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 LAWS OF ATHLETICS 
 
 AND S 
 
 x 
 
 GENERAL RULES. 
 
 (REVISED EDITION.) 
 
 COMPILED FOR THE USE OF THE U. S. ARMY. 
 
 ! .T 
 
 By C. A: L v ..Totten, First Lieut., Fourth Artillery, 
 
 Professor of Military Science and Tactics, Yale University. 
 
 iiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiii 
 
 WASHINGTON : 
 1891. 
 
 iiiiMiHimiiiiMitimiHiiiuiimcuiuiiiuimiiiiiii inuuiuuuuauuuiuiuuuiuuuuuuuuuiuauuiuui* 
 
LAWS OF ATHLETICS 
 
 AND 
 
 GENEKAL RULES. 
 
 (REVISED EDITION.) 
 
 COMPILED FOR THE USE OF THE U. S. ARMY. 
 
 
 By C. A. L. Totten, First Lieut., Fourth Artillery, 
 
 Professor of Military Science and Tactics, Yale University. 
 
 WASHINGTON : 
 1891. 
 
/8JI 
 
 C'OPYKIGHT, 1881, 
 By C. A. L. TOTTEX. 
 
 Revise. Copyrighted, 1891, 
 By C. A. L. TOTTEN. 
 
 This copyright is unreservedly made over 
 to the United States Government. 
 
 C. A. L. TOTTEX, 
 
 U. S. Army. 
 
 ,V^ 
 
 
 9 • • * * • 
 
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. 
 
 The following compilation has been made for the use of troops in the 
 Military Division of the Pacific, by ist Lieutenant C. A. L. Totten, 4th Ar- 
 illery, kindly assisted by Colonel Horace Fletcher, ordnance officer, ist 
 Division C. N. G. , and president of the Olympic Athletic Club of San 
 Francisco, California. It has been chiefly drawn from the standard author- 
 ties mentioned below : 
 
 "General Rules and Laws of Athletics of the Olympic Athletic Club of San 
 Francisco, California;" Hand-book of Gymnastics and Athletics, " Raven- 
 stine and Hulley ; " Laws of Athletics," by William Wood ; "Walker's 
 Manly Exercises," by Craven ; "A Military System of Exercises," by 
 Archibald Maclaren. 
 
 PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION. 
 
 This little work is revised, by request, for free distribution in the Regular 
 Army of the United States. It is trusted that those interested in the present 
 revival of athletics in the service will recognize it as at least a valuable vade- 
 mecum in premises. 
 
 In the present revision the author is particularly indebted to Mr. Walter 
 C. Camp (Yale) for valuable help. He also desires to thank Messrs. A. 
 G. Spalding & Bros, for their courteous permission to incorporate in this 
 manual the " Foot-Ball Rules," of which they hold the copyright. 
 
 C. A. L. TOTTEN, 
 
 U. S. Army. 
 Military Department S. S. S. of Yale, 
 
 New Haven, Conn., April 20, 1891. 
 
 M225007 
 
Copyright, 1881, 
 By C. A. L. TOTTEX. 
 
 Revise. Copyrighted, 1891, 
 BY C. A. L. TOTTEX. 
 
 This copyright is unreservedly made over 
 to the United States Government. 
 
 C. A. L. TOTTEX, 
 
 U. S. Army. 
 
 
 /SJI 
 
 • * <9 1 c 
 
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. 
 
 The following compilation has been made for the use of troops in the 
 Military Division of the Pacific, by ist Lieutenant C. A. L. Totten, 4th Ar- 
 tillery, kindly assisted by Colonel Horace Fletcher, ordnance officer, ist 
 Division C. N. G. , and president of the Olympic Athletic Club of San 
 Francisco, California. It has been chiefly drawn from the standard author- 
 ities mentioned below : 
 
 ' 'General Rules and Laws of Athletics of the Olympic Athletic Club of San 
 Francisco, California;" Hand-book of Gymnastics and Athletics, " Raven- 
 stine and Hulley ; " Laws of Athletics," by William Wood ; "Walker's 
 Manly Exercises," by Craven ; "A Military System of Exercises," by 
 Archibald Maclaren. 
 
 PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION. 
 
 This little work is revised, by request, for free distribution in the Regular 
 Army of the United States. It is trusted that those interested in the present 
 revival of athletics in the service will recognize it as at least a valuable vade- 
 mecum in premises. 
 
 In the present revision the author is particularly indebted to Mr. Walter 
 C. Camp (Yale) for valuable help. He also desires to thank Messrs. A. 
 G. Spalding & Bros, for their courteous permission to incorporate in this 
 manual the " Foot-Ball Rules," of which they hold the copyright. 
 
 C. A. L. TOTTEN, 
 
 U. S. Army. 
 Military Department S. S. S. of Yale, 
 
 New Haven, Conn., April 20, 1891. 
 
 M225007 
 

 4 • 
 
 . « « « • 1 • 
 
 . «• • • • • 
 
 » • • • • • 
 
 • • 1 » • 
 
 . » • ♦•*-• • *„ * • • • 
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 Athletic contests had their origin among those ancient nations whose prin- 
 cipal incentive was war. The habitual and almost exclusive use of ' ' hand- 
 weapons" in the close combat of ancient days rendered strength, skill, and 
 endurance so necessary to the individual soldier as to excite an universal 
 interest in all athletic efforts. The celebrated Grecian games were the 
 outcome of this interest ; their periodic recurrence drew together the finest 
 types of human development, and not only attracted their audiences from 
 all other countries, but gave to Greece soldiers whose pre-eminence in arms 
 secured that incredibly swift conquest of the world to Alexander the Great. 
 
 Modern warfare employs a far different class of arms than those used 
 upon ancient battle-fields. Invention and discovery have put into the hands 
 of the soldier of to-day weapons that hurl bolts as deadly and unerring as 
 were those of fabled Jupiter. They store for him an energy the exercise 
 and expenditure of which in some respects limit the demand upon his per- 
 sonal supply. 
 
 The great strength required in close personal combat can in a large meas- 
 ure be dispensed with by skillfully educating the faculties which particularly 
 govern "long range fire." Nevertheless, activity, endurance, and, indeed, 
 perfect bodily culture, too much neglected in our system of military training, 
 are important requisites in a modern army. As elements, their possession 
 must ever go far toward insuring success to that contestant having their ad- 
 vantage over an adversary without it. 
 
 Considering the results depending upon the Army, the demands it is ex- 
 pected to meet, and the care bestowed upon it, there is no community in 
 which the cultivation of athletics is more necessary or can be better pro- 
 moted. It is a small body of well-provided, healthy men, living much in 
 the open air, and, when active operations commence, is always called upon 
 to do, and is expected to do well, an immense amount of work. Yet the 
 supply of surplus strength that the ordinary military pursuits are able to 
 store up is seldom such as to meet at once and fully the sudden and long- 
 continued demands so often put upon it. This, however, is only the fault 
 of the present military system, and is open to an immediate correction by 
 the Army itself. Let the skill with which the modern soldier has learned 
 to use his rifle be supplemented by a proper cultivation of bodily strength 
 and endurance. These requisites to, military achievements will be as in- 
 evitably demanded of him upon the modern field of battie as they ever were 
 
6 
 
 of his ancient predec6ssor: in arms in the personal encounter. In their pos- 
 session he -will; accomplish results otherwise impossible, and have, moreover, 
 an invaiuabfe reserve wherewith to meet whatever drain may come upon his 
 powers. 
 
 It is therefore proposed to invite attention, as the War Department has 
 so often done before in a general way, to practical methods for the hardier 
 physical development of our troops. Interest in athletic games throughout 
 the United States is greater than ever before, and it can not be doubted but 
 that military competitors for athletic honors can secure brilliant reputa- 
 tions, which will redound to the credit of the Army and the Country. An 
 interest to the individual soldier and advantage to the service as great and 
 wide-spread as that in target practice may soon be expected to grow out 
 of such contests. The field of competition is infinitely broader and the 
 opportunities of excelling all the greater ; hence results as honorable to the 
 soldier and as beneficial to the Army as those it has so quickly won at 
 Creedmoor may also be expected. 
 
 Since fine perceptive faculties and strong nerves always accompany ac- 
 tivity and endurance, it necessarily follows that skill in rifle practice will be 
 promoted by physical training. 
 
 It is suggested that each company should have its record of vital statistics ; 
 in it the initiatory effort of every man who enters any of the games and 
 trials of strength that compose the list of amateur athletics should be re- 
 corded. Drills, out-of-door exercise, and games can then be so appointed 
 as to become a pleasure and a continuous course of physical training. 
 Under such a system each month would bring progressive improvements. 
 One day each year might then be set aside with advantage for an athletic 
 tournament, to be assisted in and supervised by commissioned officers. 
 The records of the successful competitors should be carefully noted and 
 published. For the best exhibition of activity and strength let the prize be 
 a certificate of the fact, with the details of the particular feat excelled in. 
 This, and the official publication and honorable mention of successful com- 
 petitors by department and division headquarters and in the Army papers, 
 ought to be an unfailing incentive to take part in exercises the benefit 
 of which can not but soon become self-evident and satisfying. The post car- 
 penter and blacksmith can make in a day all of the simple apparatus needed 
 at such a tournament. The arrangements for a meeting can be as readily 
 effected, and if the interest of but a single commissioned officer can be en- 
 listed at each post, the success and perpetuity of the undertaking will be 
 insured. 
 
 It is only by progressive training, culminating in contests, that men can 
 know themselves, and thus find out what they can do ordinarily and what 
 in an emergency ; what expenditure of energy may be called for ; what 
 military achievements they may undertake without failing ; and, finally, 
 what amount of training is required to fit them for their best efforts. 
 
EXTRACTS FROM HAND-BOOK OF ATHLETICS. 
 
 Hygiene. 
 
 The healthful influence of athletics, carried on with prudence and dis- 
 cretion, is generally acknowledged. 
 
 Exercises act beneficially by increasing the circulation of the blood ; but 
 when the beatings of the heart become excessively rapid and irregular, care 
 should be taken to avoid those exercises which produce these symptoms. 
 In a healthy man the heart is felt to beat two fingers breadth below the nip- 
 ple of the left breast. Persons suffering from organic disease of the heart, 
 and those of apoplectic habits, with short necks and an inclination to cor- 
 pulency, should be specially careful, and take medical advice before exercis- 
 ing violently or entering into any contest of endurance. 
 
 The breath should be properly regulated whilst undergoing exertion. 
 Breathe slowly ; thus the muscles of the belly become tense and fortify the 
 ribs and pelvis. Failures in exercises are frequent in consequence of not 
 keeping the muscles of chest and belly sufficiently tense, and accidents, 
 such as rupture, are produced by exhaling at an improper time. By pro- 
 ceeding gradually from easy to difficult exercises, this danger is avoided, 
 • and the athlete learns to breathe correctly by habit. Exercises should 
 never be carried far enough to produce panting or a pain in the side. 
 
 The benefits of exercise upon the lungs are greatly increased by carry- 
 ing them on in the open air. 
 
 The amount of exercise beneficial to each particular individual varies. 
 Excessive exercise causes a feeling of pain in the muscles, a feverish excite- 
 ment of the nerves, and generally disturbs the health. * * * But not 
 only excessive exercise, but one-sided exercise is injurious. For instance, 
 if one group or set of muscles is exercised to the exclusion of the others, they 
 will only grow to a certain point, and then waste away. Make it a rule to 
 bring as many muscles as possible into play, and to develop them harmo- 
 
 niously. , . 
 
 The amount of clothing necessary varies according to temperature and in- 
 dividual constitution. Less clothing is required when exercising ; but as 
 soon as the exertion is over the heat of the body rapidly declines, and ad- 
 ditional clothing should be put on. The practice of pulling off the shirt 
 after the exercises are over and washing the body down to the waist with 
 cold water should not be encouraged, as it is liable to induce chills. When 
 
8 
 
 returning from a walk, and if very warm, put on additional clothing until 
 the normal heat of the body is restored, to prevent taking cold. It is very 
 important that clothing worn next the body should be washed and changed 
 frequently. 
 
 Tight belts are positively injurious, for they press upon intestines, stomach, 
 and liver, and do more injury to the organs of digestion than can be made 
 good by exercise. But a belt with elastic side-springs, which expands easily 
 to the extent of six and more inches, may be worn with safety. 
 
 Food and drink should never be taken immediately after exercise, nor 
 should exercise be taken for some time after each meal. 
 
 Of all drinks pure water is the most wholesome. Take it frequently when 
 necessary, but in small quantities, and not too cold. Water is not liable to 
 injure if exercise is continued afterwards. When taken freely while in a 
 copious state of perspiration, the exercise should not be suddenly stopped. 
 At such times it should be used with caution, and only in small quantity. 
 
 Cleanliness. 
 
 Every man while training should sponge the body daily from head to 
 foot. With a weak constitution, tepid water and the use of a flesh-brush or 
 rough towel, so as to produce reaction on the skin, is the safest. 
 
 Training. 
 
 For men in the ordinary vocations of life the severe system generally pur- 
 sued is not only irksome but often injures the health instead of improving 
 it. A man should always be in fair training. Let him lead a life of tem- 
 perance ; let him carry on bodily exercises regularly, but without excess ; 
 and he will be prepared at all times to enter himself for competitions. The 
 diet should be plain, mixed vegetable and animal (with a certain amount 
 of fat). Drink tea in moderation, water in plenty, but avoid spirits. Cleanli- 
 ness must be carefully attended to. Exercise should be taken regularly, 
 and those things should be practiced most frequently in which the athlete 
 desires to compete, though not to the exclusion of other exercises. 
 
 A rule for daily routine. 
 
 Get up at 7 ; take a sponge-bath and rub well with a coarse towel. Then 
 take the clubs or dumb-bells, or some other apparatus at hand, and work away 
 for some minutes, introducing occasionally some exercise for the legs. Do 
 not carry these exercises far enough to perspire, but should perspiration 
 come on, rub down with a dry towel before dressing completely. 
 
 After a few minutes' interval devoted to reading or conversation, have 
 breakfast, consisting of tea or coffee, with stale bread and butter, a couple 
 of eggs, a chop, chicken, or steak. After breakfast proceed to your daily 
 duties. 
 
9 
 
 Dine at i or 2. The food may be underdone or not, according to taste, 
 and a certain amount of fat is advisable. Meat baked, roasted, or stewed is 
 the most nourishing, and beef or mutton preferable to other kinds, though 
 in all these things man requires variety. Bread and vegetables are essential. 
 
 The daily duties performed, go home, and at about 6 o'clock have tea, 
 with some toast or bread and butter, a few radishes, &c. 
 
 At about 7 130 walk four or five miles, alternate quarters rapidly till the last 
 half mile, or go through such room exercises as are specially needed to in- 
 crease the strength of certain muscles, or reduce the weight, resting after 
 each exercise, and avoiding too much fatigue. When done, refresh the 
 hands and face with water, and cool off gradually without exposure to draft. 
 Take a light supper at 10 o'clock. 
 
 At 1 1 :30 prepare for bed. Change, of course, the undershirt, and before 
 lying down rub with a dry towel. Have blankets sufficient to keep warm, 
 but not more. 
 
 If this is done twice a week, or at most three times, it is all that is need- 
 ful. 
 
 Pedestrians frequently suffer from sore feet and blisters. * * * It is 
 a good plan to dip the feet in very hot water for one or two minutes before 
 the start, then wipe them dry and rub with soft soap until there is a lather. 
 At the close of the day, should the feet be sore, wipe them with a wet 
 cloth, and rub them with bear's grease, deer's fat, tallow, soap, or spirits. 
 If blistered, pass a thread of silk through each, and tie the ends together 
 to allow the fluid to ooze out. When making a long halt in the middle 
 of the day, take off boots and socks and wash the feet in cold water. 
 
 Soft corns between the toes are best cured by using lunar caustic. 
 
 When on the march or a pedestrian tour be careful of the diet and do 
 not eat too much or too often. Never take spirits when exhausted, unless 
 it be towards the close of the day's work, but some warm tea or coffee. 
 Onions or garlic, chewed, is a good remedy against thirst. 
 
 Running. 
 
 The double-step of the soldier is that kind of running of the greatest 
 service, and ought to be practiced whenever there is an opportunity. One 
 hundred and eighty short leaps are made in a minute, and allowing three 
 feet to each leap, a mile is run in less than ten minutes. Men not carry- 
 ing arms and accouterments can do more with ease, as a matter of course. 
 In running the chest is kept steady; the breathing should be slow, the 
 mouth closed, the arms are bent, and assist in the forward movement by 
 swinging forwards. The legs must be raised as little as possible. 
 
 Men, to run long distances, should increase the practice gradually from 
 day to day. Let them run five minutes the first few days, then ten, and so 
 on, until they are able to run an hour (six miles) or more without losing 
 
10 
 
 their breath. Any man feeling the least pain in the side should come to a 
 walk or stop altogether. 
 
 After the run most men will be perspiring, and must not be allowed to 
 stand still. They should then be made to march at an ordinary pace for 
 some fifteen minutes, and to wear away the tediousness of such a walk they 
 should sing a chorus or perform tacto-gymnastical exercises. The run 
 should not take place round and round the same place but on different 
 roads fairly marked off each quarter of a mile. 
 
EXTRACTS FROM A MILITARY SYSTEM OF EXERCISES. 
 
 Course for recruits. 
 
 The athletic training of recruits should commence simultaneously with 
 the squad drill without arms ; and in order that this shall not interfere with 
 the prescribed musketry course, under ordinary circumstances recruits should 
 not be given the musket for the first month after joining. During that time 
 the training exercises are to form a component portion of the ordinary re- 
 cruit drill. 
 
 Running drill. 
 
 During the first fortnight the distance run is not to exceed from 300 to 
 500 yards. For the second fortnight the distance may be increased to 600 
 and 800, and for the third fortnight to 900, at the end of which time the 
 practice is to be carried on daily at 1,000 yards, the men running on alter- 
 nate days with arms and accouterments. 
 
 The pace is not to exceed six miles an hour. 
 
 Care must be taken that men are not exercised at the full distance of 1,000 
 yards until they shall have gone through from four to six weeks' preliminary 
 practice at the shorter distances. 
 
 Where the ground will admit of it the men may be run 15 or 20 abreast 
 in single rank, otherwise by companies in "fours." 
 
 Walking. 
 
 A short course for walking and running should be formed 100 yards long 
 and if possible 16 yards wide. There should be a permanent post at each 
 end and a permanent mark to ' ' toe ' ' at starting. 
 
 The same course or practice ground will do for both walking and running, 
 and the same manner and amount of instruction for the one will in most in- 
 stances be found suitable for the other. In all cases, as stated above, there 
 should be a measured course of 100 yards, and, when practicable, a meas- 
 ured quarter, half, and whole mile. The first should be sufficiently broad 
 for a squad' of ten or fifteen men to walk or run abreast at open order, the 
 second should be the breadth of an ordinary path. The initiatory practice 
 in walking should be on the first of these and should be performed quite 
 irrespective of time, correct action and position being the sole points to be 
 aimed at ; these acquired, the longer courses should be used. The mile has 
 been walked in much less than seven minutes, but a mile in twelve minutes 
 on the public highway is good walking. 
 
