylvania than any other man. He was a clo.se friend of the late William J. Burns, and he pre- pared the assembly bill mider which tb.e West End traction line was chartered, going to Harrisburg for the purpose. The Pittsburg Trac- tion owes its inception to him. He first conceived the idea of convert- ing the old Pittsburg and Oakland horse-car line into an up-to-date cable road. It was a knotty problem to solve, but he had the temper and genius to do it, and he has the satisfaction of knowing that this was the forerunner of most of the rapid transit lines in this part of the country. When the company was finally organized Mr. Bigelow was elected vice president and was one of the principal stockholders. Mr. Bigelow's Republican tendencies have brought him out, within the last few years, somewhat into the arena of politics. He was one of the principal supporters of Matthew Stanley Quay for re-election. And it was partly through his activity at Harrisburg that the famous "Rip- per Bill" for the chartering of second class cities was passed. Mr. Bigelow has never married, but resides with his sister on North High- land avenue. West End. He is a member of the East Liberty Presby- terian church, and one of the financial pillars, having contributed liber- ally to the building of the present handsome church edifice. JOHN PHILLIPS. John Phillips, coal operator, iron manufacturer and prominent busi- ness man of Sharon, Penns\-l\'aiiia, was born in LInion county, that state, October i, 1829. He is a son of Samuel Phillips, who was a native of Northampton county, Pennsylvania, where he was born April 382 COMPENDIUM OF UISTORV .IND GENEALOGY I, 1805, and married Susanna Winey. of Union cdunty, tlic same state. In 1836 the family removed from Union county to tlie farm in Hickory township, Mercer county, wliercon Samuel resided until his death, September 1, 1888, and where his wife died July 2. 1884, aged seventy-five years and seven months. John Phillips grew to manhood on the old homestead and entered the employ of General Pierce, with whoni he remained three years, prin- cipally engaged in attending to the coal-shijjping interests of that gen- tleman. He then spent a couple of years in farming, and in 1854 formed a partnership with General Pierce, under the firm style of J. Phillips & Company, for the jiurpose of mining and shipping coal. In 1853 he opened the coal l)eds on his father's farm and managed the mining and shipping interests of the firm until 1861-2, when he sold out to his partner, and in 1863 he leased coal lands on the farms of the late John Eberhart and Samuel Fry and developed the same. The firm of Phillips, McMaster & Company, later J. Phillips tS: Company, mined coal on these farms and vicinity until 1887. when they retired from the business. From 1864 to 1883 Mr. Phillips was interested in the Sharps- ville Railroad, and was one of the organizers of the Sjiearman Iron Company, at Sharpsville, and has since been connected with that insti- tution. Mr. Phillips has been a stockholder, vice president and director in the Sharon National P.ank from its organization in 1875 until 1902, when it was sold to the newly organized Sharon Savings & Trust Com- pany, of which uistitution Mr. Phillips is a large stockholder, one of its honored vice presidents and a director, as well as being one of the pro- moters and directors of the hospital, and jjresident of Oakwood Ceme- tery Association. He is always ready to give of his means and use his influence for the advancement and good of the town and community OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 383 and lielp his fellowmen, doing many nol)le acts and deeds of charity in a quiet way. On May 13, 1858, he was married to Miss Emma, daughter of John and Susanna (Berlin) Eherhart, early settlers of Hickory town- ship. Mercer county. Mrs. T'hilli])s was a native of that county, and became the mother of three children, namely: Florence E., who mar- ried W. G. Henderson, of Sharon: Sadie M., who married John C. Owsley; and Charles F., of Sharon, who married Mary McClure. The mother of these children died October 20, 1885, aged forty-nine years and three months. Although a life-long member of the Lutheran church, she united with the Methodist Episcopal church a short time before her death, to which body her husband belongs. Mr. Phillips is a Democrat in politics, and belongs to the Masonic fraternity. ENOCH FILER. Enoch Filer, coal dealer and operator, was born in England, Jan- uary 15, 1833. He is a son of Thomas and Ann (Barber) Filer, who lived and died in England. Enoch Filer came from England to Mer- cer county, Pennsylvania, in March. 1852, and began working at the coal business, which he had followed in his native land. In 1859 he sank the first large shaft on the farm of John Hofius, Hickory town- ship, this being the introduction of that class of mining in Mercer county, and the first in which machinery was used for hoisting the coal. He subsequently sank a shaft for Kimherly. Forker & Company, and also one for Pierce, Scott & Allen. He afterward spent a couple of years in the oil region, where he was engaged in the coal business for him- self. In 1866 he returned to Mercer county, purchased an interest in the original shaft on the Hofius farm, and soon afterward went into 384 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY [Kirtnership with Samuel Kimberly. under the style of Kimljerly & Filer. Soon afterward he was connected in the coal business with James West- erman, whose estate is still a part of the company. Mr. Mlcr is to-day the oldest and most prominent coal operator in Mercer county, and has been very successful in business. His various properties may be detailed as follows : Ormsby Works No. T. bv Enoch Filer, for J. W. Ormsby & Tierce, on the farm of John Hofius in 1859. continued until 187 1, the first shaft in which ma- chinery was used for hoisting coal; Keel Ridge No. i, shaft sunk by Enoch Filer for Kimberly & Forker on the Titus farm, four miles from Sharpsville in 1863, the former owners of which were Samuel Kimlievly and Henry Forker. ownership changed to Kimberly Forker & Company, but property was abandoned in December, 1874; Mount Pleasant Shaft, sunk on land of Enoch Filer by Kimberly & Filer in 1869. with average daily capacity of three hundred tons : Snyder Bank, on Snyder farm, opened by Kimberly, Filer & Company, in 1S73; Congressional Bank, sunk on the Love farm b)' Spearman, Ulj), Kimberly & Filer in 1874, reached by the Sharpsville railroad branch to Bethel. On May 21, 1853. Mr. Filer was married to Elizalieth Lawton. a native of England, by whom he has had six children, namely: John 1""., Enoch L.. Frank P.. Henry J.. Walter G. and Clara. Politically Mr. Filer is a Democrat. Fraternally he is a Mason, and the entire family belong to the Episcopal church. He is one of the enterprising, progres- sive business men of the .Shenango valley. JOHN DAUB. For many years the most influential citizen of Pittsburg, Pennsyl- vania, was the stanch German-American John Daub. His prominence '^y/^^^fy ^ a/^^ ^ 9^7Z^ OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 387 in circles of trade and ^uisiness was not his sole title to distinction, for he was true to all the trusts reposed in the kee])ing of American citizen- shi]). was beloved b)- all his associates for his strict integrity, and best of all was honored for his noble manhood and kindness of heart displayed Ijefore his family and friends. And in this last respect we see one of the sweetest and happiest points of his career, for in the charming bonhomie and the inspiring and helpful trust between him and his de- voted wife lies the mainspring of his success, and in the following brief biography this dual relationship must be constantly held in mind, for their ways were one till death separated them. John Daub was the son of John and Sophia (Feltbusch) Daub, the former a shoemaker in the sense in which that term is used in the German country, that is. an artist in the manufacture of all articles of footwear. The family residence was in the town of Obergleen, for- merly in Hesse-Darmstadt, and that was the birthplace of the son John on the 22d of August, 1826. He attended the "Volkschule" of his native village up to his twelfth year, and was then withdrawn in order to enter the schools at Frankfort on the ]\lain. He completed the excellent course at this school, and then, as the tastes of himself and the family ran to mercantile jiursuits, began his novitiate in a grocery store in Frankfort, remaining there until 1848. While here he formed the acquaintance of Miss Emilie Rud()li)h, who at the age of fifteen had been sent to Frankfort to obtain a business training, in accordance witfl the general custom of preparing girls as well as boys for their life work. She was the daughter of John and Christina (Stolzenbach) Rudolph, and her father was a manufacturer and dealer in broadcloths in Homburg. The similarity of tastes and aspirations soon ripened the acquaintance of these young people into affection, and on March 18, 1848, they began life's journey together. Immediately after the wedding 388 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY they took an extensive trip tlirongli (Icrmany and Eng-land, and from the latter country eml>arler of the common council from the twenty-fourth ward, and was on the gas and lighting and the re- trenchment and reform committees. While in council he had a resolu- tion adopted authorizing evening sessions of the council : also an ordi- nance requiring city streets to be cleaned by contract, which was in force for four years, until repealed by political influence; as a member of the gas lighting committee he exerted himself to secure the passage of a bill providing gasoline lamps for streets where gas was not avail- able, and this ordinance is still in force. In 1878 he ran for the legis- lature, but in this case his political complexion defeated him. In 1882 he was elected Democratic county chairman, and was in that position till 1895. He was appointed clerk of the committee on labor at the na- tional capital in 1883, serving for two years. He was an unsuccessful OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 395 candidate for the office of auditor general of Pennsylvania in 1886. For fifteen years he was a member of tlie state central committee. Mr. Brennen has always stood as the stanch friend of the laboring- man, and at the time the Wood tariff bill was being considered he was selected as the most competent speaker in behalf of the workingmen. He has Ijeen on the stump in every campaign since 1876. and in attendance at every Democratic state convention, except one, since 1874. Mr. Brennen's interest in trades unionism is shown by the fact that he was president of the Machinists" and Blacksmiths' Union for five years before it was absorbed Ijy the Knights of Labor, and he assisted in organizing the latter in Pittsburg. He has been the attorney for the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers for many years, also for the American Flint Green Bottle Glass Workers, of the United Coal Miners' Union, and of others. He has been engaged as counsel in many important cases. Fie represented the defense of the Homestead murder and treason cases at the time of the Homestead riot, and rep- resented Alexander Craig in his contest against Andrew Stewart for a seat in the fifty-second Congress, and succeeded in unseating Stewart. Mr. Brennen has the reputation of absolute reliability and utmost fidel- ity to trusts, and his habits of thorough consideration and mature judg- ment seldom cause him to err. He has thus gained an enviable reputa- tion among the lawyers of Pittsburg, and nowhere has his influence and his effort been more effective than in the cause of labor and all that is connected therewith. Mr. Brennen has never married, and his life has been so full of useful activity that, indeed, he has had little time for domestic cares. 25 396 COMPENDIUM 01' HISTORY AND GENEALOGY ELI SUA P. DOUGLASS. I'dr a number of )'ears I'^lislia 1 'eairs Douglass lias l)ccn a iiicml)i.T of the legal profession and has hecn cn,t:;^age. Billick. and David P.. all of Elizabeth township. .M- legheny county. The ancestors were of the old Scotch-Irish Covenanters, and in this country identified themselves religiously with the Associate Reform and later the United Presbyterian ch.urch, of which latter Thomas D. Doug- lass was a life-long member. In political matters he was an old-time Democrat, and. although he had no particular desire for office, served several terms as a member of the school board of Elizaljeth township and was for many years township treasurer. He was a man of indus- trious habits, good character and strict integrity, was always fond of companionship and was very popular and hospitable. He was possessed OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 399 of a great fund of nati\e Inimor, and one of his greatest charms lay- in his ability to see tlie humorous side of hfe. He died in 1896, in his seventy-fiftli year, aiul is survived Ijy his widow, who is now seventy- three years of age and is hving near the old family homestead. Elisha P. Douglass was born in Elizabeth township, Allegheny county, Pennsylvania, on the 22(1 of February, 1849, ^^d attended the common schools of his locality a part of the lime each year until he at- tained his majority, with the exception of one term which he spent in Elizabeth Academy. In September. 1870, he entered the California Normal School of that ])lace. where he spent several months in prepara- tion for teaching. In the fall of 1871. after passing a successful ex- amination, he recei\ed certificates in Allegheny, Washington and West- moreland counties. PennsyKania. and secured what is now known as the Lebanon or old Fells Church school in Rostraver township, West- moreland county. Here he began his first work as a teacher in October, 1871, receiving a salary of forty dollars a month for a five months' term, but his work was satisf.ictory, and the district gave him a three months' summer term at fifty-five dollars a month. At the end of that term he declined a re-election, having decided to enter college and prepare himself for professional work rather than follow teaching. In September, 1872. he became a student in the University of Wooster, Ohio, with the intention of remaining there about two years and then studying medicine. .\s he had had no preparation for college he entered as a partial student, and at the end of his first term concluded to enter the freshman class regularly, carry his work along and make up all l)ack work, which he did. and in the following year completed the studies in the sophomore year and left college, with the expectation of never returning. During the followmg year Mr. Douglass taught his home school in Elizabeth township. .^Mlegheny county, Pennsylvania, and dur- 400 COMPENDIUM OP HISTORY AND GENEALOGY ing this period decided to return to college, complete his course and study for the profession of law. This he did and graduated, receiving the Philosophical degree in 1877. In September of that year he passed his preliminary law examinatinn. and in the following November was registered as a law student under Majf)r Robert E. Stewart, of Pitts- burg. In February, 1880, he was admitted to the practice of law in the courts of Allegheny county, and has since followed the practice of his profession in Pittsburg. Mr. Douglass has always been a lirm belie\er in assisting and becoming identified with the new enterprises of his hoinc city. Since the 1st of October, 1880, he has resided in McKeesport, and during this period has been identified largely with a number of the city's best enterprises. He was instrumental in incorporating the McKeesport Title & Trust Company, and is at present solicitor. He was also in- terested in building and operating the first street railway in McKees- port, covering a period of from eight t(j ten years; is a stockholder and vice president of the McKeesport Tin Plate Company, a large concern which is now in ojjcration ; and is also a stockholder ;inrld than that of a common laborer, and he ga\c his spare hours to study, ^\'ith such assiduity did he apply himself to his Ixaoks that without any further schooling he was able to enter Dickinson Seminary at W'illiamsport, Pennsyh-ania, from which institution he was graduated in June, 1873, after wdiich he enrolled as a student in Lafayette College at Easton, this state, there graduating in June, 1876. In the term following his graduation from Lafayette College he was placed in the princi])alship of the grammar school at Clearfield, Pennsylvania, in which place he has since resided, but the occupation of teaching not being ]iarticularly congenial to him and the bar offering special attractions, he determined to embrace the jirofession of law, and while still in charge of the school at Clearfield, with that energ}' which has ever been the keynote of his success, he applied himself to his books, being enrolled as a student of law with Murray & Gordon. The rapid- ity with which he mastered the intricacies of legal practice soon proved the wisdom of his choice, and he was admitted as a member of the Clearfield l)ar on January 14, 1879, and to the jiractice of the profession of law he has since devoted a large part of his time and attention. As a result lie has wnn ;ni enviable reputation and made a credital)le record as an attorney. While teaching school and reading law he also found time to build u]) a business as a real estate and insurance agent, in 404 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORV AND GENEALOGY wliicli he has since contimiC(l. ami now divitlcs liis lime hctwecn this calling .ind his growings legal practice. Politically Mr. Harris has always been a Republican, and in liis district has taken an active part in tlic work of tliis organization. In the many campaigns of Iioth the county and state he has been a promi- nent figure, having been one of the strongest speakers in every contest in his county for twenty years. In 1880 and i§8i lie was chairman of the Republican county committee, and in 1883 was a delegate to the state convention which nominated James A. Beaver for governor. In 1880 he was elected to the town council of Clearfield, in which oftice he remained until T887. being entrusted by that body with the duties of town clerk. In November, 1896, Mr. Harris was elected a member of the legislature from Clearfield county, to which position he was re- elected in 1898 and again in 1900, and while a member of that body served as chairman of the judiciary general committee and as chairman of the game and fish committee of the house, having taken an active part in all the business of that body and in debate won recognition as an orator of considerable ability. He sulisequently resigned this ofifice to accept the position of state treasurer, to which he was elected in Noven>l5er, 1901, and of which he is now the present incumbent. On the 15th of .