 The same rules will apply to running ; a correct action and position, quite 
 irrespective of time, should first be obtained on the first course ; these should 
 then be practiced at half speed, and ultimately at the highest rate of speed. 
 
12 
 
 The race at half speed should be at the rate of about 35 seconds to the 
 100 yards. It would be difficult to over-estimate the practical value of run- 
 ning at half speed or the double step. 
 
 The race at speed should be restricted to the 100 yards, except in the 
 free practice, which, after the necessary instruction, it is desirable to en- 
 courage. 
 
 The ?'ace carrying weights or implements may be on any course, short 
 or long, and with or without obstacles ; but in every case it must be under- 
 taken carefully and thoughtfully, and only after practice at all the preceding. 
 * * * g u t it should never be forgotten that as this is essentially a prac- 
 tical exercise, the burden should be or should represent as closely as possi- 
 ble an object likely to be used in the actual occupations of the soldier, such 
 as a ladder, plank, pole, a round or other shot, and when fairly practiced 
 in these, men should be taught to carry each other short distances in the 
 manner and positions causing the least fatigue and hindrance to progression. 
 
 The race carrying arms and knapsack may be over a course of any 
 length, and presenting obstacles of any kind, natural or artificial ; in fact, it 
 should be practiced over every course, and at all rates of speed, and 
 should be looked upon as the culminating exercise in walking and running, 
 for in it may be represented the results of all previous practice and training. 
 In the short or long walk or race on the level surface, the weapon should 
 be borne at the "trail," and frequently changed from right to left; in 
 ascending an inclined ladder, in the right hand at the ' ' carry ; and in vault- 
 ing it should, previous to the vault, be carefully deposited beyond the bar- 
 rier, resting on the butt. The knapsack should never be moved from the 
 back, but in the long flat race, where its motion of rising and falling with 
 the action of the body becomes oppressive, the hand not employed in carry- 
 ing the weapon may be passed back under it to arrest this motion, or the 
 sling of the rifle may be passed round the upper part of it, the butt upwards 
 and the stock diagonally crossing it, the barrel being grasped near the 
 muzzle. As in the race carrying weights, every change of position is a 
 relief. 
 
EXTRACTS FROM LAWS OF ATHLETICS. 
 
 The important object of athletic education is not merely to furnish power 
 to travel great distances, carry great burdens, or lift great weights ; it is to 
 develop that condition of body and amount of vital capacity which shall 
 enable each man in his place to pursue his calling, and work on in his work- 
 ing life, with the greatest amount of comfort to himself and usefulness to 
 his fellow-man. 
 
 Physical exercise and its results tcpon bodily health. 
 
 No man need at the present day apologize for the attention he may pay to 
 athletic exercise. The time is past when men can be told that it is a need- 
 less waste of time to devote forty or sixty minutes out of the twenty-four 
 hours in rowing, walking, running, or any other of the many exercises that 
 will give tone and strength to the muscles. 
 
 Preparation or training is to supply strength where there is weakness, not 
 to develop any particular part of the system at the expense of the rest. It 
 must be borne in mind that the true object of training is, and should be, not 
 to afford proficiency in any one particular kind of exercise, but to bring those 
 important organs and muscles which are less directly engaged in the ordi- 
 nary course of the exercise into such a condition as to enable them to support 
 an unusual effort, or a strain such as they are quite unaccustomed to. 
 
 That there may come great injury and permanent ailment from athletic 
 games and exercises, when continued beyond the power of endurance, 
 there can be no doubt. But this arises only from inexcusable imprudence. 
 Fainting and pain in the heart or head, which comes at the very height 
 of a severe strain upon endurance, does not come without premonition ; and 
 never when men have been properly trained and are in good condition. 
 Athletics mean permanent health and strength, not lasting ailment and 
 weakness ; the former will surely come if only a progressive course of ex- 
 ercise is followed. 
 
 Every thoughtful person must know that a sudden strain on the heart, 
 particularly if the person is not in training (and here the great advantages 
 of training are apparent), ;iiay be the cause of fatal trouble ; the loss 
 of blood from the lungs, which may occur, is the natural relief to the state 
 of tension. There is also the important fact, that can not be too often re- 
 peated, that long-continued running or walking, if pursued to excess, can and 
 will produce disease of the heart. In daily life we may be called upon at any 
 moment to make an exertion which, if we are unprepared for, may be in- 
 jurious. Therefore, every man should keep himself in such condition as to 
 be prepared to bear the strains of ordinary life with indifference ; and though 
 
14 
 
 he may have no desire to be considered an athlete, he will perceive the 
 salutary object which athletes have in view in training. 
 
 Regimen. 
 
 The food and fluids which are known to best improve the condition 
 of the blood are beef, mutton, chicken, water, and tea, and as a rule they will 
 agree with everyone's physical peculiarities. There are other requisites in 
 training — sleep, air, bathing, clothing, &c. The duration of sleep must be 
 left entirely to the demands of the system, and should not be interrupted. 
 The want of physical exercise seems to preclude satisfactory sleep, while 
 the athlete takes his eight hours and awakes refreshed and strong. The 
 necessity of ventilation in the bedroom must be insisted upon by leaving the 
 window open at the top at all seasons of the year. The cool or tepid bath 
 has become essential to the comfort of most men ; every athlete has some 
 experience of its use after active exercise. Remember, this, like other good 
 things, must not be carried to excess. Cool water can generally be used 
 with safety soon after walking, running, rowing, &c. , while the body is 
 warm and perspiring ; but to guard against any danger, strip and rub dry, 
 keeping up a brisk circulation — then the quick application of water. 
 
 Sanitary precatdion. 
 
 The dress should in every way be made to suit the freedom of movement 
 which is required in walking, running, rowing, &c. The principal point, 
 and the one that demands your particular attention, is the prevention 
 of cold directly after the exercise. A flannel wrapper, or overcoat, to wrap 
 around the body and limbs, will answer. This is so important that no one 
 in training should be without it. 
 
 The sunlight exercises an important influence upon the growth and vigor 
 of men. 
 
 George Seward's system of training for walking and running. 
 
 Rise between 6 and 7 a. m. — Sponge the body and rub dry. 
 
 Exercise. — A brisk walk of from three to five miles, according to the 
 weather ; wash, rub dry, and good hand friction. 
 
 Breakfast at 8 or 8:30. — Oatmeal; mutton chop ; broiled chicken ; bread 
 one day old ; toast ; tea. 
 
 Exercise, 10:30. — Starting on a slow walk, increase the pace to a sharp 
 run ; go a good distance if the condition and weather will permit, always 
 ending with a half mile at a moderate walk. 
 
 Dinner at 1 p. 711. — About the same as at breakfast, with the addition 
 of some fresh vegetables, but sparingly. 
 
 Exercise, 3:30. — Walking and running moderately, with a light dumb- 
 bell in each hand ; occasionally drop the bells, and spurt a hundred yards 
 or so. 
 
15 
 
 Supper at 7. — Two fresh eggs, fresh berries or stewed gooseberries ; with 
 bread, toast, and tea. 
 Bed at 10. 
 
 Swimming. 
 
 Swimming is not only useful in promoting great muscular strength, but 
 has the happiest effect in tranquilizing the nervous system. 
 
 It is not only the most pleasureable exercise in summer, but one of the 
 most beneficial. 
 
 A knowledge of the art is so often important to the soldier in the dis- 
 charge of his duties that it should be promoted by all in authority. 
 
 While learning to swim with the sweep of the arm is with most persons 
 attended with some difficulty, yet to swim by walking or treading the water 
 demands no effort which the individual is not accustomed to make. There 
 are but two requisites — confidence, and that the arms be kept under water. 
 
 The mere act of swimming in itself is a perfectly simple operation, and 
 can be acquired in a very few lessons. The pupil ought, in the first instance, 
 to commence in water not deeper than his waist, into which he should walk 
 gradually. The ordinary practice, and one which is unfortunately too often 
 recommended and as often followed, of plunging in head first, can not be 
 too severely condemned, for, apart from the danger of drowning, the shock 
 to the system frequently produces an amount of discouragement and nerv- 
 ous trepidation which require some time to overcome. When the pupil 
 has advanced to the depth stated and there is no sense of fear, he may 
 gradually immerse himself; this may be repeated a number of times. Next 
 he should try to pick up some object from the bottom, and he will find this 
 a very difficult task. The resistance of the water will, however, soon give 
 him confidence in its buoyant properties. This experiment will soon prac- 
 tically establish the fact in the mind of the pupil that his body is lighter 
 than water. After this he may advance a little deeper, up to the armpits, 
 and tread the water ; after he feels how easy it is to do this, he must face 
 the shore and place the hands, the fingers being close together, about four 
 inches under water, leaning on the water with the palms, the hands being 
 slightly concaved, and throw himself forward. He is immediately to sweep 
 the hands around, forming a half circle, then drawing the elbows close to 
 the body and the hands to the chest ; the legs, while doing this, must be 
 drawn up ready for their next effort, the feet turned out ; and again, as he 
 projects his hands out in front, he must kick out the legs to their fullest 
 extent, and wide apart ; then press them together at the end of the stroke 
 and again draw up the feet. It is of the utmost importance, in striking out 
 with the legs, that the feet be perpendicular to the leg ; at the end of the 
 kick the foot drops, so that in drawing the leg up again the insteps or upper 
 part of the foot offers as little resistance as possible to the water. This ac- 
 tion of the ankle joint is absolutely necessary before perfection can be 
 obtained. 
 
16 
 
 It is decidedly better to learn how to swim first in fresh water, because 
 its buoyancy is less than that of salt water, and thus a perfect confidence 
 will be established under all contingencies. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 By introducing the principle of ' ' handicapping ' ' into amateur contests 
 the interest in athletics has been greatly fostered. Few men can be induced 
 to compete on equal terms with an athlete of marked superiority, but when 
 a competent officer is authorized to handicap the competitors, each entry 
 has a fair chance to win, and of the many who are thus induced to enter for 
 their first public contest, not a few eventually become promising athletes. 
 
 The athletic code is now so stringent as to exclude from the official 
 "record" all irregular accomplishments. Great care must therefore be 
 exercised in the arrangement of every athletic tournament so as to leave 
 no doubt of the official recognition of such of its performances as, from their 
 excellency, might entitle a victor to a championship. In the following com- 
 pilation the body of the rules are those that now govern all amateur com- 
 petitions here and in England, and no deviation can be made from them 
 without vitiating the ' ' record." Those parts of the work that are included 
 in brackets [ ] are explanatory, introduced for special military purposes, 
 or are not yet formally adjudicated upon by the Amateur Athletic Union. 
 They are, however, drawn from standard athletic authorities ; are recom- 
 mended by the compilers ; and, if they are hereafter made the received rules 
 of each branch of the "American Army Athletic Association," all perform- 
 ances under them will be admitted, as such, into the athletic "record" 
 alongside of those made by the Amateur, Inter-Collegiate, Olympic, and 
 other athletic associations. 
 
 The adoption of the Army Creedmoor ioo-yard target in base-ball, javelin, 
 and grenade throwing for accuracy is an innovation, the fitness of which, 
 however, it is believed, will be apparent to all military men. It furnishes a 
 direct standard of comparison with the ordinary target practice, is itself a 
 well-known and authorized short-range target, and carries into this class 
 of games a system of marking the excellence of which has long been thor- 
 oughly established. 
 
RULES FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ATHLETIC MEETINGS. 
 
 Officers. 
 
 The officers of an athletic meeting shall be : One clerk of the course, with 
 assistants if necessary ; one starter ; one judge of walking, with assistants 
 if necessary ; three time-keepers ; three judges at the finish ; three meas- 
 urers ; and one referee. 
 
 Clerk of the course. 
 
 He shall record the name of each competitor who shall report to him. 
 
 Shall give him his number for each game in which he is entered, and 
 notify him before the start of every event in which he is engaged. 
 
 The assistants shall do such portions of his work as he may assign to 
 them. 
 
 Starter. 
 
 He shall have entire control of competitors at their marks. 
 
 Shall strictly enforce law No. 3, and shall be the sole judge of the fact 
 as to whether or no any man has gone over his marks. His decision in 
 such cases shall be final and without appeal. 
 
 Judge of walking. 
 
 He shall have entire control of competitors during the race ; shall strictly 
 enforce Law No. 8 ; and his decision as to unfair walking shall be final and 
 without appeal. 
 
 The assistants shall do such portions of his work as he may assign to 
 them. 
 
 Scorer. 
 
 He shall record the laps made by each competitor, and call them aloud 
 when tallied, for the information of these contestants. 
 
 He shall record the order of finishing, and the times of the competitors in 
 walking or running races. 
 
 The assistants shall do such portions of his work as he may assign to 
 them. 
 
 Time-keepers. 
 
 Each of the three time-keepers shall time every event, and in case of dis- 
 agreement the average of the three shall be the official time. 
 Time shall be taken from the flash of the pistol. 
 
 Judges at the finish. 
 
 Two shall stand at one end of the tape and the third at the other. One 
 shall take the winner, another the second man, and the other the third man ; 
 they shall also note the distances between the first three as they finish. 
 
18 
 
 In case of disagreement the majority shall decide. 
 
 Their decision as to the order in which the men finish shall be final and 
 without appeal. 
 
 Measurers. 
 
 They shall measure and record each trial of each competitor in all games 
 whose record is one of distance or height. 
 
 Their decision as to the performance of each man shall be final and 
 without appeal. 
 
 Referee. 
 
 He shall, when appealed to, decide all questions whose settlement is not 
 otherwise provided for in these rules, and his decision shall be final and 
 without appeal. 
 
 Competitors. 
 
 Immediately on arriving at the grounds, each competitor shall report to 
 the clerk of the course and receive his number for the games in which he 
 is entered. 
 
 He shall inform himself of the times at which he must compete, and will 
 report promptly at the start, without waiting to be notified. 
 
 No competitor will be allowed to start without his proper number. 
 
 Protests. 
 
 Verbal protests can be made at or before any athletic meeting against a 
 competitor or team, by any competitor or club competing, but such protests 
 must be subsequently, and before action thereon, made in writing and sworn 
 to, and duly presented to the qualification committee, under whose auspices 
 the meeting is held ; it is, however, provided that this committee reserve to 
 itself the power to disqualify any and all competitors without such protests 
 at any time, for such reasons as may seem to said committee good and suffi- 
 cient. 
 
 Inner ground. 
 
 No person whatsoever shall be allowed inside the track except the officials 
 and properly accredited representatives of the press. 
 
 The authorized persons will wear a badge, and intruders will be promptly 
 ejected. Competitors not engaged in the game actually taking place will 
 not be allowed inside or upon the track. 
 
 Track. 
 
 The measurement of tracks shall be eighteen inches from the edge, which 
 edge shall be a solid curb raised three inches above the level of the track. 
 [When curbs are not practicable, flags and ropes should mark their place at 
 the curves.] 
 
19 
 
 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Full equipments. 
 
 [In all military competitions this term shall mean the full outfit of regu- 
 lation arms, ammunition, accouterments, &c. It is sometimes known as 
 "heavy marching order." It shall weigh, all told, not less than sixty 
 pounds. 
 
 Where the regulation equipment is of less or greater weight, the com- 
 petitor shall have his load handicapped to the standard. Additional weights 
 are to be carried in some approved military manner.] 
 
 A record. 
 
 [" Only such feats as are accomplished in public matches or meetings, 
 and the genuineness of which is attested by properly constituted judges and 
 officials, are entitled to a place on record."] — Laws of Athletics. 
 
 Fair heel-and-toe walking. 
 
 ["Walking is a succession of steps not leaps, and with one foot always 
 on the ground. By the term ' fair heel-and-toe ' is meant that, as the foot 
 of the rear leg leaves the ground, and before the toes have been lifted, the 
 heel of the foremost foot should be on the ground."] — Chas. Westhall. 
 
 An amateur. 
 
 ["An amateur is a person who never competed in any open competition, 
 or for a stake, or for public money, or for gate money, or under a false 
 name ; or with a professional, for a prize or where gate money is charged ; 
 nor has ever, at any period of his life, taught or pursued athletic exercises 
 as a means of livelihood, or for gain or any emolument."] — Laws of Ath- 
 letics. 
 
STANDARD ATHLETIC EXERCISES IN GENERAL. 
 
 The ioo-yards dash. 
 
 Running 220 yards. 
 
 Running 440 yards. 
 
 Running 880 yards. 
 
 Running one mile. 
 
 Running three miles. 
 
 Walking one mile. 
 
 Walking three miles. 
 
 High jump, standing. 
 
 High jump, running. 
 
 Broad jump, standing. 
 
 Broad jump, running. 
 
 The window leap. 
 
 Three or more standing jumps. 
 
 The hop, step, and jump. 
 
 The hitch and kick. 
 
 Hurdle racing, 120 yards, 10 hurdles. 
 
 Vaulting. 
 
 Pole leaping, high. 
 
 Pole leaping, broad. 
 
 Putting the shot, 16 pounds. 
 
 Throwing the hammer, 16 pounds. 
 
 Throwing the 56-pound weight. 
 
 Throwing the baseball, distance. 
 
 Throwing the baseball, accuracy. 
 
 Climbing the rope. 
 
 Chinning the bar. 
 
 Putting up the 56-pound weight. 
 
 Tug of war. 
 
 Miscellaneous athletic contests. 
 
 Bag race, wheelbarrow race, obstacle race, three-legged race, hop race, 
 and tub race. 
 
 Military. 
 
 Throwing the javelin, distance. 
 Throwing the javelin, accuracy. 
 
 Standing jump, '. ^ I full equipments. 
 
 Running jump, - ,*j| \ - full equipments. 
 
 ioo-yards dash, full equipments. 
 
 440-yards race, full equipments. 
 
 1 -mile race, full equipments. 
 
 Obstacle race (120 yards), full equipments. 
 
 Rolling the artillery wheel (ioo-yards race). 
 
 Games. 
 
 Push-ball, club-ball, base-ball, foot-ball, the cock-fight, prisoner' s-base, 
 and hare and hounds. 
 
LAWS OF ATHLETICS. 
 I. 
 Attendants. 
 No one shall accompany a competitor on the scratch or in the race. 
 
 II. 
 Starting signals. 
 
 All races (except time handicaps) shall be started by report of pistol — the 
 pistol to be fired so that its flash may be visible to the time-keepers. 
 A snap cap shall be no start. 
 There shall be no recall after the pistol is fired. 
 Time handicaps shall be started by the word ' ' go. ' ' 
 
 III. 
 
 Starting. 
 
 When the starter receives a signal from the judges at the finish that every- 
 thing is in readiness, he shall direct the competitors to get on their marks. 
 Any competitor starting before the signal shall be put back one yard. 
 
 For the second offense, another yard, and for the third shall be disquali- 
 fied. He shall be held to have started when any portion of his body 
 touches the ground in front of his mark. 
 
 Stations count from the inside. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Keeping proper course. 
 
 In all races on a straight track each competitor shall keep his own position 
 on the course from start to finish. 
 
 Change of course. 
 
 In all races on other than a straight track, a competitor may change 
 towards the inside whenever he is two steps ahead of the man whose path 
 he crosses. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Fouling. 
 
 Any competitor shall be disqualified for willfully jostling, running across, 
 or in any way impeding another. 
 