\i)ril, 1879, Mr. Harris was married to Elizabeth F. Baird, of Clinton county, Pennsylvania, and they ha\c had three children, two sons and one daughter, all of whom died during their childhood. SAMUEL J. M. McCARRELL. The state of Pennsylvania has produced a brilliant galaxy of men who have devoted special study to (|uestions afTecting the development OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 405 of its resources and tlic steady promotion of its position in the sister- hood of states, and Daupliin county lias furnislicd an honorable cjuota, S. J. M. McCarrell lieing accorded marked prominence. Twice ele- vated to the office of state senator and l>earing an envial)le reputation as one of the leading attorneys at the state capital, he has represented the different interests throughout the commonwealth wisely and faithfully. Progressive in mind ruid with a recognition of the importance of the affairs of his constituents as well as the great state of which he is a native, he has studiously brought to bear all the forces of his strong intellectual nature to help further everything that goes to make up a pros- perous and contented people. That he has succeeded to a marked degree is a matter of local history. Samuel J. M. McCarrell was born in Buffalo township, Washington county, Pennsylvania, and his ancestors were of Scotch-Irish stock, a people celebrated for their industry, perseverance, courage and great force of character. His paternal ancestry is traced back to Ayrshire. Scotland, and his maternal lineage to the IMcLains of Duard Castle on the island of Mull. His ancestors found their way from Scotland to the north of Ireland, and thence came to the United States prior to the Revolutionary war, in which his grandfathers, Thomas McCarrell and William McClelland, took an active part, and the latter aLso .served in the war of 1812. His father. Rev. Alexander McCarrell, D. D., was pastor of the Clays\ille Presbyterian church for about thirtv-five years, and during his ministry he accomplished much good by his zeal in the cause of Christianity and the upholding of a high order of righteous- ness in the communities in which he labored. His son, therefore, was thoroughly disciplined in the tenets of this righteous faith, to which may be attributed his integrity and steadfast devotion to the principles of right and justice. 406 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY Mr. McCarrell spent his early Ixiylitxid days on a farm, attending the common schools during the winter months and working on the farm (hiring the summer. Later he clerked in his imcle's store in Claysville, meanwhile preparing himself for college under the instruelinn of his father. He entered Washington College in i860, graduating four years later with the highest honors of his class, and in the fall of 1864 he accepted a position as assi.stant principal (if the Linsley Institute at Wheeling, West Virginia. While thus engaged he began the study of law under the instruction of Mr. McKennan, of the firm of Richardson & McKennan. In the summer of the following year, 1865, he went to Harri.sburg, where he completed his law studies under the preceptorship of David Fleming, with whom he later became a jiartner. contiiuiing as such until the deatli of Mr. Fleming, in January, 1890. Mr. Mc- Carrell was admitted to practice at the Dauphin county bar in Novem- ber, 1867, and served as district attorney of that county for two terms, from 1881 to 1887, with great credit to himself and much satisfaction to the people. He has also held the p(~)sition of United States commis- sioner for the United States circuit and district courts of the eastern dis- trict of Pennsylvania. Tn the fall of i8()2 he was elected to the state senate, and at the next session was re-elected, being chosen president pro tempore of that Ixjdy. His record as a senator is of the highest standard. He gave special attention to the duties of the various com- mittees of which lie was a member, and allowed nothing to interfere with his work as a representative in the highest body of the Keystone state. In a word, the public career of Mr. McCarrell h;is l)een unusually suc- cessful and honorable, and as an attorney he has taken a leading part in some of the most noted litigation in the supreme and lower courts. Being an effective advocate, his ability at the bar is widely acknowledged, and his eloquence in the senate and in other public assemblages has w'on OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 407 him a prominence that is not confined l)y the toundaries of his native state. As a presicHng officer in the senate lie officiated with dignity, courtesy and fairness, making a record of wliicli he may well be proud. In fact, it is a matter of history that not once during his occupancy of the chair was there any question of his decisions and not a single appeal was taken from his rulings. He was a member of the New Capital Building Commission, under the act of April 14, 1897. On the 29th of March, 1901, he was appointed by President McKinley United States attorney for the middle district of Pennsylvania, which appointment was confirmed by the senate December 12, 1901, for the term of four years. Mr. McCarrell was married on the 21st of December, 1871, to Rebecca A., daughter of Robert Wallace, of Clearfeld, Pennsylvania. Two children were torn of this union : W'allace Alexander, who died at the age of four years, and Samuel J. M., Jr., who died on the 29th of January, 1901, aged nineteen years. Mr. McCarrell is known through- out central Pennsylvania as a generous and consistent church worker, and his benevolence has always been shown whenever and wherever it was needed. He has proved a true friend of the lalioring classes, work- ing early and late for their advancement, and he has legions of admirers, high and low. He enjoys a very large and lucrative law practice, his spacious offices at Harrisburg being the Mecca of clieuts from all over the state. He saw military service during iS6.^ with his college com- pany. ANDREW J. LAWRENCE. Andrew J. Lawrence was born in Allegheny city, Pennsylvania, on the 1st of March, 1849. ^'^ father, John Lawrence, was a native of 408 COMPEXDIUM OP HJSTORV AND GENEALOGY Scotland and was possessed of the sturdy rind adniiial>lc cliaracteristics whicli almost uniformly designate the true ty])e of the Scotsman. As a young man he emigrated to America and located in Allegheny city, where he passed the rest of liis life. gi\-ing his attention to tlic work of his trade and hecoming one of the successful cariientcrs and huiiders of that city, where his death occurred in 1864, at tlic age of sixty-seven years. His wife, whose maiden name was Christine Johnstone, was horn in Scotland, and in tliat country tlicir marriage was solemnized. Mrs. Lawrence died in 1882. They became tlic parents of eight cliildrcn. of whom six ar^ living at the present time, tlie subject of tliis l)iogra|)hy being the youngest. John Lawrence was a Republican in ids political ])roclivities, and his religious faith was that of the United Presbyterian church, of which his wife likewise was a devoted member. They were people of unassuming character and sterling worth, and were held in high regard by all who knew them. Andrew J. Lawrence secured his preliminary educational iliscii)line in the public schools of his native city, and the same has been effectively supplemented by personal apjilication and by the association with the practical affairs of life. He gave inception to his business career at the age of fifteen years, when, in 1864. he became a messenger lx>y. Two years later he secured employment in the Sligo Iron Mills, in Pittsburg, owned by the firm of Lyon, Shorb & Company, and with this concern he continued for a period of nine years, winning advancement through his faithful and efficient service. He was then tendered the position of general bookkeeper in the Tradesman's National Tlank, in Pittsburg, where he so thoroughly proved his value in executive capacity that he was eventually promoted to the position of assistant cashier, continuing in the employ of this well known financial instituticju until 1887, when OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. 409 he engaged in tlic stock brokerage business, in wliicli he has since con- tinued. In politics Mr. Lawrence gives his allegiance to tlie Republican party, Init he lias never had political ambition in a personal way and has never been incumbent of public office. He is prominently identified with the time-honored fraternity of Freemasons, in which he has ad- vanced to the thirty-second degree of the Scottish Rite, and in whose affairs he maintains an abiding interest. His affiliations are with St. John's Lodge No. 219, F. & A. M. ; Shiloh Chapter No. 257, R. A. M. ; Pittsburg Commandery No. i, K. T., all of Pittsburg, while in the Scot- tish Rite he is a member of Pennsylvania Consistory, A. A. S. R., at Pittsburg. He is also identified with the more peculiarly social adjunct of the order, being a member of Sylvia Temple of the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He is one of the trustees of the North Presbyterian church, of Allegheny city, where he still main- tains his home, and his wife holds membership in the same. On the nth of April. 1872, Mr. Lawrence was united in marriage to Miss Fannie McKune, a daughter of Robert McKune, who at one time carried on an extensive saddlery business in Allegheny city, where Mrs. Lawrence was torn. Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence have one son, Charles A. Lawrence, who is assistant secretary and treasurer of the Equitable Trust Company, of Pittsburg. An estimate of the character of Mr. Lawrence is given by Mr. H. M. Landis, the cashier of the Tradesman's National Bank : "My ac- quaintance with him dates back twenty-two years, and I have occasion to feel especially grateful to him for the help he has given me. I came to the l)ank as a messenger and rose to my present position largely through the instrumentality of Mr. Lawrence, who was always willing 410 COMPENDIUM OP IIISPORY AND GENEALOGY to lend a lielping hand and ever re:idy with a kind word. He is a gen- erous man and ahvays lias a kind word fur Iiis friends and arf|uaint- ances." CHARLES ARTHUR MUEHLBRONNER. Charles A. Mnehlbronncr, jjresent senator from the forty-second senatorial district of Pennsylvania, is of Cicrnian parentage, and the son of a veteran of the Civil war, Christian H. Muehlhronner, who was horn in Germany and came to this cnuntry in 1855. He followed the occupation of a mechanic in I'liiladelphia for some time, and afterward moved to Lagrange. Ohio. Tic responded to the call for volunteers for the preservation of the Ur.ion. and, enlisting in a cavalry regiment, served till the close of the war. with :is honorable a record of service to his ado]ited coinitr}' as many ri.'itixe burn could boast of. He then came to Pittsburg and was employed on the conslructinn of the South Side water works. He soon afterward moved to a little tract of land now in the twenty-third ward, and engaged in tilling the soil, and especially in grape culture, his fruit being noted all over the state. He died in 1869. He had shown himself to be a model citizen, and was a worker in the Lutheran church. He had three sons, of whom two are now living. Charles A. Muehlhronner. the eldest of this little family, was born in Philadelphia, May 10, 1857. He had what might have been consid- ered an unpromising start in life, for up to his twelfth year he was privi- leged to attend only a little log schoolhouse in Jefferson county, West Virginia. But he was ambitious for higher learning, and early mani- fested the energy and determination to go up higher. When his early schooldays were ended he became an apprentice to a painter, and for OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 413 the next four years labored at his trade and at night stiuhed surli books as he could get. Naturally the goal seemed to be far away, and his progress slow, but that there was progress none can doubt who know the man as he now is. From 1870 to 1873 he was a clerk in a general store. Then followed a period in which he feels that he sowed !iis wild oats, although the harvest of c.\|)eriencc was certainly very \aluable. He started out to see the world, alone, on May 10, 1873, and made the long journey to California by means of freight and stock cars, — "side-door .sleepers," to descend to the vernacular of the profession. By the time he had reached his destination he had also reached the con- clusion arrived at by the majority of those who are not hardened knights of the road, that there is no ]'lace like home. But he remained in Cali- fornia fifteen months, and then came back to his native state. The beginning of Mr. Muehlbronner's successful career was rather humble. He first become known to the public as a peddler of yeast and oysters. He got a monopoly of supplying all the grocers of Alle- gheny with oysters, and from that branched out into the poultry busi- ness. This i)roved profitable, and he continued it for seven years in the Pittsburg market. In 1889 he established the commission firm on Lib- erty street, and, with yearly increased business, he has conducted it till the present time. Of course these few words cannot completely convey the history of his commercial career, for he had discouragements, was compelled to struggle against difficulties, but it is a pleasure to record that he has triumphed, and to-day he has the reputation of Ijcing one of the most reliable business men in the city of Pittsburg. Mr. Muehlbronner has taken much interest in jxilitics and public afifairs. He has always been an enthusiastic Republican, and has mani- fested his pride in his city by using all his influence for its advancement. When twentv-two vears of age he was tax collector for the seventh ward 414 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY of Allegheny; he served for thiee years as a scliool director, and was in the conimon council for tiie same time, lie was elected to the select council for a term of four years. After ser\ing two \ears in the last mentioned hody. he resigned because of election to the legiskitnrc in 1890. He was a member of the lower house during the sessions of 1891, 1893, 1895, 1897; was chairman of the municipal corporation committee; was the father of the prison labor bill, which has i)ro\ed so satisfactory to the people of the state, and exerted his influence in securing the pas- sage of many other laws which were beneficial to the state, among them a law providing for a change in the charters of cities. Mr. Muehlbronner was elected to the state senate in 1898. He was a member of the senate committee appointed to welcome home the brave boys of the Tenth Pennsyh'ania \'o1unteer Kegiment, after their loyal ser\ice in the Philippines. 'I'h.e senate committee planned to meet them in San Francisco and escort tiiem home, and great preparations were made for their reception. Through some error the soldiers arrived first, and were compelled to remain on board the vessel for a day before the committee arrived. Their joy on reaching home was somewhat marred by the death, on the homeward voyage, of their colonel, Ale.xander L. Hawkins. His successor at tiic head of the troops was Lieutenant Colonel J. E. Barnett, a i)ersonal friend of Senator Mu'jhlhronner, and it happened that the latter had been chosen to deliver the address of wel- come. And the Senator did all in his ])ower for the comfort of "the Ixjys," and through his influence m.'uiy extra courtesies, such as Pullman and dining cars, were l)estowed on them. The largest concourse of peo- ple ever gathered in Pittsburg greeted them on their arrival, and the late President McKinley, who was the city's guest at the time, gave them a kindly greeting that they will never forget. From the preceding narrative it will be seen Uiat Mr. Muehlbrcjnner OF, THE STATE OF PENNSYLl'AXIA. 415 is an eminently self-made man. rind his career not only furni>^hcd himseif mnch satisfaction. l:ut the people of the county and district have set their seal of ajjproval upon h\m hy electint,^ him so often to represent them. A prominent business man of Pittsburg gives the following tribute; "I-'or over ten years I have been accpiainted with Mr. Muehl- bronner. There is embodied in his name everything that is right and honorable. A man that has come up from the humble walk of life and has successfully con(|uered every obstacle before him. a successful mer- chant by indefatigalde work and attending closely to business, and pos- sessing the entire confidence of th.e community. — I could not say too much for iiim." Mr. Muehlbronner is a thirty-second degree Mason and a member of the Mystic Shrine. He also belongs to the Knights of Pythias and the Indeiiendent Order of Odd b'ellows. As a club man, he is enrolled i:)n the registers of the Taritt. F.Iks" Club, the .\mericus. the Uni^n League. Republican. L'niun Hunting and I'ishing. American Clubs, the Alle- gheny Turners, and various other social organizations. Mr. Muehl- linniner was marrietf ^^lay ii. 1S7S. to Miss .\melia iiehm, and they are the parents of six children, two sons and four daughters. JOHN W. NESBIT. .\mong the native sons of the old Keystone state who have won prestige in civic, militarv and otilcial life is John W. Xesbit, who is in- cumbent of the important office of L'nited States pension agent in the city of Pittsimrg and who is prominently identified with various business enterprises in the county. He ser\ed in the war of the Rebellion, and was mustered out with a good army record: he made an excellent record as a inember of the state legislature: and has won through his own 4I>; COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY efforts a ilistiiictive success in connection with industrial ami other l>usi- ness acti\ities. Tluis he Ijeconies unmislakahly ehgiliie for rc])rcsenta- tion in a work of this nature. John W. Xeshit was horn in Soutii Fayette townsliip. .