22 
 
 VII. 
 Finish. 
 A thread shall be stretched across the track at the finish four feet above 
 the ground. It shall not be held by the judges, but fastened to the finish 
 posts on either side, so that it may always be at right angles to the course 
 and parallel to the ground. The finish line is not this thread, but the line 
 on the ground drawn across the track from post to post, and the thread is 
 intended merely to assist the judges in their decision. The men shall be 
 placed in the order in which they cross the finish fine. 
 
 VIII. 
 Heats. 
 
 [If races are run in heats, the two best in each trial heat shall run in the 
 
 deciding heat.] 
 
 IX. 
 
 Walking. 
 
 The judges shall caution for any unfair walking, and the third caution 
 shall disqualify the offender. 
 
 On the last lap an unfair walker shall be disqualified without previous 
 caution. 
 
 [Walking is not so acceptable for amateur competitions as running, prin- 
 cipally in consequence of the disputes likely to arise should one of the com- 
 petitors begin to run.] 
 
 X. 
 
 Hurdles. 
 
 The regular hurdle race shall be 1 20 yards over ten hurdles, each 3 feet 
 6 inches high. 
 
 The first hurdle shall be placed 15 yards from the scratch, and there 
 shall be 10 yards between each hurdle. 
 
 There may be (by special announcement) hurdle races of different dis- 
 tances and different number and height of hurdles. 
 
 [Hurdles must be cleared with a jump ; touching the hands to the hurdle 
 is a " foul," and disqualifies the offender.] 
 
 XI. 
 
 Military races. 
 
 [These shall be in "full equipments," and shall include the 100-yard 
 dash, the 440-yard run, and the 1 -mile run; they shall in other respects 
 be governed by the laws for free racing.] 
 
 XII. 
 
 Rolling the artillery wheel. 
 
 [The race shall be for 100 yards. The wheel shall be that of the Reg- 
 ulation field-carriage. 
 
23 
 
 Competitors and wheels shall stand toeing and tangent to the scratch at 
 the start, and should be at io-yard intervals. The wheels may be handled 
 at will. The race should be governed by laws II, III, IV, and VI.] 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Jumping. 
 
 No weights or artificial aid will be allowed in any jumping contests, ex- 
 cept by special agreement or announcement. 
 
 When weights are allowed there shall be no restriction as to size, shape, 
 or material. 
 
 [The ground must be "level."] 
 
 XIV. 
 Running high jump. 
 
 The height of the bar at starting and at each successive elevation shall be 
 determined by a majority of the qualified competitors. 
 
 In case of a tie, the referee shall decide. 
 
 Three tries allowed at each height. Each competitor shall make one 
 attempt in the order of his name on the programme, and those who have 
 failed, if any, shall have a second trial in regular order, and those failing 
 on this trial, shall then take their final trial. 
 
 Displacing the bar counts asa " try. ' ' 
 
 Three balks shall count asa " try. ' ' 
 
 A competitor may omit his trial at any height, but if he fail at the next 
 height he shall not be allowed to go back and try the height which he 
 omitted. 
 
 [Where jumping is practiced on hard ground, temporary, if not chronic, 
 disability may always be expected. Too much care cannot therefore be 
 given to have the "alighting" place prepared, so that it will be free of any 
 hard substance, as stone, and elastic, and thus prevent a shock from which 
 injury may follow. 
 
 If the jumping ground is good thick sod, it will be sufficient if it be satu- 
 rated with water the night before. If, however, hard and gravelly soil, the 
 ' ' alighting ' ' place must be excavated to the depth of a foot and filled with 
 sand and sawdust, or tan bajk ; or straw or brush covered with clay.] 
 
 XV. 
 
 Pole leaping. 
 
 The law for this game shall be the same as that for running high jump. 
 
 [The uprights should be 9 feet apart, and the bar be placed upon pins 
 that project 2 inches. Competitors may provide their own poles, which 
 should be of good pine, iron shod at one end, 10 to 12 feet long, and i 1 /^ 
 inches thick.] 
 
24 
 
 XVI. 
 Standing high jump. 
 
 The competitors may stand as they please, but must jump from the firsl 
 spring. 
 
 The height of the bar at starting and at each successive elevation shal 
 be determined by a majority of the qualified competitors. In case of a tie, 
 the referee shall decide. 
 
 Three tries allowed at each height. Each competitor shall make one 
 attempt in the order of his name on the programme, then those who failed, 
 if any, shall have a second trial in regular order, and those failing on this 
 trial shall then take their final trial. 
 
 Displacing the bar, and nothing else, counts as a " try. ' ' 
 
 A competitor may omit his trial at any height ; but if he fails at the next 
 height, he shall not be allowed to go back and try the height which he 
 omitted. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Running broad jump. 
 
 The competitor shall have unlimited run, but must take off behind the 
 scratch. 
 
 Stepping any part of the foot over the scratch in an attempt shall be 
 "no jump," but shall count as a "try." 
 
 Each competitor allowed three trials, and the best three men have three 
 more trials each. 
 
 Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his jumps. 
 
 The measurement shall be from the scratch line in front of the jumper's 
 feet to the nearest break of the ground made by any part of his person. 
 
 Three balks shall count as a " try. ' ' 
 
 XVIII. 
 Standing broad jump. ' 
 
 Competitors must jump from the first spring. 
 
 Stepping any part of the foot over the scratch in an attempt shall be "no 
 jump," but shall count as a "try." 
 
 Each competitor allowed three trials, and the best three men have three 
 more trials each. 
 
 Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his jumps. 
 
 The measurement shall be from the scratch line in front of the jumper's 
 feet to the nearest break of the ground made by any part of his person. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Three or more consecutive standing jumps. 
 
 [The law for this game shall be the same as that for the standing broad 
 jump.] 
 
25 
 
 XX. 
 
 Hop, step, and jump. 
 
 [The law for this game shall be the same as that for the running broad 
 jump. 
 
 In the hop the competitor must spring and alight on the same foot, pass 
 to the other in making the step, and finally alight on both feet in terminat- 
 ing with the jump.'] 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Vaulting. 
 
 [This is best practiced at a wooden wall, the upper board sliding in grooves, 
 and being pegged tightly at each height.] 
 
 The wall must be fairly cleared. No part of the body save the hands 
 may touch it. The law governing the game is in other respects similar to 
 that for the standing high jump. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 The window leap. 
 
 [This is a leap between two horizontal bars, the upper of which gradually 
 closes towards the other. 
 
 The height of the upper bar at starting, and at each successive variation, 
 shall be determined by a majority of qualified competitors. In case of a 
 tie the referee shall decide. The height of the lower bar shall remain at 2 
 feet. 
 
 The law governing the trials is the same as that for the running high 
 
 jump.] 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 Military jumps. 
 
 [These are standing or running, high and broad, and shall always be in 
 ' ' full equipment. ' ' The laws governing them shall be in all other respects 
 the same as those for the corresponding free jumps.] 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Hitch and kick. 
 
 [Some resonant object is suspended from the bar employed in the high 
 jumps, and kicked at successively by the competitors.] 
 
 The height of the object at starting, and at each succeeding elevation, 
 shall be decided by the majority of qualified competitors. 
 
 In case of a tie the referee shall decide. 
 
 Three tries allowed at each height. Each competitor shall make one at- 
 tempt in the order of his name on the programme, then those who have 
 failed, if any, shall have a second trial in regular order, and those failing on 
 this trial shall then take their final trial. 
 
26 
 
 The competitors must spring, kick, and alight on the same foot. The 
 run is unlimited. 
 
 Springing and kicking without touching the object kicked at counts as a 
 "try." 
 
 Three balks count as a "try." 
 
 Touching the object with the foot or any part of the leg below the knee, 
 counts as a fair kick, and nothing else. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 Putting the shot. 
 
 The shot shall be a solid iron sphere weighing sixteen pounds. 
 
 It shall be put from the shoulder with one hand, from between two par- 
 allel lines 7 feet apart. 
 
 Touching the ground outside either line with any part of the person be- 
 fore the shot alights, shall make the attempt "no put," which counts as a 
 "try." 
 
 Each competitor allowed three trials, and the best three men have three 
 more trials each. 
 
 Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his puts. 
 
 The measurement shall be from the nearest break of the ground made 
 by the ball, perpendicularly to the scratch line, extended, if necessary, to 
 meet this perpendicular. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Throwing the hammer. 
 
 The hammer head shall be a solid iron sphere, weighing sixteen pounds ; 
 the handle shall be of hickory wood, and the length of the hammer and 
 handle, over all, shall be 3 feet 6 inches. 
 
 The competitor shall stand at and behind the scratch, facing as he please, 
 and throw with either or both hands. 
 
 Touching the ground in front of the scratch with any portion of the per- 
 son before the hammer alights, shall make the attempt ' ' no throw, ' ' which 
 counts as a " try. ' ' 
 
 Letting go of the hammer in an attempt counts as a " try." Each com- 
 petitor allowed three trials. Each competitor shall be credited with the 
 best of all his throws. 
 
 If the head strike first, the measurement shall be from the nearest break 
 of the ground made by it. 
 
 If the handle strike, one length of the handle shall be allowed from the 
 mark made by the end of the handle toward the mark made by the head 
 of the hammer, and the measurement shall be from this point. 
 
 The measurement shall be to the scratch line half way between the throw- 
 er' s feet. 
 
27 
 
 [When a run is allowed, it shall not be limited either before or after the 
 throw, and the distance shall be measured from the toe of the foremost 
 foot immediately before, or at the time of the delivery, to the pitch of the 
 hammer.] 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 Throwing fifty -six pound weight. 
 
 This shall be of solid iron, and any shape of weight and handle is al- 
 lowed, provided the whole weight is fifty-six pounds. 
 
 The competitor shall stand at and behind the scratch, facing as he please, 
 grasping the weight by the handle, and shall throw it with one hand. 
 
 Touching the ground in front of the scratch with any portion of the per- 
 son before the weight alights, shall make the attempt ' ' no throw, ' ' which 
 counts as a " try. ' ' 
 
 Letting go of the weight in an attempt shall count as a " try." 
 
 Each competitor allowed three trials, and the best three men have three 
 more trials each. 
 
 Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his throws. 
 
 The measurement shall be from the scratch line in front of the thrower's 
 left foot, to the nearest break of ground made by the weight exclusive 
 of the handle. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 Throwing the javelin. 
 
 [The standard weight of the javelin or pilum shall be four pounds. The 
 
 shaft shall be of ash ; it shall measure 7 feet in length and be i){ inches in 
 
 diameter. The end of the shaft shall be finished with a brass cap or ferrule, 
 
 beyond which a stout wrought-iron pin or head shall project not more than 
 
 1 inch. The counterpoise shall be cylindrical, and shall be formed by 
 
 wrapping a belt of sheet lead, 5 inches wide, around the staff. It shall be 
 
 so located as to leave 3 clear inches of the staff between it and the head, 
 
 and only enough lead to raise the finished pilum to the standard weight shall 
 
 be so employed.] 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 Throwing the javelin for accuracy. 
 
 [The target shall be the 100-yard Army Creedmoor. It shall be made 
 of wood, and be located 15 yards from the scratch. 
 
 Each competitor is allowed a string of five throws, the results of which 
 are to be scored in Creedmoor style. Passing beyond the scratch is ' ' foul, ' ' 
 and shall count as a " miss."] 
 
 XXX. 
 Throwing the javelin for distance. 
 
 [An unlimited run is allowed, provided the pilum is delivered before 
 crossing the scratch. 
 
28 
 
 Touching the ground in front of the scratch while holding the pilum is 
 ' ' no throw, ' ' and counts as a" try. ' ' Each competitor is allowed three 
 trials, and the best three men have three more trials each. 
 
 Each competitor is credited with the best of all his throws. 
 
 Measures are from the fall of the head, perpendicularly back to the 
 scratch.] 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 Throwing the base-ball for accuracy. 
 
 The ball shall be of regulation size and weight. 
 
 [The target shall be the ioo-yard Army Creedmoor. It shall be made 
 of wood, and be located ioo feet from the scratch. 
 
 A string of ten throws is allowed to each competitor, the result of which 
 shall be scored in Creedmoor style. Passing beyond the scratch is ' ' foul, ' ' 
 and shall count as a " miss. ' ' Ties shall throw another string of ten balls. ] 
 
 XXXII. 
 Throwing the base-ball for distance. 
 
 An unlimited run is allowed,' but the ball must be delivered before cross- 
 ing the scratch, or the "foul" be regarded as a "try." 
 
 Three trials are allowed to each competitor, the best three having three 
 other and final trials. Each competitor is credited with the best of all his 
 throws. 
 
 The measure shall be from the point of fall to the scratch, and not from 
 the dead ball, thereto. 
 
 XXXIII. 
 
 Throwing the hand grenade. 
 
 [A grenade made on the principle of the " Ketchum hand grenade" 
 (with the charge removed) shall be used. A small barb may be screwed 
 into the fuse-plug. It shall be thrown for accuracy and distance. The same 
 rules shall govern the game as in throwing the base-ball. In throwing for 
 accuracy the distance shall be 30 feet. The weight of the grenade shall be 
 eight pounds over all.] 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 Climbing the rope. 
 
 [The rope, say 57 feet long, should be suspended from the cross-trees 
 of the flagstaff. Competitors are allowed to use hands and feet, but may 
 not rest themselves by slinging the rope around any part of their person, 
 nor can any competitor be permitted to ascend a second or third time if he 
 puts his foot to the ground, or does not come down hand over hand. The 
 staff is marked off in feet, beginning 7 feet from the ground.] 
 
29 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 Tug of war. 
 i. The ground shall be loosened to the width of 3 feet, and to a depth 
 of not less than 6 inches. 
 
 2. The side crease shall be 12 feet from the center. 
 
 3. The mark on the rope must be over the center crease when the signal 
 is given, and the team hauling that mark over the crease on its own side 
 shall win. 
 
 4. No footing holes shall be made before the start. 
 
 5. The contestants shall not wear spikes. 
 
 6. The rope shall be 1^ inches in diameter. 
 
 7. Immediately before the contest, the captains of all the contesting teams 
 shall draw their members. 
 
 8. Not less than five minutes shall be allowed each team between heats. 
 
 9. Captains shall toss for choice of sides before each pull ; but if the same 
 two teams pull more than once during any meeting, they shall change ends 
 at each successive pull. 
 
 10. With two teams, they shall pull the best two in three. With three 
 teams, one and two shall pull, then two and three and three and one. 
 
 With four teams, one and two shall pull, then three and four, and the 
 winners pull the final. 
 
 With five teams, first round, one and two, three and four, five has a bye ; 
 second round, winner of first heat pulls with five, and the winner of this 
 heat pulls the final with the winner of the second heat of first round. 
 
 Where more than six teams are entered the arrangement of trials shall be 
 on the same principle as in the above examples. 
 
 1 1 . No man shall be substituted for another who has already pulled in one 
 trial, nor shall any man be allowed to pull with more than one team in any 
 of the trials for the same prize. 
 
 12. A time limit may be made. 
 
 13. The weights in the tug of war shall be : Feather-weight, 125 pounds 
 and under; light-weight, 1 50 pounds and under ; middle-weight, 175 pounds 
 and under ; heavy-weight, over 175 pounds. 
 
 14. All weights shall be stripped. 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 Contests of special skill. 
 Sparring, fencing, wrestling, &c, are arts requiring special instructors, 
 and should generally be left to special competitions, and their exhibition 
 governed by the standard amateur codes. 
 
 XXXVII. 
 Putting up the fifty-six pound weight. 
 [The weight shall be lifted from the ground in both hands, and raised to 
 the height of the shoulder. It shall then be put up to the arm's full length 
 
30 
 
 with one hand (body erect), lowered to shoulder height ; and, without a rest, 
 again put up, and so on, at the rate of not less than fifteen times per minute. 
 Competitors shall have but one trial each, which shall be made in the order 
 of their names upon the programme.] 
 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 Chinning the bar. 
 
 [The height of the bar shall be such that the tallest competitor will need 
 
 a low stool to reach it. The support will be removed at the first rise of each 
 
 competitor, and an indicator set for his toes to touch when at arm's length. 
 
 Each legitimate lift shall be from arm's full length to chin over the bar. 
 
 Each competitor shall have but one trial, to be made in the order of his name 
 
 on the programme. The weights of competitors shall be classified as in the 
 
 tug of war, and may be stripped. Each competitor shall be credited with 
 
 his number of full lifts.] 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 Marking. 
 
 [For the various purposes of classification and general comparison, the 
 following system of marking athletic performances is proposed. A simple 
 examination of this code will show that any one who has a rightful claim to 
 more than ordinary skill at particular athletic sports should be able to score 
 therein upon this system anywhere from one to five marks. A failure to 
 score even a single mark at any particular game is evidence of no special 
 aptitude. A score of ten marks upon this system has never yet been made 
 at any of the games below enumerated, and while such a score is certainly 
 possible, it will be hard to attain, and it is highly improbable that it will ever 
 be exceeded. 
 
 Scores of eight and in some games nearly nine marks are at present the 
 highest that have ever been made, and correspond to the ' ' best-in-the- world ' ' 
 records of champion athletes. Ten marks may, therefore, be safely re- 
 garded as the ' ' best possible ' ' score at each of the following games, and 
 200 marks, equal to 100 per cent., the best at the whole twenty. 
 
 It must be noticed that "marks" serve for a purpose entirely different 
 from that accomplished by the " record" strictly so called ; the latter is al- 
 ways imperative and from it scores can readily be obtained. 
 
 When "full equipments" are carried, the limits given below from which 
 the ' ' marking ' ' commences shall be one-half lower for distance or height 
 competitions and one-half greater for those of time. Scores will be esti- 
 mated from the new limits on the regular scale : 
 
 Pedestrianism. 
 
 100-yard dash. — 1 mark for every second short of 18 seconds. 
 Half mile race. — 1 mark for every 8 seconds short of 3 minutes. 
 1 mile walk. — 1 mark for every 30 seconds short of 11 minutes. 
 
31 
 
 Jumping. 
 
 High jump, standing. — i mark for every y/ 2 inches above 37 inches. 
 High jump, running. — 1 mark for every 3}^ inches above 42 inches. 
 Broad jump, standing. — 1 mark for every 9 inches beyond 7 feet. 
 Broad jump, running. — 1 mark for every 18 inches beyond 11 feet. 
 Pole jumping. — 1 mark for every 9 inches above 5 feet. 
 Hop, step, and jump, running. — 1 mark for every 2 feet beyond 30 feet. 
 Hurdle race. — 1 mark for every second short 01*24 seconds. 
 Hitch and kick. — 1 mark for every 7 inches above 5 feet. 
 
 Throwing. 
 
 Putting the shot, 16 pounds. — 1 mark for every 3 feet beyond 25 feet. 
 
 Throwing the hammer, 16 pounds. — 1 mark for every 10 feet beyond 
 50 feet. 
 
 Throwing the 56-pound weight. — 1 mark for every 18 inches beyond 18 
 feet. 
 
 Throwing the base-ball. — 1 mark for every 18 feet beyond 250 feet. 
 
 Accuracy. 
 
 Throwing the base-ball. — 1 mark for every 2 points over 30 points (Creed- 
 moor). 
 
 Throwing the javelin. — 1 mark for every point over 15 points (Creed- 
 moor). 
 
 Climbing. 
 
 127 feet of rope. — 1 mark for each 10 feet beyond the first 27 feet. 
 