\lle,t;iu'ny county, Pennsylvania, on the uth of May, 1S40, hcing the son of j.inies McConnell and Eliza (Woods) Nesbit, representing stanch old Scotch- Irish lineage, while the respecti\e families have long Ijeen established on American soil. Mr. Xeshit was reared under the sturdy disci])!ine of the farm, and his educational pri\ileges in his youth were such as were afforded in the public schools of the localit_\- and ])eri(]d. Tie cniliniied to assist in the work of the homestead farm until the dark cloud of civil war obscured the national horizon, when on the _'jd of August, i86j. he enlisted as a pri\-ate in Cnnijiau}- 1), One ilundred and I'orly-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, which was shortly afterward assigned to the Army of the Potomac, w ith which it was in active serxice under Burnside, Hooker, Meade and (irant, taking jiarl in many of the most notable conflicts which marked the course of the great struggle, including the battles of Chancellorsvilie, Gettysburg, Mine Hun, the Wilderness, I-iurel Hill, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Cild llarl^or, Petersburg, W'el- don Railroad, Dabney's Mills, and Hatcher's Run. besides many minor engagements and skirmishes. Mr. Nesbit remained in aclise service until the close of the war, when he received bis honorable discharge and was mustered out as a sergeant. .After the close of the war Mr. Xeshit returned to his home and resumed agricultural operations, later becoming actixe in connection with political, business and military affairs. In the year 1S75 he effected the organization of Company C, Fourteenth Regiment, Xational (iuard of Pennsylvania, of which he was elected captain r)n .\ugusl 14th of 'I'-it year. He continued in command of this comi)any until July 9, 1893, OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 417 when lie was elected niajur and forthwith assunietl command of the Second Battahon of the regiment. On the iJtli of May. uSyH, he enH.^^ted fur service in tiie Spanish-American war, Init so(mi afterward resigned to resume liis duties as L'nited States pension agent at I'ittsljurg. to whicli otlice he had l>een prex'iously appointed. Major Xesbit Ijccame actively concerned in political aftairs a number of years ago, ha\-ing ever been an uncompromising ailvocate of the princijiles mid policies of the Republican party, and bis prominence in county politics led to his being chosen as the candidate of his part}' for representati\*e of the sixth Alle- gheny assembly district in the state legislature, to which position he was first elected in 1880, serxing during the sessions of 1881 and 1883 and being subsecjuently re-elected and serxing in the general assemblies of 1889, 1891 and 1893, He was an actixe working member of the legislatix'e body, in which be was assigned to several important committees within the several sessions, and be ably represented his constituency and the interests of the state at large. On the 1st of I'ebruary, 1895, Major Xesbit received from Governor Hastings the appointment as superintendent of the state arsenal, at Har- risburg, anil be continued in tenure of this oflke until December 16, 1897, when he resigned. In 1896 he was a canditlate for sheriff of Allegheny county, Init was defeated in the nominating conxention. On June ist of that year he \xas elected jjresident of the Sixth Assembly District Republican League, while his appointment to the of^ce of United States pension agent xvas conferred by our martyred president, William Mc- Kinley, on the i8th of Decemlier, 1897. He has since rendered most effectixe serxice in this capacitx', haxing been reappointed to the office, by President Roosevelt, on the last day of January, 190J. Major Xesbit is identifieil xvitb a number of important business enterprises and b;is taken a particularly lively interest in all that con- •lis COMt'ENDWM (.)!• UISIORY AND GliSliALOGY CLTiis the (Icxcliipmenl anil malerial uplniildiniL; nf iIr- attractive Imwh of Oakdale, wliere lie maintains his linmi-. luninjj a liandsdnic residence in Hastings avenue, lie owns a stock and t'rnit farm at I'-eeclimnnt. tliis county, and gi\cs the same liis iiersunal su])er\isinn ; he is an in- terested principal in the (^aUdale Insurance Agency: is secretary and treasurer of the American Safe X: Lock Company, of I'ittshurg: is a stockholder in the Carnegie. McDonald & Cannnshurg Street Railway Company; is president of the West TVnu Telephone Company: a director of the First National Hank of Oakdale and also in the I'armers' Mntn.al insurance Company, of this ])lace ; and is secretary and treasurer of the Oakdale i'rinting & I'uhlishing Com])an\-. h\- which is puhlished the Oakdale Tiiiirs, to whose columns he is a fre(|uent contributor. Aside from these more purely business associations, it may be mentioned that Major Nesbit is also a member of the board of managers of the Roys" Industrial Home, at Oakdale: is i)resident of the Oakdale Armory .\sso- ciation, secretary of the Oakdale Cenieter_\- Com])any, ])resi(lent of the Melrose Cemetery Cc)mi)any (at Bridge\ille) and a member of the Oak- dale lM)ard f)f health. Major Nesljit is a member of the b'irst Tresbyterian church, in his home town, as is also his wife, and fraternally he is identified with the Union Veteran T-egion and the (irand Army of the Republic. A jiromi- nent city official of Pittsburg gives the following estimate of the char- acter of Mr. Nesbit: "My aciiuaintance with him dates from .\ugu.st 22, 1862, and it was my good fortune to l)e a fellow comrade in the same company and regiment with him during the Ci\i! war. He en- listed as a private and was mustered out a sergeant, and I regarded him as one of the best men in the company. He was liked by everyone, by reason of his excellent traits of character, and appeared to be in his glory ' ■ a battle. His bravery and daring were not his only good qualities. OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 419 rieiiial and kindly in his intercourse witli all. he was a model soldier and showed himself to he an nprig-ht and moral man. never being .guilty of a small act and sliowing- a marked ajjpreciation of and love for his friends. 1 e\'cr considered his word as good as his Ixind. and as a soldier he liad the confidence of all his comrades. In ])ri\atc life he is an excellently good business man and a capable and trustworthv official." On the 20th of October, 1870, Major Nesbit was united in mar- riage to Miss Jennie B. Chulibie. a daughter of Benjamin Chubbie, and they have had the following children : Harry J. Xesbit, practicing law in the firm of Miller, Prestley & Nesbit: Charles B. Nesbit. connected with the Tinplate of Griffiths «S: Company, Waynesburg, Pennsylvania; b'rank \\'. Xesbit. a law student and private secretary, who died April 17, 1902. All were graduates of Washington and Jeft'erson College. DR. FRANCIS GRAHAM GARDINER. Dr. Francis Graham Gardiner, one of the leading medical practi- tioners of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, is the son of I-'rancis Gardiner, who was born in Ireland in 1800. The latter was a man of learning, had recei\-ed a good education in the old country and taught school in Ire- land in the early part of his career, and after moving to the province of Ontario. Canada, followed the same calling for several years. Init for the greater part of his life devoted his attention to agriculture. He was a much respected man in his coiumunity. was strictly upright in his dealings, and his successful and persevering industry resulted in the accumulation of a handsome property. He was an Orangeman in the old country, and was for many years a member of the English Epis- co])al church, in which faith he died in 1878. Dr. brands G. Gardiner was lH)rn in Xcwiviyne, jirovince of On- 4-'o coMPnxnn'M or iiistorv .ia'd genealogy tario, Canada. August 4, 1850, ami u]) to liis seventeenth year atlended llie Diiminiim jiulilic schofils. At tlirit aiLje he entered Georgetown Acad- emy at Georgetown. Canada, and tlie degree of A. M. was conferred upon Iiiui liy Westminster L'nix'ersity. In 1873 he nritiicnlated in the University of Michigan at Ann Arlior and was graduated there in iS.So. Tie was also a student in hoth the Ihshop Medical College in Canada .and the l^etroit Medical College in Michigan. In iSSo he came to I'itts- l)iirg. and since this year has hecn contiiuiously engaged in the i)ractice of medicine in this city, where he enioys a large and lucrative ])ractice, and has also taken a successfid ]iart in other husiness acti\'ities. lie is physician for tlie I'rotestant f-lpiscoijal Home and llomc for Incur.ahles. Dr. Gardiner is ]ir(^sidcnt of the Allegheny \';dlc\' I'lrnik. to which position he was elected in ii)0(). He has made c.\tensi\-e inyestments in real estate in rittshurg. and the supervision of this ])ro])crtv rc(|uircs cnn- siderahle attention hesidcs that which he gives tf) his jirofcssional duties. Dr. Gardiner is just in the jirimc of life, and his hroad intellectuality ;md his excellent physical health and genial character afford him the utmost enjoyment of all the good things that life offers, lie has a cultivated taste in litcr.ature and is an omni\-orous reader, hcing the pr)ssessnr of a very costly lihrary of medical works and classics. He is much interested in mathematics, and is proficient in th;U hranch of learning. While he resided in Canada he was engaged in teaching school for six years. Dr. Gardiner is a Democrat, and is senior warden of St. lohn Rpiscopa! church. He is unmarried. JUDGE GEORGE SCOTT HART. Judge George Scott Hart. decea.sed. one of the shining lights of the legal profession and a representative of the hcnch of W'ashington, cU^ OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. 423 Pennsyh-ania. was born in Pittsburg, Pennsyhania, July 29. 1824, and /lied at Washington. Pennsylvania, May 15, 1888. He was the third son of John and Susan (Barr) Hart, natives of western T'ennsylvania, descended from Scotch and Irish ancestry, respectively. When George Scott Hart was still a ])oy the family removed to the town of Washington, and he received careful training in the public • uid prixate schools of that jjlace, being admitted later as a student at Washington College, from which he was graduated with honor in 1842. After completing his collegiate course he taught a country school dur- ing one term, and then acce]5ted the jjosition of private teaclier in the home of Judge Jnynes. of Accomac county. Virginia. During the year spent in Virginia, he began the study of law. having liis employer as preceptor. When he returned to Washington he entered the law office of John L. Gow. Esq., quite a distinguished lawyer, and under his guid- ance ]3ursued his legal stuflies until the required course had Ijcen com- pleted. He was admitted to the bar of Washington count}- at the .\ugust term, in 1846. The year following his admission a vacancy occurred in the office of deputy attorney general (district attorney) for \\'ashington county, and the young law}er was appointed to fill that vacancy. In the fall of 1850 he was elected to the same office, and served the full term of three years, discharging his duties with conspicuous abilitv. Shortly after his successor bad been chosen, he seems to have tired of the legal profession, and for several years thereafter edited with marked ability and success the W'asbington Examiner, an influential and popular news- jiaper. In 1857 be disjiosed of bis interest in the newspaper plant and rctiu'ned to the practice of the law. and soon secured all the work he was able to do. l~or many years he was engaged on one side or the other in nearly all the important litigation in the courts of W'ashington county. In 1876. without solicitation on bis ])art. the convention of tlie i-'4 Compendium of history and genealogy Democratic iKirty in \VasIiingtnn cdunty nn;iiiiniously named liim as tlie party's candiilatc fur tlic office of iiresident judye i>\ the t\vent\'-sc\eiilli district of Pennsylvania. Tlic Rc])ul)lican ])aity nominated the then presiding judge, the lion. A. W. Aches(jn, as his opi)oncnt. I'.oth can- didates were al)le lawyers and ])opnlar men, and the contest was close and exciting. When the \dtes were cmnited it was found Mr, 1 l.irt iiad hcen successful h\' the small majority of five, Mr, Ilart assumed the duties of His office the first Monday of January, 1S77, .ami for ten years and luUil the end of the term for which he had heen chosen, he was faitlifid. honest and courageous in the discharge of all offici.al husi- ness. When he rctireusiness. hut he was ])hysically unahlc tn engage in the actixe duties ,)\ his ])ro- fession. lie sought his clients and instructed them to seou'e counsel, gave u]) his office and tried to recov'cr his health hy tra\-el and otherwise, Init it was all futile, Tn a few sliort months he passed away jieacefully and quietly. Sucli is the record of one of the ]nu"cst men who ever adorned the liar or hcnch of I'cnnsvlvania. Ilis private life was ah .\e re])ro,ach. P>y reason of the early death of his father. Juilgc Mart hecamc the .'^up- port of his mother and sisters and greatly aided his hrothers in their upward .struggle, lie was unselfish in every way and cared not for the possession of money except for the good that he might he etudiled to do for others hy its use. OF THE STATE OE PENNSYLVANIA. 425 ALEXANDER XI MICK. Alexander Ximiok, deceased, nne of tlie oldest business men of Pittsburg at the time of his death, and iimminent as a manufacturer and financier for nearly sixty years, was born in I'ittsburg, Fe1)ruary 20. 1820. When lie was twenty years old he and his brother were employed by Michael Allen in the steamlxiat Inisincss, and they later succeeded to the business of their employer. He was next identified with the iron business, and he and his brother, William K.. had a large share in the Sheffield steel works of Singer, Ximick & Comi)any. and in the Sligo iron works of Phillips, Ximick & Compau}-. In 1863 he became con- nected with the Jones & Ximick Manufacturing Company, successors to Jones. Wallingfnrd & Company, owners of the variety works at Lockton station on the Panhandle Railroad, and in 1872 the former firm became the Jacolnis S: Nimick Manufacturing Company, and. in 1882. the Nimick-Brittan Manufacturing Company, with Mr. Ximick as presi- dent. This concern manufactured all kinds of builders' hardware. Other of the extensive manufacturing enterprises with wbicli Mr. Ximick was connected during the active period of his life, was tlic Standard Xut Company ; was head of X'imick & Com])any. pig-metal merchants : and interested in the Pittslnu-g Locomotive Works and a director of the Oliver Wire Company. Although the interests abo\c mentioned would make Mr. Ximick's place secure in the industrial world, his widest reinitation rests upon his record as a financier. He was one of the incorporators of the West- ern Insurance Company in 1840. and for thirt\--three years was either a director or president of the company. In 1852 a large block of the stock in the Pittsburg Trust Company was owned by Mr. Ximick and his brother William K. This institution was incorjiorated. in 1864. into 4'2ti COMPIlXnil'M or IIISIOR)' .1X1) GENEALOGY llic l-'ii'sl XaliiHial liank nf I 'iushur.t;-. i\i wliicli W. I\. Xiniick was president until April. 1H75. when lie AwA and was succeeded liy janics l.;m,ng years of his pastorale, lie was endowed with high intellectual powers, was ever gracious and kindly in manner. Imlding the affection and esteem of his llock and the high regard of all who knew him, while lie ever lived to the "mark nf his high calling." lie was summoned into eternal rest on the J_'d of .Se])tenil)er. iSjd, .-it the age of sixtv-two years, and his cherished and de\iilcd wife jiassed away on the 5th of March, 1SS5. Theii' memories remain, to all ihuse who came within in the sphere nf their inllnencc, as the "henediction that follows after ])raver." The ancestry on the father's side emigrated frnin England to America in i'')30 and settled in the Xew h"ngl;md colnnies, having heen of pure luiglish lineage, and the ancestry on the mother's side was of stanch old haiglish stock and an early exemplar of the simple and ntihle faith of the Societv of hriends. and came fr(im JMigland to America in ir)82. llis maternal grandfather and granle were devout Covenanters, and reared their family in that faith. William Hunter recei\'ed his elementary educational disci])line in the .schools of Greensburg, and later matriculated in the (jrcensburg Academy. At an early age he left home and began work f(jr a neighbor- ing farmer, his cash capital at that time consisting of twenty-ii\'e cents, and after some time spent in that capacity he secured employment in a factory where window blinds were made by attaching small strips of wood together. In company with his younger brother, Thomas Hunter, he subsec|uentl\' lairs\ille Female Seminary, where she won success in music. In iS(ji she was married to Benjamin Sherrifif, of l>lairs\ille, an engineer on the West Pennsyhania Railroad, and the_\- make their home in Blairsville. Di'. llunler tollowed the practice of medicine for many years, and hecame recognized as one of the most talented members of the ])rofes- sion in the state, having done, perhaps, as much to ele\ate the standard of medical excellence as any other man. He was at all times a genial gen- tleman, courteous and considerate, of broad humanitw sympathies and tolerance, and possessed of th;'.t sincere lo\e for his fellow men without which there can never be the highest success in the medical prfjfession. Jt is a remarkable fact that during all the years of his pr;ictice he never lost but two cases of tyi)hoid fever. After the death of his mother in i88i he was alone in the world, save for his nephews and nieces, his father, sisters and brothers ha\ing ])receded him to the Heavenly home, until his marriage, which occurred on the loth of June, 1897, when Miss Millie L. Stouffer became his wife. She is still li\ing. He was a most careful observer of the Sabbath, and s])cnt that day, unless i)ro\identiaIly hindered, in attending church service during the morning and evening, the intervening time having I)ccn si)cnt in reading and studying the word of God. Whenever it was possible he was found at the Wednesday even- ing prayer-meeting, and was always ready to take an active ])art in the service. He became connected with the United Presbyterian church of Blairsville, Pennsylvania, on the 25th of June. 189J. by certificate fnjui the Covenanter church at New Alexandria, and was ordained and in- OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. 485 stalled a ruling elder April 21. 1894, whicii i)ositi()n he held until his death. He was a man who was very conservative in his ideas, yet most loval to his denomination, a faithful attendant up iU the di\-ine ordnance and a must conscientious believer in the principles of Calvinistic theology. He was highly esteemed in the congregation over which he ruled, and will ever he held in memory as one who ser\-ed Ciod and his fellnv men l)v the will of Ci(k\. At the death of Dr. Hunter the following was recorded in the min- utes of the session of the Unitetl Presljyterian church; "While we submit in faith to the e\er-ruling Providence, who in His wisdom has called him out of life intcj eteniitw yet it is with regret that we part with his congenial manner, wise counsel, mature judgment and Christian fellowship. In Dr. Hunter the church has lost a loyal memher. the session a helpful ad\iser and the community a respected citizen. He is dead, hut his works do follow him. The session desires to ex]>ress, in behalf of the congregation, the deepest sympathy and lo\'e for the widowed wife, and pledge her our prayers that the Holy Comforter may grant her sustaining grace and his richest blessings, while we assure her that her husband's name shall alwa)-s be held in highest esteem by the congregation which he served." A. P. BURCHFIELD. The historv of western Pennsylwania during the past c|uarterc)f a century is an unbroken record of improx'emcnt from day to day and year to year, and as monuments to the enterprise of those who have practically made this improvement possible are a score or more of great business organizations, which are not only iionored as foremost of such institu- tions of Penns\l\ania. Ijut are numbered among the greatest of their 430 COMPEXDUM ()!■ I/ISTORV AND GENEALOGY kind ill tlie country. 'l"!ic Pitt'^liuri^- Dry-Goods Conipany. willi its an- imal business of over five million dollars, is entitled to rank as one of tiie leading houses of its kind, and at its head, as is the case in most of the large commercial and industrial concerns f)f this country, stood, until recently, one who entered life's activities in a huinhle cajiacity, hut had the energy and perseverance to reach the to]). .\. I'. Burchfield. first president of the Pittsimrg Dry-(ioods Com- pany, is the son of Robert C. Burchfield. whose family came to Alle- gheny from the middle part ot the state alH)ut \/')0. and of Susan R. Burchfield, whose people were well known in liedlord county, whence tiicy mo\ed to the west alxaut 1825. A. 1'. Burchlield was born in ,\lle- gheny city. Pennsylvania, January 20, 1S44. and was etlucaled in the public schools of the third ward of that cit\'. llis school days were brief, for at the age of twelve he entered the dr\-goiids estabhshment of William Semple. where he remained till 185S. In th.al year he became connected with the well known dry-goods house of Joseph Ibirne & Com[);niy. of Pittsburg. He was an intelligent and willing employe from the first, and it was not long before he was achanced from one position to another, until, as the years added to his business acumen and experience, he became a inember of the firm. February i, 1866. when little more than twenty-two years old. I'roni th;it time on the house owed much of its increasing prosjjcrity to Mr. Burchfield. Mr. ilorne afterward took charge of the retail department of tlie business, and Mr. r>urchfield of the wholesale, and the latter has since been merged into the great corporation above mentioned. Incorporation was effected in .August. 1893, witli Mr. Burchfield as president, which dllice he held until .August. 1897. Upon the death of Mr. Josei)h Hornc. in 1894. Mr. Burchfield was compelled to gi\c much of his attention to the business of Joseph Home & Company, in which he had large interests, and in 1897 he sev- OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 437 ered his connection with the Pittsburg- Dry-Goods Company, and ha? since given iiis entire attention to the retail business. In view of tlie success of both of tiiese estabhshnicnts it is needless to say that Mr. Burchfieid has a thorough kn(jwledge of the dry-go'ids business, a broad acquaintance with tlie trade at large, and exerci.ses the liest of business judgment in all his transactions. Mr. Burchfield has also done much for the public welfare of his city. He is \ice president of the Western Pennsylvania Exposition So- ciety, and is a director of the Mount Pleasant and Bradford Railroad and the Pittsburg and Mansfield Railroad, is a director of the Pittsburg chaml)er of commerce, and through these relations and in many other ways has aided the progress and dex'elopment of this great section, of Pennsylvania. Mr. Burchfield was one of the defenders of the Union in the Civil war, and for many years has been one of the foremost members of the Grand Arm}' o{ the Republic. In 1S85 he was elected senior \ice depart- ment commander, G. A. R., in the department of Pennsvl\-ania. and his excellent ser\'ices were such as to lead to still further i)romotion. In 1895 '1^ ^^'^s made senior \ice commander in chief of the national Grand .\rniy, and as such is known to the x'eterans of the Civil war through- out the L'nited States. Although Mr. Piurchtield has thus given his time without stint to these various interests, it is in the business field that he is best known, and where his energies and talents have reached their highest culmination. In October, 1865, Mr. Burchfield married Miss Sarah J. McWhin- ney, daughter of Matthew McWhinney, a well known merchant of Pitts- burg. The\' ha\e four children living: Albert H., a member of the firm of Joseph Ilorne & Company; Mrs. George L. Craig: William H. ; 438 COMPENDIUM 01' HI STORY AND GENEALOGY and Mary P. BurclifiL'ld. Mr. Ilnrclil'iulil is a man of (Imiiotic tastes, and delights most in tlic eomforts and ])lcasnrcs of home life. WIl.l.lA.M jl'',.\"KI.\SON. The wonderfnl opportunitits the I'nited States ])rescnt tii men of industry, ahility, honesty and integrity ha\e often and at v.arions times been commented upon, hnt as long as men have hopes and determination to afl\Tmce and succeed in life the theme will never he exhausted. While the race is not always to the swift or the battle to the stnjng. the ine\'it- able law of destiny accords to tireless energy a successful career, and the truth of this assertion is abundantly \erilied in the life of Wil!i,-mi Jenkinson. every stej) in whose career has in\dl\ed an honorable tribute to industry, humanity and true manhood. \\ bile he has not followed the beaten path, his intelligence and ambiti' n ha\e enabled him to carve his way to a successful career, his ])rosperity standing as the result of his own efforts and his course hax'ing e\-er been such as to commend, him to the confidence and high regard of his fellownien. As one of the repre- sentative business men of the city of rittsburg. where he was long actively associated with important commercial enteri>rises, and as one of the leading citizens of the beautiful suburban town of llellevue, lying con- tiguous to the city of Allegheny, there is manifest propriety in according him specific mention in this work. Among the lofty hills in the \ale of the Ken. county of W'cstmore- lanfl, luigland, is the ])icture.sciue borough of Kendal, or Kirkby Kendal, one of the oldest manufacturing towns in the kingdom, and here, on the 30th of June, 1838, was ushered into the world William Jenkinson. the youngest son and only survivor of the six children horn to John and Ann (Tnnightan) Jenkinson, both of whom were representatives of OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 439 stanch old British stock. John Jenkinson, wlio was a stcme-cutter and contractor Isy vocation, was reared and educated in his nati\'c county of Westmoreland, and there liis marriage was solemnized and there four of his children were horn. When William Jenkinson was a child of three years his parents emi- grated to America, and located in .\llegheny city. Pennsylvania, where the father continued in the work of his trade until his death, at the un- timely age of thirty-nine years, \^'illiam ha\'ing heen a mere lad at the time when he was thus de|)rived of a father's care and guidance. Among the notalile contracts that John Jenkinson helped to complete after com- ing to .\merica was the erection of the old court house and the a(|ueduct over the Allegheny ri\-er, in the city f)f Pittsburg. His son William, several vears ago visited the old home of the family in Kendal, England, and there he was gratified to hear the words of esteem and apprecia- tion uttered l>y old friends and neighbors of his father, whom they uniformly ])ronounced to have heen a man of impregnable integrity and marked ability and a master workman in the line of his vocation. Such a triluite could not l)ut be grateful to his son, whose memories of liis honored sire were but those of childhood days. John Jenkinson was a* devoted member of the Methodist Protestant church, and his life, cut off in its verv prime, was one of signal usefulness and honor. His wife sur\-i\cd him luany years, passing away at the age of seventy-si.x; years, a noble Christian woman, devoted to her home and to her children. Theearh' education;d advantages of William Jenkinson were such as were afforded in the fourth ward school ol the city of Allegheny, but be very earlv began to depend upon his own resoiu'ces, and to assist in the maintenance of the family. .\t the age of ten years he secured eniplovment in the tobacco house of W. & D. Rineliart, of Pittsburg, 440 COMPENDIUM OU HISTORY AND GENEALOGY witli wliom he remained until lie liad attained the asje of twcnty-tlirec years, thus gaining a practical knowledge of that line nf cntcrpri'^e ;diing which he was iiimself to attain a noteworthy success and coniniercial prestige. .\t the early age note99 the union was separated by the hand of death, the wife being called to her home l>eyond, just after celebrating their golden wedding. They l)ccame the parents of five children, only two of whom still survive, Adolph M., and Julius, a resident of Boston, Massachusetts. Mr. Emil Foerster i.s a man of charming personality, of cheerful disposition and of remark- able memiirv, and has always at hand a fund of interesting reminiscences to relate. He was a close friend of the late Stephen C. Foster, they lia\ing man}- times in their }-ounger days played duets on the flute, and at Mr. Foster's funeral he was selected as one of the pall-bearers; he relates very feelingly the time when Mr. Foster came to him with his then new quartet "Come Where My Love Lies r3reaming." He had an ex- cellent iiaritone voice, and for man\- years sang in church choirs. .\dolph Martin Foerster oljtained his elementary education in the public schools of his native city, and immediately thereafter began the study of music, his first teacher lieing his mother, but later he studied under the able guidance of Jean Manns. In order to further i)crfcct himself in his chosen ])rofession he went to Europe in 1872. spending three ^■ears as a student at Leipsic. and while there studied theory under E. F. Richter and R. Papperitz : voice under Leo Grill and .\(Iolph Schimon; piano under E. V. W'enzel and Theodore Coccius. Return- ing to his native land in 1875, he taught for one year in the Fort Wayne. Indiana, Conservatory of Music, and thence returned to Pittsburg, 450 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AXD GENIiAI.OGY wliicli lias since aintinucd to l)c tlie field of his riclivities. In 1879 and i(S8o he conducted the Symphonic Society and was also a director of the Choral Society — Musical L'nion — in 1883, hut in i8<)0 he withdrew from puhlic work and has since devoted himself to teachins;- and compos- ing. I'or a long ])eriod he has heen interested in national musical affairs, being an active ineniher of hoth the Xational and Pennsylvania State .\ssociations, where many of his compositions ha\e held a prom- inent i)lace in the i)rogranimes of both societies. Many of Mr. Foers- ter's works ha\e heen i)la}'ed under the direction of Theodore Thomas, Anton Seidl. Walter Damrosch and other distinguished conductors. .\t the I'ittshurg May Musical h'estixals several of his works were given their baptismal hearing. Among the leading selections which he lias composed may be mentioned the following: I-'or orchestra: Thusnelda, Two Suites, Festival March. I'l-elnde to (ioetlie"s h^aust. etc., and the Dedication March founded on the iKites A-C ( .\ndrew Carnegie) and utilizing Foster's famous "Old b'olks at Iloine." This work was writ- ten for tlie inauguration of Carnegie Music Hall and played by the New York Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of Walter Damrosch. Among his com])ositions are various chaniber-niusic works, three arias for soprano and orchestra, churcli music, and about eighty songs, of which the op. \2, 25, 28, 30, 49. 55 and 57 contain the most successful ones. .Among liis compositions for the jjiano the most successful are: Nocturne, o]). 7, three Sonatinas, o]). 14, i'".ros, op. 2y. Fxultation op. 37, the Twelve Fantasy pieces. o]3. 38, and the Suite, op. 46. consisting of four movements. Mr. Foerster was united in marriage to Miss Henrietta M. Reine- nian, a daughter of Adam Kcineman, a jeweler of Pittsburg, and four children have 1)een Ijorn to this union, three of whom are still living, Elsa, Robert and Norman. Robert is now attending Harvard Col- OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 451 lege. The Foerster family are held in high esteem, and the kindlv .social qualities with which tliey are endowed hy nature win ff»r theiu tile friendship and good vvdl of all. ANDREW J. BARCHFELD, M. D. I In the great conijietitive stru.ggle of life, when eacii man must enter the field and fight his way to the front or else be overtaken by disaster of circumstances or place, there is ever particular interest attaching to the life of one who has turned the tide of success, has surmounted obstacles and has shown his abilit}' to cope with others in their rush for the covetetl g(jal. 'I'lic record of such a life must ever prove fecund in lesson and incenti\e. Dr. Barchfeld, who has gained enviable jjrestige as one of the most able and successful of the younger practitioners of meflicine and surgery in the city of Pittsburg, well merits consideration in a work of this nature, and in the connection it will be aimed to present the more sahcnt [Ktints in his life work, the while avoiding all that smacks of undue adulation and notoriety and vet giving du',' attention to the genealogy of distinguished order and a personal accomijlishment which involves definite and worthy success in one of the most exacting of all fields of human endeavor. In con- nection with the practice of the healing art a most .scrupulous prelim- inary training is demanded and also a nicety of judgment little under- stood bv the laity. Then again the profession brings one of its devotees into ahiiost constant assf>ciatiou witli the sadder side of life, — tliat of l)ain au CJIi.X li.U OCV certain, tlun. that wlicn professional success is alt'iincd in any instance it lias hccu llmrougiil}' merited. .\ndrc\v Jackson Uarclitcld is a native son of tlic city of Pittsliurg. in tlie southern division of which lie was horn mi the iSth of May, iSf)^, Jxiintj of standi Ccnnan lineaiic. His jiaternal !.;'raiid father was a prominent manufacturer nf yarns and woolen goods in the father- land, where he commanded uncf|ui\()cal confidence and esteem hy reason of his sterling character and his marked pragmatic ability, .\ndrew J. received his preliminary educational disciiiline in the public schools of the south side, and thereafter continued his studies under a private tutor until he became eligible for admission to the high school, vvliere' he completed the prescribed course and was graduated as a member of the class of 1881. In the meanwhile he had formulated his ])lans for his life work, having determined to preprire himself for the medical pro- fession, and with tliis end in \iew he began his technical reading under the direction of an able prece])tor, the late Dr. E. A. Wood, a' dis- tinguished physician and surgeon of Pittsburg, and eventually he was matriculated in the Jefferson Medical College, in the city of Phila- delphia, where he was graduated in 1884 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine, having shown his anibiti(His spirit and professional enthusiasm by taking his hospital course between the second and third years of his collegiate work, so that he was amply fortilied for the active practice of his profession at the time of receiving his degree. He began his professional career by engaging in general practice on the south side of his native cit\', and here he has since continued, having built up a large and representati\e business and gained precedence as an able and discriminating physician and surgeon. He has show-n marked judgment and discernment in the diagnosing of disease, and has lieen peculiarly successful in anticipating the issue of ct^mplications, seldom OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 453 inakins' mistakes and never exaggerating or minifying the disease in rendering Ins deeisions in regard thereto, lie has ever sh(;\vn great Iraternal dehcacy. and nn man lias ever observed more elosely the ethics of tile unwritten professional code or shown more careful and |)unctih(.jus courtesy to his feUow ijractitioners. The Doctor is a man of strong pliysical constituti(;n and niarlorc sdiiii." a sound mind in a sound body, — while he is thoroughly en rap])ort with his profession; his heart is in iiis work, and he has gained not only the res]>ect and confidence hut also the appreciative affection of those to wiiom he has ministered, being watchful and svmpa- thetic and his humanit\ being e\er paramount to his professional or scientific interest. Dr. L5archfeld holds membership in the .Vmerican Medical Association, the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, the .Alle- gheny County Medical Society, and is a director in the South Side Hospital, while he has been for many years physician t(j the county coroners and has also been incunihenf in the office of city physician. He is a close and devoted student of his profession, keeping constantlv in touch with the advances matle in the science of medicine and surgery and holding his profession as worthy of his best efforts and utmost devotion, l-'raternally the Doctor is identified with Peter Fritz Lodge No. 486, of the Inde])en.dent Order of Odd bellows, of which he is a past grand. According an un(|ualified allegiance to the Republican part}'. Dr. Barchfeld has taken an active part in local political affairs for the ])ast eighteen years, and has been prominent in the councils of his part\-. In 1885 he was elected a member of the board of etlucation. in which capacity he served for three years, while in 1886 he held member- ship in the city council, as a representative of the twenty-si.xth ward, 28 4.J4 COMPENDIUM OF HISTOR)' AA'D GENEALOGY scrviui^ on tlic cummittcc (in raitmri'ls ruid i)r(i\in,!4 rin rihle nicniliir (if tlie municipal go\erninj^ Ijudy. At the expiratidn of his second leini he declined renoniination. The noctm" has done veonian ser\ice as an exiXHient of the cause of his party, havint;" t.aken an acti\e part in campaign \vorl< a.nd hcing known as a forceful and logical public sijcakcr. During the last jiresidential caiu])aign his services in this line were in re(|uisition on niaiu' occasions, and he ])roved a x'aluahlc advocate of the Republican cause, being an ardent admirer of the lamented President McKinley. In i8S() he was a delegate to the slate convention which nominated (jeneral ISeaver for governor, and in iS(j4 of that which nominated Governor Hastings. At the lime of this writing the Dfjctor has the distinction of being the nominee of his part)- for representatixe of the thirty-second district of Pennsylvania in the halls of Congress. On the J I si of May, 1H85. Dr. Parch feld was united in marri.ige t(i Miss .