 Lifting. 
 
 Chinning the bar. — 1 mark for every 2 lifts after 10 lifts. 
 Putting up the 56-pound weight. — 1 mark for every 8 puts after the first 
 10 puts.] 
 
 XL. 
 
 Classification. 
 
 The best score, in each game, obtained by any individual member of a 
 company, regiment, &c. , shall be the score of that company, regiment, &c. , 
 in each game. 
 
 Any individual who shall obtain in a regular tournament or meeting a 
 score of at least 1 mark in each of the above games, and a total score of 
 100 marks in all of them, shall be termed a ' ' champion of general athletics, ' ' 
 and be entitled, as such, to a " prize certificate." 
 
 Champions of general athletics shall rank according to their scores, the 
 one having the highest score being "the champion general athlete." 
 
 Any individual who, at a regular tournament or meeting, obtains a score 
 of at least 1 mark, each, in any one of the pedestrian, five of the jumping, 
 
32 
 
 two of the throwing, one of the accuracy, and in either one of the climbing 
 or lifting games, and whose aggregate in such ten games shall equal 50 
 marks, shall be termed a "general athlete," and be entitled, as such, to a 
 ' ' prize certificate. ' ' 
 
 Any individual the aggregate of whose best scores at all the foregoing 
 games shall equal or exceed 50 marks, made in regular tournament or 
 meeting, shall be termed ' ' an athlete. ' ' 
 
 ' ' Athletes ' ' shall be divided into classes as follows : 
 
 1st class athletes. — Whose score is 100 marks or over. 
 
 2d class athletes. — Whose score is 75 to 99 marks. 
 
 3d class athletes. — Whose score is 50 to 74 marks. 
 
 And members of each class shall be entitled, as such, to "prize cer- 
 tificates. ' ' 
 
OUT-OF-DOOR GYMNASIUM. 
 
 We shall limit ourselves in this connection to the description of but four 
 species of apparatus, viz : The horizontal bar, the parallel bars, the leaping 
 pole, and vaulting horse. These are by far the most useful of the various 
 gymnastic appliances. Upon them some fifty or more standard and funda- 
 mental exercises, which range in their scope over the development of most 
 all of the more important muscles of the body, may be practiced ; and with 
 them, and the simple outfit for field athletics, already described, the soldier 
 fitting himself for the perfect discharge of his duties, and the lover of manly 
 sports, can find ample opportunity for the highest physical improvement. 
 
 The horizontal bar. 
 
 The bar may be either permanently fixed or be arranged for adjustment 
 at any suitable height. 
 
 When the bar is to be permanently fixed, three posts will be found very 
 convenient. In this case one post should be somewhat lower than the other 
 two. These posts should be in line, and be fixed in the ground some 6 
 feet apart. The height of two of them may be from 6 to 7 feet, and that 
 of the third (which should be in the prolongation of the other two) from 4 to 
 5 feet. A bar is extended across the tops of the two higher posts, and another 
 from the top of the lower post to the corresponding height in the middle 
 post. The bars may be of wrought-iron, but hickory is generally employed, 
 and upon the whole more suitable. They should be smooth, round, and some 
 2 y^ inches in diameter. The posts should be about 8 inches square, and be 
 so fixed as to withstand any amount of work on the bars without being 
 loosened in the ground. 
 
 If the bar is to be adjustable, but two high posts are needed. Th%y should 
 be of the dimensions above given, and be fixed at the same distance apart. 
 Previous to being placed in position, a groove about 6 feet long should be 
 cut through each post to about 18 inches from the ground. 
 
 About twelve or fourteen holes should be bored through the posts, for 
 iron pins to keep the bar at the required height. The bar should have the 
 same dimensions as in the first case, but be provided in addition with a 
 shoulder at each end to rest firmly against each post. 
 
 The parallel bars. 
 
 Four posts should be fixed in the ground perpendicular on the inside, 
 18 or 20 inches apart at the ends, and about 5 feet 6 inches apart length- 
 
34 
 
 ways, which will give the form of a parallelogram. These posts should be 
 about 4 feet high, made strongly, and as near the same size as possible. 
 
 The bars may be of elm or other strong hard wood, free from knots, and 
 should extend about a foot beyond the posts at each end, which will make 
 them 7 feet 6 inches long.* They should not be perfectly round but slightly 
 flattened on both sides and about 2^ inches in the longest cross dimensions ; 
 their ends should be slightly rounded to fit the hollow of the hand. 
 
 The leaping pole. 
 
 This should be of a tough springy wood, about 2 inches in diameter and 
 from 8 feet to io feet long, perfectly smooth, and shod with iron at the butt 
 or lower end. 
 
 The exercises with the leaping pole may almost be viewed as belonging 
 to recreative rather than systematized exercise, being essentially for the open 
 air, and among the few which may be left for free practice after the learner 
 has acquired a knowledge of the action and position of the different exer- 
 cises. They are valuable as giving precision to the eye and hand, the power 
 of calculating distance, and of rapidly determining the moment for executing 
 a' complicated movement, with the presence of mind to execute it, in addi- 
 tion to the physical exercise of the run and leap, the balance and descent. 
 
 The vaulting horse. 
 
 This machine should be formed from a block of hard wood, about 5 feet 
 3 inches long, 14 inches broad, and 11 inches deep, the top being rounded 
 off to a semi-circular shape and the section of the ends worked off to a 
 semi-circle. The sides and top should both be hollowed out towards the 
 center, where a section would be a flattened semi-circle, 1 2 inches by 9 inches. 
 The object is to make the body of such a shape, by carefully rounding every 
 possible yigle and projection, that whether the horse be used from the sides 
 or from the croup, nothing but the most convenient surfaces for the hands 
 shall be presented. The body should be rubbed smooth with sand-paper, 
 and the top and sides should be covered with strong leather, the upper por- 
 tion being slightly stuffed with horsehair. The supports or legs may be 
 formed with two deal standards at each end, 3^2 inches by 2 inches, and 10 
 inches apart from out to out at the top, under the end of the horse, spread- 
 ing to 2 feet 4 inches at the bottom, and resting upon a plate 5 inches by 3 
 inches and 3 feet long, firmly screwed to the floor or pinned to the ground. 
 The standards should also spread longitudinally beyond the ends of the 
 body. 
 
 * By introducing two additional posts in the prolongation of each side pair the length 
 of the apparatus may, of course, be doubled. 
 
GAMES. 
 
 In alluding to games, Ravenstein and Hulley, in their "Handbook 
 of Gymnastics and Athletics, ' ' remark that ' ' A course of physical education 
 cannot be considered complete without a liberal introduction of games. 
 The number of athletic games is large, but it is better to confine one's 
 self to a few, and to attain perfection in these than to practice many and 
 remain a novice in all." 
 
 We shall therefore limit our description to a few of the best — choosing, 
 particularly, such as may be participated in by a large number of men at 
 once. 
 
 Besides the national game of base-ball — the rules of which are too well 
 known to require any repetition — there are several other standard ones in- 
 volving not only a considerable exercise of athletic skill, but the play 
 of which is full of interest and healthy excitement. Among these the fol- 
 lowing may be noticed : 
 
36 
 
 ■jboS ut qonox 
 
 In goal. 
 
 'fBoS ui qonox 
 
 Goal line. 
 
 f!8% feef( 
 I goal. J 
 
 Goal line. 
 
 160 feet. 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 O 
 .O 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 ino-iiOTJi jo jitnn ann-pJB^-oc 
 
 i-3 
 o 
 
 3* 
 o 
 
 8" 
 
 (3 
 3 
 
 J3 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 0) 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1-9 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 25-yard-line limit of tick-out. 
 
 Touch in goal. 
 
 •aun IBC-o 
 
 "im 091 
 
 ( "[BOS ) 
 
 haaj ViSX J 
 
 '3ni| IBOf) 
 
 IBOS UI 
 
 Touch in goal. 
 
37 
 
 FOOT-BALL. 
 
 Teams lined up in ' ' Order of Battle. ' ' 
 
 o o o o o o o 
 
 o 
 
 o o 
 
 o 
 
 THE AMERICAN GAME OF FOOT-BALL. 
 
 Introductory, by Walter Camp. 
 
 The rules of the Intercollegiate Association, as they now stand, are the 
 product of years of careful and well-considered legislation, and they repre- 
 sent the work of captains and delegates from each college through a dozen 
 years, and probably twice as many meetings. For the last few seasons the 
 duty of proposing any alteration has devolved upon an advisory committee 
 of graduates, and the association then approves or disapproves of the change, 
 but there has never been any conflict of opinion between the two bodies. 
 In the nature of an explanation added to these rules, it will perhaps be 
 of interest to the players using them to see something of the development 
 of the game as evidenced by these changes. The rules relating to the offi- 
 cers of the game have been through as interesting a series of changes as any 
 made in the sport itself. The original rujes provided that the captains 
 should be the sole arbiters of all disputes. It is impossible to imagine what 
 would be the eventual outcome of such a method of deciding disputes if it 
 were employed in a championship contest of the present day. One thing 
 is certain, and that is, that such an arrangement was questioned even at the 
 outset, and the very first season of the sport in this country witnessed the 
 adoption of the referee system. It is true that the captains were then ex- 
 pected to and did make claims, but the referee rendered decisions. The next 
 step was the adoption of a plan allowing each side a judge, who took the 
 
38 
 
 place of the captain in making claims, and who acted as an advocate in 
 arguing the matter with the referee. The abuse of this system promised to 
 turn the foot-ball field into a wrangling ground, where the judges occupied 
 too large a proportion of the time and attention of every one. Judges were 
 therefore abolished, and the referee left sole master once again. Although 
 this was a present relief, it was by no means thoroughly satisfactory ; and 
 after a few years of it, in which it became more and more manifest that the 
 duties were too severe for any one man, the double system was adopted, 
 and one referee made judge of the ball and the other, or umpire as he was 
 called, judge of the actions of players. This division of labor has greatly 
 increased the efficiency of the rulings and rendered the game more certain 
 in every way. The scoring has also undergone radical changes. At first 
 goals only counted, then touch-downs, then safeties, and finally to each point 
 was given a fixed numerical value. The rules regarding scrimmages, how- 
 ever, mark the chief divergence of the American game from the Rugby 
 Union of the Englishman. The original rule stated that the ball must be 
 placed upon the ground, and the players of the respective sides who had 
 closed in about it should, by kicking and pushing their opponents back, 
 endeavor to drive the ball in the direction of their opponents' goal-line. 
 The player of the present day has little idea of the shin-kicking contest into 
 which the old-fashioned scrimmage developed immediately the ball was put 
 in plav. The positions of quarter-back and snap-back mark the introduc- 
 tion of rules admitting the present snapping-back of the American game, 
 and it is safe to say that the greater skill and precision of that method can 
 not be equalled under the old English rules. The "block game," as it 
 was called, was the only feature of this outlet for a " down ' ' which promised 
 to make the method unsatisfactory, and this was killed by the introduction 
 of the five-yard rule. This latter has made the American game far faster 
 than the English, and more suited, therefore, to the demands of American 
 players and spectators. ' ' Maul in goal, ' ' another disagreeable feature of the 
 game as it was first played by our collegians, offered to the legislators more 
 difficulties than almost any other of the entire code, and, after attacking the 
 problem in various ways and from all sides, they came to the sensible con- 
 clusion that the best thing was to eliminate it and all rules bearing upon it. 
 No one has ever felt the loss in any way but pleasantly. Off and on side 
 were principles at first extremel}' difficult for men who had been accustomed 
 to the early American game to grasp, and it was a year or two before they 
 were thoroughly mastered. Even now we do not observe them with any- 
 thing like the strictness of the Englishman, as our method of interference 
 for the benefit of the runner sufficiently proves. Our system of penalties 
 for the infringement of certain of the rules became necessary from the lack 
 of any traditions respecting the game, and the system has by its growth 
 proved a satisfactory method of dealing with infractions of all kinds. Noth- 
 ing can show this more plainly than the oft-repeated phenomena of the dis- 
 
39 
 
 opearance of some pet form of small rule-breaking as soon as a penalty 
 as applied to it. Low tackling, holding an opponent when he has not the 
 all, striking with the fist, all these have been made the subject of special 
 :gislation, and, as soon as a sufficient penalty was attached, have become 
 xceedingly rare. Some of the rules as they now stand represent the 
 xcision of objectionable features which are now no more than a memory, 
 [or instance, the rule regarding the use of sticky or greasy substance on 
 ie person of players was inserted to prevent the use of Venetian turpen- 
 ne on the hands and lard on the canvas jackets of the contestants, both 
 f which customs have been entirely forgotten, although common when the 
 ale was adopted. Under the definition of "kick-out" appears another 
 die in the shape of the clause "and cannot score a goal." This clause was 
 ne of the original wordings, and existed in the English rules when the 
 ctual size of the field was not specified, and on minimum fields it was pos- 
 ible, with the assistance of the wind, to actually kick a goal from kick-out. 
 'layers of to-day are wont to think that this clause refers to a kick-out 
 'hich the wind blows back, so that it goes over the goal of the parties de- 
 eding the goal ; but this would not score a goal in any sense, as the ball 
 lust go over the cross bar of the opponents' goal to score. ' ' Waving the 
 at " is another clause which marks the death of a custom extremely dis- 
 greeable to halves and back. The opposing rushers, when coming down 
 nder a kick, would seize their long hats by the tassel and actually swing 
 lem before the eyes of the man attempting to catch the ball, thus render- 
 lg anything like sure catching out of the question. While one easily sees 
 le inestimable value which this careful legislation has been to the game in 
 lis country, he has but to talk with these legislators, past and present, to 
 nd how strongly they oppose all legislation not actually demanded by 
 buses in the sport. The reason for this is that they have seen how far- 
 2aching any alteration is liable to prove in its ultimate effect upon the play- 
 lg, and they are therefore averse to legislating, except when it becomes 
 bsolutely necessary. 
 
 Of all college sports foot-ball has proved most attractive to the spectators. 
 t has suffered more rebuffs at the hands of the press than any other game, 
 ut these rebuffs were attributable to ignorance of the rules and customs, 
 nd as the sport became better known the adverse criticism decreased until 
 ; has now almost disappeared. The history of the sport in England has 
 een equally one of a series of rebuffs. As far back as 1343 Edward III 
 bjected that it distracted men from archery, and a repressive law was 
 lerefore enacted against it. Again, forty-six years later, Richard II pro- 
 ibited it. Henry IV, Henry VII, and Elizabeth all assailed the pastime, 
 nd many are the writers who have set their pens most vigorously against 
 :. Stubbs, Elyot, and Carew each had a turn at abusing foot-ball, but it 
 i to-day one of Merrie England's best of games, and into nearly every 
 English colony her sturdy sons have carried this sport. No game has 
 
40 
 
 shown such a remarkable vitality in the face of all opposition. It has 
 steadily increased the number of its supporters, and it has no deserters. 
 Every convert becomes an eager advocate of its merits, and although it is 
 only fifteen years old in America, nearly every school and college has a 
 team, and the principal 'varsity matches draw audiences of some thirty 
 thousand spectators. If it be not debauched by the insidious evils of money- 
 making, if its adherents will only see to it that no taint of professionalism 
 be allowed to creep in and destroy it from within, its popularity is as sure 
 as that of any sport in existence. 
 
 FOOT-BALL RULES OF THE AMERICAN INTERCOLLEGIATE ASSOCIATION.* 
 
 Rule i. (a) A drop-kick is made by letting the ball fall from the hands 
 and kicking it at the very instant it rises. 
 
 (&) A place-kick is made by kicking the ball after it has been placed on 
 the ground. 
 
 (c) A punt is made by letting the ball fall from the hands and kicking it 
 before it touches the ground. 
 
 (d) Kick-off is a place-kick from the center of the field of play, and can- 
 not score a goal. 
 
 0) Kick-out is a drop-kick, or place-kick, by a player of the side which 
 has touched the ball down in their own goal, or into whose touch-in-goal 
 the ball has gone, and cannot score a goal. 
 
 (/) A free-kick is one where the opponents are restrained by rule. 
 
 Rule 2. (a) In touch means out of bounds. 
 
 (6) A fair is putting the ball in play from touch. 
 
 Rule 3. A foul is any violation of a rule. 
 
 Rule 4. (a) A touch-down is made when the ball is carried, kicked, or 
 passed across the goal line and there held, either in goal or touch-in-goal. 
 
 (6) A safety is made when a player guarding his goal receives the ball 
 from a player of his own side, either by a pass, kick, or a snap-back, and 
 then touches it down behind his goal line, or when he himself carries the 
 ball across his own goal line and touches it down, or when he puts the ball 
 into his own touch-in-goal, or when the ball, being kicked by one of his 
 own side, bounds back from an opponent across the goal line and he then 
 touches it down. 
 
 (c) A touch-back is made when a player touches the ball to the ground 
 behind his own goal, the impetus which sent the ball across the line having 
 been received from an opponent. 
 
 Rule 5. A punt-out is a punt made by a player of the side which has 
 made a touch-down in their opponents' goal to another of his own side for 
 a fair catch. 
 
 * These rules were also adopted by the Board of Managers of the Amateur Athletic 
 Union, June 2, 1888. Re-approved May 13, 1890. 
 
41 
 
 Rule 6. A goal may be obtained by kicking the ball in any way except 
 a punt from the field of play (without touching the ground, or dress, or 
 person of any player after the kick) over the cross-bar or post of opponents' 
 goal. 
 
 Rule 7. A scrimmage takes place when the holder of the ball puts it 
 down on the ground, and puts it in play by kicking it or snapping it back. 
 
 Rule 8. A fair catch is a catch made direct from a kick by one of the 
 opponents, or from a punt-out by one of the same side, provided the catcher 
 made a mark with his heel at the spot where he has made the catch, and 
 no other of his side touch the ball. If the catcher, after making his mark, 
 be deliberately thrown to the ground by an opponent, he shall be given five 
 yards, unless this carries the ball across the goal line. 
 
 Rule 9. Charging is rushing forward to seize the ball or tackle a player. 
 
 Rule 10. Interference is using the hands or arms in any way to obstruct 
 or hold a player who has not the ball, not the runner. 
 
 Rule i i . The ball is dead — 
 
 I. When the holder has cried down, or when the referee has cried down, 
 or when the umpire has called foul. 
 
 II. When a goal has been obtained. 
 
 III. When it has gone into touch, or touch-in-goal, except for punt-out. 
 
 IV. When a touch-down or safety has been made. 
 
 V. When a fair catch has been heeled. No play can be made while the 
 ball is dead, except to put in play by rule. 
 
 Rule 12. The grounds must be 330 feet in length and 160 feet in width, 
 with a goal placed in the middle of each goal line, composed of two upright 
 posts, exceeding 20 feet in height, and placed 18 feet 6 inches apart, with 
 cross-bar 10 feet from the ground. 
 
 Rule 13. The game shall be played by teams of eleven men each ; and 
 in case of a disqualified or injured player a substitute shall take his place. 
 Nor shall the disqualified or injured player return to further participation 
 in the game. 
 
 Rule 14. There shall be an umpire and a referee. No man shall act as 
 an umpire who is an alumnus of either of the competing colleges. The 
 umpires shall be nominated and elected by the advisory committee. The 
 referee shall be chosen by the two captains of the opposing teams in each 
 game, except in case of disagreement, when the choice shall be referred 
 to the advisory committee, whose decision shall be final. All the referees 
 and umpires shall be permanently elected and assigned, on or before the 
 third Saturday in October in each year. 
 