\nna Pfciffer, a daughter of I'hili]) Pfeiffcr. of Pittsburg, and they ha\e one son, Elmer .\. Mrs. P.archfeld died on Aiiril 14. KJ03. A. J. H.VZI'PTl.M'. A. J. Hazeltine. president of the Warren Sax'ings P>ank, of War- ren. Pennsyl\-ania. and connected with numerous other financial rind public enter])rises of western PeunsyK'auia. has a direct line of descent from one of the earliest settlers on American soil. John Hazeltine, of Devonshire, England, married Joan Auter, of P.iddeford, 1-lugland. and with Re\-. I'lzekiel Rogers' colony landed at .Salem, Massachusetts, in 1637. lie died December 23, 1690, al the age of seventy years. The line of descent from this immigrant is traced through Samuel: John; Abner, who married tlie granddaughter of Edward Rav son, for many OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 457 years the distinguished secretary of the colony of Massaciiusetts Bay: Al.ner; Daniel, the grandfather of A. J. Hazeltine and who married Susanna Jones, of Milford, Alassachu.setts. and settled at \\'ardslx)ro. Vermont, where Abraham Hazeltine was horn (ju January lo. 1797. Ahrahani Hazeltine recei\ed his degree of M. D. from Dartmouth College in i8jo, and about a year later came to Warren, Pennsylvania, where he opened an office as the first regular allopathic physician of that town. He was married twice, first t) Sarah \\ alkup, and his second wife was Jane Morrison, of Jersey Shore, Lycoming county, Pennsyh'ania. Dr. Hazeltir.e was the first school treasurer of \\'arre!i. In 1840 he remoN'ed to Busti, Chautauqua countv. New York, and his death occurred at Jamestown, that state, April 25. 1847. Jane (Morrison) Hazeltine died in Warren, March _>i, 1894, lea\ing three sons: Dr. William Vincent Hazeltine, of Warren, who died ,\pril 2^, igo2\ Lewis Morrison Hazeltine, a farn.ier of Warren: and Abra- ham Jones Hazeltine. The last named and youngest of these sons was horn after his father's death, August 30, 1847, "" 'he Hazeltine homesteaecaine bookkeeper for the l'"irst Xational liank, was elected lelk'r in the following' Septeniliei". and on l"elirnar\- _:;, iSjj. became cashier of the W arreii Sa\irgs Bank, of which he was chosen ])resident in \'o\eni- ijer, iSXi). and which office he still holds. h'or over thirty years he has thus been elnsely identified with this institution, directing- its policy and ha\in,<^' the ])ractical inanaiL^euient of its affairs. To it he has i;i\en constant, zealous .and faithful ser\ice. and its e.xccptional growth and ])ros])erity .afford striking e\idenee of tiie efliciency of liis service and the wisdom of his management. Com- ing to it in its infanc\-, in the secfjud year of its existence, he has gracl- ually built it u\) in the confidence of the comnuiuity and in financial strength until it ranks high among the best and strongest banks in the stnte outside of the large cities. The standing of the hank on the honor roll is number six of Pennsylvania State Ranks, and number twenty-two in the L'uited States. The capital and sur])lus is (j\er four hundred thousand dollars and deposits average two million, two hundred and fifty thou-sand doll.ars. Natur.ally he has taken a pritle in this institu- tion, its history .and high standing among financial institutions, and justly so. for to it he has gi\en his life's best ser\ice. What it is is largel}- the result of his years of close and careful supervision, efficient organization and wise and tactful management. While Mr. Ilazeltine stands ])re-eminent as a banker, he is nuire than that. He is a progressive and public-s])irited citizen. acti\e in promoting the good of the community in which he lives and contribut- ing his full share to all movements for the advancement of the i>ublic interests. Public and corporate positions of \arious kinds ha\e sought OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 459 him rather than been sotiglit by him. and the requirements of all he has met faithfully and efficiently, demonstrating alike his own ability and the appreciation in which lie is held by his fellow citizens. He was a member of the city council for six years, school director for a like period and school treasurer for about fifteen years; was elected to the ofticc of boniuo^T treasurer Marcli 5, 1888. while a member of the Cduncil, and still holds that office: was for several years on the Ixiard I if control of the W'arren public library and at the same lime treasurer; is president of the Red Star Urick Company, of Warren; a director of the Conewango b'urniture Company: president of the East Warren Real Estate Company and of the Cornplanter Refining Company, the latter dning a business of over a million dollars annually, much of tlieir product being exported to Germany and other foreign countries; is treasurer of the Union Lumber Company, treasurer and director of the Washington Tmprovemcnt Company and of the Enterprise Lumber Ciimpan}'. these three lumber cmnjianies owning large tracts of the best fir. cedar and spruce timber in the State of Washingtun. and Mr. Hazeltine is one of the largest stockholders: a director of the Warren Electric Light Company, of the Security Savings & Trust Company, of Erie, of the Sheflield National Bank, of Sheffield. Mr. Hazeltine became a member of the "^'oung Men's Christian As- sociation Xovemlier K). iS^kj, ten days after his arrival in the city, was the second president r,\ the association and is still a member of the board of directors. He is a Baptist, and has been a deacon in the Eirst Baptist church since 1872. He was a meml)er of the United States Assay Commission for the year 1899. and was treasurer of the Penn- sylvania Bankers' Association in 1898, antl in 1900 delivered an address before the association at Cambridge Springs on the "Unification of Commercial and Banking Law." As president of the Warren Social 4G0 COMPENnilM ()!■ IIISTOR)- AXP GENEALOGY Science Club hv delixcrcd ;iii address mi "Tlio TTaiiscatic Lcat;i'c."" Mr. Ilazcltiiic lias l)een a l\ciuil)li<'an since the time of castint;' liis first \iite. He is a meml)er of the Order of the i'ounders and l'atri';ts of Anierira, of the American Academy of Political and Social Science ami the Xa- tional (icographical Society. On June 4, 1868, Mr. Ilazeltine married Miss Ilattie !•'. Davis, a daughter of I). M. Davis, who is yet living, at the age of eighty-eight. Harold Dexter Hazeltine. the eldest of the children, graduated from Brown University in 1894, from Harvard Law .School in 1898. and ha? since been pursuing studies abroad. When a junior in the uni\cr- sitv he was elected a member of the American Historical .\ssociation. and read before it. at Washington. D. C a paper on ".Xpiieals to the I'rivy Council from the Colonies, with especial reference to Rliode Island." He was a member of tlie .\mes (ire\- Law Club and one of the editors of the Harvard Law l\e\-iew ; has iiublished an article in the Law Quarterly Review of Oxford and is a member of the Inner Temple. London, of the International Society for the i'urtherance of Legal Science of Berlin, and the Selden Society of Lnglan ])art nf the state: his high character and stren.gth of mentality gi\e him a place of eminence among his fellow citizens: and not only i? he honored for his own qualities 1)ut is entitled to additional respect for the worth and intelligence of his sons and daughters, the former of whom have already demonstrated their inherent ahility and ha\e made entrance upon influential independent careers. THOJMAS JOSEPH FITZPATRICK. Expositions, though in some form or other utilized to display the industries and arts of all nations for an indefinite period past, have assimied such vast pro])ortions latterlv as to be regarded as dis- tinctive features of the closing years of the nineteenth and the opening of the twentieth centuries. In connection with their organization, also, there grew up a new ty]>e of manager, the call upon whose executive. administrative ability was so great and such varied talents were neces- sary to fill the role that successful achic\-ement of his task gave liim a fame and ])re-eminence second only to that following a victorious general. In our (,wn dav several men ha\'e emerged from this trying ordeal with international rei)utations. whicii proved stepping stones to high honors in the business and financial world. Especially the captains-general of the great exp<^sitions at Chicago. Paris and Buffalo might be men- ti ranU with the ablest of the new class of organizers to whom allusion has been made. As the particulars of his career arc unfolded in outline it will be found that acquaintance is being made with one of the interesting types of American business men who are well worth the knowing. The name of Fitzpatrick was first made familiar at Pittsburg many years ago Ijy a young Irish emigrant, who settled tltere for the pur- jx)se of pushing his fortunes amid the bustling crowd of the iron nietroijolis. John Fitzpatrick came from Queen's county. Ireland, and. like most of his countrx'nicn. brought along little in the sha]>e of capi- tal aside from hi> jjersonal arldress and adaptability to new conditions. lie had married, before leaving the old countr\'. one of those bright rmd industrious Irish lassies, whose beaut\', virtue and housewifely in- dustry ha\'e made them famous the world over. Like her husband. she bore the family name of b'itzpatrick, but whether this was merely a coincidence or Miss Bessie was a distant relati\-e docs not clearly appear from the notes furnished as the basis of this sketch. How- ever this may be. it is known that John and Bessie were soon "at home" in Pittsburg, where congenial employment was speedily found and im- proved by the resourcefulness peculiar to the Irish. John b'itzpatrick entered the hotel Ijusiness, and will be remembered by all old-timers as being connected with the St. Charles for thirty consecutive years. A close observer has remarked that the man who "knows how to keep hotel" thereby exhiliits an ability which ])resupposes his fitness for any kind of business, and it is safe to say that Mr. Fitzpatrick's long tenure of the St. Charles is sufficient assurance of his general qualifications. I'rom time to time a Ikiv or girl came to brighten the home of John OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 463 and Bessie I'itzpatrick until they nunil)crc(l five. 1)ut all of these have heen claimed by the fell destroyer with the exception of two sons. Michael and Thomas J. Tlie ]5arents, too, ha\c paid the inevitable debt of nature, the father answering his last call some vears af^o. after cnmpletin,2i the Psalmist's limit of threescore years and ten. Less than a decade since, when about the close of her sixty-fifth year, his good wife also folded her weary hands and. with a dving blessing upon her remaining children, sank to her eternal rest with the abiding faith tliat uphi'lds the Christian in that trying hour. Thomas Joseph Fitzpatrick. the youngest of the sun-i\-ing sons, to whom these memoirs are chiefly devoted, was born at Pittsburg. Februarv 6, 1S59. Pie enjoved the lienefit both of the public and parochial schools during his youth, and was also for awhile in attend- ance at the college m Pittsburg. He abandoned his books when se\cnleen years nld for the purpose of accepting emplovment with PIngus & Hacke. for man) years proprietors of the leading dry-goods store in Pittsburg. After remaining with this firm two years Mr. Fitz- ])at! ick resumed his studies for awhile, and when next be left the school- room it was fur the purpose of re-entering business as manager for Xicoll the tailiir in his nati\e citv. Pic remained with this employer a riumber of years, but exentually accepted a position with W. G. Price & Co'npany. dealers in ])umbers' supplies, which in turn was exchanged for employment with Jiisc])h D. Weeks, secretary of the Iron & .Steel .\ssociatiiin. Still later we find him w'wh Graff. Rennett i.*t Com- [i.'mv. manufacturers of iron and steel, the fulfillment of which engage- ment terminated bis connection with distinctively commercial pursuits for awhile. Shortly after se\ering bis relations with the last mentioned. concern Mr. Fitzpatrick obtained a jiosition with the engineering corps in charge of work on the Fort Wavne division of the Pennsvlvania 464 COMPENDIUM OP HISPORY AND GENEALOGY Kailroarl. Init floes not seem to ha\e long vcinaineil witli this line of employment. About tliis time occurred an event which ,liment would be out of place in connection with such a man as Thomas J. Fitzpatrick. and it i^ not the ])urpose here to indulge in such (limsy flattery. His work con- tinuing for so many years, speaks for itself, and his fame as a man ci action rests u]X3n the secure foundation of duty well jierformed. lie is entitled to enrollment among the select few who ha\e gained the distinction of great exhibition managers, and the future historian of these notable industrial undertakings will have no hesitancy in marshal- ing his name well to the front. .\ word or two concerning the social and domestic relations of Mr. Fitzpatrick will fitly conclude this brief biography. He was mar- OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 465 n't'd in June. 1892. to Miss Mary Rmnia Kennedy, with whom and his live clii!(h-en he occupies a commodious residence in Crafton. one of the ])rettiest surJiurlian towns near I'ittsljuri^. Tliose wlio enjoy inti- mate relations with tlie family and enter into the inner domestic circle descrilie the homo life of Mr. r'"itz])alrick as iile.ally hapjjy and ty])ically American, lie is not so completely ahsorlved in the exactint^ duties connected with the exposition as to lie un.ahle to find time for atten- tion tci affairs of his local community. He is a potent factor in all that relates to its welfare, and displax's his interest hv dischargin<^ the duties of councilman of the horongh. He is found to he a safe adviser in husiness affairs, and is always ready, hy advice or more tangible aid. to assist those who are deserving or who have claims uix>n his friendship. The familv are members of the St. Phillip's Roman Cath- olic church at Crafton. and ]\Ir. Fit/cpatrick also holds relations with the semi-religious society known as the Knights of Columbus. Whether in his public or ]irivate life, in the business or social world. Pittsburg numliers among its citizens few more distinguished or deserving thrm Thomas Josejih b'itzpatrick. HON. l\i\ V. MANSFIELD. The public meu of Pennsybania include few such interesting personalities and strong characters as the gentlem.an abox'c mentioned. who for man\' reasons is a personage well worth knowing. His whole career has been one of activity: he has seen much and experienced much; he has faced life in all its phases^ has approached his fellow men from manv sides, and has Ix^en accu.stomed to deal with large afifairs in a large way. r>ut it is not simply as a man of the world and of business that Mr. Mansfield possesses attractions for those who like 4GG COMPBXDIl'M Oh' ///.S'/O/vT . /.\7) GHNEALOGY to become acquainted with ,r;amc spirits. As an artist lie is ahlc tn illii'^tratc in his (.\vn way \hv lhin,<;s he sees and the incidents wliich he deems wortlix' nf sucli t-tunnienKiratinn. As a Iiotanist lie looks upon the vegetable world with the eye of science, and is able to observe beauties and mysteries withheld tmni the less ])racticrd observer. In addition to this be has a hi,L;hl\' honorable war record, ruid with talents of an nnusualh' bii;b order ;is a ranconteur is able to entert.ain bis com- p.anions with s;raphic accounts of the events which crowded each other so ra])idly during the stirring days of the great Civil war. Such is Mr. Manslicid in brief outline, and with a feeling that the reader will like to he.ar something more about him this account of the main e\ents in bis life is prepared with a pleasure propoi'tioned to the interest of the subject matter, The .M.ansfield familv is of ancient origin and honorable achieve- ment in rdl the walks of life down the line from remote jieriods in the jjioneer p.asl to the changed conditions of the ])rogressivc jiresent. 'ihough tliere are now re])resent;Lti\ es of the name in the \arious states of the I'uion, tlie\- radiated from one common center in the ancient W'.allingl'ord (if C niinecticut, where the connection clustereersonalitv in the early Indian wars, and went out as major of tlie state militia OF THE STATE 01- PENNSYLVANIA. 467 wliicli defeated tlie Indians in King I'hiljp's war. and in liis lionor the alii'iiginal town oi Nawbesetuck was clianged to Mansfield. His son, Jonathan Mansfield, was horn in Xew Haven, in Febru- ary, iri86, married, in 1708, Sarah .\lling. and, later, .\bigai! Dornian, and died in Januar\', 1775. • Moses Manslield, the son of Jonathan, was born in W'allingfnrd, Connecticut, in 1709, married, in 1734, Mary A. Kierstead, and, in 1748, Rachel Ward, and died in 1754. He was known as "School- • master." John Mansfield, the son of Moses, was born in Wallingford. Con- necticut, in 1748, and married, in 1775. E.ster Lewis. He was widely known as "Captain Jack." and bis memory is proudly cherished I>y his descendants for his distinguished services as a soldier and a patriot. He ser\ed for thirty-nine years in the military forces of Connecticut, being at different times a member of the Second, Fourth and Sixth regiments, and securing" promotion to a commissioned officer in each. He entered the Re\-olutionai"}- war in Fcbruar)-, 1775, fought through all the terriiiie years "tliat tried men's snuls." and at its glorious termin- ation held a commission as captain, which was conferred under circum- stances that reflected great bcmor upon the family name. It was re- ceived from the hands of General Washington himself, and states spe- cifically that it was given in reward for "coolness, firmness and punctu- ality" displayed by leading the "forlorn hope" that stormed and caj)- tured redoubt Xo. 10 at Yorktown. This patriotic officer was retired on a pension in 1814. and died, in June. 1823. He left a son named Ira Mansfield, who was born at Wallingford. Connecticut, in October, I77<'). married Sukey Kirtland. and died at Atwater, Ohio, in 1849. He became one of the first settlers of the 4r.8 COMPENDIUM 01- HISTORY AND GENEALOGY fammis Wcslern Reserve of Oliic, and as a nicnilicr nf tlic militia served l(i\-al!