 Rule 15. (a) The umpire is the judge for the players, and his decision 
 is final regarding fouls and unfair tactics. 
 
 (b) The referee is judge for the ball, and his decision is final in all points 
 not covered by the umpire. 
 
42 
 
 (c) Both umpire and referee shall use whistles to indicate cessation 
 of play on fouls and downs. The referee shall use a stop watch in timing 
 the game. 
 
 Rule 16. (a) The time of a game is an hour and a half, each side play- 
 ing forty-five minutes from each goal. There shall be ten minutes' inter- 
 mission between the two halves. The game shall be decided by the score 
 of even halves. Either side refusing to play after ordered to by the referee, 
 shall forfeit the game. This shall also apply to refusing to commence the 
 game when ordered to by the referee. The referee shall notify the captains 
 of the time remaining not more than ten nor less than five minutes from the 
 end of each half. 
 
 (&) Time shall not be called for the end of a three-quarter until the ball 
 is dead ; and in the case of a try-at-goal from a touch-down the try shall be 
 allowed. Time shall be taken out while the ball is being brought out either 
 for a try, kick-out or kick-off. 
 
 Rule 17. No one wearing projecting nails or iron plates on his shoes, 
 or any metal substance upon his person, shall be allowed to play in a match. 
 No sticky or greasy substance shall be used on the person of players. 
 
 Rule 18. The ball goes into touch when it crosses the side line, or when 
 the holder puts part of either foot across or on that line. The touch line is 
 in touch and the goal line in goal. 
 
 Rule 19. The captains shall toss up before the commencement of the 
 match, and the winner of the toss shall have his choice of goal or of kick- 
 off. The same side shall not kick-off in two successive halves. 
 
 Rule 20. The ball shall be kicked off at the beginning of each half; and 
 whenever a goal has been obtained the side which has lost it shall kick off. 
 
 Rule 21. A player who has made and claimed a fair catch shall take a 
 drop-kick, or a punt, or place the ball for a place-kick. The opponents 
 may come up to the catcher's mark, and the ball must be kicked from some 
 spot behind that mark on a parallel to touch line. 
 
 Rule 22. The side which has a free-kick must be behind the ball when 
 it is kicked. At kick-off the opposite side must stand at least 10 yards in 
 front of the ball until it is kicked. 
 
 Rule 23. Charging is lawful for opponents if a punter advances beyond 
 his line, or in case of a place-kick, immediately the ball is put in play by 
 touching the ground. In case of a punt-out, not till ball is kicked. 
 
 Rule 24. (a) A player is put off side if, during a scrimmage, he gets in 
 front of the ball, or if the ball has been last touched by his own side behind 
 him. It is impossible for a player to be offside in his own goal. No player 
 when off side shall touch the ball, or interrupt, or obstruct opponent with 
 his hands or arms until again on side. 
 
 (6) A player being off side is put on side when the ball has touched an 
 opponent, or when one of his own side has run in front of him, either with 
 the ball, or having touched it when behind him. 
 
43 
 
 (c) If a player when off side touches the ball inside the opponents' 5-yard 
 line, the ball shall go as a touch-back to the opponents. 
 
 Rule 25. No player shall lay his hands upon, or interfere by use of hands 
 or arms, with an opponent, unless he has the ball. The side which has the 
 ball can only interfere with the body. The side which has not the ball can 
 use the hands and arms, as heretofore. 
 
 Rule 26. (a) A foul shall be granted for intentional delay of game, 
 off side play, or holding an opponent, unless he has the ball. No delay 
 arising from any cause whatsoever shall continue more than five minutes. 
 
 (6) The penalty for fouls and violation of rules, except otherwise pro- 
 vided, shall be a down for the other side ; or, if the side making the foul 
 has not the ball, 5 yards to the opponents. 
 
 Rule 27. (a) A player shall be disqualified for unnecessary roughness, 
 hacking or striking with closed fist. 
 
 (b) For the offenses of throttling, tripping up, or intentional tackling be- 
 low the knees, the opponents shall receive 25 yards, or a free-kick, at their 
 option. In case, however, the 25 yards would carry the ball across the goal 
 line they can have half the distance from the spot of the offense to the goal 
 line, and shall not be allowed a free-kick. 
 
 Rule 28. A player may throw or pass the ball in any direction except 
 towards opponents' goal. If the ball be batted in any direction or thrown 
 forward it shall go down on the spot to opponents. 
 
 Rule 29. If a player when off side interferes with an opponent trying for 
 a fair catch, by touching him or the ball, or waving his hat or hands, the 
 opponent may have a free-kick, or down, where the interference occurred. 
 
 Ruel 30. (a) If a player having the ball be tackled and the ball fairly 
 held, the man so tackling shall cry ' ' held, ' ' the one so tackled must cry 
 ' ' down, ' ' and some player of his side put it down for a scrimmage. The 
 snapper back and the man opposite him cannot pick out the ball with the 
 hand until it touch a third man ; nor can the opponents touch the ball until 
 it is in motion. The snapper back is entitled to but half the ball. If the 
 snapper back be off side in the act of snapping back, the ball must be 
 snapped again, and if this occurs three times on same down, the ball goes 
 to opponents. The man who first receives the ball when snapped back from 
 a down, or thrown back from a fair, shall not carry the ball forward under 
 any circumstances whatever. If, in three consecutive fairs and downs, un- 
 less the ball cross the goal line, a team shall not have advanced the ball 5 
 or taken it back 20 yards, it shall go to the opponents on spot of fourth. 
 "Consecutive" means without leaving the hands of the side holding it, 
 and by a kick giving opponents fair and equal chance of gaining pos- 
 session of it. 
 
 (6) The man who puts the ball in play in a scrimmage cannot pick it up 
 until it has touched some third man. ' ' Third man ' ' means any other player 
 than the one putting the ball in play and the man opposite him. 
 
44 
 
 Rule 31. If the ball goes into touch, whether it bounds back or not, a 
 player on the side which touches it down must bring it to the spot where 
 the line was crossed, and there either — 
 
 I. Bound the ball in the field of play, or touch it in with both hands, at 
 right angles to the touch line, and then run with it, kick it, or throw it 
 back ; or 
 
 II. Throw it out at right angles to the touch line ; or 
 
 III. Walk out with it at right angles to touch line, any distance not less 
 than 5 nor more than 15 yards, and there put it down, first declaring how 
 far he intends walking. The man who puts the ball in must face field or 
 opponents' goal, and he alone can have his foot outside touch line. Any 
 one, except him, who puts his hands or feet between the ball and his op- 
 ponents' goal is off side. If it be not thrown out at right angles, either side 
 may claim it thrown over again, and if it fail to be put in play fairly in three 
 trials it shall go to the opponents. 
 
 Rule 32. A side which has made a touch-down in their opponents' goal 
 must try at goal, either by a place-kick or a punt-out. 
 
 Rule 33. (a) If the try be by a place-kick, a player of the side which 
 has touched the ball down shall bring it up to the goal line, and making a 
 mark opposite the spot where it was touched down, bring it out at right 
 angles to the goal line such distance as he thinks proper, and there place it 
 for another of his side to kick. The opponents must remain behind their 
 goal line until the ball has been placed on the ground. 
 
 (b) The placer in a try-at-goal may be off side or in touch without vitiat- 
 ing the kick. 
 
 Rule 34. If the try be by a punt-out, the punter shall bring the ball up 
 to the goal line, and making a mark opposite the spot where it was touched 
 down, punt-out from any spot behind line of goal and not nearer the goal 
 post than such mark, to another of his side, who must all stand outside 
 of goal line not less than 15 feet. If the touch-down was made in touch in 
 goal, the punt-out shall be made from the intersection of the goal and touch 
 lines. The opponents may line up anywhere on the goal line except space 
 of 5 feet on each side of punter's mark, but cannot interfere with punter, 
 nor can he touch the ball after kicking it until it touch some other player. 
 If a fair catch be made from a punt-out, the mark shall serve to determine 
 positions as the mark of any fair catch. If a fair catch be not made the 
 ball shall go to the opponents at the spot where it first strikes the ground. 
 
 Rule 35. A side which has made a touch-back or a safety must kick out 
 from not more than 25 yards outside the kicker's goal. If the ball go into 
 touch before striking a player 'it must be kicked out again ; and if this oc- 
 curs three times in succession it shall be given to opponents as in touch on 
 25-yard line on side where it went out. At kick-out opponents must be on 
 25-yard line or nearer their own goal. 
 
45 
 
 Rule 36. The following shall be the value of each point in the scoring : 
 Goal obtained by touch-down, 6 ; goal from field kick, 5 ; touch-down fail- 
 ing goal, 4 ; safety by opponents, 2. 
 
 FOOT-BALL AND THE ART OF WAR.* 
 
 STRATEGY AXD GRAND TACTICS. 
 
 Whether it is to be regarded as a calamity or as a "blessing in disguise," 
 war is the inevitable accompaniment of all human progress ; and it is equally 
 axiomatic, from the purely military stand-point, that whatever be its par- 
 ticular objects, those means which promise their speediest attainment are 
 undoubtedly the best. 
 
 The conduct of a war, however, is narrowly conditioned by the rules 
 of military science, the configurations of the theater of operations, and the 
 relative resources of the contestants. ' ' Time ' ' is the ruling element in 
 each of these conditions. Hence, precise plans and energetic action (all 
 of which presuppose thorough preparation} will alone suffice to secure a 
 speedy and successful termination of hostilities ; it follows that, other things 
 being equal, the primary effort of a nation involved in war should be to 
 secure the military initiative. 
 
 The war may be offensive, offenso-defensive, defenso-offensive, or purely 
 defensive. I have graded them according to their military advantages. 
 The offensive principle is best, the defensive element is historically weak. 
 With us a foreign war would have to commence as purely defensive, in time 
 it might become defenso-offensive, and, if success crowned our efforts, per- 
 haps the offensive element might at length become the prominent one. But 
 whatever be the character of the war, the rules which will govern its plans 
 are defined in strategy, logistics, engineering, and tactics. To define these 
 by key-words, I may say : By means of strategy we direct an army, by 
 logistics we move it, by engineering we protect it, by grand tactics we fight 
 it, by minor tactics we handle its several "arms," and by elementary tactics 
 we teach and educate its personnel. 
 
 Strategy is the science of campaigning ; its application is the broad art 
 of directing armies on the whole theater of war ; its object is decisive con- 
 centration ; its theater is beyond the range of projectiles ; its problem is 
 chiefly a mental one ; and its resources are intelligence, common sense, and 
 executive ability. It is concerned with the what, the why, the when, and 
 the how ; it is the science of generals, as its root implies ; it has to consider 
 ' ' zones of war, " " objective " or " strategic ' ' points, ' ' lines of operation, ' ' 
 ' ' lines of communicatio?i, " " lines of retreat, " " bases of operation, ' ' ' 'depots 
 of supply" Sic, most of which terms have been so incorporated into cur- 
 
 * Extract from Yale Military Lectures, Regular Course, Sheffield Scientific School. 
 
46 
 
 rent literature that I take it for granted most Americans understand them 
 intuitively. At any rate, a foot-ball field contains the whole of them. 
 
 The blue * goal is our ' ' primary ' ' base of operations ; all others are 
 "secondary" and "accidental." The "objective" or "strategic" point 
 is the crimson* goal. The "depot of supplies" is the blue* pavilion, with 
 its medicine chest, supernumeraries, material, extras, &c. The ' ' lines of com- 
 munication ' ' are the lateral lines taken by the ball from snap back to the 
 players. The "absolute" line of operations is from goal to goal. The 
 secondary line of operations is from ball to goal. The accidental line 
 of operations is determined by the play. The three zones are right, left, 
 and center, or else those made by the "kick-out" limits. The whole 
 theater is bounded by neutral territory ; the play is governed by mimic 
 rules of war, and all its incidents are absolute counterparts of the deadlier 
 game of later years. 
 
 A good foot-ball player will make a good soldier, and an able captain 
 of Yale will make an abler captain for our common Alma Mater. 
 
 But to return to our text : The art of war — 
 
 Logistics is the science of military movements, details, statistics, orders, 
 organization, transportation, supply, installation, information, mobilization, 
 arrangement, and in general of preparation and repairs. It comprehends 
 marches, railroad and water transportation, trains, camps, cantonments, 
 manufacture, purchase, distribution and supply of arms, materials, and 
 munitions of war. Its studies belong to the general staff. It is the lieuten- 
 ant of strategy, and its scope is coextensive with directorship in that it pro- 
 vides the means. Its theater is the actual territory involved in war, and 
 its duties are active both in peace and war. 
 
 Military engineering is the application of the peaceful science to the con- 
 ditions of war. Its duty is to supplement logistics, to make rough ways 
 smooth, and erect artificial obstacles. The engineer has to correct the map 
 upon the spot, and to alter its topography by every means at his command 
 which will serve to further the prosecution of the war. 
 
 Military tactics is the science of military methods in so far as the fterso?inel 
 of armies are concerned. Its application is the art of teaching, moving, 
 disposing, and using troops. It is divided into elementary, minor, and 
 grand tactics, of which more anon. 
 
 Every war is composed of mobilizations, marches, encampments, battles, 
 sieges, struggles with topography, and the erection of defenses. These 
 several operations have to be conducted in strict accordance with the prin- 
 ciples laid down in the forementioned sciences. I say principles rather 
 than ' ' rules, ' ' because unforeseen conditions are constantly modifying their 
 application. The art of war may here draw another illustration from your 
 
 *In this book black lines are printed instead of "blue" and parallel lines instead of 
 " crimson." 
 
47 
 
 familiar champion game. Like it, the rules are couched to suit "set " con- 
 ditions only ; examples, and experience, study, and coup <T oeil, must sup- 
 plement these on the spot. 
 
 Let us suppose for instance that your next year's games are to be played 
 upon rough country instead of leveled ovals, and that each university is to 
 select for the other two, sight unseen until the teams line up, some pur- 
 posely difficult but not impracticable field. It is my opinion you would 
 study the "art of war ' ' in downright earnest ere the matches came off, and 
 I doubt not you would find therein much of suggestive value even now. 
 
 But let me act for Princeton to-day, and take you in imagination to such 
 a field where we will suppose Yale must struggle with Harvard. 
 
48 
 
 HOW TOPOGRAPHY AND "ROUGH COUNTRY WOULD INFLUENCE FOOT- 
 BALL. 
 
49 
 
 You will perceive at a glance that while the principles remain the same, 
 the conditions have been entirely altered by topography, and a moment's 
 additional consideration will convince you how noticeably similar, in all its 
 underlying principles, this game of Rugby ball is to the rougher one of iron, 
 whose rushers are armed with deadly steel, whose scrimmages are battles, 
 whose fleetest flankers are on horseback, and whose only umpire is success. 
 
 Returning now to our subject : As soon as our armies are ready to take 
 the field we must have determined the nature of the war — whether it is to be 
 offensive or defensive, or of mixed description. The next care will be the 
 study of the theater of war — generally, politically, strategically, critically. 
 
 You cannot but perceive the full import of this topic now that we have 
 secured so apt a basis of illustration. Conceive our foot-ball plot to be a 
 mile square, and now enlarge it one hundred thousand fold, we shall then 
 have about the area of country about Philadelphia and Richmond. Let our 
 river be the Potomac. 
 
 According to the principles of strategy, we must now fix upon our base 
 of operations, our lines of advance, or retreat, and communication, our 
 maneuvers, our different objects before the attainment of the main and 
 final object, our lines of defense, our depots, and our places of refuge in 
 case of defeat. 
 
 Strategy, logistics, and engineering will soon conduct us into the pres- 
 ence of the enemy. It is here, by the principles of grand tactics, that we 
 learn how to dispose and use our own troops so as to displace and destroy 
 those of the hostile army. Thus the prosecution of our strategical move- 
 ments may force us to overcome natural and artificial difficulties which we 
 find in our way, as, for instance, rivers, fortifications, &c. It is then that 
 the art of engineering finds employment. 
 
 In the meantime, to arrive at one point from another, we must march in 
 certain order, and be constantly provided with provisions and supplies ; here 
 logistics will determine our arrangements. 
 
 There are three great maxims common to the whole science of war ; they 
 are — 
 
 i. Concentrate your force, and act with the whole of it on one part only 
 of the enemy's force. 
 
 2. Act against the weakest part of your enemy — his center, if he is dis- 
 persed ; his flank or rear, if concentrated. But if against his communica- 
 tions, do not endanger your own. 
 
 3. The plan once perfected, and the decision to act upon it taken, act at 
 once and with the utmost speed, in order to attain the object before the 
 enemy suspects what you are about. 
 
 Each theater of war, whatever be its form, can be divided into three zones : 
 Right, left, and center. A choice must be made in which of the zones the 
 operations are to take place. Circumstances may be such that one, two, or 
 even three zones may be employed. In the first case we would have a 
 
50 
 
 simple line, in the two others several lines of operation. The main point is 
 to select the zone in which we can bring the greatest disaster to the enemy 
 with the least risk to ourselves. 
 
 If an army is placed between two hostile ones its position is " central," 
 and its object ought to be to defeat each of them before they can effect 
 a junction or a combined attack. Our lines ought to be interior to those 
 of the enemy ; that is, we should choose them so that we can always unite 
 our divisions before the enemy can unite his. In ' ' defensive ' ' operations, 
 these lines should converge to our " line of defense ;" in " offensive opera- 
 tions, ' ' they ought to diverge so as to separate the opposing forces. 
 
 Finally, with reference to the reciprocal relations of our own and our 
 enemy's lines of operation, we ought, if possible, so to engage him that 
 if defeated he will lose his line of retreat ; that is, force him to fight parallel 
 to his line of operations, if it can be done without putting ourselves into a 
 reciprocal position. This has resulted in famous victories, and is generally 
 practicable when we have alternate lines and bases, or when we have a suffi- 
 cient superiority to risk the encounter in reciprocal relations. 
 
 The whole science of strategy is based upon the discussion of the par- 
 ticular cases and the combinations of these several fundamental principles. 
 
 The function of generalship is, first, to study, analyze, and compare their 
 relative merits according to the circumstances and in the light of former 
 military history ; next, to select among them according to cool judgment ; 
 and, finally, to make history. 
 
 THE COMBINED USE OF THE THREE ARMS.* 
 
 GRAND OR BATTLE TACTICS. 
 
 By ' ' elementary ' ' tactics we understand the modus operandi of passing 
 from one formation to another in each of • ' the three arms. ' ' The books 
 relating to this branch of military tactics are properly called' " drill-books, " 
 and treat of the A-B-C conditions of maneuvering. They comprehend 
 "manual exercises," target practice, ceremonies, and methods of distribut- 
 ing the ' ' units " of a common ' ' arm ' ' with reference to each other. There 
 is nothing "fixed" about them, save the "end" in view, which is to keep 
 the means of utilizing an ' ' arm ' ' to the best advantage, always up to the 
 latest improvement in its weapons, the security of simplicity, and the abso- 
 lute economy of time. Most all nations have different systems of element- 
 ary tactics. So, for instance, do most athletic sports. In foot-ball they 
 comprehend all the details, tricks, and methods of training, tackling, kick- 
 ing, &c. , and include the manual, and pedual of the ball itself. Graded 
 above this comes minor tactics, which is concerned with the proper ' ' use ' ' 
 of the individual arms of the service. It is essentially different for each 
 
 * Extract from Yale Military Lectures, Regular Course, Sheffield Scientific School. 
 
51 
 
 "arm," and is likewise subject to constant modification, although its rate 
 of change is slower. The ' ' end ' ' in view is how best to secure the ' ' effective ' ' 
 strength of the "arm" concerned, with a minimum of loss to itself. 
 
 Hence, in solving the problems of ' ' minor tactics, ' ' we have to consider 
 the cotinter effect of each of the three arms, both separately and combined. 
 In foot-ball they cover the principles governing the "use" of "rushers," 
 "runners," and "kickers," who are the infantry, cavalry, and artillery 
 of the ' ' scrimmage. ' ' We have already analyzed this branch of our sub- 
 ject in our separate studies of the three arms. It now remains to consider 
 their combined ' ' use ' ' or grand tactics, which Napoleon defined ' ' the art 
 of being stronger. ' ' Broadly, this is the loftiest region of tactics. It is 
 the border-land between it and strategy. The object of the latter is the 
 1 ' conduct of a war, ' ' that of the former ' ' the conduct of a battle. ' ' In their 
 last analysis the principles governing each apply to both. The bond be- 
 tween the two is logistics, which is the ' ' tactics of armies. ' ' 
 
 We plan a war according to the principles of strategy, and we prosecute 
 it according to those of logistics ; when we encounter hostile opposition 
 battles occur — mere incidents in a campaign, and only important when 
 decisive, in the furtherance of the strategic end in view. This is fully rec- 
 ognized in foot-ball — in a decisive scrimmage you gain 5 yards or more ; 
 failing this in three successive "downs" or "fairs," the ball goes to the 
 opponent on the spot of fourth. However, even this is better, in an offen- 
 sive campaign on your enemy's territory, than in a defensive one upon your 
 own. 
 
 But in battles as well as scrimmages "grand tactics," or "combination," 
 is the dominant subject for consideration. (Its harmony and concert depend 
 primarily upon the minor tactics of the separate arms. Its success depends 
 upon their consummate military orchestration. The manager of this dread- 
 ful opera must be fully conversant with artillery thorough-bass, exhaust the 
 whole gamut of infantry, and add to the general execution that final brill- 
 iancy which can alone be secured by the dash and shock of mounted men. 
 We want a ' ' rush-line ' ' as impenetrable as a massed battery of artillery, or, 
 in the offensive, as irresistible as a line of bayonets, flaming with enthusiasm. 
 We need brilliant "quarter-backs," or "flanking columns" of all arms, 
 and a reserve or full-back, fresh to reap the results of any sort of victory, 
 or to prevent the ' ' consequences of defeat. ' ' ) 
 
 Grand tactics includes the planning of battles, perfecting the preliminary 
 arrangements, conducting them during their progress, and securing "the 
 results of victory, ' ' or avoiding ' ' the consequences of defeat. ' ' This is par 
 excellence the peculiar province of generals and great captains. In it they 
 should have exclusive command; no " committee upon the conduct of a 
 war" should have any voice upon the battle-field, save at the nation's peril. 
 The sphere of such a body begins and ends in the international, intercol- 
 legiate, or advisory atmosphere. They may assign the problem to be solved, 
 
52 
 
 and restrict the conditions of the equation, but having once selected their 
 representative, he must be unhampered. This was Grant's first condition 
 when he accepted the command of the Army of the Potomac, and it is on 
 this account that our Constitution wisely places the executive military au- 
 thority in the President, although we have yet to see one take the field in 
 person. 
 
 We cannot exhaust a topic such as this in many lectures. Therefore, all 
 that I shall hope to accomplish in one is to formulate its motif, and enable 
 you to obtain a fair idea of the underlying principles which govern the suc- 
 cessful combination of ' ' the three arms. ' ' They are most readily grasped 
 by analysis and comparison. 
 
 The proper employment of an army, or a foot-ball team, is a practicable 
 sermon on the old fable of ' ' the body and its members. ' ' They must all 
 conspire towards the general end, and none of them can say unto any of the 
 rest "What have I to do with thee?" 
 
 Man is himself an army — a micro-military organization. In desperate 
 jeopardy of life and limb, the brain is general, the lungs and belly are his 
 staff departments, his heart gives him morale, his senses are his cavalry, 
 his artillery or projectile force resides in his arms, his legs are his infantry, 
 and his bayonets are his fists. By selection, special training, and separation 
 into skilled groups, these human elements, armed with appropriate acces- 
 sories, make up the macrocosm which we term an army. Artillery forms 
 the skeleton of the "line of battle," infantry fills up and clothes the frame 
 with strength of flesh and blood and muscle, cavalry lends nervous force 
 and energy, and leadership gives it brains and enables it to act with intelli- 
 gence. 
 
 Cavalry has been called " the eyes and ears of an army," infantry is the 
 sovereign of the field, and artillery is her herald. 
 
 In infantry and cavalry, other things being equal, it is the number of in- 
 dividuals that gives strength ; in artillery it is the number of guns. In the 
 matter of foot-ball the comparison does not fail, although it is apparently 
 concealed in the ' ' elevens ' ' or teams of equal numbers. The comparison 
 of any two college teams will at once decide their relative strength in ' ' the 
 three arms," and, back of all this, stands the general strength of the uni- 
 versity itself of which the team is the athletic "'leven." 
 
 Cavalry is essentially an offensive arm, and has little defensive power ; 
 it has no passive strength at all. This is particularly the case of " heavy " 
 cavalry, or "cavalry of the line of battle." Shock is its weapon and speed 
 its projectile force. Whether attacking or attacked, it must ride and ride 
 hard to meet the brunt — so must the runner who has got the ball. ' ' Light ' ' 
 cavalry, however, is armed with a fire-arm, and has a certain degree of this 
 defenso-offenswe force, but as it is almost useless upon horseback, at a dis- 
 tance we may ignore it. But in ' ' mounted infantry ' ' we find the link 
 uniting the two most important ' ' arms ;' ' it can act by shock, or by distant 
 
53 
 
 fire, or by both, and this either offensively or defensively. As you will 
 recall, we have already pointed out that the modern tendency of " the three 
 arms " is " all of them to ride upon horses. ' ' This is but the statement 
 of a foot-ball platitude ; for other things being equal, a "strong team" is a 
 ' ' mounted ' ' team — an ' ' all round ' ' team of solid general players. 
 
 Artillery is mainly a defensive and destructive arm. It is most effective 
 in masses, and as they grow its gains in offensive power. It is the bulwark 
 of battle, aricl must never yield an inch when on the defensive. It is also 
 an essential part of the offensive's rush-line, where it must gain every inch 
 possible. For although its chief sphere of action is the distant or indirect 
 combat, and it can hardly be said to charge as did the ancient chariots, 
 nevertheless it does rush to the distant front, and ' ' line up " at the very 
 dawn of combat, and in modern days it must go forward into the gap made 
 by its own projectiles, and carry the ball with it. But when ' ' limbered up ' ' 
 artillery is powerless to "tackle," and when maneuvering under fire its 
 status is "off-side," and more critical than any other "arm." Finally, 
 artillery must face the enemy ; it has no flank defense, if you box its ears 
 you paralyze it. 
 
 In infantry we have an ideal "arm." It has the power of keeping an 
 enemy at a distance by its fire, or of seeking him at close quarters and driv- 
 ing him from his position by the bayonet. Thus it is both an offensive and 
 a defensive "arm," and this in every sense, for it can fight both offensively 
 and defensively by its fire, and be employed both offensively and defensively 
 in the charge. Its most natural use is the utilization of each of these char- 
 acteristics. Offensively we advance our infantry, open its fire, concentrate 
 it, and push it to the bayonet. Defensively we wait for the onset, check it 
 with lead, and finally advance to meet it with cold steel. 
 
 The strength of a chain is located in its weakest link, and the rapidity 
 of an army is limited by the rate of its slowest " arm." In all strategic 
 and grand tactical combinations, therefore, in which concentration depends 
 upon time elements, the essential characteristics that govern the individual 
 movements of ' ' the three arms ' ' must be carefully balanced and harmon- 
 ized. The key to this combination of -movement is the recollection that an 
 army advances on foot, on horseback, and on wheels. The relative rates 
 of these methods must be adjusted to the common object, "decisive con- 
 centration at the opportune moment." 
 
 As a general rule, infantry sets the pace, and the other ' ' arms ' ' are de- 
 layed for its sake. But in long and arduous undertakings the case is re- 
 versed, and infantry, which has the maximum of " staying power," is more 
 or less delayed for the sake of the remaining ' ' arms. ' ' The object of a com- 
 bined march is to reach the "strategic point" together and act unitedly. 
 Over and above the relative consideration of foot, horseback, and wheels, 
 we must never forget to add 25 to 30 per cent, to map distances, in order 
 •to allow for sinuosities of the route not expressed upon the map. 
 
54 
 
 In successive battle-field action, rates and commencement of movement 
 are regulated by orders, but generally depend upon ocular testimony as to 
 the moment of initiation. For instance, infantry having struggled to the 
 final zone, knows intuitively when to charge, by noticing the success of ar- 
 tillery preparation, and cavalry knows when to pursue by noticing the suc- 
 cess of infantry. In the broader domain of campaigning and running 
 into grand tactics at the threshold of the battle-field, the various columns, 
 armies, and " arms " must adhere strictly to literal orders calculated upon 
 approved tables of statistics and logistics. 
 
 Mixed troops move en ro7ite about 2 miles an hour ; they can accomplish 
 3 if " pressed, ' ' and for a limited time 5 if " forced. " In a day about the 
 following distances can be counted upon : Route march, 12 to 15 miles ; 
 rapid march, 18 to 20 miles ; and forced march, 25 to 30 miles. Excep- 
 tions do not prove the rule in this case, for it is one thing to push forward 
 to the assistance of troops already in action, and quite a different and a 
 dangerous one to outstrip companion arms in drumming up the foe. 
 
 Separately, infantry makes about 60 yards a minute. Work this up on 
 the old arithmetical table of ' ' time, ' ' and you have a fair basis of estimate. 
 It may rise easily to 90 yards, and spurt for a minute or so, perhaps, at 
 120. It can charge for about 180 yards. Its relative rates are about as 1, 
 2, and 3 upon the yard-second basis. Its ordinary marching rates are 
 "route," "rapid," and "forced," and may be graded^;' hour as 2, 3, 
 and 4 miles ; per day as 12, 24, and 36 miles. 
 
 As a fundamental basis of combination, you may rank cavalry rates as 
 double that of infantry. Per minute, 120 yards, 360 yards, and 720 yards ; 
 per hour, 3 miles, 6 miles, and 10 miles ; per day, 10, 25, and 40 miles. 
 
 Artillery partakes of the time characteristics of the other two ' ' arms ' ' ac- 
 cording as it is horse (or light) or foot (or, by a military ' ' bull, " " mounted ' ' ). 
 Its rates, which you may therefore combine in pairs, are : Per minute, 60, 
 120, and 360 (700, charge) yards; per hour, 3, 6, and 12 miles; and^ter 
 day, 12, 24, and 36 miles. 
 
 Heavy or siege artillery is strictly in the "train," and follows an army. 
 So do pontoons, except equipage of the light or advanced guard descriptions. 
 
 Of course an army cannot, safely, be many days in advance of its trains ; 
 these are its real impedimenta. Nevertheless, we are far more independent 
 than former generations in this respect, and may almost carry our logistics 
 "canned." Generally speaking, the strength of an army depends upon its 
 numbers, the relative proportions of its arms, the confidence of the troops 
 in their leaders, and the characteristics of the men who compose it ; i. e. , their 
 morals, discipline, preparation or training, weapons and organization. 
 
 In treating of "the three arms" separately we have already considered 
 their proportions in an army. These, however, vary much in different na- 
 tions, and within the same nation may change from their maxima to their 
 minima according to the nature, warning, length, and object of the war ; 
 
oo 
 
 the armament of the opposing belligerent ; and, particularly, with the char- 
 acter of the country in which the war is to take place. Within all these 
 conditions it thus becomes one of the principal studies of generalship to 
 select such ground for campaigns and battles as will enable the best use to 
 be made of that arm in which we find ourselves superior, or in which 
 a deficient "arm" can best be spared. When the normal proportions 
 are present — based upon a ' ' combined unit, ' ' which we may consider as i 
 brigade of infantry (4,000), 1 regiment of cavalry (1,000), and 1 battalion 
 of artillery (18 to 24 guns) — the field of battle will determine their most judi- 
 cious distribution. The topography must be occupied with special regard 
 to the tactical requirements of each ' ' arm. ' ' In this respect infantry is the 
 most independent of the "arms." It can surmount, in advance or retreat, 
 any difficulty which the roads or configuration of the country may oppose. 
 It can fight on every description of terrain, and can make use of all sorts 
 of cover, or do without any. 
 
 Relatively speaking, mountainous country is impracticable for cavalry and 
 difficult for artillery. In such regions infantry increases in relative value. But 
 determination can conquer all obstacles. Hannibal led his elephants across 
 the Alps and Napoleon drew his artillery across them. Grant put cannon in a 
 church steeple. 
 
 Generally speaking, too small a quantity of artillery is dangerous. We 
 must at least have enough to occupy and neutralize the hostile batteries. 
 Above this, every extra gun is an element of preponderance, and counts 
 heavily in the ' ' chances of success. ' ' Per converse, with too little artillery, 
 our own infantry will be too much exposed to the combined fire of hostile 
 infantry and artillery, and demoralization is almost certain. The moral 
 power of artillery is not the least element of its strength upon the field 
 of battle, and, with new troops, a strong display of this ' ' arm " is a great 
 advantage. Too small a proportion of cavalry restricts us into narrow 
 limits, prevents thorough reconnoissance, which is half the battle, and de- 
 prives us of the only means of turning a defeated enemy into a routed one. 
 
 So far as battle is concerned, large plains are best suited for the action 
 of masses of cavalry and artillery, hilly country for light artillery and 
 mounted infantry, and covered ground for infantry and sharpshooters. 
 Thus, although topographical considerations are not the final determinants 
 in the problem of grand tactics, they afford constant opportunities and 
 necessities for modifying the combined use of the three arms. Their im- 
 portance vastly increases in defensive operations, and the fundamental prin- 
 ciple to be observed is so to occupy a position as to make the zone of attack 
 difficult, and that of the counter attack practicable. Engineering, in its ele- 
 mentary features, comes into play here as a valuable adjunct to grand tactics, 
 and is concerned particularly in the erection and demolition of obstacles. 
 Upon the battle-field every soldier now-a-days is an engineer, and his in- 
 separable weapon is the spade. All of these things being duly correlated 
 
56 
 
 and fixed, "the battle," as the ancients called the whole array, is set in 
 order, and the combat may now open. 
 
 Artillery prepares the victory, infantry achieves it, and cavalry completes 
 and secures its fruits. 
 
 Infantry and artillery are pre-eminently "sister arms ;" they work in con- 
 cert throughout an action. Cavalry is more of an occasional arm. 
 
 As infantry follows up the advantage gained by artillery, it is called its 
 ^complementary" arm. For a similar reason cavalry is the complementary 
 arm of infantry. Let me illustrate this complementary use of the three arms 
 by a working diagram, in which they are severally arranged, at the vertices 
 of an equilateral triangle, inscribed in a circle. 
 
 COMPLEMENTARY ARMS. 
 
 From this figure you may tell at a glance which ' ' arm ' ' is complement- 
 arv to the others. Wind it up and let the hand go as in a watch, it will 
 point to an "arm" first, and then its complements, one after the other. 
 
 In campaigning we start with cavalry, which must find the enemy, and 
 end with cavalry, which must rout him when defeated. In battle we start 
 with artillery, which must challenge the foe to mortal combat, and end with 
 artillery, which must hold the field when won. The order of precedence 
 runs with the figures. 
 
 The conditions of modern warfare require that an attack by one arm shall 
 be supported by another. This support may complement, i. e. , succeed, or 
 else be contemporaneous therewith. In the first case we have the full re- 
 alization of the arrangement in the diagram ; in the second case the com- 
 plementary action is in effect the same. For instance, from our previous 
 study it is clear that an attack with artillery alone would be resultless, hence 
 we complement it with infantry, but the general onset is so ordered as not to 
 anticipate the full work of artillery preparation. In the mean time it is a 
 settled principle that cavalry should always support an attack upon the 
 
57 
 
 enemy's front. This forces our cavalry to the flank, so as to descend thereon 
 with or after the infantry. It is even held that a combination of infantry 
 and cavalry ought to succeed against a superior force of infantry. The 
 attack must dispose itself upon similar principles, i. e. , the infantry making 
 the main or front attack, while the cavalry comes in, opportunely, upon the 
 flank. 
 
 To defeat good infantry in a fair position, a combination of artillery and 
 infantry is now regarded as an absolute necessity. The artillery plays the 
 usual role of .preparing the attack, and the advancing infantry closes at the 
 decisive moment. The principles of complementary action come out still 
 more plainly when we consider the case of mounted troops. Experience 
 proves that cavalry charges are indecisive (except cavalry against cavalry) 
 unless supported by infantry. Thus Napoleon's cavalry at Waterloo failed 
 for want of this support. The Prussian cavalry at Vionville failed for a sim- 
 ilar reason. At Austerlitz Kellerman's cavalry was defeated by the Russian 
 horse, but it rallied between the lines of friendly infantry, and, after the latter 
 had disordered the Russians, Kellerman sallied out again and routed them. 
 Nevertheless, while good infantry is thus supposed to be superior to cavalry 
 alone, and under all circumstances, still cavalry combined with sufficient ar- 
 tillery, instead of infantry, has a fair chance of success. The principle 
 of complementary action still holds ; that is, the cavalry is to maneuver on 
 the flanks and line of retreat, and by threatening a charge, force the infantry 
 into squares, columns, maneuvers, or confusion. The artillery now increases 
 its primary efforts and plays upon these, and when broken and demoralized 
 the cavalry is to charge. Where two arms are alone considered they are 
 complements to each, other in succession, but the main idea shown in the 
 diagram dominates. 
 
 But these are all special cases. The fundamental facts are properly fixed 
 when we bear in mind that both cavalry and artillery are ' ' secondary ' ' 
 arms, and that infantry alone is the sovereign fighting one. The best re- 
 sults can alone be obtained when the two are fully subordinated to the action 
 of the latter. In general engagements this subordination becomes more 
 and more necessary, while in simple combats, where only one or two "arms" 
 are involved, this precedence must be settled by the complementary character 
 of the ' ' effects ' ' which they produce. 
 
 You may perhaps apply this idea of complementary action to the grand 
 tactics of the foot-ball field, as between its rushers, runners, and kickers, 
 and from the study of the whole subject solve not a few common problems. 
 The fact is, I believe it will pay your captains to familiarize themselves with 
 military strategy and tactics, pure and simple ; these games are as near 
 alike as the pastimes of peace and war can possibly become, and they 
 mutually illustrate each other. At any rate, right sure am I, that, whether 
 the study of the art of war will shed light or not, upon that of foot-ball, the 
 
58 
 
 experience gained in the latter is the very best school there is preparatory 
 to the intellectual part of the former. 
 