\' in many of tlic i-nnllicts incidL'iit In tliat irdulilcd ]icriiid. Isaac K. Manslield, son of Ira Manstieid. was Ixirn in Atwater. Ohio, in 1809. married, in 1838, Lois Morse, and died at I'oland, Ohio. in 1850. l'.arl\- in life he cnsja.qcd in mercantile pursuits in i'ol.and. Ohio, and fr(]ni this town in .Malionin,^- county he ino\ed to I'hila- delphia. where he had a lar,L',e mercantile eslahlishnient nn (,'hnrcli Alley, and rose to prominence ii; the commercial world. His wife was a daughter of Fdkanah Morse, a ])ionccr who established jurist, oil and saw mills and hroom factories, marketing his many i)roducts in Balti- more, Detroit and New Orleans. In 1849 Elkanah Morse caught the l)revailing gold fe\er and started for California h\- the oxerland route, hut was taken sick with the cholera and died at l'"(jrt Laramie, Wyoming. .\fter the death cf Lsaac Mansfield his widow returned to Poland, Ohio, h.er native jilace. for permanent residence. It was the son of this cou]>le who hecame the dislinguisheil puhlic man of Pennsylvania whose achievements furnish the theme for this hiography. Ira 1'". Mansfield was Ixjrn in I'nland. Ohio, June 27, 1842. It is needless to say that he had the hest training tint could he ])ro\ided by a loving mother, ;ind his acatrati( n nt the raj^id mutation of politics but forcibly proves the magnaninn'ty ft the isrevailing side in the greatest of the \v(jrld"s great wars. On the nth of December, 1872. Mr. Mansfield was united in marriage with .Miss Lucy E., daughter of Dr. E. Mygatt, a native of Danhury. Connecticut, long settled at Poland. Ohio. The children of this uni(jn are Kirtland M.. ]\Iary L. and Henry B. The family's religious affiliations are with the b'irst Presbyterian clnuxh of Beaver, in which Mr. Mansfield is rui elder and a teacher in the Sunday- school. .\ few remarks in conclusion .'is to Mr. Mansfield's personal traits and acc(jniijlishments will be appropriate as showing the characteristics of the man. He has traveled extensi\'ely in the United States, and, being a close observer, talks entertainingly of the country, its resources, its achie\-cments and houndless possibilities. During his war service he kept a voluminous diarv. in which he recorded his manv interesting experiences by flood and field arul the imi)ressions protluced on bis mind by the histor}--making events of those times. All this has i)een connectedly written out with that graphic force peculiar to soldier authors, and illustrateil. by the jien and brush (if Mr. Mansfield him- self, with sketches of armv ex])loits. In fact this volume of reminiscences contains many ])en pictures of men and things of the [jast, besides ]jhoto- gra])hs taken in recent years of maii_\' battlefields. Mr. ■\lansficld is also a leading aulhoritv on botany, collected fossil plants for the second geological survev of Pennsylvania and makes a specialty of the native ferns and orchids. He has iniblished a work on the wild flowers of Beaver countx with many notes and illustrations. He is a member 29 472 COMPENDIUM Ol- HISTORY .-^.\'D GUN EALOCY of tlic American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, the A. A. A. Society of Washington and hotanical chilis of Pennsyhania and Mas- sachusetts, lie preserves and nmunts in lar<;e herharinni Imnks the plants found in the count}', and on separate pages inipnrtant species arc drawn and i)ainted in water colcirs li\- Mr. Manslield's niuther. fmin whom he seems to have inherited liis taste and trdent for the line arts. HON. F.nMlIND P>. I1.\R1)1':X11F.R(.11 Hon. h'dmund W. llardenhergh was horn in \\'ilson\ille. Wayne county, Penns) l\ania, ..n July 31, 184G. His ancestors on his nuither's side came to America in T716. and his ])aternal grandfather was a prom- inent citizen and landholder in New 'S'ork state. lie htgan his active business life at an early age, hut supiilemented what he had learned at the common schools by a course at a business college. When se\enteen years of age he was made a brakemau on the Eric Railroad, ad\ancing successi\-el_\' to the positions of baggage-iuastcr, conductor and tras-eling instructor. He remained in the ser\ice of the cnmi^any for upward of thirty years, and was one of its most honored and trusted employes. Though hailing from a count}- usually Democratic, he was elected to the house of representatives in 1883. re-elected in 1887, and in 1894 he was chosen state senator from hii district by an unusually large ma- jority. Pie was re-elected in 1898. During the twelve years he ser\ed in the law-making branch of the state government, he was regarded as one of the leading and inlluential men of his party. Toward the close of his second term in the senate he was chosen auditor general uf the commonwealth by a majority of 266,100, that being the greatest ma- jority ever given a candidate for that office. In this capacity he has surprised his most ardent admirers. The collection of the re\enues of II'ENDIVM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOGY rrican Philosophical Society of Philadclpliia, the .\. A. A of Wasliiiigton ami lx>taiiical clubs of Pennsylvania anrl Mas- saciiusctts. He preserves and mounts in large lierbariuni Ixxiks the plaiUs found in the county, and on separate pages important species are drawn and painted in M-ater colors by Mr. Mansfield's mother, from whom he seems to have inherited his taste and talent for tlie fine arts. HON. EDMUND P.. H.\RDENnERC,IT 1 1 n. I'.dmund R. Ha-^ ' ■ ' i> l«>rn in Wilsonville, Wayne county, Pennsy'> "■'"' •• ' .. .,.i. His ancestors on his mother's side came to Ai..,. nd his paternal grandfatlier was a prom- inent citizen and la: ; Xcw York state. He began his active liusiiiess life at an early age, but su[i])ltmented what he had learned at the iMmmi^n «rh>i"ls l)y a course at a business college. When seventeen >!' - made a brakeman on the Erie Railroad, advancing ihe [jositions of baggage-master, conductor and traveling instnirtor. Ht- remained in the service of the company for upward of le of its most honored and trusted employes, m a county usually Democratic, he was elected ■■sentatives in 1885, re-elected in 1887, and in 1894 he I state senator from hi^ district by an unusually large ma- He was re-elected in 1898. During the twelve years he served m ihc law-makhig branch of the state government, he was regarded as I'ue of the leading and influential men of his party. Toward tlie close nd term in the senate he was chosen auditor general of the >. alth by a majority of 266,100. that being the greatest ma- j'' given a candidate for that office. In this capacity he ha< suipribCi (lis most ardent admirers. The collection of the revenues .t ^>^^^ OF THE STATE QT PENNSYLVANIA. 47r, llic state, a duty incumlicut npmi hini. lias been closely looked after w ith the result that each of the three years of his term has hcen a record- hreaker. l-\ir 1903 tlie collections reached the vast sum of $21,030.- 2T,2.()0. a figure ne\er aiiticii)atcd liy the state financiers. .Mr. Ilarden- hergh is prominently mentioned as the choice of his party for the nom- ination for state treasurer in 1905. He has been at all times an active and useful worker in his county and at conventions. Sijcially Mr. Hardenbergh is equally (jopulur. He is connected with the Order of Red Men, Order of Railway Conductors and the Free and Accepted Masons. lie was married in 1869 to Miss Susan K. I'ellett. and two children have blessed their union: Aliss C. Louise and Raymond W. The- latter is serving as first lieutenant of the l-"(mrtli Regiment, United States Infantry, at present stati(jned in the Philip- pines. LATEN LEGG STEARNS. Prominent among the energetic, far-seeing and successful business men of Williamsport, Peniis\-l\ania. is the subject of this sketclr Mis lite histiiry most liai)r>ih' illustrates what may be attained 1)v faitii and Continued effort in carrx'ing out an honest pur|)ose. Integrity activit\' and energy have been the crowning points of his success, ruid bis con- nection with various business enterprises and industries has been of de- cided adxantage to this section of the state, promoting its material wel- fare in no uncertain manner, Mr. Stearns was born on the 3d of .\])ri!, 1823, in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, a son of Jubn and Abigail ( Legg) Stearns. He comes of good old Revolutionary stock, his great-grandfather on the maternal 476 COMPENDIUM O/-" lilSTORV AXD GESEAl.OCY side lia\'intj l'()ii,y;lit fur tlu' indc'in'iKloiKX' n\ the enlonies. Julin Stearns was also a nati\c iif Massacluisetts, Imni in 179(1, and died in 1878. When L:itcn L. Stearns was only three years old the family re- moved to New York and located in Si)eed\'ille, where he t^rew to nian- lioiid and attended school until sixteen years of as^e. I Ia\in,L;' ohtained a good practical eilucation he sul)sec|nentl\' eng'aged in teaching' school in New York state for three years. For a time he was a student in the seminar\- of (iroton. New York, and it was there he completed his lit- erary education. After !;'i\inrn in Germany durins; the latter half of the eighteenth century, and at the age of twenty-five came to America and settled in f'hiladelpliia. wln're he married Mary Kline. Samuel Ulrich, son of John Ulrich. was horn in 1802. in T'hiladel- l)liia, where he received his education and passed the vcars of his early manhood, remo\'ing, in 1S34, to Chester, Delaware county. Tie en- joyed in a high degree the esteem and confidence I'f his neighhors. filling for many years the office of justice of the peace, a ]iosition for which he was peculiarly fitted hoth h.y his knowledge of law and his natural fair- mindedness. For a long time he acted as notary jiuhlic, and his friends and ncighlK^rs were in the habit of resorting tn liini not only for the services u,suallv rendered hv that official, hut for ad\'ice on \-arinus (|ues- tions of law. Tn youtli Mr. Ulrich was an admirer and ])olitical fol- lower of .Andrew Jackson, hut in after years experienced a change of convictions, hecoming a Whig, and finallv a Rcpulilican. Mr. L'lrich married, in 1828, Catharine IT., daughter of William and Rachel Baggs, of Chester, antl was the father of nine children. His wife, who was a woman of remarkable intelligence and great kindness of heart, survived him a nuniher of years, dying at Chester. Deccmher i, 1885, at the age of seyenty-eight years. William Baggs Ulrich, son of Samuel and Catharine T-f. (Baggs) Ulrich, was horn May 4. i82ul)lished ".\ Ilistor_\- of the City if Lafa}eltc, Indi.aua." He edited the rejiorts of the siqireme court of Pennsylvania by Horace Binney. witli explan;itor\- notes, and an .\merican edition of "Reeves' History of the linglish Law." and also "Idle History of the Union League of Philadel])hia." He has frecpiently acted as referee or master under the choice of parties. He has always been actixxdy interested in educational sul>jects, is a trustee of the L'niversity of Pciuis_\I\ania. an. \~4<). he married Miss .\nn Gihlxins. and the follcjwing named children were l>orn to them: Nathan. David. John and George Seller.s. David .Sellers, maternal grandfather of Daxid S. Bunting, was a nati\e of I'pper Darhy. and after completing his education he learned tiie trade of w ire worker in I'hiladel])hia. where he erected the first wire-working estahlishment e\er operated in .\merica. His death occurred in 1813. at the age of lifty-si.x years. David S. Bunting, son of Josiali and Sarah linnting, was l)orn in Philadel])hia, Pennsylvania. Septemher 23, 1820. He was reared on the old Bunting homestead at Darhy. Delaware county, to which liis ])arents removed when he was a young child, lie ohtained his education in the Friends' school at Darhy, a Ijoarding school at West Chester, and this was sui)plemented 1)\' a course of study at a college in Wilmington. Delaware. .Shortly after completing his studies he was engaged in farming and dairying at L'])])er Darhy. and. meeting with so large degree of success in this cnteriirisc. he remaineea\cr. Cdiiceniiiit;- wliose career it is tlie ulijcct nf tliis Ijiograpli)' to ,i;i\e full details, lie was one ni tlmse niany-si'.led characters, ahniiiuliii^' in euert;"}' and enter])rise, wlm arc e\cr Imsv with some sclieme to ele\'ate humanity and liendit the lace and wlmse ])ic- tin'cs(|uc personalities are constant sources of ahsorhini;- interest. Dur- ing' his l])arently likins^" a task in ]iro]]ortion to the diiViculties it presented. If tliere was an old clnu'ch somewhere so run d(]Wii that no other minister would touch it. Dr. Taylor was crdled on to lift it out oi the Sloutjh of Despond. If some ])arisli had hecome so in\'ol\'cd in deht that there seemed no escape from the hankrujit court Dr. Taylor's persuasive elo(|uence and houndless vitality were ])rcssed into service to perfcjrm that I'inancial miracle of converting;' a deficit into a surplus. Hopeless con.^regations. ahandoned cliajiels. discom\'i,<;'cd ])arishes. lan- guishing enlerjirises of every kind turned instinctivclv to the evangel of optimism and altruism, whose stock of talismans was ap]xirentl_v inexhaustible. Thus, like "Old Mortality" in Scott's famous novel of that name. Dr. Tavlor was constantly going around in search of some- thing that needed restoring: and it was strange if his incisive chisel did not cut the sin'i)lus accumulations of moss antl restore to legibility what had Ijccome undecipherable from neglect. * In 1789 there came to I'ittsburg a young Irishman by the name of James Taylor, who had been driven from his native land by the patriotic uprising against England which (jccmred at that ])eriod. He was a druggist by profession, and soon after his arrival set up in that line of business in the city of his adoption. James Taylor was ambi- 01- THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. 493 tidus, full of nervous energy like most of his compatriots, and was uiclmed to overtax his strength in his efforts to achieve success in the mercantile world. To this tendency to over-taxation and worry is attributed his somewhat premature death, as the result of which all the family hurdens devolved upon his devoted widow. But Margaret Tay- lor assumed the responsibility without tlinching. and addressed herself bravely to the task that fate had set before her. Mrs. Taylor is described by tho.se who knew her well as a woman of vigorous and practical mind, with an abundance of good common sen.se, of devout pietv and a strict disciplinarian in the domestic circle. Although she had jjeen the mother of ten sons, six of these had died in infancy, so her maternal cares and anxieties were limited to the remaining four. William G. Taylor, the member of this (|uartette with whom this sketch is concerned, was bom in Pittsljurg, March ,^, 1820, and as he grew u]i was trained in the store with a view to taking his father's ])lace as a druggist. This plan, of cour.se. was defeated by the latter's death, but Mrs. Taylor took pains to see that her boy had the benefits of a busi- ness training. During the interxals between school terms he was kept at work in si^me mercantile house until he was nine }-ears old. and in later life always found emi)lovment during absence from college on vacations. He displayed a natural fondness for teaching, and in this pursuit dexeloped marked talents as a disciplinarian, (|ualities which pro\-ed of use and had moi'e am])le scope for exercise at a sul)se<|uent period of his career. In 1S47 '""? finished a course at the old Jefferson College, now Washington and Jefiferson, and from there went to the Western Theological Seminary, where he was graduated in the class of 1848, and in \\)r\\ of the same year was licensed to preach by the Pitts- burg F'resl)vtery. In iS4() he was ordained as an evangelist by the same religious body, .and thus at an unusually early age he was equipped for rji COMPEXDIUM or HISTORY .1X1) UliXli.lLOCV that remarkahle work of cducatin,!,'- and ii])liiiil(liiij; wliich liavc liecii llie distinctive features of Dr. Taylor's career. At this formative period lie seemed e(|ually well adapted for success in the ministry, secular educa- tional \\(irl< or in mercantile pursuits, and for awhile he was entic field. One of the lirst ini])ortant eni^a.s^enients was as editor nf the Prairie Herald, a paper ]nihlishetl at Chicago. Illinois, by a company which also issued two religious weeklies, two dailies, one ninnthly and two (juarterly journals, besides conducting a book store. .Aside frnm bis editorial duties Dr. Taylor also assisted the pastor of the Third Presby- terian church, hut the labors proved too much for his strength at that time, and he sought that rest which comes from a change of occu])ation by taking charge of a sm.all congregation in Xew England. Shortly after, and without any pli\-sica! im|)rovement. he returncfl to Pittsburg, and in .\pril, 1S51, began work in the .Mi>unt Washington district of the city, which laid the fnundation for a large and llnurishing church. His next call was for half time to a church at lieaxer, which had de- clineil in niembershii) from one hundred and ninety-si.x to forty-two. but the Doctor asked for full time and soon had a neighborhood church of three hundred active members gathered into the fold. About the same time the churches at Tarentum and Xatrona needed special labor, and the Doctor's specific cures, administered during the folknving four years, enabled each of these congregations to secure a pastor of its own. Thus released from an arduous undertaking. Dr. Taylor next turned toward Mount Carniel. Pennsylvania, where a church had been without a pastor for twenty years. This case of religious Kipvanwinkleism \vas taken in hand by the evangelistic healer in 1861, and after arduous OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. 495 wrestling witli the ])r()l)lcms involved clnring a period of four years Dr. Taylor was able to report satisfactory progress to the higher author- ities. The pastor of the hrancli church took the place until the two churches merged into one, secured Rev. R. J. Cummings as pastor at a salary of one thousand dollars per annum. Imilt a new house of worship and started on a new career of prosperity. Hut a greater achievement than any of these is yet to he recorded, the achievement ])ar excellence of Dr. Taylor's life and the one on which he might safely rest his fame if all other things were wanting. It was niiw fiiv the first time in his life that he was to have full opportunity to shiiw his (|ualitics and ])rove his abilities as an organizer, educator and builder of character. Being an intensely patriotic man and in full sym])athy with the veterans of the Lhu'on, his thoughts had often turned u]ion the phvsicrd, mural and cducalinnal needs of the soldiers' iir[)hans. .