 FOOT-BALL AND THE BATTLE-FIELD.* 
 
 MILITARY GEOMETRY, OR THE TWELVE ORDERS OF BATTLE ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 If an army were always drawn up in the same manner it would certainly 
 be defeated by another whose positions were changed to suit varying cir- 
 cumstances. There is no invariable order of battle, it will always depend 
 upon the locality ; that is, principally upon topography. Victories are only 
 decisive when an enemy is "turned" or "broken;" hence the selection 
 of the points of attack is of primary importance, the ' ' order ' ' of battle, and 
 its particular plan, being secondary, or an after consideration. 
 
 %z %■ ^ ^ >£ 
 
 An ' ' order ' ' of battle differs from a ' ' line ' ' of battle. The latter term 
 signifies some habitual system in which the ' ' units ' ' are tactically drawn 
 up and is entirely subordinate to the broader questions of battle maneuver. 
 There are generally two or more "lines" of battle properly so-called, but 
 only one "order." Thus a foot-ball team is "lined up" in an ''order" 
 of battle — the "rushers" are the first "line" of battle, the "half backs" 
 are a second, the ' ' full back " is a " reserve ' ' or third line. These are all 
 ' ' elements ' ' of the belt or zone of action, which stretches from one flank 
 of an army to the other. 
 
 Military writers lay down twelve distinct ' ' orders ' ' of battle, the study 
 of which may be of double interest to you as still further illustrative of foot- 
 ball ' ' grand tactics. ' ' 
 
 *1? ^t? *$<£ *& *i* 
 
 ■T* •T* *T* *T* *j^ 
 
 i. The simple parallel order. 
 
 — In this order there is no particular rein- 
 
 , , ,,n„, I, ii mi,, mmiiibmm forcement on any point. The whole force 
 
 is drawn up equally along the front, and 
 _^~^~~~~~~~~~ where both parties resort to it no partic- 
 
 ular tactical skill is required by either, 
 o o There is no science in it, and a victory is 
 
 ooooooo a complete success, or a defeat equally 
 • •••••• decisive. Other things being equal, the 
 
 # • 9 " chances ' ' are equal, the battle long, wa- 
 
 * vering, indecisive, until at length it is de- 
 
 cided by mere physical strength and moral endurance. Strictly speaking, 
 
 * Extract from Yale Military Lectures. Course before the Sheffield Scientific School. 
 Class of '90 and '91. For authorities vide Mercur, Hauiley, Halleck, Dufour, Schalk, 
 &c, to whom liberal credit is given. — C. A. L. T. 
 
59 
 
 this ' ' order ' ' can rarely occur, and even upon die foot-ball ground, where 
 it is exactly depicted, the semblance is misleading. 
 
 The simple parallel ' ' order, ' ' in its absolute, logical, and final analysis, 
 requires that the two contestants shall not only be equally strong, all along 
 the line, but shall be disposed in straight parallel contrast. That is, there is 
 no contrast. No two college teams ever met upon such a basis, and cer- 
 tainly no two armies, even in ancient days, have thus joined battle. 
 
 Coming back, however, to the simple matter of straight lines, and par- 
 allelism, most ancient armies used this ' ' order, ' ' and it gives us the primi- 
 tive method of the "art of war." It is apparently your foot-ball method. 
 
 From the military stand-point, the victory belongs at the outset to the 
 stronger party. Hence a positive superiority in "arms" and "troops," 
 man to man, may excuse the semblance of its employment upon modern 
 fields. Topography requires for such an order a broad, unvaried terrain, 
 or else an absolute pairing off of advantages. It is generally considered to 
 be the worst possible disposition, and so it is within the limitations and con- 
 ditions we have enumerated. It is clear that you cannot outflank your 
 enemy without being outflanked yourself, &c. 
 
 There is one occasion, however, where a straight line of solid strength 
 may be advantageously adopted, and when perhaps it will be obligatory. 
 That is after we have gained the strategical victory, and are already in the 
 enemy's military rear, cutting off his line of retreat, and either protecting 
 our own, or having an alternate line of resort. We might then have no 
 reason to reinforce any one part. But in such a case we would be obliged 
 to have very strong reserves, and they would really represent a reinforce- 
 ment of the center, or of the point threatened by the enemy. It is to be 
 noted here that the principle remains the same, and that the decisive ma- 
 neuver has been effected before the battle. 
 
 Two foot-ball teams "lined up" just before a scrimmage (the ball not 
 
 having been put into play) illustrate the 
 geometry of this order, as shown by the 
 figure ; but in the very instant succeeding 
 the ' ' snap back ' ' the whole matter alters, 
 9 • and, according to whatever preconcerted 
 
 plan may have been adopted, any one of the 
 higher ' ' orders ' ' of battle may result. 
 
 The transition period is governed by strategem — you call it "trick" — 
 and in the next your real order of battle develops, both for the offensive 
 who have the ball and for the defensive who have not. This leads me to 
 the important fact that a battle may witness a transition from the original 
 ' ' order ' ' to another, and that this latter may be a very essential feature 
 of the plan. 
 
 For instance, you ' ' back the center. ' ' This gives us an example of the 
 parallel order reinforced in the center. Or you attempt to run around the 
 
 
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 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 © 
 
 • 
 
 9 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
60 
 
 end ; to do it you reinforce your own end by both half backs and send 
 the full back around with the ball. This is the parallel reinforced on the 
 flank. 
 
 OOqOOOO 
 
 o o 
 
 BUCKING THE LINE. 
 
 Or?°0000 
 
 o„yo 
 
 RUNNING ABOUND THE END. 
 
 Here we have it in a military diagram. The battle begins, A moves to 
 A', and the battle ends, for B must retreat : 
 
 ® 
 
 
 
 i/imw^ 
 
 2. Parallel order with a crotchet. 
 
 This is a good ' ' order ' ' under favorable 
 
 topographical conditions. The figures show 
 
 m ^ mmmm the three cases. It is sometimes used in 
 
 the defensive, sometimes in the offensive, 
 
 and sometimes by both. The fact is, an 
 
 I original defensive "order" with a crotchet 
 
 tends to beget a corresponding offensive one, 
 
 and vice versa. The order does not obtain 
 
 in a foot-ball "line up," but its similitude 
 
 may result when, the ball being "in play," 
 
 an effort is made to send it around by the flank, and at the same time the 
 
 right ' ' end ' ' can effect an offensive crotchet. In operation this is in effect 
 
 a ' ' turning ' ' or out-flanking movement. 
 
 (a) 
 
 (b) 
 
 (c) 
 
61 
 
 The crotchet necessitates an "elbow" to the defense, and the "offering 
 of a flank" or, really, " a perpendicular " by the assailant. These are dan- 
 gerous in battle. They are exposed to an 
 effective concentration of fire. If the two 
 branches are equal, the defensive line be- 
 comes the ' ' wedge ' ' order, but of a negative 
 character, and the offensive the "inverted 
 wedge. ' ' The ' ' wedge ' ' is essentially, how- 
 ever, an offensive order, as an army would 
 only adopt this formation with the intention 
 of making an attack to pierce the opposing line. In the defense it is re- 
 sorted to in order to prevent a flank from being enveloped. The same may 
 be said of the "inverted wedge," but in a contrary sense. As this order 
 would be used when we wished to yield in the center to an enemy advanc- 
 ing thereon, in order to envelop his wings, it is a defenso-offensive order : 
 the crotchet to the front being offensive. 
 
 Examples : Malplaquet and Nordlingen are examples of simple crotchets. 
 Prague is a famous example of the danger of a defensive crotchet if prop- 
 erly attacked. Kolin is an example. At Waterloo Wellington had a re- 
 tired crotchet on his right flank, and, so far as parallelism went, Napoleon 
 countered it by throwing a crotchet forward on his left flank. 
 
 History describes a famous ancient example where two armies were 
 formed, the one like a "wedge" and the other as an "inverted wedge." 
 It was the battle of Caslin, fought in 533 A. D., between the Franks and 
 Romans, near Capua. The Franks were drawn up between two woods. 
 They reinforced their centre and formed a real ' ' wedge. ' ' The Romans 
 were less numerous and adopted an order of less depth but more extended, 
 forming an ' ' inverted wedge. ' ' They gave ground in the center and made 
 their principal attack against the wings of the Franks. The Roman cav- 
 alry, in the meantime, attacked the Franks 
 r\r\ m rear by passing around one of the woods. 
 
 Q Q The front of the Frank wedge continued to 
 
 OOO advance, reached the Roman camp, and be- 
 
 O I O came involved in pillage, which led to their 
 
 ^ U defeat. The victory of the Romans was 
 
 complete. 
 You will recognize the "order" at once, as it is a familiar one upon the 
 "oval." 
 
62 
 
 j. The parallel order. — Wing reinforced. 
 
 This order is in accord with correct prin- 
 ciples, and may in certain cases secure the 
 victory. But it has many inconveniences 
 where the contestants are about equal, as 
 the weakened part, being too near the 
 enemy, may become seriously engaged and 
 runs a risk of being defeated, and thus 
 counterbalancing the success of the stronger 
 part. Moreover the stronger part may not 
 be able to profit by its success, and take 
 the hostile line in flank or rear without en- 
 dangering its co?i?iection with the rest of the 
 line. 
 
 Therefore it may be laid down as a prin- 
 ° ciple that when two parties are about equal 
 
 o o o o and either one weakens a part of his line 
 to reinforce his wing, he will compromise 
 
 ©•^ his own safety if the rest of his line is placed 
 
 parallel to the enemy. Napoleon saw this 
 error at Austerlitz in time to take deadly advantage of it. He made many 
 personal reconnoissances, and always to good effect. 
 
 However, in foot-ball the forces are always numerically equal, and this 
 ' ' order ' ' only obtains when a strong line has its heaviest men upon the 
 flank or end, with a view to rushing with it, while the ball is sent around 
 the same way. 
 
 ^A* *J* >I? ^4* *£? 
 
 ^+ ^* ^h ^y* rfj^ 
 
 4.. The parallel order. — Center reinforced. 
 
 (a) The same remarks apply as in the pre- 
 
 ceding order. It is generally in accord 
 with correct principles, but when the con- 
 testants are about equal, the weaker parts 
 (&) are too near. When, however, either party 
 
 is superior in numbers, it may be advanta- 
 
 geously employed. In foot-ball we find it 
 
 when heavy men are placed in the center 
 ° and when "the wedge" is to be resorted 
 
 to. Thus, while the simple parallel order 
 ooooooo, 1 • • 1 1 #• 1 
 
 • • A A A • • s man y objectionable ieatures, the retn- 
 
 forced parallel orders compensate for them, 
 
 ** more or less. 
 
 % -j?. %. %. % 
 
63 
 
 illiiPiifa 
 
 Sf/HPI 
 
 12. Combined order of battle. — Attack on center and one flank. 
 
 . This is the best and most reason- 
 
 able method of attacking- a strong 
 and contiguous line of battle. It was 
 successfully employed by Napoleon 
 at Wagram and Ligny, and was par- 
 tially successful at Borodino. It was 
 also Napoleon's plan at Waterloo, 
 where he was eventually defeated by 
 fate and strategic circumstances. 
 
 Of course, its adoption presupposes 
 a very decided superiority in num- 
 bers for the assailant. This condi- 
 tion, however, is almost a necessity 
 of successful modern warfare, since 
 defensive dispositions due to topog- 
 raphy, and hasty intrenchments, 
 render the attack of a force by an 
 ■"'■"' equal one almost hopeless in the 
 
 face of modern arms. 
 
 The attack upon the center, aided by a wing reinforced so as ultimately 
 
 to outflank the enemy, prevents the defense from falling upon the assailant 
 
 and taking him reciprocally in flank, for the enemy's wing, which is hemmed 
 
 in between the two attacks, having to contend with nearly the entire opposing 
 
 force, will be defeated and probably 
 O destroyed. The remaining wing is 
 
 at the same time effectually "held." 
 In foot-ball this order is represented 
 by strong, heavy rushers along the 
 line from center to flank, into which 
 the "half" and "full" backs rush. 
 It enables a flank "wedge" to be 
 formed, and the ball to go with it, 
 or else, better, to escape in due time 
 around the flank and seek the goal ; 
 or, finally, it successfully ' ( holds ' ' the selected flank while the ball is being 
 carried around it. 
 
 It is manifest that both in war and foot-ball the offensive motif, which 
 leads to a "plan" or "order" of battle, depends considerably upon the 
 zone of the field in which the teams "line up." In war we may dispose 
 our teams anew in each battle. I don't think you do in foot-ball. It might 
 be advantageous to "lineup" differently upon each rush-line. It would 
 certainly confuse the opponents, and with a strong general team would be 
 
 o o o 
 
64 
 
 practicable. However, the essential difference between war and foot-ball is 
 the element of topography, and, next in importance, the independence of the 
 general as to restrictions. Finally, the question of numbers is a powerful 
 one — the more the better in battle. Nevertheless, the principles are all in 
 the game of foot-ball. 
 
 ■%. s£ sj< sf: ;jc 
 
 From our brief review of battle or grand tactics you may now perceive 
 how similar the principles are to those governing your own champion game, 
 and it must be axiomatic that they mutually illuminate each other. That 
 foot-ball inculcates the habit of fearlessness is patent, and that the best fight- 
 ing material of an army may sharpen the edge of its experience and increase 
 its reserve of scientific forethought by a thorough mastery of the principles 
 of this rough but grand and soldierly game, is already appreciated in the 
 Army. 
 
 This is a result which we of the military profession owe to your captains 
 who, like Camp and McClung, have codified your rules and taught us 
 how to use them. It now only remains for you to study some of the rules 
 and applications which our captains have used upon the battle-field in order 
 to reap not only the full advantage from the pastime, but to realize in it an 
 actual school of war. 
 
 CLUB-BALL. 
 
 [The game is thus named in Strutt's Pastimes. Recent publications refer 
 to it as ball-stick, and derive it from the German ball-stock. 
 
 Having chosen sides and tossed up for innings, the winning party oc- 
 cupies the home-base. The out-party station themselves over the play- 
 ground, as indicated on our diagram, where the home-party is shown thus, 
 • ; the out-party thus, o. The captain or best man of the out-party acts 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 Bounds. 
 
 Feeder. 
 
 
 O 
 Adjutant.O 
 
 Waiting • 
 to run back.# 
 
 GO 
 
 B 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 Striker.* 
 O 
 
 Running back.* 
 
 w a 
 
 !J 
 
 •w 
 
 O 
 
 """"■ ' 9 9 
 Prisoners. 
 O 
 Bounds. 
 
 as ' ' feeder, ' ' the next best thrower is stationed behind the prisoners, and 
 a less prominent but active member of the party acts as adjutant, taking 
 up his place close to the feeder. It is his duty to hand rejected balls and 
 1 ' tips ' ' to the feeder, thus enabling the latter to keep an eye always upon 
 
65 
 
 the prisoners. The bases are from 20 to 40 yards apart, and they are most 
 conveniently made with painters' poles, 20 to 30 feet long. The bounds, 
 beyond which the members of the home-party are not allowed to run, can 
 be marked off with a few flags. The ball is about as thick as a fist ; a 
 tennis-ball, covered with a netting of stout string, answers very well. The 
 club is 3 feet long, 2 inches wide at the top, and provided with a convenient 
 handle. We will now describe the manner of playing. 
 
 The first man of the home-party steps in front of the base and takes up 
 the club. The feeder throws up the ball about 10 feet high, and in the 
 direction of the striker, who may refuse to strike unless the ball is thrown 
 up properly. If he hits the ball he may endeavor to run to the out-base, 
 if not, he proceeds by the shortest way to the prison. He must stop there, 
 keeping one foot in contact with the base until a chance occurs for running 
 to the out-base. The second man of the home-party then takes up the 
 club. If he also misses he joins his comrade in prison taking up his place 
 inside of him. Prisoners must hold each other by the hands and the pris- 
 oner nearest the home must keep one foot in contact with it. As soon as 
 a chance occurs the prisoners run to the out-base and back again to the 
 home-base. It happens occasionally that the entire home-party, with the 
 exception of one man, is either in prison or at the out-base. In such a case 
 one or two of the best runners must risk returning home, even if the ball 
 should not be struck. They start the moment the "feeder" has thrown 
 up the ball. Any member of the out-party can throw at a man running 
 from base to base, but as a rule they should return the ball to the feeder as 
 quickly as possible. 
 
 The following is a set of rules : 
 
 1. The club or stick shall be 3 feet long, )A, inch thick, and 2 inches wide 
 at the bottom. Each side shall be at liberty to provide its own clubs, and 
 the same club must be used throughout the game. 
 
 2. The ball used shall be an ordinary tennis ball, covered with a netting 
 of stout twine. 
 
 3. The bases shall be 40 yards apart, the bounds 20 yards. 
 
 4. The feeder shall take his position 3 yards from the striker. He must 
 throw up the ball about 10 feet high, and in such a manner that the striker 
 may strike it conveniently. 
 
 5. The striker shall be at liberty to refuse two balls, whether they be 
 thrown fairly or not, but he cannot refuse the third ball, if thrown fairly 
 in the opinion of the judge. 
 
 6. The men of the in-party shall strike the ball in the following order : 
 First, the man through whom they won their innings, then the feeder, and 
 then the rest, in any order they may fix upon. But after all have struck once, 
 they shall strike in the order in which they return from the out-base. 
 
 7. The in-party loses its innings in the following cases : 
 
 i. If the ball is caught from the club by one of the out-party. 
 
66 
 
 ii. If a member of the in-party is hit with the ball whilst not in contact 
 with one of the bases, except when proceeding from the strike to prison. 
 
 iii. If the ball is in the hands of the feeder without a member of the in- 
 party being ready with the club to strike it. 
 
 iv. If the ball is touched with the fingers by one of the in-party. 
 
 v. If the striker throws the club behind the base, or takes it away with 
 him, instead of putting it down gently. 
 
 vi. If one of the in-party passes beyond bounds. 
 
 8. One point is allowed every time the ball is hit with the club. One 
 hundred points (or the highest number of points in three innings) decide a 
 match.] — Handbook of Gymnastics and Athletics. 
 
 PUSH-BALL. 
 
 [The ball is about 12 inches diameter, covered with strong leather, and 
 weighs from 8 to 10 pounds. The homes are at least 30 yards apart. It 
 is the object of each party to send the ball into the home of the other. 
 
 The captains toss up for the first throw. The ball must be thrown with 
 both hands raised above the shoulder, and it must leave the hands at an 
 ascending angle. A run is permitted. The opposite party seek to stop the 
 progress of the ball by pushing it back, with hands raised above the head. 
 If they catch the ball, or throw it back with hands lower than the shoulders, 
 then the ball is considered to have touched the ground at the spot where it 
 was caught or stopped in this irregular manner. The umpires should each 
 carry a stick to indicate the spot where the ball touched the ground and 
 from which it is to be thrown, and the thrower is not permitted to step be- 
 yond this stick. Our diagram shows the positions of the players. 
 
 
 
 Bounds. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s-i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r* 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 • 
 • • 
 
 • 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 w 
 
 • • 
 
 • 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 Q 
 
 
 • 
 
 Judge. 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 
 Bounds. 
 
 O Judge. 
 