\t length he brnachecl the (piestion to Colonel Matthew Onay. !iow senator from rennsyh ,ania. ;md in cnniiuKiinn the two raised twentv thousand dollars as a prelinunary fund for building an asylum at Phillipsburg. Two hundred and ten acres of Land were secured, suitable buildings erected, and in time si.x hundred orphans were comfortably housed. Of these. two hundred recpiircd medical attention at the time of their admission, ,'md it is mentioned as a remarkable fact that only four of the six hun- dred died within ten years, and of these three were incurables. Dr. Ta\'li)r was ajjpointed ]irincipal and chaplain of this eleemosynary insti- InliMU at its incei)tion, anut the state and gained for him the undying gratitude of every old .soldier w ho understood the grandeur of his work. lie looked after the mental, spiritual and ])h_\sical welfare i>f his wards with a de.vntion that could not h;i\e been 4t)f. COMPENDH'M 01- HISTORY AND GENEALOGY increased liad cx'cry nrplian in tlic estahlislinicnl la-cn liis own i-liii tlic orplians nf this school nianv years ago l^ro- fessor Beamer paid the followino- tribute to the ])resi(hn,f Dr. Taylor, and as is presented to-night hy the one hundred and lifty l)o_\s and girls here ]iresent. I have never seen on both continents such ])crfect development as is here shown to-night hy these attenti\e children, whose happv countenances tcstifx' that this discipline is the result of jiropcr goxcrnment and not of fe.ar. As a Soldier of the war that mailc them orjihans, I ;nn h;i]i])\- t'l meet them and thrice happy in their home, their training, their education rmd their ])reparation for usefulness in life." He was in charge of the churches at Xeville and Island, and his next achiex'ement in the role of "Old Mortality" was in cnnnection with an old disbanded church at Concord, now a ])art of I'ittsburg. where there were eleven languid workers and no Sunday-school. I'efore the Doctor had finished with this morilnind congregatinn he had them coin])letely re- \-ived and on their feet, built a new edifice and established ;i new S;di- bath-school. which enrolled two hundred and lifly pupils in four years. 'i'he characteristic trait of Dr. I'aylor throughout life was bis a\er- sion to injustice and ini(piit\- in all its forms, with special horror of slavery as it existed in the south in the bad old anted)ellum d.ays. Im- mediately after the bring on I'ort Sumter, in fact, on the very evening of that eventful day, he Iiegan recruiting for the mighty conflict which be had long foreseen as inevitable. I lis labors were directed toward securing a church commission and. fund for its supjiort both at home and in the field iluring the period of hostilities. .\11 liis work in this line . OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 497 was entirely gratuitous so far as pecuniary compensation was concerned. and it led to good results. Aside from his main work Dr. Taylor was always a factor in every community where he resided in nio\-ements to bring about progress and enterprises of any kind of a beneficial character, 'i'hus we find him one of seven in the organiz;ition of the ISeaver County Agricultural So- ciety and likewise jirominent in establishing the l>eaver Female College and Musical In^^titute. lie was also one of the first to advocate the necessity of a county superintendent of schools, conducted the first teachers' institute and took the lead in organizing a Sabbath-school institute, .\hva\s an advucate uf internal im])ro\-ements. he was nat- urally found among those who at ;m early stage nf the proceedings ])ressed the claims of the Pittsburg & Lake Erie Railroad, which after- ward develojied into an upbuilding agency of such importance. .\t a later period Dr. Taylor was a director of the Freedom & P>eayer Street Railwa\- Compau)', served in the same cajjacity on the boards of the Third National and Germania banks of Pittsburg, and was for many years a member of the Western Pennsylvania Prison Society. On the 15th of .\])ril. 1S49, Dr. Taylor was united in marriage with Miss Charlotte, daughter of John ;md Mary Thompson, of .Alle- gheny, and this Indv nut onl\' ])rn\ed an ideal wife and mutber. but was a co-worker with and great assistant to the Doctor in his many difficult undertakings. .\ few ])articul;u-s concerning die children resulting from this union will prove of interest. Mary M.. the eldest daughter, is now the widow of C. Martin, birmerly ;i well known attorney, and had two children. William T. and I'rw in S. Charlotte F.. the second d.nugh- ter. now deceased, l>ec;une the wife of T. P. Kerr. James W'.. the eldest son. is in the machinisi business at Reaver, bdlen S.. the third daughter, married Willi.im j. Steward, superintendent and a stock- 498 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND GENEALOCY holder of tlie Fallston Fire Clay Company, and tlicy liave three child'cn, William 1.. Ilerlicrt T. and Kthel T. jnal character- istics. A kind, Idving, serene suul, slroni:; in faith, were the traits dwell upon. Rev. S. .\. Hnnter eonclnded the addresses with snnie well chosen remarks. j.\.\ii':s Kl•:NXED^■ luwix. m. d. Dr. James Kenned}' Irwin, wlm is well known in I'ittshurs;' as a ])h\-sician and specialist on dineases of the eye. helons^s to one of the \-er\- oldest families in this ]>art of the state. It was funnded here in the year 17,^2. the date of Gecrge Wasliington's hirth and twenlv-fom' years before that gallant yimng officer accnnipanied the ill fated i')radd(jck expedition toward Fort Du Onesne. which was then the point nf \antage in this part of the country .and did not recci\'e its name of I'ittshnrg for more than thirty years. l"or thirt\' vears after this i)ionecr Irwin settled there his honie was in the center nf the mi.!.;hty confiict hetween France and England which onlv ended with the ahsolute snprem.acv of the Englisli rule from the .\tlantic to the Mississipjii. It was also more than forty ye;u"s before the Declar.ation of Independence was signed .anersonaI career of this distinguished member of the Pittsburg bar there are many salient 50() COMPENDIUM 01- HISTORY .IXP GENEALOGY IKiints of interest wliicli I'lialleiise the atteiitinn nf tlie 1iiiiorai)liist and (l)c' student, and it is a privilege to offer in tliis \\(irl< e\cn an epitome of tlie records. Jolm Sioussa Lanibic. wIkj is of pure Scnteli and French extrac- tion, is a native of tlie cit\' of I'ittsl)uii;'. where lie has attained so notable prestige as a citizen and as a nieniher of the legal profession, which he has honored and dignified by Iiis services. He was born on the 1st of Xovembcr. 1843. being the son of William and Aimee (Sioussa) Lambie. the former a native oi Scotland and the latter of the city of Washington, their marriage being solemnized in tlie national capital on the 2-^th of .March. 1840. William Lambie was reared and educated in Scotland, wliere he learned the trade of stone-cutting, lie emigrated to America in 1830. locating in Tittsburg. where he was en- gaged in the stone and marlile business until his death, which occurred in 1858. He became one of the leading contractors in his line, and was known as a man of abilitv^ and sterling character. In politics he was an old-line Whig and in religion was identified with the Cove- nanters or Reformed Presbyterian church, which had its origin in Scotland, as is a matter of historical rec(!rd. His wife still survives, maintaining her home in .Mlcgheny, Pennsylvania, and having attained the venerable age of more than fourscore ye.ars. Of her eight sons and three daughters, five of the former and one ijf the latter are still living. In the paternal iine the ancestry is traced back to the stanchest and most loyal of Scottish stock, and it is a matter of record that when Mary Oueeii of Scots came from i*"rance to England she took refuge in tile home of .\ndrew Lambie. from wIkjui John S. Lambie is directly descended. His grandfather in the maternal line was Jean Pierre Sioussa, who was Ixirn in France, wliere he was educated for the priest- hood of the f-ionian Catholic church, lie, however, withdrew from OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. 507 ecclesiastical study Mini enlisted in the I'"rench navy, in which he took an active part in ihe nienioiahle hattlc of the Xile, under Napoleon, who at that time effected the snl)jut;ation of Egypt. Monsieur Sioussa eventually came to America, landing- in New York city, where he re- ceived his discharge from the French navy, and thence he proceeded to the city of Washington, where lie was engaged as gardener at the executive mansion, under Tresident Madison. When, during the war of i(Sij, the liritish effected the capture (jf the federal capital. Presi- dent Madison and his faniily had taken refuge in the town of l>ladens- hui'g, Marylaiiil, lea\ing Mr. Sioussa in charge of the White House, and when the I^ritish troops entered the city and practically effected the destruction of the executive mansion .Sioussa succeeded in rescuing the only piece of furniture sa\'ed from the White House, the same heing the painting of Washington, executed by Sir Joshua Revnolds. Mr. Lamhie now has in his possession the letter written by President Madison thanking Mr. Sioussa for his successful effort in saving this valuable pr(xluction. The president also ga\-e Mr. Sioussa and his two sons jxjsitions in the Bank of the United States, where they continued to serve until the bank was abolished, under General Jackson as presi- dent, when thev found i)ositions in the Bank of the ^letropolis. with which thev continued to i)c connected until the close of their lives, lean Pierre Sioussa died in the year 1854. and his sons survived him several years. John S. Lanibie secured his early educational discipline in the l)ul)lic schools of his native city, being graduated in the Central high school as a member of the class of 1S62. Pie then began reading law under effective direction, his preceptor being Hon. Thomas M. Marshall. of Pittslnirg. and he was thus engaged in his technical work of prepara- tion for the legal profession until 1865. In the meantime, as a mem- 608 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AX H GESEAI.OiiV her ni ilic Peiiiisylvania militia. Mr. Laniljie rcsiMrndcd to the c.ill of (idvcninr Ciirtiii. in iSf)J, and went to tlic Innit with llic I'iftcentli Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantrx. under eoniniand of Colonel J. B. Clark. arri\inj4' at the seal of war just after tiie l)attle of Antietani and remaining se\eral niontlis on guard (hity. In iS(i4 iMr. I^mil)ie enhsted a second lime, heconiing a memlier ot tlie ( )ne Hundred and Xinety-tliird I'ennsyKania Volunteer Infantry, under his old colonel, j. 11. Clark, and he was thereafter in service for a period of four mcjuths. at the expiration of which the war closctl and he received his honorahlc discharge. Mr. Lamhie returned to Pittsburg and was admitted to the bar of the state in 1865. lie became associated in the active practice of his profession with .\. M. 15ro\\n. a uejihew of his former preceptor. Judge Marshall, and this alliance continued for the long period of thirty- six years, within which the lirm Imilt up a large and important business, retaining a rei>resentative clientage and attaining a commanding posi- tion at the bar of this section of tlie state. Mr. Lamhie still con- tinues in active practice, and his position as a lawyer and a citizen is so unequivocal and so athanced as to render supererogatory any further statement in this connection. He has ever been a stalwart supporter of the i>rinciples and ])olicies of the Republican i)arty. having cast his first presidential vote for .Mjraham Lincoln, but he has felt that his i)rofession offered at all times the fullest scope for his efforts anast commander. In 1S65 Mr. Lamhie was united in marriage to Miss Agnes Cun- ningham, a daughter of J(ihn Cunningham. She died in 1869. leav- ing one daughter. Eliz.iheth. who is now the wife of Dr. Edward Wig- gins, of Philadelphia. On the 21st of July. 1870. Mr. Lambie was married to Miss Anna Robertson. She was born in the city of Pitts- burg, being the daugliter of Thomas Roljertson. one of the prominent citizens of the place. Of this second union have licen born three sons and four daughters, namely: Jeannette. .\imec. .\nnie (deceased). Marguerite, Charles, John and Thomas. In conclusion we enter the following appreciative characterization of Mr. Lambie. the same having been given by Mr. E. S. Morrow, assistant comptroller of the city of I'ittsburg: "I have known Mr. Lambie for o\er fortx' \ears and know him to be a man of exceedingly correct habits of life, in all its relations, having none of the vices, great or small. He was the originator of the children's ilay, or tlower day. in the public schools, involving the custom, which has been for many vears observed in I^ittsburg. of having each child bring a plant or finwers with which to decorate the graves of the soldiers on Memorial Day. lie is also noted for carrying out his views and as being unyielding and uncom]iromising in his course when his conscience renders ai)proval, .and he never swerves from what he considers just and fair." 3J J'H' COMPENDIUM Ol' HISTORY AND GENIIALOCY GEORCE C. IFETZEL. (ieorge C. Jietzcl, tlie founder ruul ])rcsciit liead of tlic extensive manufaeturing corporation, llie Cleorge ('. TIetzel Coini)any. of C'liester. Pennsylvania, is faniiliarl_\- l\\n in all jiarts of the I'nited States in connection with the manufacture of worsteds and woolen goods for men"s wear. lie was horn in I'hilidelphi;!, l'enns\l\'ania. Januarv 3. 185R, the eldest son of John (i. and Caroline 1 letzel. llis father was horn in 1830. in \\ urteniherg. (lernianv. wheie he was reared and ac(|uired a common school education. I'pon attaining voung manhood he came to this country and settled in rhiladeli)hia, PennsyKania. where he continued to reside for the remainder (/f his life. I'olitically he was a firm adherent of the Democratic ])art\'. and in his religious views was a lo)Td supporter of the tenets of the Lutheran church. Tn 1856 he married Miss Caroline Xaegele, a nati\e of (iermaiiy. and four sons and two daughters were horn to them. .Mr. I letzel's death occurred in the forty-si.xth year of his age. George C. Hetzel attended the puhlic schools of Philadcl])hia, where he ohlaincd a good practical education. Cpon reaching the age of six- teen years he left school in order to accept a clerkshi]) in the office of the Cnited States Plate Glass Insurance Com])any of i'hiladeli>hia, and he remained an employe of that corporation for five years. In \'^J^) he entered into partnershi]) with !!. W. Creer, in his present manufacturing business under the style of B. W. (jreer & llctzcl. and the i)lant, which consisted of thirt}-two Brideshurg looms, on which ginghams and shirting cheviots were woven, was located at Sixteenth and Reed streets, Philadelphia. Their husiness increased so rajjidly that in 18S1 it was found necessary to increase their facilities, so they remo\ed to Eight- eentli street and Washington avenue, and added extra looms and began OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. 511 llic manufaclure of the finest sliirtini?;s and madras clotli at tliat time made in this eimntry. Tliis hranch of the husiness proxing \er\- re- ninncrative.it was again fonnd necessary to increase the size of their plant, and in 1883 they removed their machinery to liie new mill just then com])leled hy William Arrott at 'rihrleenth and Caqienter streets, pur- chased more machiner)-, making- in all one hundred and thirty-two looms. After a varied experience in producing all hinds of cotton goods the business was gradually changed to the manufacture of men's wear. w(irsteds and woolens. In order to manufacture these articles they haeration, and give em])lo\inent to betw-een three ami four hundred people in the manulacture of fancy worsted men's suitings and trouserings and women's suitings and cloakings. In l'"ebrrary. lycji. the business was incorporated under the laws of the state of Pennsylvania as the "George C. Hetzel Comi>any." In addition to this extensive manufacturing business, Mr. lletzel is also actively interested in many other enterprises Ixjth in this city and elsewhere. He is a director of the Chester National Hank. He was one of the incori)orators and serxed as director in the I'hiladelphia Bourse, and he is a member of the Union League Club and the .\rt ('lub of I'liiladelphia. In his ])olitics he is a stanch adherent of the policy of the Republican part}', and in his religion he ailheres to the doctrines of the Presbyterian church, being a member of the lK)ard of trustees of the church of that denominaticju in Ridle_\' Park, where he has made his home for many years. He is a member of the council of the borough of Ridley Park and was chief burgess for three years ending March i. 1903. Of THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. /il3 BYRON W. KING, A. M., Pii. D. Byron Wesley Kinq- ])ossesses talent whicli has placed his name hig-li among tlie leading; elocutionists of the east, and lie has won fame as a teacher, lecturer and entertainer throughout all die states of the union. His aliiliiy as an elocutionist is remarkahle. since he has con- (|uercd hy jicrsnnal effort alone an early defect in speech which would have deharred an ordinary man from public life, and to-dav he directs in person an educational institution which gives instruction annually to more than one thousand pupils. Professor King was liorn in Westmoreland county. Pennsylvania, and is a son of David J. I\ing, a resident of (jreensburg, this state, and who is a re])resentative of that class of highlv respected citizens who owe their honorable standing in society and remarkalile success in business to their own unaided efforts. Da\id J. Iving was born in Somerset county, Pennsylvania, No\cmber 6, 1820, and is a son of John and Fdizalieth (Neff) King. His paternal grandfather was a nati\e of \\'estnioreland county, Pennsxhania, and reared a large familw but after the birth of his son John he removed to Somerset county, this sta*:e. John King, the father of David J. King, was a farmer bv occupation, was a \\ big iu his political views and was a prominent mcml)cr of the Methodist Episcopal church. For his wife he chose F.lizalietb Xcff, the daughter of Nicholas Xefif, who was of Ger- man descent and was a farmer of Somerset county. To this marriage were born two sons and one daughter. David 1. King attended the subscription schools of Somerset county until he was fifteen years of age, and at that early age entered ui>on his business career, with the humble ambition of winning hon- orable success and a comfortable home. His capital at that time con- 514 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AXD GENEALOGY sistecl principally of two strong arms, a willingness to work ami a finu determination to sncceed. and. altlinnoh he was forced to enconnter many obstacles in his path to success, he was nc\cr ihshcartened in liis hard struggle for a competence. Wmking as a farm laliorcr until 1S39, lie then renio\-cd to Westmoreland county, where for fifteen years he farmed on rented land, on the expiration of which ])eriod he was able to ])urchase a desirable ])ro])erty of one hundred and fifty-se\-en acres in Hempfield townshi]). I!\- devnting his entire time and energies to this property he succeeded in making it nne of the best improved and most valuable farms in that section of the county. In 1888 he removed to Greensburg. where he has ever since made his home. In 1S48 Mr. King was united in marriage to Mary .\nn Sim])son. a daughter of William Simpson, who resided near Moiuit Pleasant. Pennsylvania. This union was blessed with twelve chikh'en. the fnlldw- ing named of whom are still living: Rel)ecca. the wife of David Music. of Adamsbiu'g. Pennsylvania: David B., who is a graduate of Lafavette College, where he was afterward ])rofessor of Latin for some vears. and is now a prominent member of the \ew ^'ork city bar .and a very successful lawyer: Fannie, the wife of Joseph W. Stoner; Theodore, of Richland county. Ohio ; Theophilus, a resident of Alpsville, Pennsyl- vania; Byron W. : Frank .\.. of Greensburg, Pennsylvania: Maryetta King: and John. H.. a resident of Paintersvillc. David J. King has been identified with the Democratic party since 1863. and has held tlie township oflices of tax collector, assessor and school director, in all of which his executive ability, sound judgment and intelligent action made him successful and ]'K)]>ular. l~or many years he was a deacon in the Mount Pleasant Presbyterian church, and since his removal to Greensburg has been a member of that denomination .at th.at place. He is one who has ever had the courage to act ui)on his honest comictions. Of THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 515 and altliougli he is dclilierate in forming conclusions he is firm in llieir defense. Professor Byron King acquired liis primary education in the puhhc scliools of his native locaHty, and at the age of thirteen years entered Alonnt Pleasant College, where he was graduated in 1877. receiving tlic honors of his class. During his hoyhood he was so badly trouliled with an imiiedinient in his si)eech that it was impossil)le for him to recite, and he was then obliged to write his lessons, but by making a special study of the causes and remedies for stammering he succeeded in effecting a wonderful cure in his own case, while as a teacher lie has W(in jircmounced success in curing \ocal defects. Some years prior to his graduatinn Mr. King began teaching in Mount Pleasant Cnllege, and after receiving his diplimia he was made professor of mathematics in Jefferson College, while subsequently he became a teacher of elo- cution in Washington College and for one }ear jirofessor of LrUin and Greek in Mnunt Pleasant .\cadeniy. The following four years he spent in travel, after which he taught in sixty different schools in the central states. .\s an instructnr he possesses marked ability and has held a number of important positions, having Iwen professor of Latin and Greek in the Western Pennsylvania Classical and Scientific Institute, ])rofessor of higher mathematics and clocutinn in the Jefferson academy; and a professor in Washington and Waynesburg colleges. Wooster University, St. Joseph's Academy and Curry Institute: was a special teacher of elocution and Delsarte iihilosopby in Rogersville Seminary, Marysville College and the Cniversity of Tennessee: was sjjccial lecturer at Martyn College of Oratory, :it Washington, 1). C. : and was in- structor at Bay View Chautau(|ua. .Mr. King received training in ekKU- tion miller private teachers in Boston, New York and Philadelphia, and in 1883 he opened the King's School of Oratory in Pitt.sburg. which is 516 COMPENDIUM OF IIISTORY .1\/) G/:.\ li.lLOC;)- now the largest of its kind in tlie United States. The stmh'es in tliis institution are often prolonged over three years, and in tiic outset thev embrace Shakesj^eare, physiology, hygiene, English literature, literary analysis and the philosophy of expression, and at the ]iresent time the graduates of Kind's School are occupying pmniinent places in the pulpit, at the bar. on the lecture ])latlorm. the lyceuni stage, and are among the most successful of actors. Professor King is president of the faculty and is a teacher of Latin. Greek, voice culture, theory of speech and Shakespeare, dramatic wnrk and Delsarte philosophv. On the 29th of Novcmh-er. 1S83. Professor King was united in marriage to Inez E.. daughter of Chester A. and Olive Tndd. nf Chautauqua county. New York, and the\- have three children. Olive May, Beatrice and B\rali()n. "On my maternal side I am of Scntcli-Irisli descent. My s^reat- s:jrandmother was a Boyd, was taken eaptixe 1)\- the Indians at iilnody Run and released seven years afterwards hy Cjeneral Boquel's forces: she married Robert Smiley, who was also of Scotch-Irish descent, and li\ed in Lancaster or Uedfnrd cnunty. Ilci' daughter, Asjnes Smiley, m.arried Moses Frcam, whose father, William, cinie to .Xiuerica Irom irel;nid at rm early date, before the l\e\nlution,ary str\it^i;'le. lie m;ir- ried i 'hebe Merrill in Jerse\- and afterw.ards settled in Maryland, where my grandfather was born. My mother was a dang'htcr of Moses and Agnes b'ream and was a nati\e of Somerset count)-, I'ennsyKam'a. "My ancestors on both sides were meclianics or farmers, none of whom (in .\merica) had the .■uhantas^e of an academic eilncalidn. It was a traditiiin in the family on both sides th.at none were illiterate, mine criiuinal, none wealth}', but all thrilty. "So far as T can ascertain, I am the lirst of my line, on either side, who foll(j\ved a professional occupation." .\r'rOP.IOC.R.\l'llN' OI' W. J. KK.\MF.R. I. W'illi.am John Rramcr, was born in 1S40, janu;u'\' jud. in (ler- m:my, near Mremen. \\\ father, biederick W. Kr.amer. ;i nati\c fif Ciermany, was born in iSoO, and m\ mother, also ;i native of ( lermany, was born in 1810. Her maiden name was Sophia W'ilimina W'ittie. Mother died in 1895. My father, who died in 1869, was a wagonmaker, and followed that trade most of his life. His leading characteristic in tins line was to make a first-class job at ;dl tiuK.'s, ;md deal honestly with all men. In a 7^^7:^t£^. OF THE STATE OE PENNSYLVANIA. 521 political sense he was a Republican, and his hrjbby was the free press and free speech. One of the reasons for Jiis leaving Germany was the tyranny of the ])ettv kin^s at that time, both military and otherwise. A man was used more like a dog, by the nobility and officials, tiian like a man. His very nature rebelled at such treatment, so lie sold his home, and with bis wife and si.x boys set sail in a sailing vessel from Bremer- h.afen in 1S45. -'>"'' "f^^"'' ■' voyage of two months arrived in New York. After staying there some time be went to Philadelphia and from there to Pittsburg, where he worked for some time, until Peter (irafif hired him to go to Butler county, Pennsylvania, to make and repair wagons for an iron furnace, which he owned at that time. It was there that I receixed my training as a wagonmaker. .\s we bad only about three months of school a year my schooling was very limited. Altogether it did not exceed more than three vears. As our family consisted of ten boys we were obliged to go to work as soon as we were able to belj) earn a lixing. 1 commenced to work for my father before I was twelve years old, when my older brother and 1 took one end of the cross-cut saw ;uid mv father took ttie other, to get out wagon stock. In those days there were no sawmills in our section, and we had to saw and cut all our wagon stock from the tree. In that wav I re- ceived a first-class schooling in the knowledge of wagon timber. The first work I can ever remember of doing away froni home was hel])ing to make \va\ for the rn"m who (.wned the iron furnace. Vov this I received tweiitv-ti\e cents per day, and boarded at home. At that time money was \ery scarce, and father got very little. pi'oli,'d)lv not o\er tweiil\'-fi\c ckillars a year in cash. The rest of his w.'iges he look out in pro\-isions at the company's store. When we boys went to a I'ourth of July celebration we rccenxd t\vent\-fi\e cents each for spending money, and then would walk from 5-22 COMPENDIUM OP IIISTORV A.\U GEXUiALOCY five to ten miles, as tlie case miglit l)e, to jijet tliere. This tauL;lil us a lesson in economy that few l)oys get to-day. Mv first work was on the farm, and then came taliAY. Speaking of the aho\e named gentleman, who now holds .a ])ronii- nent jxisition in tlie iron world of I'ittshurg, one of his intimate husiness associates de.scrihes him as a "hail fellow well met." and a man of marked executive ahility. whose word is as good as his hond. Such high praise from one who knows him well naturally excites curiosity to know something more concerning the ohject of such eulogy, and it is for the ])urpose of gratifying this desire that this brief biography has been compiled. 5--'4 COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AXP GBXRALOGY Searcli for the family genealogy takes us to LehaiKJii county. Pennsylvania, where we find the parents settled in the early ])art of the nineteenth century. Captain W'illiiun W. .Murray, who was of Scotch-Irish stock, was kn(jwn as a man of excellent i)usiness qualifi- cations, and for many years was manager of the L'nion Forge Com- pany at L'nion Forge, Lebanon count}-, I'ennsyhania. He was brought up in the Presl)yterian faith, in jxilitics was known as an "old-schocjl Democrat." and when he passed away, at the age of sixty-live years, man_\- peo]ilc assembled around bis bier ruid luourned him sincerclw both as a man and a citizen, hi erndy manhood he bad married W'il- helmina Bickel, a lady of (ierman parentage, by whom be had twehc children, but the only survi\(>rs are: Mrs. E. P. Ewing, of Lincoln, Nebraska; William !\Iurra\-. of Champaign. Illinois; L. W. Murray, of Connecticut. Oiiio; and the Pittsburg man of business who is men- tioned in the initial sentences of tliese memoirs. J. \A'eidman Murray, oldest of bis father's living children, was born at L'nion F'orge (now Lickdale). Lebanon county. Pennsylvania, October 17. 1853. and remained at home until about his eighteenth year. Alcantime be had ])ursucd his education in the public ;ind private schools of the countw and when eighteen vears fild was graduated in the high school in Lebanon. Immediately thereafter be went to learn the trade of machinist with P. L. W'einur and I'.rotbers at Lebanon, and remained in the employment of this firm for ten years following. Quitting this establishment temiKirarily. he was engaged with the Penn- sylvania Steel Company as assistant mechruiical engineer for two and a half years, at the expiration of which time he returned to W'eimer Brothers and remained with them an additional three vears. His next mo\e tf)ok him frfmi his nati\e state to the iron region of Bir- mingham, Alabama, where he was em])loyed by the Tennessee Coal OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 525 Mining & Ivailmad Coni])any as meclianical engineer of Ihe company and superintendent of their Linn Iron \\'oricnlity for the educational iirivileges he enjoyed, lie began his business career as a clerk in a mercan.tilc establishment and was similarly em])loyed for several vears. Coming to W'illiamsport, Pennsylvania, in 18^)5. he accepted the ])osition of bookkcei)er at George Zimmer planing mills, and four \ears later purchased an interest in the firm, which he retained mitil 1S73. Subsequently he was empkned as Ixxjkkeeper by Daniel \V. Smith, and in July. 1H74. entered the ser\-ice of Slonaker, Howard & Com])any in the same capacity, in 1879 he purchased Mr. .Slonaker's mterest and engaged in the lumber Inisiness under the firm name of Howard, Perley & TToward until J.anuary, 1887, when C. P. floward retired fnmi the firm and Mr. Perley and \\'illiam Howard have since continued the business under the style f)f Howard &• Perley. This firm ranks high among the lumber dealers of Williamsport. They have large interests in Clinton and Potter counties, Peinisylvani;i. and arc OP THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. 533 the owners of twelve miles of railroad in the lumber field. Mr. Perley has long been a director of the West Brancii National Bank of Will- iamsport, and in November, 1898, was chosen president of that institu- tion, which is the largest and strongest financial concern in the city. The safe, con.servative ])olicy which he has inaugurated commends itself to the judgment of all and has secured for the liank a i)atronage which makes the volume of business tran.sacted over its counters of great im- l)iirtance and magnitude. The success of the institution is certainly due in large measure to him, and through it and his lumber business he has prdmiitcd the welfare of the city. Mr. Perley has been tv>ice married, his first wife being Miss Clara Lovejoy, a daughter of Albert Lovejoy, of Gardiner, Maine. Their marriage vv'as celebrated September i, 1869, and was blessed with five children who are still living, namely: Margaret Lovejov, Harriett Scott, Fred A., Martha C. and .\l!en P., Jr. The wife and mother died in January, 1886, and in 1888 Mr. Perley wedded Mrs. Anne Stuwell, a nati\e (if New York. They are ])rominent members of Christ's F.pis- cojial church, in which he holds the oflice of vestryman, and he is also a member of Lodge No. 106, F. & A. M. Politically he is a stanch Republican and ser\ed one term as a member of the city council. Mr. P'erley strmds high in the esteem of his business asso- ciates as a man possessing excellent business ability and sound judg- ment, being particularlv successful in the management of large business enterprises. In manner he is cnurteous and considerate, and is a most respected, congenial and kind hearted citizen, who is held in the highest regard h\ all with wlium he comes in contact cither in business or social life. 534 COMrhNDirM Ol- HISTORY .WD GENEAl.OCY WILLIAM L. HUNTER. M. 1). At an early epoch in tlie deNelnpnieiil and sellleiiieiil nf I'eniisyL vniiia the 1 huiter family was cstaljlislied w illiin its lK)rdcrs. The great- grandfather iif Dr. Hunter hecame f the llahneniann (ir home(i])athic schciol of medicine, whnse methods and principles are l)eciimin,q- more hi,i;hly a])preciated and approved vcar after year, the system heinq- hcncficent in the a])plica- tion of remedial aii;ents of such potency as to assist natm'e in restoring- health wilJKnn impairin.L; the ])hysical system hy undue physioloi^ical reactions from the drugs administered. Dr. Wolfe is a native son of the state of Pennsylvania, with whose annids the name has hecn identified for several generations, the original American ])rogenitor having' emigrateil hither from (iermany in the colonial ejiocli of our national history ;ind having taken up his residence in the old Keystone state, whose advancement and gratifying prosperitv lia\-e heen fostered in large measure hy representatives of the stanch old ficrman stock. Dr. Wolfe was horn in Kittanning. .\niistrong county, this state, on the lOlh of January. 1S51. heing the son of Noah C. and Mary (Patterson) Wolfe, the former a native of reniis_\-lvania and the latter of Wilmington. T")claware. ;ind of Scotch-Irish lineage. Noah C. Wolfe was ])roniiiieiitl\- identified with agricultur;il pursuits from his youth until within ahoiit a decade of his death, when he retired from active lahors. He died in 1896. at the age of se\enty-eigiit years, haxing hecn a man of sjiotlcss intcgrit\' ancl having ever held the respect and confi- dence of his fellow men. In ]iolitics he was a stanch ad\ocate of the princiijles .and ]iolicies of the Democratic part\-. hut he ne\er sought public office, the only preferment of the sort which he e\er consented to assume being that of township su])er\isor. I lis religious faith was that of the Presbyterian church. i)f which his wife was also a devoted member. She died on the f)th of June, 1902, aged eighty-five years. OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA. h:\9 \oah C. and Mary (Patterson) Wolfe became the parents of six cliildren, namely: Sarah J., who is the wife of William R. Huston, of Hcmestcad, Pennsylvania: Findley P., wlio is a leadini,^ attorney of Kittanning. this state: Perry V .. who died in 1874. at the age of twenty-eight years: Joseph A., who died in infancy: Wesley: and Dorcas C. who maintains her home in Kittanning. Dr. Wnlfe was reared under the sturdy discipline of the farm, aiid his preliminary education was acquired in the public schools of Kittanning. He early manifested a ])redilection for the medical pro- fession, and as socn as he' could arrange his affairs in a satisfactory way began his work of technical preparation. In 1877 he secured as prece])tor Dr. W. W. Smith, an al)le practitioner of Kittanning, and under his direction carried forward his reading for one year, at the expiration of which period he matriculated in the Homeopathic Hospital Medical College in the city of Cleveland. Ohio, where he completed the prescribed course under the most favoralile auspices and was graduated as a member of the class of 1880. receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine. He had been a close and indefatigable student and had shown marked discrimination in his technical investigation and clinical work, so that be was well fortified for the practical rlutics of bis pro- fession when he left the well known institution which figures as his alma mater. He began the ])r;;ctice of his profession forthwith in Freeport. .\rmstrong county, PennsyKania, where be succeeded in build- ing up an excellent business. .\t the expiration of four years he re- mmed from that place to the city of Pittsburg", and a year later estal>- lished his residence anublic. Zimmerman, it seems, is the word used by the Swiss to denote what in English is under.slood by "carpenter," and a transference to .\merican .soil naturally brought about a change or rather a translation r)f surname; thus when Heinrick Zimmerman came over frnm Switzer- land and bought land in Lancaster county. Pennsylvania, his name was written in the i\wd nf purchase as plain Henry CariK'uter, and by this patronymic all the descendants have since been known. .\n intermar- riage between the Swiss element and the natives of the British Isles made that popular genealogical combination of Sw^iss and Scotch-Irish 542 COMPENDIUM 01- IIISTOKY ASH LiliS liAlOGY which tlic Carpenters boast as tlic riclicst hlcidil in their ancestral pc(h- gree. The descendants of this original enii.grant lon.i;- rctaine^4ij|* I(p«*^?^^- ;(i;ti4i/f,»tf.;{. ■■^m'' Uit^i •