 The following is a set of rules : 
 
 1 . The ball to be of leather stuffed with wool, and not to exceed 8 pounds 
 in weight. The homes to be 60 yards apart, the bounds 20 yards. 
 
 2. The first throw to be decided by lot, and to be delivered from a spot 
 3 yards from the middle of the play-ground, in the direction of the home 
 of the party throwing. 
 
 3. The ball must be thrown with hands raised above the shoulders, and 
 at an ascending angle. If thrown in defiance of this rule, or beyond bounds, 
 
67 
 
 the other side shall be entitled to demand that it be thrown again and from 
 the same spot. 
 
 4. If the thrower steps beyond the spot marked on the ground by the 
 umpire, the other side may demand that the ball be thrown again. 
 
 5. The ball must be stopped and pushed back with hands raised above 
 the shoulders, and the man who first touched it throws it from the spot 
 where it first touched the ground. 
 
 6. If caught or thrown back with hands lower than the shoulders, the 
 ball shall be considered to have touched the ground at the spot where it 
 was caught or stopped in this irregular manner. The same rule applies to 
 carrying or ' ' butting ' ' with the shoulder. 
 
 7. Each party to number ten men and a captain. Sides are changed 
 after each game. 
 
 8. Three games out of five to decide a match. 
 
 9. There shall be one judge, whose decision is final, or a judge to each 
 side, and a referee.] — Handbook of Gymnastics and Athletics. 
 
 PRISON-BARS. 
 
 [This game is described in "Strutt's Pastimes." It is played differently 
 in various parts of the country. The rules, which we give, appear to coin- 
 cide with those in force in Strutt's time. They are observed also in Ger- 
 many, where the game is known as Barlaufen. 
 
 The homes are 40 yards apart. Each party 
 Umpire. Bounds takes possession of one of the homes. The 
 
 prisons are indicated by a flag-staff placed 3 
 yards in front of each home, as shown in the 
 diagram. The number of players may vary 
 
 • from ten to fifty to each side. 
 
 • The game is opened by a challenge on the 
 Umpire. part of the leader who had the first choice. He 
 
 proceeds to the other home and selects one 
 of the men. The man selected must hold out his hand ; the challenger gives 
 him three taps, quick or slow, as he thinks best, and starts back for his own 
 home, the man challenged, and he alone, starting in pursuit. The party 
 of the challenger may send one or more to the rescue, and it is a rule 
 throughout the game that the man latest from his home ' ' bars ' ' all those 
 out before him ; that is, he can take any one of them prisoner if he overtakes 
 him, but cannot be made prisoner himself. The challenge is repeated every 
 time a prisoner is made or liberated, but in these cases the captor or the liber- 
 ator challenges, and not the captain. If a prisoner is made the umpire calls 
 out "Stop," when all players return to their homes. The prisoner is 
 taken to prison. He stands astride, touching with one foot the stake or 
 staff marking the prison, the other leg being astride, and the hand extended 
 towards his own party. If a second prisoner is made he is placed inside 
 
 
 • 
 
 Bounds. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 1 
 Prison. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prison. 
 
 • 
 
 
68 
 
 the first. The prisoners must join hands. The prisoners are liberated ; 
 if one of them is touched by a member of their own party before the latter 
 is struck by one of the guards set to watch the prisoners. The rescue 
 of prisoners forms one of the most exciting parts of the game. Some 
 of the best men should be set to watch them, and they must keep a careful 
 watch and run out in turns. Each ,man can run out, as a matter of course, 
 but too many should not run out at a time, in order that an efficient reserve 
 may always be in the home. Much depends on the captain's judgment 
 in placing and sending out his best runners. When the ground is free 
 of players, one party sends out a "decoy" to entice men of the other party 
 to leave their home ; good runners should always be ready to come to the 
 rescue of the decoys. 
 
 The following are the rules of the game .: 
 
 i. The homes to be 40 yards apart and 15 yards long ; a prison, marked 
 by a flag, to be 3 yards in front of each home, and at opposite corners 
 of the play-ground. 
 
 2. Each game is opened by a challenge on the part of the Captain who 
 had the first choice. 
 
 3. The challenge is repeated every time a prisoner is taken or liberated, 
 but in these cases by the captor or the liberator. 
 
 4. The challenger can be pursued only by the man challenged, but his 
 own party may send men to the rescue. 
 
 5. Any man touched by a man of the other party, who left his home later 
 than he did, is a prisoner. 
 
 6. The game stops as soon as a prisoner is taken, until the captor has 
 challenged ; and the same rule is observed after a prisoner has been liberated. 
 Two prisoners cannot thus be made in succession. 
 
 7. Any man running beyond bounds is a prisoner. 
 
 8. If any one reaches the home of the other party without being touched, 
 he is allowed to return to his own home outside the bounds. 
 
 9. As long as there is only one prisoner he must touch the stake marking 
 the prison with one foot. If there are several prisoners they must join 
 hands, the one last taken touching the stake with one foot. 
 
 10. The prisoner or prisoners are liberated and free to return to their 
 home if one of them is touched by one of their own party, without the in- 
 tending liberator being touched himself. 
 
 11. If one of the prisoners leaves his place previous to being touched in 
 this manner, then they are not liberated ; nor is their intending liberator to 
 be taken prisoner, unless touched before he reached them. 
 
 12. Each game to be over and sides to be changed when there are three 
 prisoners (or four, when there are over fifteen players to each side). 
 
 13. The decisions of the umpires to be final.]— Handbook of Gymnastics 
 and Athletics. 
 
69 
 
 HARE AND HOUNDS. 
 
 [This is a game for the open country. One player is hare. He is pro- 
 vided with a bag full of small pieces of paper, one of which he drops every 
 ten paces. This is the scent. Another player is huntsman, a third whipper- 
 in, and the rest are hounds. The whipper-in is furnished with a red flag, 
 and the huntsman carries a white flag. The hare is allowed a start of five 
 or ten minutes, when the others go in pursuit. The huntsman comes first, 
 followed by the hounds, and the whipper-in brings up the rear. They all 
 walk or run in single file. If the huntsman loses the scent he calls out 
 " Lost/" The whipper-in then stations himself with his flag at the place 
 where the last piece of paper was found, and the rest wheel round in a cir- 
 cle, keeping in line, when one of them is sure to recover the scent. The 
 huntsman then sounds his horn, and the chase is continued over fields, 
 hedges, and ditches. At last the hare is in sight. The huntsman encour- 
 ages his followers to fresh efforts, but the hare, after all, may evade his pur- 
 suers and reach home before them. The hounds are not allowed to make 
 short cuts, but must follow the scent as indicated by the slips of paper. After 
 such a hot game it is advisable to walk about for some time, and to change 
 clothes in a warm room.] — Handbook of Gymnastics and Athletics. 
 
 THE COCK FIGHT. 
 
 [Each side station themselves in their home. On a signal, by the umpire, 
 they all leave their homes, and, hopping on one foot, they approach each 
 other. Arms are folded on the chest, and each player then rushes at one 
 of the antagonists and endeavors to force him to put down his leg. Any 
 one putting down his leg is "dead," and must join the umpire, who, after 
 the melee has lasted some time, gives the signal to retire. Each side then 
 returns to its home ; but, having rested a short time, the players again sally 
 forth, this time hopping on the other leg. The game is continued until all 
 the men of one side are dead.] — Handbook of Gymnastics and Athletics. 
 
 To entitle a performance to a place in the athletic ' ' records ' ' of this asso- 
 ciation, the following certificate must be affixed to the record and be signed 
 by at least three of the ' ' officers of the tournament ' ' who were witnesses 
 thereof: 
 
 "We, the undersigned, hereby affirm that the foregoing record is correct, 
 and that we were official witnesses to its accomplishment in a public tourna- 
 ment held at , under the rules of the American Army Athletic Asso- 
 ciation, and open to officers and men belonging to , U. S. Army. 
 
 i. , U. S. Army. ^| fudge. 
 
 2. , " \ Measurer. 
 
 i 
 
 3. , " J Timekeeper, etc. 
 
SOME OF THE BEST ATHLETIC PERFORM- 
 ANCES ON RECORD. 
 
 (Amateur performances are designated by a * ; professional, by a f- A. stands for 
 American (U. S.) ; A. I. for American Intercollegiate (U. S.) ; C. for Canadian ; E. for 
 English ; S. for Scottish ; I. for Irish.) 
 
 The following may serve as standards of excellence until beaten : 
 
 WALKING. 
 
 / mile. — 6 min. 23 sec, W. Perkins, E.f, 1874. 6 min. 29! sec, F. P. 
 Murray, A.*, 1883. 7 min. 6f-sec, T. Mcllvaine (Columbia), A. I.*, 
 1889. 
 
 3 miles. — 20 min. 21^ sec, J. W. Raby, E.f, 1883. 21 min. 11^ sec, 
 John Meagher, A.f, 1882. 21 min. 9isec, F. P. Murray, A.*, 1883. 
 
 RUNNING. 
 
 100 yards. — g}{ sec, George Seward, ofU. S., inE.,f, 1844. 9i sec -> 
 H. M. Johnson, A.f, 1886; John Owen, jr., A.*, 1890. ioi sec, H. S. 
 Brooks, jr. (Yale), A. I.*, 1884; C. H. Sherrill (Yale), A. I.* 1889 and 
 1890. 
 
 220 yards. — 2ifsec, C. G. Wood, E.*, 1887. 22 sec, Wendell Baker, 
 against time, A.*, 1886. 22-i-sec, C. H. Sherrill (Yale), A. I.*, 1890. 
 
 440 yards. — 47^ sec, W. Baker, against time, A.*, 1886. 48/^ sec. 
 R. Buttery, E.f, 1873. 50 sec, W. C. Dohm (Princeton), A. I.* 1889 
 
 880 yards. — 1 min. 53^ sec, Frank Hewit, New Zealand,*, 1871. 1 min 
 55^ sec, W. C. Dohm, A.*, 1889. 1 min. 57! sec, W. C. Dohm, A. L* 
 1890. 
 
 1 mile. — 4 min. 12^ sec, W. G. George, E.f, 1886. 4 min. 27! sec. 
 L. E. Myers, A.* 1882. 4 min. 29! sec, C. O. Wells (Amherst), A. L* 
 1890. 
 
 3 miles. — 14 min. 19^ sec, P. Cannon, S.f, 1888. 14 min. 36 sec, J 
 White, E.f, 1863. 14 min. 51 sec, E. Case, A.f, 1887. 14 min. 39 sec. 
 W. D. Day, A.*, 1890. 
 
 JUMPING. 
 
 High jump, standing. — 5 ft. 8}4 in. (weights), T. F. Kearney, A.f, 1889. 
 5 ft. i}4 in. (without weights), Samuel Crook, A.*, 1890. 5 ft. 3 in., E. 
 W. Johnson, A.* 1878. 
 
71 
 
 High jump, running. — 6 ft. 4 in. (without weights), W. B. Page, A.*, 
 1887. 6 ft. 6 in. (with weights), J. H. Fitzpatrick, A.f, 1889. 6 ft. 2^ in.. 
 J. M. Brooks, E.* 1876. 5 ft. -ii'# in., W. B. Page (Univ. of Pa.), A. I.* 
 1886. 
 
 Broad jump, standing. — With weights : 14 ft. 5^ in., G. W. Hamilton 
 (22 lbs.) A.f, 1879 ; 12 ft. 9^ in., L. Helwig (16 lb. dumb-bells), A.* 
 1884. Without weights : 10 ft. 10^ in., H. M. Johnson, A.f, 1884 ; 12 ft. 
 iy 2 in., J. Darby, E.f, 1890. 
 
 Broad jump, running. — With weights: 23 ft. 3^ in., Chas. F. Biggar, 
 C.f, 1879. Without weights: 23 ft. 3^ in. (toe to heel), M. W. Ford, 
 A.*, 1886; 23 ft. 2>}i in- (from scratch), A. F. Copeland, A.*, 1890; 22 
 ft. 6 in., T. G. Shearman, jr. (Yale), A. I.*, 1889. 
 
 Three jumps, standing. — With weights: 40 ft. 9^ in., T. F. Kearney, 
 A.f, 1889; 35 ft. 9 in., W. S. Lawton, A.* 1876. Without weights : 34 
 ft. 4^ in., M. W. Ford, A.* 1885. 
 
 Ten jumps, standing. — Without weights: 113 ft. 5% in., M. W. Ford, 
 A.*, 1886; in ft. 4 in., H. M. Johnson, H.f, 1888. 
 
 Hop, step, and jump, standing. — With weights : 37 ft. ^ in., J. F. Hart- 
 nett (15 lbs.), A.f, 1889; 31 ft. 7 in., W. W. Butler, A.*, 1886; 33 ft. 5^ 
 in., W. J. Rochelt, I.* 1888. Without weights : 31 ft. 10 in., Gavin Tait, 
 S.f, 1862; 31 ft. 7>4 in., D. M. Sullivan, C.f, 1885; 29 ft. 11 in., J. W. 
 Rich, A.*, 1890. 
 
 Hop, step, and jump, running. — 48 ft. 8 in., Thomas Burrows, A.f, 1884. 
 44 ft. 11% in., E. B. Bloss, A.*, 1890. 48 ft. 3 in., John Purcell, I.*, 1887. 
 40 ft. 2 in., D. Anderson, E.f, 1865. 47 ft. 8 in., R. Knox, S.f, 1870. 
 
 Hitch and kick. — 9 ft. 8 in., James Corsair, A.f, 1874. 9 ft. 1 in., D. C. 
 Wilbur, A.* 1888. 9 ft., E. W. Johnson, C.f, 1878. 
 
 Hurdle race, 120 yards, 10 jiights. — 16 sec, C. N. Jackson, E.f, 1865. 
 H. L. Williams, A.f, 1890. i6£seo, D. D. Balger, I.* 1890. i6|sec, 
 H. L. Williams (Yale), A. I.*, 1890. 
 
 Pole vaulting, high. — 11 ft. 7 in., E. L. Stones, E.*, 1888. 11 ft. 5 in., 
 H. H. Baxter, A.*, 1887. 10 ft. 9 in., E. D. Ryder (Yale), A. I.*, 1891. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS SPORTS. 
 
 Putting the shot, 16 pounds (7 ft. run). — 53 ft. 11 in., G. R. Gray, A.*, 
 1890. 50 ft. 9 in., Donald Dinnie, S.f, 1878. 50ft. x /z in., John McPher- 
 son, A.f, 1887. 40 ft. 9^ in., A. B. Coxe (Yale), A. I.* 1887. 
 
 Throwing the hammer, 16 pounds {with run). — 162 ft., Donald Dinnie, 
 S.f, 1872. 109 ft. 6 in., Duncan C. Ross, A.f, 1889 (handle 3 ft. 6 in. 
 outside socket, no follow). 
 
 Throwing the hammer, 16 pounds, standing. — 138 ft., Donald Dinnie, 
 S.f, 1873. 108 ft. 3 in., W. L. Conden, A.*, 1888. 91 ft. 6 in., W. L. 
 Conden, A.*, 1888 (one hand). 98 ft. 6 in., A. B. Coxe (Yale), A. I.* 
 1887 (hammer 4 ft. over all). 
 
72 
 
 Throwing the 56-pound weight. — For distance, unlimited run, with fol- 
 low, 36 ft. 6 in., J. S. Mitchell, A.*, 1888. 
 
 Throwing the base-ball, distance. — 406 ft. ^ in., Ed. Crane, A.f, and 
 402 ft. 5 in., 1884. 402 ft. 2 x / 2 in., H. Vaughn, A.f, 1890. 
 
 Foot-ball. — Place kick, with a run : 200 ft. 8 in., Wm, P. Chadwick, 
 A.*, 1886. Drop kick : 172 ft. 8 in., F. Hardgrave, Australia, 1882 ; 168 
 ft. 7^ in., J. E. Duffy, Ann Arbor, A. I.* 1886. 
 
 Back jump, with weights, one jump, meastired from heel to toe. — 12 ft. 
 i}( in., F. F. Kearney, A.f, 1889. 
 
 • Greatest distance run in 1 hour. — 1 1 miles 970 yds. , L. Bennet (Deerfoot), 
 E.f, 1863. Walked: 8 miles 302 yds., John Meagher, A.f, 1882. 
 
 Sack race. — 1 mile in ii)4 min. , Anthony Thorp, artillery ground, 
 England, 1774 ; 100 yds. in 15^ sec, James Smith, C.f, 1886. 
 
 Hopping .So yds. in n-|- sec, Ed. Turner, E.f, 1878. 
 
INDIVIDUAL ATHLETIC RECORD. 
 
 Name, Nationality, Born at, Rank, 
 
 Station, Age, Weight, Height, Chest 
 
 measure, expanded, ; exhausted, Size of fore-arm ; 
 
 upper arm, bent, Number of personal lifts (from arms-length to 
 
 chin), no rest, ioo-yard dash, 220-yard run, 
 
 440-yard run, 880-yard run, i-mile run, 3-mile 
 
 run, i-milewalk, 3-mile walk, High jump, stand- 
 ing, High jump, running, Broad jump, standing, 
 
 Broad jump, running, Hop, skip, and jump, 3 standing 
 
 jumps, 10 standing jumps, Hurdlerace, Window 
 
 leap, Hitch and kick, Vaulting, Pole leaping, 
 
 high, Pole leaping, broad, Putting the shot, 16 pounds, 
 
 Throwing the hammer, 16 pounds, Throwing the 56- 
 pound weight, Climbing the rope, Throwing the base- 
 ball, accuracy, Throwing the base-ball, distance, 
 
 MILITARY. 
 
 Throwing the hand grenade, accuracy, Throwing the hand gre- 
 nade, distance Throwing the javelin, accuracy, Throwing 
 
 the javelin, distance, Standing jump (full equipment), high, 
 
 Standing jump (full equipment), broad, Running jump (full equip- 
 ment), high, Running jump (full equipment), broad, 
 
 100-yard dash (full equipment), 440-yard dash (full equipment), 
 
 1 -mile walk (full equipment), i-mile run (full equipment), 
 
 Obstacle race (120 yards), 10 obstructions (full equipment), 
 
 Rolling the artillery wheel, 100 yards, 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Date, 
 
AMERICAN ARMY ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION. 
 
 PRIZE CERTIFICATE. 
 
 To whom it may concern. 
 
 Greeting : This is to certify that at a duly organized Athletic Tourna- 
 ment, publicly held at , and open to officers and men 
 
 of the Regular Army of the United States, belonging to the 
 
 Branches of this Association : 
 
 [Name.] 
 
 [Rank.] 
 
 [Station.] 
 
 took in a fair contest under the rules of this Association place 
 
 for excelling in _ 
 
 [Record.] 
 
 He is therefore announced as 
 
 U. S. Army. 
 
 [Date.] 
 
 [Station.] 
 
FOURTEEN DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 25Nov'55SB 
 
 «°V2 2 1955 l V 
 
 ocr nn ao 
 
 -*% 
 
 r** 
 
 %9t 
 
 U E C 1 3 19 9 
 
 JAN 02 1996 
 
 
 DEC 1 4 199J1 
 
 ;!RCULA" 
 
 FEB 2 2002 
 
 LD 21-100m-2,'55 
 (B139s22)476 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley 
 
U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 C02DB3M7M3 
 
 ■ 
 
 M225007 T<\ 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY